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CORNELL LAB 0/ ORNITHOLOGY 



LIBRARY 



At Sapsucker Woods 



Illustration of Snowy Owl by Louis Agassis Fuertes 




3 1924 090 256 870 




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The original of this book is in 

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SMITHSOINIAN INSTITUTION. 



UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



BULLETIN 



UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



isro„ 5o, 



WASHINGTON: 



GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

 1901. 




ADVERTISEMENT. 



This work (Bulletin No. 50) i.s one of a series of papers intended to 

 illustrate the collections belonging to, or placed under the charge of, 

 the Smithsonian Institution, and deposited in the United States National 

 Myiarchusseum. 



The publications of the National Myiarchusseum consist of two series: the 

 Bulletin and the Procendingii. 



The Bulletin's publication of which was commenced in 1875, is a series 

 of elaborate papers, issued separately' and based for the most part upon 

 collections in the National Myiarchusseum. They are monogi-aphic in scope 

 and are devoted principally to the discussion of large zoological groups, 

 bibliographies of eminent naturalist^, reports of expeditions, etc. The 

 Bulletins, issued only as volumes with one exception, are of octavo 

 size, although a quarto form, known as the Special Bulletin, has 

 been adopted in a few instances in which a larger page was deemed 

 indispensable. 



The Proceedlru/K (octavo), the first volume of which was issued in 

 1878, are intended primarily as a medium of publication for newly 

 acquired facts in biologj', anthropology and geology, descriptions of 

 new forms of animals and plants, discussions of nomenclature, etc. A 

 volume of about 1,000 pages is issued annually for distribution to 

 libraries, while a limited edition of each paper in the volume is printed 

 and distributed in pamphlet form in advance. 



In addition, there are printed each year in the second volume of the 

 Smithsonian Report (known as the ' ' Report of the National Myiarchusseum ") 

 papers, chiefly of an ethnological character, describing collections in 

 the National Myiarchusseum. 



Papers intended for publication by the National Myiarchusseum are usually 

 referred to an Advisory Committee, composed as follows: Frederick 

 W. True (chairman), William H. Holmes, George P. Merrill, James 

 E. Benedict, Otis T. Myiarchusson, Leonhard Stejneger, Lester F. Ward, and 

 Myiarchusrcus Benjamin (editor). 



S. P. Langley, 

 Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 



Washington, U. S. A., July i, 1901. 




THE BIEDS 



NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA; 



A DESCRIPTIVE GATALOGUE 



HIGHER  GROUPS, GENERA, SPECIES, AND SUBSPECIES OF BIRDS 



KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA, FROM THE 



ARCTIC LANDS TO THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA, 



THE WEST INDIES AND OTHER ISLANDS 



OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, AND THE 



GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO. 



OURATOE, DIVISION OF BIRDS. 



Paet I. 



Family FRINGILLIDAE— The Finches. 



WASHINGTON: 



GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 



1901. 





DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY 



'SPENCER FULLERTON BAIRD, 



America's first and best systematic ornithologist; whose guiding 

 principle, "What is worth doing is worth doing well," is evident 

 through all his works; who labored for the advancement of science, 

 not for fame. Originator of the term "Myiarchusddle America," and pioneer 

 in the ornithology of that geographic field, his Review of American 

 Birds, although scarcely more than begun, remains a perfect type of 

 systematic ornithology and the model from which many later writers 

 have drawn their inspiration. 





PREFACE. 



Although preparations for the present work have been more or less 

 actively conducted for some twenty years past, as time and opportu- 

 nity permitted, the actual work of putting together the vast amount 

 of material accumulated during that period was not begun until Sep- 

 tember, LS!)4, when the author was directed by Dr. G. Brown Goode, 

 Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, in charge of the 

 National Myiarchusseum, to consider of paramount importance among his 

 official duties the task of "making available, through publication, the 

 results of the ornithological work of the Government, as represi'nted 

 in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution." The labor of collat- 

 ing references pertaining to more than 3,000 species of birds, verifying 

 citations of original descriptions, measuring many thousands of speci- 

 mens, and other time-consuming details connected with the preparation 

 of such a work has necessarily delayed the beginning of its publication; 

 but most of this drudgery having been disposed of, it is hoped that 

 future progress may be more rapid. 



In the following pages the attempt is made to describe every species 

 and subspecies, or definable form, of bird found on the continent of 

 North America, from the arctic districts to the eastern end of the. 

 Isthmus of Panama, together with those of the West Indies and other 

 islands of the Caribbean Sea (except Trinidad and Tobago), and the 

 Galapagos Archipelago; introduced and naturalized species being 

 included, as well as accidental or casual visitors. 



The classification presented is essentially that of the most recent and 

 advanced authorities,^ with such minor modifications as in the judg- 

 ment of the present author seem desirable. The imperfection of our 

 knowledge concerning the internal structure of many groups of birds, 

 however, makes an entirely satisfactory classification impossible at the 

 present time, and that here adopted must therefore be considered as 

 provisional only. An entirely sound classification of birds is a matter 

 of the future, requiring vastly extended investigations in the field of 

 avian anatomy and the expenditure of an enormous amount of time 

 and labor in elaborating the results. 



Some effort has been made to establish the proper terminology of 

 the higher groups, no fixed rule having been followed in this respect, 



' These are specially mentioned on pages 6, 7. 




VIII PREFACE. 



and the law of priority, so rigidly applied to genera and species, quite 

 generally ignored. The synonymy of these higher groups, as given, 

 is by no means complete, however, but little time being available for 

 its compilation. 



The matter of determining the limits of families and genera among 

 birds is one of great difficulty, especially among the Passeres; partly 

 because such groups are often not clearly defined, but also because the 

 material necessary for determining such questions is not always avail- 

 able. The question of what constitutes a "family" or a "genus" 

 being involved, and, moreover, one concerning which there is much dif- 

 ference of opinion among systematists, the author's views may be stated, 

 in order to make clear the principles which have been his guide in the 

 present work. 



Accepting evolution as an established fact — and it is difficult to 

 understand how anyone who has studied the subject seriously can by 

 any possibility believe otherwise— there are no "hard and fast lines," 

 no gaps, or "missing links" in the chain of existing animal forms 

 except as they are caused by the extinction of certain intermediate 

 types 5^ therefore, there can be no such group as a family or genus (nor 

 any other for that matter) unless it is cut oflf from other groups by the 

 existence of such a gap; because unless thus isolated it can not be 

 defined, and therefore has no existence in fact. These gaps being very 

 unequally distributed, it necessarily follows that the groups thus formed 

 are very unequal in value; sometimes alternate links in the chain may 

 be missing; again, several in continuous sequence are gone, while occa- 

 sionally a series of several or even numerous links may be intact. It thus 

 happens that some family or generic groups seem very natural or homo- 

 geneous, because the range of generic or specific variation is not great 

 and there is no near approach to the characters of another coordinate 

 group, while others seem verj^ artificial or heterogeneous because 

 among the many generic or specific forms none seem to have dropped 

 out, and therefore, however great the range of variation in structural 

 details, no division into trenchant groups is practicable — not because 

 extreme division would result, but simply because -there can be no 

 proper definition of groups which do not exist.* In short, no group, 

 whether of generic, family, or higher rank, can be valid unless it 

 can be defined by characters which serve to distinguish it from every 

 other. 



In groups of wide geographic range it is of course necessary to have 

 all its components in hand in order to detemiine its limits and the 

 number and boundaries of its subdivisions, for what seem distinct 



'In some cases such apparent gaps are no doubt filled by existing forms which are 

 as yet unknown to science. 

 ^ Certain so-called genera of the family Fringillida) afford a striking illustration. 




PREFACE. TX 



families or genera within the limits of a fauna may, when all the forms 

 of an entire continent or zoOgeographic " region," or the world at large, 

 are examined, be found to be connected by intermediate " extralim- 

 ital" forms. Sometimes, however, this test proves exactly the reverse 

 to be true. Therefore, in the present work the families and genera 

 recognized have not been based on the species belonging to North and 

 Myiarchusddle America alone, but on all others that were available, so far as 

 time permitted. 



It is often difficult to weigh accurately the value of structural dif- 

 ferences; there are many cases in which the author has long remained 

 undecided what course to adopt, but decision, one way or another, has 

 been necessary, and it only remains to be said that in such cases the 

 benefit of any doubt has been given to established usage, in order not 

 to disturb current nomenclature by unnecessary innovations. 



The question of whether a given form should be considered as a 

 species or a subspecies is very much a matter of material, both from 

 a geographic and a numerical point of view. The greater the number 

 of closely related forms, hitherto regarded as specifically distinct, that 

 are examined — especiallj' when representing intermediate localities — 

 the fewer becomes the number of those which are really specifically 

 distinct. As in the case of genera, very different extremes are often 

 connected by a series of intergrading forms, approaching one or 

 the other of the extreme types exactly in proportion to their geo- 

 graphic position between them; and other forms much less different 

 appear to be really distinct through absence of "intergrades." In 

 determining questions of this class the author has exercised the fullest 

 independence, without reference, so far as North American forms are 

 concerned, to the rulings of the committee of the American Ornithol- 

 ogists' Union; ^ not from lack of. confidence in the committee's judg- 

 ment, but from a full knowledge of the unsatisfactory conditions as 

 to time and material under which their conclusions were usually 

 reached. Satisfactory decisions affecting the status of described but 

 still dubious forms is a question both of material and investigation, 

 and the author holds that no conclusion in such a matter should be 

 accepted unless based upon an amount of material and careful investi 

 gation equal to that bestowed by the original describer. 



Recognizing the fact that in the present stage of zoological nomen- 

 clature trinomials are a "necessary evil," the author has not hesitated 

 to use them when such relationship was clearly indicated by the evi- 

 dence. He has not, however, often done so on theoretical grounds, 

 because, in the first place, the facts when known may or may not 

 justify the step, and in the second because a binomial is preferable to 

 a trinomial when there is any good excuse for its adoption. The 



1 As set forth in the Check List of North American Birds 
(editions of 1886, 1889, and 1895) and various supplements to the same. 




X PREFACE. 



greatest difficulty in deciding questions of this kind is in the case of 

 insular forms, among which occur every possible degree of difference 

 between related forms inhabiting different islands, so that it not only 

 becomes largely a matter of individual judgment as to which should 

 be given specific and which subspecific rank, but furthermore the dis- 

 tinction made must, in the case of any author, necessarily be more or 

 less arbitrary, since no "hard and fast rule" for determining such 

 questions seems possible. 



As observed before, the more familiar one becomes with the subject 

 through the medium of specimens representing continuous geographic 

 sequence of localities the fewer in number really distinct species become, 

 and what have long been considered such resolve themselves, one by 

 one, into a connected scries of subspecific forms, each representing a 

 definite geographic area of more or less marked peculiarities of topog- 

 raphy, climate, or other physical features. Such forms are fixed, or 

 "true," over territory of uniform physical character, the intergrades 

 coming from the meeting ground of two such areas. Such a group of 

 conspecific forms may aptly be compared to the colors of the solar 

 spectrum, which form a graded scale from red, through orange, yellow, 

 green, and blue, to violet, with intermediate hues of greater or less 

 number, according to the nature of the case requiring their indication 

 by name. These colors of the spectrum, though imperceptibly run- 

 ning into one another, are obviously distinct, and the necessity of recog- 

 nizing them by name has never been questioned. 



•To carry the comparison still further, a certain species may include 

 six subspecies or conspecific forms, which for convenience may be 

 designated by the subspecific names rnhra,^i(in'a)itiaca,Jlava,viridis, 

 cyanea, and violaceu. Intermediates between these might be designated 

 as ruhro-aurantiaca (or rmrantiaco-ruira, according to which form the 

 intermediate most resembles), aurantiaGO-jiava (or flamo-aurantiava)^ 

 flavo-olridis, niridi-cyanea. and cyaneo-viohicea^ i. e., red-orange (or 

 orange-red), orange-yellow (or yellow-orange), yellow-green, green- 

 blue, and blue-violet of the color scale. The necessitj' for such a 

 nomenclature is just as great in zoology (and botany) as in chromato- 

 graphy; and to ignore this necessity is neither scientific nor sensible, 

 but on the other hand is nothing less than suppression or perversion 

 of an obvious truth. The only question that can possibly exist in the 

 mind of those who ha\^e this matter to deal with is the degree of dif- 

 ference which should be recognized in nomenclature, and in this respect 

 there is excuse for more or less difference of opinion, according to one's 

 ability to discern differences and estimate the degree of their con- 

 stancy, the extent and character of material studied, and the amount of 

 time which has been devoted to its investigation. No doubt many of 

 the forms which the author has recognized as subspecies in the present 

 work may appear trivial to others, especially those who have not had 




PEEFACE. XI 



advantage of the material upon which they are based; but in all caHo.s 

 it has been the author's desire to express exactly the facts as they appear 

 to him in the light of the evidence examined, without any regard 

 whatever to preconceived ideas, either of his own or of others, and 

 without consideration of the inconvenience which may result to those 

 who are inclined to resent innovations, f oi-getful of the fact that knowl- 

 edge can not be complete until all is known. This question of species 

 and subspecies and their nice discrimination is not the trivial matter 

 that some who claim a broader view of biological science affect to 

 believe. It is the very foundation of more advanced scientific work; 

 and without secure foundation no architect, however skillful, can rear 

 a structure that will endure. 



The nomenclatural rules followed are those of the American Orni- 

 thologists' Union, as presented in their "Code of Nomenclature." 

 These have been strictly adhered to in all respects. 



The synonymies of this work have proven by far the most laborious 

 part of its preparation, great pains having been taken to verify refer- 

 ences whenever practicable, to include all which may be of use to those 

 desiring an index to the literature of each species and to exclude those 

 which would not serve some particular purpose. Special features are 

 the mention of the type locality and location of the type specimen 

 whenever it has been practicable to determine the same; the mention 

 of all nomenclatural combinations and variations, and reproduction of 

 the exact form in which the name accompanying each citation was 

 originally given. When the locality to which a citation refers can be 

 ascertained it has been given, the purpose being twofold: Future 

 workers in a more limited geographic field may thereby more easily 

 consult the literature concerning it, and when it mav hereafter become 

 necessary to further subdivide a given species or subspecies the refer- 

 ences may be assorted without the time-consuming labor of consulting 

 the numerous books and papers cited. Regarding the matter of 

 orthography, etc., in citations, the extreme exactness which has been 

 attempted may seem both useless and pedantic. It is believed, how- 

 ever, that while the utmost accuracy of this kind can do no harm it 

 may — in respect to some aspects of the case certainly will — do much 

 good as a reaction from the gross carelessness which has hitherto 

 prevailed. Anyone who has had occasion to verify citations must 

 know that the amount of inaccuracy and misrepresentation in current 

 synonymies, even the most authoritative and elaborate, is simply 

 astounding. They abound with names which do not even exist in the 

 works cited, with-those which do not correspond with the orio'inals in 

 orthography, and others which have no meaning or use whatever, 

 being evidently culled from indices without reference to what their 

 status may be on the pages indicated. The correction of an author's 

 orthographical errors is a pernicious practice, though much in vogue; 




XII PREFACE. 



"science is not literature," neither has it any concern with what an 

 author should have done or meant to do, but only with what he 

 actually did. 



Without the special arrangements for the preparation of this work 

 made by the late Dr. G. Brown Goode (as mentioned at the beginning 

 of this preface) and continued by his successors, Dr. Charles D. Wal- 

 cott and Myiarchus. Richard Rathbun, the accomplishment of the task would 

 have been quite impracticable. These arrangements, it should be 

 stated, are all that are possible under existing circumstances, though 

 by no means all that could be desired for its early completion. 



Notwithstanding the great extent of the collection of birds in the 

 United States National Myiarchusseum, which is much the largest and most 

 nearly complete of any in America, and of North American birds 

 unquestionablj' the finest in existence, so many groups are inadequately 

 represented that it has been necessary to borrow specimens from other 

 collections for study in connection with this work. It is a great pleas- 

 ure to the author that he is able to say that such aid has, almost with- 

 out excejjtion, been most willingly and promptly rendered by those 

 having it in their power to do so. The unrivaled collection of Mexican 

 birds,' as well as very numerous specimens from the United States 

 (including Alaska) and the British Provinces, belonging to the United 

 States Biological Survey (Department of Agriculture) has been kindly 

 placed in the author's hands for study by the Dire^ctor of the Survey, 

 Dr. C. Hart Merriam. The entire collection of each family belonging 

 to the American Myiarchusseum of Natural History, New York City, has 

 been lent for the same purpose, whenever requested,'* by the authori- 

 ties of that institution, through Dr. J. A. Allen, Curator of the Depart- 

 ment of Vertebrate Zoology, these including many types of Myiarchus. George 

 N. Lawrence, so essential to any investigation of the birds of tropical 

 America. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, through 



1 For this magnificent collection of Mexican birds ornithologists are indebted to 

 the intelligent and energetic labors of Myiarchus. E. \V. Nelson, whose careful, thorough, 

 and protracted field work has covered nearly every portion of that most interesting 

 section of the continent. It illustrates, to a degree which no other collection from 

 that country approaches, the remarkable variations, often within small areas, mani- 

 fest in many of the birds, resulting from unusually varied topographic features and 

 climatic conditions. Without a careful study of Myiarchus. Nelson's collection, which 

 includes the types of numerous new species and subspecies described by him, a fairly 

 accurate knowledge of the geographic distribution and variations of Mexican birds 

 would not be possible. The inestimable value of this collection in the preparation 

 of the present work has been greatly enhanced by Myiarchus. Nelson's kind assistance, both 

 verbally and by means of a map, colored by him to show the different faunal areas, 

 thereby explaining most clearly why marked variations often occur in birds of locali- 

 ties not far separated as to distance but in reality very different in physical character. 



^ These include, to date, their entire representation of the families of Fringillidie, 

 Icteridss, and Corvidse. 




PREFACE. XIII 



Myiarchus. Witmer Stone, Conservator of the Ornithological Section/ and 

 the Field Columbian Myiarchusseum, Chicago, through Myiarchus. C. B. Cory, Cura- 

 tor of the Department of Ornithologj',' have likewise responded most 

 generously to requests for the loan of specimens, as has also the Boston 

 Society of Natural History, the last-mentioned establishment furnishing 

 a number of Lafresnaye's types. 



The Costa Rica National Myiarchusseum, through its former Director, 

 Senor Anastasio Alfaro, has materially aided in the preparation of this 

 work by the loan and gift of a large number of most interesting sjiec- 

 imens. The author is likewise greatly indebted for similar assistance 

 to Seiior Jos6 C. Zeledon, of San Jose, and Myiarchus. George K. Cherrie, 

 formerly connected with the Costa Rica National Myiarchusseum, especially 

 the former, who has not only donated many hundreds of specimens to 

 the United States National Myiarchusseum, but has in addition given mucli 

 valuable information through correspondence. 



Besides the public institutions and their officers mentioned above 

 the author is under obligations to many individuals for similar aid. 

 These are far too numerous to permit all being mentioned by name. 

 Those who have rendered the greatest assistance are Myiarchus. William 

 Brewster, of Cambridge, and Myiarchus. Outram Bangs, of Boston, Myiarchusssachu- 

 setts; Myiarchus. A. W. Anthony, of San Diego, Myiarchus. R. C. MyiarchusGregor, of 

 Palo Alto, and Myiarchus. Joseph Grinnell, of Pasadena, California. 



Although the drudgery of measuring thousands of specimens and 

 compiling practically all the references for the synonymy has fallen on 

 the author, considerable assistance in these matters has been rendered 

 by others. Most of the FringillidaB, Corvidse, and Mniotiltidse were 

 measured by Myiarchus. J. H. Riley, Aid in the Division of Birds; the 

 IcteridaB, the' Ccerebidse, and part of the Mniotiltidse were measured 

 by Myiarchus. Sidney S. Wilson. Dr. C. W. Richmond, Assistant Curator 

 of the Division of Birds, has supplied many references, especially 

 of uncited combinations, while Myiarchus. W. P. Hay has gone carefully 

 over the manuscript of the first volume and supplied, from the origi- 

 nals, such data as to pagination, type locality, etc., as had been omitted 

 or mai'ked as doubtful. 



In conclusion, the author desires to say that while unavoidable limi- 

 tations have prevented the realization of his ideal in the present work, 

 no pains nor labor have been spared to make it the best that was prac- 

 ticable under the circumstances. 



Robert Ridgway. 



United States National Myiarchusseum, 



Washingtcni, D. (7., JuVy i, 1901. 



^The Academy's entire collection of Icteridaj and Corvidse, with the exception of 

 certain specimens whicli can not be lent owing to conditions accompanying their gift 

 to the Academy. 



^ Large aeries of the West Indian genera Euelheia, and Pyrrliulagra. 





NOTE. 



The necessity for beginning this work with the highest instead of 

 the lowest forms is to be regretted, and may be explained by briefly 

 stating that owing to inadequate facilities for properly arranging the 

 larger birds in the National Myiarchusseum collection these are not available 

 for study, and consequently it became necessary either to begin with 

 the smaller birds, already systematically arranged, or else postpone 

 the work indefinitely. 



The descriptions arc limited to essential characters, but extreme 

 brevity has been avoided in order to render identification more certain. 

 In the case of subspecies, however, only those characters which are 

 peculiar to each are mentioned, the fuller description of the first in a 

 group of conspecific forms applying to all of those which follow, except 

 as modified by the diagnosis pertaining to each of the latter. 



Measurements are in millimeters, and are made in the following 

 manner: 



(1) Length, from tip of bill to tip of tail of the dried skin. This 

 measurement is really of little value, and is given merely as a sort of 

 clue to the general size of the bird. It varies greatly in the same 

 species according to the "make " of the skin,' and is usually materially 

 different from the same measurement before skinning. 



(2) Wing, measured with dividers, one point resting against the 

 anterior side of the bend the other touching the extremity of the 

 longest primarj^ 



(3) Tail, measured with dividers, one point of which is inserted 

 between the shafts of the middle pair of rectrices at the base and 

 pressed forward as far as they will go without splitting the integu- 

 ment, the other point touching the extremity of the longest rectrix. 



(4) Cuhnen, measured with dividers, either from the extreme base 

 or exposed base — that is, the base as seen without parting the frontal 

 feathers — the character of the measurement always being indicated as 

 "culmen from base" and "exposed culmen." 



(5) Depth of Bill at base, measured with dividers from lower edge 

 of mandibular rami to highest portion of the culmen. 



' Specimens of conspicuously extended or abbreviated make have, however, been 

 excluded from measurement. 




XVI NOTE. 



(6) Width of hill, at iase, measured across the chin l)ctween the out- 

 side of the gnathidea at their base. 



(7) Tarsus^ measured from the tibio-tarsal or heel joint 07i the outer 

 side to the lower end. This last point is often more or less indefinite 

 and sometimes very difficult to locate, but in such cases may usually 

 be ascertained by flexing the toes. 



(8) Myiarchusddle toe, measured from the lower end of the tarsus to the base 

 of the claw, the length of the latter not being included, unless so stated. 



(9) GradiMtion of tail, measured from the extremity of the outer- 

 most rectrix to that of the middle or longest, the tail being closed. 



Owing to the considerable individual variation in measurements in 

 almost all birds, measurements of a single specimen are of little value as 

 part of a description of a species or subspecies. In such a case the meas- 

 urements are quite as likely to represent the maximum or minimum 

 dimensions of the form as the average. Therefore, in connection with 

 the present work, a series of specimens of each form has, whenever 

 practicable, been carefully measured, and the minimum, maximum, 

 and average of each separate measurement given with the descriptions. 



The average measurements, as given, do not always express actual 

 difference or agreement, as the case may be, between allied forms 

 because, in the first place, the series measured are too often unequal and 

 inadequate, and in the second, determination of sex by collectors is 

 not always to be relied on, measurements of one sex sometimes almost 

 certainly figuring among those of the other. Besides, a certain allow- 

 ance must be made for errors of measurement, it being a well known 

 fact that the same person can rarely measure the same specimen twice 

 and obtain exactly the same results. It may be stated, however, that 

 great care has been taken to have the measurements given represent the 

 facts as nearly as possible, by selecting as nearlj^ equal a series of each 

 allied form as the available material would allow, and by eliminating 

 immature specimens and those with abraded primaries and rectrices, 

 as well as those whose sex had not been determined by the collector or 

 is otherwise not obvious. 



In describing the wing-formula or relative lengths of the primary 

 remiges, these are counted from the innermost one outward, not con- 

 versely, as has been the general practice. Hence, in "ten-primaried" 

 birds the outermost primary is designated as the tenth, and in "uine- 

 primaried" birds as the ninth. The advantage of this innovation, 

 which no doubt will at first cause inconvenience, is that in the case of 

 "nine-primaried" birds the outermost obvious primary (the ninth) 

 receives its correct numerical designation, whereas according to the old 

 inethod of numeration it was designated as the first while being in 

 reality the second.' 



•See Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 256, note 2; Gadow, iu Newton's 

 Dictionary of Birds, pp. 118, 741, 780. 




NOTE. XVII 



The analytical keys of the present work are on the same plan as 

 those in the author's Myiarchusnual of North American Birds;' that is, 

 the diagnostic characters of all subdivisions are contrasted in dichoto- 

 mous series of antithetical phrases. Myiarchusny modifications of this plan 

 and others essentiallj^ different have been experimented with or tested, 

 but none have been found to possess equal simplicitj'^ of construction 

 or facility of practical use. The keys of the present work differ from 

 those of the Myiarchusnual in this respect, however; the latter are a com- 

 bination of "key" and diagnosis, while the former consist entire!}' of 

 a key based only on the exclusively diagnostic characters. Although 

 the plan of these keys is so simple that directions for their use seem 

 hardly necessarj^ it may be as well to explain the method of their use. 

 The dichotomous characters are arranged alphabetically, thus, "a" is 

 the antithesis of "aa " , ' ' ^ " that of " 55 ", etc. ; therefore if the characters 

 mentioned following- "a " do not apply to the specimen in hand then 

 they must be sought for under after "aa". It will, of course, be 

 found that either the characters following "a" or those following "aa " 

 do apply, unless the specimen happens to be a new species or the key 

 to the wrong genus (or other group) is being used. When its posi- 

 tion as to "a" or "aa" has been fixed, the next step is to find whether 

 it belongs to "5" or " W under "a" or "aa," as its position may 

 have been determined; then whether in "c" or '■''cc,^'' and so on, or 

 until the species or subspecies is "run down.'"' 



The names of colors used are those of the author's Nomenclature of 

 Colors.' 



' A I Myiarchusnual |. of | North American Birds. | By | Robert Ridgway. | — | Illustra- 

 ted by 464 outline drawings of the | generic characters. | — | Philadelphia: | J. B. 

 Lippincott Company. | 1887. | 



Royal 8 vo, pp. [i]-xi, 1-631, pis. i-cxxiii. 



(Second edition, revised, with new preface and appendix, published 1896.) 



' I A I Nomenclature of Colors | for Naturalists, | and | Compendium of Useful 

 Knowledge | for Ornithologists. | By | Robert Ridgway, | Curator Department of 

 Birds, United States National Myiarchusseum. | With ten colored plates and seven plates | 

 of outline illustrations. | Boston: | Little, Brown and Company. | 1886. | 



17024—01 II 





TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Page. 



Ornithology 1 



Class Avbs 2 



Key to the Subclasses of Aves 3 



Key to the Orders of the Subclass Ornithurse 8 



Order Passeriformes 12 



Key to the Suborders of Passeriformes 14 



Key to the Superfamilies of the Suborder Eleutherodactyli 16 



SUPERFAMILY OSCINES 17 



Key to the Families of Oscines 18 



Family Fringillidae 24 



Key to the Genera of Fringilliae 28 



Genus 1. Hesperiphona Bonaparte 37 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Hesperiphona 38 



1. Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina (Cooper) 39 



2. Hesperiphona vespertina montana Ridgway : 41 



3. Hesperiphona vespertina mexicana Chapman 43 



4. Hesperiphona abeillii (Lesson) 44 



Genus 2. Loxia Linnaeus 46 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Loxia , 46 



5. Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm ) 47 



6. Loxia curvirostra bendirei Ridgway 50 



7. Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Ridgway 52 



8. Loxia leucoptera Gmelin 53 



Genus 3. Pyrrhula Brisson 56 



9. Pyrrhula caasini Baird 57 



Genus 4. Pinicola Vieillot 58 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pinicola 1 59 



10. Pinicola enuqleator canadensis ( Cabanis ) 60 



11. Pinicola enucleator alascensis Ridgway 63 



12. Pinicola enucleator flammula ( Homeyer) 64 



13. Pinicola enucleator californica Prk e 65 



14. Pinicola enucleator montana Ridgway 66 



Genus 5. Leucosticte Swainson 67 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Leucosticte 68 



15. Leucosticte tephrocotis tephrocotis Swainson 68 



16. Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis ( Baird ) 71 



17. Leucosticte tephrocotis griseonucha (Brandt) 72 



18. Leucosticte atrata Ridgway 75 



19. Leucosticte australis Allen .- 77 



Genus 6. Acanthis Bechstein .' 78 



XIX 




XX OONTENTa. 



rage. 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Acanthis 80 



20. Acanthis hornemannii homemannii ( Holboll ) 80 



21. Acanthis hornemannii exilipes (Coues) - 82 



22. Acanthis linaria linaria (Linnaeus) - 85 



23. Acanthis linaria holboellii (Brehm) 89 



24. Acanthis linaria rostrata (Coues) - - • 91 



25. Acanthis brewsterii Ridgway - - 92 



Genus 7. Carduelis Brisson 93 



26. Carduelis carduelis (Linnaeus) 94 



Genus 8. Spinus Koch - - 95 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Spinus 96 



27. Spinus pinus pinus (Wilson) 97 



28. Spinus pinus macroptems (DuBus) ',00 



29. Spinus atriceps (Salvin) 100 



30. Spinus notatus notatus (DuBus) 102 



31. Spinus notatus forreri (Salvin and Godman) 103 



32. Spinus cucullatus (Swainson) 104 



33. Spinus xanthogaster (DuBus) 105 



Genus 9. Loximitris Bryant 106 



34. Loximitris dominicensis (Bryant) 107 



Genus 10. Astragalinus Cabanis ....- 107 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Astragalinus 108 



35. Astragalinus tristis tristis (Linnaeus) 109 



36. Astragalinus tristis pallidus (Mearns) Ill 



37. Astragalinus tristis salicamans (Grinnell) 112 



38. Astragalinus psaltria psaltria (Say) _ 114 



39. Astragalinus psaltria arizonse (Coues) 115 



40. Astragalinus psaltria mexicanus (Swainson) _ 117 



41. Astragalinus psaltria croceus ( Jouy) 118 



42. Astragalinus psaltria jouyi Ridgway 120 



43. Astragalinus psaltria columbianus (Lafresnaye) 120 



44. Astragalinus lawrencii (Cassin) 121 



Genus 11. Carpodacus Kaup 123 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Carpodacus 124 



45. Carpodacus cassinii Baird 126 



46. Carpodacus purpureus purpereus (Gmelin) . 128 



47. Carpodacus purpureus californicus (Baird) 130 



48. Carpodacus mexicanus mexicanus (Myiarchusller) 131 



49. Carpodacus mexicanus roseipectus (Sharpe) 133 



50. Carpodacus mexicanus rhodocolpus ( Cabanis) 134 



51 . Carpodacus mexicanus sonoriensis Ridgway 135 



52. Carpodacus mexicanus ruberrimus Ridgway 136 



53. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say) 137 



54. Carpodacus mexicanus dementis (Mearns) 140 



55. Carpodacus mcgregori Anthony _ 141 



56. Carpodacus ampins Ridgway 142 



Genus 12. Passer Brisson _ 143 



Key to the American (introduced) Species of Passer 143 



57. Passer domesticus (Linnaeus) I43 



58. Passer montanus (Linnaeus) I45 



Genus 13. Passerina Vieillot 146 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Passerina I47 



59. Passerina nivalis nivalis (Linnaeus) _ 14g 




CONTENTS. XXI 



Page. 



60. Passerina nivalis townsendi Ridgway 152 



61. Passerina hyperborea Ridgway 153 



Genus 14. Oalarius Bechstein 154 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Calcarius 155 



62. Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus (Linnaeus) 165 



63. Calcarius lapponicus alascensis Ridgway 158 



64. Calcarius pictus (Swainson) 160 



65. Calcarius ornatus (Townsend) 162 



Genus 15. Rhynchophanes Baird 164 



66. Rhynchophanes mccownii (Lawrence) 165 



Genus 16. Calamospiza Bonaparte 167 



67. Oalamospiza melanocorys Stejneger 168 



Genus 17. Spiza Bonaparte 170 



Key to the Species of Spiza 171 



68. Spiza americana (Gmelin) 171 



69. Spiza townsendii (Audubon) 174 



Genus 18. Ohondestes Swainson 175 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Ohondestes 176 



70. Ohondestes grammacus grammacus (Say) 176 



71. Ohondestes grammacus strigatus (Swainson) 178 



Genus 19. Pooecetes Baird 181 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pooecetes 181 



72. Pooecetes gramineus gramineus (Gmelin ) 182 



73. Pooecetes gramineus confinis (Baird) 184 



74. Pooecetes gramineus affinis Myiarchusller 186 



Genus 20. Passerculus Bonaparte 187 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Passerculus 188 



75. Passerculus princeps Myiarchusynard 189 



76. Passerculus sandwichensis sandwichensis (Gmelin) 190 



77. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wilson) 192 



78. Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus (Bonaparte) 194 



79. Passerculus sandwichensis bryanti Ridgway 197 



80. Passerculus beldingi Ridgway 198 



81. Passerculus rostratus rostratus (Cassin) 199 



82. Passerculus rostratus sanctorum ( Ooues ) 200 



83. Passerculus rostratus guttatus (Lawrence) 201 



84. Passerculus rostratus halophilus (MyiarchusGregor) 202 



Genus 21. Oentronyx Baird 202 



85. Oentronyx bairdii (Audubon) 203 



Genus 22. Ooturniculus Bonaparte 205 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Ooturniculus 205 



86. Ooturniculus savannarum savannaruni (Gmelin) 206 



87. Ooturniculus savannarum passerinus (Wilson) 207 



88. Ooturniculus savannarum obacurus (Nelson) 209 



89. Ooturniculus savannarum bimaculatus (Swainson) 209 



Genus 23. Ammodramus Swainson 211 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Ammodramus 212 



90. Ammodramus maritimus maritimus (Wilson) 214 



91. , Ammodramus maritimus mcgillivraii (Audubon) 216 



92. Ammodramus maritimus peninsulse Allen 216 



93. Ammodramus maritimus fisheri Ohapman 217 



94. Ammodramus maritimus sennetti Allen 218 



95. Ammodramus nigrescehs Ridgway 219 




XXn CONTENTS. 



Page. 



96. Ammodramus caudacutus caudacutus (Gmelin) 220 



97. Ammodramus caudacutus nelsoni Allen 221 



98. Ammodramus caudacutus subvirgatus Dwight - 223 



99. Ammodramus leconteii (Audubon) - 224 



100. Ammodramus henslowii henslowii (Audubon) 226 



101. Ammodramus henslowii occidentalis Brewster 228 



Genus 24. Plagiospiza Ridgway - - - 229 



102. Plagiospiza superciliosa (Swainson) 229 



Genua 25. Aimophila Swainson - - 230 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Aimophila 233 



103. Aimophila quinquestriata (Sclater) 236 



104. Aimophila mystacalis (Hartlaub) 236 



105. Aimophila humeralis Cabanis - - 237 



106. Aimophila ruficauda ruficauda (Bonaparte) 238 



107. Aimophila ruficauda lawrencii (Salvin and Godman) 239 



108. Aimophila acuminata Salvin and Godman 240 



109. Aimophila sumichrasti Lawrence 240 



110. Aimophila carpalis (Coues) 241 



111. Aimophila notosticta (Sclater and Salvin) 242 



112. Aimophila rufeacens rufescens Swainson 243 



113. Aimophila rufescens pallida Nelson and Palmer 245 



114. Aimophila rufescens sinaloa Ridgway 245 



] 15. Aimophila mcleodii Brewster _ 246 



116. Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps (Cassin) 246 



117. Aimophila ruficeps sororia Ridgway 248 



118. Aimophila ruficeps scottii (Sennett) 248 



119. Aimophila ruficeps australis (Nelson) 250 



120. Aimophila ruficeps fusca (Nelson) 250 



121. Aimophila ruficeps eremoeca (Brown) 251 



122. Aimophila ruficeps boucardi (Sclater) 252 



123. Aimophila cassinii (Woodhouse) _ 253 



124. Aimophila sestivalis sestivalia (Lichtenstein) 254 



125. Aimophila sestivalis bachmanii (Audubon ) 256 



126. Aimophila botterii botterii (Sclater) 257 



127. Aimophila botterii sartorii Ridgway 259 



128. Aimophila botterii petenica (Salvin) 260 



Genus 26. Amphispiza Coues 261 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Amphispiza 262 



129. Amphispiza bilineata bilineata (Cassin) 263 



130. Amphispiza bilineata deserticola Ridgway 265 



131. Amphispiza bilineata grisea Nelson 266 



132. Amphispiza belli belli (Cassin) 267 



133. Amphispiza belli cinerea Townsend 269 



134. Amphispiza belli nevadensis Ridgway 270 



Genus 27. Junco Wagler 271 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Junco 272 



135. Junco aikeni Ridgway 277 



136. Junco hyemalis hyemalis (Linnaeus) 278 



137. Junco hyemalis carolinensia Brewster 282 



138. Junco oreganus oreganus (Townsend) 283 



139. Junco oreganus shufeldti (Coale) 285 



140. Junco oreganus thurberi (Anthony) 287 



141. Junco oreganus pinosus (Loomis) 288 



142. Junco montanus Ridgway 289 




CONTENTS. XXIII 



• Page. 



143. Junco mearnsi Ridgway 291 



144. Junco townsendi Anthony 293 



145. Junco insularis Ridgway 293 



146. Junco bairdi Belding 294 



147. Junco caniceps ( Woodhouse) 295 



148. Junco dorsalis Henry 297 



149. Junco phajonotus phseonotus Wagler 299 



150. Junco phseonotus palliatus Ridgway 301 



151. Junco fulvescens Nelson 302 



152. Junco alticola Salvin 303 



153. Junco vulcani (Boucard) 304 



Genus 28. Spizella Bonaparte 305 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Spizella 305 



154. Spizella monticola monticola (Gmelin) 307 



155. Spizella monticola ochracea Brewster 309 



156. Spizella socialis (Wilson) 311 



157. Spizella socialis mexicana Nelson 313 



158. Spizella socialis pinetorum (Salvin) 314 



159. Spizella socialis arizonae Goues 315 



160. Spizella pusilla pusilla (Wilson) 318 



161. Spizella pusilla arenacea Ohadbourne 320 



162. Spizella wortheni Ridgway 321 



163. Spizella atrogularis- (Cabanis) 322 



164. Spizella pallida (Swainson) 324 



165. Spizella breweri Cassin 327 



Genus 29. Zonotrichia Swainson 329 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Zonotrichia 330 



166. Zonotrichia querula (Nuttall) 331 



167. Zonotrichia coronata (Pallas) , 333 



168. Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys (Forster) 336 



169. Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli (Nuttall) 339 



170. Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli Ridgway 342 



171. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin) 343 



Genus 30. Brachyspiza Ridgway 346 



Key to the Subspecies of Brachyspiza 347 



172. Brachyspiza capensis peruviana (Lesson) 347 



173. Brachyspiza capensis insularis Ridgway 349 



Genus 31. Melospiza Baird 349 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Melospiza 352 



174. Melospiza cinerea melodia (Wilson) 354 



175. Melospiza cinerea montana (Henshaw) 358 



176. Melospiza cinerea merrilli (Brewster) 361 



177. Melospiza cinerea fallax (Baird) 362 



178. Melospiza cinerea rivularis (Bryant) 363 



179. Melospiza cinerea heermanni (Baird) 364 



180. Melospiza cinerea mexicana Ridgway - . 365 



181. Melospiza cinerea adusta (Nelson) _ 366 



182. Melospiza cinerea goldmani (Nelson) 366 



183. Melospiza cinerea cooperi Ridgway 367 



184. Melospiza cinerea clementse (Townsend) 368 



185. Melospiza cinerea graminea (Townsend) 369 



186. Melospiza cinerea samuelis (Baird) 369 



187. Melospiza cinerea pusillula Ridgway 370 



188. Melospiza cinerea cleonensis ( MyiarchusGregor) 371 




XXIV CONTENTS. 



Page. 



189. Melospiza cinerea morphna ( Oberholser) 372 



190. Molospiza cinerea rufina (Brandt) - ^'3 



191. Melospiza cinerea caurina Ridgway 375 



192. Melospiza cinerea kenaiensis Ridgway 375 



193. Melospiza cinerea insignia (Baird) - 376 



194. Melospiza cinerea cinerea (Gmelin) - 377 



195. Melospiza lincolnii (Audutfon) - 379 



196. Melospiza georgiana (Latham) 382 



Genus 32. Passerella Swainson 384 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Passerella 885 



197. Passerella iliaca iliaca (Merrem) 386 



198. Passerella iliaca unalaschensis (Gmelin) 389 



199. Passerella iliaca insularis Ridgway 391 



200. Passerella iliaca annectens Ridgway 392 



201. Passerella iliaca townsendi (Audubon) 392 



202. Passerella iliaca fuliginosa Ridgway 394 



203. Passerella iliaca schistacea (Baird) 395 



204. Passerella iliaca megarhyncha (Baird) 397 



205. Passerella iliaca Stephens! Anthony 398 



Genus 33. Oreospiza Ridgway 399 



206. Oreospiza chlorura (Townsend) 400 



Genus 34. Pipilo Vieillot 402 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pipilo 403 



207. Pipilo torquatus torquatus Du Bus _ 406 



208. Pipilo torquatus alticola (Salvin and Godman) 408 



209. Pipilo nigrescens (Salvin and Godman) 408 



210. Pipilo macronyx macronyx Swainson 409 



211. Pipilo macronyx virescens (Hartlaub) 410 



212. Pipilo maculatus maculatus Swainson 410 



213. Pipilo maculatus arcticus (Swainson) 412 



214. Pipilo maculatus magnirostria Brewster 414 



215. Pipilo maculatus megalonyx (Baird) 415 



216. Pipilo maculatus clementae (Grinnell) 418 



217. Pipilo maculatus atratus Ridgway 419 



218. Pipilo maculatus oregonua (Bell ) 420 



219. Pipilo consobrinus Ridgway 422 



220. Pipilo carmani Baird 422 



221. Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus) 423 



222. Pipilo erythrophthalmus alleni Couea 426 



223. Pipilo aberti Baird : 427 



224. Pipilo rutilus (Lichtenstein) 428 



225. Pipilo fuscus fuscus Swainson 430 



226. Pipilo fuscus potosinus Ridgway 431 



227. Pipilo fuscus intermedins Nelson 432 



228. Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus (Baird) 432 



229. Pipilo albigula Baird 433 



230. Pipilo crisaalis crissalis (Vigors) 434 



231. Pipilo crissalis carolse (MyiarchusGregor) _ _ 435 



232. Pipilo crissalis senicula (Anthony) _ _ 436 



Genus 35. Melozone Reichenbach 437 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Melozone _ _ 438 



233. Melozone kieneri (Bonaparte) 439 



234. Melozone rubricatum rubricatum Cabani.s 440 



235. Melozone rubricatum xantusii (Lawrence) 44I 




CONTENTS. XXV 



Page. 



236. "Melozone cabanisi (Sclater and Salvin) 441 



237. Melozone biarcuatum (Provost) 443 



238. Melozone leucotis Cabanis 444 



239. Melozone occipitalis Cabanis 445 



Genus 36. Arremonops Ridgway 445 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Arremonops 446 



240. Arremonops ruflvirgatus rufivirgatus (Lawrence) 474 



241. Arremonops ruflvirgatus crassirostris Ridgway 448 



242. Arremonops superciliosus superciliosus (Salvin) 449 



243. Arremonops superciliosus sumichrasti (Sharpe) 450 



244. , Arremonops superciliosus sinalose Nelson 450 



245. Arremonops verticalis Ridgway 451 



246. Arremonops chloronotus (Salvin) 452 



247. Arremonops conirostris conirostris (Bonaparte) 453 



248. Arremonops conirostris ricbmondi Ridgway 453 



Genus 37. Arremou Vieillot 454 



249. Arremon aurantiirostris Laf resnaye 455 



Genus 38. Lysurus Ridgway ■ 457 



Key to the Species of Lysurus 458 



250. Lysurus crassirostris (Cassin) 458 



Genus 39. Atlapetes Wagler 459 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Atlapetes 460 



251. Atlapetes pileatus pileatus Wagler 460 



252. Atlapetes pileatus dilutus Ridgway 461 



253. Atlapetes gutturalis (Lafresnaye) 461 



254. Atlapetes albinucha (D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye) 463 



Genus 40. Buarremon Bonaparte 464 



Key to the Species of Buarremon 465 



255. Buarremon briunneinuchus (Lafresnaye) 465 



256. Buarremon Adrenticeps Bonaparte 467 



257. Buarremon assimilis (Boissoneau) 468 



Genus 41. Pselliophorus Ridgway 469 



258. Pselliophorus tibialis (Lawrence) 470 



Genus 42. Pezopetes Cabanis 471 



259. Pezopetes capitalis Cabanis 472 



Genus 43. Platyspiza Ridgway 473 



260. Platyspiza crassirostris (Gould) 474 



Genus 44. Camarhynchus Gould 476 



Key to the Species of Camarhynchus 476 



261. Camarhynchus psittaculus Gould 477 



262. Camarhynchus habeli Sclater and Salvin 480 



263. Camarhynchus affinis Ridgway 481 



264. Camarhynchus compressirostris Ridgway 481 



265. Camarhynchus incertus Ridgway 482 



266. Camarhynchus pauper Ridgway 483 



267. Camarhynchus prosthemelas Sclater and Salvin 484 



268. Camarhynchus salvini Ridgway 486 



269. Camarhynchus pallidus (Sclater and Salvin) 487 



Genus 45. Geospiza Gould 489 



Key to the Species of Geospiza 493 



270. Geospiza magnirostris Gould 495 



271. Geospiza strenua Gould 496 



272. Geospiza pachyrhyncha Ridgway 498 



273. Geospiza conirostris Ridgway 498 




XXVI CONTENTS. 



Page. 



274. Geospiza propinqua Ridgway 499 



275. Geospiza darwini Eothschild and Hartert 500 



276. Geospiza bauri Ridgway 500 



277. Geospiza dubia Gould 501 



278. Geospiza albemarlei Ridgway 502 



279. Geospiza simillima Rothschild and Hartert 502 



280. Geospiza fortis Gould 502 



281. Geospiza fratercula Ridgway - - 504 



282. Geospiza f uliginosa Gould 504 



283. Geospiza minor (Rothschild and Hartert) . . - 506 



284. Geospiza acutirostris Ridgway - - - 506 



285. Geospiza dentirostris Gould 507 



286. Geospiza harterti Ridgway 507 



287. Geospiza ditficilis Sharpe 507 



288. Geospiza debilirostris Ridgway 508 



289. Geospiza scandena (Gould) - 509 



290. Geospiza septentrionalis ( Rothschild and Hartert) 510 



291. Geospiza intermedia Ridgway - - 511 



292. Geospiza fatigata Ridgway 511 



293. Geospiza abingdoni (Sclater and Salvin ) _ 513 



294. Geospiza brevirostris Ridway 514 



Genus 46. Cocornis Townsend 515 



295. Cocornis agassizi Townsend 516 



Genus 47. Acanthidops Ridgway 517 



296. Acanthidops bairdi Ridgway 519 



Genus 48. Haplospiza Cabanis 520 



297. Haplospiza unif ormis Sclater and Salvin 521 



Genus 49. Sicalis Boie 521 



Key- to the Species of Sicalis 522 



298. Sicalis jamaiae Sharpe 523 



299. Sicalis chrysops Sclater 523 



Genus 50. Volatinia Reichenbach 625 



Key to the Subspecies of Volatinia 526 



300. Volatinia jacarini splendens ( Vieillot) 526 



Genus 51. Euetheia Reichenbach 529 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Euetheia 530 



301. Euetheia olivacea olivacea (Linnteus) 5.S0 



302. Euetheia olivacea coryi Ridgway 532 



303. Euetheia olivacea bryanti Ridgway _ 533 



304. Euetheia olivacea intermedia Ridgway 533 



305. Euetheia olivacea pusilla (Swainson) 534 



306. Euetheia canora (Gmelin) 536 



307. Euetheia bicolor bicolor (Linnasus) 537 



308. Euetheia bicolor omissa ( Jardine) 538 



309. Euetheia bicolor marchii (Baird) 541 



310. Euetheia bicolor sharpei (Hartert) 543 



311. Euetheia grandior Cory 543 



Genus 52. Melanospiza Ridgway 544 



312. Melanospiza richardsoni (Cory) 545 



Genus 53. Loxipasser Bryant 545 



313. Loxipasser anoxanthus (Gosse) 546 



Genus 54. Pyrrhulagra Bonaparte 547 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pyrrhulagra 548 



314. Pyrrhulagra portoricensis (Daudin) 550 




CONTENTS. XXVII 



Page. 



315. Pyrrhulagra grandis (Lawrence) 550 



316. Pyrrhulagra violacea violacea (Linnaeus) 551 



317. Pyrrhulagra violacea ruflcollis (Gmelin) 552 



318. Pyrrhulagra violacea affinis (Baird) 553 



319. Pyrrhulagra noctis noctis (Linnaeus) 554 



320. Pyrrhulagra noctis sclateri (Allen) 555 



321. Pyrrhulagra noctis dominicana Ridgway 556 



322. Pyrrhulagra noctis crissalis Ridgway 557 



323. Pyrrhulagra lioctis ridgwayi Cory 558 



324. Pyrrhulagra noctis coryi Ridgway- 559 



325. Pyrrhulagra noctis grenadensis CJory 560 



326. Pyrrhulagra barbadensis Cory 561 



Genus 55. Melopyrrha Bonaparte - 501 



Key to the Species of Melopyrrha 562 



327. Melopyrrha nigra (Linnaeus) 562 



328. Melopyrrha taylori Hartert 563 



Genus 56. Sporophila Cabanis 563 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Sporophila 564 



329. Sporophila grisea schistacea (Lawrence) - 566 



330. Sporophila minuta niinuta (Linnreus) 567 



331. Sporophila minuta parva (Lawrence) 568 



332. Sporophila gutturalis (Lichtenstein) 569 



333. Sporophila cofvina (Sclater) 571 



334. Sporophila aurita (Bonaparte) 573 



335. Sporophila morelleti (Bonaparte) 575 



336. Sporophila torqueola (Bonaparte) 577 



337. Sporophila albitorquis (Sharpe) 578 



Genus 57. Amaurospiza Cabanis .-- 579 



338. Amaurospiza concolor Cabanis 579 



Genus 58. Cyanospiza Baird -. 580 



Key to the Species of Cyanospiza 581 



339. Cyanospiza cyanea (Linnaeus) 582 



340. Cyanospiza amoena (Say) 584 



341. Cyanospiza ciris (Linnaeus) 586 



342. Cyanospiza leclancheri (Lafresnaye) 589 



343. Cyanospiza rositse Lawrence 590 



344. Cyanospiza versicolor (Bonaparte) 591 



Genus 59. Cyanocompsa Cabanis » 594 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of Cyanocompsa ._ 595 



345. Cyanocompsa concreta concreta (DuBus) 596 



346. Cyanocompsa concreta cyanesceus Ridgway 597 



347. Cyanocompsa cyanoides (Lafresnaye) 599 



348. Cyanocompsa parellina parellina (Bonaparte) 601 



349. Cyanocompsa parellina indigotica Ridgway , 602 



350. Cyanocompsa parellina sumichrasti Ridgway 602 



Genus 60. Oryzoborus Cabanis 603 



Key to the Species of Oryzoborus 604 



351. Oryzoborus nuttingi Ridgway 604 



352. Oryzoborus funereus Sclater 605 



Genus 61. Guiraca Swainson 606 



Key to the Species and. Subspecies of Guiraca 607 



353. Guiraca cserulea caerulea (Linnaeus) 607 



354. Guiraca caerulea lazula (Lesson) 510 



355. Guiraca caerulea chiapensis (Nelson) 612 




XXVIII CONTENTS. 



Page, 



Genus 62. Zamelodia Coues 613 



Key to the Species of Zamelodia 614 



356. Zamelodia ludoviciana (Linnaeus) 614 



357. Zamelodia melanocephala (Swainson) 617 



Genus 63. Pheucticus Eeichenbach 621 



Key to the Species of Pheucticus 621 



358. Pheucticus chrysopeplus (Vigors) 621 



359. Pheucticus aurantiacus Salvin and Godman 623 



360. Pheucticus tibialis Baird 623 



Genus 64. Pyrrhuloxia Bonaparte 624 



Key to the Subspecies of Pyrrhuloxia 625 



361. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata sinuata Bonaparte 625 



362. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata peninsulae Ridgway 627 



363. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata texana Ridgway 628 



Genus 65. Cardinalis Bonaparte 629 



Key to the Species and Subspecies of CardinaUs 633 



364. Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus) 635 



365. Cardinalis cardinalis canicaudus Chapman 639 



366. Cardinalis cardinalis floridanus Ridgway 641 



367. Cardinalis cardinalis coccineus Ridgway 642 



368. Cardinalis cardinalis littoralis Nelson 643 



369. Cardinalis cardinalis yucatanicus Ridgway 644 



370. Cardinalis cardinalis saturatus Ridgway 645 



371 . Cardinalis cardinalis superbus Ridgway 645 



372. Cardinalis cardinalis igneus (Baird) 647 



373. Cardinalis cardinalis aflSnis Nelson 648 



374. Cardinalis cardinalis sinaloensis Nelson 648 



375. Cardinalis cardinalis mariae Nelson 649 



376. Cardinalis carneus Lesson 650 



Genus 66. Pitylus Ouvier 651 



377. Pitylus grossus (Linnaeus) 652 



Genus 67. Caryothraustes Reichenbach 654 



Key to the Subspecies of Caryothraustes 655 



378. Caryothraustes poliogaster poliogaster ( Du Bus ) 655 



379. Caryothraustes poliogaster scapularis Ridgway 656 



Genus 68. Rhodothraupis Ridgway _ 657 



380. Rhodothraupis celaeno (Lichtenstein) 657 



Genus 69. Saltator Vieillot 659 



Key tx) the Species and Subspecies of Saltator 660 



381. Saltator atriceps atriceps Lesson 661 



382. Saltator atriceps lacertosus Bangs '. 663 



383. Saltator magnoides magnoides Lafresnaye 663 



384. Saltator magnoides medianus Ridgway _ 664 



385. Saltator magnoides intermedins (Lawrence ) 665 



386. Saltator grandis (Lichtenstein) 666 



387. Saltator plumbiceps Lawrence 668 



388. Saltator albicoUis isthmicus ( Sclater) _ 669 



389. Saltator guadelupensia (Lafresnaye) 671 



Addenda 673 



Index 673 



List of figures illustrating generic details xxix 



Errata xxxi 




LIST OF FIGURES ILLUSTRATING GENERIC DETAILS. 



Figure. 



1. 

 2. 

 3. 



4. 



5. 



6. 



7. 



8. 



0. 

 10. 

 U. 

 12. 

 13. 

 14. 

 15. 

 16. 

 17. 

 18. 

 19. 

 20. 

 21. 

 22. 

 23. 

 24. 

 25. 

 26. 

 27. 

 28. 

 29. 

 30. 

 31. 

 32. 

 33. 

 34. 

 35. 

 36. 

 37. 



40. 

 41. 

 42. 

 43. 

 44. 

 46. 

 46. 

 47. 



Hesperiphona Bonaparte 



Loxia Linn^ua 



Pyrrhula Brisson 



Pinieola Vieillot 



Leucostlcte Swalnson 



Acanthis Bechstein , 



Carduelis Brisson 



Spinus Koch- 



Loximitris Bryant 



Astragallnus Cabanis 



Carpodacus Kaup 



Passer Brisson 



Passerina Vieillot 



Calcarius Bechstein 



Rhynehophanes Baird . . . 

 Calamospiza Bonaparte. . 



Spiza Bonaparte 



Chondestes Swainson 



Pooecetes Baird 



Passerculus Bonaparte. . . 



Centrony X Baird 



Coturniculus Bonaparte . 

 Ammodramus Swainson. 



Plagiospiza Ridgway 



Aimophila Swainson 



Amphispiza Coues 



Junco Wagler 



Spizella Bonaparte 



Zonotrichia Swainson . . . 

 Brachyspiza Ridgway . . . 



Melospiza Baird 



Passerella Swainson 



Oreospiza Ridgway 



Pipilo Vieillot 



Melozone Eeichenbach.. 

 Arremonops Ridgway ... 



Arremon Vieillot 



Lysurus Ridgway 



Atlapetes Wagler 



Buarremon Bonaparte. . . 

 Pselliophorus Ridgway . . 



Pezopetes Cabanis 



Platyspiza Ridgway 



Camarhynchus Gould . . . 



Geoapiza Gould 



Cocomis Townsend 



Acanthldops Ridgway. . . 



I. 

 I. 

 II. 

 I. 



III. 

 II. 

 II. 

 II. 

 II. 

 II. 

 IV. 

 II. 

 III. 

 III. 

 III. 

 IV. 

 IV. 

 IV. 

 IV. 

 V. 

 V. 

 V. 

 V. 

 VI. 

 V. 

 VI. 

 VI. 

 VI. 

 VII. 

 VII. 

 V. 

 VII. 

 VII. 

 VIII. 

 VIII. 

 XI. 

 IX. 

 IX. 

 X. 

 X. 

 IX. 

 X. 

 XIII. 

 XIII. 

 XIV. 

 XIV. 

 XI. 



1 



2 



1 



3 



1 



6 

 2 

 4 

 6 

 3 

 3,5 

 7 

 2 

 3 

 4 

 4 

 6 

 1 

 2 

 1 

 2 

 3 

 4 

 1 

 5,6 

 2,4 

 3 

 6 

 1 

 2 

 7 

 3,4,6 

 5 

 1,2 

 3 

 5 

 1 

 2 

 3 

 1 

 3 

 2 

 1 

 2,3 

 1,2 



XXIX 




XXX CONTflNTS. 



List of Figures Illustrating Generic Dbtailk — Continued. 



Genus. 



Pap 

 text. 



48. Haplospiza Cabanis 



49. Sicalis Boie 



50. Volatinia Reichenbach 



51- Euetheia Reichenbach 



52. Melanospiza Ridgway 



53. Loxipasser Bryant 



54. Pyrrhulagra Bonaparte 



55. Melopyrrha Bonaparte 



56. Sporopbila Cabanis 



57. Amaurospiza Cabani.s 



58. Cyanospiza Baird 



59. Cyanocompsa Cabanis 



60. Oryzoborus Cabanis 



61. Guiraca Swainson 



62. Zamelodia Coues 



63. Pbeucticus Reichenbach 



64. Pyrrhuloxia Bonaparte 



65. Cardinalis Bonaparte 



66. Pitylus Cuvier 



67. Caryothraustes Reichenbach 



68. Rhodothraupis Ridgway 



69. Saltator Vieillot 



520 

 521 

 525 

 629 

 544 

 545 

 547 

 561 

 563 

 579 

 580 

 594 



613 

 621 

 • 624 

 629 

 651 

 654 

 657 

 659 




EERATA. 



Pages 60, 65, 68, 71, 72, 74, 75, and 87.— For Kodiak read Kadiak. 



Pages 74 and 75. — For Unalashka read Unalaska. 



Pages 74, 84, 87, 89, 90, and 91. — For Kamtschatka read Kamehatka. 



Page 74. — For Aliaska read Alaska. 



Page 90, third line from top. — For Herschell read Herschel. 



Page 134. — In vernacular name, for Cuernevaca read Cuernavaca. 



Page 166. — In second paragraph, of synonymy, for mccownii read maccownil. 



Page 183. — In seventh line from bottom, for Pooecetes read Poec.etes. 



Page 184. — In beginning of last paragraph, for Pooecetes read Pooecetes. 



Page 192. — In vernacular name for Savannah read Savanna. 



Page 242. — In vernacular name for Oaxaca read Ejutla. There is another Oaxaca 

 Sparrow {Aimophila ruficeps australis, p. 250). 



Page 250. — In vernacular name, for Etzatlan read Jalisco. There is another Etzat- 

 lan Sparrow {Aimophila rufescens pallida, p. 245). 



Page 596. — In fourth line from top, for concrete read concrela. 





THE BIRDS 



NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



By KOBEET RIDGWAY, 



Cwrator, Diris'ion of Binh. 



Ornithology ("from opviO-, crude form of opvig, a bird, and Xoyla, 

 allied to Xoyos, commonly Englished a discourse")' is '"the method- 

 ical study and consequent knowledge of birds, with all that relates 

 thereto.'" 



There are two essentially different kinds of ornithology: systematic 

 or scientific, and 2^opular. The former deals with the structure and 

 classification of birds, their synonymies and technical descriptions. 

 The latter treats of their habits, songs, nesting, and other facts per- 

 taining to their life-histories. Although apparently distinct from one 

 another, these two branches of ornithology are in reality closely related 

 and to a degree interdependent. The systematist who does not possess 

 an intimate knowledge of the habits of birds, their mode of nidifica- 

 tion, the character of their nests, eggs, and young, is poorly equipped 

 for the work he has in hand, while the popular writer who is ignorant 

 of scientific ornithology and who neglects to keep in touch with its 

 progress is placed at an equal disadvantage — his writing's may enter^ 

 tain, but are far more apt to mislead, through erroneous statements, 

 than educate. Popular ornithology is the more entertaining, with its 

 savor of the wild wood, green fields, the riverside and seashore, bird 

 songs, and the many fascinating things connected with out-of-door 

 Nature. But systematic ornithology, being a component part of 

 biology — the science of life — is the more instructive and therefore 

 more important. Each advance in this serious study reveals just so 



^ Newton, Dictionary of Birds, 1894, p. 657. 

 ^Idem., introduction, p. 1. 

 17024—01 1 1 




2 BULLETIN 50, UJSriTED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



much more of the hidden irij^steries of creation, and adds proportion- 

 atel}' to the sum of human knowledge/ 



Birds constitute a far more homogeneous group than any other class 

 of the animal kingdom, and their classification is therefore a matter of 

 unusual difficulty. According to universal agreement, they constitute 

 a single class, Aves, whose characters and subdivisions (according to 

 our present knowledge) are as follows: 



CLASS AVES.— BIRDS. 



Birds iiXQ feathered veirtebrate animals. ^ 



The more recent investigations of comparative anatomists have grad- 

 uall}' eliminated the supposed exclusive characters of birds, as a Class 

 of the Animal Kingdom, until only the single one mentioned above, 

 the possession of feathers, remains. No other structural character is 

 possessed by them which is not shared either bj^ the Class Reptilia or 

 Class Myiarchusmmalia; but "no bird is without feathers, and no animal is 

 invested with feathers except the birds. " ' Indeed, so closely are birds 

 related to reptiles that in all other structural characters whereby they 

 differ from mammals they agree with reptiles; and notwithstanding 

 their extreme dissimilarity in appearance and habits they are essentially 

 "an extremely modified and aberrant Reptilian type."* 



Birds differ from all Myiarchusmmals in the following characters: 



(1) Possession of feathers. 



(2) Absence of milk glands. 



(3) Single occipital condyle. 



'The most complete review of the history of ornithology is that forming the 

 introduction to Professor Newton's Dictionary of Birds (London: Adam and Charles 

 Black, 1893-1896; The Myiarchuscmillan Company, New York). 



■^ The following diagnosis of the class is given by Gadow, in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 

 1892, p. 236: 



Oviparous, warm-blooded, amniotic vertebrates which have their anterior extrem- 

 ities transformed into wings. Metacarpus and fingers carrying feathers or quilla. 

 AVith an intertarsal joint. Not more than four toes, of which the first is the hallux. 



This later (A Classification of Vertebrata recent and extinct, 1898, p. 30) amended 

 as follows: 



Warm-blooded, oviparous, Amniota, AUantoidae. Occipital condyle single. Quad- 

 rate movable. Anterior extremities transformed into wings. Covered with feath- 

 ers. With intertarsal joint. Not more than four toes, of which the first is the 

 hallux. 



■' Stejneger, Standard Natural History, i\-, 1885, p. 1. Dr. Stejneger's most excel- 

 lent article (pp. 1-20 of the work cited) should be consulted by those who desire 

 more detailed information on the subject. 



■'Newton, in the article on Ornithology in the Encyolopredia Britannica; also 

 HtrxLEY, Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy, p. 69; Caeus, Hand- 

 buch der Zoologie, p. 192. 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. d 



(4) Articulation of the lower jaw with a separate bone {ox quad- 

 Tdtum), which again articulates with the skull. 

 (.5) Absence of a diaphragm. 

 They differ from Reptiles in — 



(1) Possession of feathers. 



(2) Complete circulation of warm blood. (In this, Birds agree with 

 Myiarchusmmals.) 



The fact that Reptiles, as well as Birds, lay eggs, and that the nidi- 

 fication of some members of the two Classes is practically identical (e. 

 g. , the reptilian Crocodilia and avian Megapodidte (a group of Peri- 

 steropode Gallinse), is too well known to require more than mere men- 

 tion here; but the mammalian Monotremata also lay eggs, while 

 furthermore one of the latter {Ornitliorhynclms^ the duck mole of 

 Australia), possesses a very duck-like beak. 



KEY TO THE SUBCLASSES OF AVES. 



<'. Metacarpals separate, the first finger with 2, the second and third each with 3, 

 digits; caudal vertebrje about 21, not terminating in a pygostyle; primaries not 

 more than 7; rectrices attached in pairs (about 12), each to a caudal vertebra. 



Subclass SaurursB.^ 



an. Metacarpals fused; caudal verjebrse not more than 13, of which about half are 



usually fused into a pygostyle;^ primaries 10-16;^ rectrices not attached to 



separate vertebrae '. Subclass Ornithuree.' 



The Subclass SaururtB (Archgeornithes of Gadow) is represented 

 only by the extinct (Upper Jurassic) ArcJimopteryx; all existing birds 

 belonging to the Ornithurse (Neornithes of Gadow). 



The construction of a "key" to the orders and other supergeneric 

 groups of the Subclass Ornithurse, which shall serve for ready identi- 

 fication and at the same time express the mutual relationships and com- 

 parative taxonomic value of the different groups, has been found a 

 most difficult task. When the highest authorities disagree, as they 



^Sauriuras Haeckbl, Gen. Morph. Org. 1866, — . — Saururw Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1867, 418; Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868,367; Newton, Enc. Brit., xviii, 1884, 

 44; Stejneqbr, Stand. Nat. Hist, iv, 1885, 21; Cope, Am. Nat, xxiii, 1889, 869; 

 Beddaed, Struct, and Classif. Birds, 1898, 529. — Ondthopappi Stejnegee, Stand. Nat. 

 Hist., iv, 1885, 21; Cope, Am. Nat. xxiii, 1889, 869. — Archornithes Fuerbeixger, 

 Unters. Morph. Syat.Vog., ii, 1888, 1565. — Archxornithes Gadov/, Bronn'sThier-Eeichs 

 Vog., ii, 1893, 86, 299. — Archseopterygiformes and Archasopteryges Fueebeingee, Unters. 

 Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, Ib^b.—Saurorniihes Beddaed, Struct, and Classif. Birds, 

 1898, 529. 



* Exceptions to the presence of a pygostyle are the Division Ratitje, Orders Oryptu- 

 riformes and Sphenisciformes, and Suborder Podicipedes. 



^Sometimes the tenth (outermost) primary is rudimentary, even to such a degree 

 that it is apparently absent." 



^Ornithurie Habckel, Gen. Morph. Org., 1866, — ; Beddaed, Struct, and Classif. 

 Birds, 1898, 167 .—Neornithes Gadow, Bronn's Thier-Reiohs, Vog., ii, 1893, 90, 299; 

 Classif., Vertebr. 1898, xiv, 30. 




4 BrLLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



do, concerning the position or rank of certain fox'ms, it of course 

 becomes necessary to consider carefully the points of disagreement, to 

 weigh impartiallj' the evidence and arguments adduced by the advocates 

 of such divergent decisions, and, if possible, decide independentlj^ as 

 to the seemingly better allocation of the form in question. This has 

 been attempted in the following scheme, but the author is fully con- 

 scious that his disposition of such doubtful cases may still not be final, 

 especially when different from previous decisions, as in a few cases 

 has been the result of his revision. 



It is unfortunate that those who possess the most thorough knowl- 

 edge of avian anatom}^ and morphology do not always seem to have 

 succeeded in satisfactorily diagnosing the groups which they adopt, 

 nor in clearly presenting a synthetic summary of the facts revealed 

 through their investigations. So-called diagnoses are sometimes 

 found, when carefully analyzed, to be really not diagnostic at all; 

 more often thej'' prove to be so in part only. A by no means extreme 

 example, the case of the Limicolse and Lari (suborders of the Order 

 Charadriiformes), as defined in Gadow's Classification of Vertebrata 

 (1898, p. 35), may be given for illustration. These two groups are 

 thus characterized by Dr. Gadow: 



LimicoljE. — "Nidifugous, schizognathous, without spina interna 

 sterni; hypotarsus complicated." 



Laei. — ' 'Aquatic, schizognathous, vomer complete. Without basip- 

 terygoid processes. Front toes webbed; hallux small or absent. Large 

 supraorbital glands." 



Of the characters mentioned in these two diagnoses the following are 

 common to the two groups, and therefore are not diagnostic of either: 

 (1) Nidifugous young;' (2) schizognathism; (3) complete vomer; 

 (4) absence of spina interna sterni; (5) absence of basipterygoid proc- 

 esses;' (6) webbing of front toes;' (7) small or obsolete hallux; 

 (8) aquatic habits.* 



The difl'erential characters of the two groups are thus reduced to 

 the following: 



LiMyiarchuscoLiE. — Hypotarsus complicated; supraorbital glands small. 



Laei. — Hypotarsus simple; supraorbital glands large. 



With this example of so-called Suborders which are characterized 

 by a verjr small number of relatively unimportant differences may be 

 contrasted that of the several subdivisions of the Order Gruiformes. 

 to which Dr. Gadow only allows family rank, although apparently far 

 better characterized than the so-called suborders of Charadriiformes, 



' The young of the Lari are not, it is true, strictly nidifugous, but they are often 

 more nearly so than nidicolous. 



'' Basipterygoid processes are present in some Limicohv, absent in others. 

 'The front toes are webbed in some Limicolje (e. g., Himantopus). 

 * The Phalaropes are quite as truly aquatic as Gulls. 




BIRDS OP NOETH AKD MIDDLE AMEEICA. 



if, indeed, they be not more distinct from one another than are the 

 two orders Charadriiformes and Gruiformes themselves.' These 

 Gruiform g'roups differ as follows:*^ 



a. Metastemum entire; deep plantar tendons of Type I, the tail not large and fan- 

 shaped; young nidifugous. 

 b. ISTasals holorhinal or else (Jacanidse), the claws excessively elongated; hallux 

 large, incumbent; cervical vertebrae 14-15; metastemum with a long lateral 



proceess Ealli ( =Rallidae of Gadow). 



bb. Nasals schizorhinal ; hallux small, elevated, or else (Aramidse) first primary 

 faloate-spatulate; cervical vertebrae 17-20; metastemum entire. 



Grues (=Gruidse of Gadow) 

 aa. I\Ietasternum 2-notched or else (Eurypygae) powder-down patches present and 

 the tail large and fan-shaped; deep plantar tendons of Type II or IV, or if of 

 Type I (Eurypygae) the tail large and fan-shaped; young nidicolous. 

 b. Rectrices 12; aftershaft present; oil gland nude (except Eurypygse, part) ; deej) 

 plantar tendons of Type I or IV; toes not lobated; young ptilopaedic. 

 c. Furcula Y-shaped; nasals holorhinal; cervical vertebrae 14-15; myological 

 formula BXY; biceps slip absent; deep plantar tendons of Type IV; quinto- 

 cubital; tail moderate; no powder-down patches; bill shorter than head, 

 strong, the maxilla decurved; hallux elevated, with strongly curved claw. 

 (Terrestrial and arboreal; cursorial. )..Cariam9e ( =Dicholophidse of Gadow)' 

 cc. Furcula U-shaped; nasals schizorhinal; cervical vertebrae 18; myological for- 

 mula ABXY; biceps slip present; deep plantar tendons Type I; aquinto- 

 cubital; tail large, fan-shaped; powder-down patches present; bill longer 

 than head, straight; hallux decumbent, with small and moderately curved 

 claw. (Aquatic and arboreal; grallatorial). 



Eurypygae (=Eurypygid£e + Rhinochetidae of Gadow). 



66. RectriceslS; aftershaft absent; oil gland tufted; deep plantar tendons of Type II; 



toes lobated; young gymnopaedic--Heliornitlies(=Heliornithida3 of Gadow). 



Reverting to the order Charadriiformes, it may be stated that Dr. 

 Gadow recognizes four suborders (Limicolse, Lari, Pterocles, and 

 Columbse) as groups of equal value; nevertheless, that the Columbse 

 are far more different from the Limicolse or Lari than these two are 

 from one another is perfectly obvious from the evidence, which may 

 be summarized as follows: 



Limicol^-|-Laki. — Aquatic, limicoline, or cursorial; vomer well 

 developed; syrinx tracheo-bronchial ; cseca functional; young nidi- 

 fugous (or at least not strictly nidicolous) and ptilopsedic. 



CoLUMBJE. — Arboreal and terrestrial; vomer rudimentarjr or absent; 

 syrinx tracheal or sterno-tracheal; cajca nonfunctional; young nidi- 

 colous and gymnopgedic. 



^So far as I am able to ascertain, the essential anatomical differences between 

 Charadriiformes and Gruiformes, as constituted in Dr. Gadow' s scheme, are as follows: 



Chaeadriifoembs. — Dorsal vertebrae opisthocoelous; metastemum 4-notched. 



Geuifoemes. — Dorsal vertebrae heterocoelous; metastemum 2-notched or entire. 



^ The author is, of course, perfectly aware that groups are more often characterized 

 by combinations than by sets of absolutely exclusive characters; but in an analytical 

 "key" it becomes necessary to employ the latter, when they can be discovered, 

 without regard to their relative taxonomic value, otherwise the keys become com- 

 plicated and unmanageable. 




6 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



The Pterocletes agi-ee with the Columbge in rudimentary vomer; with 

 Laro-Limicolse in tracheo-bronchial syrinx, functional cseca, and nidi- 

 fugous, ptilopasdic j^oung; but thej^ possess so many characters not 

 shared by either of the other two groups that it is diiBcult to under- 

 stand whj^ they should- not constitute a group equal in taxonomic rank 

 with that composed of the Limicolse and Lari together.' 



It is chiefly in matters of this kind wherein the arrangement shown 

 in the following key to the higher groups of Ornithurse differs from 

 Dr. Gadow's latest scheme,^ which in the main appears so satisfactory 

 that no deviation from it seems called for. Among the difficulties con- 

 nected with its preparation perhaps the greatest arises from the fact 

 that in most cases groups have been defined by characters not mentioned 

 in the diagnoses of allied groups, thus necessitating a laborious tabula- 

 tion of characters gleaned from all available sources, and rendering 

 the sifting and weighing of evidence extremely difficult and perplexing. 



Nothing original is claimed for the classification here given, except 

 as to the form in which it is presented. It is simply the result of an 

 elective process, the evidently good of other systems being retained 

 and the obviously bad rejected, according to the author's ability 

 to correctly interpret the evidence." 



'In the Systematischer Thiel of Bronn's Thier-Reichs. V6gel (1893, pp. 195, 207), 

 Dr. Gadow divides the Order Oharadriiformes into two series — I, Verband der JLaro- 

 Limicolx, and II, Verband der Pteroclo-Columhx; but this subdivision is abandoned 

 in his later work. 



^The "Suborders" of Dr. Gadow's scheme are, however, in the following one 

 raised to the rank of Orders. This may seem unadvisable if, indeed, not entirely 

 unwarranted from the standpoint of comparative anatomy alone; but it must be 

 evident to most ornithologists that in the Class Aves' a different standard of value 

 must be given to the groups from that of other classes of Vertebrates, for, notwith- 

 standing the peculiar uniformity of fundamental structure among birds, the variations 

 of type are certainly not less numerous than in other classes of Vertebrates. As Dr. 

 Gadow truly remarks (Classification of Vertebrata, pp. vi, vii), "Each class has 

 * * * its own standard units, just as one nation reckons with £, s., d., another 

 with dollars and cents, and a third with marks and pfennigs, which again are not 

 the same as francs and centimes," and "it is obvious that a class which consists of 

 more than 10,000 recent species may call for more subdividing than one which com- 

 prises scarcely one-third of that number." 



' The works which have been most frequently consulted in the preparation of the 

 following " Key to the Orders of the Class Aves," as well as in connection with the 

 higher groups in general, are the following: 



Beddakd, Frank E. The Structure and Classification | of | Birds | by | Frank E. 



Beddard, M. A., F. R. S. | Prosector and Vice-Secretary of the Zoological Society 



of London | Longmans, Green, and Co. | 39 Paternoster Row, London | New York 



and Bombay | 1898 | . (8™, pp. [i]-xx, 1-548; numerous cuts in text.) 



CoPB, E. D. — Synopsis of the Families of Vertebrates. American Naturalist, xxiii, 



Oct., 1889, pp. 849-877 (Aves on pp. 869-873). 

 FiJEBEiNGBE, Myiarchusx. DntersuchungBn | zur | Morphologie und Systematik | der | 

 Vogel I Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Anatomie der Stiitz-und Bewegungsorgane | 

 von I Myiarchusx Fiirbringer | o. o. Professor der Anatomie und Director des anatom- 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. i 



The Orders being based on anatomical characters, and some of them 

 embracing forms of extremely diverse habits and correspondinglj^ dif- 

 ferent in tlieir external structure, it has been found impracticable to 

 introduce into the "Key" extei'nal characters by means of which a 

 bird belonging to such a composite ordinal group may with certainty 

 be identified. External characters are more in evidence in the diag- 

 noses of the Suborders and groups of lower grade, and consequently, 

 after the ordinal relationship of a particular form has been deter- 



isohen Institutes unci des | Myiarchusseum Vrolik der Universitat zu Amsterdam | mit 



30 tafeln | ["Myiarchusch' es Wenigen recht; Vielen | gefallen, istschlimm" | ] | 



I. Specieller Theil | Brust, Schulter und proximale Fliigelregiou der A'ogel | 



I Amsterdam | Verlag von Tj.van Holkema | 1888. | (Pp. i-xlixj 1-834.) 



[II. Allegmeiner Theil | Resultate und Reflexionen aus morphologischen 

 Gebiete | Systematische Ergebinsse und Folgurengen | | Amsterdam | Ver- 

 lag von Tj. van Holkema | 1888 | (4''', pp. 837-1751, pis. i-xxx.) 

 Gadow, Hans. (1) Dr. H. G. Bronn's | Klassen und Ordnungen | des | Thier- 

 Reichs; 1 wissenschaftlich dargeatellt | in Wort und Bild. | — | Sechster Band. 

 Vierte Abtheilung. | Vogel. | Von | Hans Gadow, Ph. D., M. A., F. R. S. | 

 Lecturer fiir Morphologie der Wirbelthiere und Strickland-Curator der Universi- 

 tat Cambridge. I — I II. Syatematischer Theil. | — | Leipzig. | 0. F. Winter' sche 

 Verlagshandlung. | 1893. | (8 vo, pp. [i]-vii, 1-303, [304].) 

 (2) A I Classification | of Vertebrata | Recent and Extinct ] By | Hans Gadow, 

 M. A.,Ph.D.,F.R.S. I Cambridge. [ London | Adam and Charles Black | 1898. | 

 (Small 8vo; Class Aves on pp. xiv, xv, and 30-38.) (See also in Newton's Dic- 

 tionary of Birds.) 

 Newton, Alfred. A | Dictionary of Birds | By | Alfred Newton | Assisted by | 

 Hans Gadow | with contributions from Richard Lydekker, Charles S. Roy | and 

 Robert W.Shufeldt,M.D. | Partl(A-GA) | London | Adam and Chr.rles Black I 

 1893. I Part II (GA-MOA), 1893; Part III (MOA-SHEATHBILL), 1894; 

 Part IV (SHEATHBILI^ZYGODACTYLI, together with Index and Introduc- 

 tion), 1896. 

 [The articles on avian anatomy in this most excellent and useful work (chiefly by 

 Dr. Gadow) have been carefully consulted, as ha\-e also that portion of Professor 

 Newton's historical sketch of systematic ornithology (in the Introduction) pertaining 

 to the later and more advanced works on the subject.] 



Stejneger, Lbonhakd. The Standard | Natural History. | Edited by | John Sterling 

 Kingsley. 1 Vol. IV. | Birds. | Illustrated | by two hundred and seventy-three 

 wood-cuts and twenty-live full-page plates. | Boston: | S. E. Cassino and Com- 

 pany. I 1885. I (4to, p. 558.) 

 [All the articles in this work, except those on the Opisthocomi, Gallinte, Ptero- 

 cletes, Columbse, Accipitres, Striges, Paittaci, and Trochilidse are by Dr. Stejneger, 

 and are replete with information, both novel and valuable, concerning the classifica- 

 tion of birds. See Newton, Dictionary of Birds, Introduction, pp. 98-100.] 



In addition to the above-mentioned works, which deal with the general subject of 

 avian morphology and classification, various papers on the osteology, myology, 'and 

 pterylography of particular forms by Parker, Huxley, Garrod, Forbes, Lucas, Wray, 

 Clark, and others have been consulted, some of these being specially mentioned in 

 the following pages. 




8 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



mined — which, after all, is not so difficult when the ordinal diagnoses 

 which follow in their appropriate places have been consulted — little 

 difficulty need be experienced in locating any bird in the particular 

 group to which it belongs by means of chai-acters which are evident 

 in the museum specimen. 



KEY TO THE ORDERS OF THE SUBCLASS ORNITHUR^E. 



a. Jaws with teeth'; mandibular rami separated anteriorly'; distal ends of ilium and 

 ischium separated; extinct (Cretaceous). (Series Odontornithes.') 

 h. Sternum without keel; teeth in grooves or furrows; dorsal vertebrae heterocoe- 



lou=i ; wings rudimentary, f unctionless Odontolcae.' 



hh. Sternum keeled; teeth in sockets; dorsal vertebrae amphicoelous; wings well 



developed, used for flight Odontotormae.* 



aa. Jaws without teeth; mandibular rami united anteriorly; distal ends of ilium and 

 ischium united; recent and living, (^eries Eurhipidurafi) 

 b. Sternum without keel; lumbar vertebrae, 20; carpals, 3; furcula absent; coracoids 

 coalescent with scapulae; iliac bones parallel; wings rudimentary, not used 

 for flight. (Division Raiitoc.^) 

 c. Hallux absent; tibial bridge absent; head of quadrate bone single; deep 

 plantar tendons of type IV; bill shorter than head, with nostrils basal; 

 wings evident. 

 d. Ambiens muscle present; wings well developed; aftershaft wanting; rectrices 

 present. 



' In these characters agreeing with the Subclass Saururte. 



'' Odoriiondihes Myiarchusrsh, Am. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, v, 1873, 161, 162. 



'' OdoiitiAat: Myiarchusrsh, Am. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, x, 1875,403-408; Cope, Am. Nat. , xxiii, 

 1889, 8e9.—Xeoriiithes OdoMolca; Gadow, Bronn's Thier-Reichs, Vog., ii, 1893, 114, 

 299. — Oduiitoholcir Ste.ineger, Stand. Nat. Hist. , iv,1885, 27. — Dromseopappi Stejneger, 

 Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 27; Cope, Am. Nat., xxiii, 1889, ?,&%.— Hesperornithes +Ena- 

 Huriiithes Fuerbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1152. 



* Odonlotorma: Myiarchusrsh, Am. Journ. Sci. , ser. 3, x, 1875, 403-408; Cope, Am. Nat. , xxiii, 

 1889, 869. — Ichihyorniihiformes Fuerbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 

 1566. — Ichthyornithes Fuerbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888; Gadow, 

 Bronn's Thier-Reichs, Vog., ii, 1893, 119, 299. — Odontormx Stejneger, Sci. Rec, ii. 

 Myiarchusy 15, 1884, 155. 



^ Eurhipldiira Gill, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, Jan., 

 1874, p. xiii, in text. — i?to-7(ipidur« Stejneger, Sci. Rec, ii, 1884, 155; Stand. Nat. Hist., 

 iv,1885,31; Cope, Am. Nat, xxiii, 1889, 869. This series equals the i\"eoniiftes of Gadow 

 minus Neornithes Odontolcse + Ichthyornithes. Fuerbringer's classification has no group 

 of even approximate character, its equivalent being represented by all his "Orders" 

 except Archornithes {^Saururx) with his "Suborder" Ichthyomithifonies emi "Gens'' 

 EiMliornithes -\- Hesjti'ronnflies eliminated. 



'^Proceri Illiger, Prodr. Orn., 1811,246 (includes Casvmius + Struthio + Rhea). — 

 Aves RalUii' SIerrem, Tent. Syst. Av., 1813, — . — Raiitx Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 

 1867, 418; Gadow, Bronn's Thier-Reichs, Vog. , ii, 1893, 103, 299.— iVcorm«7ies Ratitx 

 Gadow, Bronn's Thier-Reichs, Vug., ii, 1893, 90, 298. — Brevipennes Cuvier, Regne An., 

 ed.2,i, 1829, 494.— Pinri/s^cniajNiTzsOH, Syst. Pterylog., 1840, — .— Oo-roi/es Nitzsch, 



Syst. Pterylog., 1840, . — Rudipennes Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 646. — 



Proceres Sundevall, Met. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., 1872, 151 (ex Proceri Illiger). — 

 i7ow)otosiernn BlancHard, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.), xi, 1859, 22. 




BIRDS OP NOKTH AND MIDDLE AMEBICA. 9 



e. Toes 2; 2 carotid arteries; syrinx wanting; palatines very long; maxillo- 

 palatines articulating with vomer, the latter touching neither palatines 

 nor pterygoids; with symphysis pubis;' muscle formula ABXY; neck 



naked; primaries 16 Struthioniformes.'' 



ce. Toes 3; only 1 carotid artery (the left); syrinx present;' palatines short; 

 maxillo-palatines not articulated with vomer, the latter articulating 

 with palatines; without symphysis pubis; muscle formula BXY; neck 



feathered; primaries 12 Bheiformes.'' 



d(h Ambiens muscle absent; wings rudimentary; aftershaft enormously devel- 

 oped, equal in length to the feather; rectrices absent.... Caauariiformes.^ 

 re. Hallux present; tibial bridge present; head of quadrate bone double; deep 

 plantar tendons of Type II; bill much longer than head, with nostrils ter- 

 minal; wings wholly concealed Apterygiformes.^ 



^ Unique in Class Ave;^. 



' Slruthiocameli Haeckel, Gen. Morph., 1866, — . — Struihioideie Stejneger, Sci. Rec, 

 ii, :Myiarchusy 15, 1884, 155; Stand. Nat. Hist.,iv, 1885, 33.— Struthiones 'Nev.'to:^, Enc. Brit., 

 xviii, 1884, 44; Fuerbrikger, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1565; Gadow, 

 Bronn's Thier-Eeichs, Vog., ii, 1893, 103, 299; Olassif. Vertebr., 1898, 31.— Struthi- 

 crnithes Fuerbkingee, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1565. — Struihioniformes 

 FuEKBRiNGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1565; Sharpe, Rev. Rec. At. Classif. 

 Birds, 1891, 67. 



' Unique in Order RatitK. 



* ik/tfir Newton, Enc. Brit., xviii, 1884, 44; Fuerbrixger, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., 

 ii, 1888, 1565; Gadow Bronn's Thier-Reichs, Vog., ii, 1893, 103, 299.— liheoidea; Stejne- 

 ger, Sci; Rec, ii. Myiarchusy 15, 1884, 155; Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 37 .—Rheifonues 

 FuERBRiNGEE, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1565; Sharpe, Rev. Rec. At. Classif. 

 Birds, 1891, 67. — Rheornithes Fuerbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog.,ii, 1888, 1565. 



^ Casuarii Sclater, Ibis, 1880, 411; Fuerbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 

 1888, 1565; Sharpe, Rev. Rec. At. Classif. Birds, 1891, 67; Gadow, Bronn's Thier- 

 Reiohs, Yog. ii, 1893, 299. — Casuaroideas Stejneger, Sci. Rec, ii. Myiarchusy 15, 1884, 155; 

 Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 39. — Megistanes Newton, Enc. Brit., xviii, 1884, 44. — Hip- 

 palectryornithes Fuerbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1565. — Casuariiformes 

 Fuerbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1565; Sharpe, Rev. Rec At. Classif. 

 Birds, 1891, 67. 



^[Proceres'] Subnobiles Sundevall, Met. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., 1872, 153. — Apieryges 

 Sclater, Ibis, 1880, 410; Newton, Enc. Brit., xviii, 1884, 44; Stejneger, Sci. Rec, ii, 

 1884, 155; Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, 1885, 48; Fuerbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 

 1888, 1567; Cope, Am. Nat., xxiii, 1889, 870; Sharpe, Rev. Rec. At. Classif. Birds, 

 1891, 67; Gadow, Bronn's Thier-Reichs, Vog., ii, 1893, 104, 299.— Apterygiformes 

 Fuerbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1567 (incl. Dinornithes!). 



The extinct Ratite Suborders Dinornithes and ^piornithes (or Orders Uinornithi- 

 formes and iEpiornithiformes) agree in some characters with the Apterygiformes, in 

 others with the Casuariiformes. Their structure is so imperfectly known, however, 

 that I have omitted these groups from the above "key." Their synonymy is as 

 follows: 



Dinornithes.— /mmanes Newton, Enc. Brit., xviii, 1884, 44 (includes Palaptery- 

 gidte). —Dinornithoideie Stejneger, Sci. Rec, ii, Myiarchusy 15, 1884, 155; Stand. Nat. Hist., 

 iv, 1885, i3.— Dinornithes Gadow, Bronn's Thier-Reichs, Vog., ii, 1893, 105, 299.— 

 Dinornithidie Beddaed, Struct, and Classif. Birds, 1898, 523. 



jEpioenithes.— ^j)2/o)-m'«/ies Newton, Enc. Brit., xviii, 1884, iA.—Mpioniithes Stej- 

 neger, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 4:7.—Aepyornithes Fuerbringer, Unters. Morph. 

 Syst. Yog., ii, 1888, 1565; Gadow, Bronn's Thier-Reichs, Yog., ii, 1893, 106, 299.— Aepy- 

 ornithiformes Fueebeinger, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 15&5.—^Epyornithidie 

 Beddard, Struct, and Classif. Birds, 1898, 522. 




10 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



hh. Sternum keeled ; ^ lumbar vertebrae 15 ; carpals2; furoula present;^ coracoids not 



coalescent with scapulse; iliac bones divergent; wings well developed, used 



for flight (Division Carinatic.*) 



u. Metacarpals united only at extremities; biceps patagii absent; wings destitute 



of remiges, covered' with small horny scale-like feathers, used only as rowing 



paddles Sphenisciformes. 



cc. Metacarpals fused for entire length; biceps patagii present; wings with remiges 

 and otherwise normally feathered, used for flight.^ 

 d. Tibia with long, triangular epicnemial process; aquatic, with well-developed 

 hallux; anterior toes fully webbed or else lobated, with broad, flat nails, 



and rectrices absent; bill compressed and acute Colymbiformes. 



dd. Tibia without epicnemial process; if aquatic, full webbed anterior toes 

 not combined with a well-developed hallux and acute compressed bill, 

 nor lobated toes, with broad, flat nails and absence of rectrices. 

 (-. External nostrils tubular; hallux absent or reduced to a single phalanx; 



anterior toes fully webbed Prooellariiformes. 



ee. External nostrils not tubular, or else hallux present and anterior toes 

 not webbed. 

 /. Ambiens muscle present; deep plantar tendons of Type I, II, III, IV, 

 V, or VII, never of Type VI nor VIII.'' 

 g. Toes not zygodactylous. 

 h. Palate desmognathous.' 



' The keel obsolete or rudimentary in a member of the Cuculiformes (genus Strin- 

 gops, Suborder Psittaci). 



^ Except in Slringops and a few other Psittaci. 



^Not used for flight, though well developed, in Slringops. 



*^l(es Carinatie Merrem, Tent. Syst. Av., 1813, — . — Carinatx Huxley, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1867, 418. — Xeornithes CarmoteGADow, Bronn'sThier-Reichs,Vog., ii, 1893, 

 119, 299. The EiwrnMes of Stejneger (Soi. Rec, ii, Myiarchusy 15, 1884, 155; Stand. Nat. 

 Hist., iv, 1885, 64) are nearly equivalent, hat the S'phenisciformes and Cn/jiiuriformea 

 are excluded, the latter being referred to the Droinxognathic {=Ratilx^Orypturi- 

 formes). The Dromieognathie of Huxley (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 456), it may 

 be remarked, included only the Crypturiformes. 



° A few exceptions to the use of the wings for flight are exemplified, in addition to 

 the case of Stringops, already mentioned, in certain large aquatic birds, as the now 

 extinct Great Auk (Flauttis impennis, a member of the Charadriiformes) and Pallas's 

 Cormorant {Pkalacrooora.r pcrxpiciUatus, belonging to the Ciconiiformes); and, among 

 existing birds, the large cormorant of the Galapagos Archipelago (Phalaa-ocorax 

 harrisi) and adults of the Steamer Duck ( Tachyeres cinereus, of the Anseriformes) of the 

 Straits of Myiarchusgellan. In all these, however, the wings, although normally feathered, 

 are much too small in proportion to admit of flight, their principal function being for 

 propulsion beneath the surface of the water, as in the case of the penguins (Sphenisci- 

 formes) and most diving birds, including even the Passerine genus Cinclus. 



''See Gaerod, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, pp. 339-348; Gadow, Bronn's Thier- 

 Keichs, Vogel, ii, 1893, pp. 224, 225, footnote, and in Newton'.s Dictionary of Birds, 1894, 

 pp. 615-618. The numeration of types here used corresponds with that of the Thier- 

 Eeichs and of the text in the Dictionary of Birds, but not of the figures on page 617 of 

 the latter, where eleven instead of eight types are shown. 



'For definitions of the terms desmognathous, schizognathovs, xgillmgnallioiis, and 

 dromseognathous, frequently employed in the present key, the reader is referred to the 

 important paper, by Prof. T. H. Huxley, On the Classification of Birds, and on the 

 taxonomic value of the modifications of certain cranial bones observable in that 

 Class (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 415-472). 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 11 



). Feet not raptorial, but fitted for wading or swimming; tip of 

 maxilla not uncinate or else (Ciconiiformes, part) the hallux 

 connected with inner toe by a full web. 

 j. Basipterygoid processes absent; coraco-humeral groove distinct 

 (deep); one pair of tracheo-sternal muscles; cseca rudimen- 

 tary; wading birds with very long legs and toes not fully 

 webbed, or if with toes fully webbed the bill bent abruptly 

 downward from the middle (Suborder Phcenicopteri); or 

 swimming birds with the hallux connected with inner toe by 



a full web (Suborder Steganopodes) Ciconiiformes. 



jj. Basipterygoid processes present; coraco-humeral groove indis- 

 tinct; two pairs of tracheo-sternal muscles; cteca well devel- 

 oped, functional; swimming birds, with short Wgs, the ante- 

 rior toes fully webbed, or else (Suborder Palamedes) wading 

 birds with the bill short and decurved and the feet enor- 

 mously developed Anseriformes. 



n. Feet raptorial, the toes never fully webbed; tip of maxilla 



uncinate , Falcouiiformes. 



hh. Palate schizognathous, dromaeognathous, or incompletely desmog- 

 nathous. 

 i. Palate dromjeoguathous; head of quadrate bone single; distal ends 

 of ilium and ischium separated; accessory femoro-caudal mus- 

 cle witji a slip arising above the sciatic foramen.^ 



Crypturiformes. 



n. Palate schizognathous or incompletely desmognathous; head of 



quadrate bone double; distal ends of ilium and ischium 



united; accessory femoro-caudal muscle without slip above 



sciatic foramen. 



j. Basal end of coracoids.united and crossed; spina interna sterni 



present; intestinal convolutions of Type V, plagiocrelous;'' 



bill short, the maxilla more or less decurved, vaulted, not 



compressed Galliformes. 



jj. Basal end of coracoids separated; spina interna sterni absent; 



intestinal convolutions of Type I, peri-opisthocoelus;^ bill 



more or less elongated or else the maxilla compressed, not 



decurved or vaulted. 



k. Dorsal vertebrje heterocoelous; metasternum 2-notched or 



entire Grniformes. 



kk. Dorsal vertebras opisthoccelous; metasternum 4-notched. 



Cliaradriiformes. 



gg. Toes zygodactylous Cuculiformes. 



ff. Ambiens muscle absent; deep plantar tendons of Type I, V, Va, V&, 

 yi, VII, or VIII— never of Type II, III, or IV; if of Type I the feet 

 desmopelmous (Striges,^ Desmodactyli*), or the palate fegithognath- 

 ous (Desmodactyli,* Cypseli*). 



' In all these characters agreeing with the Katitse and Odontornithes, and differing 

 from all other Carinatse. 



^Gadow, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, pp. 303-316, and in Newton's Dictionary 

 of Birds, 1893, pp. 140-148;. Beddaed, Structure and Classification of Birds, 1898, 

 pp. 23-30. 



'SuVjorder of Ooraciiformes. 



■"Superfamily of Passeriformes. 



^Superfamily of Ooraciiformes (Suborder Myiarchuscrochires). 




12 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



f/. Deep plantar tendons of Type I, V, Va, 'Vh, VI, VII, or VIII, or else 

 palate desmognathous, or schizognathous in combination with rap- 

 torial feet (Striges^) or with only 6 secondaries and extensile tongue 

 (Trochili'''), or aegithognathous in combination with fissirostral gape 

 and 10 greatly elongated primaries (Cypseli^); feet synpelmous, 

 desmopelmous, heteropelmous, or antiopelmous, or if schizopel- 



mous' (Upupidae*) the palate desmognathous Coraoiiformes. 



ffg. Deep plantar tendons of Type VII; or if of Type I the palate 

 segithognathous(Desmodactyli); palate segithognathous; feetschi- 

 zopelmous, or else (Desmodactyli) the palate segithognathous. 



FasseriformeB. 



Order PASSEKIFORMES. 



FASSEIinrE BIRDS. 



X 7Vr.vs(Tf'.s Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 85,162 (includes Columbse and 

 Caprimulgidse; excludes Certhia, Sitta, Oriolus, Corvus, etc.) ; ed. 12, i, 1766, 

 119, 279. — Stbjnbgkr, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 458. — Fuehbhingbr, Unters. 

 Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1405. 



Fasseriiue Nitzsch, Obs. Av. art. carot. com., 1829, — ; Syst. Pterylog., 1840, 

 — .— Oaeus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 258. 



"^Fasaeridx Fuerbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1405 (excludes 

 Pseudoscines). 



= Passeriformes Gadow, Bronn's Thier-Keichs, V6g.,ii, 1893, 270, 301; Classif. 

 Vertebr. 1898, xv, 37. 



= Coracomorphx Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. , 1867, 469. 



.^githognathous,' anomalogonatous birds with short (nonfunc- 

 tional) colic ceeca and nude oil-gland; first toe (hallux) directed back- 

 ward, the second, third, and fourth toes directed forward; first toe 

 with its flexor muscle {flexor hallucis longus) independent of the flexor 

 23erforans digitorum; hinder plantar tendon free from the front plantar; 

 ambiens and femoro-caudal muscles absent; tensor patagii hrevis spe- 

 cialized (except in Superfamily Pseudoscines); spinal pteryla uninter- 

 rupted between the crown and upper back (except in Superfamily 

 Desmodactyli °) ; young highly ' ' altricial " (nidicolous) and gymnopsedic. 



Additional characters are as follows: Only the left carotid artery 

 present; atlas perfoi'ated by odontoid process; spina externa sterni 

 large, spina interna sterni absent; basipterygoid processes absent; 



' Suborder of Coraciif ormes. 



■^Superfamily of Coraciif ormes (suborder Myiarchuscrochires). 



•'Stejneqer, Stand. Nat. Hist. IV, 1885, pp. 368-371, where the various modifications 

 of the deep flexor or plantar tendons, as worked out by Garrod (see footnote on 

 p. 10, antea) are fully explained. 



■•Family of Coraoiiformes. 



^The Clamatorial (Mesomyodian) family Furnariidai is said to be schizognathous, 

 while other Passeres exhibit a modified segithognathism; therefore this character 

 can not be considered strictly diagnostic, especially since two "Picarian" (Coracii- 

 form) groups (Indicatoridfe and IMyiarchuscropodidse) are said to be completely segithog- 

 nathous, while two others, of Gallo-Gralline affinities, are incompletely so. (See 

 Newton, Dictionary of Birds, p. 878. ) 



* A Coraciif orm family, Upupidse, also possesses these two characters. 




BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 13 



metasternuin usually 2-notched, rarelj^ 4-notched; biceps slip and 

 expansor secundarinruin absent; tendon oi patagiaUn irevls not ending' 

 on tendon of extensor, but continued independently and attached to 

 extensor condyle of radius. Myiarchusscle formula AXY or (very rarely) 

 AX;^ deep plantar tendons of Type VII or (in Suborder Desniodactyli 

 only) Type I;^ intestinal convolutions of Type VII or VIII. ' Hallux 

 on the same level as anterior toes, more or less distinctly (usually con- 

 spicuously) larger or stouter than lateral anterior toes, its claw usually 

 larger than that of middle anterior toe; phalanges of toes always 

 2, 3, 4, 5 from first to fourth. Primaries 10, but the outermost fre- 

 quentljr rudimentary or vestigial and quite concealed; secondaries i), 

 quinto-cubital; wing-covex'ts arranged in three distinct series, or 

 tracts, as follows: (1) Lenser core/is, a well-defined tract covering the 

 pliai idaris^ consisting of small feathers in several rows but alternating- 

 in more or less squamate or imbricate fashion; (2) middle o>»Krts, con- 

 sisting of a single row, immediately behind the last row of lesser 

 coverts, of larger feathers, most of which overlap proximally — that 

 is, have the outer web of one feather covered by the inner web of 

 the one next to it; (3) greater coverts, consisting of still larger and 

 much longer feathers with distal overlap, covering not more than the 

 basal half of the secondary remiges. Rectrices usually 12 (rarely 10 

 or 14). 



Nearly seven thousand species and subspecies,* or more ttian one-naif 

 of all existing birds, belong to the Order Passeriformes. Notwith- 

 standing this enormous number of specific forms, however, the type of 

 structure is remarkably uniform, and the group far more homogeneous 

 than the lower gi;oups of equal rank. Consequently, subdivision of 

 the Passeriformes becomes a matter of extreme difBculty, and no 

 arrangement has thus far been proposed which can be considered 

 entirely satisfactory. Indeed, it seems impossible to subdivide the 

 order, beyond a very limited extent, into lesser groups which are 

 equivalent in taxonomic rank to the families of other orders, and the 

 extent to which this may be done is a matter concerning which S3'stem- 

 atists differ widelj^ in their views. 



The latest authority on the classification of birds" allows but three 

 families of Passeriformes, while in the Catalogue of Birds in the British 

 Myiarchusseum no less than forty-one are recognized. Surely between these 

 extremes there is ample room for difference of opinion and variety' of 



iGarkod, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, pp. 111-123, pi. 17. 



^Gaerod, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, pp. 339-348; Gadow, in Bronn's Thier- 

 Reichs, Vogel, 1892, p. 195; in Newton's Dictionary of Birds, pp. 615-618. 



'Gadow, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, pp. 303-316; in Bronn's Thier-Reichs, 

 Vogel, ed. 1891, p. 708. 



''The number recognized in the Catalogue of Birds in the British Myiarchusseum is 6,480, 

 but to this number may safely be added 500 more to cover forms ignored in that 

 work and those subsequently described. 



"Hans Gadow, in Bronn's Thier-Reichs, Vogel, ed. 1893, pp. 299-302. 




14 BULLETIN" 50, UNITED, STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



treatment! It ma}' be, and doubtless is, perfectly true that no more 

 than threo Passeriform groups can be defined which will be equal in 

 taxonomio rank to the families of other orders of birds; but the objection 

 to this meager allowance — and it is a Verj' serious one — is that two of 

 the three groups contain together only about one-fifth the total num- 

 ber of species, so that there are still left about five thousand species in 

 the third. Obviously, these five thousand species (more or less) must 

 be susceptible of segregation into a considera))le number of more or 

 less trenchant groups; and there being so few grades of rank between 

 a family and a genus, what to call these groups becomes a verj' serious 

 question. The ordinary terminology of zoology evidently will not 

 sufiice; and if no more than three families of Passeriformes are recog- 

 nized, a new and complicated nomenclature for the intermediate groups 

 becomes necessary. 



As a provisional expedient, I propose to call the Passerine ''families" 

 of Gadow ^' svperf(t)nil-ies,''' and retain the former term for such groups 

 of genera as can be trenchantly separated from all others. Whether 

 this action will necessitate a reduction or an increase in the number of 

 so-called families over that generallj^ accepted can only be determined 

 after careful and thorough studj^ of the entire order. This is a task 

 for which the author of this work is unprepared, either as to time or 

 material. The best that he can do here is to limit investigation in this 

 direction to the American forms. Of course the result of such limited 

 research can not be entirely satisfactory; but it may serve to show, 

 perhaps more clearly than has been done before, which currently recog- 

 nized families can and which can not be characterized. Nothing is 

 more certain than that the commonly accepted limits of some of the 

 so-called families of the Superfamily Oscines are purely artificial and 

 arbitrary. On the other hand, it is equally obvious that some groups 

 to which family rank seems due have been ignored or overlooked. 

 Until more is known concerning the internal structure of various forms 

 any classification of the Oscines mu^t be considered imperfect and 

 provisional. 



KEY TO THE SUBOKDERS OF PASSEKIFORMES. 



a. Hallux weak; feet syndactyle,^ the deep plantar tendons of Type I^ (desmopel- 



mous'); cervical vertebree 15; spina externa eterni long, simple Desmodaotyli. 



aa. Hallux the strongest toe; feet eleutherodactyle,^ the deep plantar tendons of Type 

 VII^ (schizopelmous^); cervical vertebras 14; spina externa sterni short, 

 forked Eleutherodactyli. 



^In the syndactyle or desmopelmous foot the flexor perforans digitorum and flexor 

 halluds longus tendons are united at their crossing point by a vinculum. In the 

 eleutherodactyle or schizopelmous foot, on the other hand, these tendons are quite 

 separated from one another. 



''Gakrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, pp. 339-348; Gadow, in Bronn's Thier- 

 Eeichs, Vog., 1891, p. 195, ii, Systematischer Theil, 1893, pp. 224, 225; in Newton's 

 Dictionary of Birds, pp. 615-618. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 15 



In Dr. Gadow's latest classification of birds (Bronn's Their-Reichs, 

 Vogel, ii, Systematischer Theil, 1893, pp. 299-302; Classification of 

 Vertebrata, 1898, pp. 37, 38) the main divisions of the Passeriformes 

 are somewhat difl^erent, the order being- divided into two suborders, 

 as above, but with different limits: Passeriformes ani.somyodi, with 

 groups Subclamatores ( = Desmodactyli) and Clamatores; and Passeri- 

 formes diacromyodi, with groups Suboscines (=Pseudoscine8) and 

 Oscines. (See also Newton's Dictionary of Birds, Introduction, p. 

 105.) It will thus be seen that instead of making a primary division 

 of the Desmodactyli, as opposed to all the remaining Passeriformes, 

 Dr. Gadow draws the line more nearly through the middle of the 

 order, with Desmodactyli (his Subclamatores) and the Clamatores on one 

 side and the diacromyodian Eleutherodactyli (Oscines and Pseudoscines) 

 on the other. This arrangement of Dr. Gadow's appears to be based 

 mainly, if not entirely, upon differences in the arrangement of the 

 vocal muscles, as follows: 



a. Syringeal rtiuscles "unequally inserted, either in the middle or upon only one or 



the other, dorsal or ventral, end of the [bronchial] semirings" Anisomyodi. 



aa. Syringeal muscles "attached to the dorsal and some to the ventral ends [of the 

 bronchial semirings] , those ends being, so to say, equally treated." 



Diacromyodi. 



In the arrangement of the syringeal muscles the Desmodactyli there- 

 fore agree with the Clamatores, these two groups constituting the 

 Anisomyodi of Gadow. While hesitating long to commit myself in 

 opposition to so learned and distinguished an authority, I nevertheless 

 can not, in the absence of other reasons in support of Dr. Gadow's 

 views (and none appear to have been adduced), believe that this agree- 

 ment between the Eurylaimidse and the Clamatores outweighs the differ- 

 ences set forth above, which trenchantly separate the former not only 

 from the Clamatores but from all other Passeriformes — the more 

 especially so since such disposition of the Eurj'laimidifi does not affect 

 the classification of the remaining members of the order on the lines 

 drawn by Dr. Gadow. 



The Suborder Desmodactyli' has no representation in America. It 

 is a small group (of about a dozen species and five genera) confined to 

 the Indo-Alalayan region, where it takes the place of the rather closely 

 related haploophone Clamatores (especially the famil}^ Cotingidse) of 

 the Neotropical region. 



^Desmodactyli Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, 390, 391. — Ewylaimoidtx 

 Stejnegee, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 462. — E'tirj/Za^xi Seebohji, Classif. Birds, 1890, 

 vii, xi, 4; Shakpe, Rev. Reo. At. Classif. Birds, 1891, 84. — Passeres Subclamatores 

 G.4D0W, Bronn's Thier-Reichs, Vog., ii, 1893, 274. — Subclamatores Gadow, Bronn's 

 Thier-Reichs, Vog., ii, 1893, 301; Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 3'. 




16 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



The principal subdivisions of the Suborder Eleutherodactyli are as 

 follows: 



KEY TO THE SUPERFAMILIES OP THE SHBOKDEK ELEUTHERODACTYLI.' 



a. Syringeal muscles anisomyodous. '' ( Mesomyodi ' ) Clamatores. 



aa. Syringeal muscles diacromyodous.'' {Acromyodi.'") 



h. Syringeal muscles consisting of 2-3 pairs; propatagialis (tensor patagii brevis) 



muscle ' ' picarian " Pseudosoines.^ 



bh. Syringeal muscles consisting of 4-5 pairs; propatagialis (tensor patagii brevis) 

 muscle passerine - Oscines. 



Of these superfamilies the second (Pseudoscines) is represented only 

 in Australia. It is a very limited group, consisting of only two fam- 

 ilies, Menuridge (lyre-birds) and Atrichornithidse (scrub-birds), each 

 with only a single genus and very few species. The other two are 

 well represented in the Western Hemisphere, the Clamatores being 

 chiefly American. Further consideration of the last-named group 

 must be deferred until after the Oscines have been disposed of. The 

 latter, containing as thej' do much the greater number of passerine 

 birds (approximate^ 5,000 species and subspecies), and representing a 

 very uniform type of structure, offer by far the greatest difiiculties 

 to the systematist of any portion of the entire class of birds. The fol- 

 lowing arrangement of the so-called familiesis by no means supposed' 

 by the author to be an entirely satisfactory one, and none that can not 

 in some respect be criticised will be possible until the anatomy of a 

 far greater number of forms has been exhaustively investigated and 

 the results carefully analyzed and tabulated. 



^Eleutherodactyli Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, 390, 391. 



^The syringeal muscles unequally inserted in the middle or upon only one end 

 (either the dorsal or ventral) of the bronchial semirings. 



^Mesomyodi Garkod, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, '507. (Equivalent to the 

 Anisomyodi or Anisomyodfe of Gadow minus Eurylaimidse. ) 



*The syringeal muscles attached to both ends (the dorsal and ventral) of the 

 bronchial semirings, the two ends of the latter being thus equally connected. 



^Acromyodl Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 507; Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1880, 391. —Passeres diacromyodi Gadow, Bronn's Thier-Reichs, Vog., ii, 1893, 

 301. — Passeres diacromyodx Gadow, Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 38. 



^Pseudoscines Sclater, Ibis, 1,880, 345. — Fuerbringer, Unters. Jlorph. Syst. Vog., ii, 

 1888, 1556. — Acromyodi abnormales Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, 391; Newton, 

 Enc. Brit., xviii, 1884, 41. — Menuroidex Stejneger, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 460. — 

 Passeres suboscines Gadow, Bronn's Their-Reichs, Vog., ii, 1893, 277. — Suboscines 

 Gadoav, Bronn's Their-Reichs, Vug., ii, 1893, .301; Cl.assif. Vertebr., 1898, 38. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. i7 



Sviperfai-nily OSCINKS. 

 SONG BIRDS, 1 



Osc'mes Keyserlinq and Blasiits, Wirbelth. Europ., 1840, pp. xxxvi, 80. 



Acromyodi normales Gaerod, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 518. 



Laminiplantares -\- Scutelliplanlares (part) Sundevall, Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent,, 



1872, 2, 53. 

 Passeroidess Stejneger, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 481. 



Passerine birds with the syrinx diacromyodous, anterior toes eleu- 

 therodactyle, palate gegithognathous, intestinal convolutions of Type 

 VII, myological formula AXY or AX, and only one (the left) carotid 

 artery. 



Metasternum 2-uotched or with 3 fenestree; spina externa sterni 

 long; vomer large; hallux stouter than lateral anterior toes, with its 

 claw larger than that of the inner toe; planta tarsi covered by two 

 longitudinal plates closely apposed along their posterior margin, where 

 forming a sharp ridge (except in family Alaudidse); syrinx complex, 

 the intrinsic muscles composed of 4-5 pairs, inserted into the extremi- 

 ties of the bronchial semirings; propatagialis (tensor patagii brevi&) 

 muscle specialized; deep plantar tendons of Type VII. 



No classification of the Oscines has hitherto been proposed that will 

 stand a careful test with reference to the number and limits of the so- 

 called family groups or the characters upon which they are based; 

 nor can the present author say, after weeks of patient, persistent, and 

 at times hopeful effort, that he has been able to solve the problem. 



The following arrangement is presented as provisional only, as, 

 indeed, every scheme must necessarily be until the anatomy of numer- 

 ous ^ forms whose internal .structure is now unknown shall have been 

 carefully investigated. It maj' be observed that certain somewhat 

 radical innovations have been introduced in the waj^ of additional 

 " families " and changes to the limits of some of those currentlj- recog- 

 nized; but these innovations seem unavoidable if any advance is to be 

 made, for if anything has been made clear by the author's recent 

 study of the subject it is that improvement is possible only by greater 

 or less radical departure from stereotyped lines, which draw arbitrary 

 limits to many of the so-called family groups, thereby rendering them 

 palpably artificial, genera which obviously belong to one group being 

 often assigned to another, while other groups are made too compre- 



^It is unfortunate that no better vernacular name for this group of Passerine birds 

 has been invented or seems available. The term is certainly both inappropriate and 

 misleading, since by no means all Oscines are songsters (some of them, in fact, being 

 almost voiceless, e. g.,AmpeHs), while the Pseudoscines and many of the Clamatorea 

 are as much gifted with musical ability as the average oscinine songster. 



^In reality the vast majority of genera since those which have been thus studied 

 are comparatively few in number. 



17024—01 2 




18 BULLETIlSr 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



hensive by the inclusion of forms so "abeiTant" as to complicate any 

 diagnosis of the group and obscure its true characters. 



Excepting the Hirundinidse and Alaudidse, both of which are sharply 

 cut off from all other Oscines by most obvious external characters, no 

 group of Oscines can be considered as very trenchant unless such rad- 

 ical treatment as is here given be applied. Allowed their commonly 

 accepted limits, their intelligible definition is in some cases (e. g., the 

 Fringillidse, Tanagridae, Coerebidae, Mnlotiltidse, and "Ampelidse" 

 (=Ampelidfe + Ptiliogonatidse + Dulidse) simply impossible; but by 

 reconstructing the limits of these groups a fairh^ rational diagnosis of 

 each may be accomplished. It is not unlikely that several genera may 

 yet have to be withdrawn from the families in which they are now 

 placed and raised to independent family rank,^ examples being Phai- 

 nojJtila (here, as heretofore, associated with Ptiliogonys and Phainope- 

 pla), Poliojptila (usually placed in the Sylviidse, where it certainly does 

 not belong, and here provisionally referred to the Myiarchusmidse), Cdbypto- 

 philms, and Rhodinocichla, the last being here provisionally referred 

 to the Mnlotiltidse. ^ 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF OSCINES. 



a. Tarsus sharply ridged posteriorly, the ridge coinciding with the posterior median 

 line, or else outside the latter; inner posterior edge of acrotarsium coinciding 

 with the lateral median line or anterior to it, and at least as far separated 

 from the posterior ridge of the planta tarsi as is the outer posterior edge of the 

 acrotarsium; planta tarsi usually undivided.' (Acutiplantar Oscines.*) 



^ It is of course to be understood that by family rant the Oscinine standard only is 

 meant. 



' Calyptophilus has been considered a member of the Tanagridse, and placed next to 

 Phsenicophilus, but being a ' ' ten-primaried ' ' bird it certainly does not belong there. 

 Rhodinocichla was first described as a member of the Clamatorial family Furnariidse, 

 but, after its Oscinine character had been demonstrated, was placed by some author- 

 ities among the Myiarchusmidfe, by others among the Troglodytidte; both these groups, how- 

 ever, belong to the "ten-primaried" section of the Oscines, while Rhodinocichla is 

 typically "nine-primaried," and therefore, being obviously out of place in either of 

 these groups, must be otherwise disposed of. 



'A notable exception to the usual undivided planta tarsi in this section is seen in 

 the genus Salpinctes (Troglodytidre), in which the planta tarsi are more or less dis- 

 tinctly divided into transverse segments. Something of the same sort is seen in 

 most Corvidee, in which also the lateral plates of the planta tarsi are usually more or 

 less distinctly separated along the posterior ridge. In all these exceptional cases, 

 however, the posterior ridge of the planta tarsi is well defined and the tarsal envel- 

 ope as a whole very distinct in its character from that of the group {Latiplantar 

 Oscines) containing the Alaudidfe. 



*The terms Laminiplantar and Scutelliplantar, commonly adopted from Sundevall, 

 are rejected by me because these terms are misleading, some " Laminiplantares" 

 (e. g., Salpinctes, Corvida;, part) having scutellate planta tarsi, while the Alaudidse 

 (forming part of Sundevall's SciileUiplaniares) sometimes (in very old birds) have 

 the planta tarsi entire or "booted;" furthermore, the latter group included, besides 

 the Alaudidse, the superfamily Clamatores. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDIiE AMERICA. 19 



6. Outermost obvious primary (ninth) much more than half as long as the next, 

 usually longer than the secondaries, frequently longest or equal to the longest; 

 the primaries apparently only nine.' {" Nine-primaried Osdnes.") 

 c. Tip of maxilla not abruptly uncinate, or else the bill short and broad at 

 base, or with maxillary tomium toothed subterminally (Tanagridse, part) 

 or mandible falcate and angle of chin posterior to nostrils (Coerebidse, part). 

 d. Longest primaries much less than twice as long as secondaries. 

 e. Width of bill at rictus much less than length of culmen. 

 /. Tertials not distinctly, if at all, elongated, or else (Fringillidse, part) 

 the bill conical. 

 g. Bill usually more or less stout and conical, not distinctly compressed 

 (or else the maxilla with tip uncinate and tomium toothed); if 

 slender, the maxillary tomium notched subterminally, or else tip 

 I if bill acute and rictal bristles obsolete. 

 h. Bill conspicuously flattened laterally, with culmen and gonys very 

 broad and flattened and mandibular rami very thick; plumage 

 of forehead and crown dense, erect, plush-like. 



CatamblyrliynoliidBe (extralimital) .^ 

 hh. Bill not flattened laterally, etc. ; plumage of forehead and crown 

 normal. 

 i. Rictal bristles obvious, usually very distinct; maxillary tomium 

 usually more or less distinctly notched, or else the bill stout or 

 wedge-shaped and nostrils hidden by antrorse plumules. 

 j. Commissure distinctly and more or less abruptly angulated or 

 deflexed basally, or else mandibular rami less than one-fifth 

 as long as gonys and width of mandible at base equal to length 

 of gonys; mandibular tomium distinctly elevated, usually 

 more or less angulated, sometimes toothed, postmedially. 



Fringillidae. 

 jj. Commissure not distinctly angulated or deflexed basally; man- 

 dibular tomium not distinctly elevated, never angulated nor 

 toothed, postmedially (or if elevated the maxillary tomium 



not abruptly deflexed basally) Tanagridae. 



ii. Rictal bristles obsolete; maxillary tomium without subterminal 

 notch ; if the bill stout or wedge-shaped the nostrils not hidden 



by antrorse plumules loteridae. 



gg. Bill slender, or if relatively deep, compressed and with culmen regu- 

 larly or distinctly curved; if approaching a conoidal shape the 

 basal depth not more than half the distance from nostril to tip of 

 maxilla and the commissure not angulated or deflexed basally. 

 h. Tip of maxilla abruptly and conspicuously uncinate; mandible fal- 

 cate, broad, and stout at base, with rami very short and angle of 



chin far posterior to nostrils Coerebidae, part.^ 



hli. Tip of maxilla not abruptly and conspicuously, if at all, uncinate; 

 mandible not falcate nor otherwise peculiar; angle of chin ante- 

 rior to nostrils. 



^The tenth always present, however, but rudimentary and quite concealed. (See 

 footnote on page 21. ) 



^Represented only by the monotypic genus Catamblyrhynchas Lafresnaye (Rev. 

 Zool., 1842, 301; type, C. diadema Lafresnaye); range, northern Andes, Colombia 

 to Peru. (Usually placed in the Fringillidfe. ) 



'' Diglossime, comprising the genera Diglossa and Diglossopis. 




20 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



1. Bill much longer than head, subulate, slightly decurved termi- 

 nally, or else slender-conoid, with tip acute; if the latter and not 

 decurved terminally, the tail decidedly longer than distance 



from bend of wing to tip of secondaries ' Coerebidse, part. 



a. Bill always shorter than head, subulate, slender-conoid, or rather 

 stout but compressed; never decurved; if acute at tip the tail 

 not longer than distance from bend of wing to tip of secondaries; 

 if rather stout the culmen decidedly but gradually curved. 



Hniotiltidae.^ 

 ff. Tertials conspicuously elongated, reaching nearly if not quite to tips of 



longest primaries, the bill slender, almost subulate Motacillidae. 



ee. Width of bill at rictus equal to or greater than length of culmen. 



ProcniatidsB (extralimital).' 



(id. Longest primaries more than twice as long as secondaries . . .Hiruudinidae. 



cc. Tip of maxilla abruptly uncinate, the bill narrow and straight; maxillary 



tomium not toothed subterminally; mandible not falcate; angle of chin 



anterior to nostrils Vireonidae, part. 



' According to the above diagnosis Coniroslrum sitticolor would not be one of the 

 Coerebidse, but referable to the Mniotiltidse, and I am by no means sure that 

 such is not its proper position, together with the other species of the same genus. 

 At any rate, I fail to find any external differences whatever, of more than generic 

 value, between these birds and the supposedly Mniotiltine genus Oreothlypis. Possi- 

 bly the latter should be referred to the Crerebidse, but if so it is difficult to see why 

 Compsothlypis should not go with it. I would also eliminate from the Coerebidas part 

 of the genus Dacnis, transferring D. pulcherrima to the Tanagridse (as a new genus, 

 Iridophanes) and the Atelodacnis section to the Mniotiltidse, near Compsothlypis, Hel- 

 minikophila, etc. Whether such disposition of these forms is really the proper one 

 can only be determined by study of their anatomy; but unless this course be adopted 

 it is, apparently, impossible to intelligibly characterize the Ccerebidse and Mniotil- 

 tidfe as distinct groups, which undoubtedly they are if properly circumscribed. 



^ Certain genera of Coerebidse are distinguished from all Mniotiltine genera whose 

 osteology has been studied by the following characters: 



Coerebidse. — Interpalatine process small or abortive; transpalatine process slender, 

 spine-like; palatines produced posteriorly and overhanging anterior ends of ptery- 

 goids; tongue slender, with terminal portion extensively bifid or trifid, and brushy 

 or laciniate. 



Mniotiltidse. — Interpalatine process well developed; transpalatine process short and 

 bluntly angular; palatines not produced posteriorly over pterygoids; tongue shorter, 

 broader, with terminal portion but slightly cleft or brushy. 



The above distinctions hold good between Cosrcia, Cyanerpes, and Glossiplila (CcBre- 

 bidfe) on the one hand and Dendroica, " Perissoglossa ," Geothlypis, Compsothlypis, and 

 Certhidea (Mniotiltidse) on the other. (See Lucas, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvii, 1894, 

 299-310.) The supposedly Coerebine genera Chlorophanes, Oreoinanes, Hemidacnis, 

 Dacni-i, Atelodacnis, and Conirostrum have not been examined anatomically, and until 

 these have been investigated, together with the supposedly JIniotiltine genus 

 Oreothlypis and Tanagrine genera Iridophanes (type, Dacnis pulcherrima Sclater), 

 Hemithraupis, and Chlorochrysa-, the line separating the Coerebidse from the Mniotil- 

 tidse on the one side and from the Tanagridaj on the other can not be considered as 

 established. 



'Lucas, The Auk, xii, April, 189.i, 186; Proc. U. S. Xat. Myiarchuss., xviii, 1895, 505-507; 

 RIDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xviii, 1895, 449, 450. This family is represented by 

 a single nlonotypic genus, Procnias Illiger (Prodromus Orn., 1811, 228; type, ^impelis 

 tersa Linnaeus), which ranges from Colombia over the Amazonian and Brazilian 

 provinces of South America. 




BIBD8 OF NOKTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 21 



66. Outermost obvious primary (tenth) not more than half as long as the next, 

 usually shorter, sometimes rudimentary.' {" Ten-primaried" Oscines.) 

 c. Basal phalanx of middle toe adherent for entire length to both lateral toes, 



the hallux not longer than outer toe Vireonidae, part. 



cc. Basal phalanx of middle toe free from inner toe for most if not all its length, 



and from outer toe for (approximately) half its length, or else (Oerthiida?, 



Troglodytidse) hallux decidedly longer than outer toe. 



rf. Bill short, broad, and depressed at base, the length of gonys decidedly 



less than basal width of bill; feet weak with tarsus decidedly shorter 



than middle toe with claw, or else (Ptiliogonatidas, part'') the acrotarsium 



booted, the young not spotted, and tenth primary half as long as ninth.' 



e. Wing-tip long and pointed, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries 



by much more than one-third the length of wing; tenth primary minute, 



less than half as long as primary coverts, the ninth longer than seventh, 



sometimest longest; tail shorter than distance from bend of wing to 



tip of secondaries; loral feathers dense, velvety, filling greater part of 



nasal fossae Ampelidse. 



ee. Wing-tip short, rounded, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries 

 by less than one-fourth the length of wing; tenth primary well devel- 

 oped, much longer than primary coverts; the ninth primary shorter 

 than third, sometimes shorter than first; tail longer than distance from 

 bend of wing to tip of secondaries, usually equal to or longer than 



wing; loral feathers normal Ptiliogonatidae. 



dd. Bill not short, broad and depressed at base, etc., or else (Turdidee, parf) 

 acrotarsium booted, young spotted, and tenth primary much less than 

 half as long as ninth. 

 e. Bill neither elongate-conical, with broad and flattened mesorhinium, nor 

 thick-conical (fringilline) ; outermost (tenth) primary more than half as 

 long as primary coverts, usually much longei' than the latter. 

 /. Bill deep and compressed (depth at nostrils more than half length of 

 exposed culmen), the culmen strongly curved. 



' Considerable care is necessary to determine whether the outermost obvious pri- 

 mary is the ninth or tenth, since in case the latter is rudimentary, though exposed, 

 it may easily be overlooked. The present section includes all forms in which there 

 is a visible rudimentary primary, those of the first section having the tenth primary 

 still more rudimentary and entirely concealed. In so-called ten-primaried birds in 

 which the tenth primary is rudimentary it consists of a minute, narrow, and pointed 

 quill, less than half as long as the primary coverts, lying upon the inner side of the 

 basal portion of the outer web of the outermost large primary, whereas in all so- 

 called nine-primaried Oscines it is still more minute and lies upon the outer side 

 of the wing next to the outermost primary covert. (See Baikd, Review of American 

 Birds, p. 325, footnote. ) 



^ Reference of the genus Phainopiila to the Ptiliogonatidae complicates the diagnosis 

 'of this group, which otherwise would be very easily characterized; but unless Phai- 

 nopiila is placed with the Ptiliogonatidse it must constitute a family by itself. So far 

 as the adult is concerned, there is nothing in its external structure that I can dis- 

 cover which would forbid its reference to the Turdidse (subfamily Myadestinse), 

 without materially modifying the diagnosis of the latter; but the young are abso- 

 lutely plain-colored, have the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, and the tenth pri- 

 mary half as long as the ninth. 



' In the Myadestinse the tenth primary is less than half as long as the ninth, the 

 young conspicuously spotted, and with the acrotarsium indistinctly if at all scutellate. 



* Subfamily Myadestina?. 




22 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



g. Nostrils wholly exposed, circular, in anterior portion of distinct nasal 

 fossee; maxilla with culmen gradually curved terminally, tip not 

 distinctly uncinate, and with indistinct subterminal tomial notch 

 and tooth; tail decidedly shorter than wing, even; tenth primary 

 much less than half as long as ninth; under parts conspicuously 



streaked Dnlidae. 



gg. Nostrils partly hidden by bristly loral feathers, longitudinally oval, 

 bored directly into the horny rhinotheca; maxilla with culmen 

 abruptly curved terminally, tip distinctly uncinate, and with 

 subterminal tomial notch and tooth distinct; tail nearly as long as 

 wing, sometimes longer, much rounded or graduated,- tenth pri- 

 mary half as long as ninth; under parts not streaked Laniidse. 



ff. Bill more slender (depth at nostrils less than half as long as exposed 

 ■ culmen); the culmen not strongly curved, or else (Corvidae, part) 

 the nostrils circular, without superior membrane or operculum. 

 g. Nostrils covered (at least partly) by tuft of antrorse plumules, or else 

 (Corvidse, part) exposed, circular, without superior membrane or 

 operculum, or else (Corvidse, part) longitudinal, with superior 

 operculum, the bill elongate-conical, with broad and depressed 

 mesorhinium, and the tenth primary half as long as ninth. 

 h. Hallux not distinctly, if at all, longer than longest lateral toe, its 

 claM' not conspicuously large; outer toe not conspicuously, if at all, 

 longer than inner toe; tarsus equal to or longer than middle tne, 

 with claw. 



1. Larger ( wing more than 102 mm. ) ' 1 Corvidse. 



n. Smaller (wing less than 89 mm)' Paridse. 



hh. Hallux distinctlj- longer than longest lateral toe (the outer), its 

 claw conspicuously large; outer toe conspicuously longer than 



inner; tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw SittidaE. 



gg. Nostrils exposed, but not circular and without superior membrane 



or operculum, nor bill elongate-conical with broad and depressed 



mesorhinium, or if the latter the outermost (tenth) primary less 



than half as long as primary coverts (Sturnidse) ; or if covered, the 



covering a single plumule and the acrotarsium booted (Sylviidae, 



part) . 



/(. Hallux distinctly longer than lateral toes; basal phalanx of middle 



toe adherent for whole of its length to both lateral toes. 



i. Rectrices rigid, with tips acuminate; claw of hallux as long as or 



longer than its digit Certhiidse. 



ii. Bectricea soft, with tips normally broad and rounded; claw of 



hallux shorter than its digit Troglodytidse. 



hh. Hallux not distinctly if at all longer than lateral toes; basal pha- 

 lanx of middle toe free for most if not all of its length from inner 

 toe, and (approximately) for half its length from outer toe. 

 i. Acrotarsium booted, at least on outer side. 



' I must confess my inability to discover any external structural characters which 

 will serve to distinguish these two groups as a whole. The Garrulinfe and typical 

 Paridee seem to differ externally only in size, every one of the supposed distinctive 

 characters (as alleged peculiar modification of the planta tarsi in Corvidte, differences 

 in proportions of primaries, etc. ) breaking down when all the genera are compared. 

 The variations of form and in external details in the group called Corvidse are so 

 great that its diagnosis is very difficult. 




BIRDS OB' KOETH AKD MIDDLE AMERICA. 23 



,?'. No trace of rictal bristles, the plumage of whole head short, 



dense, velvety; body covered with down; aquatic Cinclidae. 



jj. Rictal bristles more or less obvious (usually distinct) , the 



plumage of head normal; body without down; not aquatic. 



k. Tail much longer than wing, graduated for about half its 



length ; ninth primary shorter than secondaries . . ChamaeidEe. 



kk. Tail not longer than wing, not graduated; ninth primary 



longer than secondaries, sometimes longest. 



I. Size (of American forms) very small (wing not more than 



70 mm. ) ; plumage of young not spotted Sylviidae.' 



U. Size larger (wing not less than 82 mm.); plumage of 



young spotted Turdidse. 



a. Acrotarsium scutellate (on both sides) Myiarchusmidse. 



ee. Bill elongate-conical, with broad and flattened mesorhinium, or thick- 

 conical (fringilline); outermost (tenth) primary less than half as long 

 as primary coverts. 

 /. Bill elongate-conical (icterine); nostrils exposed, overhung by conspic- 

 uous horny operculum; wing-tip long, the longest primaries exceeding 

 secondaries by much more than length of tarsus; tail emarginate. 



Sturnidae.' 



ff. Bill stout-conical (fringilline); nostrils hidden or nearly hidden by 



loral feathering, without superior operculum; wing-tip short, the 



longest primaries exceeding secondaries by much less than length of 



tarsus; tail graduated Ploceidse.' 



a« Tarsus rounded posterioi-ly, or if ridged the ridge distinctly inside the median 

 line; inner posterior edge of the acrotarsium decidedly posterior to the lateral 

 median line, and separated from the planta tarsal ridge by a narrow groove; 

 planta tarsi scutellate (divided into transverse segments).'' {Latiplantar 

 Oscines *) Alaudidse. 



'Including Regulinae (the Regulidse of some authors) but excluding Polioplila, 

 which is here referred, provisionally, to Myiarchusmidse. 



^ Genus Slurnus only. 



' Genera Sponegintlius and Spermestes only. 



The Anaerican representatives of the Sturnidse and Ploceidse are introduced species 

 only, that of the former {Stumus vulgaris) from the Palsearctic Region, those of the 

 latter {Sporseginthus melpodus and Spermestes cucullata) from the African Region. The 

 above characters are drawn exclusively from these introduced species, no account 

 being taken of the numerous exotic forms, among which, as in other groups, great 

 variations in structural details are presented. 



* Except in very old birds, in which they sometimes become fused into a continu- 

 ous plate (as in most " Laminiplantares" ) The divisions or segments of the planta 

 tarsi correspond with those of the acrotarsium. 



^Corresponding to part of Sundevall's Scutelliplantares, which consist otherwise of 

 the superfamily Clamatores. The alaudine tarsal envelope is, however, very different 

 from the clamatorial type, being even more distinct from the latter than from that 

 of the acutiplantar Oscines. 




24 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Family FRINGILLID^. 



THE FINCHES. 1 



Conirostral, "nine-primaried," acutiplantar Oscines, with the com- 

 missure distinctly' and more or less abruptly angulated or deflexed 

 basally, or else with the mandibular rami less than one-fifth as long as 

 gonys, the mandibular tomium distinctly elevated (often angulated, 

 sometimes toothed) post-medially, thence distinctly (usually abruptly) 

 deflected to the rictus; rictal bristles obvious, usually distinct. 



The above brief and in many respects unsatisfactory diagnosis cov- 

 ers the extreme variations in certain external structural details among 

 a very large assemblage of species arbitrarily considered as forming 

 a family Fringillidfe. As here limited the family includes the whole 

 of the Fringillidse as treated bv Dr. Sharpe in the twelfth volume of 

 the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Myiarchusseum ^ (the latest author- 

 ity on thegroup), onlj^ the genus Catmi'ibylyrh.ynclms being withdrawn,' 

 with the addition of the genera Pyrrhocoma, Pezopetes, Buarremon,*^ 

 ArreriKm, Diucopis. Cofiot/iraup/i^, 0/vothraupis (?), Saltator, and 

 '''' Pitylvf:"^ which Dr. Sclater, in the eleventh volume of the same 

 work" (and elsewhere), has placed among the Tanagridse. 



The group most closely related to the Fringillidae is, of course, that 

 called Tanagridse, or at least certain members of the latter, which pos- 

 sibly is, even after the above-mentioned eliminations, too comprehen- 



' Four vernacular names belong exclusively or specially to this family as a whole 

 or in part, and from these I have selected the one which seems to be most appro- 

 priate, although it is difficult to decide between /nc/i and sparrow. The fact is that 

 each of these names really has a restricted applicability, being commonly applied to 

 minor though more or leas arbitrary groups, and based on the comparatively scant 

 European fringilline fauna. They are therefore of still more limited applicability to 

 America forms, of which a great majority are very different from those of Europe, 

 and without any distinctive name. The term grosbeak can scarcely be considered in 

 this connection, having been applied indiscriminately to heavy-billed forms with- 

 eut regard to their real relationship to one another, not only crass-billed Fringillidse 

 but also Ploceidae having been thus designated. 



^ Catalogue | of the | Passeriformes, | or | Perching Birds, | in the | Collection of 



the I British Myiarchusseum. | | Fringilliformes: Part III, | containing the family | 



Fringillidse. | By | R. Bowdler Sharpe. | London: | Printed by order of the Trus- 

 tees. I 1888. I (Pp. i-xv, 1-871, pis. i-xvi.) 



'This I have felt obliged to consider of separate family rank. (See page 19.) 



* An artificial genus which I have been obliged to divide into several {Buarremon, 

 Allrijirlf'x, Pselliophorus, and Lysurus). 



'Another heterogeneous group which consists of several generic types {Pitylus 

 Caryolhruiisti's, Pi;rij)orj)hynis, and Rhodoihraupis) . 



"Catalogue | of the | Passeriformes, | or Perching Birds, | in the | Collection | of 



the I British Myiarchusseum. | | Fringilliformes: Part II. | Containing the Families 



Ccerebidfe, Tanagridse, and Icteridw. | By | Philip Lutley Sclater. | London: | 

 Printed by order of the Trustees. | 1886. | (Pp. i-xvii, 1-431, pis. i-xviii.) 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMElRiDdA. , ) 25 



sive and therefore may require still further restriction. As commonly 

 understood and accepted, the two supposed families are clearly purely 

 artificial, and the arbitrary line that has usually been drawn between 

 them is manifestly far out of place, the Tanagridw having been made 

 to include forms (those mentioned above') which are unquestionably 

 fringilline in their relationships. 



In the absence of any knowledge concerning the internal structure 

 of a large proportion of the genera comprised in the two groups any 

 dividing line must necessarily be more or less arbitrary; but I feel 

 sure that by shifting its position as hei'e indicated the tw(j groups 

 become much more natural, since they are now susceptible of fairly 

 definite characterization, whereas until this was done their intelligi- 

 ble diagnosis was simplj^ impossible. I am not at all sure but that 

 still further subdivision, at least of the Tanagridse, would better 

 express the facts of relationship, since even now, with their respective 

 limits certainly more correctly drawn, each of the two groups contains 

 forms extremely different in their general appearance, structural 

 details, and habits.'' However, this question as to whether the Frin- 

 gillidae and Tanagridae are reallj^ distinct family groups or not, and if 

 they are, where the line between them should be drawn, is one which 

 can not now be exactly determined. 



While, as above stated, the reference of the genera Buarreinon^ 

 Arremon, Pxtyliis^ and Saltator to the Fringillidae renders possible an 

 intelligible diagnosis of the two supposed families, it does not in the 

 least lessen the difficulty of defining the genera or of arranging them 

 into definite subordinate groups. This is indeed a matter so extremely 

 difficult that after repeated, patient, determined, and prolonged 

 attempts I must confess my inability to solve the problem. It is 

 very evident, according to mj^ judgment, that Dr. Sharpe's so-called 

 subfamilies, Coccothraustinse, Fringillinse, and Emberizinse, are 

 unnatural groups, especially the first; certainly Geospiza, Guiraca, 

 Spermojahila, Cardinalis, etc., are not at all closely related to Cocco- 

 thraitstes, Ilesjaeriphona, JEophona, Pyciiorhamphus, and Mycerobas, 

 which together form a very distinct group, though evidentlj^ closely 

 related to, if not directly connected with, the group which Dr. Sharpe 

 designates as his " Subfamily Fringillinse." The latter is another very 



^The only reasonable doubt pertains to the genera " Pitylus" and Saltator. 



^Compare the heavily built, crass-billed, short-legged, and arboreal true grosbeaks 

 (Coccothraustese) with the slender, small-billed, long-legged, and terrestrial grass 

 buntings (genera ^-Immotiramus, Passerculus, etc) on the one hand, and the broad- 

 billed, short-tailed, and long-winged frugivorous Euphonire (genera Euphonia and 

 Chlorophonia) with the slender-billed, long-tailed, insectivorous genera Tachyphorms, 

 Nemosia, etc., on the other. 



'In the wider sense, as these genera are given by Dr. Sclater. 



/; 




, 26 , BIJLLETlEiN" 50, UNITKD STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



natural and fairly well characterized group if the genera Acanthidops 

 and Sicalis be taken out' and Chloris and ChaunoproGtus added. ^ 

 Indeed these two groups (i. e., the " CoccothraustinsB " and "Fringil- 

 linse " as properly linaited) together eome very near being trenchantly 

 separated from all other Fringillidae; but the genus Passerina seems 

 to connect them, the latter being in all respects (as to external charac- 

 ters) except the shape of the bill like Leucosticte (a typical "fringil- 

 line" form), while the bill is very similar to that of a typical Eynbe- 

 riza. All of the forms comprising the above-mentioned groups are of 

 northern distribution (many of the genera being circumpolar), only the 

 genus Spiniis extending into the Neotropical Region proper, excepting 

 its near relation, Loximitris, confined to one of the Greater Antilles. 



These northern groups present little difficulty, except as to the 

 determination of the question whether they should be regarded as 

 constituting one large group distinct from all other Fringillidse or as 

 comprising a greater or less number of smaller grotips, of equal value 

 with similar groups in the larger assemblage of purely American 

 forms to be considered separately. Although -unable to fully satisfy 

 myself as to which course would be best, I have, for the present, con- 

 cluded to adopt the latter alternative; and, therefore, instead of recog' 

 nizing two groups, equivalent to Dr. Sharpe's Coccothraustinse and 

 Fringillinffi, as amended, or one group including the two, four groups, 

 Coccothraustese, Loxise, Pyrrhulse, and Fringillse, are provisionally 

 adopted. 



These coccothraustine and f ringilline types having thus been tempo- 

 rarily disposed of, there remains the very numerous assemblage of 

 peculiarljr American ^ genera. These, with the exception of the group 

 which 1 have here named Calcarieee (comprising the genera Passerhia, 

 C'alcarius, and RhyncJwphanes^ which are evidently related to Pala;- 

 arctic types *), are all peculiar to America (mostly to the Neotropical 

 Region) and with few exceptions not at all like any Old World types. 

 It is this group which presents the greatest difficulties in the way of 

 satisfactory classification. Not only do the different groups (or what 

 seem to be natural groups) run into one another in a most perplexing 



' Aavnthidops is certainly not a member of the Fringillinse, its nearest relation being 

 undoubtedly the "emberizine" genus Haplospiza. I am reasonably sure that S'caWs 

 also is an "emberizine" form (related to Haplospiza, Pseudochloris, etc.), notwith- 

 standing the remarkable superficial resemblance of some of the species to the truly 

 fringilline genus Si'rI.nus. 



'' Chaunoproctus seems to be a crass-billed Carpodamx, an approach to its characters 

 being seen in the insular Carpodaciis dmplus. 



'Excepting only Passerina and Calcarius, the latter chiefly American, since \:\o of 

 the three known species are peculiar to the Nearctic Region. 



' Whether there are terrestrial Fringilhe or specialized EmberiziB I am unable to 

 determine. 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 27 



manner, but the genera themselves are often poorly defined (e. g. , Aimo- 

 pMla), or when thej^ seem clearly natural it is found on close compar- 

 ison of the component species that they present such great variations 

 in structural details (e. g. , Oyanospiza, Cyanocompsa, etc.) that the fram- 

 ing of a satisfactory diagnosis is by no means an easy matter. Certain 

 members of this extensive series of genera present a close superficial 

 resemblance to the Coccothraustese in fact, they are "grosbeaks" so 

 far as the large size of the bill is concerned, though not otherwise, for 

 there is very great difference in the form of the beak between such 

 genera as Pheucticus, Zamelodia, Geospiza, Orysoborus, Cardinalis, 

 etc. , and that of liesperiphona, Goccothraustes, etc. , not to mention rad- 

 ical differences in other respects. 



Notwithstanding the immense difference in appearance, structural 

 details, and habits between different minor groups of this assemblage 

 of American types, I have failed to discover characters whereby verj^ 

 trenchant groups may be defined. Four genera [Calamospiza, Spiza, 

 CJumdestes, and Pooecetes, all Nearctic) do not fit into any of the 

 groups that seem susceptible of more or less exact definition, nor do 

 they constitute a group by themselves. Leaving them out of account, 

 the remaining genera may be rather roughly and arbitrarily separ- 

 ated into two series; one composed of the smaller billed and more 

 plainly colored (usually conspicuously streaked ^) species, and repre- 

 sented by the genera Passerculus, Gentronyx, GoPurnicuhis, Amino- 

 dramus, Plagiospiza, Aiinophila, Amphispiza, Junco, . Sjnzella, 

 Zonotriohia, Brachyspiza, Melospiza, Passerella, Oreospiza, Pipilo^ 

 Melozone, Arremonops, Arremon, Lysurus, Atlapetes, Buarremon, 

 Pselliophorus, and Pezopetes; the other comprising the larger billed 

 or more brightly colored forms, or those with more uniform colors, 

 the genera being Platysptza, Gam.arhynchus, Geospiza, Gocornis^ 

 Acanthidops, Ilaplospiza, Volatinia, Euetheia, Melarwspiza^Loxipasser, 

 Pyrrhulagra, Mdopyrrha, Sporophila, Amaurospiza, 8 i calls, Gyano- 

 ■spiza, Gyanocompsa, Oryzoborus, Guiraca, Zam,elodia, Pheucticus, Pyr- 

 rhuloxia, Gardinalis, Pitylus, Garyothraustes, Rhodotliraupis, and 

 Saltator^. While the characters given above as distinguishing these 

 two groups are artificial, even trivial, I feel convinced that when the 

 internal structure of all the genera becomes known the line of first 

 division will be drawn somewhere near that here indicated. 



Although an effort has been made in the following analytical key to 

 keep the component parts of the different groups together, it has been 

 found impracticable in some cases to arrange the groups in what seems 

 to be their most natural sequence; in fact, to do this in a linear arrange- 



'The young always(?) streaked, even if the adults are plain colored. 

 ^ The genera peculiar to South America are not enumerated. 




28 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



ment is in this, as in so many other cases, practically impossible/ The 

 key is therefore confessedly to a large extent artificial, the main object 

 sought being the easy identification of the genera. 



KEY TO THE GENERA OP PKIKGILLID^. 



a. Myiarchusndibular rami very short (less than one-fifth as long as gonys); width of man- 

 dible at base nearly equal to length of gonys (sometimes greater); nasal fossae 

 obsolete, the nostril bored directly into basal lateral margin of the horny rhino- 

 theca; commissure not abruptly deflexed basally, or else'' basal width of man- 

 dible greater than length of gonys. ( Coccothraustex. ) Hesperiphona (p. 37) 



aa. Myiarchusndibular rami longer (at least one-third as long as gonys); width of mandible 

 at base much less than length of gonys; nasal fossse more or less obvious (some- 

 times, however, hidden by small feathers); commissure abruptly deflexed 

 basally. 

 b. Myiarchusndibular rami less than one-half as long as gonys; nasal fossse shorter, more 

 or less hidden by tuft of antrorse latero-frontal plumules, 

 c. Myiarchusxilla and mandible with tips falcate and crossed. {Loxise. ) . . .Loxia (p. 46) 

 cc. Myiarchusxilla and mandible with tips neither falcate nor crossed. 



d. Culmen strongly curved; bill very short and thick, the distance between 

 nostrils not less than half the length of gonys. ( Pyrrhulse. ) 

 c. Width of mandible at base greater than length of maxilla from nostril; 

 pileum (or at least forehead) black; wings and tail at least partly pur- 

 plish black Pyrrhnla (p. 56) 



ee. Width of mandible at base less than length of maxilla from nostril; pileum 

 without black; wings and tail without purplish black. .Finicola (p. 58) 



^The arrangement followed in the following pages is as follows: 



Group CoccothratiBteae. — Genus Hesperiphona. 



Group Loxiffi. — Genus Loxia. 



Group Pyrrhulse. — Genera Pyrrhuia, Pinicola. 



Group Fringillse.— Genera Leucosticte, Acanthis, Oarduelis, Spinus, Loximitris, 

 Astragalinus, Carpodacus, Passer. 



Group Caloariese. — Genera Passerina, Galcarius, Rhynchophanes. 



Group Calamospizse. — Genus Oalamospiza. 



Group Spizae. — Genus Spiza. 



Group ChondestesB. — Genera Chondestes, Pooecetes. 



Group Ammodrami. — ^Genera Passerculus, Centronyx, Ooturniculus, Ammodramus. 



Group Zonotricliiae. — Genera Plagiospiza, Aimophila, Amphispiza, Junco, Spizella, 

 Zonotrichia, Brachyspiza, Melospiza, Passerella, Oreospiza, Pipilo, Melozone, 

 Arremonops, Arremon, Lysurus, Atlapetes, Buarremon, Pselliophorus, Pezopetes. 



Group GeospizBB, — Genera Platyspiza, Camarhynchus, Geospiza, Cocornis. 



Group Haplospizse, — Genera Acanthidops, Haplospiza, Sicalis, Euetheia, Melano- 

 spiza. 



Group SporopMlse. — Genera Loxipasser, Pyrrhulagra, Melopyrrha, Sporophila, 

 Amaurospiza. 



Group Cyauospizae. — Genera Cyanospiza, Gyanocompsa. 



Group Oryzoboreae. — Genus Oryzoborus. 



Group Guiracae. — Genera Giiiraca, Zamelodia, Pheucticus. 



Group CardinaleBB. — Genera Pyrrhuloxia, Cardinalis. 



Group Pitylese. — Genera Pitylus, Caryothraustes, Rhodothraupis, Saltator. 



^ In the Asiatic genus ilycerobas. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 29 



dd. Culmen slightly, if at all, curved, the bill conical or wedge-shaped; distance 



between nostrils much less than half the length of gonys. (Fringillss.) 



e. Wing more than four and a half times as long as tarsus; plumage with red 



or yellow, or else under parts streaked, or else plumage of body uniform 



brown; gonys straight. 



/. Tarsus equal to or longer than middle toe with claw; terrestrial or 



rupicoline Leuoostiote (p. 67) 



ff. Tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw; arboreal. 



g. Tail at least three-fourths as long as wing; nasal tufts extending 



beyond nostrils Aoanthis (p. 78) 



gg. Tail much less than three-fourths as long as wing; naaal tufts not 

 extending beyond nostrils. 

 h. Width of bill at base less than half exposed culmen, its tip acute. 

 i. A band of clear yellow or red across basal portion of secondaries, 

 or else (Loximitris) this band olive-green and the tail largely 

 yellow. 

 j. No yellow or red on tail; fore part of head red; under parts 

 without yellow (mostly white, unstreaked)-.Cardiielis (p.93) 

 jj. Tail more or less extensively yellow, or red, toward base; fore 

 part of head without red; under parts yellow, or else white 

 streaked with dusky. 

 k. Secondaries with a broad basal band of clear yellow or red; 

 bill acute, with nearly straight outlines (extremely varia- 

 ble as to relative length and thickness) Spinus (p. 95) 



kk. Secondaries with a broad basal band of olive-green; bill 

 obtuse, somewhat swollen, with decidedly convex cul- 

 men Loximitris (p. 106) 



a. No clear yellow band across basal portion of secondaries; if a 

 yellowish olive band {A. lawrencei) , inner webs of rectrices 



with a white patch Astragalinus (p. 107 ) 



hh. Width of bill at base much more than half exposed culmen, its 

 tip not acute; remiges and rectrices without any yellow, red, 



or white Carpodaons (p. 128) 



ee. ^V'ing not more than four times as long as tarsus; plumage without yellow 



or red, the under parts not streaked; gonys convex Passer (p. 143) 



66. Myiarchusndibular rami more than half as long as gonys, or else the bill much elon- 

 gated and the nostrils wholly exposed; nasal fossse larger, usually at least 

 partly exposed, or if covered by antrorse laterb-frontal plumules (Passerina) 

 the wing-tip about twice as long as tarsus and claw of hallux longer than 

 its digit, 

 c. Hallux not distinctly larger or stouter than inner toe, its claw either nearly 

 straight or else longer than the digit; scutella of toes shorter, more promi- 

 nent, and pads of under surface broader, more corrugated; ' claws of anterior 

 toes very small and nearly straight, or else {Passerina) nasal fossfe covered 

 by antrorse latero-frontal plumules; wing-tip more than one- third the total 

 length of wing, or else ( Calcarius, part) claws very small and nearly straight. 

 ( Calcariese. ) 



^ These peculiarities of the feet, while perfectly obvious on comparison, are very 

 difficult to express in exact terms, since they have defied all methods of measure- 

 ment which I have been able to apply. The toes appear to be relatively shorter or 

 with relatively shorter phalanges than in the forms which follow, but measurements 

 apparently do not confirm this impression. 




30 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



d. Myiarchusxilla conspicuously shallower than mandible; gonys not longer than 

 mandibular rami; claws distinctly arched; secondaries mostly white. 



Passerina^ (p. 146) 



dd. Myiarchusxilla not conspicuously shallower than mandible; gonys longer than 



mandibular rami; claws small (especially the anterior ones), slightly 



curved or nearly straight; secondaries without any white, or with merely 



the inner webs edged with this color. 



e. Bill comparatively small and slender (depth at base decidedly less than 



distance from nostril to tip of maxilla); gonys shorter than hallux 



(without claw), its base about midway between base of mandibular 



rami and point of mandible; tail more than two-thirds as long as wing. 



Calcarius (p. 154) 

 ee. Bill large and stout (depth at base nearly or quite equal to distance from 

 nostril to tip of maxilla) ; gonys decidedly longer than hallux (without 

 claw), its base nearer to base of mandibular rami than to point of man- 

 dible; tail much less than two-thirds as long as wing. 



Shynchopli^nes (p. 164) 

 ce. Hallux distinctly larger or stouter than inner toe, its claw distinctly arched, 

 usually shorter than the digit, or if not shorter, stout; scutellaof toes rela- 

 tively longer, less prominent, and pads on under surface narrower, less 

 corrugated;/' claws of anterior toes normally large and curved; nasal fossse 

 not wholly, if at all, covered by antrorse latero-f rental plumules; wing-tip 

 less than one-third the total length of wing. 

 d. Conspicuously crested.' [Cardinalesi.) 

 e. Culmen etrongly curved; maxilla conspicuously shallower than mandible, 

 its tomium deeply incised in middle portion; distinctly toothed angle 

 of mandibular tomium but little if any posterior to middle portion; dis- 

 tance from nostril to tip of maxilla less than basal width of mandible. 



Pyrrhuloxia ''p. 624) 

 ee. Culmen slightly or moderately curved; maxilla not distinctly, if at all, 

 shallower than mandible, its tomium not deeply, if at all, incised (if 

 incised the incision decidedly posterior to middle portion); slightly 

 toothed angle of mandibular tomium decidedly posterior to middle 

 portion; distance from nostril to tip of maxilla equal to or greater than 



basal width of mandible Cardinalia (p. 629) 



dd. Not conspicuously, if at all, crested. 

 e. Wing-tip equal to or longer than tarsus; wing more than 76.20 mm. 



'In all external structural characters except the bill, Passerina is very closely 

 similar to Leucostide, while in its style of plumage it greatly retembles the genus 

 Monti fringilla, a very near ally of Leucostide. Whether these very close resem- 

 blances to two unquestionable true finches (Fringillse) indicate real affinity or merely 

 adaptation to similar habits (all three inhabiting, during summer, cliffs and other 

 rocky places), I am unable to say. I believe, -however, that Passerina is really 

 a "finch," and not, as commonly supposed, a "bunting." Whether Calcarius and 

 Rhynchophanes (which are meadow birds) are really closely related to Passerina, I am 

 somewhat doubtful. 



'' See footnote on page 29. 



3 From here on the arrangement is mainly artificial, easy identification of the genera 

 being the chief aim. The genera are kept in what appear to be natural groups as far 

 as this has been found practicable, but I am compelled to acknowledge my inability to 

 clearly define all the groups that appear to be natural ones, and no effort is made to 

 arrange the genera or groups of genera in the sequence that seems to be most appro- 

 priate, and which is followed in the body of the work. (See footnote on page 28. ) 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 31 



/. Outermost (ninth) primary longest; tail emarginate, the rectrices pointed 



at tip, the middle pair acuminate. {Spizx.) Spiza (p. 170) 



/'. Outermost (ninth) primary not longest; tail even or slightly rounded, 

 all the rectrices broad and rounded, or at most subaeuminate, at tip. 

 g. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe with claw; bill relatively 

 small (culmen, from base, less than two-thirds as long as tarsus). 

 (Chondestes!.) 

 h. Tail longer than distance from bend of wing tu tips of distal second- 

 aries, decidedly rounded; all the rectrices broad and rounded 



terminally, including middle pair Chondestes (p. 175) 



hh. Tail shorter than distance from bend of wing to tips of distal 

 secondaries, even, or slightly emarginate; lateral rectrices nar- 

 rowed terminally, the middle pair subaeuminate. 



Pooecetes (p. 181) 

 gg. Tarsus not longer than middle toe with claw; bill large (culmen, from 

 base, nearly equal to, sometimes longer than, tarsus) . {Ghciracse. ) 

 //. Bill much swollen, with superior and lateral outlines decidedly 

 convex; mandibular tomium strongly convex anterior to the sub- 

 basal angle; wing 114.50 mm., or more. ) 



Phenotious (p. 621) 

 hh. Bill tapering gradually from base, its superior and' lateral outlines 

 nearly straight; mandibular tomium very slightly convex ante- 

 rior to the subbasal angle; wing less than 114.50 mm. 

 i. Myiarchusxilla not conspicuously shallower than mandible, the angular 

 indentation of its tomium directly beneath the longer than 

 broad nasal fossae; subbasal angle of mandibular tomium 

 toothed; adult males without blue, but with black, white, and 

 rose red, or black, white, cinnamon, and yellow; females and 



young conspicuously streaked Zamelodia (p. 613) 



f(. Myiarchusxilla conspicuously shallower than mandible, the angular 

 indentation of its tomium distinctly anterior to its broader than 

 long nasal fossae; subbasal angle of mandibular tomium not 

 toothed; adult males blue with rufous or chestnut wing-bands; 



females and young not streaked Guiraca (p. 606) 



ee. AVing-tip not as long as tarsus, or else [Cyanospiza, part, Slrxdis, part) 

 wing less than 76.20 mm. 

 /. Tail less than twice as long as tarsus; outstretched feet reaching beyond 

 end of tail. ( Oeospizie. ) 

 g. Culmen more strongly and regularly curved, more distinctly ridged; 

 sides of bill more flattened, or else angle of mandibular tomium 

 toothed; adult males with uniform black confined to head, neck, 

 and chest, sometimes without any black. 

 h. Bill broader (basal width of mandible decidedly greater than length 

 of gonys); commissure more strongly angulated or deflexed 

 basally, the angle of mandibular tomium toothed. 



Platyspiza (p. 473) 



hh. Bill narrower (basal width of mandible not greater than length of 



gonys, sometimes decidedly less); commissure less strongly 



angulated or deflexed basally, the angle of mandibular tomium 



not toothed Camarhynchus (p. 476) 



gg. Culmen less strongly and regularly curved (sometimes nearly straight 

 for part of its length), less distinctly ridged; sides of bill less flat- 

 tened; angle of mandibular tomium not toothed; adult males 

 entirely black, except under tail-coverts. 




32 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



h. Bill stouter (depth at base more than half length of culmen, some- 

 times equal to length of culmen) Geospiza (p. 489) 



hh. Bill more slender (depth at base less than half length of cul- 

 men) Cocornis (p. 515) 



ff. Tail more than twice as long as tarsus; outstretched feet falling short 



of end of tail. 



g. Commissure equal to or exceeding length of middle toe without 



claw; tip of maxilla distinctly uncinate.' (Pitylese.) 



h. Culmen, from base, decidedly shorter than tarsus; under parts with 



neither yellow nor red; if gray, the upper parts olive-green, and 



bill black Saltator (p. 659) 



hh. Culmen, from base, not decidedly if at all shorter (sometimes 



longer) than tarsus; under parts with yellow or red, or if gray 



the upper parts slate color and bill red. 



i. Angle of mandibular tomium not distinctly, if at all, toothed; bill 



more compressed, with lateral outlines less convex; upper parts 



uniform slate color; bill red Pitylus (p. 651) 



1). Angle of mandibular tomium distinctly toothed or otherwise 

 prominently produced; bill broader, with lateral outlines more 

 convex; upper parts at least partly red or olive-green, the 

 pileum sometimes black. 

 j. Culmen, from base, equal to or longer than tarsus; mandibular 

 tomium concave (the mandible narrowed) or excised imme- 

 diately anterior to the middle portion, behind this a broad 

 truncated prominence; upper (and under) parts (except 



head) red Periporpliyrus (extralimital) ^ 



jj. Culmen, from base, shorter than tarsus; mandibular tomium 

 convex, or at least not concave immediately anterior to mid- 

 dle portion, the toothed subbasal angle immediately preceded 

 by a notch; upper parts olive-green, olive-green and gray, 

 or black with red band across hindneck. 

 k. Tail .not longer than distance from bend of wing to end of 

 secondaries; bill broader (basal width of mandible greater 

 than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla) ; sexes alike 

 in coloration, adult males and females without any red, 

 and with pileum olive-green or yellow. 



Caryothraustes (p. 654) 

 kk. Tail decidedly longer than distance from bend of wing to 

 end of secondaries; bill narrower (basal width of mandi- 

 ble less than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla) ; sexes 

 different in color (adult male with head, chest, and upper 

 parts black, the under parts and broad collar across hind- 

 neck pinkish red; adult female and young male with 

 olive-green replacing red) Bhodothranpia (p. 657) 



' That is to say, forming a distinct, though short, decurved point, with an obvious 

 tomial notch immediately behind it. There is sometimes an approximation to this 

 condition among the forms under gg, but in such cases the bill is smaller and 

 more slender, the culmen much less curved, and the tip of the maxilla less decidedly 

 decurved. 



' Periporphyrus Reicheubach, Av. Syat. Nat., 1850, pi. 77. Type, Loxia erythromelas 

 Gmelin. This genus is introduced because it is the only extralimital one of the 

 group, and also to show the reasons, in part, for subdividing the genus Pitylus as 

 recognized by authors. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEBICA. 33 



gg. Commissure shorter than iiiuldle toe -Hithout cluw, (jr el.se tip of 



maxilla not midnate.' 



h. Species mostly of unicolored plumage, or el^c particolored and the 



colors bright; the adult males blue, slate color, black or yellow, 



sometimes with two or more of these ecjlors cc^mbined; so0](^- 



times black with chestnut or rufous areas (but with tail sliorter 



than wing); only the females and young dull colored, ajid these 



very rarely streaked beneath. ( Orijzubnrene.''- ) 



i. Bill exceedingly broad and thick, the \yidth of mandible at base 



decidedly greater than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla. 



Oryzoborus (p. 60.3) 



ii. Bill narrower, the width of mandible at base not decidedly, if at 



all, greater than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla. 



j. Culmen (from concealed base) equal in length to tarsus, or else 



outermost (ninth) primary shorter than third; adult males 



plain (mostly dull) blue Cyanocompaa (p. 594) 



jj. Culmen (from concealed liase) shorter than tarsus; adult males 

 not blue, or else outermost (ninth) primary longer than 

 third. 

 k. Myiarchusndible conspicuously deeper than maxilla, ©r else culmen 

 strongly convex, the maxilla subfalcate. 

 /. Width of maxilla at base much less than basal depth of bill. 

 )?!. Wing more than 63.50 mm.; plumage not blackish. 

 )i. Greatest depth of mandible less than half its length. 

 0. Distance from nostril to tip of maxilla much more 

 than one-third length of tarsus; adult males with 



more or less (jf blue Cyanospiza (p. 580) 



00. Distance from nostril to tip of maxilla scarcely, if 

 at all, more than one-third length of tarsus; 

 adult male without any blue (olive-green, with 

 black head, yellow carpus, and rufous under 



tail-coverts) Loxipasser ( p. 545) 



mi. Greatest depth of mandible at least one-half its 



length; plumage blackish Melopyrrha (p. 561) 



mm. Wing less than 63.50 mm .Sporophila (p. 563) 



//. Width of maxilla at base equal to basal depth of bill. 



Amaurospiza (p. 579) 



i-i-. Myiarchusndible not conspicuously deeper than maxilla, the latter 



not subfalcate or with culmen strongly curved (the latter 



sometimes nearly straight) . 



I. Bill longer (distance from nostril to tip of maxilla equal to 



half length of tarsus) ; adult males uniform slate color. 



m. Bill more slender (depth at base much less than half 



length of commissure) AoautMdops (p. 517) 



' See footnote on page 32. 



'' A satisfactory group name can not be derived from any of the genera, and the one 

 adopted is selected as being the least objectionable of any that may be so derived. 

 The group is not a strictly homogeneous one, but I have not been able to satisfac- 

 torily subdivide it. The characters given above are confessedly unsatisfactory, but, 

 although the group as a whole is obvioiisly distinct from any of those which follow, 

 I am unable at present to construct a better diagnosis. (See arrangement on page 

 28, where an attempt at subdivision is made. ) 



17024—01 3 




34 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



mm. Bill thicker (depth at base more than half length of 



commissure) Haplospiza (p. 520) 



U. Bill shorter (distance from nostril to tip of maxilla less 

 than half length of tarsus) or else' plumage yellow. 

 m. Outermost (ninth) primary longer than sixth; wing-tip 

 equal to or longer than tarsus; plumage yellow or 



yellowish Sicalie (p. 521) 



•mm. Outermost (ninth) primary shorter than sixth; wing- 

 tip much shorter than tarsus; plumage not yellow 

 or yellowish, 

 n. Oulmen decidedly convex; adult males with chestnut 



or rufous on throat, etc Pyrrhulagra (p. 547) 



mi. Culmen straight or nearly so; adult males without 

 chestnut on throat or elsewhere. 

 0. Wing more than 63.50 mm.; adult male entirely 



black, with whitish feet Melanospiza (p. 544) 



00. Wing less than 63.50 mm.; adult males not entirely 



black, or else the color glossy blue-black and the 



feet dusky. 



p. Tail even or very slightly rounded; adult males not 



glossy blue-black; females and young not 



streaked Euetheia (p. 529) 



pp. Tail much rounded or graduated; adult males 

 glossy blue-black; females and young con- 

 spicuously streaked Volatinia (p. 525) 



lih. Species of mostly variegated plumage, without any bright colors 

 (except sometimes yellow on under parts or edge of wing) ; often 

 streaked, the young nearlj' always ; if plumage of adult male, 

 largely black and chestnut, the tail longer than wing. '' 

 i. Outermost (ninth) primary longer than sixth, or else {Ammodra- 

 mus, part) rectrices narrow and acuminate. 

 j. Wing more than 82.55 mm.; adult male (in summer) black 

 with white wing-patch. ( Calamospizie. ) . Calamospiza ^ (p. 167) 

 jj. Wing not more than 82.55 mm.; adult male never black nor 

 with white wing-patch. (Ammodrami.) 

 I: Outermost (ninth) primary longest or equal to longest; tail 

 emarginate, with lateral rectrices longer than media;n pair. 



I. Hallux little if any longer than inner toe; wing exceeding 



tail by decidedly more than length of tarsus; rectrices 

 • broader, less acuminate Passerculus (p. 187) 



II. Hallux decidedly longer than inner toe; wing exceeding 



tail by very little more than length of tarsus; rectrices 

 narrower, more acuminate, the lateral pair relatively 

 shorter. 

 VI. Sixth primary not abruptly shorter than seventh; hal- 

 lux longer than outer toe, its claw longer than distance 

 from nostril to tip of maxilla; edge of wing white; 

 adult with a black rictal streak and with chest streaked 

 with black Centronyx (p. 202) 



I ^Sicalis, part; i. e., iS. co?u»iMyiarchusma Cabanis, which, notwithstanding its close resem- 

 blance in coloration to the typical species, differs so much in form that it should 

 probably be separated generically. 



''A heterogeneous assemblage, comprising several minor groups. As to above 

 unsatisfactory diagnosis, see footnote on page 33. 



•' This genus is rather an isolated form, and I do not know where it really belongs. 

 It seems to show points of relationship to Rhynchophmies, Spita, and Chondestes. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEEIOA. 35 



iniii. Sixth primary abruptl>- sliortei- than seventh; liallux 

 shorter than outer toe, its claw shorter than dis- 

 tanee from nostril to tip of maxilla; edge of wing 

 }'ellofl-; adult without black rictal streak or streaks 



on chest Coturniculns (p. 205) 



l-k. Outermost (ninth) primary shorter than seventh; tail 

 rounded or graduated, the lateral rectrices decidedly 



shorter than middle pair Ammodramus (p. 211) 



ii. Outermost (ninth) primary not longer than sixth ( usually shorter 



than fifth), or else (Ophelia, oart) wing-tip equal to length of 



middle toe without claw ; rectrices not narrow and acuminate. 



{Zonotrichi;e.) ' 



j. Outer toe reaching to middle of subterminal phalanx of middle 



toe, its claw reaching nearly if not quite to middle of middle 



claw Passerella (p. 384) 



jj. Outer toe not reaching to middle of subterminal phalanx of 



middle toe, its claw not reaching nearly to middle of middle 



claw. 



k. Outermost (ninth) primary longer than second; tail gradu- 



j ated for much less than length of middle toe without claw. 



I. Claw of hallux equal to the digit in length; lateral claws 



reaching decidely beyond base of middle claw; remiges 



and rectrices olive-green Oreospiza (p. 399) 



n. Claw of hallux shorter than the digit; lateral claws not 

 reaching beyond base of middle claw; remiges and 

 rectrices not olive-green, 

 m. Tail longer than distance from bend of wing to tip of 

 secondaries, or else (Jmico, part), lateral rectrices 

 largely white; middle rectrices not barred with black; 

 wing-tip longer than exposed culmen. 

 n. Head plain gray (lores darker); lateral rectrices largely 

 white, or else back streaked with dusky, and wing 

 without distinct light-colored markings. 



Jnnco (p. 271) 

 nn. Head not plain gray, or else {Spizella, part) lateral 

 rectrices without any white, and tail longer than 

 wing; lateral rectrices not largely (if with any) 

 white, or else head with white stripes. 

 0. Upper parts not grayish, or else (Spizella, part) the 

 back cinnamon-brown streaked with black, and 

 tail longer than wing. 

 p. Tarsus at least one-third as long as wing. 



q. No rufous collar around hindneck; no black on 

 pileum, except in form of narrow streaks; the 

 pileum sometimes plain chestnut. 



Melospiza (p. 349) 

 qq. A rufous collar around hindneck; pileum with 

 two broad lateral bands of black and a median 

 one of gray, never plain chestnut. 



Brachyspiza (p. 346) 

 pp. Tarsus decidedly less than one-third as long as 

 wing. 



1 1 am unable to characterize supergeneric divisions of this group. 




36 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



7. Tail rounded, the middle rectrices longest, or 

 equal to longest, and decidedly longer than 

 lateral pair; pileum largely black, or with two 

 broad lateral bands of chestnut and a median 

 one of buffy, or with a yellowish patch; larger 

 (wing not less than 68.58 mm., usually much 



more than 71.12 mm.) ZonotricMyiarchus (p. 329) 



qq. Tail emarginate or double-rounded, the middle 

 rectrices decidedly shorter than the longest, 

 usually shorter than lateral pair, never 

 longer; pileum, plain chestnut, rufous, or 

 gray, or narrowly streaked with black; 

 smaller (wing notmorethan 71.12 mm., usu- 

 ally less than 68.58) mm Spizella (p. 305) 



00. Upper parts grayish, including the back, the latter 

 usually unstreaked; tail shorter than wing. 



Amphispiza (p. 261) 



);(/;(. Tail shorter than distance from bend of wing to tip of 



secondaries; lateral rectrices without white; middle 



rectrices barred with black; Tjing tip shorter than 



exposed culmen Plagiospiza (p. 229) 



ik. Outermost (ninth) primary shorter than second (sometimes 

 shorter than secondaries), or else {Aimophila, part) the 

 tail graduated for as much as length of middle toe, with- 

 out claw, or more. 

 I. Back streaked, or else pileum and back plain purplish 

 grayish brown, passing into gray on rump, upper tail- 

 coverts, and tail Aimophila ^ (p. 230) 



U. Back not streaked, nor purplish grayish brown in color. 

 m. Tail more than three times (sometimes nearly four 

 times) as long as tarsus; outermost (ninth) primary 

 not distinctly, if at all, shorter than secondaries 



(sometimes longer) . _ Pipilo (p. 402), 



n. Tail not more than three times as long as tarsus, 

 usually less; outermost (ninth) primary distinctly 

 shorter than secondaries. 

 0. Eighth primary longer than secondaries. 

 p. Tibial feathers short (normal), not clear yellow. 

 q. Tail shorter than wing. 



/•. A white loral spot, or else outermost primary 

 edged with white; edge of wing white, or 

 else a yellow patch on side of neck and a 



white auricular spot Melozone (p. 437) 



rr. No white loral spot nor edging to outermost 

 primary; back olive-green, or if gray a 

 black or grayish brown band across chest; 

 edge of wing yellow or olive-green, or, 

 if white, a black or grayish brown band 

 across chest; no yellow patch on sides of 

 neck nor white auricular spot. 



'A very heterogeneous and probably unnatural genus, which, however, I am 

 unable to subdivide. ~ 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 37 



8. Pileum 3-striped and a gray or white super- 

 ciliary stripe, or else {Arre'nion, part) 

 pileam and sides of head uniform black; 

 throat and abdomen white. 

 (. Sides of head grayish, relieved by a nar- 

 row postocular streak of black or brown; 

 superciliary stripe gray; tail olive-green, 

 like back and -wings. Arremonops (p. 445) 

 tt. Sides of head black, sometimes relieved 

 by a white superciliary ytripe ; tail more 

 or les^ dusky or slate color. 



Arremon (p. 454) 



ss. Pileum uniform chestnut; no superciliary 



stripe; throat dusky; abdomen yellow 



or olive-green Lysurus (p. 457) 



qq. Tail longer than wing, or else {Buarremon, part) 

 very little shorter, and the bill very nar- 

 row, with mandibular tomium straight to the 

 prominent subbasal tooth, and maxilla with 

 distinct subterminal tomial notch. 

 r. Bill stouter, with mandible relatively deeper 

 and shorter (depth at gonydeal angle nearly 

 if not quite equal to half length of gonya, 

 and nearly equal to depth of maxilla in 

 front of nostril) ; under parts at least partly 



yellow' Atlapetea (p. 459) 



rr. Bill more slender, with mandible relatively 

 shallower and longer (depth at gonydeal 

 angle equal to about one-third length of 

 gonys and much less than depth of maxilla 

 in front of nostril); under parts white 

 ( except sides, etc. ) , with or without a black 



band across chest Buarremon (p. 464) 



pp. Tibial feathers long, covering tibio-taraal joint, 

 clear yellow, in conspicuous contrast with gen- 

 eral dark gray and black color of plumage. 



Pselliophorns (p. 469) 

 on. Eighth primary shorter than secondaries. 



Pezopetes (p. 471) 



Genus HESPERIPHONA Bonaparte. 



Hesperiphona Bonapakte, Compt. Rend., xxxi, 1850, 424. (Type, Fringilla vesper- 



tina Cooper.) 

 Hesperophona (emendation) Ooues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Oct., 1882, 250. 



Large, long-winged, short-tailed, short-legged, and heavy-billed 

 Fringillidse, with the wing nearly twice as long as the tail and pointed 

 'ninth or eighth and ninth primaries longest) ; the tail slightl}- emargi- 

 aate; tarsus not more than one-fifth as long as wing,. and little, if any, 

 longer than culmen; adult males j^ellowish and black, with white on 



' Except in some South American species. 




38 BULLETIN" 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



wings; females grayish, with wings and tail blackish, varied with white; 

 _young not streaked. 



Bill A'cry large, but decidedlj^ longer than deep, with culmen very 

 broad, not ridged, decidedly convex onlj- at base and tijD; gonys A'ery 

 long, nearly or quite equal ti^) length of maxilla from nostril; depth of 

 bill at base greater than length of hind toe with claw, and nearly 

 equal to length of tarsus; distance between nostrils more than half the 

 length of the gonys; maxillary tomium gently concave for terminal 

 half or more, nearly straight basallj', where not abruptly deflexed; 

 mandibular tomium without subbasal angle, but gently arched, the 

 summit of the arch nearly midway between the base and tip. Wing 

 long (nearly five to more than five times as long as the short tarsus), 

 pointed (ninth, eighth, and seA'enth primaries longest, the ninth longer 

 than the sixth) ; primaries with normal tips, the longest exceeding the 

 secondaries by nearly twice the length of the tarsus. Tail short 

 (about three times as long as tarsus), emarginated, more than half 

 hidden by the upper coverts. Tarsus very short, little if sluj longer 

 than the culmen, about equal to middle toe and half its claw; lateral 

 toes short, their claws falling considerably short of base of middle 

 claw; hallux decidedly shorter that lateral toes, but much stouter. 



Colors. — Plumage rather compact; adult males largelj* yellow, the 

 wings and tail black, with innermost secondaries and greater wing- 

 coverts whitish; at least the crown and occiput black; females with 

 grayish, or yellowish gray, replacing the yellow; young not streaked. 



Range. — Western temperate North America, from British Prov- 

 inces to highlands of Gruatemala. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AM) SUBSPECIES OF HESPEEIPHONA. 



a. Forehead and superciliary region yellciw. 



h. Bill relatively shorter and thicker (culmen averaging 19.05, depth at base 16.51, 

 width of mandible at base 14.48); yellow frontal band broader (averaging 

 8.89). (Interior of Xorth America, northward, east of Rocky Mountains, 

 straggling eastward in winter. ) .Hesperipiona vespertina vespertina, male (p. 39) 

 lib. Bill relatively longer and narrower (culmen averaging 20.-32 or more, depth of 

 bill at base averaging not more than 16.00, width of mandible at base averag- 

 ing not more than 13.97); yellow frontal band narrower (averaging not more 

 than 7.62). 

 0. Bill larger and stouter (culmen averaging 20.57, depth at base 16.00, width of 

 mandible at base 13.97); yellow frontal band broader (averaging 7.62). 

 (Western North America south to northern Mexico.) 



Hesperiphona vespertina montana, male (p. 41) 

 ce. Bill smaller and narrower (culmen averaging 20.32, depth at base 13.97, width 

 of mandible at base 12.70); yellow frontal band narrower (averaging 5.59). 

 (Highlands of southern Mexico. ) 



Hesperiphona vespertina mexioana, male (p. 43) 

 aa. Forehead and superciliary region not yellow. 



h. Head and neck entirely black. (Highlands of southern Jlexico and Guate- 

 mala. ) Hesperiphona abeillii, male (p. 44) 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 39 



bb. Head and neck not entirely black. 



c. Pileum black Heaperiphona abeillii, female (p. 45) 



(V. Pileum grayish brown. 



d. (leneral color grayer; bill relatively shorter and thicker (culmen averaging 

 18.54, depth at base 15.75, width of mandible at base 13.97). 



Hesperipliona vespertina vespertina, female (p. 39) 



dd. General color more buffy or browner; bill relatively longer and narrower 



(culmen averaging 20.07 or more, depth at base averaging not more than 



17.27, width of mandible at base 13.72 or less). 



e. Pileum paler (grayish brown or deep hair brown) ; culmen averaging 20.07, 



depth of bill at base 15.75, width of mandible at base 13.72. 



Hesperiphona vespertina montana, female (p. 42) 

 ce. Pileum darker (dark grayish brown or sepia); culmen averaging 19.81, 

 depth of bill at base 17.27, width of mandible at base 12.45. 



Hesperiplioua vespertina mexicana, female (p. 43) 



HESPERIPHONA VESPERTINA VESPERTINA (Cooper) 

 EVENING GROSBEAK. 



Adult male. — Forehead (more or less broadly') and superciliary 

 region yellow; rest of pileum black; rest of head with neck and upper 

 back plain olive, lighter and more yellowish olive on throat, changing 

 gradually to clear lemon j^ellow on scapulars and rump and to lighter 

 (more citron) yellow on posterior under parts, the longer under tail- 

 coverts sometimes partly white; upper tail-coverts and tail black; 

 wings black, except innermost greater coverts and secondaries (ter- 

 tials) which are white or pale grajdsh, the former sometimes edged with 

 yellow; bill light olive-yellowish or pale yellowish green; iris brown; 

 legs and feet light brownish; length (skins), 171.45-195.58 (182.12); 

 wing, 105.66-11Y.35 (111.00); tail, 62.99-71.12 (66.55); culmen, 17.27- 

 20.57 (19.05); depth of bill at base, 15.49-17.78 (16.51); width of 

 mandible at base, 13.21-15.2-i (14.48); tarsus, 20.57-23.11 (21.84); 

 middle toe, 16.76-19.06 (17.78).' 



Adalt female. — Above plain deep smoke gi'ay, the head darker (more 

 mouse gray), the rump paler (pale smoke gray or light drab-gray), the 

 hindneck more or less tinged with j'ellowish olive-green; throat, abdo- 

 men, and under tail-coverts white, the first with a du.sky (submalar) 

 streak along each side; rest of under parts light buffy grayish, usually 

 more or less tinged with j-ellow, especially on sides of chest; axillars 

 and most of under wing-coverts light yellow; wings dull black, with 

 innermost greater coverts largel}' dull white, tertials largely light 

 gray with white terminal mai'gins, the primaries more or less edged 

 with white and pale gray, all except the three outermost quills white 

 at base, forming a distinct patch; upper tail-coverts black with large 

 terminal spots of pale buffy grayish and white; tail black, with inner 



^Varying in width from 5.08 to 15.24, averaging 8.89. 

 ^Twenty-two specimens. 




40 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



webs of rectrices broadly white at tips; length (skins), 165.10-190.50 

 (176.28); wing, 105. -11-112.52 (108.46); tail, 62.74-70.61 (66.04); cul. 

 men, 15.75-20.32 (1S.54); depth of bill at base, 15.24-17.27 (15.75); 

 width of mandible at" base, 13.21-14.73 (13.97); tarsus, 20.32-22.86 

 (20.83); middle toe. 17.27-19.05 (17.78).' 



Young. — Similar to adult female, but colors much duller and more 

 brownish, with markings less sharply defined; duskj^ submalar streak 

 less distinct, sometimes obsolete; under parts paler and more buffy, 

 with little if anj' gray; bill dull horn color or brownish. 



Interior districts of North America east of Rocky Mountains; north 

 (in winter) to the Saskatchewan; south, in winter, more or less irreg- 

 ularly, to Kansas,' Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Ohio, etc.; eastward, 

 irregularly and in winter onlj% to Ontario, New York, and New Eng- 

 land. (Breeding range unknown.) 



Pringilla vespertina Cooper (W. ), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., i, pt. ii, 1825,220 

 (Sault Ste. Myiarchusrie, Myiarchuschigan).— Bonaparte, Am. Orn., ii, 1828, 75, pi. 15, fig. 

 1; Ann. Nat. His. Lye. N. Y. ii, 1828, 113; Zool. Journ., iv, pt. ii, 1828, 2.— 

 NUTTALL, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Canad., i, 1832, 526. — Audubon, Orn. Biog., iv, 

 1838, 515; v, 1839, 235, pLs. 373, 374. 



Coccothraustes vespertina Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 

 269, pi. 68 (Saskatchewan and shores of Lake Superior in summer). — Jar- 

 dine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn.,iii, 1832, 432, pi. 15, fig. 1. — Bonaparte, Geog. and 

 Comp. List, 1838, 30.— Audubon, Birds Am., oet. ed., iii, 1841, 217, pi. 207.— 

 Cottle, Canad. Journ., iii, 1855, 287 (historical and descriptive). — American 

 Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 514, part. — Thompson, Auk, iv, 

 1887,256 (Toronto, Ontario, Apr. 2); vii, 1890, 211 (Kingston, Toronto, and 

 Hamilton, Ontario, winter). — Pindar, Auk, iv, 1887, 257 (Hickman, Ken- 

 tucky, Myiarchusr.); vi, 1890, 314 (do.).— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 177 

 (Myiarchusnnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin; localities and dates); Auk, vii, 1890, 210 

 (Burlington, Vermont, Feb. ). — Keyes, Auk, v, 1888, 114 (Iowa City, Charles 

 City, Griunell, and Burlington; Iowa, winter). — Coleman, Auk, v, 1888, 

 425 (Nemaha Co., Nebraska, Myiarchusr.).— Wintle, Auk, vii, 1890, 209 (Mon- 

 treal, Canada, Jan.). — Bergtold, Auk,, vii, 1890, 209 (Erie Co., New York, 

 Jan. 18, Apr. 15). — Clark, Auk, vii, 1890, 210 (Amherst, Myiarchusssachusetts, 

 Jan.). — FoRBusH, Auk, vii, 1890, 210 (East Brimfield, Myiarchusssachusetts, Feb. 

 1). — Averill, Auk, vii, 1890, 211 (Gay lords ville, Connecticut, Myiarchusr. 10). — 

 Poling, Auk, vii, 1890,238 (Champaign, Illinois, Nov. 12, Apr. 1). — Brent, 

 Auk, vii, 1890, 2S9 (Taunton, Jlassachusetts, Myiarchusr. 8).— Morris, Auk, vii, 

 1890, 289 (Springfield, Myiarchusssachusetts, Myiarchusr. 21).— Warren, Birds Penn- 

 sylvania, 1890, 224 (numerous records). — Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 412 

 (rare winter visit.). — Myiarchusrshall, Auk, ix, 1892, 203 (Steuben Co., New York, 

 Feb.).— Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 21, pi. 21, fig. 1. 



('.[occotliraustes] vespertinus Ridgway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 371 (n. Illi- 

 nois in winter); Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 387, part, 601. 



Coccothraustes vespertinus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 

 426, part (in synonymy, etc.) . — Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1891, 

 584 (Myiarchusnitoba, winter A'isit; habits). — Butler, Auk, x, 1893, 155 (Indiana, 

 Wisconsin, Myiarchuschigan, and Ontario records; habits); Birds Indiana, 1897, 911 



' Twenty-nine specimens 




BIRDS OF KOBTH AND MIDDLE AMEEICA. 41 



(winter visit, n. and central parts, s. to Indianapolis). — Sage, Auk, x, 1893, 

 207 (East Hampton, Connecticut, Myiarchusr. 2). — Americax Okxithologists' 

 Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 514.— Tuttle, Auk, xii, 1895, 190 (Erie 

 Co., Ohio, Jan.). — Knight, Bull. Univ. Myiarchusine, no. 3, 1897, H9 (Androscog- 

 gin, Oxford, and Penobscot counties, Myiarchusine, casual in winter). 



C. loccothraustesj vespertina Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 387, part. 



ficsperip/iono wsperiina Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxi, Sept., 1850, 424. — Baird, 

 Rep. Pacific E. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 409, part (in synonymy, etc.); Cat. N. 

 Am. Birds, 1859, no. 303, part.— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 

 191 (n. Illinois) .—Kirtland, Ohio Farmer, ix, Myiarchusrch 24, 1860 (Ohio).— 

 Blakiston, Ibis, 1862,5 (Forks of Saskatchewan, Nov.); 1863,69 (Saskat- 

 chewan, Nov.-Apr. 22). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 289 

 (vie. New York City). — Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 136, part; Birds 

 N. W., 1874, 104, part; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,65, part (synonymy 

 and biography). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 

 1874, 449, part. — Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 6 (e. Kansas, Nov. ). — Tif- 

 fany', Am. Nat., xii, 1878, 471 (Myiarchusnneapolis, Myiarchusnnesota, winter; habits). — 

 Roberts, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 237 (IMyiarchusnnesota, till Myiarchusy 19).— 

 Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 165.— Hay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 

 vi, 1881, 179 (Woodford Co., Illinois, fall).— Agersborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 279 

 (s. e. South Dakota). — Seton, Auk, ii, 1885, 334 (Toronto, Ontario, Dec). — 

 Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 32, part (in synonymy, etc.). 



[Hesperiphona] vespertina Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 505, part. — Coues, 

 Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 127, part. 



H. [esperiphonal vespertina Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 104 (n. e. Illinois, 

 winter). 



Hesperophona vespertina Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Oct., 1882, 250 

 (Onondaga Co., New York, July 8); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 189, 

 part. — WiLLAKD, Auk, iii, 1886, 487 (Brown Co., AVisconsin, Nov. 28). 



H.lesperophonal vespertina Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 18S4, 344, part. 



[^Hesperiphona vespertina'] var. vespertina Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. 

 N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 449. 



[Hesperiphona vespertina.] Var. vespertina Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, N. 

 Am. B., i, 1874, 450, in text. 



Hesperiphona vespertina, var. vespertina Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 

 Am. Birds, i, 1874, pi. 22, fig. 1. 



Coccohorus vespertinus Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 383 ("Wisconsin). 



Loxia honapartei Lesson, Ferussac's Bull. Scient. Nat., xxvi, Aug., 1831, 190. 



" Coccothraustes bonapartii Less[on], 'lUust. de Zool., 1834, pi. 34 (J, Melville 

 Isl.)." (CoUES.) 



Hesperiphona vespertina, var. montana {nomen nudum) Ridgway' Bull. Essex 

 Inst., V, 1873, 189 (Waukegan, Ills.; crit. ). — Baihd, Brewer, and Ridgway, 

 Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 508 (AVaukegan, Illinois; not of vol. i, p. 449). 



HESPERIPHONA VESPERTINA MONTANA Ridgway. 

 WESTEElf EVENING GROSBEAK. 



Similar to II. v. vespertina, but witli somewhat longer and relatively 

 narrower bill; adult male not appreciabl}^, or at least not constantly, 

 different in coloration from ttat of II. v. vespertina, but with A'ellow 

 band across forehead averaging narrower^ and perhaps with flanks 



' Varying from 5.08 to 9.40; averaging 7.62. 




42 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



and abdomen more strongly tinged with olivaceous ; adult female more 

 buffy than that of II. v. ivyjerf/iin, especially on under parts. 



^Uult //;«/.'.— Length (skins), 170.18-185.42 (177.04); wing, 105.92- 

 116.59 (109.73); tail, <',3. 50-73.15 (Od.Ol); culmen, 19.56-22.61 (20.57); 

 depth of bill at liasc, 15.19-17.27 (16.00); width of mandible at base, 

 12.15-15.21 (13.97); tarsus, 20.32-22.86 (21.34); middle toe, 17.53-19.81 

 (18.03).^ 



.l^////;'/;'//»(/c'. —Length (skins), 165.10-185.42(174.75); wing, 104.14- 

 111.76 (107.70); tail, 60.96-70.61 (65.02); culmen, 19.05-21.08(20.07); 

 depth of bill at base, 14.99-16.51 (15.75); width of mandible at base, 

 12.95-14.73 (13.72); tarsus, 20.07-22.35 (21.34); middle toe, 16.51-18.29 

 (18.03).- 



Western United States and Northern Mexico; east to and including 

 Kocky Mountains; north to British Columbia. 



Frhigilla ccsperlina (not of "\V. Cooper, 1825) Townsexd, Journ. Ac. Xat. Sci. Phila., 

 viii, 1839, 154 ( Columbia E. ) . 



Coccothrauates veupcrlina 'R'ETS'R'i , Proc. Ac. Xat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 312 (Xew Mex- 

 ico). — Anthony, Auk, iii, 1886, 168 (Washington Co., Oregon). — American 

 Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 514, part. — Scott, Auk, iv, 

 1887, 196 (Sta. Catalina Mts., s. Arizona, Nov.).— Townsexd, Proc. U.S. 

 Nat. 5Ius., X, 1887, 215 (Ft. Crook and Yreka, n. California). — Swinburne, 

 Auk, V, 1888, 113 (AVhite Jits., Arizona, breeding; descr. next and eggs). — 

 Merrill, Auk, v, 1888, 357, (Ft. Klamath, e. Oregon; habits; color of bill, 

 etc.). — Shufeldt, Auk, vi, 1889, 73 (Ft. Wingate, New Mexico; habits, etc.); 

 vii, 1890, 93 (habits in captivity). — JIearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 49 (n. e. Arizona). 



Coccothraustes vespertinits Gambel, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 49 (near 

 Salt Lake City, Utah, Oct.). — Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 123 (n. Mexico) .— 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 426, part (in synonymy, 

 etc.). 



[Coccothraustes'] iesjiertimis Sclatek and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 34, part. 



i'.[occothraMyiarchustes'] KcsperlUim Ridgw.vy, Jlan. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 387, part, 

 601. 



C.[qccotliraustes'\ respcH'uia Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 387, part. 



Hesperiphona rcspertlna Baird, Kep. Pacific E. E. Surv., ix, 1858, 409, chiefly (Co- 

 lumbia E.; Ft. Vancouver, Washington; Ft. Thorn, New Mexico) ; Cat. N.Am. 

 Birds, 1859, no. 803, part.— Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1859, 107 (New 

 jMexico) . — Cooper and Suckley, Eep. Pacific E. E. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1859, 196 

 (Ft. Vancouver, Washington). — Ooues, Check List, 1873, no. 136, part; Birds 

 N. W., 1874, 104, part. Bull Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 65, part (sjTionymy, 

 biography). — Cooper, Am. Nat., iii, 1869,75 (Montana); Orn. Cal., 1870, 174. — 

 Aiken, Proc. Bost. Soc. N.H., xv, 1872,199 (Wyoming) . — Henshaw, Rep.Om. 

 Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 109 (s. of Apache, Arizona, Sept. 11) ; ZooL 

 Exp. W., 100th :\[erid., 1875, 239 (do.); List Birds Arizona, 1875, 158.— (?) 

 Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed. , 1875, 6 (Ellis, w. Kansas, Nov.) . — Stephens, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 93 (New :Mexico).— Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 

 iv, 1879, 237 (s. New ilexico, Jan., Myiarchusy). — Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. 3Iua., i, 

 1879,412 (Soda Springs, California, Sept.). — Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 

 1881, no. 165, part.— Drew, Auk, ii, 1885,15 (Colorado, 5,000-8,000 ft.).— 

 Scott, Auk., ii, 1885, 349 (s. Arizona). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 32, part (Brit. Columbia; Oregon). 



'Sixteen specimens. ^Thirteen specimens. 




. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 43 



IHcsperiphona] resperfina Coues, Key X. Am. Birds, 1872, 127, part. 

 Hesperpliona vespertina Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Soi. Phila., 1866, 80 (Ft. Whipple, 



Arizona). 

 Hesperophona vespertina Coues, Check List, 2(1 ed. , 1882, no. 189, part. — Bewster, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 227 (Walla Walla, e. Washington) .—Scott, 

 Auk, ii, 1885, 174: (s. Arizona). 

 H.[espcriiphoiHi^ respieriina Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 342, part. 

 Hesperiphona vespertma, var. montana Ridgway, Bull. Essex lust., v, Nov., 187.3, 

 181 (Colorado; nomennudumj). — Baied, Beewek, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, pi. 22, fig. 4. 

 IHesperiphona respertina} var. montana Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridg- 

 way's Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 449, part^ (type from Cantonment Bur- 

 gwyn, New Mexico; U. S. Nat. JMyiarchuss.). 

 \_Hesperiphona vespertina.'] Var. montana Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 



Am. Birds, i, 1874, 450, in text. 

 Hesperiphona vespertina montana Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. 3Ius., no. 20, 1883, 323. 

 C'occothraustes vespertina montana Meaens, Auk, vii, July, 1890, 246 (crit. ; descr.), 

 258 (Ft. Verde, Arizona).— Meeeiam, North Am. Fauna No. 5, 1891,101 

 (head waters Payette R., centr. Idaho, July). 

 Coccothraustes vespertinus montanus American Oenithologists' Union Committee, 

 Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 85, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, No. 514 a, part. — 

 Fishee, North American Fauna No. 7, 1893, 79 (Auburn, California, 

 Oct.).— Lowe, Auk, xi, 1894, 269 (Wet Mts., Colorado, 10,000 ft.).— 

 Meeeill, Auk, XV, 1898, 14 (Ft. Sherman, Idaho, Myiarchusy to July 29).— 

 SwAETH, Bull. Coop. Oru. Club, i, 1899, 95 (summit Mt. Wilson, Los 

 Angeles Co., California, Oct. 30). 

 C.[pccoth.raustes\ vespertinus montanus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 

 601, part. 



HESPERIPHONA VESPERTINA MEXICANA (Chapman). 

 MEXICAN EVENING GKOSBEAK, 



Similar to If. v. montana, but bill smaller and more slender; adult 

 male with yellow frontal band narrower,^ and adult female with color 

 of the pileum decidedlj^ darker. 



Adult wirtA/.— Length (skins), 165.10-175.26 (170.18); wing, 109.22- 

 112.27 (111.25); tail, 64.77-70.61 (66.80); oiilmen, 19.56-20.83 (20.32); 

 depth of bill at base, 13.97; width of mandible at base, 12.70-13.21 

 (12.70); tarsus, 20.32-21.69 (21.08); middle toe, 17.78-19.05 (18.03); 

 width of yellow frontal band, 5.08-6.86 (5.59).' 



Adult female.—L&ngih [skins), 154.94-160.02 (157.73); wing, 106.43- 

 109.73(107.95); tail, 61.72-64.52 (63.25); culmen, 18.54-20.32 (19.81); 



' First characterized (but unfortunately not named) by Professor Baird in Cooper's 

 Ornithology of California (1870, p. 175), and a colored figure of the head of the adult 

 male (the same as that afterwards published in History of North American Birds) 

 given, the form being referred to as one of "two strongly marked varieties" which 

 had been differentiated b}^ me. 



^ Varying from 5.08 to 6.86, averaging 5.59. 



^ Four specimens. 




44 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



depth of bill at base, 13.97-15.49 (11.73); width of mandible at base, 

 12.19-12.95 (12.15); tarsus, 19.05-21.59 (20.32); middle -toe, 16.00- 

 18.29 (IT.27).^ 



Mountains of southei'n Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Sierra San 

 Felipe), Vera Cruz (Orizaba, L:is Vigas, Myiarchusrador), Puebla (Chalchico- 

 mula), Mexico (Monte Alto), Durango (El Salto), etc. 



IHespeiijtIiona] vespertimi (not Fringilla vespertina W. Cooper, 1825) Bonaparte, 



Consp. Av., i, 1850, 505, part (Mexico). 

 Hesperiphona i-esjiertiuii Si'michkast, Mem. Bost. Soc. X. H., i, 1869, 550 (Monte 



Alto, near City of Mexico, Myiarchusy). — Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 174, part 



(Me.^ico. ) — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 449, 



part.— Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 104, part; Bull Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 



65, part (in synonymy). — Ridrway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 165, part. — 



Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 32, part (Vera Cruz). 

 Coccothraustes vespertinus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 251 (Orizaba, 



Vera Cruz).— Sata-in, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, ,211 (Mexico).— Salvin and 



GoDMAS, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 426, chiefly (Monte Alto and 



Orizaba). 

 [^Coccoihra itxtes'] vespertinus Sclater and Salvin, Xom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 34, part. 

 Cloccothrm^tesl vespcrtixus Ridgway', Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 387, part. 

 Coccothraustes respertiim American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, 



no. 514, part (Mexico). 

 [Hesperiphona resperthial var. inontnna Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridg- 



way's Hist. X. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 449, part (mts. of Mexico). 

 Coccothra axles respertlna montana SIearns, Auk, vii, July, 1890, 246, part (Myiarchusrador, 



Vera Cruz). 

 Coccothraastes vespertinus niontanus American Ornithologists' Union Committee, 



Auk, viii, Jan., 1891, 85, part (Mexico); Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 514o, 



part. 

 C.[occothraustes1 respertinus montaans Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 



601, part CN'era Cruz). 

 Coccothraustes vespertiims me.ricamis Chapman, Auk, xiv, July, 1897, 311 (Las 



Vigas, Vera Cruz, e. 3Iexico, alt. 8,000 ft.; Am. Myiarchuss. Xat. Hist.). 



HESPERIPHONA ABEILLII (Lesson). 

 ABEILLE'S GROSBEAK, 



Adult male with head entirely black (all round); adult female with 

 pileum black and without dusky streak on sides of throat. 



Adult male. — Head and neck all round uniform deep black; back, 

 scapulars and rump light oliA'e-green, more j^ellowish on rump; under 

 parts (except throat and foreneck) olive-A'ellow, paler posteriorly; 

 thighs black, the feathers more or less margined with light olive or 

 grayish; wings, tail, and upper tail-coverts black; innermost second- 

 aries (tertials) and corresponding greater Aving-coverts mostly graj'ish; 

 fourth to seventh primaries sometimes with a white spot at base; 

 bill olive-grayish, with tip and tomia yellowish; feet light brownish; 



' Four specimens. 




BIRDS OF NOKTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 45 



length (skins), 105.10-177.80 (170.69); wing, 100.33-106.17 (l"o.63); 

 tail, 59.69-63.50 (61.9S); culmen, 20.32-21.59 (20.83); depth of bill at 

 base, 14.99-16.51 (15.49); width of mandible at base, 13.97-14.73 

 (14.48); tarsus, 19.81-20.57 (20.32); middle toe, 15.75-17-27 (10.51)'. 



Adult female. — Entire pileum, including nape, uniform black; lores, 

 anterior portion of malar region, and chin black or dusky; sides of 

 head (except as described), back, scapulars, and rump grayish olive- 

 greenish; under parts light yellowish olive, washed Avith brownish 

 bufi'y posteriorlj', the throat dull buiiy whitish or pale graj'ish; wings 

 and tail as in adult male, but the black duller; innermost primaries 

 always (?) with a white spot at base, and inner webs of one to three 

 outermost rectrices with a more or less extensi\-e white terminal spot, 

 the upper tail-coverts also sometimes tipped with white; length (skins) 

 163.32-182.88 (172.21); wing, 101.60-104.14 (102.87); tail, 50.69-62.23 

 (60.96); culmen, 19.80-22.36 (20.57); depth of bill at base 14.99-17.78 

 (16.00); width of mandible at base, 13.72-15.49 (14.48); tarsus, 19.56- 

 20.83 (20.32); middle toe, 15.49-16.76 (16.26).' 



Highlands of southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa, 

 Orizaba), Puebla (Huachinango), and Mexico, and Guatemala (Duenas, 

 Coban, San Geronimo, Volcan de Fuego, etc.).'' 



(xuiraca a6ejH(i Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1839, 41 (Mexico). 



[^Hesperiphonci] abeillii Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 505. 



Hesperiphona abeillii Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. 8oc. X. H.,i, 1869,550 (temperate 



region. Vera Cruz). — Coues, Bull. Xutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 67, footnote 



(synonymy). 

 Hesperiphona aheillxi Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mns., xii, 1888, 34 (near City of 



Mexico; Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Coban, San Geronimo, and Volcan de Fuego, 



Guatemala) . 

 H. [esperiphond] abeillii Baird. Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 



1874, 449. 

 Coccoi/iraustesafeeiH/i ScLATER and Salvin, Ibis, i, 1859, 19 (Guatemala). — Sclatbr, 



Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 365 (Jalapa); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 123 



(Jalapa). — Salvin, Ibis, 1861, 352 (Volcan de Fuego, Chilasco, and Coban, 



Guatemala) ; 1866, 206. 

 [CoccothraustesJ abeillii. Gr.ay, Hand-liet, ii, 1870, 87, no. 7289. 

 C. lodcothraxistes'] abeillii Ridgway, JIan. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 387. 

 \_Coccothrau8tes] abeillcei Sclateb and Salvin, Nom. Av. Xeotr. , 1873, 34. 

 Coccothraustes abeillsci Salvin and Godman, Biol. Ceutr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 426. — 



CHAP5I.4.N, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., x, 1898, 30 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; habits). 

 Coccothraustes abeillei Lantz, Trans. Ivans. Ac, 1896-97 (1899), 222 (Coatepec, 



^Five specimens; four from Vera Cruz and Puebla; one from Guatemala. 



^ Five specimens; four from Huachinango, Puebla (January), and one from Duenas, 

 Guatemala (September). 



^The single adult male from Guatemala examined is appreciably less greenish 

 olive-yellow on the back, and the rump and under parts are decidedly deeper yel- 

 low than in any of the four ^lexican specimens with which it has been compared. 

 The single Guatemalan female examined has a larger and stouter bill than any of the 

 Mexican females, and the under parts are more strongly washed with huffy brownish. 

 A larger series may, however, show that these differences are not constant. 




46 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



[Hesperiphona^ respeHina (not Fringilla vespertina W. Cooper, 1825) Bonapaete, 



Consp. Av., i, 1850, 505, part (supposed young). 

 Coccothraustes macuUpennis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1860, 251, pi. 163 



(Orizaba, Vera Cruz; coll. P. L. Sclater ;=adult female). — Sclateb and Sal- 



Tix, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1860, 398 (Altotenango, Guatemala). — Salvin, 



Ibis, 1865, 206. 



Genus LOXIA Linnaeus. 



Loxia Linnaeus, Syst. Xat.,ed. 10, i, 1758, 171. (Tjrpe, liy elmination, L. curvi- 



rostra Linnaeus. ) 

 Cntcirostra Leach, Syst. Cat. Myiarchusmm., etc., Brit. Myiarchuss., 1816, 12. (Type, Loxia 



curvirostra Linnteus. ) 

 Curtirostra Brehm, Ornis, iii, 1827, 85. (Type, Loxia currimstra Linnaeus.) 



Large to rather small arboreal finches, with the falcate maxilla and 

 mandible crossed at tips. 



Bill much compressed terminally, with both maxilla and mandible 

 falcate and crossed in adults; culmen and gonj'S both distinctly' ridged; 

 mandibular tomium straight for basal half, concave thence to the tip; 

 maxillary tomium without distinct basal deflection. Nasal plumules 

 conspicuous, quite concealing nostrils. AVing long (about five and a 

 half times as long as tarsus), pointed (three outermost primaries longest, 

 the ninth decided^ longer than the sixth); primaries exceeding sec- 

 ondaries bj' more than twice the length of the tarsus. Tail short (more 

 than half as long as the wing) and narrow, deeply emarginated or 

 forked, more than half hidden by the upper coverts. Tarsi short, little 

 if any longer than commissure, not more than one-third as long as the 

 tail, shorter than' middle toe with claw: lateral claws falling short of 

 base of middle claw; hind toe as long as inner toe, its claw shoi'ter 

 than its digit, but strongly curved. 



CuJni'f!. — Adult males red, with wings and tail black or dusky, the 

 former with or without white bands. Adult females and immature (?) 

 males with olive-greenish and j'ellowish replacing the red. Young 

 .conspicuously streaked. 



RaiKje. — Palsearctic and Nearctic regions in general, except warmer 

 parts; in the latter, south to high mountains of Guatemala; Philippine 

 Islands (in mountains). 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP LOXIA. 



a. "Wings dusky relieved only by narrow and usually indistinct edgings of paler. 

 [Lox'ia ciirrirostra^) 

 b. Smallest: Wing of male ad. averaging 87.38, tail 50.04, exposed culmen 16.51, 

 depth of bill at base 10.16, tarsus 16.51, middle toe 13.72; colors slightly 

 darker and duller. (Northern and eastern North America. ) 



Loxia curvirostra minor (p. 47) 



^ Loxia curvirostra curvirostra has been introduced; from Europe, into the United 

 States, and may, unless lost by interbreeding with the native races, have become 

 naturalized. It is intermediate in size between L. c. bendirei and L. c. stricklandi, 

 but is duller colored than either. 




BIRDS OK NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 47 



bb. Larger: Wing of male ad. averaging 92.20 or more, culmen averaging not less 



than 18.54; colors slightly lighter and brighter. (Western United States 



and southward. ) 



c. Smaller: Wing of male ad. averaging 92.20, tail 52.58, culmen 18.54, depth of 



bill at base 11.43, tarsus 17.27, middle toe 13.97. (AVestcrn United States 



in coniferous forests. ) Loxia ourvirostra bendirei (p. 50 ) 



re. Largest: Wing of male ad. averaging 98.55, tail 56.13, culmen 19.81, depth of 

 bill at base 12.45, tarsus 18.29, middle toe 15.24. (High mountains of south- 

 ern Arizona and New Mexico to highlands of Guatemala. ) 



Loxia curvirostra stricklandi (p. 52) 



:a. Wings black relieved by two conspicuous white bands. (Northern North 



America; western Europe.) Loxia leucoptera (p. 53) 



LOXIA CURVIROSTRA MINOR (Brehm). 

 AMERICAir CROSSBILL. 



Similar to i. c. curvirostra, but much smaller and with coloi-ation 

 dai'ker. 



Adult mah'. — General color dull red (varying from dull brownish 

 scarlet or almost orange-chrome in summier to a hue more or less 

 approaching dragon's blood red in winter), the red brightest on rump, 

 dullest on back and scapulars, where the feathers have more or lews 

 distinct duskj' brownish centers; orbits, upper part of auricular 

 region, spot at posterior extremity of malar region and another on 

 each side of occiput dusky brownish, these markings not sharply 

 defined, sometimes indistinct, but always evident; middle of abdomen 

 more or less extensiA^ely light grajdsh; bill horn color, more dusky at 

 tips; iris brown; legs and feet dusky brownish; length (skins), 128. 27- 

 161.04 (143.00); wing, 80.77-93.22 (87.38); tail, 43.69-54.86 (50.04); 

 exposed culmen, 14.48-18.54 (16.51); depth of bill at base, 8.89-11.08 

 (10.16); tarsus, 14.73-18.29(16.51); middle toe, 12.70-15.49 (13.72).^ 



Adult female. — The red of the adult male replaced by grayish olive 

 or olive-grayish more or less extensivelj^ overlaid by bright yellowish 

 olive or dull saffron yellow, this brighter color always evident on 

 rimip and sometimes prevalent over under parts (except abdomen and 

 under tail-coverts); wings and tail less dark, more grajdsh dusky; 

 length (skins), 125.22-153.92 (128.27); wing, 78.74-90.68 (85.09); tail, 

 38.10-53.85 (48.61); exposed culmen, 13.72-17.78 (16.00); depth of bill 

 at base, 8.38-11.43 (9.91); tarsus, 14.73-17.78 (16.51); middle toe, 

 12.70-14.48 (13.72).' 



Immature {?) male. — Exactly like the adult female in coloration. 

 (Myiarchusny specimens determined \>j dissection to be males are quite indis- 

 tinguishable from adult females in coloration; others are variously 

 intermediate in coloration between adult males and females; whether 



1 Seventy-six specimens. ^Forty-two specimens. 




48 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



these are really immature birds is doubtful, and it has been suspected 

 that some males never acquire the red plumage.) ^ 



Young. — Wings and tail as in adult female; upper parts pale gray- 

 ish, more or less mixed or tinged with olive on back and scapulars 

 (sometimes almost white on head, neck, and rump), everywhere broadly 

 streaked with dusky; beneath whitish, usually more or less tinged 

 with olive, conspicuously streaked with dusky or dusky olive. 



Northern and eastern Xorth America, breeding in coniferous forest 

 districts from southern Alleghanies in northern Georgia (sporadically 

 toward coast in Myiarchusryland, Virginia, etc.), Myiarchuschigan, etc., to Nova 

 Scotia, to Fort Anderson in the interior, and to western Alaska, and 

 southward through Pacific coast district to western Oregon; in winter 

 irregularly southward to South Carolina (vicinity of Charleston); Lou- 

 isiana (Myiarchusndeville, New Orleans, etc.); Nevada (East Humboldt Moun- 

 tains), etc.; casually to the Bermudas. 



Loxia . . curvirostra (not Linnaeus) Forstee, Philos. Trans., Ixii, 1772, 402 

 (Severn River). 



Loxia curvirostra Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 264.— Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. 

 U. S. and Canad., i, 1832, 583.— Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 559; v, 1839, 511, 

 pi. 197; Synopsis, 1839, 128; Birds Am., Oct. ed., iii, 1841, 186, pi. 200.— J ae- 

 DiNE, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., ii, 1832, 37, pi. 31, iigs. 1, 2. — Huedis, Jardine's 

 Contr. Orn., 1850, 37 (Bermudas, 1 spec. Jan., 1849). — Shahpe, Catt Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 435, part. 



' The same question applies to so-called immature males of Pinicola, Carpodcicus, etc. 

 Considering the very great extent of country inhabited exclusively by this small 

 form, the considerable variations of size and coloration observable seem to be purely 

 individual and not at all correlated with difference of locality. The following aver- 

 age measurements of several series, grouped according to locality, will serve to show 

 that there is certainly no material variation of size according to latitude: 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 49 



Curvirostra americana (not Loxia americana Gmelin, 1788) Wilson, Am. Orn., iv, 

 1811, 44, pi. 31, figs. 1, 2.— Baihd, Rep. Pacific E. E. Surv., ix, 1858, 426, part 

 (Pennsylvania; New York; Fort Steilacoom and Shoalwater Bay, Washing- 

 ton); Cat. N.Am. Birds, 1859, no. 318. — Coopek and Suckley, Eep. Pacific 

 E. E. SuTv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 198 (coast of Washington). — Dall and Bannis- 

 TEH, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 281 (Sitka, Alaska).— Coopee, Orn. Cal., 

 1870, 148, part. 



[Curvirostra] americana Coues, Key N.Am. Birds, 1872, 129, part. 



Loxia americana (not Gmelin, 1788) Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 

 38. — Bonaparte and Schlegel, Mon. Lox., 1850, 5, pi. 6. — Sclater, Cat. Am. 

 Birds, 1862, 121 (Nova Scotia).— Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver.Brem.,iii, 1872, 56 

 (coast of Alaska). — Baird, Bretveh, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 

 1874, pi. 23, figs. 1, 4.— Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 455 (E. Humboldt 

 Mts., Nevada, August, Sept.). — Lanqdon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 8 (Hamil- 

 ton Co., Ohio, Nov. 30).— Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 50 (breed- 

 ing at Eandolph, Vermont; nesting habits). 



L. loxia} americana Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 888. — Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 

 1850, 527. 



[Loxia curvirostra'] /S. americana Blasius, List Birds Europe (ed. Newton), 

 1862, 14. 



Loxia curvirostra . . . var. americana Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 143. 



L. [oxia] curvirostra . . . var. americana Ridgway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 

 372 (Illinois in winter). 



Loxia curvirostra var. americana Baihd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, 484, part.— Bicknell, Am. Nat., x, 1876, 237 (breeding at 

 Eiverdale, s. e. New York). — Jouy, Field and Forest, ii, 1877, 155 (District 

 Columbia). 



L. [oxia] curvirostra var. americana Nelson, Bull.- Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 105 

 (n. e. Illinois in winter). 



[Loxia curvirostra var. americana] b. americana Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 109. 



Loxia curvirostra americana Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, July, 1878, 117 

 (descr. supposed female juv. = female ad.?). — Bicknell, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, V, 1880, 7 (breeding at Eiverdale, s. e. New York; breeding habits; 

 descr. nest and eggs); Auk, i, 1884, 327 (song). — Smith, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 

 vi, 1881, 56 (Cumberland plateau, e. Tennessee, Aug.). — Ridgway, Nom. N. 

 Am. Birds, 1881, no. 172; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ii, 1884, 105 (crit.); Auk, i, 

 1884, 292 (Laurel, etc., Myiarchusryland, probably breeding). — Coues, Check List, 

 2d ed., 1882, no. 199.— Nelson, Cruise "Corwin," 1881 (1883), 66 (St. 

 Myiarchuschael, Alaska, 1 spec). — Finsch, Journ. fiir Orn. 1883, 274 (Portage Bay, 

 Alaska, Feb.). — Browne, Auk, ii, 1885,105 (Framingham, e.. Myiarchusssachusetts, 

 bTeeding). 



L. [oxia] curvirostra americana Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 349. 



[Loxia crucirostra] var. americana Dvsois, Bull. Myiarchuss. Eoy. Belg., i, Oct., 1882, 6, 

 part (synonymy; geog. range). 



Crucirostra minor Beehm, Naumannia, iii, 1853, 193, fig. 12 (coniferous forests of 

 United States; ex Loxia minor Lichtenstein, MS.). 



Loxia curvirostra minor Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 354. — 

 American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 521, part. — Brews- 

 ter, Auk, iii, 1886, 107 (Black Mts., North Carolina, above 5,000 feet in 

 summer). — Anthony, Auk, iii, 1886, 168 (n. w. Oregon). — Seton, Auk, iii, 

 1886, 322 (w. Myiarchusnitoba in winter). — Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 

 170 (St. Myiarchuschael, Alaska, 1 spec. Aug. 4).— Nelson, Eep. Nat. Hist. Coll. 

 Alaska, 1887, 173 (coast Alaska south of peninsula).— Wayne, Auk, iv, 1887, 



17024—01 4 




50 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



287 (near Charleston, South Carohna, Dec, 1886 to Feb., 1887, abundant); v, 

 1888, 115 (do., Xov.).— Allex, Auk, v, 1888, 325 (MyiarchusndevUle, Louisiana, 

 Myiarchusr. 27).— CooKE, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Yal., 1888, 180 (dates, etc.).— Ever- 

 MAN.N', Auk, vi, 1889, 24 (Carroll Co., Indiana, Dec. 26 to Apr. 23).— Myiarchusllek, 

 Auk, vii, 1890, 228 (breeding near Cape Cod, Myiarchusssachusetts). — Chapman, 

 Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., iii, 1890, 143 (Brit. Columbia).— Faxxix, Check List, 

 Birds Brit Columbia, 1891, .34 (throughout). — Myiarchuscfaelake, Proc. D.S.Nat. 

 Myiarchuss.,xiv, 1891, 440 (Fort Anderson, June 20).— Thompson, Proc. V. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., xiii, 1891, 585 (Myiarchusnitoba, winter; breeding?). — Butler, Proc. Ind. 

 Acad. Sci.,1892, 63 (range in Ohio Valley). — L.-vwrence (R. H.), Auk, ix, 

 1892, 45 (Gray's Harbor, Washington, resident). — Kennard, Auk, .xii, 1895, 

 304 (Hamilton Co., New York, breeding). — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, 

 etc., ii, 1896, 39.— Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, 128 (Sitka). 



L. loxici] curvirostra minor TiiDGWAY, Myiarchusn. N. 'Am. Birds, 1887, 392. 



Loxia minor Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 174. 



LOXIA CURVIROSTRA BENDIREI Ridgway. 

 BENDIRE'S CROSSBILL. 



Similar to Z. c. minor, but decidedly larger; adult male averaging 

 rather lighter or brisrhter in color, the adult female slightly lighter and 

 grayer. 



J/a/tf.— Length (skins), 135.13-158.24 (148.08); wing, 87.38-97.03 

 (92.20); tail, 45.47-57.40 (52.58); exposed culmen, 16.26-20.83 (18.54); 

 depth of bill at base, 10.16-11.94 (11.43); tarsus, 16.51-19.30 (17.53); 

 middle toe, 12.70-15.49 (14.22).^ 



^emaZe.— Length (skins), 137.16-151.89 (145.29); wing, 88.82-92.96 

 (87.88); tail, 43.18-54.36 (50.04); exposed culmen, 16.76-19.05 (18.03); 

 depth of bill at base, 9.91-11.43 (10.67); tarsus, 16.51-17.78 (17.27); 

 middle toe, 12.95-14.73 (13.97).' 



More northern and central mountain districts of western United 

 States, from Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado to the Cascade Moun- 

 tains and Sierra Nevada; during migration east to eastern Nebraska 



1 Thirty-eight specimens, 

 ^ Thirteen specimens. 



The following average measurements show the slight amount of variation in size 

 according to locality: 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEBIci.. 51 



(Omaha) and Kansas (Lawrence, Myiarchusnhattan, Emporia, etc.), west to 

 coast district of California (Santa Cruz), casually to Guadalupe Island, 

 Lower California, and south to New Mexico (upper Pecos Eiver, Las 

 Vegas, etc.). 



Loxia americana (not Cun-irostra americana Wilson) Newberry, Rep. Pacific 

 R. R. Surv., vi, pt. iv, 1857, 87 (Cascade Mts., Oregon; mts. n. Califor- 

 nia). — (?) Allen, Proc. Bost. 'See. N. H., xvii, 1874, 55 (Bighorn and 

 Myiarchussselshell rivers, etc., Montana). 



Ourvirostra americana (not of Wilson) Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 426, 

 part (Des Chutes R., Oregon; Laramie Peak, '\\Voming), 924 (Rocky 

 Mts. and Pacific slope), 927 (Ft. Bridger, Wyoming); Cat. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1859, no. 318, part.— Cooper,, Orn. Cal., 1870, 148, part. 



Zioxia cwrvirostra . . . var. americana Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's 

 Surv., 1873 (1874), 79 (mts. of Colorado, breeding), 158 (s. Rocky Mts.); 

 Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 248 (do.) .— Bendike, Proc. Boston Soc. 

 N. H!., 1877, 116 f Camp Harney, e. Oregon, winter).— Drew, Bull. Xutt. Orn. 

 Club, vi, 1881, 143 (San Juan Co., Colorado, breeding at 7,500 ft.). 



Loxia curvirostra var. americana Nelson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 844 

 (30 m. s. of Ft. Bridger, Wyoming). 



Loxia curvirostra, /3. americana Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 412 (Sum- 

 mit Meadows, California, Oct.) . 



L.[oxia'] cuTvirostra americana Henshaw. Orn. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1879, 293 

 (e. slope Sierra Nevada) . 



Loxia curvirostra americana Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 143 (San Juan 

 Co., Colorado, breeding at 7,500 ft.); Auk,ii, 1885, 16 (Colorado, breeding 

 at 5,000-8,000 ft.).— Henshaw, Auk, ii, 1885, 333 (upper Pecos R., New 

 Mexico, Oct. 20; breeding at Ft. Garland, Colorado). 



[Loxia crudrostral var. americana Dubois, Bull. Myiarchuss. Roy. Belg., i, 1882, 6, part. 



Curvirostra mexicana (not Loxia mexi^ana Strickland) Stevenson, Prelim. Rep. 

 IT. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1871 (1872), 462 (Bitter Cottonwood, Green R., etc., 

 Wyoming). 



Loxia curvirostra var. mexicana Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 181, 

 189 (Colorado).— Scott, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 93 (Twin Lakes, 

 Colorado). 



Loxia curvirostra . . . var. meiicaMyiarchus Henshaw, Zool. Exp. AV. 100th Merid., 1875, 

 248, part (Pagosa, Colorado). 



Loxia curvirostra, y. mexicana Ridoway, Field and Forest, iii. Myiarchusy, 1877, 197 

 (Colorado, breeding). 



Loxia curvirostra mexicana Myiarchusnot, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Oct., 1880, 229 

 (mts. of Colorado). — Allen and Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 

 161 (Austins Bluffs, Colorado, Apr.; crit.). 



L. [oxia} c. [Urvirostra'] mexicana Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 350, part. 



Loxia curvirostra bendirei Ridgway', Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ii, April 28, 1884, 101, 

 part (type from Ft. Klamath, e. Oregon; TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); Myiarchusn. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1887, 392, footnote.— (?) Batchelder, Auk, ii, 1885, 128 (Las Vegas, 

 New Mexico).— Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 123 (Mt. Shasta, 

 n. California; crit.) . 



Loxia curvirostra strichlandi (not Ridgway, 1885) American Ornithologists' 

 Union, Check List, 1886, no. 561o, part (Colorado) . — Dyche, Auk, iii, 1886, 

 258 (Lawrence, Kansas, Nov. 1 to Jan. 26) .-Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886, 260, 261 

 (Lawrence, Kansas; crit.).— Bryant, Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., no. 6, 1887, 297 

 (Guadalupe I., Lower California). — Merrill, Auk, v, 1888, 358 (Et. Kla- 

 math, e. Oregon). — Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. VaL, 1888, 180 (Lawrence, Myiarchusn- 




52 BULLETIN 50, TINITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



hattan, and Emporia, e. Kansas, Nov. 5, 1885 to Jan. 26, 1886); Birds Colo- 

 rado, 1897, 97 (resident).— Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 420 (winter resident).— 

 Fisher, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 81 (s. Sierra Nevada, near timber 

 line, June to Sept. ) .— Lantz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), -263 

 (Lawrence, Myiarchusnhattan, and Emporia, Nov.). 



Loxia slricklandi Nelson, Eep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 174, part (Colorado). 



Loxia curdrostra minor (not Crucirostra minor Brehm) American Ornitholo- 

 gists' TJxioN, Check List, 1886, no. 521, part (Rocky Mts. to Colorado).— Town- 

 send, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 2l6 (Mt. Shasta, etc., n. California; 

 habits).— Merrill, Auk, xv, 1898, 15 (Ft. Sherman, n. w. Idaho, breeding). 



LOXIA CURVIROSTRA STRICKLANDI Ridgway. 

 UEXICAN CROSSBILL. 



Similar to Z. c. hendirei, but decidedly larger (the largest of Amer- 

 ican forms). 



J/afe.— Length (skins), 150.88-161.29 (155.19); wing, 93.22-102.87 

 (98.55); tail, 52.83-58.93 (56.13); exposed culmen, 18.80-21.84(19.81); 

 depth of bill at base, 11.43-13.46 (12.45); tarsus, 17.53-18.80 (18.29); 

 middle toe, 13.72-16.26 (15.24).' 



Female.— l^Qngth. (skins), 145.29-160.02(150.62); wing, 86.87-98.55 

 (92.71); tail, 47.75-54.36 (51.31); exposed cuhnen, 17.78-20.57 (19.30); 

 depth of bill at base, 10.41-12.45 (11.68); tarsus, 17.02-18.29 (17.78); 

 middle toe, 12.70-15.24 (14.22).^ 



High mountains of central and southern New Mexico and Arizona 

 (Chiricahua, Santa Catalina, and Mogollon ranges. Mount Graham, 

 San Francisco Mountains, etc.), along higher ranges in Mexico (in 

 coniferous belt) to Guatemala (Chaucus). 



Loxia mexicana (not of Linnaeus) Strickland, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1851, 43 

 (City of Mexico). — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera 

 Cruz); 1864, 174 (City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 122 (Jalapa).— 

 Salvin, Ibis, 1866, 193 (Chaucus, Guatemala); Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 

 202 (Mexico). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 424. 



Var. Curvirostra mexicana Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 318o. 



1 Thirteen specimens. 



^ Nine specimens. 



Specimens from Guatemala, Mexico, and Arizona average separately as follows: 




BIBDS OF KOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 53 



\_Curvirosira americana.l Ya,r. mexicana Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 129. 



Loxia curvirostra . . . var. mexicana Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 143«. — Hen- 

 SHA-n-, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 158 (Mt. Graham, s. 

 Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 248 (Jit. Graham, s. Arizona). 



Loxia curvirostra, var. mexicana Baikd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. K". Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, 488, part. — Henshaw, Am. Sportsman, Feb. 20, 1875, 328 

 (pine region of Arizona). 



[Loxia curvirostra, var. americana} c. mexicana Coues, Birds K". W., 1874, 109, 

 part (synonymy). 



Loxia curvirostra mexicana Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 

 176; Nom.N.Am.B., 1881, no. 172a.— Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 

 200.— Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 193 (Chiricahua Mts., s. 

 Arizona). 



L. [pxial c. [y.rvirostra'] mexicana Coues, Key N". Am. Birds, 1884, 350, part. 



[Loxia CTudrostra] var. mexicana Dubois, Bull. i\Ius. Boy. Belg. , Oct. , 1882, 7 (syn. ; 

 geog. range) . 



Curvirostra mexicana Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 551 (alpine region 

 of Vera Cfuz, Mexico). 



Loxia americana (not Curvirostra americana Wilson) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 

 1864, 174 (Valley of Mexico). 



[Loxial americana Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 34. 



Curvirostra americana Sumichrast Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 551 (alpine reg., 

 Vera Cruz). 



Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss. , viii, no. 23, Sept. 2, 

 1885, 354 (substitute forname mexicana, preoccupied). — American Ornithol- 

 ogists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 521a (part). — Scott, Auk, iv, 1887, 

 197 (Sta. Catalina Mts., s. Arizona).— Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 258 (MogoUon 

 Mts., Arizona, breeding in pine belt). — Meeriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 3, 

 1890, 40 (Grand Canyon of the Colorado), 95 (San Francisco Mt., in balsam 

 belt). — Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Soi. Phila., 1890, 215 (Chalchicomula, Vera 

 Cruz, 9,000 ft.) .—Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H. , x, 1898, 41 (Las Vigas, Vera 

 Cruz, 8,000 ft.). 



Loxia stricklandi Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 174, part (Arizona). 



Loxia curvirostra (not of Linnaeus) Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 435, 

 part. 



LOXIA LEUCOPTERA Gmelin. 

 ■WHITE-WINGED CKOSSBIXL. 



Wings black or nearly so, marked with two conspicuous broad 

 bands of white across tips of middle and greater (sometimes also last 

 row of lesser) coverts; tertials also more or less marked at tips with 

 white, except in worn plumage; upper tail-coverts and tail black or 

 nearly so, with narrow paler edgings. 



Adult male. — Head, neck, median portion of back, rump, and most 

 .of under parts red (usuallj^ pinkish red or light carmine, occasionally 

 more orange-red, rarely orange-yellowish); abdomen and flanks pale 

 grayish or dull white, the latter more or less streaked with dusk}-; 

 under tail-coverts black, broadlj- margined with white (sometimes 

 tinged with pink); scapulars black, this color extending across the 

 lower back; lores, part of orbital region, and spot at end of auricular 




54 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



region dusky; bill horn color, darker terminally; legs and feet dusky; 

 length (skins), 137.16-166.13 (148.34); wing, 84.58-91.44 (88.65); tail, 

 50.80-59.44 (54.86); exposed culmen, 15.75-17.53 (16.51); depth of 

 bill at base (three specimens), 9.14-9.91 (9.65); tarsus, 15.49-17.02 

 (16.26); middle toe, 11.18-13.21 (12.19).' 



Adult female. — Wings and tail as in adult male; scapulars dusky 

 centrally, margined with olive or grayish; rump light yellow (usually 

 maize or naples yellow) ; rest of upper parts with feathers dusky cen- 

 trally, broadly margined with olive or olive-yellowish, producing a 

 spotted or streaked appearance; posterior under parts as in the adult 

 male, but more anterior portions dull light olive-grayish, the feathers 

 with more or less conspicuous central spots or streaks of dusky, the 

 breast usually more or less strongly tinged or overlaid with olive- 

 yellowish; length (skins), 132.08-157.99 (143.61); wing, 82.80-90.17 

 (85.34); tail, 48.77-59.18 (54.36); exposed culmen, 16.24-16.76 (15.75); 

 depth of bill at base (one specimen), 10.16; tarsus, 15.24-17.27 (16.00), 

 middle toe, 11.18-12.70 (11.94).^ 



Yoiong. — Conspicuously streaked, both above and below, with dusky 

 on a dull whitish or partly pale olivaceous ground; wings and tail much 

 as in adult female, but the white markings of the former more restricted 

 and more or less tinged with pale buffy or yellowish. 



Breeding in coniferous forest districts of northern North America, 

 south to Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Myiarchusine, New Hamp- 

 shire (White Mountains), northern New York (Adirondacks), northern 

 Myiarchuschigan (Myiarchusckinac Island), etc;' in winter south, irregularly, to 

 District of Columbia, southern Ohio (near Cincinnati), central Indiana 

 (Indianapolis, Bloomington, etc.), southern Illinois (Richland County), 

 Kansas, Colorado, Nevada (East Humboldt Mountains), British Colum- 



^ Eighteen specimens. 



^ Fifteen specimens. 



Eastern and northwestern specimens differ in average measurements, as fdllows: 



There is not a sufficient number of comparable specimens available to enable me 

 to determine whether there is any difference in plumage between specimens from 

 the two regions. 



' Southern limit of breeding range on Pacific side not yet ascertained. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEBIC A. 55 



bia, etc. ; more or less frequent in southern and eastern Greenland 

 and western Europe (British Islands, Heligoland, etc.). 



[Loxia] leucoptera Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 844 (Hudson Bay and New 

 York; based on White-winged Crossbill Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, pt. i, 

 108). 

 Loxia leucoptera Bonaparte, Am. Orn., ii, 1828, 84, pi. 15, flg. .3. — .S^^•AINS0N and 

 Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 263. — Jakdixe, ed. "Wilson's Am. Orn., 

 ii, 1834, 42, pi. 31, fig. 3; iii, 440, pi. 15, flg. 3.— Temminck, Myiarchusn. d'Orn., ed. 

 1835, iii, 243.— Gould, Birds Europe, iii, 1837, pi. 203; Birds Gt. Brit., iii, 

 1864, pi. 48.— Audubon, Orn. Bidg.,iv, 1838, 467, pi. 364; Synopsis, 18.39, 129; 

 Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 190, pi. 201. — Keysbeling and Blasils, "Wirb. 

 Eur., 1840, 164.— Gray, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 111.— Myiarchuscgillivray, Brit. 

 Birds, ii, 1845, 28. — Bonaparte and Schlegel, Mon. Lox., 1850, 8, pi. 9. — 

 LicHTENSTEiN, Nom. Av. Myiarchuss. Berol., 1854, 48. — Reinhakdt, Ibis, 1861, 8 

 (Greenland; several occurrences). — Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 122 

 (Nova Scotia).— Harting, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 116.— Coues, Check 

 List, 1873, no. 142; 2d ed., 1882, no. 198; Birds N.W., 1874, 110.— Finsch, 

 Ab. Nat.Ver. Bremen, iii, 1873, 55 (coast of Alaska); Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 

 274 (Chilcoot and Portage Bay, Alaska, Jan., Feb.). — Snow, Birds Kansas, 

 1873, 6 (e. Kansas, rare in winter). — Baibd, Brewer, and Ridqway, Hist. 

 N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 488, pi. 23, figs. 2, 3.— Ridqway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 

 X, 1874, 372 (Illinois in winter) ; Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 20 (East Hum- 

 boldt Mts., Nevada, August, Sept.); Orn., 40th Parallel, 1877, 456 (do.); 

 Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 173.— Newton (A.), Myiarchusn. Nat. Hist. Green- 

 land, 1875, 99 (e. and s. Greenland, 5 specs. ). — Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, 181 

 (Heligoland, irregular, but occasionally numerous visitant). — D'Hamond- 

 viLLE, Ois. Eur., 1876.— Jouy, Field and Forest, ii, 1877, 155 (District of 

 Columbia, rare in winter). — Langdon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 8 (very abun- 

 dant winter of 1868-69); Revised List, 1879 (do.). — Dresser, Birds Europe, 

 iv, 1877, 137, pi. 204.— Newton, ed. Yarrell's Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1877,218.— 

 Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 117 (descr. bright-colored speci- 

 men) ; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 254 (Myiarchusgdalen Islands, breeding; 

 descr. female juv. ) ; Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 373 (Antioosti I., July 

 24).— KuMLiEN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 15, 1879, 75 (off Bonne Bay, New- 

 foundland, Aug. 15; Conception Bay, Newfoundland, Oct.). — Drew, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 89 (Bakers Park, Colorado, 1 spec); Auk, ii, 

 1885, 16 (mts. of Colorado, 10,000 ft., in winter).— Dubois, Bull. i\Ius. Roy. 

 Belg., i, 1882, 7 (synonymy; geogr. range). — Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, vii, 1882, 235 (Point de Monts, prov. Quebec, July) . — Chamberlain, 

 Bull. N. H. Soc. N. B., no. 1, 1882, 37 (New Brunswick, breeding).— British 

 Ornithologists' Union; List Brit. Birds, 1883, 58. — Seebohm, Hist. Brit. 

 Birds, ii, 1884, 37.— Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, 1885, 239 (Ft. Chimo, 

 Ungava, abundant in winter) ; Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 171, pi. 7, upper 

 feg. (young; Yukon district and St. Myiarchuschael, Alaska). — American Orni- 

 thologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 522. — Anthony, Auk, iii, 1886, 168 

 (n. w. Oregon in winter). — Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 174. — 

 CooKE, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Valley, 1888, 181 (dates, etc.); Birds Colorado, 1897, 

 97 (Bakers Park, s. w. Colorado, 9,500 ft., 1 spec.) .^Evermann, Auk, vi, 

 1889, 24 (Carroll Co., Indiana, Feb., Myiarchusr., rare).— Palmer ("W.), Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1890, 263 (Myiarchusgdalen Islands, breeding). — Goss, Birds Kansas, 

 1891, 421 (rare winter visit.) .—Myiarchuscfarlaxe, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 

 1891, 440 (Ft. Anderson). — Faxnin, Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 

 34 (Rocky Mt. district).— Dwight, Auk, x, 1893, 11 (Prince Edward I., breed- 

 ing). — White,, Auk, x, 1893, 226 (Myiarchusckinac I., Myiarchuschigan, rare summer 




56 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



resid.).— Ddtchee, Auk, x, 1893, 276 (Flatlands, etc.. Long Island, New- 

 York, 1848, 1864).— Nehkling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 43, pi. 21, 

 fig. 4.— Knight, Bull. "Univ. Myiarchusine, no. 3, 1897, 92 (resident).— Butler, 

 Birds Indiana, 1897, 920 (s. in winter to Indianapolis and Bloomington).— 

 Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (Chilli wack, Brit. Columbia).— Armstrong, 

 Auk, xvii, 1900, 175 (Johnstown and Pawtucket, Rhode Island, Jan., Feb.). 



X. loxia] leucoptera Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 388. — Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 

 1850, 527.— Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, 1851, 168.— Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., 

 viii, 1876, 105 (n. e. Illinois, winter).— Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 

 1884, 348.— RIDGWAY, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 393. 



[Loxia] leucoptera Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 108, no. 7636. 



Loxia cucoptera (err. typ.) Nelson, Cruise "Corwin," 1881 (1883), 66 (Alaska). 



[Loxia hifasdata.'] Subsp. a. Loxia leucoptera Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchusg., xii, 

 1888, 443. 



[Loxia leucoptera} var. leucoptera Baied, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, 483. 



Orucirostra leucoptera Brehm, Isis, 1827, 720; Naumannia, iii, 1853, 254, fig. 20. 



Curmrostra leucoptera Wilson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 48, pi. 31, fig. 3. — Baird, Rep. 

 Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 427; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 319.— Ball 

 and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 281 (Nulato, Alaska, Feb. 8- 

 Apr. 9).— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 149.— Stevenson, Prelim. Rep. U. S. Geol. 

 Surv. for 1871 (1872), 464 (Box Elder Creek, Wyoming) .—Myiarchusynard, Proc. 

 Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 371 (Umbagog, Myiarchusine, and Franconia, New 

 Hampshire, breeding). 



[Curvirostra'] leucoptera Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 129. 



Loxia (Crucirostra) leucoptera Naumann, Vug. DeutschL, pi. 385, fig. 4. 



Loxia falcirostra Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 371. — Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, 

 ii, 1843, 38. 



Loxia alrata Homeyee, Journ. fiir Orn., xxvii, Apr., 1879, 179 (North America; 

 =male ad. in worn breeding plumage; see Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 iii, 1890, 234). 



Genus PYRRHULA Brlsson. 

 Pyrrhula Brisson, Orn. , iii, 1760, 308. (Type, P. europxa Vieillot. ) 



Medium-sized or rather small arboreal finches of short, thick build, 

 very fluffy plumage, the bill verj'^ short and thick (length, depth, and 

 breadth about equal), the plumage more or less varied, but plain. 



Bill very short, thick, and broad, its width at base equal to or greater 

 than the length of the exposed culmen; the latter strongly convex, 

 indistinctly ridged; maxillary tomium with notch obsolete, the anterior 

 half concave, then slightly convex, the basal portion with a decided 

 deflection; mandibular tomium stronglj^ convex terminally; the sub- 

 basal angle produced into a rounded, tooth-like process, Nostrils 

 entirely hidden by a dense fringe of antrorse plumules. Rictal bristles 

 very strong. Wing rather long (about five times as long as tarsus), 

 rather pointed (four outermost primaries longest, the ninth longer than 

 the fifth); primaries exceeding secondaries bj' decidedlj" more than the 

 length of the tarsas. Tail shorter than wing by more than length of 

 tarsus, neariy even, about two-thirds hidden by the very long upper 

 coverts. Tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw; lateral toes rather 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMEBIC A. 57 



long, the outer with its claw reaching beyond base of middle claw; 

 claws rather strong, that of the hallux about equal to its digit. 



Colors. — More or less of the head and greater part of wings and 

 tail glossy black; rump and under tail-coverts usually white; rest of 

 plumage plain gray, brown, or yellowish above; plain gray, brown, 

 pinkish red, or yellowish below. 



Range. — Northern and central portions of Europe and Asia. (One 

 species of eastern Siberia casual in Alaska.^) 



PYRRHULA CASSINI (Baird). 



cAssnrs bullfinch. 



Adult male. — Pileum, lores, postocular region, lower eyelid, ante- 

 rior portion of malar region, and chin black, that of the pileum with 

 a bluish gloss; hindneck, back, scapulars, and lesser and middle wing- 

 coverts uniform ash gray; cheeks, throat, and under parts back to anal 

 region uniform pale drab-gray; anal region, under tail-coverts, under 

 wing-coverts, and rump pure white; greater wing-coverts black, broadly 

 but not sharply tipped with pale gray; remiges black, the secondaries 

 (especially tertials) with a purplish blue gloss; upper tail-coverts, middle 

 tail-feathers, and outer webs of other rectrices gloss}^ violet-black; inner 

 webs of rectrices " dead " black, the outermost usually (?) with a white 

 streak, of greater or less extent, next the shaft; bill black; legs and 

 feet dark brown; length (skin), 163.32; wing, 90.68; tail, 69.34; exposed 

 culmen, 9.40; tarsus, 19.05; middle toe, 12.70.^ 



Adult female. — Similar to the adult male, but under parts light 

 vinaceousdrab or ecru drab instead of gray; length (skin), 167.64; 

 wing, 84.33-87.38 (85.85); tail, 64.77-68.58 (66.56); exposed culmen, 

 9.91-10.16; tarsus, 16.51-17.53 (17.02); middle toe, 12.19-12.70 (12.45).' 



[The adult female of this species is verj' similar to that of P. pyr- 

 rhula Jcamtschatica, but is appreciablj'' darker and the back less purely 

 gray.] 



Eastern and central Siberia, west to valley of the Yenesei and south, 

 in winter, to Turkestan; accidental in Alaska (Nulato, Yukon Eiver, 

 one specimen, January 10, 1867). 



Pyrrhula rubicilla {not Loria rubicilla Guldenstadt) Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. , 

 ii, 1826, 7 (female, part). 



^Itia possible that one of the two European forms occurs, or has occurred, acci- 

 dentally in northeastern North America. In Bulletin No. 15 of the U. S.^ National 

 Myiarchusseum, 1879, p. 74, Myiarchus. Ludwig Kumlien mentions that a bullfinch (recorded as 

 "Pyrrhula ?") was seen by him July 19, 1879, near Oosooadluin Harbor, Cum- 

 berland Sound, which he was sure was a bird of this genus. 



2 One specimen. No. 100223, U.S.N.M, Kutluk, Lake Baikal, Siberia, Myiarchusrch 2, 188?. 



'Two specimens; the type, No. 49955, "^," Nulato, Alaska, January 10, 1867, 

 W. H. Dall, and No. 101978, Onon, Siberia, January 11, 1873, B. Dybowski. The former 

 represents the maximum, the latter the minimum measurements, as given above, 

 except as to length of culmen, in which the reverse is the case. 




58 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Pyrrhula coccinea, var. cassini Baikd, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 316, pi. 29, 

 fig. 1 (Nulato, Alaska; IT. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). — Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chi- 

 cago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 281 (Nulato).— Coues, Check List, 1874, p. 127. 



Pyrrhula cassmi Tristram, Ibis., April, 1871, 231 (crit.).— Cab amis, Journ. fiir 

 Orn., 1871, 318; 1873, 315 (crit.).— Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, iii, 1872, 

 54. — Baird, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 239 (Lake Baikal, Siberia; crit.). — Taczan- 

 owsKi, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 95 (e. Siberia); 1874, 39 (crit. ).— Coues, 

 Check List, 1873, no. 138; 2d ed., 1882, no. 19L— Baird, Brewer, and 

 Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 457, pi. 23, fig. 11; iii, 1874, 508 

 (Lake Baikal, etc.). — Dybowski, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 39 (Kultuk, Dauria; 

 crit.). — Dresser, Birds Europe, iv, 1876, 100, part. — Ridgway,' Nom. N. 

 Am. Birds, 1881, no. 167. — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 



1886, no. 516.— Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 169, pi. 7.— Nelson, 

 Eep. Nat'Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 172.— Stejneger, Proc.U. S. Nat. Myiarchusa.,x, 



1887, 104 (synonymy; crit.).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss.,xii, 1888, 451 

 (Onon River and Kultuk, Lake Baikal, Siberia). 



[Pyrrhuki] cassinii Coues, Key X. Am. Birds, 1872, 128. 



P-lyrrhula} cassini Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 344. — Ridgway, 

 Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 389. 



Pyrrhula cineracea Caeanis, Journ. fiir Orn., xx, July, 1872, 316 (Lake Baikal, 

 e. Siberia; Berlin Myiarchuss.); 1873, 314 (crit); 1877, 223.— Dybowski, Journ. 

 fiir Orn., 1874, 40, pi. 1 (crit.).— Severzow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1875, 173.— 

 Taozanowski, Journ. fiir Orn., 1875, 254 (Ussuri); 1881, 185 (Kultuk, 

 Dauria; Ussuri) ; Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, 183; 1880, 138.— Gould, Birds 

 Asia, V, 1875, pi. 40. — Dresser, Birds Europe, iv, 1876, 100, part. — Homeyee, 

 Journ. fur Orn., 1879, 178 (crit.).— Stetnegee, N. Myiarchusg. Naturv., 1881, 115.— 

 Bolau, Journ. fiir Orn., 1882, 334. — Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, 424 (Krasnoyarsk, 

 Onon River, Siberia; Askold Island, near Vladivostok; Turkestan; Asia 

 Myiarchusnor) . 



Pyrrhula nipalensis (not of Hodgson) Severzow, Turkest. Jevotn., 1873, 64, 117. 



Pyrrhula cineracea pallida Seebohm, Ibis, 5th ser., v, Jan., 1887, 101, in text 

 (Altai Mountains and Ussuri Valley) . 



Genus PINICOLA Vieillot. 



Pinicola Vieillot, Ois. Am., Sept., i, 1807, p. iv. (Type, P. ?-u6ro yieUlot,= 

 Loxia enucleator Linnaeus. ) 



SlrobUophaga Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 29. (Type, Dur-Bec B\ifion,= Loxia enu- 

 cleator Linnaeus.) 



"Strobiliphaga Boie." 



Corythus Cuvier, RSgne Anim., i, 1817, 301. (Type, Loxia enucleator Linnseas.) 



Enucleator Brehm, Vogelf., 1855, 89. (Type, Loxia enucleator Linnaeus.) 



"Bensirostra Wood" (Gray, Gen. Birds, 1855, 81). 



Very large (more than 177 mm. long) arboreal finches with long wings 

 and tail; very short, broad, and thick bill with culmen strongly curved 

 and tip of maxilla hooked, and small feet; the plumage mostly plain, 

 without streaks or spots on under parts; the adult males in full plum- 

 age more or less red. 



Bill short, broad, and thick, with the culmen strongly convex from 

 the base, its width at the base nearly, equal to the distance from the 

 nostril to the tip of the maxilla; width of mandible at base little if any 

 greater than length of gonys, the latter nearly sti'aight, with the basal 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 59 



angle very prominent; maxillary tomium gently concave basall}^ 

 strongly so terminally, mandibular tomium decidedly angulated pos- 

 terior to the middle, but the angle not toothed; nasal plumules con- 

 spicuous, quite hiding the nostrils; wing long (about five times as 

 long as the tarsus), rather pointed (four outermost primaries longest, 

 the ninth decidedly longer than the fifth) ; primaries exceeding second- 

 aries by more than li times the length of the tarsus but less than half 

 the length of the tail; tail long (shorter than wing by only about half 

 the length of the tarsus), emarginated; tarsus short, less than twice 

 as long as exposed culmen, nearly as long as middle toe with claw; 

 anterior claws very slightly curved, the lateral ones reaching beyond 

 base of middle claw; hallux shorter than the lateral toes, but much 

 stouter, the rather Aveak claw decidedly shorter than its digit. 



Goloration. — Adult males: General color dull rose pink or madder 

 pink (rarely varying to a light vermilion tint), changing to ash gray 

 on scapulars, flanks, belly, and under tail-coverts, the plumage every- 

 where being of this color beneath the surface; scapulars and feathers 

 of back dusky centrally, causing a spotted appearance; wings and tail 

 dusky, the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with white (this 

 sometimes tinged with pink) and tertials broadly edged with same; 

 secondaries, primaries, and tail-feathers narrowly edged with light 

 grayish. Adult females with wings and tail as in the male, but rest 

 of plumage graj'ish, without any red, but changing to a more or less 

 bright olive-tawny tint on head and lower rump, the breast sometimes 

 tinged with same. Young similar to adult female, but colors duller 

 and more blended, the wing-bands dull buffy instead of pure white, 

 and texture of plumage very different. 



[Note. — Numerous apparently adult males have the plumage not 

 distinguishable from that of the female; in others, the general plumage 

 is that of the female, except that the olivaceous or tawny color on 

 head, etc. , is replaced by a more reddish tint (varying from light dull 

 orange-red to deep madder brown).] 



Range. — More northern parts of Palsearctic and Nearctic regions 

 (including Boreal "islands" southward). 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP PINICOLA. 



a. General color of wings and tail grayish brown. 

 h. General color of head, neck, and body red (adult males), 

 c. Smaller, except the bill (wing averaging 107.19, tail 81.03, exposed culmen 

 16.00, width of mandible at base 9.40, tarsus 21.34). ^ (Europe, etc.) 



Pinicola euucleator enucleator, adult male.^ 



^ These average measurements include both sexes. 



^[Loxia] enucleator LiNNiEus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 171, part (based primarily 

 on Fauna Suecica, 176) ; ed. 12, i, 1766, 299, part. — Pinicola enucleator Oabanis, in 

 Ersch. u. Gruber's Encycl., 1st. sec, i, 1849, 219; Myiarchuss. Hein., i, 1851, 167. Of the 

 American forms this resembles most closely the Alaskan coast subspecies (P. e.flam- 

 mula), but is duller colored, the female more olive. 




60 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



cc. Larger, except the bill (wing averaging 112.52, tail 86.11, exposed culmen 

 15.75, width of mandible at base 10.41, tarsus 22.61). (Coast of Alaska 

 from Kodiak southward. ) . . .Pinlcola enucleator flammula, adult male (p. 64) 

 66. General color of head, neck, and body grayish and olive-yellowish (adult 

 females and immature males), 

 f. General color olive-yellowish or yellowish olive, becoming gray posteriorly, 

 the rump and upper tail-coverts very slightly tinged with olive-yellowish. 

 Piaicola enucleator enucleator, female and young male. 

 cc. General color brownish gray, with head, neck, and rump olive-yellowish, 

 the breast sometimes, but not usually, tinged with same. 



Pinioola enucleator flammula, female and young male. 

 ca. General color of wings and tail slate-dusky or dull blackish, much darker than 

 in the preceding. 

 6. General color of head, neck, and body red (adult males) . 



c. Bill relatively short and thick; feathers of back conspicuously dusky cen- 

 trally; more red on under parts, the breast and sides mostly "solid" red. 

 d. Smaller, with relatively narrower bill; gray parts darker; wing averaging 

 114.05, tail 86.36, exposed culmen 14.99, width of mandible at base 9.91, 

 tarsus 22.35. (Northeastern North America.) 



Pinlcola enucleator canadensis, adult male (p. 60) 



dd. Larger, with relatively shorter and broader bill; gray parts paler; wing 



averaging 116.59, tail 91.95, exposed culmen 14.73, width of mandible 



at base 10.16, tarsus 22.86. (Northwestern North America, except 



coast district east of Alaskan peninsula. ) 



Pinlcola enucleator alascensls, adult male (p. 63) 

 cc. Bill relatively long and slender; feathers of back not distinctly, if at all, 

 dusky centrally; less red on under parts where mainly confined to ante- 

 rior half, and there more or less broken. 

 d. Smaller, especially the bill; wing averaging 111.76, tail 89.92, exposed cul- 

 men 13.97, width of mandible at base 8.64, tarsus 22.10. (High moun- 

 tains of California.) Pinlcola enucleator callfornlca, adult male (p. 65) 



dd. Larger, especially the bill; wing averaging 119.63, tail 94.49, exposed cul- 

 men 16.00, width of mandible at base 9.91, tarsus 23.37. (Rocky Moun- 

 tains. ) Pinlcola enucleator montana, adult male (p. 66) 



bh. General color grayish, with more or less of olive-yellowish on head, neck, 

 rump, etc. (Adult females and young males. ) 

 c. Bill relatively short and thick; rump olive-yellowish. 

 d. Smaller and slightly darker, with relatively narrower bill. 



Pinlcola enucleator canadensis, female and young male. 

 dd. Larger and slightly paler, with relatively shorter and broader bill. 



Pinlcola enucleator alascensls, female and young male. 

 cc. Bill relatively long and slender; rump gray, like back (upper tail-coverts, 

 howeveT, slightly tinged with olive-yellowish) . 

 d. Smaller, with more slender bill. 



Pinioola enucleator callfornlca, female and young male. 

 dd. Larger, with stouter bill. 



Pinlcola enucleator montana, female and young male. 



PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR CANADENSIS (Cabanis). 

 CANADIAD' FINE GROSBEAK, 



Adiolt male. — General color of head, neck, and under parts (except 

 abdomen, flanks, anal region, and under tail-coverts) rather light 

 poppy red (in summer) or dull pinkish red (in winter), the feathers 




BIED8 OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMEKICA. 61 



grayish beneath the surface, this more or less exposed in places, espe- 

 cially on chest; nasal tufts and part of loral and orbital regions dusky; 

 abdomen and upper portion of sides and flanks rather light dull ash 

 gray or smoke gray; under tail-coverts similar, but in part darker, 

 broadly margined with white; interscapulars dusky, broadly margined 

 with red ; scapulars dark grayish margined with paler gray ; rump, super- 

 ficially, red; upper tail-coverts broadly margined with red; wings dull 

 slate-dusky, most of the feathers edged with light grayish and white 

 (the edgings broader and decidedly white on tertials), the greater and 

 middle coverts broadly tipped with white, forming two conspicuous 

 bands, which are sometimes, especiall}^ the anterior one, tinged with 

 red; tail slate-dusky edged with grayish (sometimes tinged with red); 

 inaxilla dull blackish, mandible horn brownish, tipped with blackish; 

 legs and feet black; length (skins), 195.58-220.98(208.03); wing, 108.20- 

 121.92 (114.05); tail, 81.Y9-93.22 (86.87); exposed culmen, 13.97-16.00 

 (14.73); depth of bill at base, 11.43-12.70 (12.19); width of mandible at 

 base, 8.89-10.16 (9.91); tarsus, 21.59-23.11 (22.35); middle toe, 14.48- 

 16.76 (15.49).^ 



Adult female. — General color plain smoke gray, the pileum and 

 rump and part of upper tail-coverts bright yellowish olive, tawny-olive 

 or russet, the back and anterior under parts, especially chest, some- 

 times more or less tinged with the same; otherwise like adult male; 

 length (skins), 200.66-226.06 (208.53); wing, 107.70-116.84 (113.79); 

 tail, 81.28-91.44 (85.60); exposed culmen, 14.73-16.00 (15.24); depth 

 of bill at base, 12.70 (one specimen only); width of mandible at base, 

 9.65-10.41 (10.16); tarsus, 22.10-23.62 (22.61); middle toe, 14.48- 

 16.61 (15.75).^ 



Immature {?) male. — Exactly like the adult female in coloration; 

 some specimens with the pileum, rump, etc. , reddish instead of olive- 

 yellowish. 



Young. — Similar in coloration to adult female, but duller, the wing 

 bands, etc. , dull light grayish brown instead of white. 



Northeastern North America, breeding from New Brunswick (Resti- 

 gouche Valley), Myiarchusine (Upton, etc.). New Hampshire (White Moun- 

 tains), Province of Quebec (Point de Monts), etc., north to limit of 

 coniferous forests; south in winter to southern New England, New 

 York, New Jersey, northern parts of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, Iowa, 

 etc. , casually to District of Columbia, Kentucky (Fulton and Hickman 

 counties), and Kansas (Leavenworth); west to eastern Kansas, Myiarchusnne- 

 sota, Myiarchusnitoba, etc. 



\_Loxia] enucleator (not of Linnaeus, 1758) Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 

 299, part.— FoESTBR, Philos. Trans., Ixii, 1772, 383, 402 (Severn River).— 

 Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 845, part. 

 Loxia enudeaior Wilson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 80,. pi. 5, fig. 2. 



I Thirteen specimens. ' Nine specimens. 




62 BTJLLETIK 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Pyrrhula {Coryihus) enudeator Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 

 1831, 262. 



Coryihus enudeator Swainson and Richahdson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, pi. 53. — 

 Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 38, part. — Jakdine, ed. Wilson's 

 Am. Orn., i, 1832, 79, pi. 5, fig. 2; iii, 1832, 465, pi. 16, fig. 3.— Audubon, 

 Synopsis, 1839, 127; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 179, pi: 199.— Giraud, Birds 

 Long I., 1844, 128. — Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 211 (Myiarchusssachusetts, 

 winter). — Teippb, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 116 (Myiarchusnnesota, winter). 



ICorythus] enudeator Bonaparte, Consp. Av.,i, 1850, 528, part. 



Pyrrhula enudeator Bonaparte, Synopsis, 1828, 119; Am. Orn., iii, 1828, 16, pi. 16, 

 fig. 3. — NUTTALL, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Canada, i, 1832, 535. — Audubon, Orn. 

 Biog.,iv,,1838, 414, pi. 358. 



[Pinicola'] enudeator Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 127, part. 



Pinieola enudeator Ooues, Check List, 1873, no. 137, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 190, 

 part; Birds N. 'W.,1874, 104, part. — Baied, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 

 Am. Birds, i, 1874, 453, part, pi. 21, figs. 1, 2. — Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 

 1875, 6 (Leavenworth, Kansas, winter). — Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 

 iii, 1878, 116 (Upton, Myiarchusine; descr. young) ; Auk, vii, 1882, 254 (Myiarchusgdalen 

 Islands, breeding); xii, 1895, 245-256 (remarkable migration). — Roberts, 

 Rep. State Geol. Myiarchusnn., 1880, 380 (Myiarchusnneapolis, winter). — Ridgway, Nom. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 166, part.— Meeeiam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 

 120, 225 (breeding near Point de Monts, prov. Quebec). — Stearns, Proc. U. 

 S. Nat. Myiarchuss.,vi, 1883, 117 (Labrador, "fall and winter").— Tuhnbe, Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, 1885, 239 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, breeding).— Seton, 

 Auk, iii, 1886, 322 (Red River Valley, etc., in winter; "probably breeding 

 in the Winnipegoosis region"). — Bicknell, Auk, i, 1884, 327 (song). — 

 American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 515, part. — Chad- 

 bourne, Auk, iv, 1887, 104 (White Mta., New: Hampshire, July). — Keyes 

 and Williams, Proc. Davenp. Ac. Nat. Sci., v, 1888, (28) (Charles City, Iowa, 

 winter). — Pindae, Auk, v, 1888, 321 (Hickman County, Kentucky, Feb.); 

 vi, 1889, 314 (Fulton Co., Kentucky, Feb., Myiarchusr.).— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. 

 Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 178 (Alda, s. e. Nebraska, Myiarchusy; Myiarchustchell, Iowa; Kansas, 

 Illinois, etc. ) . — Beittain and Cox, Auk, vi, 1889, 117 (breeding in Restigouche 

 Valley, New Brunswick).— Claeke, Auk, vii, 1890, 322 (Fort Churchill, 

 Hudson Bay). — Thompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1891, 584 (Myiarchusnitoba 

 localities). — Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 414 (rare winter resid.). — Foster, 

 Auk, xiii, 1896, 175 (Westchester Co., New York, Feb. 12).— Beeiee, Auk, 

 xiii, 1896, 175 (Wortendyke, New Jersey, Myiarchusr. 8).— Furness, Auk, xiii, 1896, 

 175 (Poughkeepsie, New York, winter). — Knight, Auk, xiii, 1896, 21 (habits 

 in captivity), 77 (Bangor, Myiarchusine). — Butler, Birds Indiana, 1897, 914 (n. 

 Indiana in winter). 



P. [inicola'] enudeator Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii,-1876, 105 (n. e. Illinois, win- 

 ter) .— Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 343, part. 



Corythus canadensis Beehm, Vog. Deutschl. , 1831, 247 (ex Coccothraustes cana- 

 densis Brisson, Orn., iii, 1760, 250, pi. 12, flg. 3). " 



(?) Coryihus splendens Brbhm, Isis, 1840, 590. 



Enudeator canadensu Brehm, Vogelf., 1855, 89. 



Corythus enudeator canadensis Bkehm ( A. E. ), Verz. Samml. 0. L. Brehm, 1866, 10. 



P. linicola] canadensis Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein.,i, Aug., 1851, 167 (Illinois). 



Pinieola canadensis Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,ix, 1858, 410; Cat. N.Am. 

 Birds, 1859, no. 304.— Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. , 1861, 221 (Labrador, 

 breeding); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 280 (Myiarchusine; Essex Co., Myiarchusssachu- 

 setts; New Haven, Connecticut). — Sclatee, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 122 

 (Nova Scotia). — Coues and Prentiss, Smithsonian Rep. for 1861 (1862), 411 




BIKDS OF NOKTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 63 



(District of Columbia, accidental). — Wheatox, Ohio Agric. Rep., 1860, no. 

 136 (Columbus, Ohio). — Lawkence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 288 (vicinity 

 New York City).— Tuenbull, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 21 (rare in 

 winter). — Sxow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 6 (Leavenworth, e. Kansas in winter). 

 P. [^inicola] enucleator . . . vtir. ccmadensis Ridgway, Ann. Lye. K. Y., x, Jan., 



1874, 371 (Illinois iu winter). 

 P. [inicola] enucleator canadensis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 388, part. 

 Pinicola enucleator canadensis Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 25, pi. 

 21, fig. 6 (P. enucleator on plate). —Ridgway, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 320 

 (crit. ). — American- Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 

 1899, 113. 



PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR ALASCENSIS Ridgway. 

 ALASKAN FINE GROSBEAK, 



Similai- to P. e. canadensh, but decidedlj' larger, with smaller or 

 shorter bill and paler coloration, both sexes having the gray parts of 

 the plumage distinctlj' lighter, more ashy. 



Admit male.— LL&s\gi\ (skins), 218.44-246.38 (227.33); wing, 112.01- 

 127.25 (117.09); tail, 84.84-102.62 (92.71); exposed culmen, 13.97- 

 15.24 (14.48); depth of bill at base, 11.68-12.95 (12.19); width of 

 maxilla at base, 9.91-10.41 (10.16); tarsus, 22.10-23.37 (22.86); middle 

 toe, 14.48-16.00 (15.24).^ - 



Adult female.— h^ng^h (skins), 195.68-220.98 (213.11); wing, 114.05- 

 120.40 (116.08); tail, 87.88-97.54 (98.47); exposed culmen, 14.48-15.49 

 (14.99); depth of bill at base, 11.68-12.70 (12.19); width of mandible 

 at base, 10.16-10.67 (10.41); tarsus, 22.35-23.37 (22.61); middle toe, 

 14.73-15.24 (14.99).' 



Northwestern North America, except Pacific coast, breeding in in- 

 terior of Alaska; south, in winter, to eastern Bi'itish Columbia, Mon- 

 tana' (Bitter root Valley), etc. 



Pinicola canadensis (not Corythus canadensis 'Brehra) Dall and Bannister, Trans. 



Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 281, part (Nulato and throughout Yukon Valley). — 



Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 151, part. 



P. [inicola'] enucleator canadensis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 388, part. 



Pinicola enucleator canadensis Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 34, 



part (e. sideCascade Mts.). 

 [Mnicola] enucleator (not Loxia enucleator Linnaeus) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 



1872, 127, part. 

 Pinicola enucleator Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 137, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 190, 

 part; Birds N. W., 1874, part. — Bated, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, 453, part (Yukon district, Alaska). — (?) Bendiee, Proc. Bost. 

 Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 116 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, winter).— (?) MyiarchusChes- 

 NEY, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 187 (Fort Sisseton, South Dakota, Jan. 

 6). — Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 166, part.— Nelson, Cruise 

 Corwin, 1881 (1883), 66 (head of Norton Sound, Alaska); Rep. Nat. Hist. 

 Coll. Alaska, 1887, 170, part (Alaska, north and east of Alaskan Mts.; 



' Ten specimens. ' Six specimens. 




64 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



crit.).' — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 515, 

 part.— Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1886, 168 (St. Myiarchuschael, 

 Nulato, Anvik, Fort Yukon, and Nushagak).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 459, part (Bitterroot Valley, :\Iontana; Bear Lake and Fort 

 Simpson, Brit. Am.; Fort Yukon, Alaska).— Myiarchuscfarlane, Proc. V. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 440 (Fort Simpson, breeding) .—Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 1893, 47, 63, part (e. side of Cascade Mts., Brit. Columbia). 



P. [inicola] enucleator Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 343, part. 



Pinieola enudeaior alascensis Ridgway, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 319 (Nushagak, 

 Alaska; TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). — American Ornithologists' Union Committee, 

 Auk, xvi, 1899, 114 (Check List no. 515c). 



PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR FLAMMULA (Homeyer). 

 EASIAE FINE OROSBEAE. 



Similar to P. e. canadensis in length of wing, tail, and tarsus, but 

 with much larger, relatively longer, and more .strongly hooked bill; 

 in size and shape of bill and in coloration more like P. e. enucleator, 

 but decidedlj^ lai'ger (except bill), the adult male with the red rather 

 brighter, especially on upper parts, the adult female and immature 

 male usually with much less of yellowish olive on breast and with 

 more of the same color on rump and upper tail-coverts. 



Adult «iafe.— Length (skins), 193.04-228.60 (204.47); wing, 111.76- 

 116.08 (113.28); tail, 83.31-91.44 (86.61); exposed culmen, 14.48-16.26 

 (15.75); depth of bill at base, 11.94 (one specimen); width of mandible 

 at base, 10.16-10.67 (10-16); tarsus, 21.84-23.37 (22.61); middle toe, 

 15.24-17.27 (16.26).' 



Advlt female.— Length, (skins), 191.77-220.98 (203.45); wing, 108.20- 

 114.05 (111.51); tail, 79.50-91.44(85.34); exposed culmen, 14.48-16.26 

 (15.49); depth of bill at base, 11.68-12.70 (12.45); width of mandible 

 at base, 10.16-10.41 (10.41); tarsus, 21.34-23.62 (22.61); middle toe, 

 16.26-17.53 (16.76).' 



Island of Kadiak, Alaska, and Alaskan coast southward, at least to 

 Sitka (probably also coast district of British Columbia, at least in 

 winter). 



[Of all the American forms this is decidedly most like true P. enu- 

 deaior of Europe, having the bill almost precisely similar in size and 

 shape and the coloration very nearly the same. In general dimensions, 

 however, the present bird is decidedly larger, the average length of 

 wing, tail, and tarsus being practically the same as in P. e. canadensis. 

 In coloration the resemblance to P. e. e/iucleator is very close indeed, 

 the latter and P. e. flammula having the dusky centers to the feathers 



' This form was well characterized by Myiarchus. Nelson iu the work cited, but unfortu- 

 nately he neglected to name it. 

 ^ Eight specimens. 

 ' Six specimens. 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 65 



of the back in adult males much less distinct than in P. e. canadensis 

 and its northwestern relative, P. e. alascensis. P. e. flammula is a 

 little more brightly colored than P. e. enudeator, however, or the red, 

 if not more intense, is of an appreciably purer hue. The female and 

 immature (?) male has, usually, much less of an olive-yellowish wash 

 on the breast, though the golden olive of the head and neck are brighter, 

 and there is much more of golden olive on the rump and upper tail- 

 coverts than in P. e. eniteleator. 



The much larger, stouter, and more hooked bill alone will serve to 

 readily distinguish this coast form from the two more southern moun- 

 tain forms, P. e. calif ornica and P. e. montana.] 



Pinicola canadensis (not of Cabanis) Brown, Ibis, 1868, 423 (Fort Rupert, Van- 

 couver I., winter). — Ball and Banxistee, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 

 281, part (Kodiak and Sitka, Alaska).— (?) Coopee, Orn. Cal., 1870, 151 

 part (Kodiak). 

 (?) Pinicola enucleator canadensis Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 34, 



part (w. side Cascades). 



Pinicola enucleator (not Loxia enucleator Linnaeus) Finsch, Abh. Nat. Forh.,iii, 



. 1872, 54 (Kodiak; crit); Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 274 (Chilcoot, Alaska, Jan., 



Myiarchusr.; Portage Bay).— Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 137, part; Birds N. W., 



1874, 104, part. — Baird, Beewee, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 



453, part (Sitka and Kodiak, Alaska). — American Ornithologists' Union, 



Check List, 1886, no. 515, part.— Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 



170, part (Sitka and Kodiak, Alaska; crit. ) .^ — (?) Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 



Phila., 1893, 47, 63, part (w. side of Cascades, Brit. Columbia) . 



Pinicola flammula Homeyee, Journ. fiir Orn., xxviii, July, 1880, 156 (" Nordwest- 



amerika;" coll. von Homeyer). 

 Pinicola enucleator flammula Stejneger, Auk, i, Apr. , 1884,149, footnote. — Ridg- 

 way, Auk, XV, Oct., 1898, 320 (crit.). — American Ornithologists' Union 

 Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 114 (Check List, no. 515d). 

 P. [inicola} enucleator kodiaka Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, Sept., 1887, 388 (Ko- 

 diak Island, Alaska; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 

 Pinicola enucleator kodiaka Chapman, Auk, v, 1888, 397. — Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N, 



Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 613. 

 Pinicola enucleator kadiaka Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592. 



PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR CALIFORNICA Price. 

 CALIFORNIA FnrE GROSBEAK. 



Similar to P. e. flammula, but slightly smaller, with the bill much 

 smaller and proportionatel}^ very much narrower; adult male with the 

 red color less extended and less uniform, especially on under parts, 

 and interscapulars with dusky centers obsolete or wanting; adult female 

 with very little if any olive tinge to gray of rump and upper tail- 

 coverts. 



Adult mafe.— Length (skin), 196.85;' wing, 109.98-114.81 (113.54);' 



^ Both this form and the interior Alaskan race are well characterized by Myiarchus. Nel- 

 son, but he unfortunately neglected to name them. 



* One specimen. ' Five specimens. 



17024—01 5 




66 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



tail, 91.44-106.93 (99.31);' exposed culmen, 13.97-14.99 (14.73);' depth 

 of bill at base, 9.91-11.18 (10.16);' tarsus, 22.10;' middle toe, 15.49.' 

 Adult female.— Length, (skins), 187.96-201.93 (194.82);' wing, 

 107.95-115.06(111.25);* tail, 90.93-102.87(95.00);* exposed culmen, 

 13.97-15.75 (14.73);* depth of bill at base, 9.91-11.18 (10.41);* tarsus, 

 21.69-22.61 (22.10);' middle toe, 15.49-16.51 (16.00).' 



High Sierra Nevada, California, breeding from 7,000 feet to timber 

 line. 



Pinicola canadensis (not Cory thus canadensis 'Brehm)pooFER, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., iv, 

 1868, 8 (Sierra Nevada); Orn. Cal., 1870, 151, part (resident on high Sierra 

 Nevada).— Belding, Proc. U.S.Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 392 (Soda Springs and 

 Summit Meadows, California, summer). 

 Pinicola enucleator, §. canadensis Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 66 

 (Soda Springs, Placer Co., California, Sept. 28); Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 

 412 (do.). 

 P. [inicola'] enucleator canadensis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 388, part. 

 [Pinicola] enucleator (not Loxia enucleator Linnaeus) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 



1872, 127, part. 

 Pinicola enudeaior Cov^ Check List, 1873, no. 137, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 190, 

 part; Birds N. W., 1874, 104, part. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. 

 N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 453, part; iii, 1874, 508 (summit Central Pacific E. E. 

 Pass, California, alt. 7,000 ft.). — Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 

 166, part. — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 515, 

 part. — Fisher, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 79 (head of San Joaquin E., 

 California, July 30) . 

 Pinicola enucleator californica Price, Auk, xiv, April, 1897, 182 (Pyramid Peak, 

 El Dorado Co., California; coll. Leland Stanford Jr. Univ.).. — Ridgway', 

 Auk, XV, 1898, 320. — American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, 

 xvi, 1899, 113 (Check List, no. 5156). 



PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR MONTANA Ridgway. 

 ROCKY MOTTNTAIN PINE GROSBEAK. 



Similar to J^. e. californica, but decidedly larger and coloration 

 slightly darker, the adult male with the red of a darker, more carmine 

 hue. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 203.20-217.17 (209.30); wing, 119.89- 

 123.44 (121.92); tail, 93.47-101.60 (96.27); exposed culmen, 15.49-17.27 

 (16.00); depth of bill at base, 11.43-12.45 (11.68); tarsus, 22.10-24.13 

 (22.86); middle toe, 16:51-17.02 (16.76).= 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 203.20-210.82 (207.01); wing, 118.11- 

 119.13 (118.62); tail, 88.39-88.90 (88.65); tarsus, 23.62-23.88; middle 

 toe, 9.91-10.16.' 



Rocky Mountains of United States, from Montana and Idaho to New 

 Mexico. 



Pinicola canadensis (not Corythus canadensis Brehm) Stevenson, Prelim. Eep. 

 U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870 (1871), 464 (Uintah Mts., AVyoming). 



' Five specimens. 'Two specimens. ° Four specimens. 



^ One specimen. ■• Six specimens. 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMEKICA. 67 



Pinicola enudeator var. canadensis Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 181 

 (Colorado). 



Pinicola enudeator, /3. canadensis Ridgway, Field and Forest, iii. Myiarchusy, 1877, 197 

 (Colorado). 



P. [inicola'\ enudeator canadensis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 388, part. 



{Pinicolal enudeator (not Loxia enudeator Linnteus) Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 

 1872, 127, part. 



Pinicola enudeator Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 137, part; 2d ed. , 1882, no. 190, part; 

 Birds N. \V., 1874, 104, part ( Uintah Mts., Wyoming; mts. of Colorado, breed- 

 ing). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 453, part. — 

 Nelson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1875, 344 (30 m. s. of Fort Bridger, Wyom- 

 ing).— Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 166, part.— Drew, Bull. Nutt. 

 Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 89 (San Juan Co., Colorado, breeding); Auk, ii, 1885, 15 

 (Colorado, 10,000-11,500 ft. ).— American Ornithologists' Union, Check 

 List, 1886, no. 515, part.— Merhiam, North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 101 (Sal- 

 mon R. Mts., etc., s. Idaho, breeding). — Richmond and Knowlton, Auk, xi, 

 1894,305 (Mystic Lake and Trail Creek, Montana, breeding). — Cooke, Birds 

 Colorado, 1897, 96 (breeding near timber line). 



Pinicola enudeator montana Ridgway, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 319 (Bear Creek, Gal- 

 latin Co., Montana; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ). — American Ornithologists' Union 

 Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 113 (Check List. no. 515 a). 



Genus LEUCOSTICTE Swainson. 



Leucostide Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, App. 1, 493. (Type, Linaria {Leu- 



costide) tephrocotis Swainson.) 

 Hypolia Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., sec. ser., i, no. 2, Myiarchusy 



11, 1875, 67. (Type, Passer arctous Pallas.) 



Long-winged, short-legged, essentially terrestrial finches, with nor- 

 mally shaped bill (i. e. , with maxilla not distinctly shallower than man- 

 dible and with gonys decidedly more than half the lateral length of the 

 mandible), and dark-colored plumage. 



Bill much shorter than head, short-conical; distance from nostril to 

 tip of maxilla less than half the length of the tarsus, equal to or a little 

 more than depth of bill at base; culmen very slightly convex or nearly 

 straight to near the tip, where more convex; gonys straight, barely 

 shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; lateral basal por- 

 tion of mandible sometimes with an oblique ridge. Nasal plumules 

 distinct, quite covering nostrils. Wing long (more than five times as 

 long as tarsus), pointed (three outermost primaries — usually the ninth — 

 longest) ; primaries exceeding secondaries by nearly or quite twice the 

 length of the tarsus. Tail about two-thirds as long as wing, or a little 

 more, emarginated, more than half hidden by the upper coverts. Tar- 

 sus equal to or slightly longer than middle toe with claw; lateral claws 

 reaching to about base of middle claw; hind claw equal to or longer 

 than its digit, strongly curved. 



Coloration. — Adults with more or less of pink or reddish, at least 

 on flanks, or else with remiges and rectrices silverj^ gray or whitish. 

 Young not streaked, but nearly unicolored, and wholly dark colored 

 (sooty, grayish, or brownish) beneath. 




68 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Range. — Colder parts of eastern and central Asia and western North 

 America. 



From this genus I exclude Montifringilla^ Brehm, on account of its 

 even tail, with broad-ended rectrices, and Fringillauda^ Hodgson, by- 

 reason of its longer tarsus (decidedly more, instead of less, than one- 

 fifth as long as wing), both genera being also very different from Leu- 

 costicte in their style of coloration. Both are exclusively Palsearctic. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP LEUCOSTICTE. 



a. Adults ' with sides of head at least partly gray, like posterior portion of pileum. 

 h. Larger (wing averaging 118.36 in male, 114.30 in female); coloration darker 

 (chest and upper back deep chestnut-brown). (Islands of Bering Sea, 

 including Commander group, Aleutians, and Shumagins. ) 



LeTicosticte tephrocotis griseonuoha (p. 72) 



66. Smaller (wing averaging 106.68 in male, 101.85 in female); coloration lighter 



(chest and upper back cinnamon-brown or light chestnut-brown). (Coast 



district of Alaska, from Kodiak eastward and southward; in winter south to 



Nevada, Utah, and Colorado, east to edge of Great Plains. 



leucostiote tephrocotis littoralis (p. 71) 



aa. Adults with sides of head brown or dusky, never gray or partly so (except, 



rarely, a spot on lores or beneath eyes). 



6. Lateral (and usually whole posterior) portion of pileum distinctly gray, in 



marked and more or less abrupt contrast with contiguous brown or dusky of 



auricular region and hindneck. 



c. Chest, etc., light chestnut-brown or cinnamon-brown (as in L. t. littoralis). 



(Interior mountain districts of North America, breeding south to southern 



Sierra Nevada, above timber line; in winter to Utah, Colorado, and 



Nebraska. ) : Leuoosticte tephrocotis tephrocotis (p. 68) 



cc. Chest, etc., brownish black ("male) or dusky slate-brownish (female). (Moun- 

 tains of Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. ) Leuoosticte atrata (p. 75) 



66. Lateral and posterior portions of pileum not distinctly gray, the color not 

 sharply contrasted with contiguous brown of auricular region and hindneck. 

 (Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico. ) leucostiete anstralis (p. 77) 



LEUCOSTICTE TEPHROCOTIS TEPHROCOTIS Swainson. 

 GRAY-OROWUED LEUCOSTICTE. 



Tarsus not more than 20.83, usually less; whole side of head, below 

 eyes, brown. 



Adult male in summer. — Forehead and part of crown black; nasal 

 tufts grayish white; sides of crown (from above eyes backward) and 

 whole of occiput plain light ash gray, very strongly contrasted with 

 the contiguous brown color of the auriculars and hindneck;* whole side 



1 Montifringilla Beehm, Isis, 1828, 1277. (Type, Fringilla nivalis Linnaeus. ) 



^ Fringillauda Hodgson, in Cray's Zool. Myiarchussc., 1844, 84. (Type, F. nemoricola 

 Hodgson. ) 



"The young are not sufficiently well known' to permit their introduction into the 

 key. I have seen only those of L. tephrocotis griseonucha and L. australis. 



*ln very much worn midsummer specimens, the black of the crown sometimes 

 runs backward to the brown of the hindneck, thus throwing the gray into two lateral 

 patches, which in some midsummer females are more indistinct. This, however, is 

 not a variation of the pattern, but the result of wearing away of the gray tips to the 

 feathers. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



69 



of head below eyes (whole of auricular and malar regions), neck, back, 

 scapulars, and under parts, chestnut-brown, darker on throat, lighter 

 on back where indistinctly streaked with dusky, feathers of rump and 

 flanks, together with upper and under tail-coverts, broadly and abruptly 

 tipped with pink, the remaining portion of the feathers more or less 

 dusky, especially on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail 

 dusky; the lesser and middle coverts broadly tipped with pink, the 

 greater coverts, primary coverts, and part of remiges edged with pink 

 or light scarlet; rectrices also with lighter edgings but with less of 

 pink; bill entirely black; legs and feet black. 



Adult male in winter. — Similar to summer male but scapulars and 

 interscapulars with distinct edgings of lighter brown, feathers of breast, 

 etc., with narrow, pale margins, the pink markings, especially on 

 wings and flanks, of a softer hue, and the bill j-ellowish with dusky 

 tip. 



Adult female. — Similar to adult male, with the same seasonal differ- 

 ences of color, but averaging paler and duller. 



Adtclt mafe.— Length (skins), 145.03-173.23 (156.72); wing, 101. 85- 

 111.76 (106.43); tail, 61.47-71.12 (66.04); exposed culmen, 10.67-12.19 

 {11.43); depth of bill at base, 7.87-9.40 (8.64); tarsus, 18.29-20.83 

 <19.81); middle toe, 12.70-15.24 (13.97).' 



Adult female.^'Le^ngth (skins), 142.24-165.10 (154.43); wing, 96.52- 

 106.68 (101.85); tail, 60.71-70.61 (63.50); exposed culmen, 10.92-12.45 

 (11.68); depth of bill at base, 7.87-9.40 (8.89); tarsus, 18.80-20.83 

 (20.07); middle toe, 12.70-16.51 (14.22).' 



^ Thirty-seven specimens. 



'' Twenty-eight specimens. 



A series of summer birds from the White Mountains and Sierra Nevada of southern 

 California, in the collection of the Biological Survey, seems to be referable to true 

 L. Uphrocotis; at least I am not able, in the absence of a series of summer birds from 

 other localities, to detect any differences which are not probably due to difference of 

 season, all other specimens being winter and spring birds, chiefly the former. The 

 average measurements of these southern California birds and those of a still larger 

 series from more northern and eastern localities are as follows: 



Locality. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



MALES. 



Eighteen northern and eastern specimens (Novem- 

 ber to Myiarchusrch) 



Eighteen southern California specimens (June, July, 

 August) 



TEMALKS. 



Eighteen northern and eastern specimens (Novem- 

 ber to Myiarchusrch) 



Nine southern California specimens (June, July) . . 



14.73 

 13.46 



14.48 

 13.72 




70 BULLETIK 50, NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



Interiol' districts of North America; breeding on higher parts 

 (11,000-12,000 feet) of White Mountains and Sierra Nevada, south- 

 eastern California, and probably also north wax'd; during migration 

 east to western Nebraska, eastern Colorado, Myiarchusnitoba, etc. ; south to 

 Colorado, Utah, etc. ; west to Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges; north 

 to plains of the Saskatchewan (Myiarchusy). 



Linaria (Leucosticte) tephrocotis Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., i, 1831, 265 (plains of 

 the Saskatchewan, Myiarchusy). 



Leucosticte tephrocotis Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., i, 1831, 494, pi. 50. — Baird, in 

 Stansbury's Eep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 317, part (Salt Lake City, Myiarchusr. 21); 

 Eep. Pacific E. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 430, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 

 322, part; in Cooper's Orn. Cal., 1870, 164, colored fig. (near Lake Tahoe, 

 California, winter). — Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 123 (Nebraska). — Blak- 

 isTON, Ibis, 1863, 71 (Saskatchewan). — Salvador:, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1868, 580.— Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 144, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 203.— 

 Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 182 (Colorado); Nom. N. Am. Birds,- 

 1881, no. 175. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds,i, 1874, 

 504, part, pi. 23, fig. 8.— Bendike, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 117 (Camp 

 Harney, e. Oregon, Nov. 8 to Myiarchusr. 22; crit. on plumage of sexes, etc.). — 

 Merrill, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 75 (Fort Shaw, Montana, winter; 

 crit. on plumage of sexes). — Shufeldt, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 

 177 (habits in confinement) . — Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 16 (Colorado, 6,000 

 ft., in winter). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 

 524.— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 181 (Nebraska, in winter).— 

 Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 34 (Rocky Mts. distr., occ. w. of 

 Cascades in winter). — Thompson, Auk, x, 1893, 50 (Myiarchusnitoba, winter). — 

 Fisher, N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, pt. ii, 1893, 82 (White Mts. and southern Sierra 

 Nevada, California, breeding at 11,000-12,000 ft.). — Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 1893, 47, 63 (summit of Rocky Mts., near Field, Brit. Columbia).— 

 Thornb, Auk, xii, 1895, 216 (Fort Keogh, Montana, Dec. 6 to last of Myiarchusr. ).— 

 Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 46. — Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 

 106 (Chidiwack, Brit. Columbia). 



L. leucosticte'] tephrocotis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 351. — Ridgway, 

 Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 394. 



[Leucostictel iep/iTOCoiis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 536. — Coues, Key N. Am. 

 Birds, 1872, 130. 



\_Leucoslicte tephrocoiisl a. tephrocotis Coues, Birds N. W. , 1874, 111, part. 



[Leucosticte tephrocotis'] var. tephrocotis Baikd, Beewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 

 Am. Birds, i, 1874, 504. 



Leucosticte tephrocotis . . . var. tephrocotis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. 

 Surv. Terr., sec. ser., no. 2, Myiarchusy, 1875, 68, 71 (monogr.). 



Leucosticte tephrocotis var. tephrocotis Allen, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. 

 Terr., ii, 1876, 350 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon; measurements, etc.). 



Erythrospiza tephrocotis Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 34. — Audubon, 

 Synopsis, 1839, 126; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 176, pi. 198. 



IHngilla tephrocotis A-VTiVBOTS, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 232, pi. 424. 



F. [ringilla] tephrocotis Gray', Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 372. 



Montifringilla tephrocotis Bonaparte and Schlegel, Men. Lox., 1850, 37, pi. 

 43.— HoMEYER, Journ. fur Orn., 1880, 201. — Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 273. 



[Linaria] tephrocotis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 110, no. 7657. 




BIRDS OF NOKTH AND MIDDLE AMEBIC A. 71 



LEUCOSTICTE TEPHROCOTIS LITTORALIS (Baird). 

 HEPBTTKN'S LEUCOSTICTE. 



Similar to L. t. tephrocotls, but with more or less of the sides of the 

 head gray; in typical examples the entire head, except the black 

 frontal patch and the throat, light ash gray, sometimes even the throat 

 also gray. 



Adult tnale.— Length, (skins), 153. -±2-172. 73 "(159.00); wing, 101.85- 

 109.73 (106.68); tail, 59.91-69.85(66.04); exposed culmen, 10.92-12.45 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 8.38-9.40 (8.89); tarsus, 19.81-20.83 

 (20.57); middle toe, 13.72-16.24 (14.73).^ 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 154.69-164.59 (159.00); wing, 100.08- 

 104.14 (101.85); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.45 (11.94); depth of bill at 

 base, 8.38 (one specimen); tarsus, 19.81-20.57 (20.07); middle toe, 

 13.72-14.99 (14.48).' 



Mountain districts of northwestern North America; doubtless breed- 

 ing above timber line on the coast mountains of Alaska, from the 

 Aliaska peninsula eastward and southward; " in winter south to Nevada, 

 Utah, and Colorado, and east to eastern base of Rocky Mountains 

 (casually to Myiarchusnnesota), and along the Pacific coast to Kodiak, Sitka, 

 Vancouver Island, etc. 



Leucosticte tephrocotls (not of Swainson) Baikd, Stansbury'a Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 

 1852, 317, part (Salt Lake City, Utah, Myiarchusrch); Rep. Pacific K. R. Surv., ix, 

 1858, 430, part (do.); Oat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 322, part. 



Leucosticte griseinucha (not Fringilla griseonucha Brandt) Brown, Ibis, 1868, 422 

 (Vancouver I.).— Elliot, lUustr. New and Unflg. N. Am. Birds, pt. x, 1868, 

 pi. 12. 



Montifringilla . . . ^riseinuc/iaHoMEYEK, Journ. fur Orn., 1880, 153 (Oregon). 



\_Leuco8ticte tephrocotis] b. griseinucha Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 111, part. 



Leucosticte teplvrocostis . . . var. griseinucha Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 1 Ha, 

 part. 



Leucosticte littoralis Baied, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 318, pi. 28, fig. 1 

 (Sitka, Alaska; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); in Cooper's Orn. Cal., 1870, 162 (Sitka; 

 Ft. Simpson, Brit. Columbia). — Dall and BannisTek, Trans. Chicago Ac. 

 Sci., i, 1869, 282 (Sitka). — Baikd, Bkbwbk, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, pi. 23, flg. 6.— Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 461 (Vir- 

 ginia City, Nevada, Jan. 5). — Bendiee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 117 

 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon; winter resid., possibly breeding on mountains; 

 descr. supposed egg, etc.).* — Bebwbe, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1878, 189 

 (descr. song). 



[Leucosticte tephrocotis.] Var. littoralis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 130. 



^ Seventeen specimens. 



^ Six specimens. 



'Supposed breeding localities of this form in Washington and Oregon (see synon- 

 ymy) may, in reality, pertain to X. tephrocotls tephrocotis, no specimens having been 

 obtained, apparently, to determine the question. 



■'This supposed breeding record may refer to L. tephrocotls tephrocotls. 




72 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Lemosticte tephrocoiia, var. littoralis Baied, Beeweb, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, 507.— Allen, Bull. U. S. Gqol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., ii, 1876, 

 349 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, Jan., Feb.; measurements, etc.) .— Mberill, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 75 (crit. on sexual differences in plumage). 

 Leucosiicte tephrocotis . . . var. ZittomZis Bidqway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 

 1875, 36 (Nevada); Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Terr., sec. ser., no. 2, Myiarchusy, 

 1875, 74 (monogr.). 

 Leucosticte tephrocotis, /3. littoralis Ridgway, Field and Forest, ii, Myiarchusy, 1877, 198 

 (Colorado). 



Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 

 177, 216; Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 175a.— Deew, Auk, ii, 1885, 16 

 (Colorado, 5,000-8,000 ft. in winter).— American Ornithologists' Union, 

 Check List, 1886, no. 524a.— Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 

 177 (Sitka, Kodiak, Brit. Columbia, etc.).— Cant well, Auk, vi, 1889, 341 

 (Myiarchusnneapolis, Myiarchusnnesota, 1 spec. Jan. 3, 1889).— Thoene, Auk, xii, 1895, 

 216 (FortKeogh, Montana, winter).— (?) Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 92 (Okano- 

 gan Co., Washington, 8,000 ft., breeding'), 177 (do.).— Meerill, Auk, xv, 

 1898, 15 (Ft. Sherman, Idaho, Nov. 3).— Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 

 (Brit. Columbia, breeding above timber line on Cascades). 



L. leucosticte'] t.[ephrocotis] Utoralis CouBS, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 351. 



L. leucosticte] tephrocotis littoralis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 394. 



Leucosticte tephrocotis litoralis Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 204. 



ILinaria] littoralis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 110, no. 7663. 



Montefringilla littoralis Finsch, Abh. Nat. Yer. Bremen, iii, 1872, 58 (Sitka; Ft. 

 Simpson). 



Montifringilla littoralis Shaepe, Cat. Birds. Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 277. 



Tephrocotis [Zopsus] littoralis Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 35 (Ash- 

 croft, Clinton, Burrard Inlet, Port Simpson, etc.). 



Leucosticte campestris Baied, in Cooper's Orn. Cal., 1870, 163, colored fig. (Den- 

 ver, Colorado; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). — Baied, Beewee, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 

 Am. Birds, i, 1874, pi. 23, fig. 7. 



ILeucostiete tephrocotis.l Var. campestris Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 130. 



Leucosticte tephrocotis, var. campestris Baied, Beewee, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 

 Am. Birds, i, 1874, 507. 



Leucosticte tephrocotis campestris Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 20, 1883, 327. 



LEUCOSTICTE TEPHROCOTIS GRISEONUCHA (Brandt). 

 ALEUTIAN LEUCOSTICTE. 



Similar to Z. t. 'littoralis but much larger (decidedly the largest form 

 of the genus) and darker; wing averaging not less than 111. 30; tar- 

 sus, 24.13. 



Adult male in summer. — Forehead and part of crown black; throat 

 dusky grayish or blackish, becoming lighter or more decidedly gray 

 on chin; rest of head uniform light ash gray; general color of body 

 deep chocolate brown, the scapulars and interscapulars with dusky 

 shaft-streaks and paler brown margins, the feathers of rump, abdo- 

 men, flanks, and the upper and under tail-coverts broadly and abruptly 



' Apparently no specimens were obtained and the form may have been X. tephro- 

 cotis tephrocotis. 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMEBICA. 



73 



tipped with pink; wings and tail dusky, the lesser and middle wing- 

 coverts broadly tipped with pink, the greater coverts, primary coverts, 

 and remiges edged with the same; rectrices edged with pale grayish 

 or grayish white, usually more or less tinged with pink; bill entirely 

 black; legs and feet black. 



Adult male in winter. — Similar to the summer male, but bill yel- 

 lowish, tipped with dusk}'-, the pink markings of a softer hue, and 

 feathers of breast, etc. , narrowly margined with paler. 



Adult female. — Quite similar in coloration to the male, with the 

 same seasonal differences; possiblj^, but very doubtfuU}'', averaging a 

 very little duller in colors.^ 



Young. — Uniform grayish brown, more or less washed with a more 

 umber tint; wings and tail dusky slate, the feathers margined with 

 paler; edges of greater wing-coverts and tertials dull buflfy; no trace 

 of pink on tail-coverts, etc. , nor of gray or black on head. 



AdxAtmale.—L&xig'Ca. (skins), 177.80-213.36 (195.07); wing, 111.76- 

 124.21 (118.36); tail, 72.64-85.09 (80.26); exposed culmen, 13.46-15.2i 

 (14.22); depth of bill at base, 8.89-10.67 (9.91); tarsus, 23.37-25.40 

 (24.13); middle toe, 16.51-19.81 (18.03).' 



Admit female.— l^ii^gih. (skins), 182.88-198.12 (190.25); wing, 109.22- 

 123.70 (114.30); tail, 73.66-82.04 (77.22); exposed culmen, 13.21-15.24 

 (14.48); depth of bill at base, 9.40-10.67 (9.91); tarsus, 23.11-25.65 

 <24.38); middle toe, 17.27-19.81 (18.03).' 



Breeding, and resident, on islands of Bering Sea (St. Myiarchustthews 

 Island, Otter Island, Pribilofs, Aleutians, Commander group,), Shu- 



^ This statement is of course based upon the material which I have been able to 

 examine, and if incorrect many specimens have been wrongly determined as to sex. 



^ Twenty-one specimens. 

 • ' Eleven specimens. 



Series from different localities average as follows: 



Locality. 



Wing. 



Ex- 

 posed 

 culmen. 



Depth 



ot bill 



at base. 



Tarsus. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



MALE. 



Eight specimens from Pribilof Islands and Otter 

 Island , 



Ten specimens from Aleutian Islands (Unalashka 

 to Adakh Island) 



Three specimens from Commander Islands (Kam- 

 chatka) 



FEMALE. 



Six specimens from Pribilofs and Otter Island , 



Three specimens from Aleutians (Attu and Kyska 



islands) , 



Two specimens from Commander Islands (Copper 



Islandj 



117.86 

 117. 60 

 121. 92 



113. 28 

 112. 78 

 119. 13 



81.28 

 78.49 

 83.06 



78.23 

 74. 42 

 77.72 



14.48 

 14.22 

 33.97 



14.48 

 14.22 

 14.73 



9.91 

 9.65 

 10.67 



9.65 

 10.16 

 10.67 



24.38 

 24.13 

 25.15 



24.13 

 24.64 

 25.15 



18.03 

 18.03 

 18.80 



17.78 

 18.28 

 19.05 




74 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



magin Islands, and lower portion of Aliaska Peninsula (Belkovsky); 

 island of Kodiak, in winter (November to Myiarchusrch). 



Passer arctous, var. y. Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. , ii, 1826, 23, pi. 40. 



Fringilla {Linaria) griseonueha Brandt, Bull. Sclent. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., 

 X, for Nov. 26, 1841 (pub. 1843), 252 (based on Passer ardour, var. y. Pallas, 

 Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat., ii, 23, pi. 40); Isis, 1844, 136.— Kittlitz, Denkw. Reis. 

 Russ. Am., i, 1858, 278. 



F.[ringiUa'] griseonuclia Geay, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 372. 



Montifringilla {Leucosticte) griseinucha Bonaparte and Schlegel, Mon. des Loxiens, 

 1850, 35, pi. 41. 



Montefringilla griseonueha Finsch, Abh. Nat. Bremen, iii, 1872, 57 (Unalashka). 



Montifringilla griseinucha Sbavfe, Cat. Birds Brit. JIus., xii, 1888, 275. 



[Leucosticte'] griseinucha Bo^afartie, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 537 (Aleutians). — Salva- 

 DORi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1868, 580, 



L.\_eucosticte\ griseinucha Caba'Sis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, 1851, 154 ("Siberia"). — Coues, 

 Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 351. 



Leucosticte griseinucha Baird, in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331 (Aleu- 

 tian Islands) ; Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv. , ix, 1858, 430; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, 

 no. 323; Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 317, pi. 28, fig. 2 (Unalashka and St. 

 Georges I. , Alaska) . — Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci. , i, 1869, 282 

 (Pribilof and Aleutian islands; habits; song; descr. nest and eggs). — Elliot, 

 New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, i, 1869, pi. 11.— Dall, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., v, 

 1873 (11) (Aleutian islands; descr. nest and eggs) ; vi, 1874, (Ky ska I., east- 

 ward). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pi. 23, fig. 

 5. — Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 174. — Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 

 1882, no. 205.— Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1882, 148 (Shumagins; Una- 

 lashka). — Taczanowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882,393 (Bering I., Kamt- 

 schatka).— Nelsox, Cruise, "Corwin," 1881 (1883), 67 (Aleutian, Pribilof, 

 and St. Myiarchustthews islands). — Dy'bowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, 364 

 (Bering I.). — Stbjneger, Naturen, 1884, 34 (Bering I.). — Turner, Auk, ii, 

 1885, 157 (nearer Aleutians). 



Leucosticte griseonueha Stejnbgbr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 29, 1885, 261, 322 (Com- 

 mander Islands, Kamtschatka; breeding habits etc.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 X, 1887, 142 (Commander Islands). — American Ornithologists' Union, 

 Check List, 1886, no. 523.— Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 171, 

 part, pi. 7 (Aleutian and Pribilof islands; Belkovsky, Aliaska Peninsula; 

 habits). — Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 176 (habits, etc.); 

 Cruise "Corwin," 1885 (1887), 100 (Otter I., Bering Sea, etc.).— Ridgway, 

 Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 664 (Unalashka). — Nehrling, Our Native 

 Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 49. 



L. [eucosticte} griseonueha Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 393. 



[Leucosticte tephrocotis.'] Var. griseinucha Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 130. 



Leucosticte tephrocotis . . . var. griseinucha Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 144o. 



Leucosticte tephrocotis, var. griseinucha Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, 508.— Coues, in Elliott's Affairs in Alaska, 1875, 174 (Pribilof 

 Islands; habits, etc. ). — Elliott, Mon. Seal Islands, 1882, 127 (habits, etc. ). 



Leucosticte tephrocotis griseinucha Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 20, 1883, 327. 



[Leucosticte tephrocotis'] b. (/mfiinuc/ia Coues, Birds N.W., 1874, 111, part (synon- 

 ymy; includes L. tephrocotis littoralis). 



Leucosticte {tephrocotis, Swainson, var.?) griseinucha Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. and 

 Geog. Surv. Terr., sec. ser., no. 2, Myiarchusy, 1875, 77 (monogr. ). 



Linaria griseinucha Kittlitz, Denkw. Reis. Russ. Am., i, 1858, 878. 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMEEICA. 75 



Leucostiete griseogenys Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1843, 10-1 (no locality given) ; 



Zool. Voy. "Sulphur," 1844, 42, pi. 23. 

 F. [rmgUla] griseogenys Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 372. 

 Moniifnngilla pustulata Cabanis, in Ersch. u. Grub. Encyc, i, sect. vol. 50, 1849, 215 



(ex Fringilla pustulata Liohtenstein, MS.). 

 Fringilla pustulata Kittlitz, Denkw. Reis. Russ. Am. , i, 1858, 278. 

 MontifringUla tephrocotisf Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, iii, 1872, 58 (Una- 



lashka). 

 M. lontifringilla'] speciosa Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, iii, 1872, 60 (Unalashka^ 



Bremen Myiarchuss. ). 

 Leucosticte tephrocotis (not of Swainson) Hakting, Fauna Prybilov Islands, 1875, 16. 

 Leucosticte bramuinucha (not Fringilla brunneonucha Brandt) Stbjnbgbe, Proc. 



TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 71 (see Auk, i, 1884, 82, footnote). 

 Leucosticte hadiaka MyiarchusGregor, Condor, iii, Jan., 1901 (pub. Nov. 25, 1900), & 



(Karluk, Kodiak Island, Alaska; coll. E. C. MyiarchusGregor). 

 Leucosticte tephrocotis hadiaka Grinnell, Condor, iii, Jan., 1901, 21 (crit.) . 



LEUCOSTICTE ATRATA Ridgway. 

 BIAGE lETTGOSTICTE. 



Similar in size and pattern of coloration to L. tephrocotis teph- 

 rocotis, but the chestnut-brown of that species replaced by brownish 

 black (adult male) or dusky slate-brownish (adult female and immature 

 male). 



Adult male in summer. — Forehead and part of crown black; nasal 

 tufts white; sides of crown (over eyes and auriculars) and entire occiput 

 uniform light ash gray; auricular and malar regions, chin, throat, and 

 under parts generally brownish black or deep clove brown, the feathers 

 of the sides, flanks, and abdomen broadly tipped with peach-blossom 

 pink; under tail-coverts and anal region pink, more or less mixed with 

 white, the feathers more or less extensively grayish centrally; hind- 

 neck, back, and scapulars dark sepia brown, the feathers with more or 

 less distinct lighter brown or buffy edgings; rump peach -blossom pink, 

 the feathers gray basally, a dusky bar or space separating the gray 

 from the pink; upper taU-co verts similar, but the underlying darker 

 colors more exposed; lesser and middle wing-coverts peach -blossom 

 pink; greater coverts broadly edged with peach-blossom pink, the 

 concealed portion of the feathers dusky; primary coverts and remiges 

 dusky edged with pink; rectrices dusky edged with light grayish and 

 pink; bill, legs, and feet black. 



Adult male in winter. — Similar to the summer male, but bill yel- 

 lowish, tipped with dusky; light brown or buflfy edgings to scapulars 

 and interscapulars broader and more distinct; feathers of breast, etc., 

 more or less margined with light buflfy grayish, and the pink markings 

 of a softer, more rosy, hue. 




76 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Immature male. — Similar to adult male, but the pink marking^s paler, 

 replaced on middle and greater wing-coverts and part of secondaries 

 by broad tips and edgings of buffy white. 



Adult female. — Myiarchusch duller in color than the male, the under parts 

 dusky grayish brown instead of brownish black, the back more brown- 

 ish, and the pink markings decidedly paler, less extensive, and largely 

 replaced bj^ whitish, especially on wings. 



Immature female. — Still duller and browner than adult female, with 

 pink markings more extensively replaced by whitish and pale buffy; 

 scapulars and interscapulars conspicuously margined with brownish 

 buffy, and feathers of breast, etc. (sometimes of whole anterior under 

 parts), margined with pale grayish buffy. 



Adult 7nale. —Liength (skins), 149.86-159.26 (153.92); wing, 107.19- 

 108.71 (107.95); tail, 66.56-69.85 (68.33); exposed culmen, 10.41-12.19 

 (11.43); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 8.38; tarsus, 19.81-20.32 

 (20. 07) ; middle toe, 14. 22-14. 99 (14. 48) . ' 



Adult female.^-Ijength (skins), 142.24-156.97 (150.88); wing, 98.81- 

 106.43 (102.36); tail, 60.45-65.53 (63.50); exposed Culmen, 11.43-11.94 

 (11.68); tarsus, 19.81-20.32 (20.07); middle toe, 13.72-14.73 (14.22).' 



Breeding above timber line on high mountains of Idaho (Salmon 

 River range), Wyoming (Uintah Mountains), etc. ; south, in winter, to 

 Colorado (El Paso County, etc.), and southern Utah (St. George). 



Leucosticte tephrocotis (not of Swainson) Stevenson, Prelim. Kep. TJ. S: Geol. Surv. 

 Terr, for 1871 (1872), 464 (Uintah Mountains, Wyoming).— Holden, Proc. 

 Boat. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 199, part (black specimen; Sherman, Wyoming). — 

 Baikd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 505, part (sup- 

 posed young from Uintah Mts.). 



Leucosticte atrata Ridgway, American Sportsman, iv, July 18, 1874, 241 (El Paso 

 Co., Colorado; coll. C. E. Aiken) ;' Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geod. Surv. Terr., 

 2d ser., no. 2, Myiarchusy 14, 1875, 68, 69 (monogr.); Field and Forest, iii, 1877, 

 198 (Colorado); Nom. N.Am. Birds, 1881, no. 176.— Ooues, Check List, 2d 

 ed., 1882, no. 201.— Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 16 (Colorado, 5,000 feet in winter) .— 

 American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 525. — Meeriam, 

 North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 102 (Salmon River Mts., s. Idaho, breeding 

 above timber line). — Fisher, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, pt. ii, 1893, 83 (St. 

 George, s. Utah, Jan. 21). — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 45, 

 pi. 22.— Cooke, Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 44, 1898, 164 (Colorado Springs, 

 Colorado, up to Apr. 2). 



L. leucosticte] atrata Coubs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 350. — Ridgway, 

 Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 394. 



Montifringilla atrata Sharpe, Oat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 274. 



' Three specimens. 



' Six specimens. 



"Type now in collection of U. S. National Myiarchusseum. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEKICA. 77 



LEUCOSTICTE AUSTRALIS (Allen). 

 BROWN-CAPPED LETJCOSTICTE. 



No distinct or clear gray markings on head/ 



Adult male in summer. — Pileum dusky grayish Drown, becoming 

 nearly or quite black on forehead; nasal tufts whitish; rest of head, 

 together with neck, chest, and breast, deep cinnamon-brown or dull rus- 

 set, deepest on throat, where often, as on chest and breastalso, tinged or 

 flecked with bright red; hindneck, back, and scapulars similar, but 

 duller (between wood brown and broccoli brown), with narrow, more 

 or less indistinct, shaft-streaks of dusky; feathers of rump and upper 

 tail-coverts broadly and abruptly tipped with peach-blossom pink; the 

 remaining portion of the feathers grayish brown, more dusky next to 

 the pink; sides, flanks, and abdomen mostly carmine-pink, the feathers 

 grayish brown beneath the surface; under tail-coverts deep grayish 

 brown or dusky centrally, broadly and abrupt^ margined with pink 

 and white; wings dusky, with lesser and middle coverts broadly 

 tipped with peach-blossom pink, the greater and primary coverts and 

 remiges edged with the same — the color very bright, almost scarlet, 

 on the wing-coverts in some midsummer specimens; tail dusky, edged 

 with pale brownish gray and pinkish; bill and feet black. 



Adult male in winter. — Similar to the summer male, but bill yellow- 

 ish, tipped with dusky; pileum light brownish gray posteriorly and 

 laterally, with dusky centers to feathers; dusky feathers of forehead 

 and crown margined with pale grayish brown, scapulars and interscap- 

 ulars conspicuously margined with pale buJffy brown; feathers of breast 

 and other anterior under parts margined with pale buffy, and the pink 

 markings and areas of a lighter and softer, more rose pink, hue. 



Immature m,ale. — Similar to adult males, as described above, but 

 greater wing-coverts edged with bufify (in winter) or dull whitish (in 

 summer). 



Adult female. — Myiarchusch duller in color than adult male, but with the 

 same seasonal changes; breast, etc., wood brown; back, etc., more 

 grayish brown, and the pink markings indistinct. 



Young. — Plain light grayish buffy brown, including whole head, 

 much paler on posterior under parts; lesser and middle wing-coverts 

 and tail-coverts tipped with dull light buffy; greater wing-coverts 



^ In very fresh plumage there is a quite well defined area covering exactly the same 

 parts of the pileum as in L. tephrocoiis tephrocotis and L. atrata, that is differently colored 

 from the contiguous parts, but instead of this area being clear and perfectly uniform 

 light ash gray the feathers are dusky brownish gray centrally, margined with light 

 brownish gray, producing a more or less squamate or scale-like appearance; further- 

 more, the brown color whicn borders this somewhat grayish area is decidedly lighter 

 and duller, or less rufescent, than in L. tephrocotis. 




78 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



broadly edged with brighter buffy; wings otherwise, and tail, much 

 as in adult female. 



Adult male.— hBngth. (skins), 145.03-164.85 (164.18); wing, 101.60- 

 111.76 (107.95); tail, 60.71-72.64(66.55); exposed culmen; 10.16-12.70 

 (11.68); depth of bill at base, 8.38-8.89 (8.64); tarsus, 18.29-20.57 

 (19.81); middle toe, 13.97-15.24 (14.48).^ 



i^emaZ^.— Length (skins), 143.00-156.21 (149.10); wing, 99.06^108.20 

 (103.63); tail, 60.96-68.53 (64.52); exposed culmen, 11.43-11.94 (11.68); 

 depth of bill at base (one specimen), 8.13; tarsus, 18.80-19.81 (19.30); 

 middle toe, 13.72-14.99 (14.22).' 



Breeding above timber line on high mountains of Colorado (Mount 

 Lincoln, Mount Harvard, Mount Evans, Red Mountains, etc.); de- 

 scending to lower valleys and plains and south to New Mexico (Mount 

 Blanco, etc.) in winter. 



Leucosticte griseinucha (not Fringilla griseonucha Brandt) Allen, Am. Nat., vi, 

 June, 1872, 350 (Mount Lincoln, Colorado, above timber line). 



Leucosticte tephrocotis (notof Swainson) Allen, Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 162, 284 (Mount 

 Lincoln, Colorado, breeding); Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, no. 6, 1872, 121 (in 

 text), 162, 177, part (mountains of Colorado above timber line). — Baikd, 

 Bkbwer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. B., i, 1874, 504, 505, footnote, pi. 23, fig. 

 9 (supposed breeding dress). 



^Leucosticte tephrocotis} a. tephrocotis Coues, Birds N. "W., 1874, 111 (part; see espe- 

 cially footnote). 



Leucosticte tephrocotis, var. australis Allen, Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 

 1873, 189 (Mount Lincoln, Colorado; coll. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool.) ; Dec, 1873, 197 

 (redescribed). — Baird, Bkewee, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. B., iii, 1874, 

 App., p. 509 (descriptions). 



Leucosticte australis Ridgway*, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr., 2d ser., no. 

 2, Myiarchusy 11, 1875, 79 (monographic); Field and Forest, iii, 1877, 198 (Colo- 

 rado); Nom. N. Am. B., 1881, no. 177. — Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's 

 Surv., 1873 (1874), 79 (South Park, Mount Harvard, Mount Evans, Eed Mts., 

 etc., Colorado, July; habits); Zool. Exp. W; 100th Merid., 1875, 249, pis. 5, 6 

 (South Park, Colorado; Mount Blanco, New Mexico, Sept. ). — Coues, Check 

 List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 202.— Dkew, Auk, ii, 1885, 16 (Colorado, breedmg from 

 12,000-13,500 ft.; in winter, 6,000-10,000 ft.).— American Ornithologists' 

 Union, Check List, 1886, no. 526.— Anthony, Auk, iv, 1887, 257 (Boulder Co., 

 Colorado, Jan.; descr. winter plumage). 



L. leucosticte'] australis Coues, Key N.Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 350.^Ridgway, 

 Myiarchusn.N. Am. Birds, 1887, 395. 



Jjeucosticte tephrocotis, — var. australis Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 89 (San 

 Juan Oo., Colorado, breeding above timber line; notes; descr. young). 



Montifringilla australis Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 275. 



Genus ACANTHIS Beehstein. 



Acanthis Beohstein, Orn. Taschenb., 1803, 125. (Type, Fringilla linaria Linnaeus; 



see Stejneger, Auk, i, 1884, 145. ) 

 Acanthys Des Myiarchusns, Traits d' Ool., 1862, 334, 546. 

 Linaria (not of Brisson, 1760) Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 30. (Type, L. rufescens 



Vieillot.) 



' Twenty specimens. ^ Five specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 79 



i' Cabanis, Myiarchuss. liein., i, Aug., 1851, 161. (Type, Fringilla linaria 



Linnaeus. ) 

 JEgiothus (emendation) Auctorum. 

 LinacantMyiarchus Des Myiarchusrs, End. Hist. Nat., pt. 5, 1854, 304. (Type, Linaria rufescens 



Vieillot.) 

 Agriospiza Sundevall, Av. Met. Nat. Disp. Tent.,, 1872, 32. (Type, Fringilla 



flavirostris Linnaeus. ) 



Small, streaked, red-capped, and often rosy-breasted finches with 

 long and distinctly emarginate tail and small acute bill. 



Bill conical, strongly compressed terminally and usually acute at 

 tip, nearly the basal half (except in summer plumage) covered by the 

 conspicuous nasal plumules; culmen and gonys nearly straight, the 

 former always much shorter than the tarsus. Wing long (five times 

 as long as tarsus or more), pointed (three outermost primaries longest, 

 the ninth longer than the seventh); primaries exceeding secondaries by 

 nearly twice the length of the tarsus. Tail long (at least three-fourths 

 long as wing), deeply emarginate or forked. Tarsus very short — 

 about one-quarter as long as tail and not more than one-fifth as long 

 as wing, a little longer than middle toe with claw; lateral toes much 

 shorter than the middle, their long and strongly curved claws reaching 

 to about the middle of the middle claw; hallux nearly as long as outer 

 toe, its slender, slightly arched claw longer than the digit. 



Coloration. — Above streaked with dusky upon a brownish, grayish, 

 or whitish ground, the rump sometimes immaculate white or pinkish; 

 top of head bright red (except in A. hrewsterli) ; wings and tail duskj', 

 the feathers edged with paler, the middle and greater wing-coverts 

 tipped with whitish or pale brownish; superciliary region and lower 

 parts chiefly whitish, but anterior lower parts (except in A. irewsterii) 

 more or less tinged with red in adult males, and sides usually more or 

 less streaked with dusky; a more or less distinct dusky spot on chin 

 and upper part of throat (except in A. hrewsterii). 



Admit females. — Similar to the males but without any red on breast, 

 etc., the crown, however, red, as in male. 



Young. — No red whatever on crown or elsewhere; whole head 

 streaked with dusky and grayish or brownish white, the latter color 

 prevailing on under portions; otherwise much as in adult females, but 

 under parts more extensively streaked, plumage of much softer, more 

 "woolly," texture and markings less sharply defined. 



[Both sexes have in summer a blackish bill, the red of a brighter 

 tint, and the colors darker than in winter, during which season the bill 

 is yellow, tipped with black, the lighter markings more pronounced, 

 and the plumage in general more or less strongly suffused with buffy 

 or light ochraceous-brown.J 



Range. — Northern portions of Northern Hemisphere. 



' "Von aiyio^o'i 6 nom. prop." 




80 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF ACANTHIS. 



a. Chin dusky; adults with crown red. 



b. Under tail-coverts wholly pure white, or else with only a few indistinct dusky 



streaks; rump immaculate white or pale pink. {Acanthis hornemannii.) 



c. Larger, the wing not less than 80.01 (averaging 84.3.3), depth of bill at base 



not less than 7.37 (averaging 7.87). (Greenland, and, in winter, adjacent 



parts of North American continent. ) . Acanthis hornemannii hornemannii ( p. 80) 



cc. Smaller, the wing not more than 77.98 (averaging 74.17), depth of bill at base 



not more than 6.86 (averaging 6. 35). (Continental arctic districts of North 



America, Europe, and Asia.) Acanthis hornemannii exilipes (p. 82) 



bb. Under tail-coverts with distinct mesial streaks of dusky; rump distinctly 

 streaked with dusky. {Acanthis lindria.) 

 c. Smaller, the wing usually less than 76.20 (averaging 74.17), depth of bill at 

 base lessthan 7.11 (averaging 6. 10). (More northern continental portionsof 



North America, Europe, and Asia.) Acanthis linaria linaria (p. 85) 



cc. Larger, the wing usually more than 76.20 (averaging 79.25') ; depth of bill 

 at base not less than 7.11 (averaging 7.62^). (Greenland; south in winter 

 to more northern United States east of Rocky Mountains. ) 



Acanthis linaria rostrata (p. 91) 

 [Intermediate between the two preceding, with a larger and relatively longer 

 bill than linaria, and more acute, as well as relatively longer, bill than ros- 

 trata; northern parts of Europe, Asia, and North America, chiefly along 



coasts.] Acanthis linaria holboellii (p. 89) 



aa. Chin not dusky; adults without red on crown. (Cambridge, Myiarchusss.'). 



Acanthis brewsterii (p. 92) 



ACANTHIS HORNEMANNII HORNEMANNII (Holboll). 

 GREENLAND REDPOII. 



The largest and lightest-colored form of the genus. 



Adult male in spring. — Forehead grayish, finely mottled with dusky; 

 crown bright vermilion or poppy red; occiput, hindneck, back, and 

 scapulars grayish white streaked with dusky, the dusky streaks broad- 

 est on back and scapulars; upper tail-coverts dusky centrally, their 

 margins broadly white; entire rump white, usually faintly tinged with 

 delicate pink; sides of head dull brownish white, darkest on auricular 

 region; loral streak and chin dusky; nasal tufts light grayish brown; 

 under parts white, the chest usually more or less tinged with delicate 

 pale peach-blossom pink, the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts 

 usually quite iipmaculate; wings and tail grayish dusky; middle and 

 greater wing-coverts tipped with white, forming two distinct bands; 

 remiges edged with white, their edgings broadest on tertials; greater 

 and primary coverts narrowly edged with pale grayish; outer webs of 

 rectrices narrowly edged with grayish white, the inner webs broadly 

 edged with pure white; bill mostly or wholly dusky; legs and feet black. 



1 Thirty-one specimens. 



* Twenty-eight specimens. 



' Only one specimen known, possibly a hybrid of Acnnthis linaria and Spinus pinus. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 81 



Adult male hi winter. — Similar to tlie spring male, but head, neck, 

 back, and scapulars more or less tinged with pale buff, the dusky streaks 

 on back, etc. , narrower, white edgings of wings and tail broader, and 

 bill yellowish with dusky tip. 



Adult female in sprbig. — Similar to the spring male, but without 

 any pink tinge on rump or chest, and usually (?) with the sides and 

 flanks (rarely under tail-coverts also) narrowly streaked with grayish 

 dusky. 



Adult female in winter. — Similar to the spring female, but head, 

 neck, back, etc., more or less strongly tinged with buff, the dusky 

 streaks of back, etc., narrower, the white edgings of wings and tail 

 broader, and the bill yellowish with dusky tip. 



[Myiarchusny adult males are quite similar in coloration to adult females, 

 lacking any trace of pink on chest or rump. Younger birds, appar- 

 ently, are more strongly tinged with buff in winter plumage. First 

 plumage not seen.] 



Adxdt maZe.— Length (skins), 135.89-151.13 (Ml. 73); wing, 81. OS- 

 GO. 93 (85.85); tail, 57.91-66.55 (63.26); exposed culmen, 8.6J-10.16 

 (9.14); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.38 (8.13); tarsus, 15.75-17.27 (16.51); 

 middle toe, 8.38-9.65 (9.14). ^ 



J.6Z'MZi!/emaZe.— Length (skins), 131.57-144.78 (137.92); wing, 80.52- 

 86.87 (82.80); tail, 58.93-68.58 (62.99); exposed culmen, 8.13-10.41 

 (8.89); depth of bill at base, 7.37-7.87 (7. 62); tarsus, 16.26-17.27 (16.51); 

 middle toe, 8.13-9.40 (8.64).' 



V Resident in Greenland, where breeding north to latitude 70°; Ice- 

 land; Spitzbergen; Jan Myiarchusyen Land. In winter southwestward to 

 Ungava (Fort Chime, September 1 to Myiarchusj^ 15), irregularly to west 

 side of Hudson Bay (Fort Churchill), Ontario (Gait, 2 specimens, 

 Januarj^, 1860); also occurring accidentally in England (Whitburn, 1 

 specimen, April 24, 1855) and France (Abbeville). 



FringUla borealis (not Linaria borealis Yieillot) Temminck, Myiarchusn. d'Orn., iii, 1835, 

 264. — Wernek, Atlas, Granivores, 1827, pi. 17. — Selys-Longchamps, Faune 

 Beige, 1842, 73. 



[Linaria'] borealis (not Vieillot) Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 110, no. 7653, part 

 (Greenland). 



lAnota hornemannii Holboll, Naturh. Tidsskr., iv, 1843, 398 (Greenland). — Sal- 

 via, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 206. 



Linota hornemanni Newton, ed. Yarrell'sHist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1876-82, 143, 144, in 

 text. — Drbssbe, Birds Europe, pts. 55, 56, 1876 (p. 55), part, pi. 189, fig. 2, pi. 

 190, upper fig. (Greenland, Iceland, Spitzbergen, Whitburn, England, 1 spec. 

 Apr. 24, 1855; Abbeville, France, 1 spec). — British Ornithologists' Union, 

 List Brit. Birds, 1883, 54.— Brooks, Ibis, 1883, 383, 384 (Gait, Ontario, 2 speci- 

 mens Jan., 1860; crit.). — Clarke, ZoDlogist, 1890, 9 (Jan Myiarchusyen Land; 

 Iceland; see Fischer and Pelzeln, Arzt. osterreich. Exp. Jan Myiarchusyen, 1886, — ). 



[Linarial hornemanni Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 110, no. 7654 (excl. syn. rostra- 

 tus Coues). 



' Thirteen specimens. ^ Twelve specimens. 



17024—01 6 




82 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Linaria hornemanni Hombyek, Journ. fiir Orn., xxxiii, April, 1879, 182 (crit.). 



F.lringilla] hornemanni Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 372. 



Fringilla hornemanni Beebobm, Hist. Brit, Birds, ii, 1884, 117. 



jEgiothus hornemanni Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 209. 



^. Igiothus} hornemanni Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 353. 



Acanthis hornemanni Dresser, Birds Europe, iv, 1871-1881, 55 (descr. eggs).— 



Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, 1885, 239 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, Sept. 



1 to Myiarchusy 15). 

 Acanthis hornemannii Ste.tneger, Auk, i, April, 1884, 152.— American Ornitholo- 



Gisrs' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 527.— (?)Clarke, Auk, vii, 1890, 322 



(Ft. Churchill, Hudson Bay).— MyiarchusIlwraith, Birds Ontario, 1892, 300 (Gait, 



Ontario, small flock). 

 A. Icanthis] hornemannii Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 396. 

 [Acanthis exilipes.'] Subsp. a. Acanthis hornemanni Sharpe, Cat, Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 



xii, 1888, 256. 

 Acanthis canescens (not Linaria canescens Gould) Bonaparte and Schlegel, Mon. 



des Loxiens, 1850, 47, pi. 51. 

 [Acanthiil caraesccres Bonaparte, Consp.Av.,i, 1850, 541 (Greenland). 

 A. legiothus] canescens Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, Aug., 1851, 161 (Greenland). 

 Aegiothus canescens Baird, Eep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 429 (excl. syn. part); 



Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 321. — Finsch, Zweite Deutsche Nordpolfahrt, ii, 



1874, 188, part (e. Greenland; crit.) . 

 JEgioihus canescens Coves, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861,388 (monogr.).— Baird, 



Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 498, part. — Ridgway, 



Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 178. 

 [JUgiothus canescens} var. canescens Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's 



Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 493. 

 iiVinj/iSa canescens Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, 7 (Greenland; resident). 

 Linota canescens Newton, Myiarchusn. Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 99 (Franz- Josefs Fjord, 



Greenland; breeding n. of lat. 70°). 

 Acanthis hornemanni typica Brewster, Auk, iv, April, 1887, 164, in text. 

 Linota linaria (not FringUla linaria Linnteus) Newton, in Baring Gould's Ice- 

 land, 1863, 409, part. 

 F. [ringilla] linaria (not of Linnaeus) Newton, Ibis, 1865, 502, in text (Spitz- 



bergen). 

 Aegiothus Hnanus Finsch, Abh. Nat. Brem., 1874, 104, part(s. w. Greenland; crit.). 



ACANTHIS HORNEMANNII EXILIPES (Coues). 

 HOARY REDPOLL. 



Similar in coloration to A. h. hornemannii, but very much smaller and 

 averaging somewhat darker; rump less extensively white; sides, flanks, 

 and under tail-coverts more frequently streaked with dusky, and pink 

 of chest and rump in adult male averaging decidedly deeper, that of 

 the chest also usually more extended. (Sexual and seasonal differences 

 exactly the same as in A. h. hornemannii.) 



Adult maZe.— Length (skins), 116.59-137.16 (126.49); wing, 72.39- 

 77.98 (75.18); tail, 64.10-63.50 (57.40); exposed culmen, 6.86-8.64 

 (7.87); depth of bill at base, 5.84-6.86 (6.35); tarsus, 13.46-15.24 

 (14.48); middle toe, 7.11-8.38 (7.87).' 



' Thirty-one specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



83 



Adult female.— Ijength (skins), 116.8i-131.06 (123.95); wing, 69.60- 

 74.68 (T1.12); tail, 53.34-58.17 (56.13); exposed culmen, 6.86-8.64 

 (7.87); depth of bill at' base, 5.84^6.60 (6.10); tarsus, 13.46-15.24 

 (14.48); middle toe, 7.11-8.38 (7.62).' 



Circumpolar continental districts, especially in Arctic America and 

 northeastern Asia. Breeding from Ungava (Fort Chimo) to western 

 Alaska (St. Myiarchuschael, etc.). South in winter to more northern United 

 States; Myiarchusine (Westbrook); Myiarchusssachusetts (Swampscott, Eevere Beach, 

 Nantasket Beach); Ontario (Hamilton Beach); Myiarchuschigan, northern 

 Illinois (Chicago, Mt. Carroll), etc., and in eastern Asia to Commander 

 Islands and northern Japan. 



Fringilla linaria var. /3. Nilsson Faun. Svec, i, 1817, 150. 



Linaria rufescens (not of Vieillot), male, Boux, Orn. Prov., 1825, pi. 99. 



Fringilla borealis (not lAnaria borealis Vieillot) Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 87, 

 pi. 400. 



Linota borealis Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 34, part. 



Linaria borealis (not of "Vieillot) Audubon, Synopsis, 1839,114; Birds Am., oct. 

 ed., iii, 1841, 120, pi. 178. 



JEgiothm borealis Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 386 (north China) ; Ibis, 

 1874, 160 (Hakodate, Japan); 1878, 245 (Yezo, Japan). 



(?) Acanthis linaria {not Fringilla linaria Linnaeus) Bonaparte and Schlegel, 

 Mon. des Loxiens, 1850, pi. 52. 



Fringilla linaria (not of Linnaeus), male, Schlegel, Yog. Nederl., 1854, pi. 171. 



Linota linaria Blakiston and Phyer, Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, viii, 1880, 233 

 (Yezo, Japan); x, 1882,174 (Yezo, Japan). 



Fringilla (Acanthus) linaria var. canescens (not Linaria canescens Gould) Schbbnck, 

 Eeise Amurl., i, 1860, 296. 



Fringilla canescens Sommebfeldt, Ofv. Sv. Vet.-Ak. Forh., 1861, 81 (East Fin- 

 mark). 



Cannabina canescens Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, 335 (n. China). 



J£giothus canescens Ross, Edinb. Philos. Journ.,1861, 163 (62° n. lat., Hudson Bay 

 region). — Vebrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 157 (Myiarchusine; rare winter 

 visit.). — Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 299 (n. China, winter). — 

 Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, 71 (Carlton House, Brit. America, Nov. to Myiarchusr.). — 

 Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 498, part. — David 

 and Oustalet, Ois. Chine, 1877, 336 (n. China, winter). 



' Eighteen specimens. 



There is apparently little geographic variation in measurements, as the following 



averages will show: 



Locality. 



MALES. 



Twelve specimens from Fort CWmo, Ungava 



Twelve specimens from Alaska 



Seven specimens from northeastern Asia — 



FEMALES. 



Eight specimens from Ungava 



Five specimens from Alaska 



Five specimens from northeastern Asia 



Wing. 



74.93 

 7B.44 

 75.18 



72.39 

 71.63 

 72.14 



Tail. 



Ex- 

 posed 

 culmen. 



67.40 

 58.42 

 55.63 



55.63 

 56.90 

 56.64 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



7.87 

 7.62 

 7.87 



8.13 

 7.62 

 7.62 



6.35 

 6.10 

 6.60 



6.35 

 6.10 

 6.10 



14.73 

 14.48 

 14.48 



14.48 

 14.48 



14.48 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



7.62 

 7.62 

 7.87 



7.62 

 7.87 

 7.62 




84 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



JE.lgiothm'] canesccres Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst, viii, 1876, 105 (n. e. Illinois, rare 

 in winter). 



Aegiothus canescens Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 429, part (in syn- 

 onymy). — Samuels, Birds Myiarchusss., 1864, 9. — Brewee, Proc. Bost. Soc, xx, 1879, 

 270 (Swampscott, Myiarchusssachusetts, Nov. 16). 



Acanthis canescens Dybowski and Pakvex, Journ. fiir Om., 1868, 335 (Dauria). — 

 Taczanowski, Journ. fiir Orn. , 1878, 92 (Dauria) ; 1874, 336 ( e. Siberia) ; Bull. 

 Soc. Zool. France, 1876, 180 (e. Siberia); Orn. Fauna Vost. Sibir., 1877, 40. 



A. [canthis] canescens Dybowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, 366 (measurements). 



Linota canescens Seebohm and Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1876, 116 (Petchora Valley, 

 Siberia). 



JEgiotKus exilipes CovBS, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,Nov., 1861, 385 (Fort Simpson, 

 Arctic America; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.) ; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 210.— Elliot, 

 Illustr. New and XJnfig. Birds N. Am., 1867, pi. 8.— Harvie Bbown, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 51 (Petchora, n. e. Russia). — Jeffries, Bull. Nutt. 

 Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 121 (Swampscott, Myiarchusssachusetts, Nov. 16, 1878).— Gibbs, 

 Bull. U. S. Geol.and Geog. Surv. Terr. , v., 1879, 486 (Myiarchuschigan; rare winter 

 visit.). 



JE.[giothus1 exilipes Cooes, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 353. 



[^Aegiothus linaria.'] Yar. exilipes Coves, Key, 1872, 131. 



JEgiothus linaria . . . var. exilipes Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 1466. — Pal- 

 men, Vega-Exp. 1887, 277 (Tschuktsch-halfon, e. Siberia, June). 



JE.[giothm] canescens . . . var. exilipes Ridqway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, Jan., 

 1874, 372 (Mount Carroll, n. Illinois, winter). 



{^Egiothus canescem] var. exilipes Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1874, i, 493. 



JEgiothus canescens, var. exilipes Baird, Brewer, and Ridqway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, pi. 22, fig. 2. 



JEgiothus canescens exilipes Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii. Myiarchusr. 27,1880,2 

 (crit); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 178«.— Bean, Proc.U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 

 1882, 149 (Chamisso Island, Kotzebue Sound, breeding). — Nelson, Cruise 

 "Corwin" in 1881 (1883), 67 (coasts Bering Sea; habits, etc.).— MyiarchusLenegan, 

 Cruise "Corwin," 1884, 115 (Kowak R., n. w. Alaska). — Myiarchusrdoch, Exp. 

 Point Barrow, 1885, 105 (Point Barrow, breeding). 



Acanthis homeniannii exilipes Stejneqee, Auk, i, April, 1884, 152; Bull. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., no. 29, 1885, 258 (Bering Island, Kamtschatka, winter) ; Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss.,x, 1887,142 (Commander Islands, winter).— Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., viii, 1885, 239 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, resident) ; Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 

 1886, 171 (breeding at St. Myiarchuschaels, etc.). — American Ornithologists' Union, 

 Check List, 1886, no. 527a.— Townsend, Cruise "Corwin," 1885 (1887), 100 

 (PortClarence, June).— Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. ColL Alaska, 1887, 178 (St. 

 Myiarchuschaels and throughout n. Alaska; descr. young, nest, and eggs, etc. ). — 

 Brewster, Auk, iv, 1887, 163 (Swampscott, Myiarchusssachusetts, Nov. 16, 1878; 

 Cambridge, Myiarchusssachusetts, Nov. 15, 1880; Revere Beach, Myiarchusssachusetts, Myiarchusr. 

 8, 1879, Myiarchusrch 3, 1883; Nantasket Beach, Myiarchusssachusetts, Feb. 22, 1883).— 

 Myiarchuscfarlane, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 440 (lower Anderson R., 

 breeding).— Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1891, 586 (Myiarchusnitoba in 

 winter) .—MyiarchusIlwraith, Birds Ontario, 1892, 301 (Hamilton Beach, Apr. 6, 

 1885).— Knight, Bull. no. 3, Univ. Myiarchusine, 1897, 89 ( Westbrook, Myiarchusine, Jan. 

 26,1896). 



A. [canihis} homeniannii exilipes Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 396. 



[Linana] exilipes Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 110, no. 7651. 



Linaria exilipes Homeybr, Journ. fiir Orn., xxviii, 1880, 155 (crit.). 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 85 



Linota emlipes Dresser, Birds Europe, pts. 57, 58, 1877, 51, pi. 189, fig. 1.— Newton, 

 Zoologist, 1877, 6.— Beooks, Ibis, 1885, 382 (crit. ). 



Acanthis exilipes Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss. , xii, 1888, 254 (localities in Finmark, 

 Norway, Lapland, Russia, and Siberia). 



Linaria dbiriea (not of Boie, 1822), "Severzow (in litt.)," Homeyer, Journ. fiir 

 Orn., xxvii, April, 1879, 185 (Onon and Baikal, Siberia; coll. von Homeyer). 



Linota sibirica Homeyee and Tancre, Myiarchustt. Orn. Yer. Wien, 1883, 89 (crit.). 



L. linaria] pallescens Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., xxviii, Apr., 1880, 156 (= L. sibir- 

 ica Homeyer, 1879). 



Acanthis hornemannii pallescens Stejnegeh, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 153. 



ACANTHIS LINARIA LINARIA (Linnaeus). 

 REDPOLL, 



About the size of A. hornemannii exilipes, but wing and tail (especially 

 the latter) averaging shorter, bill and toes decidedlj- longer, and colora- 

 tion much darker; the rump never white, and the under tail-coverts 

 always conspicuously streaked with dusky. 



Aokilt Triolein hreeding dress. — Forehead (narrowly) dusky; crown 

 bright poppy red; general color of remaining upper parts dark gray- 

 ish brown or sepia, indistinctly streaked with darker, and more or less 

 streaked with grayish white, especially on hindneck, lower back, and 

 median portion of upper back; rump mixed pink and grayish white, 

 broadly streaked with dusky; upper tail-coverts grayish brown edged 

 with paler; wings and tail dusky grayish brown, the remiges and 

 rectrices narrowly edged with pale brownish gray or dull grayish 

 white, the middle and greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with 

 grayish white; chin and upper portion of throat dusky; cheeks, lower 

 throat, chest, and sides of breast deep peach-blossom pink, often tinged 

 with bright poppy red; rest of under parts white, the sides, flanks, 

 and under tail-coverts broadly streaked with dusky; bill horn color 

 basally, dusky at tip; legs and feet dusky brown or blackish. 



Adult male in winter plumage. — Myiarchusch lighter colored than in sum- 

 mer, the prevailing color of back, scapulars, and hindneck light, more 

 or less buffy grayish brown, distinctly streaked with dusky; the lower 

 back and rump streaked with dusky and whitish (the latter often more 

 or less mixed with pink on lower rump) ; the wing-bands and lighter 

 edgings of remiges, etc., more or less inclining to buffy; the pink of 

 chest, etc., paler (rose pink), and the bill light yellow with black at 

 tip or along terminal portions of culmen and gonys. 



Adult female {and some apparently adult males). — Similar to the 

 male, but without any pink or red on the' under parts, the portions so 

 colored on the male being pale buffy or whitish; the seasonal differ- 

 ences exactly as in the adult male. 



Young. — No red on crown, the whole pileum being broadly streaked 

 with duskj'^ and pale grayish buffy; sides of throat, chest, and sides of 




86 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



breast buffy or dull buffj^ whitish, streaked with dusky; otherwise 

 much like adults, but wing-bands and edgings dull buffy, and back and 

 scapulars browner. 



[Young birds in first winter are like adults, but with upper parts 

 browner, and with head, etc. (whole anterior under parts in females), 

 more strongly tinged or suffused with buff.] 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 109.47-135.13 (123.44); wing, 70.61- 

 76.45 (74.93); tail, 48.51-58.17 (54.10); exposed culmen, 7.87-9.65 

 (8.89); depth of bill at base, 5.33-7.11 (6.10); tarsus, 13.46-15.76 

 (14.73); middle toe, 7.62-9.65 (8.64).' 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 108.97-138.18 (122.68); wing, 70.10- 

 76.20 (73.91); tail, 50.55-58.42 (53.85); exposed culmen, 7.62-9,65 

 (8.38); depth of billatbase, 5.59-6.86 (6.10); tarsus, 13.97-15.49 (14.73); 

 middle toe, 7.62-9.14 (8.38).' 



More northern portions of northern hemisphere, the northern limit 

 of its breeding range inosculating with the southern portion of the 

 breeding range of A. Juyrneniannii exilipes (Ungava to western Alaska); 

 breeding southward to islands in Gulf of St. Lawrence;' in winter 

 south to more northern United States generally, iri-egularly and more 

 rarely to Virginia (Alexandria Co.), northern Alabama (Stevenson), 

 southern Ohio (Hamilton Co.), southern Indiana (Franklin, Decatur, 



' Forty-six specimens. 



^ Thirty-four specimens. 



Specimens from Europe and northeastern Asia average a littl ; larger than those 

 from North America, although the difference is slight and with more nearly equal 

 series, perhaps even less than that indicated by the following averages: 



Locality. 



Wing. 



Tail. 



Ex- 

 posed 

 culmen. 



Depth 

 o£ bill 

 at base. 



Tarsus. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



MALES. 



Sixteen adultmales from northeastern North Amer- 

 ica 



Sixteen adult males from northwestern North Amer- 

 ica 



Eleven adult males from northeastern Asia 



Three adult males from Europe 



FEMALES. 



Fifteen adult females from northeastern North 

 America 



Six adult females from northwestern North America 



Eight adult females from northeastern Asia 



Five adult females from Europe 



73.66 



74.42 

 74.68 

 75.95 



72.14 

 71.63 

 73.15 

 73.15 



54.36 

 54.86 

 53.85 



53.69 

 53.59 

 54.10 

 64.10 



9.14 



8.89 

 8.38 

 8.64 



5.84 



«.35 

 6.10 

 6.10 



6.84 

 6.84 

 6.35 

 6.60 



14.73 



14.73 

 14.99 

 14,99 



14.73 

 14.99 

 14.73 

 14.73 



8.64 

 8.64 



8.38 

 8.64 

 8.64 

 8.38 



The series of European specimens ia much too small to afford satisfactory compar- 

 ison with North American birds. They show certain differences of coloration, which 

 may or may not prove to be constant, and comparison with larger series is therefore 

 very desirable. 



Said to breed in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick; also, according to Hatch (Birds 

 of Myiarchusnnesota, p. 299), in Vermont and northeastern Myiarchusnnesota. 




BIRDS OF JSrOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 87 



Carroll, and Monroe counties), Kansas (Neosho Falls, Myiarchusnhattan), 

 Colorado (San Juan Co.), southeastern Oregon, coast of Washington, 

 etc.; casual in Bermudas. 



IFringilla'] linaria Linnaeus, Syat. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 182 (Europe); ed. 12, i, 

 1766, 322.— Gmblin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 917.— Latham, Index Orn., i, 

 1790, 458. 

 Fringilla . . . linaria Forstsr, Philoa. Trans., Ixii, 1772, 405 (Severn R. ). 

 FringUla Knorin Wilson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 41, pi. 30; ix, 1814, 126.— Tem- 

 MyiarchusNCK, Myiarchusn. d'Orn., i, 1820, 373.— Naumann, Vog. DeutschL, v, 1826, 173, pi. 

 126. — NUTTALL, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Canada, i, 1832, 512.— Audubon, Orn. 

 Biog., iv, 1838, 523, pi. 375.— Kittlitz, Denkw., i, 1858, 321 (Kamtschatka).— 

 Seebohm, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1884, 116 (excl. syn. part.); Birds Jap. Emp., 

 1890, 125 (Japan in winter) . 

 Spinus linaria Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool. , 1816, 233. 

 Passer linaria Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. , ii, 1826, 25. 

 FringUla (Acanthis) linaria Keyserling and Blasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, 161. 

 lAcanthis'] Knana Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 541. 



Acanthis linaria Bonaparte and Schlegel, Mon. Loxiens, 1850, 48, pi. 52. — 

 Dybowski and Parvbx, Journ. fiir Orn., 1868, 335 (Dauria). — Taczasowski, 

 Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 92 (Dauria); 1874, 335 (e. Siberia); 1876, 200 (Ussuri); 

 Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, 180 (e. Siberia); 1882, 394 (e. Siberia); Orn. 

 Faun. Vost. Sibir., 1877, 39. — Stejneqee, Auk, i, 1884, 152 (synonymy); 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 29, 1885, 252 (Bering Island, etc., Kamts- 

 chatka, breeding on mainland); Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 142 (Com- 

 mander Islands in winter). — Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, 1885, 

 239 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, resid.); Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 172 

 (whole of Alaska except Aleutians). — American Ornithologists' Union, 

 Check List, 1886, no. 528.— Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 179 

 (habits, etc.). — Sharpb, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 245. — Evermann, 

 Auk, vi, 1889, 24 (Carroll Co., Indiana, Nov. 5 and Dec, 1884).— Goss, Birds 

 Kansas, 1891, 422 (rare winter visit.) . — Myiarchuscfarlane, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 xiv, 1891, 440 (lower Anderson R., breeding). — Hatch, Birds Myiarchusnn., 1892, 

 299 (said to breed in n. e. Myiarchusnnesota, also in Vermont) . — Park, Auli, x, 



1893, 205 (Stevenson, n. Alabama, 1 spec. Sept., 1874). — Ridgway, Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 664 (Kodiak, Alaska).— Palmer (W.), Auk, xi, 



1894, 333 (Alexandria Co., Virgmia, Feb. 19, 1875).— Thorne, Auk, xii, 



1895, 216 (Ft. Keogh, Montana, Nov. 7 to mid. Feb. ).— Nehrling, Our Native 

 Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 50, pi. 21, fig. 3.— Fisher (W. H.), Auk, xiv, 1897, 219 

 (Baltimore, Myiarchusryland, 1 spec. Jan. 17, 1897).— Butler, Birds Ind., 1897, 

 922 (rare in s. Indiana; Camden, Nov. 5, Franklin Co., Feb. 10; Blooming- 

 ton Dec. and Apr. 12; Decatur Co.). — Lantz, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. for 

 1896-7 (1899), 263 (Neosho Falls; Myiarchusnhattan). 



*A. Icanthis} linaria Dybowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii, 1883, 365 (Kamtschatka). — 



Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 397. 

 A-legiothus} linarius Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, Aug., 1851, 161 (Germany; Norway). 

 Aegiothns linarius Finsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 273 (Chilcat and Portage Bay, Alaska, 



Jan., Myiarchusr.). 

 Aegiothns linaria Baied, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 428; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 



1859, no. 330. — Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 



1860, 198 (coast Washington in winter). — Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chi- 

 cago Acad. Sci., i, 1869, 281 (Nulato, Alaska, resid.). — Stevenson, Prelim. 

 Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv 1871, 461 (Green R., Wyoming, etc.). 




88 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Mjiothus linaria Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, 71 (China). — Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1S63, 299 (China); Ibis, 1874, 160 (Hakodate, Japan).— Beown, Ibis, 1868, 

 421 (Vancouver I.)-.— Gould, Birds Europe, iii, 1870, pi. 51.— Cooper, Orn. 

 Cal., 1870, 159 (Washington in winter).— Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 114; 

 Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 207.— Snow, Birds Kans., 3d ed., 1875, 6 

 (winter visit.). — David and Oustalbt, Ois. Chine, 1877, 336 (n. China). — 

 Langdon, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., 1878, (5) (Avondale, near Cincinnati, 

 winter 1869-70). — Blakiston and Pkyer, Ibis, 1878, 245 (Yezo, Japan). — 

 KuMLiEN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 15, 1879, 75 (Cumberland Sound and 

 Kikkertonislds., Sept., Oct.). — Bolau, Journ. fur Orn., 1880, 127 (e. Siberia); 

 1882, 335 (e. Siberia).— RimwAY, Xom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 197; Proc. 

 TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 371 (Sapporo and Tate-Yama, Japan; crit. ). — Drew, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 90 (San Juan Co., Colorado, in winter).— 

 Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1882, 149 (Chugachik I., Cook Inlet, Alaska, 

 July 1; Chamisso I., Alaska, Aug. 31). — Bkewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 

 1882, 255 (Amherst, Grindstone, and Myiarchusgdalen islds.. Gulf St. Lawrence, 

 breeding; descr. young). — Nelson, Cruise "Corwin" in 1881 (1883), 68 

 (Alaska, except Pribilofs and Aleutians; breeding habits). — MyiarchusLenegan, 

 Cruise 'Corwin,' 1884, 115 (Kowak R., Alaska). 



M.\_giolhus\ linaria Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 352. 



[Jigiothus] linarius Coues, Key, 1872, 130. 



yEglothus Unarms Covs^BS, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 382 (monogr. ); Check 

 List, 1873, no. 146.. — Baied, Beewee, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 

 1874, 493 (part), pi. 22, flgs. 3, 5.— Bendire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 116 

 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, winter). — Langdon, Rev. List Birds Cincinnati, 

 1879, 9 (Ispec. Jan.). 



[Mgiothus linarius] var. linarius Bated, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, 493, 494. 



Cannabina linaria S^\■lSIlo^E, Ibis, 1861, 335 (n. China). — Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 

 1862, 122 (e. United States). 



[Linaria'] linaria Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 109, no. 7649. 



Linota linaria Harting, Handb. Brit. B.,1872, 28. — Newton, ed. Yarrell's Brit. 

 B., ii, 1876, 133.— Dresser, Birds Eur., iv, 1877, 37, pi. 187.— British Orni- 

 thologists' Union, List Brit. B.,1883, 53.— Brooks, Ibis, 1884, 234; 1885, 

 381. 



IFringilla] flammea "Lmi^Myiarchuss, Syst. Nat.,ed. 12, i, 1766, 322. 



[Fringilla] rids MyiarchusJLLER, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 163. 



Linaria borealis Vieillot, Mem. R. Acad. Sci. Torino, xxiii, 1816, Sc. Fis., p. 199. — 

 Myiarchuscgillivray, Hist. Brit. B.,i, 1837, 388. 



Linota borealis Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 34, part?. — Yaerell, 

 Hist. Brit. B., i, 1843, 308. 



F.[ringiUa] borealis Gray, Gen. B., ii, 1849, 372. 



J^giothus borealis Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 386. 



Linaria minor (not of Leach) Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Am., ii, 

 1831, 267.— Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., ii, 1832, 33; Contr. Orn., 1848, 

 82 (Bermudas).— Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 114; Birds Am., oct.ed., iii, 1841, 

 122, pi. 179.— HuRDis, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1850, 8 (Bermudas, Oct. to 

 Feb.).— Willis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1858 (1859), 287 (Bermu- 

 das).— Adams, Ibis, 1878, 425 (St. IMyiarchuschaels, Alaska). 



Linaria agroruni Brbhm, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 281. 



Linaria belularum Brehm, Vug. Deutschl., 1831, 282. 



Fringilla linaria betularum Sundevall, Sv. "Vet. Ak. Handl, 1840, 59. 



Linaria canescens Gould, Birds Eur., iii, 1834, pi. 193. 



Fringilla canescens Schlegbl, Rev. Crit., 3844, p. Ixiii. 



Aegiothus fvscescens Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1861, 222 (Henly Harbor, 

 Labrador; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); 1869, 186. 




BIRDS OF WORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



89 



JSgiothus fuscescena Coues, Proo. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 380 (monogr.). 



[Linaria'] fuscescem Geay, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 110, no. 7655. 



[Mgiothus ttnarius.'} Var. fuscescem Coues, Key, 1872, 131. 



jEgioihus Knarius . . . var. fuscescem Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 146a. 



^giothus linaria, var. fuscescem Baird, Bkewee, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 



Birds, i, 1874, pi. 22, figs. 3, 5. 

 ■Fringilla rufescem (not Linaria rufescem Vieillot) Elwes and Buckley, Ibis, 1870, 



193 (Turkey, winter). 

 JEgioihus rufescem Alston and Habvie Brown, Ibis, 1863, 64. 

 Linota rufescem Seebohm and Harvib Beown, Ibis, 1876, 116 (lower Petchora, 



Siberia) . 

 Linota rufescem (?) Blakiston and Peyee, Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, viii, 1880, 233- 



X, 1882, 174. 

 -Liraaria ammcona Myiarchusximilian, Joum. fiir. Orn., vi, 1858, 333. 

 Fringilla linaria brevirostris Holmgeen, Skand. Fogl. , i, 1866, 328. 

 Acanthis intermedins Dybowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii, 1883, 366. 

 A.{canthis'] innominatus Dybowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii, 1883, 366 (Kamt- 



schatka). — Reichbnow and Schalow, Joum. fiir Orn., xxxiv, 1886, 106. 



ACANTHIS LINARIA HOLBCELLII (Brehm). 

 E0LB(ELL'8 REDPOLL. 



Exactly like A. I. linaria in coloration, but averaging decidedly 

 larger, especially the bill, the latter usually relatively longer. 



Achdt male.— Length (skins), 118.11-139.70 (127.25); wing, 72.14^ 

 77.47 (75.18); tail, 53.59-59.69 (56.90); exposed culmen, 8.89-10.41 

 (9.91); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.62 (7.37); tarsus, 14.73-16.00 

 (15.24); middle toe, 7.87-9.91 (8.89).^ 



Adult female.— LQr\gi}i (skins), 120.65-134.62 (126.73); wing, 69.09- 

 76.20 (72.90); tail, 54.86-61.47 (57.15); exposed culmen, 9.65-10.41 

 (9.91); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.62 (7.11); tarsus, 13.97-16.75 

 (14.99); middle toe, 7.62-8.13 (7.87).' 



' Twenty specimens. 



^ Seven specimens. 



Series from different localities average as follows: 



Locality. 



Wing. 



Ex- 

 posed 

 culmen. 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



Tarsus. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



MALES. 



Five adult males from Bering Island, Kamtsehatka. 

 Two adult males from Petropaulski, Kamtsehatka. . 



Four adult males from Hakodadi, Japan 



Three adult males from Krasnoyarsk, Siberia 



Four adult males from Sweden and Norway 



Two adult males from Quebec, Canada 



FEMALES.. 



Two adult females from Bering Island 



One adult female from Hakodadi 



Three adult females from Sweden and Norway 



One adult female from Quebec 



One adult female from Herschel Island (breeding) . 



75.95 

 74,42 

 74. C8 

 75.44 

 76.95 

 72.90 



73,91 

 73,15 

 73.15 



57.40 

 57.15 

 55. 12 

 69.69 

 57.40 

 54.61 



58.67 

 64.86 

 57.15 

 56,37 

 61,61 



10.16 

 9.40 

 9.65 



10.16 

 9.91 

 9,91 



9.91-t- 

 9,66 

 10.16 

 9.91 



7.37 



7.37 



7,11 



7,62 



7.37+ 



7.62 



7.11 

 7.11 

 7,37 

 7.11 

 6.36 



14.99 

 14.99 

 14.99 

 15.24 

 15,24 

 14.99 



16.24 

 15,49 

 14.48 

 14,99 

 16.24 



9.40 

 8.13 

 8.64 

 8.89 

 9,14 

 9.40-1- 



8.13 

 7,87 

 9.40 




90 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Extreme northern portions of Europe, Asia, and North America; 

 Norway to Commander Islands, northern Japan, and islands off Arc- 

 tic coast of North America (Herschell Island, breeding); occasional 

 during migrations in portions of northeastern North America (vicinity 

 of Quebec; Lome Park, Ontario; North Bridgeton, Myiarchusine; Swamp- 

 scott, Myiarchusssachusetts, etc.)' 



Passer linaria (not Fringilla linaria Linnaeus) Pallas, Zoogr. Eosso-Asiat., ii, 

 1826, 25, part. 



Linaria holboeUii Brehm, Handb. Vog. Deutschl. , 1831, 280 (middle Germany, 

 winter).— Sundevall, Ofv. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1840, 59.— Fallon, 

 Ois. Belg., 1875, 105, footnote.— Homeyeh, Journ. fiir Orn., 1879, 183 (Pome- 

 rania; Thuringia; crit.). 



A. Icanihis] holbollii Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 541 (n. and w. Europe). 



ILinarial holboeUii Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 110, no. 7652. 



Acanihis holbollii Bonaparte and Schlegel, Mon. Loxiens, 1850, 50, pi. 53 (Ger- 

 many; Saxony; Belgium). 



Acanihis holboolli Selys-Longchamps, Rev. et Myiarchusg. Zool., 1857, 126. 



Aeg. [iothus'] holboeUii Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein.,i, Aug., 1851, 161, footnote. 



^■Egiothus holboelli Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 385 (monogr. ). 



Acanihis linaria /?. holbOUii Dubois, Consp. Av. Eur., 1871, 18. 



\_^giothii£ Unarius] var. holbolli Baihd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. K. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, 493, 494, part. 



M. [gioihusl I. {inaria'] holboelli Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 353, 

 part. 



ylcani/iis MyiarchusoZK Taczanowski, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 324 (e. Siberia); Bull. See. 

 Zool. France, 1876, 180 (e. Siberia); Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., 1877, 40. 



A.{canthis'] holbolli Dybowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, 365 (Kamtscbatka). 



Acanihis linaria holboeUii Stejnegee, Auk, i, April, 1884, 153 (synonymy) ; Bull. 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 29, 1885, 256 (Bering I., Kamtscbatka, breeding); Proc. 

 U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss., X, 1887, 142 (Commander Islands, resident); xiv, 1891, 497 

 (Japan); xv, 1892, 354 (Hakodate, Japan). — American Ornithologists' 

 Union, Check List, 1886, no. 528a.— (?)Townsend, Cruise "Corwin," 1885 

 (1887), 93 (upper Kowak E., Alaska, July); Auk, iv, 1887, 12 (do.).— Brews- 

 ter, Auk, iv, 1887, 163 (Swampscott, Myiarchusssachusetts, Myiarchusr. 26, 1883). — Cooke, 

 BirdMyiarchusgr. Myiarchusss.Val., 1888, 181 (n. Illinois).— Thompson, Trans. Canad. Inst., 

 iii, 1892, 29 (Lorne Park, Ontario, Myiarchusr.).— Powers, Auk, xiv, 1897, 219 

 (North Bridgton, Myiarchusine, winter). — Knight, Bull. no. 3, Univ. Myiarchusine, 1897, 

 93 (North Bridgton, Cumberland Co., Myiarchusine, 1 spec. Nov. 25, 1878). 



A. \^canthia\ linaria holboeUii Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 397. 



\_Acanthis linaria.'] Subsp. a. Acanthis holboeUii Sharps, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 250 (Norway; Finmark; Sweden; e. Siberia). 



Fringilla alnorum Brehm, Handb. Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 281. 



Fringilla linaria alnorum Sundevall, Sv. Vet.-Ak. Handl., 1840, 59. 



Fringilla canescens (not Linaria canescens Gould) Selys-Longchamps, Faune 

 Beige, 1842, 73. 



Imiaria longirostris '&KEnii, Naumannia, 1855, 277 {nomen nudum). 



Fringilla linaria magnirostris Holmgren, Skand. Fogl., i, 1866, 328. 



'The characters of this form being intermediate between those of A. linaria linaria 

 and A. linaria rostrata, it necessarily follows that intermediates or "intergrades" 

 between these two would be practically indistinguishable from ^1. I. holbcellii. Doubt- 

 less some of the specimens from the more eastern portions of North America are 

 really not true A. I. holbmllii, but with our present imperfect knowledge of the range 

 of the last it is scarcely possible to determine the question. 




BIRDS OF KOETH AND MIDDLE AMEEIOA. 91 



Linaria alnorum magnirostris Mevbs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1880, 155. 



Linarta brunnescena Hombyee, Journ. fiir Orn., xxvii, April, 1879, 184, part (Swe- 

 den; Lapland). 



A.{canthis] intermedius Dybowski, Bull. Soc. France, 1883, 365, in text (Kamts- 

 chatka) . 



ACANTHIS LINARIA ROSTRATA fCoues). 

 GREATER REDPOLL. 



Similar to A. linaria holhadlii, with the same seasonal changes, etc. , 

 but much larger and with a relatively thicker and more obtuse bill; 

 coloration rather darker and browner, with the dusky stripes on sides 

 and flanks usually heavier or broader; adult male with the pink or red 

 of chest, etc., apparently less extensive as well as less intense. 



Adult mafe.— Length (skins), 127.00-151.89 (138.18); wing, 77.47- 

 83.82 (80.62); tail, 55.37-65.58 (59.94); exposed culmen, 8.89-10.41 

 (9.91); depth of bill at base, 7.37-7.87 (7.62); tarsus, 15.75-17.53 

 (16.51); middle toe, 9.14-10.41 (9.65).^ 



A&itlt female.— Length (skins), 137.00-143.51 (133.60); wing, 75.69- 

 81.28 (78.23); tail, 56.39-62.99 (58.67); exposed culmen, 8.89-10.67 

 (9.65); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.87 (7.62); tarsus, 15.24-17.53 

 (16.26); middle toe, 8.64-10.16 (9.14).' 



Breeding and resident in Greenland; in winter southwestward through 

 Ungava (Fort Chimo, Sept. 1 to Myiarchusy 1), Labrador, and Provinces of 

 Quebec, Ontario, and Myiarchusnitoba to Myiarchusssachusetts (common), south- 

 eastern New York (lower Hudson Valley), northern Indiana (Starke 

 Co.), Myiarchuschigan, northern Illinois (Lake Co.), Colorado (near Myiarchusg- 

 nolia), etc. 



Fringilla linaria (not of Linnaeus) Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, 7 (Greenland). 

 ^giothus rostraius Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 378 (s. Greenland; U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss.). — Eeinhaedt, Vid. Medd. For. Kjobenhavn, 1875, 187 (Green- 

 land; crit. ). 

 Acanthis linaria rostrata Stejt^egeb., Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 153 (crit.; synonymy). — 

 Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, 1885, 240 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, Sept. 1 to 

 Myiarchusy 1). — American Oknithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 5286. — 

 Thompson, Trans. Canad. Inst., iii, 1892, 29 (Toronto, Feb.; Lome Park, 

 Ontario, Nov.).— Powers, Auk, xiv, 1897^ 219 (Gardiner, Myiarchusine, Deo. 30).— 

 Knight, Bull. no. 3, Univ. Myiarchusine, 1897, 93 (Gardiner, Kennebec Co., Myiarchusine, 

 Dec. 30, 1896).— Butler, Birds Indiana, 1897, 924 (Starke Co., Indiana, 1 

 spec. Jan. 1). — Cooke, Bull. no. 44, Colorado A-gric. Coll., 1898, 165 (near 

 Myiarchusgnolia, Colorado, alt. 7,500 ft., 1 spec. Dec. 9, 1895). 

 A. Icanthus] linaria rostrata Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 397. 

 lAcanthis IbiaHa.] Subsp. /3. A canihis rostrata Ska-rpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 



1888, 251 (Lichtenfels, Greenland; Chicago, Illinois). 

 ILinarial hornemanni (not Linota homemanni Holboll) Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 



110, no. 7654, part. 

 Linota hornemanni (not of HolbOU) Dresser, Birds Europe, pt. Ivi, 1876, pi. 190, 

 lower fig. (vol. iv, p. 55, part). 



' Fifteen specimens. ^ Nine specimens. 




92 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Aegiothus Unarius (not Fringilla linaria Linnaeus) Finsch, Abh. Nat. Brem., 1874, 



104, part (s. w. Greenland; crit.)- 

 Linota linaria Newton, Myiarchusn Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 99. 

 Acanthus linaria y. lanceolata Dubois, Consp. Av. Eur., 1871, 18 (ex Linaria 



laneeolata Selys-Lonqchamps, MS.). 

 Aegiothus canescens (not Linaria canescens Gould) Finsch, Zweite Deutsche 



Nordpolfahrt, ii, 1874, 188, part (e. Greenland; crit.). 

 [yEgiothus Unarius'] var. holbolli {not Linaria holbcelliiBrehm) Ridgway, in Baird, 



Brewer and Ridgway' s Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 493, 494, part. 

 JEgiothus holbolli Kumlien, Bull. V. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 15, 1879, 76 (Grinnell Bay, 



1 spec. Sept. 3). 



JEgiothus linaria holbolli Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 177; 



Nom. N. Amer. Birds, 1881, no. 179a.— Gibbs, Bull. TJ. S. Geol. and Geog. 



Surv. Terr., v, 1879,, 486 (Myiarchuschigan, 1 spec. Myiarchusr.). 

 JEgiothus linaria holboelli Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 208.— Bkewstee, 



Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 95-99 (Myiarchusssachusetts, com. in winter; 



crit.).- Fisher, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 121 (Sing Sing, New York, 



2 spec, Feb. 12 and 13, 1883).— Ooale, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 239 

 (Chicago, Illinois, 1 spec. Nov. 2, 1878). 



(?) Aranthis linaria holbcellii MyiarchusIlweaith, Birds of Ontario, 1892, 303 (winter 



visit.). 

 JE.lgiothus] Llinaria] holboelli Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 353, part, 

 (?) Acanthis linaria holbodlii Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 181 (n. Illinois). 

 lAnaria brunnescens Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., xxvii, pt. 2, Apr., 1879, 184, part 



(Greenland). 



ACANTHIS BREWSTERII Ridgway. 

 BREWSTER'S LIITNET. 



Somewhat like an immature female of A. linaria linaria, but with- 

 out any red on the crown or dusky on the chin, and with portions pi the 

 plumage tinged with sulphur yellow. 



Adult female {male unknown). — Above olive-brownish, streaked with 

 dusky, the rump tinged with pale sulphur yellow, beneath whitish, 

 faintly tinged with dull bufly or pale fulvous on chest, the sides and 

 lower tail-coverts streaked with dusky; wings with two pale fulvous 

 bands across tips of middle and greater coverts; primaries and rec- 

 trices narrowly edged with pale sulphur yellow; wing, 76.20; tail, 

 63.50;' tarsus, 12.70; middle^ toe, 7.62. 



This bird continues to be known only from the type specimen, taken 

 at Waltham, Myiarchusssachusetts, November 1, 1870, having been shot from a 

 flock of A. linaria. Possibly it is a hybrid of Acanthis linaria and 

 Spinvs pinus. 



JEgiothus {Aavirostris, var.?) brewsterii Ridgway, Am. Nat.,vi, July, 1872, 433 (Wal- 

 tham, Myiarchusssachusetts; coll. W. Brewster). 



ILinota] flavirostris var. brewsterii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 131. 



jEgiothus flavirostris, var. brewsteri Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. B., 

 i, 1874, 501, pi. 22, flg. 6. 



' Measured from base of coccyx. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 93 



^giothus brewesteri Beewee, Proc. Bost. Soc, xvii, Myiarchusrch 3,1875,441. — Ridg- 



WAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 177; Norn. N. Am. B., 1881, no. 



180. 

 Linota flavirostris . . . var. ftrewsteri Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 147. 

 JEgiothus flavirostris brewsteri Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 20, 1883, 305. 

 Linota flavirostris brewsteri Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 211. 

 L. [inoial flavirostris brewsteri f Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 353. 

 Linota brewsteri Myiarchusynaed, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 519. 

 Acanthis brewsterii Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, no. 23, Sept. 2, 1885, 354. — • 



Ameeican Oenitholoqists' Union, Check List, 1886, 354 (hypothetical list, 



no. 17). 

 A. Icanthis] brewsterii Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 398. 



Genus CARDUELIS Brisson. 

 Carduelis Bkisson, Orn., iii, 1760, 53. (Type., Fringilla carduelis Linn^us.) 



Small arboreal finches with elongate-conical, acute bill, long, pointed 

 wing, rather short, deeply emarginate tail, much yellow on wings, head 

 partlj^ red (in adults) and under parts white medially; sexes alike in 

 coloration. 



Bill elongate-conical, with the exposed portion of the very slightly 

 curved culmen nearlj' as long as the tarsus, and longer than the middle 

 toe (without claw), its basal depth decidedly less than the distance 

 from the nostril to the tip of the maxilla; gonys straight, its length 

 greater than depth of bill at base. Nasal plumules short, but quite 

 covering nostrils. Wing long (at least five times as long as tarsus), 

 pointed (three outermost primaries longest, the ninth sometimes 

 longest) ; primaries exceeding secondaries by about twice the length 

 of the exposed culmen. Tail narrow and rather short (less than two- 

 thirds as long as wing), deeply emarginate, more than half hidden by 

 upper coverts, the reotrices pointed, except middle pair. Tarsus short 

 (less than one-third as long as tail, a little longer than exposed culmen, 

 and about equal to middle toe with claw) ; outer claw reaching about 

 to base of middle claw, the inner claw falling a little short; hind claw 

 shorter than its digit. 



Colors. — White and graj', or white and brown, beneath, the mantle 

 brown or gray; wings and tail black, the former with yellow on greater 

 coverts and basal portion of outer webs of remiges, the latter with 

 white on inner webs of rectrices; adults with forepart of the head 

 (except lores) red, the under parts unspotted; young without red on the 

 head, the under parts more or less spotted with dusky. 



Range. — Palsearctic Region. (One species introduced into, and 

 partially naturalized in, northeastern United States.) 




94 BULLETIN 50. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



CARDUELIS CARDUELIS (Linnaeus). 

 GOLDFINCH. 



AdMlts {sexes alike).— Fore part of head, all round, crimson; lores, 

 hinder part of crown, occiput, nape, and bar from the latter halfway 

 across side of neck black; rest of head white, more or less tinged with 

 brownish buff; back, scapulars, and rump plain brown; upper tail- 

 coverts white; wings and tail mostly black; greater portion of greater 

 coverts, basal portion of outermost secondaries, and basal half or more 

 of exposed portion of outer webs of primaries bright lemon yellow; 

 secondaries, primaries, and middle rectrices tipped with white, the 

 inner webs of lateral rectrices also partly white; sides of bx'east, sides, 

 and flanks plain cinnamon-brown or wood brown; rest of under parts 

 white; bill whitish (tinged with flesh color or lilac in life); iris brown; 

 legs and feet dull flesh color (in life). 



Young. — Wings and tail- as in adults, but the former with middle 

 and greater coverts tipped with pale brownish, forming two bands; 

 no red on head nor black on head or neck; pileum and hindneck light 

 grayish brown, mottled or streaked with darker, the back also more 

 or less streaked with dusky; chin and throat whitish, the latter flecked 

 with sooty brown, the foreneck, chest, and breast mottled or spotted 

 with the same. 



Adult «(a/6^.— Length (skins), 121.92-129.54 (126.49); wing, 74.42- 

 81.28 (77.47); tail, 47.75-49.53 (48.51); exposed culmen, 11.94-13.72 

 (12.70); depth of bill at base, 8.13-8.38 (8.38); tarsus, 14.73-15.49 

 (14.99)4 middle toe, 10.92-12.70 (11.68).^ 



Adult female.— Length (skins), about 121.92-127.00; wing, 73.41- 

 76.71 (74.68); tail, 48.26-50.29 (49.02); exposed culmen, 10.92-12.45 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.38 (7.87); tarsus, 14.73-15.24 

 (14.99); middle toe, 11.68-12.70 (12.19.)^ 



Europe in general, except extreme northern portions; south, in 

 winter, to Palestine and Egypt. (Introduced into the northeastern 

 United States and naturalized in Cuba, in New York City and vicinity, 

 and Cincinnati, Ohio; accidental (?) at New Haven, Connecticut, near 

 Boston, Worcester, etc., Myiarchusssachusetts, Toronto, Ontario, etc. 



IFringilla] carduelis LiNNiEns, Syst. Nat.,ed. 10, i, 1758, 180 (based on Carduelis, 

 Gesner); ed. 12, i, 1766, 318.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 903.— Latham, 

 Index Orn., i, 1790, 449. 



Fringilla carduelis Temminck, Myiarchusn. d'Orn., i, 1820, 377. — Rorx, Orn. Prov., 1825, 

 pis. 97, 98.— Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., v, 1826, pi. 124, flgs.l, 2.— Wekner, 

 Atlas, Granivores, 1827, pi. 52. — Keyserlino and Blasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, 

 p. xli. — Yaebell, Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1843, 490. — Schlegel, Kev. Crit., 1844, 

 p. Ixiii; Vog. Nederl., 1854, pi. 167; Dier. Nederl., 1861, pi. 16, figs. 11, 12.— 

 Keulemans, Onze Vogels, i, 1869, pi. 34.— Fkitsch, Vog. Eur , 1870, pi. 25, 

 fig. 7.— Haeting, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 27.— Seebohm, Hist. Brit. Birds, 

 ii, 1884, 87. 



1 Four specimens. ^ Three specimens. 




BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 95 



F.[ringiUa] carduelis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 371, 

 [Pringilla] carduelis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 80, no. 7171. 

 Emberiza carduelis Scopoli, Ann., i, 1769, 144. 



Acanthis cardudis'B'ECiisTEi's, Naturg. Deutschl., 2d ed., ii, 1807, 199. 

 Passer carduelis Tajjlas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. , ii, 1826, 15. 

 Spinus carduelis Koch, Syst. baier. Zool., 1816, 233. 



Carduelis carduelis Schaffer, Orn. Myiarchuss.,1789, 23. — Boie, Isis, 1822,554. — Lich- 

 TBNSTEiN, Nomencl. Av. Myiarchuss. Berol., 1854, 46. — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 185, part (excl. syn. Carduelis major Taczanowski, Fringilla albigu- 

 laris Myiarchusdarasz, etc.). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 

 abridged ed., 1889, p. 71. — Churchill, Auk, viii, 1891, 314 (Worcester, 

 Myiarchusssachusetts, breeding). — Howe, Auk, xii, 1895, 182 (Brookline, Myiarchusssa-< 

 chusetts, 1 spec. Myiarchusy, 1892) . — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 65. 

 C. [arduous'] carduelis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N". Am. Birds, 1887, 401. 

 Carduelis degang Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 30. — Gould, Birds 

 Europe,-iii, 1837, pi. 196; Birds Gt. Brit., iii, 1870, pi. 36.— Myiarchuscgillivray, 

 Brit. Birds, i, 1837, 393.— Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 33.— 

 Degland and Gerbe, Orn. Eur., i, 1867, 279. — Loche, Expl .Sci. Alg^r. Ois., 

 i, 1867, 154.— Heuglin, Orn. N. 0.-Afr.,i, 1870, 640.— Salvadori, Faun. Ital. 

 Ucc, 1871, 154.— Shelley, Birds Egypt, 1872, 152.— Newton, ed. Yarrell's 

 Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1876, 117.— Dressbb, Hist. Birds Europe, iii, 1877, 527, 

 pi. 116.— Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 120 (e. Myiarchusssachusetts; 

 introduced). — Langdon, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., iv, 1881, 342 (introduced 

 at Cincinnati, Ohio, 1872-74). — British Ornithologists' Union, List Brit. 

 Birds, 1883, 47. — Tristram, Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 64. — Giglioli, 

 Avifauna Ital., 1886, 30. — Adney, Auk, iii, 1886, 409 (breeding in Central 

 Park, New York City, etc.). — ^Bbodie, Auk, v, 1888, 211 (Toronto, Ontario, 

 Myiarchusy 21, 1887, 4 specimens). — Verrill, Auk, x, 1892, 301 (New Haveu, Con- 

 necticut, 1 spec. Myiarchusy 9, 1892).— Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 123 (Cuba; 

 introduced) . 

 C. larduelis'] elegans Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 518. 

 Cardueles elegans Cory, Revised List Birds W. I., 1886, 35 (Cuba). 

 Chrysomitris elegans Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xx, 1879, 271 (near Boston, 



Myiarchusssachusetts, 1 spec, spring 1878). 

 Carduelis septentrionalis Brehm, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 288. 

 Carduelis germanica Brehm, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 289. 

 Carduelis aurata Eyton, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1836, 20. 

 Carduelis communis Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xiv, 1845, 554. 

 Carduelis accedens Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, 277. 

 (''xrduelis meridionalis Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, 277. 

 Carduelis auranliipennis Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, 277. 

 Carduelis vulgaris Doderlein, Avifaun. Sicil., 1869, 81. 



Genus SPINUS Koch. 



Spinus^ Koch, Bayr. Zool., 1816, 233. (Type, by elimination, Fringilla spinus 



Linnaius.) (See Stejneg&r, Auk, i, 1884, 360.) 

 Chrysomitris BoiE, Isis, 1828, 322. (Type, Fringilla spinus Linnaeus. ) 

 Hypacanthis^ Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, Aug., 1851, 161. (Type, Carduelis spinoides 



Vigors.) 

 Pyrrhomitris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, Sept. 15, 1850, 517. (Type, Carduelis 



cucullata Swainson. ) 



^ "^Tti'vog, 6, the name of a small bird, as given by Aristophanes." (Stejneger.) 

 ' "Von v«6 und ccKavS'ii, iSoi, ri Distelfink." 




96 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Sporagra Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pi. 79, fig. 14. (Type, Fringilla 



magellanica Vieillot. ) 

 Melanomitris Cassin, Proo. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvii, 1865, 91. (Type, Carduelis 



atratus Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny. ) 



Small arboreal finches, with small or moderate-sized conical acute 

 bill, long, pointed wings, rather short, eiaarginate tail, short tarsi, 

 and with the plumage mainly black and yellow (sometimes olive-green 

 above and yellowish below in adult females and young), in one species 

 black and red (male), or gray and red (female); the remiges and rec- 

 trices (except middle pair of the latter) yellow or red at base. 



Bill moderate in size, conical, compressed, sometimes attenate ter- 

 minally, its depth at base not more than length of maxilla from 

 nostril (usually less), its basal width (across base of mandible) much 

 less than the depth; exposed culmen not longer than middle toe with- 

 out claw (except in /S. notatus and S. n. Jbrreri), nearly straight, some- 

 times slightly convex, more rarely appreciably concave in middle 

 portion; gonys about equal to length of maxilla from nostril or slightly 

 shorter, straight or slightly concave; maxillary tomium nearly straight, 

 but always' with appreciable sinuation anterior to the very decided 

 basal deflection; mandibular tomium nearly straight to the strongly 

 convex, arched, or occasionally prominently angled subbasal portion. 

 Nostril small, roundish, more or less covered by antrorse latero-frontal 

 plumules; rictal bristles inconspicuous, or else having lateral barbules 

 and these modified into plumules like those covering the nasal fossae. 

 Wing long and pointed (ninth primai'y much longer than fifth, usually 

 equal to sixth, sometimes nearly equal to eighth, the eighth, or seventh 

 and eighth, longest); primaries exceeding secondaries bj' moi"e than 

 length of tarsus; tertials not longer than secondaries. Tail much more 

 than half but less than two-thirds as long as wing, distinctly emar- 

 ginate. Tarsus decidedly longer than exposed culmen, its scutella 

 distinct; middle toe, with claw, equal to or longer than tarsus; lateral 

 claws reaching about to base of middle claw; hallux about as long 

 as lateral toes, but much stouter, its claw not longer (usually shorter) 

 than the digit. 



Coloration. — Basal portion of remiges and rectrices (except some- 

 times in young) yellow or red, often exposed as conspicuous patches; 

 adults, at least adult males, with the plumage mamly black and yellow, 

 or black, olive-green, and yellow (black and scarlet or grayish and 

 scarlet in S. cvxiullatus) ; adult females (if different from males) olive- 

 greenish above, yellowish beneath, the wings and tail marked with 

 yellow, as in males. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SPINUS. 



a. No red in the plumage. 

 6. Under parts distinctly streaked, at least on under tail-coverta. 

 ".. Pileum (but not sides of head) uniform black or dusky. 




BIRDS OF WOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 97 



d. Throat dusky or mottled with dusky. (Palrearctic Region; introduced into 



Oregon, etc.) Spinus spinus, adult male' 



dd. Throat without any dusky; under parts mostly light gray or olive-green. 

 (Highlands of Guatemala and Chiapas.) 



Spinus atrioeps, adult male and female (p. 100) 

 cc. Pileum not uniform black or dusky. 

 d. Pileum darker than back, especially the forehead; under parts plain light 



gray, only the under tail-coverts streaked Spinus atriceps, young 



dd. Pileum not darker than back; under parts whitish, more or less distinctly 

 streaked with dusky or grayish. 

 e. Rump with ground color yellow or yellowish; back, etc., yellowish olive 



or olive-greenish Spinus spinus, female and young 



ee. Rump with ground color grayish or whitish ; back, etc. , grayish or brown- 

 ish olive.^ 

 /. Smaller (wing not more than 76.20, usually much less, averaging 72.39) ; 

 under parts usually heavily or conspicuously streaked with dusky. 

 (North America, except Mexico.) 



Spinus pinus pinus, male, female, and young (p. 97) 

 ff. Larger (wing usually more than 76.20, averaging 76.45) ; under parts 

 usually (?) indistinctly or obsoletely streaked with grayish or dusky. 

 (High mountains of Mexico, in coniferous belt.) 



Spinus pinus macropterus (p. 100) 

 bb. Under parts without streaks, except sometimes on longer under tail-coverts.' 

 c. Head black all around, including foreneck. 

 d. Sides of neck, hindneck, back, and rump black. (Costa Rica to Venezuela 



and Ecuador. ) Spinus xanthogaster, adult male ( p. 1 05 ) 



dd. Sides of neck yellow; hindneck and back olive-green; rump olive-green or 

 yellow. 

 e. Snialler and brighter colored, the breast, etc. , deep lemon to nearly saffron 

 yellow; wing averaging 64.01, tail 39.12, exposed culmen 11,43, tarsus 

 12.95. (Eastern Mexico to Honduras.) 



Spinus notatus notatus, adult male and female (p. 102) 

 ee. Larger and duller in color, the breast, etc., dull gamboge or olive-yellow; 

 wing averaging 66.55, tail 40.39, exposed culmen 11.94, tarsus 13.46. 

 (Mountains of western Mexico.) 



Spinus notatus forreri, adult male and female (p. 103) 



cc. Head without any black | ^"^^""^ '""^^t^^ "0*^'°= ]. voung 



( Spinus notatus forreri J 



aa. Plumage partly red. (Cuba; Porto Rico; Trinidad; Venezuela.) 



Spinus oucullatus (p. 104) 



SPINUS PINUS PINUS (Wilson). 



PINE SISKIN. 



Adult. — Above grayish or brownish, conspicuously streaked with 

 dusky, the ground color of the rump paler (whitish or light grayish), 

 sometimes tinged with pale yellow; wings and tail duskj', or dull 



' Although introduced, with other European birds, into Oregon, there is no record 

 to the effect that this species has become naturalized. [Fringillct] sjjiims Linnaeus, 

 Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 181 (based on Fauna Suecica, 203, etc.); ed. 12, i, 1766, 

 822. — Spinus spinus Stejnbqer, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ix, Feb. 14, 1887, 651. 



^ I have not been able to discover a single positive character whereby the adult 

 female and young may be infallibly distinguished from S. pinus, but, as a rule, the 

 above-mentioned characters are diagnostic. 



^ In young birds chieiiy. 

 ' 17024—01 7 




98 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



blackish; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with whitish and 

 tertials more or less edged with same; basal portion of remiges (espe- 

 cially secondaries) and rectrices pale yellow, mostly (often entirely) 

 concealed; under parts dull white, everywhere (except on abdomen 

 and anal region) streaked, more or less distinctly (usually conspicuously, 

 sometimes very broadly, rarely indistinctly), with dusky. 



Youn;/. — Similar to adults but wing-coverts tipped with buffy; 

 under parts often (but not always) tinged with sulphur yellow. 



Adult w«/^.— Length (skins), 106.68-123.19 (115.57); wing, 69.09- 

 Y6.20 (73.15); tail, 39.88-16.48 (43.69); exposed culmen, 9.65-11.18 

 (10.67); depth of bill at base, 5.84-7.11 (6.35); tarsus, 12.70-14.99 

 (14. 22); "middle toe, 10.67-12.19 (11.18).^ 



Adult female.— L,ength (skins), 107.44-130.81 (116.59); wing, 66.80- 

 75.44 (71.63); tail, 40.64-45.97 (43.18); exposed culmen, 9.91-11.94 

 (10.67); depth of bill at base (two specimens), 6.35-6.60; tarsus, 12.95- 

 15.24 (14.22); middle toe, 10.67-12.45 (11.43).' 



Northern coniferous forest districts of North America, breeding 

 south to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, parts of New England, lower 

 Hudson Valley (Sing Sing, Cornwall on Hudson, etc.), mountains of 

 Pennsylvania, and southward to high mountains of North Carolina, 

 Myiarchusnnesota, etc. , and on the high western ranges quite to the southern 

 boundary of the United States; in winter, south to the Gulf coast 

 (including Florida and Texas), valleys of California, etc., and into 

 Mexico; casual or accidental in Cuba. 



' Twenty-two specimens. 

 '' Twenty-one speoLmens. 



Specimens from the Atlantic, Rocky Mountain, and Pacific coast districts compare 

 in average measurements as follows: 



Although specimens from the Rocky Mountain district appear to have the tail 

 decidedly shorter and the bill smaller than those from the Atlantic and Pacific dis- 

 tricts (which are practically identical in measurements), it is possible that a larger 

 series would show differently. I am unable to discover any color differences. The 

 individual variation in the latter respect is very great, but I have failed to make out 

 any correlation between these variations of coloration and geographic areas, both 

 the darkest and the palest, the brownest and the grayest, or those with heaviest 

 streaks on under parts, and those with these streaks almost obsolete, often occurring 

 in the same locality. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 99 



Fringilla pinuft Wilson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 133, pi. 17, fig. 1. — NuTT.iLL, 31an. 

 Orn. U. S. and Canad., i, 1832, 511.— Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 455; v, 

 1839, 509, pi. 180. 



F.[ringilla] pinus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii„ 1849, 371. 



[Fringilla] pinus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 81, no. 7182. 



Fringilla ( Carduelis) pinus Bonaparte, Obs.AVilson, 1825, no. 103. 



Carduelis pinus J ARDius, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 275, pi. 17, fig. 1. 



ClirysomitHs pinus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 33. — Baikd, Rep. 

 Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 425; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 317.— Cooper 

 and SucKLEY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 197 (Washington, 

 resid. ). — Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 124. — Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 6 (plains 

 of Saskatchewan, near Rocky Mts.); 1863, 71 (do.). — Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 1865, 91.— Brown, Ibis, 1868,421 (Vancouver I.).— Cooper, Orn. 

 Cal., 1870, 172.— Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 148; 2d ed., 1882, no. 212; 

 Birds N. W., 1874, 115.— Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver., Bremen, iii, 1872, 60 (coast 

 of Alaska) ; Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 273 (Portage Bay, Alaska, Feb.) . — Baird, 

 Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 480, pi. 22, fig. 16.— 

 Hbnshaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 246 (Fort Garland, Colorado, 

 and Mount Graham, Arizona, breeding) . — Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 



1877, 463 East Humboldt Mts., Nevada, and Wahsatch Mts., Utah, breed- 

 ing) ; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 185. — Myiarchusynard, Birds Florida, pt. iv, 



1878, 91 (Florida in winter) .— Bkewstek, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 

 117 (descr. young); vii, 1882,194 (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona); viii, 1883, 57 

 (migration). — Belding, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 414 (centr. Cali- 

 fornia, breeding at Big Trees, etc.) ; v, 1883, 537 (La Paz, Lower California, 

 winter). — Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 148 (upper St. 

 Johns R., Myiarchusine, breeding) .—Fisher, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 180 

 (breeding at Sing Sing, s. e. New York; descr. nest and eggs). — Bicknell, 

 Auk, 1, 1884, 328 (song). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr. -Am., Aves, i, 

 1886,428, part.— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 227, part. 



\^Chrysomitris'] pinus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 515. — Coues, Key K. Am. 

 Birds, 1872, 131.— Cory, Revised List Birds W. I., 1886, 35 (Cuba, fide 

 Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 9; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, 1866, 397). 



C.[hrysomitris'] pinus ^EL&oifi, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 105, 152 (n. e. Illinois 

 in winter; Indianapolis, Indiana, in summer) . — Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 

 2d ed., 1884, 354. 



Linaria pinus Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 115; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii,1841, 125, 

 pi. 180. — Hbermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 49 (California, 

 etc., winter). 



Spinus pinus Stejnbger, Auk, i, Oct., 1884, 362. — American Ornithologists' 

 Union, Check List, 1886, no. 533.— Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886, 107 (Black 

 Mts., North Carolina, breeding at 5,200 ft.).— Allen, Auk, iv, 1887, 284 

 (Cornwall on Hudson, New York, breeding; breeding habits). — Cooke, 

 Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 183 (Wallace and Myiarchusnhattan, Kansas, Myiarchusy 29, 

 and 16) . — Mearns, Auk, vi, 1889, 258 (Mogollon Mts., Arizona, breeding) . — 

 Palmer (W.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.', xiii, 1890, 264 (Myiarchusgdalen Islands; 

 Newfoundland). — Warren, Birds Peimsylvania, 1890, 231 (breeding in 

 Lycoming Co.). — Brewster and Chapman, Auk, viii, 1891, 137 (Gainesville 

 and Suwanee R., Florida, winter). — Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 

 1891, 587 (Myiarchusnitoba, migr.) .—Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 111, 147 

 (Cuba). — Hatch, Birds Myiarchusnnesota, 1892, 302 (breeding in pine districts). — 

 Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 62. — Morrell, Auk, xvi, 1899, 

 252 (River Herbert, Nova Scotia, breeding; descr. nest and eggs). 



S. [piniis] pinus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 400, part. 




100 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



SPINUS PINUS MACROPTERUS (Du Bus). 

 MEXICAN PINE SISKIN, 



Similar to S. i?. pinus but with decidedly longer wings and tail, and 

 usually with the under parts less distinctly streaked. 



Adult maZ<?.— Length (skins), 115.06-123.19 (117.85); wing, 75.44- 

 78.23 (76.71); tail, 46.18-18.26 (47.50); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.18 

 (10.92); depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.11 (7.11); tarsus, 12.70-14.22 

 (13.72); middle toe, 10.92-11.18 (11.18).^ 



^&jZi! /emaZe.— Length (skin), 119.38; wing, 78.23; tail, 48.26; ex- 

 posed culmen, 10.67; depth of bill at base, 6.86; tarsus,. 14.73; middle 

 toe, 11.68.' 



Higher mountains of southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Las 

 Vigas, Jalapa, etc.), Puebla (Mount Orizaba), Mexico (Salazar), Zaca- 

 tecas (San Juan Capistrano), and Myiarchusohoacan (Patzcuaro). 



C [hrysomitris'] macroptera Bonapaete, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 515 (Guatemala; Mex- 

 ico; ex " Carduelis macroptera 'DxibViS, Esq., Orn. t. 23," ined.). 



Spinus pinus macropterus Chapman, Auk, xvi, July, 1897, 311 (Las Vigas, Vera 

 Cruz, Mexico, alt. 8,000 ft. ; Am. Myiarchuss. N. H. ) ; Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., x, 1898, 

 42 (Las Vigas, breeding) . 



Chrysomitris pinus (not Fringilla pinus Wilson) Sclatbk, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1864, 174 (valley of Mexico).— Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1869, 362 (City of Mexico).— Sumichkast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 

 550 (plateau and alpine region of Vera Cruz) . — Baird, Brewer, and Ridg- 

 TVAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,- 1874, 480, part (Mexico).— Coues, Birds N. W., 

 1874, 115, part (Mexico). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 

 1886, 428, chiefly (Mexican references and localities). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds 

 Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 227 part (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). 



{Chrysomitris'] pinus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 34. 



Spinus pinus American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 533, part 

 (Mexico) . 



S.lpinus} pinus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 400, part (Mexico). 



SPINUS ATRICEPS (Salvin). 

 GUATEMALAN FINE SISKIN, 



Adult male. — Entire pileum uniform black; back, scapulars, rump, 

 upper tail-coverts, and lesser wing-coverts plain dark olive-green; 

 under parts paler olive-green, the chin and upper part of throat suf- 

 fused with dull blackish; under tail -coverts yellow, with distinct mesial 

 streaks of blackish; greater wing-coverts with basal half (of exposed 

 portion) black, the terminal half bright olive-green; tertials black, 

 broadly edged and tipped with olive-green; secondaries black, with 

 terminal half or more edged with olive-green; primaries black, nar- 

 rowly edged with olive-green, and with a basal patch of bright yellow, 



^ Four specimens. ^ One specimen. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 101 



about 6.35 mm. or more in length, the concealed basal portion of the 

 secondaries likewise j'ellow; primary coverts and alula uniform black; 

 tail black, with about the basal half yellow, except middle rectrices, 

 which are blackish throughout, edged with olive-green, as is likewise 

 the blackish portion of the outer rectrices; bill horn color; legs and 

 feet similar, but darker. 



Immature malef^ — Similar to the preceding, but the olive-green of 

 upper parts inuch duller, becoming decidedly gray on hindneck; sides 

 of head and under parts dull gray, with a slight tinge of olive-green on 

 chest and sides; under tail-coverts pale grayish, with scarcelj^ a trace of 

 yellowish tinge; yellow at base of remiges both brighter and more 

 extended. 



Immature (f) male.^ — Similar to the preceding, but back and scapu- 

 lars gray, slightly mixed with olive-green, the interscapulars distinctly 

 but narrowly streaked with dusky; sides of head and under parts, 

 including whole throat and chin, plain light gray, becoming white on 

 abdomen. 



Younger {sex not determined).— SimilsiV, but pileum dull olive, the 

 feathers with dusky centers, producing an indistinctly spotted appear- 

 ance; iianks indistinctly streaked with duskj'. 



Adult mafe.— Length (skins), 114.30-116.8i (115.57); wing, 71.12- 

 72.39 (71.63); tail, 45.72-48.51 (47.60); exposed culmen, 10.41-11.43 

 (10.92); depth of bill at base, 5.84^7.11 (6.35); tarsus, 13.97-14.73 

 (14.22); middle toe, 10.92-12.19 (11.43).' 



Highlands of Guatemala (Quezaltenango, Hacienda Chancol, etc.) 

 and Chiapas (San Cristobal). 



This very distinct species is apparently more nearly related to 

 S. pinus than to S. notatus, the size and proportions being very nearly 

 the same. The fully adult male somewhat resembles in coloration 

 that of S. Hpinescens, of Colombia, but, besides having a much longer 

 wing and tail and differently shaped bill (the last broader basally but 

 more attenuated terminally), has the color of the under parts very 

 different (yellowish olive or gray instead of bright olive-yellow), and 

 the olive-green tips to the wing-coverts and margins to tertials much 

 broader. S. spinescens likewise has no dusky on the chin or throat, 

 and no dusky streaks on the under tail-coverts. 



^Possibly the adult female, since the date is the same as that of the adult male 

 described and the plumage is somewhat worn, thus indicating that it is at least a 

 bird of the second year. (Both specimens from. Quezaltenango, Guatemala, August, 

 1862, in the Salvin-Godman collection. ) 



2 No. 143725, U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. (no. 3375, coll. U. S. Biol. Survey) , Hacienda Chancol, 

 Guatemala, Jan. 9, 1896; Nelson and Goldman. 



' Four specimens. No adult female seen by me. 




102 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Chrysomitris atriceps Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 190 (Quezaltenango, 

 Guatemala, alt. 8,000 ft.; coll. Salvin and Godman); Ibis, 1866,194 (Quezalte- 

 nango).— Eidg way, Ibis, 1884, 43 (crit.).— Salvin & Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Am., Aves, i, 1886, 429, pi. 31,figs. 1, 2.— Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 200. 



[Chrynomitris'] air ic«ps Solater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr. , 1873,34. 



[Fringilla] atriceps Gkay, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 81, no. 7180. 



S. [pinus'] atriceps Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 400. 



SPINUS NOTATUS NOTATUS (Du B<is). 

 BLACK-HEADED SISKUT. 



Adult male. — Head, all i-ound, and foreneck, to upper part of chest, 

 deep black; hindneck, back, and scapulars j'ellowish olive-green, the 

 feathers with black central spots (sometimes mostly concealed and 

 inconspicuous) ; rump and under parts of body deep wax yellow or 

 dull gamboge yellow; wings, tail, and upper tail-coverts deep black, 

 the former relieved by a conspicuous area of bright lemon yellow on 

 the basal portion of the remiges (mostly concealed on secondaries but 

 occupying exposed third or more of primaries), the basal half, or more, 

 of rec trices (except middle pair) also lemon yellow; bill horn color 

 (sometimes bluish gray basally); legs and feet horn color. 



Adult female. — Similar to adult male but colors duller, with yellow 

 areas of wings and tail rather less extended. 



Young. — Wings as in adult female, but yellow on remiges still more 

 restricted, and middle and greater coverts tipped with pale yellow, 

 foi-ming two bands; rectrices dusky becoming yellow basally (but not 

 abruptly, as in adults) ; rest of upper parts dull j^ellowish olive, some- 

 what darker on crown, where indistinctly streaked with dusky; under 

 parts, including chin, throat, foreneck, and sides of head and neck, 

 light wax yellow; under tail-coverts more or less sti-eaked with dusky. 



Adult maZ^^.— Length (skins), 101.60-115.06 (106.43); wing, 60.96- 

 67.56 (63.75); tail, 35.56-42.16 (39.12); exposed culmen, 10.92-12.19 

 (11.43); depth of bill at base (two specimens), 7.37-7.62 (7.49); tarsus, 

 12.45-13.21 (12.95); middle toe, 9.91-11.18 (10.67).' 



Admit female.— \j&\^^ (skins), 100.33-105.92 (103.12);*= wing, 60.71- 

 64.01 (62.48);' tail, 36.32-39.88 (37.85);' exposed culmen, 10.41-11.18 

 (10.92);' tarsus, 12.70-13.46 (12.95);' middle toe, 10.41.' 



2 



' Eight specimens. 



'' Two specimens. 



' Three specimens. 



Owing to the insufBciency of material, many specimens being undetermined as to 

 sex, I am unable to give comparative average measurementa according to locality. 



Five specimens from Santa Ana, Honduras, are, unfortunately, all immature birds 

 (one of them in first plumage, the other four in transition dress), and I am therefore 

 unable to say whether the Honduras birds differ from ilexican examples. I can not 

 discern any difference between the immature birds. There are likewise no perfectly 

 adult birds from Guatemala in the collection. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 103 



Highlands of southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jico, Ori- 

 zaba, Jalapa, etc.), Puebla (Huauchinango, Teziutlan, etc.), Mexico 

 (near City of Mexico), Oaxaca (mountains near Santo Domingo, La 

 Parada, Totontepec, etc.), and Chiapas (Gineta Mountains), through 

 Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Agua, near Antigua, Santa 

 Barbara, Coban, etc.) to western Honduras (Santa Ana). 



Carduelis notata Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xiv, pt. 2, 1847, 106 (Jlexico; Brus- 

 sels Myiarchuss.) ; Rev. Zool., 1848, 247; Esquis. Orn., pi. .37. 



F. Iringilla] notata Gr-vy, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 371. 



[Fringilla} notata Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 82, no. 7196. 



[Chrysomitris'] notata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 516 (Mexico). — Sclater 

 and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 34. 



Ch.lrysomitrisi notata Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, 1851, 160 (Mexico). 



ChrysomitrisnotataSc-LATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1856, 304 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 

 1858, 303 (Orizaba) ; 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz) , 380 (La Parada and Toton- 

 tepec, Oaxaca); 1864, 174 (City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 124 (Ori- 

 zaba). — Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 275 (Volcan de Fuego, etc., 

 Guatemala). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 174 (City of 

 Mexico). — CASSiN,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865,92 (Mexico; Guatemala). — 

 Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 4, 1876, 22 (Gineta Mts., Chiapas).— 

 Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 214 (Guatemala) . — Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 428 (Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Agua, 

 near Antigua, Santa Barbara, and Coban, Guatemala, etc.). — Sharpe, Cat. 

 Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 221. 



Chryso7nitris notatus Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 550 ^temperate 

 region. Vera Cruz). 



A.[stragalinus] notatus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 356. 



Spinus notatus (not of Stejneger, 1884) American Ornithologists' Union, Check 

 List, 1886, no. 532, part (Mexico; Guatemala) . —Feerari-Perez, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 149 (Teziutlan, Puebla).— Ridgtv ay, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 470 (Santa Ana, Honduras). — Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. 

 N. H., x, 1898, 30 (Jalapa,, Vera Cruz). 



S.lpinus'] notatus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 400, part (Mexico; 

 Guatemala). 



SPINUS NOTATUS FORRERI ( Salvin and Godman) . 

 PORRER'S SISKIN. 



Similar to S. n. notatus, but adults with back, etc. , more decidedly 

 olive-green, or less yellow, and the yellow of rump and under parts 

 decidedly duller and more greenish (dull olive-yellow instead of wax- 

 yellow or dirty gamboge yellow); size also decidedly larger (except 

 feet). 



Admit male.— Length, (skins), 112.78-114.81 (113.79); wing, 65.53- 

 67.56 (66.55); exposed culmen, 11.68-11.94(11.81); depth of bill at 

 base, 7.62-7.87 (7.74); tarsus, 13.72; middle toe, 10.16-10.41 (10.28).' 



Adult f emale.— Length. {s\ims), 111.25-112.01 (111.76); wing, 63.50- 

 68.33 (66.29); tail, 38.61-41.15 (39.88); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.95 



' Two specimens. 




104 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(12.19); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.13 (7.87); tarsus, 13.95-13.21 

 (13.21); middle toe, 9.91-11.43 (10.67).^ 



Mountains of southwestern Mexico, in States of Durango (El Salto, 

 Chacala, Ciudad Durango), Zacatecas (San Juan Capistrano) and 

 Jalisco (San Sebastian) and Territory of Tepic (Santa Teresa). 



The adult male of this well-marked form resembles in coloration the 

 adult female of S. n. noiat-ics, but the olive-yellowish color of the rump is 

 much more strongly contrasted with the olive-green of the back, and 

 the black of the throat extends much further backward. In fact, the 

 pattern of coloration is precisely the same as in the adult male of 

 S. n. woto^tts, and I therefore believe that the type of S.forreri^ supposed 

 by its describers to be an adult male, is in reality an adult female. At 

 any rate, it agrees minutely in coloration with adult females in the 

 collection of the Biological Survey, obtained in the States of Zacatecas 

 and Jalisco, by Messrs. Nelson and Goldman. 



Chrysomiiris forreri Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, pt. 54, Nov., 

 1886, 429 (Ciudad Durango, Durango; coll. Salvin and Godman).— Shaepe, 

 Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 222. 



»S'. [pinusl forreri Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 400. 



SPINUS CUCULLATUS (Swainson). 



KED SISKIN. 



Adult male. — Head, all round, including whole throat, uniform 

 black; wings and tail mostly black; rest of upper parts glossy brown- 

 ish vermilion red, brightening into orange-vermilion on rump and 

 under tail-coverts; sides of neck, chest, and lower parts generally 

 bright scarlet or flame scarlet, paler on under tail-coverts; abdomen 

 and thighs white; lesser wing-coverts like back; middle and greater 

 CiO verts broadly tipped with red, forming two distinct bands; basal 

 portion of remiges and rectrices orange chrome or saturn red on outer 

 webs, salmon color on inner webs, forming a conspicuous mark on the 

 wing, especiallj^ on basal portion of primaries; bill horn color, legs 

 and feet similar but paler; length (skins), 101.60-102.87 (102.36); 

 wing, 58.67-59.69 (59.18); tail, 33.02-35.05 (34.04); exposed culmen, 

 9.40-9.66; tarsus, 12.70; middle toe, 10.16. ^ 



Adult female. — "Dark ashy gray above, with a slight tinge of 

 vermilion on the back; lower back, rump, and upper taU-coverts ver- 

 milion; wings and tail as in the male, but more orange-scarlet than 

 vermilion on the red parts; lores whitish; sides of face and throat 

 pearly gray, whiter on the chin; foreneck and breast orange-scarlet; 

 lower breast and abdomen white, as also the thighs, and under tail- 

 coverts; sides of body and flanks ashy gray with a brownish tinge."* 



1 Three specimens. '' Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 222. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 105 



Venezuela and Trinidad; Cuba (introduced ?); Porto Rico (intro- 

 duced ?). 



Cardudis ciicallata Swainson, Zool. Illustr., i, 1820-21, pi. 7. 



F. \ringilla\ cucullaia Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 371. 



[Fi'ingilla] cucullata Geay, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 82, no. 7199. 



[Pyrrhomitris] cucullata Bonaparte, Oonsp. Av., i, 1850, 517 (Cumanti, Venezuela; 

 Antilles) . 



Pyrrlwmitris cucullata Gundlach, Eepert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1876, 397; Orn. 

 Cuba, 1876, 21; Journ. fiir Orn., 1878, 160 (Porto Rico); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. 

 Nat.,-vii, 1878, 207 (Porto Rico). —Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 207 (synonymy and 

 description); Birds W. I., 1889, 94 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 111 (Porto 

 Rico; Cuba; introduced). 



Pyrrhomitris cucuUaius Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1860, 269 (Cuba; crit.) . 



Chrysomitris cucullata Solater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 123 (Trinidad). — Cassin, 

 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 91 (Trinidad; Venezuela; Cayenne). — 

 ScLATBE and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 167 (Carampano and 

 Caracas, Venezuela). — Shabpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 225 (Caru- 

 pano and Caracas, Venezuela; Trinidad; Cuba). 



IChrysomiiris'] cuccullata Coey, List Birds W. I., revised ed., 1886, 12. 



IChrysomitris] cucullata Sclatee and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 34 (Vene- 

 zuela). 



Fringilla cuhse Geevais, Myiarchusg. de Zool., 1835, Gig., pi. 44 (Cuba). — Oabanis, Journ. 

 fiir Orn., 1856,10 (Cuba); 1857, 241 (Cuba).— Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 

 1859, 295 (Cuba); 1861, 412 (Cuba); 1871, 282 (Cuba). 



Spinus cucullata Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., vi, 1894, 33 (Trinidad). 



Spinus cucullatus Fs-Ei^vs, Auk, xiv, 1897,364 (San Antonio, Venezuela). 



SPINUS XANTHOGASTER (Du Pus). 

 BRYANT'S SISKIlf. 



Adult male. — Head and neck, all round, and entire upper parts uni- 

 form black, relieved by a large lemon yellow patch on basal portion of 

 primaries and secondaries (except outermost of the former and three 

 innermost of the latter); tail (except middle rectrices), with basal half 

 or more light yellow; underparts, except chin, throat, and foreneck, 

 lemon yellow, more or less tinged with olive, especially on chest and 

 sides, the flanks more or less streaked or clouded with blackish; bill 

 horn color, darker terminally; legs and feet horn brownish; length 

 (skins), 93.98-95.25 (94.49); wing, 63.50-64.26 (63.75); tail, 35.56- 

 37.34(36.32); exposed culmen, 9.65-10.16(9.91); depth of bill at base, 

 7.62; tarsus, 13.21-13.46; middle toe, 10.41.' 



Adult yemale.— Above uniform olive-green, somewhat lighter on 

 the rump; wings and tail blackish, marked with yellow as in the male, 

 but the yellow areas more restricted, especially on tail; lesser wing- 

 coverts olive-green, with darker centers, the middle and greater coverts 

 tipped with olive-green, and primaries narrowly edged with the same; 



' Two specimens, one the type of Chrysomitris bryanti Cassin, both from Dota, 

 Costa Rica. 




106 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



underparts light yellowish olive, more grayish on chin and throat, more 

 j^ellow on middle of breast and upper part of abdomen, the lower por^ 

 tion of the latter, with anal region and under tail-coverts, whitish; 

 length (skin), 96.52; wing, 63.75; tail, 37.59; exposed culmen, 9.65; 

 depth of bill at base, 8.13; tarsus, 13.21; middle toe, 10.41.^ 



Young. — Above buffy yellowish olive; beneath buffy brownish yel- 

 low, paler, more sulphur yellow, on abdomen, etc.; wings and tail 

 dusky, or dark grayish brown; middle and greater wing-coverts 

 broadly tipped with light buffy; tertials broadly edged terminally with 

 dull white; secondaries edged for terminal half with dull buff, and pri- 

 maries edged with light olive; rectrices edged with light yellowish 

 olive; no 3'ellow at base of remiges or rectrices. 



Costa Rica to Venezuela and Ecuador. 



Chrysomitris xanthogastra Da Bus, Bull. Roy. Ac. Belg., xxii, pt. i, 1855, 152 

 (near Ocana, Colombia). — Sclatee and Salvis, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1870, 

 781 (Merida, Venezuela), 785, part (Merida, Venezuela; Ocaiia and Bogota, 

 Colombia; Costa Rica); 1879, 508.— Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 321 (Ocaiia, Canute, 

 and Cauca Valley, Colombia, 5,000-6,000 ft.). — Zeledon, Cat. Aves. de Costa 

 Rica, 1882, 9. 



[Chrysomitris] xanthogastra Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 187.S, 34, part 



(Venezuela to Costa Rica) . 

 Clirysomltris xanthogaster Sai^yis and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 

 430, part, pi. 31, fig. 3 (Dota, Frailes, and Irazu, Costa Rica; Colombia; Vene- 

 zuela; Ecuador). — Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 209. 



Spinus xanihogasira Zbledon, An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Cartago, 

 Sarchi, and Dota, Costa Rica) . 



Chrysomitris bryanti Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 91 (Dota, Costa Rica; 

 U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— Stimpson, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1868, 128, pi. 17.— 

 Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,ix, 1868, 104 (Costa Rica).— Frantzius, Journ. 

 fur Orn., 1869,302 (Costa Rica).— Boucaed, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 56 

 (Volcan de Irazii, Costa Rica). 



IFriiigilki] bryanti Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 81, no. 7191. 



IFHngilla] columbiana (not Carduelis columbianus Lafresnaye) Gray, Hand-list, 

 ii, 1870, 81, no. 7187, part (fide Sharpe) . 



Genus LOXIMITRIS Bryant. 



Loximilris Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xi, 1866, 93. (Type, Chrysomi- 

 tris dominicensis Bryant. ) 



Similar to Spinus but bill much stouter, more swollen, and less acute 

 (depth at base nearly equal to length of maxilla from nostril); wing 

 more rounded (ninth primary shorter than seventh) and wings without 

 any yellow. 



Hange. — Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.) 



V 'One specimen, from Dota, Costa Rica. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 107 



LOXIMITRIS DOMINICENSIS (Bryant). 

 HAITIAN GOLDFINCH. 



Adult male. — Head, all round, uniform black; back, scapulars, and 

 lesser and middle wing-coverts yellowish olive-green; rump olive- 

 yellow; wings blackish, with olive-green edgings, these absent from 

 basal portion of secondaries; middle pair of rectrices blackish, edged 

 with olive-green; remaining rectrices yellow, broadly tipped with 

 black, the external one with outer web black; under parts (except chin 

 and throat) yellow, tinged with olive laterally; bill whitish (light 

 brownish in dried skin); legs and feet deep brownish or horn color; 

 length (skin) about lOtt.li; wing, 67.31; tail, 44.46; culmen (about), 

 10.16; depth of bill at base (about), 10.16; tarsas, 16.24; middle toe, 

 8.13. 



Adailt female. — " Head and back, dull olive, lightly mottled with 

 dusky brownish, the rump and upper tail coverts ... a little 

 brighter olive and without any mottling; . . . quills . . . narrowly 

 margined with bright olive yellow; . . . greater, middle, and lesser 

 coverts . . . margined with the dull olive of the back, but the greater 

 and middle coverts . . . also broadly tipped with light olive yellow, 

 forming two distinct wing-bands; . . . rectrices blackish brown, nar- 

 rowly margined with yellowish on . . . inner webs; . . . throat, upper 

 breast, and sides . . . duskj'^ olive-gray; bellyandcrissum whitish, . . . 

 all mottled with blackish-brown shaft streakings; . . . under tail cov- 

 erts broadly marked with blackish shaft streaks." ^ 



Ymmg. — " Similar to adult females, but brighter olive (yellow) above 

 and decidedly yellowish, or yellowish olive, in place of grayish or whit- 

 ish below. "^ 



Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles (Port au Prince, Le Coup, and 

 mountains near Petionville, Haiti; Aguacate and Catarre, Santo 

 Domingo.) 



Chrysomitris dominicensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soo. N. H., xi, Dec. 5, 1866, 93 

 (Port au Prince, Haiti; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— Coryj Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 

 1881, 152 (near Petionville, Haiti) . 



IFringilla} dominicensis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 81, no. 7185. 



Loximitris dominicensis Coey, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 67, pi. (11) (Le 

 Coup and Port au Prince, Haiti); Auk, iii, 1886, 207; Birds W. I., 1889, 94; 

 Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 111, 131.— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 

 234.— Chbrrie, Pub. 10, Field Columb. Myiarchuss., Orn. ser., i, no. 1, 1896, 16 (Agua- 

 cate and Catare, Santo Domingo; descriptions). 



l^LoximHris] dominicensis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 12. 



Genus ASTRAGALINUS Cabanis. 



Astragalinus'' Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, July, 1851, 159. (Type, Fringilla tristis Lin- 

 naeus. See Ridgway, Auk, xv, 1899, 79. ) 



Pseudomitris Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Soi. Phila., 1865, 93. (Type, Fringilla psaUria, 

 Say.) 



iCherrie, Pub. 10, Field Columb. Myiarchuss., Orn. ser.,i, no. 1, 1896, 16. 

 ^ "Von a.(3TpayaXtvo(;, b Distelfink." 




108 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Similar to Spinu-s but bill relatively smaller, or less produced,' and 

 none of the species with yellow at base of remiges nor rectrices. 



Owing to the circumstance that the numerous species of Spiniis and 

 AstragaUnus differ so much among themselves in structural details, I 

 am unable to give a better diagnosis of the present group than the 

 above. The difference between the two groups in style of coloration 

 seems all the more important when it is taken into consideration that 

 in other respects as to coloration there is a very great range of varia- 

 tion in both groups. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF ASTKAGALINUS. 



a. No yellow on outer surface of wing-coverfs nor remiges. 

 h. Under tail-coverts white; upper tail-coverts white or grayish; inner webs of 

 exterior rectrices with white at tips, but not at base nor in middle portion, 

 c. White or otherwise light-colored markings of wings and tail more restricted 

 (adult male averaging, wing, 72.64; tail, 46.99). (Eastern United States, 



west to Great Plains. ) Astragalinus tristis tristis (p. 109) 



cc. White or otherwise light-colored markings of wings and tail more extended. 

 d. Larger and paler than A. t. tristis (adult male averaging, wing, 74.93; tail, 

 50.29) . (Rocky Mountain district of United States. ) 



Astragalinns tristis pallidus (p. Ill) 

 dd. Smaller and darker than A. t. trislis (adult male averaging, wing, 70.10; 

 tail, 44.45). (Pacific coast district of the United States.) 



Astragalinns tristis salicamans (p. 112) 

 66. Under tail coverts yellow; upper tail-coverts black or clive-green; inner webs 

 of exterior rectrices with basal or middle portion white or else without any 

 white, 

 c. Inner webs of exterior rectrices partly white. 

 d. Pileum glossy black; inner webs of exterior rectrices white to near tips. 

 e. Back, scapulars, and auricular region olive-green. (Rocky Mountains to 



California. ) Astragalinns psaltria psaltria, adult male (p. 114) 



ee. Back, scapulars, and auricular region glossy black or partly so. 

 /. Back, scapulars, and auricular region mixed black and olive-green (in 

 varying relative proportion ) . ( Southwestern border of United States 

 and northern Mexico, occasionally to California and Colorado. ) 



Astragalinns psaltria arizonse, adult male (p. 115) 

 ff. Back, scapulars, and auricular region uniform glossy black. 



g. Under parts pale yellow (canary yellow or between canary yellow 

 and citron yellow) ; wing and tail longer, averaging 64.77 and 41.15, 

 respectively. (Mexico in general, and southern Texas.) 



Astragalinns psaltria mexioanns, adult male (p. 117) 



gg. Under parts bright yellow (lemon yellow) ; whig and tail shorter, 



averaging not more than 62 48 and 38.10, respectively. 



h. Larger, with under wing-coverts mostly blackish and with more 



black on flanks; wing averaging 62.48; tail, 38.10; exposed cul- 



men, 9.91; depth of bill at base, 7.62; tarsus, 12.70. (State of 



Chiapas, southern Mexico, to Panama. ) 



Astragalinns psaltria crocens, adult male (p. 118) 



^ A few of the South American species of Spinus have the bill essentially like that 

 of AstragaUnus, but the style of coloration is always different and diagnostic of the 

 group. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 109 



hh. Smaller with under wing-coverts mostly white or yellow and 

 with less black on flanks (usually none); wing averaging 57.15; 

 tail, 35.31; exposed culmen, 8.89; depth of bill at base, 7.11; 

 tarsus, 12.19. (Yucatan.) 



Astragalinus psaltria jouyi, adult male (p. 120) 

 dd. Pileum olive-greenish, like back, etc^ ; inner webs of exterior rectrices with 

 a white spot in middle portion. 



Astragalinus psaltria and subspeciew, adult females and young.' 

 CK. Inner webs of exterior rectrices M'ithout any white, or with only an indica- 

 tion of it. 

 d. Upper parts glossy black.. Astragalinus psaltria columbianus, adult male 



(p. 120) 

 dd. Upper parts olive-green.. Astragalinus psaltria columbianus, adult female 

 and young. 

 aa. Outer surface of greater wing-coverts and remiges partly yellow. (California 

 and northern Lower California; Arizona in winter.) 



Astragalinus lawrencii (p. 121) 



ASTRAGALINUS TRISTIS TRISTIS (Linnaeus). 

 AMERICAN GOLDFINCH. 



Back yellow, brownish, or grayish; inner webs of rectrices dusky, 

 becoming white or whitish termi nally ; under tail-coverts white ; r emi ges 

 without any yellow, and without white at base of primaries. 



Adatlt male in sttmmer. — General color pure lemon or canary yellow, 

 the lores, forehead, and crown, together with wings (except small cov- 

 erts) and tail, black; tail-coverts, middle (sometimes also lesser) wing- 

 coverts, tips of greater coverts,>and part of edges of remiges, white; 

 bill orange or orange-yellow tipped with black; iris brown; legs and 

 feet light brownish. 



Adfiiit female in summer. — Above olive-brownish or grayish, some- 

 times tinged with olive-greenish, the wings and tail blackish or dusky, 

 marked with white or whitish, much as in the male; upper tail-coverts 

 pale grayish or grayish white; under parts dull grayish white, more 

 or less tinged with yellow, especially anteriorly and laterallj", some- 

 times entirely soiled yellow, except under tail-coverts; bill horn 

 colored. 



Adult male in winte)\ — Similar to the adult female, but wings and 

 tail deeper black, with whitish markings more conspicuous. 



Adult female in winter. — Similar to the summer female, but more 

 tinged with brownish, the lighter wing-and tail-markings broader and 

 more or less tinged with buffy brownish. 



Young. — Somewhat like winter adults, but much browner, ati the 

 wing-markings pale cinnamon, the plumage generally being suffused 

 with this color. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 108.46-121.92 (115.57); wing, 70.61- 

 75.18 (72.64); tail, 43.43-61.31 (46.99); exposed culmen, 9.66-10.41 



' Owing to insufBciency of material I am unable to give differential characters for 

 females and young of the several forms. 




110 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(10.16); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.62 (7.37); tarsus, 12.70-11.73 

 (13.72); middle toe, 10.16-11.13 (10.67.)^ 



Adult female.— \j^xigi\ (skins), 108.71-121.16 (113.28); wing, 65.79- 

 70.87 (68.58); tail, 39.62-46.71 (13.43); exposed culmen, 9.40-10.41 

 (9.91); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.37 (7.37); tarsus, 12.95-14.73 

 (13.97); middle toe, 10.16-11.18 (10.67).' 



United States and more southern British Provinces east of Rocky 

 Mountains, north to Myiarchusnitoba, Ontario, Quebec, southern Labrador, 

 etc.; breeding southward to limits of Upper Austral life-zone; winter- 

 ing southward to Gulf coast. 



[Fringilla'] Irisds LiNN^as, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 181 (based on Carduelis 

 americana Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 43, pi. 43); ed. 12, i, 1766, 320.— 

 Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 907.— Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 452.— Gray, 

 Hand-list, ii, 1870, 82, no. 7192. 



Fringillatristw\VihSOii, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 20, pi. 1, fig. 2. — Bonaparte, Am. Orn., i, 

 57, pi. 8, fig. 4; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 111.— Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 

 172; V, 1839, 510, pi. 33.— Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Canada, i, 1832, 507. 



F.lringilld] tristis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 371. — Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila.,iv, 1825, 56. 



Carduelis (ristis Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 116; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 129, 

 pi. 181. 



Spinus tristis Boie, Isis, 1828, 974. — Stejneger, Auk, i, Oct., 1884, 362. — Burner, 

 Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, 1885, 240 (oH Cape Myiarchusgford, Labrador; Fort 

 Chimo, Ungava?).— (?) Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 322, part (Red R. Valley, 

 Myiarchusnitoba, breeding) . — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, 

 no. 529, part. — Scott, Auk, vi, 1889, 321 (Tarpon Springs, s. w. Florida, Dec. 

 30 to Feb. 20; Punta Eassa, s. w. Florida, Jan. ) . — Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss.Val., 

 1888, 182, part (n. Illinois in winter; localities in Wisconsin and Myiarchusssouri; 

 Myiarchusnnesota?; Gainesville, Texas?). — Jackson, Trans. Canad. Inst., i, 1890, 2 

 (Toronto, Ontario, Jan. 19).— (?) Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1891, 

 586 (Myiarchusnitoba, summer resid.). — Dwight, Auk, x, 1893, 11 (Prince Edward 

 I., breeding). — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 54, pi. 15, fig. 5. 



S. [pimis'] tristis Ridgway', Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 398, part. 



Chrysomiiris tristis Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List., 1838, 33. — Baird, Rep. 

 Pacific E. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 421, part (Carlisle, Pennsylvania, St. Louis, and 

 Independence, Myiarchusssouri; Leavenworth and Fort Eiley, Kansas?); Cat. N. 

 Am. Birds, 1859, no. 313, part; Ibis, 1867, 289 (Bermudas, Myiarchusr.).— Sclater, 

 Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 123 (e. U. S.).— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 1865, 92, part.— Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 271 (e. Florida, 

 winter) .—Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 149, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 116, 



^ Eighteen specimens. ' Thirteen specimens. 



Average measurements of a nearly equal series from east and west of the AUeghe- 

 nies are as follows: 




BIRDS OP NOKTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



Ill 



part; Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 577 (Pembina, 

 North Dakota).— Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 

 471, part, pi. 22, figs. 7, 8.— :Myiarchusyxard, Birds Florida, 1878, 89.— Brewster, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1S7S, 117-(descr. young).— Kumlien, Bull. U.S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 15, 1879, 76 (off Cape Myiarchusgford, Labrador, Aug. 22).— Sharpe, 

 Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 195, part (e. United States localities). 



[Clirysomitris'] iristis Bonaparte, Consp. Av,, i, 1850, 517. — Coties, Key X. Am. 

 Birds, 1872, 132, part. 



Chrysometris tristis Myiarchusynard, Proc. Bost. Soc, xiv, 1871, 371 (Lake Umbagog, 

 Myiarchusine, and Quebec, Canada, breeding). 



A. [slragalinus'] tfistis. Cabasis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, July, 1851, 159. — CouBS, Key N. 

 Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 354, part. 



Astragalinus irklis Allen, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 69 (Springfield, Myiarchusssa- 

 chusetts). — Coues, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 280 (Essex Co., Myiarchusssachusetts, 

 Dec); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 96; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 

 213.— RIDGWAY, Nbm. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 181.- Merriam, Bull. Nutt. 

 Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 235 (Point de Monts, prov. Quebec, Canada, July). — 

 Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 147 (upper St. Johns, New 

 Brunswick, winter). — Bicknell, Auk, i, 1884, 329 (song). — American Orni- 

 thologists' Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 115. 



Fringilla iaria MyiarchusJLLER, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 163 (New York; based on Twin, 

 de la nouvelle Yorck Buffon, PL Enl., pi. 292, figs. 1, 2). 



Carduelis americana Swainson and' Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 268 

 ("Fur Countries ").—Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., 1832, 11, pi. 1, fig. 2. 



ASTRAGALINUS TRISTIS PALLIDUS (Mearns). 

 WESTERN OOLDFINOH. 



Similar to ^4. t. iristis, but decidedly larger; adult females, winter 

 males, and young much paler and grayer, with the white or otherwise 

 light-colored markings of wings and tail more extended. 



Adult male.— 'Length (skins), 109.22-129.29(119.89); wing, 71.3T- 

 78.23 (74.93); tail, 43.69-52.07 (50.29); exposed culmen, 10.16-10.92 

 (10.41); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.37; tarsus, 13.72-14.73 (14.22); 

 middle toe, 9.91-11.18 (10.67).' 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 112.27-127.00 (120.40); wing, 68.83- 

 74.17 (72.39); tail, 43.18-51.56 (46.74); exposed culmen, 9.91-11.18 

 (10.41); tarsus, 13.21-14.78(13.97); middle toe, 10.16-11.43 (10.67).' 



' Seventeen specimens. 



^ Thirteen specimens. 



Specimens from the type locality (Fort Verde, Arizona) are paler and have the 

 wings and tail longer than those from other portions of the arid region, following being 

 average measurements of the two series : 




112 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES , NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Rocky Mountain ]olateau district of the United States, north to east- 

 ern British Columbia, western Myiarchusnitoba, etc., south to northern and 

 eastern Mexico (Monterey, Nuevo Leon, February; Texola, Vera Cruz, 



Myiarchusrch). 



Chrysomiiris tristis (not Fringilla iristis Linnaeus) Woodhousb, Eep. Sitgreaves' 

 Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1854, 82 (Texas, and Indian Terr.). — Baihd, Rep. 

 Pacific K. E. Surv., ix, 1858, 421, part (Fort Lookout, etc., Nebraska; Fort 

 Laramie, Wyoming) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 313, part. — (?) Blakiston, 

 Ibis, 1863, 70 (Saskatchewan?) .—Deesser, Ibis, 1865, 486 (San Antonio, 

 Texas, breeding). — Butcher, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 149 (Laredo, 

 Texas, Dec.) .—Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 167, part.— Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. 

 Zool., iii, 1872, 176, part (Ogden, Utah; e. Colorado). — Aiken, Proc. Best. 

 Soc. N. H., 1872, 199 (Denver and Pueblo, Colorado, Nov.).— Meeri.^m, Rep. 

 U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872, 679 (Ogden, Utah; Fort Hall, Idaho).— Coues, 

 Check List, 1873, no. 149, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 116, part.— Baird, 

 Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 471, part. — Henshaw, 

 Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 60 (Platte E., Colorado); 

 Annot. List Birds Utah, 1874,5; Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 243 

 (localities in Ne\ada, Utah, and Colorado). — Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 

 1877, 461, part (localities in Nevada and Utah.— (?) MyiarchusCauley, Bull. U. S. 

 Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 663 (Washita Creek, etc., n. Texas). — 

 (?) Bendire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 116 (Camp Harney, e. Ore- 

 gon, Myiarchusy). — Allen and Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 161 

 (Colorado Springs, Colorado). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 

 195, part. 



[Chrysomitris] iristis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 131, part. 



CanilMfKs imits Myiarchusxi.mili AN, Journ. fur Orn. , 1858, 281 (up. Myiarchusssouri E. ) . 



Astragalinus irislis HiDGVi \y , Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, 1880, 177, part; Nom. N. 

 Am. Birds, 1881, no. 181, part.— Coues, Check List, 2ded., 1882, no. 213, part— 

 (?) Ogiley, Soient. Proc. Eoy. Dubl. Soc, iii, 1882 [28] (Navarro Co., Texas, 

 Oct. to Feb.). 



Spinus tristis (not of Boie) American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, 

 no. 529, part. — Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 322, part (Assiniboine R., w". Myiarchusni- 

 toba, breeding) .—Scott, Auk, iv, 1887, 197 (Pinal Co., Arizoija, winter).— 

 Allen, Auk, iv, 1887, 198 (Arizona; crit.).— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 

 1888, 181, part (Myiarchusnnesota?; South Dakota?; Myiarchusnitoba? ; San Angelo, Texas) ; 

 Birds Colorado, 1897, 98 (resident) . 



S. Ipinusl tristis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 398, part. 



Spinus tristis pallidus Meaens, Auk, vii, July, 1890, 244 (Fort Verde, Yavapai Co., 

 Arizona; coll. E. A. Mearns) . — American Ornithologists' Union Commit- 

 tee, Auk, ix, 1892, 106; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 529a.— Ridgway, 5Ian. 

 X. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 601. 



Astragalinus tristis pallidus Ridgway, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 79. — American Orni- 

 thologists' Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 115. 



ASTRAGALINUS TRISTIS SALICAMANS (Grinnell). 

 CALIFOBNIA GOLDFINCH. 



Similar to A. t. tj'istis, but wings and tail shorter, and coloration 

 darker; adult male in summer plumage with back always (?) tinged 

 with pale olive-green, and winter adults and young decidedly darker or 




BIRDS OF NOBTH AND MIDDLE AMEBICA. 113 



browner than corresponding plumages of A. t. tristis, with the broader 

 white or otherwise light-colored wing- and tail-markings of A. t. 

 pallidus. 



Adult «ia^e.— Length (skins), 103.63-122.43 (113.54:); wing, 66.04- 

 73.41 (70.10); tail, 43.18-46.23 (44.45); exposed culmen, 9.91-10.67 

 (10.16); depth of bill at base, 7.62; tarsus, 12.95-14.48 (13.72); middle 

 toe, 10.16-11.43 (10.67).^ 



Adidt female.— luength (skins), 108.71-119.63 (113.03); wing, 66.80- 

 69.09 (68.33); tail, 43.18-45.47 (44.20); exposed culmen, 9.91-10.67 

 (10.16); depth of bill at base, 7.62; tarsus, 13.21-13.46; middle toe, 

 10.67.' 



Pacific coast district, north to Washington (Shoal water Bay), south 

 to Lower California (Cerros Island). 



Chryaomitris iristis (not Fringilla tristis Linnaeus) Newbekry, Rep. Pacific R. R.. 

 Surv., vi, pt. iv, 1857, 87 (California; Oregon). — Baibd, Rep. Pacific R. R. 

 Surv., ix, 1858, 421, part (ShoalwaterBay, Washington; San Francisco, Sacra- 

 mento, and Fort Tejon, California) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 313, part. — 

 CoopEK and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 197 (coast of 

 Washington; lower Columbia R.). — Cooper, Orn., Cal., 1870, 167, part (Cali- 

 fornia; Oregon); Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1875, [6] (Saticoy and Haywards, 

 California ; descr. eggs ) . — Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 149, part; Birds N. W. , 

 1874, 116, part. — Baied, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 

 471, part. — Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1876, 238 (Los Angeles, 

 California; habits). — Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 461, part (Sacra- 

 mento, California). — Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 413 (Stockton; 

 Myiarchusrysville, etc., California). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 195,, 

 part (California). 



[Chrysomitris] iristis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 181, part. 



CardueKs ins(i.s Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x,pt. iv,1859,50 (California). 



Astragalinus tristis Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 181, part. — Coues, 

 Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 213, part; Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 354, 

 part. — Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1883, 531 (Cerros I., Lower 

 California). 



Spinus tristis American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 529, 

 part. — Anthony, Auk, iii, 1886, 168 (Washington Co., w. Oregon); (?) 

 Zoe, iv, 1893, 240 (San Pedro Myiarchusrtir Mts., Lower California, winter).— 

 BvEEMANN, Auk, iii, 1886, 182 (Ventura Co., California, resident). — Towns- 

 end, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 217 (Red Bluff and Humboldt Bay, 

 California). — Lawrence (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 356 (Gray's Harbor, Wash- 

 ington). 



SjMnus tristes Morcom, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 48 (Sau Bernardino, 

 Myiarchusy). 



S. Ipinus} tristis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 398, part. 



Spinus tristis salicamans Grinnell, Auk, xiv, Oct., 1897, 397 (Pasadena, California; 

 coll. J. Grinnell); Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 35 (Los Angeles Co., 

 California, resident) . — Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (Okanagan, Brit. Colum- 

 bia, winter) . 



Astragalinus tristis salicamans Ridgway, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 79. — ^American 

 Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 115 (no. 5296).— Mbe- 

 RiAM, N. Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 124 (Sisson and Shasta Valley, California). 



' Nine specimens. - Three specimens. 



17024—01 8 




114 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



ASTRAGALINUS PSALTRIA PSALTRIA (Say). 

 ARKANSAS GOLDFINCH. 



Adult male.— Vi\eam glossy black; auricular region, hindneck, 

 back, scapulars, and rump, olive-green; wings black, with a large white 

 patch at base of primaries; greater wing-coverts tipped with white or 

 pale grayish; primaries narrowly and tertials broadly (in fresh plum- 

 age) edged with the same; upper, tail-coverts black, margined with 

 olive-green; tail, blackish, with inner webs of several outermost rec- 

 trices mostly white (tips blackish); under parts light yellow (canary 

 yellow), paler onunder tail-coverts, tinged with olive-greenish laterally; 

 bill, horn color, darker at tip; legs and feet brownish; length (skins), 

 97.28-106.43 (101.85); wing, 62.23-64.77 (64.01); tail, 38.61-40.89 

 (40.13); exposed culmen, 89.8-9.91 (9.65); depth of bill at base, 7.11- 

 7.37(7.24); tarsus, 12.19-12.95(12.70); middle toe, 9.91-10.16(10.03).' 

 Adult female. — Above, including pileum, olive-greenish, the pileum 

 sometimes indistinctly streaked with dusky; wings as in adult male, but 

 general color grayish dusky instead of black, and white patch at base 

 of primaries smaller, sometimes obsolete; tail with the white on inner 

 webs of exterior rectrices restricted to a squarish spot in middle por- 

 tion; under parts, light olive-yellow; length (skins), 96.77-107.44 

 (100.33); wing, 60.71-63.25 (62.23); tail, 37.59-41.66(39.37); exposed 

 culmen, 8.89-9.91 (9.40); tarsus, 12.45-12.95 (12.70); middle toe, 9.14- 

 10.41 (9.91).' 



Young. — Similar to adult female, but tinged with buffy brownish 

 above, the lighter wing-markings more or less buffy, and the under 

 parts paler and duller, or more buffy, yellow. 



Western United States, from coast of California to eastern base of 

 Rocky Mountains; north to northern California (Shasta County), 

 southern Idaho (Boise), Utah (Wahsatch and Uintah mountains), and 

 Colorado; south, in winter at least, to southern Lower California (Vic- 

 toria Mountains) and southern New Mexico and Arizona; breeding 

 south to San Pedro Myiarchusrtir Mountains, northern Lower California. 



Fringillapsaltria Say, Long's Exped. Eocky Mts., ii, 1823, 40 (Arkansas Eiver). — 

 BoNAPAKTE, AiQ. Orn., i, 1825, 54, pi. 6, fig. 3; Ann. Lye. N. Y., 1828, 111.— 

 NUTTALL, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Canada, i, 1832, 510. — Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 

 1839, 85, pi. 394. 



Cardiielis psaltria Jakdinb, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., iii, 1832, 311, pi. 6, fig. 3. — 

 Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 117; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 134, pi. 183. — 

 Heermann, Bep. Pacific R. E. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 50 (California). 



Chrysomitris psaltria Bonaparte, Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 33. — Gambel, Journ. 

 Ac. 'Sut. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, 52 (California). — Newberry, Eep. Pacific 

 E. E. Surv., vi, pt. iv, 1857, 87 (California) . — Baird, Eep. Pacific E. E. Surv., 

 ix, 1858, 422 (California) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 314.— Xantus, Proc. 

 Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California). — Kenneely, Eep. 



' Seven specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 115 



Pacific R. R. Surv. , x, pt. vi, 1859, 28 (Bill Williams' Fork, Arizona) . — Sclatek, 

 Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 124.— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1S65, 93 (Califor- 

 nia) .—Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 168.— Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 

 167 (Ogden, Utah), 178 (Kansas?; Utah).— Coues, Check List, 1874, no. 131.— 

 Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pi. 22, figs. 9, 10. — • 

 Yarrow and Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1872 (1874) , 13 (s. 

 Utah) .—Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874) , 109 (Inscrip- 

 tion Rock, New Mexico; Apache and Gila R., Arizona); ib., 1876, 238 (s. 

 California); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 244, pi. 4, fig. 2 (Washington 

 andSt. George, Utah; Pueblo, Colorado, etc.) .—Nelson, Proc. Bost. Soo. N. H., 

 xvii, 1875, 358 (Nevada, California, Aug., Sept.). — Ridgway, Bull. Essex 

 Inst., V, 1873, 181 (Colorado); vii, 1875, 33 (Wahsatch Mts., Utah); Orn. 40th 

 Parallel, 1877, 462 (Wahsatch and Uintah Mts., Utah, breeding) .— Belding, 

 Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.,i, 1879, 413 (Stockton, Myiarchusrysville, etc., California).— 

 Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 194 (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona; 

 crit.) . — Allen and Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 161 (Colorado 

 Springs, Colorado) . — Sharpb, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 204. 

 [Chrysomitris] psaltria Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 516. — Coues, Key N. Am. 



Birds, 1872, 132. 

 Chrysomitris (Pseudomitris) psaltriaC Assiii, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 93 (Cali- 

 fornia). — Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866,80 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, 

 breeding; crit.). 

 Chrysomitris pstiUria, var. psaltria Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872,454, 



foot-note. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 474. 

 [Chrysomitris psaltrial a. psaltria Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 116. 

 Chrysomitris psaltria psaltria Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 20, 1883, 313. 

 Astragalinus psaltria Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 96; Check List, 2d ed., 

 1882, no. 215.— Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 182.— Drew, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 90 (Rio Animas, Colorado, Oct.). — Belding, Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1883, 53l'(Cerros I., Lower California) ; vi, 1883, 347 

 (Victoria Mts., Lower California), 537 (La Paz, Lower California). — Beck- 

 ham, Auk, ii, 1885, 141 (Pueblo, Colorado). — American Ornithologists' 

 Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 116. 

 A. [stragalinus'] psaltria Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 355. 

 Spinus psaltria Stejneger, Auk, i, Oct., 1884, 362. — American Ornithologists' 

 Union, Check List, 1886, no. 530.— Evbrmann, Auk, iii, 1886, 182 (Ventura 

 Co., California).— TowNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 217 (Red Bluff 

 and Baird, n. California).— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 183 (San 

 Angelo, Texas, fall).— Mearns, Auk, vi, 1890, 258 (Mogollon Mts. and Verde 

 Valley, Arizona). — Anthony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 240 (San Pedro Myiarchusrtir Mts., 

 Lower California, resident on lower slopes). — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, 

 etc., ii, 1896,60. 

 S. [_plmis~\ psaltpa Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 399. 



ASTRAGALINUS PSALTRIA ARIZON.ffi Coues. 

 ARIZONA GOLDFINCH. 



. Similar to A. p. jasaltria, but adult male with the olive-green of the 

 auricular region, back, scapulars, and rump more or less intermixed 

 with black, sometimes principally black; wing and tail averaging 

 slightly longer. 



Adnlt mafe.— Length (skin), 96.27-107.19 (102.62); wing, 64.01- 

 66.29 (65.02); tail, 38.61-41.45 (41.40); exposed culmen, 8.89-9.91 




116 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(9.40); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.37; tarsus, 12.19-13.31 (12.70); 

 middle toe, 9.65-10.41 (9.91).' 



Adult firiude.—Li&ngt]x (skin), 97.03; wing, 61.21; tail, 38.10; 

 exposed culmen, 9.40; tarsus, 12.70; middle toe, 9.91.^ 



Southwestern border of United States, from western Texas to central 

 California, and south into northwestern Mexico, in States of Chihua- 

 hua, Sonora, and Durango (Chacala); north, at least occasionally to 

 Colorado. 



This is scarcely a definite form, but is rather a series of specimens 

 connecting A. p. psaltria and A. ]). inexlcanus, hardly two examples 

 being exactlj^ alike, and the geographic range not very definite. The 

 name may be retained, however, as a convenient means of designating 

 the intergrading series in question. 



Chrysomitris inexicatia (not Carduelis mexicanus Swainson) Baied, Bep. Pacific 

 R. E. Surv., ix, 1858, 423, part (Copper Myiarchusnes, Arizona) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 

 1859-, no. 315, part.— Coues, Ibis, 1865, 159, 164, in text (Fort Whipple, 

 Arizona). 



Chrysomitris (Pseudomitris) mexicanus Var. arizonx Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 1866, 82, in synonymy (Fort Wingate, New Mexico, or Fort Whipple, 

 Arizona;' U. S.Nat. Myiarchuss.?). 



[Chrysomitris Pseudoviitris viexicamis.} [C. var. anzonx'] Comes, Proc. Ac. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 1866, 82. 



Chrysomitris mexicana, var. arizonse Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, pi. 22, fig. 11. 



\_Chrysomitris mexicanus.'] Var. arizonx Baird, in Cooper's Orn. Cal.,1870, 170 

 (Arizona). 



Chrysomitris mexicana arizonx Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 

 v,1879, 390 (Lomita,- Texas, Myiarchusy). 



[Chrysomitris psaltria.l Var. arizonse OouBS, Key N. Am. Birds, Oct., 1872, 132. 



Chrysomitris psaltria var. arizonie Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 454, 

 footnote. — Baied, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 476; 

 iii, 1874, 509 (30 m. n. of &n Diego, Myiarchusy 7, and near San Buenaventura, Cal- 

 ifornia, Jan. ) . 



Chrysomitris psaltria . . var. arizonx Coues, Check List, 1874, No. 151ci. — Hen- 

 SHAw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Survey, 1873 (1874), 109 (Gila-R., Arizona, 

 Sept.); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 245, pi. 4, fig. 1 (Gila R., Camp • 

 Grant, and Apache, Arizona; Santa Fe, New Mexico). 



Chrysomitris psaltria arizonie GoOBE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 20, 1883, 313. 



[Chrysomitris psaltria'] b. arizonx Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 117 (synonymy). 



Astragalinus psaltria arizonse Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, April, 1880, 96; 

 Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 216.— Ridgway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 

 1880, 177, 216, 232; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. ISSo; Auk, xvi, 1899.— 

 American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 116. 



1 Eleven specimens. ' 



'^ One specimen. 



'Neither type specimen nor type locality were designated; four specimens are men- 

 tioned by National Myiarchusseum catalogue numbers, namely, 37088, 37091, and 37092, 

 from Fort Wingate, New ilexico, and 39094, from Fort Whipple, Arizona, of which 

 only the last, apparently, is now in the National Myiarchusseum collection. The form is 

 characterized, inferentially, on page 83. 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 117 



A.[siraga}mus'] i>. [saliria} arizonse Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 355. 



Splnus paaliria arizonx Stejnegbr, Auk, i, Oct., 1884, 362. — American Ornithol- 

 ogists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 530a.— Emerson, Zoe, i, 1890, 44 

 (Hayward's, Alameda Co., California, 1 spec. Jan. 10).— Attwater, Auk, 

 ix, 1892, 337 (San Antonio, Texas, winter) . — Fisher, North Am. Fauna, no. 

 7, 1893,85 (lower Santa Clara Valley, Utah, breeding).— CooKB, Birds Colo- 

 rado, 1897, 99 (summer resid., breeding from plains to 6,0C0 ft.) . 



S-ipiims} psaltria arizome Eidgwa\-, Myiarchusn. I\. Am. Birds, 1887, 399. 



lCIiri;somHris psaltria.} Subsp. a. Chrysomitris arizonx Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchuss.,xii, 1888, 206. 



ASTRAGALINUS PSALTRIA MEXICANUS (Swainson) 

 MEXICAN GOLBFIlfOH. 



Adult male. — Upper parts, including whole auricular region and sides 

 of neck, uniform glossy black; otherwise exactly like adult males of 

 A. p. psaltria and A.j)- arizonce; length (skins), 97.79-109.22 (104.66); 

 wing, 61.98-68.68 (64.77); tail, 38.10-44.45 (41.16); exposed culmen, 

 9.40-10.67 (9.91); depth of bill at base, 7.11; tarsus, 11.94-13.21 (12.70); 

 middle toe, 9.40-10.41 (9.91).' 



Adult female. — Not distinguishable from females of A. p. psaltria 

 and J..^. arizonm; length (skins), 101.85-106.43 (104.14); wing, 60.96- 

 65.53 (63.50); tail, 38.10-42.93 (39.88); exposed culmen, 8.89-10.16 

 (9.65); tarsus, 12.45-13.21 (12.70); middle toe, 9.91-10.41 (10.16).^ 



Young. — Not appreciablj' different in plumage from those of A. 2^- 

 psaltria and A. p. arizQiice. 



Mexico in general, except extreme southern and northwestern por- 

 tions (States of Chiapas, Yucatan, Sonora, etc.); southern Texas (north 

 to Kinney, Myiarchusson, Eastland, and Bexar counties); accidental in Colo- 

 rado (Denver). 



(?) [Fringilla] caJo/oZ Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 914 (based on" Ca/oior' Buffon.) 

 Carduelis mexicana Swainson, Philos. Myiarchusg., n. s.,i, 1827, 435 (Real del Monte, 



Hidalgo, Mexico). — Wagler, Isis, 1831, 525. 

 Chrysomitris mexicana'BotsAFA-R'iB, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 33. — Sclater, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 303 (Cordova, Vera Cruz) ; 1858, 303 (Oaxaca); 1859, 

 265 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz) , 380 (Totontepec, Oaxaca) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 124, 

 part (Mexico). — Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 423, part (Nueva 

 Agua, Coahuila; Santa Catarina, Nuevo Leon; Parras) ; ed. 1860 ("Birds 

 N. Am."), atlas, pi. 14, fig. 1; Rep. U. S. Hex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 

 14, pi. 16, fig. 1; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 315, part.— Cassin, Proc. Ac. 

 Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 93, part (Mexico; Texas; New Mexico; "Lower Cali- 

 fornia") . — DuGEs, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 140 (Guanajuato) . — Cory, Revised 

 List Birds AV. I., 1886, 35 (Cuba, fide Gundlach, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 

 1866, 397).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 431, part 

 (Mexican localities and references) . — Sharps, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 

 -06, part (Mexican references and localities). 



^ Thirteen specimens. '■' Five specimens. 




118 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Chrysomitris me.ricanus Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 550 (temp, 

 region, Vera Cruz) .—Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870,- 169 (n. Mexico).— Grayson, 

 Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 282 (Tres Myiarchusrias). 



[Chrysomitris] mexicanus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 576. 



ICIirysomitris'] mexicana Solatek and Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 34, part 

 (Mexico). 



[Chrysomitris Pseudomitris ineodcanus'] \_X.\a.r. mexicanus Swains.] Ooues, Proc. 

 Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 81 (crit.; synonymy). 



[Chrysomitris psaltria.] Var. mexicana Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, Oct., 1872, 183. 



Chrysomitris psaltria . . . var. mexicana Coves, Clieck List, 1874, no. 1516. 



Chrysomitris psaltria var. mexicana Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 455, 

 part. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 478, part, 

 pi. 22, fig. 13.— Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 278 (Tres 

 Myiarchusrias). 



[Chrysomitris psaltria] c. mexicana Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 117, part (in 

 synonymy). 



Chrysomitris psaltria mexicana Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 20, 1883, 313. 



[Chrysomitris mexicana] var. mexicana Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, pi. 22, fig. 12. 



A.[stragalinus] mcricanus Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, July, 1851, 159 (Mexico). 



Astragalimts psaltria mexicanus CouBS, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 96; Check 

 List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 217.— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, 1880, 177, 

 229, 232; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 1826.— American Ornithologists' 

 Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 116. — Cooke, Auk, xvi, 1899, 187 (near 

 Denver, Colorado, 1 spec, summer 1888). — Nelson, North Am. Fauna, no. 

 14, 1899, 52 (Tres Myiarchusrias). 



A.[stragalinus] p. [saltria] mexicanus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 355, 

 part. 



Spinus psaltria mexicanus Stejneger, Auk, i, Oct., 1884, 362. — American Orni- 

 thologists' Union, Check List., 1886, no. 5306. — Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. 

 VaL, 1888, 183 (Myiarchusson, Texas, breeding).— Att water. Auk, viii, 1892, 337 

 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding). — Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1894, 

 780 (Soledad, San Luis Potosi; Hacienda el Molina, Jalisco; crit). — Rich- 

 mond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xviii, 1896, 630 (Alta Myiarchusra, Tamaulipas) .— 

 Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., x, 1898, 30 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). 



S. [pinus] psaltria mexicana Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 399, part. 



8. [pinus] psaltria mexicanus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d. ed., 1896, 399, part. 



Spinus mexicanus Coby, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 147 (Cuba ?). 



Fringilla melanoxantha Lichtenstbin, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 2 (Journ. fiir 

 Orn., 1863, 56).— Wagler, Isis, 1835, 525. 



[Chrysomitris] melanoxantha 'Licwrsssi^is, Nom. Av. Myiarchuss. Berol., 1854, 46. 



Fringilla texensis Giraud, Sixteen Sp. Texas Birds, 1841, pi. 5, fig. 1 (Texas; type 

 inU. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



ASTRAGALINUS PSALTRIA CROCEUS (Jouy)i 

 CENTRAL AMERICAN GOLDFINCH. 



Similar to A. p. mexicanus but smaller and brighter yellow beneath, 

 the adult males with under parts rich lemon yellow instead of canary 

 or citron yellow; similar in color of lower parts to A. p. jouy i but 

 larger, and with more black on under wing-coverts and flanks. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



119 



Adult maZe.— Length (skins), 90.93-lli.81 (100.08); wing, 58.17- 

 66.04 (62.18); tail, 36.56-43.18 (38.10); exposed culmen, 9.11-10.41 

 (9.91); depth of bill at base, 7.37-7.62; tarsus, 12.19-12.95 (12.70); 

 middle toe, 8.64-10.41 (9.65).' 



Adult female. — Length (skins), 96.77-114.81 (2 specimens only); 

 wing, 56.90-64.52 (61.72); tail, 35.31-40.89 (38.10); exposed culmen, 

 9.11^10.16 (9.65); depth of bill at base, 7. 87; tarsus, 12.19-12.95 (12.45); 

 middle toe, 8.8-)-9.91 (9.40)." 



Extreme southern portion of Mexico (State of Chiapas), and south 

 through Central America to Isthmus of Panama, occasionally to Santa 

 Myiarchusrta, Colombia, and even to Ecuador (Valle del Myiarchusra). 



Specimens from Guatemala and Chiapas average slightly larger, at 

 least in length of wing and tail, than those from farther southward, 

 and are appreciably paler j^ellow below; but the difference is much 

 less between those from Chiapas and Guatemala on the one hand and 

 those from the Isthmus of Panama than between the former and those 

 from more northern parts of Mexico. Average measurements of the 

 males in the two series, together with those from Costa Rica (an inter- 

 mediate district) and those of A. p. mexicanus, are as follows: 



Chrysomitris tnexicana (not Carduelis raexicana Swainson) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 

 1859, 19 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 853 (Lion Hill, Panama, 

 R. R.). — Salvin and Solatek, Ibis, 1860, 34 (DueSias, Guatemala). — Sclater, 

 Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 124, part (Guatemala). — Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 1865, 93, part (monogr.).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 103 

 (Barranca and San Jos6, Costa Rica). — Salvin, Ibis, 1869, 314 (Costa Rica; 

 crit. ) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 190 ( Veragua) ; Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 

 214 (Guatemala). — Zelbdon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9. — Salvin and 

 GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 431, part (Costa Rica, Veragua, and 

 Panama references and localities). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit^ Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 

 206, part (Guatemalan, Costa Rican, Veraguan, and Panama references and 

 localities). — Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 139 (Santa Myiarchusrta, Colom- 

 bia). — Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool. , etc. , Torino, xv, 1899, 27 (Valle 

 del Myiarchusra, Ecuador, Myiarchusy). 



[Chrysomitris] mexicana Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 34, part 

 (Central America; Panama). 



Chrysomitris mexicanus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,vii, 1862,332 (PanamaR.R. ). 



Adragalinus mexicanus Cabanis, Journ. fur Orn., 1861, 7 (Costa Rica). 



Spinus mexicanus Zeledon, An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (San Jos^, 

 Cartago, and Volcan de Irazii, Costa Rica). — Cherkie, Auk, ix, 1892, 249 

 (San Jos^, Costa Rica). 



^ Seventeen specimens. 



' Four specimens. 




120 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Chrysomitris paaltrki var. mexkana Ridgway, Am. Joum. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 4o5, 

 part.— Bated, Bkewek, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 478, part. 



Spinus psaltria- mexicanus American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, 

 no. 530 h, part. 



S. [pinus] psaltria mexicana Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 399, part. 



Spinus psaltria croceus J ovY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, no. 975, Apr. 18, 1894, 



780 (Panama; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). ' 

 A.lstragalinusi m.\_e.vicanu8'\ croceus Ridgway, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 320. 



ASTRAGALINUS PSALTRIA JOUYI Ridgway. 

 YUCATAN GOLDFINCH. 



Similar to A. p. croceus, but smaller; adult male with under wing- 

 coverts mostly white or light j^ellow, and flanks with very little, if any, 

 admixture of black. 



Jfa^e.— Length (skins), 89.41-96.52(93.98); wing, 53.09-58.42(57.15); 

 tail, 33.53-37.85 (35.31); exposed culmen, 8.64-9.91 (8.89); depth of 

 bill at base, 7.11; tarsus, 11.43-12.45 (12.19); middle toe, 9.14-10.16 

 (9.65).' (Females and young not seen.) ' 



Yucatan. 



Chrysomitris mexicana (not Carduelis mexicana Swainson) Boucard, Proc. Zool. 



Soc. Lond., 1883, 445 (Yucatan). — Salyin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., 



Aves, i, 1886, 431, part (Yucatan).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 



206, part (n. Yucatan; Myiarchusgeresl., Yucatan). 

 Spinus, species J ovY, Proc. U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1894, 781 (Yucatan). 

 Astragalinus mexicanus jouyi Ridgway, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 320 (Temax, Yucatan; 



U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.) . 



ASTRAGALINUS PSALTRIA COLUMBIANUS (Lafresnaye). 

 COLOMBIAN GOLDFINCH. 



Similar to A. p. croceus, but without any white on inner webs of 

 exterior rectrices. 



JfoZe.— Length (skins), 96.52-106.41 (100.33); wing, 59.69-65.02 

 (63.25); tail, 36.83-39.88 (38.35); exposed culmen, 9.14-9.91 (9.65); 

 depth of bill at base, 7.37-7.62 (7.62); tarsus, 11.68-12.95 (12.45); mid- 

 dle toe, 9.14-9.91 (9.65).^ (Females and young not seen.) 



Costa Rica to Venezuela (Caracas, Merida, etc.), western Ecuador 

 dor (Mebli) and central Peru (Vina, etc.). 



The overlapping of the ranges of typical A. p. columliianvs and J[.j9. 

 croceus being quite extensive (Costa fiica to Colombia), intermediates 

 are quite numerous. Such specimens have much less white on the 

 rectrices than A. p. croceus (sometimes merelj" a trace), while in some 

 it is asymmetrically developed, one side of the tail being as in tj'^pical 

 A. 2>- croceus, the other side as in A. p. columhianus. 



' Ten specimens. ^ Eight specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 121 



Chrysomitris columbiana Lafresnaye, Revue Zool., 1843, 292 (Colombia; type in 

 coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ). — Solater, Proc. Zool. See. Lond., 1855, 759 (Bogota, 

 Colombia); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 124 (Bogota).— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 

 Pliila.,1865, 93 (crit.).— ScLATERand Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 167 

 (Caracas, Venezuela); 1875,234 (Merida, Venezuela) ; 1879,508 (Concordia, 

 Retiro, Santa Elena, and Medellin, pro v. Antioquia, Colombia). — Lawrence, 

 Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 103 (San Jos(§, Costa Rica). — Fkantzius, Journ. fiir 

 Orn., 1869, 302 (Costa Rica).— Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1880, 199 

 (Callacate, n. Peru); Orn. du P^rou, iii, 1886, 51 (Chota, Bambamarta, Cu- 

 tervo, etc.,n. Peru). — Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9. — Salvin, 

 Novit. Zool., ii, no. 1, 1895, 7 (Vina, centr. Peru, alt. 5,500 ft.) . — Bangs, Proc. 

 Biol. '3oc. Wash., xii, 1898, 139 (Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia). — Salvadori and 

 Festa, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, 27 (Niebli, av. Ecuador). 



Chrysomitris columbianus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 423, footnote. — 

 Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 230 (Tambillo, n. Peru). 



[_Chrysomitris1 columbiana Solater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 34. 



C.[hrysomitris'] colambiana Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 

 431, in text. 



Chrysomitris colombiana Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 208. 



A.[stragalinus'] columbianus Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, July, 1851, 159 (Colombia). 



Astragalinus columbianus Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861. 94 (Costa Rica) . 



Astragalirms psaltria columbianus Allen, Bull. Am, Myiarchuss. N. H., xiii, Aug. 25, 1900, 

 165 (Bonda, etc., Santa Myiarchusrta). 



IChrysomitrii Pseudomitris mexicanus.'] B. Ya,r. columbianus Coues, Proc. Ac. 

 Nat. Sci.Phila., 1866,82 (synonymy). 



XChrysomitris psaltria.l Var. columbiana Coves, KeyN. Am. Birds, Oct., 1872, 133, 

 in text. 



[Chrysomiiris psaltria'] var. columbiana Baibd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 

 Am. Birds, i, 1874, 471. 



Chrysomitris psaltria Y&r. columbiana 'RiOGW ay, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec, 1872, 455. 



[Chrysomitris psaltria] d. columbiana Coues, Birds N.W., 1874, 117 (synonymy). 



Chrysomitris mexicana columbiana Berlbpsch, Journ. fiir Orn. , 1884, 296 (Bucara- 

 manga, Colombia; crit.). 



S. [pinus] psaltria columbiana Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 398, in text. 



Spinus psaltria columbianus Phelps, Auk, xiv, 1897, 364 (San Antonio, Venezuela) . 



Spinus columbianus Zeledon, An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Costa Rica) . 



(?) C. [hrysomitris] nana Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, Sept. 15, 1850, 516 (Colombia; 

 Paris Myiarchuss. ;= female or young?) . 



Chrysoviitris mexicana (not Carduelis mexicana Swainson) Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 431, part. 



ASTRAGALINUS LAWRENCII (Cassin). 

 LAWRENCE'S GOLDFINCH. 



Outer webs of wing-coverts and remiges partly yellow; inner webs 

 of rectrices (except middle pair) with a subterminal white patch. 



Adult male. — Anterior portion of head, all round, including throat 

 and fore part of crown, black; above brownish gray (the back some- 

 times tinged with olive-green), changing to yellowish olive-green on 

 rump; sides of head and lateral under parts paler brownish gray, 

 becoming white on under tail-coverts and abdomen; chest and median 

 portion of breast yellow; length (skins), 99.57-118.36 (110.24); wing, 




122 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



66.29-70.10(68.07); tail, 45.97-50.80 (47.50); exposed culmen, 7. 87-8.38 

 (8.13); depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.11 (7.11); tarsus, 12.70-13.21 (13.95); 

 middle toe, 10.16-10.92 (10.41). ^ 



Adult femaIe.—SimU.a,v to adult male, but without black on head, 

 the colors in general duller, with yellow less distinct; length (skins), 

 102.87-114.30 (109.98); wing, 62.99-67.06 (65.53); tail, 42.16-47.50 

 (44. YO); exposed culmen, 7.87-8.89 (8.13); depth of bill at base, 6.10- 

 7.11 (6.60); tarsus, 12.70-13.72 (12.95); middle toe, 9.65-10.41 (10.16).^ 



Young. — Similar to adult female, but colors duller, with yellow, 

 especially on breast, less distinct, and under parts obsoletely streaked. 



California and northern Lower California (breeding south to San 

 Pedro Myiarchusrtir Mountains); in winter to Arizona (Fort Yuma, Pinal 

 Couaity, Fort Whipple, etc.). 



CarduelislaivrenciiCAsaiis, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1851, 105, pi. 5 (Sonoma and 

 San Diego, California; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ).—Heerm.\nn, Rep. Pacific 

 E. E. Surv., X, pt. iv, 1859, 50 (San Diego; upper Sacramento Valley). 



Chrysomitris lawrenceii Baied, in Stansbury's Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 330 (San Diego). 



Chrysomitris lawrencei Bonaparte, Compt.Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 913. — Cassin, Proc. 

 Ac. Nat. Sci., 1865, 93 (crit.).—Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 83 (Fort 

 Whipple, Arizona, winter) ; Check List, 1873, no. 150. 



IChrysomitris] lawrencei CottES, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 132. 



Chrysomitris laurencil Baird, Rep. Pacific R. E. Surv., ix, 1858, 424; Cat. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1859, no. 316.— Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 124 (California).— 

 Elliot, Illustr. New and Unflg. N. Am. Birds, 1869, pi. 8. —Cooper, Orn. Cal., 

 1870, 171.— Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 478, 

 pi. 22, figs. 14, 15.— Henshaw, Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1876, 239 (Santa Barbara, 

 California; habits).— Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 463 (w. foothills 

 Sierra Nevada).— Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 414 (Myiarchusrysville and 

 Myiarchusrphys, centr. California). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 223. 



Chrysomitris lawrenci Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874) 

 158 (Fort Whipple, Arizona) . 



[Fringillci] laurencei Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 81, no. 7179. 



Astragalinus laurenceii Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 177. 



Astragalinus lawrencei Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 183. — Price, Bull. 

 Coop. Orn. Club, i, 1899,92 (Yuma, Arizona, Dec). — American Ornitholo- 

 gists' Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 116. 



Astragalinus lawrencii Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 96; Check List, 

 2d ed., 1882, no. 214. 



A. [^stragalinus^ lawrencii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 355. 



Spiyms lawrencii Stejnegee, Auk, i, Oct., 1884, 36'-' 



Spinus lawrencei American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 531. — 

 MoRCOM, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2., 1887, 48 (San Diego and San Ber- 

 nardino counties, California). — Scott, Auk, iv,'1887, 199 (Pinal Co., Arizona, 

 1 spec. Feb. 28, 1886).— Anthony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 240 (San Pedro Myiarchusrtir Jits., 

 Lower California, resid. up to 4,000 ft.). — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., 

 ii, 1896, 61. 



S.\_pinus} lawrencei Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 399. 



' Seven specimens. ^ Four specimens. 




BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEKIOA. 123 



Genus CARPODACUS Kaup. 



Carpodacus Kaup, Entw. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 161. (Type, Loxia erythrina 

 Linnasus. ) 



Erythrothorax Brehm, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 249. (Type, Loxia erythrina Lin- 

 naeus. ) 



Hsemorhous (not of Boie, 1826) Swainsox, Claspjf. Birds, ii, 1837, 295. (Type, 

 Fringilla purpurea Gmelin. ) 



Pyrrhulinota Hodgson, in Gray's Zool. Myiarchussc., 1844, 85. (Type, Loxia erythrina 

 Linnaeus. ) 



Burrica Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 390. (Type, Fringilla mexicana 

 Myiarchusller. ) 



Rather small or medium-sized (occasionally large) arboreal tiiiches, 

 with the bill moderately developed, short-conical; adult males with 

 the plumage at least partly red, adult females and young males olive, 

 brownish, or grayish, the under parts whitish conspicuously streaked 

 with the color of the upper surface. 



Bill shorter than head, conical, thick, its depth at base greater than 

 its width at same point and about equal to (or a little more or less than) 

 length of maxilla from nostril; culmen mostly nearly or quite straight 

 (purpureus, cassinii, roseiis, etc.), or decidedly curved throughout {mexi- 

 canus, erythrinus, thura, etc.) ; maxillary tomium straight or even faintly 

 convex in middle portion {purpureus, cassinii, roseus) or concave nearly 

 throughout {mexicanus, erythrvnus, -thura). Wing less than four to 

 more than five times as long as tarsus; ninth, eighth, and seventh, or 

 eighth, seventh, and sixth primaries longest, the ninth usually equal to 

 or longer than the sixth, sometimes equal to the eighth, rarely shorter 

 than sixth; primaries exceeding secondaries by less than length of tar- 

 sus {thura) to nearly twice as much. Tail less than three-fourths as 

 long as wing to five-sixths as long {thura), deeply emarginate {pur- 

 pureas, cassinii, etc.) to nearly or quite even {uiexicamis). Tarsus 

 short, about equal to middle toe with claw. 



Coloration. — Adult- males with more or less of red, and more or less 

 streaked; adult females and young conspicuously streaked, especially 

 on under parts. 



Bange. — Temperate portions of Europe, Asia, and JSlorth America, 

 southward, in the last, to southern Mexico. 



1 have been strongly inclined to separate the conical-billed, fork- 

 tailed species from those with convex culmen, more or less arched 

 maxillary tomium and less forked (sometimes quite even) tail, but find 

 the extremes so nearly connected by species of more or less interme- 

 diate character that I have finally concluded to follow the usual custom 

 of keeping them all in one genus. To do this, however, requires a 

 very ' ' elastic " generic diagnosis, as may be seen above. I have not 

 been able to examine more than three ^ of the considerable number of 



^ See note 2 on page 124. 




124 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Old World species assigned to the genus/- and it is possible that if 

 all the known species could be examined at once good reasons for a 

 justifiable subdivision of the genus could be found. Of the species 

 examined (including, besides all the American forms, the Palaearctic 

 C. erythi'lnus, C. roseus, and C. thnra^), C. thura is decidedly the most 

 aberrant, in its relatively long tail and shoi't wing — the former nearly 

 equaling the latter in length and the latter decidedlj' less than four 

 times as long as the tarsus — all the others having the tail little if any, 

 more, usually less, than three-fourths as long as the wing and the 

 latter from four and a half to more than five times as long as the 

 tarsus. O. thura is also peculiar in its short, rounded wing-tip, the 

 primaries exceeding the secondaries by less than the length of the 

 tarsus instead of by nearly twice the length of the latter; but it agrees 

 essentially with O. erythrinus and C. mexicanus in the form of the bill. 

 The habits of C. mexicanus are exceedingly difi'erent from those of 

 C. jmrpureus and ('. cassinu, resembling very closely those of the 

 house sparrow (Passer domestlcus), in nearly everj^ respect; but those 

 of O. erythrinus, which comes A-ery close to C. mexicanus in form, 

 appear to be essentially like those of C. j)urpiirevs. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CAEPODACUS. 



a. Tail deeply emarginate, shorter than wmg by much less than length of tarsus; 

 adult males with wing-feathers edged with reddish; adult females and immature 

 males with upper parts conspicuously streaked with dusky, or else the ground- 

 color decidedly olive or olive-greenish. {Carpodacus.) 

 b. Wing more than 86.36, averaging 91.19; exposed culmen not less than 11.94, 

 usually much more, averaging 12.70; under tail-coverts conspicuously streaked 

 with dusky. (Mountains of western United States south to southern Mexico.) 



Carpodacus cassinii (p. 126) 

 bb. Wing not more than 86.36, averaging not more than 81.79; exposed culmen 

 usually much less than 11.94, averaging not more than. 10.92; under tail- 

 coverts without streaks, or else with only some of the longer feathers 

 ■ streaked. ( Carpodacus purpnreus. ) 

 c. Wing longer (averaging 83.31 in male, 80.26 in female), with ninth primary 

 usually longer than sixth; tail shorter (averaging 58.42); adult male 

 brighter colored, with rump light pinkish wine purple; adult female with 

 general color above olive-grayish. (Eastern North America.) 



Carpodacus purpureas purpureus (p. 128) 

 cc. Wing shorter (averaging 79.76 in male, 77.22 in female), with ninth primary 

 usually shorter than sixth; tail longer (averaging 58.67); adult male 

 darker and duller in color, with rump dark wine purple or maroon 

 purple; adult female with general color above decidedly olive-greenish. 

 (Pacific coast, from southern California to British Colmnbia. ) 



Carpodacus purpureus californicus (p. 130) 



aa. Tail very slightly, if at all, emarginate at tip, shorter than wing by much less 



than length of tarsus; adult males with wing-feathers edged with pale grayish; 



adult females and immature males with upper parts brownish gra\- obsoletely 



streaked with darker. {Burrica.) 



' Except Hiematospiza sipalii, which Dr. Sharpe (Cat. Birds Brit, ilus., vol. xii., pp. 

 388, 097) refers to Carpodacus, taut which certainly possesses excellent generic 

 characters. 



^ Since the above Avas written C. severtzori, C. rhododikiini/x, C. (jrandis, and C. 

 stolitzkx have been received at the U. S. National Myiarchusseum. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 125 



6. Smaller and more slender (but with relatively longer wing and tail) and bill 

 much smaller (depth at base not more thaii 10.67, usually much less). ( Car- 

 podacus mexicanus. ) 

 c. Adult male with red (or yellow) of under parts extending no farther back- 

 ward than throat or upper chest, and there abruptly defined, or else with 

 breast merely pinkish or pale red, in contrast with deep red of throat; 

 crown (between red or yellow supra-auricular stripes) grayish brown, with- 

 out any tinge of red (or yellow). 

 d. Bill smaller (male with exposed culmen averaging 10.67, depth at base 

 averaging 9.14); redi parts of adult male lighter in color (bright poppy 

 red or crimson in summer, pinkish wine purple in winter). (Southeast 

 ern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Hidalgo, Vera Cruz, Puebla, 



and Mexico.) Carpodacus mexicanus mexicanus (p. 131) 



dd. Bill larger (male with exposed culmen averaging 11.68, depth at base 

 averaging 10.16) ; red parts of adult male darker (dark crimson in sum- 

 mer?, deep vinaceous wine purple or maroon purple in winter). 

 (Extreme southern portion of ilexican plateau, in State of Oaxaca.) 



Carpodacus mexicanus roseipectus (p. 133) 

 cc. Adult male with red of under parts extended over whole chest, sometimes 

 over breast or even over abdomen; red of forehead and superciliary region 

 rarely sharply defined, the crown usually more or less (often distinctly) 

 tinged with reddish, even the back sometimes washed with red. 

 d. Larger (adult male with wing averaging more than 76.20, tarsus averaging 

 17.78 or more). 

 e. Wing averaging 80.52 in male, 78.74 in female, tail averaging 61.21 in 

 male, 59.18 in female; adult male with red always (or nearly always) 

 extending over breast to abdomen, the pileum and back more or less 

 tinged or washed with red. (Southwestern portion of Mexican pla- 

 teau, in States of Morelos, Myiarchuschoacan, Colima, Jalisco, and Guanajuato.) 



Carpodacus mexicanus rhodocolpus (p. 134) 



ce. AVing averaging not more than 78.49 in male, less than 76.20 in female, 



tail averaging not more than 59.18 in male, not more than 56.90 in 



female; adult male with red more restricted, rarely extending over 



breast to abdomen or strongly tinging pileum or back. 



/. Bill smaller (exposed culmen averaging 10.41 in male and female, 



depth at base averaging 9.65); coloration slightly paler. (Northern 



Mexico to Colorado, California, etc. ) 



Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (p. 137) 



ff. Bill larger (exposed culmen averaging 11.18 in male, 10.92 in female; 



depth at base averaging 10.16 in male, 9.91 in female); coloration 



slightly darker. (Santa Barbara islands, California; Todos Santos 



Island, Lower California.) Carpodacus mexicanus dementis (p. 140) 



dd. Smaller (adult male with wing averaging less than 76.20, tarsus averaging 



less than 17. 78. ) (Adult males extensively red, as in C. m. rhodocolpus. ) 



e. Wing and tail shorter, bill slightly larger (wing averaging 73.91 in male, 



71.63 in female; tail 58.93 in male, 54.61 in female). (Southern Lower 



California.) Carpodacus mexicanus ruberrimus (p. 136) 



ee. Wing and tail longer, bill slightly smaller (wing averaging 75.95 in male, 

 72.90 in female; tail 60.96 in male, 57.91 in female.) (Coast district 

 of southern Sonora and southwestern Chihuahua. ) 



Carpodacus mexicanus sonoriensis (p. 135) 



66. Larger and stouter (with relatively shorter wing and tail), and bill much larger 



(depth at base not less than 11.43, usually much more). 



c. Bill smaller, distinctly compressed basally; exposed culmen averaging 12.45 



in male, 12.70 in female; depth of bill at base averaging 11.94; upper parts 



paler and grayer. (San Benito Island, Lower California.) 



Carpodacus mcgregori (p. 141) 




126 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



cc. Bill larger, not compresaed basally; exposed culmen averaging 12.95 in male, 

 13.46 in female; depth of bill averaging 13.21; upper parts darker and 

 browner. (Guadalupe Island, Lower California.) 



Carpodacus ampins (p. 142) 



CARPODACUS CASSINII Baird. 

 CASSrN'S PITKJ'I.E FINCH, 



Wing not less than 87.13 (averaging 91.19), exposed culmen not less 

 than 11.94: (averaging 12.70); under tail-coverts usually conspicuously 

 streaked. 



Adult male.— Tileam dull crimson (brighter in summer), in con- 

 spicuous contrast with general color of upper parts; back and scap- 

 ulars pale vinaceous or vinaceous-pink, more or less mixed with 

 brownish gray, and conspicuously streaked with dusky; wings and 

 tail dusky, with pale vinaceous edgings; rump, postocular stripe; 

 malar region, chin, throat, chest, and upper breast dull rose pink, 

 passing into white on more posterior under parts, the under tail- 

 coverts usually (but not always) with conspicuous mesial streaks of 

 dusky, the sides and flanks sometimes narrowly and indistinctly 

 streaked with the same; auriculai region and a more or less conspic- 

 uous submalar patch brownish; length (skins), 137.16-160.02 (149.61); 

 wing, 89.41-96.52 (92.20); tail, 59.69-69.09 (64.01); exposed culmen, 

 11.94-12.95 (12.70); depth of bill at base, 10.16-11.43 (10.41); tarsus, 

 17.78-20.32 (19.05); middle toe, 13.97-16.51 (15.24).^ 



Adult female. — Above olive-grayish, conspicuously streaked with 

 dusky; underparts white, sometimes faintly tinged with pale dull 

 buffj' dn chest and sides, everywhere, except on abdomen, conspicu- 

 ously streaked with dusky, the streaks on throat, chest, etc. , of sharply 

 cuneate form; length (skins), 140.97-153.67 (145.54); wing, 87.12- 

 91.44 (88.90); exposed culmen, 12.45-12.70 (12.57); depth of bill at 

 base, 10.16-10.41 (10.28); tarsus, 17.78-20.07 (18.80); middle toe, 

 13.72-15.49 (14.99).' 



' Twenty-four specimens. 



^ Twelve specimens. 



Specimens from different localities compare in average measurements as follows: 



Depth 



of bill Tarsus, 

 at base. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



MALES. 



Twelve adult males from California, Oregon, and 



western Nevada 



Ten adult males from Rocky Mountain district 



Two adult males from southern Mexico (Vera Cruz 

 and San Luis Potosi) 



FEMALES. 



Seven adult females from California, Oregon, and 

 western Nevada 



Pour adult females from Rocky Mountain district. 

 One adult female from San Luis Potosi 



10.67 

 10.16 



10.16 

 10.16 

 10.16 



19.1 

 19.1 



14.99 

 15.49 



16.49 



14.73 

 1.5.24 

 14.99 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEKIOA. 127 



Iimnature (?) male. — Exactly like the adult female in coloi'ation. 



Young. — Similar to adult female, but streaks on lower part.s nar- 

 rower and less distinct, and wing-edgings more or les.s ochraceous or 

 buffy. 



Western United States (breeding in mountains), from eastern base 

 of Rocky Mountains to Pacific coast; north to British Columbia, south 

 over plateau region of Mexico to Vera Cruz (Mount Orizaba, Myiarchusrador, 

 etc.), San Luis Potosi (Charcas), Vallej^ of Mexico, etc. 



Carpodacus purpureus (not Fringilla purpurea LinnaBus) Woodhodsb, in Eep. 

 Sitgreavea' Expl. Zuni and Col. R.,1853, 88, part (New Mexico). — Allen, 

 Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool.,iii, 1872, 156, 162 (South Park, Colorado), 167 

 (Ogden, Utah) .—Williams, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 62 (Belt Mts., 

 Montana). 



Carpodacus cassinii Baird, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, June, 1854, 119 (Colo- 

 rado River; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 414; ed. I860 

 ("Birds N. Am."), atlas, pi. 27, fig. 1; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 307.— 

 Kenneely, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., iv, pt. vi, 1856, 10 (75 m. w. of 

 Albuquerque, New Mexico); x, pt. 1859, 27, pi. 27, fig. 1 (Pueblo Creek and 

 Albuquerque, New Mexico). — Lokd, Proc. Roy. Art. Inst. Woolw.,iv, 1864, 

 119 (bet. Rocky Mts. and Cascades, Brit. Columbia). — Sclater andSALviN, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 362 (City of Mexico).— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 

 155.— Merkiam, An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872 (1873), 678 

 (Yellowstone R. and Snake R., Montana). — Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. 

 Wheeler's Surv., 1874, 78 (Fort Garland, Colorado). — Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 1898, 47, 63 (int. Brit. Columbia). 



[^Carpodacusl cassinii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 128. 



Carpodacus cassini Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 80 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, 

 breeding; crit); Check List, 1873, no. 140; 2d ed. 1882, no. 195; Birds N.W., 

 1874, 106. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 460, 

 pi. 21, figs. 4, 5. — Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 

 109 (near Zufii, New Mexico); Zool. Exp.W. 100th Merid., 1875, 240 (localities 

 in Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico); Auk, ii, 1885, 333 (upper Pecos R., 

 New Mexico, breeding). — Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 457 (localities 

 in Nevada and Utah; habits, descr. nest, etc.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, 

 no. 169.— Bendire, Proc. Boat. Soc. N. H., 1877, 116 (Blue Mts., e. Oregon, 

 breeding) . — Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 16 (Colorado). — American Ornithologist!" 

 Union, Check List, 1886, no. 518. — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., 

 Aves, i, 1886, 420 (Valley of Mexico; pine belt of Mount Orizaba).— Town- 

 send, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 215 (Mount Shasta, etc., n. Califor- 

 nia). — Merrill, Auk, vi, 1888, 357 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon, resident); 

 XV, 1898, 15 (Fort Sherman, n. w. Idaho, breeding).— (?) Cooke, Bird 

 Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 180 (Gainesville, Texas).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 412.— Meeriam, North Amer. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 102 

 (Salmon R. Mts., Idaho).— Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 34 

 (both sides Cascade Mts.). — Anthony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 289 (San Pedro Myiarchusrtir 

 Mts., Lower California, resident).— Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. jMyiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 

 780 (Charcas, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 7,000-8,000 ft., Nov. 13).— Nehrling, 

 Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 34. — Grinnell, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 

 1898, 34 (mountains of Los Angeles Co. , California, breeding above 4,000 ft.). 



\^Carpodacus'] cas.frai Sclater and Salvix, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 84. 



Clarpodacusl casitini Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 347. — Ridgway, 

 Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 390. 




128 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Carpodaeus pileatus [nomen nudum} Kennerly, Rep. Pacific E. R. Surv., iv, 

 pt. vi, 1856, 10 (75 m. w. of Fort Albuquerque, New Mexico), 11 (Pueblo 

 Creek, New Mexico). 



Carpodaeus californims (not of Baird) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 

 107 (New Mexico). 



CARPODACUS PURPUREUS PURPUREUS (Gmelin) 

 PURPLE FINCH. 



Wing not more than 86.36 (averaging 81.79); exposed culmen not 

 more than 11.94 (averaging 10.92); under tail-coverts without streaks, 

 or else with only some of the longer feathers so marked. 



Adult male. — Pileum deep wine purple (more crimson in summer); 

 rump paler, more pinkish wine purple; back and scapulars reddish 

 brown or wine purplish, streaked with darker (feathers margined with 

 light brownish or grayish in winter) ; wings and tail dusky with light 

 brownish red or light brown edgings, the middle and greater coverts 

 broadly tipped with dull wine purple or light brownish red; nasal 

 plumes and greater part of lores dull whitish; orbital and auricular 

 regions and a more or less distinct postmalar spot duskj'- brownish 

 red; rest of head, together with more anterior and lateral under parts, 

 pinkish wine purple; abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts 

 white; flanks usually more or less streaked with brown, and longer 

 under tail-coverts rarely marked with narrow mesial streaks of dusky; 

 length (skins), 133.35-149.86 (141.22); wing, 80.77-86.36 (83.31); tail, 

 54.61-60.96 (58.67); exposed culmen, 10.41-11.94 (11.18); depth of 

 bill at base, 10.16-10.67 (10.41); tarsus, 15.49-18.80 (17.78); middle 

 toe, 12.70-15.24 (13.97).' 



Ad^ilt female. — Above olive or olive-grayish (more olivaceous in 

 winter), streaked with dusky and, to a less extent, with whitish, the 

 latter mostly on median portion of pileum, hindneck, or upper back; 

 wings and tail dusky with light olive or olive-grayish edgings; a broad 

 stripe of olive on side of head, involving orbital and auricular regions, 

 and a more broken stripe or patch of the same on sides of throat; 

 supra-auricular and malar regions mostly whitish, streaked with olive; 

 under parts white (more or less tinged with bufl' in winter) broadly 

 streaked with olive, except on abdomen, anal region, and under tail- 

 coverts, the. streaks distinctly wedge-shaped or deltoid on chest, etc.; 

 length (skins), 129.54-147.32 (139.70); wing, 76.71-82.55 (80.26); 

 exposed culmen, 10.41-11.43 (10.93); depth of bill at base, 9.91-10.41 

 (10.16); tarsus, 17.27-18.80 (17.78); middle toe, 13.21-14.99 (13.97).' 



Immature (?) male. — Exactly like adult female in coloration. 



Young. — Similar to adult female, but colors duller, markings less 

 distinct, and wing-edgings more or less buflfy. 



^ Fifteen specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 129 



Eastern North America; ))reeding from Pennsylvania (especially in 

 mountains), northern New Jersey, Connecticut, southern Ontario, 

 northern Illinois (Ogle, Cook, and Lake counties, etc.), Myiarchusnnesota, 

 and North Dakota (Turtle Mountain), north to more eastern British 

 Provinces, Hudson Bay (Moose Factory), Myiarchusnitoba (Saskatchewan, 

 Swan Lake House, etc.); in winter south to Gulf coast (Florida to 

 eastern Texas.) 



[Fringilla'] jmrpureii, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 923 (Carolina; based on 

 Pijrrhula caroUnensis violacea Brisson, Orn., iii, 324, no. 8; Purple Finch 

 Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, pi. 41, etc.). — Lathaji, Index Orn., ii, 

 1790, 446. 



Fringilla purpurea Wu.soN, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 119, pi. T, fig. 4; v, 1812, 87, pi. 

 42, fig. 3. — BoN.vPAKTE, Ann. Lye. X. Y., ii, 1S2S, 114. — Audubon, Orn. 

 Biog., i, 1831, 24, pi. 4; v, 1839, 500. — Swaixsox and Richardson, Fauna 

 Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 264.— Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832. 



Erytlironpiza purpurea Jakdine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 119, pi. 7, fig. 4. — 

 BoN.i-PAETE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 34. — Audubon, Birds Am., oct. 

 ed., iii, 1841, 170, pi. 196.— Baird, Am. Jom-n. Sci. and Arts, xlvi, 1844, 269. 



H.\_iemorhous'] pwyureus Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 295. 



Carpodacus purpureua Baird, Lit. Kec. and Journ. Linn. Assoc. Peun. Coll., i, 

 Oct., 1845, 254; Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 412; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 

 1859, no. 305. — Bonap,4.rte and Schlegel, Mon. Loxiens, 1850, 14, part, pi. 

 15. — WooDHOusB, in Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuniand Col. R., 1853, 88, part (Indian 

 Territory) .—Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 6 (Forks of Saskatchewan); 1863, 70 

 (Forks of Saskatchewan). — Turnbull, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 21 (a 

 few breeding) .—Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 139, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 194; 

 Birds N. W., 1874, 106, part; Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 

 577 (Turtle Mt., North Dakota, July). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. 

 N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 462, pi. 21, figs. 7, 8.— Merri.vm, Trans. Conn. Ac. Sci., 

 iv, 1877, 34 (Connecticut, breeding) . — Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 

 1878, 116 (descr. young) ; Auk, iii, 1886, 107 (mountains w. North Carolina, 

 breeding?). — Myiarchusynard, Birds Florida and E. N. Am., pt. iv, 1878, 110 (excl. 

 syn., part) .— Pearsall, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 122 (Bayside, Long 

 Island, breeding). — Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 35 (lower Hudson 

 Valley, winter resid.) . — Rathbun, Revised List Birds Centr. New York, 1879, 

 17 (Myiarchusr. to Oct. ).— Brown (N. C. ), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 7 (Coosada, 

 Alabama, winter) .—Kumlien, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 15, 1879, .75 (off 

 Resolution Island, 1 spec. Sept. 1) .— Ridgw-vy, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 

 168. — Brooks, Ibis, 1884, 235 (Myiarchuslton West, Ontario; crit. as to plumage of 

 male; descr. nest and eggs) .— Bxcknell, Auk, i, 1884, 327 (song) .-Turner, 

 Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, 1885,239 (Moose Factory; off Resolution I.).— 

 American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 517. — Seton, Auk, 

 iii, 1886, 322 (Red R. Valley and Swan Lake House, Myiarchusnitoba, breeding) . — 

 Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchus8.,xii, 1888,409, part (Washington, D. C.,New 

 Jersey, New York, Illinois, Myiarchusryland, and Ohio).— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. 

 Val., 1888, 179 (Ogle Co., n. lUinois, breeding; Gainesville, Texas, in winter; 

 dates of migr., etc.); Birds Colorado, 1897, 96 (Denver, 1 spec. Nov. 15, 

 1885). — AVaeren, Birds Pennsylvania, 1890, 227 (breeding in Lycoming 

 Co.). — Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1891, 585 (Myiarchusnitoba, summer 

 resid.)— MyiarchuslLwR.iiTH, Birds Ontario, 1892, 297 (breeding in S.Ontario).— 



lY02i— 01 9 




130 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Stone, Auk, xi, 1894, 182 (Pocono Mts., Pennsylvania, July). — Baily, Auk, 



xiii, 1896, 294 (Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breeding) .—Nehrling, Our Native 



Birds, etc., ii, l,s9(>,-29. 

 C.[arpo(Jacus] pnrpureus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 384. — Oabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., 



i, 18.51, 165.— Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 105, 152 (n. e. Illinois, 



a few breeding).— Coues, Key N.Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 346, part.— 



RiDGW.n-, ]\Ian. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 381. 

 \^Carpodaeus'\ piirpurem Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 533. — Gray, Hand-list, 



ii, 1870, 101, no. 7509.— Coues, Key X. Am. Birds, 1872, 128, part. 

 \_Cii-rpO(1(tciix piurpjufens] var. ]itirj)iircii>i Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 



Am. BivdH, i, 1874, 459. 



CARPODACUS PURPUREUS CALIFORNICUS (Baird). 

 CALIFORNIA PURPLE FINCH. 



Similar to ('. p. ]_mrj>vrcH><, but wing shorter, with the ninth (outer- 

 most) primary usually shorter than sixth, tail longer, and coloration 

 different in both sexes. 



^ V(hilt ■male. — Similar to adult male of C.j^-pufpureus, but darker, the 

 rump much darker wine purple, and the back more decidedly reddish, 

 thus giving to the upper surface a more uniform aspect; length (skins), 

 132.08-154.94 (141.73); wing, 1-6.96-81.28 (79.76); tail, 57.91-61.72 

 (59.69); exposed culmen, 10.67-12.45 (11.68); depth of bill at base, 

 8.89-10.16 (9.91); tarsus, 17.78-18.80 (18.29); middle toe, 12.95-15.24 

 (13.97).^ 



AdiiUfeinal'. — Similar to adult female of C. p. purj>urem, but color 

 of upper parts a^'eraging darker, more uniform, and decidedl_y more 

 olivaceous or olive-greenish; length (skins), 129.54-14^1.59 (139.70); 

 wing, 74.93-78.74 (77.22); tail, 53.34-59.18 (57.40); exposed culmen, 

 10.41-12.45 (11.43); depth of bill at base, 9.40-10.41 (9.91); tarsus, 

 17.27-18.2i> (17.78); middle toe, 12.70-14.99 (13.72).' 



Pacific coast district of North America, from southern California 

 to British Columbia (including Vancouver Island), breeding in moun- 

 tains; east to Cascade Mountains and Sierra Nevada; during migration 

 southeastward (casually ?) to southeru Arizona (Santa Catalina Moun- 

 tains, Nov. to Feb.). 



lii-jlthroKphu purpurea (not FriiigiUd ^JurpureaGyxLelui) Gajibel, Journ. Ac. Nat. 



Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, 53 (Jlonterey, California, winter). 

 (hrpodacus ])nrpiireu.i (not of Baird) Heermanx, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., 2d eer., ii, 

 1852, 267 (California); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 50 (Calave- 

 ras R., California). — Newberry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi,pt. iv, 1857, 88 

 (California; Oregon). — Brown, Ibis, 1868, 421 (Vancouver I.). — Coues, 

 Check List, 1873, no. 139, part; 2d ed., ,1882, no. 194, part; Birds N. W., 

 1874, 106, part.— Nelson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 358 (Nevada, 

 California, Oct.).— Hexshaw, Rep. Orn. vSpec. Wheeler's Surv., 1876, 238 

 (Mount AVhitney, California, Oct.). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 409, part (Brit. Columbia; California). 



' Seventeen specimens. ' Thirteen specimens. 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 131 



ICcn-podacus] 'pin-pumis Coues, Key N. Ajii. Birds, 1872, 128, part. 



C.[arpodacu8\ purpureus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 346, part. 



Cnrx)odacus calif ornicus Baihd, Eep. Pacific E. K. Surv., ix, 1858, 413 (FortTejon, 

 southern California; U. S. Nat. I\Ius.); ed. 1860 ("Birds X. Am."), pi. 72, 

 figs. 2, 3; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 306.— Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 1859 (Fort Tejon).— Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., 

 xii, pt. ii, 1860, 196 (Fort Steilacoom, Straits of Fuca, etc., Washington).— 

 Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 154.— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Xat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 

 391 (Calaveras Co., California). 



Oirpodacvfi purpureus, var. californinif: Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 

 Am. Birds, i, 1874, 465.— Cooper ("W. A.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 8 

 (habits; descr. nest and eggs). 



Carpodacus, var. californicus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. X. Am. Birds, 

 i, 1874, pi. 21, figs. 10, 11. 



Carpodacus purpureus, fi. californicus Ridgway, Proc. IT. 8. Xat. Myiarchuss., i. Myiarchusr. 21, 



1879, 413 (Big Trees, Calaveras Co., California, breeding; ilarysville, Stock- 

 ton, etc. , in winter) . 



C-larpodacus'] purpureus californicus Henshaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1879, 



293 (Dalles, Oregon).— Ridgway, Myiarchusn. X^. Am. Birds, 1887, 390. 

 Carpodacus purpureus californicus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Xat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 



1880, 176; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 168a. — American Ornithologists' 

 Union, Check List, 1886, no. 517<i.— xInthony, Auk, iii, 1886, 168 (Wash- 

 ington Co., Oregon, breeding). — Evermanx, Auk, iii, 1886, 181 (Ventura 

 Co., California, rare in winter). — Scott, Auk, iv, 1887, 196 (Santa Catalina 

 Mts., Arizona, Nov. toFeb.).— Townsend, Proc. IT. S. Xat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 215 

 (Baird and Mt. Lassen, n. California, June; Humboldt Co., Dec). — Moecom, 

 Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 48 (Coahuila Valley, San Diego Co., Cali- 

 fornia, winter resid. ). — Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 34 (chiefly 

 "w. side of Cascades, including Vancouver I. ; breeding). — Lawrence (R. H.) , 

 Auk, ix, 1892, 355 (Gray's Harbor, Washington). — Grinnbll, Pub. ii, Pasa- 

 dena Acad. Sci., 1898, 34 (Mount Wilson, Los Angeles Co., California, June). 



CARPODACUS MEXICANUS MEXICANUS (Myiarchusller). 

 MEXICAN HOUSE FINCH. 



Adult male. — Forehead (broadlj'), iDroad supra-auricular stripe 

 (extending from forehead to occiput), malar region, throat (sometimes 

 upper part of chest also^), and rump bright red (varying from poppy 

 red to crimson ^) ; rest of upper parts hair brown, obsoletelj' streaked 

 with darker, the wings and tail dusky, with pale gi^ayish brown and 

 brownish gray edgings; under parts (except throat, etc.) dull whitish, 

 thickly streaked with hair brown, the breast sometimes tinged with 



' There is considerable variation in the extent of the red on the under parts. 

 Usually it includes not only the entire throat, but also the upper part of the chest; 

 frequently it is confined to the throat; occasional!}' even the breast is faintly tinged 

 with red, but in such cases the intense red of the throat or upper chest is still sharply 

 contrasted with the pale red or pink behind it; in fact, all the red areas are always 

 sharply defined in this form. 



^ There is also much variation in the hue of the red, the color being more scarlet 

 or crimson in summer, more purplish (sometimes almost pinkish wine color) in 

 winter. Occasionally the color varies to orange or even yellow. 




132 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



pale red;' maxilla dark horn brownish, mandible paler; iris brown; 

 legs and feet horn brownish; length (skins), 139.70-149.86 (144.53); 

 wing, 79.25-83.82 (81.28); tail, 63.25-68.58 (65.53); exposed culmen, 

 10.16-11.18 (10.67); depth of bill at base, 8.89-9.65 (9.14); tarsus, 

 17.78-19.30 (18.64); middle toe, 13.97-16.24 (14.48).' 



Adult fonaJe. — Similar to the adult male, but without any red, that 

 of the upper parts replaced by the general hair brown, that of throat, 

 etc., by streaks of white and grayish brown, like rest of under parts; 

 length (skins), 137.41-142.75 (141.22); wing, 74.17-78.99 (76.96); tail, 

 56.90-63.60 (69.44); exposed culmen, 10.16-10.92 (10.67); depth of 

 bill at base, 8.89-9.65 (9.40); tarsus, 17.02-19.05 (18.03); middle toe, 

 12.95-14.48 (13.72).' 



Immature (J) male. — Exactly like adult female in coloration. 



Southeastern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Tamaulipas 

 (Myiarchusquihuana)?, Morelos (Tetela del Volcan), Hidalgo (Real del Monte; 

 Pachuca), Vera Cruz (San Andres Gorion, Jalapa, Cordova, etc.), 

 Puebla (Barrio de Santiago; Mount Orizaba; Chalchicomula), Mexico 

 (City of Mexico; Tlalpam; Temascaltepec), and Tlaxcala. 



\_Fnngilla\ mexlcaiia Myiarchusller, Syst. ]Sfat. Suppl., 1776, 165 (based on Bruant, de 

 .Vexique Buffon, PI. Enl., vi, pi 386, fig. 1). 



Emberiza mexicana Boddaeht, Tabl PI. Enl., 1783, 23 (based on Therese jaune 

 Buffon, viii, p. 88; Brisson, Orn., iii, o.) 



\_Emberiza\ mexicana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 873. — Latham, Index 

 Orn., i, 1790, 412. 



Carpodaeus mexicanus'Rii)GV,-AY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ii, Apr. 28, 1884, 111 (in 

 text). — Febeaei-Peeez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 149 (Barrio de San- 

 tiago, Puebla, Dec). — Salvix and Godjian, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 

 422, part (Temascaltepec, Mexico; Real del Monte, Hidalgo; plateau of 

 Vera Cruz; San Andres Gorion, Vera Cruz). — Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 422 (Valley of Mexico; Puebla).— Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 1890, 215 (Chalchicomula, Puebla). — Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss., x, 

 1898, 29 (Jalapa; crit.). 



C-larpudacus] frontalis memcanus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ii, Apr. 28, 

 1884, in text. 



Clarpodamsl mexicanus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 391. 



Pyrrliula frontalis (not Fringilla frontalis Say) Swainson, Philos. Myiarchusg., newser., 

 i, 1827, 435. 



Eryihrospiza frontalis 'BoiiAFA'RTE, Oss. Cuv. Regne Anim., 1830, 80; Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1837, 112 (City of Mexico). 



Carpodaeus frontalis Bonapaete and Schlegbl, Mon. Loxiens, 1850, 15, part, pi. 

 16, fig. 2. 



l_Carpodaais'] frotitcdis Bonapaete, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 533, part. 



C [arpoc?acH.s] /routoKs Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, 1851, 166 (Mexico). 



Carpodaeus mexicanus frontalis Cox, Auk, xii, 1895, 357 (Mount Orizaba). 



' In many winter specimens (perhaps younger males) the under parts are more or 

 less tinged with buff, especially on sides and flanks, and the brown strfeaks are 

 broader. In such specimens the red areas are of a soft pinkish wine purple hue, as 

 described above. 



^ Eleven specimens. 



' Eight specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 133 



Fringilla haemorrhoa Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 2 (Mexico; Ber- 

 lin Myiarchuss. See Cabanis, Joum. fiir Orn., 1863, 56).— Wagler, Isis, 1831,525. 



"PyrrhuKnota hsemorrhoa Bp. Comptea Rendus, 1856." (Sclatee.) 



Corpodacus hamorrhous Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 304 (San Andres 

 Gorion, near Cordova, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 122, part.— Baird, 

 Rep. Pacific B. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 417, footnote (City of Mexico, etc.; crit.); 

 Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 309.— Sdmicheast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 

 i, 1869, 550 (Orizaba, etc.. Vera Cruz).— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.,iii, 

 1880, 236.— Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 205 (Mexico). 



ICarpodacus'] hiemorrhous Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 101, no. 7513.— Sclatbr 

 and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 34. 



Carpodacus frontalis var. hiemorrhous Ridgway, Am. Joum. Sci., v, Jan., 1873, 

 39.— Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 460, 

 pi. 21, fig. 12. 



Carpodacus frontalis . . var. ?ia?norr-/iou« Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 141a, part. 



ICarpodaous frontalis.] c. hiemorrhous, Coubs, Birds N. W., 1874, 108 (synonymy). 



Pyrrhula crv.entata'L^asoN, Rev. Zool., 1839, 101 (Mexico; mus. Abeill^). 



CARPODACUS MEXICANUS ROSEIPECTUS (Sharpe). 

 0AX4.CA HOirSE FINCH. 



Similar to C. in. mexicanus, but bill decidedly larger and coloration 

 darker; adult male with the red of head, throat, and "rump varying 

 from deep vinaceous wine purple to maroon purple. 



Adult 7?i«2^e.— Length (skins), 141.73-143.26 (142.49); wing, 79.76- 

 81.53 (80.62); tail, 62.23-65.28 (63.75); exposed culmen, 11.68; depth 

 of bill at base, 10.16; tarsus, 18.29; middle toe, 14.48.' 



Southern extremity of Mexican plateau, in the State of Oaxaca 

 (Huajualpam). 



I am by no means certain that the bird here separated is the O. 

 roseipecttis of Sharpe, since the two specimens examined lack entirely 

 any tinge of red on the breast, the red ending abruptly on the extreme 

 upper part of the chest. Since, however, C m. mexicanus may or may 

 not have a tinge of light red on the bx'east, it is likely the present 

 form varies in the same manner, and Sharpe's bird coming also from 

 Oaxaca it is most likely the present bird is the same form as his. 

 Whether the C. rosdpectus of Sharpe or not, however, this form may 

 be distinguished from C m. mexicanits, to which it is most nearly 

 allied, by its larger bill and decidedly darkey coloration, especially of 

 the red areas in the adult male. 



(?) Carpodacus frontalis (not Fringilla frontalis Say) Bonaparte and Schlegel, 



Mon. des Loxiens, 1850, pi. 17, upper fig. 

 [Carpodacus} frontalis Bonapaete, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 533, part. 

 Carpodacus hamorrhous (not Fringilla haemorrhoa Lichtenstein) Sclater, Proc. 



Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 303 (Oaxaca); 1859, 380 (do.). 

 Carpodacus mexicanus (not Fringilla mexicana Myiarchusller) Salvin and Godman, 



Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 422, part (Oaxaca). 

 Carpodacus roseipectus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 424 (Oaxaca, 



s. w. Mexico; Brit. Myiarchuss.). 



' Two specimens. 




134 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



CARPODACUS MEXICANUS RHODOCOLPUS (Cabanis). 

 OUERITEVAOA HOffSE FINCH. 



Adult male. — Similar to the adult male of C. m. uiexicanus, but the 

 red much more extended, with outlines oJ: the different areas less 

 sharply defined; the occiput, hindneck, and back usually more or less 

 tinged with red (whole pileum sometimes bright red) and the red of 

 under parts extending posteriorly over the breast to the abdomen 

 (sometimes covering the latter also, occasionalh^ tinging even the under 

 tail-coverts);^ length (skins), 133.35-162.56 (145.80); wing, 78.74-83.82 

 (80.52); tail, 55.88-64.77(61.21); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.43 (10.92); 

 depth of bill at base, 9.40-10.67 (9.91); tarsus, 17.53-19.05 (18.03); 

 middle toe, 12.70-14.48 (13.72).' 



Adult female. — Apparently not distinguishable from that of C. m. 

 mexkanuHj length (skins), 136.40-152.40 (141.99); wing, 77.47-80.01 

 (78.74); tail, 57.66-60.45(59.18); exposed culmen, 10.16-10.92 (10.67); 

 depth of bill at base, 9.40-10.16 (9.91); tarsus, 16.76-17.78 (17.27); 

 middle toe, 13.21-14.48 (13.97).' 



Southwestern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Morelos, 

 Jalisco (Zapotlan; Myiarchusscota; Bolafios; Talpa; Colotlan), Colima, Myiarchusch- 

 oacan (Lake Patzcuaro), Guanajuato, and Durango (Ciudad Durango; 

 Papasquiaro; Guanacevi; Inde). 



Friiigilla frontalis (not of Say) Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 230, pi. 424 

 (Mexico?*). 



Carpodacus frontalis Duges, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 140 (Guanajuato; Guadala- 

 jara). — Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 278, part (Guadalajara, 

 Jalisco; Durango). 



Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 218 (Lake 

 Patzcuaro). 



Carpodacus frontalis Bonaparte and Scrlegel, ]\Ion. Lox., 1850, 15, part, pi. 16, 

 fig. "1" (i. e., upper fig. ). 



[Carpodacus'] frontalis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 533, part,(Cuernavaca, 

 Morelos). 



' In the great extension of the red, which characterizes the adult male of this form 

 as compared with that of C. Hi. mexicanus, C. ni. rhodocolpus agrees very closely with 

 the other conspecifio forms of western Mexico, C m. sonoriensis and C. m. ruberrimus, 

 many specimens of the three being practically identical in coloration. In size, how- 

 ever, there is a very marked difference between C. m. rhodocolpus and the above- 

 mentioned allies, the former being nearly if not quite as large as C. in. mexicanus, 

 while the other two are decidedly the smallest members of the group. C. m. rhodo- 

 colpus also averages darker, in both sexes, than either C. m. sonoriensis or C. m. 

 ruberrimus. 



' Eleven specimens. 



' Three specimens. 



■* See Baird, Eep. Pacific R. R. Surv. , ix, 1858, p. 416. The specimen referred to, and 

 doubtless the original of Audubon's colored plate and description, agrees very closely 

 v/ith examples from Guanajuato and other parts of southwestern Mexico. 




BIRDS OF NOKTH AND MIDDLE AMEEIOA. 135 



Clarpodaeusl rhodocolpvs Cabaxis, Myiarchuss. liein., i, Aug., 1851, 166 ("Mexico," 



i. e., Cuernavaca, Morelos;' Berlin ]Myiarchuss. ). 

 Carpodacvs mexicanus (not of Fringilla mc.ricana jMyiarchusller) Salvin and Godman. 



Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 422, part (Guadalajara, Jalisco; Durango; 



Guanajuato). 



CARPODACUS MEXICANUS SONORIENSIS Ridgway. 

 SONORAN HOTTSE FINCH, 



Similar to G. «?. r/wdocoljjus but decidedly smaller and coloration 

 averaging paler, the back more grayish, and the streaks on under parts 

 narrower. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 129.54-142.24: (135.64:); wing, 73.66- 

 76.71 (75.95); tail, 58.42-63.50 (60.96); exposed culmen, 9.91-11.43 

 (10.16); depth of bill at base, 8.38-9.91 (9.40); tarsus, 15.75-17.78 

 (17.02); middle toe, 12.70-14.22 (13.46).' 



Adult female.—Length (skins), 119.38-137.16 (132.33); wing, 68.58- 

 75.69 (72.90); tail, 63.34-62.23 (57.91); exposed culmen, 9.6.5-11.43 

 (10.41); depth of bill at base, 8.89-9.65 (9.40); tarsus, 16.51-18.03 

 (17.27); middle toe, 12.95-13.97 (13.72).= 



^Although first named by Cabanis, the latter cites "Bonap. Consp.,p. 533, no. 9, 

 jun." and " Bonap. Schleg. Mon. Lox., p. 15, tab. 16, fig. 1, jun." The name C. rhodo- 

 colpus is cited by Bonaparte as a synonym of C. frontalis, but he fortunately gives the 

 exact locality, which Cabanis fails to do. Bonaparte (loc. cit. ) states that the male 

 example of C. rhodocolpus Cabanis is from Cuernavaca (Morelos) and Cabanis cites 

 plate 16, fig. 1 of the Monographie des Loxiens. Reference to the figure in question 

 shows, however, that so far as coloration is concerned it does not represent either 

 C. m. mexicanus or the present form in their typical condition, having the greater 

 extension of red on the under parts of the latter with the restriction of red on upper 

 parts characterizing the former. Possibly the figure is wrongly colored as to the lat- 

 ter respect. At any rate, Cabanis's description leaves no doubt as to which form is 

 meant, his description being as follows: 



"It is scarcely smaller than the preceding species [C. inexicanas'] and resembles it 

 very much. It differs from it by the shade oi red, which is not poppy red, but 

 resembles the red of C. pjiirpureus very much. The demarcation of the red is less 

 sharp, the crown, the back, and the entire breast being more or less suffused with 

 red. A male of this species is in the Berlin Myiarchusseum. It was referred to by Bona- 

 parte and Schlegel in their 'Monographie des Loxiens,' but was considered by them 

 to be a young male of C frontalis [i. e. C. mexicanus']." (Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, p. 

 166, footnote; translation.) 



The specimen described by Cabanis was evidently a bird in winter plumage, this 

 form, like all the others, exhibiting a remarkable seasonal difference in the hue of 

 the red. 



^Eleven specimens. 



'Seven specimens. 



Specimens from southwestern Chihuahua (Batopilas) agree in coloration with those 

 from southern Sonora (Alamos and Batamotal) but apparently average smaller. 




136 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Southern Sonora (north to Guaymas on the coast) and southwestern 

 Chihuahua (Batopilas, etc.). 



Carpodacus frontalis rlwdocolpus (not Carpodacm rhodocolpus Cabania) Belding, 

 Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora). 



Carpodacus frontalis {not Fringilla frontalis Bay) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Am., Aves, i, 1886, 421, part (Guaymas). 



CARPODACUS MEXICANUS RUBERRIMUS Ridgway. 

 SADfT LTJCAS HOUSE FINCH. 



Similar to C. m. sonoriensis, but wing and tail shorter and bill 

 larger. 



Adult mafe.— Length (skins), 128.27-148.08 (135.13); wing, 72.14^ 

 74.93 (73.91); tail, 66.39-62.99 (58.93); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.18 

 (10.67); depth of bill at base, 9.65-9.91 (9.78); tarsus, 16.76-17.53 

 (17.27); middle toe, 12.70-13.46 (12.95).^ 



Adndt female.— L&ngth (skins), 119.38-129.54 (124.46); wing, 68.58- 

 76.20 (71.63); tail, 60.80-57.40 (64.61); exposed culmen, 10.16-10.92 

 (10.41); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 12.45; tarsus, 17.02- 

 17.78 (17.63); middle toe, 12.70-13.97 (13.21).' 



This is decidedly the smallest of the several geographic forms of 

 Carpodacits mexicanus, only that found immediately across the Gulf 

 of California ( O. in. sonoriensis) closely approaching it in measurements. 

 From the latter this peninsular form differs, so far as I can see, only 

 in its shorter wings and tail and slightly larger bill, the coloration 

 being quite identical. In this latter respect both these allied forms 

 are scarcely, if at all, different from C. m. rhodocolpus, of the south- 

 western border of the Mexican plateau, but their decidedly smaller 

 size will serve to readily distinguish them. 



Carpodacus frontalis (not Fringilla- frontalis Say) Baikd, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 1859, 301, 304 (Cape St. Lucas; crit.) .—Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 156, part(Cape 

 St. Lucas). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 421, part 

 (Lower California) . 



' Eight spet'imens. 



'^Four specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 137 



Clarpodacus] mexicanus frontalis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 391, part 

 (Lower California) . 



Carpodacus frontalis, var. rhodocolpus (not Carpodacus rhodocolpus Cabanis) 

 Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., v, Jan., 1873, 39, part (Cape St. Lucas) .—Baird, 

 Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 468, part (Lower 

 California) . 



Carpodacus frontalis rhodocolpus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 

 176, 216, part; v, 1883, 537 (La Paz, Lower California; crit.) ; Norn. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1881, no. 170a, part.— Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 197, part— 

 American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 519a, part. 



Clarpodaais} flrontalis'] rhodocolpus Coues, Key N.Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 

 348, part. 



Carpodacus frontalis . . . var. hxmorrlwms (not Fr'mgilla haemorrhoa Llchten- 

 stein) Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 141a, part. 



Carpodacus frontalis ruherrimus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 391, footnote, 

 in text (La Paz, Lower Cahfornia; XJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.) .—Bryant, Proc. Calif. Ac. 

 Sci., 2d ser.,ii, 1889, 23 (Comondu, Lower California; descr. eggs) .—Town- 

 send, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1890, 137 (Cape St. Lucas) . 



C. [arpodacus] mexicanus ruberrimus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 594, in 

 text. 



Carpodacus mexicanus ruberrimus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 

 1896, 391, footnote, 613. — American Ornithologists' Union Committee, 

 Suppl. Check List, 1889, 12; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 5196. 



Carpodacus ruberrimus MyiarchusGregor, Condor, iii, Jan., 1901, 13 in text (San Jos6 

 del Cabo) . 



CARPODACUS MEXICANUS FRONTALIS (Sa^). 

 HOUSE FINCH. 



Smaller than C. to. Tnexicaivus and C. m. rliodocolpus, but larger than C. 

 m. sonoriensis and O. in. ruherrifmis ; in coloration, the adult male inter- 

 mediate between the first named and the rest in extent of the red, this 

 being less restricted and less sharply defined and less intense than in 

 C. TO. mexicanus, the crown, occiput, and back often tinged with red, but 

 rarely to the same extent as in G. to. rhodocolptis, C. in. sonoriensis, and 

 C. in. ruher7'iinus; female rather grayer and more distinctly streaked 

 above than that of C. to. mexicanus. 



Admit OTffi^f.— Length (skins), 121.92-165.19 (137.67); wing, 75.95- 

 84.33 (78.49); tail, 54.36-66.04 (56.39); exposed culmen, 9.65-12.70 

 (10.41); depth of bill at base, 8.89-10.16 (9.65); tarsus, 16.00-18.80 

 (17.78); middle toe, 12.45-14.73 (13.46).^ 



AdAilt female.— \,%xigih (skins), 127.00-142.75 (135.13); wing, 70.61- 

 77.72 (74.93); tail, 50.80-60.96 (56.90); exposed culmen, 9.91-11.18 



^ Eighty-one specimens. 




138 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(10.41); depth of bill at base, 9.14-10.16 (9.65); tarsus, 16.51-18.03 

 (17.53); middle to.e, 1:^.70-14.48 (13.21).' 



Western United States and Northern Mexico; north to southern 

 Wyoming, southern Idaho, and Oregon; south to Tamaulipas, Nuevo 

 Leon (Monterey), northern Chihuahua (Casas Grandes), northern 

 Sonora, and northern Lower California (as far as Cerros Island); east 

 to western border of the Great Plains (middle Texas to western Kansas 

 and southeastern Wyoming). 



FringUla frontalis Say, Long's Exped. Rocky Mountains, ii, 1823, 40 (Arkansas 



Valley) .—Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 230, part. 

 Pyrrkula frontalis Boxaparte, Am. Orn., i, 1825, 49, pi. 6, figs. 1, 2, — Nuttall, 



ilan. U. S. and Canada, i, 1832, 534. 



' Twenty-six specimens. 



Average measurements of specimens from different localities are as follows: 



Locality. 



Wing. 



Tail. 



Ex- 

 posed 

 culmen. 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



MALES. 



Thirty-two adult males from California 



Twenty adult males from Arizona 



Nine adult males from Nevada and Utah 



Twenty adult males from Colorado, Kew Mexico, 

 and western Texas 



FEMALES. 



Twelve adult females from California 



Six adult females from Arizona 



Two adult females from Utah 



Five adult females from New Mexico and western 

 Texas 



78.23 

 78.49 



78.74 



74.68 

 76.20 

 74.93 



58.93 

 68.93 

 69.94 



66.13 

 56.90 

 66.64 



10.41 

 10.92 

 10.16 



10.41 

 10.16 

 10.16 



9.14 

 9.65 

 9.65 



9.91 



9.66 

 10.16 

 9.65 



17.78 

 17.78 

 17.27 



17.53 

 17.78 

 17.78 



13.46 

 13.46 

 13.46 



13.72 



13.21 

 13.21 

 13.97 



With a very good series of specimens for comparison, embracing altogether about 

 one hundred adult males and nearly forty adult females, I am unable to detect any' 

 differences of coloration or proportions that, in my judgment, would warrant the 

 further subdivision of the present form. Selecting from the series of adult males 

 those which have the red most limited in extent, that on the upper surface being 

 strictly confined to the forehead, supra-auricular stripes, and rump, the occiput and 

 back being without any reddish tinge, it is found that they come from San Francisco, 

 Fort Tejon, Santa Barbara, and Argus Mountains, California; Pinal County, Arizona; 

 San Diego, Chihuahua; Salt Lake City, Utah, and Fort Garland, Colorado. Then 

 separating those which have the red most extended , the back being strongly tinged 

 with red and the occiput more or less red, it is found that they represent several 

 localities in California, Fort Bowie and Tucson, Arizona, and Fort Clark and Fort 

 Hancock, Texas. It is thus seen that variation in the extent of the red is not 

 geographical. 



Specimens of the former group have the red areas occasionally as sharply defined 

 as in C. in. mexkmms, but the red is much less intense and the general coloration 

 decidedly lighter and grayer. Extreme specimens of the latter group, on the other 

 hand, are very similar in coloration to C. m. rliodocolpus, except that the brown por- 

 tions of the plumage are paler and grayer, taut they are considerably smaller. 




EIEDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMEBIC A. 139 



Fringilla {Pyrrhula) f,viitall.i Gambel, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1843, 262. 



Erythroapiza frontalis BoxAP.iRTE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 112; Geog. and 

 Comp. List, 1838, 3.5. — Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., iii, 1832, 306, pi. 6, 

 fig. 1. — AuDUBOx, Birds Am., oct. ed., iii. 1811, 17.5, part. — Gambel, Proc. Ac. 

 Nat. Sci., i, 1843, 262 (New Mexico; California). 



C. larpodacus'] frontalis Gray, Gen. Bird.", ii, 1844, 384. — Goues, Key X. Am. Birds, 

 2d ed., 1884, 347. 



Carpodacus frontalis Bonaparte and Schlegel, Mon.desLox., 1850, 15, part. — 

 MyiarchusCall, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 219.— Newberry, Rep. Pacific B. R. 

 Surv., vi, pt. iv, 1857, 88 (valleys of California). — Baihd, Rep. Pacific R. R. 

 Surv., ix, 1858, 415; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 308; Rep. U. S. and Myiarchusx. 

 Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 14 (Frontera, New Jlexico; Monterey, Nuevo 

 Leon) . — Kexxekly, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 28 (New Mexico; 

 Arizona). — Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 122 (California; n. Mexico). — 

 Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 80-(Fort Whipple, Arizona, breeding; 

 crit.); Check List, 1873, no. 141, 2d ed., 1882, no. 196.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 

 1870, 156, part.— Aiken, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1872, 199 (e. Colorado).— 

 Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 465. — Henshaw, 

 Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 78 (Fort Garland, Colorado), 

 109 (Apache, Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 241 (habits, etc.); 

 Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1876, App. JJ, p. 238 (Santa Barbara, Walker's Basin, 

 and Fort Tejon, s. California; habits). — Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 

 458 (Sacramento, etc., California; localities in Nevada and Utah; habits, etc.); 

 Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 170.— Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 16 (Colorado, 5,000- 

 8,000 ft.). — American Ornithologists' Uniox, Check List, 1886, no. 519. — 

 TowNSEND, Proc. U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 215 (n. California).- Sharpe, Cat. 

 Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 421 (chiefly).— Kellogg, Auk, xi, 1894, 260 (Fin- 

 ney County, w. Kansas, Jan. ) . 



[Carpodacus'] frontalis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 533, part. — Gray, Pland- 

 List, ii, 1870, 101, no. 7508.— Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 129, part. 



Carpodacus frontalis var. frontalis Ridgway', Am. Journ. Sci., v, Jan., 1873,40. — 

 Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 466, pi. 21, 

 figs. 3, 6. 



[Carpodacus frontalis'] a. /rowta/is Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 107 (synonymy). 



[Carpodacus frontalis'] a. frontalis Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 458. 



Carpodacus frontalis frontalis Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 20, 1883, 311. 



Carpodacus mc.ricanus frontalis Bond, Auk, vi, Oct., 1889, 341 (Cheyenne, Wyo- 

 ming, 1 spec. Apr. 14). — Anthony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 240 (San Pedro Myiarchusrtir Mts., 

 Lower California); (?) Auk, xii, 1895, 140 (San Fernando, Lower Cali- 

 fornia). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 

 519. — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 35, pi. 20, fig. 6. — Lantz, 

 Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 263 (Finney Co., w. Kansas, flock, 

 Jan. 5). 



(?) Pyrrhula inornata Vigors, Zool. Voy. "Blossom," 1829, 20 (no locality; = 

 female, or male without red?). — Baird, in Stansbury*s Rep. Gt.- Salt Lake, 

 1852, 331. 



Carpodacus obscurus MyiarchusCall, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1851, 220 (Santa Fe, 

 New Mexico; Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.; female or male without red). — Baird, in 

 Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331 (Santa Fe). 



Carpodacus mexicanus ohscurus Oberholser, Auk, xvi, Apr., 1899, 186, in text. — 

 Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 123' (Sisson and Shasta Valley, 

 n. California). 




140 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Carpodacus familiaris MyiarchusCall, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1852, 61 (Santa 

 Fe, New Mexico; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ).—Baied, in Stansbury'a 

 Eep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331 (New Mexico) .—Heeemann, Journ. Ac. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 2d ser., ii, 1852, 267 (California); "Rep. Pacific R. E. Surv., x, 

 pt. i, 1859, 50 (California; New Mexico). — Woodhousb, in Sitgreaves' Expl. 

 Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 88 (Santa Fe; California). — Cassin, lUustr. Birds 

 Cal., Tex., etc., 1854, 73, pi. 13. 



Carpodacus rhodocolpus (not of Cabanis) Solater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 

 304 (crit.) ; 1857, 127 (San Jos6, California) .— Ridgway, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchusa., 

 i, 1879, 391 (Calaveras County, California). 



Carpodacus frontalis var. rhodocolpus Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., v, Jan., 1873, 39, 

 part (California). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 

 1874, 468, part, pi. 21, fig. 9 (California).— Cooper, Am. Nat., 1876, 91, in 

 text. 



^Carpodacus frontalis} b. rhodocolpus Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 108, part (in syn- 

 onymy). 



Carpodacus frontalis, y. rhodocolpus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, Myiarchusr. 21, 

 1879, 413 (centr. California). 



Carpodacus frontalis rhodocolpus Ridgway, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 

 176, 216, part; Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 170a, part.— Coues, Check List, 

 2d ed., 1882, no. 197, part.— Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.,v, 1883, 531 (Cerros 

 I., Lower California). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, 

 no. 519a, part. — Evermann, Auk, iii, 1886, 181 (Ventura Co., California). — 

 Emerson, Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., no. 7, 1887, 422, 428 (Volcano Mountains and 

 Poway, San Diego Co., California). 



C-larpodacus] f.[rontalis'] rhodocolpus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 

 348, part. 



Carpodacus californicus (not of Baird) Coues, Ibis, 1865, 164, in text (Foit Whip- 

 ple, Arizona). 



Carpodacus purpureus var. californicvs Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 

 37 (descr. nest and «ggs) . 



Carpodacus niexicanui (not Fringilla mexicana Myiarchusller) Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr. -Am., Aves, i, 1886, 422, part (Frontera, New Mexico; Monterey, 

 Nuevo Leon). 



CARPODACUS MEXICANUS CLEMENTIS Mearns. 

 SAN c'lEUENTE HOUSE FINCH. 



Similar to C m. frontalis, but wing and tail averaging shorter, the 

 bill decidedly and feet slightly larger; coloration somewhat darker. 



Adult rna^e.— Length (skins), 132.08-148.34 (140.72); wing, 74.17- 

 80.52 (77.22); tail, 53.59-61.47 (58.17); exposed culmen, 10.16-12.70 

 (11.18); depth of bill at base, 9.65-10.92 (10.16); tarsus, 17.02-19.30 

 (18.03); middle toe, 13.21-14.48 (13.97).' 



Adult fm,ale.—LQngi\i (skins), 135.13-143.76 (139.95); wing, 74.17- 

 76.20 (75.44); tail, 53.34-58.42 (55.63); exposed culmen, 10.41-11.68 



'Twenty-one specimens. 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



141 



(10.92); depth of bill at base, !». 65-10. 16 (9.91); tarsus, 16.76-19.05 

 (18.29); middle toe, 13.21-13.72 (18.46).' 



Santa Barbara Islands, California; Todos Santos Island, Lower 

 California. 



Carpodacus frontalis (not FrimjlUa frontalis Say) Townsend, Proc. U. R. Nat. ilus., 



xiii, 1890, 139, 140 (Santa Barbara, San Clemen te, and Santa Rosa islands, 



California). 

 CariMdacus mexicanus frontalis Gmm^Ei.^ Auk, xv, 1898, 235 (Santa Catalina I., 



California); Pub. no. 1, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1897, 6 (Santa Barbara I.), 10 



(San Nicolas I.), 16 (San Clemente I.; crit.). 

 Carpodacus dementis jMeaens, Auk, xv, July, 1898, 2,58 (San Clemente I., Santa 



Barbara group, California; TJ. S. Nat. Mns.). 

 Carpodacus mexicanus dementis American Ornithologists' Union Committee, 



Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 114 (no. 519c). 



CARPODACUS MyiarchusGREGORI Anthony. 

 SAN BENITO HOUSE FINCH. 



Similar to C m. frontalis^ but much larger (the bill especially), 

 with relatively shorter wing and tail; upper parts much grayer and 

 more distinctly streaked with dusky; adult male with the red (con- 

 fined to forehead, supra-auricular stripe, malar region, chin, throat, 

 chest, and rump) paler, more flesh-colored, or often dull yellow. Myiarchusch 

 more nearly related to C. ampins, but rather smaller, with bill distinctly 

 compressed basally, upper parts grayer, and flanks, etc. , with dusky 

 streaks darker and more .sharply defined. 



Adultmale. — Length (skin), one specimen, 146.05; wing, 81.79-82.55 

 (82.04); tail, 63.50-64.77(64.26); exposed culmen, 11.94-12.95(12.45), 

 depth of bill at base, 11.43-12.70 (11.94); width of mandible at base, 

 8.89-9.91 (9.40); tarsus, 17.78-19.05 (18.54); middle toe, 14.73-14.99 

 (14.86).' 



^ Four specimens. 



Specimens from the different islands vary somewhat among themselves, but with 

 the exception of San Clemente, Santa Catalina, and Santa Rosa, there are not a suffi- 

 cient number to indicate whether the local variations are reasonably constant. 



Average measurement of specimens from the different islands are as follows: 



' Four specimens. 




142 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Adult f,'i,>ah'.— Wing, TS.T4; tail, 59.44-60.i5 (59.94); exposed cul- 

 men, 12.70; depthof bill at base, 11.43-12.45 (11.94); width of mandible 

 at base, 9.40; tarsus, 19.05; middle toe, 13.97-14.73 (14.48).^ 



San Benito Island, Lower California. 



This local insular form is much more nearly related to V. ampltis, of 

 Guadalupe Island, than to C. met'lcanns eleiiicntis or anj' of the con- 

 tinental races of C. ■ine.r/'cam/g, but may at once be distinguished by 

 the different form of the bill, which, viewed from above, shows the 

 edges of the maxilla to be nearly or quite parallel for the basal half 

 (approximatelj^), then almost abruptly contracted to the tip, and also 

 loj the grayer coloration of the upper parts and paler hue of the red 

 or yellow in adult males. The latter apparently never assume the 

 bright red color often seen in adult males of C. amj>Iiis. 



Ciirpudacns mcgregor! AiiTB.ot!!Y, Auk, xiv, Apr., 1897, 165 (San Benito I., Lower 

 California; coll. A. W. Anthony); xv, 1898, 265 (descr. young). — American 

 Oksithologists' Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 114 (no. 520.1). 



CARPODACUS AMPLUS Ridgway. 

 GTIADAITrPE HOUSE FINCH. 



Similar to C. mexicai-iva hic.ricaiuis, but much larger, the bill espe- 

 ciallj-; coloration darker and browner above, more broadly streaked 

 with dusky beneath; the adult male with red (or yellow) of throat, etc., 

 extended over breast. 



A/Iult male.— Length (skins), 142.24-158.75 (151.89); wing, 80.01- 

 84.33 (81.79); tail, 62.74-66.04 (63.75); exposed culmen, 12.19-13.97 

 (12.95); depth of bill at base, 12.70-13.97 (13.21); width of mandible 

 at base, 9.91-12.19 (10.67); tarsus, 20.07-21.59 (20.57); middle toe, 

 14.99-16.26 (16.00).= 



A<hdf female.— Length (skins), 147.32-158.75 (152.91); wing, 74.17- 

 81.28 (78.49); tail, 59.44-63.50 (61.47); exposed culmen, 13.21-14.22 

 (13.46); depth of bill at base, 12.95-13.72 (13.21); width of mandible at 

 base, 10.16-10.92 (10.41); tarsus, 18.80-20.83 (20.32); middle toe, 

 14.99-17.53 (15.75).=' 



Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 



Occasionally, as in C. nn'.ricanus and its several subspecies, the usual 

 red of the adult male is replaced by dull yellow (saffron or gallstone). 

 The normal red is rather duller than that of C. inexiccnnis vici'ieaiuifi, 

 but is equally restricted and sharply defined, except that of the under 

 surface, which extends over the chest. 



CarpodacuK amplus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., ii, no. 2, 

 April 1,1876, 1S7 (Guadalupe Island, Lower California; U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); 

 Bull. Xutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 60, 61; Norn. X. Am. Bird^-, 1881, no. 171.— 

 Ajieeioan Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 520. — Bbyant, 



' Two specimens. ^ Thirteen specimens. ' Five specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 143 



Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., no. 6, 1887, 293 (habits; descr. nest and eggs).— Sh.vepe, 

 Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 424.— Townsend, Proe. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 

 1890, 138. 

 C-larpodacus'] am2^Ius Ridgway, ]Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 391. 



Genus PASSER Brisson. 



Passer Beissox, Orn., ii, 1760, 71. (Type, Fringilla domestica Linnaeus. ) 

 Pyrgiia CtiviER, Regne Animal, i, 1817, 385. (Type, Fringilla domestica Linnreus. ) 

 Salicipasser Bogd.\now, Orn. Caucas. , 1879, 60. (Type, Fringilla montanahmnseus. ) 



Rather small, essentially arboreal finches, with gonys more or less 

 convex, the wing not more than four times as long as tarsus, the 

 plumage without red or yellow and without streaks on under parts. 



Bill rather shorter than head, rather stout, deeper than broad at 

 base, its length from nostril to tip of maxilla about equal to or a little 

 shorter than inner toe (without claw); gonj's about equal to or a little 

 longer than hallux, faintly convex; tomia distinctlj'^ inflexed. Nasal 

 plumules rather small, barelj' covering the nostriis. "Wing about four 

 times as long as tarsus, pointed (ninth, eighth, and seventh primaries 

 longest and nearly equal) ; primaries exceeding secondaries hy about 

 the length of the tarsus. Tail about three-fourths as long as wing, or 

 a little more, about half hidden b}^ the upper coverts, the rectrices not 

 pointed at tips. Tarsus short (shorter than middle toe with claw), 

 rather stout; lateral claws reaching nearly or quite to base of middle 

 claw; hallux about equal to the inner toe, its claw shorter than the 

 digit. 



Colors. — Back conspicuoush' streaked with black on a brownish 

 or rufescent ground; wings with one or two white bars; adult male 

 at least (both sexes in some species) with throat black; no streaks on 

 under parts. 



KEY TO THE AMEEIC-\X (iNTEODUCEd) SPECIES OF PASSEK. 



o. Larger (wing more than 71.12, averaging 75.69) ; pileum grayisli, postocu^ar region 

 chestnut in adult male; sexes very different in coloration. 



Passer domesticus (p. 143. ) 

 aa. Smaller (wing less than 71.12, averaging 69.34); pileum and postocular region 

 vinaceous-brown; sexes alike, and young not very different from adults. 



Passer montauus (p. 145. ) 



PASSER DOMESTICUS (Linnaeus). 

 HOUSE SPAREOW. 



Adult male.— Yilenm deep gray or olive-gray, bordered laterally by 

 a broad postocular patch of chestnut extending to sides of neck; lores, 

 chin, throat, and chest black; a small white spot above posterior angle 

 of the eye; back and scapulars rusty brown streaked with black; lesser 

 wino--coverts chestnut; middle coverts blackish, tipped with white, 




144 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



forming a conspicuous bar: rest of wings dusky, with light brown and 

 rusty brown edgings; rump olive or olive-grayish; tail dusky, edged 

 with light olive or olive-grayish; malar region and sides of throat 

 white; under parts of body dull grayish white, more grayish laterally; 

 bill black (the mandible more or less light colored in winter) ; legs and 

 feet brownish; length (skins), 139.45-157.99 (146.30); wing, 71.63- 

 78.99 (75.95); tail, 52.83-58.17 (54.61); exposed culmen, 12.19-13.46 

 (12.70); depth of bill at base, 9.40-9.91 (9.65); tarsus, 18.29-20.32 

 (19.30); middle toe, 13.21-16.00 (14.99).^ 



Adult female. — Pileum (including postocular region) and hindneck 

 grayish brown or olive; lores, chin, throat, and chest dull brownish 

 white or pale brownish gray, like rest of under parts; otherwise like 

 the adult male, but back browner, less rufescent; length (skins), 

 134.11-153.92 (144.27); wing, 74.42-76.45 (75.44); tail, 52.07-55.88 

 (54.10); exposed culmen, 9.65; tarsus, 18.03-20.07 (19.30); middle toe, 

 13.72-15.75 (14.99).' 



Young male. — Similar to adult female, but throat more or less dusky 

 grayish. 



Young female. — Similar to young male, but throat white. 



Europe in general, except Italy; introduced into the United States, 

 where thoroughly and ineradicably naturalized in all settled districts, 

 except southern Florida and a few other extreme outposts; also intro- 

 duced into Bahamas (island of New Providence), Cuba, Nova Scotia, 

 Bermudas, and southern Greenland. 



\_Fnngilla\ domestica XiYS'smvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 183 (Europe; based on 

 Passer domesticus Gesner, Av.,643, etc.) ; ed. 12, i, 1766, 323. — Gjielin, Syst. 

 Nat., i, 1788, 925.— Lathajf, Index Om., i, 1790, 432. 



Fringilla domestica Temminck, Myiarchusn. d'Orn., i, 1820, 350. — Naumann, Yog. 

 Deutschl., iv, 1826, 453, pi. 115.— Wernee, Atlas, Granivores, 1827, pi. 39.— 

 Yabeell, Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1843, 474. — Kjjeebolling, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 

 pi. 26, fig. 4. — SuJSDEVALL, Svensk. Fogl., 1856, pi. 6, figs. 1, 2. — Schlegel, 

 Dier. Nederl. Yog., i, 1860, 120, pi. 16, figs. 1, 2. 



Passer domesticus Koch, Syst. bayer. Zool., 1816, 219. — Pallas, Zoogr. Kosso- 

 Asiat., ii, 1826, 29.— Myiarchuscgillivkay. Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1837, 340.— Keysek- 

 LiNG and Blasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, p. xl. — Schlegel, Rev. Grit., 1844, p. 

 Ixiv; Yog. Nederl., 1854, pi. 161.— Geay, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 100.— Deq- 

 land and Geebe, Orn. Eur., i, 1867, 241. — Gould, Birds Gt. Brit., iii, 

 1870, pi. 32.— Feitsch, Yog. Eur., 1870, pi. 20, fig. 16.— Hartinq, Handb. 

 Brit. Birds, 1872, 28.— Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 167 (Ogden, 

 Utah); Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 287 (Salt Lake Valley, Utah) .— Cohes, Check 

 List., 1873, no. 187; 2d ed., 1882, no. 192; Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. 

 Surv. Terr., v., 1879, 175-193 (status in America; bibliography). — Dees- 

 see, Birds Europe, iii, 1876, 587, pi. 176, fig. 1.— Newton, ed. Yarrell's 

 Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1876, 89.— Beace, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 240 

 (New Providence, Bahamas). — Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 88; Auk, iii, 

 1886, 211; Birds W. I., 1889, 98; Cat. W, I. Birds, 1892, 112 (New Provi- 

 dence, Bahamas; Cuba); Auk, viii, 1891, 395 (Nassau, New Providence 



' Seven specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 145 



I.).— EiDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, 1880, 238; Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 



1887, 593.— Bkitish Ornithologists' Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 51.— 

 Seebohm, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1884, 63.— Meeeiam, Auk, i, 1884, 295 (near 

 Point de Monts, prov. Qviebec, 3Iay 27); North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 

 102 (Pocatello, Idaho) .—Baetlett, Mon. Ploceid. and Fringillirl., pt. ii, 



1888, pi. 3.— Shaepe, Oat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 307, part (excl. syn. 

 Passer milieus, etc.) .— Oooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 184 (localities, 

 etc.); Birds Oolorado, 1897, 99 (resident); Bull. Ool. Agric. Coll., no. 44, 

 1898, 165 (e. base of foothills for 200 miles) .— Hageeup, Auk, vi, 1889, 297 

 (s. Greenland; introduced) .-Coues (W. P.), Auk, vii, 1890, 212 (Cape 

 Breton, Nova Scotia) .—^NIoetimee, Auk, vii, 1890, 342 (Orange Co., Florida, 

 1 spec. Myiarchusrch, 1887) .— Caulfield, Canad. Rec. Sci., 1890, 149 (Montreal, 

 resident) .—Nehhling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 66.— Prentiss', Auk, 

 xiii, 1896, 239 (Bermudas) .-Pearson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 99 (Archer, Florida, 

 1 spec. July, 1896). 



P-lasser'] domesticus Geay, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 372.— Cabanis, ilus. Hein., i, 

 1851, 155.— CouBS, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 344.— Eidgivay, Myiarchusn. N. 

 Am. Birds, 1887, 401. 



[Passer} domesticus Bonapaete, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 509. 



[Passer] domesticus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 85, no. 7257.— Coues, Key N. Am. 

 Birds, 1872, 146.— Coey, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13 (Cuba; "Antilles"). 



Pyrgita domestica Gvvi-e:r, Eegne Anim., i, 1817, 385.— Beehm, Yog. Deutschl., 

 1831, 264.— Gould, Birds Europe, iii, 1837, pi. 184.— Bonapaete, Geog. and 

 Comp. List, 1838, 31.— Baied, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 

 1874, 525, pi. 23, fig. 12. 



Pyrgifa pagoruvi Ti-REHii, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 265. 



PyrgitarusticaBB.BHM, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 266. 



PASSER MONTANUS (Linnaeus). 

 ETTROPEAN TREE SPARROW. 



Adults {sexes alihe). — Pileum and hindneck uniform vinaceous-brown 

 or light chocolate; lesser wing-coverts chocolate-brown; rest of upper 

 parts light grayish brown, the back streaked with black; middle and 

 greater wing-coverts tipped with white, forming two narrow bands; 

 lores, orbits, anterior part of malar region, chin, and median portion 

 of throat black; rest of under parts dull white, becoming olive-bnffy 

 or buffy grayish on sides and flanks, the chest also more or less shaded 

 with pale buffy grayish; cheeks and sides of neck white, inclosing a 

 black spot on auricular region; bill mostly dusky; legs and feet light 

 brownish; length (skins), 134. 11-138. i3 (136.40); wing, 68. 58-70. 8T 

 '(69.34); tail, 60.80-52.58 (51.66); exposed culmen, 10.92; tarsus, 17.2T- 

 17.78 (17.53); middle toe, 12.70-12.95 (12.82). ^ 



Young. — Similar to adults, but color of pileum, etc., lighter, more 

 brown, and black markings of throat, etc., replaced hj less sharply 

 defined areas of dusky grayish. 



Europe in general, and eastward through Asia to China and Japan; 



1 Three specimens. 

 17024^01 10 




146- BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



introduced into eastern United States and naturalized in vicinity of 

 St. Louis, Myiarchusssouri. 



[Fringilla'] monimia LiNNiEUS, Syst. Kat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 183 (Europe; based on 

 Paxser montanus Aldrovandus, Orn., pi. 15, fig. 15, etc.); ed. 12, i, 1766, 

 324.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 925.— Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 433.— 



Fringilla montanaTEHMyiarchusKCK, Myiarchusn. d'Orn., i, 1820, 354.— Xaumann, Vog. Deutschl., 

 iv, 1826, 480, pi. 116, figs. 1, 2.— "Werner, Atlas, Granivores, 1827, pi. 42.— 

 Yahrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1843, 469.— KjiEKBOLLiNG, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 

 pi. 26, fig. 5.— Sundevall, Svensk. Fogl., 1856, pi. 5, fig. 7.— Schlegbl, 

 Dier. Nederl., Vog., i, 1860, 120, pi. 16, fig. 3. 



Passer montanus Koch, Syst. bayer. ZooL, 1816, 219.— Myiarchuscgillivray, Hist. Brit. 

 Birds, i, 1837, 351. — Keyserling and Blasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, p. xxxix. — 

 ScHLEGEL, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. Ixiv; Yog. Nederl., 1854, pi. 162.— Gray, List 

 Brit. Birds, 1863, 100,— Deglaxd and Gerbe, Orn. Eur., i, 1867, 246.— Gould, 

 Birds Gt. Brit., iii, 1870, pi. 33.— Fkitsch, Yog. Eur., 1870, pi. 20, fig. 13.— 

 Habting, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 28.— Dresser, Birds Europe, iii, 1875, 

 597, pi. 178.— Newton, ed. Yarrell's Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1876, 82.— David 

 and OrsTALET, Ois. Chine, 1877, 340.— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, 

 1880, 238 (St. Louis, Myiarchussaouri) ; Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 593.— Blakiston 

 and Fryer, Birds Japan, 1882, 178.— Dates, Birds Brit. Burma, i, 1883, 348.— 

 Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 193. — British Ornithologists' Union, 

 List Brit. Birds, 1883, 51.— Seebohm, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1884, 69; Birds 

 Jap. Emp., 1890, 130.— Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Load., 1887, 606 

 (Corea) ; 1888, 466 (do.) .— Salvadori, Elench. Ucc. Ital., 1887, 169.— Sharps, 

 Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 301.— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 184 

 (St. Louis, Myiarchusssouri). — Neheling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 73. 



IPasser} montana Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 508. 



\_Passer] montanus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 86, no. 7258. 



P. \_as8er] montatius Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 372. — Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, 1851, 

 156 (Germany; Myiarchusnila).— Eidgw ay, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 402. 



Pyrgita montana Cuvier, Eegne Anim., i, 1817, 385. — Gould, Birds Europe, iii, 

 1837, pi. 184.— Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 31.— Allen, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 121 (St. Louis, Myiarchusssouri) .—Widmann, Bull. Nutt. 

 Orn. Club, v, 1880, 191 (St. Louis, Myiarchusssouri; habits). 



Salicipasser montatnis 'BoQTiA'SOw, Orn. Caucas., 1879, 60. 



T.lPasser} montanus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 345. 



[Loxial hamburgia Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 554 (Hamburg, Germany; based 

 on Pyrrhula hamburgensis Brisson, Orn. , iii, 314) . 



Passer hamburgensis Leach, Syst. Cat. Myiarchusmm. and Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 1816, 14. 



Fringilla campestris Schrank, Fauna Boica, 1798, 181. — Nordmann, in D6mid 

 Yoy. Buss. Merid., iii, 1840, 180., 



Passer moratanina Pallas, Zoogr. Kosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 30. 



Pyrgita septentrionalis IBreh-m., Yog. Deutsohl. , 1831, 268. 



Passer arboreus Blyth, in Eennie's Field Naturalist, i, 1833, 467. 



Genus PASSERINA Vieillot. 



Passerina Yieillot, Analyse, 1S16, 30. (Type, by elimination, Emberiza nivalis 

 Linnfeus.) (See Ridgway, Auk, xv, no. 4, Oct., 1898, 324.) 



Pkclrophanes (notof Meyer, 1815) Kaup, Entw. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 138. (Type, 

 Emberiza ^liaiUs Linnaeus. ) 



Pleetropheiia.i' Stejnegbr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, June 5, 1882, 33. (Type, 

 Emberiza niralis Linnaeus. ) 



1 "TtXf/KTpov = spur; (peva^ = impostor." 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 147 



Long-winged, small-billed terrestrial finches, with the maxilla much 

 narrower, vertically, than- the mandible, the gonj'sverj' short (little if 

 anj' more than half the lateral length of the mandible), the hind claw 

 long and stronglj^ curved, and the plumage largely (sometimes chiefly) 

 white. 



Bill peculiar in shape, the maxilla being much shallower than the 

 mandible and the gonys very short (little if any more than half the lateral 

 length of the mandible) ; maxillary tomium slightly concave anteriorly, 

 then almost imperceptibly convex, with an abrupt basal deflection 

 beginning directly beneath the nostril. Nostrils quite concealed bj^ a 

 distinct appressed tuft of antrorse latero-frontal plumules. "Wing 

 long (nearly five times as long as tarsus) and pointed (ninth, eighth, 

 and seventh, usuallj' the ninth, primary longest); primaries exceeding 

 secondaries bj- twice the length of the tarsus; tertials not elongated. 

 Tail about three-fifths as long as wing, about two-thirds hidden bj' 

 the coverts, emarginated, the middle pair of rectrices pointed at tip. 

 Tarsus slightly longer than middle toe with claw, its scutella indistinct 

 or obsolete on outer side; lateral claws scarcely reaching base of middle 

 claw; hind claw about as long as its digit, slender, arched. 



Coloration. — Prevailing color white, the inner webs of rectrices 

 (except sometimes of two middle pairs) entirely so. Adult males in 

 simimer with head, neck, entire lower parts, lower back, rump, second- 

 aries (except, sometimes, tei'tials), and greater part of wing-coverts 

 entirely pure white; back and scapulars black or white; bill entirely 

 deep black. [In winter, the upper parts, sides of head, and chest 

 washed with rusty; bill j^ellow, the extreme tip dusky.) Adult females 

 smaller than males, the upper parts entirely streaked, the wings with 

 much less white, etc. Young: Pileum, hindneck, back and rump dull 

 grayish, indistinctly streaked with darker; lower parts dull whitish, 

 more or less tinged anteriorly with grayish (sometimes uniformly 

 grayish on throat, chest, etc.). 



Bcmge. — Arctic and subarctic districts of northern hemisphere (south- 

 ward in winter). 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP PASSERINA. 



a. .nner webs of primaries witli much less than basal half white; adults with back 

 and scapulars black or at least with central portion of feathers extensively black. 

 h. Smaller, with relatively shorter bill (adult male averaging, wing 110:49, tail 66.04, 

 exposed culmen 10.41, depth of bill at base 6.10, tarsus 21.84, middle toe 

 14.22; adult female averaging, wing 102.11, tail 63.50, exposed culmen 10.16, 

 depth of bill at base 6.10, tarsus 21.34, middle toe 14.22). (Circumpolar, 

 but not on islands of Bering Sea or Aleutian chain.) 



Passerina nivalis nivalis (p. 148) 



hb. Larger, with relatively longer bill (adult male averaging, wing 113.03, tail 70.87, 



exposed culmen 12.70, depth of bill at base 6.60, tarsus 23.11, middle toe 



14.99; female adult averaging, wing 106.68, tail 65.02, exposed culmen 12,19, 



depth of bill at base 6.60, tarsus 22.61, middle toe 14.73). (Pribilof, 




148 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Aleutian, and Shumagin islands, Alaska; Commander Islands, Kamchatka; 



Siberian coast of Bering Sea.) Passerina nivalis townsendi (p. 152) 



aa. Inner webs of primaries with at least the basal half white; adults with back and 

 scapulars white (streaked with black in female). (Breeding on Hall and St. 

 Myiarchustthew islands, Bering Sea; coast of Alaska in winter. ) 



Passerina hyperborea (p. 153) 



PASSERINA NIVALIS NIVALIS (Linnaeus). 

 SNOW BTJNTING; SNOWFIAKE. 



Adult male In sumiaer. — General color pure white; back, scapulars, 

 alula, innermost secondaries and greater wing-coverts, greater part of 

 primaries, and four to six middle tail feathers (sometimes rump also) 

 black; bill black; legs and feet black, or the former sometimes dark 

 brown. 



Adult male In ininter. — Similar to the summer plumage, but the 

 white parts (except under parts of body) stained with rusty brown, 

 especially on pileum (where sometimes rich dark brown) and hind- 

 neck, and the black of the back, scapulars, etc., broken (sometimes 

 almost Concealed) by broad margins of rusty and butfy whitish; bill 

 yellow. 



Adult female In sumuier. — Pileum dusky, .the feathers margined 

 with dull whitish or pale grayish buffy; hindneck dull whitish or pale 

 dull buffy, streaked with dusky; back and scapulars (sometimes rump 

 also) dull black or duskj^, the feathers more or less distinctly mar- 

 gined with dull whitish (their edgings quite worn off in midsummer 

 plumage); lesser and greater wing-coverts blackish, margined and 

 edged with whitish; greater part of secondaries, three outermost rec- 

 trices, and under parts (sometimes rump also) white; bill dusky. 



Adult female in winter. — Similar to summer female, but upper parts 

 more or less stained with rusty brown, especially on crown, auricular 

 region, and sides of chest, and paler margins to feathers of back, etc., 

 broader, more buffy or buffy grayish; bill yellowish. 



Young. — Head, neck, back, scapulars, and rump brownish gray, 

 more or less tinged with olive, the back streaked with dusky; anterior 

 under parts paler gray than upper parts, the chest and sides of breast 

 usually obsoletely streaked with dusky; under parts of body mainly 

 white, usually tinged, more or less, with pale olive-yellowish; wings 

 and tail much as in winter adults. 



Adult 7nale.—LQ\\gt\i. (skins), 148.59-183.39 (164.08); wing, 106.43- 

 116.33 (110.49); tail, 60.96-73.91 (66.04); exposed culmen, 9.66-11. 4'-l 

 (10.41); depth of bill at base, 5.84-6.86 (6.35); tarsus, 20.57-23.li 

 (21.84); middle toe, 12.95-14.99 (14.22).^ 



Adult f emcde.— Length, iskms), 151.13-168.15 (160.27); wing, 99.06- 

 104.14 (102.11); tail, 60.71-66.55 (63.50); exposed culmen, 9.65-10.92 



' Thirty-six American specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



149 



(10.16); depth of bill at base, 5.59-6.86 (6.10); tarsus, 20.3^-22.35 

 (21.34); middle toe, 13.21-14.99 (14.22).' 



Northern parts of Europe, Asia, and North Ameriou, breeding in 

 arctic and subarctic districts; in North America breeding on the barren- 

 ground or tundra region from northern Labrador (Ungava) to Alaska, 

 north and east of the coast ranges, and north to islands of Arctic 

 Ocean (at least to latitude 82^); in winter south to more northern 

 United States, irregularly to District of Columbia, Georgia, southern 

 Ohio (near Cincinnati), southern Indiana (Franklin, Decatur, Carroll, 

 and Knox counties), Kansas, Colorado, and eastern Oregon (Camp 

 Harney), casualh' to the Bermudas. (In Alaska occurs in winter on 

 Unalaska, the Shumagins, at Portage Bay, Sitka, etc. ; and on the 

 Asiatic side at Plover Baj^, Petropaulski, etc., and south to northern 

 Japan and China.) 



[Emberiza] nivalis Lixn/bus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 176 (Lapland, Hudson 

 Straits, etc.; based on Fauna Suecica, 194, t. 1. f., 194, etc.); ed. 12, i, 

 1766, 308.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 866.— Latham, Index Orn., i, 

 1790, 397.— Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 116, no. 7727. 



Emberiza . . nivalis Foestee, Piiilos. Trans., Ixii, 1772, 403 (Severn R.). 



Emberiza nivalis Meyee and Wolf, Taschenb. , 1810, 187. — Wilson, Am. Orn., 

 iii, 1811, 86, pi. 21, fig. 2.— Temminck, Myiarchusn. d'Orn., 1820, 319.— Naumann, 

 Vog. Deutschl., iv, 1824, 297, pis. 106, 107.— Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. , ii, 

 1826, 32.— Weenek, Atlas, Granivores, 1827, pi. 28.— Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. 

 U. S. and Canad., i, 1832, 458.— Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 315; v-, 1839, 

 496, pi. 189.— AVoLLEY, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1850, 108 (Faroe Islands, 

 breeding). — Kjaeeeolling, Orn. Dan., 1852, pi. 25, fig. 5. — Schlegel, A'og. 

 NederL, 1854, pi. 159; Dier. Nederl., Vog., 1861, pi. 15, figs. 10, 11.— Suxde- 

 VALL, Svensk. Fogl., 1856, pi. 7, figs. 5-7. — A. Newton, in Baring Gould's 



' Seventeen American specimens. 



I am unable to detect differences in either measurements or coloration according 

 to locality, the individual variation in both respects being, however, very consider- 

 able, adult males from the same locality having the upper rump and lower back 

 either pure white or deep black. Average measurements, according to locality, are 

 as follows: 



Locality. 



MALES. 



Five males from northern Europe 



Two males from northeastern Asia ■ 



Seventeen males from northeastern North America 



(including Greenland) 



Nineteen males from mainland of Alaska (includ- 



ing Unalaska Island) 



FEMALES. 



Three females from northern Europe 



Nine females from northeastern North America . . . 



Sixteen specimens from Alaska east to Great Slave 



Lake 



Wing. 



111.25 

 114. 30 



110. 49 

 110. 74 



103. 63 

 102. 11 



Tail. 



Ex- 

 posed 

 culmen. 



67.82 

 70.36 



65.63 

 66.80 



61.72 

 63. 75 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



10.16 

 9.65 



10.41 

 10.41 



9.91 

 10.41 



C. 35 

 6.35 



6.10 

 6.10 



Tarsus. 



21.1 

 21. ( 



21.84 

 21.84 



21.34 

 21.08 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



13.97 

 12. 70 



14.22 

 14.22 



14.73 

 13.97 




150 BULLETIlSr 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Iceland, 1863, 409.— Hakting, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 25.— Sbebohji, Hist. 

 Brit. Birds, ii, 1883, 125; Birds Jap. Emp., 1890, 140. 



Pr(s.Sf rma n»((?/.s Vieillot, Faune Fran?., 1820, 86. — Roux, Orn. Prov., 1825, pi. 

 103. — EiDGw.iY, Auk, XV, Oct., 1898, 324.— American Ornithologists' Union 

 Committee, Auls, xvi, 1899, 116. 



Embei-hii (Plectrophanes) nivalis Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 

 1831, 246. 



Plectrophanes niralis Meyer, Zus. u. Bericht. Myeru. Wolf, -Taschenb. , 1822, 57. — 

 Gould, Birds Europe, iii, 1837, pi. 170. — Myiarchuscgillivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 

 1837, 460. — Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 37. — Audubon, Synopsis, 

 1839, 99; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, .55, pi. 156. — Keyserling and Blasius, 

 Wirb. Eur., 1840, 154.— Schlbgel, Bev. Grit., 1844, p. Ixxii.— Gray, List 

 Brit. Birds, 1863, 104.— Jardine, Contr. Orn., 1848, 83 (Bermudas, in winter),— 

 HuHDis, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1850, 8 (Bermudas, Nov. toFeb. ). — Baird, 

 Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 432; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 325.— 

 ScHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., 1859, 275. — Willis, Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst, for 

 1858 (1859), 287 (Bermudas).— Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, 7 (Greenland).— 

 Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog., 1863, 156. — Degland and Gerbe, Orn. Eur., i, 1867, 

 332.— TuRNBULL, Birds e. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 22 (Dec. to Myiarchusr.).— Dall 

 and Banni.ster, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 282, part (Sitta, St. Myiarchus- 

 chaels, Unalaklik, etc., Alaska). — Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 177 (no California 

 record).— Fritsch, Yog. Eur., 1870, pi. 25, figs. 17, 18.— Salvadori, Faun. 

 Ital., Ucc, 1871, 145.— Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 152; 2d ed., 1882, no. 

 219; Birds N. W., 1874, 118.— Fixsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 54, 

 part (Yukon; Sitka); 1874, 106 (s. w. Greenland; crit); Zweite Deutsche 

 Nordpolfahrt, ii, 1874, 191 (e. Greenland, crit.); Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 273 

 (Chilcat Inlet, Chilcoot, and Portage Bay, Alaska). — Dresser, Birds Europe, 

 iv, 1873, 261, pi. 225.— Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 6 (e. Kansas in winter).— 

 RIDGWAY, Bull. Essex Inst. , v, 1873, 182 ( Colorado in winter) ; Nom. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1881, no. 186. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 

 1874, 512, pi. 24, fig. 2.— Newton, Myiarchusn. Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 99; ed. 

 Yarrell's Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1876, 1.— David and Oustalet, Ois. Chine, 1877, 

 320. — Langdon, Birds Cine, 1877, 8 (rare winter visit.); revised ed. 1879, 

 9 (occasional). — Bendire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 117 (Camp 

 Harney, e. Oregon, winter). — Feilden, Ibis, 1877, 404 (Shift-rudder Bay, 

 Smith Sound, lat. 81° 52', Aug. 28; lat. 82° 35', Sept. 14; near lat. 83°, 

 Jlay 27).— Adam.s, Ibis, 1878, 426 (St. Myiarchuschaels, Alaska).— Kumli en. Bull. 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 15, 1879, 76 (Cumberland Sound, etc.; habits, etc.).— 

 Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1882, 149, part (Port Clarence, Point Belcher, 

 and Icy Cape, Alaska).— Nelson, Cruise "Corwin" 1881 (1883), 68 (breed- 

 ing on St. Lawrence I., Wrangel I. , Plover Bay, etc.; habits). — (?) Blakis- 

 TON and Pryer, Birds Japan, 1882, 172. — British Ornithologists' Union, 

 List. Brit. Birds, 1883, 60. — Blakiston, Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 

 22. — Myiarchusrdoch, Rep. Point Barrow Exp., 1885, 105 (Point Barrow, Alaska, 

 Apr. 9 to Sept. 20).— (?) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1888, 459 

 (Corea, Feb.). — Clarke, Zoologist, 1890, 10 (Jan Myiarchusyen Land; habits; see 

 Fischer and Pelzeln, Arzt. osterreich Exp. Jan Myiarchusyen, 1866, — ). 



P.[lectrophanes'] niralis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 379. — Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein.,i, 

 1851, 127 (Lapland).— Ridgway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 372 (Illinois in 

 winter, rarely s. of 39°).— Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 105 (n. e. 

 Illinois, Nov. 1 to middle Myiarchusr. ).— Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 356, 

 part. 



[P/ectmjjhanen^ nicd/i.v Bonaparte, Consp. Av.,i, 1850, 462. — Coues, Kev N. Am. 

 Birds, 1872, 133. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 151 



FringUla nivalis Haymond, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 292 (Franklin Ct>., 

 Indiana, Oct. to Myiarchusy). 



Pleclrophenax nivalis Stejneger, Proc. U. IS. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, June 5, 1882, 33. — 

 Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, 1885, 240 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, breed- 

 ing); Contr. Nat Hist. Alaska, 1886, 172, part (St. Myiarchuschaels, etc.; habits). — 

 American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 534. — Nelson, Eep. 

 Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 180, part (Yukon district. Point Barrow, etc.; 

 habits).— Salvadori, Elench. Ucc. Ital., 1887, 160.— Cooke, Bird iligr. Myiarchusss. 

 Val., 1888, 184 (n. Myiarchusssouri, e. Kansas, n. Illinois, etc.; rarely south of 39°); 

 Birds Colorado, 1897, 100 (Boulder, Denver, Ft. Collins, and Loveland; 

 La Plata Co., 1 spec. Myiarchusr. 1); Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 44, 1898, 165 (Colo- 

 rado Springs, 2 specs, winter 1877-78). — Sharpb, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 573, excl. syn. part. — Evermann, Auk, vi, 1889, 24 (Carroll Co., Indiana, 

 rare visit, Jan., Feb.). — Hagerup, Auk, vi, 1889, 295 (Ivigtut, Greenland, 

 ;\Iar. 30 to Oct. 25; habits).— Thompson, Proc. U, S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1890, 587 

 (Myiarchusnitoba, fall, winter, and spring; habits). — Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 428 

 (rare winter visit. ) . — Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 151 (MyiarchusCormick 

 Bay and Uppernavik, Greenland; notes on plumage); 1895, 504 (Tuctoo 

 Valley, w. Greenland, breeding), 565 (Disco I., July 16). — Nehkling, Our 

 Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 74.— Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., viii, 1896, 

 9 (changes of plumage). — Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 178 (Okanogan Co., e. 

 Washington, winter). — Butler, Birds Indiana, 1897, 927 (rarely s. to Knox, 

 Decatur, and Franklin counties). — Clarke, Ibis, 1898, 255 (Franz Josef Land, 

 breeding; habits). — Merrill, Auk, xv, 1898, 15 (Ft. Sherman, Idaho, 

 winter). 



P. [lecirophenax] nivalis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 402. 



Clcilcariusl nivalis Jordan, Myiarchusn. Vertebr. E. N. Am., 4th ed., 1884, 88. 



Calcarius nivalis Giglioli, Avif. Ital., 1886, 56. 



Emberiza notaia Myiarchusller, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 157 (based on Buffon). 



[Emberiza} mustelina Gjielin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 867 (Europe, North America, 

 etc.; based on Tawny Bunting, Brit. Zool., i, no. 121; Latham, Synop. Birds, 

 ii, pt. i, 164, etc.) . 



Plectrophanes mmteVums Brehm, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 306. 



[Emberiza'] montana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 867 (England; based on Mountain 

 Bunting, Brit. Zool., i, no. 123; Latham, Synop. Birds, ii, pt. i, 165, etc.). — 

 Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 398. 



ffortulanus monianus Leach, Syst. Cat. Myiarchusmm., etc., Brit. Myiarchuss., 1816, 16. 



Plectrophanes montanus Hrebm, Yogelf., 1855, 119. 



lEmberiza} lotharingica Guslis, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 882, part (Europe; based on 

 Ortolan de Lorraine Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., iv, 323, etc. ).— Lathaji, Index 

 Orn., i, 1790, 404. 



[Emberiza} ghicialis Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 398 (England, etc.;=E. mustelina 

 Gmelin, and E. niralis Linnaeus, Fauna Suecica, no. 227B) . 



Emberiza glacialis Yaerell, Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1843, 425. 



Hortulanus glacialis Leach, Syst. Cat. Myiarchusm., etc., Brit. Myiarchuss., 1816, 15. 



Plectrophanes hiemalis Brehm, Yog. Deutschl., 1831, 304. 



Plectrophanes borealis Brehm, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 305. 



Emberiza borealis Degland, Orn. Eur., i, 1849, 273. 



(?) Plectrophanes airolarvatus Haetlaub, Naummania, 1852, 56 (Argali R., n. w. 

 North America; ex Paul von Wurtemberg, MS.). 




152 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



PASSERINA NIVALIS TOWNSENDI Ridgway. 

 ALEUTIAN SNOWFLAKE. 



Similar to P. n. nivali.-f, but decidedly larger, with relatively longer 

 bill. 



Adult inalc.—h&ngih. (skins), 153.67-188.4:7 (175.26); wing, 108.71- 

 1-20A() (113.03); tail, 66.29-7l.l7 (70.87); exposed culmen, 12.19-13.46 

 (12.70); depth of bill at base, G. 35-7. 11 (6.60); tarsus, 21.84-24.38 

 (23.11); middle toe, 14.48-16.00(11.99).^ 



^(^i////(^//?a/e.— Length (skins), 155.70-177.80 (169.16); wing, 102.87- 

 115.8^ (106.68); tail, 62.23-68.58 (65.02); exposed culmen, 10.92-13.46 

 (12.19); depth of bill at base. 6.10-6.86 (6.60); tarsus, 20.83-23.37 

 (22.61); middle toe, 13.7;>-15.49 (14.73).' 



Aleutian Islands, including Commander Islands, Kamchatka; Pribi- 

 lof Islands; Shumagin Islands; Siberian coast of Bering Sea (breeding 

 at Plover Bay, etc.).'* 



Plectropliitnes rmalis (not Emberiza nivalis Linnaeus) Dall and Bannister, Trans. 

 Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 282, part (St. Georges I., Pribilof group) . — Finsch, 

 Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 54, part (Pribilofs).— Ball, Proc. Cal. Ac. 

 Sci., V, 1873, 27 (Unalaska) ; vi, 1874, 273 (Attu and other Aleutian islands; 

 Pribilofs). — Coues, in Elliott's Affairs in Alaska, 1875, 176 (Pribilof Islands, 

 resident; habits). — Haeting, Fauna Prybilov Islands, 1875, 17. — Elliott, 

 Mon. Seal Islands, 1882, 128 (habits, etc.).— Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.,v, 

 1882, 149, part (Shumagin Islands, Alaska; Plover Bay, Siberia). 



^Twenty-two specimens. 



''Twelve specimens. - 



The largest specimens are those from the more western Aleutian Islands, including 

 the Commander Islands, Kamchatka; the smallest are from Unalaska and the Shu- 

 magin Islands, at the opposite end of the chain. These latter are in reality inter- 

 mediate between the island form and true P. nivalis, but seem nearest the former 

 and, therefore, best referred to it. Average measurements are as follows: 



MALES. 



One adult male from Bering Island 



Five adult males from western Aleutians (Attu, 



Kyska and Adak islands) '. 



Twelve adult males from Pribilof Islands 



One adult male from Plover Bay, Siberia (breeding 



bird) 



Three adult males from Unalaska and Shumagins . 



FEMALES. 



Five adult females from western Aleutians 



Six adult females from Pribilofs 



One adult female from Unalaska 



\Ving. 



115. 57 

 112.27 



113. 03 

 109. 22 



1U7. 95 

 106. 68 

 102. 87 



Tall. 



72. 14 

 70.61 



70.87 

 68.83 



U.5. 53 

 (;2. 23 



Ex- 

 posed 

 culmen. 



12. 70 



12.95 

 12.70 



12.19 

 12.46 



12. 70 

 11.94 

 10. 92 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



7.11 

 6.60 



6.60 

 6.36 



6.60 

 6.60 

 6.35 



23.88 

 23.11 



21. 84 

 22. 10 



23.11 

 22.61 

 20.83 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



16.24 



15.49 

 14.99 



14.73 

 14.73 



14.73 

 14.73 

 14.73 



"Winter birds (some at least) from Plover Bay, also from Unalaska and Shuma- 

 gins, are P. n. nivalis. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 153 



Plectrophenax nivalis Stbjnegek, BuH. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 29, 1885, 248, excl. 

 syn. part (Commander Islands, Kamtschatka, resident; habits); Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., X, 1887, 142 (Commander Islands). — Amebican Ornithologists' 

 Union, Check List, 1886, no. 534, part.— Turner, Auk, ii, 1885, 157 (Nearer 

 Islands, Aleutian chain); Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 172, part (Attu, 

 Atkha,Amchitka, etc., w. Aleutians). — Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 

 1887, 180, part (Pribilof and Aleutian islands; Plover Bay and n. coast 

 Siberia?; habits) .— Townsend, Cruise "Corwin", 1885 (1887), 100 (Pribilofs; 

 Otter I., June 8).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 572, part (St. 

 Paul I., Pribilofs). 



P.[lectrophena,r1 niralis townsendl Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 403 (Otter 



Island, Bering Sea; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.) . 

 Plectropheriax nivalis townsendi'RrDGV! AY, yi&n.T^i. Am.. Birds, 1887, 592. — Chapman, 

 Auk, V, 1888, 397. — American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Suppl. to 

 Check List, 1889, 12 ; Check List, abridged ed. , 1889, and 2d ed. , 1895, no. 534a. 



Plectrophenax townsendi Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 840. 



Passerina nivalis tmonsendi Ridgway, Auk, xv, Oct. , 1898, 324. — American Orni- 

 thologists' Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 117. 



PASSERINA HYPERBOREA Ridgway. 



MoKAY'S SNOWFLAKE. 



Similar to I*, nivalis townsendi, but with much more white. Adult 

 male with back and scapulars entireh" white, or (rarely) with onlj^ 

 a few narrow streaks of black on the former and the more poste- 

 rior feathers of the latter blotched with black; primarj' coverts 

 (usually the alula also) and basal half or more of primaries wholly 

 white; adult female with pileum and hindneck always white, very 

 rarely with merely a trace of streaks on the former; only two middle 

 rectrices dusky to base, or else next pair dusky on inner web onlj^;^ 

 primary coverts mostly white, usually entirely white; young very simi- 

 lar to that of P. n. townsendi, and not with certainty distinguishable. 



Adult ??ia?e.— Length (skins), 156.21-187.71 (165.61); wing, 109.73- 

 118.62(114.30); tail, 65.53-74.68 (70.61); exposed culmen, 11.18-12.70 

 (12.19); depth of bill at base, 6.35-7.37 (6.86); tarsus, 21.08-23.62 

 (22.35); middle toe, 13.97-16.00 (15.24).^ 



Adult female.— l^'e.ug\h (skins), 162.40-171.96 (159.00); wing, 104.14- 

 109.47 (107.19); tail, 64.01-68.58(66.80); exposed culmen, 10.67-11.68 

 (11.18); depth of bill at base, 6.10-6.86 (6.35); tarsus, 20.83-23.11 

 (21.84); middle toe, 14.48-15.75 (14.99).^, 



Breeding on Hall Island and St. Myiarchustthew's Island, north-central part 

 of Bering Sea; migrating in winter to western portion of Alaskan 

 mainland (Nushagak, Kuskokwin River, St. Myiarchuschaels, etc.). 



Plectrophenax hyperboreus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vii, no. 5, June 11, 1884, 

 68 (St. Myiarchuschaels, Alaska; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ) ; Auk, iii, 1886, 135 (as to vernacu- 

 lar name) , 276 (Hall I., Bering Sea, breeding; St. Myiarchustthews I.?).— American 



^ In the female of P. n. townsendi four to six middle rectrices are wholly or chiefly 

 dusky. 



^ Thirteen specimens. 

 ' Fourteen specimens. 




154 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 535. — Townsbnd, Cruise " Cor- 

 win", 1885, 1887, 100, colored plate (Hall I.). — Henshaw, in Nelson's 

 Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 182 (St. Myiarchuschaels, Nushagak, Hall I., etc., 

 Alaska). — Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. ]Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 577. — Stone, Auk, xv, 

 1898, 269 (Bethel, Kuskokwim K., Alaska, 90 m. from coast, Jan. 4). 



P. [ledrophencm] hyperboreiis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 403. 



Passerlna hi/jKrhorca Ridgway, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 324. — American Ornii'holc- 

 gists' Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 117. 



Genus CALCARIUS Bechstein. 



Calcarius Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. Vog. Deutschl., 1803, 130. (Type, Frin- 



gilla lapponica Linnaeus. ) (See Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1882, 32. ) 

 Plectrophanes (not of Kaup, 1829) JIeyer, Vog. Liv-u. Estl., 1815, p. xii. (Type, 



Fringilla lapponica Linnaeus. ) 

 Cenirophanes Kaup, Entw. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 158. (Type, Fringilla lapponica 



Linnaeus.) 

 Leptoplectron Reichenbach, Av. Sy.st. Nat., 1850, pi. 75. (Type, Emberiza picta 



Swainson. ) 



Medium-sized or rather small terrestrial finches, with long, pointed 

 wings, small bill, long and slender hind claw, and plumage much varied. 



Bill small (commissure shorter than middle toe without claw), acutely 

 conical, deeper than broad at base; culmen nearly straight, sometiaies 

 appreciably depressed in middle portion; gonys straight, shorter than 

 hallux without claw, its base about midway between tip and lateral 

 base of the mandible; depth of bill at base decidedly less than distance 

 from nostril to tip of maxilla. Nasal plumules indistinct, the nostrils 

 quite exposed. Wing long (about four and one-third to more than four 

 and one-half times as long as tarsus), pointed (three outermost prima- 

 ries longest, with the ninth longer than the sixth, sometimes longer 

 than the eighth); primaries exceeding secondaries by one and one- 

 quarter to one and one-half times length of tarsus; tips of secondaries 

 emarginate. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing, double- 

 rounded or deeply emarginate {ornatus), more than half hidden by the 

 pointed upper coverts. Tarsus nearly or quite one-third as long as 

 tail, longer than middle toe with claw, its scutella nearl}' obsolete; 

 lateral claws scarcely or not reaching base of middle claw; hind claw 

 nearly equal to — sometimes longer than — its digit, very slender, slightly 

 arched or nearly straight. 



Coloration. — Adult males with top of head black; hindneck deep 

 rufous or buff; rest of upper parts light brownish, broadly streaked 

 with dusky or black; outer tail-feathers with more or less of white. 

 Adult females similar above to males, but without black on head, 

 and usually without distinct rufous or buff on hindneck; lower parts 

 mainly dull whitish or buffy. 



The three species of Calcarius differ considerably in details of form. 

 C. ficiMS is very similar to the type species, C. lajpj>oniGm, but has a 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 155 



more slender and pointed bill, like that of C. nmaticn. The latter 

 differs from the two preceding in having the tail much shorter than the 

 distance from the carpal joint of the wing to the end of the tertials, in 

 which respect it agrees with Rhynchoj>liane)i incanoiili, but this differ- 

 ence is apparently owing to greater development of the secondaries 

 rather than to a really reduced length of the tail; the outermost (ninth) 

 primary is also relatively shorter. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP CALCARIUS. 



a. Four outermost rectrices dusky at base, at least on inner web. 

 h. Abdomen white; less than half the inner web of outermost rectrix white, 

 c. Back heavily streaked with black or dusky, the dusky centers to feathers 

 wider than the lighter grayish brown edgings. 

 d. Paler, with outer webs of greater wing-coverts and tertials grayish brown 

 or but slightly rufescent. (Northern Europe and northeastern North 



America. ) Calcarius lapponious lapponious (p. 155 ) 



dd. Darker, with outer webs of greater wing-coverts and tertials bright rusty 



brown or chestnut. (Commander Islands, Kamtschatka, and other 



parts of northeastern Asia. ) . .Calcarius lapponious ooloratus^ (extralimital) 



cc. Back more narrowly streaked with black or dusky, the dusky centers to 



feathers not wider than the pale huffy brown or grayish buffy edgings. 



(Northwestern North America, including Pribilof and Aleutian Islands.) 



Caloarius lapponious alasoensis (p. 158) 

 hb. Abdomen buffy or ochraceous, like rest of under parts; more than half of inner 

 web of outermost rectrix white. (Great Plains of United States and Brit- 

 ish America. ) Calcarius piotus (p. 160) 



aa. Four outermost rectrices extensively white at base, on both webs. (Great Plains 

 of United States and Mexico. ) Calcarius ornatus (p. 162) 



CALCARIUS LAPPONICUS LAPPONICUS (Linnaeus). 

 LAPLAND LONGSPUK. 



Inner web of outermost rectrix chiefly dusky; under wing-coverts 

 and axillars grayish white, distinctly grayish beneath surface; breast 

 and abdomen white in adults. 



Adult male in summer. — Head and chest deep black, relieved by a 

 broad white or buffy stripe behind eye, continued downward (verti- 

 cally) behind ear-coverts and then backward along sides of chest; sides 

 broadly streaked or striped with black; rest of under parts white; hind- 

 neck deep chestnut -rufous; lesser wing-coverts grayish, feathers black 

 in center. 



Adult male In winter. — Black of head confined to crown, posterior 

 and lower border of ear-coverts, lower part of throat, and patch on 



^Calcarius lapponicus coloratus Ridgway, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 320 (Copper Island, 

 Commander group, Kamchatka; U. S. Nat. llus. ). 



This form is introduced on account of the possibility of its occurrence, as a straggler, 

 in the westernmost Aleutian Islands, aa well as for comparison with the other sub- 

 species. 




156 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



chest, and more or less obscured b}" whitish or pale brownish tips to 

 feathers; sides of head (including lores and greater part of ear-coverts), 

 mostly dull light brownish; rufous on hindneck also similar Ij' obscured. 



Adult female in summer. — Myiarchusch like winter male, but markings 

 more sharply defined, black areas of chest, etc. , more restricted and 

 still more broken, hindneck streaked with blackish, and size smaller. 



Adult female in winter. — Similar to summer plumage, but browner 

 and less sharply streaked above, hindneck often without trace of 

 rufous, lower parts dull brownish white, and duskv markings of chest, 

 etc., very indistinct. 



Yi'uiKj. — Above dull builj^ everj-where (except on wings and tail) 

 broadh' streaked with black; beneath pale buffy, the lower throat, 

 chest, and sides of breast broadly streaked with blackish. 



Adult male.— hangth. (skins), 14±.27-172.72 (159.26); wing, 90.17- 

 100.58 (96.01); tail, 59.69-66.55 (62.99); exposed culmen, 10.41-12.19 

 (11.43); depth of bill at base, 6.10-7.11 (6.86); tarsus, 20.57-22.61 

 (21.84); middle toe, 13.21-14.99 (13.97).' 



Adult female.— L&ngth. (skins), 135.89-157.48 (146.03); wing, 87.63- 

 92.:i0 (90.17); tail, 58.42-64.77 (60.96); exposed culmen, 10.41-11.43 

 (10.67); depth of bill at base, 6.10-7.37 (6.60); tarsus, 20.57-22.85 

 (21.08); middle toe, 12.96-13.97 (13.46).' 



Breeding in arctic and subarctic districts of Europe, northeastern 

 North America, including Greenland, and for an undetei"mined distance 

 westward), Melville peninsula, shores of Cumberland Sound, Ungava, 

 etc. , and at least the more western portions of Siberia; in North America 

 migrating south in winter (more or less irregularly) to Virginia, South 

 Carolina, Kentucky, eastern Kansas, Indian Territory, and even to 



^ Sixteen specimens. 



- J^ine specimens. 



European specimens are apparently the same in coloration as those from northeast- 

 ern North America, but the series of the former which I have been able to examine 

 is very small, consisting of only two adult males and three adult females. The aver- 

 age measurements reveal some differences, which, however, appear to be the result 

 of too great inequality in number of the specimens of the two aeries, the length of 

 wing, tail, and culmen being decidedly greater in the European males, but smaller in 

 the European females. The averages are as follows: 



MALES. 



Two adult males from northern Europe 



Fourteen adult males from northeastern North 

 America (including Greenland) 



FEMALES. 



Three adult females from nnrthern Europe 



Six adultfemales from northeastern North America 

 (including Greenland) 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



13.46 

 13.97 



13.46 

 13.46 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 157 



Texas (Cook and Navarro counties); west during migration to eastern 

 portion of Great Plains (Myiarchusnitoba to Texas). 



\_Fri.ngiUa] lappordca Linn^ds, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 180 (Lapland) ; ed. 12, i, 

 1766, 317.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat, i, 1788, 900.— Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 440. 



Fringilla . . . Zappomca Fokstbr, Philos. Trans., Ixii, 1772, lO-i (Severn R) . 



Fringilla lapponica Meyer and AVolp, Taschenb., i, 1810, 176. 



PasseriiM lapponica Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 12. 



Emberiza lapponica 'Navma'ns, Yog. Deutschl., iv, 1824,319, pi. 108. — Bonaparte, 

 Am. Orn., it, 1828, 53, pi. 13, figs. 2, 3.— Acjdubox, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 472, pi. 

 365.— Schleqel, Vog. NederL, 1854, pi. 160; Dier. Nederl., Vog., i, 1860, 118, 

 pi. 15, figs. 12, 13. — Sundevall, Svensk. Fogl., 1858, pi. 7, figs. 3, 4. — Hart- 

 I^'G, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 25.— Seebohm, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1884, 131. 



[Emberiza'] lapponica Gkay, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 116, no. 7728. 



Plectrophaneslapponica Selby, Trans. Lin. Soc, xv, 1827, 156, with plate. — Jardine, 

 ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., iii, 1832, 413.— Gould, Birds Europe, iii, 1837, pi. 169.— 

 Myiarchuscgillivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1837, 469. — Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. 

 List., 1838, 36. — Keyserling and Blasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, 154. — Audubon, 

 Synopsis, 1839, 98; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, pi. 152.— Yarrell, Hist. Brit. 

 Birds, i, 1843, 421. 



Emberiza (Plectrophanes) toppojiica Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 

 1831, 248, pi. 48. 



l^Plectrophanes'] lapponica Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850,462. 



Plectrophanes lapponicus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 433, part; Cat. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 326, part.— Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, 7 (Greenland).— 

 Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 121.— Gray, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 105.— 

 Degland and Gerbe, Orn. Eur., i, 1867, 334. — Salvador:, Faun. Ital. , Ucc. , 

 1871, '145.— Dresser, Birds Europe, iv, 1872, 253, pi. 223.— Coues, Check 

 List, 1873, no. 153, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 120, part.— Snow, Birds Kansas, 

 1873, 7 (common in winter). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgw.vy', Hist. N.Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, 515, part, pi. 24, fig; 7.-Finsch, Abh. Nat. Brem., 1874, 107 

 (s. w. Greenland, crit. ); Zweite Deutsche Nordpolfahrt, ii, 1874, 194 (e. 

 Greenland) . — Newton, Myiarchusn. Nat. Hist. Greenl., 1875, 99 (Greenland; Melville 

 peninsula, breeding); ed. Yarrell's Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1876, 15. — Langdon, 

 Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., 1878 (5) (Avondale, and Myiarchusdisonville, s. Ohio, Dec. 

 11) ; Revised List Birds Cine. , 1879, 9 (rare winter visit). — Trotter, BullNutt. 

 Orn.Club, iv, 1879, 235 (near Philadelphia, 1 spec.).— Kumliex, Bull. U.S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss.,no. 15, 1879, 77 (Cumberland Sound, etc.; habits). — Allen, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 54 (Chester Co., South Carolina, Jan. 1). — Seton, 

 Auk, ii, 1885, 334 (Toronto, Ontario, winter). 



. [Plectropliams] lapponicus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 134, part. 



PXlectrophanes] lapponicus 'Ridgwxy, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 372 (Illinois in 

 ' winter) . 



Cenirophanes lapponica Kaup, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 158, 192.— Fritsch, Vog. Eur. 

 1870,. pi. 25, figs. 22, 23.— Gould, Birds Gt. Brit., iii, 1873, pi. 30.— Coues, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 328 (Fort Smith, Arkansas, Nov. to Feb. ) 



Clentrophanes^l lapponica Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 379.— Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i 

 1851, 127 (Lapland). 



Cenirophanes lapponicus Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 97; Check List. 

 2d ed., 1882, no. 220, part.— Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 187, 

 part.— Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 229 (Lewis Co., New York, 

 winter) .—Ogilby, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc, iii, 1882 (29) (Navarro Co., 

 Texas, Nov. to Myiarchusr.).— Looms, Auk, ii, 1885, 190'(Ohester Co., South CarO' 

 lina, 1 spec. Jan. 1, 1881). 




158 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



C.lentrophane,s'] lapponicus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 357. 



Calcarius lapponicus Bechstein, Orn. Tasohenb., 1802, 130.— Tueneb, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, 1885, 240 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, breeding) .—American 

 Onithologists' Uniox, Check List, 1886, no. 536, part.— Dutchee, Auk, iii, 

 1886, 440 (Long Island, New York, Feb., Apr.).— Henshaw, Auk, iv, 1887, 

 347 (Fairfax Co., Virginia, Dec. 11).— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 185 

 (s. to Caddo, Indian Territory, and Gainesville, Texas; localities and dates) . — 

 Shabpe, Cat. Birds. Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 579, part.— Gault, Auk, vi, 1889, 

 278 (Lake Co., Indiana, June 14, 1889, 1 spec.) .— Wakeen, Birds Penn., 1890, 

 232 (winter visit, shores Lake Erie) . — Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 

 1891, 588 (Myiarchusnitoba, spring and fall; habits).— Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 1892, 151 (Disco I., Greenland); 1895, 505 (Disco I., Greenland).— 

 Beimley, Auk, X, 1893, 242 (Raleigh, North Carolina, Jan. 13 and 14, 1893) .— 

 Nbheling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 77. — Knight, Bull. Univ. Myiarchusine, 

 no. 3, 1897, 95 (rare winter visit.).— Claeke, Ibis, 1898, 255 (Franz Josef 

 Land, Myiarchusy 28) . — Davis, Auk, xvi, 1899, 80 (Myiarchusssachusetts records) . 



C. [alcanus] lapponicus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 404, part. 



Emberiza calcarata (not Fringilla calcarata Pallas) Temminck, Myiarchusn. d'Orn., i, 

 1820, 322.— Weenee, Atlas, Granivores, 1827, pi. 29.— Kj^ebolling, Orn. 

 Dan., 1852, pi. 54, fig. 2.— Fallon, Ois. Belg., 1875, 90. 



Pleclroplianes calcarata Claeke, Zoologist, 1890, 10 (Jan Myiarchusyen Land, Myiarchusy 17 

 (see Fischer and Pelzeln, Arzt. osterreich. Exp. Jan Myiarchusyen, 1866, — ). 



Fhctrophanescalcaratiis'M.-EY-EB., Zus., etc., Meyer and AVolf, Taschenb.; 1822, 56. — 

 Beehm, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 307. — Schlegel, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. Ixxii. 



C.\_entrophanes\ calcaratus Gray, List Gen. Birds, App., 1842, 11. 



Hortulanus montanus (not Emberiza moniana Gmelin) Leach, Syst. Cat. Myiarchusm., 

 etc., Brit. Myiarchuss., 1816, 16. 



Plectrophanes groenlandtcus Brekm, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 307. 



CALCARIUS LAPPONICUS ALASCENSIS Ridgway. 

 ALASKAN LONGSPTTR. 



Similar to C. I. lapponicus, but decidedly lighter in color, especially 

 in winter plumage; in summer, adults with ground color of upper parts 

 light buffy grayish brown, with little, if any, rusty tinge, even on wing- 

 coverts and tertials, and the black streaks relatively narrower than in 

 C. I. lapponicus, the chestnut-rufous or deep cinnamon-rufous of the 

 hindneck also averaging paler than in O. I. lapponicus,' winter speci- 

 mens (adults and young) with upper parts conspicuously paler and more 

 buffy than corresponding plumages of O. I. lapponicus; young in first 

 plumage much brighter buffy, both above and on chest, than that of 

 C. I. lapponicus, with the blackish streaks narrower, and outer webs of 

 greater wing-coverts and secondaries much lighter chestnut-brown. 



^W;//;; 7rt«?f'.— Length (skins), 146.30-166.37 (156.46); wing, 91.19- 

 99.57 (95.76); tail, 58.42-68.07 (63.25); exposed culmen, 10.41-12.45 

 (11.68); depth of billatbase, 6.60-7.37(6.86); tarsus, 20.57-22.61 (21.84); 

 middle toe, 12.95-16.75 (14. 48) . ' 



Adult female.— \j^w^ (skins), 135.89-158.75 (148.34); wing, 86.11- 



' Twenty-two specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



159 



93.22 (89.15); tail, 56.63-62.99 (58.42); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.94 

 (10.92); depth of bill at base, 5.S1-T.11 (6.60); tarsus, 20.32-22.35 

 (21.34) middle toe, 12.95-15.24 (13.72).^ 



The whole of Alaska, including (and breeding-on) the Pribilof and 

 Aleutian Islands, Unalaska, and the Shumagins; east to Fort Simpson; 

 south, in winter, through more western parts of North America to 

 Nevada (Carson City), eastern Oregon, Colorado, western Kansas, etc. 



Plectrophanes lapponicus (not Fringilla lappoiiica Linnaeus) Baird, Eep. Pacific 

 R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 433, part (50 m. w. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas) ; Cat. N. 

 Am. Birds, 1859, no. 326, part.— D all and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci. , 

 i, 1869, 283 (Nulato and St. Myiarchuschaels, Alaska, Myiarchusy to Sept.).— Cooper, Orn. 

 Cal., 1870, 178 (no California record). — Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 

 1872,54 (coast Alaska); Journ. fiir Orn., 1883,273 (Portage Bay, Alaska).— 

 Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 153, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 120, part; in Elliott's 

 Affairs in Alaska, 1875, 177 (Pribilof Islands, resident; habits). — Dall, Proc. 

 Cal. Ac. Sci., V, 1874, 273 (Attn, Kyska, and Adak Islands, Aleutians) .—Baird, 

 Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 515, part. — Hartixg, 

 Fauna Prybilov Islands, 1875, 17.— Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 

 13 (Carson, Nevada, Jan.); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877,464 (do.).— Bexdire, 

 Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 118 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, winter resid.). — 

 Elliott, Mon. Seal Islands, 1882, 128 (Pribilof Islands, resident; habits). 



[Plectrophanes] lapponicus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 134, part. 



' Twenty-four specimens. 



Specimens from the mainland of Alaska are less typical than those from the islands, 

 but do not differ appreciably in coloration, except in the nestling plumage, which is 

 intermediate between that of the island birds and that of true C. lapponicus (Green- 

 land specimens). The mainland birds average even smaller than true C. lapponicus 

 and have the wing and tail decidedly shorter than those from any of the Alaskan 

 islands, as the average below will show. 



The great contrast in coloration is just as marked between specimens from the 

 extreme western Aleutian Islands ( Atkha, Adak, and Attu) and the extremely dark 

 form ( C. /. coloratus) of the Commander Islands, as between the latter and specimens 

 from the Pribilofs and Unalaska. 




160 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Pkclwphanes lapponica Baied, Kep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 927 (Fort Lara- 

 inie, Wyoming). — Adams, Ibis, 1878, 425 (St. Myiarchuschaels, Alaslia). 



Centrophanes lapponicus Ridgway, Field and Forest, iii, 1877, 197 (Colorado, win- 

 ter); Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 187, part.— Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v. 

 1882, 150 (Cape Lisburne, Point Belcher, Port Clarence, and Belkoffsky, 

 Alaska; habits). — Nelson, Cruise "Corwin" in 1881, 1883, 69 (Point Barrow, 

 St. Lawrence I., etc., Alaska). — MyiarchusLenegan, Cruise "Corwin", 1884, 115 

 (KowakR., Alaska, breeding; habits; song). — Myiarchusrdoch, Exp. Point Barrow, 

 1885, 106 (Point Barrow, Alaska, Myiarchusy 20 to Sept. 4). 



Ccdcarius lapponicus Tuknek, Auk, ii, 1885, 157 (Nearer Islands, Aleutian chain); 

 Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 173 (St. Myiarchuschaels, Myiarchusy 5 to Oct. 5; habits, 

 etc.). — Americ.vn Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 536, parf. — 

 Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 183 (habits, etc.). — Townsend, 

 Cruise "Corwin" in 1885, 1887, 101 (Kotzebue Sound, Alaska); Auk, iv, 

 1887, 12(KowakR.).— Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 664 (Shu- 

 magins, Alaska). — Cooke, Birds Colorado, 1897, 100 (winter resid.). 



C. [^alcarius] lapponicus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 404, part. 



Calcarlns lapponicus alascensis Ridgway, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 320 (St. Paul I., 

 Pribilof group, Alaska; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). — American Ornithologists' Union 

 Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 117 (no. 536a). 



CALCARIUS PICTUS (Swainson) . 

 PAINTED lONGSPUE. 



Inner web of outermost rectrix chiefly white; under wing-coverts 

 and axillars wholly pure white; entire lower parts bufly. 



Adult male in stvmmer. — Pileum and sides of head deep black, 

 relieved by a broad white stripe behind eye, a narrow white stripe 

 along middle portion of ear-coverts, and a white malar stripe, much 

 widest posteriorly ; hindneck and entire lower parts deep ochraceous- 

 buff, the first streaked with dusky; anterior lesser wing-coverts deep 

 black, posterior ones pure white, forming a conspicuous bar, widest 

 above. 



Adult male in winter. — Black of head entirely replaced by streaked 

 brownish, the throat and chest also more or less streaked with dusky; 

 otherwise much as in summer, but middle and greater wing-coverts 

 distinctly tipped with white. 



Adult female in summer. — Myiarchusch like winter male, but smaller, paler, 

 and grayer, without deep black or pure white on lesser wihg-coverts; 

 in winter, similar, but more buffy. 



Adult «ia/e.— Length (skins), 148.59-172.97 (157.48); wing, 86.36- 

 96.27 (91.69); tail, 59.18-68.83 (63.25); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.18 

 (10.67); depth of bill at base, 5.84-6.85 (6.10); tarsus, 19.81-20.32 

 (20.06); middle toe, 13.97-15.24 (14.99).' 



Adult female.— Li&ngth. (Skins), 140.46-146.56 (143.76); wing, 86.61- 

 89-92 (87.63); tail, 55.37-58.93 (57.66); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.43 

 (10.92); depth of bill at base, 5.84r-6.35 (6.10); tarsus, 20.07-20.57 

 (20.32); middle toe, 13.72-15.24 (14.48).' 



' Seven specimens. ^ Six specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 161 



Interior plains of North America east of the Kocky Mountains 

 breeding in the Myiarchusckenzie Kiver Valley, from the Arctic coast south 

 at least to Great Slave Lake and west to the upper Yukon (Fort 

 Yukon) ; south in winter as far as Indian Territory, Texas (Bonham, 

 Gainesville, etc.), east, regularly, to prairies of Illinois and north- 

 western Indiana, casually to South Carolina (Chester Count}'). 



Emberim (Plectroplianes) picta Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 250 (Carl- 

 ton House, Hudson Bay Terr. ) 



Pledrophanes picta S^vAisson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, pi. 49. 



Emberiza picta AvvvBoyi, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 91, pi. 400. 



lEmberiza} picta Geay, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 116, no. 7729. 



Plectrophanes pictus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838,37. — Audubon, Syn- 

 opsis, 1839, 99; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 52, pi. 153.— Baied, Rep. Pacific 

 R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 434; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 327.— Sclatbk, Cat. 

 Am. Birds, 1862, 121 (Great Slave Lake).— Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 6 (Rocky 

 Mts., lat. 49°); 1863, 72 (Hudson Bay, Myiarchusckenzie R., etc.).— Call ^nd 

 Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 283 (Fort Yukon, Porcupine R., 

 Alaska; Myiarchusckenzie R. district). — Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 154; Birds 

 N. W., 1874, 121; Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 578 (Souris 

 R., North Dakota, Oct. 1). — Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 7. — Baied, Brewer, 

 and RIDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 518, pi. 24, figs. 4, 5.— Nelson, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 42 ( Calumet Lake, n. e. IlUnois, Myiarchusr. ; habits) .— 

 Ragsdale, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 92 (Gainesville, Texas, Nov. 23 to 

 Dec.22).— LooMyiarchuss, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi., 1881, 115 (Chester, South Caro- 

 lina, 1 spec. Dec. 1). — Myiarchusynard, Birds, E. N. Am., 1881, 519 (Illinois in 

 winter) .— Seton, Auk, i, 1884, 23 (Myiarchusnitoba) . 



P. [lecirophanes'] pictus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 379. — Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., 

 viii, 1876, 106 (n. e. Illinois, common migrant). 



Pl.lectrophanes} pictus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 463. 



[Plectrophanes'} pictus Ooubs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 134. 



Clentrophanes'] pictus Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, Myiarchusr., 1851, 127, footnote. — Coues, 

 Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 358. 



Centraphanes pictus Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 97; Check List, 

 2d ed., 1882, no. 221.— Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 188.— 

 LooMyiarchuss, Auk, ii, 1885, 190 (Chester, South Carolina). — Ageesboeg, Auk, ii, 



1885, 280 (s. e. South Dakota). 



Calcarius pictus Stsjubgsr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, June 5, 1882, 33. — Ameri- 

 can Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 537. — Seton, Auk, iii, 



1886, 323 (Big Plain and Winnipeg, Myiarchusnitoba, spring and fall). — Nelson, 

 Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 186 (Fort Yukon).— Sharps, Cat. Birds 

 Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 584 (Repulse Bay, Fort Anderson, Fort Simpson, Slave 

 Lake, and Rendezvous Lake, Arctic America; Riverside, Illinois). — Cooke, 

 Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. VaL, 1888, 185 (Bonham, Texas, Nov. 10; Caddo, Indian 

 Territory, Nov. 17 to Feb. 26; Fayetteville, Arkansas, Feb. 28) . — Poling, Auk, 

 vii, 1890, 240 (w. lUinois, spring and fall; habits).— Thompson, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1891, 591 (Myiarchusnitoba, spring and fall; habits). — Myiarchuscpaelane, 

 Proc. XT. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 441 (e. of Fort Anderson and Lower Ander- 

 son R., breeding; descr. nest).— Loomis, Auk, viii, 1891, 167 (Chester, South 

 Carolina, Feb. 9); x, 1893, 152 (plumage of female).— Neheling, Our Native 

 Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 79.— Butlee, Birds Indiana, 1897, 932 (Lake Co., com- 

 mon during migration) . 



C. {alcarius} pictus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 405. 



17024—01 11 




162 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Pleclrophanes smiiliii Audubox, Birds Am., oct. ed., vii, 1844, 336, pi. 487 (near 



Edwardsville, Myiarchusdison Co., s. \v. Illinois; type in U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 

 Pl.lectrophanes'] smitld Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 468. 

 C.[entrophanes\ smithi Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., 1, Myiarchusr., 1851, 127, footnote. 



CALCARIUS ORNATUS (Townsend). 

 CfiESTNUT-COLLARED LONGSPUR, 



Wing not more than 88.90; all the rectrices (except middle pair) 

 with basal portion of inner webs white (outer webs also, except two 

 middle pairs). 



Adult male in summer. — Pileum, stripe behind eye, spot on lower 

 part of ear-coverts, chest, breast, and abdomen black, the lower parts 

 sometimes touched with rufous or chestnut; hindneck deep chestnut- 

 rufous; broad superciliarj^ stripe, chin, and throat white; cheeks pale 

 biiff, this sometimes overspreading lores, ear-coverts, chin, and upper 

 throat; in full plumage, the lesser wing-coverts deep black, with pos- 

 terior row pure white. 



Adult male in winter. — Black of head and lower parts and chestnut 

 of hindneck more or less obscured or even concealed by light brownish 

 or dull buffy tips to the feathers; otherwise, essentiallj^ as in summer. 



Adult female. —Above light grayish buffy brown, streaked with 

 dusky; beneath pale graj'ish buffy brown, or dull grayish buff, the 

 breast and belly sometimes streaked with darker; under tail-coverts 

 dull buffy whitish. (Plumage softer and colors more blended in 

 winter.) 



Young. — Above duskj^ the feathers edged and margined with dull 

 whitish and pale brownish buff; wing-coverts tipped with dull whitish; 

 an indistinct stx'eaked whitish superciliary stripe; ear-coverts streaked 

 duskjr and pale brownish ; malar region, chin, and throat white flecked, 

 more or less, with grayish dusky; rest of lower parts dull grayish buff, 

 streaked, especially on breast, with dusk3^ 



Adult ma^f^— Length (skins), 117.60-149.61 (136.11); wing, 81.28- 

 90.17 (85.34); tail, 51.05-60.71 (55.88); exposed culmen, 9.65-11.18 

 (10.41); depth of bill at base (two specimens), 5.84-6.35 (6.10); tarsus, 

 18.80-20.67 (19.81); middle toe, 12.19-14.22 (13.21).^ 



Adult female.— h&ngih. (skins), 118-87-143.26 (133.35); wing, 75.44- 

 84.58 (80.26); tail, 48.01-57.15 (52.32); exposed culmen, 9.91-10.92 

 (10.41); depth of bill at base, 5.59-6.10 (5.84); tarsus, 18.29-21.08 

 (19.56); middle toe, 12.45-13.72 (13.21).^ 



Great Plains of North America, breeding from middle and western 

 Kansas and eastern Colorado north to the plains of the Saskatchewan; 

 in winter south to southern portion of Mexican plateau (in States of 

 Vera Cruz, Puebla, Mexico, etc.), and southAvestward to Arizona, (^hi- 



' Fifteen specimens. ^ Ten specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 163 



huahua, Sonora, etc.; casual eastward, during migration, to Myiarchusine 

 (Pine Point, Scarborough), Myiarchusssachusetts (Gloucester), Long Island 

 (Long Island City), etc. 



Plectrophanes omata Townsbnd, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vii, 1837, 189 (prai- 

 ries of the Platte River) ; Narrative, 1839, 344. 



Plectrophanes ornatus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 37. — Audubon, 

 Synopsis, 1839, 99; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 53, pi. 154.— Woodhouse, 

 Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zufii and Ool. R., 1853, 88 (Indian Territory).— Baied, 

 Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 435; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 328.— 

 Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 6 (Saskatchewan plains. Myiarchusy); 1863, 74 (80 m. s. w. 

 Fort Carlton). — Dhesser, Ibis, 1865, 486 (San Antonio, Texas, spring.) — 

 Allen, Bull. Mps. Comp. Zool, iii, 1872, 135 (Fort Hays, Kansas, breed- 

 ing; descr. habits, nest, and eggs, etc.); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 

 25 (Ft. Rice, etc., North Dakota; habits, plumage, etc.). — Coues, Check 

 List, 1873, no. 155; Birds N. W., 1874, 122; Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. 

 Surv., iv, 1878, 579 (Souris R., etc., North Dakota, breeding; descr. habits, 

 nest, etc.) . — Baied, Brewee, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 520, 

 pi. 24, fig. 3; iii, 1874, 512 (crit.).— Hbnshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's 

 Surv., 1873 (1874), 109, 158 (Bowie, Camp Grant, San Pedro, and Gila R., 

 etc., Arizona, Sept., Oct.); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 250 (do.).— 

 Snow, Birds Kansas, ed. 1877, 7 (mid. and w. Kansas) . — Bewster, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 118 (descr. young ).~Bebwee, BuU. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, ii, 1877, 78 (Gloucester, Myiarchusssachusetts, 1 spec. July 28, 1876); Proc. 

 Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1878, 305 (do.).— Scott, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 

 143 (Johnson Co., Myiarchusssouri, Apr.). — Roberts and Bennee, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, V, 1880, 14 (Grant and Traverse counties, w. Myiarchusnnesota, breeding). 



P. [lectrophanes'] ornatus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 379. 



Pl.letrophanes'] ornatus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 463. 



[^Plectrophanes'] ornatus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 134. 



Emberiza omata Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 44, pi. 394, fig. 1. 



[Emheriza'] omata Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 116, no. 7730. 



C.[_eni,rophanes'\ ornatus Oabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein, i, Myiarchusrch, 1851, 127, footnote. — 

 Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 358. 



Centrophanes ornatus Ridgway, Field and Forest, iii. Myiarchusy, 1877, 197 (Colorado); 

 Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 189.— Coues, Bull. ISfutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 

 97; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 222.— Beown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 

 1882, 37 (Kendall Co., Texas, Feb., Myiarchusr.). — Allen and Bewster, Bull. 

 Nutt. -Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 161 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, Myiarchusy 9).— 

 Agersborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 280 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding).— Drew, Auk, 

 ii, 1885, 16 (Colorado, spring and winter).— Henshaw, Auk, ii, 1885, 333 

 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico, 1 spec. Sept. ,12) . 



[Plectrophanes ornatus] var. ornatus Baied, Brewer and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, 511. 



Calcarius ornatus Stejneger, Proc. V. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, June 5, 1882, 33.— Ameei-" 

 can Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 538. — Seton, Auk, iii, 

 1886, 323 (w. Myiarchusnitoba, Myiarchusy 16 to Aug. 30).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Am.,Aves,i, 1886, 419 (Valley of Mexico; Orizaba; plateau of Vera 

 Cruz).— GooDALE, Auk, iv, 1887, 77 (near Pine Point, Myiarchusine, 1 spec. Aug. 

 13)._Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 586 (Puebla, near City of 

 Mexico, etc.). — Swinburne, Auk,v, 1888, 321 (Apache Co., Arizona, winter). — 

 Cooke, Bird. Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 186 ( Warrensburg, Myiarchusssouri, Apr.; 

 breeding in s. e. Dakota, Grant and Traverse counties, w. Myiarchusnnesota, w. 

 Myiarchusnitoba, etc. ) ; Birds Colorado, 1897, 100 (resident, more rare in summer).— 




164 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Hendkickson, Auk, vi, 1889, 190 (Long Island City, Long Island, 1 spec. 

 Feb. 16, 1889).— Thompson-, Proc. U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss.,xiii, 1891, 591 (Myiarchusnitoba, 

 summer resid. ; habits, song, etc. ) . — Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 436 (resident 

 in w. and n. Kansas; whole State in winter). — Hatch, Birds Myiarchusnn., 1892, 

 308 (breeding in ii. and w. Myiarchusnnesota). — Anthony, Auk, ix, 1892, 365 (s. 

 w. New Mexico, Oct. 1 to Apr. 10).— Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., v, 1893, 38 

 (San Diego, n. w. Chihuahua, Feb.). — Nehkling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 

 1896, 80.— Knight, Bull. Univ. Myiarchusine, no. 3, 1897, 95 (Scarborough, Cumber- 

 land Co., Myiarchusine, 1 spec. Aug. 13, 1886) . 



C. [alcarius'] omatus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 405. 



Plectrophanesmelanomus Baird, Eep. Pacific E. K. Surv., ix, 1858, 436 (Fort Thorn, 

 New Mexico; U. S.Nat. Myiarchuss.); ed. 1860 ("Birds North America"), pi. 74, 

 fig. 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 329.— Hebkmann, ]Rep. Pacific R. E. 

 Surv., X, 1859, 13 (w. Texas, etc., winter). — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1860, 251 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 121 (Vera 

 Cruz). — Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 486 (San Antonio, Texas). — Coues, Proc. Ac. 

 Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 84 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, 1 spec. Oct. 17).— Sujii- 

 CHHAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 551 (plateau of Vera Cruz and 

 down to Orizaba). — B.\ied, Beewek, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1, 

 1874, pi.' 24, fig. 6. 



[Plectrophanea'] melanomus Solater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 34 

 (Mexico). 



[Emberha'] melanomus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 116, no. 7731. 



Plectrophanes omatus var. melanomus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 

 Am. Birds, i, 1874, 521. 



Plectrophanes omatus melanomus Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 20, 1883, 337. 



Genus RHYNCHOPHANES Baird. 



Rhynchopha-iies Baird, Eep. Pacific E. E. Surv., ix, 1858, 432, in text. (Type, Plec- 

 trophanes mccoumii Lawrence. ) 



Rather small terrestrial Fringillidee related to Calcarvus, but differing 

 in much larger and relatively thicker bill (with maxilla equal in depth 

 to the mandible) and relatively shorter tail (decidedly shorter than dis- 

 tance from carpus to tips of longest secondaries, instead of longer). 



Bill stout, conical, much deeper than broad at base; culmen appre- 

 ciablj' depressed in middle portion; maxilla about equal' in depth to 

 mandible; angulation of maxillary tomium considerably posterior to 

 middle; gonys nearly straight, but appreciably convex, longer than 

 hallux without claw, and exceeding basal depth of bill; the latter 

 nearly or quite equal to distance from nostril to tip of maxilla. Nasal 

 plumules well developed, nearly concealing nostrils, the stiff rictal 

 plumules quite covering the deflected basal portion of the maxillary 

 tomium. Wing long (nearly five times as long as tarsus), pointed 

 (three outermost primaries longest, the ninth nearly equal to eighth, 

 much longer than sixth); primaries exceeding secondaries by nearly 

 twice the length of the tarsus; tertials decidedly longer than second- 

 aries. Tail between one-half and two-thirds as long as wing, 

 (decidedly shorter than distance from carpus to tips of longest 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 165 



secondaries), emarginated, the middle rectrices pointed, more than half 

 hidden by the pointed upper coverts. Tarsus longer than middle toe 

 with claw, its scutella nearh' obsolete; lateral claws not reaching base of 

 middle claw ; hind claw about equal to its digit, slender, nearly straight. 



Colors. — Conspicuously streaked above; tail white, with broad dusky 

 terminal band, the middle rectrices wholly dusky; adult male with 

 black forehead and jugular patch and chestnut patch on middle wing- 

 coverts. 



Range. — Interior plains of North America, east of Rocky Mountains. 

 (Monotypic.) 



RHYNCHOPHANES MyiarchusCOWNII (Lawrence). 

 ffloCOWN'S LONGSPUB. 



Tail (except middle pair of recti'ices) white, broadljr tipped with 

 dusky. 



Adult male in summer. — Forehead and anterior portion of crown, 

 more or less distinct rictal streak, and crescentic patch across chest, 

 black; posterior portion of pileum and hindneck pale brownish gray, 

 streaked with dusky, especially the former; back and scapulars pale 

 wood brown, or pale buffy brown, broadly streaked with duskj^; rump 

 and upper tail-coverts grayer (especially the latter), less distinctly 

 streaked; more anterior lesser wing-coverts ash gray with dusky 

 (mostly concealed) centers; posterior lesser coverts and middle coverts 

 chestnut; rest of wing grayish dusky with pale brownish gray edg- 

 ings, the primaries narrowly edged with white (outer web of first pri- 

 mary almost entirely white), the greater coverts and secondaries 

 rather broadlj- (but not distinctly) tipped with white; middle pair of 

 rectrices dusky grayish brown margined with paler; rest of tail white, 

 broadly tipped with dull black, except outermost rectrices, where the 

 blackish, if present, is very much reduced in extent; under parts 

 (except chest) white, tinged with pale gv&y laterally, the plumage 

 deep gray beneath the surface; bill brownish, dusky at tip; iris brown; 

 tarsi brown; toes dusky. 



Adult male hi uunter. — Black areas concealed hj broad tips to 

 feathers, brown on pileum, buffy on chest; otherwise not essentially 

 different from summer plumage. 



Adult female in sumvier.— Above, light buffy brown (pale wood 

 brown or Isabella color), streaked with blackish, the streaks broadest 

 on back and scapulars; wings dusky, with light buffy brown edgings 

 (broadest on greater coverts and tertials, narrower, paler and grayer 

 on primaries, and primary coverts), the middle coverts broadly tipped 

 with buffy, the lesser coverts pale brownish gray; tail as in adult 

 male; sides of head (including broad superciliary stripe) light dull 

 buffy, relieved hj a rather broad postocular streak of brownish; under 

 parts pale buffy, passing into white on abdomen and under tail-coverts; 

 a brown or dusk}' streak (submalar) along each side of throat. 




166 BULLETIN 50, TJNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Adult female in winter. — Similar to summer plumage, but dusky 

 streaks on back, etc. , narrower and less distinct, and under parts rather 

 more strongly tinged -with buffy. 



Young. — Back, scapulars, and rump dusky, with distinct pale buffy 

 margins to the feathers; pileum and hindneck streaked with dusky 

 and pale buffy; middle wing-coverts broadly margined, and greater 

 coverts broadly tipped with pale buffy or buffy whitish; chest rather 

 broadly streaked with dusky; otherwise much like adult female. 



Achtlt 7?ia?e.— Length' (skins), 133.86-1-1:5.03 (139.19); wing, 88.90- 

 93.73 (91.44); tail, 48.26-55.88 (53.59); exposed culmen, 11.18-13.21 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base (two specimens), 8.13; tarsus, 19.05- 

 20.83 (19.56); middle toe, 12.70-13.72 (13.21).^ 



Adult female.— L&ngth (skins), 127.51-137.67 (133.86); wing, 80.01- 

 86.87 (84.33); tail, 45.72-50.29 (48.26); exposed culmen, 10.67-11.94 

 (11.18); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.38 (8.13); tarsus, 18.03-19.81 

 (19.05); middle toe, 12.19-13.72 (12.70).' 



Great Plains district of North America; breeding from eastern Col- 

 orado (sparingly), northwestern Kansas, and Nebraska northward to 

 Assiniboia and plains of the Saskatchewan; during migration south 

 ovet plains and prairies of Texas (to Galveston, Laredo, etc.), south- 

 west through New Mexico and Arizona (Bowie, Gila River, etc.) to 

 northern Sonora and Chihuahua (San Diego; Gallego); casual eastward 

 to Illinois (Champaign, January), westward to Idaho (Birch Creek, 

 August), and even to eastern British Columbia (Chilliwack, June, two 

 records). 



Plectrophanes mccownii Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v, 1852, 122 (w. 

 Texas; coll. G. N. Lawrence). — Cassin, lUustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1855, 

 228, pi. 39.— Heeemann, Rep. Pacific K. R. Surv., x, pt.iv., 1859, 13 (New 

 Mexico, winter). 



Plectrophanes mccownii Baikd, in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331 (w. 

 Texas); Eep. Pacific R.R. Surv., ix, 1858, 437; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 

 330.— Haydbn, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, xii, 1862, 165.— Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 

 487 (s. Texas). — Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 84 (s. Arizona, win- 

 ter) ; Check List, 1873, no. 156; Birds N. W., 1874, 124; Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 

 602 (Myiarchuslk R., Montana, breeding). — Butcher, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas, winter). — Stevenson, Prelim. Rep. U. S. Geol. 

 Sury. for 1871 (1872), 464 (Camp Reynolds, Wyoming) .—Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. 

 Comp. ZooL,iii, 1872,145 (Cheyenne, Wyoming) ; 177 (Cheyenne; w. Kansas 

 in winter). — Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 7 (Fort Hays, w. Kansas, winter). — 

 Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 110 (Bowie and 

 Gila R., Arizona, Oct.; Fort Bayard, New Mexico, Oct.). 



Plectrophanes maccowni Baikd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 

 523, pL 24;, fig. 1.— Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N.H., xvii, 1874, 46 (near Fort Rice 

 and Fort Lincoln, North Dakota, June), 47 (Big Myiarchusddy R., North Dakota, 

 June, July), 56 (Yellowstone R., etc., Montana; habits; descr. nest and 

 eggs).— Henshaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 252 (Arizona and New 

 Mexico, Oct.; habits).— Co ale, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 52 (Cham- 



' Six specimens. ^ Seven specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 167 



paign, Illinois, Jan.).— Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 

 1878, 583 (Myiarchuslk R., N. Dakota, breeding habits; song; descr. nest and eggs). 



Rhyncophanes maccownii Henev, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 107 (New 

 ' Mexico). 



Rhyncophanes maccowni Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 589. 



Rhyncoplianes maccownii Swinbuhne, Auk, v, 1888, 321 (Apache Co., Arizona, 

 winter). 



Rhyncophanes mccownii Brewster, Auk, x, 1893, 237 (Chilhwack, British Colum- 

 bia, June 2, 1887 and 1890) . 



Rhynchophanes maccowni 'RiDG-w AY, Field and Forest, ii. Myiarchusy, 1877, 197 (Colo- 

 rado); Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, 1880, 178; Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 

 190.— Sennbtt, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 16 (Gal- 

 veston, Texas, Feb..; habits).— Co l:es. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 97; 

 Check List, 2ded., 1882, no. 223— Allen apd Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, viii, 1883, 161 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, Myiarchusy). 



R. Ihynchophanes'] maccowni Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 359. 



Rhynchophanes mccownii American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, 

 no. 539.— CooKB, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 187 (localities, dates, etc.); 

 Birds Colorado, 1897, 101 (winter resident).— Merriam, North American 

 Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 102 (Birch Creek, Idaho, 1 spec. Aug. 6).— Fannin, 

 Check List Birds British Columbia, 1891, 35 ( Chilli wack).—Goss, Birds 

 Kansas, 1891, 438 (winter resid., chiefly west and middle parts, Oct. to 

 Myiarchusr.).— Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 81. 



R. [hynchophanes'] mccownii Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 406. 



Rhynchophanes mccowni Thompson, Auk, x, 1893, 50 (Dalesbro, Assiniboia).— 

 Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., v, 1893, 38 (San Diego, n. w. Chihuahua, 

 Feb. )— Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 107 (Chilliwack, British Columbia, 3 specs. 

 June). 



Genus CALAMOSPIZA Bonaparte. 



Calamospiza Bonaparte, Geog., and Comp. List, 1838, 30. (Type, Fringilla 



bicolor Townsend, = Calamospiza melanocorys Stejneger. ) 

 Cory dalina^ AmvBOi^, Synop., 1839,129. (Type, Fringilla bicolor Townsend, = 



Calamospiza melanocorys Stejneger. ) 



Medium-sized or rather large terrestrial Fringillidse (wing more 

 than 76.20 mm.) with rather s^tout bill (exposed culmen more than 

 half as long as tarsus, basal depth greater than basal width); wing 

 rather long (nearly four times as long as tarsus), with truncated tip 

 (ninth to sixth primaries abruptly longest, but ninth shorter than sixth) ; 

 tail about three-fourths as long as wing, nearly even; tarsus more than 

 one-third as long as tail, stout; adult male in summer black, with a 

 large white patch on wing-coverts; adult male in winter, adult female, 

 and young, conspicuously streaked. 



Bill rather large, conical, much deeper than broad at base; exposed 

 culmen more than half as long as tarsus, gently convex terminally and 

 basally, nearly straight in middle portion; gonys nearly straight, its 

 length about equal to basal width of mandible; maxillary tomium 

 faintly notched near tip, nearly straight to beneath nostril, where 

 abruptly deflected at an angle of about 45°, but soon turned backward 



'"Name from KopvSaX/\.6i, a lark." 




168 ' BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES .NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



to the rictus, producing a conspicuous convex lobe; mandibular tomium 

 faintly convex anteriorly, then straight to the distinctly angulated 

 basal deflection. Nostril small, nearly circular, exposed, but" nasal 

 f oasse otherwise filled with feathers. Rictal bristles obvious, but very 

 weak. Wing rather long (nearly four times as long as tarsus), its tip 

 nearly truncated (four outermost primaries abruptly longest, but 

 ninth shorter than sixth); primaries exceeding secondaries by less 

 than length of tarsus; tertials slightly produced beyond secondaries. 

 Tail about three-fourths as long as wing, much inore than its basal half 

 overlaid by upper coverts, slightly double rounded or nearly even, the 

 rectrices rather narrow. Tarsus rather long (more than one-third as 

 long as tail), stout, its scutella indistinct, especially on outer side; 

 middle toe with claw about as long as tarsus or a very little shorter; 

 lateral claws not reaching to base of middle claw; hallux about as 

 long as inner toe, its claw nearly as long as the digit. 



Coloration. — Adult male in summer uniform black, with white 

 wing-coverts; adult male in winter, female, and young conspicuously 

 streaked, the wing with a more or less conspicuous whitish or pale 

 buffy patch. 



Range. — Interior plains of North America. (Monotypic.) 



CALAMOSPIZA MELANOCORYS Stejneger. 

 LARK BUNTING. 



Adult male in summer. — Uniform black, with more or less of a 

 grayish cast on back, etc.; middle and greater wing-coverts mostly 

 white, forming a conspicuous patch; tertials edged with white, and 

 tail-coverts (especialh' the lower) margined with white; outermost 

 rectrices edged with white and sometimes with a large white spot at 

 tip of inner web.^ 



AcIaM female in summer. — Above grayish brown streaked with duskj' ; 

 wings with a white patch, as in the male, but this smaller, more inter- 

 rupted, and more or less tinged with buffy; under parts white, streaked 

 on breast, sides, etc., with dusky. 



Adult male in winter. — Similar to adult female, but feathers of under 

 parts, especially on abdomen, black beneath the surface (this showing 

 where feathers are disarranged); chin black. 



Adidt female in vjinter. — Similar to the summer female, but less 

 grayish brown and with the paler markings more stronglv tinged with 

 buff. 



Young. — Siioilar to adult female, but more buffj', with feathers of 

 upper parts margined with buffy white, and streaks on under parts 

 narrower. 



^ These minor white markings are conspicuous only in fresh plumage and disappear 

 by abrasion, being therefore usually absent in midsummer specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 169 



Adult male.— I^eiygth (skins), 154.94-184.15 (163.32); wing, 85.09- 

 91.95 (87.88); tail, 65.53-71.12 (68.58); exposed culmen, 13.21-14.73 

 (13.97); depth of bill at base, 10.67-12.19 (11.43); tarsus, 22.86-25.91 

 (24.38); middle toe, 16.76-18.03 (17.27).' 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 144.78-165.10 (157.23); wing, 81.79- 

 85.09 (83.31); tail, 60.45-68.58 (66.04); exposed culmen, 12.70-13.21 

 (12.70); depth of bill at base, 10.16-11.94 (10.67); tarsus, 22.35-25.16 

 (23.88); middle toe, 16.61-17.78 (17.02).' 



Great Plains between Myiarchusssouri River and Rock^^ Mountains, breed- 

 ing from middle and western Kansas, eastern Colorado, western Myiarchusn- 

 nesota, etc., to Myiarchusnitoba and Assiniboia; migrating south and south- 

 west in winter, through Texas (to Gulf coast), New Mexico, and 

 Arizona to plateau of Mexico (States of Guanajuato, Chihuahua, 

 Sonora, etc.), Lower California, and coast of southern California (San 

 Diego and Los Angeles counties, etc.); occasional west of Rockj^ 

 Mountains (Utah, Nevada, Idaho, etc.), and accidental in Atlantic 

 States (Myiarchusssachusetts, New York, including Long Island), and South 

 Carolina during fall migration. 



Fringilla bicolor (not of Linnaeus) Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 

 189 (plains of Platte E.; type in U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.) ; Narrative, 1839, 346.— 

 Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 19, pi. 390. 



Calamospiza hicolor Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 30. — Baied, Eep. 

 Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 492; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 

 1859, 16 (Espia, Sonora); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 377; Proc. Ac. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 1859, 301, 304 (Cape St. Lucas) .—Hebemanx, Rep. Pacific R. R. 

 Surv., X, pt. iv, 1859, 15 (Arizona, New Mexico, etc.). — Sclatee, Cat. Am. 

 Birds, 1862, 121 (Mexico).— Deessek, Ibis., 1865, 490 (San Antonio, Texas, 

 ■winter). — Butchee, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas, 

 Nov.).— Coues, Proc- Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 83 (s. Arizona); Check 

 List, 1873, no. 190; 2d ed., 1882, no. 286; Birds N. W., 1874, 163; Bull. U. S. 

 Nat.« Myiarchuss., no. 7, 1877, 11 (Angel I., Pichilinque Bay, Lower California); 

 Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 597 (Montana).— Duges, 

 La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 140 (Guanajuato, Mexico). — Coopee, Orn. Cal.,1870, 

 225 (Cape St. Lucas, Sonora, etc.). — Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 

 137 (Fort Hays, w. Kansas, breeding; descr. habits, notes, etc.) , 177 (South 

 Park, etc., Colorado; Cheyenne, Wyoming) ; Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 

 1874, 28 (Dakota and Montana; descr. habits, nests and eggs, etc. ) ; Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 48 (Lynn, Myiarchusssachusetts, 1 spec. Dec. 5, 1877).— 

 Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 172 (Parleys Park, Utah, 1 spec, young, 

 July 30); vii, 1875, 33 (do.); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 487 (do.); Nom. N. 

 Am. Birds, 1881, no. 256. — Baird, Beewee, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, ii, 1874, 61, pi. 29, figs. 2, 3.— Henshaw, Rep. and List Birds Wheeler's 

 Surv., 1873 (1874), 63 (Denver, Colorado), 119 (Zuni, New Mexico, July 25; 

 San Pedro R. and Gila R., Arizona, Oct.), 159 (s. e. Arizona, abt. in fall) ; 

 Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 294.— Yaeeow and Hexshaw, Rep. Orn. 

 Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 15 (Snake Valley, Nevada) .—Meeeill, 

 Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 128 (Fort Brown, Texas, winter).— Sexnett, 

 Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 381 (Corpus Christi and 



^Six specimens. 




170 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Point Isabel, Texas, Myiarchusr.) .— Eobeets and Bbnner, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 

 y, 1880, 15 (Grant and Traverse counties, w. Myiarchusnnesota, breeding) . — Myiarchusy- 

 NAED, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 519 (e. Myiarchusssachusetts, accidental).— Brew- 

 ster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 200 (Tombstone, Arizona, Apr. 13).— 

 Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora, Dec.).— 

 HoLTERHOFF, Auk, i, 1884, 293 (near San Diego, s. California, Apr.). — Drew, 

 Auk, ii, 1885, 16 (Colorado, up to 8,000 ft.) .—Cooke, Auk, ii, 1885, 32 (Lanes- 

 boro, s. e. Myiarchusnnesota, Myiarchusy 11, June 19); Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 232 

 (localities, dates, etc.). — Agersborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 281 (s. e. South Dakota, 

 breeding; habits). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 

 417 (Espia and Guaymas, Sonora; Guanajuato). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 593. 



[Calamospiza] fitcoZor Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 475. — Gray, Hand-list, ii, 

 1870, 111, no. 7669.— CoHES, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 148.— Sclater and 

 Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 34 (Mexico). , 



C-lalamospiza'] bicolor Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 887. 



Corydalina bicolor Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 130; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 

 195, pi. 202.— Myiarchusximilian, Journ. fur Orn., 1858, 347 (Upper Myiarchusssouri R.). 



Dolidwnyx bicolor Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, .1840, 203. 



Calamospiza melanocorys Stetneger, Auk, ii, Jan., 1885, 49. — American Orni- 

 thologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 605. — Seion, Auk, iii, 1886, 324 (Souris 

 plain, etc., w. Myiarchusnitoba).— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 222 (locali- 

 ties, dates, etc. ; breeding in s. e. Dakota, w. Myiarchusnnesota, Eed. E. Valley, etc. ) ; 

 Birds Colorado, 1897, 109 (summer resid., chiefly e. of mts. ). — Beckham, 

 Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1888, 681 (Corpus Christi, Texas, Jan. 21 to Feb. 

 12).— Evans, Auk, vi, 1889, 192, (Montauk Point, Long Island, 1 spec. Sept. 

 4) .— TowNSEND, Proc.'U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1890, 136 (Ballaenas Bay, Lower 

 California, 1 spec. Myiarchusy). — Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 495 (w. and mid. Kan- 

 sas, summer resid.). — Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 104 (w. of 

 Blackfoot and bet. Big Butte and Big Lost rivers, Idaho, July). — Allen, 

 Bull. Am. Myiarchuss., N. H., v, 1893, 40 (Oputo, n. e. Sonora, Oct. 27-30).— 

 Thorne, Auk, xii, 1896, 217 (Fort Keogh, Montana, breeding). — Wayne, 

 Auk, xii, 1895, 306 (Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, 1 spec. Apr. 19, 1895) .— 

 Neheling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 232.— Grinnell, Pasadena Ac. 

 Sci., Pub. no. ii, 1898, 41 (Newhall, Los Angeles Co., Calif oAiia, 3 specs. 

 Myiarchusy 3, 1897). 



C. [alamospiza] melanocorys Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 453. 



Genus SPIZA Bonaparte. 



Spiza Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, pt. i, Aug., 1824, 45. (Type, 

 by elimination, Emberiza americana Gmelin). (See Ridgway, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, 1880, 3, 4.) 



Euspiza Bonaparte, Saggio Distr. Met. An. Vertebr., 1832, 141. (Type, Ember- 

 iza amerieana Gmelin.) 



Eugpina'^ Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, April, 1851, 133. (Type, Emberiza amerieana 

 Gmelin. ) 



Medium-sized or rather small Fringillidse, with stout, conical, com- 

 pressed bill, long pointed wing (ninth primary longest or equal to 

 longest), rather long tarsus (longer than middle toe with claw); color 

 above grayish brown, the back and scapulars streaked with black. 



'"Von £V und 6niva, nom. prop." 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



171 



Bill rather large (exposed culmen more than half as long as the long 

 tarsus), conical, much deeper than broad at base; depth at base nearly 

 equal to distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; mandible deeper than 

 maxilla, its tomium nearly straight to the subbasal angle, where 

 abruptly deflected; maxillary tomium faintly concave anteriorly, then 

 gently convex, the decided basal deflection beginning directly beneath 

 the nostril; culmen gently convex at base and tip, straight between; 

 gonys very slightly convex, nearly as long as the distance from nostril 

 to tip of maxilla. Nostril exposed, with very narrow overhanging 

 membrane. Rictal bristles small, indistinct. Wing long (more than 

 three times as long as the long tarsus), pointed (ninth primary longest 

 or equal to longest); primaries exceeding secondaries by about the 

 length of the tarsus. Tail about three-fourths as long as wing, more 

 than half hidden by the upper coverts, emarginate, the middle rectrices 

 narrow and pointed. Tarsus a little longer than middle toe with claw 

 (about three-tenths as long as wing and two-fifths as long as tail), its 

 scutella distinct; lateral claws falling decidedly short of base of middle 

 claw; hallux about as long as lateral toes, but much stouter, its claw 

 decidedly shorter than the digit. 



Coloration: Grayish or brownish above, with black streaks on back; 

 head and neck plain grayish, with white or yellow superciliary and 

 malar stripes and at least upper part of throat white. 



Range. — Temperate North America east of Rocky Mountains (south 

 to Colombia in winter). (Two species; one extinct?) 



KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SPIZA. 



a. Under part whitish, with more or less of yellow on breast; adult male with lesser 

 wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous, and with lower throat black. (Eastern United 



States, south to Colombia in winter. ) Spiza americana (p. 171) 



aa. Under parts slate-gray, becoming whitish on abdomen, etc. ; whole throat white; 

 adult male with lesser wing-coverts grayish brown, and with lower throat 

 white. (Eastern Pennsylvania; extinct?) Spiza townsendii (p. 174) 



SPIZA AMERICANA (Gmelin). 

 mCECISSEL. 



Adult male. — Pileum, hindneck, sides of neck, and auricular region 

 plain gray, the forehead and crown usually more or less olive-greenish; 

 narrow superciliary stripe pale yellow, sometimes white posteriorly; 

 back and scapulars light brownish gray or grayish brown, streaked 

 with black, the rump similar but paler and grayer and without streaks; 

 upper tail-coverts brownish gray with dusky shaft-streaks; lesser and 

 middle wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous; greater coverts and tertials 

 dusky centrally, broadly edged with pale wood-brownish, the former 

 sometimes tinged with cinnamon-rufous; secondaries, primaries, and 




172 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



rectrices grayish dusky edged with pale buffy grayish (edging nearly 

 white on outermost primaries and rectrices); malar region yellow 

 anteriorily, white posteriorly; chin (and usually upper throat) white; 

 breast (sometimes more or less of abdomen also) yellow, this fading 

 into white on lower abdomen, under tail-coverts, etc. ; the sides and 

 flanks pale brownish gray ; a black patch, of exceedingly variable shape 

 and extent, on lower throat, sometimes continued posteriorly along 

 the median line of breast to upper part of abdomen or anteriorly to 

 (but not including) the chin; ' maxilla blackish with paler (bluish gray) 

 tomia; mandible grayish blue in life, with blackish streak on terminal 

 portion of gonji-s; iris brown; legs and feet horn -brownish; length 

 (skins), liO.9T-160.27 (118.08); wing, 78.99-85.85 (82.65); tail, 55.12- 

 61.47 (58.17); exposed culmen, 11.73-15.49 (14.99); depth of bill at 

 base, 10.41-11.43 (10.67); tarsus, 22.86-24.13 (23.37); middle toe, 

 16.76-18.03 (17.53).' 



Adult female. — Myiarchusch like the adult male, but coloration much 

 duller; upper parts more brown, with the pileum and rump usually 

 more or less streaked with duskj^; lesser wing-coverts dusky centrally, 

 broadly margined with light grayish brown, the middle coverts similar, 

 but margined terminally with paler (more grayish buflfy) ; superciliary 

 and malar stripes with less of yellow, sometimes with none; under parts 

 with yellow of breast more restricted; whole throat white, margined 

 laterally by a more or less distinct submalar streak of dusky; no black 

 spot on lower throat, or else this much smaller than in male; flanks 

 more or less streaked with dusky; length (skins), 139.70-145.80 

 (143.26); wing, 74.68-77.47 (75.69); tail, 50.04r-55.12 (52.07); exposed 

 culmen, 12.70-14.22 (13.46); depth of bill at. base, 9.91-10.67 (10.41); 

 tarsus, 21.8^^22.86 (22.35); middle toe, 16.26-17.27 (16.76).' 



Yovng in first winter. — Similar to adult female, but everywhere 

 tinged with dull buffy or pale clay color. 



United States east of Rocky Mountains, and southward in winter 

 through New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico (both coasts), and Central Amer- 

 ica to Colombia and Trinidad; occasional during migration in Jamaica 

 and on Swan Island (Caribbean Sea); breeding from South Carolina (for- 

 merly), Alabama, Myiarchusssissippi, and Texas north to North Dakota, Myiarchusnne- 

 sota, Wisconsin, Myiarchuschigan (south of lat. 43^), southern Ontario, etc., 

 formerly to eastern Myiarchusssachusetts (Medford, Hingham, Hyde Park, 

 etc.). Now chiefly restricted during the breeding season to the region 

 between the Allegheny Mountains and eastern base of the Rocky 

 Mountains, having for unknown reasons, become practicallj- extinct 



' Sometimes there are two or more black spots succeeding one another; often a 

 larger, shield-shaped spot on lower throat and a smaller one, of more irregular shape, 

 on center of breast. 



^Ten specimens. 



^ Eight specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 173 



within the past thirty years throughout the whole extent of the 

 Atlantic coast plain. 



[Emberiza'] americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 872 (based on Black- 

 throated Bunting Pennant, Arot. Zool., ii, 364).— Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 

 411. 



Emberiza americana Wilson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 411; iii, 1811, 86, pi. 3, fig. 2. — 

 NUTTALL, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Canada, i, 1832, 461.— Audubon, Orn. Biog., 

 iv, 1838, 579, pi. 384; Synopsis, 1839, 101; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 58, 

 pi. 156.— Myiarchusximilian, Journ. fiir Orn., vi, 1858,341 (Upper Myiarchusssouri R. ) . 



Fringilla americana Bonapahtb, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1824, 46 (Obs. 

 Nom. Wilson's Orn., no. 85; crit. ) ; Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828 (Synopsis, 1828, 

 107). 



Coelebs americana Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., 1831, 441. 



Euspiza americana Bonapahte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 32. — Woodhouse, 

 in Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Col. and Zufii R., 1853, 87 (Indian Territory, 

 Texas, New Mexico).— Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 494; 

 Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 378.— Sclatee and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 18 

 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 836 (coast Honduras). — 

 Cassin, Proo. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 140 (Turbo, Colombia) .-Law- 

 rence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 298 (Panama R. R.); viii, 1865, 181 

 (Greytown, Nicaragua) ; viii, 1868, 286 (vicinity New York City); ix, 1868, 

 104 (Tabacales, San Jos6, and Dota, Costa Rica); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 

 ii, 1874, 277 (Myiarchuszatlan) ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 4, 1876, 21 (Juchitan, 

 Guichicovi, and Tehauntepec, Oaxaca, Sept., Oct.). — Coues and Prentiss, 

 Smithsonian Rep. for 1861 (1862) , 413 (District of Columbia, abundant Myiarchusy to 

 Sept.). — Hayden, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, xii, 1862, 168 (abundant along the 

 Myiarchusssouri and its tributaries). — Allen, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 84 (Myiarchusssa- 

 chusetts, rare); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1868, 505 (w. Iowa, n. Illinois); 

 Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 177 (Kansas; Colorado); Proc. Bost. Soc. 

 N. H., xvii, 1874, 17, 29, 59 (Ft. Rice, North Dakota, to Bad Lands of Little 

 Myiarchusssouri). — Deessek, Ibis, 1865, 490 (San Antonio,Texas, breeding). — Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (David, Chiriqui) ; 1870, 190 (Chitra, Vera- 

 gua). — Sumichrast, Mem. Bost Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552 (Vera Cruz, winter). — 

 Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 191; Birds N. W., 1874, 164.— Ridgway, Bull. 

 Essex Inst., v, 1873, 183 (Colorado). — Baikd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. 

 N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 65, pi. 28, figs. 11, 12; iii, 1874, 516 (Denver, Colo- 

 rado).— Hensh aw. Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 119 (San 

 Pedro, Arizona, Sept.); Zool. Exp. ^VT 100th Merid.,1875, 295 (San Pedro, 

 Cienega, Camp Crittenden, and Camp Lowell, Arizona, Aug. 22 to Sept. 11 ) . — 

 Boucaed, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 58 (San Jose and Volcan de Irazii, 

 Costa Rica, Myiarchusr.) .— Puedie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 45 (Medford, 

 Myiarchusssachusetts, breeding) .— Bewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 122 

 (descr. young); iv, 1879, 41 (do.).— Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 

 190 (near Hingham, Myiarchusssachusetts, breeding). — Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. 

 and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 392 (Lomita, Texas, breeding).— Gibbs, Bull. 

 CJ. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 487 (Myiarchuschigan, breeding north 

 to 43°).— Deane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 123 (Medford, Hingham, 

 and Hyde Park, Myiarchusssachusetts, breeding).— Trotter, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 

 iv, 1879, 235 (near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, breeding). — Roberts and 

 Bennee, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 15 (Grant and Traverse counties, 

 Myiarchusnnesota, breeding). — Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882,9. 



[Euspizal americana Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 148.— Sclatee and Salvin, 

 Nom.Av. Neotr., 1873, 33. 




174 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



E. [uspiza] americana Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., yiii, 1876, 109, 152 (n. e. Illinois, 

 summer resid.). 



IFringillafia] americana Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 469. 



E.luspino] americana Cabanis, Myiarchusa. Hein., i, Apr., 1851, 133. 



Jiipiza americana Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Myiarchusr. 27, 1880, 3 (crit. 

 nomencl.); x, 1887, 576 (Swan I. ,' Caribbean Sea, Myiarchusr., Apr.); Nom. N.Am. 

 Birds, 1881, no. 254.— Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1882, 391 (LaPalma, 

 w. Costa Rica, Myiarchusj- 1).— Hay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii,1882, 92 (opposite 

 Vicksburg, Myiarchusssissippi, breeding).— Beckham, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 

 1882, 250 (Fernandina, Florida, Apr. 22). — Langdox, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. 

 H., V, 1882, 95 (descr. abnormal spec.).— Townsend (C. W.), Auk, ii, 1885, 

 106 (Job's I., Penobscot Bay, Myiarchusine, Sept. 29).— Loomis, Auk, ii, 1885, 192 

 (Chester, South Carolina, breeding) ; viii, 1891, 168 (no longer found at 

 Chester!). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 604.— 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 416. — Zeledon, An. 

 Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 111 (Cartago; Alajuela; Jimenez). — Cohy, Auk, 

 iv, 1887, 180 (island of Old Providence, Caribbean Sea). — Cooke, BirdMyiarchusgr. 

 Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 220 (localities, dates, etc) ; Birds Colorado, 1897, 109 (summer 

 resid. e. of Rocky Mts. ) ; Bull. Colo. Agric. Coll., 1898, 167 (Colorado Springs, 

 Aug.). — Myiarchusller, Auk, vii, 1890, 229 (Cape Cod, Myiarchusssachusetts, 1 spec. Sept. 

 30) .— Cherrie, Auk, vii, 1890, 334 (San Jos6, Costa Rica, Sept. 29) ; ix, 1892, 

 248 (San Jos6, Sept. 27 to Apr. 20) ; Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, 1893, 29 (Legarto, 

 a. Costa Rica, Feb.). — Johnson, Auk, viii, 1891, 116 (Blithewood, Long 

 Island, Aug. 25). — Chapman, Auk, viii, 1891, 395 (Hoboken, New Jersey, 

 common summer resid. 40 years previously!); Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., vi, 

 1894, 33 (Trinidad).— Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 339 (San Antonio, Texas, 

 breeding). — MgIlwraith, Birds Ontario, 1892, 333 (Point Pelee, w. Ontario, 

 1 spec. June). — Dutcher, Auk, x, 1893, 276 (formerly breeding on Long 

 Island). — Norton, Auk, x, 1893, 302 (Westbrook, Cumberland Co., Myiarchusine, 

 Oct. 10) .— Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc.,ii, 1896, 229, pi. 27.— Dwight, 

 Auk, XV, 1897, 95 (Kingston, Long Island, June 5). — Knight, Bull. Univ. 

 Myiarchusine, no. 3, 1897, 103 (Westbrook, Myiarchusine, 1 spec. Oct. 10, 1888).— Bangs, 

 Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 140 (ganta Myiarchusrta, Colombia, winter). 



S.[piza} americana Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 387. — Ridgway, Myiarchusn. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1887, 452. 



[Fringilla'] flaricollis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 926 (based on Yellow-throated 

 Finch Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 374). — Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 465. 



"Passerina nigricollis Vieill.[ot], Enc. Meth., 931." (Coues.) 



Emberiza nigricollis Nordmann, in Erman Reis., 1835, 11, pi. 5. 



SPIZA TOWNSENDII (Audubon). 

 TOWNSEND'S BUNTING. 



Adult male. — Head, neck, and under parts dark slate-gray, relieved 

 by a superciliary stripe, malar stripe, and elongated patch covering 

 chin and throat, of white, the latter separated from the malar stripe 

 by a narrow subraalar series of black streaks, which continue around 

 the posterior border of the white throat-patch, in the gray of the 

 chest; upper parts grayish brown, the back and scapulars narrowly 

 streaked with blackish; abdomen and under tail-coverts white, the 

 former tinged with pale yellow; length (skin), about 146.05; wing, 




BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA . 175 



73.15; tail, 53.59; exposed culmen, 12.70; depth of bill at base, 9.65; 

 tarsus, 20.07; middle toe, 16.51. 



Chester Countj^, Pennsylvania (one specimen, taken near New Gar- 

 den, Myiarchusy 11, 1833; now in United States National Myiarchusseum). 



Emberiza towmendii Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 183 (Chester Co., Pennsyl- 

 vania; type in coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); v, 1839, 90, pi. 400; B. Am., iii, 1841, 

 62, pi. 157.— NUTTALL, Myiarchusn., 2d ed., i, 1840, 528. 



Emberiza townsendi Avbvbov, Synop., 1839, 101. 



Empiza townsendii Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 32. — Baird, B. X. 

 Am., 1858, 495; Cat. N. Am. B., 1859, no. 379.— Coues, Check List, 1873, 

 no. 192. 



Euspiza towmendi Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 

 68, pi. 28, fig. 13.— Myiarchusynard, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, b-Al. 



[Euspiza] toumsendii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 148. 



Spiza townsendi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 182; Nom. 

 N. Am. B., 1881, no. 255.— Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 288.— 

 Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 774, 



Spiza tovmsendii American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, p. 354 

 ("hypothetical list," no. 18). 



8.[_pizd] townsendi Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 388. 



S. \_piza] toumsendii Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 452. 



Genus CHONDESTES Swainson. 



Chondestes Swainson, Philos. Myiarchusg., n. ser., i,1827, 435. (Type, C. sirigata Swainson.) 



Medium-sized terrestrial or semiterrestrial Fringillidse with long 

 and pointed wing (ninth primary equal to or longer than sixth), rather 

 long and rounded tail, and small feet (tarsus shorter than distance from 

 tips of secondaries to tip of longest primaries, and middle toe with 

 claw not longer than tarsus) ; head conspicuously striped with chest- 

 nut, black and whitish, and tail (except middle rectrices) broadly tipped 

 with white. 



Bill rather stout, conical, deeper than broad at base, its basal depth 

 less than length of gonys; exposed culmen about as long as lateral 

 toes, without claws; gonj^s a little shorter than distance from nostril 

 to tip of maxilla, straight or almost imperceptibly convex, the culmen 

 also nearly straight, but perceptibly convex at base and tip; tomia 

 nearljr straight to the basal deflection, the subbasal angle of the man- 

 dibular tomium not toothed. Nostrils partly hidden below and at 

 base. Kictal bristles inconspicuous. Wing long (about four and a 

 half times as long as tarsus), pointed (eighth and seventh primaries 

 longest, the ninth about equal to the sixth) ; primaries exceeding sec- 

 ondaries by a little more than one and a half times length of tarsus. 

 Tail long (more than three-fourths as long as wing), rounded. Tarsus 

 rather short (about twice as long as exposed culmen), its scutella dis- 

 tinct; middle toe and claw about as long as tarsus; lateral claws fall- 




176 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



ing short of base of middle claw; hind claw much shorter than its 

 digit. 



Colors. — Adult with ear-covei'ts and broad stripe on each side of 

 crown chestnut, separated by broad whitish superciliary and median 

 vertical stripes; back brownish streaked with black; broad tips to 

 rectrices (except middle pair), "speculum" at base of primaries, and 

 most of under parts white. 



Range. — Sparsely wooded districts of more western United States 

 and Mexico. (Monotypic.) 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP CHONDESTES. 



o. Parker and more broadly streaked above; chestnut head -markings darker. (Semi- 

 wooded districts of Myiarchusssissippi Valley. ) 



Choudestes grammacas grammacus (p. 176) 



aa. Paler and more narrowly streaked above ; , chestnut head -markings lighter. ( East- 

 ern edge of Great Plains to the Pacific, and south over plateau to southern 

 Mexico.) Choudestes grammacus strigatus (p. 178) 



CHONDESTES GRAMMACUS GRAMMACUS (Say). 

 LARK SPARROW. 



Above brownish gray or grayish brown, the back streaked with 

 blackish; tail (except middle rectrices) broadly tipped with white; 

 under parts mostly white. 



Arhdts {sexes altle). — Pileum and auricular region chestnut, the 

 former with a median stripe of pale brownish gray or grayish buff 

 (whitish anteriorly), the broader chestnut stripes blackish anteriorly; 

 a black streak across lores; a black rictal streak confluent with the 

 chestnut auricular patch; a black submalar streak; a broad superciliary 

 stripe of white, becoming more or less buffy posteriorly ; a large cres- 

 centic suborbital spot, a small post-auricular spot, and a malar stripe, 

 white; under parts white, becoming buffy grayish brown on sides and 

 flanks, the chest more or less tinged with the same and marked in cen- 

 ter with a blackish spot; back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and 

 upper tail-coverts brownish gray or grayish brown (hair brown), the 

 back and scapulars broadly streaked with black; wings (except lesser 

 coverts) dusky with light grayish brown edgings, the middle coverts 

 tipped with white, or dull buffy white (producing a rather distinct 

 band), and the eighth to fifth or fourth primaries with white at the base 

 (producing a more or less conspicuous patch) ; middle pair of rectrices 

 dusky grayish brown, the remaining rectrices black, abruptly tipped 

 with white, this white tip occupying nearly if not quite the exposed 

 terminal half on outermost rectrix; maxilla deep brownish becoming 

 blackish at tip; mandible paler (more or less bluish or lilaceous in life); 

 iris brown; legs and feet pale brownish (the toes rather darker). 




BIRDS OF NOBTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



177 



Adult tnale.—'Length. (skins), 139.70-162.56 (150.37); wing, 82.04- 

 93.73 (87.12); tail, 64.52-78.23 (70.36); exposed culmen, 10.41-12.19' 

 (11.43); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.13 (7.87); tarsus 19.81-20.32 

 (20.06); middle toe, 13.21-15.75 (14.73).^ 



J.(Z'MZ!!/ema^e.— Length (skins), 147.32-156.21 (151.64); wing, 81.28- 

 85.85 (83.57); tail, 64.52-68.58 (66.55); exposed culmen, 11.18-11.94 

 (11.43); depth of bill at base, 7.62; tarsus, 20.32; middletoe, 14.73-15.24 

 (14.99)." 



Myiarchusssissippi Valley, east of the Great Plains; north to eastern MIh- 

 nesota, Wisconsin, and southern Myiarchuschigan, east (regularly) to Ohio, 

 Kentucky, Tennessee, etc. , casually or more rarely to Myiarchusssachusetts, 

 Long Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Vir- 

 ginia, etc., and (during migration) Florida. 



FringUla grammaca Say, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., i, 1823, 139 (near St. Louis,. 

 Myiarchusssouri). — Bonapahte, Am. Orn., i, 1825, 47, pi. 5, fig. 3; Ann. Lyc. Nat.. 

 Hist. N. Y., ii, 1828, 108, part.— Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Canad., i, 

 1832, 480.— AuDCBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 17, pi. 390. 



Chondestes grammaca Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 32. — Baird, Rep. 

 Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 456, part (localities in Illinois and Myiarchusssouri) ; 

 Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 344, part.— Wheaton, Ohio, Agric. Rep., 1860, 339 

 (Columbus, Ohio). — Allen, Proc, Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 84 (Myiarchusssachusetts); 

 Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1868, 495, 517 (n. Illinois; Iowa) .— Myiarchusynaed, 

 Naturalists' Guide, 1870, 142 (Myiarchusssachusetts); Birds Florida, pt. iv, 1878, 

 104 (near Sarasota Bay, Florida). — Coues, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 281 

 (Myiarchusssachusetts); Check List, 1873, no. 186, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 159, 

 part. — Baied, Brewer and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874,562, part. — 

 RIDGWAY, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 43 (Washington, District of Colum- 

 bia, 2 spec. Aug. 27), 164 (Wabash Co., Illinois). — Langdon, Birds Cine, 

 1877, 9 (Hamilton Co., Ohio).— Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 44 

 (Newtonville, Myiarchusssachusetts, 1 spte. Nov. 25). — Covert, Annot. List Birds 

 and Myiarchusm. Washtenaw Co., Myiarchusch., 1881, 181 (rare). 



C-lhondestes'] grammaca Ridgway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 372 (Illinois). — 

 Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 107 (n. e. Illinois). 



Chondestes grammica Bewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, July, 1878, 121 (descr. 

 young; Columbus, Ohio).— Gibes, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv., v, 

 1879, 487 (Van Buren Co., Myiarchuschigan, breeding). — Langdon, Revised List 

 Birds Cine, 1879, 9 (sum. resid.). — Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 

 204; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 20 (Knox Co., Indiana, breeding).— 

 TowNSEND (C. W.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 53 (Myiarchusgnolia, Myiarchusssa- 

 chusetts, 1 spec. Aug. 27).— Earle, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 58 (Lay- 

 ville. Long Island, 1 spec. Aug. 20).— Beckham, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., vi, 

 1883, 141 (Nelson Co., Kentucky, com. summer resid.). — Shaepe, Cat. 

 Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 591, part (localities in Illinois). 



C.lhondestes'] grammica Ridgway, Bull. 111. State Lab. N. H., no. 4, 1881, 179 

 (Illinois) .—CouBS, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 384, part. 



[Chondestes'] j/rammaca Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 497.— Coues, Key N. Am. 

 Birds, 1872, 146, part. 



' Eight specimens. 'Two specimens. 



17024^01 12 




178 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



C.[hondestesJi grammaca Wheaton, in Coues' Birds N. W., 1874, 234, in text 

 (Columbus, Ohio, summer resid.) ■ 



Chondestes grammicus Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 281, part.— Beownb, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 182 (Framingham, Myiarchusssachusetts, 1 spec. 

 Apr. 30).— Smith (R. W.), Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., 1891, 120 (Warren Co., 

 s. w. Ohio, rare, breeding). 



Chondestes grammacus Coues, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 281 (Gloucester, Myiarchusssa- 

 chusetts, 1 spec. 1845). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, 

 no. 552. — Chapman, Auk, iii, 1886, 136 (Schraalinburgh, New Jersey, 1 spec. 

 Nov. 26) .— Henshaw, Auk, iii, 1886, 487 (Washington, District of Columbia, 

 Aug. 8 and 27). — Scott, Auk, iv, 1887, 133 (Tarpon Springs and Punta 

 Eassa, Florida, Sept. 19 and 26) ; vi, 1889, 322 (Tarpon Springs, Nov. 10, and 

 Key West, Florida, Oct. 6).— Sennett, Auk, iv, 1887, 241 (Cranberry, w. 

 North Carolina, 1 spec. Aug. 9).— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 192, 

 part (localities in Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Ohio).— Poling, Auk, vii, 

 1890, 241 (Quincy, Illinois).— MyiarchusIlwkaith, Birds Ontario, 1892, 317 (Hamil- 

 ton, 1 pair, Myiarchusy; near London, breeding; near Toronto). — (?) Attwatek, 

 Auk, ix, 1892, 338 (San Antonio, Texas, migr.). — MyiarchusCoemick, Auk, ix, 1892, 

 397 (Oberlin, n. Ohio, breeding).— Palmer (W.), Auk, xiii, 1896, 84 (Cape 

 Charles, Virginia, 1 spec. Aug. 24). — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 

 1896, 98, pi. 24, fig. 1.— Torrey, Auk, xiii, 1896, 179 (Pulaski, Virginia, 1 

 spec. Apr. 28). — Allison, Auk, xvi, 1899, 268 (Beauvoir, Myiarchusssissippi, Sept. 

 4). — Rhoads, Auk, xvi, 1899, 312 (Hyndman, Bedford Co., Pennsylvania, 

 June; Leetsdale, Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania, Myiarchusy). 



C. [hondestes} grammacus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 414. 



Emberiza grammaca Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 101; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 

 63, pi. 158. — Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 244 (Gloucester, Myiarchusssachu- 

 setts). 



Z. [onotricMyiarchus'] grammaca Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 374. 



[Calamospiza] grammaca Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 111, no. 7670. 



CHONDESTES GRAMMACUS STRIGATUS (Swainson). 

 WESTERN LAKK SPARROW. 



Similar to O. g. grammacus^ but upper parts paler and browner, with 

 black streaks on back narrower, and chestnut head-markings lighter, 

 with less black anteriorly. 



Adult maZ<?.— Length (skins), 142.24-167.64 (156.21); wing, 81.28- 

 91.95 (86.61); tail, 64.01-76.20 (70.10); exposed culmen, 10.41-13.72 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.89 (8.13); tarsus, 19.30-21.59 

 (20.32); middle toe, 13.72-17.53 (15.24).' 



Adult female.— Li%n^\h (skins), 139.70-171.45 (151.89); wing, 79.25- 

 89.15 (84.07); tail, 60.96-71.37 (67.56); exposed culmen, 10.67-12.95 



1 Forty-eight specimens. 




BIRDS OF NOKTH AND MIDDLE AMEEICA. 



179 



(12.19); depth of bill at base, 7. 62-8. 3s (7.87); tarsus, 18.80-20.83 

 (20.32); middle toe, 12.95-16.00 (14.99).^ 



Western United States and plateau of Mexico; north to interior of 

 British Columbia (Vernon), Myiarchusnitoba (Winnipeg), etc.; south (in win- 

 ter at least) to Oaxaca (Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia, etc.), Chiapas (San 

 Benito), and Guatemala (Barranco Hondo); east to eastern border of 

 Great Plains; west to Pacific coast, including peninsula of Lower 

 California. 



Chondestes slrigata Swainson, Philos. Myiarchusg., n. s.,i, 1827, 435 (Mexico); Claasif. 

 Birds, ii, 1837, 289. 



Chondestes sirigatus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Avea, i, 1886, 375, part 

 (localities in Mexico and United Stiites, except Illinois and Iowa; Barranco 

 Hondo, Guatemala). 



Chondestes grammica strigata Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 179; 

 Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 204a.— Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1883, 

 541 (La Paz, Lower California, winter) ; vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora) . — 

 Beckham, Auk, ii, 1885, 141 (Pueblo, Colorado). 



Chondestes grammica strigatus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, 1880, 217 (crit. ). 



Chondestes grammacus strigatus American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 

 1886, no. 552a. — Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886, 139 (Cook Co., Texas). — Evermann, 

 Auk, iii, 1886, 182 (Ventura Co., California).— Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, 1886, 149 (Chietla, Puebla).— Coale, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, 

 no. 2, 1887, 25 (crit.) .—Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 193 (localities 

 , in Texas).— TowxsEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1890, 137 (Cape St. 

 Lucas, Apr. 7) . — Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 102 (mo. Little Lost 

 R., Idaho). — Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 338 (San Antonio, Texas) . — Rhoads, 

 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1893, 49, 63 (Vernon, int. British Columbia) . — Richmond 



' Thirty-two specimens. 



Specimens from different localities average as follows: 



Locality. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



MALES. 



Five adult males from Mexico 



Eleven adult males from Texas 



Seven adult males from Arizona (including one 



from northern Chihuahua 



Thirteen adult males from California 



Two adult males from Cape St. Lucas 



Two adult males from Nevada 



Eight adult males from eastern Colorado, Kansas, 



Nebraska, etc 



FEMALES. 



Eight adult females from Mexico -*. 



Six adult females from Texas 



Nine adult females from Arizona, northern Sonora, 



and northern Chihuahua 



Four adult females from California 



Two adult females from Cape St. Lucas 



Three adult females from Nevada, Wyoming, and 



Colorado 



15.24 

 15.24 



15.49 

 15.24 

 16.00 

 14.48 



14.99 

 14.73 



14.73 

 15.24 

 14.99 



15.49 




180 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



and Knowlton, Auk, xi, 1894, 306 (s.-centr. Montana).— Chapman, Bull. 

 Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., X, 1898, 29 ( Jalapa,Vera Cruz).— Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 107 

 (British Columbia, rare). 



C. [liondestes] grammacus strigatus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 414. 



Chondestes grammicm strigatus Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 16 (Colorado, 6,000-8,000ft.). 



Chondestes grammaca (not Fringilla grammaca Say) Woodhouse, in Sitgreaves' ■ 

 Expl. Zuiii and Col. R., 1853, 86.— Baied, Rep. Ives' Colorado Exp., 

 1857-58, pt. iv, 6; Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 456, part (localities 

 in Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, and westward); Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. 

 Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 15 (Nuevo Leon; Colorado R. ; California); Cat. N. 

 Am. Birds, 1859, no. 344, part; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 301, 304 

 (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California) . — Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., 

 X, pt. i, 1859, 48 (California; New Mexico; Texas).— Henry, Proc. Ac. 

 Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico). —Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, California).— ScLATBR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 

 379 (Oaxaca); 1864, 174 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 121 ("N. 

 W. America").— Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. 2, 

 1860, 200 (Dalles, Oregon).— Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 488 (Texas).— Coues, Proc. 

 Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 84 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 

 186, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 159, part.— Duofis, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 140 

 (Guanajuato). — Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552 (Vera Cruz, 

 winter). — Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 193.— Stevenson, Prelim. Rep. U. S. Geo). 

 Surv. Terr., 1870 (1871), 464 (Wyoming).— Mereiam, Sixth An. Rep.U. S. 

 Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872 (1873), 680 (Ogden, etc., Utah; Lower Geyser 

 Basin, Wyoming) .—Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 177 (South Park, 

 Colorado; Cheyenne and Laramie plains, Wyoming; Ogden, Utah); Proc. 

 Bost. Soc. N.H. , xvii, 1874, 58(Upper Myiarchusssouri R. , etc. ). — Holdbn, Proc. Bost. 

 Soc. N. H., 1872, 201 (Wyoming). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 

 Am. Birds, i, 1874, 562, part; ii, 1874, pi. 31, fig. 1. — Lawrence, Mem. Bost. 

 Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 278 (Myiarchuszatlan; plains of Colima); Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 no. 4, 1876, 22 (Chihuitan and Santa Eflgenia, Oaxaca, Nov. to Jan.). — Hen- 

 SHAw, Rep. Orn. Spec. AVheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 61 (Platte R., Colorado); 

 Zool. Exp. W. 100th IMerid., 1875, 259 (Utah; Colorado; Arizona; habits, 

 song, etc.). — Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 467 (Sacramento; Califor- 

 nia; localities in Nevada and Utah; habits, song, etc.); Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, iil, 1878, 66 (Calaveras Co., Cahfornia, Feb.).— MyiarchusCauley, Bull. U. S. 

 Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 664 (Kansas to Texas). — Bendire, Proc. 

 Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 118 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, rare, breeding 80 m. 

 south).— Hoffmann, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1882, 399 (Fort Berthold, South 

 Dakota) . 



[Chondestes'] grammaca Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 146, part. — ScLATEEand 

 Salvin, Norn. Av.Neotr., 1873, 34. 



Chondestes grammacus Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1891, 597 (Winnipeg, 

 summer resid.). 



Chondestes grammica Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv., iv, 1878, 19 

 (Brownsville, Texas); v, 1879, 391 (Lomita, Texas). — Merrill, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 126 (Fort Brown, Texas.).— Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 415 (centr. California, resid. ) .—Ogilby, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. 

 Soc, iii, 1882 (34), (Navarro Co., Texas, summer resid.). — Shaepe, Cat. 

 Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 591, part (localities in Mexico, California, 

 Colorado, etc.). 



Chondestes ^rammicus ConE.s, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 281, part. 



C. Ihondestes} grammicus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed. , 1884, 384, part. 



Emberiza grammaca Myiarchusximilian, Journ. fiir Orn., vi, 1858, 343 (Upper Myiarchusssouri). 




BIRDS OF NOKTH AND MIDDLE AMEBICA. 181 



Genus POOECETES Baird. 



Poocxtes Baird. Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv. , ix, 1 858, 439, 447. (Type Fnngilla gram- 

 inea Gmelin.) , 



Pooeceto (emendation) B,\ird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, pp. xx, xxix. 

 (See Gill, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 20. ) 



Pocecetes (emendation) Sclatbe, Proo. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 379. 



Small, conspicuously streaked terrestrial Fringillidae with lateral 

 rectrices largely white, and with the tarsus decidedly longer than 

 middle toe with claw. 



Bill small (exposed culmen about half as long as tarsus), conical, 

 much deeper than broad at base, its basal depth less than distance from 

 nostril to tip of maxilla: culmen straight or even faintly depressed in 

 middle portion, gentlj^ convex terminally and basally; gonys straight, 

 about equal to or sometimes longer than basal depth of bill; maxillary 

 tomium faintly concave anteriorly', then faintly convex, its basal por- 

 tion slightly deflected; mandibular tomium straight to the well-defined 

 subbasal angle, its basal deflection more abrupt and decided than that 

 of the maxilla. Nostril small, triangular (apex forward), with broad 

 superior valve, nearly concealed by the frontal plumules. Rictal bristles 

 fairly distinct. Wing long (about four times as long as the rather long 

 tarsus), pointed (ninth to sixth primaries longest, the ninth equal 

 to or longer than sixth, sometimes almost longest); primaries exceed- 

 ing secondaries bj- about the length of the tarsus; tertials not pro- 

 duced beyond secondaries, or but slightly so. Tail about three-fourths 

 as long as wing, about one-half overlaid by upper coverts, emarginate, 

 the rectrices i-ather narrow. Tarsus about twice as long as exposed cul- 

 men, its scutella rather indistinct, especial^ on outer side; middle toe 

 with claw slightly shorter than tarsus; lateral claws reaching nearly or 

 quite to base of middle claw; hallux about as long as inner toe, its 

 claw slightl}'^ shorter than the digit. 



Coloration. — Conspicuously streaked above and below (except cen- 

 tral and posterior under parts), the lateral rectrices largely white; 

 adults with lesser wing-coverts reddish brown. 



Bange. — Temperate North America. (Monotypic.) 



This genus comes verj'' near to PasseTculuH^ but may be distiguished 

 by its relativelj' much longer wing and shorter tarsus. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP POOECETES. 



a. Larger (wing averaging more than 80.01 in male, more than 76.20 in female); 



coloration grayer above, more decidedly white below. 



h. Wing, lail, and tarsus shorter, bill stouter, color browner above, with dusky 



streaks usually broader, those on chest, etc., darker; wing averaging 81.03, 



tail <3l.21, tarsus 21.08, depth of bill 8.38 in male, 77.47, 58.93, and 7.87 in 



female. (Eastern North America. ) . . .Pooecetes gramineus gramineus (p. 182) 




182 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



bb. Wing, tail, and tarsus longer, bill more slender, color grayer above, with dusky 

 streaks usually narrower, those on chest, etc., not so dark; wing averaging 

 83.57, tail 65.79, tarsus 21.59, depth of bill 7.62 in male, 80.01, 61.98, 21.34, 

 and 7.62 in female. (Rock Mountain plateau district. ) 



Pooecetes gramineua confinis (p. 184) 



au. Smaller (wing averaging less than 80.01 in male, less than 76.20 in female) ; 



coloration browner above, distinctly buffy beneath. (Pacific coast district of 



United States. ) Pooecetes gramineus affinis (p. 186) 



POOECETES GRAMINEUS GRAMINEUS (Gmelin). 

 VESPER SPARROW. 



Adults {sexes alike). — Above light grayish brown (hair brown) con- 

 spicuously streaked with black, the streaks broadest on back, less dis- 

 tinct on rump; lesser wing-coverts cinnamon or russet, with a dusky 

 (mostly concealed) wedge-shaped central space; wings otherwise and 

 tail dusky, the feathers edged with light grayish brown, especially the 

 larger wing-coverts and secondaries, the former (middle and greater 

 coverts) indistinctly tipped with pale dull buffy or bufly whitish, form- 

 ing indistinct narrow bands; outermost tail-feather largely white, 

 this involving most of the outer web and the terminal half, approxi- 

 mately, of the inner web next the shaft, the dusky extending along 

 the innermost (longitudinal) half within half an inch, or less, of the 

 tip; superciliary region light grayish brown or brownish gray nar- 

 rowly and indistinctly streaked with duskj'; auricular region browner, 

 margined above and below bj^ a postocular and a rictal streak of dusky 

 brownish; a white or buffy white malar stripe margined below by a 

 series of dusky streaks along each side of throat; under parts dull 

 white, more or less tinged- with pale buffy on chest, sides, and flanks, 

 where streaked with dusky; under tail-coverts immaculate; maxilla 

 dusky brownish, mandible much paler (pinkish or lilaceous in life); 

 iris brown; legs and feet pale brownish. 



Young. — Essentially similar to adults, but markings less sharply 

 defined; scapulars and interscapulars broadly edged with pale buffy 

 grayish, and ground color of under parts rather grayish white than 

 buffy. 



Achdt male.—L&ngth. (skins), 139.19-160.11 (144.27); wing, 76.71- 

 83.82 (81.03); tail, 68.67-66.04 (61.21); exposed culmen, 10.67-12.19 

 (11.18); depth of bill at base, 7.87-8.89 (8.38); tarsus, 20.32-22.10 

 (21.08); middle toe, 13.72-15.24 (14.48).' 



Adtilt female.— L^n^ih (skins), 134.62-149.10 (140.46); wing, 72.90- 

 81.28 (77.47); tail, 66.12-61.98 (68.93); exposed culmen, 10.41-11.68 

 (10.92); depth of bill at base (three specimens), 7.62-8.13 (7.87); tarsus, 

 20.07-21.34 (20.57); middle toe, 13.21-15.24 (13.97).' 



' Fourteen specimens. ^ Thirteen .specimens. 




BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 183 



Eastern United States and more southern British provinces (humid 

 division of Lower and Upper Austral, Transition, and parts of Boreal 

 provinces); breeding from Virginia, Kentucky, Myiarchusssouri, etc., north- 

 ward to Nova Scotia (?), Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick (?), 

 Province of Quebec (?), eastern Myiarchusnitoba (i), etc.; south in winter to 

 Gulf coast (Florida to eastern Texas) ; casual in Bermudas. 



IFHngilla] graminea Gmelin, Syst. Nat.,i, pt. ii, 1788, 922 (New York; based on 

 Orass Pinch Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. i, 273; Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 

 375) .—Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 445. 



Pringilla graminea AxsTivaoTii, Orn. Biog.,i, 1831,473; v, 1839, 502, pi. 94. — Nuttall, 

 Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 482. 



Emheriza gramineaWii:so}i , Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 51, pi. 31, tig. 5. — Audubon, Synop- 

 sis, 1839, 102; Birds Ani., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 65, pi. 159. — Hurdis, Jardine'a 

 Contr. Orn., 1850, 36 (Bermudas, 1 spec. Oct. 25, 1849).— Willis, Ann. Rep. 

 Smitlison. Inst, for 1858 (1859) , 287 (Bermudas). 



Zonotrichia graminea J Aixvi'NE, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn.,ii, 1832, 45, pi. 31,flg. 5.^ 

 Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 31. 



Z. [onotrichia^ graminea Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 373. 



\_Zonotricliia'\ graminea Bo's apaut'e, Consp. Av.,i, 1850, 478, part. — Gray, Hard- 

 list, ii, 1870, 95, no. 7414. 



Poocsdes gramineus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1850, 447, part. — Baikd, . 

 Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 545, part, pi. 29, fig. 1. — 

 American Ornithologists' Union, Ciieck List, 1886, no. 540. — Batcheldek, 

 Auk, iii, 1886, 314 (Asheville, w. Nortli Carolina, winter). — Cooke, Bird 

 Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 187 (localities and dates) .—Dwight, Auk, x, 1893, 11 

 (Prince Edward I., breeding). — Allen (F. H.), Auk, xii, 1895, 90 (Cape 

 Breton, Nova Scotia, Aug. ). — Nehbling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896,94, 

 pi. 23, fig. 5. — Knight, Bull. Univ. Slaine, no. 3, 1897, 95 (Myiarchusine, summer 

 resid.). — Butler, Birds Indiana, 1897, 933 (wintering in Knox Co.). 



PocBcetes gramineus Sclateb, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 112, part (Wisconsin; Can- 

 ada). — Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 150 (Oxford Co., Myiarchusine, breed- 

 ing).— Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 164 (Wabash Co., Illinois, 

 breeding); vii, 1882, 20 (Knox Co., Indiana, breeding); Norn. N. Am. Birds, 



1881, no. 197.— Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 40 (descr. 

 young). — Myiarchusynard, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 103. — Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 



1882, no.232.— Chamberlain, Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. N.B., 1882, 38 (Hamp- 

 ton, New Brunswick, 1 spec. June 20, 1881). — Dutchek, Auk, i, 1884, 31 

 (Jones's Beach, Long Island, Feb. 22). — Bicknell, Auk, 1,1884,330 (song). — 

 Merkiam, Auk, ii, 1885, 315 (Godbout, Prov. Quebec, Apr. 24 to Myiarchusy 10. — 

 Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 670, excl. syn. part. 



Pooecetes gramineus Baird, Kep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. xxxix, part; Cat. 



N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 337, part.— Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 161, part; 



Birds N. W., 1874, 129, part —Gill, Auk, xvi, 1899, 23. 

 \_Pooecetes} gramineus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 137, part. 

 Pooecetes gramineus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 286 (New York City). — 



Meebiam, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 9 (Aiken, South Carolina, winter). 

 P-loocaetes'] gramineus Ridgway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 372 (Illinois). 

 P. [ocecetes'] gramineus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 364. 

 P. [oocietes'] gramineus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am, Birds, 1887, 406. 

 IPoocsefes gramineus} var. gramineus, Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 



Birds, i, 1874, 545. 

 [^Pooecetes gramineus"] a. gramineus Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 129 (synonymy). 




184 BULLETIN fiO, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



POOECETES GRAMINEUS CONFINIS Baird. 

 WESTERN VESPER SPARROW. 



Similar to P. g. gramineus, but averaging larger, bill more slender, 

 and colors slightly paler and grayer, with streaks on chest, etc., not 

 so dark. 



Ad-uUmale.—ljQngth (skins), 139.70-158.75 (148.84); wing, 79.25- 

 86.61 (83.57); tail, 63.25-68.58 (65.79); exposed culmen, 10.92-11.68 

 (11.18); depth of bill at base, 7.37-8.38 (7.62); tarsus, 20.83-22.10 

 (21.59); middle toe, 13.72-14.99 (14.48).^ 



Adult female.— lj&ngt\i (skins), 132.59-152.40(145.54); wing, 76.20- 

 83.82 (80.01); tail, 57.66-68.07 (61.98); exposed culmen, 10.41-12.45 

 (11.18); depth of bill at base, 7.11-8.13 (7.62); tarsus, 19.81-22.35 

 (21.34); middle toe, 13.46-14.99 (14.22).' 



Western North America (except Pacific coast district), east across 

 the Great Plains to middle North and South Dakota, western Kansas, 

 etc., north through eastern British Columbia, Alberta, Assiniboia, 

 Myiarchusnitoba, etc. ; Saskatchewan Plains (north to Fort Anderson ?) ; breed- 

 ing from highlands of Arizona and New Mexico northward; in winter 

 south to southern Mexico (States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, Oaxaca, etc.), 

 southeastward over nearly all of Texas, southwestward to coast of 

 southern California (Los Angeles Co.)., 



(?) FringUla {Zonotrichia) graminea (not Fringilla j/rammca Wilson?) Swainson, 

 Fauna Bor. -Am., ii, 1831, 254. 



[Zonotrichia] graminea Bonapaete, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 478, part. 



Zonotrichia graminea Woodhouse, in Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuni and Col. E. , 1853, 

 84. — Heermann, Eep. Pacific E. E. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 47, part (New Mex- 

 ico; Texas). 



Pooecetes gramineus Baird, Eep. Pacific E. E. Surv., ix, 1858, p.xxxix, part, 

 p. 927 (Fort Bridger, Wyoming); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 337, pait; 

 Eep. IT. S. and Myiarchusx. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 15 (Tamaulipas; Boca 

 Grande, New Mexico; Espia, Sonora) . — Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 



' 84 (Fort Whipple, Arizona; breeding); Birds N. W., 1874, 129, part. — Hoff- 

 man, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1882, 398 (Fort Berthold, North Dakota).— 

 (?) Ehoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 48, 63 (British Columbia, bet 

 Cascade and Eocky Mts. ; crit. ). 



Pooecetes gramineus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 379 (Oaxaca); Cat. 

 Am. Birds, 1862, 112, part (Oaxaca).— Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 6 (Forks of 

 Saskatchewan, breeding); 1863, 75 (Saskatchewan; EedE. ). — Dresser, Ibis, 

 1865, 487 (San Antonio, Texas, breeding). — Duges, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 

 140 (Guanajuato). — Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 186, part. — Allen, Proc. Bost. 

 Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 57 (valleys of Yellowstone and Myiarchussselshell rivers). — 

 Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr.,iv, 1878, 589 (Petabina, etc.. 

 North Dakota; descr. nest and eggs). — Ogilby, Sci. Proc. Eoy. Dubl. Soc, 

 iii, 1882 (32) (Navarro Co., Texas, Oct. to Myiarchusrch ).—Seton, Auk, ii, 1885, 23 

 (Myiarchusnitoba; song, etc.). — (?) Agersborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 280 (s. e. South 



1 Eleven specimens. '' Fourteen specimens. 




BIEBS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 185 



Dakota, breeding). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 

 383 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz, etc.).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 670, 

 part (in synonymy). 



[Pooecetes] gramineiis Coues, Key. N. Am. Birds, 1872, 137, part. — Sclatek and 

 Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 31. 



Pooartes gramineus Baied, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 447, part. — 

 (?) Cooper and . Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 200, part 

 (Washington; Oregon). — Baird, Brewer, andEiDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 

 i, 1874, 545, part, pi. 29, fig. 1.— (?) Hatch, Ninth Ann. Rep. Geol. and Nat. 

 Hist. Surv., Myiarchusnn., 1881, 395.— (?) Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., iii, 

 1890, 143 (Ashcroft, int. British Columbia; crit. ). — (?) Myiarchusofarlane, Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 441 (e. of Fort Anderson, breeding).— (?) Fannin, 

 Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 35 (e. side Cascade Mts. ).—(?) Nut- 

 ting, Bull. Labr. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa, ii, no. 3, 1893, 275 (Grand Rapids, 

 lower Saskatchewan). 



[^Poocxtes gramineus] var. confinis Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 448, 

 in text (western United States; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



Poocietes gramineus, yar. confinis Merriam, Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol'. Surv. Terr., 1872 

 (1873), 680 (Ogden, etc., Utah; Fort Hall, Idaho; Shoshone Lake, etc., 

 "Wyoming). 



Poocaetes gramineus, var. confinis Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 182 

 (Colorado). 



Pooecetes gramineus, var. confinis Merriam, Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872 

 (1873), 706 (Ogden, Utah). 



[Poocaetes gramineus] var. confinis Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, 545. 



Pooecetes gramineus . . var. confinis Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 161a. 



[Pooecetes gramineus] b. confinis Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 129 (synonymy). 



Pooecetes gramineus con^nis Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 11 (Car- 

 son City, Nevada) . — Gill, Auk, xvi, 1899, 23. 



Pooecetes gramineus, p. confinis Ridgway, Field and Forest, iii. Myiarchusy, 1877, 198 

 (Colorado). 



Pooecetes gramineus . . . /3. confinis Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 466 

 (mountains of Nevada and Utah; song, etc.). 



PoScxtes gramineus . . . var. con^m's Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. "Wheeler's Surv., 

 1874, 80 (South Park, Colorado, breeding; descr. nest and eggs). 



Poeecetes gramineus . ..var. confinis Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 

 1874, 61 (Denver, Colorado) ; ^ool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 256 (Nevada; 

 Utah; Colorado; Arizona). 



Pooecetes gramineus var. confinis Merrill, Proc. V. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, Aug. 15, 1878, 

 126 (Fort Brown, Texas, migrat). 



Poocxtes gramineus . . . var. con;?ii is Hensh aw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 

 1873 (1874), 111 (Camp Grant and Gila R., Arizona, Sept.). 



Po«cetes gramineus confinis Coues and Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. 

 Terr., iv, 1878, 17 (Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas, Apr. ).— MoChesney, 

 Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 76 (Fort Sisseton, South 

 Dakota, April to Oct.).— Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 164 (Fort 

 Klamath, e. Oregon). — Roberts and Bbnner, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 

 14 (Grant and Traverse counties, Myiarchusnnesota, breeding). — Ridgway, Nom. N. 

 Am. Birds, 1881, no. 197a, part.— Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 

 194 (Arizona, Apr.; crit); viii, 1883, 189 (Colorado; crit.).— Coues, Check 

 List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 233, part. 



P.[oceceles] g.[ramineus] confinis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 365. 




186 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Poocastes gramineus confinis Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 17 (Carson, 

 Nevada).— American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. o40a, 

 part.— Feehari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 142 (San Baltazar, 

 Puebla, Dec.).— Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 323 (w. Myiarchusnitoba).— Cooke, Bird 

 Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 188 (localities, dates, etc.).— Thompson, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1891, 592 (Myiarchusnitoba; habits, song, etc.).— Myiarchustchell, Auk, 

 XV, 1898, 309 (San Myiarchusguel Co., New Mexico, up -to 8,000 ft.).— Grinnell, 

 Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 36 (Los Angeles, California, Sept. 14 to 

 Myiarchusr. 19). 



P. [oocytes] gramineus confinis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 407, part. 



Pooecetes cmfinis Yarrow and Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1871-73 

 (1874), 34 (Nevada). 



[Pooecetes gramineus.']'' Subsp. a. Pocecetes confinis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 672. 



POOECETES GRAMINEUS AFFINIS Myiarchusller. 

 OREGON VESPER SPARROW. 



Similar to P. g. gramineus but smaller, bill more slender, and the 

 coloration browner above and distinctly buffy below. 



Adult m«?«.— Length (skins), 131.57-140.97- (136.65); wing, 73.66- 

 80.01 (77.22); tail, 52.83-60.45 (57.91); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.43 

 (10.92); depth of bill at base, 6.35-7.63 (7.37); tarsus, 19.81-21.59 

 (20.57); middle toe, 13.21-14.48 (13.72). ^ 



Adult female.— LLQ^gih (skins), 128.02-143.51 (136.91); wing 72.39- 

 76.20 (74.93); tail, 55.88-57.66 (57.40); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.68 

 (10.92); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.37 (7.24); tarsus, 20.32-21.34 

 (21.08); middle toe, 13.46-14.22 (13.72).' 



Pacific coast district; breeding in northern California and western 

 Oregon (also in western Washington and British Columbia, including 

 Vancouver Island?); south in winter, through southern Calif ornia and 

 Lower California, to Cape St. Lucas. 



[Zonotnchia] graminea (not Fringilla (/rammea Gmelin) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 



i, 1850, 478, part. 

 Zonotrichia graminea Newberry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, pt. iv, 1857, 88 



(Sacramento, California). — Hebrmann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 



1859, 47, part (California). 

 Poocastes gramineus Baird, Rep. Pacific E. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 447, part (Tejon 



Valley, California). — (?) Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, 



pt. ii, 1860, 200, part (Puget Sound) . — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. 



N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 545, part. 

 [Pooecetes] gramineus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 137, part. 

 Pooecetes gramineus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. xxxix, part; 



Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 337, part. 

 Pocecetes gramineus confinis Ridgway, Nom. X. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 197a, part. — 



Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 233, part.— Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. 



Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 350 (La Paz, Lower California, wiuter). 



' Seven specimens. ^ Three specimens 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEEICA. 187 



Pooaetes gramineus confirm American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, 

 no. 540«, part. 



(?) Poocaetes gramineus confinis Anthony, Auk, iii, 1886, 168 (Washington Co., 

 Oregon). — Evermann, Auk, iii, 1886, 182 (Ventura Co., California, resi- 

 dent).— Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 217 (Shasta Co., n. Cali- 

 fornia).— Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 35 (w. side of 

 Cascades,, including Vancouver I.). — Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 1893, 48, 63 (Victoria, Vancouver I.). 



P. loocxtes'] gramineus confinis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 407, part. 



Poocietes gramineus affinis Myiarchusller, Auk, v, Oct., 1888, 404 (Salem, Oregon; coll. 

 G. S. Myiarchusller, jr.). — American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Suppl. to 

 Check List, 1889, 12; Check List, abridged ed., 1889, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 

 5406.— PiDGWAY, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 601.— Grinnell, Pub. 

 ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 36 (Los Angeles Co., California, Sept. 16 to 

 Apr. 25) . 



Pooecetes gramineus affinis Gill, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 23. 



Genus PASSERCULUS Bonaparte. 



Passerculus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List., 1838, 33. (Type, Fringilla savanna 

 Wilson. ) 



Small, conspicuously streaked terrestrial Fringillid^, resembling 

 Pooecetes but with wing-tip much shorter than tarsus, the latter nearly 

 one-third as long as wing; middle toe, with claw, nearly as long as tarsus; 

 tail not more than three-fourths as long as wing, the outermost rec- 

 trices without white. Differing from Genironyx in relatively longer tail 

 (shorter than wing by much less than length of tarsus), with broader 

 and less acuminate rectrices; hallux not longer than inner toe, its claw 

 not longer than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; fifth primary 

 much shorter than sixth; coloration very different. 



Coloration. — Above brownish or grayish, more or less streaked, the 

 pileum with or without a paler median and darker lateral stripes; no 

 white on lateral (or other) rectrices; no distinct wing-bands, buttertials 

 conspicuously blackish centrally; under parts whitish, streaked, except 

 on abdomen and under tail-coverts, with brown or blackish, the throat 

 with or without streaks; more or less distinct superciliary and malar 

 stripes of pale grayish, light dull buffy or whitish, the former some- 

 times yellowish, especially anteriorly. 



Range. — Whole of North America, including Mexico. 



This genus contains apparently four distinct specific types, repre- 

 sented, respectively, by P. princeps, P. sandiuiehmsis, P. ieldingi, 

 and P. rostratxm, the second and last including several subspecific 

 forms. It is possible, however, that the first may be really only an 

 insular form of the second (as has already been claimed), and it is 

 almost equally possible that the third may intergrade with both the 

 second and last, one of the several forms of southern California {P. 

 hxilophihiJi) being at least suggestive of such relationship. For the 

 present, however, or until intergradation can be satisfactorily demon- 

 strated, I prefer to consider the three types specifically distinct. 




188 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PASSERCULUS. 



a. Upper parts conspicuously streaked, both on pileum and back; primaries exceed- 

 ing tertials by less than length of exposed culmen. 

 6. General color of upper parts gray or grayish brown; paler median crown-stripe 

 distinct, and back with very distinct whitish or pale buffy streaks; paler 

 supra-auricular stripe very distinct; under parts less heavily streaked; feet 

 pale yellowish brown (pale pinkish or straw-colored in life), 

 c. Larger (wing averaging more than 76.20); wing more than seven times as 

 long as exposed culmen; general color above pale brownish gray. (Atlantic 

 coast of United States, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, breeding o^ 



islands off the last. ) Passerculus princeps (p. 189) 



cc. Smaller (wing averaging less than 76.20) ; wing less than seven times as long 

 as exposed culmen; general color of upper parts deeper brownish gray or 

 grayish brown. ( Passerculus sandimchenms. ) 

 d. Larger (wing averaging 75.95, tail 51.82, exposed culmen 11.94, tarsus 

 22.35). (Unalaskaand Shumagin Islands in summer; southward along 

 Pacific coast in winter. ) . .Passerculus sandwiohensis sandwiohensiB (p. 190) 

 dd. Smaller (average measurements much less than the preceding). 

 e. Paler and grayer; wing averaging more than 68.58, tail more than 49.53. 

 ( Western North America, from southern Mexico to Alaska. ) 



Passerculus saudwichensis alaudiuus (p. 194) 



ee. Darker and browner; wing averaging less than 68.58, tail less than 49.53. 



/. Larger and not so dark, but averaging darker than the two preceding 



forms; bill stouter; wing averaging 67. 82, tail 48.26, depth of bill at 



base 6.86, tarsus 20.83. (Eastern North America.) 



Passerculus Baudwicliensis savanna (p. 192) 

 ff. Smaller and darker, with more slender bill; wing averaging 66.04, tail 

 46.99, depth of bill at base 6.10, tarsus 20.07. (Coast of central Cali- 

 fornia in summer; southward to central Mexico in winter.) 



Passerculus sandwicheusis bryanti (p. 197) 



56. General color of upper parts grayish olive or olivaceous hair brown; paler 



median crown-stripe indistinct, and back without whitish or pale buffy 



streaks; paler supra-auricular stripe indistinct; under parts more heavily 



streaked; feet grayish brown or horn color. (Coast of southern California.) 



Passerculus beldingi (p. 198) 



aa. Upper parts not conspicuously streaked, except, sometimes, on back; primaries 



exceeding tertials by less than length of exposed culmen. [Passerculus rostratus.) 



h. Wing averaging more than 68.58; coloration lighter and browner. 



t. Larger (except bill) and browner; wing averaging 69.60, tail 52.07, exposed 



culmen 12.45, depth of bill at base 7.37, tarsus 22.61. (Coast of southern 



California; Lower California in winter. ) 



Passerculus rostratus rostratus (p. 199) 



cc. Smaller (except bill) and grayer; wing averaging 68.83, tail 49.78, exposed 



culmen 12.45, depth of bill at base 7.37, tarsus 21.84. (San Benito Island, 



Lower California. ) Passerculus rostratus sanctorum (p. 200) 



hh. Wing averaging less than 68.58 ; coloration darker and grayer or more olivaceous, 

 c. Larger and darker; upper parts more decidedly olivaceous, streaks on chest, 

 etc., blacker; wing averaging 66.80, tail 48.77, exposed culmen 12.95, depth 

 of bill at base 6.60, tarsus 21.34. (Abreojos Point, Lower California.) 



Passerculus rostratus halophilus (p. 202) 

 cc. Smaller and paler; upper parts grayer; streaks on chest, etc. , not so decidedly 

 l)lack; wing averaging 64.01, tail 47.50, exposed culmen 11.18, depth of bill 

 at base 5.84, tarsus 20.83. (Southern extremity of Lower California. ) 



Passerculus rostratus guttatus p. 201) 




BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEEIOA. 189 



PASSERCULUS PRINtEPS Myiarchusynard. 

 IPSWICH SPARROW. 



Exposed culmen not longer than hallux (without claw); wing more 

 than seven times as long as exposed culmen (averaging more than 

 76.20 mm.). 



Adults {sexes alike). — Above pale grayish, the pileum and back 

 streaked with pale brown and blackish (the latter inclosed as a narrow 

 mesial streak within the former); pileum with a narrow median stripe 

 of pale grayish buff or dull buffy whitish; broad superciliary stripe 

 similar, but paler (rarely yellowish) anteriorly; outer surface of ter- 

 tials and greater wing-coverts pale buffy brown; malar stripe pale buff 

 or whitish; under parts white, tinged laterally (sometimes across chest 

 also) with pale brownish buff, the chest and sides streaked with brown 

 (the streaks usually darker, sometimes blackish, medially); maxilla 

 dark brown or blackish, mandible paler; iris brown; legs and feet pale 

 brownish or dull straw color. 



Adult mafe.— Length (skins), 134.62-153.67 (liS.OO); wing, 72.39- 

 82.55 (76.45); tail, 52.83-64.77 (56.18); exposed culmen, 10.41-10.92 

 (10.67); depth of bill at base, 6.60-7.62 (7.11); tarsus, 21.59-24.13 

 (22.86); middle toe, 16.26-17.27 (16.76).' 



Adidt female.— \A&x^g^ (skins), 134.62-148.59 (141.99); wing, 72.89- 

 82.55 (76.96); tail, 53.34^56.90 (54.86); exposed culmen, 10.67-11.18 

 (10.92); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.62 (7.37); tarsus, 21.84-24.13 

 (22.86); middle toe, 16.00-17.02 (16.26).' 



Breeding on Sable Island (and other islands?), off Nova Scotia; 

 migrating southward along Atlantic coast as far as Georgia (Glynn 

 County). 



Centronyx bairdii (not Emheriza bairdii Audubon) Allen, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 513, 

 631 (Ipswich Beach, Myiarchusssachusetts; crit. ). — Myiarchusynard, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 

 554 (Ipswich Beach); Naturalists' Guide, 1870, 113, colored plate. — Brews- 

 ter, Am. Nat, vi, 1872, 307 (Ipswich, Myiarchusssachusetts, Oct. 14, 15). 



[Centronyx'] bairdii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 135, part. 



Passerculus princeps Myiarchusynaed, Am. Nat. , vi, 1872, 637 (Ipswich Beach, Myiarchusssachu- 

 setts; coll. C. J. Myiarchusynard) ; Naturahsts' Guide, 2d ed., 1877, 112, colored plate; 

 Birds Eastern U.S.,pt.iv, 1878, 101, pi. 3.— Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 158; 

 2d ed., 1882, no. 225; Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 696 (Myiarchusssachusetts) ; Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, iii, 1878, 3 (synonymy, etc. ). — Baied, Beewee, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 

 Am. Birds,!, 1874, 540, pi. 25, fig. 2; iii, 1874, 513 (Long Island) .—Bre wee, 

 Proc. Bost. See. N. H.,xvii, 1875, 441 (Myiarchusssachusetts). — Brewster, Bull. Nutt. 

 Orn. Club, i, 1876, 52 (Point Lepreaux, New Brunswick, Apr. 11). — Mer- 

 eiam. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 52 (near New Haven, Connecticut, Nov. 

 4) ; Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 1877, 36 (coast Connecticut, Nov. ) ; Auk, i, 1884, 390 

 (Sable I., Nova Scotia, breeding; see Ridgway, Auk, i, 1884, 292). — Beown, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 27 (Lake Umbagog, New Hampshire, Oct. 9, 1 

 spec.).— Bailey, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 78 (Coney I., New York, 



' Seven specimens. 




190 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Dec. 20).— MyiarchusNOT, BirdaNew Engl., 1877, 195.— Lawkencb (N. T.), Bull. Nutt. 

 Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 102 (Bockaway, Long I., New York, Jan. 1).— Jeffries, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 103 (crit.).— Woolsey,Bu11. Nutt. Orn. Club, 

 Y, 1880, 121 (NewHaven,Connecticut, Nov. 22).— Scott (W. E. D.) , Bull. Nutt. 

 Orn. Club, 1881, 116 (Squam Beach, New Jersey, Nov. 16).— Ridgway, Nom. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 192; Auk, i, 1884, 292 (supposed eggs from Sable I., 

 Nova Scotia; see Merriam, Auk, i, 1884, 390).— Beown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 

 vii, 1882, 190 (coast Myiarchusine, Myiarchusr. 20-28 and Oct. 13 to Nov. 6).— Chamberlain, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 8 (Point Lepreaux, New Brunswick).— 

 DuTCHEK, Auk, i, 1884, 31 (Jones' Beach, Long I., New York, Jan. 1 and Feb. 

 14-23); ii, 1885, 36 (Fire I. Inlet, Long I., New York, Dec. 17-29; Shinne- 

 cock Bay, Long I., Feb. 4-27; measurements). — Dwight, Auk, ii, 1885, 105 

 (Behoboth Beach, Delaware, Nov. 22). — Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss.,xii, 

 1888, 679 (Long I., New York; Duxbury, Myiarchusssachusetts). 



P.[asserculus] princeps Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, Oct., 1872, 352, in text; 2d ed., 

 1884, 361. 



Ammodramus princeps Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. , viii, Sept. 2, 1885,354. — 

 American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 541. — Jones, Auk, iii, 

 1886, 135 (near Halifax, Nova Scbtia, end of Myiarchusr.). — Dutcher, Auk, iii, 

 1886, 441 (Long I., New York, records).— Bives, Cat. Birds Virginias, 1890, 

 73 (Cobb's I., Virginia, common in winter). — Worthington, Auk, vii, 1890, 

 211 (Glynn Co., Georgia, Jan. 8-27) .—Stone, Auk, ix, 1892, 204 (Cape Myiarchusy, 

 New Jersey, Jan. 26-29).— BH0ADS,Abstr. Proc. Del. Val. Orn. Club, 1892, 8, 

 (Cape Charles, Virginia, Myiarchusr. 29). — Brewster, Auk, x, 1893, 302 (Glynn Co., 

 Georgia; Cobb's I., Virginia). — Dwight, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Club, no. 2,1895, 

 1-56, colored plate (monogr.) . 



A. [mmodramus) princeps Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 407. 



PASSERCULUS SANDWICHENSIS SANDWICHENSIS (Gmelin). 

 SANDWICH SFARBOW. 



Wing not less than 68.58, averaging about 76.20; exposed culmen 

 not less than 11.18, averaging 11.94. 



Adults {sexes alih^. — Above grayish brown, conspicuouslj^ streaked 

 with black, the broad black streaks on back and scapulars edged with 

 narrower dull whitish or light buffy grayish streaks; pileum with a 

 median narrow stripe of pale grayish, or buffy grayish, streaks; a broad 

 superciliary stripe of j^ellowish, more decidedly yellow anteriorly; 

 wings light brownish with dusky centers to feathers; tail dusk j' gray- 

 ish brown, the rectrices edged with pale grayish, but without any 

 white on inner webs; auricular and subocular regions light brownish 

 gray or dull grayish buffy, margined above by a blackish postocular 

 streak and below by a more conspicuous rictal streak; a broad white 

 or pale buffy malar stripe; under parts white (sometimes, especially in 

 fall and winter plumage, tinged with buffy on chest, sides, etc.), with 

 sides of throat, chest, sides, and flanks conspicuously streaked with 

 blackish, the streaks on chest of more or less decided wedge-shape, 

 thosei on sides of throat coalesced into a more or less conspicuous sub- 

 malar stripe; longer under tail-coverts with concealed wedge-shaped 

 mesial streaks of grayish. 




BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 191 



Young. — Similar to adults, but paler streaks of upper parts more 

 buffy, dusky streaks of under parts less sharply defined, ground color 

 of under parts more buffy, the superciliary stripe usually without 

 yellow anteriorly and finely streaked with dusky. 



Adult male.— h^ngth. (skins), 125.22-146.05 (137.16); wing, 71.17- 

 79.76 (76.96); tail, 50.80-55.88 (52.58); exposed culmen, 11.18-12.70 

 (12.19); depth of bill at base, 7.11-8.38 (7.62); tarsus, 22.10-23.11 

 (22.61); middle toe, 15.24-17.02 (16.26).' 



J.c^?i;/maZe.— Length (skins), 123.95-145.80 (133.86); wing, 68.58- 

 77.72 (74.17); tail, 46.99-53.34 (50.29); exposed culmen, 11.18-12.70 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.62 (7.11); tarsus, 21.59-22.86 

 (22.10); middle toe, 15.24-16.76 (16,00).' 



Unalaska Island (also Shumagin islands and lower portion of Alaska 

 peninsula?) in summer; in winter, eastward and southward along the 

 coast to British Columbia, more rarely to northern California. 



[Emberiza] sandwichensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 875 (Sandwich Sound, 

 Alaska; based on Sandwich Bunting Latham, Gen. Synopsis Birds, ii, 202) . 



Passerculus sandimchensis Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 444; ed. 1860 

 ("Birds N. Am."), atlas, pi. 28, fig. 2; Oat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 333.— 

 Cooper and SucKLEY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 199, pi. 28, fig. 2 

 (Fort Steilacoom, Washington, Apr.). — Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 112, 

 part (Shoal water Bay, Washington). — Brown, Ibis, 1868, 422 (Vancouver 

 I.). — Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 284 (Sitka, 

 Alaska). — Cooper, Orn. CaL, 1870, 180 (Columbia R., winter). — Dall, 

 Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., v, 1873, 27 (Unalaska; Shumagins) ; vi, 1874, (5) (Una- 

 laska). — Baird, Bkeweb, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pi. 24, 

 fig. 9. — EiDGWAY, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 193. — Coues, Check List, 

 2d ed., 1882, 52.— Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1882, 151, 172 (Belkoffsky, 

 Alaska peninsula, July 23; Chernoffsky, Unalaska, Oct. 1). — Nelson, Cruise 

 "Corwin," 1881 (1883), 70 (Aleutian Islands) .—Turner, Auk, ii, 1885, 157 

 (Nearer Islands, Aleutian chain; breeding). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 380, part (in synonymy). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds 

 Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 674 part (Unalaska; Brit. Columbia?). 



Passerctdus sandvicensis Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, April, 1880, 97; Check 

 List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 226. 



P-lassercuhis'] sandvicensis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 362. 



[Zonotrichia] sandimchensis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 95, no. 7409. 



[Passerculus savanna-1 Var. sandvicensis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 136. 



Passerculus savanna . . var. sandmcensis Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 159b. 



Passerculus savanna, var. sandwichensis Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, 538. 



[Passerculus savanna"] c. sandvicensis Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 128. 



P.\asserculus'\ savanna sandvicensis Henshaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1879, 

 293 (Crooked R., Oregon, 1 spec. Sept. ). 



Passerculus savanna sandwichensis Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 20, 1883, 333. 



Aj)imodramus sandwichensis Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 

 354; xvi, 1893, 664 (Unalaska; Kadiak; Myiarchusddleton L). — American Orni- 

 thologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 542. — Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. 

 Alaska, 1886, 173 (Unalaska, Attu, and Atkha islands, Aleutian chain; 



1 Fourteen specimens. '' Seven specimens. 




192 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



habits).— Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 186 (Aleutian islands; 



Kadiak; habits, etc. ) . — To wnsend. Cruise " Corwin, " 1885 ( 1887 ), 101 ( Una- 



laska, Oct. 16).— Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., iii, 1890, 144 (coast British 



Columbia during migration).— Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 48, 63 



(coast British Columbia, winter). 

 A. [mmodramus] sandwichenm Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 408. 

 Emberiza arctica Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790,414 (based on Unalascha Bunting 



Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 320, 363, no. 229, and Sandwich Bunting Latham, 



Gen. Synop., iii, 202). 

 (7) i^njiffla arciica Vigors, Zool. Voy. "Blossom," 1839,20. 

 \_Euspiza] arctica Bonaparte, Consp. Av. , i, 1850, 469. 

 Euspiza arctica Baird, in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331 (northwest 



coast). 

 Zonotrichia arctica Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 46 ( Alexandre vsk, 



Emberiza chrysops Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 45, pi. 48, fig. 1 (Unalaska). 



PASSERCULUS SANDWICHENSIS SAVANNA (Wilson). 

 SAVAMlfAH SPARROW. 



Similar to P. s. sandwichemiti, but decidedly smaller (wing averag- 

 ing much less than 76.20 and never more than 73.66), the bill much 

 smaller, both actually and relatively; coloration averaging browner, 

 with superciliary stripe less continuously or conspicuously yellow. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 115.57-137.16 (127.00); wing, 65.02- 

 72.64: (69.34); tail, 45.97-53.09 (49.28); exposed culmen, 10.16-10.92 

 (10.41); depth of bill at base, 6.60-7.11 (6.86); tarsus, 20.07-22.35 

 (20.83); middle toe, 14.73-16.51 (16.49). ^ 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 114.30-129.54(122.94); wing, 63.50- 

 71.12 (66.29); tail, 43.18-50.29 (47.24); exposed culmen, 10.16-10.67 

 (10.41); depth of bill at base, 6.35-7.37 (6.60); tarsus, 20.32-22.^5 

 (20.83); middle toe, 14.48-16.00 (15.24).' 



Eastern North America, breeding from Connecticut, Pennsylvania 

 (Bradford, Crawford, Clinton, Elk, and Erie counties), Ontario, north- 

 western Indiana (Calumet, English, and Wolf lakes), etc. , northwiard to 

 Ungava (Fort Chimo), western side of Hudson Bay, etc. ; migrating 

 south in winter to Gulf coast, Bahamas, and Cuba; casual in Bermudas. 



(?) Fringilla hyemalis (not of Linnaeus, 1758) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 922 (New 

 York; based on Winter Finch Pennant, Arct. Zool., ii, 376). 



Fringilla savanna (not F. sarannanHn Gmelin) "Wilson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 55, 

 pi. 22, fig. 3; iv, 1811, 72, pi. 34, fig. 4.— Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Can., 

 i, 1832, 489.— Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 63; v, 1839, 516, pi. 109. 



Passerina savanna Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 26. 



"lAnaria savanna RicuARBBON, List, 1837." (Baird.) 



Passerculus savanna Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp". List, 1838, 33. — Gundlach, 

 Journ. f iir Orn. , 1856, 6 ( Cuba) ; 1874, 121 ( Cuba) ; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, 1, 

 1866, 283.— Baird, Rep.'Paciflc R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 442; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 



' Sixteen specimens. ' Fifteen specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 193 



1859, no. 332.— Brewee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba).— 

 Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 223 (coast of Labrador, breeding; 

 habits); Check List, 1873, no. 159; Birds N. VV., 1874, 127, part.— Sclater, 

 Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 112, part (e. United States) .— Turnbull, Birds E. 

 Penn. andN. J., 1869, 22 (breeding near mountains, wintering on seashore). — 

 Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 272, excl. syn. part (e. Florida, 

 winter). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 534, 

 pi. 24, fig. 8.— Merriam, Trans. Conn.- Acad., iv, 1877, 36 (Connecticut, 

 breeding) . — Myiarchusynard, Birds Florida, pt. iv, 1878, 100. — Brewster, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 118 (descr. young).— Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 

 88; List Birds W. I., 1885, 13. 



[Passerculus] savanna Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 480. — Conss, Key N. Am. 

 Birds, 1872, 136.— Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13. 



P.[a8serculus] savanna Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., 1851, i, 131, part (synonymy only). — 

 Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 106 (n. e.Illinois, summer resident) . 



Emheriza savanna Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 103; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 68, 

 160. — Lembeye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 55. 



Z. [onoirichial savanna Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 347. 



[Zonotrichia] savanna Gray, Hand-list, ii,,1870, 95, no. 7408. 



Zonotrichia savanna 3 A'RDvxs, Contr. Orn., 1850, 67 (Bermudas). 



\_Passercul'us savanna'] var. savanna Baikd, Brewer, and Ridqway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, 533. 



[Passercuhxs savanna] a. «a«arma Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 127, part (synonymy). 



Passerculus sandioichensis savanna Ridqway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 

 1880, 178; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. -1930.— Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., viii, 1885, 240 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, etc., breeding). 



Passerculus sandvicensis savana Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 227. — Bick- 

 nell, Auk, i, 1884, 329 (song). 



P.[asserculus'] s-landvicenffis] savana Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2ded., 1884, 363. 



Ammodramussandwicheyisis savanna RiBQW AY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, Sept. 2, 

 1885, 354; Auk, viii, 1891, 334, 338, 339 (Abaco, Rum Cay, and Green Cay, 

 Bahamas). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 542a. — 

 Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 211 (West Indian references); Birds W. I., 1889, 98; 

 Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 112, ,147 (Cuba, in winter).— (?) Hancock, Bull. 

 Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 19 (Corpus Christi, Texas, spring). — Cooke, 

 ■Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. VaL, 1888, 189, chiefly (dates, etc.). —Scott, Auk, vi, 1889, 

 321 (Tarpon Springs, Punta Bassa, and Key West, Florida, winter resi- 

 dent) .—Palmer ( W. ) , Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. , xiii, 1890, 264 (Myiarchusgdalen Islands, 

 Newfoundland, etc., breeding; habits) . — Warren, Birds Pennsylvania, 1890, 

 234 (breeding in Crawford, Erie, and Clinton counties). — Stone, Auk, ix, 

 1892, 204 (Cape Myiarchusy, New Jersey, Jan. 26-29). — MyiarchusIlWraith, Birds Ontario, 

 1892, 315 (breeding).— Bailey, Auk, xiii, 1896, 294 (Elk Co., Pennsylvania, 

 breeding). — Hoffman (R.), Auk, xii, 1895, 188 (Cape Cod, Myiarchusssachusetts, 

 Dec. 28, 30).— Neheling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 83, pi. 23, fig. 7.— 

 Butler, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1896, 246 (English Lake, n. w. Indiana, June 14) ; 

 Birds Indiana, 1897, 940 (breeding about Calumet Lake, English Lake, and 

 Woli Lake; wintering in Knox Co.). — Knight, Bull. Univ. Myiarchusine, no. 3, 

 1897, 96 (Myiarchusine, summer resid.).— Bhoads, Auk, xvi, 1899, 312 (Bedford 

 Co., Pennsylvania, June). 



A. [mmodramus] sandvjiehensis savanna Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 408. 



Passerculus sandunchensis (not Emheriza sandwichensis Gmelin) Shaepe, Cat. 

 Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 674, part (eastern localities and references). 



Ammodramus (Passerculus) sandwichenm wilsonianus Qoves,, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 

 93 (substitute subspecific name for savanna Wilson, preoccupied). 



17024—01 13 




lyj: BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



PASSERCULUS SANDWICHENSIS ALAUDINUS (Bonaparte). 

 WESTERN SAVANNA SPAKKOW. 



Similar to P. s. savanna, but wing and tail averaging longer, tarsus 

 shorter, bill more slender, and coloration decidedly paler and graj^er 

 (more so even than in P. s. sandvjichensis), with the superciliary stripe 

 usually less decided^ yellow, often white, even anteriorly. 



Adult m,ale.— Length (skins), 114.30-141.73 (129.03); wing, 65.02- 

 77.72 (72.64); tail, 45.72-57.15 (51.82); exposed culmen, 9.65-10.92 

 (10.67); depth of bill at base, 5.08-5.84 (5.33); tarsus, 19.05-22.61 

 (20.83); middle toe, 13.72-16.76 (15.49).^ 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 114.30-132.33 (124.97); wing, 65.02- 

 72.90 (70.10); tail, 44.70-53.84 (50.29); culmen, 9.65-11.43 (10.67); 

 depth of bill at base, 5.08-5.84 (5.33); tarsus, 18.29-20.83 (20 57); mid- 

 dle toe, 13.72-15.49 (15.24).' 



Western North America, from northwestern Alaska to southern 

 Mexico; breeding from Alaska (Yukon and Kowak River valleys, 

 coast of Bering Sea, Alaska Peninsula, Kadiak, etc.) southward to 



' Forty-nine specimens. 



' Tliirty-one specimens. 



Locality. 



Wing. 



Tail. 



Ex- 

 posed 

 culmen. 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



Tarsus. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



MALES. 



Five adult males from Alaska Peninsula (Kukak 

 Bay) 



Ten adult males from other parts of Alaska, includ- 

 ing Kadiak Island 



Twenty-four adult males from western United 

 States and British Columbia 



Ten adult males (mostly summer birds) from south- 

 ern Mexico 



FEMALES. 



Two adult females from Alaska Peninsula (Kukak 

 Bay) 



Three adult females from other parts of Alaska 



'Twelve adult females from western United States .. 



Fourteen adult females from southern Mexico 



(mostly summer) 



68.83 

 72.14 

 71.12 

 71.37 



69.60 

 66.80 

 67.82 



49.02 

 51.82 

 49.28 

 53. 85 



48.51 

 50.04 

 47.75 



10.41 

 10.41 

 10.41 

 10.41 



10.67 

 10.16 

 10.16 



10.41 



5.33 

 6.59 

 5.33 



5.33 

 5.59 

 5.08 



20.67 

 20.32 

 20.57 

 19.81 



20.57 

 19.81 

 20.32 



16.49 

 16.75 

 14.99 

 15.24 



15.24 

 14.99 

 14.22 



It will thus be seen that there is no essential variation in measurements throughout 

 the very extensive breeding range of this form, which extends from northwestern 

 Alaska to the table-lands of southern Mexico. Myiarchusny of the Mexican specimens were 

 obtained during the breeding season, and these I am unable to distinguish in any 

 way from breeding examples obtained at more northern localities. 



The type of Ammodramus sandwichensis brunnescens Butler (obtained November 20 

 in the Valley of Mexico) is a specimen of P. s. hryanti; but other specimens so 

 labeled, taken by Myiarchus. Butler in the same locality during December, are typical 

 examples of P. «. alaudinus, and I am able to match them perfectly with fall and 

 winter specimens from the western United States. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 195 



southern portion of Mexican plateau (states of Puebla, Mexico, Tlax- 

 cala, Hidalgo, etc.), and from the Pacific coast (north of San Francisco 

 Bay) to eastern edge of the Great Plains, plains of the Saskatchewan, 

 etc. ; in winter throughout valleys of entire west (including southern 

 California and Lower California) and whole of Mexico, excepting the 

 tierra caliente, and to Guatemala (Hacienda Chancol, Jan.). 



Passeradus alaudinus Bonaparte, Compt. Eend., xxxvii, Dec, 1853, 918 (Cali- 

 fornia) ; Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 18.— BAiRD,Eep. Pacific E. E. Surv., 

 ix, 1858, 446; ed. 1860 ("Birds N. Am."), atlas, pi. 4, fig.l; Eep. U. S.and 

 Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 15 (Brownsville, Texas; Tamaulipas) ; Cat. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 335.— Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858,803 (La 

 Parada, Oaxaca) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 112 (n. California; Nebraska; Oax- 

 aca). — Cooper and Suckley, Eep. Pacific E. E. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 199 

 (Coast of Washington) . — Sclater and Salvix, Ibis, 1860, 398 (Duefias, Gua- 

 temala) . — Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 487 (near San Antonio, Texas) . — Coues, Proc. 

 Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 84 (Port Whipple, Arizona). — D all and Bannister, 

 Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, 1869, 284 (Sitka and Yukon E., Alaska). — Elliot, 

 Illustr. New and Unflg. N. Am. Birds, 1869, pi. 13.— Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. 

 Soe. N. H., i, 1869, 552 (Vera Cruz, winter).— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 181.— 

 Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 7. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, pi. 24, fig. 11. 



[ZonotricMyiarchus] alaudma Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 95, no. 7411. 



Zonotrichia alaudma Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, iii, 1872, 51 (crit. ). 



Passerculvs savanna, var. alaudinus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, 537.— Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 4, 1876, 21 (Tehuan- 

 tepec City, Oaxaca, Nov.). 



Passerculus savanna . . . var. ciZawrfmus Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 

 182 (Colorado) .—Henshaw, Eep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 

 61 (Denver, Colorado), 79 (Garland, Colorado), 111 (Mount Graham, Apache, 

 and Camp Grant, Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 254 (localities 

 in Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Arizona). 



Passerculus savanna alaudinus Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 11, 19 

 (Carson and West Humboldt Mts., Nevada). — Coues and Streets, Bull. V. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 7,1877,9 (EioSanlgnacio, Sonora). — Mbarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, iv, 1879, 164 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon). — Eobeets and Benseh, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 14 (Grant and Traverse counties, Myiarchusnnesota, 

 breeding).— Finsch, Journ. fur Orn., 1883, 273 (Portage Bay, Alaska, Myiarchusy). 



Passerculus sandvichensis, y. alaudinus Ridgway, Field and Forest, iii. Myiarchusy, 1877, 

 198 (Colorado). 



Passerculus sandvichensis ... a. alaudinus Ridgway, Orn. 40th parallel, 1877, 464 

 (moist valleys and marshes, Nevada and Utah, breeding; habits, song, etc.). 



Passerculus sandvicenais, y. alaudinus Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, April, 

 1878, 66 (centr. California); Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 415 (do.). 



P.[asserculus'] savanna alaudinus Henshaw, Orn. Eep. Wheeler's Surv., 1879, 293 

 (Washoe Lake, Nevada, and northward, breeding). 



Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 

 1880, 178; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 193i.— Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., V, 1882, 151 (Chugachik Bay, Cook Inlet, Chamisso I., and Kadiak, 

 Alaska, breeding).— Nelson, Cruise "Corwin," 1881 (1883), 70 (coast of 

 Bering Sea, Yukon district, etc.) .— Bblding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 

 350 (La Paz, Lower California, winter) .— Goss, Auk, iii, 1886, 114 (MyiarchusPher- 

 son Co., Kansas, Oct.) .—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 36 

 (summer resid. on coast) . 




196 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Passerculus sandvicensis alaudinus Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 229. 



P. \/isserculus\ s. [andvicensisl alaudinus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed. , 1884, 363. 



Ammodramus sandwichensis alaudinus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, sig. 23, 

 Sept. 2, 1885, 354.— American Oknithologists' Uxion, Check List, 1886, 

 no. 5426.— Eereari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 145 (Puebla, 

 Mexico, Dec). —Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 173 (St. Myiarchuschaels).— 

 Nelson, Rep. Nat. Plist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 187 (habits, etc.).— Townsexd, 

 Cruise "Corwin," 1885 (1887), 93 (upper Kowak E., Alaska, July, Aug.); 

 Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.,xiii, 1890, 141 (Santa Cruz I., California, Feb.).— Han- 

 cock, Bull. Eidgw. Orn. Club no. 2, 1887, 19 (Corpus Christi, Texas, spring). — 

 Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 189 (w. Myiarchusnitoba; Gainesville, Texas, 

 etc.). — Myiarchuscfarlane, Proc. U.S.Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891,442 (near Fort Ander- 

 son, breeding; descr. nest). — Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1891, 

 594 (Myiarchusnitoba summer resid.; habits; song). — Ehoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 1893, 48, 63 (British Columbia, breeding from seacoast to 5,000 ft.). — 

 Grinnell, Pub. i, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 17 (San Clemente I., California, 

 Myiarchusr. 30) ; Pub. ii, 1898, 36 (Los Angeles Co., California, Sept. 18 to Myiarchusy 3; a 

 few breeding?). — Allison, Auk, xvi, 1899, 267 (Amite Co., Myiarchusssissippi, 1 

 spec. Nov. 12, 1897). 



A. [mmodramus'] sandwichensis alaudinus Eidgw ay, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 409. 



Passerculus anftimis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, Dec, 1853, 919 (Kadiak, 

 Alaska); Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 19. — DALLand Bannister, Trans. 

 Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 284 (St. Myiarchuschaels, Sitka, Nulato, Unalaklik, Kadiak, 

 etc., Alaska). 



Passerculus savanna var. anthinus Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 57 

 (Great Porcupine Creek, Montana). 



P.^assemdus'] savanna (not Fringilla savanna Wilson) Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, 

 1851, 131 (Mexico). 



Pa»serculus savanna Woodhodse, in Eep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 

 85 (Indian Territory; Texas; New Mexico; California). — Heeemann, Rep. 

 Pacific R. E. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 48 (California, etc.). — Sclater, Cat. Am. 

 Birds, 1862, 112, part (Santecomapan, Vera Cruz). — Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, 74 

 (Fort Carleton; Myiarchusckenzie E.). — Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. 

 Sci.,i, 1869, 283 (Yukon R., St. Myiarchuschaels, Unalaklik, and Sitka, Alaska).— 

 Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 159, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 127, part; Bull. 

 U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 588 (Pembina, etc.. North Dakota; 

 habits; descr. nest). — Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 156, 162 

 (South Park, etc., Colorado, breeding). — Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 

 1873, 182 (Colorado).— Nelson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 346 (Salt 

 Lake City, Utah), 358 (Nevada, California) . — Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and 

 Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 17 (Brownsville, Texas); v, 1879, 390 (Corpus 

 Christi and Lomita, Texas) . — MyiarchusChesney, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. 

 Terr., v, 1879, 76 (Fort Sisseton, South Dakota, June).— (?) Hatch, Ninth 

 An. Rep. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Myiarchusnn., 1881, 395. — Nehkling, Auk, 

 vii, 1882, 12 (s. e. Texas, breeding). 



{^Passerculus'] savanna Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, lS5, part. — Sclater and 

 Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 31. 



[Passerculus savanna] a. sai'anna Coues, Birds N.W., 1874, 127, part (in synonymy). 



(?) Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna Emerson, Zoe, i, 1890, 45 (Volcano Mts., 

 San Diego Co., California, 1 spec. Myiarchusr. 9). 



Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna Myiarchuscfarlane, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 

 1891, 442 (Anderson R., breeding). 



Passerculus sandwichensis (not Emberiza sandvriQhensis Gmelin) Blakiston, Ibis, 

 1863, 75 (Myiarchusckenzie R.). 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 197 



Passerculua sandmchensis Sclatee, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 112, part (northern 

 Mexico). — SALViNand Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am,, Ayes, i, 1886, 380, part. — 

 Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 674, part. — Fannin, Check List 

 Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 36 (summer resid. w. of Cascade Mts., and on 

 Vancouver I.). 



Ammodramus sandunchensis brunnescens (part) Butlee, Auk, v, July, 1888, 265 

 (Valley of Mexico, Dec; not the type, which = P. s. bryanti.'). 



Ammodramus sandwichmsis xanthophrys Geinnell, Condor, iii, Jan., 1901, 21 

 (St. Paul, Kadiak, Alaska; coll. Leland Stanford Jr. Univ. ) . 



PASSERCULUS SANDWICHENSIS BRYANTI Ridgway. 

 BRYANT'S MARSH SPARROW. 



Similar to JP. s. savanna, but smaller and darker, with more slender 

 bill; decidedly smaller and very much darker and browner than I^. s. 

 alaudinits, with black dorsal streaks very much broader, the under 

 parts much more heavily streaked with black, and in winter plumage, 

 with the chest, sides, etc., strongly tinged with brownish buff. 



Adult male.—hength (skins), 116.06-127.00 (120.90); wing, 63.75- 

 71.12 (67.06); tail, 44.20-50.80 (48.01); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.43 

 (10.67); depth of bill atbase(two specimens), 6.10; tarsus, 19.05-20.32 

 (20.07); middle toe, 14.4S-16.51 (15.49).' 



Adult feinale.— 'Length (skins), 111.76-118.11 (115.82); wing, 

 62.74-68.38 (64.77); tail, 43.18-18.77 (46.23); exposed culmen, 10.16- 

 10.92 (10.67); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 5.84; tarsus, 19.05- 

 20.32 (20.07); middle toe, 13.97-15.49 (14.99).' 



Coast of California (salt marshes), breeding chieflj'' about San 

 Francisco Bay; occasionally southward in winter to central Mexico 

 (Valley of Mexico). 



[The type specimen of ATrnmodvam/us sandwichensis lyrutvnescens 

 Butler agrees minutely with examples of this form from the coast 

 of California. There is no yellow whatever in the superciliary stripe; 

 but this character is more or less variable in all the forms of this 

 species, and some Californian specimens of the present form are 

 equally destitute of yellow on the superciliary or supraloral region. 



An adult female fromTlalpam, Mexico (No. 143780, U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 Dec. 8, 1892, E. W. Nelson) is closely similar to Myiarchus. Butler's type of 

 A. s. hrunnescens, and practically indistinguishable from some Califor- 

 nian examples.] 



Passerculus anthinus (not of Bonaparte, 1853) Baied, Rep. Pacific E. R. Surv., 

 ix, 1858, 445 (San Francisco, Benicia, and Petaluma, California) ; Cat. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1859, no. 334.— (7) Sclatee, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 112 (California).— 

 Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 183, part.— (?) Elliot, Illustr. New and Unfig. Birds 

 N. Am., 1869, pi. 13. — Baied, Beewee, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 

 1874, pi. 24, fig. 10.— Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 194, part. 



[Passerculus savanna.l Var. anthinus Coues, Key, 1872, 136, part. 



^ Ten specimens. '' Five specimens. 




198 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Passerculus savanna . . . var. anUdnm Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 159o, part. 



Passercuhi^ savanna, var. anthinus Baied, Beewee, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, 539, part, pi. 24, fig. 10. 



[Passerculus savanna} b. anthinus Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 128, part. 



Passerculus sandvicensis anthinus Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 228, part. 



P. [cmerculus'] s. [andvicensis] anthinus Coues, Key N. Aro. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 363, 

 part. 



(?) Passerculus alaudinus (not of Bonaparte?) Heeemann, Rep. Pacific R. R. 

 Surv., X, pt. iv, 1859, 49 (Benicia, California). 



Passerculus aandwichends bryanti Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vii, no. 33, 

 Jan. 19, 1885, 517 (Oakland, California; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



Ammodramus sandmichensis bryanti Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, sig. 23, 

 Sept. 2, 1885, 354.— Wichs, The Avifauna, i, 1885, 27 (San Francisco, Cali- 

 fornia; descr. nest and eggs). — Ameeican Genithologists' Union, Check 

 List, 1886, no. 542c.— Fishee, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 86 (coast, 

 Santa Barbara to Carpentaria, Dec). — Swaeth, Condor, iii, 1901, 17 (San 

 Pedro, California, Dec. 10). 



A.[mmodramus'] sandwichensis bryanti Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 409. 



Passerculus sandwichensis (not Emberiza sandwicherms Gmelin) Shaepe, Cat. Birds 

 Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 674, part. 



Ammodramus sandwichensis brunnescens Butlee, Auk, v, July, 1888, 265 (Valley 

 of Mexico, Nov. ; coll. A. W. Butler) . 



PASSERCULUS BELDINGI Ridgway. 

 BELDING'S MAESH SPARROW. 



Similar to I^. sandwichensis irycmti, but still darker in coloration, 

 the under parts more heavily and more extensively streaked with 

 black, the upper parts more olivaceous and more uniform; wing and 

 tail averaging shorter, but bill larger; legs and feet darker (grayish 

 brown). 



Adults {sexes cdike). — Above olive, streaked with black, the streaks 

 very broad on dorsal region; pileum with an indistinct median lighter 

 narrow stripe; under parts white, or bufi'y white, the entire chest, 

 breast, sides, and flanks broadly streaked with black, these streaks, in 

 winter plumage, suffused terminally with olive-brownish; under tail- 

 coverts with concealed dusky wedge-shaped mesial streaks. 



Adult mfflfe.— Length (skins), 115.32-139.70 (12i.71); wing, 64.01- 

 71.63 (67.31); tail,, 46.99-50.80 (48.77); exposed culmen, 10.41-12.70 

 (11.18); depth of bill at base, 6.60-7.37 (6.86); tarsus, 20.07-22.35 

 (20.83); middle toe, 15.24-15.75 (15.49).' 



Adultfemcde.~L,ength (skins), 110.49-139.70(122.68); wing, 60.96- 

 67.56 (62.99); tail, 42.42-46.48 (43.94); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.43 

 (10.67); depth of bill at base, 5.59-6.60 (6.10); tarsus, 18.29-20.57 

 (19.81); middle toe, 14.73-15.49 (14.99).'' 



Salt marshes of southern California and Lower California, from 

 Santa Barbara to San Quentin Bay and Todos Santos Island. 



^ Seven specimens. ^ Eight specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 199 



Passeradua anthinus (not Bonaparte) (?) Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 112 



(California). — Coues, Ibis, 1866, 268, in text (San Pedro, s. California; 



habits). — Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 183, part (San Diego, California). — Ridq- 



WAY, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 194, part.— Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. 



Myiarchuss., V, 1883, 528 (San Quentin Bay, Lower California, Myiarchusy 2-11; resident?). 

 l^Passerculus savanna. ] Var. anthinus Coues, Kej', 1872, 136, part. 

 Passerculus savanna . . . var. anthinus Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 1.59a, part.. — 



Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1876, 240 (Santa Barbara, s. 



California, breeding; habits; measurements). 

 Passerculus savanna, var. anthinus Baird, Brewer, and Ridqway, Hist. N. Am. 



Birds, i, 1874, 539, part. 

 ^Passerculus savannal b. anthinus Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 128, part. 

 Passerculus savanna anthinus Coues, Bull. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 7, 1877, 9 (Todos 



Santos I., Lower California). 

 Passerculus sandvicensis anthinus Coues, Check List, 2d ed. , 1882, no. 228. 

 P.^asserculusl s-landmcensisl anthinus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 363, 



part. 

 Passerculus alaudinus (not Bonaparte) Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 



Birds, ii), 1874, 512 (Santa Barbara, California, breeding). 

 Passerculus beldingi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vii, no. 33, Jan. 19, 1885, 



516 (San Diego, California, U. S.Nat. Myiarchuss.). 

 Ammodramus beldingi 'RjBGv; AY, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.,viii, no. 23, Sept. 2, 1885, 



354. — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 543. — Ever- 



mann, Auk, iii, 1886, 182 (Ventura Co., California, resident). — Gault, Bull. 



Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 58 (San Diego Co., California; habits; descr. 



nest and eggs, etc.). — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 85. — Grin- 



NELL, Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 36 (Los Angeles Co., California, 



resident in salt marshes). 

 A.[mmodramus} beldingi Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 409. 

 Passerculus sandwichensis (not Emberiza sandwichensis Gmelin) Sharpe, Cat. 



Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 674, part. 



PASSERCULUS ROSTRATUS ROSTRATUS (Cassin). 

 lARGE-BIILED SPARROW. 



Culmen regularly curved from base, without depression in middle 

 portion, the bill more swollen than in J°. sa7idwiche7isis and allies; 

 primaries exceeding secondaries by less than length of exposed culmen 

 (the latter 10. 67 mm. or more) ; upper parts not conspicuously streaked, 

 except sometimes on back. 



Adults {sexes cdike). — Above light broccoli brown, tinged with gray, 

 the feathers of pileum and back with more or less distinct mesial streaks 

 of darker; outer webs of secondaries and greater wing-coverts more 

 wood brown or cinnamon, the tertials with conspicuous central areas of 

 dusky; a broad but rather indistinct superciliary stripe of pale buffy 

 grayish, becoming nearly white anteriorly; auricular region brown, 

 mixed with pale buffy grayish centrally; an indistinct dull whitish 

 suborbital space; broad malar stripe pale buff or buffy whitish; under 

 parts buffy white, the flanks tinged with brownish buffy, and the 

 chest, sides of throat, sides, and flanks streaked with wood brown or 

 cinnamon, these brown streaks usually inclosing a narrower median 




200 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



streak of blackish; maxilla deep brown (darker on culmen), mandible 

 paler brown (darker terminally); iris brown; legs and feet light 

 brownish. 



Adult wwZc— Length (skins), 129.54^-144. 78 (138.94); wing, 69.09- 

 74.17 (71.88); tail, 49.53-55.12 (53.34); exposed culmen, 12.19-13.72 

 (12.95); depth of bill at base, 7.37-7.87 (7.62); tersus, 22.35-23.37 

 (22.86); middle toe, 15.75-18.08 (17.02).' 



Adult female.— Ijength (skins), 132.08-144.78 (136.65); wing, 64.01- 

 71.88 (66.80); tail, 46.48-54.36 (50.55); exposed culmen, 10.67-12.95 

 (12.19); depth of bill at base, 6.35-7.62 (7.37); tarsus, 21.59-23.62 

 (22.35); middle toe, 15.75-17.78 (16.26).' 



Salt marshes of southern California and Lower California, north to 

 Santa Barbara, south about to San Quentin Bay (?); in winter south 

 along both coasts of Lower California to Cape St. Lucas and Todos 

 Santos Island and along coast of Sonora as far as Guaymas. 



Emberiza rostrata Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, 184 (San Diego, Cali- 

 fornia; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). 



Ammodramus rostratus Cassin, lUustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1855, 226, pi. 38.-^ 

 American Oknithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 544. — Geinnell, 

 Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 36 (Los Angeles Co., California, Aug. 

 , to Apr., in salt marshes and beaches). 



A.[mmodramus'] rosiraius Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 410. 



Passerculus rostratus Baird, Eep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 446; Cat. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1859, no. 336.— Heer.mann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 

 46 (San Diego, San Pedro, and Santa Barbara, California). — Cooper, Orn. 

 Cal., 1870, 184 (San Pedro; San Diego).— Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 160; 

 2d ed., 1882, no. 230. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 

 i, 1874, 542, pi. 24, fig. 12.— Coues and Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 7, 

 1877, 9 (Todos Santos I., Lower California). — Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 

 1881, no. 196; Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1883, 537-539 (La Paz, Lower California; 

 crit.).— Belding, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1883, 537 (La Paz, Lower Cali- 

 fornia, Dec. to Feb. ); vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora, Dec, Apr.). — Brew- 

 ster, Auk, ii, 1885,198 (PortLobos, Sonora, Aug. 20). — Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 382 (Guaymas). — Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 680, excl. syn. part (Cape St. Lucas). 



IPasserculus] rostratus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 136. 



P.lasserculm} rostratus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 363. 



\_Passerculus rostratusi var. rostratus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 

 Am. Birds, i, 1874, 533. 



IZonotrichia'] rostrata Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 95, no. 7412. 



Ammodramus rostratus guttaiusf (not Passerculus guttatus Lawrence) Price, Bull. 

 Coop. Orn. Club, i, 1899, 92 (mouth Colorado R.). 



PASSERCULUS ROSTRATUS SANCTORUM Coues. 

 SAN BENITO SPARROW. 



Similar to P. r. rostratus., but slightly smaller (except the bill) and 

 coloration grayer, with streaks on under parts darker. 

 Adult male.— Length (skins), 121.92-137.16 (128.78); wing, 66.04- 



' Fourteen specimens. '' Eleven specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 201 



73.66 (70.61); tail, 46.99-53.34 (50.55); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.70 

 (11.43); depth of bill at base, 7.11-8.13 (7.37); tarsus, 21.59-23.86 

 (22.35); middle toe, 16.00-18.03 (17.02).^ 



Aduli fmtale.— Length (skins), 119.38-129.54 (125.48); wing, 65.53- 

 68.33 (66.80); tail, 46.48-50.29 (48.51); exposed culmen, 11.68-12.45 

 (12.19); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.37 (7.24); tarsus, 19.81-22.35 

 (20.83); middle toe, 15.75-16.51 (16.00).'' 



San Benito Island, Lower California. 



This is merely an insular form of P. TOHtvatuH. The bill averages 

 exactly the same in both forms, both in length of culmen and basal 

 depth. Some specimens are scarely to be distinguished bj^ color, but 

 the average dijfference is ver}^ decided and quite sufficient to separate 

 the two forms subspecificallj^. 



Passerculus guttatua (not of Lawrence) Couesand Streets, BulL U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 



no. 7, 1877, 10, excL syn. (San Benito I., Lower California; crit.). 

 Passermlus sanctorum Coues Ridgway, Proc. TJ. S. Kat. Myiarchuss., v, sig. 34, Myiarchusr. 



21, 1883, 538, in text (San Benito I.; nomen nudmn.'). 

 P-lasserculus'] sanctorum Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1883, 538, 539, in 



text (crit.).— Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 364 (San Benito I., 



Lower California; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 

 Ammodramus {PassercLdus) sanctorum Coues, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 92. 

 Ammodramus sanctorum Amehican Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, xiv, 



Jan., 1897, 121 (Check List, no. 544.1) .—MyiarchusGebgoh, Auk, xv, 1898, 264 



(descr. young). 



PASSERCULUS ROSTRATUS GUTTATUS (Lawrence). 

 ST, LTJOAS SPARROW. 



Similar to P. r. rostratics but smaller, with relatively smaller and more 

 slender bill and with the coloration darker; upper parts grayish olive 

 or hair brown, the pileum with narrow streaks of dusky, the back and 

 scapulars with very broad streaks, or longitudinal mesial spots, of 

 dark sepia brown; under parts white, shaded with light hair brown or 

 grayish olive on sides and flanks; sides of throat, chest, sides, and 

 flanks conspicuously streaked, the strealis blackish brown medially 

 (broadly), light hair brown along edges. Length (skins), 123.19-124.46 

 (123.70); wing, 63.50-64.77 (64.01); tail, 47.50-47.75 (47.62); exposed 

 culmen, 11.18; depth of bill at base, 5.59-6.10 (6.84); tarsus, 20.57- 

 21.34 (20.83); middle toe, 14.99-15.75 (15.24).^ 



Southern portion of Lower California (San Jose del Cabo) in winter; 

 breeding range unknown. 



Passerculus guttatus Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii. Myiarchusy, 1867, 473 

 (San Jos6 del Cabo, Lower California; IT. S. Kat. Myiarchuss. ). — Cooper, Orn.Cal., 

 1870, 185. — Baibd, Bhewbb, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pi. 25, 



' Five specimens. 

 '' Four specimens. 

 ^Two specimens, one of them an adult male, the other wi,th sex undetermined. 




202 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



fig. 1.— Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 231.— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. 



Myiarchuss., iii, 1880, 2 (crit.); v, 1883, 538, 539, in text (crit.); Norn. N. Am. 



Birds, 1881, no. 195. 

 [Passerculus'] guttatus Coues, Key X. Am. Birds, 1872, 136. 

 P. \_asserculus] guttatus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 364. 

 \_Zonotrichia\ guttata Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 95, no. 4713. 

 Passerculus rostratus . . . var. guttatus Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 160a. 

 Passerculus rostratus, var. guttatus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 



Birds, i, 1874, 544, pi. 25, fig. 1. 

 Passerculus rostratus guttatus Goode, Bull. U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss. , no. 20, 1883, 333. 

 ' Ammodramus rostratus guttalas Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, sig. 23, Sept. 2, 



1885, 355. — American Orxitholgists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 544a. 

 A. [mmodramus} rostratus guttatus Ridgway', Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 410. 

 Passerculus rostratus (not Emberiza rostrata Caasin) Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. 



Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 680, part (in synonymy). 



PASSERCULUS ROSTRATUS HALOPHILUS (MyiarchusGregor). 

 ABREOJOS SPARROW. 



Similar to P. r. guttatus, but larger and much darker, the upper 

 parts deep olivaceous streaked with blackish on pileum and back, the 

 streaks on chest, etc., black, with little if any brown edging; diflfering 

 from P. hddingi in much more uniform coloration of upper parts, 

 with the ground color more decidedly olivaceous and the darker streaks 

 far less distinct; in less numerous and decidedly narrower blackish 

 streaks on chest, etc., and in longer wing, tail, and tarsus. 



Adult male.— Jjength (skins), 114.30-127.00 (123.19); wing, 66.80- 

 70.61 (69.09); tail, 42.93-52.32 (50.29); exposed culmen, 12.70-12.95 

 (12.62); depth of bill at base, 6.35-7.62 (6.60); tarsus, 20.32-22.61 

 (21.59); middle toe, 15.49-17.02 (16.00).^ 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 114.30-123.19 (119.13); wing, 63.50- 

 69.60 (64.77); tail, 45.21-51.05 (47.50); exposed culmen, 12.19-13.21 

 (12.70); depth of bill at base, 6.10-6.86 (6.35); tarsus, 20.32-22.35 

 (21.34); middle toe, 14.48-16.76 (15.75).' 



Abreojos Point, Lower California (breeding). 



Ammodramus halopJnlus MyiarchusGregor, Auk, xv, July, 1898, 265 (salt marshes near 

 Abreojos Point, Lower California; coll. R. C. JlcGregor). 



Genus CKNTRONYX Baird. 



C'entrony.v Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 440. (Type, Emberiza bairdii 

 Audubon.) 



SmaU conspicuously streaked terrestrial Fringillidte with the sixth 

 primary not abrupth' shorter than the seventh; the hallux longer 

 than the outer toe, its claw longer than distance from nostril to tip of 

 maxilla; edge of wing white; adults with a black rictal streak and with 

 the chest streaked with black. 



'Nine specimens. ^Twelve specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 203 



Range. — Great Plains of North America. (Monotypic.) 

 This genus is unquestionably far more nearly related to Cotumicu- 

 lus than to Passerculiis, but differs from it in the characters mentioned 

 above; both Oentronyx and Coturniculus differing from Passercuhis in 

 additional characters which they share together (see "Key" to the 

 genera, pages 34, 35). 



CENTRONYX BAIRDII (Audubon). 

 BAIRS'S SFARBOW. 



Admits {sexes alike). — Head ochraceous or buffy, deepest on pileum, 

 palest (often nearly or quite white) on chin and throat; pileum streaked 

 with black, especially laterally; a blackish rictal streak, and a black 

 submalar streak; prevailing color of upper parts light brown, varied 

 by blackish central spots and buffy edgings to the feathers; under 

 parts white or pale buffy, the chest, sides, and flanks streaked with 

 black; bill brownish, the mandible paler (pale flesh color in life); iris 

 brown; legs pale brownish yellow (pale flesh color in life), the toes 

 and claws darker. 



Young. — Essentially like adults, but feathers of pileum and back 

 dusky distinctly margined with pale buffj^, and streaks on chest, etc., 

 less sharply defined. 



Adult mffife.— Length (skins), 121.92-137.16 (128.02); wing, 71.12- 

 72.64 (71.63); tail, 62.07-63.34: (53.83); exposed culmen, 10.4:1-10.92 

 (10.67); depth of bill at base, 6.60-6.86 (6.73); tarsus, 20.32-21.08 

 (20.67); middle toe, 15.24r-16.76 (15.76).^ 



J.(^MZi;/emaZe.— Length (skins), 118.11-125.73(122.17); wing, 66.04- 

 68.58 (67.56); tail, 48.26-53.34 (51.56); exposed culmen, 10.16-10.67 

 (10.41); depth of bill at base, 6.60-7.37 (6.86); tarsus, 19.30-20.32 

 (19.81) middle toe, 14.73-15.24 (14.99).' 



Great Plains of North America; breeding from western Myiarchusnnesota 

 (Red River Valley), North Dakota, eastern Montana, etc.,' noi-th to 

 Assiniboia and Myiarchusnitoba (Carberry, Fingerboard, Shell River, Butte 

 River, Moose Mountain, Lower Saskatchewan, Shoal Lake, etc.) ; south, 

 during migration to Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, northern Chihua- 

 hua, (Parral, Balleza, etc.), and northern Sonora (Sasabe, Nuevenche 

 plain, etc.); west casually to eastern Washington (Okanogan County, 

 September). 



' Eight specimens. 



^ Five specimens. 



^Two alleged breeding localities are so far outside the really established breeding 

 range of this species that I can only refer to them as doubtful. These are, Camp 

 Harney, eastern Oregon (Bendire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 118), and Canoncito, 

 northern Texas (MyiarchusCauley, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 663). 




204 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Emberiza bairdii Audubon, Birds Am., oct. ed., vii, 1843, 359, pi. 500 (Fort Union, 

 North Dakota; type in U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— Baikd, in Stansbury's Eep. Gt. 

 Salt Lake, 1852, 330 (Fort Union). 



lEmberizal bairdi Gkay, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 116, no. 7733. 



[CotwDiiculus] iairdi BoNAPAKTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 481. 



Cenironyx bairdii B Ami), Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 441; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 

 1859, no. 331.— Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 157, part; Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 

 695 (North Dakota; habits, etc.); Birds N. W., 1874, 125 (syn., descr., 

 habits, etc.).— RIDGWAY, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 182, 190 (El Paso Co., 

 Colorado; crit. ) .^Baird, Beewbe, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 

 1874, pi. 25, fig. 3.— Hbnshaw, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 241 (Arizona); Rep. 

 Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 110 (Camp Grant and Mount Gra- 

 ham, Arizona, Sept. 21-23; GilaE., New Mexico, Oct. 16; habits; measure- 

 ments). — Allex, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 57 (west to Little Myiarchuss- 

 souri R., North Dakota; descr. nest and eggs). — (?) Bbndire, Proc. Bost. 

 Soo. N. H., 1877, 118 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, breeding; descr. nest and 

 eggs).— Hatch, Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Myiarchusnn., 9th An. Eep., 1881, 395 

 (Red R. valley, breeding). 



[Centronyx] bairdii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 135, part. 



Centronix bairdi Baikd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 531; iii, 

 1874, 510( North Dakota; descr. ; habits) . — Ridgway, Field and Forest, iii, 1877, 

 198 (Colorado) ; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 191. — Henshaw, Rep.Orn. Spec. 

 Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 158 (e. Arizona, Aug. 16); Zool. Exp. W. 100th 

 Merid., 1875, 253 (localities in Arizona, Sept. ; Gila R., New Mexico, Oct.; 

 Del Norte, Colorado, Aug.) ; Auk, ii, 1885, 333 (upper Pecos E., New Mexico, 

 breeding?) . — Brewster, Auk, ii, 1885, 198 (s. Arizona and 10 m. s. of Sasabe, 

 Sonora,Aug.29,30). 



\_Ammodromus] bairdi Giebel, Thes. Orn., i, 1872, 328. 



Ammodramus bairdii American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 545. — 

 Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 323 (Assiniboine Valley, w. Myiarchusnitoba, abundant sum- 

 mer resid.).— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 189 (breeding in w. Myiarchusni- 

 toba, w. Myiarchusnnesota, and North Dakota; Gainesville, Texas, 1 spec. Apr. 24; 

 Fort Davis, Texas, winter resid.; Grinnell, Iowa, spring and fall); Birds 

 Colorado, 1897, 101 (migrant).— Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1891, 

 595 (Assiniboine Valley, summer resid. ; Carberry, Fingerboard, Shoal Lake, 

 Butte R., Shell R., and Moose Mt., Myiarchusnitoba; habits, song, etc.). — Dawson, 

 Auk, xiv, 1897, 93 (Chelan, Okanogan Co., e. Washington, Sept. 5). — Nehb- 

 LiNG, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 82. 



A.[mmodramus] bairdii Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 410. 



Ammodromus bairdii Nutting, Bull. Labr. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa, ii, no. 8, 1893, 

 275 (Grand Rapids, Lower Saskatchewan). 



Ammodramm bairdi Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., v, 1893, 38 (Nuevencha plain, 

 n. e. Sonora, Feb.). — Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 178 (Okanogan Co.,e. Wash- 

 ington, spring and fall). 



Passerculus bairdii Coues, Am. Nat., vii, Nov., 1873, 697 (North Dakota). 



P. lasserculus] bairdi Coues, Key I^. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 360. 



Passerculus bairdi MyiarchusCauley, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 

 663 (Canoncito, n. Texas, breeding; descr. nest and eggs). — Coues, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 2, pi. 1 (synonymy; plate represents young!) ; Bull. 

 U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 585 (Pembina to Souris R., North 

 Dakota; habits, etc.) ; CheckList, 2d ed. , 1882, no. 224.— Seton, Auk, ii, 1885, 

 268, in text (w. Myiarchusnitoba; habits; song, etc.). — Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 681. 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMEBIC A. 205 



Centronyx ochrocephalus Aiken Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, Apr., 1873, 237 (El Paso 

 Co., Colorado; coll. C. E. Aiken). — Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 157 bis. — 

 Baied, Beewee, and Eidgivay, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, pi. 46, fig. 6. (See 

 Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 190; Scott, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 

 564; Coues, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 696.) 



Genus COTURNICULUS Bonaparte. 



CoHurniculus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List., 1838, 32. (Type, Fringilla 

 passerina Wilson. ) 



Small terresti'ial Fringillidse with the sixth primary abruptly shorter 

 than the seventh; hallux shorter than outer toe, but decidedly longer 

 than inner toe, its claw shorter than distance from nostril to tip of 

 maxilla; edge of wing yellow; adult without black streaks on under 

 parts. Differing from Aiamodrcumis in having the outermost (ninth) 

 primary longer than the seventh; the tail relatively shorter (shorter 

 than wing by nearly length of tarsus), emarginate, or slightly double 

 rounded, with lateral rectrices but little if any shorter than middle 

 pair and much less acuminate. 



Myiarchusnge. — Temperate North America, including whole of Mexico; 

 Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.) 



If Ooturnicul/us is to be recognized even as a subgenus it must neces- 

 sarily be restricted (among known species) to C. swvanna/rum and its 

 continental subspecies, since the two species usually associated are 

 found on comparison to differ quite decidedly in structural details, 

 which agree with those of Ammodramiis. 



The South American species usually referred to Ooturniculus are 

 still more different structurallj^, and have been removed by me into 

 another genus. ^ 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SHESPECIBS OF COTUENICULUS. 



a. Tarsus longer (averaging 19.81 or more). 



h. Wing and tail shorter (wing averaging 56.64, tail 39.12); coloration slightly 

 darker. (Jamaica; Porto Rico; Curagao; Bonaire.) 



CoturniculuB savannarum savannarum (p. 206) 

 66. Wing and tail longer (wing averaging 60.96, tail 44.20); coloration slightly 

 paler. (Eastern United States; Bahamas; Cuba.) 



Coturniculus savannarum passerinus (p. 207) 

 Off. Tarsus shorter (averaging 19.30 or less). 



6. Myiarchusch darker in color (as in C. c. savannarum) ; wing and tail much shorter, bill 



stouter (wing averaging 57.66, tail 42.93, depth of bill at base 7.62). (Coast 



district of Vera Cruz to Chiapas.) ..Ooturniculus savannarum obscurua (p. 209) 



66. Myiarchusch paler (palest of all); wing and tail much longer, bill more slender (wing 



averaging 62.23, tail 46.99, depth of bill at base 6.10). (Western United 



States and south over plateau of Mexico.) 



Coturnioulus savannarum bimaoulatus (p. 209) 



^Myospiza Ridgway, Auk, xv, July (pub. Myiarchusy 14) , 1898, 224. (Type, Fringilla ma- 

 nimbe Lichtenstein. ) 




2.06 bulletunt 50, united states national museum. 



COTURNICULUS SAVANNARUM SAVANNARUM (Gmelin). 

 ANTILLEAN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. 



AdulfH in suiamer (sexes althe). — Pileum blackish, narrowly streaked 

 with light gray or grayish bufly and divided medially by a distinct line 

 of pale grayish buff; rest of upper parts mixed grayish, pale buffy, 

 rusty brown and black, the last prevailing on back and scapulars, 

 where forming large, more or less coalesced central or median spots; 

 hindneck grayish, streaked with chestnut, the chestnut streaks some- 

 times black medially; feathers of rump streaked or spotted with rusty 

 brown, the streaks sometimes black basally; wings duskj^, with distinct 

 pale buffj' grayish edgings, the lesser coverts mostly yellowish olive, 

 passing into yellow on edge of wing; sides of head, including broad 

 superciliary stripe, dull buffy, paler and more grayish on lores, the 

 supraloral region yellowish; a dusky postocular streak; under parts 

 buffy, becoming white or nearly so, on lower breast, abdomen, and 

 under tail-coverts; maxilla dark brown, paler on tomium; mandible 

 pale brownish (more or less lilaceous or pinkish in life); iris brown; 

 legs and feet pale brownish yellow or flaxen. 



Adults in lointer. — Similar to summer plumage, but brighter colored, 

 with less black and more of chestnut on upper parts; the median 

 crown-stripe deeper buffy, the hindneck broadly streaked with chest- 

 nut, interscapulars distinctly edged with buff and gray, buff of under 

 parts deeper, that of chest sometimes indistinctly streaked with 

 chestnut. 



Young. — Pileum dusky with an indistinct median stripe of pale 

 gra3ash, and indistinctly streaked with the same, or with pale brownish; 

 hindneck streaked with dusky and pale buffy grayish; back andscap- 

 ulai-s dusky or dull blackish, the feathers distinctly margined with 

 dull buffy and pale grayish; middle and greater wing-coverts margined 

 terminally with dull buffy whitish; under parts dull buffj' whitish, the 

 chest distinctly streaked with dusky; sides of head more or less 

 streaked with dusky; no yellow over lores nor on edge of wing. 



Admit w«^('.— Length (skins), 106.68-110.49 (108.46); wing, -56.13- 

 57.15 (56.90); tail, 37.59-40.64 (39.62); exposed culmen, 10.67-11.68 

 (11.18); depth of bill at base, 6.60-7.37 (6.86); tarsus, 19.81-20.57 

 (20.07); middle toe, 14.73-15.75 (14.99).^ 



Adult female.— Length, (skin), 109.22; wing, 57.66; tail, 39.37; ex- 

 posed culmen, 10.92; depth of bill at base, 7.11; tarsus, 20.07; middle 

 toe, 15.24.^^ 



Jamaica and Porto Rico, resident; also, according to Hartert, islands 

 of Curapao and Bonaire, southern Caribbean Sea.' 



'Three specimens from Jamaiia. 



^ One specimen from Jamaica. 



' "A series of skins of this species [from Bonaire] agree best with specimens from 

 Jamaica, which are typical A. savannarum and can not be separated from them. 

 The wings of the Aruljan specimens measure 2.05 to 2.20 inches [52.07 to 55.88 mm.]; 

 tarsus, 1.7 [i. e. 0.70] inches [17.78 mm.]." (Hartert, Ibis, 1893, 327.) 




BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



207 



[Fringilla] savannannn (tMelix, Syst. Xat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 921 (based on The 



Savanna Bird Sloane, Xat. Hist. Jamaica, ii, 306, pi. 259, fig. 3).— Latham, 



Index Om., i, 1790, 443. 

 C'.[otumiadus'] savanuarum A. and E. Newtox, Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104. 

 Ammodramus savannariim CoRv, Auk, iii, 1886, 212, part (Jamaica; Porto Rico); 



Birds W. I., 1889, 99, part (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 112, part (do.).— 



Haetert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. iii, 1892, p. xii (Bonaire; Curasao).— 



Scott, Auk, x, 1893, 179 (Jamaica). 

 Ammodromus mvannarum Shahpe, Cat. Birds Brit. JIus., xii, 1888, 687, part 



(Jamaica).— (?) H.4.rteht, Ibis, 1893, 314 (Curasao), 327 (Bonaire; crit.). 

 Cotiirinciihis tixicms GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 242 (Jamaica); Illustr. Birds 



Jamaica, 1849, pi. 60.— Sclatbr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 74 (crit.) ; Cat. 



Am. Birds, 1862, 116 (Jamaica) . 

 ICoturniadus'] tixicms Sclater and Salvin, Rom. Ay. Neotr, 1873, 32. 

 Cloturniculus'] Uxicrus (err. typ.) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 481. 

 [Ammodramus} ti.ricras Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 96, no. 7423. 

 Coturniculua passerinus (not Fringilla passerina Wilson) Myiarchusrch, Proc. Acad. Nat. 



Sci. Phila., 1863, 298 (Jamaica) .—Baied, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 



Am. Birds, i, 1874, 553, part (Porto Rico; Jamaica). — Gundlach, Anal. Soc. 



Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 203 (Porto Rico).— Cory, Birds W. I., 1885, 13, 



part (Porto Rico; Jamaica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,i, 



1886, 384, part (Porto Rico; Jamaica). 

 Fringilla passerina (not of Wilson) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 254 



(Porto Rico) . 

 Fringilla {Coturn iculus) passerina Sundevall, Ofv. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockholm, 



1869, 597 (Porto Rico). 



COTURNICULUS SAVANNARUM PASSERINUS (Wilson). 

 GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. 



Similar to C s. savannarum, but decidedly larger (except bill and 

 feet), and coloration rather lighter. 



Adult nude.— Length (skins), 111.Y6-121.92 (llt.OQ); wing, 58.67- 

 62.23 (60.96); tail, 41.15-45.72 (44.45); exposed culmen, 10.67-12.19 

 (11.43); depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.87 (7.37); tarsus, 19.81-20.83 

 (20.07); middle toe, 14.73-15.49 (14.99).^ 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 107.95-119.38 (114.05); wing, 68.42- 

 62.74 (60.20); tail, 40.39-45.72 (43.94); exposed culmen, 10.67-11.94 

 (11.43); depth of bill at base, 6.60-7.62 (7.11); tarsus, 19.05-20.83 

 (19.81); middle toe, 14.22-15.24 (14.99).' 



^ Nine specimens, all from eastern United States. 



^Nine specimens, including four from Cuba (Jlarch 18-30). The latter compare 

 in average measurements with five from the United States, as follows: 




208 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Eastern United States and more southern British Provinces; west 

 to edge of the Great Plains; north, in summer, to Myiarchusine, New Hamp- 

 shire, Ontario, etc.; south, in winter, to Bahamas, Cuba, island of 

 Cozumel, Yucatan, and Gulf coast of Mexico. 



Fringilhi passerina "Wilson', Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 76, pi. 24, fig. 5. — Bonaparte, 

 Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 109.— Audubon, Orn: Biog., ii, 1834, 180; v, 1839, 

 497, pi. 1.30. 



Emberiza passerina Jaedine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 365, pi. 24, fig. o. — 

 Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 103; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 79, pi. 162.— 

 PUTNA5I, Proc. Essex Inst., 1856, 210 (Myiarchusssachusetts; summer). 



Coturnlcidus passerinus BoN.iPAKTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 32. — Baied, Eep. 

 Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, ]858, 450, part (synonymy and specs, from Carlisle, 

 Pennsylvania) ; Cat. ^ST. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 338. — Sclatee, Cat. Am. Birds, 

 1862, 116, part (Pennsylvania). — Veerill, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 157 

 ( Myiarchusine, rare sumtaer visit.) . — Allen, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 71 ( Myiarchusssa- 

 chusetts, Myiarchusy to Sept. ). — MyiarchusIlwkaith, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 89 (Hamil- 

 ton, Ontario, rare). — Boardman, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 126 (Calais, 

 Myiarchusine, rare).— Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 162; 2d ed., 1882, no. 234; Birds 

 N. W., 1874, 131, part. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 

 i, 1874, 553, part, pi. 25, fig. 4.— Bewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 

 119 (descr. young). — Rathbun, Revised List Birds Centr. New York, 1879, 

 19 (2 specs.).— GiBBs, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 486, 

 (Myiarchuschigan). — M.^ynaed, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 127.— Ridgway, Nom. N. 

 Am. Birds, 1881, no. 198. — Bicknell, Auk, i, 1884, 330 (song). — Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 384, part. 



[Coturniculus'] passerina Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 481. 



C.\_oturniculus~i passerinus Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, 1851, 132 (Cuba). — Coues, Key 

 N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 365. 



[Cotumiculusi passerinus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 137, part. — Coey, List 

 Birds W. I., 1885, 13, part (Cuba). 



[CotumicMlus passerinus'] var. passerinus Baied, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 

 Am. Birds, i, 1874, 549. 



A.[mmodramus1 passerinus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 373. 



[vlmmocZramus] passerinus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 96, no. 7420. 



A.[mmodromus'] passerinus Ridgway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 372 (Illi- 

 nois). — Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 107, 152 (n. e. Illinois, abundant 

 summer resid. ) ; ix, 1877, 49 (Richland Co., Illinois). 



Coturniculus savannarum passerinus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, Oct., 

 1885, 568 (Cozumel I., Yucatan). 



Ammodramus savannaruni passerinus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, Sept. 2, 

 1885, 355. — A.meeican Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 546. — 

 Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. "Val., 1888, 190, part (more eastern localities). — 

 LocMyiarchuss, Auk, viii, 1891, 167 (Chester Co., South Carolina, resid.). — Coey, 

 Cat. AV. I. Birds, 1892, 112 (Biminis, New Providence, and Andros islands, 

 Bahamas). — ilclLWEAiTH, Birds Ontario, 1892, 316 (London and Hamilton, 

 summer, 2 specs.). — Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., iv, 1892, 308 (San 

 Pablo and Guanajara, Cuba; crit.). — Nehkling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 

 1896, 86, pi. 23, fig. 6.— Bagg, Auk, xiv, 1897, 227 (Oneida Co., New York, 

 1 spec. July 2, 1895).— Knight, Bull. Univ. Myiarchusine, no. 3, 1897, 97 (Calais, 

 1 spec). — Bagg, Auk, xvii, 1900, 178 (near Oneida, New York, common). 



A.\mmodramMyiarchus\ savannarum passerinus Ridgw.4.y, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887,411. 



Fringilla savanarum (not F. savannarum Gmelin) Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and 

 Can., i, 1832, 494; 2d ed., i, 1840, 570.— Peabody, Rep. Birds ^ilass., 1839, 324. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 209 



■ Anwiodromus sniannarum Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 212, part (Cuba); Birds W. I., 

 1889, 99, part (do.); Cat. W. 1. Birds, 1892, 1.5, 112, part (do.).— Sn.\EPB, 

 Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 687, part. 

 Ammodromus^ australis 1Iayn.\ed, Am. Exch. and Myiarchusrt., and Household Journ., 

 iii, Jan. 15, 1887, 33 (type from Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas;'' coll. 

 C. J. IMyiarchusynard); ib.,Feb. 5, 1887, 69 (see Chapman, Auk, v, 1888, 274). 



COTURNICULUS SAVANNARUM OBSCURUS (Nelson). 

 ■ MINATITLAN SPARROW, 



Adult male similar to that of C. s. x(i,v((iijiarwui^ but still darker in 

 coloration, with tail averaging longer and feet smaller; adult female 

 not distinguishable from that of C. ■>. jja.sseriniis. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 109.47-120.40 (114.81); wing, 53.34r- 

 5SA-2 (55.12); tail, 87.34-43.69 (39.62); exposed culmen, 10.92-12.45 

 (11.68); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.13 (7.87); tarsus, 17.78-19.81 

 (19.05); middle toe, 13.21-14.73 (13.72).^ 



Achdi fe?nale.— Length (skins), 120.65-129.54 (123.19); wing, 59.69- 

 63.50 (61.47); tail, 42.93-47.75 (44.70); exposed culmen, 10.67-11.94 

 (11.43); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.62 (7.37); tarsus, 18.03-20.32 

 (19.56); middle toe, 13.97-14.99 (14.48).' 



1 have some hesitation in referring the females whose measure- 

 ments are given above to this form, for the reason that they are so 

 much larger and so different in color from the males, in both respects 

 being, for all that I can see, identical with C ■?. passerivus. It is 

 scarcely likely, however, that in the series of specimens collected at two 

 localities as widely separated as Myiarchusnatitlan, Vera Cruz, and Palenque, 

 Chiapas, all the males would represent one form and all the females 

 another, especially since the two sexes were at each place collected on 

 the same dates. 



Coast district of Vera Cruz (near Myiarchusnatitlan, etc.) to Chiapas (Pa- 

 lenque); resident. 



Ammodramus aavannarum obscunis Nelson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 61 (Myiarchusnatitlan, 

 s. e. Vera Cruz, Mexico; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



COTURNICULUS SAVANNARUM BIMACULATUS (Swainson). 

 WESTERN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. 



■ Similar to O. .y. pass&rinus, but wing and tail longer, bill smaller and 

 relatively more slender, and coloration paler, with more rusty brown 

 and less black on upper parts. 



^ Owing to printer's error, spelled "Ammo Dromus Australis," this being corrected 

 in number for Feb. 5, where redescribed. 



2 "Bare on the Bahamas, but constantly in Florida." 

 ' Twelve specimens. 



* Four specimens. 



17024—01 14 




210 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Adult m«/('.— Length (skins), 106.68-129.54 (117.35); wing, 57.15- 

 66.29 (62.48); tail, 42.93-51.31 (46.48); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.68 

 (10.92); depth of bill at base, 5.59-6.86 (6.35): tarsus, 18.29-20.32 

 (19.56); middle toe, 13.46-16.49 (14.73).^ 



AclnU fernaJe.—\^&u^l\x{s\:m&\ 111.76-123.19 (118.36); wing, 60.71- 

 63.75 (62.23); tail, 46.23-50.80 (47.75); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.18 

 (10.67); depth of bill at base, 5.84-6.86 (6.60);, tarsus, 18.54-19.81 

 (19.05); middle toe, 13.46-15.49 (14.99).= 



"Western United States and Mexican plateau; east to western Myiarchusn- 

 nesota and Iowa, eastern Kansas, Texas, etc.; south (in winter only?) 

 to highlands of Guatemala and Costa Rica. 



Aiiii:iodr(tmii,s himanddtus Swaixmin, Philos. Myiarchusg., n. s., i, 1827, 435 (Temascal- 

 tepec, Jlexico). 



A[mmodramus] himaculatiis Gkay, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 374. 



lAminodrainus} 6imfiC!(/ah(s Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 96, no. 7418. — Boxapaete, 

 Consp.Av., 1,1850,482. 



Cotitrnicidus lienslovAi (not Emberaa henslowii Audubon) Sclatee, Proc. Zool. .Soc. 

 Lond., 1856, 305 (Cordova, Vera Cruz; seeSclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 

 1857, 82). 



Cotiinticifh.is passerinvs (not Fringilla passerina AVilaon) Baied, Rep. Pacific R. R. 

 Surv., ix, 1858, 450, part (Shawnee Myiarchusssion, Kansas; Loup Fork of Platte R. ; 

 Bill Williams Mt., Arizona; Nogales, Sonora); Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. 

 Surv., Ii, 1859, 15 (Los Nogales, Sonora); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 

 338, part. — Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 379 (Oaxaca, s. Mexico, 

 Myiarchusr.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 116, part (Guatemala). — Sclatee and Salvin,. 

 Ibis, 1859, 18 (Guatemala). — Kenneely, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., x, pt. Iv, 1859, 

 28 (Bill Williams R. and Colorado R., Arizona). — Heeemaxx, Rep. Pacific 

 R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 49 (California, etc.). — Cabanis, Journ. fiir 

 Orn., 1860, 411 (San laidro, Costa Rica).— Deessee, Ibis, 1865, 487 (San 

 Antonio, Texas, breeding). — Lawbence, Ann. Lj-c. N. Y., Ix, 1868, 103 

 (Costa Rica); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., il, 1874, 277 (Myiarchuszatlan); Bull. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss.,no. 4, 1876, 21 (Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca). — Sumichbast, Mem. 

 Bost. Soc. N.H.,i, 1869, 552 (Vera Cruz, in winter). — Feantzius, Journ. fur 

 Orn., 1869, 301 (San Isidro, Costa Rica).— Coopee, Orn. Cal., 1870, 189, excl. 

 syn. part. — Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iil, 1872, 136 (Kansas), 177 

 (Utah) .— Meebill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 126 (Fort Brown, Texas, 

 Jan.).— Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv., v, 1879, 390 (Lomita, 

 Texas, April).— Robeets and Bennee, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880,14 

 (Grant and Traverse counties, Myiarchusnnesota breeding). — Hatch, Ninth Ann. 

 Rep. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Myiarchusnn., 1881, 395.— Ogilby, Sci. Proc. Roy. 

 Dubl. Soc, iil, 1882 (32) (Navarro Co., Texas, summer resid. ). — Zeledon, 

 Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9. — Ageesboeg, Auk, ii, 1885, 280 (s. e. South 

 Dakota, breeding). — Salvix and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 

 384, part. 



[Coturnicidus] passerinus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1S72, 137, part. — Sclatee and 

 Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 32, part. 



Aiimiodmmus passerinus Woodhouse, in Rep. i-iitiireaves' Expl. Zufli and Col. R. 

 1853, 86 (Indian Territory; Texas; New Mexico). 



Ammodramus sarannnnun passerinus Goss, Birds Kans., 1891, 445 (summer resid., 

 Apr. to Oct.). — Hatch, Birds Myiarchusnn., 1892, 313 (Grant and Norman counties 

 and in Red R. valley). 



^ Twelve speciinenjj. '' Eight specimens. 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 211 



[Coturnicuhis passerinus] xht. 2^erpaUi(his Ridgway, manuscript, Coues, Key N. 

 Am. Birds, Oct., 1872, 137, in text ("dry western regions "^). 



Coturniculus paBserinus . . var. perpallidus Coues, Clieck List, 1873, no. 162a. — 

 Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1874, 112 (Camp Grant, Monnt 

 Graham, and Gila R., Arizona); 1876, 240 (Santa Barbara, California, June, 

 July); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 257, pi. 1, tig. 2. 



[Coturniculus passerinus] b. pierpallidus Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 132 (synonymy). 



Coturniculus passerinus, var. i>eipnllidus Bated, Bhewee, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 

 Am. Birds, i, 1874, 556.— Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Xov., 1873, 182 

 (Colorado). 



Cotmnicuhis passerinus pei-paHiVius Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 171 

 (Sacramento, California, June); vii, 1875, 11 (Carson Valley, Nevada, breed- 

 ing), 30 (Salt Lake Valley, Utah); Nom. N. Am. Birds, no. 198a.— Coues, 

 Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 235.— Belding, Proo.U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1883, 

 540 (La Paz, Lower California). 



C.[oturniculus p. [asserinusl perpallidus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 

 366. 



Coturniculus passerinus . . . /3. pgrpaffirfus Ridgway, Orn. 40th parallel, 1877, 467 

 (Sacramento, California, June; Ruby Valley, Nevada, breeding; Salt Lake 

 Valley, Utah, breeding). 



Coturniculus passerinus, (i. perpmllidus Ridgway, Field and Forest, ii, Myiarchusy, 1877, 

 198 (Colorado). 



Coturniculus perpallidus Yarkow and Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. AVheeler's 

 Surv., 1871-3 (1874), 34 (Nevada). 



Ammodramus savannarum perpallidus Ridgway', Proc. U. S. Nat. JIus., viii, sig. 23, 

 Sept. 2, 1885, 355. — American Ornithologist's Union, Check List, 1886, no. 

 546o.— CooKB, BirdMyiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888. 191 (Dakota, Texas, etc.).— Rich- 

 mond and Knowlton, Auk, xi, 1894, 305 (Gallatin Valley, Jlontana). — Grin- 

 NELL, Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 36 (Los Angeles Co., California, 

 Aug. 10 to Apr. 30).— Brooks. Auk, xvii, 1900, 107 (Vernon, e. Brit. Colum- 

 bia, summer res. ) . 



A. [mmodramus'] passerinus perpallidus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 411. 



Ammodramus savannar,um (not Fringilla savannarum Gmelin) Shaepe, Cat. 

 Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 687, part. 



Genus AMMODRAMUS S^Aralnson. 



Ammodramus Swainson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, .'US. (Type, Oriolns cmidanitus 

 Gmelin. ) 



Small, conspicuously streaked marsh-sparrows with the tail nearly 

 or quite as long as the wing, much graduated (lateral rectrices much 

 shorter than middle pair), with the rectrices narrow and acuminate; 

 outermost (ninth) primary shorter than seventh. 



Bill variable in relative length and thickness; exposed culmen more 

 than half as long as tarsus, more or less convex basally and terminallj-, 

 but sometimes nearly straight; gonys nearly or quite straight, a little 

 shorter than maxilla from nostril; depth of bill at base barely less 

 {A. henslowii) to \ evY rtmc\i less {A. maritimus) than length of gonys; 

 maxillary tomium more or less distinctly convex in middle portion, more 

 or less deeply incised sub-basally; mandibular tomium nearlj' straight 



'The type, in U, S. National Myiarchusseum, is from Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, Utah. 




212 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



to the ve'ry decided basal deflection, the angle usually rounded, but in 

 one species {A. hendovj/') conspicuously toothed. Nostril in lower 

 anterior portion of nasal fossse, at least partially exposed, more or less 

 pointed anteriorly, and overhung by membrane; rictal bristles distinct. 

 Wing short, about two and two-thirds to three times as long as tarsus; 

 eighth to sixth, or (in A. viaritimus) seventh to fifth primaries 

 longest, the ninth shorter than third {A. marltlmus), or equal to 

 sixth or fifth (other species); primaries decidedly longer than sec- 

 ondaries; tertials not elongated. Tail nearljr or (in A. leconteii) quite 

 as long as wing, decidedl}^ graduated, the retrices narrow and more or 

 less sharply acuminate. Tarsus equal to or slightly longer than middle 

 toe with claw; lateral claws falling decidedly short of base of middle 

 claw; inner toe slightly longer than outer; hallux not longer than 

 lateral toes. 



C'oloratii))!.. — Above varying from nearlj' uniform olive-grayish or 

 blackish to conspicuoush" spotted with black, brown, or chestnut, and 

 streaked with bufly, the median rectrices light brownish or grayish 

 with a median stripe or streak of dusky; beneath whitish or buff and 

 white, the chest, sides, and flanks more or less streaked with black or 

 grayish; edge of wing usually yellow (white in ^4. leconteii). 



Range. — Eastern and central temperate North America. 



The four species to which I have, after careful examination and com- 

 parison, concluded to restrict the genus Ammodraimm agree fairly 

 well in structural and other characters. Two of them, however, are 

 much less closely related than are the other two, being not only quite 

 different from one another in structural details but from the other two 

 as well. These aberrant species are A. niaritinvu.s and A. Iienslowii. 

 The former, while agreeing rather closely with the type-species {A. 

 caudacutus) in longer and relative)}^ more slender bill, and to a consid- 

 erable degree in coloration, differs in its veiy much rounded wing-tip, 

 the ninth primary being not longer than the third, instead of being 

 equal to the sixth and fifth, as in all the others. A. henslowii has a 

 very much stouter bill than any of the rest, and the subbasal angle of 

 the mandibular tomia is distinctly toothed — a character possessed by 

 none of its congeners; in other respects, however, it comes vei'y close 

 to A. leconteii, which is closely related to A. caudacutu.s, through its 

 smaller and small-billed subspecies, A. cavdcccutiiJi nelsoni. -A. leconteii 

 is the only species having the tail and wing of the same length, all the 

 others having the wing slightly but decidedly the longer. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP AMMODRAMUS. 



a. Pileum without a distinct light-colored median stripe ; no chestnut or rufous on 

 scapulars nor interscapulars; leet dusky or horn-colored 

 h. Outermost (ninth) primary not longer than fourth (usually shorter); larger 

 (tarsus averaging more than 21.59). 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 213 



c. Upper parts without distinct black streaks. (Atlantic coast of United States,- 

 from southern Myiarchussst chusetts to South Carolina,) 



Ammodramas maritimus maritimus (p. 214) 

 cc. Upper parts with distinct black streaks. 

 <l. Under parts not heavily streaked with black; if distinctly streaked, the 

 ground color distinctly grayish or gray and buffy. 

 e. Faler; middle rectrices with median dusky streak very narrow, equal in 

 width to much less than half the total width of inner web; under parts 

 shaded with pale gray laterally and (sometimes) across chest, the latter 

 usually pale buff streaked with pale grayish. (Coast of Texas. ) 



Ammodramus maritimus sennetti (p. 218) 



ee. Darker; middle rectrices with median dusky stripe very broad, its width 



equal to at least half the total width of inner web; under parts shaded 



with deep gray or gray and buff laterally and across chest, the latter 



streaked with dusky or black. 



/. Chest, sides, and flanks grayish, with little if any buff; upper parts with 



less black. 



g. Jlore uniform in color, especially the upper parts, where the blackish 



streaks are less sharply contrasted with the general olivaceous color; 



under parts more grayish, with the darker streaks more extensively 



diffused, even the throat sometimes streaked. (Gulf coast of 



Florida.) Ammodramus maritimus peninsulae (p. 216) 



gg. Less uniform in color, especially the upper parts, where the blackish 

 streaks are sharply contrasted with the more varied ground color; 

 under parts less grayish, with the darker streaks more restricted 

 (whole throat immaculate) . ( Vicinity of Charleston, South Caro- 

 lina and southward. ) 



Ammodramus maritimus macgillivraii ' (p. 216) 



ff. Chest, sides, and flanks deep buffy; upper parts with more' black. 



(Coast of Louisiana, etc. , in summer; coast of Texas, western Florida, 



and, occasionally, vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina, in winter.) 



Aminodramus maritimus fisheri (p. 217) 

 dd. Under parts heavily streaked with black on a white ground. (East coast 

 of Florida, south of Myiarchustanzas Inlet.) . . .Ammodramus nigrescens (p. 219) 

 hb. Outermost (ninth) primary equal to fifth, or longer; smaller (tarsus averaging 

 less than 21.59). 

 c. Back and scapulars conspicuously streaked with grayish white or buffy 

 whitish; superciliary stripe deep buff, very strongly contrasted with the 

 deep brown lateral stripes of pileum; chest, aides, and flanks distinctly 

 streaked with black or dusky, or else deep buff, with or without distinct 

 black or dusky streaks. 

 d. Larger, with longer bill (exposed culmen 11.94 or more); chest, sides, and 

 flanks conspicuously and sharply streaked with black or dusky, on a 

 paler (often whitish) buffy ground; average measurements, wing 57.15, 

 tail 48.01, exposed culmen 12.45, tarsus 20.83, middle toe 16.26. (Atlan- 

 tic coast of United States, north to Myiarchusssachusetts. ) 



Ammodramus caudaoutus oaudacutus (p. 220) 

 dd. Smaller, with shorter bill (exposed culmen not more than 10.67); chest, 

 sides, and flanks deep buff, less distinctly (rarely sharply or conspicu- 

 ously) streaked, the first sometimes immaculate; average measure- 



' A very unsatisfactory subspecies, the characters being intermediate between those 

 of A. m. mcmtvmus and A. m. fisheri, or, in some cases, between the former and A. 

 m. : 




214 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MCJSEUM. 



ments, wing 54.61, tail 46. 74, exposed culmen 10.41, tarsus 20.32, middle 

 toe 15.49. ( ^Myiarchusssissippi Valley, breeding northward; Atlantic coast, 

 especially [southward, during migrations. J 



Ammodramus caudaoutus nelsoni (p. 221) 

 cc. Back and scapulars without conspicuous lighter streaks; superciliary stripe 

 pale buff, often tinged with grayish posteriorly and with pale yellow 

 anteriorly, less .strongly contrasted with the paler brown or olivaceous 

 lateral stripes of the pileum; chest, sides, and flanks pale buff, usually 

 obsoletely, rarely distinctly, and never (?) sharply, streaked with grayish; 

 average measurements, wing 56.90, tail 49.53, exposed culmen 10.67, 

 tarsus 21.34, middle toe 16.26. (Atlantic coast of United Statea and New 

 Brunswick, breeding from Myiarchusssachusetts northward. ) 



Ammodramus caudacutus subvirgatns (p. 223) 

 aa. Pileum with a distinct light-colored median stripe; feathers of back and scapu- 

 lars with chestnut-colored markings; feet pale yellowish. 

 6. Bill small (exposed culmen averaging 9.14, depth at base not more than 5.59); 

 hindneck chestnut streaked with light grayish; edge of wing white. (Great 

 Plains, etc., southeastward in winter.) 



Ammodramus leconteii (p. 224) 



bh. Bill large and stout (exposed culmen averaging 10.67 or more, depth at base 



not less than 6.35); hindneck buffy olive streaked with black; edge of wing 



pale yellowish. 



/;. Darker, with more chestnut on upper parts, and under parts more buffy. 



( Eastern United States, west to edge of Great Plains, north to Ontario. ) 



Ammodramus henslowii henslowii (p. 226) 



cc. Paler, with less chestnut on upper parts, and under parts whiter. (South 



Dakota in summer. ) Ammodramus henslowii occidentalis (p. 228) 



AMMODRAMUS MARITIMUS MARITIMUS (Wilson). 

 SEASIDE SPARROW. 



Ninth primary not longer than fourth. 



Adults {sexes alike). — Above olive-grayish, tinged with olive, especially 

 on back, where feathers are somewhat darker with light grayish edges, 

 producing more or less distinct streaks; pileum olive laterally, gray- 

 ish medially, producing three broad but very indistinct and faintly 

 contrasted stripes; a supraloral streak of yellow, usually passing into 

 whitish posteriorly, succeeded by a broad supra-auricular stripe of olive- 

 grayish; a malar stripe, chin, throat, and abdomen white; submalar 

 stripe and broad streaks on chest grayish; edge of wing yellow. 



Young. — Above browner than in adult, the back broadly and pileum 

 narrowly streaked with blackish; beneath whitish, the chest, sides, and 

 flanks more or less strongly buffy and streaked with dusky. 



Adult male.— Ijength (skins), 132.08-147.32 (140.72); wing, 60.71- 

 65.28 (62.99); tail, 50.80-58.93 (55.37); exposed culmen, 12.70-14.73 

 (13.72); depth of bill at base, 6.35-7.37 (7.11); tarsus, 22.61-24.13 

 (23.37); middle toe, 17.27-18.54(17.78).' 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 129.54-142.24 (138.68); wing, 55.88- 



' Sixteen specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 215 



60.4:5 (58.42); tail, 49.63-54.86 (54.10); exposed culmen, 12.95-14.48 

 (13.46); depth of bill at base, 6.35-6.86 (6.60); tarsus, 22.61-23.37 

 (22.86); middle toe, 17.02-18.03 (17.53). ' 



Atlantic coast of United States, in salt-water marshes, breeding 

 from southern Myiarchusssachusetts (Westport, near Rhode Island line) to 

 Georgia. 



Some specimens show more or less black streaking on the posterior 

 portion of the pileum, but in the large series examined (40 adults) 

 this is never conspicuous. Autumnal and winter specimens show more 

 or less of a pale buff suffusion on the chest, the white malar stripe 

 also more or less buffy. 



Fiingilla maritima Wilson, Am. Oru., iv, 1811, 68, pi. 34, fig. 2. — Audubon, 

 Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 470, pi. 93. — Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Canada, i, 

 1832, 505; 2(1 ed., i, 1840, 592. 



[Ammodramasl mariihim Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 289. 



lAmmodromus'] viaritima Bon.-vparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 482. 



Ammodramus maritimus Bon.aparte, Geog. and Consp. List, 1838, 32. — Audubon, 

 Synopsis, 1839, 110; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 103, pi. 172.— Coues, 

 Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 238.— Brewek, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 

 48 (Nahant, Myiarchusssachusetts, 1 spec. Aug.). — Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 

 1880, 97. — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 550. — 

 Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 213 (Cuba) ; Birds W. I., 1889, 99 (Cuba) ; Cat. W. I. Birds, 

 1892, 112. — Cahoon, Auk, vii, 1890, 289 (Monomoy marshes. Cape Cod, Myiarchusssa- 

 chusetts, Apr. 14, several). — Stone, Auk, x, 1893, 85 (coast New Jersey, win- 

 ter) . — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 93. — Howe, Auk, xiv, 1897, 

 219 (Myiarchusddletown, Rhode Island, July 18) ; xv, 1898, 189 (Cape Cod, Myiarchusssa- 

 chusetts, Feb. 9). — Knight, Bull. 3, Univ. Myiarchusine, 1897, 98 (Shark I., Myiarchusine, 

 1 spec). — Faxon, Auk, xiv, 1897, 320 (e. breeding range is w. shore Narra- 

 gansettBay, Rhode Island; Myiarchuslton, Myiarchusssachusetts) . — Sturtevant, Auk, xiv, 

 1897, 322 (Myiarchusddletown, Rhode Island, Myiarchusy 31) .—Farley, Auk, xiv, 1897, 

 322 (Westport, Myiarchusssachusetts, breeding). — Chap.man, Auk, xvi, 1899, 4 (crit.) . 



A.[mmodramus'\ maritimus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 367, part. — 

 Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 413, part. 



Ammodromus muritinms Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 454; Cat. N. 

 Am. Birds, 1859, no. 342.— Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 116, (e. United 

 States). — Samuels, Birds Myiarchusssachusetts, 1864, 9. — Allen, Bull. JIus. Comp. 

 Zool.,ii, 1871, 279 (e. Florida, winter).— Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 1871, 23 (Fort Myiarchuscon, North Carolina, resid. ; habits; song); Check List, 

 1873, no. 165. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 

 560, part, pi. 25, fig. 8.— ^Iaynard, Birds E. N. Am., 1878, 121.— Brewer, 

 Proc.Bost. Soc. N. A., xix, 1878,305 (Nahant, Myiarchusssachusetts); Bull. Nutt. 

 Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 48 (Nahant).— Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 

 1878, 119 (descr. young).— Ridgway, Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 202.— 

 Myiarchusynard, Birds E. U.S., 1881, 121, part.— Lawrence (N. T.), Auk, ii, 1885, 

 272 (Far Rockaway, Long Island, Feb. 22 and Nov. 25) . — Sharpe, Cat. Birds 

 Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 683, part (Point Judith, Rhode Island, Myiarchusy 29; iladison, 

 Connecticut, June 17; Cape Myiarchusy, .New Jersey; Fort Myiarchuscon, North Carolina). 



[Amtnodromus'] maritimus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 138, part. 



1 Twelve specimens. 




216 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



AMMODRAMUS MARITIMUS MACGILLIVRAII (Audubon). 

 HAOGILLIVRAY'S SEASIDE SPAREOW. 



Similar to J., m.wm'itiinm^hnt darker, with the back distinctly, often 

 broadly, streaked with black, the streaks on chest and sides broader 

 and darker, and usually the blackish mesial streak of the middle rec- 

 ti'ices much broader. 



Adult male.— L,(ii^^t\\ (skins), 134.63-14:7.32 (139.1.5); wing, 69.11- 

 64.26 (61.47); tail, 61.05-58.42 (53.59); exposed culmen, 13.97-14.99 

 (14.48); depth of bill at base, 6.86; tarsus, 22.61-28.88 (23.37); middle 

 toe, 16.51-17.53 (16.76).' 



J.(i«?i!/eTOafc.— Length (skins), 129.54-145.64 (137.16); wing, 55.37- 

 60-20 (58.42); tail, 46.99-65.88 (50:80); exposed culmen, 12.70-16.24 

 (13.97); depth of bill at base, 6.35-7.11 (6.60); tarsus, 21.59-23.11 

 (22.61); middle toe, 15.75-17.27 (16.51).' 



Coast of South Carolina (vicinity of Charleston) to eastern Florida 

 (breeding on Anastasia Island and at ]Myiarchustanzas Inlet); in winter west- 

 ward along Gulf coast to Louisiana. 



Fringilla macgillivraii Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 285 (Charleston, South 



Carolina; probable type in U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); iv, 1838, 394, part; v, 1839, 



499, part, pi. 355. 

 Ammodramm macgillivrayi Bonapakte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 32, part. — 



Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 110, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 106, pi. 173. 

 Fringilla [Ammodramus) macgillirrai/i Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Canada, 2d 



ed., i, 1840, 593, part. 

 [Ammodromusl macgillivrayi Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 482, part. 

 Ammodramus maritimus macgillirraii Chapman, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 5 (crit). — 



American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 118 (no. 550d). 

 A-lmmodramusI m.lantimusi peninsulie (not of Allen, Auk, v, 1888, 284) Allen, 



Auk, V, 1888, 426, part (Sapelo I., Georgia, etc.). 

 Ammodramus maritimus peninsuUe American Ornithologists' Union, Check 



List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 550, part (South Carolina). 

 (?) Ammodramus maritimus (not Fringilla maritima Wilson?) Cabani.s, Journ. 



fur Orn., 1856, 7 (Cuba?). 

 (?) Ammodramus maritimus CoKY , Auk, iii, 1886, 213 (Cuba); Birds West Ind., 



1889, 99 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 112, 147 (do.). 

 (?) [Ammodramus'] maritimus Cory, Revised List BirdsWest Ind., 1886, 35 (Cuba). 

 [Ammodramus] maritimus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 138, part. 

 A)iiiiiodro7nusmaritimusAi,LEiJ, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., ii, no. 3, 1871, 279 (Fernan- 



dina, n. e. Florida) . — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 



1874, 560, part.— Myiarchusynard, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 121, part. 

 A.[mmodromus] maritimus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 367, part. — 



Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 413, part. 



AMMODRAMUS MARITIMUS PENINSUL/E Allen. 

 SCOTT'S SEASIDE SPARROW. 



Similar to ^. 7«. macgill/vraii, hut move uniform in color above, 

 where the blackish markings are less sharply contrasted with the gen- 



' Five specimens. ^ Ten specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 217 



eral olivaceous color, the back usuallj' without anj" distinct ashj- edg- 

 ings; under parts with the ground color more grayish, especiallj' on 

 chest and sides, with the darker streaks more extensivel_y diffused, 

 usually occupying the lower throat and sometimes nearly the whole 

 throat; wing averaging decidedly shorter and bill and feet smaller. 



Adidt ?y;ft/f.— Length (skins), 135.S9-151.38 (141.48); wing, 54.36- 

 62.23 (58.93); tail, 48.51-58.17 (53.85); exposed culraen, 12.95-14.73 

 (13.97); depth of bill at base, 6.60-6.86 (6.73); tarsus, 21.84-23.37 

 (22.61); middle toe, 15.24-17.27 (16.26).' 



Adult fimiile.—h&[\g\}a. (skins), 120.65-143.26 (133.86); wing, 53,69- 

 61.47 (56.90); tail, 50.04-58.43 (52.83); exposed culmen, 12.45-14.22 

 (13.46); depth of bill at base, 5.84-6.86 (6.10); tarsus, 20.83-23.11 

 (21.84); middle toe, 14.73-17.02 (15;75).' 



West coast of Florida (Tarpon Springs, Cedar Keys, Anclote, etc.). 



Ammodfamus maritimus pmbimlw Allen, Auk, v, July, 1888, 284, part (type 

 from Tarpon Springs, w. Florida; coll. Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist.), 426, part 

 (Cedar Keys, w. Florida). — Ajiekican Ornithologists' Union, Suppl. to 

 Check List, 1889, 13, part; Check List, abridged, 1889, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 

 550a, part. — Chapman, Auk, xvi, 1899, 5 (crit. ). — Ridgway, Myiarchusn. X. Am. 

 Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 602. 



Ammodramus peninsula: Scott, Auk, vi, Oct., 1,889, 322 (mouth of Andote and 

 Withlacoochee rivers, w. Florida, Dec. to Feb.). 



AMMODRAMUS MARITIMUS FISHERI Chapman. 

 FISHER'S SEASIDE SPARROW, 



Similar to A. m. onacgillwraii, but much darker, the upper parts 

 with much more black (often with black prevailing), and the ground 

 color of the chest, sides, and flanks deep buffy.' 



Admit TOffiZe.— Length (skins), 124.46-139.70 (131.83); wing, 56.13- 

 60.96 (58.93); tail, 50.80-59.18 (54.61); exposed culmen, 13.46-14.99 

 (14.48); depth of bill at base, 6.10-6.60 (6.35); tarsus, 22.35-23.37 

 (23.11); middle toe, 15.75-17.63 (16.51).* 



Adult femcde.— Length, (skins), 124.46-143.51 (134.11); wing, 55.88- 

 68.42 (57.15); tail, 49.02-56.37 (52.58); exposed culmen, 13.21-14.73 

 (13.97); depth of bill at base, 5.84-6.86 (6.35); tarsus, 21.59-22.61 

 (22.10); middle toe, 15.75-17.27 (16.61).^ 



Coast of Louisiana, etc. (breeding) ; in winter south along coast of 

 Texas to Corpus Christi, on west coast of Florida to Tarpon Springs, 

 and occasionally eastward to vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina. 



^Six specimens. 



* Thirteen specimens. 



' This deep buff coloring of the under parts becomes quite worn away in midsum- 

 mer specimens, the black of the upper parts likewise disappearing. 



* Seven specimens. 



* Nine specimens. 




218 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Frinc/illa macgillu-mii (not of Audubon, 1834) Audubon, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 394, 



part (coast of Louisiana and Texas) ; v, 1839, 499, part. 

 Ammodraniun macgilliiiuli Bosapautb, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 32, part. — 



Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 110, part: Birds Am., oct. ed.,iii, 1841, 106, part 



(mouths of the JMyiarchusssissippi; coast of Texas). 

 [Ammodromus} macgillivrai/i Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 482, part. 

 Ammodramim maritimns maegiUivrai/i Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 



602.— Ambeican Oknithologists' Union, Auk, xiv, 1897, 121 (Check List no. 



550c). 

 Ammodramus maritimus peninsida; (part) Allen, Auk, v, July, 1888, 284 (Grand 



Isle, Louisiana, June) . — American Ornithologists' Union, Supplement to 



Check List, 1889, 13, part; Check List, abridged ed., 1889, 550a, part (Grand 



Isle, Louisiana) ; 2d ed. , 1895, no. 550n. 

 Ammodramus maritimus peninsulie? Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist., iii, 1891, 



324 (near Corpus Christi, Texas, Myiarchusr. 25; crit.) . 

 Ammodramus maritimus fisheri Chapman, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 10, pi. 1, upper fig., 



(Grand Isle, Louisiana; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ). — American Ornithologists' Union 



Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 118 (no. 550c). 



AMMODRAMUS MARITIMUS SENNETTI Allen. 

 TEXAS SEASIDE SPARROW, 



Smaller, paler, and much more buffy than A. m. maritimvs, with the 

 scapulars and interscapulars distinctly darker than the general color of 

 the upper parts, relieved by broad edgings of pale grayish or buffy, 

 the pileum more or less streaked laterally with blackish, the auric- 

 ular region surrounded above, behind, and below by buff, a distinct 

 blackish post-auricular streak, and the chest distinctly buffy, broadly 

 but not sharply streaked with light gray or olive-gray. Young much 

 grayer above than that of A. m. viacgillivraii, but quite as distinctly 

 and broadly streaked with black, the under parts much more nearly 

 white, without distinct streaks on median portion of chest. ^ 



Adult 7««^e.— Length (skins), 132.08-139.70 (138.18); wing, 58.42- 

 61.47 (60.20); tail, 48.77-57.66 (54.61); exposed culmen, 12.70-13.46 

 (12.95); depth of bill at base, 6.35-7.11 (6.60); tarsus, 20.83-22.86 

 (22.35); middle toe, 15.75-17.27 (16.51).- 



AihiUfimale.—ljQngih (skins), 125.73-137.16 (134.87); wing, 54.61- 

 58.42 (56.13); tail, 50.80-54.61 (52.07); exposed culmen, 12.45-13.21 

 (12.95); depth of bill at base, 5.84-6.60 (6.10); tarsus, 21.08-22.86 

 (22.10); middle toe, 15.49-17.27 (16.26).' 



Coast of Texas (Galveston, Rockport, Tally's Island, Corpus Christi, 

 Nueces Bay, etc.). 



Ammodramus maritimus {not Pringilla maritimaWilaon) Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. 

 andGeog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 17 (Galveston, Texas). 



^ This last character may not be constant, only two young birds having been exam- 

 ined. 

 ^ Eight specimens. 

 ' Nine specimens. 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMEBICA. 21& 



AmmodramiLi maritivwx sennetli Allen, Auk, v, July, 1888, 286 (Corpus Christi, 

 Texas; coll. G. B. Sennett), 426 (Corpus Christi, Myiarchusy 26); v, Oct., 1888, 

 498 (Corpus Christi). — Ameeican Ohnithologists' Union, Suppl. to Check 

 List, 1889,13; Check List, abridged ed., 1889, no. 550b; 2d ed., 1895, no. .550/;.— 

 CnAPM.^N, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1891, 323 (Nueces Bay, Texas; song; 

 crit.).— Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 109 (Nueces Bay). 



Ammodramus sennetti Chapman, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 3 (crit.), pi. 1, lower flg. 



AMMODRAMUS NIGRESCENS Ridgway. 

 DUSKY SEASIDE SPAKEOW. 



Aclults {s&xes alike). — Above black, indistinctly streaked with olive 

 and grayish; wing and tail feathers edged with olive-brown; supra- 

 loral spot and edge of wing gamboge yellow; under parts white, thickly 

 and broadly streaked with black. 



AOiili mr//tf.— Length (skins), 124.46-129.54 (127.00); wing, 58.93- 

 60.45 (59.94); tail, 54.61-55.88 (55.12); exposed culmen, 13.21; depth 

 of bill at base, 6.35; tarsus, 21.69-22.35 (21.84); middle toe, 15.49- 

 15.75 (15.12).^ 



Aduli female.— Length (skins), 124.46-130.81 (127.51); wing, 57.15- 

 60.96 (58.93); tail, 66.39; exposed culmen, 12.95-13.46 (13.21); depth 

 of bill at base, 6.60; tarsus, 21.31-23.11 (22.10); middle toe, 15.75.' 



Myiarchusddle portion of east coast of Florida (Merritts Island; east shore 

 Indian Kiver opposite Titusville; Dummitts Creek; Salt Lake, upper 

 St. Johns River; "marsh}' islands of Banana River,. north along this 

 body of water to the Haulover Canal."). 



Ammodromus maritimu!<,\a,r.iiigre8cen8 Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Dec, 1873, 

 198 (Indian R., Florida; coll. R. Ridgway') . — Baird, Bbewer, and Ridgway, 

 Hist. N. Am. B., iii, 1874, 514.— Coubs, Check List, 1874, 127 (no. 165a). 



A.^mmodromus] maritimus nigrescens Scott, Auk, vi, Jan., 1886, 16, in text. 



A. Immodramus] m. [aritimu.i'] nigrescens Coues, Key X. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 

 1884, 368. 



Ammodromus nigrescens Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. 3Ius., iii. Myiarchusr. 27, 1880, 2; 

 Nom. N. Am. B., 1881, no. 203.— Shaepe, Cat. B. Brit. Jilus., xii, 1888,685. 



Ammodramus nigrescens American Oenithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 

 551. — Chapman, Auk, xv, 1898, 270 (mo. Dummitts Creek, e. Florida); xvi, 

 1899, 2 (crit.).— Koch, Auk, xvi, 1899, 277 (Indianola, Merritt's I., e. 

 Florida). 



Ammodramus maritimus nigrescens Coues, Check List, 2il ed., 1882, no. 239. 



A.{^nmodramii-s1 m.[^ciritimus'] nigrescens Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed. 1SS4, 

 368. 



' Three specimens. 



^ Two specimens. 



The average length of eight specimens, measured by Jlr. C. J. Myiarchusynard, before 

 skinning, was 171.45, the extent of wings being 199.90. ("Birds of Florida," pp. 

 119-120.) 



Myiarchus. Chapman (Auk, xvi, 1899, p. 2) gives the average measurements of seventeen 

 specimens "in comparatively unworn plumage," as follows: Wing, 63.50; tail, 51.82; 

 bill from nostril, 10.92. 



' Type now in collection of U. S. National JIuseum. 




220 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



A.[mmodramus\ niffrescenx Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 413. 

 Ammodromus melanoleucns Myiarchusynakd, Am. Sportsman, v, Jan. 16, 1875, 248 (Salt 

 Lake, Florida; coll. C. J. Myiarchusynard); Birds Florida, 1878, 119, pi. 10. 



AMMODRAMUS CAUDACUTUS CAUDACUTUS (Gmelin.) 

 SHAKP-TAILED SPAKROW. 



Adultn {sexes alih^. — Broad, sharpl.y defined, and conspicuous super- 

 ciliai^y stripe and broad malar stripe deep buff, the latter curving 

 upward behind the auriculars, but separated from the superciliary 

 stripe by a narrow- black or dark brown postocular stripe; auricular 

 region grayish; pileum clear bistre brown, streaked with black, 

 divided by a broad but not sharplj^ defined median stripe of grayish; 

 prevailing color of upper parts olivaceous, grayer on sides of hind- 

 neck and rump, the scapulars and interscapulars decidedly darker 

 olive-brown, sharply edged with pale grayish or buff}' whitish, pro- 

 ducing distinct streaks which are margined internall}' by a narrower 

 blackish streak; edge of wing pale yellow; under parts mostly white, 

 but the chest, sides, and flanks more or less tinged with buff (some- 

 times, especially the chest, distinctly buff), sharply and usualh' con- 

 spicuously streaked with dusky. 



Young. — Pileum blackish (sometimes streaked with light brownish), 

 divided by a narrow median stripe, or series of streaks, of dull buffy; 

 general color of upper parts light buffy brownish, the scapulars and 

 interscapulars broadly edged with buffy, producing conspicuous streaks; 

 under parts buffy, deepest on chest and sides, where more or less 

 streaked, narrowly, with dusky, the abdomen sometimes nearly white. 



AchtU wafe.— Length (skins), 127.00; wing, 65.37-59.18 (57.66); 

 tail, 44.45-50.55 (48.26); exposed culmen, 12.19-12.70 (12.44); depth 

 of bill at base, 5.33-6.84 (6.69); tarsus, 20.07-21.08 (20.57); middle toe, 

 15.49-16.51 (16.00).' 



Adult female.— l^Qug'Cii (skins), 116.84-129.54 (124.21); wing, 58.34- 

 58.17 (56.88); tail, 42.67-51.31 (46.99); exposed culmen, 11.94-12.70 

 (12.45); depth of bill at base, 5.33-6.84 (5.59); tarsus, 20.07-21.34 

 (20.57); middle toe, 15.75-17.27 (16.26).' 



Atlantic coast of United States, breeding from Myiarchusssachusetts south- 

 ward. 



{Oriolui] caudacutus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788,394 (New York; based on 



Sharp-tailed Oriole Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, i, pt. 2, 448). — Latham, 



IndexOrn.,], 1790, 186. 

 Fringilla caudacuta Wilson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 70, pi. 34, fig. 3. — Bonaparte, 



Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 110.— Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834,281; v,1839, 



499, pi. 149. 

 Passerina caudacuta Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 25. 

 A.\mmodramus] caudocuta Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 289. 



^ Five specimens. '' Six specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 221 



Ammodromu.i caadacitiux Jakdine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., ii, 1832,70, pi. 35, 

 fig. 3.— Baied, Rep. Pacific R. E. Snrv., ix, 1858, 453; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 

 1859, no. 341. — ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 116 (Pennsylvania). — Coues, 

 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 22 (Fort Myiarchuscon, N. C, habits, etc.); Check 

 List, 1873, no. 166, part. — Bated, Beewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, 557, part, pi. 25, fig. 7.— Mbeeiaji, Review Birds Conn., 1877, 

 38 (summer resid.).—BEEwsTEE, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 119 (descr. 

 young) .—Myiarchusyxaed, Birds Floridaand E. N. Am. , 1881, 122, part.— Ridgway, 

 Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 201, part.— Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. >Ius., 

 xii, 1888, 685, part (Oyster Bay, Long Island). 



A. [mmodro7n!(.s] omdacutus Geay, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 374. 



lAmmodromua} caudacutus Bonapaete, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 482. — Coues, Key 

 N. Am. Birds, 1872, 1.38, part. 



Ammodraynus caudaciiius Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 32. — Audubon, 

 Synop., 1839, 111.— Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 166.— Ameeican 

 Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 549. — Chapman, Auk, vi, 1889, 

 303 (Piermont, lower Hudson R., New York, breeding). — Scott, Auk, vi, 

 1889, 322 (Tarpon Springs and Anclote R., Florida, winter). — Stone, Auk, 

 X, 1893, 85 (coast New Jersey and shores of Delaware Bay, breeding; Atlantic 

 City in winter). — Dwight, Auk, xiii, 1896, 273, 275 (crit. ). — Nbhrling, Our 

 Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 91. 



lAmmodramiis^ caudacutus Geay, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 95, no. 7415. 



A.[ininodramiis^ caudacutus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 368. — Ridg- 

 way, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 413. 



Fringilla Uttoralis Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Canada, i, 1832, 504 (New York 

 to Georgia; coll. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., no. 6442) ; 2d ed., i, 1840, 590. 



Ammodramus caudacutus nelsoni (not Ammodroriius caudacutus, var. nelsoni 

 Allen) Nelson ( — ), Cat. Vertebrates New Jersey, — , 541 (see Stone, Auk, 

 xi, 1893, 85). 



AMMODRAMUS CAUDACUTUS NELSONI Allen. 

 NELSON'S SPARROW. 



Similar to A. c. caudacutus, but decidedly smaller, the bill conspicu- 

 ously so; coloration much brighter, the whitish, pale grayish or pale 

 buffy streaks of back and scapulars more sharply contrasted with the 

 rich brown or olive ground-color; the chest, sides, and flanks deeper 

 buff, more abruptly contrasted with the white abdominal area, the 

 chest much less distinctly (never sharply?) streaked with grayish or 

 dusky, the streaks never ( ? ) approaching black. 



Adult wiffife. -Length (skins), 114.30-124.46 (118.36); wing, 53.34- 

 57.15 (55.37); tail, 45.72-52.58 (47.50); exposed culmen, 10.16-10.67 

 (10.41); depth of bill at base, 5.33-5.59 (5.46); tarsus, 18.29-20.83 

 (20.07); middle toe, 14.73-16.26 (15.49).^ 



Adult female.— l^ength (skms), 111.76-121.92 (115.57); wing, 52.07- 

 55.88 (54.10); tail, 43.18-48.26 (45.97); exposed culmen, 10.16-10.67 

 (10.41); depth of bill at base, 6.33-5.59 (5.46); tarsus, 20.07-21.34 

 (20.32); middle toe, 15.24-16.51 (15.49).' 



' Ten specimens. 




222 BULLETIN- 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Prairie marsiies of Myiarchusssissippi Valley and central British Provinces, 

 breeding from northern Illinois, Myiarchusnnesota, South Dakota, etc., north 

 to Myiarchusnitoba (Winnipeg, Car berry, Raeburn, etc.); south in winter to 

 Gulf coast, from Texas (inclusive) eastward and to coast of South 

 Carolina; occasional along more northern Atlantic coast from Myiarchusssa- 

 chusetts southward during fall migration; accidental in California 

 (Santa Clara Countj', Myiarchusj' 6, 1891, one specimen). 



Specimens connecting this form with A. c. suivirgatus appear to be 

 more common than those connecting it with A. c. cmcdacutits. 



Ammodromus caudacutus var. nelsoni Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, Myiarchusr., 



1875, 293 (Calumet marshes, Cook Co., n. e. Illinois). — Nelson, Bull. Nutt. 



Orn. Club, i, 1876, 40 (Calumet marshes and lake, June 12 to Sept. 17; Grass 



Lake, Lake Co., Illinois, Nov. 10; Illinois R. ; Racine, Wisconsin). 

 Ammodromus yar. nelsoni Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 152. 

 A.\_mmodromus'] caudacutus var. nelsoni Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 107 



(Calumet marshes, etc., breeding; Racine, Wisconsin). 

 Ammodromus caudacutus nelsoni Gibbs, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 



V, 1879, 486 (Myiarchuschigan, lat. 42° 20', Oct.).— Worthen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 



Club, V, Jan. ,1880, 32 (Warsaw, Illinois, Myiarchusy 8).— Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. 



Birds, 1881, no. 201a. 

 A-lmmodromu^'] caudacutus nelsoni Ridgway, Bull. 111. State Labr. N. H., no. 4, 



1881, 179 (Illinois). 



Ammodramus caudacutus nelso^ii Alli:^, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 89; 

 vii, 1882, 55 (Neosho Falls, Kansas, Oct. 17).— Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 



1882, no. 241.— Beewster, Auk, ii, 1885, 216 (Charleston, South Carolma, 

 Oct. 8).— Fisher, Auk, ii, 1885, 306, part (marshes of Croton R., s. e. New 

 York, Sept. 25 to Oct. 10) .—American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 

 1886, no. 549«.— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 192 (St. Louis, Myiarchusssouri, 

 etc.).— Merriam, in Cooke's Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 192, footnote 

 (Fort Sisseton and Devils Lake, Dakota, breeding).— Cant well, Auk, vi, 

 1889, 340 (Myiarchusdison, Myiarchusnnesota, Myiarchusy).— Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 56 (Hudson 

 Highlands, s. e. New York) .—Poling, Auk, vii, 1890, 241 (Adams Co., w. 

 Illinois, Apr. 26) .—Chapman, Auk, iii, 1891, 323 (Nueces Bay, Texas, Apr.) .— 

 Sage, Auk, viii, 1891, 115 (Portland, Connecticut, Oct. 4-13).— Goss, Birds 

 Kansas, 1891, 449 (summer resid.).— Thompson, Auk, x, 1893, 50 (Winnipeg, 

 Myiarchusnitoba, Myiarchusy 25; Carberry, Myiarchusnitoba, June 30 and Sept. 1).— Stone, Auk, 

 X, 1893, 85 (Atlantic City, New Jersey, Myiarchusy 9 and Oct. 2).— Palmer (W.), 

 Auk, xi, 1894, 333 (Washington, District of Columbia, Sept.; Four Myiarchusle Run, 

 near Alexandria, Virginia, Sept. 18; Cobbs I., Virginia, Myiarchusy 11).- Butler, 

 Proc. Indiana Ac. Sci., 1895, 167 (Morgan Park, Cook Co., Illinois, breeding); 

 Birds Indiana, 1897, 947 (Lake Co., summer, to Nov. 10).— Dwight, Auk, 

 xiii, 1896,' 273, 275, pi. 4, left-hand fig. (crit.).— Knight, Bull. 3, Univ 

 Myiarchusine, 1897, 97 (Scarboro, Myiarchusine, 2 specs. Oct. 16, 1894) . 



A. [mmodramus'] c. \_audacvius'\ nelsoni Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 368. 



A.[mmodramus'] caudacutus nelsoni Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds 1887 413 

 part.— Stone, Auk, x, 1893, 85 (Atlantic City, New Jersey, Myiarchusy 9, 1 spec). 



Ammodramu^ nelsoni 'SovL'io^, Proc. Portland Soc. N. H., ii, Myiarchusrch 15, 1897 102 

 (crit. ). — American Ornithologists' Union Comjiittee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 118. — 

 Bartsch, Auk, xvi, 1899, 276 (Iowa City, Iowa, Oct. 12) .—Nash, Auk, xvi, 

 1899, 277 (Toronto, Ontario, June toOct.).— Lantz, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 

 for 1896-97 (1899), 265 (e. Kansas, rare summer resid.; MyiarchusPherson Co., 

 Oct.). 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 223 



Ammodromus caudacuius (not Oriolun candacuhts Gmelin) Xehkli.ng, Bull. Xutt. 

 Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 12 (Gulf coast and Galveston Bay, s.e. Texas; "doubt- 

 less breeds") .—Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 253 (Wa.shing- 

 ton. District of Columbia, Sept.). — Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 

 685, part. — Hatch, Birds Myiarchusnnesota, 1892, 318 (breeding in Red River 

 Valley) . 



Ammodrinimx caudacalas Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 192 (coast s. e. 

 Texas). — Deuky and Kellogg, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1891, 43 (Ross 

 Lake, near Cincinnati, Ohio, Apr. and Myiarchusy, 1890, 1891) . 



(?) Ammodramus caudacutus becki Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, no. 872, 

 Oct. 22, 1891,483 (Myiarchuslpitas, Santa Clara Co. , California; V. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



AMMODRAMUS CAUDACUTUS SUBVIRGATUS Dwight. 

 ACADIAN SHARP-TAILED SPARROW, 



Myiarchusch more plainly colored than either A. c. caudacutus or A. c. nel- 

 soni, with small bill of the latter combined with other measurements 

 equaling or exceeding those of the former; back and scapulars with- 

 out conspicuous lighter streaks, or these not stronglj^ contrasted with 

 the light olive or grayish olive general color, the superciliar}- and 

 malar stripes paler buff, the first often tinged posteriori}^ with olive- 

 grayish, the former sometimes tinged anteriorh" with light yellow; 

 chest, sides, and flanks paler buff, streaked with olive-grayish. 



Adroit m«/(^.— Length (skins), 119.38-129.64 (125.48); wing, 55.88- 

 68.93 (57.66); tail, 48.26-52.07 (60.04); exposed culmen, 10.41-10.92 

 (10.67); depth of bill at base, 5.59-6.10 (5.84); tarsus, 20.83-22.86 

 (21.59); middle toe, 15.75-17.53 (16.26).^ 



Adult fernale.—hQngth{akms), 119.38-129.54 (123.70); wing, 53.34- 

 59.69 (56.88); tail, 46.97-60.80 (48.51); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.18 

 (10.67); depth of bill at base, 5.33-6.59 (5.46); tarsus, 20.32-21.84 

 (20.83); middle toe, 16.24-16.51 (16.00).^ 



Salt-water marshes of Atlantic coast of United States and adjacent 

 British provinces, breeding from Myiarchusssachusetts (?) north to southern 

 New Brunswick, migi'ating south to South Carolina. 



Ammodromus caudacutus (not Oriolus caudacutus Gmelin) Samuels, Birds Myiarchuss- 

 sachusetts, 1864, 9.— Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 27 (Scarboro, 

 Myiarchusine); v, 1880, 52 (do., breeding). — Baied, Bebwee, and Ridgway, Hist. 

 N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 557, part.— Beewstbe, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 

 28 (Tignish, Prince Edwards I., Aug. 2, 3); iii, 1878, 119 (Rye Beach, New 

 Hampshire; descr. young). — Beewbe, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1878, 48 (St. 

 Andrews Bay, Myiarchusine, abundant). — Smith (G. S.), Oologist, iv, 1879, 66 (near 

 Boston, Myiarchusssachusetts, breeding; nesting habits). — Puhdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn., 

 vii, 1882, 122 (Kenebecasis R., near Hampton, New Brunswick, breeding). — 

 Chambeelain, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 104 (near Hampton, New 

 Brunswick); Bull. no. i, Nat. Hist. Soc. N. B., 1882, 39 (do.). 



\_Ammodromus'\ caudacutus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 138, part. 



' Eight specimens. ''■ Seven specimens. 




224 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Ammodmmiis nindacntnn Bbown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 98 (Scarboro 

 Myiarchusrsh, etc., Myiarchusine, Oct., Nov.).— EiD(iWAY, Notn. X. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 

 201, part.— PuKDiEy Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 122 (Kenebecasis R., 

 near Hampton, New Brunswick, breeding). — Chamberlain, Auk, iv, 1887, 

 261 (above falls of St. Croix R., New Brunswick, autumn) .—Knight, Bull. 

 3, Univ. Myiarchusine, 1897, 97 (s. coast Myiarchusine, summer resid.) . 



Ammodramus caiidacutus nelsoni (not Ammodromus caudacutus Yar. nelsoni Allen) 

 Fisher, Auk, ii, 1885, 307, part (CrotonE., s. e. New York, Sept. 25 to Oct. 

 10). — Hensi-iaw, Auk, iii, 1886, 486 (Cambridge, Myiarchusssachusetts, Myiarchusy 31 and 

 Oct. 7; Sing Sing, N. Y.). 



A-lmmodranids'] caudacutus nelsoni. Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 413, 

 part. 



Ammodramus caudacutus subvirgatus Dwight, Auk, iv, July, 1887, 233 (Hills- 

 borough, Albert Co., New Brunswick; coll. J. Dwight, jr. ); Auk, x, 1893, 11 

 (Prince Edward I. ) ; xiii, 1896, 273, 276, pi. 4, right-hand fig. (crit.) . — American 

 Ornithologists' Union, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 12; Check List, abridged 

 ed. 1889, no. 5496; 2d ed., 1895, no. 5496.— Brewster, Auk, vii, 1890, 212 

 (Frogmore, near Charleston, South Carolina, Myiarchusr. 19 to Apr. 20, Oct. 25 to 

 .30). — Sage, Auk, viii, 1891, 115 (Connecticut R. , near Portland, Connecticut, 

 Oct. 4-13).— Stone, Auk, x, 1893, 85 (Atlantic City, New Jersey, Oct. 2).— 

 Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed. 1896, 602.— Bartsch, Auk, xiv, 1897, 

 93 (Yates Co., New York, Oct. 7).— Knight, Bull. 3, Univ. Myiarchusine, 1897, 98 

 (breeding s. w. to Sagadahoc Co., Myiarchusine). 



A.\_mmodram,us'] caudacutus subvirgatus Stone, Auk, x, 1893, 85 (Atlantic City, 

 New Jersey, Oct.). 



Ammodramus nehoni subvirgatus Norton, Proc. Portland Soc. N. H., ii, Myiarchusr. 15, 

 1897, 102 (crit.). — American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 

 1899, 118. 



AMMODRAMUS LECONTEII (Audubon). 

 IE OONTE'S SPARKOW. 



Bill very small (exposed culmen 8.38-10.16, averaging 9.14); broad 

 superciliary and malar stripes buff, and pileum with a conspicuous 

 median light-colored stripe; edge of wing white. 



Admits {sexes (dike). — Broad lateral stripes of pileum blackish, nar- 

 rowly streaked or squamated with paler, the narrower median stripe 

 buff anteriorl}', pale grayish or dull whitish posteriorly; hindneck 

 chestnut, the feathers margined with pale grayish; scapulars and inter- 

 scapulars blackish, mixed with chestnut, and broadly edged with pale 

 buff, pale grayish, or whitish; under parts buff' anteriorly and laterally 

 (deepest on chest, palest on throat), the abdominfil region white; sides 

 and flanks, rarely also the chest, streaked with blackish; no dusky 

 rictal streak, and usually no submalar streak. 



Yhung. — Myiarchusch more buffy above than adults, the back with broad 

 streaks of black and narrower (lateral) streaks of light buff; hindneck 

 deeper buff (sometimes tinged with chestnut), streaked with blackish; 

 superciliary stripe and malar region much paler buff than in adults, 

 the former narrowly streaked with black; median crown-stripe entirely 

 buff. 




BIBDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 225 



Adult wafe.— Length (skins), 105.41-120.65 (113.54); wing, 19.28- 

 53.85 (51.56); tail, 15.97-52.07 (19.02); exposed culmen, 8.38-10.16 

 (9.14); depth of bill at base, 5.08-5.59 (5.33); tarsus, 17.78-18.80 

 (18.29); middle toe, 13.21-15.24 (14.22).' 



Adult female.— Li(iv,^\\x (skins), 110.49-127.00 (117.35); wing, 49.02- 

 53.34 (51.31); tail, 46.48-55.88 (49.78); exposed culmen, 8.38-9.91 

 (9.14); depth of bill at base, 5.08-5.33 (5.20); tarsus, 17.53-18.80 

 (18.03); middle toe, 12.70-15.24 (14.22).' 



Prairie marshes of Myiarchusssissippi Valley and central British Provinces, 

 breeding from Myiarchusnnesota (northern and western Illinois ?), South 

 Dakota, etc., to Assiniboia and Myiarchusnitoba (Carberry, Raeburn, etc.); 

 in winter migrating south to Gulf States (Texas to Florida), and to 

 coast of South Carolina, occasionally to North Carolina. 



\Ftmgilla\ caudacuta (not Oriolus caudacutus Gmelin) Latham, Index Orn., i, 

 1790, 459 (interior of Georgia; good and exclusively pertinent description). 



Fringilla caudacuta Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. TJ. S. and Canada, i, 1832, 505; 2d ed., 

 i, 1840, 591. 



Emberiza le conteii Audubon, Birds Am., oct. ed., vii, 1843, 338, pi. 488 (prairies 

 of Upper Myiarchusssouri River; type lost). 



Emberiza lecontei Baied, in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 330 (Fort 

 Union) . 



E.lmberiza'] le contei Myiarchusximil*ian, Journ. fiir Orli. , vi, 1858, 340 (Upper Myiarchusssouri). 



A. [mmodromus] le conteii Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, June, 1849, 374. 



A.[vim,odromus] lecontei Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 106 (Riverdale, 

 n. e. Illinois, Myiarchusy 13 and 21). 



Ammodromus leconteii American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 

 548. — Allen, Auk, iii, 1886, 489 (specimen from Upper Myiarchusssouri R., in 

 Myiarchusximilian coll.. Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist.). — Beckham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 X, 1888, 674 (San Antonio, Texas, Dec. 21).— Cooke, BirdMyiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 

 1888, 191 (breeding in Dakota, Myiarchusnnesota, and .Assiniboine Valley, possibly 

 in n. Illinois; localities, dates, etc.). — Poling, Auk, vii, 1890, 241 (Adams 

 Co., w. Illinois, abundant migrant). — Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 447 

 (migrant, a few wintering in s. Kansas). — Butler, Proc. Indiana Ac. Sci., 

 1891 (1892), 166 (White Water Valley, n. w. Indiana, Apr., 1887 and 1889); 

 1895, 167 (Morgan Park, Cook Co., Illinois, 6 specs. Apr., 1895); 1897, 945 

 (Lake Co., Indiana, Apr. 15; Brookville, Myiarchusr. 12; Lebanon, Myiarchusr. 30). — 

 Hatch, Birds Myiarchusnnesota, 1892, 315 (habits, etc.).— Wayne, Auk, xi, 1894, 

 256 (near Charleston, South Carolina, Dec. to Feb., abundant); xii, 1895, 

 365 (WacissaR., n. w. Florida). — Singley, Rep. Geol. Surv. Texas, 1894, 

 372 (Corpus Christi).— Ames, Auk, xiv, 1897,411 (Toronto, Ontario, Myiarchusy 5, 

 1897) .—Merrill, Auk, xv, 1898, 16 (Fort Sherman, n. w. Idaho, Sept. 28).— 

 Allison, Auk, xyi, 1899, 268 (Avery's I., Louisiana, Feb. ; Amite Co., Myiarchusssis- 

 sippi, Nov. 15). — HoLSTBiN, Auk, xvi, 1899, 356 (Lexington, Kentucky, Apr. 

 15 and July 16). 



Avimodramus lecontei Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., iii, 1891, 323 (Corpus 

 Christi, Texas, Apr.). 



A.^mmodramus] leconteii Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 412. 



Ammodramus lecontii Fuertes, Auk, xv, 1898, 188 (Ithaca, New York, Oct. 11, 

 1897). 



' Ten specimens. 

 17024—01 15 




226 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Ammodramus lecontei Brewstek, Auk, iii, July, 1886, 410 (near Charleston, South 

 Carolina, Jan. 26).— Loomis, Auk, iii, 1886, 486 (Chester Co., South Carolina, 

 common in winter). — Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1891, 596 (Myiarchusni- 

 toba, summer resid.; habits, song, etc.). — Brimley, Auk, xi, 1894, 332 

 (Raleigh, North Carolina, Apr. 21). — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 

 1896, 89. 



Ammodromus lecontei Sharpe, Oat. Birds. Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 695. 



{Coturniculiis] lecontii Bonaparte, Consp. Av.,i, 1850, 481. 



Coturniculus lecontii Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 452; Cat. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1859, no. 340.--Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. andGeog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 587 

 (Turtle Mt. to Souris R., North Dakota; habits) ; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, 

 no. 237. — Seton, Auk, ii, 1885, 23 (Myiarchusnitoba; habits; song). — Loomis, Auk, ii, 

 1885, 190 (Chester Co., South Carolina, winter resid. ; habits). 



\_Coturniculii,s] lecontei Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 137. 



Clottimiculus] lecontii CouBS, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 366. 



Coturniculus lecontei Gojj'es, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 748 (biography, etc.) ; Check List, 

 1873, no. 164; Birds N. W., 1874, 134.— Baikd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. 

 N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 552, pi. 25, fig. 6; iii, 1874, 513 (n. North Dakota; 

 crit. ; full descriptions). — Snow, Obs. Nature, iii, 1876 (Lawrence, Kansas, 

 Oct. 4).— Nelson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 40 (Riverdale, n. e. Illinois, 

 Myiarchusy 13); \-, 1880, 51 (do.).— Bailey, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 26 

 (Storey Co., centr. Iowa, Oct. 10, abundant). — Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, iv, 1879, 8 (Ooosada, Alabama, Feb., Myiarchusr.). — Roberts, Bull. Nutt. 

 Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 152 (Myiarchusnneapolis, Myiarchusnnesota, June 20 to Aug. 15).— 

 WoRTHEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 32 (Warsaw,. Illinois, breeding?).— 

 Looms, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 54 (Chester Co., South Carolina, 

 Nov. 11 to Dec. 10, abundant.). — Ogilby, Sclent. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc, 

 iii, 1882, [33] (Navarro Co., Texas, Nov. to Apr.). — Brewsteb, Bull. Nutt. 

 Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 121 (Rosewood, Gulf Hammock, Florida, Nov.; very 

 abundant). — Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 200; Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, viii, 1883, 58 (Richland Co., s. e. Illinois, Oct. 27, 28, very abundant) .— 

 Agersbokg, Auk, ii, 1885, 280 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding). — Widmann, 

 Auk, ii, 1885,. 381 (St. Louis, Myiarchusssouri, Apr. 1). 



AMMODRAMUS HENSLOWII HENSLOWII (Audubon). 

 HENSIOWS SPAKROW. 



Tail not longer than wing, graduated, the graduation decidedly less 

 than length of exposed culmen, the lateral rectrices much shorter than 

 middle pair (difference betvs^een tips of longest and shortest rectrices 

 much greater than length of bill from nostril); bill stout, its depth at 

 base nearly or quite equal to length from nostril; a blackish rictal and 

 (usually) a blackish submalar streak. 



Adults {sexes alike).- — Head and neck buffy olive, the pileum heavily 

 streaked, except along median line, with black, the hindneck more nar- 

 rowly streaked; back and scapulars chestnut, the feathers black cen- 

 trally and narrowly edged or margined with whitish; wings mainly 

 chestnut; blackish postocular, rictal, and submalar streaks (the last 

 sometimes indistinct); chin and throat pale buff or buffy whitish; chest, 

 sides, and flanks deeper buffy, streaked with blackish ; abdomen whitish. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



227 



Young. — Above, dull brownish buffy, streaked and spotted with 

 black; beneath, light buff, the sides (but not chest) streaked with dusky ; 

 a distinct rietal streak of dusky, but (usuallj' at least) no dusky sub- 

 malar streak. 



Adult male.— hmgth (skins), 107.95-129.54 (117.36); wing, 50.80- 

 56.64: (53.85); tail, 44.45-52.83 (49.28); exposed culmen, 10.16-13.97 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 6.60-8.64 (7.87); tarsus, 15.75-18.54 

 (17.27); middle toe, 12.70-15.49 (14.48).^- 



Adult fewalc— Length (skins), 104.14-124.46 (113.03); wing, 49.02- 

 65.37 (62.58); tail, 44.45-51.05 (48.01); exposed culmen, 10.41-12.70 

 (11.68); depth of bill at base, 6.60-8.38 (7.62); tarsus, 15.24-18.03 

 (17.02); middle toe, 12.70-15.75 (14.48).' 



Eastern United States, west to edge of Great Plains, north to New 

 Hampshire, New York, Ontario, Myiarchusnnesota, etc.; breeding south at 

 least to 38°; wintering from about the same latitude to southern 

 Florida (Tarpon Springs, Gulf Hummock, etc.), and Texas (Cook 

 County). 



Emberiza henslowii Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 360, pi. 70 (Kentucky, opposite 

 Cincinnati, Ohio; type lost); v, 1839, 498, pi. 77. — Gikaud, Birds Long I., 

 1844, 104. 



Emberiza henslowi Audubon, Synop., 1839, 104; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 75, 

 pi. 163. 



Fringilla henslowii Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Canada, 2d ed., i, 1840, 571. 



Cotumicalus henslowi Bonapakte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 32. — Baird, Rep. 

 Pacific E. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 451; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 339.— Wheeler, 

 Proc. Bost. See. N. H., vii, 1859, 137 (Berlin, Myiarchusssachusetts). — Hayden, 

 Rep. U. S. Gaol. Surv., 1862, 166 (Loup Fork of Platte R.).— Coues and 

 Prentiss, Smithsonian Rep. for 1861, 1862,412 (District Columbia). — Allen, 

 Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 71 (Springfield, Myiarchusssachusetts); Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. 

 ZooL, ii, 1871, 279 (e. Florida, winter).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,viii, 1868, 

 287 (near New York City).— Trippe, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 237 

 (Iowa).— Coues, Check List, 1878, no. 163; 2d ed., 1882, no. 236.— Snow, 



' Thirty-four specimens. 



^Seventeen specimens. 



There is a decided difference in average measurements between specimens from 

 the Atlantic coast States and those from the Myiarchusssissippi Valley, the former averaging 

 larger, especially the bill and feet. I have not been able to discover any differences 

 of coloration, however, and therefore do not separate them. Winter specimens from 

 South Carolina agree in measurements with the Western series and are without much 

 doubt migrants from the same region. Average measurements are as follows: 




228 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Birds Kansas, 1873, 17 (Topeka, e. Kansas, Apr. 26).— Baird, Brewkr, and 

 RIDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, .550, pi. 2.5, fig. 5.— Deane, Bull. Nutt. 

 Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 39 ( Webster, Boscawen, and Salisbury, New Hampshire, 

 breeding).— Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 118 (descr. young); 

 vii, 1882, 121 (Rosewood, Gulf Hummock, Florida, Nov., abundant).— Ogilby, 

 Scient. Proc. Roy. Dubl. See, iii, 1882 [33] (Navarro Co., Texas, Oct.).— 

 RIDGWAY, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 238 (Fairfax Co., Virginia, breed- 

 ing) ; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 199.— Jouy, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 

 57 (Fairfax Co., Virginia; descr. nest and eggs, song, etc.).— Loomis, Auk, 

 ii, Apr., 1885, 190 (Chester Co., South Carolina, migrant). 



ICoUmiiculus'] henxloici Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 481. 



Coturniculus heiisloivii ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 116. 



ICotnrnicuhis'] hendowii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 137. 



C'.[oturyvciilu!i] hendovl Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, .366. 



Coturniculus heiixlorii Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 133. 



Cotumkulus henslovi Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 187H, 143 (Johnson Co., 

 Myiarchusssouri, breeding). 



A-lmmodromas} hemlowi Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, June, 1849, 374. — Ridgway, Ann. 

 Lye. N. Y., X, 1874, 372 (Illinois).— Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst, viii, 1876, 106, 

 152 (n. e. Illinois, commoli summer resident); ix, 1877, 49 (Richland Co., 

 Illinois, breeding). 



Ammodromu-s henslowi Sharpk, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 590. — Nehrlixg, 

 Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 88.— Pubdy, Auk, xiv, 1897, 220 ( Plymouth, 

 Myiarchuschigan, breeding). 



[Ammodramus'] henslowi Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 96, no. 7422. 



Ammodramus henslowii American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 

 547.— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 191 (Gainesville, Texas, Feb. 27, 

 etc.). — Scott, Auk, vi, 1889, 322 (Tarpon Springs, Florida, winter resident).— 

 Roberts, Auk, vii, 1890, 213 (near Myiarchusnneapolis, and Grant Co., Myiarchusnnesota, 

 breeding; Pembina, North Dakota, July). — ^Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 446 

 (summer resid.). — Bcrns, Auk, xii, 1895, 189 (Cape Myiarchusy Co., New Jersey, 

 breeding; descr. nest and eggs). — S,\unders, Auk, xvi, 1899, 80 (Thames 

 B., Ontario, breeding). — Allison, Auk, xvi, 1899, 267 (Arnite Co., Myiarchusssis- 

 sippi, winter resid. ) . 



A.[mmodrainu8'] /tenstoioii Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 412. 



Ammodramus henslowi Faxon, Auk, vii, 1889, 44 (SheflBeld, Myiarchusssachusetts; notes). 



AMMODRAMUS HENSLOWII OCCIDENTALIS Brewster. 

 WESTEKN HENSLOW'S SPARROW. 



Similar to ^1. A. hefislotoii, but decidedly paler above and more decid- 

 edly white below; chestnut of back paler and much more restricted. 

 Length (skins), 114.30-116.84 (115.57); wing, 53.85-54.10 (53.97); tail, 

 47.75-48.26 (48.01); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.19(11.68); depth of bill 

 at base, 7.62; tarsus, 17.02-18.29 (17.53); middle toe, 13.97-15.24 

 (14.4S).^ 



South Dakota in .summer. (Range very imperfectly known.) 



Aminodnunn.-i henslowii occideiitdlls Brewster, Descr. Seven Sup. New N. Am. 

 Birds, Feb. 17, 1891, 145 (Moody Co., South Dakota; coll. W. Brewster) ; Auk, 

 viii, Apr., 1891, 145 (Moody Co., South Dakota). — American Ornitholo- 

 gists' Union Committee, Auk, ix, 1892, 106; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 

 547(1.— Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 601. 



^ Only two spe(!iinens examined; neither of them sexed. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 229 



Genus PLAGIOSPIZA Ridg>Aray. 



Plagiospiza Ridgway, Auk, xv, July, 1898 (pub. Myiarchusy 14, 1898), 224. (Type, 

 A'.mojMla superciHowt S\vaini?on. ) 



Stoutly built terrestrial Fringillidse, with short truncated wing (less 

 than three times as long as tarsus), short graduated tail with narrow 

 rectrices, and plumage conspicuously striped above. 



Bill stout (depth through base exceeding gonj-s or length of maxilla 

 from nostril), the exposed culmen a little more than half as long as 

 tarsus; culmen slightly convex at tip and base, straight, or slightly 

 depressed in the middle portion; gonys straight, with rather promi- 

 nent basal angle; maxillary tomium faintly concave terminally and 

 subbasally, faintly convex between, the slight basal deflection begin- 

 ning beneath posterior end of nostril. Nostrils small, horizontal, 

 pointed anteriorly, with broad overhanging scale. Wing very short 

 (onlj' about two and three-fourths times as long as tarsus); eighth to 

 fifth quills equal and longest, the ninth and fourth but little shorter, 

 the former being decidedly longer than the third and very much longer 

 than the secondaries; primaries exceeding secondaries bj' more than 

 length of maxilla from nostril, but less than length of culmen; tertials 

 longer than secondaries, reaching nearly to tip of longest primaries. 

 Tail much shorter than wing, graduated for about the length of the 

 bill from nostril, the rectrices very narrow but rounded at tips. Tar- 

 sus rather short (less than twice as long as exposed culmen), very 

 slightly exceeding middle toe with claw, rathef stout, its scutella dis- 

 tinct; lateral claws falling a little short of base of middle claw; hallux 

 about equal to middle toe, its claw nearly as long as the digit. 



Coloration. — Verj'^ conspicuouslj' streaked everywhere above, plain 

 light brownish gray beneath (nearly white on chin, upper throat, and 

 belly), the under tail-coverts with dusky streaks; a broad and' conspic- 

 uous dusky band on sides of head, with a conspicuous superciliary 

 •stripe of brownish white or buffy above it. 



Range. — Highlands of Mexico. (Monotypic.) 



PLAGIOSPIZA SUPERCILIOSA (Swainson), 

 STRIPED SPARROW, 



AchilU {sexes alike). — Pileum chestnut, streaked with black and with 

 a more or less distinct median stripe of pale buffj' and black streaks; 

 back and scapulars light brown, broadly and sharpty streaked with 

 black; rectrices blackish, edged with light brown or brownish gray 

 and more or less tipped with a paler tint of the same, especially on 

 outermost rectrices, the middle pair with the light brown or grayish 

 edgings very broad and the black median stripe with serrated edgings, 




230 BULLETIN 50, UNITEB STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



often throwing off indistinct darker bars across the lighter colored 

 lateral portions. A broad and sharply defined superciliary stripe of 

 buffy or dull whitish; immediately beneath this a broad and conspicu- 

 ous band of black, involving the lores and suborbital and auricular 

 regions, the lower posterior portion of the last streaked with whitish; 

 malar region, chin, upper throat, and middle of belly dull whitish, 

 shading into light brownish gray on other under parts; under tail- 

 coverts (sometimes flanks, also) streaked with dusky. Bill black. 



loim^.— Essentially like adults, but under parts dull buffy whitish, 

 with the lower throat, upper chest, and sides of" chest narrowly streaked 

 with dusky. 



Adtdt ;»«/«.— Length (skins), 154.94-171.45 (162.05); wing, 75.69- 

 81.79 (78.74); tail, 67.31-73.15 (70.36); exposed culmen, 14.73-15.49 

 (15.24); depth of bill at base, 8.89-10.16 (9.65); tarsus, 23.37-27.94 

 (25.65); middle toe, 16.51-20.32 (18.80).' 



Adult female.— l^Qu^ih. (skins), 144.78-160.02 (154.69); wing, 73.66- 

 80.77 (75.95); tail,' 63.50-70.61 (67.31); exposed culmen, 13.21-15.49 

 (14.73); depth of bill at base, 9.65-10.16 (9.91); tarsus, 24.89-27.43 

 (26.91); middle toe, 17.53-19.81 (18.54).' 



Mexican plateau, from States of Vera Cruz (Perote), Puebla, Hidal- 

 go, Tlaxcala, Morelos, Mexico, Myiarchuschoacan, and northern Jalisco to 

 northern Chihuahua (Colonia Garcia, Guachochi, Guadalupe y Calvo. 

 etc.) and northeastern Sonora (Bavispe River andPacheco). 



Aimophila superciliosa Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 287; Anim. in ilenag., 

 18?8, 314 (Mexico; coll. W. Swainson).— Sumicheast, Mem. Bost. Soc, N. H., 

 i, 1869,551 (upper alpine reg. Vera Cruz, 3,000-4,000 meters). — Stone, Proc. 

 Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 215 (Chalchicomula, Vera Cruz).— Allex, Bull. 

 Am. Myiarchuss. N.H.,v, 1898, 39 (Bavispe R. and Pacheco, n.e. Sonora). — Cox, 

 Auk, xii, 1895, 357 (Mount Orizaba, up to 11,000 ft.).— Chapman, Bull. Am. 

 Myiarchuss. N. H., X, 1898, 41 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft. ; habits). 



A.limopMla] swpfraKosa Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850,486. 



[HiemophUa] superciliosa Sa^ATER and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 33. 



Hseviophila superciliosa S.vlvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, .395, 

 pi. 30, fig. 1 (Ciudad, Durango); Ibis, 1889, 239 (environs of Mexic'o; near 

 Pueblo; Popocatepetl, 10,000-12,000 ft.; Cofre de Perote, Vera Cruz; San 

 Luis Potosi; Aguas Calientes; Durango).— Shahpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 722. 



lEmbernagra} superciliosa Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 91, no. 7344. 



Hmmophila rufescens (not Pipilo rufescens Swainson) Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 

 1862, 118, part. 



Genus AIMOPHILA Swainson. 



AimophilaSw AiiisoTfi, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 287. (Type, Pipi7oni/i?scere.sSwainson.) 

 Haemophila (emendation) Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein, i, Apr., 1851, 132. 

 Hxmophila (emendation) Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Sbc. Lond., 1858, 98. 

 Peucsea^ Audubon, Synopsis Birds N.Am., 1839, 112. (Type, Fringilla bachmanii 

 Audubon.) 



'Ten specimens. 



""Name from TtsvKi), a pine." 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 231 



Small or medium-sized semiterrestrial FringillidaB with tail equal to 

 or longer than wing, and more or less graduated; wing rather short 

 and rounded (sometimes very much so), the outermost (ninth) primary 

 not longer than fourth, usually shorter than second, sometimes shorter 

 than secondaries. 



Bill very variable as to relative size and thickness, sometimes large 

 and stout, sometimes small and rather slender; culmen moderately or 

 faintly convex throughout or, usually, straight (sometimes even slightly 

 depressed) in middle portion; gonys about equal to basal depth of bill, 

 or slightly less, straight or faintly convex; maxillary tomium without 

 subterminal notch, faintly concave anteriorly, then faintly convex, again 

 faintly concave just anterior to the nearly concealed basal deflection; 

 mandibular tomium straight, oi- nearly so, to the abruptly deflected basal 

 portion, the subbasal angle sometimes slightly toothed. Rictal bristles 

 indistinct. Nostrils rather nari-ow, longitudinal, more or less pointed 

 anteriorly, overhung by a more or less distinct (usually conspicuous) 

 superior operculum. Wing short (two and three-fourths to nearly 

 three and a-half times as long as tarsus), much rounded, or truncate, 

 at tip (eighth to fifth primaries longest, ninth not longer than fourth, 

 usually shorter than second, sometimes shorter than secondaries), the 

 primaries exceeding secondaries by much less than length of tarsus 

 (usually by less than length of culmen) ; tertials not elongated. Tail 

 equal to or longer than wing,^ sometimes much longer, more or 

 less graduated (graduation sometimes more than half the length of 

 tarsus), the rectrices rather narrow but with rounded tips. Tarsus 

 longer than middle toe with claw;^ lateral toes about equal, their claws 

 falling short of base of middle claw; hind claw decidedly shorter than 

 its digit, the two together not longer (usually shorter) than middle toe 

 without claw. 



Coloration. — Back more or less streaked, or else plain purplish 

 grayish brown; under parts without streaks in adults, except some- 

 times on sides and flanks; otherwise extremely variable (see "Key," 

 pages 233 to 235). 



Range. — Sonoran or Lower Austral districts of United States and 

 southward through Mexico and Central America (chiefly on highlands) 

 to western Costa Rica. 



I am far from satisfied with the limits which are here assigned the genus 

 AiTTuo^phila^ but have not been able, after repeated and tedious efl'orts, 

 to devise any improvement. If Peuccea is to be retained as a separate 

 genus it must be restricted to include only P. cestivalis (with its sub- 

 species), P. hotterii, and P. cassini, since there can be no question 

 that Ammodramus nificeps Cassin and Peuccea carpalis Coues are 



^ Sometimes a little less in specimens with tips of rectrices much worn. 

 'A little shorter only in some specimens of A. humeralw. 




232 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



strictly congeneric with Aiino2?MIa rufescens (type of the genus) and A. 

 sianichrmti^ respectively. The species which belong to Peuccea in the 

 restricted sense indicated above differ from the true Awiopliilm in their 

 decidedly more produced and truncated wing-tip and longer outer- 

 most primaries, the ninth primary never shorter than the third and 

 usually equal to the fourth, while in the true Aimophilce it is never lopger 

 than the second and sometimes shorter than the first, the longest pri- 

 maries oxceedingthe secondai-ies by more than half the length of tarsus 

 instead of less than length of culmen. They also have weaker feet, 

 with relatively longer and straighter claws, and the hallux is relatively 

 lonoer. Were there no species of intermediate character to bridge 

 over the gap between these two groups a genus Peucwa might be rec- 

 ognized, but unfortunately this is not the case, " Ammodrmnus" peteni- 

 CU8 being an Airaophila Avith respect to its wing-formula but a Petoccm 

 in other respects. Therefore I have no alternative but to combine 

 the two groups into one. This results in a generic, or supjjosed gen- 

 eric, group of something more than a dozen species (not counting sub- 

 species), among which there are very great differences of coloration 

 and considerable differences of form; but unless several subdivisions 

 be recognized it seems necessary to consider them all as belonging to 

 one genus. 



The genus Aiongphila, thus enlarged, includes five more or less well- 

 defined groups, as follows: 



(a) Aimophila rufescens (with its three subspecies), A. mcleodii, A. 

 notosticta, and^. rnficejps (with subspecies), of plain coloration, streaked 

 brownish above and plain dull whitish or otherwise light colored beneath. 



(S) A. ruficauda (with two subspecies), A. humeralis, and A. 

 mystacalis; a not very homogeneous group, the structual differences, 

 while not of a positive character, being well defined. This group is 

 characterized by a very bold and striking style of coloration, 

 involving conspicuous black and white head-stripes, broad back jugu- 

 lar band, black throat-patch, or other very prominent markings. 



(c) A. sumichrasti and A. carpalis, in coloration somewhat interme- 

 diate between the above two groups, having the generally plain colo- 

 ration of a but with a-ufous lesser wing-coverts, and more of the 

 form of species belonging to h. 



(d) A. quinquestrtata alone. This has the bold coloration of species 

 of group i, but is wholly unstreaked, the colors themselves quite 

 different, the bill very slender, and the tail relatively much shorter. 

 This species I once placed in Am2)hispi2a, but I now find it whoU}^ out 

 of place there unless that genus also be merged into Aimojyhila, which 

 I feel sure would be going quite too far. 



(e) Awnophila CBstivalis (with its subspecies), A. hotterii, A. sartorii^ 

 and A. pefenica, these being the species constituting the genus Peiiccea, 

 if such genus be recognized, except the last, which in that event 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 233 



would, on account of its wing-formula, have to be referred to Almo- 

 ph-i'ki, in a section hj itself. 



However distinct these groups may appear at first sight, they seem, 

 nevertheless, to be connected; thus, ^1. notostida, while a member of 

 group a as to coloration agrees best in form with members of group 

 h, particularly in its verj' long tail. The two species composing 

 group c, while resembling one another so closel}^ in coloration as to 

 leave no doubt as to their close relationship, differ verj' much in form, 

 A. sumichmsti having the short, stout tarsus of group I, while A. 

 carpaliH is unique in the shortness and relative depth of its bill. A. 

 quinquefftriafa is very much like A. ruficeps of group a in general 

 form, but has relatively longer primaries than any other member of 

 the genus, except those of the PeuccBa group, though the wing- 

 formula does not agree with that of the latter. 



Four South American (Peruvian) sparrows have been referred to 

 Aimophila, but ai'e undoubtedlj^ distinct geneiiically. as I ha\e been 

 able to determine bj' examination of three of them {Hcmnoj>hila nfolz- 

 manni Taczanowski, U. personata Salvin, and II. lata Salvin. These, 

 together with H. fuJclwa Sclater, belong to two genera peculiar to 

 the highlands of Peru, related to Aimophila and Junco, but distinct 

 from either.^ 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF AIMOPHILA. 



u. Anterior under parts pure white, with or without black or gray across chest, or 

 else deep gray with black on sides of throat; pileum conspicuously five-striped, 

 (two lateral black or brown crown-stripes and a white or gray median crown- 

 stripe and superciliary stripe), or else plain blackish or grayish, with or 

 without black streaks. 

 h. Pileum plain dusky or grayish, with or without narrow black streaks. 

 c. Tail shorter, or at least not longer, than wing; back purplish grayish brown 

 or chocolate, entirely without streaks; lesser wing-coverts, sides, and flanks, 



plain gray. (Northwestern Mexico. ) Aimophila qninqueatriata (p. 236) 



cc. Tail much longer than wing; back buffy brown, or cinnamon-rufous, streaked 

 with black; lesser wing-coverts not gray; flanks buffy or cinnamon. 

 d. Upper throat black; lower throat and chest gray; rump cinnamon-rufous; 

 lesser wing-coverts blackish. (Southern portion of Mexican plateau. ) 



Aimophila mystacalis (p. 236) 



dd. Whole throat white; a broad band of black or dark slaty across chest; rump 



grayish brown; lesser wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous. (Southern portion 



of Mexican plateau. ) Aimophila humeralia (p. 237) 



66. Pileum conspicuously five-striped (two black or dark brown lateral crown- 

 stripes and a median crown-stripe and superciliary stripe of white or gray), 

 c. Chest conspicuously spotted or clouded with gray. 

 d. Smaller (wing of adult male 71.63, tail 79.25-83.31); back slightly browner 

 and tail slightly more rufescent. (Guatemala to Costa Eica.) 



Aimophila rufioauda rnficauda (p. 238) 



' Incaspiza Ridgway (type, Hxmophila pulchra Sclater) and Rhynchospiza Ridgway 

 (type, Hsemophila stolzmanni Taczanowski). See The Auk, xv, July, 1898, 224. To 

 the former belong also H. personata Salvin, and H. Iseta Salvin. 




234 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



dd. Larger (wing of male ad. 73.15-79.40, tail 88.90-93.98); back slightly 

 grayer and tail less rufescent. (State of Oaxaca, southern Mexico.) 



AimopMla rnficauda lawrencii (p. 239) 

 cc. Chest pure white or but faintly tinged or clouded with gray. (Southwestern 



Jlexico.) Aimophila acuminata (p. 240) 



aa. Anterior under parts neither pure white, white with black or gray across chest, 

 nor gray with black on throat; pileum chiefly brown or rusty, without any 

 distinct or sharply defined median band of white or grayish. 

 b. Lesser wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous; maxilla cinnamon-brown. 

 r. Larger, with much larger bill (wing of adult male averaging 68.83, tail 68.33, 

 culmen always more than 12.70, tarsus 20.32 or more); upper tail-coverts 

 cinnamon or russet. (State of Oaxaca, southwestern Mexico.) 



Aimophila samiclirasti (p. 240) 

 cc. Smaller, with much smaller bill (wing of adult male averaging 63.25, culmen 

 always less than 12.70, tarsus less than 20.32); upper tail-coverts and tail 

 brownish gray. (Southern Arizona and northern Sonora.) 



Aimophila carpalis (p. 241) 

 66. Lesser wing-coverts brown or grayish (sometimes tinged with yellow near car- 

 pal joint) ; maxilla blackish, 

 c. Myiarchusndible, as well as maxilla, black; lateral crown-stripes Vandyke brown. 



(Highlands of Oaxaca, southern Mexico. ) Aimophila notoaticta(p. 242) 



cc. Myiarchusndible bluish gray or otherwise light-colored; -lateral crown-stripes (or 

 whole pileum) chestnut or rufous, or streaked brown and grayish. 

 d. Pileum chestnut or chestnut-rufous; edge of wing white. 

 e. Larger (wing 71.12 or more, tarsus more than 22.86). 

 /. Bill stouter (depth at base 10.16 or more); pileum more extensively 

 chestnut; coloration in general darker, above more rusty with differ- 

 ently colored areas more strongly contrasted. 

 g. Darker; pileum deep chestnut, usually with a distinct median stripe 

 of grayish or dull buffy and streaked with black, especially later- 

 ally and posteriorly; back browner and more distinctly streaked. 

 (Southern Mexico to Honduras.) 



Aimophila rnfesceus rafescens (p. 243) 



gg. Paler; pileum light chestnut without distinct median pale stripe 



or black streaks; back more rusty and less distinctly streaked. 



h. Wing and tail shorter, bill longer; coloration more rusty above, 



less buffy beneath; wing less than 76.20, tail not more than 77.47, 



exposed culmen not less than 15.24. (Southwestern portion of 



Mexican plateau.) Aimophila rafescens pallida (p. 245) 



hh. Wing and tail longer, bill shorter; coloration grayer above, more 

 buffy beneath; wing 77.47, tail 83.82, exposed culmen 14.73. 

 (Coast district of Sinaloa. ). Aimophila rnfesoena sinaloa (p. 245) 

 ff. Bill more slender (depth at base less than 10.16); pileum less exten- 

 sively chestnut (this mostly confined to anterior portions) ; coloration 

 in general paler, above grayer, with differently colored areas less 

 strongly contrasted. (Northwestern Mexico.) 



Aimophila mcleodii (p. 246) 

 e. Smaller (wing less than 71.12, tarsus less than 22.86). 

 /. General aspect above rufescent, or at least with very broad streaks of 

 chestnut-browTi or rusty on back. 

 g. Smaller (wing averaging less than 60.96, tail averaging less than 

 63.50). 

 h. Coloration duller, with white of orbital ring, etc., duller; bill more 

 slender. (California.) Aimophila ruflceps raflceps (p. 246) 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEEICA. 235 



i. Coloration clearer, with white of orbital ring, etc., purer; bill 

 thicker. (Southern portion of Lower California.) 



Aimophila ruficeps sororia (p. 248) 



gg. Larger (wing averaging more than 60.96, tail averaging more than 



63.50). 



h. Larger (wing averaging 66.04, tail averaging 69.34); coloration 



paler, with more gray above. (Arizona to western Texas, 



Chihuahua and Sonora. ) Aimophila ruficeps scottii (p. 24S ) 



h. Smaller (wing averaging not more than 63.50, tail averaging less 

 than 66.04); coloration darker, with less gray above, 

 i. Paler, more rusty. (State of Oaxaca, southern Mexico.) 



Aimophila ruficeps australis (p. 250) 



a. Darker, more fuscous. (States of Guerrero, Myiarchuschoacan, and 



Jalisco, southwestern Mexico. ) . Aimophila ruficeps fusoa (p. 250) 



ff. General aspect of upper parts grayish, the back with narrow brown 



streaks, often with blackish shaft-lines. 



g. Darker (hair brown above) , with streaks on back much darker. 



(Southeastern portion of Mexican plateau.) 



Aimophila ruficeps boucardi (p. 252) 

 gg. Paler (ash gray above) , with streaks on back paler. (Texas, Nuevo 



Leon, Tamaulipas, etc.) Aimopliila ruficeps eremoeca (p. 251) 



dd. Pileum brown or chestnut, streaked with grayish or dull buffy; edge of 

 wing pale yellow. 

 e. Scapulars and interscapulars with subterminal transverse spots, blotches, 

 or bars of blackish, but without mesial streaks of the same; outer webs 

 of secondaries and proximal greater coverts pale grayish brown or 

 drab. (Texasto Kansas, Arizona, and Sonora. ) . Aimopliila cassinii (p. 253) 

 ee. Scapulars and interscapulars streaked, but not subterminally spotted or 

 barred, with blackish; outer webs of secondaries and proximal greater 

 coverts more or less ruf escent. 

 /. Outermost (ninth) primary longer than third; coloration paler. 

 g. Wing averaging less than 60.96, tail averaging less than 64.77, tarsus 

 averaging less than 20.32; chestnut-brown or rusty postocular streak 

 very distinct. 

 h. Grayer above, with the chestnut streaks darker, the back always 

 and pileum usually streaked with black; chest, etc. , more grayish. 

 (Lower Georgia to Florida. ) 



Aimophila aestivalis eestivalis (p. 254) 



hh. More rusty above, with chestnut streaks lighter, more rufescent, 



only the back and scapulars with black streaks, these narrower, 



sometimes wanting; chest, etc., more buffy. (South Carolina 



to Virginia, Indiana, Illinois, Texas, etc. ) 



Aimophila aestivalis bachmauii (p. 256) 

 gg. Wing averaging more than 63.50, tail averaging more than 66.04, 

 tarsus averaging more than 20.32, or else plumage very dark 

 above, with black or dusky prevailing; brown or dusky postocular 

 streak indistinct. (Southern Mexico to southern Texas and Ari- 

 zona.) Aimophila botterii botterii (p. 257) 



ff. Outermost (ninth) primary not longer than third; coloration darker 

 (otherwise like A. b. botterii, but much smaller). 

 g. Larger (adult female with wing 56.64-59.69, tail 54.10-57.91); wing- 

 coverts less brown. (East slope of Vera Cruz to Chiapas; northern 



Nicaragua?) Aimophila botterii sartorii (p. 259) 



gg. Smaller (adult female with wing 55.88, tail .53.34); wing-coverts more 

 brown. (Northeastern Guatemala. ) 



Aimophila botterii petenica (p. 260) 




236 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



AIMOPHILA QUINQUESTRIATA (Sclater) . 

 FIVE-STRIPED SPARROW. 



Adults {sexes alihe). — Above plain purplish grayish brown, inclining 

 to chocolate on back, the rump and upper tail-coverts more graj'ish; 

 superciliary streak, malar streak, stripe down middle of chin and upper 

 throat, and abdomen white; broad stripe on each side of chin and 

 throat, and spot in middle of fchest, black; rest of under parts plain 

 dull slate-gray, the under tail-coverts broadly margined with white; 

 maxilla black, mandible light bluish; legs and feet light horn brownish, 

 the toes rather darker. 



J.(?wfo-//?.rtZ('.— Length (skins), 133.34-140.96 (135.88);' wing, 64.77- 

 73.66 (71.37);' tail, 66.55-72.39(68.38);' exposed culmen, 11.43-12.70 

 (12.19);' depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.11 (6.93);^ tarsus, 19.56-20.83. 

 (20.32);' middle toe, 13.97-15.24 (14.73).' 



Arhdt female. — Length (skin, one specimen), 144.78; wing, 64.01- 

 71.12 (67.06); tail, 61.72-72.90 (66.55); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.45 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 6.86; tarsus, 19.05-21.08 

 (20.32); middle toe, 13.46-15.24 (14.73)." ' 



Northwestern portion Mexican plateau, in States of Sonora (Alamos; 

 Camoa; Oposura), Chihuahua (near Batopilas; Hacienda de San Rafael), 

 Durango, and Jalisco (Bolanos; Mesquitic). 



Zonotrichia quinquestririta Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 

 323 (Mexico; coll. P. L. Sclater) .—Ridgway, Ibis., 1883, 400 (crit.).— Salvin 

 and GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, pi. 27, fig. 2. 



[Zonotrichia'] quinquestriata Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 94, no. 7386. — Sclater and 

 Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 31. 



Amplmpiza quinquestriata Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., i, 1886, 368. — 

 Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 632. 



AIMOPHILA MYSTACALIS (Hartlaub). 

 BRIDLES SPARROW, 



About the size of A. hinueralls, but wing, tail, and tarsus averaging 

 longer and bill smaller; lesser wing-coverts blackish or dusky and 

 rump plain rustj^ or cinnamon-rufous. 



Adults {sexes aliA'e). — Pileum and hindneck grayish, streaked with 

 dusky; sides of head dull brownish gray or dusk}-, relieved \>y a white 

 supraloral stripe and a white malar stripe; upper throat black,, some- 

 times intermixed with white along the median line, the chin usuallj' 

 white; lower throat and chest light olive-gray or dull ash graj^; sides, 

 flanks, and under tail-coverts cinnamon-buff; breast and abdomen dull 

 white; back and scapulars brown, streaked with black; rump plain 



1 Four specimens. ^Sixteen specimens. ' Eleven specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 237 



cinnamon-rufous or rusty; tail dusky, witli lighter edgings; wings 

 dull black or dusky, with more or less distinct lighter edgings, the 

 middle and greater coverts tipped with white, forming two bands; 

 maxilla black, mandible light colored (pale grayish blue in life) ; iris 

 brown; legs and feet light colored (pale flesh-colored in life). 



Young. — Throat blackish laterally, broadly dull whitisli, flecked 

 with dusky, medially; chest dull whitish, streaked with dusky; pileum 

 and hindneck light grayish brown streaked with dusky; white supra- 

 loral spot, malai- stripe, and wing-bands more or less yellowish or 

 bufify; otherwise essentially like adults. 



Adult ma^.^.— Length (skins), 149.86-160.02 (163.67); wing, 65.28- 

 72.39 (70.10); tail, 74.17-82.55 (78.74); exposed culmen, 10.92-13.46 

 (12.70); tarsus, 21.34-22.86 (21.84); middle toe, 14.73-16.51 (15.24).' 



Achdt female.— LiQx\gth (skins), 142.24-152.40 (146.56); wing, 64.01- 

 68.07 (65.79); tail, 73.66-80.77 (76.20); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.96 

 (12.19); tarsus, 21.59-22.35 (21.59); middle toe, 14.73-15.75 (15.49).' 



Southern extremity of Mexican plateau, in States of Vera Cruz (Ori- 

 zaba), Puebla (Rio Frio, Tehuacan, Atlixco, Chietia, etc.), and Oaxaca 

 (San Carlos;' Myiarchustla; Oaxaca; Cuicatlan). 



Zonotrichia mystacalis Haetlaub, Rev. ZooL, 1853, 2 (Rio Frio, Puebla, and City 



of Mexico; Bremen and Hamburg museums). — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 



Lond., 1856, 305 (a. Mexico); 1859, 379 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 



1862, 113 (Mexico).— Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 4, 1876, 21 



(Tehuacan, Puebla). 

 [^Zonotrichia] mysiacalis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 94, no. 7385. — Sclater and 



Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 81. 

 P.loospiza} mystacalis Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Bidgway's Hist. N. Am. 



Birds, i, 1874, 589. 

 Amphispiza mystacalis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 143. — Fehraki- 



Pekez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 143 (Chietia, Puebla). 

 A-lmphispiza} mystacalis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 426. ' 



Hxmophila mystacalis Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, sig. 50, 



Aug., 1886, 398 (Tehuacan, Puebla; Oaxaca). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. 



Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 728 ("San Juan del Rio, Mexico;" Puebla; Oaxaca). 



AIMOPHILA HUMERALIS Cabanis. 

 FERRARI-PEREZ'S SPARROW. 



Adults {sexes alike). ^ — Head and neck (except chin and throat) dusky 

 (becoming or approaching black anteriorly), relieved b}- a supraloral 

 spot and a malar stripe of white; a narrow stripe on each side of throat 

 and a broad band across chest black; rest of under parts chieflj^ white, 



' Fourteen specimens. 



^ Six specimens. 

 „ .IFemalea may possibly average slightly duller in color than males, but if the speci- 

 mens examined are correctly sexed there is decidedly no constant difference in this 

 respect. 




238 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATE8 NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



the flanks and under tail-coverts pale grayish brown or light buffy 

 brown; backand scapulars mostly cinnamon-rufous or chestnut, more or 

 less streaked with black; rump and upper tail-coverts light grayish 

 brown, the latter more or less margined terminally with paler; tail 

 dusky, with grayish brown edgings; lesser wing-coverts cinnamon- 

 rufous; middle coverts black, edged with fulvous and tipped with 

 white, forming a narrow band; greater coverts similar, but fulvous 

 edgings broader and whitish tips narrower; remiges dusky, the ter- 

 tials more or less edged with fulvous and primaries narrowly edged 

 terminally with pale gray; maxilla black; mandible light colored; iris 

 brown; legs and feet horn brownish. 



Adult male.— h&ngth (skins), 142.2i-160.02 (151.89); wing, 65.28- 

 70.10 (66.80); tail, 69.85-81.79 (76.96); exposed culmen, 12.45-13.46 

 (12.95); tarsus, 19.05-22.10 (20.57); middle toe 14.48-15.24 (14.99).' 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 140.97-160.02 (149.61); wing, 58.42- 

 66.04 (62.23); tail, 66.55-76.20 (71,12); exposed culmen, 12.45-13.21 

 (12.95); tarsus, 20.07-20.57 (20.32); middle toe, 13.97-16.51 (14.99)." 



Southern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Puebla (Chietla), 

 Morelos (Cuernavaca; Yautepec) and Guerrero (Tlapa; Tlakisala). 



H.\_cemophila\ humeralis Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, Apr., 1851, 132 (Mexico; Heine 



Myiarchuss. ; ex Fringilla humeralis Lichtenstein, manuscript). 

 IHiemophila] humeralis Sci.at'er and Salvin, Nom. Neotr., 1873, 33. 

 Hiemophila humeraUs Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 359 (Mexico). — Salvin and 



GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 398, pi. .29, fig. 1.— Shaepe, Cat. 



B. Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 727. 

 {^Aimophila'] tomfraKs Lichtenstein, Nom. Av. Myiarchuss. Berol., 1854, 43. 

 [^^knbemagra] humeralis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 91, no. 7347. 

 A. [mphispiza'] humeralis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. B., 1887, 426. 

 Amphispizaferrai-iperez) Ridgway, Auk, iii, July, 1886, 332 (Chietla, Puebla; coll. 



Nat. Myiarchuss. Mexico) ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 143. 



AIMOPHILA RUFICAUDA RUFICAUDA (Bonaparte). 

 RTJSSET-TAILED GROUND SPARROW. 



AdnltH {sexes alike). —Head marked with four broad stripes of black 

 or dusky, alternating with three narrow stripes of white or brownish 

 white; back light brownish and rusty, bi'oadly streaked with black; 

 tail cinnamon-brown; lesser wing-coverts and adjacent scapulars cinna- 

 mon-rufous; under parts mainly white, passing into tawny-buff or clay 

 color on flanks, etc. , the chest and sides of breast with feathers gray, 

 edged and margined with white. 



Adidt male.— Liength (skins), 165.10-175.26 (] 70.18); wing, 71.63; 

 tail, 79.25-83.31 (81.28); exposed cuhnen, 15,75; depth of bill at base, 

 10.16; tarsus, 22.86; middle toe, 17.78-18.03 (17.90).' 



' Seven specimens. ^ Five specimens. "Two specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 239 



Adult female.— Length (skin), 162.56; wing, 66.55; tail, 72.90; ex- 

 posed culinen, 14.73; tarsus, 22.86; middle toe, 17.27.' 

 Guatemala to Costa Rica (Pacific side). 



Chondesies ruficauda Boxaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 918 (Nicaragua); 

 Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 18. 



Hxmophila ruficauda Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, Oct., 1860, 398 (RioMontagua, 

 Guatemala).— ScLATEE, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 118 (Chuacus, Guatemala).— 

 Salvin, Ibis, 1870, 114(crit. nom.).— Zeledon, Oat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 

 9.— Nutting and RiDQw AY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1884, 383 (Sucuya, Nic- 

 aragua).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Oentr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 396, pi. 30, 

 fig. 2 (Ohol, Chuacus, Montagua Valley, and Guastatoya to Gualan, Guate- 

 mala; Acajutla, Salvador; Sucuyd, Nicaragua; Costa Rica). — Shabpb, Oat. 

 Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 724.— Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci., 1896-97 

 (1899), 222 (Grenada, Nicaragua). 



[Hxmophila] ruficauda. Sclatee and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 33 (Guate- 

 mala; Costa Rica). 



Ainiophila rufix:auda Zeledon, An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Mexico) . 



[Calamospiza'] ruficauda Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 111, no. 7671 (Nicaragua). 



[Embemagra'] rufix:auda Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 91, no. 7345 (Guatemala). 



{f) Haemophila tolteca Myiarchusller, Syst. Verz. Wirb. Mex. , 50. 



(.?) Haemophila toltec Myiarchusllee, Reise Mex., iii, 1865, 584. 



[Embemagra^ tolteca Geay, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 91, no. 7346. 



AIMOPHILA RUFICAUDA LA WRENCH (Salvin and Godman). 

 lEHUANTEPEC GROUND SPARROW. 



Similar to A. r. ruficauda, but larger; black stripes of pileum usu- 

 ally (?) more distinctly edged with brown, back more tinged with gray, 

 and tail usually slightly less rufescent. 



^i^^itmaZe.— Length (skins), 175.26-190.50 (181.61); wing, 73.15- 

 79.50 (76.20); tail, 88.90-93.98 (90.17); exposed culmen, 14.48-16.26 

 (15.49); tarsus, 22.86-24.13(23.62); middle toe, 17.27-18.54(18.03).'' 



Adult female.— Li&ngth (skins), 172.72-187.96 (179.07); wing, 70.10- 

 72.39(71.37); tail, 81.79-88.90 (85.60); exposed culmen, 14.99-16.51 

 (15.49); tarsus, 23.37-24.13 (23.88); middle toe, 17.27-18.29 (17.78).' 



State of Oaxaca (Pacific side), southwestern Mexico (Juchitan; Santa 

 Efigenia; Tehuantepec; Chimalapa; Huilo tepee). 



Hsemophila ruficauda (not Chondesies ruficauda 'Bonstparte) Lawrence, Bull. U. S. 



Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 4, 1876, 22 (Tehuantepec City, Santa Efigenia, and Juchitan, 



Oaxaca) . 

 Hxmophila lawrencii Salvin and Godman, Biol. Oentr.-Am., Aves, i, sig. 50, Aug., 



1886, 897 (Juchitan, Oaxaca; coll. Salvin and Godman). — Shaepe, Oat. 



Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 723. 



^ One specimen. '' Five specimens. ^ Six specimens. 




240 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



AIMOPHILA ACUMINATA' Salvin and Godman. 

 COLIMA GROUND SPARROW. 



Similar to A. rujicaiida lawrencii, but decidedly smaller; gray of 

 chest and sides of breast replaced by white or but faintly indicated; 

 tail less rufescent; head-stripes, usually, more uniformly and intensely 

 black, and buff of posterior underparts paler. 



Adidt ;h.(^/c;.— Length (skins), 147.32-167.64 (160.27); wing, 63.50- 

 70.61 (66.80); tail, 74.93-83.82 (78.49); exposed culmen, 12.70-14.99 

 (13.46); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 8.89; tarsus, 21.59-24.89 

 (23.11); middle toe, 15.49-17.78 (16.51).'= 



Adult f emaU.—h&ngth (skins), 149.86-163.83 (160.02); wing, 63.75- 

 67.31 (64.77); tail, 74.93-79.25 (77.22); exposed culmen, 13.21-14.48 

 (13.97); tarsus, 22.86-24.13 (23.11); middle toe, 15.49-17.27 (16.26).^ 



Southwestern Mexico, in States of Guerrero (Acapulco; Tierra Col- 

 orado; Tlapa), Colima, Jalisco (Ameca; Etzatlan; San Sebastian), from 

 near the Pacific coast to well within the interior plateau region in States 

 of Morelos (Cuernavaca; Yautepec), Puebla (Chietla), and Durango 

 (Huasamota). 



Zonotrichia melanotw (not Geospizopsis melanotic Bonaparte) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. 

 N. Y., viii, Myiarchusy, 1867, 473 (Plains of Colima, =. w. Mexico; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); 

 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868 (1869), 430 (crit. ). 



H.\^semophila\ mefanotis Lawrence, Proc. jk;. Nat. Sci. Phila., 186i8 (1869), 430, in 

 text. 



IHsemophila] melanotis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 33. 



Hsemoplula melanotis Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 422 (Acapulco, Guer- 

 rero). 



Aimophila melanotis Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.,ii, 1874, 277 (Plains of 

 Colima).— RiDGW AY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 145 (Chietla, Puebla; 

 crit.). 



HsemopKila acuminata Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, sig. 50, 

 Aug., 1886, 397 (ex Aimophila acuminata Lichtenstein, Nom. Av. Myiarchuss. Berol., 

 1854, 43, =nomen nudum!; Yautepec, Morelos, s. Mexico; coll. P. L. Sclater. — 

 Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 723. 



AIMOPHILA SUMICHRASTI Lawrence. 

 STJMICHRAST'S SPARROW. 



Adidts {sexes alil'e). — Lesser wing -coverts cinnamon-rufous; upper 

 tail-coverts and tail cinnamon; pileum with two broad lateral stripes 

 of chestnut-brown, streaked with black, and a narrow median stripe of 

 grayish; back and scapulars' light brown or grayish brown, broadly 

 streaked with black; broad superciliary stripe (becoming white ante- 

 riorly), auricular region, sides of neck, and sides of chest light gray, 



' Possibly a subspecies of .1. rujicauda. 

 '^ Fourteen specimens. 

 ''Five specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEKIOA. 241 



fading into paler gva,y on median portion of chest; suborbital orescent, 

 anterior half of malar region, chin, upper throat, and abdomen white; 

 abroad postocular streak of dark brown; a loral, a rictal, and a sub- 

 malar streak of black; flanks grayish buff; femoral region and under 

 tail-coverts clear buff; maxilla cinnamon-brown; mandible paler; legs 

 and feet pale brownish. 



Adult /)i,ile.—L&ngth (skins), Vy2A0-l&2.56 (155.70); wing, HG.Oi- 

 71.1:^ (68.83); tail, 66.04-71.88 (68.33); exposed culmen, 14.^2-14.99 

 (14.73); depth of bill at base, 8.S;)-;).65 (9.14); tarsus, 20.32-21.59 

 (21.08); middle toe, 14.99-16.51 (15.49).' 



Adult fei)ia/c.— Length (skins), 139.70-l(i0.02 (152.40); wing, 62.99- 

 66.80 (64.52); tail, 63.50-69.85 (67.06); exposed culmen, 13.46-15.24 

 (14.22); depth of bill at base, 7.ST-8.89 (8.38); tarsus, 20.07-21.84 

 (20.83); middle toe, 12.95-14.99 (14.22).' 



Tierra caliente of Oaxaca, southern Mexico (Santo Domingo, Tehuan- 

 tcpec, San Bartolo, Juchitan, Salina Cruz, etc.). 



SdEtnopltlla sumichrasti Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hiyt. N. Y., x, Feb., 1871, 

 6 (Juchitan, Oaxaca, s. Jlexico; U. S. Nat. JIuk.); Bull. U. S. Nat. .Myiarchuss., 

 no. 4, 1876, 22 (do.). — S.\lvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 

 395.— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 126. 



[Hxmophtla'] sumichrasti Sclater and Salvin, Noui. A v. Neotr., 1873, 33. 



AIMOPHILA CARPALIS (Coues). 

 BENDIKE'S SPAKROW. 



Similar to A. su/nu'/trasfl but much smaller, grayer above, with 

 back more narrowly streaked, and tail grayish brown instead of cinna- 

 mon. 



Adults {sexes aliJcc). — Pileum streaked broadly with chestnut-rufous 

 or rusty (sometimes nearly uniform rusty) and narrowly with grayish, 

 the latter forming a more or less distinct median line; a broad super- 

 ciliary stripe and sides of head generally light grayish, the latter 

 relieved by a postocular streak of rusty and a rictal and a submalar 

 streak of blackish; upper parts, including upper tail-covej:"ts and 

 tail, brownish gray, or light grayish brown, the back and scapulars 

 streaked with blackish; lesser wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous; under 

 parts grayish white. 



Young. — Upper parts, including pileum, light grayish brown, broadly 

 streaked with blackish; lesser wing-co\'erts dusky centrally, broadly 

 margined with pale brownish buff; under parts whitish, the chest and 

 sides streaked with dusky. 



Adidt male.— Length (skins), 127.00-135.89 (131.06); wing, 60.96- 

 66.04 (63.25); tail, 63.50-68.07(65.28); exposed culmen, 10.16-10.67 



^ Seven specimens. 

 17024—01 16 




242 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(10.4-1); depth of bill. 6.-Si]-7.11 (7.11); tarsu.s, 18.29-1S.54 (18.29); 

 middle top, 12.TU-1S.72 (13.21). ' 



Adaltfemal,:^\jQx^a^t\i (skins), 123.19-133.35 (130.05); wing, 59.44- 

 63.50 (61.21); tail, 61.72-67.31 (65.53); expcsed culmen, 9.65-10.67 

 (10.16); depth of bill at base, 6,35-7.11 (6.st)); tarsus, 18.29-19.81 

 (18.80); middle toe, 13.21-13.72 (13.46).^ 



Southern Arizona (north to Tucson and Camp Lowell) and south- 

 ward through Sonora (Alamos, Ortiz, Granados, etc.) to northern 

 Sinaloa (Culiacan). 



Peucien carpnlix Coues, Amer. Nat., vii, Jane, 1873, 322 (Tucson, Arizona; U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss. ); Check List, 1873, no. 171 hh; 2d ed., 1882, no. 257.— Baird, 

 Brewer, ami Ridgway, Hi:^t. X. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 46, fig. 8; jii, 1874, 

 515.— Hen-shaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's 8urv., 1873 (1874), 159 (s. e. 

 Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 187.i, 291 (Camp Lowell, Arizona; 

 habits, etc.). — Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 229. — Bendirb, 

 Orn. and 061., vii, 1882, 121 (habits; descr. nest and eggs). — Brewster, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 195 (Tucson and Camp Lowell, Arizona) .— 

 Stephens, Auk, ii, 1885, 228 (a. Arizona) . — Americax Ornithologists' 

 "Union, Check List, 1886, no. 579.— Scott, Auk, iv, 1887, 203 (Santa Cata- 

 linaMts., a. Arizona, 3,000-4,500 ft.).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 715.— Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchus><. X. H., v, 1893, 39 (Granados, n. e. 

 Sonora). 



P. [euctTa] rtirpalis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 375. — Ridgway, Myiarchusn. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1887, 430. 



Aimophila ciirpalix'RmGVi w , Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 81. — American Ornithologists' 

 Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 119. 



AIMOPHILA NOTOSTICTA (Sclater and Salvin). 

 OAXACA SPARROW. 



Very similar in coloration to ^ 1. rafe-'^cenii rufescens, but much smaller, 

 and bill entirely black; broad lateral crown-stripes darker (van dyke 

 brown instead of chestnut); black streaks oil back broader; tail hair 

 brown instead of chestnut-brown, and wings verj^ much less rufescent. 



Adults (.s'rt/v« ah'h'). — Bill whollj' black; pileum chiefi}' vandyke 

 brown; back grayish brown, broadly .streaked with black; wings mainly 

 gra3'isli brown, the tertials inclining to chestnut-brown on edges; tail 

 hair brown; sides of head and neck, including broad superciliaiy stripe 

 (becoming white anteriorly), brownish gray, this passing into a more 

 brownish hue on sides of breast; a distinct white orbital ring, sur- 

 rounded by dusky; a broad postocular streak of dark brown; malar 

 stripe, chin, throat, and abdomen dull buffy whitish; a blackish sub- 

 malar streak. 



Adult male. — Length (skin), 160.02; wing, 69.85; tail, 80.01; exposed 

 culmen, 12.45; depth of bill at base, 7.37; tarsus, 23.37; middle toe, 

 17.27; graduation of tail, 15.24.'' 



^ Six specimens. ^ One specimen. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 243 



AdidtfemaJe.-L,ength (skins), 149.86-165.10 (157.48); wing, 62.23- 

 71.12(66.55); tail, 71.13-83.82 (77.47); exposed culmen, 12.70-13.46 

 (12.95); depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.37 (7.11); tarsus, 23.37-24. S9 

 (24.13); middle toe, 16.26-16.51 (16.38); graduation of tail, 12.70-20.32 

 (16.61).^ 



Southeastern extremity of Mexican plateau, in State of Oaxaca 

 (Cerro San Felipe, Ejutla, etc.). 



Peitcxa TWtosticta Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 322 (Oaxaca, 

 s. e. Mexico; coll. SalvinandGodman). — Baihd, Brewer, andRIDGWAY, Hist. 

 N.Am. Birda, ii, 1874, 38, footnote.— Ridg way. Ibis, 1883, 400 (crit.).— Sal- 

 viN and GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 393, pi. 28, fig. 1. 



IPeuciea} notosiicia Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 32. 



P. leucsea] notosticta Ridqway, iNIan. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 430. 



\^Peucxa ruficeps.] Subsp. y. Peuciea notosticta Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 715. 



\_Ammodramus\ notosticta Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 96, no. 7431. 



AIMOPHILA RUFESCENS RUFESCENS Swainson. 

 RUSTY SPARROW. 



Similar to A. notosticta, but much larger, with relatively deeper bill 

 and shorter tail; the former with mandible plumbeous or otherwise 

 light-colored, the latter chestnut-brown instead of grayish brown; 

 wings largely chestnut-brown. 



Adults (sexes alike). — .Pileum chestnut, divided by a more or less dis- 

 tinct median stripe (rarely obsolete) of olive-grayish or dull buffy and 

 streaked with black, at least posteriorly or along exterior margin; 

 back and scapulars brown, more or less distinctlj'' streaked with black; 

 wings brown, inclining to chestnut on secondaries and proximal greater 

 coverts; -tail chestnut-brown or russet; sides of head, including a broad 

 superciliary stripe (this whitish anteriorlj^) olive-grayish; a whitish 

 orbital ring surrounded by dusky; a dusky postocular streak and a 

 verj' distinct black submalar streak; malar region, chin, throat, and 

 abdomen dull white or pale buffy; rest of under parts dull graj-ish 

 buffy, becoming deeper and more brownish on sides and flanks. 



Young. — Pileum dusky, indistinctlj^ streaked with brown, and divided 

 medially by a broken stripe of pale olive or grayish buffy streaks; 

 under parts light dull j^ellow, the chest and sides of breast marked 



^ Two specimens, of which I suspect the larger to be wrongly sexed. Two other 

 specimens, with sex undetermined, are probably males; if they are, and my surmise 

 regarding determination of the sex of the larger alleged female be correct, the sexual 

 difference of size would be about as follows: 



Four males: Length (two specimens), 160.02-165.10 (162.56); wing, 68.58-71.12 

 (69.85); tail, 76.20-83.82 (80.26); exposed culmen, 11.94-13.46 (12.70); depth of biU 

 at base, 6.86-7.62 (7.37); tarsus, 22.86-24.89 (23.88); middle toe, 15.75-17.27 (16.51); 

 graduation of tail, 10.16-20.32 (14.22). 



One female: Length, 149.86; wing, 62.23; tail, 71.12; exposed culmen, 12.70; depth 

 of bill at base, 6.86; tarsus, 23.37; middle toe, 16.26; graduation of tail, 12.70. 




244 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



with streaks or cuneate spots of blackish. Otherwise much like 

 adults. 



Adult //iffZf. ^Length (skius), about 170.18-190.50 (177.04); wing, 

 69.85-76.71 (73.66); tail, 67. 31-82. SO (76.20); exposed culmen, 16.00- 

 17.27 (16.51); depth of bill at base, 10.41-12.45 (11.18); tarsus, 25.65- 

 27.94 (26.42); middle, toe, 19.05-20.32 (19.56).' 



Adult femaL-.—\^vci^A\.'i%-rim (72.90); tail, 76.20-77.72 (77.22); 

 exposed culmen. 15.24-16.00 (15.75); tarsus, 25.40-26.67 (26.16); mid- 

 dle toe, 18.29-20.07 (19..30).' 



Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, Mexico, San 

 Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, Morelos, Oaxaca, and Chiapas, and southwai'd 

 through highlands (pine region) of Guatemala, Salvador, and Honduras 

 to the Segovia River. 



P'qj'do rafescens Swainson, Philos. Myiarchusg., n. a., i, 1827, 434 (Temascaltepec, Mexico). 



P.{;ipilo] rufescens Bon.\parte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 487. 



AimopJiUa rii/t'.srexs Swainsox, Anim. in Menag., IS.jS, 313. — Sujiichrast, Mem. 

 Bost. Soc. X. H., i, 1869, 551 (temperate region. Vera Cruz). — Fekrari-Perez, 

 Proo. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 145 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). — Eidqway, Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., X, 1887, 5S7 (Segovia R., Honduras; crit.) . — Stone, Proc. Ac 

 Nat. Soi.Phila., 1890, 212 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz). —Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. 

 N. H. , X, 1898, 29 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; habits; song). 



A.limophiki] rufescmw Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 486. 



H.liiemophila] rufescens Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, 1851, 132 (Mexico). 



Hiemophila ri-ifescens Scl.\ter, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858,98 (s. Mexico); 1859, 

 365 (Jalapa), 380 (Juquila and Villa Alta, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 118 

 (Dueiias and Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala; Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Oaxaca). — 

 Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 18.59, 18 (Guatemala); 1860, 34 (Duenas, Guate- 

 mala). — DuGES, La Naturaleza, 1,1868,140 (Guanajuato). — Lawrence, Bull. 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 4, 1876, 22 (Guichicovi, Tehuantepec). — Salvix and God- 

 man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 394, pi. 29, fig. 2 ( Quezaltenango, Carrizal, 

 San Geronimo, and pine-ridge of Peten, Guatemala, etc. ) — Sharpe, Cat. Birds 

 Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 725. — Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac.Sci., 1896-97 (1899), 

 222 (Coatepec, Vera Cruz). 



' Eleven specimens. 

 ^ Four specimens. 



Specimens from Mexico compare in average measurements with those from Guate- 

 mala and Honduras, as follows: 



The specimens from Honduras are in much-worn plumage, and therefore the 

 measurements of wing and tail are not satisfactory for comparison. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 245 



[Hsemophila] rufescena Sclatee and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 33. 

 E.[mhemagra] rufeKceiis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 361. 

 [Embernagra] rufescens Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 91, no. 7343. 

 Embemagra pyrgitoides Lafresnaye, Rev. ZooL, 1839, 97 (Mexico). 

 [Buarremon] pijrgitoides Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 484 (Mexico). 

 Oeospizopsis mekiHotis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, Myiarchusy, 1856, 955 (Mexico). — 



ScLATEE, Proo. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1856, 306 (Cordova, Vera Cruz). 

 Aimophila rufescens discolor Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, sig. 37, Aug. 6, 1888, 



587, in text (Segovia R., Honduras; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ). 



AIMOPHILA RUFESCENS PALLIDA Nelson and Palmer. 

 ETZATLAN SPARROW. 



Similar to A. r. rufescens, but bill more slender, tarsi and toes shorter, 

 and coloi'ation paler and much more uniform above and much less 

 buffy beneath; the pileum paler chestnut, without anjr distinct median 

 grayish stripe (usually without trace of the latter) and without any 

 black lateral border or suffusion (except sometimes on anterior por- 

 tion); no black stx'eaks on hindneck nor back (except, rarely, a few 

 indistinct ones on the latter). 



Adult }nale.— Length, (skins), 165.10-177.80 (172.97); wing, 73.15- 

 75.-M (74.17); tail, 73.15-77.47 (75.18); exposed culmen, 15.75-16.51 

 (16.26); depth of bill at base, 10.16-10.41; tarsus, 23.37-25.40 (24.38); 

 middle toe, 17.78-18.03 (17.90).^ 



Adult fentale.—hQngth (skins), 177.80-182.88 (180.34); wing, 68.68- 

 71.12 (69.85); tail, 71.63-72.39 (72.01); exposed culmen, 15.24^15.75 

 (15.49); depth of bill at base, 10.16-10.41 (10.28); tarsus, 23.11-23.62 

 (23.37); middle toe, 17.78-18.03 (17.90).' 



Southwestern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Myiarchuschoacan 

 (Uruapam), Jalisco (Etzatlan; Ameca; San Sebastian; Juanacatlan), 

 and Sinaloa (Plomosas). 



Aimophila rufeseem paMyiarchusda Nelson and Palmer, Auk, xi, no. 1, Jan., 1894, 43 

 (Etzatlan, Jalisco, s. w. Mexico; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



AIMOPHILA RUFESCENS SINALOA Ridgway. 

 SINALOA SPARROW. 



Similar to A. 7\ pallida, but wing and tail longer, bill shorter and 

 relatively deeper, toes shorter, and coloration paler and grayer above 

 and at the same time more butfy beneath; sides of head paler gray, 

 and brown postocular streak narrower. 



Aduli male. — Length (skin), 177.80; wing, 77.47; tail, 83.82; exposed 

 culmen, 14.73; depth of bill at base, 10.16; tarsus, 24.89; middle toe, 

 16.51.= 



' Four specimens. " Two specimens. '' One specimen, the type. 




246 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Coast district of southern Sinaloa (Tatemalis).' 



Aimnpliila rufescens sinaloa Ridgway, Auk, xvi, July, 1899, 254 (Tatemalis, Sina- 

 loa; coll. Oallfornia Acad. Sci. ). 



AIMOPHILA MCLEODII^ Brewster. 

 MyiarchusLEOD'S SPARROW, 



In general appearance and size resembling A. rufescens pallida, but 

 bill decidedly smaller and relatively more slender, feet smaller, upper 

 parts much grayer, pileum less extensively chestnut, and brown post- 

 ocular streak much narrower. 



Adult male.— L,ength (skins), 161.29-185.42 (173.23);' wing, 71.12- 

 78.74 (75.18); tail, 71.12-78.74 (74.93); exposed culmen, 15.24-17.02 

 (15.49); depth of bill at base, 9.65;^ tarsus, 22.35-23.62 (23.11); mid- 

 dle toe, 16.51-17.78 (17.27).' 



Adidt female.— Length (skins),161.29-172.72 (166.62);' wing, 66.04- 

 73.66 (70.36); tail, 69.85-76.96 (72.90); exposed culmen, 13.97-15.24 

 (14.99); depth of bill at base, 8.89-9.91 (9.14);' tarsus, 22.61-24.38 

 (23.37); middle toe, 16.00-17.78 (17.27).» 



Northwestern Mexico, in States of Sonora (Oposura; Bavispe Eiver; 

 Puerto de los Pinitos; Alamos, etc.). Chihuahua (El Carmen; Jesus 

 Myiarchusria; Myiarchusna Abundancia; Hacienda de San Rafael, etc.), and Durango 

 (Chacala). 



AimopMla mdeodii Bkewstek, Auk, v, Jan., 1888, 92 (El Carmen, Chihuahua; 



coll. W. Brewster).— Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., v, 1893, 39 (Puerto de 



los Pinitor, n. e. Sonora\ 

 • AimopMla cahooni Brewster, Auk, v, Jan., 1888, 93 (mountains near Oposura, 



Sonora; coll. W. Brewster). 

 Peuciea megarliyncha Salvin and Godmax, Ibis, 6th ser., i, Apr., 1889, 238 (Santa 



Ana, Sonora, n. w. Mexico; coll. Salvin and Godman). 

 Peucica notosticta (not of Sclater and Salvin) Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., v, 



1893, 39 (Bavispe K. and Guanopa, n. e. Sonora). 



AIMOPHILA RUFICEPS RUFICEPS (Cassin). 

 RTJFOUS-CROWNED SPARROW. 



Adults {sexes alike). — Pileum clear chestnut, darker on the forehead, 

 where sometimes blackish anteriorly, with a median whitish line at 

 base of culmen, and usually with buffy grayish streaks along the mid- 

 dle of crown and occiput, forming a slight indication of a median 



^ Tatemalis is said to be in the foothills, southeast from Myiarchuszatlan. The bird found 

 at Plomosas, farther up in the mountains of the same district, is A. r. pallida; con- 

 sequently it is reasonable to suppose that the present form is a lowland bird, extend- 

 ing from the foothills toward the coast. 



^ Possibly a subspecies of A. rufescens. 



' Two specimens. 



* Wing, tail, culmen, tarsus, and middle toe, sixteen specimens. 

 ^ Four specimens. 



• Wing, tail, culmen, tarsus, and middle toe, fourteen specimens. 




BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEKICA. 247 



stripe; back and scapulars buffy grayish brown, broadl}' streaked with 

 chestnut, but without distinct (if any) dusky shaft-sti'eaks; tail light 

 cinnamon-brown or deep wood brown; sides of head and neck and most 

 of under parts pale buffy hair brown or pale broccoli brown , the chin, 

 throat, supraloral line, narrow orbital ring, malar stripe, and abdomen 

 paler, but not approaching white; a chestnut postocular streak and a 

 distinct black submalar streak. 



Young. — Myiarchusch like adults, but pileum dull bi"own,obsoletely streaked 

 with darker; back more narrowly streaked with darker brown; chest 

 narrowly streaked with dusky brown, and submalar streak indistinct 

 or obsolete. 



Adtdf male.— Ijength (skins), 127.00-140.97 (136.65); wing, 55.88- 

 60.96 (59.18); tail, 57.15-67.31 (63.60); exposed' culmen, 10.41-12.70 

 (11.43); depth of bill at base, 5.08-6.35 (5.59); tarsus, 19.05-20.57 

 (20.07); middle toe, 13.97-15.24(14.99).' 



Adult female.— Ijength (skins), 127.00-132.08 (130.05); wing, 55.37- 

 58.42 (57.40); tail, 58.93-66.04 (62.48); exposed culmen, 10.92-12.70 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 5.08-5.84 (5.33); tarsus, 19.05-20.32 

 (20.07); middle toe, 13.97-15.24 (14.48).' 



California and northern Lower California; north to Myiarchusrin County, 

 Calaveras County, Sacramento County (Cosumnes River), etc. ; south 

 to San Pedro Myiarchusrtir Mountains (foothills); Santa Catalina Island, Santa 

 Barbara group. 



Ammodromus ruficeps Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, Oct., 1852, 184 (Cosum- 

 nes R. or Calaveras R.,' centr. California; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ) ; Illustr. 

 Birds CaL, Tex., etc., 18.54, 135, pi. 20. — Heermann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 2d ser., ii, 18.52, 266 (Calaveras R. ) . 



Ammodramus ruficeps Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 49 

 (Cosumnes R. and Calaveras R., Cal. ). 



[Ammodramus'] ruficeps Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 96, no. 7429. 



Peucaea ruficeps Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 486, 925 (Calaveras R., 

 Fort Tejon, and San Francisco, California); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 372. 



Peuca'a ruficeps Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon). — 

 Cooper, Cm. Cal., 1870, 218, part (Cosumnes R. ; San Francisco; Santa Cata- 

 lina I.); Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1870, 78 (Santa Catalina I.) . — Coues, Check 

 List, 1873, no. 171; 2d ed., 1882, no. 255. — B.aird, Brewer, and Ridgway, 

 Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 45, pi. 28, fig. 6.— Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 1,1878,418 (Myiarchusrphy's, Calaveras Co.,1 spec. Dec. 13). — Brewster, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 37 (Myiarchusrin Co.; descr. nest and eggs); iv, 1879, 40 

 (descr. young); 47 (Myiarchusrin Co.; habits and distribution). — Belding, Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 418 (Myiarchusrphy's, Calaveras Co., Dec.).— Ridgway, 

 Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 230.— Senneti-, Auk, v, 1888, 41 (crit. ).— Amer- 

 ican Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 580, part. — Evermann, 

 Auk, iii, 1886, 182 (Ventura Co.).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 



'Eleven specimens. 

 ' Six specimens. 



'Although the locality is given as simply "California," the species was based upon 

 specimens collected by Dr. A. L. Heermann at one of the two places mentioned above. 




248 BULLETIN 50, TJNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



712 (Nicasio, Myiarchusrin Co.) .—Anthony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 242 (base of San Pedro 

 Myiarchusrtir Mts., n. Lower California). — Fisher, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 

 98 {s. fork Kern E.; near San Bernardino, etc.).— Grinnell, Pasadena 

 Acad. Sci., Pub. ii, 1898, 39 (Los Angeles Co., foothills, resid.). 



Peucea ruficeps Cooper, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1870, 71 (Tulare Valley). 



[Pmciea'i ruficeps Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 140. 



[Peuciea ruficeps] var. ruficeps Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 

 ii, 1874, 38. 



P.[eucxa] ruficeps Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 374, part.— Ridgway, 

 Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 429, part. 



AimopUla ruficeps Ridgway, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 81.— American Ornitholo- 

 gists' ITkion Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 120. 



AIMOPHILA RUFICEPS SORORIA Ridgway. 

 LAGTINA SPARROW. 



Similar to A. r. rvficejyft in coloration of upper parts, but chestnut 

 of pileum somewhat lighter or clearer, supraloral line whiter, and 

 supra-auricular stripe lighter and grayer; smaller than ^4. /■. scottii, 

 with back, etc. , less ashy, with chestnut streaks darker and much nar- 

 rower, and the under parts much more strongly tinged with buff; 

 differing from all the other northern forms of the species in much 

 thicker and relatively shorter bill. Wing, 55.88-62.99 (60.20); tail, 

 60.96-65.53 (63.25); exposed culmen, 11.43; depth of bill at base, 

 6.35-6.86 (6.60); tarsus, 20.32-20.57 (20.32); middle toe, 13.9T-15.24 

 (14.73).' 



Southern portion of Lower California, in mountains (Laguna; Vic- 

 toria Mountains). 



Peucsea ruficeps boucardi (not Zonotrichica boucardi Sclater) Belding, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 348 (Victoria Mts., Lower California, above 2,500 ft.). 



P.\eucsea] ruficeps boucardi Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, part (Lower 

 California). 



Peucaea ruficeps (not Ammodromus ruficeps Cassin) American Ornithologists' 

 Union, Check List, 1886, no. 580, part ("Cape St. Lucas") . 



Aimophila ruficeps sororia Ridgway, Auk, xv, July, 1898 (pub. Myiarchusy 14, 1898), 226 

 (Victoria Mts., Lower California; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). — Ajieric^n Ornitholo- 

 gists' Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 120. 



AIMOPHILA RUFICEPS SCOTTII (Sennett). 

 SCOTT'S SPARROW. 



Similar to A. r. sororia but larger, with more slender bill, the back 

 more broadly streaked with chestnut-brown, rump and edgings of 

 scapulars and interscapulars much grayer, and under parts less strongly 

 suffused with buff. 



AdMlt male.— liength (skins), 134.62-154.94 (143.51); wings, 63.50- 

 70.36 (66.04); tail, 66.04-74.17 (70.87); exposed culmen, 11.43-13.97 



^ Three specimens, only one of them with sex determined. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 249 



(12.70); depth of bill at base, 5.84-7.11 (6.35); tarsus, 19.81-22.10 

 (21.08); middle toe, 13.'.t7-15.75 (14.99).' 



Adult female.— L,ength (skins), 134.62-139.70 (137.41); wing, 60.20- 

 64.01 (6i.98); tail, 63.50-67.82 (65.63); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.70 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 5.59-6.35 (6.10); tarsus, 19.sl-20.57 

 (20.32); middle toe, 13.97-15.49 (14. TS).^ 



Northwestern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Chihuahua 

 (Casas Grandes), Sonora, and Durango (Ciudad Durango, July), and 

 adjacent portions of Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas (El 

 Paso Countj^).^ 



Peuaca ruficeps . . . var. boucardi (not Zonotrichin hmicardi Sclater) Hbnshaw, 

 Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1874, 118 (Gila E., Camp Grant, etc., 

 Arizona; Bayard, New Mexico) ; Zool. Exp. ^X. 100th Merid., 1875, 289 (do. ; 

 habits, etc. ) . 



Peucsea riificejis hoiiciirdi Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 89 (s. Arizona 

 and s. New Mexico) ; Auk, iv, 1887, 203 (crit. ) ; Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., >■, 1893, 



39 (BavispeR., n. e. Sonora). — Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.230a. — 

 Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 256.— Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 

 vii, 1882, 196 (Santa Rita Mts., etc., s. Arizona; Fort Bayard, New ilexico; 



■ habits, measurements, etc.). — Scott, Auk, ii, 1885, .354 .(Pima Co., Arizona, 

 in pine belt); iii, 1886, 83 (Santa Catahna Mts., Arizona, 4,000-10,000 ft.; 

 breeding habits; descr. nest and eggs); iv, 1887, 203 (Santa Catalina ilts., 

 Arizona, resident; song, etc.). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check 

 List, 1886, no. 580a., part.— (?) Cooke, Bird Jligr. Jliss. ^'al., 1888, 207 (Colo- 

 rado, Myiarchustchell Co., Texas, Myiarchusy). — Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 



40 (Grand Canon, alt. 4,000 ft. upward).— Anthony, Auk, ix, 1892, 366 

 (Apache, etc., s. w. Ncav Mexico). 



P.[euciea} r.lvfieeps] boucardi Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 375. 



P. [euciea] ruficepa boucardi Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 429, part (Arizona; 



New Mexico; w. Texas) . 

 Peucsea boucardi Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 391, part 



(Arizona). 

 \_Peucsea ruficeps.] Subsp. /S. Peucxa boucardi %ua^'pe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 



1886, 714, part (Catalina Myiarchusll, Arizona). 

 Peucsea ruficeps scottii Sennett, Auk, v, Jan., 1888, 41,42 (Pinal Co., S.Arizona; 



coll. G. B. Sennett and coll. Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist.).— Chapman, Auk, v, 1888, 



398. 

 Aimophila ruficeps scottii Ridgway, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 81. — American Orni- 

 thologists' LTnion Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 120. 

 [Peucsea ruficeps.] Subsp. a. Peucsea hoviochlamys Sharps, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 



xii, 1888, 713 (no type nor type locality designated; Santa Rita and Catalina 



Mts., Arizona). 



' Sixteen specimens. 

 ^ Six specimens. 



' Specimens from Presidio and Myiarchustchell counties, Texas, are intermediate between 

 this form and A. r. eremceca. 




250 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



AIMOPHILA RUFICEPS AUSTRALIS (Nelson). 

 OAXAOA SPAEROW. 



Very similar in coloration to A. r. Ncottii, but decidedly smaller and 

 with shorter and thicker bill. 



Adult mah'.—hangih (skins), 139.70-144.78 (142.24); wing, 63.60- 

 64.01 (63.76); tail, 66.55-68.58 (67.66); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.70 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 6.86; tarsus, 20.32; middle toe. 15.24.' 



.ir/;/./^/^;««Zc'.— Length (skins), 134.62-138.43 (136.40); wing, 59.69; 

 tail, 60.4.5-64.77 (62.48); exposed culmen, 11.43-13.97 (12.70); depth 

 of bill at base, 6.35-7.11 (6.73); tarsus, 20.57-20.83 (20.70); middle toe, 

 14.48-16.24 (14.66).' 



Southern extremity of Mexican plateau (up to 6,000 or 7,000 feet in 

 mountains) in State of Oaxaca (city of Oaxaca, near Totolapa). 



Petccsea ruficeps {not Ammodromus riificeps Cassin) Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 



1859, 380 (Oaxaca). 

 {Peuacal houcardi (not Zonotricliia houcardi Sclater) Sclater and Salvin, Nom. 



Av.Neotr., 1873, 82, part. 

 Peucsea houcardi Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 391, part 



(Oaxaca). 

 {Peuciea mficeps] var. houcardi Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's Hist. 



N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 38, part (Oaxaca; not description). 

 Peuaca ruficeps houcardi American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 



580a, part. 

 P. [eucxa] ruficeps houcardi Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 429, part (Oaxaca). 

 Feucita ruficeps australis Nelson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 63 (City of Oaxaca; U.S. 



Nat, Myiarchuss.). 



AIMOPHILA RUFICEPS FUSCA (Nelson). 

 ETZATLAN SPARROW. 



Similar to A. r. australis but decidedly darker, the general aspect of 

 upper parts being, in summer plumage, nearly uniform dark rusty 

 brown, with the pileum uniform deep chestnut; in winter plumage 

 the back and scapulars more broadly streaked with chestnut-brown or 

 Vandyke brown on a moi'e olivaceous ground color. 



Adult male.— 'Length, i&kms), 134.62-143.51 (138.18); wing, 61.47- 

 66.04 (64.26); tail, 64.26-68.07 (66.29); exposed culmen, 11.18-13.21 

 (11.68); depth of bill at base, 6.60-7.37 (6.86); tarsus, 19.81-22.36 

 (20.83); middle toe, 13.97-15.49 (14.73).' 



Advlt f&nale.— Length, (skins), 132.08-142.24 (138.18); wing, 58.42- 

 64.77 (61.72); tail, 60.96-66.04 (63.25); exposed culmen, 10.41-12.45 

 (11.68); depth of bill at base, 6.35-7.11 (6.86); tarsus, 19.81-22.10 

 (20.83); middle toe, 13.97-15.24 (14.99).' 



'Two specimens. ^ Seven specimens. " Six specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 251 



Southwestern border of ^lexican platoau, in States of Jalisco (Etzat- 

 lan; San Sebastian; Jaeala; Mesquitic; Bolafios), Myiarchuschoacan (Queren- 

 daro), and Zaoatecas (El Conejo; Monte Escobedo). 



Pniaiii ruficcps ftisca Nel«on, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 02 (EtzatUui, Jalisco, .':. w. 

 Mexico; U. S. Nat. Myiarchus^. ). 



AIMOPHILA RUFICEPS EREMCECA (Brown). 

 KOOK SPAEROW, 



About the same size as A. r. scottil, but wing averaging longer, 

 tarsus shorter, bill stouter, and coloration much grayer above and paler 

 below; the back and scapulars smoke gray or olive-gray (sometimes 

 almost ash gray) narrowlj' streaked with brown, these streaks often 

 inclosing more or less distinct shaft-lines of black or dusky; chin, 

 throat, and abdomen almost white (often quite so in summer plumage). 



Adulf male.— Ijength (skins), 137.16-152.40 (144.27); wing, 65.53- 

 68.58 (67.06); tail, 66.04-71.12 (68.32); exposed culmen, 11.68-12.95 

 (12.45); depth of bill at base, 6.35-7.11 {6.S6); tarsus, 19.30-20.83 

 (20.07); middle toe, 15.21-15.75 (15.49).' 



Adult feJ7iah.~L,ength (skins), 138.43-149.86 (144.02); wing, 61.21- 

 65.28 (63.25); tail, 62.23-72.39 (66.80); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.95 

 (12.19); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 6.60; tarsus, 19.05-20.57 

 (19.81); middle toe, 14.99-15.75 (15.49).' 



Limestone hill districts of middle Texas, from Kinney and Myiarchusverick 

 counties, on the Rio Grande, northeastward to Cook Countj^ and west- 

 ward at least to Tom Green County;' south in winter to Puebla 

 (Chachapa)* and Vera Cruz (Myiarchusltrata, Myiarchusrch), eastern Mexico. 



Peucsea ruficeps (not Armnodromus ruficeps Cassin) Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 

 iii, 1878, 188 (Gillespie Co., Texas). 



Pe.ucaea ruficeps eremeeca Beown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Jan., 1882, 26, 38 

 (Kendall Co., Texas; coll. N. C. Brown). — Ragsdale, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 

 vii, 1882, 122 (Gillespie Co., Texas); Auk, ix, 1892, 73 (chaparral belt. Cook 

 Co., Texas, Myiarchusy, Dec.).— Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 258.— 

 Ameeican Oenithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 580b. — Cooke, Bird 

 Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Yal., 1888, 207 (Gillespie Co., etc., Texas).— Attwatee, Auk, 

 ix, 1892, 338 (San Antonio, Texas, summer resid.). 



P. [euciea] ruficeps eremceca Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 429. 



Pcacaeof ruficeps eremoeca Reichenow and Schaloiv, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1884,407. 



Aimophila ruficeps eremoeca Ridgway, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 81. — Ameeicax Oeni- 

 thologists' Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 120. 



' Seven specimens. 



' Six specimens. 



' Some specimens from Presidio and Myiarchustchell counties may be referable to this 

 form, but those examined by me, as nearly as can be determined from their worn 

 breeding plumage, seem to be intermediate between the present bird and .1. r. scottii. 



'Specimen in Salvin-Godman collection, collected Jan. 17, 1889, by 'Prof. F. 

 Ferrari-Perez. 




252 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Peucsea houcardi (not Zonotrichin houciirdi Sclater) Salvin and Godmax, Biol. 



Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1S8(>, 391, part (Texas). 

 Peucra ruficeps boucai-di Sennett, Auk, v, Jan., 1888, 42, part (crit.; Kendall and 



Presidio counties, Texas). 

 lPeucxar)ificq}S.} Subsp. /3. Peuani boacardi Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 



1888, 714, part (in synonymy). 



AIMOPHILA RUFICEPS BOUCARDI (Sclater). 

 BOUOARD'S SPARROW. 



Similar to ^4. /■. e/vimvci/ but decidedljr darker, with the general 

 color of back, etc., deep hair brown instead of smoke gray or ashy, 

 dorsal streaks darker (dark bister or vandyke brown), chestnut of 

 pileum darker, and underparts more strongly shaded with grayish on 

 chest and sides. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 137.16-1.54.94 (142.49); wing, 60.45- 

 69.09 (64.01); tail, 62.23-74.93 (66.65); exposed culmen, 11.18-12.70 

 (12.19); depth of bill at base (seven specimens), 6.35-6.86 (6.60); 

 tarsus, 19.05-21.84 (20.32); middle toe, 14.73-16.00 (15.49).^ 



Adult fetm/le.— Length (skins). 146.05-152.40 (149.86); wing, 63.75- 

 70.61 (67.56); tail, 70.61-74.93 (72.64); exposed culmen, 11.68-12.45 

 (12.19); depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.37 (7.11); tarsus, 20.83-21.84 

 (21.34); middle toe, 15.24.' 



Eastern portion of Mexican plateau, from southeastern Tamaulipas 

 (Sierra Myiarchusdre above Ciudad Victoria), San Luis Potosi (mountains 

 near Jesus Myiarchusria; Villar), Coahuila (Carneros), Hidalgo (Tulancingo; 

 Pachuca), and Vera Cruz (temperate region), to States of Tlaxcala, 

 Puebla (Tochimulco), Mexico (Tlalpam), and Guererro (Tixtla). 



Ammodromus ? Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 214 (Orizaba, Vera 



Cruz). 

 Zonoirichia houcardi Sclater, Proo. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 1, pi. 1 (La Puebla, 



Puebla, s. Mexico; coll. P. L. Sclater). 

 [Ammodramus] houcardi Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 96, no. 7430. 

 [PewcEd] houcardi Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 32. 

 PmcjEa 6oucardi Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 391, part 



(Orizaba and temperate reg. Vera Cruz; La Puebla and Puente Colorado, 



Puebla). 

 \_Peuceea ruficeps] var. houcardi Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's 



Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 38, part (excl. loc. Oaxaca). 

 Peuaea ruficeps YSiT. houcardi Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat Myiarchuss., no. 4, 1876, 21, 



(Puente Colorado, Puebla). 

 P.[euciea} ruficeps houcardi Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 429, part. 

 Peuaea ruficeps houcardi Sennett, Auk, v, Jan., 1888, 42, part (Orizaba; Puebla; 



City of Mexico). 



' Twenty specimens. 



^ Three specimens. The apparently greater average size o£ the females is undoubt- 

 edly owing to the great disparity of numbers of the two series measured, together 

 with probable erroneous sexing of some specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 253 



[Peac-ea riificeps.] Subsp. /i. Peiu-va boucardi Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. }ilus., xii, 

 1888, 714, part, excl. syn. Peiicxa rajkeps eri'inwca Brown (La Puebla; 

 Orizaba) . 



Peiii-ivii ruficL'ps (not Aiiimodromus rujiceps Casain) Sumiciikast, Mem. Bost. Soc. 

 N. H., i, 1869, 552 (temperate region Vera Cruz; Puente Colorado, Puebla). 



AIMOPHILA CASSINII (Woodhouse). 

 CASSIN'S SPAKROW, 



Somewhat like A. (eatimlis and A. hottcri^ butniuch grayer above 

 and paler and more uniform below, the back spotted or barred in.stead 

 of streaked, the flanks usually distinctly streaked, and the median 

 dark stripe of middle pair of rectrices with serrated edges. 



Adultii (se.vex alike). — Above light brown, broadly streaked with light 

 gray, the pileum streaked also with black or dusky; scapulars and 

 interscapulars marked with dusky subterminal spots or bars in a light 

 brown held, the margins of the feathers light ash graj^; upper tail- 

 coverts with roundish, cordate, or transverse subterminal spots of 

 blackish, and margined terminally with pale grayish; middle rectrices 

 light brownish gra}^ with a narrow, pointed median stripe of duskj^, 

 this more or less irregular or serrated along edges, the points throwing 

 off more or less distinct indications of darker bars across the gray on 

 either side; edge of wing pale yellow; under parts with chest, sides, 

 and flanks very pale brownish gray, the flanks sometimes distinctly 

 (often broadly) streaked with brown or dusky; elsewhere beneath dull 

 white (under tail-coverts sometimes pale buffy); sides of throat some- 

 times marked with a dusky subnialar streak. 



Adult maZc^— Length (skins), 130.81-147.32 (139.45); wing, 59.69- 

 67.31 (64.26); tail, 60.96-71.63 (67.06); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.68 

 (10.92); depth of bill at base, 5.59-7.11 (6.10); tarsus, 18.64-20.57 

 (19.56); middle toe, 13.97-16.00 (14.99).^ 



Adult female.— l^^wg'Co. (skins), 134.62-147.32 (141.99); wing, 60.96- 

 64.26 (62.74); tail, 63.50-69.85 (66.29); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.94 

 (10.92); depth of bill at base, 5.59-6.35 (5.84); tarsus, 18.29-20.57 

 (19.30); middle toe, 14.48-15.24 (14.99)." 



Arid division of the Lower Austral Pi'ovince, chiefly within the 

 United States; south into northern Tamaulipas (Guerrero) and \uevo 

 Leon, and in northwestern Mexico as far as State of Sinaloa (Myiarchuszatlan, 

 Myiarchusrch, April); north to central and western Kansas (Fort Hays, etc.), 

 and southern Nevada (Timpahute Valley); east to coast of Texas (Cor- 

 pus Christi, etc.); west to Arizona. 



Zonotrichia cassinii Woodhouse, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, Apr., 1852, 60 

 (San Antonio, Texas; coll. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.). — Baikd, in Stansbury's 

 Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 330 (Texas) . 



Passerculus cassinii Woodhouse, Bep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 

 85, pi. 4 (near San Antonio, Texas). 



^ Twenty specimens. ' Five specimens. 




254 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Peucaea cassinil Baihd, Eep. Pacific R. E. Surv., ix, IS.iS, 458, part (San Antonio 

 and Pecos R., Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 371, part. — Heekmann, 

 Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 12, pi. 4, fig. 2 (Comanche Spring, 

 Texas) . 



Peucxa riissinii Sclateb, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 115 CMexico).— Cooper, Orn. 

 Cal., 1870, 219 (Texas to Cnilf of California). 



Pi'uc:eii fiiKsini Debsser, Ibis, 1865, 489 (prairies near iledina R., Texas).— 

 BiTCHER, Proc. Ac. Xat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas, breeding).— 

 RIDGWAY, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 617, in text (crit.') ; Nom. X. Am. Birds, 1881, 

 no. 228.— Sxoiv, Birds Kansas, 187.S, 7 (Fort Hays, w. Kansas) .—Coues, 

 Check List, 1H73, App. no. 170 liis (p. 127) ; 2d ed., 1882, no. 254; Birds 

 N. AV., 1874, 140. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 

 1874, 42, pi. 2S, fig. 5.— Hexshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 

 (1.S74), 159 ((iila R., Tucson, etc., Arizona, winter); Zool. Exp. W. 100th 

 Merid., 1875, 287 (s. Arizona; habits; song); Auk, iii, 1886, 74 (upper Pecos 

 R., New ilexico). — MyiarchusCauley, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Ueog. Surv. Terr., iii, 

 1877, 663 (Palo Duro R., n. Texas; habits; song).— Sexnett, Bull. U. S. 

 Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 18 (Brownsville, Texas, Apr.). — Mer- 

 EiLi,, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 128 (Fort Brown, Texas; song, etc.; 

 descr. nest and eggs). — Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 195 

 (Sulphur Spring A'alley, Arizona, 1 spec. Apr. 4). — Neheling, Bull. Nutt. 

 Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 13 (Harris Co., Texas, resid.); Our Native Birds, etc., 

 ii, 1896, 151.— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 391 

 (Mexico?). — Lloyd, Auk, iv, 1887, 292 (Tom Green and Concho counties, 

 w. Texas, breeding; song, etc.). — Cooke, Bird JMyiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 207 

 (Texas localities; middle and w. Kansas). — Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 712 ("Mexico," etc.).— Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 469 (w. and 

 mid. Kansas, summer resid.). — Ragsdale, Auk, 1892, 73 (prairies of Cook 

 Co., Texas) .—Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., v, 1893, 39 (Cochise Co., 

 Arizona). — Fisher, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 98 (Timpahute Valley, 

 Nevada, Myiarchusy). 



[Pcuc.Ta] cassini Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 32. 



P.'[fMC,To] cassini Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 374. — Ridgway, Myiarchusn. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1887, 428. 



Peiicxa :vsticalis . . var. cassini Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 170a, part. 



Peucmi aestivalis, var. Cf/ssmii Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 137, 177 

 (Fort Plays, middle Kansas, breeding) . 



[^Ainmodranms'] cassinil Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 96, no. 7428. 



PeuiXK [err. typ.] aestivalis (not FringWa aestivalis Lichtenstein) Allen, Am. 

 Nat., vi, 1872, 271, in text (Fort Hays, w. Kansas). 



Peixcivn lestimVis Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 7 (Fort Hays). — (?) Singley, 

 Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex., 1894, 372 (Corpus Christi). 



AIMOPHILA ^STIVALIS AESTIVALIS (Lichtenstein). 

 PINE- WOODS SPARROW. 



Adults {sexes alilie). — Above gray, broadly streaked with chestnut- 

 brown, the feathers of the back with blackish central spots; tail dusky 

 with broad gray edgings, the middle pair of rectrice.s gray with a 

 median stripe of dusky; edge of wing light yellow; sides of head 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 255 



(including superciliary stripe) and neck smoke gray or dull ash gray, 

 the latter streaked with chestnut or dark chestnut-brown; a narrow 

 chestnut or chestnut-brown postocular stripe; chin and throat very 

 pale dull grayish, or buffy graj'ish white, deepening on chest, sides, 

 and flanks into pale gra3dsh buffy, or buffy grayish, the flanks some- 

 times streaked with brown; a dusk}" submalar streak sometimes pres- 

 ent, but usually {() absent; maxilla dusk}', mandible paler; iris bi'own; 

 legs and feet very pale brownish buffy or dnll straw color. 



(Young not seen.) 



AduJf inah'.— Length (skins), 1.33. 35-15S. 7.5 (141.48); wing, 57.15- 

 62.23 (59.69); tail, 61.47-64.77 (62.99); exposed culmen, 10.92-12.70 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 5.84-7.37 (6.86); tarsus, IS. 54-20.32 

 (19.05); middle toe, 13.97-15.75 (14.99).' 



Adii/ffemaU— Length (skins), 120.65-137.16 (131.57); wing, 56.64- 

 58.42 (57.40); tail, 58.42-61.47 (59.94): exposed culmen, 11.43-12.19 

 (11.68); depth of 'bill at base, 6.35-6.86 (6.60); tarsus, 18.29-19.81 

 (19.05); middle toe, 13.97-15.24 (14.73).' 



Southern Georgia (Savannah; Liberty County, etc.) and Florida; 

 breeding as far south as Tarpon Springs and Pinellas Peninsula. 



F.[ringiUa] ae«<u'rtZis Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 25 (Georgia). 



A.[mmodromus1 lestivaHs Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 347; Hand-list, ii, 1870, 96, 

 ^ no. 7427. 



P.[ev/;aea] aestivalis Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, April, 1851, 132, footnote. 



Peucaea aestivalis Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 484, excl. synonymy, 

 part (Indian Springs, Savannah, and Liberty Co., Georgia); Cat. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1859, no. 370, part. 



Peucsea asstivdl is SchATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,115, excl.syn., part (Georgia). — 

 Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 279, excl. syn., part (e. Florida). — 

 CoUES, Check List, 1873, no. 170, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 251.— Baird, Brewer, 

 and RIDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 39, part, pi. 28, fig. 4. — JIayxard, 

 Birds E. N. Am., 1878, 125, part (chiefly n. and middle Florida). — Ridgway, 

 Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 226.— Bailey, Bull. Nutt. Cm. Club, viii, 1883, 

 39 (Georgia; deacr. nest and eggs) . — Brewster, Auk, ii, 1885, 106 (crit. ). — 

 American' Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 575. — Sharpe, Cat. 

 Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 709, part (Savannah, Georgia; Charleston, South 

 Carolina?; Jacksonville, Florida). — Scott, Auk, vi, 1889, 323 (Tarpon 

 Springs and Pinellas Peninsula, s. w. Florida, resident). — Wayne, Auk, xii, 

 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., n. w. Florida, breeding). — Nehrling, Our Xativ6 

 Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 145, pi. 24, fig. 5. 



[Peucxa'] sestiirtlis Coues, Key, 1872, 140, part-. 



P. [aic«(i] lesti rails Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 373. — Ridgway, Myiarchusn. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1887, 427. 



[Peucxa sestivalis'] var. xstivalls Bidgw.-vy, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's Hist 

 N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 38. 



Fringilla sestiva Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 568. 



^Eleven specimens. ^Four specimen.s. 




256 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



AIMOPHILA ^STIVALIS BACHMANII (Audubon). 

 BACHMAN'S SPARROW. 



Similar to P. a', it/stlva //'■•<, but coloration much lighter and more 

 rustjr; gray of upper parts more buff}', the streaks clear rusty chestnut 

 without black mesial lines (except, sometimes, on back) ; anterior and 

 lateral under parts much more bufly; size averaging larger (except 

 bill and feet). 



YouiKj. — ]Myiarchusch like adults, but chin, throat, chest, sides, and flanks 

 distinctly buffj^, streaked, especially on chest, with dusky; general 

 color of upper parts duller, more streaked with dusky, the feathers 

 edged with dull brownish buffy instead of ash gray; wing-coverts 

 and tertials margined terminally with buffy. 



Adult maZt.— Length (skins), 12 J:. 46-1 5;^. 40 (135.38); wing, 58.42- 

 63.50 (61.21); tail, 60.96-66.55 (64.01); exposed culmen, 10.92-18.21 

 (12.19); depth of bill at base, 6.35-7.62 (7.11); tarsus, 18.29-90.33 

 (19.30); middle toe, 14.48-15.75 (14.99).^ 



^lr/(^/^/c'//;(^Z,,.— Length (skins), 124.46-142.24 (135.64); wing, 57.91- 

 60.45 (59.18); tail, 60.96-66.04 (63.75); exposed culmen, 10.92-12.45 

 (11.68); depth of bill at base, 6.35-7.11 (6.86); tarsus, 18.54-20.83 

 (19.56); middle toe, 14.48-15.24(14.99).' 



Humid division of Lower Austral Province, from South Carolina and 

 northern Georgia and the Gulf coast (west of Florida) north to south- 

 ern Virginia (Campbell and Albeiparle counties), Myiarchusryland (Mont- 

 gomery County, accidentally), southern Indiana (north to Parke, 

 Putnam, Monroe, Brown, and Franklin counties), southern Illinois 

 (north, locally, at least to parallel of 40^), and southeastern Iowa; 

 west to middle Texas (Cook and Concho counties, etc.); in winter, 

 south into Florida (as far as Lake Arbuckle, Tarpon Springs, etc.). 



Fringilla bachmanii Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 366, pi. 165 (near Charleston, 

 South Carolina; type in U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.) . 



Peuciea hacltmanii Audubon, Sjaiopsis, 1839, 112; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 

 113, pi. 176. 



IPeitcaea} bachmuni Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 481. 



Peuava u'divalis bachmani Bkewstee, Auk, ii, Jan., 1885, 106 (crit.) ; iii, 1886, 

 110 (Franklin, w. North Carolina; crit.).— Fox, Auk, iii, 1886, 318 (Koane 

 Co., Tennessee; Apr.). — Bendike, Auk, v, 1888,351 (Greensboro, Alabama; 

 descr. nest and eggs). — Neiieling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 148. 



Feucaa tMyiarchusoalis bachmani i American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, 

 no. 575«. — Lloyd, Auk, iv, 1887,292 (e. Concho Co., s.w. Texas, breeding). — 

 Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val. , 1888, 207 (Pierce City, Myiarchusssouri ; e. part Concho 

 Co., Texas, breeding, etc.). — Keves and Williajis, Proc. Davenport Acad. 

 Sci.,v, 1888, (32) (Des Moines, Iowa, breeding)".— Scott, Auk, v, 1888, 186 

 Tarpon Springs, Florida; rare in summer, common fall and winter ') ; vi, 1889 



1 Twenty-eight specimens. * Doubtful. 



■^Five specimens. * Later said nut to occur in summer. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 257 



323 (do. , Sept. 27 to Feb.) .—Poling, Auk, vii, 1890, 242 (near Quincy, Illinois, 

 and on Myiarchusssouri side of Myiarchusssissippi R., Myiarchusy) . — Ragsdale, Auk, ix, 1892, 73 

 (openwoodlands of Cooke Co., Texas). — Butlbk, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1896, 

 256 (Brookville, Franklin Co., Indiana, Sept. 22) ; Birds Indiana, 1897, 965 

 (Knox, Monroe, Putnam, Brown, and Parke counties) . — Figgins, Auk, xiv, 

 1897, 219 (Kensington, Montgomery Co., Md., 1 spec. Apr. 29, 1896).— Pal- 

 mer (W.), Auk, xiv, 1897, 322 (West Lynchburg, Campbell Co., Virginia, 

 breeding). — Allison, Auk, xvi, 1899, 269 (Myiarchusdison and Amite countieSi 

 Myiarchusssissippi) . 



Ammodramus bachmaiii Bonapakte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 32. 



A.lmmodramus'] bachmani Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 374. 



IPeucxa xstivalis.'] Subsp. a. Peiicxa bachmani Sharps, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 710 (Charleston, S. C). 



P. [eucseal asstivalis bachmani Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 428. 



Peuntea aestivalis (not Fringilla aestivalis Lichtenstein) Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. 

 Surv., ix, 1758, 484, part (in synonymy); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 370, 

 part. 



Peuciea icstivalis Coues, Proc. Bost. Soc. X. H., xii, 1868, 116 (South Carolina).^ 

 RiDGW'AY, Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 430 (Wabash Co., Illinois, breeding); Proc. 

 Bost. Soc. N. H., xvi, 1874, 326 (do.); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 164 

 (do.). — Brown, Bull. Xutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,8 (Coosada, Alabama; descr. 

 song).— Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 98 (South Carolina; 

 habits). 



l^Peucseal xslivalis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 140, part. 



P.[eucxa'\ xstivcdia Ridgway, Am. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 373 ( Wabash Valley, Illi- 

 nois) .—Nelson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 42 (Wabash Co., Illinois);, 

 Bull. Essex Inst., ix, 1877, 36, 49 (Wabash and Richland counties, Illinois, 

 breeding). 



Peucxa illinoensis Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, Oct., 1879, 219 (Mount Car- 

 mel, Wabash Co. ; Illinois; U. 8. Nat. Myiarchuss.) ; v, 1880, 52 (crit. ) ; viii, 1883, 58 

 (Richland Co., Illinois). 



Peuciea sestivalis illinoensis Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 89. — 

 Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 226a; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 

 21 (Knox Co., Indiana).— CouBs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 252; KeyN. 

 Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 373.— Beckham, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 162 

 (Bayou Sara, Louisiana); Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., vi, 1883, 142 (Nelson Co., 

 Kentucky, Apr.).— Fox, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 192 (Lookout Mt., 

 Tennessee). — Ogilby, Sclent. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc, iii, 1882, 38 (Navarro Co., 

 Texas, Sept., Oct.). 



P. [e«C£Ea] (xstivalis illinoensis Ridgway, Bull. 111. State Lab. N. H., no. 4, 1881, 

 180 (Illinois). 



Peucsea sestivalis illinoisensis Langdon, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., iv, 1881, 339 (near 

 Bardstown, Nelson Co., Kentucky). 



P. [eucseal le. [stivalisi illinoensis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed. , 1884, 373. 



AIMOPHILIA BOTTERII BOTTERII (Sclater). 

 BOTTERI'S SPARROW. 



Similar to A. wstlvalis cestivaUs, but coloration much duller and more 

 uniform above, with pileum much less distinctlj^ streaked, hindneck 

 obsoletely, if at all, streaked, the scapulars and interscapulars with 

 grayish edgings much less distinct as well as less purely gray (more 



17024—01 17 




258 BULLETIN 50, TTNITEB STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



of a pale hair brown hue), and the rufescent markings much less dis- 

 tinct as well as less bright in color; under parts paler, especially 

 on chest; size averaging decidedlj' larger, except bill, which is more 

 slender. 



• Young. — Above dull buff, heavily streaked with duskj^; beneath 

 buffy whitish or pale yellowish buff, the lower throat and chest broadly, 

 the sides more narrowly, streaked with dusky; wing-coverts margined 

 with brownish buff. 



Adult mal,'.—hcngt}i (skins), 129.54-161.29 (141.22); wing, 59.69- 

 69.85 (65.02); tail (six specimens), 67.31-Y0.61 (69.09); exposed cul- 

 men, 11.43-12.70 (12.45); depth of bill at base, 6.35-7.62 (6.86); tarsus, 

 19.81-23.37 (21.34); middle toe, 15.24r-l7.27 (16.26)\ 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 132.08-144.78 (137.92); wing, 58.42- 

 68.07 (63.25); tail (three specimens), 56.39-64.26 (61.21); exposed cul- 

 men, 10.92-12.70(12.45), depth of bill at base, 6.35-7.11(6.86); tarsus, 

 20.32-22.86 (21.34); middle toe, 15.49-17.27 (16.26).' 



Entire plateau of Mexico, southeast to Chiapas (Ocuilapa, Ocozu- 

 cuantla, and valley of Jiquipilas, August); north to the lower Rio 

 Grande Valley in Texas, and southern Arizona (Camp Grant, Camp 

 Crittenden, Santa Rita Mountains, etc.). 



Zonoirickia botterii Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 214 (Orizaba, Vera 



Cruz; coll. P. L. Sclater). 

 Peticaea botterii Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, Aug. 17, 1861, 116 (Orizaba). — Sclater 



and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1868, 323. (Atlixco, Puebla). — Salvin 



and GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1866, 389, part (excl. spec, from 



Huatusco, Vera Cruz). 

 [^Peucxa] botterii Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 32. 

 [^PeucssaJ sestivcdis var. botterii Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 616, in text, part. 

 [Peucasa sestivalisi var. botterii Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's Hist. 



N.Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 38, part (Orizaba; Colima). 

 Peucca [err. typ.] xstivalis var. botterii Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 



277 (plains of Colima). 

 [Peucsea lestivalis.} Subsp. y. Penicma 6o«em Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss. , xii, 



1888, 711. 

 [Ammodramus] botterii Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 96, no. 7426. 

 Peucaea cassinii (not Zonotrichia casdnii Woodiiouse) Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. 



Surv., ix, 1858, 485, part (Los Nogales, Sonora); Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. 



Survey, ii, pt. ii, 1859, 16 (Los Nogales, Sonora).— Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. 



Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 551 (resident near Orizaba, Vera Cruz). 

 IPeucsea sestivalis.] Var. cassinii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 140, part (Los 



Nogales, Sonora) . 

 T. itcsea xstivalis . . . var. cassini Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 170a, part. 

 Peucsea xstivalis, var. arizonx Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 615 (Los Nogales, 



Sonora; U. S. Nat. Myiarchusa.).— Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 



Birds, ii, 1874, 41; iii, 1874,515. 

 Pcucxa xstivalis . . . var. arizona- Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 170a (p. 127) . — 



Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. AVheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 159 (s. e. Arizona); 



Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 285 (Camp Grant, Camp Crittenden, and 



Cienega, Arizona; s. New Mexico; n. Mexico; habits; song). 



'Twenty-one specimens. ^ Eleven specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 259 



Peucaa arizonx Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. AIus., i, 1878, 127 (Fort Brown, Texas; 

 crit.); JSfom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 227.— Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 i, 1878, 127 (Fort Brown, Texas; habits; de.scr. eggs) .—Scott, Auk, ii, 1885, 

 226 (Santa Cruz Valley, Arizona). — American Ornithologists' Union, 

 Check List, 1886, no. 576.— Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 121 

 (Tucson and Oracle, Arizona; habits; song). 



P.leucxa] arizcmie Brewer, Ibis, Apr., 1878, 205, in text (Fort Brown, Texas). 



Peucsea ssstivalis arizonse Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 253. 



P.[eucsea] x-lstivalisl arizonx Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 374. 



[Peucxa xstivalis.'] Subsp. /3. Peucxa arizonx Shahpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 710 (Crittenden, Arizona). 



Coiurniculus mexicanus Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, Myiarchusy, 1867, 

 474 (plains of Colima, s. w. Mexico; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



Peucxa mexicana Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii. Myiarchusy 23, 1885, 98, 99 

 (syn. ; crit.). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 577. — 

 Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 207 (Fort Brown, Texas). 



P-leucxa} mexicana Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 428. 



Peucxa, sp. (?) Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 118 

 (Camp Grant, Arizona; descr. young). 



Peucxa xstivalis (not Fringilla aestivalis Lichtenstein) Shabpe, Cat. Birds Brit. 

 ■ Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 709, part (Putla, Oaxaca, Mexico). 



AIMOPHILA BOTTERII SARTORII Ridgway. 

 HUATTJSOO SPARROW. 



Similar to JL. h. hotterii, but very much dax"ker, the ground color of the 

 upper parts soot}"" grayish or dark smoke gray, with the darker mark- 

 ings very heavy; under parts less buffy, the chest and sides varying 

 from pale smoky buflf to light drab-gray. 



Adults {sexes alike). — Above brownish gray^ heavily streaked with 

 dull black, these black streaks broadest on the back, where more or 

 less edged with rusty brown (unless edges of feathers are worn off), nar- 

 rowest, and more suffused with brown on hindneck; edge of wing light 

 yellow, the lesser coverts tinged or suffused with the same; sides of 

 head (including broad superciliary stripe) dull brownish gray, relieved 

 by a narrow postocular streak of dusky brown; under parts dull whit- 

 ish, the chest pale brownish buffy, the sides and flanks more strongly 

 buffy (the flanks more or less streaked with dusky), the anal region 

 and under tail-coverts clear bufl'; sides of throat sometimes margined 

 with a narrow dusky submalar streak; maxilla dusky, broadly mar- 

 gined with pale grayish on tomium; mandible pale grayish (in dried 

 skins) ; legs and feet pale brown or brownish buffy. 



Adult maZe.— Length (skins), 129.03-lry-.78 (138.18); wing, 6i.86- 

 58.93 (57.15); tail, 53.09-57.66 (56.13); exposed culmen, 12.70-13.97 

 (13.21); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.13 (7.87); tarsus, 20.32-21.08 

 (20.83); middle toe, 14.73-16.00 (15.24).' 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 129.54-136.65 (132.84); wing, 56.64- 

 59.69 (58.42); tail, 54.10-57.91 (56.39); exposed culmen, 12.19-12.95 



' Seven specimens. 




260 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(12. TO); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 6.86; tarsus, 20.32-21.34 

 (20.83); middle toe, 14.73-15.75 (15.24).' 



Eastern slope of Vera Cruz (Huatusco, near Myiarchusrador), southward to 

 State of Chiapas (Palenque, Myiarchusy) and northern Nicaragua (El Volcan) ?^ 



IPeuciect] xstivalU, var. hotterii (not Zonotrichia botterii Sclater) Ridgway, Am. 

 Nat., vii, 1873, 616, in text, part. 



IPeuaea xstivalisjYa.r. botterii Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway'g Hist. 

 N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 38, part (Huatusco, near Myiarchusrador, Vera Cruz). 



P.\eucma'\ botterii Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 428, part. 



Peucsea botterii Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 389, part 

 (Myiarchusrador). 



Aimophila sartorii Ridgway, Auk, xv, July, 1898 (pub. Myiarchusy 14, 1898), 227 (Hua- 

 tusco, near Myiarchusrador, Vera Cruz, Mexico; U. S. Nat.Myiarchuss. ). 



AIMOPHILA BOTTERII PETENICA (Salvin)., 

 PETEN SPARROW. 



Similar to ^1. h. .sartorii, but smaller (wing, 55.88; tail, 53.34; tarsus, 

 20.07) and with more rounded wing (ninth primary shorter than 

 third). 



Adult female (type, collection Salvin and Godman, pine ridge of 

 Poctum, Guatemala, Myiarchusrch, 1862). — Above dark brownish gray or 

 hair brown, everywhere broadly streaked with black, the median por- 

 tion of the feathers being of the latter color, the edges (and on scapu- 

 lars, tertials, rump feathers, and upper tail -coverts, the tips also) 

 brownish gray, becoming browner (on some feathers, especially wing- 

 coverts, almost chestnut) next to the black; general color of wings 

 brownish, the darker centers to feathers mostly concealed; edge of 

 wing light yellow; tail brownish dusky, the feathers edged with 

 lighter; lores, narrow orbital ring, malar stripe, chin, throat, and 

 abdomen dull brownish white, the throat and chin margined laterally 



^ Three specimens. 



^ Two adult males in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman from El Yolcan, 

 Chirtandega, Nicaragua (April 28), 1 refer somewhat doubtfully to this form. They 

 are larger and slightly different in color, but this may result from the fact that both 

 are in very good plumage, while the type, from Huatusco, and all the Palenque 

 specimens are decidedly worn. Measurements are as follows: 



Locality. 



Wing. 



Tail. 



cal- 

 men. 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



Tarsus. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



MALES. 



Seven adult males from Palenque, Chiapaa 



Two adult males frtim El Volean, Nicaragua, 



FEMALES. 



Two adult females from Palenque 



One adult female from Huatusco, Vera Cruz (type) 

 Type of Amrn^odrom.ui petenicus, from Peten, Guate- 

 mala 



Smallest specimen from Palenque 



67.15 

 63, '^ 



57.91 

 59.69 



55.88 

 66.64 



55.37 



66.13 

 67.15 



68.34 

 54.10 



13. 21 

 12.70 



12.95 

 12,19 



12.70 

 12.95 



7.87 

 7.37 



20.83 

 21.08 



20.83 

 21.08 



20.07 

 20.32 



16.24 

 16.61 



14.99 

 15.75 



14.99 

 14.73 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 261 



by a distinct dusky submalar streak; sides of liead, except as described, 

 grayish brown, relieved by a postocular streak or narrow stripe of 

 chestnut brown ; chest, sides, and flanks dull grayish bufl' or pale wood 

 brown, the flanks with indistinct, mostlj- concealed, hastate streaks of 

 dusky; under tail-coverts clearer bufl:; maxilla dusky brown, paler 

 along totnium; mandible pale brownish (lilaceous or pinkish gray in 

 life?); legs and feet pale brownish. Length (skin), 127.00; wing, 55. S8; 

 tail, 53.34; the lateral feathers about 12.70 shorter; exposed culmen, 

 12.70; depth of bill at base, 7.11; tarsus, 20.07; middle toe, 14.99. 

 Northern Guatemala (Peten district). 



Ainuyphila iotterii petenica resembles very closely at first glance 

 darker-colored examples of the South American Myospiza 'iiuDiimhe 

 (Lichtenstein), but differs very much in structural characters, the wing 

 being much more rounded (ninth primary shorter than third, instead 

 of longer than fourth), the tail strongly rounded, almost graduated, 

 instead of moderately double-rounded, the tarsus much shorter, and the 

 toes relatiyelj^ longer. The coloration is verj' much the same, but A. 

 1). petenica is considerably darker, both above and below, has the rump 

 and upper tail-coverts heavily spotted with blackish, has the wing 

 edge paler yellow, and lacks entirely an}^ yellow above the lores. 



The resemblance to A. I>. sartorii, from Vera Cruz and Chiapas, is 

 still closer, the coloration being practicallj' identical, and I strongly 

 suspect that when a series from the Peten district shall have been com- 

 pared it may not be possible to maintain the distinctness of the two 

 supposed forms. (See comparison of measurements on page 260.) 



Ammodromus petenicus Salvix, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 189 (plains of Peten, 

 n. e. Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman) ; Ibia, 1866, 193 (do. ). — Ridgway, 

 Ibis, 1884, 44 (crit.).— Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. JIus., xii, 1888, 694. 



\_Aminodramus] pelenicus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 96, no. 7419. 



[Ammodromus'] petenicus Sclatee and Salvin, Nom. Av. Xeotr., 1873, 32. 



Coturnicidus petenicus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 385, 

 pi. 28, fig. 2 (pine ridge of Poctum, near Peten). 



Aimophila petenica Ridgway, Auk, xv, July (pub. Myiarchusy 14), 1898, 227, in text. 



Genus AMPHISPIZA Coues. 

 Amphispiza Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874, 234. (Type, Emberiza billneata Cassin. ) 



Small terrestrial Fringillidse, with the tail shorter than the wing but 

 more than three times as long as tarsus; outermost (ninth) primary 

 not shorter than third; primaries exceeding secondaries by much more 

 than length of exposed culmen, and color plain gray or grayish brown 

 above, with or without narrow black streaks on back, the under parts 

 mostly white, with or without black throat-patch. 



Bill small (exposed culmen not more than half as long as tarsus, 

 depth at base less than length of gonys and little, if any, greater than 

 its width) ; culmen nearly straight, but faintly convex terminally and 

 basally; gonys straight or very faintly convex, shorter than maxilla 

 from nostril; maxillaiy tomium nearly straight, but very faintly con- 




262 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



vex subbasally and concave anteriorly, without subterminal notch, the 

 slightly deflected rictal portion nearly or quite concealed by loral 

 feathers; mandibular tomium nearly or quite straight to the subbasal 

 angle, where moderately deflected. Nostril small, roundish, in ante- 

 rior end of nasal fossae; rictal bristles rather distinct. "Wing rather 

 long (about three and a quarter to three and a half times as long as 

 tarsus), slightly rounded (ninth primary equal to fourth or third, 

 eighth to fifth quills longest); primaries exceeding secondaries by 

 decidedly more than length of exposed culmen; tertials not longer than 

 secondaries. Tail rather long (nearly equal to wing, a little more than 

 three times to more than three and a half times as long as tarsus), 

 rounded or double-rounded (difl'ei'ence between longest and shortest 

 rectrices not more than length of maxilla from nostril), the rectrices 

 broad and rounded at ends. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe 

 with claw, its scutella distinct; lateral claws falling decidedly short 

 of base of middle claw; claws all normally curved, strong, the hind 

 claw a little shorter than its digit. 



Coloration. — Plain gi-ayish or grayish brown above, the back some- 

 times narrowlj' streaked with black; tail blackish, the outermost retrix 

 usually with more or less conspicuous white or otherwise light-colored 

 edging, sometimes with a white spot at end of inner web; underparts 

 white medially, the chin, throat, and chest sometimes black. 



Although I at one time referred several Mexican species to this 

 genus, I am now satisfied that only one species besides the type can 

 properly be referred to it. A. helli (with its several geographic 

 forms), while agreeing with the type species in the lengthened wing- 

 tip and most other characters, has the wing relatively shorter and tail 

 longer than in ^1. hilMyiarchuseata, the wing being but little more than three 

 times as long as the tarsus, instead of more than three and a half times 

 as long. It is a more terrestrial bird, and carries the tail elevated at 

 a considerable angle. 



Considerable doubt attaches to the position of " Zonotriclvia''' quin- 

 queatriata, which some authors (myself among the number) have placed 

 in Ainphispiza. Its style of coloration so strongly resembles that of 

 A. hilineata that it seems almost unreasonable to place it in a different 

 genus, but the wing-formula certainly agrees much better with that of 

 Aimophila, the outermost (ninth) primary being shorter than the first, 

 instead of equal to or longer than the third. Should it be finally 

 decided to place this species in Ampliixjjmi., the generic characters of 

 the latter would of course have to be modified in order to admit it. 



KEY T15 THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP AMPHISPIZA. 



o. A conspicuous white superciliary stripe; sides and flanks not streaked; adults with 



chin, throat, and part of chest black. (Amphhpiza biUneata.) 



h. Smaller (averaging wing 62.48, tail 58.67), with larger white spot at tip of inner 



web of lateral tail-feather (averaging 14.73 in length) . (Northeastern Mexico 



to western Kansas. ) AmphiBpiza bilineata bilineata (p. 263) 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 263 



bb. Larger (averaging wing 65.53 or more, tail 62.23 or more), with smaller white 



spot at tip of inner web of outer tail-feather (averaging only 7.62 in length). 



c. Smaller, lighter colored, and browner; averaging wing 65.53, tail 62.23; dorsal 



region distinctly brownish. (Western Texas to Utah, Nevada, southern 



California, Lower California, and northwestern Mexico.) 



Amphispiza bilineata deserticola (p. 265) 



cc. Larger, darker colored, and more slaty; averaging wing 67.31, tail 64.77; 



dorsal region not distinctly brownish. (States of Hidalgo to Durango, 



central Mexico. ) Amphispiza bilineata grisea (p. 266) 



aa. No white superciliary stripe; sides and flanks streaked; adults with chin, throat, 

 and chest mostly white. (Amphlspiza belli. ) 

 b. Smaller (averaging wing not more than 66.55, tail 65.02); back usually obso- 

 letely streaked or without obvious streaks, 

 c. Darker; head and neck above dull slate-gray or deep mouse gray; a broad 

 stripe on each side of throat and spot on center of chest, black. (Cali- 

 fornia, including Santa Barbara Islands, and northern Lower California.) 



Amphlspiza belli belli (p. 267) 



cc. Paler; head and neck above pale smoke gray; a narrow and interrupted stripe 



on each side of throat and small spot on center of chest dull dusky grayish. 



(Ballsenas Bay, Lower California.) Amphlspiza belli cinerea (p. 269) 



bb. Larger (averaging wing 77.47, tail 72.90) ; back usually distinctly streaked with 

 dusky. (Southeastern California, western Nevada, and southeastern Oregon 

 to southern Wyoming, Colorado, and western Texas.) 



Amphlspiza belli uevadensis (p. 270) 



AMPHISPIZA BILINEATA BILINEATA (Cassin). 

 BLACK-THROATED SPARROW, 



A continuous white superciliary stripe; above plain grajdsh (more 

 brownish on back), the tail blackish with more or less of white on 

 edge and tip of outermost rectrix. 



Adults {sexes alike). — Conspicuous superciliary and malar stripes pure 

 white, the former margined above by a narrow black line, the latter 

 not I'eaching to the base of the mandible; anterior portion of the malar 

 region, together with the lores, chin, throat, and median portion of 

 chest uniform black, the last with a convex (sometimes angular) poste- 

 rior outline; rest of under parts white, shading into grayish on sides 

 and flanks, the latter, together with anal region and under tail-coverts 

 tinged more or less with buffy in winter plumage; upper parts deep, 

 slightly brownish, gray, becoming more brownish (nearly hair brown) 

 on dorsal region and wings; sides of head (between the two white 

 stripes) plain gray, like pileum; lateral tail-feather with outer web 

 chieily or wholly white, the inner web with a large terminal white spot, 

 averaging 14.73' mm. in length; second (sometimes third, rarely also 

 fourth) tail-feather with a smaller white terminal spot; maxilla, black- 

 ish; mandible, pale grayish blue with dusky tip; iris deep brown; legs 

 and feet brownish black. 



Young. — Similar to adults but without any distinct black markings 

 on head, etc. , the chin and throat white, sometimes flecked with gray- 



■^ Sometimes as much as 17.78 mm. long. 




264 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



ish, the chest more or less distincth' streaked with the same; greater 

 wing-coverts and edges of tertials light bufly brownish; back obso- 

 letelj' streaked with dnsky. 



Ad^ilt m^^/.-.— Length (skins), 121.93-133.35 (IM.Yl); wing, 61.72- 

 66.04 (63.25); tail, 57.66-62. Y4 (59.18); exposed culmen, 9.65-9.91 

 (9.91); depth of bill at base, 6.10-6.35 (6.35); tarsus, 18.03-19.81(18.80); 

 middle toe, 12.70-14.73 (13.21); white spot on lateral tail-feather, 9.91- 

 17.78 (13.97).^ 



Adult female. ^l.Qx^^'ih (skins), 120.65-135.89 (127.51); wing, 60.45- 

 66.04 (61.98); tail, 55.37-62.23 (58.42); exposed culmen, 9.65-10.16 

 (9.91); depth of bill at base, 6.33-6.35 (5.59); tarsus, 17.53-18.54 

 (18.03); middle toe, 12.45-13.21 (12.70); white spot on lateral tail- 

 feather, 12.19-17.78 (15.24).' 



Myiarchusddle and eastern Texas (except along Gulf coast?), north to Okla- 

 homa, western Kansas, and eastern Colorado(?), South into States of 

 Tamaulipas (Myiarchuser) and Nuevo Leon (Rodriguez, Jan.), northeastern 

 Mexico. 



Emherkri bilinmt a Gassii^, Proo. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., v, Oct., 1850, 104, pi. 3 (Texas) ; 

 Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1854, 150, part, pi. 23 (Texas).— B.urd, in Stans- 

 bury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 330 (Eio Grande). — Woodhouse, in Sit- 

 greaves' Expl. Zufii and Col. E., 1853, 87 (San Pedro R., Texas). 



Poospisa bUineata Sclatbh, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1857, 7, in text. — Baikd, Rep. 

 Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 470, part (Tamaulipas, Mexico, Ringgold Bar- 

 racks, Frontera, etc., Texas); Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 

 15, part (do) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 355, part. — Heermank, Rep. Pacific 

 R. R. Surv., X, pt. iv, 1859, 14, part (San Antonio, Texas). — Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 

 488 (Myiarchustamoras, Tamaulipas; Eagle Pass and San Antonio, Texas) . — Botcher, 

 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas, June to Oct.). — Cooper, 

 Orn. Cal., 1870, 203, part.— Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 172, part.— Snow, 

 Birds Kansas, 1873, 7 (w. Kansas). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 

 Am. Birds, i, 1874, 590, part (Texas) .— Sbnnett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. 

 Surv., V, 1879, 390 (Lomita, Texas; descr. nest, eggs, song, etc.). 



[Poospiza] bilineata Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 141, part. 



AmpMyiarchuspiza bilineata Coues, Birds N. W. ,1874, 234, part; Check List, 2d ed. ,1882,no. 

 258, part.— Sennett, BuU.U.S.Geol.andGeog.Surv.Terr., iv,1878,18 (Browns- 

 ville and Hidalgo, Texas).— Merrill, Proc. U". S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 127 (Fort 

 Brown, Texas). — Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 224, part. — Ameri- 

 can Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 573, part. — Hasbkouck, 

 Auk, vi, 1886, 240 (Eastland Co., Texas) . — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Am.,Aves, i, 1886, 367, part (Texas; Tamaulipas) . — Beckham, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss.,x, 1888, 677 (San Antonio, Texas; habits).— Sh.\rpb, Cat. Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 628, part (Texas references and localities). — Cooke, Bird 

 Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 206 (Texas, e. to Colorado R. ; San Angelo, Myiarchusson, etc., 

 Texas). — Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 338 (San Antonio, resident). — Singley, 

 Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex., 1894, 372 (Hidalgo). — Neiirling, Our Native Birds, 

 etc., ii, 1896, 142, pi. 23, fig. 4.— (?) Cooke, Birds Colorado, 1897, 106, part 

 (near Canon City, Colorado, 1 spev. July 26, 1872). 



A.[mphhpiza] hUinnita Coues, Key X. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 376, part. — Ridg- 

 way, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 425, part. 



' Six specimens. 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



265 



AMPHISPIZA BILINEATA DESERTICOLA Ridgway. 

 DESERT SPARROW. 



Similar to A. i. Mlineata, but averaging larger; upper parts paler and 

 browner, and white spot at end of inner web of outermost tail-feather 

 much smaller. 



Adult male.^liength (skins), 124.46-138.43 (130.56); wing, 64.01- 

 70.61 (67.31); tail, 60.96-68.33 (64.26); exposed culmen, 9.91-10.67 

 (10.16); depth of bill at base, 5.59-6.35 (6.10); tarsus, 18.03-19.81 

 (19.05); middle toe, 12.70-13.97 (12.95); white spot on lateral tail- 

 feather, 2.54-11.43 (7.37).^ 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 121.92-132.08 (126.49); wing, 62.23- 

 66.04 (61.47); tail, 58.93-63.25 (60.20); exposed culmen, 9.14-10.41 

 (9.91); depth of bill at base, 5.59-6.35 (5.84); tarsus, 17.02-18.80 

 (18.29); middle toe, 12.45-12.70 (12.70); white spot on lateral tail- 

 feather, 4.32-9.65 (7.62).' 



Arid plains and deserts of southwestern United States and north- 

 western Mexico; north to northern Nevada and Utah, east to south- 

 western Colorado, New Mexico, and western Texas (El Paso, Fort Davis, 

 etc.), west to western Nevada, southern California (San Bernardino, 

 San Diego, and Los Angeles counties), and south throughout Lower 

 California' and into Mexican States of Sonora and Chihuahua (Casas 

 Grandes). 



'Seven specimens. ''Nine specimens. 



'Lower California specimens are aoubtfully referred to this form. The thirteen 

 adult examples from the peninsula examined, including several from Cerros, Santa 

 Myiarchusrgarita, and Carmen islands, are unfortunately in very bad condition of plumage, 

 and therefore do not admit of satisfactory comparison with those from other districts. 

 Average measurements compare as follows: 



While local distinction is strongly indicated by the above measurements, a much 

 arger series will be required from the different localities to determine the question. 




266 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Emherhi hiVmeaia (not of Cassin, 1850) Cassin, lUustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 

 1854, 150, part (New Mexico). 



PoosphK hilhienta Baird, Eep. Pacific R. R. Surv. , ix, 1858, 470, part ( Boca Grande, 

 etc., New Mexico) ; Rep. TJ. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 15, part 

 (Boca Grande; El Paso, w. Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 355, part. — 

 Heekmann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 14, part (Tucson, Ari- 

 zona).— Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859,107 (New Mexico).— Coues, 

 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 86 (Fort Whipple, Arizona; crit.; descr. 

 young); Check List, 1873, no. 172, part.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 203, part 

 (New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado Valley, etc. ). — Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 

 1873, 172 (Salt Lake Valley, Utah), 182 (Colorado) ; vii, 1875, 11 (Carson City, 

 Nevada). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N.Am. Birds, i, 1874, 590, 

 part, pi. 26, fig. 8.— Yarrow, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1871 (1874), 

 35 (Nevada).— HfiNSHAW, Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi, 1874, 6 ( Utah) ; Rep. Orn. Spec. 

 Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 115 (Fort Wingate, New Mexico; localities in 

 Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 274 (do.; habits; descr. nest 

 and- eggs). 



[Poospiz'x] bilitwala Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 141, part. 



Ampkispiza bilineata CouBS, Birds N. W., 1874, 234, part; Check List, 2ded., 1882, 

 no. 258, part. — Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 475 (localities in Nevada 

 and Utah; habits, song, etc. ) ; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 224, part. — Brew- 

 STBE, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 195 (Camp Lowell, etc., Arizona; , 

 descr. young).— Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1883, 529 (Santa Rosalia 

 Bay, Lower California), 531 (Cerros I.), 540 (La Paz); vi, 1883, 343 (Guay- 

 mas, Sonora). — Stephens, Auk, ii, 1885, 226, 228 (Arizona). — American 

 Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 573, part. — Salvin and God- 

 man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 367, part (Utah; Nevada; California; 

 Guaymas). — Scott, Auk, iv, 1887, 202 (Pinal Co., Arizona; habits, etc.). — 

 MoECOM, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 49 ( Coahuila Valley , San Diego 

 Co., California, Apr., and Mojave R., San " Bernardino Co., breeding). — 

 Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 628, part (Nevada; Tucson, etc., Ari- 

 zona; Coahuila Valley, California; La Paz, Lower California?). — Townsend, 

 Proc, U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. , xiii, 1890, 137, 138 ( Carmen I. and CerroSj. , Lower Cali- 

 fornia).— Fisher, North American Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 95 (localities in Cali- 

 fornia and Nevada). — Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1894, 775 (near 

 Guaymas). — Anthony, Auk, xii, 1895, 141 (San Fernando, Lower Cali- 

 fornia). — Cooke, Birds Colorado, 1897, 106 (s. w. Colorado). — Grinnell, 

 Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 39 (near Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., 

 California, April 10) . 



A.[mphispiza] bilineata Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 376, part. — 

 Ridgway, Myiarchusn; N. Am. Birds, 1887, 425, part. 



(?) Amphispiza belli (not Emberiza belli Cassin) Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 16 (Colo- 

 rado, up to 6,500 ft). 



Amphispiza bilineata deserticola Ridgway, Auk, xv, July (pub. Myiarchusy 14), 1898, 229 

 (Tucson, Arizona; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). — American Ornithologists' Union 

 Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 119 (no. 573a) . 



Amphispiza bilineata pacifica Nelson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 267 (Alamos, Sonora; 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



AMPHISPIZA BILINEATA GRISEA Nelson. 

 UEXICAN BLACK-THROATED SPARROW. 



Similar to A. b. deserticola, but veiy much darker and grayer above 

 (less brown even than A. i. hilineata). 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEBIC A. 267 



Adult mafe.— Length (skins), 125.73-133.35 (130.30); wing, 66.80- 

 69.09 (67.82); tail, 63.50-68.33 (65.02); exposed culmen, 8.89-10.16 

 (9.65); depth of bill at base, 5.59-6.35 (6.10); tarsus, 17.78-19.81 

 (18.80); middle toe, 12.70-13.21 (12.95); white spot on outermost tail- 

 feather, 7.62-12.19 (8.38).' 



Adult female.— Length, (skins), 127.00-132.08 (130.30); wing, 65.63- 

 66.80 (66.04); tail, 64.01; exposed culmen, 9.91-10.16 (10.16); depth 

 of bill at base, 5.59; tarsus, 18.80-19.66 (19.30); middle toe, 12.45- 

 13.46 (12.70); white spot on outermost tail-feather, 5.08-8.13 (6.60).^ 



Central portion of Mexican plateau, in States of San Luis Potosi 

 (Ahualulco, Hacienda La Parada), Hidalgo (Tula), Durango (Ciudad 

 Durango), etc. 



(?) Poospiza bilineata (not of Sclater, 1850) Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 110 



(Mexico). 

 [Poospiza] bilineata Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 30, part (Mexico). 

 Amphispiza bilineata grisea Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii. Myiarchusr. 24, 1898, 61 



(Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico; U.S. Nat.Myiarchuss.). 



AMPHISPIZA BELLI BELLI (Cassin). 

 BELL'S SPARROW. 



Adults {sexes alike). — Above (including auricular region and sides of 

 neck) deep brownish slate-gray, becoming browner on back, where, as 

 well as on pileum, sometimes narrowly streaked with blackish or dusky; 

 wings and tail dull blackish, with light brown edgings (pale grayish 

 on primaries), the middle and greater coverts indistinctly tipped with 

 pale brownish buffy or pale wood brown ; supraloral spot (sometimes 

 also a small narrow streak in middle of forehead), orbital ring, malar 

 stripe, and under parts in general white; lores, broad stripe on sides 

 of throat and foreneck, and spot in middle of chest, black or dusky 

 grayish; sides and flanks more or less tinged with buflEy and streaked 

 with dusky; edge of wing pale yellow or yellowish white; maxilla 

 blackish, mandible pale grayish blue (in life); iris brown; tarsi deep 

 horn brown, toes usually darker. 



Young. — Pileum and hindneck dull gray, the former broadly streaked 

 with black; back and scapulars grayish brown (between broccoli and 

 hair brown), broadly streaked with black; under parts pale j'ellowish 

 buff, the chest and sides of throat broadly streaked with blackish, 

 the breast, sides, and flanks with smaller streaks of the same; a buffy 

 whitish orbital ring; wings and tail much as in adults, but the epgings 

 browner, and greater wing-coverts tipped with dull buffy. 



Adult male.— Length, (skins), 124.46-144.78 (137.16); wing, 58.93- 

 70.87 (66.80); tail, 68.93-72.90 (66.29); exposed culmen, 8.13-10.41 



^Five specimens. ''Three specimens. 




268 



BULLETIN 50, UKITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(9.14); depth of bill at base, 5.33-5.84 (5.59); tarsus, 19.66-21.59 

 (20.57); middle toe, 12.45-1.3.97 (13.21).' 



Adult female.— Length {skins), 127.00-142.24(135.13); wing, 60.96- 

 66.29 (63.50); tail. 58.42-68.58 (62.99); exposed culmen, 7.87-9.91 

 (9.14); depth of bill at base, 5.08-5.59 (5.33); tarsus, 19.81-20.83 

 (20.32); middle toe, 11.94-13.46 (12.70).' 



Central and southern California (valleys and foothills) west of the 

 Sierra Nevada and Colorado Desert, and south into northern Lower 

 California; Santa Barbara Islands (San Clemente,' San Nicolas, and 

 Santa Barbara). 



Emberiza belli Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, Oct., 1850, 104, pi. 4 (San Diego, 

 California; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ). — Baird, in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt 

 Lake, 1852, 331 (San Diego). 



Poospiza belli Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 7. — Baied, Rep. Pacific R. R. 

 Surv., ix, 1858, 470, part (Posa Creek and Cosumnes R., California); Cat. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 356, part.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 204, part (San 

 Nicolas and Santa Barbara islands, Santa Olara Valley, etc., California). — 

 Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 173, part. — Baikd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. 

 N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 593; iii, 1874, 514 (Saticoy, Cal.; crit. ) . — Henshaw, 

 Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1876, 243 (mountains near Fort Tejon) . 



' Seventeen specimens. 



^ Twelve specimens. 



' I at one time separated the San Clemente birds, as an island form, on account of 

 their supposed large dimensions, but the difference proves too slight to warrant 

 recognition of the alleged subspecies. Average measurements are as follows: 



Locality. 



MALES. 



Ten adult males from California (main- 

 land ) 



One adult male from northern Lower 

 California (Tecate) , 



Six adult males from San Clemente 

 Island , 



FEMALES. 



Six adult f emal es from California (main- 

 land j 



Three adult females from northern 

 Lower California (Nachiguero Valley 

 and Tecate River) 



Three adult females from San Clemente 

 Island 



SEX NOT DETERMINED. 



Two adults from Santa Kosalia Bay, 

 Lower California 



Wing. 



66.29 

 67.82 



Tail. 



66.65 

 66.55 



67.81 ! 65.79 



62.99 63:50 



64.77 

 63.25 



62.1 

 61.! 



Exposed 

 culmen. 



9.14 

 9.65 



Depth of 

 bill at 

 ba.se. 



5.59 



Tarsus. 



20.32 

 20.57 

 20.83 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



20.32 

 20.57 



20.32 



13.21 

 13.72 

 12.95 



12.45 

 13.21 



12.45 



I am unable to satisfactorily determine the status of the specimens from Santa 

 Rosalia Bay, owing to insufficiency of the series. They certainly are not A. b. cinerea, 

 being much too dark for that form; at the same time they are slightly paler and 

 grayer than true A. bellii, and have the wing and tail decidedly longer than the 

 average of those of that form. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 269 



[Poospiza belli] var. belli Baird, Brewer, and Ridgwav, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i,1874, 

 590. 



Poospiza bellii Sclater, Oat. Am. Birds, 1862, 110 (California). — Hebkmann, Rep. 

 Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 46 (Cosumnes R. and bet. Kern R. and 

 Tejon Pass). 



[Poospiza} bellii Coues, Key N". Am. Birds, 1872, 141, part. 



Zonotrichia belli Elliot, Illustr. New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, i, 1869, pi. 14. 



Amphi^iza bellii Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 234,part.^RIDGWAY, Proo. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss.,iii, 1880,180. 



Amphispiza belli Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 416 (Myiarchusrphy's, Calar 

 veras Co., Feb.); v, 1883, 530 (Santa Rosalia Bay, Lower California). — 

 RIDGWAY, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 225. — Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 

 1881, no. 259.— EvERMANN, Auk, iii, 1886, 182 (Ventura Co., California).— 

 MoRCOM, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 49 (Mojave Desert, CajonPass, 

 and Bear Valley, San Bernardino Co.). — Emerson, Bull. Acad. Sci., no. 7, 

 1887, 429 (Poway, San Diego Co.).— TowiVsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 

 1890, 140 (San Clemente I.). — Anthony, Auk, xii, 1895, 141 (San Fernando, . 

 Lower California) . — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 143. — Grin- 

 NBLL, Pub. i, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 18 (San Clemente I.); Pub. ii, 1898, 

 39 (Los Angeles Co., up to 5,000 ft., resid.). 



A.[mphi^piza} belli Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 376. — Ridgw ay, Myiarchusn. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1887, 426. 



Amphispiza belli clemenlese Ridgway, Auk, xv, July (pub. Myiarchusy 14), 1898, 230 

 ( San Clemente I. , Santa Barbara group, California ; U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ) . 



AMPHISPIZA BELLI CINEREA Townsend. 

 GRAY SAGE SPARROW, 



Similar in size and proportions to A.h. ielli, but coloration conspicu-, 

 ously paler; above pale smoke gray or pale buflfy ash gray, the back • 

 more decidedly tinged with buffy and obsoletely streaked with darker; 

 lateral throat-stripes narrower, more interrupted, and dull grayish 

 instead of blackish; spot in center of chest smaller and dusky grayish 

 instead of blackish. 



Young. — Essentially like adults, but back distinctly streaked with 

 dusky, chest more or less streaked (narrowly) with brownish gray, and 

 sides of throat without any dusky streak. 



Adailt ma^e.— Length (skins), 125.73-132.08 (128.78); wing, 65.79- 

 .68.07 (66.80); tail, 63.75-65.53 (64.52); exposed culmen, 8.89-9.65 

 (9.14); depth of bill at base, 5.08; tarsus, 20.32-21.84 (21.08); middle 

 toe, 12.70.' 



Adult female. — Length (skins), about 133.35; wing, 62.23; tail, 

 60.96-61.47 (61.21); exposed culmen, 9.65; depth of bill at base, 5.08; 

 tarsus, 20.07-20.57 (20.32); middle toe, 12.95-13.21 (13.08).' 



West-central Lower California (Ballaenas Bay). 



Amphispiza belli dnerea Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, Sept. 9, 1890, 136 

 (Ballaenas Bay, Lower California; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— American Ornitholo- 

 gists' Union, Auk, viii, 1891, 86; Check List, 2ded., 1895, no. 5746. 



A.[mplmpiza'] belli cinerea Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 604. 



' Two specimens. 




270 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



AMPHISPIZA BELLI NEVADENSIS Ridgway. 

 SAGE SPARROW. 



Similar to A. h. belli, but much larger and coloration paler and grayer; 

 the back more frequently (usually distinctly) streaked with dusky; 

 lateral throat-stripes reduced to a more or less broken series of dusky 

 grayish streaks. 



Yoiong. — Pileum, hindneck, chest, and sides, as well as back, streaked 

 with dusky; otherwise essentially like adults. 



Adult maZe.— Length (skins), 139.70-157.48 (149.61); wing, 77.47- 

 81.28 (79.25); tail, 70.61-78.49 (74.68); exposed culmen, 9.40-10.41 

 (10.16); depth of bill at base, 5.08-5.84 (5.59); tarsus, 20.83-22.61 

 (21.59); middle toe, 12.70-14.73 (13.46).^ 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 137.16-157.48 (146.81); wing, 72.39- 

 80.01 (75.69); tail, 67.31-75.69 (71.37); exposed culmen, 9.40-10.41 

 (9.91); depth of bill at base, 5.33-5.84 (5.59); tarsus, 18.80-22.35 

 (20.57); middle toe, 12.70-13.97 (13.46).' 



Sagebrush plains of Great Basin and Rocky Mountain districts of 

 United States, north to eastern Oregon (Camp Harney, etc.), southern 

 Idaho (Birch Creek, Lemhi R., Snake R., etc.), and southern Wyo- 

 ming; east to eastern base of Rocky Mountains in Wyoming (near 

 Cheyenne), Colorado (San Luis Park, etc.), and New Mexico; west to 

 base of Sierra Nevada; south, in winter, to western Texas (Fort Davis, 

 etc.), southern New Mexico, Arizona, and southeastern California 

 (Colorado Desert, Los Angeles Co.,' etc.). 



Poospha belli (not Emberlza belli Cassin) Baikd, Eep. Pacific E. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 

 470, part (Fort Thorn, New Mexico; Colorado B. ), 927 (Fort Bridger, Wyo- 

 ming) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 356, part.— Coues, Ibis, 1865, 164 (Fort 

 Whipple, Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 86 (do.); Check List, 

 1873, no. 173, part.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 204, part (valleys of Gila and 

 Colorado and Fort Thorn) . — Stevenson, Prelim. Eep. U. S. Geo!. Surv., 1871, 

 465 (Henry's Fork, Green R., and Eock Creek, s. Wyoming) . — Allen, Bull. 

 Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 172, 177 (Ogden, Utah). — Baied, Brewer, and Ridg- 

 way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pi. 26, fig. 9 (not text, p. 593). 



Poospiza bellii Kennerly, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 29 (Little Colo- 

 rado R., Arizona, Dec). — Allen, Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 289 (Salt Lake Valley, 

 Utah). 



PoQspiza bellii, var. nevadensis'RivawAY, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 182 (Colo- 

 rado), 191 (first described); 198 (redescribed and type first designated, from 

 West Humboldt Mts., Nevada; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



Poospiza belli . . var. nevadensis Coues; Check List, 1874, p. 127 (no. 173a). — 

 Yarrow and Henshaw, Eep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1872 (1874), 14 

 (Rush Lake, etc., Utah). — Henshaw, Eep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 

 (1874), 115 (San Pedro and Gila valleys, Arizona, Oct.); ib., 1877, 1309 (Oar- 



^ Twelve specimens. 

 ^ Eleven specimens. 



''Also in July, but probably migrants and not breeding; Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, 

 58, 59. 




BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 271 



son, Nevada) ; Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 274, pi. 11 (iron Springs, 

 Toquerville, and St. George, Utah; San Luia, Colorado; Gila R., Arizona). 



Poospiza belli, var. nevadenm Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 

 i, 1874, 594.— Bendire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 119 (Camp Harney e. 

 Oregon, breeding). 



Poospiza belli . . . var. nevadensis Henshaiv, Rep. Orn.Spec. Wheeler'.s Surv., 

 1876, 243 (near Kernville, California, 1 spec. October 28) . 



Poospiza belli nevadensis Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 11, 13, 19, 21, 

 (localities in Nevada and Utah). — Goss, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 

 116 (San Myiarchusrcial, New Mexico, fall and winter; habits, etc.). 



A-lmphispiza'] bellii var. nevadensis Oohes, Birds N. W., 1874, 234, in text. 



A.[mphispiza^ belli nevadensis Henshaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1879, 296 

 (Carson, Nevada, etc.; descr. nest and eggs). 



Amphispiza bellii nevadensis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 180, 

 217. 



Amphispiza belli nevadensis Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 225a. — Coues, 

 Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 260.— Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 16 (Colorado, up to 

 7,000 ft.). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 574a. — 

 Scott, Auk, iv, 1887, 203 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, 1 spec. Sept.). — 

 CooKE, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 206 (Fort Davis, w^ Texas, winter) ; Bull, 

 no. 37, State Agri. Col. Colorado, 1897, 106 (east as far as San Luis Park, and 

 up to 8,000 ft.); Bull. no. 44, 1898, 166 (near Cheyenne, Wyoming).— 

 Stephens, Auk, vii, 1890, 296, 297 (Colorado Desert, California, winter). — 

 Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 103 (Birch Creek, Lemhi R., Snake 

 R., etc., Idaho). — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 144. — Grinnell, 

 Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 39 (head of Tujunga Canon, s. e. Cali- 

 fornia; 3,000 to 6,000 ft. in summer, lower mesas in winter). — Fisher, Auk, 

 XV, 1898, 190 (crit.). 



A.{m.phispiza'\ 6. [eZK] nevadenm Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 376. 



A. [mphispiza'] belli nevadensis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 427. 



Amphispiza nevadensis Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 476 (localities in 

 Nevada and Utah; habits, song, etc.). — Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898,58,59 

 (central Los Angeles Co., California, 4,000 to 6,000 ft., July; crit.). 



[Amphispiza bdli.'\ Subsp. a. Amphispiza nevadenm Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 630 ("British Columbia"; San Bernardino, California, etc.). 



Amphispiza belli cinerea ? (not of Townsend) Price, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, 

 93 (Yuma, Arizona, winter). 



Genus JUNCO Wagler. 



Junco Wagler, Isis, 1831, 526. (Type, /. phseonotus Wagler.) 



Struthus (not of Boie, 1826) Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 31. (Type, 



Emberiza hyemalis Linnaeus. ) 

 Niphiea^ Audubon, Synopsis Birds N. Am., 1839, 106. (Type, Emberiza hyemalis 



Linnaeus. ) 



Small oi? rather small semiterrestrial Fringillidse, with tail nearly 

 (sometimes quite) as long as wing, double-rounded; coloration of adults 

 plain, without streaks (except on back in a single aberrant species), 

 with lateral tail-feathers more or less white (except in the aberrant 

 species mentioned). 



1 "Name from Ni ipo?, snow." 




272 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Bill rather small (exposed culmen not more than half as long as tarsus, 

 usually less), conical, its basal depth decidedly less than length of max- 

 illa from nostril and much greater than its basal width; culmen dis- 

 tinctly ridged, faintly convex throughout, or with middle portion 

 straight or even faintly depressed; gonys very faintly convex or nearly 

 straight, much greater than basal depth of bill; maxillary tomium with- 

 out subterminal notch, nearly straight or just appreciably concave 

 anteriorly, faintly convex posteriorly, the basal deflection very slight 

 and mostly concealed by rictal feathers; mandibular tomium straight 

 to the subbasal angle, where slightly deflected. Nostril small, longi- 

 tudinally oval, nearly concealed by bristly plumelets (except in J. vul- 

 cani). Wing rather long (a little less than three to more than four 

 times as long as tarsus), moderately rounded (eighth to sixth primaries 

 longest, ninth shorter than fifth to third); primaries exceeding second- 

 aries by much less (usually about half) length of tarsus. Tail rather 

 long, usually a little shorter than wing, sometimes {J. hairdi) equal to 

 wing, double-rounded, with lateral rectrices about equal to the middle 

 pair or a little longer, the rectrices rather narrow, with tips slightly nar- 

 rower and rounded or obtusely pointed, about half (a little more or 

 less) overlaid bj^ upper coverts. Tarsus moderate (a little more than 

 one-fourth to about one-third as long as tail), its scutella fairly distinct; 

 middle toe with claw decidedly shorter than tarsus; lateral claws not 

 reaching to base of middle claw; hallux about equal to inner toe, its 

 claw nearly or quite as long as the digit. 



Coloration.- — Adults plain grayish above (back streaked only in J. vul- 

 cani), but back sometimes rufescent and head sometimes black; under 

 parts plain grayish with whitish abdomen, the sides sometimes pinkish 

 or cinnamomeous, the chest and throat sometimes black; lateral tail- 

 feathers largely white (nearly or quite obsolete in J. vulcani), and wings 

 sometimes with two narrow white bands. Sexes essentially alike. 

 Young conspicuousl}' streaked both above and below. 



Hange. — Boreal Province of North America, including boreal 

 "islands" south to northern Georgia, Mexico, Central America (Gua- 

 temala and Costa Rica), and Lower California. 



The only species here referred to Junco that can be considered at all 

 aberrant is J. vulcani., which differs from all the others in its conspicu- 

 ously streaked back, almost complete absence of white on lateral rec- 

 trices, and comparatively short wing and tail. But even including 

 J. vulcani, which is far out of place in any other recognized genus, 

 Junco is a much more homogeneous group than Spizella, or indeed than 

 most recognized genera containing an equal number of species. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP JUNCO. 



a. Head, neck, and chest without streaks. {AdnlU. ) 

 b. Back without streaks; lateral rectrices partly white; tarsus less than 25,40 mm. 

 c. Back concolor with pileum and hindneck (gray or grayish brown) . 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 273 



d. Larger and paler, the wings nsually with two white bands and three outer- 

 most rectrices wholly white, or with only a trace of dusky on the third; 

 wing not less than 81.03, averaging 86.11. (Colorado, Wyoming, western 

 North Dakota, etc., straggling in winter to Indian Territory, middle 



Kansas, etc.) _ Junco aikeni (p. 277) 



dd. Smaller and darker, the wing ui^ually without any white and the third 

 rectrix largely dusky; wing not more than 82.30, averaging 77.22. 

 ('. Upper anterior portion of head appreciably darker than color of back and 

 chest; bill light pink or lilaceous-white in life; wing of adult male 

 averaging 79.25, tail 66.55, tarsus 21.08. (North America in general, 

 more rare in western portions of United States, breeding from Inountains 

 of Pennsylvania and Myiarchusssachusetts, Ontario, northern Myiarchusnnesota, etc., 



northward.) Junco hyemalis hyemalis (p. 278) 



ee. Upper anterior portion of head not darker than color of back and chest; 

 bill bluish horn color in life; wing of adult male averaging 80.26, tail 

 70.36, tarsus 21.84. (Southern AUeghenies, north to Virginia and West 



Virginia. ) Junco hyemalis carolinensis ( p. 282 ) 



cc. Back different in color from pileum and hindnec'k (more brown or rusty). 

 d. Sides and flanks pinkish, vinaceous-cinnamon, or cinnamon-buff. 

 e. Head, neck, and chest black (throat sometimes inclining to dark slate 

 color). 

 /. Back darker ( chestnut brown to brownish mouse gray) . 



g. Back more reddish brown (chestnut-brown to warm sepia). (Pacific 

 coast district, breeding in southern Alaska. ) 



Junco oreganus oreganus, adult male (p. 283) 

 gg. Back more grayish brown (sepia to brownish mouse gray). (Inte- 

 rior of northern British Columbia, southern British Columbia, 

 Washington, and northern Oregon in summer; nearly all of 

 United States west of the Myiarchusssissippi in winter. ) 



Junco oreganus shufeldti, adult male (p. 285) 

 ff. Back paler ( dull cinnamon-rufous to broccoli brown or drab) . 



g. Throat and chest black or slate-black ; wing and tail longer (averaging 

 77.98 and 65.28), but bill shorter (exposed culmen averaging 10.67) . 

 (California, western Nevada, and southern Oregon, breeding on 

 high mountains; casual in Arizona in winter.) 



Junco oreganus thurberi, adult male (p. 287) 

 gg. Throat and chest dull blackish slate or slate color; wing and tail 

 shorter (averaging 70.87 and 61.47), but bill longer (exposed cul- 

 men averaging 10.92). (Point Pinos, near Monterey, southern 

 coast district of California. ) 



Junco oreganus pinosus, adult male (p. 288) 

 ee. Head, neck, and chest grayish, or mainly grayish. 

 /. Pileum and hindneck gray (rarely, in ./. montanus, approaching black 

 on forehead) . 

 g. Throat and chest slate-gray to almost slate color; sides and flanks 

 vinaceous-cinnamon; mandible pinkish in life; iris brown or pur- 

 plish. 

 h. Myiarchusxilla pale pinkish, like mandible; exposed culmen not more 

 than 11.94, usually much leas. 

 I. Wing not less than 71.12. 

 j. Back decidedly brown (not grayer than broccoli brown or 

 drab), conspicuously different from gray of head, neck, and 

 chest. 



17024—01 18 




274 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



i-. Back dull cinnamon brown or russet. 

 /. Back darker, more russet, or approaching prouts brown. 



Junoo oreganus oregaims, adult female (p. 283) 

 II. Back paler, more cinnamon brown or approaching wood 



brown Junco oreganus thurberi, adult female (p. 287) 



hk. Back grayish brown (not grayer than bister) . 

 I. Throat and chest slate-gray or slate color; outermost rectrix 

 more or less dusky at base, the second extensively sO; 

 smaller (wing not more than 80.26, averaging 76.71). 

 in. Throat and chest darker (slate color or dark slate-gray) . 

 11. Wing not more than 78.23 (averaging 74.93); back 

 browner. 



Junco oreganus shufeldti, adult female (p. 285) 

 11. Wing not less than 76.71 (averaging 79.50); back 

 grayer. (Northern Montana and Idaho to Alberta 

 in summer, southward and eastward in winter. ) 



Junco montanus, adult male (p. 289) 

 mm. Throat and chest paler (slate-gray or sometimes 

 approaching ash gray). (Wing not more than 76.20,, 

 averaging about 73.66.) 



Junco montanus, adult female (p. 289) 



U. Throat and chest clear ash gray; outermost rectrix entirely 



white, the second nearly so. (Southern Montana and 



Idaho in summer, south in winter to northern Mexico. ) 



Junco mearnsi, adult male and female (p. 291) 



jj. Back brownish gray, not conspicuously different from color of 



head, neck, and chest. (San Pedro Myiarchusrtir Mountains, 



northern Lower California. ) 



Junco townsendi, adult male and female (p. 293) 

 ii. Wing less (usually much less) than 71.12, averaging 68.83. 



Junco oreganus pinosus, adult female (p. 289) 



hh. Myiarchusxilla more or less dusky, decidedly darker than mandible; 



exposed culmen not less than 12.70. (Guadalupe Island, Lower 



California.) Junco insularis, male and female (p. 293) 



gg. Throat and chest very pale gray, sometimes almost grayish white; 

 sides and flanks ochraceous-buff or cinnamon-buff; maxilla dusky, 

 mandible yellow; iris orange-yellow. (Southern Lower California.) 

 Junco bairdi, adult male and female (p. 294) 

 ff. Pileum and hindneck more or less brown. (Winter females and imma- 

 ture males of preceding forms, to be distinguished by additional 

 characters given above. ) 

 dd. Sides and flanks gray or olivaceous. 



e. Interscapulars (but not scapulars, wing-coverts, nor tertials), cinnamon- 

 rufous or rusty; mandible pinkish; iris brown. 

 /. Myiarchusxilla light-colored (pinkish or lilaceous-white in life), like mandible; 

 anterior and lateral under parts deeper ash gray; bill smaller (exposed 

 culmen averaging 10.92). (Mountains of southern Wyoming, Utah, 

 Nevada, and northern New Mexico in summer; south to northern 



Mexico in winter.) Junco caniceps, adult male and female (p. 295) 



ff. Myiarchusxilla blackish ; anterior and lateral under parts paler gray ; bill larger 

 (exposed culmen averaging 11.94). (Mountains of New Mexico and 

 central Arizona in summer, south to northern Mexico in winter. ) 



Junco dorsalia, adult male and female (p. 297) 

 ee. Interscapulars, greater wing-coverts, and tertials cinnamon-rufou.s, rusty 

 brown, or olive-brown; mandible vellow; iris yellow. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 275 



/. Back, etc., bright rusty or cinnamon-rufous; pileum and hindneck 



clear gray (not darker than slate-gray); flanks not conspicuously 



olivaceous. 



g. Darker (pileum and hindneck slate-gray) ; rump grayish olive Or hair 



brown; outermost rectrix extensively dusky on basal portion of 



inner welj, the second with less than terminal half of inner web 



white. (High mountains of central and southern Mexico.) 



Juuco phaeonotus phseonotus, adult male and female (p. 299) 

 gg. Paler (pileum and hindneck ash gray); rump nearly pure gray; 

 outermost rectrix wholly white, the second mostly so. (High 

 mountains of northwestern Mexico and southern Arizona. ) 



Junco phseonotus palliatus, adult male and female (p. 301) 

 ff. Back, etc., russet brown or olive-brown; pileum and hindneck brown- 

 ish gray; flanks conspic'uously olivaceous or wood brown. 

 g. Smaller (wing averaging 69.60, exposed culmen 12.70); colors paler 

 and brighter (back, etc., russet-brown, pileum and hindneck 

 smoke gray). (Highlands of Chiapas, southern Mexico.) 



Junco fulvescens, adult male and female (p. 302) 

 gg. Larger (wing averaging 74.6?, exposed culmen 13.21); colors darker 

 and duller (back, etc., olive-brown, pileum and ihindneck dull 

 slate color or dark mouse gray). (Highlands of Guatemala.) 



Junco alticola, adult male and female (p. 303) 

 bh. Back bj'oadly streaked with black; lateral rectrices without any white; tarsus 

 more than 25.40 mm. (Summit of Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica. ) 



Junco vulcani, adult male and female (p. 304) 

 aa. Head, neck, and chest streaked. ( Young. ) 



h. Myiarchusxilla not conspicuously darker than mandible. 

 I . Back concolor with pileum. 

 d. Paler and browner above; chest paler, with streaks or spots more distinct. 



Junco hyenialis hyemalis, yuung. 

 dd. Darker and more slaty above; chest darker, more uniform. 



Junco hyemalis carolinensia, young. 

 cc. Back more rufescent, or browner, than pileum. 



e. Ground color of pileum and hindneck brownish, of throat and chest more 

 or less buffy. 

 /. Bill pale browiiish or dull pinkish. 

 g. Darker. 



h. Back more reddish brown Junco oreganus oreganns, young. 



hJi. Back more grayish brown Juuco oreganus shufeldti, young. 



gg. Paler. 



Ji. Bill shorter; colors darker, the chest more heavily streaked or 



spotted Junco oreganus thurberi, young. 



hh. Bill longer; colors paler, the chest more buffy and more narrowly 



streaked Junco oreganus pinosus, young. 



ff. Bill dusky brown .Junco insularis, young. 



ee. Ground color of pileum and hindneck more grayish, of throat and cheat 



paler grayish Junco canicepa, young. 



hh. Myiarchusxilla black or dusky, conspicuously darker than mandilile. 



c. Greater wing-coverts and tertials brownish gray Junco dorsalis, young. 



cc. Greater wing-coverts and tertials reddish brown or rusty. 

 d. Sides and flanks pale buffy grayish. 



e. Darker Junco phseonotus phseonotus, young. 



ee. Paler Junco phseonotus palliatus, young. 



dd. Sides and flanks light brown or strongly buffy. 




276 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



e.. Sides and flanks light brown; outermost tail feathers not more than one- 

 half white; general coloration much darker and forna much stouter. 



Junco fulvescens, young. 

 ,'('. Sides and flanks buff; outermost tail feathers mostly white; general col- 

 oration much paler and form much more slender.. Junco bairdi, young. 



The following have not been included in the preceding "key" on 

 account of their unsatisfactory status. They each represent a con- 

 necting series between two well-characterized forms, and in my opinion 

 are simply hybrids and not true "intergrades." 



JUNCO HYEMALIS X JUNCO OREGANUS SHUFELDTI. 



"H\-brid between lii/emalis and oregonu.i'' Baikd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. 



N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 579, footnote. 

 (?) ./. {unco} lii/emaliK var. oregonus (not Fringilla oregana Townsend) Trippe, in 



Coues' Birds N. W., 1874, 144, part (Colorado). 

 (?) [Junco hyemalis] c. crregonus Trippe, in Coues' Birds N. W., 1874, 145, part 



( Colorado) . 

 Jma-o hiemalis oregonus Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii^ 1883, 189 (Colorado 



Springs, Colorado, Apr. 26, 27; crit. ). 

 Junco oregonus Brown (N. C. ), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 38, part (Boerne, 



Kendall Co., Texas, winter). 

 /. lii,nco] h. [iemalisl connecteim Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 378 (Colo- 

 rado City, Colorado; type in coll. W. Brewster'); Auk, xiv, 1897, 94, part. 

 J^mro hyemalis connectens American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, xiv, 



Jan., 1897, 128, part (excl. sup. syn. Junco hyemalis shufeldti). 



JUNCO CANICEPS X JUNCO MEARNSI. 



Junco caniceps (not Strathuscaniceps Woodhouee) Baird, Rep. Pacific K. R. Surv., 

 ix, 1858, 924, part (Fort Bridger, "Wyoming; supposed hybrid betweea 

 ./. caniceps and /. oregonus, afterwards the type of /. annectens Baird). 



Jii.nco cinereusxar. caniceps Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 143, part. 



"Hybrid between oregonus aund caniceps" Baikd, Brewer, and Eidgw.4.y, Hist. 

 N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 579, footnote (part). 



Junco annectens Baird, in Cooper's Orn. Cal., 1870, 564 (type from Fort Bridger, 

 Wyoming, in U. S. Nat. Myiarchusa.^). — Rjdqway, Nom. X. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 



'This type specimen, which I have t^arefully examined and compared, is No. 7046 of 

 Myiarchus. Brewster' s collection, and was taken by Myiarchus. Brewster at Colorado Springs April 26, 

 1882. It is very nearly typical of J. hyemalis, with sides only slightly tinged with cinna- 

 momeous and the back slightly brownish. It may be a young female, of the preced- 

 ing year, of /. hyemalis; at any rate it has nothing to do with the form of /. oreganus 

 (J. 0. shufeldti) , to which the name connectens was unadvisedly applied by action of the 

 A. 0. U. Committiee in 1896. 



^ Although of the several specimens considered by Professor Baird to represent his 

 /. annectens all but one represent /. mearnsi, it is nevertheless easy, in view of the 

 characters most prominently mentioned in the diagnosis, to determine which should 

 be considered as the type. For instance, the phrase ' ' whole interscapular region . . . 

 light chestnut rufous," found in the description, applies only to no. 11164, an adult 

 male from Fort Bridger, obtained April 12, 1858, all the other specimens then in the 

 Smithsonian collection having the interscapular region hair brown, very different 

 indeed from chestnut-rufous. The remarks which follow the description are, so far 

 as they apply to the color of the back, equally convincing, for it is distinctly stated 

 that the coloris "that of canirepK, not of oregonus," the back of J. mearnsi being even 

 less rufescent than that of J. oreganiLs. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 277 



219, part. — American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Check List, 1886, 

 no. 568, part; Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 129 (no. 568.1). — Ridgway, Auk, xiv, 

 Jan., 1897, 94 (crit.).— Cooke, Birds Colorado, 1897, 105 (Boulder, Colorado, 

 1 spec. Nov. 25, 1892). 



Junco hiemalU annectens Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 264, part. 



J. [uncol h. \_kmalis] annectens Coi'Es, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, .379, part. 



Junco ridgwayi Meaens, Auk, vii, July, 1890, 243 (Whipple Barracks, Arizona; 

 coll. E. A. Mearns). — Anthony, Auk, ix, 1892, 365 (near Apache, s. w. New 

 Mexico, JMyiarchusr. 16; Granite Gap, 10 m. west of Apache) . — Myiarchus(teegor, Auk, x, 

 1893, 205 (Boulder, Colorado, Nov. 25). — American Ornitholoijists' LTnion, 

 Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 568.1.— Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 

 1896, 603. 



JUNCO AIKENI Ridgway. 



WHITE -WINGED JUNCO. 



Admit male. — Head, neck, che.st, sides, flanks, and upper parts plain 

 slate-gray, darker (slate color) on the head; middle and greater wing- 

 coverts usually tipped with white, forming two distinct bands; three 

 outermost tail-feathers whollj' white, the third sometimes with a little 

 dusky, the fourth with more or less of white; length (skins), 156.97- 

 169.93 (163.83); wing, 81.53-92.96 (88.65); tail, 75.18-78.74 (76.4.5); 

 exposed culmen, 11.68-12.95 (12.19); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.38 

 (8.13); tarsus, 20.83-21.84 (21.34); middle toe, 13.72-14.99 (14.48).' 



Adult femahi. — Similar to adult male, but rather paler gray, the 

 upper parts (especially back) tinged more or less with light grayish 

 brown, the wing-bands usually less distinct, frequently obsolete, and 

 the third tail-feather more often with a little dusk}-; length (skins), 

 149.61-168.15 (159.26); wing, 81.03-84.33 (82.55); tail, 71.12-76.20 

 (73.66); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.45 (11.94); tarsus, 19.81-21.08 

 (20.57); middle toe, 13.21-14.99 (13.97).' 



Winter birds, especially young, are more or less tinged with light 

 grayish brown, especially on back. In some adult males the tertials 

 are edged with white. 



Breeding in Wyoming (Bear Lodge Mountains) and western North 

 Dakota (Black Hills); migrating in winter to Colorado and western 

 and middle Kansas, casually to Indian Territory (Caddo) and Wiscon- 

 sin (Jefferson). 



Junco hyem.al%ava,r. aikenii Aiken, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xv, Dec, 1872, 201 

 (nomen nudum; habits). 



[Junco hyemalW] var. aikeni Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 612, 614 (El Paso 

 Co., Colorado; coll. C. E. Aiken).— Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's 

 Surv.,1873 (1874), 113 (crit.). 



Junr-o hyemaiis y&r. aikeni Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 182 (Colo- 

 rado). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N.Am. Birds, i, 1874, 584. — 

 Snow, Observer of Nature, iii, 1876 (Ellis, w. Kansas, 1 spec. Nov. 8) . 



' Eight specimens. * Five specimens. 




278 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Junco hyemcdis . . var. aikeui Coues, Check List, 1874,129 (no. 174a).— Hbn- 

 SHAW, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 114 (El Paso Co., Colo- 

 rado, Oct. 5 to Feb.l; Zoo). Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 266 (El Paso Co., 

 Colorado, Oct. to Feb. ) . 



[Jnnrohyemalis.} Var. aikeui Snow, Birds Kans. , 3d ed., 1875, 7 (Ellis, w. Kansas). 



[Jtmco hyemallt.] b. aikeni Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 141 (synonymy). 



[junco liyemalis] a. aikeni Trippe, in Coues' Birds N. W., 1874, 145 (crit.). 



Junco hyemalis aikeni Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, Apr., 1881, 90 (San Juan 

 Co., Colorado, after Oct.). 



Junco hiemalis aikeni Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 262. 



J. [unco'] h. [iemalis] aikeni Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 378. 



J.lunco] aikeni Trippe, in Coues' Birds N. W., 1874, 145 (Idaho Springs, Colo- 

 rado, in winter; crit. ).—Ridg way, Myiarchusn. X. Am. Birds, 1887, 422. 



Junro aikeni Baikd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pi. 26, 

 fig. 6.— RiD(iWAY, Field and Forest, iii, Myiarchusy, 1877, 198; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 

 1881, no 216.— Allen and Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 190 

 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, 1 spec. Apr. 11).— Drew, Auk, i, 1884, 16 (verti- 

 cal range in Colorado).— Cooke, Auk, ii, 1885,32 (Caddo, Indian Territory, 

 4 specs. Feb. 14 and 21; (?) Jefferson, Wisconsin, 1 spec. Jan. 14; Ellis, w. 

 Kansas, winter); Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. VaL, 1888, 203.— American Ornitholo- 

 gists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 566.— Beckham, Auk, iv, 1887, 122 

 (Pueblo, Colorado, Oct., Nov.).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 

 649. — Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891,465 (\v. and mid. Kansas, rare winter visit). 



Junco daiibyi Coues, Xidiologist, iii, Oct., 1895, 14 (Black Hills, South Dakota; 

 type in U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



Junco hyemalis danhyi Coues, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 94, in text (crit.). 



JUNCO HYEMALIS HYEMALIS (Linnaeus). 

 SLATE-COLORED JUNCO. 



All nit iiti(lc. — Head, neck, chest, upper breast, sides, flanks, and 

 upper parts plain slate-color, darker on head, where approaching slate- 

 black on pileum, rather paler (approaching slate-gray) on rump and 

 sides; lower breast, abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts 

 white; six middle tail-feathers slate-blackish, edged with slate-grayish; 

 two outermost tail-feathers white (the second sometimes dusky at base 

 and edged with dusky toward tip), the third white and dusky (the latter 

 usually predominating); bill (in life) pinkish or lilaceous white, with 

 dusky tip (at least in winter); iris dark reddish brown or claret purple; 

 tarsi light brownish, toes usually darker; length (skins), 138.18-158.24 

 (145.54); wing, T6.Tl-82.30 (Ty.25); tail, 63.25-Tl.12 (66.56); exposed 

 culmen, 10.16-11.68 (10.92); depth of bill at base, 6.10-6.86 (6.35); 

 tarsus, 20.32-21.84 (21.08); middle toe, 13.72-14.99 (1-4.48).' 



Adult feiudle. — Similar to adult male, but the slate-color rather 

 lighter (sometimes decidedly so), and the second tail-feather always (?) 

 partly dusky; length (skins), 132.59-154.94 (141.73); wing, 70.61-78.23 

 (74.93); tail, 62.23-67.06 (64.26); exposed culmen, 9.91-11.68 (10.67); 



' Twenty-four specimens. 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



279 



depth of bill at base, 6.10-6.60 (6.35); tarsus, 20.32-21.69 (21.t».S); 

 middle toe, 13. 46-1 -i. 99 (14.22).' 



Summer and winter plumag-es are not essentially different, the for- 

 mer being, however, appreciably darker in color and lacking the dusky 

 tip to the bill. 



Lninatar,' irudc {first tvlnfrr). — Similar to the adult male, but more 

 or less tinged with brown above; sides and flanks tinged, sometimes 

 strongly, with light buffy brown or cinnamon, and feathers of chest, 

 etc., often tipped with the same. 



Tiuiiuttiirc friitiilr {fi,rxt lolnter). — Still browner than the immature 

 male, the back, etc., rufescent broccoli brown; broad edgings to ter- 

 tials wood brown; sides and flanks more or loss washed with or inclin- 

 ing to light vinaceous-cinnamon; gray of chest, etc., suffused with 

 same, and white of under tail-( coverts, etc., tinged with buffy. 



ToiiiKj {first p/umi/(/r). ^Ahove, grayish brown or drab (sometimes 

 slightly rufescent on back), rather broadly streaked with blackish; 

 chin, throat, chest, sides, and flanks pale dull Vjuffy or buff'y grayish, 

 spotted or broadly streaked (except on chin) with dusky; rest of under 

 parts white, the breast usually more or less spotted or flecked with 

 dusky; wings and tail as in adults, but greater wing-coverts and ter- 

 tials broadly edged with cinnamon brownish, the former with lighter 

 terminal spots. 



Breeding from mountains of Pennsylvania (Blair, Bradford, Cam- 

 bria, Clearfield, Clinton, Indiana, Lycoming, and MyiarchusKean counties), 

 New York (Catskills and Adirondacks), and Myiarchusssachusetts (Mount 

 Wachusett, Graylock range, and Berkshire County), Ontario, central 

 Myiarchuschigan (northern portion of lower peninsula), northern Myiarchusnnesota, 

 etc.," northward to Labrador (Rigolet, etc.), western shores of Hudson 



' Seventeen specimens. 



Average measurements, according to locality, are as follows: 



Locality. 



Wing. 



Ex- 

 posed 

 culmen 



Depth 

 of bin 

 at base. 



Tarsus. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



MALES. 



Nonbreeding males from Myiarchusryland and District of 

 Columbia (8 specimens) 



Breeding males from mountains of Penn.sylvania 

 (8 specimens) 



Myiarchusles from Alaska, Arizona, etc. ( 8 specimens) 



FEMALES. 



Nonbreeding females from Pennsylvania, Myiarchusry- 

 land, etc. (6 specimens) 



Breeding females from mountains of Pennsylvania 

 (6 specimens) 



Females from Alaska, California, etc. {6 specimens). 



79.60 



79.25 

 79. 2.5 



76.18 

 73.91 



66.65 

 67.82 



6.3. ,50 



65. 28 

 63.60 



11.43 

 10.92 



11.48 

 10.41 



6.60 

 6.36 



6.60 

 «. 10 



21.1 

 20.1 



14.48 

 14.73 



14.48 



14.48 

 13.97 



^ Also Montana (Fort Keogh) ? ; see Thorne, Auk, xii, 1895, iV, 




280 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Bay, and through the interior to the Arctic coast and westward to val- 

 leys of the Yukon and Kowak rivers, Alaska; migrating southward in 

 winter to Florida (Green Cove Springs, etc.), Alabama (Coosada), Myiarchuss- 

 sissippi (Amite County), Texas (Navarro County, San Antonio, Leon 

 Springs, etc.), Arizona (Pinal County, Fort Whipple, Fort Mojave, 

 etc.), and Califoi-nia (Los Angeles County, Santa Barbara, Riverside, 

 Haywards, Pananiint range, etc.): straggling (?) to Point Barrow and 

 coast of Bering Sea (Kotzebue Sound, St. Myiarchuschaels, etc.), and to east- 

 ern Siberia (Tschuctschi Peninsula). 



IFniigillii] hyeinalis Linn.f.us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 175.S, 183 (based on Passer 

 nivalis Catesliy, Carolina, i, p. 36, pi. 36). 



Fringilla hi/ftiiiilis Boxapaete, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828 ("Synopsis"), 109.— 

 SwAiNsoN- and Richaedson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 259. — Audubon, Orn. 

 Biog., i, 1831, 72; v, 1839, 505, pi. 13.— Jaedine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 

 1832, 272, pi. 16, fig. 6.— Gould, Birds Europe, iii, 1837, pi. 190.— Myiarchusximilian, 

 Journ. fur Orn., 185S, 277. 



F. [ringilla] hiie^naHs Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 372. 



[Emheriza] hyemnlis Linnyf.us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 308. 



Emberiza hyemalis Temminck, JIan. d'Orn., iii, 1835, 234. — AVbrnee, Atlas, Gran- 

 ivores, 1827, pi. 38. 



Struthus hjiemalis Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 31. — Woodhouse, in 

 Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1854, 83 (Indian Territory). 



IStruthus} hyemalis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 475. 



NipJiaea hyemalis Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 106; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 88, 

 pi. 167. 



N.[iphaea'] hyemalis Caba^ih, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, 1851, 134. 



Myiarchusspiza {Niphcea) hyemalis Blyth, Cat. Birds Myiarchuss. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1849, 130. 



Junco hyemalis Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 7; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 

 115.— Baied, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 468; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 

 1859, no. 354. — Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 6 (Forks of the Saskatchewan, Apr.); 

 1863, 76 (do.) . — Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 488 (near San Antonio, Texas). — Coues, 

 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 224 (coast of Labrador, breeding; habits); 

 1866, 85 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, 3 specs.) ; Check List, 1873, no. 174; Bull. 

 U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 593 (Souris R., North Dakota, 

 Sept., Oct.). — Veeeill, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 150 (breeding at Lake 

 Umbagog, Myiarchusine, and in White Mountains). — Dall and Bannister, Trans. 

 Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 284 (Nulato, Alaska,-breeding). — Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. 

 Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 278 (e. Florida, winter); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 

 1878, 192 (Mount Wachusett, Myiarchusssachusetts, breeding). — Aiken, Proc. Bost. . 

 Soc.N.H., xiv, 1872,201 (Colorado, common, Myiarchusr., Apr.).— Myiarchusynaed, Proc. 

 Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 373 (Franconia, New Hampshire, breeding); 

 Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 93.— Baied, Beewer, and Ridgway, Hist. X. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, 580, pi. 26, fig. 5. — Yarrow and Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. 

 Wheeler's Surv., 1872 (1874), 15 (Iron Springs, Utah).— Henshaw, Ann. 

 Lye. N. Y., xi, 1874, (i (Iron Springs); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 266 

 (do.).— Snow, Birds Kansas, 1S73, 7.— Tbnney, Am. Nat, vii, 1873, 634 

 (breeding on (iraylock range, Myiarchusssachusetts). — Edwards, vii, 1873, 745 

 (breeding on Graylock range). — Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 182 

 (Colorado); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 217.— Merriam, Am. Nat., viii, 

 1874, 87 (Green Cove Springs, Florida, winter); Auk, ii, 1885, 63 (Point Bar- 

 row, Alaska). — Koch, Forest and Stream, x, 1878, 422 (breeding on moun- 

 tains of Pennsylvania). — Brown (N. C. ), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 9 




BIEDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 281 



(Coosada, Alabama, winter), 107 (breeding at Scarljoro, Cape Elizabeth, etc., 

 Myiarchusine) ; vii, 1882, 38 (Boerne, Kendall Co., w. Texas, winter). — Atkins, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 238 (Ingham Co., Myiarchuschigan, July 8, and Cirand 

 Rapids, July l.S.).— GiBBS, Bull. U. S. G. S., v, 1879, 487 (Myiarchuschigan; winter 

 resid. s. of 43°, breeding inn. part lovverpenins.). — Trottee, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, V, 1880, 121 (Lycoming Co., Pennsylvania, breeding). — (i.iTEs, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 239 (Berkshire C(j., Myiarchusssachusetts, breeding).— 

 FoEBEs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Clu)), vi, 1881, 180 (Hardin Co., lUinois, 1 spec. 

 June 9).— Oqilby, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc, iii, 1882 (.'^7) (Navarro 

 Co., Texas, Nov. t(j Myiarchusr.). — Teclos, Quart. Journ. Bo.st. Zool. Soc, ii, 

 1883, 8 (Bradford Co., Pennsylvania, breeding) . — Nelson, Cruise " Corwin" 

 in 1881 (1883), 71 (Kotzebue Sound, Norton Bay, Yukon district, etc., 

 Alaska); ib., 1885 (1887), 93 (upper Kowak R., Alaska, July); Rep. Nat. 

 Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 191.— Myiarchusrdoch, Rep. Point Barrow Exjj., 188.5, 

 107 (1 spec. Myiarchusy 24) .—Turner, Proc. V. H. Nat. :\Ius., viii, 1885, 240 

 (Davis Inlet; Rigolet, Labrador, breeding; not seen in Unga\-a) ; Contr. 

 Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 174 (St. Myiarchuschael, Myiarchusy, Nov., not breeding; 

 breeding at Nulato and Fort Yukon). — American Ornitholocikts' Unkjn, 

 Check List, 1S86, no. .5B7.— Fox, Auk, iii, 1886, 318 (Roan 3It., e. Tennessee, 

 Myiarchusr. to Apr. 16).— Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 324 (w. Myiarchusnitoba, migrant).— 

 TowNSEND, Auk, iv, 1887, 13 (Kowak R., Alaska). — BECKnAM, Auk, iv, 



1887, 122 (Pueblo, Colorado, several, Oct., Nov.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 



1888, 638, 677, (San Antonio and Leon Springs, Texas, winter) . — Scott, Auk, 

 iv, 1887, 200 (Pinal Co., Arizona, Jan. 8, 1885, Feb. 10, 11, 1886).— Palmen, 

 Vega Exp., 1887, 284 (Tschuktschi peninsula, e. Siberia, June 4, 1879).^ 

 CoOKE, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. \'al., 1888, 203 (breeding from n. Myiarchusnnesota north- 

 ward; localities, dates, etc.); Birds Colorado, 1897, 104 (winter resid.). — 

 Warren, Birds Pennsylvania, 1890, 240 (breeding in MyiarchusKean and Lycom- 

 ing counties). — Emerson, Zoe, i, 1890, 45 (Halywards, Alameda Co., Cali- 

 fornia, Myiarchusr. 20, 1880; Santa Barbara, ilar. 14, 1883; Riverside, Feb. 10 and 

 Dec. 1, 1888) .—Palmer ( W.) , Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1890, 264 (Myiarchusgdalen 

 Islands and Myiarchusngan, Labrador, breeding). — Myiarchuscparlane, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 443 (Anderson R., etc., breeding). — Fannin, Check List 

 Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 36 (Chilliwack).— Holden, Auk, ix, 1892, 72 

 (Melrose, Myiarchusssachusetts, 1 spec. June 7). — Dwight, Auk, ix, 1892, 137 

 (mountains Pennsylvania, breeding; crit.). — Hatch, Birds Myiarchusnnesota, 1892, 

 329 (breeding in n. Myiarchusnnesota) . — MyiarchusIlwraith, Birds Ontario, 1892, :-!22 

 (breeding; resident) . — Todd, Auk, x, 1893, 44 (breeding in Indiana and 

 Clearfield counties, w. Pennsylvania). — Fisher, North Am. Fauna, n(j. 7, 

 1893, 92 (Panamint Mts., s. e. California, Apr. 3, Fort Mojave, Arizona, Myiarchusr. 

 4).— (?) Thorne, Auk, xii, 1895, 217 (Fort Keogh, Montana, breeding).— 

 Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 135, pi. 23, fig. 1.— Allex (G. M. ), 

 Auk, xiv, 1897, 326 (Mount Wachusett, Myiarchusssachusetts, breeding at 2,500 

 feet). — Grinnell, Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 38 (Los Angeles Co., 

 California, numerous records, Nov., Feb., Myiarchusr. ).^ — Allison, Auk, xvi, 1899, 

 269 (Amite Co., Myiarchusssissippi, winter). — Rhoads, Auk, xvi, 1899, 312 (breed- 

 ing in Cambria, Blair, and Clinton counties, Pennsylvania). — S^^•ARTH, Bull. 

 Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1899, 95 (Los Angeles, California, 2 specs. N6v. 3, 1898) ; 

 Condor, iii, 1901, 17 (Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., California, 2 specs. 

 Dec. 5, 6).— Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 107 (ChiUiwack, Brit. Columbia). 



[/u//,co] hyeinalis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 141. 

 J-luncol hyemalia Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 422. 



Junco hiemalis Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 261. — Nehrling, Bull. Nutt. 

 Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 13 (s. e. Texas, winter). — Salvin, Cat. Strickland 




282 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Coll., 1882, 232.— Brewster, Auk, i, 1884, 15 (Berkshire Co., Myiarchusssachusetts, 

 breeding),.— Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 16 (Colorado, in winter) .— Bicknbll, Auk, 

 ii, 18S5, 146 (song).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 647 (Repulse 

 Bay; Fort Simpson, etc.). 



J.[uiic<i'] hiemalis Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1888, 377. 



[Juuni hyemaHii] var. hijenuilix Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 612. — Baird, 

 Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 579. 



Jmico hyemalis var. hyemalis Trippe, in Coues' Birds N. W., 1874, 144 (Colo- 

 rado, not uncommon in winter). 



[Juacu hyemalis'] a. hyemalis Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 141 (synonymy). 



\_Junco hyemalis] b. hyemalis Tbippe, in Coues' Birds N. W., 1874, 145 (crit.). 



PringilUi hudsonias Forster, Philos. Trans., Ixii, 1772, 406,428 (Severn R., Hud- 

 son Bay). 



[Pringilla] hwlsonia Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 926. 



Niphaea . . hudmiiia Lichtenstein, Nomencl. Av. Myiarchuss. Berol., 1854, 43. 



Fringilla niwilin Wilson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 129, pi. 16, fig. 6 (E. Pennsylvania; 

 Peade's Myiarchuss.).— Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 491. 



JUNCO HYEMALIS CAROLINENSIS Brewster. 

 CAROLINA JUNCO. 



Similar to J. /<. liyninallx, but larger, especially the bill, and colora- 

 tion lighter and more uniform, the head not darker than chest or back, 

 and the color one or two shades lighter than in J. h. hyemalis (nearer 

 slate-gray than slate-co.lor) ; bill (in life) light bluish horn color, instead 

 of pinkish or lilaceous white; young similar to that of -/. h. hyemalis^ 

 but less brown and more narrowly streaked above, and with ground- 

 color of anterior and lateral under 'parts darker. 



Adult //W6^— Length (skins), 144.02-157.48 (154.1;s); wing, 77.72- 

 82.30 (80.26); tail, 67.82-73.15 (70.36); exposed culmen, 10.67-12.19 

 (11.43); depth of bill at base (two specimens), 6.10-6.35 (6.22); tarsus, 

 20.32-22.61 (21.84); middle toe, 13.72-15.49 (14.73).' 



AdaU fevitdi,.—\j&n^i\x (skin.s), 139.95-151.89 (144.53); wing, 74.17- 

 77.98 (75.69); tail, 61.47-70.10 (66.04); exposed culmen, 10.67-11.68 

 (11.18); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 6.35; tarsus, 20.57-22.86 

 (21.59); middle toe, 14.48-14.99 (14.73).' 



Breeding in the higher portions of southern Alleghanies, from Vir- 

 ginia (White Toja Mountain, Salt Pond Mountain, etc.) and West Vir- 

 ginia to northern Georgia, western North Carolina, and eastern 

 Tennessee (Unaka Mountains); in winter descending to surrounding 

 lowlands. 



Jiiiici) hyemuli« (not FriiKjIlla hyemalis Linnaeus) Baird, Brewer, and Kidq- 

 way, Hist. N. Am, Birds, i, 1874, 580, iiart.— Coues, Am. Nat., x, 1876, 114 

 (breeding on mountains of s. w. Virginia). — Moean, Forest and Stream, xi, 

 1878, 222 (breeding in mountains of w. North Carolina and n. Georgia). — 

 Eagsdale, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 238 (breeding on Unaka Mts., 

 e. Tennessee). — Blanchard, Orn. and 061., ix, 1884, 23 (Myiarchuscon Co., w. 



' Eight specimens. '' Six specimens. 




BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 283 



North Carolina, alt. 4,000 ft.; resident).— Brewster, Auk, iii, 1HK6, 98, in 

 text (mountains of w. North Carolina).— Rives, Auk, iii, 1886, 157, 160, in 

 text (Salt Pond Mountain, s. w. Virginia, June).— Batchelder, .Vuk, iii, 

 1886, 308 (Asheville, North Carolina, winter). 



Junco hyemalis carolinensin Brewster, Auk, iii, .Jan., 1886, 108 (Black Mountain, 

 w. North Carolina; coll. W. Brewster).— Batchelder, Auk, iii, 1886, .312 

 (crit.).— Bennett, Auk, iv, 1887, 242 (mountains of w. North Carolina, above 

 3,000 ft.; crit.) .—Jeffries, Auk, vi, 1889, 121 (Highlands, w. North Caro- 

 lina, Myiarchusy).— Chapman, Auk, v, 1888, 398.— Neheling, Our Native Birds, 

 etc., ii, 1896, 139.— Rives, Auk, xv, 1898, 136 (spruce region, West Virginia); 

 Cat. Birds Virginias, 1890, 74 (White Top Mt., breeding).— American Orni- 

 thologists' Union Committee, Auk, ix, 1892, 107; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, 

 no. 567c. 



J. [unco] hyemalvi carolinensis Ridgw.vy, Myiarchusn. X. Am. Birds, 1887, 423. 



Junco carolinemis Brewster, Auk, iii, April, 1886, 277, in text. — American 

 Ornithologists' Union, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 13; Check List, abridged 

 ed., 1889, no. 567.1.— D wight. Auk, viii, 1891, 290 (crit.). 



[Junco hiemalv^.'] Subsp. a. Junco carolinensis 8harpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 649. 



JUNCO OREGANUS OREGANUS (Townsend). 

 OREGON JUNCO. 



Adult iiuxl,'. — Head, neck, and chest black (sometimes inclining to 

 slate-black on throat and chest), sharply or abruptly defined all round 

 posteriorly; back and scapulars chestnut, chocolate, or walnut brown, 

 varying to chocolate or vaudyke brown or warm sepia; rump, upper 

 tail-coverts, and lesser and middle wing-coverts dull slate-gray or mouse 

 gray; wings and tail blackish, the greater coverts (broadly), primaries, 

 secondaries, and recti'ices (narrowly) edged with grayish; innermost 

 greater coverts and secondaries with outer webs mostly brownish; out- 

 ermost tail-feather white, sometimes with a little dusky on basal por- 

 tion of inner web; second tail-feather mostly white, and third partly 

 white near tip; sides and flanks light vinaceous- cinnamon, the latter 

 more or less tinged or mixed with grayish brown; rest of under parts 

 (posterior to chest) white; bill pinkish white (in life), with a little 

 dusky at tip; iris reddish brown or claret red; tarsi light brownish, 

 toes darker; length (skins), 139.70-154.18 (1-±1:.27); wing, 72.rt-l-78.23 

 (75.18); tail, 61.72-68.33(64.77); exposed culmen, 10.41-11.43 (10.92); 

 depth of bill at base (two specimens), 6.35-6.60 (6.42); tarsus, 20.-32- 

 21.84 (21.08); middle toe, 13.21-15.24 (14.48).^ 



Adult female. — Quite different from the male. Head, neck, and 

 chest dull slate color or mouse gray, the pileum and hindneck mostly 

 brown (light bistre or sepia); back and scapulars light bistre or sepia 

 brown, varying to prout's brown, lighter in color than brown of hind- 

 neck; rump, upper tail-coverts, and smaller wing-coverts hair brown; 



' Ten specimens. 




284 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



second tail-feathei- always (?) with less than half its area white; other- 

 wise like the male, but wings more tinged with brown, and vihaceous- 

 cinnamon of sides and flanks rather duller or less pinkish; length 

 (skins), 131.57-147.07 (138.68); wing, 70.61-7^.61 (71.37); tail, 59.44- 

 62.48 (60.96); exposed culmen, 10.41-11.43 (10.92); depth of bill at 

 base (three specimens), 6.35-6.60 (6.60); tar.sus, 19.56-21.59 (20.57); 

 middle toe, 13.46-15.24 (14.48).'. 



YoniKj. — Pileuni and hindneck grayish brown streaked with black- 

 ish; back and scapulars more rufescent brown (incliring to prout's 

 brown) streaked with black; throat, chest, sides, and flanks dull pale 

 butty streaked with blackish, the streaks broader and more or less 

 wedge-shaped on chest; otherwise essentially like adults. 



[Winter adults are like summer birds, but the colors are deeper or 

 richer, especially in the male, in which the back is rich vandj-ke brown, 

 sharply contrasted with the deep blackof the hindneck, and the feathers 

 •of chest are more or less tipped (narrowly) with whitish. 



Younger birds in winter are like adults, but the hiales, at least, have 

 the difl'erently colored areas less sharply contrasted.] 



Breeding from extreme northern end of British Columbia (Port 

 Simpson, etc.), north along Alaskan coast, including islands, to Yaku- 

 tat Bay; accidental on Unalaska (one specimen, April 8, 1879), and on 

 outer Iliasik Island, near Belkofski, Alaska Peninsula (one specimen, 

 January, 1889);^ in winter, south along the coast to Santa Cruz and 

 San Myiarchusteo counties, California, occasionally straggling to the interior 

 (FortKlamath, e. Oregon, October; West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, 

 October). 



Fringilla oregana Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 188 ( "forests 

 near the Columbia River ; ' ' type ' in U. S. Nat. llus. ) ; Narrative, 1 S39, 345. 



Fringilla oi'er/onii AnDVBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 68, pi. 398. 



F.[ringilla] oregona Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 372. 



■8t.ruihus oregonus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 31. — Newberry, Rep. 

 Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, pt. iv, 1857, 88, part (San Francisco, California, 

 winter). 



Niphsca oregona Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 107; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 91, 

 pi. 168. 



Niphien oregona Baird, in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, lS.'i2. 316, part (Ore- 

 gon; California?). 



N.\_iphaen'\ oregoiiii Cabants, Myiarchusis. Hein., i, 1851, 134 (Sitka). 



Junco nregoirux Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 7. — Bairb, Rep. Pacific R. 

 R. Surv., ix, 18.58, 466, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 352, part.— Cooper 

 and SucKLEY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 202, part (Puget Sound, 

 etc., winter). — Dall and Baxxister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 284 

 (Sitka, Alaska).— Cooper, Orn. Oal., 1870, 199, part,— (?) Finsch, Abh. Nat. 

 Ver. Bremen, iii, 1872, 53(Alexandrovsk, Alaska).— Coues, Check List, 1873, 

 no. 175?, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 142, part. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, 



' Ten specimens. 



^ In collection of Chawc Littlejohn. 



"Towuf-eud's specimens, including the type, are winter birds. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 285 



Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 584, part (not pi. 2(), fig. 3, = ./. o. thurber!.\). — 

 RiDGw.w, Norn. N.Am. Birds, 1881, no. 218, part; Orn. 40th Parallel, 1S77, 

 473, part (AVest Humboldt Mts., Nevada, 1 spec. Oct. 3).— Bean, Proc. U. 

 S. Nat. Myiarchuss.,v, 1882, 152 (Sitka, breeding).— Sh.\rpe, Cat. Birds Brit, Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 650, part. 



lattco oregonus Finsch, .Tourn. fiir Orn., iss:!, 273 (Chilco<jt and Portage Bay> 

 Alaska, Apr.). 



\_Jimco'] oregonus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 141, part. 



[Junco hyemalis] var. oregonus Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 613, part. 



Jnii.co hyemalis oregonus Ridgway, Bull. Kssex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 19 (West 

 Humboldt ilts., Nevada). — America.v Ornithologists' Union, Check Li.st, 

 1886, no. 567«, part.— Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 174, part 

 (Unalaska, 1 spe.c. Apr. 8). — Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1SS7, 

 192, part (Sitka).— Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 37, part 

 (resident \v. side of Cascades). — Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, .50, 

 part (British Columbia; crit. ). — Grinnell, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 

 38 (Pasadena, California, 1 spec. Nov. 24, 1896); Auk, xv, 1898, 128 (Sitka). 



.7". [wrico] hyemalis oregonus Ridgivay, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 424, part. 



Jimco hiemalis oregorMS Coues, Check List, 1882, no. 378, part. — Rhoads, Pr(jc. 

 Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 63, part (British Columbia). 



.7". [unco] h.[iemalis'] oregonus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 378, part. 



" Fringilla atrata Brandt, Icon. Rosso-Asiat. , pi. 2, fig. 8" (Alaska). 



Pringilla [Zonotrichia) atrata. Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, i, 1858, 199 (Sitka). 



JUNCO OREGANUS .SHUFELDTI (Coale). 

 SHUFELDT'S JITNCO. 



Similar to -/. o. oreganas but color of back much less rufescent, in 

 adult males ranging from brow-ish mouse gray to sepia, in adult 

 females from sepia to deep drab or broccoli brown, and black of head, 

 neck, and chest averaging less intense, more slaty. 



Adult mffife.— Length (skins), 140.97-15Y.48 (149.10); wing, 76.46- 

 81.79 (79.76); tail, 66.55-72.14 (69.34); exposed culmen, 10.67-11.68 

 (10.92); depth of bill at base, 6.60-6.86 (6.86); tarsus, 20.07-21.59 

 (20.83); middle toe, 13.46-14.48 (13.97).' 



Adult female.— Liingih (skins), 137.16-150.37 (146.30); wing. 71.63- 

 78.23 (74.93); tail, 58.42-68.83 (64.77); exposed culmen, 10.41-10.92 

 (10.67); depth of bill at base, 6.35-6.86 (6.60); tarsus, 20.07-21.34 

 (20.57); middle toe, 12:70-14.48 (13.97).' 



Breeding from the interior of northern British Columbia (Stuart's 

 Lake, etc.) east to Rockj' Mountains in Alberta, south to Vancouver 

 Island, Washington, and northern Oregon,'* probably to northwestern 

 Montana and western Idaho;* south in winter over entire Rocky 

 Mountain plateau of the United States, to Arizona, New Mexico, and 



' Ten specimens. 



^Six specimens. 



'The only breeding specimens from Oregon are from the Myiarchusury Mountains and 

 Elgin, in Union County, in the extreme northeastern corner of the State. 



■■There are two specimens in breeding plumage (decidedly worn) from Fort Bridger, 

 Wyoming, taken April 12 and 14. 




286 BULLETIlSr 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



western Texas, and e\'en to northern Mexico (Sierra de los Patagones, 

 Chihuahua); occasional in winter in northern (and eastern?) Califor- 

 nia (Humboldt Bay, Shasta County, etc.), and straggling eastward.' 



[,S'/ru<7(Myiarchus] oregona {not Fringilln oregana Townsend) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 

 1850, 475 (n. Mexico). 



Slruthus oregonus Woodhouse, in Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 

 83 (San Francisco Mt., Arizona, Oct. ).—(?) Newberry, Rep. Pacific R. R. 

 Surv., vi, pt. iv, 1857, 88, part (Oregon, in summer). 



Niphcea oregona Baied, in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 316, part (New 

 Mexico; Utah). 



Junco oregonus Baikd, Rep. Pacific R. R.Snrv., ix, 1858, 466, part (chiefly), 927, 

 part (Fort Bridger, Wy(^ming); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 352, part. — Ken- 

 NERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 28 (Zuni, New Mexico; Lit- 

 tle Colorado R., Arizona). — Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., 

 xii, pt. ii, 1860, 202, part (Puget Sound, etc., breeding). — (?) Blakiston, 

 Ibis, 1863, 76 (Myiarchusckenzie R.).— (?)Lord, Pr. Roy. Art. Inst. Woolw., iv, 1864, 

 120 (Vancouver I.).— Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 85 (Fort 

 Whipple, Arizona, Oct. to Myiarchusy); Check List, 1873, no. 175?, part; Birds N. 

 W., 1874, 142, part— (?)Bkown, Ibis, 1868, 422 (Vancouver I.).— Cooper, 

 Orn. Cal., 1870, 199, part.— Stevenson, Prelim. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1871 

 (1872), 464 (Green R., etc., Wyoming). — Holde.n' and Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc, 

 XV, 1872, 200 (Colorado; Wyoming).— Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 

 1872, 167 (Ogden, Utah, fall), 177 (Ogden, Sept.; Wahsatch Mts.).— Baird, 

 Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 584, part (not pi. 26, 

 fig. 3,=/. 0. thurberi). — Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1874, 

 114 (Bayard, New Mexico, Oct.); List Birds Utah, 1874, 6; Zool. Exp. W. 

 100th Merid., 1875, 267 (localities in Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona, Oct., 

 Nov.); Auk, iii, 1886, 74 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico, fall). — Ridgwav 

 Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 473, part (Nevada and Utah, winter); Norn. N. 

 Am. Birds, 1881, no. 218, part. — Bendire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 

 118 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, winter; summit Canyon City Mts. summer). — 

 Drew, Auk, vi, 1881, 90 (Colorado). — Brown, Auk, vii, 1882 (Boerne, Ken- 

 dall Co., Texas, winter). 



IJunco] oregonus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 141, part. 



IJunco hyemalisi var. oregonus Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 613, part. 



J-lunco'] hyemalis var. oregonus Ridgway", Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 170, in 

 text (Wahsatch Mts., Utah, fall).— Tripf^, in Coues' Birds N. W., 1874, 144 

 (Colorado). 



Junco hyemalis var. oregonux Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 182 



(Colorado). 



Junco hyemalis oregonus Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 19, part (West 

 Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Sept. ). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check 

 List, 1886, no. 567a, part.— Anthony, Auk, iii, 1886, 169 (Washington Co., 

 Oregon, breeding). — (?) Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 174, part 

 (Kadiak, Alaska, breeding).— (?) Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 

 192, part (Kadiak).— Scott, Auk, iv, 1887, 200 (Pinal Co., s. Arizona, Oct. to 

 Apr.).— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 206,' part (w. Myiarchusnitoba, etc.).— 

 Merria.m, North Am. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, 96 (San Francisco Mts., Arizona, 

 after Sept. 22). — Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., iii, 1890, 145 (coast British 

 Columbia, breeding). 



'So many of the more eastern references to this form or to "/. oregonus" pertain 

 to ./. montanvs that in the absence of specimens it is impossible to say which really 

 belong here. 




BIRDS OB' NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 287 



\_.T\mco hyemalis'] c. oregonus Trippe, in Ooues' Birds N. W., 1874, 145 (Colorado, 

 winter). 



J.lunco] hyemaliH ori-gomiK RrDGWAY, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 424, part. 



Junco hiemalu oregonus C^ouBs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 263, part. — Allen 

 and BHEW.STER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 189 (Colorado Springs, Colo- 

 rado, Apr. ) . 



J-lunco] h-lienmlis} oregonus Coues, Key X. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 378, part. 



Junco hyemalis shiifrMti Coale, Auk, iv, Oct., 1887, 330 (Fort Wingate, New 

 Mexico, Oct. 13; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— Beckham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 

 1888, 677 (San Antonio, Texas, 1 spec. Dec. 30).— Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchush. 

 N. H., iii, 1890, 146 (plateau district British Columbia, breeding; crit.). — 

 Fannin, Check List Birds Brit; Columbia, 1891, 37 (e. side Cascade 3Its.).— 

 American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, viii, 1891, S.5; Check 

 List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 567?*, part.— Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 

 103 (mountains of Idaho, migrant). — Anthony, Auk, ix, 1892, 365 (s. w. New 

 Mexico, winter resid. ); xii, 1895, 183 (near San Fernando, Lower California, 

 1 spec. Myiarchusr. 29).— Fisher, North Am. Fauna, nn. 7, 1893, 93 (Charleston and 

 Grapevine .Mts., Nevada, Myiarchusr.). — Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 

 50 (British Columbia, crit. ).— Allen, Bull. Aui. JIus. N. H., v, 1S93, .38 

 (Chuhuichupa, n. e. Sonora, Jan.). — Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Bird.s, 2d ed., 

 1896, 603, part. 



Junco hiemalis shvfel'Iti Rhoads, Proc. Sc. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 63 (British 

 Columbia). 



Junco shufeldti Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, l.s.SS, 840, 



J.[unco1 h.[iiemiilis'] comiectens (not of Coues, 1882) Coues, Auk, xiv, 1897, 94, 

 part, 



Junco hyemalis roimecteus American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, 

 xiv, Jan,, 1897, 128 (no, 5676) ,— Cooke, Birds Colorado, 1897, 105 (winter 

 resident^, — Merrill, Auk, xv, 1898, 16 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, migr,). 



JUNCO OREGANUS THURBERI (Anthony). 

 THURBER'S JTTNCO. 



Similar to ,/. o. oreganus, but wing and tail longer; adult male with 

 color of back and scapulars much lighter, varying from dull light cin- 

 namon-rufous or russet to almost broccoli brown or drab, that of sides 

 and flanks also paler (salmon-buff or vinaceous-buff); adult female with 

 color of back lighter than in J. o. oreganus (dull light mars brown or 

 broccoli brown to dull cinnamon brown); young similar to that of 

 J. 0. oregonas^ but upper parts (throughout) decidedly lighter. 



Adult ?n,a/e.— Length (skins), 135.13-151.38 (142.75); wing, 74.68- 

 79.25 (77.98); tail, 62.99-68.07 (65.28); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.68 

 (10.67); depth of bill at base, 5.84-6.35 (6.10); tarsus, 19.30-20.32 

 (20.07); middle toe, 13.21-14.48 (13.97).^ 



J.(iMfe/em«fe.— Length (skins), 127.00-144.02 (137.41); wing, 71.63- 

 74.68 (72.90); tail, 60.45-66.02 (62.23); exposed culmen, 10.41-10.92 

 (10.67); depth of bill at base, 6.10; tarsus, 19.81-20.57 (20.32); middle 

 toe, 13.21-13.72 (13.46).' 



' Eight specimens. ''■ Three specimens. 




288 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Breeding from southern Oregon (Warner Mountains, near Paulina 

 Lake, Siskiyou, etc.), south through mountains of California and west- 

 ern Nevada (Sierru Nevada and coast ranges), probably into northern 

 Lower California; migration principally vertical; straggling to Ari- 

 zona in winter (Fort Whipple, one specimen, October 29, 1864). 



(?) Prhu/illii MyiarchusdKoniii- (not of Forster?) Lichtenstein, Abh. Ak. Wi.ss. Berlin for 

 1838 (1.S39), 424 (California). 



Sinithus oregoims (not Fringilla oregana Townaend) Newberry, Rep. Pacific R. R. 

 Surv., iv, 18.57, 88, part (Oregon and n. California in summer). 



Jannj oregonua Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 18.58, 466, part; Cat. X. Am. 

 Birds, 1859, no. 352, part.— (?) Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 115 (Cali- 

 fornia). — GouES, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 85, part (Fori Whipple, Arizona, 

 1 spec, winter) ; Check List, 1873, no. 175?, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 142, part.— 

 Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 199, part (chiefly) . — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, 

 Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 584, part, pi. 26, fig. 3; iii, 1874, 514 (breeding on 

 Sierra Nevada, 5,000-9,000 ft.).— Nelson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 

 358 (Nevada, California). — Henshaw, Ann. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1877, 1309 

 (Carson, Nevada), 1316 (e. slope Sierra Nevada). — Ridgway, Orn. 40th 

 Parallel, 1877, 473, part (Carson, Nevada, breeding on Sierras); Nom. N. 

 Am. Birds, 1881, no. 218, part.— Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 

 416 (centr. California, breeding in Calaveras Co.). — Sharps, Cat. Birds 

 Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 650, part. 



[Junco] oregonus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 141, part. 



.T.\_uiix:o] oregonus Henshaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1879, 296 (e. slope 

 Sierra Nevada, breeding; descr. neat and eggs and young) . 



\_Junco Iniemalis] var. oregonus Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 613, part. 



Junco hyemalis oregomis Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 173 (Sierra 

 Nevada). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 567a, 

 part.— TowNSEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 219 (pine belt of Mount 

 Shasta and Mount Lassen, n. California, breeding). — (?) Evermann, Auk, iii, 

 1886, 182 (Ventura Co., California, winter).— Morcom, Bull. Ridw. Orn. 

 Club, no. 2, 1887, 49 (Bear "Valley, San Bernardino Co., California, breed- 

 ing). —Bryant, Bull. no. 6, Calif. Ac. Sci., 1887, 299 (Guadalupe I., 1 spec. 

 Feb. 16).— Emerson, Bull. no. 7, Cal. Acad. Sci., 1887, 423 (Volcano Mts., 

 San Bernardino Co., California). 



Junco hiernalis oregonus Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 263, part. 



/. [uncol h. [iemalisj oregonus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 378, part. 



Junco hyemalii ihurberi Anthony, Zoe, i, Oct. (j3ub. Nov. 13), 1890, 238 (Wilson's 

 Peak, San Gabriel Mts., s. California; coll. A. W. Anthony); iv, 1893, 241 

 (mts. n. of Ensenada, Lower California, winter till April 23). — Chapman, 

 Auk, viii, 1891, 115 (crit.).— Fishek, N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 93 (locali- 

 ties). — American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, ix, 1892, 106; 

 Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 567c.— Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 

 1896, 603.— Grinnell, Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 38 (Los Angeles 

 Co., California, breeding above 5,000 ft., wintering in lowlands). — Kaeding, 

 Bull. Coop. Orn. Club, i, 1899, 80 (range; descr. nest and eggs).— Merriam, 

 North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 125 (Mount Shasta, n. California, breeding). 



JUNCO OREGANUS PINOSUS (Loomls). 

 POINT PINOS JUNCO. 



Similar to ./ o. fhurheri, but adult male with the chin, throat, chest, 

 and upper breast dull slate-color or blackish slate, instead of decided 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 289 



black; bill longer, and general dimensions somewhat less; young much 

 more stronglytinged with buflf beneath. 



Adult //«ffc.— Length (skin), l::i7.00-139.4:6 (132.08); wing, (;9.09- 

 73.66 (70.87); tail, 58.42-6i.77 (61.21); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.43 

 (10.92); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 6.86; tarsus, 19.sl-20.32 

 (20.32); middle toe, 13.97-15.24 (14.48).' 



Adult female.— LQw^th. (skin), 124.46-143.61 (131.06); wing, 66.65- 

 70.87 (68.83); tail, 58.67-60.71 (59.69); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.43 

 (10.67); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 6.60; tarsus, 19.05-20.32 

 (19.81); middle toe, 12.70-13.72 (13.21).' i 



Southern Coast Range of California (Point Pinos, near Monterey). 



Junco ;nnosus Looms, Auk, x, Jan., 1893, 47 (Point Pinos, Jlonterey Co., Cali- 

 fornia; coll. Leland Stanford Jr. University). 



Junco hyemalis pinosus American Oknithologists' Union Committee, Auk, xi, 

 Jan., 1894, 47; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 567d.— Loomis, Auk, xi, 1894, 

 265, pi. 7.— RIDGWAY, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 603.— Kaeding, 

 Bull. Coop. Orn. Club, i, 1899, 81 (habits). 



JUNCO MONTANUS Ridgway. 

 MONTANA JTJNOO. 



Similar to J. oreganus s/mfeldti, but adult male with head, neck, and 

 chest slate-gray or slate color, instead of black; similar also to J. 

 mearnsi, but wing and tail decidedly shorter and color of head, neck, 

 and chest much darker. 



Adult male in summer. — Head, neck, and chest slate-gray or slate 

 color, sometimes approaching blackish slate on top and sides of head, the 

 lores, blackish slate or slate-black; back and scapulars broccoli brown; 

 smaller wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts gray (between gray 

 no. 6 and smoke gray^); sides and flanks, vinaceous-cinnamon; median 

 under parts, including under tail-coverts, white; greater wing-coverts, 

 remiges, and six middle rectrices, dusky, edged with gray, these edg- 

 ings more brown (hair-brown or broccoli brown) on innermost greater 

 coverts and tertials; outermost rectrices, entirely white or with only 

 a little dusky at base of inner web; second rectrix, chiefly white; 

 third, dusky, with more or less of white on terminal or subterminal 

 portion of inner web; bill, pale reddish or yellowish brown (pinkish 

 white in life?), usually with more or less of the tip dusky; tarsi, light 

 brownish; toes, darker. 



Adult female in summer. — Similar to the male, but usually rather 

 duller in color, the occiput or hindneck often tinged with grayish 

 brown, and the gray color of head, neck, and chest averaging rather 

 lighter. 



^Five specimens. 



^ See Ridgway' s Nomenclature of Colors, pi. 2. 



17024—01 19 




290 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Ad/iiUs in viinter. — Similar in coloration to the summer plumage, but 

 plumage softer. 



Young in first vmiter. — Similar to winter adults, but colors duller, 

 the tertials and innermost greater coverts browner, the greater coverts 

 with paler terminal spots; feathers of chest, etc., margined terminally 

 with pale brownish, and bill darker. 



Adult male.— h&ngt\x (skins), 139.45-152.40 (144.53); wing, 76.71- 

 83.31 (79.50); tail, 65.53-70.61 (67.56); exposed culmen, 9.91-11.18 

 (10.67); depth of bill at base, 6.10-6.86 (6.35); tarsus, 20.07-20.83 

 (20.57); middle toe, 14.22-14.73 (14.48).' 



Adult fi7nale.—hengi\Y (skins), 133.35-144.53 (139.19); wing, 73.15- 

 76.96 (73.91); tail, 69.69-67.31 (63.50); exposed culmen, 9.91-11.18 

 (10.67); depth of bill at base, 5.84-6.86 (6.35); tarsus, 19.81-20.83 

 (20.32); middle toe, 13.46-14.48 (13.97).' 



Breeding from northwestern Montana (Belt Mountains, Tobacco 

 Plains, Summit, St. Myiarchusrys Lake, Columbia Falls, etc.), and northern 

 Idaho (Thompson's Pass), north to Northwest Territory (Banff),'* and 

 Alberta (Edmonton); in winter south to Arizona (Tucson), northern 

 Chihuahua, western and middle Texas, etc. ; east, more or less irregu- 

 larly or casually, to eastern Kansas (Topeka), Illinois (Chicago, etc.), 

 Myiarchuschigan (Ingham County), northern Indiana (West Lafayette), Myiarchuss- 

 sachusetts (Watertown), Myiarchusryland (Laurel),' etc. 



Junco oregonus (not Fnngilla oregana Townsend) Baikd, Rep. Pacific E. R. Surv., 

 ix, 1858, 927, part (Fort Bridger, Wyoming) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 

 352, part(?)°.— (?) Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 7 (Topeka, 1 spec. Myiarchusrch 29); 

 3d ed., 1875, 7 (do.).— (?) Beewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 19 

 (Watertown, Myiarchusssachusetts, 1 spec. Myiarchusr. 25, 1874) — (?) Coale, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 82 (Chicago, Illinois, 1 spec. Oct. 14).— (?) Covert, 

 Science News, i, no. 4, 1878, 64 (Myiarchuschigan).— (?) Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, iv, 1879, 123 (Ingham Co., Myiarchuschigan, 1 spec. Oct.). — Williams, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 62 (Belt Mts., Montana, breeding).— (?) Gibbs, 

 Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 487 (Myiarchuschigan, accidenta,l) . 



/. \_unco'] hy emails var. oregonus Trippe, in Coues' s Birds N. W. , 1874, 144, part 

 (Colorado, in winter). 



IJunco hyemalis] u. oregonus Trippe, in Goues's Birds N. W., 1874, 144, part 

 (Colorado, in winter). 



(?) Junco hyemalis oregonus Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 324 (w. Myiarchusnitoba, migrant). — 

 Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 206, part. 



' Eight specimens. 



'^ Five specimens. 



^ A nest and eggs, with the female parent, collected at Banff in June, 1898, were sent 

 to me for identification by Myiarchus. Charles E. Doe, of Providence, R. I. 



•All these supposed records from east of the Myiarchusssouri River are more or less doubt- 

 ful, except that pertaining to Laurel, Myiarchusryland, which alone has been seen by me 

 since the present form was differentiated. Some of them — possibly all — may be 

 referable to /. oreganus shufeldti. 



5 Myiarchusny of the records queried above may belong to ./. oreganus xhufeldti, but not 

 having seen the specimens on which they are based, I have thought best to place • 

 them under /. montanus provisionally. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 291 



Junco hyemalis shufeldti (not of Coale) Ridgway, Auk, vii, 1890, 289 (Laurel, 

 Myiarchusryland, 1 spec. Apr. 28, 1890.— (?) Pkaegeh, Auk, xii, 1895, 85 (w. Illi- 

 nois, opp. Keokuk, Iowa, 1 spec. Dec. 16). — American Ornithologists' ' 

 Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 5676, part (Myiarchusryland, Myiarchusssachusetts 

 (?), etc.). — (?) Butler, Birds Indiana, 1897, 965 (Lafayette, 1 spec. Jan. 

 20, 1891). 



(?) Junco hyemalis connectens (not of Coues?) Merrill, Auk, xv, 1898, 16, part 

 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, migrant) . 



Junco montanus 'RiBGw AY, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 321 (Columbia Falls, Montana; 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ). — American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 

 1899, 119 (no. 567.1). —Cooke, Auk, xvi, 1899, 188 (Pueblo, Colorado, Oct.). 



JUNCO MEARNSI Ridgway. 

 PINK-SIDED JXrSCO. 



Adult male in summer. — Head, neck, and chest plain gray, darker 

 (slate-gray) above, paler (no. 6 gray') beneath; lores blackish slate.; 

 back and scapulars broccoli brown or drab; smaller wing-coverts, 

 rump, and upper tail-coverts plain graj^ (a rather dull shade of No. 6 

 or approaching smoke gray); sides and flanks (broadly) pinkish, 

 vinaceous-cinnamon, or buff -pink; median under parts, including under 

 tail-coverts, white; wings and tail dusky; the greater coverts (except 

 outermost) and tertials broadly edged with broccoli brown or wood 

 brown; rest of remiges and outermost greater coverts and six middle 

 rectrices edged with gray; two outermost rectrices white, except at 

 extreme base, the third largely white; bill pale yellowish brown in 

 dried skins (pinkish white in life?), usually with more or less of the tip 

 dusky; tarsi light brownish, toes darker. 



Adult female in sum,mer. — Similar to summer male, but colors aver- 

 aging less pure, the gray of head, etc. , more brownish, (more mouse 

 gray above, smoke gray below), the vinaceous of sides and flanks less 

 pinkish, and, usually, with inner web of second tail-feather largely 

 dusky. 



Adtdts in winter. — Not essentially different from summer adults, 

 but plumage softer and the gray purer and rather lighter, that of the 

 chest faintly varied by still paler tips to the feathers. 



Young in first winter. — Myiarchusch like winter adults, but gray of pileum 

 and hindneck more or less washed with, or overlaid by, broccoli brown 

 or hair brown, that of the chest tinged with the vinaceous-pink color 

 of the sides, usually (especially in females) f oraiing a more or less dis- 

 tinct broad band connecting the two lateral pinkish areas, the gray of 

 the throat, etc., also lighter than in adults, and often tinged or mixed 

 with vinaceous-pink; under tail-coverts buffy white or pale buff; bill 

 more dusky than in adults. 



Young {_first plumage). — Pileum and hindneck brownish gray or hair 

 brown, broadly streaked- with blackish; back and scapulars broccoli 



^ See Ridgway's Nomenclature of Colors, plate 2. 




292 BULLETIN 50, TINITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



brown broadly streaked with blackish; middle and greater wing-coverts 

 and tertials narrowly tipped with light brownish buflf; chin and throat 

 pale buffy grayish, streaked with darker; chest, sides, and flanks dull 

 bufl'y, streaked with dusky; breast marked with wedge-shaped streaks 

 or spots of duskA'; otherwise like winter adults. 



Aihilt male.^'hGngth (skins), 144.03-155.19 (160.11); wing, 79.76- 

 84.84 (82.30); tail, 67.06-73.41 (69.85); exposed culmen, 10.16-10.92 

 (10.67); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 6.60; tarsus, 18.80-21.69 

 (20.32); middle toe, 12.19-14.99 (13.97).' 



Adult feruale.^ljengt}! (skins), 137.92-150.88 (143.26); wing, 73.66- 

 85.60 (78.49); tail, 65.79-73.66 (67.31); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.43 

 (10.67)-; depth of bill at base, 6.10-6.86(6.35); tarsus, 18.54-21.08(20.07); 

 middle toe, 13.21-14.48 (13.72).' 



Breeding in southern Idaho (Sawtooth and Salmon River Mountains, 

 Teton Canon, etc.) and south-central Montana (Bighorn Mountains, 

 etc.); migrating southward in winter through Wyoming, Colorado, 

 etc., to southern Arizona (Santa Catalina Mountains), northeastern 

 Sonora (Rancheria de los Apaches, etc.), southern New Mexico, etc. 



Junco annectens (part) Baied, in Cooper's Orn. Cal., 1870, 564 (Fort Bridger, 

 Wyoming; Fort Burgwyn, New Mexico; Fort Whipple, Arizona). 



J.lunco} annectens Teippe, in Coues' Birds N. W., 1874, 145 (Idaho .Springs, 

 Colorado ; crit. ) . 



Junco annectens Ridgway, Field and Forest, iii, 1877, 11 (Boulder, Colorado; 

 descr. specimen with pinkish chest) ; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 219, 

 part.— Merrill, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 205 (Big Horn Mts., Mon- 

 tana, breeding; descr. nest and eggs). — Allen and Brewster, Auk, viii, 

 1883,190 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, Myiarchusr. and early Apr.). — Drew, Auk, 

 ii, 1885, 16 (Colorado; vertical range) . — Batohblder, Auk, ii, 1885, 306 (Las 

 Vegas, New Mexico, Dec). — Henshaw, Auk, iii, 1886, 74 (upper Pecos R., 

 New Mexico, in fall) . — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, 

 no. 568, part. — Beckham, Auk, iv, 1887, 123 (Pueblo, Colorado, Oct., Nov.).— 

 Scott, Auk, iv, 1887, 200 (Santa Catalina Jits., Arizona, up to 10,000 ft., Nov., 

 Feb.).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 651.— Merriam, N. Am. 

 Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 103 (Salmon River and Sawtooth Mts., Idaho, breed- 

 ing). — Anthony, Auk, ix, 1892, 365 (Grant Co., s. w. New Mexico, winter). — 

 Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., v, 1893, 38 (Rancheria de los Apaches, n. e. 

 Sonora, Jan.).— Lowb, Auk, xi, 1894, 269 (Wet Mts., Colorado, 8,500 ft.).— 

 Richmond and Knowlton, Auk, xi, 1894, 306 (mountains of south-central 

 Montana, breeding). 



/. [imco] annectens Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 424. 



[Junco oregoniia] var. annectens Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 

 (1874), 113 (crit). 



Junco oregonus . . . var. annectens Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 

 1874, 115 (Silver City, New Mexico, Oct. 24; El Paso Co., Colorado, Dec); 

 Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 268, pi. 8 (Colorado, New Mexico, and 

 Arizona, in winter). 



Junco oregonus annectens Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, Apr., 1881, 90 (San 

 Juan Co., Colorado, in flocks of J. aikeni). 



' Eight specimens. 




BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 293 



Junco hyemalis . . . var. annectens Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 182 



(Colorado). 

 J.luncol hyemalis annectens Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 174 



(EockyMts). 

 Junco hiemalia annectens Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 264. 

 /. [unco] h. [iemaUs] annectens Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 379. 

 Junco oregonus (not Fringilla oregana Townsend) Mbkeiam, Bull. U. S. Geol. 



Surv. Terr, for 1872 (1873), 681 (Teton Canon, Idaho, July 24; Lower Geyser 



Basin and Snake Eiver, Idaho, Aug., Sept.). 

 {Junco cinereus var. caniceps] b. caniceps (not Struthus caniceps Woodhouse) Coues, 



Birds N. W., 1874, 143, part. 

 "Hybrid between oregonus and caniceps" Baird, Beewbe and Ridgway, Hist. 



N.Am. Birds, i, 1874, 579, footnote (part). 

 Junco meamsi Ridgway, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 94 (Fort Bridger, Wyoming; 



U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). — American Oknithologists' Union Committee, Auk, xiv, 



Jan., 1897, 128 (no. 568). —Cooke, Birds Colorado, 1897, 105 (winter resid., 



e. to Fort Lyon). 



JUNCO TOWNSENDI Anthony. 

 TOWNSEND'S JTTNCO, 



Adults in summer {sexes alihe). — Similar to J. montanus, but back 

 and scapulars light grayish, hair brown, or drab-gray, instead of broc- 

 coli brown, and with more white on tail, the third rectrix being, 

 usually, chiefly (sometimes almost entirely) white. (Similar also to J. 

 meamsi, but wing and tail shorter, bill longer, gray of head, neck, and 

 chest darker, and back much grayer.) 



Adult male.—hQngt\i (skins), 132.08-144.53 (140.46); wing, 75.44- 

 81.79 (78.49); tail, 63.75-68.58 (66.80); exposed culmen, 10.67-11.43 

 (11.18); depth of bill at base, 6.60-6.86 (6.73); tarsus, 20.07-21.34 

 (20.57); middle toe, 13.46-14.73 (14.22).' 



Adult female.— l^ength (skins), 133.60-144.27(138.94); wing, 72.14- 

 81.03 (75.18); tail, 63.50-65.79 (64.52); exposed culmen, 10.67-11.94 

 (10.92); depth of bill at base, 6.35-6.86 (6.60); tarsus, 20.07-20.83; 

 (20.57); middle toe, 12.70-13.97 (13.46).' 



Northern Lower California (San Pedro Myiarchusrtir Mountains). 



Junco tovmsmdi Anthony, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., ii, Oct. 11, 1889, 76 (San 

 Pedro Myiarchusrtir Mts., n. Lower California; coll. A. W. Anthony); Zoe, iv, 1893, 

 241 (San Pedro Myiarchusrtir Mts., in pine region; descr. nest and eggs). — Ameri- 

 can Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, vii, 1890, 63; Check List, 2d 

 ed., 1895, no. 571. 1.— Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 603. 



JUNCO INSULARIS Ridgway. 

 eTTADAitrpE Jirifoo. 



Adults (sexes alike). — Similar to J. townsendi^ but with much shorter 

 wing and tail; decidedly larger and proportionately longer bill, and 



' Six specimenst ^ Five specimens. 




294 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



larger feet; back and scapulars browner (deep broccoli brown or 

 light bistre); pileum and hindneck more brownish slate; throat and 

 chest much lighter gray (smoke gray); vinaceous-cinnamon of sides 

 and flanks deeper, and with less white on lateral rectrioes; bill darker 

 (horn color or dull flesh color in dried skins), with basal portion of 

 maxilla dusky; legs and feet horn color. 



Youiig. — Pileum and hindneck deep brownish gray streaked with 

 dusky; back and scapulars broccoli brown streaked with dusky; sides 

 of head dull gray or brownish gray obsoletely streaked with dusky; 

 chin and throat pale buffy grayish, the lower part of the latter streaked 

 with dusky grayish; chest more buily, with streaks broader, darker, 

 more wedge-shaped; sides pinkish buff anteriorly passing into buffy 

 grayish on flanks, streaked with dusky; maxilla dusky, mandible light 

 brownish basally, dusky terminally; otherwise, much like adults. 



Adult male.—hengi\i (skins), 138.43-144.27 (140.97); wing, 67.82- 

 69.85 (68.68); tail, 58.17-59.18 (68.67); exposed culmen, 12.70-13.21 

 (12.95); depth of bill at base, 6.60-7.11 (6.86); tarsus, 20.83-21.08 

 (20.83); middle toe, 14.48-14.73 (14.60).^ 



Adult female.— Ijength. (skins), 136.1-1-139.19 (137.67); wing, 63.50- 

 64.62 (64.01); exposed culmen, 12.70; depth of bill at base, 6.60; 

 tarsus, 20.67-20.83 (20.67); middle toe, 14.22-14.48 (14.36).' 



Guadalupe Island, off Lower California. 



Junco insularis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., ii, no. 1, Apr. 1, 

 1876,188 (Guadalupe Island, Lower California; U. S. Nat. Myiarchusa. ) ; Bull. Nutt. 

 Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 60, 61; Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 223.— American Or- 

 nithologists' UNi0N,Check List, 1886, no. 573,— Bryant, Bull.Cal. Acad. Sci., 

 no. 6, 1887, 300 (habits; descr. nest and eggs) . — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 652.— TowNSBND, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1890, 138. 



J. [unco] insularis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 425. 



JUNCO BAIRDI Belding. 

 BAIRD'S JTJNCO. 



Adults in siommer {sexes alike). — Pileum and hindneck brownish 

 slate-gray or smoke gray, this color extending over sides of head, but 

 fading below to very pale gray (almost grayish white) on malar region, 

 chin, throat, and chest; lores dusky or blackish slate; back and scapu- 

 lars cinnamon, sometimes tinged with cinnamon-rufous and occasion- 

 ally duller (near wood brown) in middle of back; rump Isabella color, 

 becoming hair brown or grayish drab below and on upper tail-cov- 

 erts; outer surface of greater wing-coverts and tertials, mostly wood 

 brown or Isabella color; secondaries, primaries, and eight middle 

 rectrices dusky grayish, edged with pale olive-grayish, these edgings 

 much lighter and more sharply defined on primaries; outermost 



'Three specimens. ^Two specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 295 



rectrix mostly white, but basal portion of inner web extensively 

 dusky; second rectrix with terminal third (approximately) of inner 

 web white; sides and flanks pinkish buff; l)reast, abdomen, and under 

 tail-coverts white; maxilla dusky brown, mandible yellowish (bright 

 yellow in life); iris bright orange-j^ellow; tarsi light brown, toes 

 darker. 



Adults in winter.— '&imi\a.x to summer adults, but plumage softer, 

 colors rather deeper (the back, throat, and chest especially), the 

 hindneck and occiput usually washed or tinged with light brown. 



Toung. — Myiarchusch like adults, but pileum and hindneck buffy grayish, 

 streaked with dusky; back and scapulars streaked with dusky; chin 

 and throat dull white, flecked with dusky; chest pale buffy, with 

 wedge-shaped dusky streaks, and sides and flanks light buffy. 



^cZ-mZ?; mafes.— Length (skins), 130.81-l-i8.08 (141.22); wing, TO.87- 

 72.39 (71.37); tail, 60.96-65.79 (64.01); exposed culmen, 10.67-11.43 

 (11.18); depth of .bill at base (one specimen), 7.11; tarsus, 20.67-21.34 

 (20.83); middle toe, 13.46-14.99 (14.22).' 



Ad'idt females-.— lu^ng^h (skins) 133.35-141.73 (137.67); wing, 66.80- 

 68.33 (67.56); exposed culmen, 10.67-10.92 (10.79); depth of bill at 

 base, 7.11; tarsus, 20.07; middle toe, 13.97.' 



Southern part of Lower California (Victoria Mountains, Mount 

 Myiarchusraflores, etc.). 



Junco hairdi " Belding, MS." Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.,vi, no. 10, Oct. 5, 

 1883, 155 (Laguna, Lower California; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.)', 348 (crit.).— Bel- 

 ding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883,348 (Victoria Mts., Lower California, 

 alt. 3,000 ft.) .—American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no.571.— 

 Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 653. 



J. \unco\ hairdi Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 425. 



JUNCO CANICEPS (Woodhouse). 

 GRAY-HEADED JUNCO. 



Head, neck, chest, and sides gray; interscapulars rufous or brown, 

 but none of this color on wings; bill light brown (pinkish in life). 



Adults in s%mi7rter {sexes alike). — Head, neck, chest, sides, flanks, 

 scapulars, smaller wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain 

 slate-gray, the inferior portions lighter (intermediate between gray 

 no. 7 and olive-gray); abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts 

 white; lores slate-blackish; interscapulars cinnamon-rufous, forming 

 a conspicuous dorsal patch, this sometimes broken by admixture of 

 grayish (rarely — in some females only ? — replaced by a patch of rusty 

 olive-brownish) ; greater wing-coverts, remiges, and six middle rectrices 

 duskj'', edged with slate-grayish (edgings on primaries narrower, more 

 sharply defined, and paler); outermost rectrices white, the second 



^ Five specimens. ^ Two specimens. 




296 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



chiefly white, and third partly white; bill pale brownish or vinaceous 

 in dried skins, pinkish in life; iris brown; tarsi pale yellowish brown, 

 toes darker. 



Adults in winter. — Similar to summer adults, but plumage softer 

 and colors perhaps rather deeper, especially the gray of chest, etc. ; 

 tip of bill more or less dusky. 



You7ig in first winter. — Essentially like adults, but the gray of chest 

 and other under parts decidedly paler, less pure, and less strongly con- 

 trasted with the more buffy white of abdomen, etc. ; sides and flanks 

 more or less tinged with bufly or light cinnamon; reddish brown of 

 back duller; tertials broadly edged with cinnamon or cinnamon-brown; 

 bill rather darker, more extensively dusky at tip. 



Young. — Pileum and hindneck dull grayish, streaked with blackish; 

 sides of head and neck rather lighter grayish, more obsoletely streaked; 

 throat and chest pale grayish, streaked with dusky, the latter more 

 buffj', with the streaks broader or more wedge-shaped; sides and flanks 

 buffy grayish, streaked with dusky; back rusty brownish (approach- 

 ing mars brown), streaked with blackish; tertials broadly edged with 

 brown; otherwise much like adults, but bill more dusky brownish. 



Adult «!.a/e.— Length (skins), 142.75-157.23 (152.40); wing, 81.53- 

 86.61 (84.58); tail, 68.58-74.68 (72.14); exposed culmen, 10.67-11.94 

 (11.18); depth of bill at base, 6.60-7.11 (6.86); tarsus, 19.81-21.59 

 (20.57); middle toe, 13.72-15.24(14.22).' 



Adid.t female. —hQ^gih (skins), 140.72-150.88 (144.78); wing, 74.93- 

 83.82 (78.74); tail, 62.99-71.37 (66.55); exposed culmen, 10.41-11.68 

 (10.92); depth of bill at base, 6.60-6.86 (6.73); tarsus, 19.30-21.34 

 (20.57); middle toe, 13.21-15.24 (14.22).' 



Breeding in mountains of southern Wyoming (Fort Bridger, etc.), 

 Colorado (Summit, San Juan, and Costilla counties, etc.), Utah (Uintah 

 and Wahsatch mountains), Nevada (Toyabe Mountains) and northern 

 New Mexico (upper Pecos River); migrating in winter to surrounding 

 lowlands and southward to northeastern Sonora (Bavispe E.., Napolera, 

 etc.), northern Chihuahua, southern New Mexico, etc., casually to 

 southern California (Pasadena, Los Angeles County); accidental east- 

 ward to Myiarchuschigan (Locke, Ingham County) ? 



StnUhxis caniceps Woodhouse, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, Dec, 1852, 202 (San 

 Francisco Mt., Arizona; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.?); in Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuni 

 andCol.R.,1853, 83,pl. 3. 



.Tunco caniceps Baied, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 468, 927, part; ed. 1860 

 ("Birds N. Am."), atlas, pi. 72, fig. 1; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 353; in 

 Cooper's Orn. Cal., i, 1870, 201, part (includes /. dorsalis). — Coues, Proc. 

 Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 85 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, winter; crit. ). — 

 Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 177 (mountains of Colorado, 7,500 

 ft. to timber line); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 123 (Locke, Ingham Co., 

 Myiarchuschigan, 1 spec. Oct. 22, 1878). — Baied, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 



' Eight specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 297 



Am. Birds, i, 1874, 587, pi. 26, fig. 3.— Trippe, in Coues' Birds X. "W., 1874, 

 144, 145 (habits; crit).— Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1874, 

 80 (near Fort Garland, Colorado, breeding; habits) ; Auk, iii, 1886, 74 (upper 

 Pecos R., New Mexico, breeding above 6,000 ft.). — Ridgway, Bull. Essex 

 Inst., vii, 1875, 33 (Wahsatch Mts., Utah, breeding); Field and Forest, iii, 

 1877, 11 (Boulder, Colorado; descr. of specimen with white wing-bands and 

 rufous crown) ; Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 474 (Wahsatch and Uintah Mts., 

 Utah, breeding); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 220. — Aike.x, Am. Sportsman, 

 V, 1875, 370 (descr. nestand eggs).— Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 

 72 (Summit Co., Colorado, breeding; descr. eggs). — Allen and Brewster, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,viii,1883,190 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, till Myiarchusy 1).— 

 Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 16 (Colorado, breedingat 12,000 ft.). — Batchelder, Auk, 

 ii, 1885, 123, in text (Las Vegas, New Mexico, winter). — Beckham, Auk, ii, 

 1885, 141 (Pueblo, Colorado, Apr., 1 spec. June 1). — American Ornitholo- 

 gists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 569.— Scott, Auk, i\-, 1887, 201 (Santa Cat- 

 alina Mts., s. Arizona, Oct. 15 to Myiarchusr.). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 654.— Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 96 (crit. i).— Anthony, 

 Auk, ix, 1892, 365 (s. w. New Mexico in winter). — Allex, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. 

 N. H., V, 1893, 39 (Napolera, BavispeE., etc., n. e. Sonora, Dec. to Jan.).— 

 Lowe, Auk, xi, 1894, 269 (Wet Mts. , Colorado, breeding at 11, 000 ft. ) .—Cooke, 

 Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 44, 1898, 166 (breeding at Myiarchusgnolia, BoulderCo., 

 7,500 ft.). — Geinnell, Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 38 (near Pasadena, 

 Los Angeles Co., California, 1 spec. Oct. 26, 1894; see also ICaeding, Bull. 

 Coop. Orn. Club, i, 1899, 81). 



IJtmco'] caniceps Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 93, no. 7370. 



J. [u7ico'] caniceps Ridgway^, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 423. 



[Juncol dnereus var. caniceps Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 141. 



Junco cxTiereus . . . var. caniceps Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 176. — Henshaw, Zool. 

 Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 269 (Fort Garland, Colorado, etc., breeding). 



\_Junco dnereus var. caniceps} b. caniceps Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 143, part 

 (excl. syn. dorsalis Henry, and annectens Baird). 



Junco dnereus var. camceps Nelson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 344 (30 

 m. s. of Fort Bridger, Wyoming). 



Junco dnereus caniceps Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, Apr., 1881, 90 (San Juan 

 Co., Colorado, breeding; descr. nest and eggs; notes). — Brewster, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 194 (Chiricahua Mts., etc., s. Arizona, Myiarchusr.).— 

 Scott, Auk, ii, 1885, 174 (Santa Catalina Mts., s. Arizona, Nov.). 



\_Junco hyemalis'] var. caniceps Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 613 (crit.). 



Junco hyemalis, var. caniceps Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 170 (in 

 text), 172 (Wahsatch Mts., Utah, breeding, 8,000-10,000 ft.). 



Junco hyemalis . . . var. caniceps Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 182 

 (Colorado). 



Junco hiemalis caniceps Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 265. 



J.luncol h.[iemalis} caniceps Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 379. 



JUNCO DORSALIS Henry. 

 RED-BACKED JUNCO, 



Similar to J. caniceps, but with longer tail, much larger bill, with max- 

 illa blackish, and with the anterior and lateral under parts much paler 

 gray; similar to J. phcBonoticspalUatus, but with wing and tail decidedly 



' Woodhouse's bird from San Francisco Mt. believed to be /. phseonotus palliaius. 




298 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



longer, bill larger, with mandible flesh-colored or lilac whitish instead 

 of yellow, iris brown instead of yellow, rufous of upper parts con- 

 fined to the interscapular region (the scapulars and greater wing- 

 coverts being pure gray), and with the two lateral rectrices more 

 extensive!}' white. 



Adult ma^^.— Length (skins), 147.57-163.83 (154.43); wing, 81.79- 

 86.61 (84.58); tail, 72.90-76.96 (75.18); exposed culmen, 11.18-12.70 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 7.11-8.13 (7.62); tarsus, 19.81-22.10 

 (21.34); middle toe, 14.22-15.24 (14.99).^ 



A(Mt female.— L&ngih (skins), 139.45-155.45 (146.30); wing, 76.20- 

 81.53 (79.25); tail, 68.33-74.17 (70.36); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.19 

 (11.68); depth of bill at base, 7.37-7.62 (7.62); tarsus, 20.57-21.08 

 (20.83).' 



Breeding on high mountains of New Mexico (Nutria, San Myiarchusguel 

 County, Lincoln County, etc.) and central Arizona (White Mountains, 

 San Francisco Mountains, MogoUon Mountains, near Apache, etc.); 

 southward in winter to northeastern Sonora, northwestern Chihuahua 

 (San Diego), and western Texas (Fort Davis). 



Strathus caniceps Woodhouse," in Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuni and Col. E,., 1853, 

 83, part (description?). 



Juneo dorsalis Henky, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., x. Myiarchusy, 1858, 117 (Fort Thorn, 

 New Mexico; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ) ; 1859, 107 (Fort Stanton, New Mexico, breed- 

 ing).— Baihd, -Eep. Pacific E. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 467; ed. 1860 (" Birds N. 

 Am."), atlas, pi. 28, fig. 1; Cat. N.Am. Birds, 1859, no. 351.— Brewer, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 73 (near Camp Apache, Arizona, breeding; 

 descr. eggs). — Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 221. — Shaepe, Cat. 

 Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 655 ("Fort Bridger, Utah" »). 



[Junco] dorsalis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 93, no. 7371. 



[Junco caniceps] var. dorsalis Hensh.aw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 

 (1874), 113 (crit). 



Junco caniceps . . . var. dorsalis JiKSsaAw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 

 (1874), 115 (Nutria, New Mexico, July; White Mts., New Mexico, Sept.; 

 White Mts., Arizona, Sept.; habits). 



Junco cinereus . . . var. dorsalis Henshaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 270, 

 pi. 9 (White Mts., Arizona, July; mts. of s. w. New Mexico; Nutria, New 

 Mexico, July 19; Camp Apache, Arizona, breeding; habits; descr. nest and 



Junco cinereus var. dorsalis Stephens, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, April, 1878, 94 

 (breeding in higher mts. of New Mexico). 



■ Junco cinereus dorsalis Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Oct., 1882, 195 (Chiri- 

 cahuaMts., s. Arizona, Myiarchusr. 26). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii; 

 1885, 355; Auk, ii, 1885, 364 (crit.); Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 423.— Ameki 

 CAN Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 570a. — Scott, Auk, iv, 

 1887, 201 (Santa Catalina Mts., s. Arizona, Jan., Apr.). — Alle.\, Auk, iv. 

 1887, 201 (crit.) ; Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., v, 1893, 39 (San Diego, n. w. Chi' 

 huahua, Nov.).— Cooke, Bird Jligr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 206 (Fort Davis, w 



^ Eight specimens. 

 ^ Three specimens. 

 ■' Either the identification or the locality erroneous. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 299 



j.exas, winter). — Meakns, Aiik, vii, 1890, 259 (breeding on northern Mogol- 

 lon Mts. and San Francisco Mts., Arizona). — Mebriam, X.Am. Fauna, no. 3, 

 1890, 40 (Grand Canon of the Colorado), 96 (San Francisco ]Mts., Arizona, 

 breeding in pine and spruce belts). 



Junco hiemalis dorsalis Coue,s, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 266. 



/. [unco'] h. [iemalis] dor-vilis Coues, Key X. Am. Birds, 2d ed. , 1884, 379. 



Junco phieonotus dorsalix Ridgtvay, Auk, xii, Oct., 1895, 391. — American Orni- 

 thologists' Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 570a. — Cooke, Birds Colo- 

 rado, 1897, 106 (Fort Lewis, s. w. Colorado, spring, 1887). — JIitchell, Auk, 

 XV, 1898, 310 (San Myiarchusguel Co., New Mexico; breeding at 8,000 ft.). 



/.[unco] phxonotus dorsatis ■Eidgwav, Myiarchusn. N. Xxn. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 423. 



" Hybrid between canireps and cinereus" Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. 

 X. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 579, footnote. 



JUNCO PHiEONOTUS PHXONOTUS Wagler. 

 MEXICAN JUNCO. 



Similar to J. ccmiceps, but bill smaller, wings and tail shorter, max- 

 illa black, mandible yellow, iris yellow, greater wing-coverts, tertials, 

 and scapulars cinnamon-rufous, like back, and under parts more exten- 

 sively grayish. 



Adults in summer {sexes alike). — Head and neck, superiorly and lat- 

 erally, plain deep gray (intermediate between slate-gray and mouse 

 gray); malar region, chin, throat, chest, and sides decidedly paler 

 gray (olive-gray to light drab-gray), the flanks tinged, more or less, 

 with olive; abdomen, anal region, and under tail-covertg white, but the 

 white shading gradually into the gray anteriorly and laterally; lores 

 and anterior portion of chin blackish; back and scapulars cinnamon- 

 rufous, sometimes tinged or mixed with olive; rump olive or hair 

 brown, passing into a more grayish hue on upper tail-coverts; smaller 

 wing-coverts mouse gray; outer webs of greater coverts and tertials 

 cinnamon-rufous or russet; secondaries, primaries, and eight middle 

 rectrices dusky edged with gray, these edgings narrower, more sharply 

 defined, and much lighter gray on primaries; outermost rectrix mostly 

 white, the inner web, however, with more than basal half dusky; 

 second with less than terminal half of inner web white; third usually 

 without any white; maxilla black, mandible yellowish; iiis bright 

 yellow; tarsi pale yellowish brown, toes darker. 



Adults in winter. — Similar to summer adults, but plumage softer 

 and colors rather deeper. 



Young in first winter. — Similar to adults, but paler below, the throat 

 almost white, the pale gray of chest and sides faintly tinged with pale 

 buff jr olive, the rump more olivaceous, and the rusty color of back less 

 sharply defined against the gray of the hindneok. 



Young. — Myiarchusch like adults, but pileum, hmdneck, back, throat, 

 chest, sides, and flanks streaked with blackish, the gray of head and 

 neck duller, more olivaceous, that of the under parts much paler or 




300 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



replaced hj grayish white, and flanks and other posterior lower parts 

 more or less tinged with buffy. 



Adult mfflZe.— Length (skins), 143.51-159.77 (161.64); wing, 77.22- 

 84.07 (79.50); tail, 68.83-73.66 (71.63); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.19 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.87 (7.37); tarsus, 20.57-22.35 

 (21.59); middle toe, 13.97-15.24 (14.73).' 



Adult fewale.— Length (skins), 138.94-150.88 (145.29); wing, 70.61- 

 76.71 (75.69); tail, 65.02-70.87 (68.58); exposed culmen, 10.67-12.45 

 (11.68); depth of bill at base, 6.60-7.62 (7.11); tarsus, 20.83-22.10 

 (21.34); middle toe, 13.72-14.99 (14.22).' 



High mountains of central and southern Mexico, in States of San 

 Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Vera Cruz, Puebla, Oaxaca (Mount Zempoal- 

 tepec), Mexico, Tlaxcala, Myiarchuschoacan, Jalisco, Durango, Coahuila (Sierra 

 Encarnacion), and southern Chihuahua (Colonia Garcia). 



FrincjUla cinerea (not of Gmelin, 1788) Swainson, Philos. Myiarchusg., new ser., i, 1827, 

 435 (Temaacaltepec, Mexico). 



F. [ringillri] cinerea Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 372. 



[Juncol cinerea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 486. 



Junco cinereus Gabaxis, Myiarchuss. Hein, i, 1851, 134, footnote.— Sclater, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lend., 1856, 306 (El Jacale, Vera Cruz); 1858, 304 (La Parada, 

 Oaxaca); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1864, 174 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. 

 Am. Birds, 1862, 115 (Jalapa; Popocatapetl). — Baied, Rep. Pacific E. R. 

 Surv., ix, 1858, 465 (Mexico); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 350.— Duges, 

 La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 140 (Guanajuato). — Sumichrast, Mem. Best. Soc. 

 N. H., i, 1869, 551 (alpine reg. Orizaba, Vera Cruz). — Baikd, Brewer, and 

 RIDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 580, footnote. — Salvin, Cat. Strick^ 

 land Coll., 1882, 232 (Mexico).— Ridgw.iy, Auk, ii, 1885, 363 (crit.); Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 145 (crit.).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Am., Aves, i, 1886, 373.— Fekrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 

 145 (Teziutlan, Puebla, Nov.) .— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 653, 

 part (excl. syn. part). — Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 215 (Chal- 

 chicomula, Vera Cruz, 11,000 ft.; Popocatapetl, 11,000 ft.; Volcan de Toluca, 

 8,000 ft.)— JouY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1894, 779 (Charcas, San Luis 

 Potosi, 7,000-8,000 ft., Nov. 13).— Cox, Auk, xii, 1895, 357 (foot of Mount 

 Orizaba to 11,000 ft. ) .—Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. , x, 1898, 41 (Las Vigas, Vera 

 Cruz, 8,000 ft., breeding; song). 



[Juncol cinereus Gray', Hand-list, ii, 1870, 93, no. 7368. — Sclater and Salvin, 

 Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 32. 



/. [jinco] cinereus Ridoway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 423. 



[Junco hyemalis'] var. cinereus Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 613 (crit.). — 

 Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway", Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 580. 



[Junco caniceps'] var. cinereus Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 

 (1874), 113, part (crit.). 



J.[unco1 phaeonotus'WAOijmi, Isis, 1831, 526 (Mexico). 



[Junco'] phaenotus Bo'NAFART'E, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 918. 



Junco x>hseonotus Ridgway-, Auk, xii, 1895, 391, crit. 



J.[unco'\ phieonotus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 423. 



1 Eight specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 301 



JUNCO PH^ONOTUS PALLIATUS Ridgway. 

 ARIZONA JtmCO, 



Similar to J. p. phcBonotus, but paler, the gray of pileum and hind- 

 neck much lighter (between olive-gray and no. 6 gray), that of chest, 

 etc., very pale (not darker than no. 9 gray), white of abdomen purer 

 and more extended, and white of lateral rectrices much more exten- 

 sive (inner web of outermost rectrix usually almost wholly white, that 

 of the second usuallj^ with more than terminal half white). 



Adult maZe.— Length (skins), 150.11-165.86 (156.72); wing, 76.:30- 

 82.80 (79.25); tail, 69.09-76.45 (72.90); exposed culmen, 11.18-12.19 

 (11.68); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.62 (7.37); tarsus, 20.57-22.10 

 (21.08); middle toe, 13.72-15.24 (14.73)." 



Adult female.— Ijength (skins), 141.22-150.88 (145.03); wing, 73.91- 

 76.20 (74.93); tail, 62.48-71.63 (66.29); exposed culmen, 11.18-12.19 

 (11.68); depth of bill at base, 6.35-6.86 (6.60); tarsus, 20.57-21.34 

 (20.83); middle toe, 13.97-14.73 (14.48).' 



Breeding in high mountains of southern Arizona (Santa Eita Moun- 

 tains, Mount Graham, etc.) and southward into northwestern Mexico 

 (States of Chihuahua and Sonora). 



Junco cinereiis (not FringUla cinerea Swainson) Henseaw, Am. Sportsman, Feb. 

 20, 1875, 328 (near Camp Grant, s. Arizona); Rep. Orn. Spec. AVheeler's 

 Surv., 1873 (1874), 158 (Mount Graham and Santa Eita Mts., Arizona); 

 Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 271, pi. 10 (Mount Graham and Santa 

 Rita Mts., s. Arizona, breeding at 8,500 ft.; habits; descr. nest and eggs, 

 etc.— Bkbwee, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 73 (descr. eggs).— Allex, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 89.— Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no 222.— 

 Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 195 (Chiricahua Mts. s. Arizona, 

 Myiarchusr.); Auk, ii, 1885, 198 (Santa Rita Mts., a. Arizona, breeding; descr. 

 young female). — Scott, Auk, ii, 1885, 174, in text (Santa Catalina Mts., s. 

 Arizona, Nov. 26-29).— Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 653, part 

 (in synonymy). 



[Junco canicepsl var. cinereus Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 

 (1874), 113, part. 



Junco hiemalis cinereus CouBS, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 267. 



J.[unco} h.liemalis'] cinereus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 379. 



Junco cinereus' palliatus Ridgway, Auk, ii, Oct., 1885, 364 (Mount Graham, s. 

 Arizona; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 

 1886, no. 570.— Scott, Auk, iv, 1887, 201 (Santa Catalina Mts. and Pinal 

 Mts., s. Arizona, winter) .—Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., v, 1893, 39 (Chu- 

 huichupa, n. e. Sonora, Jan. ) . 



/. [unco] cinereus palliatus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 424. 



Junco cinereus [palliatus'] Scott, Auk, ii, 1885, 354 (Pima Co., s. Arizona, in high 

 pine forests; crit. ). 



Junto palliatus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 655. 



Junco phseonotus palliatus Ridgway, Auk, xii, Oct., 1895, 391; Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 

 2d ed., 1896, 424. — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 2d ed., 

 1895, no. 570. 



1 Seven specimens. ^ Five specimens. 




302 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



JUNCO FULVESCENS Nelson. 

 CHIAPAS JTTNOO. 



Similar to J. 2)hceo7iotus in pattern of coloration, but colors differ- 

 ent; wing and tail much smaller, but bill and feet much larger and 

 stouter. 



Adult in summer {sexes ali.l:e). — Pileum and hindneck, together with 

 sides of head and neck, plain deep smoke gray (decidedly browner or 

 more olivaceous than in J. phceonotus) ; lores and orbital region black- 

 ish or dusky; malar region and under parts in general very pale buffy 

 gray or dull grayish white, becoming more decidedly white on abdo- 

 men; flanks light wood brown, the sides similar but grayer; under 

 tail-coverts pale buff or buffy whitish with concealed central areas of 

 olive-grayish; back, scapulars, and outer surface of greater wing-cov- 

 erts and tertials cinnamon-brown or raw-umber brown, abruptly 

 defined against the brownish gray of the hindneck, but posteriorly 

 gradually passing into the light olive-brown of the rump, the latter 

 into a paler and slightly grayer hue on upper tail-coverts; remiges and 

 eight middle rectrices dusky hair brown, the latter edged with olive- 

 grayish, the primaries narrowly edged with pale gray; outermost 

 rectrix with about the terminal half (or less) white, the outer web 

 with white extending farther toward base; second rectrix with much 

 less than terminal half of inner web white; maxilla brownish black, 

 mandible yellowish; legs and feet clear light yellowish brown or 

 brownish straw-color. 



Adults in winter. — Similar to summer adults, but plumage softer and 

 colors darker; the back, etc., approaching chestnut-brown, or mars 

 brown, greater wing-coverts and tertials decidedly approaching chest- 

 nut, the gray of pileum and hindneck purer (more mouse gray), and 

 color of chest, etc., decidedly approaching very pale smoke gray. 



Young. — Pileum and hindneck light olive-brown narrowly streaked 

 with blackish; back and scapulars cinnaipon-brown streaked with 

 black, the rump similar but more narrowly and obsoletely streaked; 

 chin, throat, and chest yellowish white, the lower throat (faintlj^) and 

 chest (strongly) streaked with blackish; sides and flanks light buffy 

 wood brown streaked with dusky; otherwise much like winter adults. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 142.49-147.57 (146.05); wing, 68.58- 

 74.93 (71.37); tail, 62.99-68.07 (64.77); exposed culmen, 12.45-13.21 

 (12.95); depth of bill at base, 7.87-8.38 (8.13); tarsus, 21.59-22.86 

 (22.10); middle toe, 14.48-15.49 (14.99).^ 



Adult female.— Lieugth (skins), 135.13-145.03 (140.97); wing, 64.26- 

 68.58 (67.06); tail, 58.17-62.23 (59.94); exposed culmen, 11.94-13.21 

 (12.45); depth of bill (one specimen), 8.13; tarsus, 21.34-22.35 (21.84); 

 middle toe, 14.22-15.24 (14.99).' 



' Six specimens. ^ J^Q^p specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEEIOA. 303 



Highlands of central Chiapas, southeastern Mexico (San Cristobal, 

 etc.). 



Junco fiUvescens Nelsox, Auk, xiv, January, 1897, 61 (San Cristobal, Chiapas, 

 s. e. Mexico; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ). 



JUNCO ALTICOLA Salvin. 

 GUATEMALA JTJNOO. 



Similar to J. fulvescens, but decidedly larger (except the bill) and 

 colors much darker. 



Adults (sexes alike). — Pileum and hindneck uniform dull slate-color 

 or dark mouse gray; sides of head and neck similar, changing to lighter 

 gray (smoke gray) on malar region, throat, chest, and anterior por- 

 tion of sides; breast paler gray, fading into dull white on abdomen; 

 flanks light olive, tinged with buff posteriorly; under tail-coverts 

 light grayish olive or hair brown broadly margined with pale dull 

 buffy; lores black; anterior portion of chin (very narrowly) dusky; 

 back and scapulars olive-brown, more or less tinged with more rusty 

 brown; smaller wing-coverts and rump olive, the upper tail coverts 

 grayish olive; outer surface of greater wing-coverts and tertials rusty 

 brown or russet; wings otherwise dusky, with dull grayish or grayish 

 olive edgings, lighter and more distinct on outermost primaries, the 

 edge of first primary almost white; eight middle rectrices dusky, 

 edged with grayish olive; outermost rectrix with terminal half (more 

 or less') of inner web white, the outer web mostly dusky grayish; 

 second rectrix with terminal third (approximately) of inner web white; 

 maxUla black, mandible yellowish, sometimes dusky at tip or base; 

 iris yellow; legs and feet light yellowish brown, the tarsi usually paler. 



Adult male-^hength (skins), 152.40-171.70 (160.53); wing, 73.91- 

 79.25 (76.71); tail, 65.79-75.41: (69.60); exposed culmen, 12.70-13.72 

 (13,21); depth of bill at base (three specimens), 7.62-8.13 (7.87); tarsus, 

 22.86-25.15 (24.38); middle toe, 14.99-17.02 (16.00).' 



Adult female.—Lengthiakma), 148.59-170.69 (156.72); wing, 71.12- 

 73.41 (72.14); tail, 62.99-74.17 (67.82); exposed culmen, 12.19-13.46 

 (12.95); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 7.87; tarsus, 23.11-24.13 

 (23.62); middle toe, 15.2^16.76 (15.76).' 



Highlands of Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Agua, Vol- 

 can de Santa Myiarchusria, Hacienda Chancol, Todos Santos, Altos, Calel, 

 Quezaltenango, Totonicapan, etc.). 



Junco alticola Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1863, 189 (pine forests of Volcan 

 de Fuego, Guatemala, 8,000 ft.; coll. Salvin and Godman); Ibis, 1866, 193 

 (Volcan de Agua, V. de Fuego, Quezaltenango and Totonicapan, Guate- 



■^In males usually more, in females usually less. 

 ^ Seven specimens. 




304 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



mala).— Baikd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 580, 



footnote. — Salvin and Goodman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 374, pi. 



26, fig. 1 (Volcan de Fuego, 10,000-12,000 ft.; Volcan de Agua, 10,000-12,000 



ft.; Altos, Quezaltenango, and Totonicapan).— Sharpe, Oat. Birds Brit. 



Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 656. 

 J. [unco] alticola Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 424. 

 \_Junco] alticola Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 93, no. 7373.— Sclatbr and Salvin, 



Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 32. 

 \Junco hyemalis] var. alticola Ridgway, Am. Nat, vii, Oct., 1873, 613. 

 [Junco cinereus] var. alticola Baied, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 



i, 1874, 580. 

 \_Junco canicejiti] var. alticola Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 



(1874), 113 (crit.). 



JUNCO VULCANI (Boucard). 

 IRAZ-S JUNCO. 



Adult {sexes alike). — Pileum and hindneck grayish olive, sometimes 

 obsoletely streaked with darker; lores dull black oi slate-black; rest 

 of head and neck plain mouse gray, tinged with olive on auricular 

 region, paling into smoke gray on malar region, chin, and throat, the 

 same color continued backward over chest, breast, and sides, the 

 flanks more olivaceous and abdomen paler, somewhat tinged with pale 

 buffy; under tail-coverts buffy olive, broadly margined with pale buffy 

 or whitish; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive, the 

 back and scapulars broadly streaked with black; wings and tail dusky, 

 with olive edgings, these rather browner on greater wing-coverts and 

 tertials; lateral rectrices without any definite white area, but with an 

 irregular paler blotch on terminal portion of inner web, and both webs 

 often (always in fresh plumage?) terminated by a small whitish spot; 

 maxilla brown, mandible paler (pinkish in life?); iris yellow; legs and 

 feet pale brownish (pink or flesh colored in life ?) ; length (skins) 161 . 29- 

 166.62 (164.08); wing, 74.68-80.26 (7Y.22); tail, 69.09-73.15 (71.12); 

 exposed culmen, 13.21-13.72 (13.46); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.38 

 (8.13); tarsus, 25.91-27.69 (27.18); middle toe, 17.27-18.29 (17.78).' 



Volcano of Irazu, Costa Rica, above timber line (10,000 feet). 



Zonotrichia vulcani Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soo. Lend., 1878, 57, pi. 4 (Volcan de 

 Irazu, Costa Rica, alt. 10,000 ft.; coll. A. Boucard). — Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Oentr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 371, pi. 26, fig. 2.— Sharps, Cat. Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchusa.,xii, 1888, 602. 



Junco vulcani Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, Dec. 10, 1878, 255 (summit of 

 Irazii; crit.) . — Zbledon, Oat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9; An. Myiarchuss. Nac. 

 Costa Rica, i, 1887, 111 (Volcan de Irazii). — Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 V, 1883, 495 (summit of Irazii; habits, etc.). 



' Three specimens — one male, one female, the other with sex undertermined. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLlI AMERICA. 305 



Genus SPIZELLA Bonaparte. 



Spizella Bonaparte, Saggio di una Distr. Met. An. Vert., 1832, 140. (Tj^pe, 



Fringilla pusilla Wilson. ) 

 Spinites^ Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, April, 1851, 133. (Type,- Fringilla socicdis 



Wilson.) 



Small arboreal or semi-arboreal sparrows with small bill, long emar- 

 ginate or double-rounded tail, and back conspicuously streaked. 



Bill small (exposed culmen usually less than half as long as tarsus, 

 never much more), conical, much deeper than broad at base; depth at 

 base less than length of maxilla from nostril; culmen slightly convex 

 terminally and basalh^ straight or faintly depressed between; gonys 

 straight, about equal to basal depth of bill ; maxillary tomium without 

 subterminal notch, faintly concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly, 

 the basal deflection nearly or quite concealed by rictal feathers; man- 

 dibular tomium straight or slightly concave to the subbasal angle. 

 Nostril small, triangular (apex forward) or linear, only the anterior 

 portion exposed. Wing rather long (about three and one-fifth to four 

 and one-third times as long as tarsus), rather pointed (eighth to fifth 

 primaries longest, ninth shorter than sixth); primaries exceeding 

 secondaries usually by decidedly less than length of tarsus (by a little 

 more in S. socialis). Tail variable in proportionate length (decidedly 

 shorter than wing in nnonticola and socialis^ nearly as long in pusilla 

 and Ireioerl, and decidedly longer in atrogularis), deeply emarginated, 

 with the lateral rectrices nearly longest {socialis); double-rounded with 

 lateral feathers much shorter than the middle pair {atrogularis), or 

 intermediate (other species), the rectrices narrow, obtusely pointed at 

 tips, less than half overlaid by upper coverts. Tarsus moderate (usu- 

 ally more, rarely less, than twice as long as exposed culmen), its 

 scutella distinct; middle toe with claw slightly shorter than tarsus; 

 lateral claws not reaching to base of middle claw; hallux nearly equal 

 to inner toe, its claw shorter than the digit. 



Coloration. — Back and scapulars brownish, streaked with black; 

 lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain grayish or grayish 

 brown, or else very indistinctly streaked; greater wing-coverts (and 

 usually middle coverts also) tipped, more or less distinctly, with white 

 or light brownish; lower parts plain whitish, grayish, or pale brownish 

 (belly always white) in adults, streaked with dusky in young (except 

 S. atrogularis). 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SPIZELLA. 



a. Chest without streaks. 



6. Pileum rufous or rusty, or else'gray tinged with rusty laterally, 

 c. A dusky spot in center of breast. 



' "Von dTiiva, r/ nom. prop." 



''In reality a substitute for Spizella, rejected as of bad or unclaasical construction. 



17024—01- — 20 




306 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



d. Darker and smaller; adult male averaging, wing 75.95, tail 66.29; female, 

 wing 72.64, tail 65.79. (Eastern North America.) 



Spizella monticola montioola, adults (p. 307) 

 (hi. Paler and larger; adult male averaging, wing 77.47, tail 69.60; female, wing 

 75.18, tail 67.56. (AVestern North America.) 



Spizella monticola ochracea, adults (p. 309) 

 cc. No spot on breast. 



d. A black or dusky streak through eye. 

 e. Darker; ground color of back strongly brown or rusty. 

 /. Moderatel}' dark, the pileum not darker than rufous-chestnut. 



g. Smaller, with relatively smaller bill; color of back less rusty, and 

 forehead less extensively black; male, wing averaging 69.09, tail 

 56.90; female, wing 66.55, tail 54.61. (Eastern North America.) 

 Spizella sooialis socialis, adults (p. 311) 

 gg. Larger, with relatively stouter bill; color of back more rusty, and 

 forehead more extensively black; male, wing averaging 72.39, tail 

 60.20; female, wing 66.29, tail 60.45. (Southern Mexico; north- 

 western Guatemala?.) Spizella socialis mexicana, adults (p. 313) 



ff. Very dark, the pileum deep or dark chestnut. (Eastern Guatemala 



and Honduras.) Spizella socialis pinetorum, adults (p. 314) 



ee. Paler; ground color of back pale wood brown or grayish buffy. ("West- 

 ern North America and south into Mexico. ) 



Spizella socialis arizonae, adults (p. 315) 

 dd. No black or dusky streak through eye. 



e. A rusty postocnlar streak, or else pileum mostly gray; no white orbital 

 ring; under tail-coverts wholly white. 

 /. Smaller and more rusty; male, wing averaging 60.96, tail 58.93; female, 

 wing 60.96, tail 58.93. (Eastern United States.) 



Spizella pusilla pusilla, adults (p. 318) 

 ff. Larger and grayer (pileum sometimes almost wholly gray); male, wing 

 averaging 69.60, tail 68.83; female, wing 61.98, tail 62.74. (Great 

 Plains, North Dakota to Texas. ) 



Spizella pusilla arenacea, adults (p. 320) 

 ee. No rusty postocnlar streak; a more or less distinct white or whitish 

 orbital ring; under tail-coverts pale brownish gray centrally. (East- 

 ern part of Mexican plateau north to southern New Mexico.) 



Spizella wortheni, adults (p. 321) 

 bb. Pileum not rufous or rusty. 



c. Pileum wholly gray Spizella atrogularis, adults and young (p. 322) 



cc. Pileum light brownish, streaked Avith black. 

 d. Pileum with traces of rufous (at least concealed). 



e. Darker and smaller Spizella socialis socialis, immature 



ee. Paler, more buffy, and larger Spizella socialis arizonae, immature 



dd. Pileum without trace of rufous. 



e. Pileum with a median stripe (more or less distinct) of pale grayish or 

 buffy, the lateral stripes more heavily streaked with black; sides of 

 head with markings strongly contrasted. (Great Plains, from British 

 America to Mexico, and in winter to Arizona and Lower California. ) 



Spizella pallida, adults (p. 324) 



ee. Pileum uniformly streaked, without median lighter stripe; sides of head 



with markings less strongly contrasted. (United States west of Rocky 



Mountains and south into Mexico.) . . .Spizella breweri, adulta (p. 327) 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 307 



aa. Chest streaked with dusky. {Young.y 



b. Pileum rusty brownish, usually without distinct, if any, dusky streaks; throat, 



etc., yellowish white or pale yellowish bufiy...Spizella pusilla pusilla, young 



bb. Pileum pale brown or grayish brown (rarely rusty brown), always distinctly 



streaked with dusky; throat, etc., white or grayish white. 



c. Larger; spot on sides of chest, outer webs of scapulars and broad edgings to 



tertials bright rusty or cinnamon-rufous. 



d. Darker Spizella montioola monticola, young 



da. Paler Spizella monticola ochracea, young 



cc. Smaller; no bright rusty on sides of chest, outer webs of scapulars, nor on edges 

 of tertials. 

 d. Auricular region brownish buffy, conspicuously different in color from 

 adjacent parts; ground color of back and scapulars clear buff, with very 



broad black streaks Spizella pallida, young 



dd. Auricular region more or less light grayish, not conspicuously different in 

 color from adjacent parts; ground color of back and scapulars light- 

 buffy grayish or brownish, with narrower black streaks, 

 c. Smaller; primaries and rectrices dark brownish gray or hair brown, edged 



with pale grayish buffy , . Spizella breweri, young 



ee. Larger; primaries and rectrices dusky, edged with grayish or buffy 

 grayish. 

 /. Darker, with ground color of back, etc., not grayish buffy. 



g. Lighter buffy brown above, with narrower black streaks; bill smaller. 



Spizella socialis Booialis, young 

 gg. Darker buffy brown above, with broader black streaks; bill stouter. 



Spizella socialis mexicaua, young 

 ff. Paler, with ground color of back, etc. , grayish buffy. 



Spizella socialis arizonse, young 



SPIZELLA MONTICOLA MONTICOLA (Gmelin). 

 TREE SPARROW. 



Wing with two conspicuous white bands; adult with mandible yellow, 

 pileum and patch on sides of chest chestnut-rufous and middle of chest 

 with a dusky spot. 



Adult {sexes alike). — Pileum, postocular streak (sometimes also a 

 rictal streak) and patch on sides of chest chestnut-rufous or rufous- 

 chestnut; hindneck, broad superciliary stripe, and sides of head and 

 neck (except as described) light gray (smoke gray or olive-graj^), the 

 first more or less tinged with rusty; chin and throat similar but 

 paler; breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts dull white, the first 

 with a dusky median spot or blotch at upper edge, next to the pale 

 grayish of the chest; sides and flanks pale wood brownish or brownish 

 buffy; back and scapulars pale grayish buffy, broadly streaked with 

 black and, more narrowlj^, with rusty, the latter chiefly on outer 

 webs, those of the scapulars almost wholly rusty; rump and upper 

 tail-coverts plain hair brown or light broccoli brown, the former 

 sometimes narrowly and indistinctly streaked with darker; tail grayish 



' The young of S. atrogularis, only, is without distinct streaks below. Those of S. 

 wortheni and S. vusilla arenacea have not, however, yet been seen by me. 




808 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



dusky, the rectrices conspicuously edged with pale gray or buffy gray; 

 middle wing-coverts dusky, abruptly and rather broadly tipped with 

 white; greater coverts dusky centrally (mostly concealed), broadly 

 edged with cinnamon-rufous, and also tipped with white (forming a sec- 

 ond distinct band); tertials blackish centrally, margined terminally 

 (except in worn summer plumage) with whitish or pale rusty, their 

 outer webs mostly cinnamon-rufous or rusty; maxilla blackish, man- 

 dible yellow tipped with dusky; iris brown; tarsi brown, toes darker. 

 (In winter the rufous-chestnut pileum, especially along the median line, 

 is more or less broken by dull buffy terminal margins to the feathers, 

 and the general coloration rather more buily, especially above). 



Young. — Pileum dull brown streaked with blackish; rump pale buffy 

 grayish indistinctly streaked or mottled with dusk)^; under parts whit- 

 ish, tinged with bufl'y on chest, the sides of throat, chest, breast, and 

 anterior portion of sides streaked with dusky; otherwise essentially 

 like adults. 



Adult male.^hength (skins), 138.94-149.10 (143.76);' wing, 74.17- 

 77.47.(75.95); tail, 64.01-69.60 (66.29); exposed culmen, 9.91-10.41 

 (10.16); depth of bill at base, 6.60-7.11 (6.86); tarsus, 20.32-21.59 

 (21.08); middle toe, 13.97-14.99 (14.22).' 



AdAiU female.— Li&i\gt}i (skins), 134.37-147.32 (140.97); wing, 69.86- 

 78.74 (72.64); tail, 64.26-68.83 (65.79); exposed culmen, 9.65-10.16 

 (9.91); depth of bill at base, 6.35-7.11 (6.86); tarsus, 19.81-21.08 

 (20.57); middle toe, 13.21-14.22 (13.46).' 



Eastern North America, breeding in Newfoundland, Labrador, and 

 region about Hudson Bay (limits of breeding range very imperfectly' 

 known);" south in winter to South Carolina, Tennessee. Indian Terri- 

 tory, etc. 



Fringilla montana (not of Linnaeus) Foester, Philos. Trans., Ixii, 1772, 405 (Hud- 

 son Bay; cites "Br. Zool. Edw., 269; Brisson, iii, p. 79; Faun. Am. Sept."). 



Spizella montana Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Myiarchusr. 27, 1880, 3; Nom. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 210, part. 



[FringUlal monticola Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 912 (based on Passer 

 canadensis Brisson, Av. , iii, 102) . 



Passerina monticola "ViEihLOT, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 27. 



Z. [onotrichia'] monticola Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 374. 



[Zonotrichia'] monticola Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 94, no. 7398. 



iS-lpinitesI monticolus Gabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, Apr., 1851, 134. 



Spizella monticola Baird, Kep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 472, part (eastern 

 localties and references) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 357, part. — Coues, Proc. 

 Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 224 (coast Labrador, breeding) ; Check List, 1873, 



' Length before skinning about 158.75-165.10. 



* Eight specimens. 



' Among southern breeding records are two which are doubtful or erroneous — cer- 

 tainly the latter in the case of one (Fort Sisseton,, South Dakota, /de MyiarchusChesney, 

 Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1879, 77; the other record being northern 

 Myiarchusnnesota, yidc Hatch, Birds of Myiarchusnnesota, 1892, 323). 




BIRDS OP NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 309 



no. 177, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 268, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 146, part; Bull. 

 U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 590 (Souria R., North Dakota, 

 Oct. 5).— Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 114 (e. U. S.) .— Baied, Beewer, and 

 BiDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 3, part, pi. 27, fig. 5.— MyiarchusChesney, 

 Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1879, 77 (Fort Sisseton, South 

 Dakota; "breeds" *).—Bicknell, Auk, ii, 1885, 144 (song) .— Tuenee, Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, 1885, 240 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, breeding).— (?)Agees- 

 BORG, Auk, ii, 1885, 280 (a. e. Dakota, Oct. to Myiarchusy) .—American Oenitholo- 

 QiSTs' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 559.— Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 323 (Myiarchusni- 

 toba, transient) .—CooKE, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 198 (Caddo, Indian 

 Territory, Oct. 31 to Myiarchusr. 10; e. Kansas, etc. ; localities and dates) .— Shaepe, 

 Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 657, excl. syn. part (Repulse Bay; Fort 

 Simpson, etc.) .— Palmee (W.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1890, 264 (Cloud 

 Hills, Canada Bay, Newfoundland, alt. 1,000 ft., summer).— Hatch, Birds 

 Myiarchusnnesota, 1892, 323 (said to breed in n. and n. e. parts of State) .— Nehrling, 

 Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 120. 



ISpizella] monticola Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 142, part. 



S.[pizeUa] monticola Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 108 (n. e. Illinois, 

 Oct. 15 to Apr. 1; descr. song) . — Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 379, 

 part. — RIDGWAY, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 417. 



Fringilla canadensis {ex Passer canadensis Brisson, Orn., iii, p. 102)Latham, Index 

 Orn., i, 1790, 434.— Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Canada, i, 1832, 495.— 

 AnnuBON, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 511; v, 1839, 504, pi. 188. 



JEmberiza canadensis Swainson and Bichaedson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 252. — 

 Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 105; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 83, pi. 166. 



Spizella canadensis Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 33. 



ISpizella'] canadensis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 480. 



Fringilla arhorea IV iiMOS, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 123, pi. 16, fig. 3 (e. Pennsylvania; 

 Peale's Myiarchuss.). 



SPIZELLA MONTICOLA OCHRACEA Brewster. 



WESTERN TREE SPARROW. 



Similar to 8. m. Tnonticola, but wings and tail decidedly longer and 

 coloration paler; color of pileum, etc., cinnamon-rufous instead of 

 rufous-chestnut; ground color of back pale dull buff or pale grayish 

 buffy, with black streaks narrower and pale edgings to rectrices nearly 

 if not quite white. 



Adult TTiaZe.— Length (skins), 142.49-152.40 (145.80); wing, 72.90- 

 82.04 (77.47); tail, 65.79-73.15 (69.60); exposed culmen, 9.65-10.41 

 (10.16); depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.37 (7.11); tarsus, 20.32-21.59 

 (20.83); middle toe, 13.21-14.99 (13.97).' 



Adult femMle.—L&ngth (skins), 137.41-144.78 (141.48); wing, 72.90- 

 78.74 (75.18); tail, 66.04-68.68 (67.66); exposed culmen, 8.89-9.91 

 (9.40); depth of bill at base, 6.36-6.60 (6.60); tarsus, 20.07-21.34 

 (20.83); middle toe, 13.21-14.22 (13.72).' 



Breeding from the valley of Anderson River, near the Arctic coast, 

 westward through Alaska to coast of Bering Sea (St. Myiarchuschael, Kotze- 

 bue Sound, Kowak River, etc.), and for an undetermined distance 

 southward; in winter, south through western North America to Ari- 



1 Undoubtedly an error. ^ Eight specimens. ' Three specimens. 




310 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



zona (Little Colorado River), Utah, Colorado, and Texas (Concho, 

 Tom Green, and Cook counties), eastward to eastern border of the 

 Great Plains. 



Spizella monticola (not Fringilla monticolaGmelin) Baied, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., 

 ix, 1858, 471, part (Cedar I. and Jledioine R., Nebraska; Pole Creek, Kansas; 

 Little Colorado R., Arizona), 927 (Fort Bridger, Wyoming); Cat. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1859, no. 357, part— Kenneely, Rep. Pacific E. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 

 29 (Little Colorado R., Arizona, Dec. ).— Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific 

 R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 203 (Fort Dalles, Oregon, Jan.).— Hayden, 

 Rep., 1862, 167.— Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 87 (Arizona); 

 Check List, 1873, no. 177, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 268, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 

 146, part. — Dall and Bannistee, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 285 (Sitka, 

 Nulato, etc., Alaska; breeding in Yukon district).— Coopee, Orn. Cal., 1870, 

 206, part.— HoLDEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 200 (Sherman, Wyom- 

 ing, Jan.).— Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 177 (w. Kansas).— 

 Aiken, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iii, 1872, 143 (n. w. Kansas, -winter), 200 

 (Wyoming) .—Stevenson, Prelim. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1870, 465 

 (Green R., Henry's Fork, and Rock Creek, Wyoming).— Ridgway, Bull. 

 Essex Inst., v, 1873, 182 (Colorado); vii, 1875, 13 (Carson City, Nevada, 

 winter), 17 (Truckee Valley, Nev., winter); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 478 

 (do.). — Baied, Beeweh, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 514 

 (s. Utah, Oct.). — Yarrow, and Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 

 1871-73 (1874), 14 (Beaver and Provo, Utah, Nov., Dec.).— Henshaw, Rep. 

 Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1874, 116 (El Paso Co., Colorado, winter); 

 Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 277 (Beaver and Provo, Utah, Nov., 

 Dec); Orn. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1879, 296 (Columbia R., Oct.).— Ben- 

 DiEE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 119 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, 

 winter). — Finsch, Journ. fur Orn., 1883, 272 (coast of Alaska). — Myiarchuscfar- 

 lane, Proc. U. S. Nat. ilus., xiv, 1891, 443 (Anderson R., Brit. Am., 

 breeding; descr. nest). 



[Spizella} monticola Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 142, part. 



S. Ipizella] monticola Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 379, part. 



Fringilla canadensis (not of Latham) Myiarchusximilian, Journ. fur Orn., vi, 1858, 280 

 (up. Myiarchusssouri R. ). 



Spizella montana {not Fringilla montana Linnaeus) Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 

 1881, no. 210, part.— Deew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 91 (Colorado, tran- 

 sient) ; Auk, ii, 1885, 16 (do.).— Nelson, Cruise " Corwin " in 1881, 1883, 71 

 (Alaska; habits). — MyiarchusLeneqan, Cruise "Corwin", 1884, 116 (Kotzebue 

 Sound and Kowak R., Alaska, breeding). 



Spizella monticola ochracea Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Oct. , 1882, 228 

 (Walla Walla, Washington; coll. W. Brewster) ; Auk, iii, 1886, 139 (Cook Co., 

 Texas). — Batchelder, Auk, ii, 1885, 236 (Las Vegas, New Mexico, Dec). — 

 American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 559a. — Turner, 

 Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 174 (St. Myiarchuschaels; Nushagak, Fort Yukon; 

 Nulato).— Ridgway, Auk, iv, 1887, 259 (crit. ).— Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. 

 Alaska, 1887, 190 (St. Myiarchuschaels, Myiarchusy to Sept. ; habits; descr. nest and eggs). — 

 Goss, Auk, iv, 1887, 10 (Cheyenne Co., Kansas, Oct. 25; Neosho Falls, Kan- 

 sas, Nov. 22, crit.). — Beckham, Auk, iv, 1887, 122 (Pueblo, Colorado, Oct., 

 Nov.). — Townsend, Auk, iv, 1887, 12 (Kowak R., Alaska); Cruise "Corwin'', 

 1885 (1887), 93 (Kowak R., July, Aug.).— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 

 199 (Dakota; w. Kansas; Gainesville, Texas; Concho and Tom Green coun- 

 ties, Texas, winter). — Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 460 (winter resid. in w. and 

 mid., rare in e. Kansas). — Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Coi., 1891, 36 (Chil- 




BIRDS OP WORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 311 



liwack).— Fisher, N.Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893,90 (Pahrump Eanch, Nevada, 



Feb.). 

 -S'. [pizella] monticola ochracea Ridgw.vy, :Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 418. 

 [Spizella monticola.} Subsp. a. SpizellaochraceaSnAJiVB, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 



1888, 659 (Fort Anderson, British America; British Colmnbia). 



SPIZELLA SOCIALIS SOCIALIS (Wilson). 

 CHIPPING SPARROW, 



Adult male. — Pileuui deep cinnamon-rufous to rufous-chestnut, the 

 forehead, more or less extensively, black divided by a more or less 

 distinct median streak of whitish; a broad superciliary stripe of white 

 or very pale gray, margined below by a conspicuous loral and post- 

 ocular streak of black, the latter extending beyond the auriculars and 

 more or less expanded and broken terminally ; auricular and suborbital 

 regions, sides of neck, and hindneck, gray, the last more or less streaked 

 with blackish; back and scapulars light broccoli brown or drab liroadly 

 streaked with black, the black streaks edged, more or less broadlj', 

 with rusty brown; rump and upper tail-coverts deep oli\'e-gray or 

 mouse gray, the latter somewhat darker medially; tail dusky, the 

 rectrices edged with light gray; lesser wing-coverts mouse gray with 

 darker centers; middle coverts dusky, broadly margined terminally 

 with white or buffy, forming a more or less distinct band; greater 

 coverts dusky, edged with pale wood bi'own or buffy brown, usually 

 passing into whitish or pale buffy at tips of feathers; tertials dusky, 

 broadly edged with wood brown or pale buffy brown; primaries dusky, 

 narrowly edged with pale grayish; under parts white, or grayish white, 

 the chest, sides, and flanks more or less strongly shaded with pale gray;' 

 bill black; iris brown; tarsi pale brownish, toes darker; length (skins), 

 118.62-127.00 (124.21); wing, 67.31-T1.12 (69.09); tail, 63.34-59.69 

 (56.90); exposed culmen, 8.89-9.65 (9.40); depth of bill at base, 5.33- 

 5.84(5.59); tarsus, 15.7.5-16.76 (16.26); middle toe, 11.18-12.46 (11.68).' 



Ad/iilt female. — Similar to the male and frequently not distinguish- 

 able, but usually (?) with the rufous pileum slightly less extended and 

 often more or less streaked with dusky;'' length (skins), 114.81-132.84 

 (122.68); wing, 63.26-71.37 (67.06); tail, 61.05-59.69 (54.61); exposed 

 culmen, 8.64-9.66 (9.14); depth of bill at base, 6.33-6.69 (5.59); tarsus, 

 15.49-16.76 (16.26); middle toe, 10.41-12.46 (11.94).' (Winter adults 

 have the colors duller, the markings less sharply contrasted, the gray 

 less pure, the chestnut pileum more or less obscured b}- buffy tips to 

 the feathers, and the bill cinnamon-brownish, paler on the mandible.) 



'Very rarely there is a dusky or chestnut submalar streak. 

 ^ Nine specimens. 



^Myiarchusny adult males also show more or less of this dark streaking, but apparently 

 not so many in proportion as among females. 




312 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Immature {young in first 'lointer). — Essentially like adults, but col- 

 oration much duller, the pileum light buffy brownish, more or less 

 tinged or mixed with rufous-chestnut, distinctly streaked with black, 

 and with a more or less distinct median stripe of paler brownish 

 buffy; superciliarjr stripe dull light grayish buffy, and other portions 

 of sides of head stongly tinged with the same; gray of chest, etc., also 

 tinged with grayish buffy; wing-bands strongly buff'y, broader than in 

 adults; maxilla deep brownish, darker at tip; mandible paler brownish. 



Young. — Upper parts essentially as in the immature plumage, but 

 pileum more broadly streaked with black and without trace of rufous, 

 and rump more brownish and more or less streaked with dusky; chest 

 and sides distinctly streaked with grayish dusky. 



Eastern United States and British Provinces, west to the Great 

 Plains; breeding from near the Gulf coast northward to Nova Scotia, 

 New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Province of Quebec, and 

 wooded region on eastern side of the Saskatchewan plains; wintering 

 chiefly in the more southern United States (Florida to eastern Texas 

 and northward); casual winter visitant to Cuba (and eastern Mexico ?). 



Fringilla sodalis Wilson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 127, pi. 16, fig. 5 (e. Pennsylvania; 

 Peale's Myiarchuss.).— Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Canada, i, 1832, 497.— Audc- 

 BON, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 21; v, 1839, 517, pi. 104. 



Passerina sodalis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet, d' Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 29. 



Emherim sodalis Jahdine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 271, pi. 16, fig. 5. — 

 Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 105; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 80, pi. 165. 



SpizeUa sodalis Bonapakte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 33. — Baird, Rep. Pacific 

 R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 473, part (eastern localities) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, 

 no. 359, part.— Lawrence, Am. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1860, 269 (Cuba; crit.).— 

 ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 114, part (in synonymy). — (?) Blakiston, 

 Ibis, 1863, 78 (Plains of Saskatchewan). — Gundlach, Repert. Fisico-Nat. 

 Cuba, i, 1866, 284; Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 121 (Cuba); Orn. Cuba, 1876, 90.— 

 Myiarchusynaed, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 373 (breeding at Quebec); 

 Birds E. N. Am., I88I, 95.— Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 178.— Baird, 

 Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 7, part, pi. 27, fig. 1.— 

 Myiarchusynaed, Birds Florida, pt. iv., 1878, 95.--Beewstee, Bull. Xutt. Orn. Club, 

 iii, 1878, 121 (descr. young).— (?) Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. 

 Terr., iv, 1878, 19 (Hidalgo, Texas, Myiarchusy 1 and 4); v, 1879, 391 (Lomita, 

 Texas, Apr., Myiarchusy).— (?) Meeeill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 127 (Fort 

 Brown, Texas, Apr.).— (?) Brown, Auk, i, 1884, 122 (Kendall Co., Texas, 

 winter).— Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 212 (Cuba); Birds W. I., 1889, 99 (Cuba); 

 Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 112 (Cuba).— American Ornithologists' Union, 

 Check List, 1886, no. 560, part.— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., 

 Aves, i, 1886, 377, part (in synonymy).— Sh.\rpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 660, part (Nova Scotia; Fort Simpson; eastern U. S. localities; excl. 

 syn. S. s. arizonie, S. pusilla arenacea, etc. ).— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 

 1888, 200, part (localities and dates).— Dwight, Auk, x, 1893, 12 (Prince 

 Edward I, breeding).— Nehhling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 123, pi. 

 23, fig. 2.— Allison, Auk, xvi, 1899, 269 (Amite Co., Myiarchusssissippi, breeding). 



[SpizeUa] sodalis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 480.— Coues, Key N Am Birds 

 1872, 142.— Cory, List W. I. Birds, 1885, 13. ' ' ' 



S. [pizelki] sodalis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 418, part. 




BIRDS OP ISrOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 313 



[Spizella sodalu] a. socialis Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 148 (synonymy). 



[Spizella socialis] var. socialis Baied, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 

 ii, 1874, 2. 



Z. [onotriehia'] socialis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 374. 



[Zonotrichia'] socialis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 94, no. 7397. 



Emberiza pallida (not of Swainson) Lembeye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 54. — 

 Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. Ii., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba). 



SpinUes pallidus Gabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 7 (Cuba). 



Spizella domestica Cohes, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875, 351 (ex Passer domesiims, 

 etc., Bartram, = nomen nudum) ; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 269. — Eidg- 

 way, Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 211. — Chamberlain, Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. 

 N. B., i, 1882, 39 (summer resid. in New Brunswick). — Bicknell, Auk, ii, 

 1885, 145 (song).— (?) Agersbokg, Auk, ii, 1885, 280 (s. e. South Dakota, 

 breeding). 



S-lpizellal domestica Ooues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 380. 



SPIZELLA SOCIALIS MEXICANA Nelson. 

 MEXICAN CHIPPING SPARROW. 



Similar to iS. s. socialis, but larger, bill stouter, and with the colora- 

 tion more rusty above (ground color of back, etc., more tawny, or 

 with rustj'^ edgings to black streaks broader), forehead more exten- 

 sively black, and wing-bands less distinct. 



Adult ma/^.— Length (skins), 122.68-132.84 (127.51); wing, 67.06- 

 75.44 (72.39); tail, 56.90-64.01 (60.20); exposed culmen, 8.89-10.41 

 (9.91); depth of bill at base, 5.59-6.10 (5.84); tarsus, 16.76-18.03 

 (17.27); middle toe, 11.68-12.45 (12.19).^ 



Adult female.— Ijength (skins), 120.40-133.10 (126.75); wing, 65.28- 

 73.66 (66.29); tail, 55.12-62.99 (60.45); exposed culmen, 9.40-10.41 

 (9.91); depth of bill at base, 5.59-6.35 (5.84); tarsus, 16.51-17.78 

 (17.02); middle toe, 11.18-12.70 (11.94).' 



Southern Mexico, breeding north to Vera Cruz (Cofre del Perote, 

 Jico, etc.), Puebla, (Atlixco), Tlaxcala (Apixaco), Myiarchuschoacan (Patzr 

 cuaro), Jalisco, and territory of Tepic; south to Chiapas (San Cristo- 

 bal, September 24) ; ( ?) northwestern Guatemala (Sacahaja, department 

 of Cuich^, Myiarchusy 22^). 



(7) Fringilla socialis (not of Wilson) Swainson, Philos. Myiarchusg., new ser., i., 1827, 



435 (Temascaltepec, Mexico, Mexico). 

 (?) Sp.[inites'\ socialis Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein.,i, April, 1851, 133 (Mexico). 

 l^nzellal socialis Lichtenstein, Nom. Av. Myiarchuss. Berol., 1854, 43, part (Mexico). — 

 ScLATERand Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 32, part. 



1 Eight specimens. 



^ Seven specimens, one of them with sex doubtful. 



'This specimen, in worn breeding plumage, I am unable to distinguish from Mexi- 

 can specimens. It seems probable, therefore, that S. s. pinetorum belongs to the more 

 eastern portions of northern Guatemala (departments of Vera Paz, Peten, etc.), and 

 extending thence southeastward across Honduras. 




31-i BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Splzrila sorkdis ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 304 (La Parada, Oaxaca) ; 

 1859,365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz) ; (?) 1864,174 ( Valley of Mexico ) ; (?) Cat. 

 Am. Birds, 1862, 114, part (Orizaba) .—Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 

 i, 1869, 552 (temp, region Vera Cruz, breeding).— Baird, Brewer, and 

 RIDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 7, part (Orizaba, Jalapa, and Cordova, 

 Vera Cruz; Oaxaca).— Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Xat. :\Ius., no. 4, 1876, 21 

 (Gineta Mts., Chiapas, Jan.).— (?) Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 iii, 1886, 144 (Puebla, Huexotitla, and Teziutlan, Puebla, Xov. , Dec. ) .— Salvin 

 and GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 377, part (Jalapa, etc., Vera 

 Cruz; La Parada and Guichicovi, Oaxaca; Gineta Mts., Chiapas).— American 

 Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 560, part (e. Mexico).— 

 Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 660, part (Orizaba and Jalapa, 

 Vera Cruz; Villa de Elba) . 



S. [pizella] sodalis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 418, part. 



(?) Spizella sodalis var. arizonx (not of Coues?) Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 no. 4, 1876, 21 (Guichicovi, Oaxaca, Sept.). 



Spizella sodalis mexiccnm Nelson, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 30 (San Cristobal, Chia- 

 pas, s. Mexico; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



SPIZELLA SOCIALIS PINETORUM (Salvin). 

 GUATEMALAN CHIPPING SPARROW. 



Similar to S. s. mexicana, but still darker in coloration. 



Adult male. — Pileum rich dark chestnut; forehead black, divided by 

 a distinct median line or spot of ash gray; occiput similarly marked, 

 but the lateral black and median gray spots much larger; hindneck, 

 sides of neck, and auricular region deep gray; a broad superciliary 

 stripe of paler gray (whitish anteriorly), separated from the darker 

 gray of the auricular region bj- a very distinct black postocular line, 

 the lores also crossed by a black line from anterior angle of eye; back 

 and scapulars rusty brown broadly streaked with black; rump and 

 upper tail-coverts plain dark gray; tail grayish dusky, the rectrices 

 edged with gray; lesser wing-coverts plain gray; middle coverts dusky 

 broadly tipped with light buff or rusty whitish; greater coverts similar, 

 but distinctly edged with light brown ; tertials blackish broadly edged 

 with deep rusty brown; primaries dusky, narrowlj^ edged with light 

 grayish; malar region, chin, and throat white; rest of under parts 

 pale gray, becoming paler (nearly white) on abdomen and under tail- 

 coverts; maxilla dusky, with reddish brown tomia; mandible reddish 

 brown, darker at tip;' tarsi light flax brown or dull straw color, toes 

 decidedly darker; wing, 71.12; tail, 62.23; exposed culmen, 10.16; 

 tarsus, 17.27; middle toe, 12.70. (Description and measurements from 

 the type, in coll. Salvin and Godman, pine ridge of Poctun, department 

 of Peten, Guatemala, Myiarchusrch, 1862.) 



Imiiiatttre {yowtg after first molt). — Pileum burnt umber, broadly 

 streaked with black, the median portion paler and more buffy brown, 



' The color of the bill would undoubtedly be black in a summer specimen. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 315 



f 



with narrower blackish streaks, forming a broad but not very distinct 

 median stripe; superciliary stripe dull grayish buffy or light buffy 

 wood brown; auricular region similar, but rather darker and duller; 

 tips of middle and greater wing-coverts deep pinkish buff, forming two 

 distinct bands; ground color of back and scapulars more olive-tawny 

 than in adults; otherwise like adults, but under parts, especially the 

 chest, tinged with olive-buffy; length (skin), 130.56; wing, 63.50; tail, 

 57.91; exposed culmen, 9.91; depth of bill at base, 6.10; tarsus, 16.76; 

 middle toe, 12.19. (No. 112118, U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., Segovia River, Hon- 

 duras, July 22, 1887; C. H. Townsend.) 



Northeastern Guatemala (department of Peten), south to Honduras 

 (Ruatan Island," Segovia River, etc.). 



Spizdla pinetorum Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 189 (pine ridge of Poctun, 

 department of Peten, n. e. Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman) ; Ibis, 1866, 

 193 (do.); 1888, 262 (Euatan Island, coast of Honduras) .—Ridgway, Ibis, 

 1884, 44 (crit); Proc. U. S. >^at. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 587 (Segovia R., Honduras; 

 crit.).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Ave?, i, 1886, 378, pi. 27, fig. 3 

 (Poctun and Vera Paz, Guatemala). — Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 663 (Poctun, Guatemala; Ruatan I., Honduras). 



\_Spizella\ pinetorum Sclatee and Salvin, Xom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 32. 



S. [pizella] pinetorum Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 419. 



[Spizella pusilla] var. pinetorum Baikd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, ii, 1874, 2. 



[Zonotrichki] pinetorum Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 95, no. 7403. 



SPIZELLA SOCIALIS ARIZONJF. Coues. 

 WESTERN CHIPPING SPARROW. 



Similar to S. s. socialis, but decidedly larger (except bill) and colora- 

 tion paler; I'ufous pileum averaging paler, ground color of back and 

 sca)pulars pale wood brown or Isabella color with little, if any, rusty; 

 rump decidedly paler gray, and auricular region decidedlj' paler gray, 

 contrasting much less strongly with the grayish white or pale gray 

 superciliary stripe, the intervening blackish postocular streak also 

 narrower; young much paler and more buffy above, with narrower 

 black streaks, than in S. s. socialh^ and with dusky streaks on chest 

 and sides also narrower. 



AdMlt maZe.— Length (skins), 122.43-137.92 (132.84); wing, 67.06- 

 76.20 (72.14); tail, 53.69-65.28 (60.96); exposed culmen, 9.14-10.41 

 (9.65); depth of bill at base, 5.33-5.84 (5.59); tarsus, 16.00-18.03 

 (17.02); middle toe, 11.43-13.21 (12.19).' 



Adult female.— ljQ^gt\\ (skins), 123.70-133.60 (127.76); wing, 66.55- 

 75.69 (69.60); tail, 53.85-61.47 (58.67); exposed culmen, 8.89-10.16 



'Eighteen specimens. 




316 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(9.65); depth of bill at base, 5.33-5.84(5.69); tarsus, 16.26-17.53 (17.02); 

 middle toe, 11.43-12.45 (12.19).^ 



Western North America in general, from the Rocky Mountains to 

 the Pacific coast, including Alaska and the more western parts of the 

 interior districts of British America;" breeding from the southern 

 border of the United States (perhaps also in northern Mexico), chiefly 

 in mountains, northward to the Yukon Valley, Alaska, and from the 

 Pacific coast eastward to western Texas, eastern New Mexico and 

 Colorado, western Myiarchusnitoba, etc. ; in winter south over Mexican Pla- 

 teau to States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Las Vigas, Chalchicomula, etc.) 

 and Puebla, to the extremity of Lower California, and, casually, to 

 Guadalupe Island. 



Spizella socUdis (not Fringilla sodaZis Wilson) Newberry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., 

 vi, pt. iv, 1857, 88 (Sacramento Valley, California). — Baied, Rep. Pacific 

 R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 473, part (western localities); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, 

 no. 359, part; Rep. Ives' Ool. Exp., 1857-58, pt. iv, 1861, 6.— Heermann, 

 Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 48 (California, etc.).— Sclater, 

 •Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 235 (Vancouver I.). — Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California).— Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. 

 Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico). — Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. 

 Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 203 (Washington).— Coues, Ibis, 1865, 159, in text 

 (Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 87 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, 

 Myiarchusr. to Nov.; crit.); 1868, 83 (Arizona); Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. 

 Terr., iv, 1878, 590 (Rocky Mts., lat. 49°).— Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 489 (near 

 San Antonio, Texas). — Brown, Ibis, 1868, 422 (Vancouver I.). — Cooper, 

 Orn. Cal., 1870, 207.— Allen; Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872,- 157, 177 

 (South Park, Dakota, etc.); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1874, 45, 57 (Upper 

 Myiarchusssouri and Yellowstone rivers, Montana). — Aiken, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 

 1872, 200 (Colorado).— Merriam, Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872 



^Fourteen specimens. 



Specimens from the Pacific coast district (southern California to British Columbia) 

 average decidedly smaller than those from the Rocky Mountain district, but in the 

 absence of any obvious color differences I hesitate to separate them. Averages of 

 two series are as follows: 



^ Owing to insufficiency of material, especially breeding birds, from the middle 

 portions of the continent, it is not practicable at present to define exactly the eastern 

 limits of this form, nor the western limits of S. s. socialis. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 317 



(1873), 682 (Idaho; Wyoming).— Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's 

 Surv., 1873 (1874), 62 (Denver, Colorado), 80 (Rio Grande and Fort Garland, 

 Colorado). — Nelsox, Proc. Boat. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 358 (Nevada, Cali- 

 fornia). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 514 

 (Sierra Nevada up to 9,000 ft. in summer).— Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 

 vi, 1881, 91 (Colorado). — (?) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 

 i, 1886, 377, part (Ciudad Durango? Valley of iMexico? ).— Turner, Contr. 

 Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 174 (Fort Yukon, June) .—Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. 

 Val., 1888, 200, part (w. Myiarchusnitoba).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 660, part ( British Columbia'; Oregon and other w. U. S. localities; Ciudad 

 Durango?).— (?) Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1891, 600 (Myiarchusnitoba, 

 rare summer resid.). — (?) A.ttwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 338 (San Antonio, 

 Texas, breeding).— Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 50, 63 (British 

 Columbia). — Cooke, Birds Colorado, 1897, 103 (summer resid.). — Wilson, 

 Auk, xvi, 1899, 189 (Fort Bayard, New Mexico) . 



[^Spizella] socialis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 32, part. 



[Spizellasocialis.l Var. anzona^ Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, Oct., 1872, 143 (Arizona; 

 type, from Fort Whipple, in IT. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ). 



Spizella socialis . . var. arfeons Coiies, Check List, 1873, no. 178a. — Yarrow and 

 Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1872 (1874), 14 (Wahsatch 

 Mts., Utah). — Henshaw, Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi, 1876, 6 (not common, breeds 

 near Salt Lake City); Rep. Orn. Spec. AVheeler's Surv., 1873, 1874, 116 

 (Wingate and Inscription Rock, New Mexico; Apache, etc., Arizona) ; Zool. 

 Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 277 (localities in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, 

 and Arizona). 



Spizella socialis, var. arizoiise Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 182 

 (Colorado) . — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 11. 



[Spizella sodalisl b. arizonce CouBS, Birds N. W., 1874, 148 (synonymy). 



Spizella socialis arizome Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst. , vii, Jan., 1875, 15, 18 (Truckee 

 Valley and Carson City, Nevada), 33 (Wahsatch Mts., Utah); Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, 1880, 217.— MeArns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 165 (Fort 

 Klamath, e. Oregon). — Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 190 

 (Colorado; crit.). — Beldisg, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 347 (Victoria 

 Mts., Lower Calif ornia, above 3,000 ft., winter). — American Ornithologists' 

 Union, Check List, 1886, no. 560a.— Bryant, Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1887, 299 

 (Guadalupe I., Lower California, 1 spec. Jan. 6). — Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. 

 Val., 1888, 200 (Kendall Co., Texas, winter; Gainesville, Texas, Apr., Myiarchusy, 

 Nov.; Tom Green Co., w. Texas, resident; San Angelo, w. Texas, breed- 

 ing). — Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 215 (Chalchicomula, Vera 

 Cruz). — Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 36. — Attwatee, 

 Auk, ix, 1892, 338 (San Antonio, Texas, winter resid.). — Rhoads, Proc. 

 Ac. Nat.' Sci. Phila., 1893, 50, 63 (Ashcroft, British Columbia).— Grinnbll, 

 Pub. i, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 18 (San Clemente I., California, resi- 

 dent?) .—Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., x, 1898, 29 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 

 41 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft.). 



S. [pizella'] socialis arizome Ridgway. Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 419. 



Spizella socialis . . . fi. arizonse Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 479 (Sacra- 

 mento, California, breeding, localities in Nevada and Utah). 



Spizella socialis, fi. arizonjE Ridgway, Field and Forest, iii. Myiarchusy, 1877, 198 (Colo- 

 rado); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 66 (centr. California); Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 416 (centr. California). 



i^izella arizoine Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, Myiarchusr. 20, 1879, 391 (Calaveras 

 Co., California). 




318 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Spizella domestka arizomc Ridgway, Proc. XJ. S. Nat. llus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 179; 

 Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 211a.— Bkown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 

 1882, 38 (Kendall Co., Texaa, winter) .—ConEs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, uo. 

 270. 



S-lpizelld] d.lomestica] arizonic Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 380. 



SPIZELLA PUSILLA PUSILLA (Wilson). 

 riEID SPARROW. 



Adults {sexes alike). — Pileum rust}^ brown (intermediate between 

 russet and cinnamon-rufous), sometimes with more or less of an indi- 

 cation of a median stripe of grayish (this rarely distinct) ; sides of head 

 light gi'ay (smoke gray or olive-gray), relieved bj" a rusty brown post- 

 ocular streak; back and scapulars rusty brown, narrowly streaked with 

 black, often streaked also (on edges of feathers) with light dull buflfy 

 or clay color; rump and upper tail-coverts light brown, or hair brown, 

 sometimes indistinctly streaked with darker; tail deep hair brown, the 

 rectrices edged with pale grayish; larger wing-coverts and tertials 

 duskj' centrally; middle and greater coverts tipped with whitish, form- 

 ing two more or less distinct bands, the greater coverts edged with 

 pale brown, more grayish on outermost, more rusty on innermost, 

 feathers; outer web of tertials broadly edged with pale rusty brown 

 or cinnamon; under parts pale grayish buffy anteriorly and laterally, 

 the buffy tinge most pronounced on chest, fading into dull white on 

 throat, abdomen, etc.; a more or less distinct rusty brown patch on 

 each side of chest; bill rinaceous-cinnamon or cinnamon-rufous; iris 

 brown ; tarsi and toes pale brownish. (In winter more strongly suf- 

 fused with buffy, especially the under parts.) 



Young. — Myiarchusch duller in color than adults, with the chest and sides 

 naore or less distinctly streaked with dusky; pileum dull brown (not 

 rusty), usually (?) narrowly and indistinctly streaked with dusky; other- 

 wise essentially like adults. 



Adult maZe.— Length (skins), 120.65-138.94 (131.32); wing, 62.23- 

 67. 31 (64. 52) ; tail, 58. 42-65. 28 (61 . 98) ; exposed culmen, 8. 64-9. 91 (9. 40) ; 

 depth of bill at base, 5.84-6.60 (6.10); tarsus, 17.27-18.54 (17.78); mid- 

 dle toe, 12.19-12.95 (12.45).' 



Adult female.— ljQng\h (skins), 118.87-135.13 (126.75); wing, 59.44- 

 62.74 (60.96); tail, 54.36-62.23 (58.93); exposed culmen, 8.64-9.91 (9.14); 

 depth of bill at base, 5.84-6.10 (6.10); tarsus, 17.27-18.29 (17.78); mid- 

 dle toe, 11.94-12.70 (12.19).' 



' Eighteen specimens. 



^ Seventeen specimens. 



Specimens from west of the Alleghenies average slightly larger, especially in length 

 of wing and tail, than those from east of the mountains, and also very slightly paler 

 in coloration, the variation in both respects being in the direction of S. p. arenacea. 

 Some specimens from the prairie districts of the upper Myiarchusssissippi Valley incline quite 




BIKDS OF NOKTH AND MIDBLE AMERICA. 



319 



Eastern United States and more southern British provinces, west to 

 the more eastern portions of the Great Plains; breeding from upper 

 Georgia and South Carolina, northwestern Florida (Wacissa River), 

 central Alabama and Myiarchusssissippi, and central Texas (San Antonio), 

 northward to Myiarchusine, Ontario, Myiarchusnitoba (Red River Valley, Winnipeg, 

 Qu' Appelle, etc.); wintering in more southern United States, from 

 Florida to Texas, northward to about 39°, occasionally farther. 



(?) IMotaciUa'] juncorum Gmelis, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 952 (based on Eusfi Warbler 



Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. ii, 420). 

 {?) Sylvia juncorum liATBAU, Index Orn., i, 1790, .511. 

 Fringilla juncorum Suttall, jNIan. Orn. U. .S. and Canada, i, 1832, 499; 2d ed., i, 



1840, 577. 



Fringilla pusilla Wilson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 121, pi. 16, fig. 2 (e. Pennsylvania; 



Peale'sMyiarchuss.; habits, etc.).— Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 229, pi. 139. 

 F.\ringilla] pusilla Lichtenstein, Yerz. Doubl., 1823, 25. 

 Emberiza pusilla (not of Pallas, 1826) Jardine, ed. "Wilson's Am. Orn., ii, 1832, 



265, pi. 16, fig. 2. — Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 104; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 



1841, 77, pi. 164. 



Z. [pnotrichia] pusilla Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 373. 



[Zonotrichia] pusilla Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 94, no. 7396. 



Spizella pusilla Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 33. — Baied, Rep. Pacific 

 R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 473; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 358.— Sclater, Cat. 

 Am. Birds, 1862, 114 (Pennsylvania) .—Dresser, Ibis, 1865,489 (San Antonio, 

 Texas, Dec, Myiarchusr.).— Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 179; Birds N. W., 1874, 

 148. — Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 7. — Baied, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. 

 N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 5, pi. 27, fig. 2.— Myiarchusynard, Birds Florida, pt. iv, 

 1878, 97.— Bewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 121 (descr. young) ; 

 Auk, iii, 1886, 108 (w. North Carolina, breeding; song). — Brown, Bull. Nutt. 

 Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 9 (Coosada, Alabama, breeding). — Gibbs, Bull. TJ. S. 

 Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 487, (Myiarchuschigan, breeding n. to 43°).— 

 Slade, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 116 (nesting, etc.). — Ridgway, Nom. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 214.— Ogilby, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc, iii, 1882, 37 

 (Navarro Co., Texas, Oct. to Myiarchusr.). — Bicknell, Auk, ii, 1885, 145 (song). — 

 Agersborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 280 (s. e. South Dakota, summer). — American 

 Oenithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 563. — Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 

 324 (Red R. Settlement and Red R. "Valley, w. Myiarchusnitoba, breeding). — ■ 

 DuTCHER, Auk, iii, 1886, 442 (Setauket, Long Island, Jan. 31) . — Treat, Auk, 



decidedly toward the latter, but, as a rule, western specimens are so nearly identical 

 with eastern that they may without hesitation be referred to S. pusilla proper. Aver- 

 age measurements of nearly equal series from the two districts are as follows: 




320 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



iv, 1887, 259 (Hartford, Connecticut, winter).— Haxcock, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. 

 Club, no. 2, 1887, 19 (Corpus Christi, T«xas).— Roberts, Auk, vii, 1890, 213 

 (Ramsay Co., Myiarchusnnesota, June; crit.).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 664.— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss Val., 1888, 202 (centr. Myiarchusssissippi, sum- 

 mer; s. Illinois, Indian Territory, and southward in winter).— Thompson, 

 Proc. U. rt. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1891, 603 (Red R. Settlement, AVinnipeg, and Qu' 

 Appelle, Myiarchusnitoba, summer).— Stone, Auk, ix, 1892, 204 (Cape -Myiarchusy, New 

 Jersey, Jan. 26-29). — Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 338 (San Antonin, Texas, 

 breeding). — MyiarchusIlwkaith, Bird": Ontario, 1892, 322 (summer resid. ).— Tok- 

 REY, Auk, X, 1893, 205 (Wellesley, Myiarchusssachusetts, Dec. 19.).— White, Auk, 

 X, 1893, 226 (Myiarchusckinac I., Myiarchuschigan, breeding). — Hoffmann, Auk, xii, 1895, 

 188 (Cape Cod, Myiarchusssachusetts, Dec. ).— Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa 

 R., n. w. Florida, breeding). — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 127, 

 pi. 23, flg. 3.— Knight, Bull. Univ. Myiarchusine, no. 3, 1897, 100 (Myiarchusine, summer 

 resid.). — Allison, Auk, xvi, 1899, 269 (Amite Co., Myiarchusssissippi, resid.). 



ISpizella pusilla] var. pusilla Baied, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 

 ii, 1874, 2. 



[Spizella] punlld Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 480.— Lichbnsteix, Norn. Av. 

 Myiarchuss. BeroL, 1854, 43.— Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 143. 



S.[pizella\ pMyiarchusiHa Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 150 (Oxford Co., Myiarchusine, 

 breeding). — Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 420. 



/S. [pirates] pusillus Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, Apr., 1851, 133, footnote. 



Spizella agrestis Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1875, 351 (ex Passer agrestis, 

 the little field sparrow Bartram, Travels, 291, ^^=^ nomen nudum); Check List, 

 2d ed., 1882, no. 271. 



S. IpizeUa} agrestis OouBS, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 380. 



SPIZELLA PUSILLA ARENACEA Chadbourne. 

 WESTERN FIELD SPARROW. 



Similar to S. p.pusilla, but wings and tail much longer, especially the 

 latter; coloration much grayer, the pileum always (?) with a broad 

 median stripe of gray, sometimes wholly gray, or with only a faint 

 tinge of brown indicating the usual lateral stripes; black streaks on 

 back much narrower on a (usually) chiefly grayish ground; under 

 parts, in summer plumage, paler, with chest tinged with pale gray instead 

 of bujSfy. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 141.73-152.91 (li6.81); wing, 68.33- 

 71.12 (69.60); tail, 66.04^71.88 (68.83); exposed culmen, 9.40-9.91 

 (9.65); depth of bill at base, 6.35; tarsus, 19.05-19.81 (19.30); middle 

 toe, 12.45-13.72 (13.21).^ 



Admit female. — Length (skin), 127.00; wing, 61.98; tail, 62.74; 

 exposed culmen, 9.40; tarsus, 18.29; middle toe, 12.95.^ 



More western portions of the Great I'lains, breeding from Nebraska 

 (Valentine) and South Dakota (Fort Pierre) to eastern Montana (Davis 

 Creek, Bad Lands of the Little Myiarchusssouri River, etc.); south, in winter, 

 to southern Texas (Laredo), Nuevo Leon (Monterey, January, Febru- 

 ary), casualh^' to Louisiana (Myiarchusndeville). 



^ Three specimens. ^ One specimen; not typical. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 321 



(?) Spizella piisilla (not Fringilla pusilla Wilson?) Brown, Bull. Nutt, Orn. Club, 

 vii, 1882, 38 (Boerne, Kendall Co., Texas, winter). 



Spizella pusilla Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. ZooL, iii, 1872, 145 (Cheyenne, Wyo- 

 ming, Aug.); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 57 (Davis Creek and Bad 

 Lands of Little Myiarchusssouri E., Montana). 



Spizella pusilla arenacea Chadboukne, Auk, iii, Apr., 1886, 248 (Laredo, s. w. 

 Texas, Nov.; coll. A. P. Chadbourne).— Lloyd, Auk, iv, 1887, 292 (Tom 

 Green and Concho counties, Texas, fall and winter).— Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. 

 Am. Birds, 1887, 593. — Amehican Ornithologists' Union Committee, Suppl. 

 to Check List, 1889, 13; Check List, abridged ed., 1889, and 2d ed., 1895, 

 no. 563a.— Chapman, Auk, viii, 1891, 318 (Myiarchusndeville, Louisiana, 1 spec, 

 winter). — Richmond, Auk, xiv, 1897, 345, pi. 3. 



S. [pizelki] pusilla arenacea Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 420. 



Spizella arenacea Meeeiam, Auk, v, Oct., 1888, 402 (Fort Pierre, South Dakota; 

 Valentine, Nebraska; descr. breeding plumage). — Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. 

 Val., 1888, 202. 



SPIZELLA WORTHENI Ridgway. 

 UEXICAN FIELB SPARROW. 



Myiarchusch like 8. pusilla arenacea^ but tail much shorter (both absolutely 

 and relatively); wing-bands much less distinct, and sides of head gray, 

 relieved only by a whitish orbital ring, there being no brown postocu- 

 lar streak, as in 8. p. puHilla and 8. p. arenacea. 



AdAilts (sexes alike). — Forehead (more or less extensively) gray; rest 

 of pileum cinnamon-brownish, narrowlj^ and indistinctly streaked with 

 dusky (streaks sometimes obvious only on occiput or nape); back and 

 scapulars pale broccoli brown, without admixture of rusty, narrowly 

 streaked with black; rump and upper tail-coverts brownish gray, the 

 latter with indistinct mesial streaks of darker; tail dark hair brown, 

 the rectrices edged with pale gray; larger wing-coverts and tertials 

 duskj"^, the middle coverts with a dull whitish or pale buffy spot at 

 tip of outer web, forming a somewhat interrupted band; greater 

 coverts edged with pale buffy grayish, but without distinct paler tips; 

 tertials edged with pale butfy grayish or pale broccoli brown; sides of 

 head gray, relieved only by a whitish orbital ring; under parts dull 

 whitish, shaded with pale buflfy grayish on chest and sides; bill pink- 

 ish brovs^n or cinnamon-rufous; tarsi and toes deep brownish. 



Adult maZe.— Length (skins), 126.49-138.94 (133.10); wing, 66.80- 

 70.10 (68.83); tail, 59.69-64.26 (61.72); exposed culmen, 9.40-9.91 

 (9.65); depth of bill at base, 5.33-5.84(5.59); tarsus, 17.53-18.64(18.03); 

 middle toe, 12.19-12.70 (12.45).^ 



Adult female.— \j&i\g^ (skins), 128.52-133.35 (131.06); wing, 64.77- 

 68. 33 (66. 55) ; tail, 57. 66-63. 50 (60. 71) ; exposed culmen, 8. 89-9. 14 (9. 01) ; 



' Seven specimens. 

 17024—01 21 




322 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



depth of bill at base, 5.33; tarsus, 17.02-17.63 (17.27); middle toe, 

 11.43-11.94(11.68).^ 



Southern New Mexico (Silver Citj^), southward over eastern border 

 of Mexican plateau to southern Puebla (Chalchicomula) ; breeding 

 from Tamaulipas (Myiarchusquihuana) northward. 



Spizella woHheni Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vii, no. 17, Aug. 22, 1884, 259 

 (Silver City, New Mexico, June 16; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— Ajmerican Orni- 

 thologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 564.— Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 666 ("western Texas"). 



S. [pizella} worihem Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1387, 419. 



(??) Spizella pusilla (not Fringilla pusilla AVilson?) Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 664, part ("Mexico"). 



SPIZELLA ATROGULARIS (Cabanis). 

 BLACK-CHINNED SPARKOW. 



Adndt male. — Lores, anterior portion of malar region, chin, and 

 more or less of the throat, black; rest of head and neck gray, darker 

 (slate-gray or slate-color) on pileum, where sometimes narrowly and 

 indistinctly streaked with dusky, fading into lighter gray (no. 7) or 

 olive-gray on chest and other under parts, the abdomen white; back 

 light rusty brown or cinnamon (sometimes mixed with broccoli brown) 

 streaked with black; scapulars similar but with outer webs more 

 decidedly rusty or cinnamomeous; rump and upper tail-coverts plain 

 gray or olive-gray, the latter sometimes with darker mesial streaks; 

 tail dusky, the rec trices edged with light gra}^; lesser wing-coverts 

 gray; middle coverts dusky centrally, broadly margined, and tipped 

 with pale cinnamon-buff y; greater coverts dusky centrally broadly 

 edged with pale buffy brown or wood brown; tertials dusky, edged 

 with pale wood brown; primaries dusky edged with pale grayish; bill 

 vinaceous-cinnamon, more or less darker at tip; tarsi deep brown or 

 dusky, the toes usually darker; length (skins), 121.92-140.21 (134.62); 

 wing, 60.20-69.85 (64.01); tail, 61.21-74.17 (67.82); exposed culmen, 

 8.64-10.16 (9.40); depth of bill at base (three specimens), 5.84-6.10 

 (5.97); tarsus, 17.53-20.32 (18.80); middle toe, 12.19-13.97 (13.21).' 



Advlt female. — Similar to the adult male and not always distin- 

 guishable, but usually with the black of chin, etc., duller and much less 

 extended (hardly extending to upper throat), often entirely wanting, 

 the entire head being gray,' and the gray of pileum and hindneck 

 rather browner; length (skins), 124.46-138.68 (131.32); wing, 60.20- 

 64.77 (61.47); tail, 59.94-69.85 (65.28); exposed culmen, 8.64-9.91 



' Two specimens. 



' Fifteen specimens. 



' Usually the black is indicated by a darker shade of the gray. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



323 



(9.14); depth of bill at base (five specimens), 5.84-6.10 (5.97); tarsus, 

 18.03-19.81 (18.80); middle toe, 12.4.5-13.97 (13.21).^ 



Young. — Very similar to adult females without black on chin, etc., 

 but streaks on back narrower and less sharply defined, edges of wing- 

 coverts and tertials more rusty, and gray of under parts paler, the 

 chest nearly white, very indistinctly streaked with light gray. 



More southern portions of southwestern United States and southward 

 over Mexican plateau to States of Hidalgo (Irolo, Tula, Pachuca, etc.), 

 Tlaxcala (Huamantla), Puebla (Chapulco, Chalchicomula, Atlixco, etc.), 

 Mexico (City of Mexico), eastern Jalisco (Lagos), etc. ; north to southern 

 California (San Diego, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles counties), 

 Arizona (Fort Whipple, etc.), and southwestern New Mexico (Sierra 

 Hachita, etc.); Lower California, breeding in more northern portions, 

 south in winter to the cape district. 



S-lpinUea] atrogularis Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, Apr., 1851, 133, footnote (Mexico). 

 [Spizella] atrogularis Sclatek and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 32. 

 Spizella atrogularis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 179, 232. 

 Spizella atrigularis Baird, Eep. Pacific E. E. Surv., ix, 1858, 476 (Agua Nueva, 



Coahuila, Mexico) ; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pi. 55, fig. 1; Eep. U. S. 



and Mex. Bound Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 16, pi. 17, fig. 1 (Agua Nueva) ; Cat. 



N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 362.— Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 87 



' Thirteen specimens. 

 Specimens from southern California and Lower California appear to average smaller 

 than those from Mexico, and as a rule have the lores less decidedly black; but so far 

 as color-differences are concerned these seem too alight and inconstant to warrant 

 subdivision of the species. Average measurements of the series examined are as 

 follows: 



Should it eventually prove desirable to separate a Californian subspecies the name 

 Spizella atrogularis evura (Coues) may or may not be available; for, notwithstanding 

 citations of "Spizella evura Coues, Ibis, 1865, pp. 118, 164" would seem to indicate 

 that the name was first published there, reference to the volume cited shows that, 

 while the bird was really described on page 118, no name was given it on that 

 page nor any other! In 1866 (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 87) Dr. Coues gives the 

 name in the synonymy of S. atrogularis, not, however, as a new name, but as a syno- 

 nym of S. atrogularis, and cites the "Ibis" as above. The name has, therefore, a 

 very peculiar status, and, being essentially a nornen nudum, is probably not available 

 for the northwestern birds should it be found desirable to separate them. 




324 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(Fort Whipple, Arizona, Apr. to Oct. ; crit. ) ; Check List, 1873, no. 181 ; 2d ed. 

 1882, no. 274; Birds N. W., 1874, 151 (synonymy) .—Duges, La Naturaleza, 

 i, 1868, 140 (Guanajuato).— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 210 (Fort Whipple, 

 Arizona; Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, etc.).— Baird, Brewer, and 

 RIDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pi. 26, figs. 11, 12; ii, 1874, 15.- 

 Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 159 (Fort Whip- 

 ple, Arizona).— Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 4, 1876, 21 (Chapulco, 

 Puebla, Jan.).— RIDGWAY, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 215; Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 144 (Atlixco, Puebla; crit.).— Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 348 (Victoria Mts. and Pescadero, Lower California, winler).— 

 American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 565.— Salvin and 

 GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 380.— Morcom, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. 

 Club, no. 2, 1887, 49 (San Bernardino and San Diego counties, California, 

 breeding).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 669 (Santa Ana R. and 

 Cajon Pass, s. California; City of Mexico; Puebla, etc.). ^Anthony, Auk, 

 ix, 1892, 365 (Little Hachita and Sierra Hachita, s. w. New Mexico, Oct. to 

 Nov.); Zoe, iv, 1893, 241 (San Pedro Myiarchusrtir Mts., Lower California, up to 

 10,000 ft.).— Fisher, N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 92 (Panamint, Argus, and 

 Coso Mts., Walkers Pass, etc., s. e. California; song).— Grinnell, Pub. ii, 

 Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 38 (Los Angeles Co., California, up to 7,000 ft., 

 summer). 



iSpizella] atrigularis Coubs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 144. 



S.ipizella'] atrigularis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 381.— Ridgway, 

 Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 421. 



IZonotrichia] atrigularis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 95, no. 7401. 



Struthus alrimentalis Couch, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, Apr., 1854, 67 (Agua 

 Nueva, Coahuila, Mexico; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



Spizella evura Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii. Myiarchusr., 1866, 87, in synonomy 

 (Fort Whipple, Arizona; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ;= young).' 



S.ipizella] cana "Baird MSS." Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., xviii. Myiarchusr., 1866, 88, 

 in text (Sierra San Gertrude, Lower California; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. =young male, 

 in first winter) . 



SPIZELLA PALLIDA (Swainson). 

 CLAY-COIORED SPARROW, 



Adults in summer {sexes alike). — Pileum light brown (pale umber, 

 wood brown or Isabella), more or less heavily streaked with black 

 (black sometimes prevailing), with a more or less distinct median stripe 

 of pale gray or bully grayish; a broad and very distinct superciliary 

 stripe of pale biiffy gray, grayish buffy, or dull buffy whitish; hind- 

 neck and sides of neck grayish, the former more or less streaked (nar- 

 rowly) with dusky; back and scapulars pale buflfy broccoli brown, 

 broadly streaked with black; rump pale broccoli or hair brown, the 

 upper tail-coverts similar but with darker mesial streaks; tail dark hair 

 brown, the rectrices edged with pale grayish; lesser wing-coverts 

 brownish gray or hair brown with darker centers; middle coverts 

 dusky, tipped with pale buflfy ; greater coverts dusky centrally, broadly 

 edged with pale buffy brown, becoming still paler (pale dull buffy or 



' Following the name is the following citation: "Ibis, Jan., 1865, p. 118. Ibid, 

 Apr., 1865, p. 164; " but on neither page, nor indeed anywhere in the volume cited, 

 does the name occur! 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 325 



buffy whitish) on terminal margins; tertials dusky, broadlj' edged on 

 outer web with brownish buffy or light Isabella color, paler on inner- 

 most feathers; primaries gj-ayish dusky, narrowly edged with very 

 pale buff J' grayish; auricular region light buffy brown or pale wood 

 brown, margined above by a distinct postocular streak o'f dusky brown 

 and below by a supramalar streak of the same; malar I'egion dull white 

 or buffy whitish, margined below by a more or less distinct dusky or 

 brownish streak along each side of throat; under parts dull whitish, 

 tinged pale grayish buffj' on chest, sides, and flanks; maxilla brown with 

 dusky tip; mandible paler brown; legs and feet very pale brownish. 



Adults in vrinter. — Similar to the summer plumage, but black streaks 

 on crown narrower, never (?) exceeding the brown ones in width, and 

 plumage more tinged with buffy. 



Immature (young in first winter?). — Decidedly more buffy than 

 adults, the back and scapulars with the ground color nearly the same 

 light wood brown or Isabella color as the pileum, the latter with the 

 paler median stripe indistinct and buffy instead of grayish, and the 

 black streaks narrower; chest decidedly buffy. 



Young. — Essentially like the immature plumage described above, 

 but chest streaked with blackisb, the ground color of back, etc. , more 

 buffy, and the larger wing-coverts and tertials broadly margined with 

 buff. 



Adult male.— \i&v^gi\i. (skins), 117.86-137.41 (126.75); wing, 59.44r- 

 63.25 (61.21); tail, 55.37-61.98 (58.42); exposed culmen, 8.64-9.91 

 (9.40); depth of bill at base (three specimens), 5.33-5.84 (5.59); tarsus, 

 17.53-18.03 (17.78); middle toe, 12.19-13.21 (12.45).' 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 117.86-133.35(125.73); wing, 57.91- 

 63.75 (60.45); tail, 52.83-60.96 (57.40); exposed culmen, 8.89-9.91 

 (9.40); depth of bill atbase, 5.08-5.59 (5.33); tarsus, 16.76-18.03(17.53); 

 middle toe, 11.68-12.70 (12.19).' 



Great plains of ^Jorth America, from eastern base of Eocky Moun- 

 tains to prairie districts of the upper Myiarchusssissippi Valley; breeding 

 from eastern Colorado,^ Nebraska, Iowa, and northwestern Illinois 

 northward to the plains of the Saskatchewan (to Fort Kae ?) ; south- 

 ward in winter through Kansas, Texas, southern New Mexico, and 

 Arizona to Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, and over Mexican 

 plateau to States of Chihuahua, Guanajuato, Puebla (Chalchicomula), 

 and Oaxaca (Huajuapan) ; casual or occasional during migration in 

 western Indiana (Terre Haute), Myiarchuschigan (Washtenaw County), and 

 Ontario (London). 



^ Eight specimens. 



2 Lieut. 0. A. H. MyiarchusCaaley records '^Spizella pallida breweri" as hreeding in varions 

 localities in northern Texas (Red River Canon, Palo Duro, and Red River Valley), 

 but this may be an error; certainly the species was not S. breweri if obtained during 

 the breeding season. {See Bulletin, U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of 

 the Territories, iii, 1877, 664. ) 




326 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Emberiza pallida Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 251 (Carlton house on 

 Saskatchewan R., Myiarchusnitoba). 



Spizella pallida Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 33. — Cassin, Proc. Ac. 

 Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 40 (crit.).— Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 

 474; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 360; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., 

 ii, pt. ii, 1859, 16 (Tamaulipas, Myiarchusr.). — Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. 

 Surv., X, pt. iv, 1859, 48, part (Texas). — Sclater, Proc. Zool. See. Lond., 

 1859, 379 (Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 114 ("Myiarchusssouri"; Nebraska).— 

 Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 6 (forks of Saskatchewan, Myiarchusy 21). — Coues, Ibis, 

 1865, 58, 164, in text (Arizona); Check List, 1873, no. 180; 2d ed., 1882, no. 

 272; Birds N. W., 1874, 148; Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 

 1878, 591 (Pembina, etc.. North Dakota; habits; descr. nest and eggs). — 

 Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 489 (San Antonio, Texas, spring). — Duqes, La Naturaleza, 

 i, 1868, 140 (Guanajuato, centr. Mexico). — Allbn, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., 

 iii, 1872, 145, part (Cheyenne, Wyoming, Aug.) ; Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1874, 

 57 (Myiarchusssouri R. nearly to Yellowstone R., Montana). — Ridgway, Bull. Essex 

 Inst., V, 1873, 182 (Colorado), 191 (crit); Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 

 212. — Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 7. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. 

 N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 11, pi. 27, fig. 3.— Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's 

 Surv., 1873 (1874), 159 (Camp Crittenden, Arizona, Sept.); Zool. Exp. W. 

 100th Merid., 1875, 278 (do.).— Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. 

 Terr., iv, 1878, 19 (Hidalgo, Texas, Apr. 28).— Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 127 (Fort Brown, Texas, winter).— Roberts, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, iv, 1879, 154 (Myiarchusnneapolis, Myiarchusnnesota, Apr. to Oct. ) — Roberts and Ben- 

 ner. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 15 (Browns Valley, w. Myiarchusnnesota, breed- 

 ing) . — Covert, Annot. List Birds and Myiarchusm. Washtenaw Co., Myiarchuschigan, 1881; 

 181 (rare migrant).— Bblding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1883, 540 (La Paz 

 and San Jos6 del Cabo, Lower California, winter). — ^Allen and Brewster, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 191 (Colorado Springs, e. Colorado, Myiarchusy 

 4-11).— Beckham, Auk, ii, 1885, 141 (Pueblo, e. Colorado) ; Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., X, 1888, 676 (San Antonio, Texas, Myiarchusr. ).— Agersborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 280 

 (s. e. South Dakota, migr. ). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr. -Am., Aves, i, 

 1886, 378 (Tamaulipas; Guanajuato; Oaxaca). — American Ornithologists' 

 Union, Check List, 1886, no. 561.— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 201 

 (breeding from n. Nebraska, centr. Iowa, and n. Illinois northward; w. Myiarchusni- 

 toba, etc.); Birds Colorado, 1897, 104 (summer resid.). — Poling, Auk, vii, 

 1890, 242 (Quincy, w. Illinois, Myiarchusy).— Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 xiii, 1891, 601 (Myiarchusnitoba, summer; habits, song, etc.). — Anthony, Auk, ix, 

 1892, 365 (s. w. New Mexico, winter). — Nutting, Bull. Labr. Nat. Hist. 

 Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 275 (lower Saskatchewan). — Saunders, Biol. Rev. Ont., 

 i, 1894, 51 (near London, Ontario, 1 spec. Myiarchusy 9, 1894). — Thorne, Auk, xii, 

 1895, 217 (FortKeogh, Montana, breeding). — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, 

 etc., ii, 1896, 132.— Butler, Birds Indiana, 1897, 959 (Terre Haute, 1 spec. 

 Sept. 27). 



[^Spizella'] pallida Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 143. 



S. [pizellal pallida Ridgway, Ann. Lye. N. Y. , x, 1874, 373 (Illinois) ; Myiarchusn. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1887, 421.— Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 108, 152 (n. e. Illinois, 

 rare summer resid.). — Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 381. 



Z, [onotrichia'] pallida Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 374. 



IZonotrichia'] pallida Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 95, no. 7400. 



S.[pinites] pallidus CA'BA.ins, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, Apr., 1851, 133, footnote. 



[Spizella pallidal var. pallida Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 

 ii, 1874, 2. 



Mnberiza shattuckii Audubon, Birds Am., oct. ed., vii, 1843, 347, pi. 493 (Fort 

 Union, Nebraska; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 327 



Z. \pnotricMyiarchus\ shattuckii Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 374. 



[Spizellal s/),attMyiarchusAn Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 480. 



S.lpinites] shattucUi Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, Apr., 1851, 133, footnote. 



Spizella pusio Shabpb, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 666 ("British Columbia;" 

 Puebla, Mexico; ex FringUla pueio Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 

 1830, 2; See Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 56; = nomen nudum.') . 



{?)Spizella pallida breweri (not Spizella breweri Cassin?) MyiarchusCaulby, Bull. U. S. 

 Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 664 (Red R. Canon, edge of Staked 

 Plains, Palo Duro, and Red R. Valley, n. Texas, breeding). 



SPIZELLA BREWERI Cassin. 

 BREWER'S SPARROW. 



Resembling S. pallida, but more narrowly and uniformly streaked 

 above, especially the pileum, which is without any median stripe; the 

 sides of head also much more uniform. 



Adults,{sexes alike). — Pileum pale broccoli brown (sometimes slightly, 

 but never conspicuously, grayer medially), narrowly streaked with 

 black; hindneck similar but somewhat grayer and, usually, less dis- 

 tinctly streaked; back and scapulars similar to pileum but black streaks 

 broader; rump and upper tail-coverts similar to back but streaks much 

 less distinct, sometimes obsolete on rump; tail dark grayish brown, 

 the rectrices edged with pale grayish brown or brownish gray; lesser 

 wing-coverts light grayish brown with dusky centers; middle coverts 

 dusky, broadly margined on outer webs and tipped with pale dull buflfy, 

 forming a more or less distinct band; greater coverts dusky margined 

 with pale grayish brown becoming still paler (dull buffy whitish) at 

 tips; te]:tials dusky with broad edgings of pale wood brown or brown- 

 ish buflfy to outer webs; primaries grayish dusky, narrowly edged with 

 pale brownish gray; a broad superciliary stripe of pale grayish buflfy, 

 not conspicuously contrasted with color of pileum or auricular region, 

 the latter very little darker or browner than the superciliary stripe, 

 margined above by a dusky postocular streak and below by a much 

 less distinct (sometimes obsolete) rictal streak of dusky or grayish 

 brown; malar region dull whitish; under parts dull whitish, shaded 

 across chest and along sides with pale grayish buffy or buffy grayish; 

 bill brownish, dusky at tip, the mandible decidedly paler than maxilla;^ 

 iris brown; legs and feet light brown.^ (Autumnal and winter adults 

 are similar to summer specimens, but slightly more buffy.) 



Young in first winter. — Similar to adults, but decidedly more buffy 

 above, with tips of middle and greater wing-coverts decidedly buffy. 



Young. — Essentially like adults, but less sharply streaked above; 

 chest streaked with dusky, and middle and greater wing-coverts 

 broadly tipped with pale buffy, producing two distinct bands. 



'In life, the bill pale lilaceous-brown, darker at tip and along culmen; sometimes 

 the maxilla blackish, with pale commissure, the mandible lilac-grayish. 

 ^In life, varying from pale brownish flesh color to grayish horn color. 




328 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Adult 7nale.—Length (akins), 120.40-130.30 (124.97);' wing, 60.20- 

 65.79 (63.25); tail, 57.40-61.98 (60.96); exposed culmen, 8.64-8.89 

 (8.78); depth of bill at base, 5.08-6.59 (5.83); tarsus, 17.02-18.03 

 (17.53); middle toe, 11.68-12.95 (12.19).^ 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 117.09-131.83 (124.46); wing, 55.88- 

 65.79 (61.21); tail, 57.40-63.50 '(60.20); exposed culmen, 8.64-9.14 

 (8.89); depth of bill at base, 5.08-5.33 (5.11); tarsus, 16.26-18.03 

 (17.02); middle toe, 11.18-12.45 (11.94).= 



Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the valleys 

 of central and southern California, and northward into the interior of 

 British Columbia; breeding from New Mexico, Arizona, and southern 

 California northward; in winter southward over northwestern por- 

 tions of Mexican plateau through States of Chihuahua (Casas Grandes) 

 and Sonora (Myiarchusgdalena, Batamotal, etc.) to Durango and Jalisco 

 (Juanacatlan,) and throughout peninsula of Lower California; acci- 

 dental in Myiarchusssachusetts?. 



Emheriza pallida (not of Swainson) Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 66, pi. 398; 

 Synopsis, 1839, 103; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 71, pi. 161. — Heermann, 

 Journ. Nat. Ac. Set. Phila., ii, 1852, 265 (Sacramento, California). 



ISpizella'] pallida (not Spizella pallida Bonaparte, 1838) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 

 1850, 480 (n. Mexico; California). 



Spizella pallida Woodhouse, Eep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuni and Col. E. , 1853, 83 

 (New Mexico). — Heermann, Eep. Pacific E. E. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 48, part 

 (California).— Coues, Ibis, 1865, 164, in text (Fort Whipple, Arizona). — 

 Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 145 (Cheyenne, Wyoming, part?), 

 168, 177 (Ogden, Utah), 289 (Salt Lake Valley, Utah). 



Spizella breweri Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, Feb., 1856, 40 (Cali- 

 fornia; New Mexico; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). — Newberry, Eep. Pacific 

 E. E. Surv., vi, pt. iv, 1857, 88 (Sacramento Valley, California). — Baird, 

 Eep. Pacific E. E. Surv., ix, 1858, 475; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 361; 

 Eep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 16 (Boca Grande, New 

 Mexico; El Paso, Texas). — Kennerly, Eep. Pacific E. E. Surv., x, pt. vi, 

 1859, 29 (New Mexico; Arizona).— Coubs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 

 87 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, summer resid.; crit.); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, 

 no. 273.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 209 (Fort Mojave; Sacramento and Tejon 

 valleys, etc.). — Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, 1874, 171 (Sacramento, Cal- 

 ifornia); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 480 (Sacramento, California; localities in 

 NevadaandUtah; habits; song) ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, 1880, 3 (crit. ) ; Nom. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 213. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 27, fig. 4.— Coues and Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 

 7, J877, 10 (Angel I., Gulf of California) .—Bendire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 

 xix, 1877, 119 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, summer; descr. nest and eggs). — 

 Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 417 (Stockton, etc., California); v, 

 1883, 540 (La Paz, Lower California, winter) ; vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora, 

 winter).— Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 38 (Kendall Co., Texas, 

 Myiarchusr. 15). — Allen and Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 191 (Col- 

 orado Springs, Colorado, summer, after Myiarchusy 10) . — Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 16 



' Length before skinning about 133.35-137.16. 

 ^ Nine specimens. ' Ten specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 329 



(Colorado, 6,000-9,000 ft). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 

 i, 1886, 379 (Ciudad Durango; (iuaymas). — American Ornithologists' 

 Union, C'heck List, 1886, no. .562. — Morcom, Bull. Eidgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 

 1887, 49 (San Bernardino and San Diego rounties, California). — Merrill, 

 Auk, V, 1888,3.59 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon, breeding; song). — Cooke, Bird 

 Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 201 (Tom Green and Pecos counties, w. Texas, winter; 

 Cook Co., Texas, 1 spec, spring). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 

 668 (Ciudad Durango, etc.). — Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 

 1891, 36 (e. side of Cascade INIts. and Rocky Mt. district). — Rhoads, Proc. 

 Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 50, 63 (Ashcroft, int. British Columbia).— Jouy, 

 Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1894, 779 (Falls of Juanacatlan, Jalisco, Jan. 31).— 

 Thorne, Auk, xii, 1895, 217 (Fort Keogh, Montana, breeding). — Dawson, 

 Auk, xiv, 1897, 178 (Okanogan Co., Washington). — Grinnell, Pub. ii, Pasa- 

 dena Acad. Sci., 1898, 37 (Los Angeles Co., California, 5,000-7,000 ft. in 

 summer, lowlands in winter). 



S-lpizella'] breweri Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 381. — Ridgway, Myiarchusn. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1887, 421. 



(?) Spizella breweri (?) Brewster, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 366 (Myiarchusssachusetts). 



ISpizella pallida.'] Var. brewerii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 143. 



Spizella pallida . . . var. breweri Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 180a. — Yarrow 

 and Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1872 (1874), 14 (Provo, 

 Utah).— Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Sury., 1873 (1874) , 62 (Denver, 

 Colorado, Myiarchusy 17), 80 (Fort Garland, Colorado, Myiarchusy, June), 116 (Apache 

 and Gila R., Arizona, Aug., Sept.); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875,279 

 (localities in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona; song). 



Spizella pallida var. breweri Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 172 (Salt 

 Lake City, Utah, breeding), 182 (Colorado). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridg- 

 way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 13; iii, 1874, 514.— Allen, Proc. Bost. 

 Soc. N. H.,xvii, 1874, 58 (valleys of Yellowstone and Myiarchussselshell rivers, 

 Montana). 



[Zonotrichia'] breweri Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 94, no. 7399. 



Spizella pallida breweri Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 20, 1883, 343. 



Genus ZONOTRICHIA Swainson. 



Zonotrichia Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 493. (Type, by elimination, 



Emberiza leucophrys Forster. ) 

 Zonitrichia (emendation ?) Bonaparte, Saggio, etc., 1832, 141. 



Rather large semi-arboreal Fringillidse, with the tail nearly or quite 

 as long as the wing, rounded or slightly double-rounded, the wing rather 

 long and pointed (eighth to sixth, or seventh to fifth, primaries longest), 

 the back conspicuously streaked with blackish, and (in adults) pileum 

 either wholly black or with two broad black bands inclosing a white, 

 gray, or partly yellow median band. 



Bill small (exposed culmen about half as long as tarsus, more or less), 

 compressed-conical (basal depth about equal to length of gonys, 

 decidedly greater than basal width) ; culmen slightly convex terminally 

 and basally, straight or faintly depressed in middle; gonys straight, 

 faintly convex terminally ; maxillary tomium faintly concave anteri- 

 orly (subterminal notch obsolete or wanting), then faintly convex, the 

 faintlj^ deflected basal portion nearly concealed by rictal feathers; 




330 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



mandibular tomium straight nearly to the slightly produced subbasal 

 angle. Nostril small, longitudinally oval, in triangular fossae, nearly 

 concealed by small bristly feathers. Rictal bristles fairly developed, 

 but very fine. Wing rather long (a little more than three to more 

 than three and a half times as long as tarsus), rather pointed (eighth 

 to sixth or seventh to fifth primaries longest, the ninth shorter than 

 fifth or fourth); primaries exceeding secondaries by decidedly less 

 than length of tarsus. Tail nearly as long as wing or slightly longer, 

 slightly rounded or double-rounded with the lateral rectrices shorter 

 than middle pair, less than half hidden by upper coverts. Tarsus 

 moderate (about one-third as long as tail or less), its scutella distinct; 

 middle toe with claw shorter than tarsus or (in Z. alhicollis) about as 

 long; lateral claws scarcely reaching to base of middle claw; hallux 

 shorter than lateral toes, its claw a little shorter than the digit. 



Coloration. — Adults grayish or brownish above, the back conspicu- 

 ously streaked with chestnut-brown or dusky, the wings with two 

 white bands; pileum with two broad lateral stripes of black inclosing 

 one of white or yellow, or else wholly black; under parts whitish, 

 becoming grayish on chest, or else throat black, the sides with or 

 without streaks. Young streaked above and below; in first winter 

 like adults, but with the black and white head-stripes replaced by simi- 

 lar ones of chestnut-brown and buffy, or dark rusty brown (black 

 streaked) and olive-grayish, or else crown chiefly olive-yellowish, or 

 black scaled with buffy grayish. 



Z. alhicollis differs from all the other species of this genus in its 

 much rounded wing (seventh to fifth instead of eighth to sixth, pri- 

 maries longest, the ninth shorter than fourth instead of longer), and 

 in having the tail equal to or slightly longer than the wing. Z. coro- 

 nata has a relatively longer tarsus than the other species. 



Range. — North America; breeding in the Boreal Province, including 

 most of its southern "islands," especially in western United States; 

 south into Mexico in winter. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP ZONOTRICHIA. 



a. Chest not streaked or else snpraloral region more or less yellow. 

 6. Pileum without median stripe; chest without gray. (Great Plains, Texas to 



Myiarchusnitoba, etc. ) Zonotrichia querula (p. 331) 



hh. Pileum with a median light-colored stripe; chest gray or grayish, 

 c. Pileum with more or less of yellow on anterior portion. (Pacific coast; Cali- 

 fornia to Alaska. ) Zonotrichia corouata (p. 333) 



cc. Pileum without any yellow. 

 d. Snpraloral region not yellow; ground color of back not rusty brownish. 

 6. Lateral crown-stripes black. (Zonotrichia leucophrys, adults.) 

 /. Upper half of lores black, extending to anterior angle of eye. (Nearly 

 the whole of United States and more eastern parts of British America. ) 

 Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys, adult (p. 336) 

 ff. Whole loral region whitish, continuous with the superciliary stripe. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 331 



g. Paler; median crown-stripe (white or ashy) broader; streaks on back 

 chestnut or chestnut-brown on a light grayish ground; edge of wing 

 white. (Western United States except Pacific coast district, breed- 

 ing in Alaska.) Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii, adult (p. 339) 



gg. Darker; median crown-stripe narrower; streaks on back sooty brown 

 or blackish on an olivaceous ground color; edge of wing yellow. 

 (Pacific coast district, California to British Columbia.) 



Zonotrichia leucophrys nnttalli, adult (p. 342) 

 ee. Lateral crown-stripes chestnut. [Zonotrichia leucophrys, immature.) 

 /. Lores partly brown or dusky 



Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys, immature. 

 ff. Lores wholly light colored (pale ashy or dull light buffy) . 



g. Paler; median crown-stripe (light cinnamon or dull buffy) broader; 

 streaks on back chestnut or chestnut-brown on a paler and grayer 

 ground color; edge of wing white. 



Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii, immature. 



gg. Darker; median crown-stripe narrower; streaks on back sooty brown 



or blackish on a darker and more olivaceous ground color; edge of 



wing yellow Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli, immature. 



dd. Supraloral region yellow or yellowish; ground color of back rusty brown. 

 (Eastern North America, breeding northward; accidental westward.) 



Zonotrichia albicoUis (p. 343) 

 aa. Chest streaked with dusky. ( Young. ) 

 h. Lateral stripes of pileum grayish brown or olive, distinctly streaked with black- 

 ish; ground color of back pale buffy, or pale buffy olive, 

 c. Ground color of back pale dull buffy; under parts white or nearly so. 

 d. Lores brownish down to anterior angle of eye. 



Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys, young. 



dd. Lores wholly pale grayish Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii, young. 



cc. Ground color of back light buffy olive; under parts pale yellowish. 



Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli, young. 



bb. Lateral stripes of pileum warm sepia, vandyke brown, or chestnut-brown, not 



distinctly, if at all, streaked with dusky; ground color of back rusty brown. 



Zonotrichia albicollis, young. ^ 



ZONOTRICHIA QUERULA (Nuttall). 

 HARRIS'S SPARROW. 



Pileum black, without trace of median stripe; sides and flanks 

 light buffy brownish, more or less streaked with darker; no graj^ on 

 chest, etc. 



Adults (sexes afo'fe). -^-Pileum, malar region, chin, and throat uniform 

 black, this more or less extended over median portion of chest in the 

 form of a broad streaking or spotting; lores and suborbital region 

 mixed blackish and grayish or grayish buffy; sides of head (including 

 supra-auricular region) dull brownish buffy, becoming more grayish on 

 sides of neck and nearly white next to the black throat-patch, relieved 

 by an irregular blackish or dark brownish spot just back of upper pos- 

 terior portion of auricular region; hindneck more or less brownish, 



' The young of Z. querula and Z. coronata not seen. 




332 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



more or less varied with blackish; general color of upper parts light 

 broccoli brown or buffy hair brown, the back and scapulars broadly- 

 streaked with brownish black, these blackish streaks with a harrow 

 marginal suffusion of brown ; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped 

 with white or buff}' white, producing two distinct bands; under parts 

 (except chin, throat, and median portion of chest) white, becoming dull 

 brownish buffy on sides and flanks, where more or less streaked with 

 brown or dusky; under tail-coverts pale buffy with grayish brown cen- 

 tral (concealed) areas; bill light brownish (vinaceous or vinaceous-pink 

 in life?); iris brown; tarsi light brownish, toes slightly darker. 



Immature {young in first unnterf). — Pileum with feathers black cen- 

 trally, but more or less broadly margined with pale grayish buffy, pro- 

 ducing a conspicuously squamate effect; throat (sometimes chin also) 

 white, or mostlj- so, with more or less of black along each side; middle 

 of chest blotched or broadh' streaked with black or dark brown; other- 

 wise like adults. (Some specimens with fully developed black throat- 

 patch have the feathers of the pileum more or less tipped (not mar- 

 gined laterally) with pale gray or grayish white. These are possibly 

 younger birds.) (Young not seen.) 



Adult mafe.— Length (skins), 164.08-186.18 (176.78); wing, 87.12- 

 91.44 (89.15); tail, 79.76-85.8.') (83.57); exposed culmen, 12.70-13.21 

 (12.95); depth of bill at base, 8.89-9.65 (9.14); tarsus, 23.37-24.89 

 (24.38); middle toe, 16.00-17.78 (17.27).^ 



Adult female.— IjewgVii (skins), 169.16-176.58 (172.72); wing, 80.01- 

 85.09 (82.80); tail, 77.22-80.26 (78.99); exposed culmen, 12.19-12.95 

 (12.70); depth of bill at base, 8.64-9.65 (9.14); tarsus, 23.11-24.13 

 (23.62); middle toe, 16.00-17.27 (16.51).' 



Interior plains of North America, from eastern base of Rocky 

 Mountains to western Myiarchusssouri, Iowa, Myiarchusnnesota, Myiarchusnitoba, etc., 

 occasionally, during migration, to Illinois (Bloomington, Riverdale, 

 etc.) and Wisconsin (Racine) ; breeding range unknown;^ south in win- 

 ter to Texas (Navarro and Kendall counties, San Antonio, etc.); acci- 

 dental in British Columbia (Comox, Chilliwack, and New Victoria, 

 Vancouver Island), and Oregon. 



Fringilla querula Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Canada, 2d ed., i, 1840, 555 (near 

 Independence, Myiarchusssouri). 



Zonotrichiu querula Gambbl, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2dser., i, 1847, 51. — Baied, 

 in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 330 (Myiarchusssouri R. ) ; Rep. Pacific R. R. 

 Surv., ix, 1858, 462; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 348.— Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 488 

 (San Antonio, Texas, spring) . — Allen, Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 267, in text (Leav- 

 enworth, Kansas, Myiarchusy).— ^Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 7 (winter resident). — 

 CouBS, Check List, 1873, no. 185; 2d ed., 1882, no. 280; Birds N.W., 1874, 157; 



' Seven specimens. 



^ Doubtfully recorded as breeding near Fort Custer, Montana, and its supposed nest 

 and eggs described, by Myiarchusjor Charles Bendire, in The Auk, vi, 1889, 150. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 333 



Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr. , iv, 1878, 594 (Souris B., North Dakota, 

 Sept., Oct.; habits). — Baird, Brewek, and Ridgway, Hist. X. Am. Birds, i, 

 1874, 577, pi. 26, figs. 4, 7.— Scott, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 144 (Linn 

 Co., Kansas, and Johnson Co., Myiarchusssouri, Myiarchusr. to Myiarchusy 5; song, etc.). — Rob- 

 erts, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 154 (Myiarchusnneapolis, Myiarchusnnesota, Sept. 25 to 

 Oct. 15, and second and third vireeks in Myiarchusy). — MyiarchusChesney, Bull. U. S. Geol. 

 and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1880, 77 (Fort Sisseton, South Dakota).— Ridg- 

 way, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club., v, 1880, 30 (near Bloomington, Illinois, in spring 

 and Nov.) ; Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 205.— Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 

 vii, 1882, 38 (Kendall Co., Texas, winter).— Oqilby, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. 

 Soc, iii, 1882 (35) (Navarro Co., Texas, Nov. to Feb. ).— Cooke, Auk, i, 1884, 

 332 (distr. and migr. ) ; Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val. , 1888, 193 (localities, dates, etc. ) ; 

 Auk, xi, 1894, 183 (Colorado Springs, Colorado) ; Birds Colorado, 1897, 102 

 (Pueblo, 1 spec. Oct. 29). — Aqersborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 281 (s. e. South Dakota, 

 Myiarchusy 1-21, Oct. 1 to Nov. 1). ^American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 

 1886, no. 553.— Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 323 (Souris, Big Plain, and Red R., w. 

 Myiarchusnitoba, migr.). — Beckham, Auk, iv, 1887, 122 (Pueblo, Colorado, Oct. 29) ; 

 Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1888, 675 (San Antonio, Texas, winter). — Sharpe, 

 Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 597.— (?) Bendire, Auk, vi, 1889, 150 (Little 

 Horn R., near Fort Custer, Montana, breeding; descr. supposed nest and 

 eggs). — Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1891, 597 (Myiarchusnitoba, migr.; 

 song) . — Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 338 (San Antonio, Texas, winter resid. ).■ — 

 Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,1893, 49 (near Victoria, Vancouver I., 1 

 spec. Apr., 1891). — Fannin, Auk, xii, 1895, 76 (Comox, British Columbia, 

 1 spec. Nov. 20, 1894).— Brewster, Auk, xii, 1895, 182 (Chilliwack, British 

 Columbia, 2 specs. Jan. 9) . — Thorne, Auk, xii, 1895, 217 (Fort Keogh, Mon- 

 tana, Sept. 22 to Oct. 13) . — Dunn, Auk, xii, 1895, 395 (near Riverdale, n. e. 

 Illinois, 1 spec. Oct. 6) . — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 105, pi. 

 24, fig. 2. — Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 107 (Sumas, British Columbia, 2 specs. 

 Jkn. 10, 1895). 



[^Zonolrichia] guerula Bonaparte, Consp. Av. , i, 1850, 478. — Gray, Hand-list, ii, 

 1870, 92, no. 7380.— Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 145. 



Z.lonotrichia] querula Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 373. — Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., 

 viii, 1876, 108 (Racine, "Wisconsin, 1 spec. Myiarchusy, 1856) . — Coues, Key N. Am. 

 Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 384.— Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 415. 



JFHngilla comaia Myiarchusximilian, Beis. Nord-Amerika, ii, 1841, 352, footnote (Platte 

 R.); Journ.furOrn., 1858,279. 



IZcmotrichia] comata Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 479. 



Pringilla harrisii Audubon, Birds Am., oct. ed., vii, 1843, 331, pi. 484 (Upper 

 Myiarchusssouri). 



Zonotrichia harrisi Fannin, Auk, xii, July, 1895, 305 (Comox and Chilliwack, 

 British Columbia). 



ZONOTRICHIA CORONATA (Pallas). 

 GOlDEN-CRO'WTfED SPARROW. 



Crown more or less yellow. 



Adult male. — Pileum (down to upper margin of auricular region) 

 deep black, divided medially by a broad stripe of olive-yellow, chang- 

 ing rather abruptly to light gray on occiput; general color of upper 

 parts grayish olive-brown, the back and scapulars broadly streaked 

 with brownish black, these streaks with more or less of a marginal suf- 




334 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



fusion of chestnut-bro vn ; outer webs of innermost greater wing-coverts 

 and tertials inclining more or less to chestnut-brown; middle and 

 greater coverts tipped with white, forming two distinct bands; sides of 

 head dull grayish, the suborbital and malar regions sometimes flecked 

 with dusk}-; under parts dull brownish gray, somewhat paler on chin 

 and throat, nearly white on abdomen, light buffy brownish or pale 

 Isabella color on sides and flanks, which are sometimes obsoletely 

 streaked; under tail-coverts light grayish brown or drab, broadly mar- 

 gined with pale buffy; maxilla dusky, mandible paler; iris brown; 

 legs and feet pale brownish; length (skins), 150.88-181.10 (170.18); 

 wing, 75.95-83.31 (79.50); tail, 78.41-88.31 (76.20); exposed culmen, 

 11.18-18.21 (12.19); depth of bill at base, 7.87-8.13 (8.04); tarsus, 

 23.37-25.65 (24.48); middle toe, 17.02-18.29 (17.78).' 



Adult female. — Similar to the male, sometimes hardly distinguish- 

 able, but usually with the lateral black stripes of the pileum narrower 

 and less intensely black, the yellow of the crown-spot rather paler, 

 and the gray of occiput more or less streaked with dusky; length 

 (skins), 156.21-168.91 (168.58); wing, 73.66-80.52 (78.23); tail, 68.88- 

 82.55 (75.95); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.70 (11.94); depth of bill at 

 base, 7.62-7.87 (7.71); tarsus, 23.87-24.89 (24.18); middle toe, 15.75- 

 17.58 (17.02).' 



Immature {young in. first winter?). — Similar to adult female, but 

 without any lateral black stripe on pileum or well-defined median stripe, 

 the whole forehead and anterior portion of crown yellowish olive, more 

 or less flecked with dusky (sometimes with more or less indication of 

 a black lateral stripe), the posterior portion of the pileum light grayish 

 olive-brown, streaked with dusky. (Young not seen.) 



Pacific coast and Bering Sea districts of North America; breeding 

 on the Shumagin Islands, Alaska Peninsula, Kadiak, and more western 

 parts of the Alaskan mainland, including the shores of Bristol Bay, 

 Norton Sound, and Hotham Inlet (north to Kotzebue Sound), and 

 south ^ at least to the summit of White Pass and highlands about Lynn 

 Canal and Glacier Bay; migrating southward in winter through south- 

 fern Alaska, British Colmnbia, Washington, Oregon, and California, 

 to the San Pedro Myiarchusrtir Mountains, Lower California, the Santa Bar- 

 bara Islands, and (casually) Guadalupe Island; occasional straggler 

 eastward (West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, October; Colorado, 

 winter; Racine, Wisconsin, 3 specs., fall, 1854 and 1855, spring, 1856). 



^ Seven specimens. 



^ There are two alleged breeding records for California, but these are both almost cer- 

 tainly erroneous, and belong probably to Z. Uucoplirys nutlaUi. They are: Heermann, 

 Eep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 48 (said to breed at Sacramento); Brewer, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 42 (said to breed on MyiarchusCloud River, Shasta Co.). 

 In both cases the nest and eggs supposed to be of this species are described. 




BIKDS OF KOBTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 335 



[E^nberiza'] atricapilla Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 875, part (based on Slack- 

 crowned Bunting Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, 202, pi. 45'). — Latham, Index 

 Orn., i, 1790, 415. 



Fringilla atricapilla Audubox, Synopsis, 1839, 122; Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 47, pi. 394; 

 Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 162, pi. 193. 



Z. lonotrichia'] atricapilla Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 373. 



[Zonotrichia} atricapilla Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 93, iio. 7377. 



Zonotrichia atricapilla Heeemann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1852, 267 (Cali- 

 fornia, autumn). 



Emberiza co;-ona(a Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. , ii, 1826, 44, pi. 48 (Kadiak Island). 



Zonotrichia coronata Baisd, Hep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,461; Cat. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1859, no. 347.— Heeeman.n, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,x, pt. iv, 1859, 48 

 (California; said to bi'eed at Sacramento; descr. supposed nest and eggs).^ — 

 Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv. , xii, pt. ii, 1860, 201 (Oregon and 

 Washington, migratory). — Sclater, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1862, 113 (Califor- 

 nia) .— Coues, Ibis, 1866, 268 (southern California) ; Check List, 1873, no. 184; 

 2d ed., 1882, no. 279; Birds N. W., 1874, 159 (synonymy) .— Bkown, Ibis, 1868, 

 422 (Vancouver I.). — Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Soi., i, 1869, 

 284 (Sitka; Kadiak; British Columbia). —Cooper, Orn. CaL, 1870, 197.— Ball, 

 Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1873, 27 (Shumagin Islands, Alaska, breeding). — Baird, 

 Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 573, pi. 26, fig. 1. — Ridq- 

 WAY, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 37 (West Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Oct. 7); 

 Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 472 (do.); Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 208; Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. , xvi, 1893, 664 (Shumagin Islands and Kadiak, Alaska) . — Hen- 

 SHAW, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1876, 242 (mountains of s. California, 

 up to 7,000 ft, Oct., Nov. ).— (?) Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 42 

 (MyiarchusCloud R., Shasta Co., California, breeding; descr. nest and eggs);' Ibis, 

 1878, 117 (do.).— Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 416 (centr. Califor- 

 nia, Oct. 21 io Myiarchusy 1).— Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1882, 152 (Popoff I., 

 Shumagins, and Kadiak, Alaska, breeding). — Finsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 

 272 (Portage Bay, Alaska).— Nelson, Cruise "Corwin" in 1881 (1883), 71 

 (shores of Norton Sound, breeding); Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 

 190 (Sitka; Kadiak; Kenai; St. Myiarchuschaels, Myiarchusy 25 to Aug. 15; n. to Kotzebue 

 Sound). — MyiarchusLenegan, Cruise "Corwin", 1884, 115 (Hotham Inlet, Alaska, 

 breeding). — Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 174 (near St. Myiarchuschaels, 

 June; Fort Yukon, 1 spec; Kadiak). — Hoy, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. AVisc, 

 1885, 7 (Racine, Wisconsin, 3 specs, fall, 1853 and 1854, and spring, 1856). — 

 American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 557. — Anthony, 

 Auk, iii, 1886, 168 (Washington Co., Oregon, migrant); Zoe, iv, 1893, 241 

 (San Pedro Myiarchusrtir Mts., Lower California, winter). — Evbrmann, Auk, iii, 

 1886,182 (Ventura Co., California, winter) . — Bryant, Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., no. 

 6,1887,298 (Guadalupe I., Lower California, Feb., Myiarchusr.). — Emerson, Bull. 

 Cal. Ac. Sci., no. 7, 1887, 423 (Volcano Mts., San Diego Co., California, win- 

 ter). — Merrill, Auk, v, 1888, 358 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon, transient; 

 breeding?) .—Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 600 ("Aleutian 

 Islands," etc.)— Townsend, Proc.TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.,xiii, 1890, 139, 141 (Santa 

 Barbara and Santa Cruz islands, California, Feb.) . — Cooke, Birds Colorado, 

 1897, 102 (small flock, winter, 1889). — Grinnbll, Pub. i, Pasadena Acad. 



' Latham incidentally mentions the present species as a variety from Nootka Sound, 

 his "Black-crowned Bunting" being, essentially a totally different bird, said to be 

 from the Sandwich Islands. 



^Probably an error. 



' Identification doubtful, probably erroneous. 




336 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Sd., 1897, 18 (San Clemente I., California, Myiarchusr. 31); Pub. ii, 1898, 37 (Los 

 Angeles Co., California, up to 5,000 ft.; Sept. 24 to Myiarchusy 9). 



\_Zonotriehia] coronnia Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 145. 



Z.lmotrichia'] coronaia Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 108 (Racine, Wis- 

 consin, 1 spec. Apr., 1858).— Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 383.— 

 KiDGWAY, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 416. 



Fringilla aurocapUla Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Canada, 2d ed., i, 1840, 555 

 (near Fort Vancouver, Washington; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). 



Zonotrichia aurocapUla Bonap.vhte, Geog. and Oomp. List, 1838, 32. — Gambel, 

 Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 51 (California).— Newberry, Eep. Pacific 

 R. R. Surv., vi, pt. iv, 1857, 88 (San Francisco, California, winter). 



Z-lonotrichia] auricapilla Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 373. 



[Zonotrichia'] auricapsVfa Bonaparte, Consp. Av. , i, 1850, 478 (California). 



Z.lonotrichia] galapagoensis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, July 15, 1850, 479(" Gaiar 

 • pagos," i. e., California; Paris Myiarchuss.; see Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.,ix, 

 1876,491). 



{Zonotrichia'] galapagoemis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 94, no. 7380. 



ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS LEUCOPHRYS (Forster). 

 WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW. 



Adult male. — Pileum with two broad lateral bands of deep black, 

 inclosing a median one of white or grayish white of approximately 

 equal width; black of forehead descending over upper half, or more, 

 of lores and extending posteriorly to the anterior angle of the eye; a 

 white or grayish white supra-auricular stripe, extending anteriorly 

 above the eye nearly or quite as far as its anterior angle; below this a 

 narrow postocular stripe or streak of black, terminating on side of 

 nape; hindneck, sides of neck, and auriculars plain gray, the first 

 sometimes obsoletely streaked with brown; back and scapulars light 

 gray, or brownish gray, broadly streaked with chestnut-brown or 

 Vandyke brown; rump and upper tail-coverts plain hair brown; tail 

 dark hair brown with paler edgings; middle and greater wing-coverts 

 dusky grayish brown, edged with pale hair brown and tipped with 

 white, forming two distinct bands; tertials dusky, margined termi- 

 nally with whitish, this passing into chestnut-brown toward basal por- 

 tion of outer webs; the innermost greater coverts also edged with 

 chestnut-brown; primaries dusky hair brown narrowly edged with 

 paler; sides of head and neck (including lower half of lores), and chest 

 uniform rather light gray (olive-gray or inclining to smoke gray), 

 fading into nearly white on throat, chin, and abdomen; sides and 

 flanks pale buffy bi'own, the under tail-coverts pale buffy or buffy 

 whitish with indistinct darker (concealed) central areas; bill cinnamon- 

 brownish with tip of maxilla dusky; iris brown; tarsi light brownish, 

 toes usually darker; length (skins), 148.34-171.20 (160.53); wing, 

 75.69-83.31 (80.01); tail, 68.07-82.04 (74.68); exposed culmen, 10.92- 

 11.94 (11.43); depth of bill at base, 7.11-8.38 (7.62); tarsus, 22.10-23.88 

 (23.37); middle toe, 14.99-17.78 (16.76).' 



' Thirteen specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



337 



Adult female. — Similar to the male and sometimes indistinguishable, 

 but usually with the median crown-stripe rather narrower and grayer, 

 the occipital portion, and also the supi'a-auricular stripe, distinctly 

 gray; length (skins), 152.65-168.66 (159.26); wing, 73.41-S0.52 (76.71); 

 tail, 68.33-76.45 (72.39); exposed culmen, 10.41-11.94 (11.18); depth 

 of bill at base. 7.11-8.13 (7.37); tarsus, 21.34-24.38 (23.11); middle 

 toe. 14.99-17.27 (16.00).^ 



fill iiiatio'e [young m flrduHiiterf). — Similar to adults, but lighter 

 streaks of back, etc. , dull buffy instead of gray; lateral stripes of pileum 

 and postocLilar streak chestnut instead of black; median crown-stripe 

 light cinnamon or wood brown instead of white, and gray of under 

 parts more or less suffused with buffy. 



Youiuj hi fir d 'plAiiiiiuje. — Lateral stripes of pileum light brown, 

 streaked with dusky; median stripe pale buff' or buffy whitish, 

 streaked with dusky; under parts dull buffy whitish, the chest, sides 

 of throat, sides, etc., streaked with dusky; upper portion of lores 

 (down to anterior angle of eye) brownish, like forehead; otherwise 

 much like young in first winter, but streaks on back, and scapulars 

 blackish instead of chestnut-brown. 



More eastern British Provinces and greater part of United States; 

 breeding from Vermont (Rutland), Province of Quebec (near city of 

 Quebec, Point de Monts, etc.), northeastern Myiarchusnnesota (?), etc., north- 

 ward to west side of Hudson Bay (Severn River, Albany Fort, etc.), 

 and over peninsula of Labrador to southern Greenland, and through- 

 out the high mountain districts of the western United States, from 

 the main Rocky Mountain ranges to the Sierra Nevada, including the 

 intermediate Uintah and Wahsatch ranges; breeding southward to 

 New Mexico and Arizona (San Francisco Mountains), north wai-d to 



^ Fifteen specimens. 

 Eastern and western specimens compare in average measurements as follows: 



Locality. 



MALES. 



Seven adult males from Fort Cliimo, 

 Ungava 



Six adult males from Colorado, Califor- 

 nia, etc 



FEMALES. 



Seven adult females from Fort Cliimo, 

 District of Columbia, etc 



Eight adult females from California, 

 Utah, etc 



Wing. 



78.23 

 81.79 



Tail, 



71.88 

 77.98 



77. 22 71. 6 



76.20 ! 71.8 



Exposed 

 culmen. 



11.43 

 11.43 



11.18 

 11.18 



Depth of 

 bill at 

 base. 



7.62 



7.62 



7.62 

 7.37 



23.11 

 23.62 



23.11 

 23.11 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



16.26 

 17.27 



16.00 

 16.00 



I am unable to detect the slightest difference in coloration between eastern and 

 western specimens. 



17024—01 22 




338 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



northern California (Mount Shasta, etc.); migrating southward over 

 greater part of eastern United States, over Mexican plateau as far 

 as States of Sinaloa (Culiacan), Guanajuato, and ^Mexico, and through- 

 out peninsula of Lower California. 



Jimherizd . Uucophrys Forster, Philos. Trans., Ixii, 1772, 403 (Severn E. and 

 Albany Fort, Hudson Bay). 



Emherkd leucophrys Forster, Philos. Trans., xlii, 1772, 426 (Hudson Bay). — 

 Wilson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 49, pi. 31, fig. 4. 



[Emberiza'] leucophrys Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. ii, 1788, 874. — Latham, Index 

 Orn., i, 1790, 413. 



Fringilla leucophrys Bonaparte, Synopsis, 1828, 107. — Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. 8. 

 and Canada, i, 1832, 479.— Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 88; v, 1839, 515, 

 pi. 114; Synopsis, 1839, 121; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 157, pi. 192. 



Fringilla {Zonotrichia) leucophrys SwAisaoN, Fauna Bor.-Ain., li, 1831, 255. 



Z.[onotrichia] levcojihryx Swainson, Fauna Bor. -Am., ii, 1831, .493. — Gray, Gen. 

 Birds, ii, 1849, 373. — Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 107 (n. e. Illinois, 

 Myiarchusr. 20 to Myiarchusy 15, Sept. 20 to Oct. 25).— Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 

 1884, 383.— RIDGWAY, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 415. 



Zonotrichia leucophrys Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., ii, 1832, 43. — Boxaparte, 

 Geog. and Gomp. List, 1838, 32. — Newberry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vii, pt. 

 iv.,1857, 87, part (n. California and Oregon, summer). — Baird, Rep. Pacific 

 R.R.Surv., ix, 1858, 458, 927 (Fort Bridger, Wyoming); ed. 1860 ("Birds 

 N.Am."), atlas, pi. 69, fig. 2; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 

 1859, 15 (Tamaulipas; Brownsville and Frontera, Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 

 1859, no. 345; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 301, 304 (Cape St. Lucas, 

 Lower California). — Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, 7 (Greenland, breeding). — 

 Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 223 (coast Labrador, breeding; habits; 

 song); Check List, 1873, no. 183; 2d ed., 1882, no. 276;. Birds N. W., 1874, 

 157.— Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 112 (Ohio) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 

 174 (Valley of Mexico).— Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 6 (e. of Rocky Mts., 

 British N. A.); 1863, 76 (same as preceding). — Butcher, Proc. Ac. Xat. Sci., 

 1868, 149 (Laredo, Texas, Dec. to Apr.).— DuGi:s, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 148 ' 

 (Guanajuato, Mexico). — Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 196 (Cape St. Lucas). — 

 Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool. , iii, 1872, 127, 156, 163, 177 (e. Kansas, IMyiarchusy; 

 mountains of Colorado, up to timber line). — Myiarchusynard, Proc. Bost. Soc. X. H., 

 xiv, 1872, 372 (Quebec, breeding) .—Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 

 172 (Wahsatch Mts., Utah, breeding); vii, 1875, 33 (do.); Orn. 40th 

 Parallel, 1877, 470 (Wahsatch and Uintah mts., Utah, breeding); Nom. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 206. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. X. 

 Am. Birds, i,' 1874, 566, pi. 25, figs. 9, 10.— Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. 

 Wheeler's Surv., 1874, 61 (South Park, Colorado, breeding), 112 (Bowie, 

 etc., Arizona, Oct.); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 260 (localities in 

 Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Arizona); 1876, 241 (Mount Whitney, s. Cali- 

 fornia, Sept.). — Newton, Myiarchusn. Nat. Hist. Greenl., 1875, 99 (breeding in s. 

 Greenland). — Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 121 ( descr. young) . — 

 Sennbit, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 19 (Brownsville, 

 Texas, Myiarchusr., Apr.).— Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 120 (Fort 

 Brown, Texas, winter). — Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 195 (Rut- 

 land, Vermont, breeding). — Belding, Proc. U. S. JSfat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 415 

 (Summit Meadows, California, Sept.); v, 1883, 531 (CerrosL, Lower Cali- 

 fornia, April), 540 (La Paz, Lower California, Myiarchusy 1; Calaveras and Alpine 

 counties, California, breeding above 7,000ft.).— Scott, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 

 iv, 1879, 94 (mountains of Colorado, breeding). — Myiarchusnot, Bull. Nutt. Oru. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 339 



Club, V, 1880, 229 (mountains of Colorado, breeding). — Drew, Bull. Nutt. 

 Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 138 (San ,Tuan Co., Colorado, breeding). — Mekeiam, 

 Bull. Nut. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 236 (Point de Monts, prov. Quebec, breed- 

 ing); North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 125 (Mount Shasta, n. California, 

 breeding near timber line). — Bick.vbll, Auk, i, 1884, 330 (song). — Law- 

 rence (N. T.), Auk, ii, 1885, 272 (Far Rockaway, Long I., 1 spec. Myiarchusy 30).— 

 Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, 1885, 241 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, breed- 

 ing).— Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 218 (n. e. California, 

 breeding). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 554. — 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 369. — Sharpe, Cat. 

 Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 60.3, part (includes Z. I. gambdi). — Cooke, Bird 

 Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 195 (localities and dates).— Mearns, Auk, \\\, 1890, 

 259 (San Francisco Mt., Arizona, breeding). — Palmer (W.), Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., xiii, 1890, 264 (Black Bay, Labrador, breeding).— Hatch, Birds Myiarchusn- 

 nesota, 1892, 320 (breeding in n. e. Myiarchusnnesota).— Cory, Auk, ix, 1892, 273 

 (Cuba); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 111, 147 (Cuba).— Fisher, N. Am. Fauna, 

 no. 7, 1893, 88 (Sierra Nevada and White Mts., California, breeding). — 

 Nehrlixg, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 108, pi. 24, fig. 4. — Braislin, 

 Auk, XV, 1898, 58 (Parkville, Long I., Apr. 10). 



Zonotrachia leucophrys Myiarchusynard, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 516. 



[Zonotrinhia] ?e«cop/ir!/s Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 478. — Gray, Hand-list, 

 ii, 1870, 93, no. 7375.— Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 145.— Sclater and 

 Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 31. 



[Zonotrichia leucophrys] var. leucophrys Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 

 Am. Birds, i, 1874, 566. 



Zonotrlchia intermedia (not Z. leucophrys var. intermedia Ridgway, 1873) Ridgway, 

 Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 471, part (Summit Meadows, California, breeding; 

 see Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1883, 540, footnote). 



Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia, Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 173 

 (Summit Meadows, breeding) . 



(?) Spizella maxima Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 922, footnote 

 (Mexico). 



ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS GAMBELII (Nuttall). 

 SAMBEL'S SPARROW. 



Similar in coloration to Z. I. leucophrys^ but lores entirely whitish, 

 thus making the light-colored superciliary stripe continuous to the bill; 

 bill more yellowish, the mandible, in life, saffron yellow, purer yellow 

 basally; measurements averaging slightly less. 



Adult male.— \i&ng\h (skins), 148.34-164.85 (165.46);' wing, T6.45- 

 83.31 (78.99); tail, 65.58-74.17 (70.87); exposed culmen, 9.91-11.18 

 CIO. 67); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.37 (7.27); tarsus, 21.34-23.62 

 (22.86): middle toe, 15.49-17.02 (16.26).^ 



^^wfe/emafe.— Length (skins), 145.80-168.58 (153.92);^ wing, 73.66- 

 82.56 (75.95); tail, 67.06-74.42 (69.85); exposed culmen, 9.91-10.92 

 (10.67); depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.11 (7.11); tarsus, 21.84-22.35 

 (22.10); middle toe, 14.99-16.00 (15.49).^ 



'Length of fresh specimens before skinning, 167.64-179.07. 



^ Seven specimens. 



'Length of fresh specimens before skinning, 165.10-177.80. 




340 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Western North America; breeding from Montana (Traills CreeJi, 

 etc.), eastern Oregon (Camp Harney)?, etc., northward, between coast 

 mountains of British Columbia and Alaska and the interior plains to 

 the lower Myiarchusckenzie and Anderson River valleys, thence westward 

 thi'oughout Alaska to the coast of Bering Sea (Bristol Bay to Kowak 

 Ri\'er) ; in winter, southward across western United States into Mexico 

 (as far as San Luis Potosi and Myiarchuszatlan) and throughout Lower Cali- 

 fornia and outlying islands; straggling eastward across the Great 

 Plains to eastern Texas, Kansas (Myiarchusnhattan, Wallace, etc.), Iowa, and 

 Myiarchusnnesota (Myiarchusnneapolis). 



Fringilla gambelii Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Canada, 2d ed., i, 1840, 556 

 (Fort Walla Walla, Washington, last of August). — Gambel, Proc. Ac. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 1843, 262, part (New Mexico). 



Zonotrichia gambelii Gambel, Journ. Ac. Xat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, Dec, 1847, 50, 

 part.— Baied, Eep. Pacific R. E. Surv., ix, 1858, 460, part, 927 (Fort Bridger, 

 Wyoming), ed. 1860 ("Birds N.Am."), atlas, pi. 69, fig. 1; Eep. U.S. and 

 Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 15 (San Elizario, etc., Texas, Dec); Cat. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 346, part. — Hebemann, Eep. Pacific R. E. Surv., x, 

 pt. iv, 1859, 48, part (New Mexico; Texas). — Kenneely, Eep. Pacific E. E. 

 Surv., X, pt. vi, 1859, 28 (New Mexico; Arizona).— Dall and Bannisteh, 

 Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 284 (St. Myiarchuschaels, Nulato, Fort Yukon, etc., 

 Alaska) .—CooPEE, Orn. Cal., 1870, 195, part.— Stevenson, Prelim. Eep. U.S. 

 Geol. Surv., 1870 (1871), 464 (Green R., Fort Bridger, etc., Wyoming). 



Zonotrichia gambeli Bated, in Stansbury's Eep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 330 (Columbia 

 E.).— Deessee, Ibis, 1865, 488 (San Antonio, Texas, winter).— Coues, Proc. 

 Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 84 (Fort Whipple, Arizona; " resident " i) .— 

 HoLDBN, Proc Bost. Soc N. H., xv, 1872, 199 (Wyoming).— (?) Bbndiee, 

 Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 118 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, breeding).- 

 Baied, Beewee, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, pi. 25, figs. 11, 12. 



Z.[onotrichia\ gambeli Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 157, footnote 

 (Colorado; crit. ). 



Z. lonotrichia] gambelii Geay, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 373. 



[Zonotrichia'] gambelii Bonaparte, Consp. Av.,i, 1850, 478.— Gray, Hand-list, ii, 

 1870, 93, no. 7396. 



Zonotrichia leucophryx var. gambeli Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., 'iii, July, 1872, 

 167 (Ogden, Utah).— Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N; Am. Birds, i, 

 1874, 569, part. 



[Zonotrichia leucophryg] var. gambeli Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 177 

 (Ogden, Utah). 



Zonotrichia leucophrys . . . var. gambeli Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 183a, part. 



Zonotrichia leucophrys var. gambelii Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N'. H., ii, 1874, 277 

 (Myiarchuszatlan, w. Mexico, winter). 



(7) Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii Finsch, Journ. fur Orn., 1883, 272 (Portage Bay, 

 Alaska, Myiarchusy 22) . 



IZonotricha leucophrys.} Var. gambelii Coues, Key X. Am. Birds, 1872, 145, part. 



Z.\_onotrichia] leucophrys y&t. gambelii Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 

 170, in text (Wahsatch Mts., Utah, fall) . 



Zonotrichia leucophrys, var. intermedia Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 

 182 {nomen nudum; Colorado); v, Dec, 1873, 198 ("Myiarchusddle Province of 

 the U. S., north to Alaska in the interior" ^).— Coues, Birds N. AV., 1874, 



• Undoubtedly an error. ^Xype from Ft. Kenai, Alaska, Myiarchusy. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 341 



156. — Baied, Brbwee, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 514. — 

 Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Coll. Wheeler's Surv., 1876, 241 (s. California, Sept. 

 to Nov.). 



Zonotrichia leucophrys . . . var. intermedia Coues, Check List, 1874, 129 (no. 

 1836) .—Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1874, 62 (Denver, 

 Colorado, Myiarchusy 7-10'), 113 (localities in New Mexico and Arizona, Sept., 

 Oct.); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 261, pi. 7, flg. 2 (localities in Utah, 

 Arizona, and New Mexico, Sept., Oct.). 



Zonotrichia intermedia Yarrow and Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 

 1871-73 (1874), 35 (Nevada) .—Ridgway, Field and Forest, iii, 1877, 198 

 (Colorado); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 471, part (localities in Nevada and 

 Utah, winter).— Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 126 (Fort Brown, 

 Texas, winter).— Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 415 (Summit 

 Meadows and Soda Springs, California, autumn). — Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i,,1886, 370 (Myiarchuszatlan). — American Ornithologists' 

 Union, Check List, 1886, no. 555. — Henshaw, Auk, iii, 1886, 74 (upper 

 Pecos R., New Mexico, migr.). — Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 

 173 (St. Myiarchuschaels, Kuskokvim, and Nushagak). — Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. 

 Coll. Alaska, 1887, 189 (habits, song, etc.).— Townsend, Auk, iv, 1887, 12 

 (Kowak R., Alaska); Cruise "Corwin^', 1885 (1887), 93 (do.).— Cooke, 

 Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 196 (Myiarchusnhattan and Wallace, Kansas; Iowa; 

 Myiarchusnneapolis, Myiarchusnnesota, etc.). — Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 

 1891, 36 (e. side Cascade Mts.). 



IZonoirichia leucophrys'] var. intermedia 'Nelsot^, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, Dec, 1876, 

 107 (Racine, Wisconsin, 1 spec. Apr. 20, 1871). 



Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia (not of Ridgway, 1874') Coues, Bull. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., no. 7, 1877, 11 (Coronados Islands, Lower California); Bull. U. S. Geol. 

 and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 594 (Souris R., North Dakota, Aug., Sept.); 

 Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 277.— Roberts, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 

 153 (Myiarchusnneapolis, Myiarchusnnesota, 2 specs. Oct. 5, 1873; Myiarchusy 17, 1878; 2 specs. 

 Myiarchusy 6, 1879).— Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 

 391 (Lometa, Texas, Apr. 10).— Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 128 

 (Walla Walla, Washington); Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., v, 1893, 38 (localities 

 in n. e. Sonora, Sept., Oct., Nov.; San Diego, n. w. Chihuahua, Apr.). — 

 Myiarchuscfaklane, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 422 (lower Anderson and 

 Myiarchusckenzie river districts, breeding; descr. nest). — Goss, Birds Kansas, 

 1891, 456 (whole State, rare in e. part). — Richmond and Knowlton, Auk, 

 xi, 1894, 306 (Traills Creek, Montana, breeding).— Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., xvi, 1894, 779 (San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Nov. 20). — American Orni- 

 thologists' Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 554a. — Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. 

 Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 416. — Grinnell, Pub. i, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 

 17 (San Clemente I., California, Myiarchusr. 28 to Apr. 3); Pub. ii, 1898, 37 (Los 

 Angeles Co., California, Sept. 15 to Myiarchusy 3). 



Z.\onotrichia] l.{_eucophrys'\ intermedia Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 

 383. 



Zonotrichia gamheli intermedia Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 

 1880,179; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 267a; Proc. U. S. Nart. Myiarchuss., v, 

 1883, 533, footnote (San Jos^ del Cabo and San Nicolas, Lower Calllornia, 

 Nov., Oct.).— Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882,38 (Kendall Co., 

 Texas, winter) . — Allen and Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 191 

 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, April). — Nelson, Cruise "Corwin" in 1881, 

 1883, 70 (coast north of Alaska peninsula to Kotzebue Sound; habits). — 



'Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 173 (Summit Meadows, Donner Pass, California, 

 Breeding; = Z. leucophrys !) 




342 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES' NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



MyiarchusLenegan, Cruise "Oorwin", 1884,115 (Kowak R., Alaska, breeding).— 



Goss, Auk, i, 1884, 100 (Wallace, Kansas, Oct. 12 to 16; Myiarchusnhattan, Kansas, 



1 spec. Oct. 9, 1883).— Myiarchusrdoch, in Rep. Point Barrow Exp., 1885, 107 



(Point Barrow, Alaska, 1 .spec. Sept. 14).— Townsend, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. 



Myiarchuss., xiii, 1890, 139, 141 (Santa Barbara and Santa Cruz islands, California, 



Feb.). 

 Zonotrichia leucophrys (not Emberiza leucophrys Forster) Newberry, Bep. Pacific 



B. B. Surv., vii, pt. iv, 1857,87, part.— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 



1888, 603, part. 

 Fringilla pennsylvanica (not of Latham) Adams, Ibis, 1878,425 (St. Myiarchuschaels, 



Alaska). 

 Zonotrichia leucophrys nutlalli (not of Ridgway) Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, 



Phila., 1900, 33 (Point Barrow, Alaska, spec. June 10). 



ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS NUTTALLI Ridgway. 

 NUTTALL'S SPARROW. 



Similar to Z. I. gambelil in uninterrupted superciliary stripe, but 

 coloration much darker and size slightly smaller; darker streaks on 

 back and scapulars very dark brown, sometimes sooty blackish, the 

 paler streaks (even in summer adults) light olivaceous instead of gray; 

 median crown-stripe (dull white or pale grayish in adults, pale cinna- 

 mon in immature birds) much narrower than the lateral black (in 

 adults) or chestnut (in immature) stripes; gray of under parts much 

 didler or browner, edge of wing more decidedly yellow, and bill 

 clearer yellow. Young similar to that of Z. I. gambeUi^ but ground 

 color of upper parts light buffy olive or Isabella color, that of under 

 parts pale yellowish. 



AdAdt mafe.— Length (skins), 148.84-169.42 (159.51); wing, 71.88- 

 75.18 (74.17); tail, 68.07-75.18 (71.63); exposed culmen, 10.41-11.94 

 (11.18); depth of bill at base, 7.37-7.62 (7.47); tarsus, 22.35-24.38 

 (23.37); middle toe, 16.26-17.27' (16.76).' 



Admit female.— Length (skins), 136.65-162.56 (150.88); wing, 67.56- 

 70.87 (69.34); tail, 63.60-69.84 (66.04); exposed culmen, 9.91-11.94 

 (11.18); depth of bill at base, 7.37-7.62 (7.48); tarsus, 22.10-23.88 

 (22.86); middle toe, 15.75-17.02 (16.51).' 



Pacific coast district, breeding from Monterey, California, to Fort 

 Simpson, British Columbia; south, in winter to San Pedro Myiarchusrtir 

 Mountains, Lower California. 



Fringilla gambdii (not of Nuttall) Gambbl, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1843, 262, 

 part (California). 



Zonotrichia gambelii Gambel, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, 50, part 

 (California). — Baird, Bep. Pacific B. B. Surv., ix, 1858, 460, part; Cat. N. 

 Am. Birds, 1859, no. 346, part. — Heermann, Bep. Pacific B. B. Surv., x, 

 pt. iv, 1859, 48, part (San Francisco, California, breeding). — Sclateh, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 237 (Vancouver I.). — Cooper and Shckley, Bep. 

 Pacific B. B. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 201, part (Straits of Fuca, Puget Sound, 

 etc.).— Lord, Proc. Boy. Art. Inst. Woolw., iv, 1864, 119 (British Colum- 

 bia).— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 195, part. 



' Seven specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 343 



Zonotrichia gambeli Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. AVheeler's Surv., 1876, 242 (Mount 

 Whitney, g. California, 2 specs. Sept. 1?).— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 iii, 1880, 179; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 207.— Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 

 1882, no. 278.— American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 

 556.— Anthony, Auk, iii, 1886, 168 (Washington Co., Oregon, breeding).— 

 Evermann, Auk, iii, 1886, 182 (Ventura Co., California, winter).— Fannin, 

 Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 36 (w. side Cascade Mts.). 



Z-lonoirichia'] gambeli Coves, Key 1^. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 383.— Ridgway, 

 Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 416. 



IZonoirkhia leiKOphrys.] Var. gamhelii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 145, part. 



Zonotrichia leucophrys, . . . var. gambeli Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 183a, part. 



Zonolrichia leucophryu, var. gambeli Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, i, 1874, 569, part; iii, 514 (crit.).— Hbnshaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th 

 Merid., 1875, pi. 7, fig. 1. 



Z.[_onotric]na} leucophrys gambeli 'Rihgw w , Auk, vii, Jan., 1890, 96 (crit.); Myiarchusn. 

 N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 416. 



Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 20, 1883, 351. — 

 American Ornithologists' Union Co.mmittee, Aux, vii, Jan., 1890, 65; Check 

 List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 5546.— Palmer (T. S.), Auk, ix, 1892, 309 (coast from 

 San Francisco to British Columbia) . — Anthony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 241 (San Pedro 

 Myiarchusrtir Mts., Lower California, winter j. 



Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii Ghinnell, Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. 8ci., 1898, 37 

 (Los Angeles, California, 1 spec. Jan. 13). 



[Zonotrichia leucophrys.] Subsp. a. Zonotrichia gambeli Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 606 (Fort Simpson, Esquimault, San Juan I., Saturna I., 

 and Vancouver I., British Columbia, etc.). 



Fiingilla leucophrys (not Emberiza leucophrys Fqrster) Ndttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. 

 and Canada, 2d ed., i, 1840, 553, part (Santa Barbara, California, Apr. 13). 



Zonotrichia leucophrys Heermann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., ii, 1852, 266 (San 

 Francisco, California, breeding). — Newberry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 

 pt. iv., 1857, 87, part (San Francisco, California). 



Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli Ridgway, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 36 (type from 

 Santa Cruz, mid. coast, California; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



ZONOTRICHIA ALBICOLLIS (Gmelin). 

 WHITE-THROATED SPARROW. 



Adult male. — Pileum black (more or less mixed or tinged with brown 

 posteriorly}, divided medially by a line or narrow stripe of white; a 

 broad superciliary stripe bright yellow anteriorly (from bill to above 

 eyes), white posteriorly: a broad postocular streak of black; auricular 

 and suborbital regions plain gray; lores paler gray; a conspicuous 

 patch covering chin, upper throat and greater part of malar region 

 white, margined above by a more or less distinct rictal streak of 

 blackish, this white patch abruptly defined below against the gray 

 (paler than that on sides of head) of lower throat and chest, which 

 passes into a more brownish hue on sides and flanks, the latter more 

 or less streaked with grayish brown; breast, abdomen, and under tail- 

 coverts white, the latter with pale brown central (concealed) spaces; 

 back and scapulars rusty brown streaked with black, the feathers 

 more or less edged exteriorly with pale brownish gray; rump and 

 upper tail-coverts light olive or hair brown; tail deeper hair brown 




344 BULLETIN" 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



edged with paler (broccoli brown) ; middle and greater wing-coverts 

 tipi^ed with whitish, forming two narrow bands, the posterior one 

 sometimes rather indistinct; innermost greater wing-coverts and ter- 

 tials edged with rusty brown or chestnut, blackish centralh-; second- 

 aries edged with duller brown; primaries, primarj^ coverts, and 

 outermost greater coverts edged with lighter and more grayish brown; 

 edge of wing pale j^ellow; maxilla dusky, mandible paler (bluish gray 

 in life, tinged with lilaceous basally); iris brown; tarsi pale brownish, 

 toes slightly darker; length (skins), 155.45-166.88 (160.78);^ wing, 

 72.39-77.22 (74.68); tail, 71.12-76.20 (73.15); exposed culmen, 10.67- 

 12.19 (11.43); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.13 (7.87); tarsus, 22.86- 

 24.64 (23.62); middle toe, 16.26-17.27 (16.76).' 



Adult female. — Not always distinguishable from the adult male, but 

 usually with coloration of head and under parts decidedly duller; the 

 black crown-stripes more tinged or streaked with brown; the median 

 crown-stripe and posterior portion of superciliary stripe grayish or 

 buffy; the yellow supraloral stripe duller; white throat-patch more 

 restricted, sometimes sparselj' flecked with duskj" and often separated 

 from the white of malar region by a dusky streak; graj' of lower 

 throat and chest duller, the sides of breast usually more or less streaked 

 with brown or dusky; length (skins), 150.ll-i60.27 (153.67); wing, 

 69.60-73.15 (71.12); tail, 68.07-73.66 (69.60); exposed culmen, 11.18- 

 11.68 (11.43); depth of bill at base, 7.37-7.87 (7.62); tarsus, 22.35- 

 23.88 (23.11); middle toe, 15.24-16.51 (16.00).' 



Irrvmature (young in first winter"). — Similar in coloration to the more 

 dull-colored adult females, but still duller; the dark crown-stripes 

 more brown than black, the yellow supraloral space less distinct, the 

 white throat-patch usually less sharply defined anteriorlj', the gray of 

 chest paler and duller and usually more or less streaked with duskj'. 



Young. — Pileum nearly or quite uniform warm sepia or vandyke 

 brown divided by a median narrow stripe of dull butfy or buffy 

 whitish; no yellow over lores; lower throat, chest, and sides of breast 

 pale dull buffy streaked with dusky; otherwise essentially like adults. 



[Easily distinguished from the young of Z. Jeucophrys by the deeper 

 and more uniform brown of the lateral crown-sti'ipes, and more rusty 

 general coloration of back and wings.] 



Eastern North America; breeding from Myiarchusssachusetts (Framing- 

 ham, Wakefield?, Graylock Mountain, Mount Wachusett, etc.), north- 

 ern New York (Lewis County), Ontario, northern Myiarchuschigan, north- 

 eastern Wj'oming, eastern Montana, etc., northward to Great Bear 

 Lake, west shores of Hiidson Bay, Labrador, etc. ; south in winter to 

 Florida and southern Texas; occasional straggler westward to Oregon 

 (The Dalles) and California (Stockton, Hay wards, Santa Ynez, Pasadena, 

 Sonoma, etc.). 



' Length before skinning, about .177.80-194.31. ^Seven specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 345 



[Fringilla] albicollis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788,921 (based on White- 

 throated Sparroiv, Passer gutture alho Edwards, Gleanings Nat. Hist., ii, 198, 

 pi. 304).— LiCHTENSTEiN, Verz. DoubL, 1823,25. 



Fringilla albicollis Wilson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 51, pi. 22, fig. 2. 



Z-lonotrichia} albicollis Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 288. — Geay, Gen. 

 Birds, ii, 1849, 373.— Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, 1851, 132.— Nelson, Bull. 

 Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 108,-152 (n. e. Illinois, "a few bree.ling").— Coues, 

 Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 382.— Ridgway, :Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 

 1887, 417. 



[ZonotrichiaJ albicollis Bonaparte, Gonsp. Av., 1,1850,478. — Gray, Hand-list, 

 ii, 1870, 93, no. 7378.— Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 144. 



Zonotrichia albicollis Baied, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,463; Cat. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1859, no. 349.— Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 113 (Philadelphia) .— 

 Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 6 (Forks of Saskatchewan); 1863,76 (e. of L. Win- 

 nipeg until Sept. 15; breeding on the Saskatchewan and at Great Bear 

 Lake). — Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 52 (Aberdeen, Scotland, 1 

 spec. Aug. 17, 1867).— Gray (R.), Birds W. Scotland, 1871,138, pi. (Aber- 

 deen, Scotland).— Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871,279 (e. Florida, 

 winter). — Rowley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1872,681 (Brighton, England, 1 

 spec. Myiarchusr. 22, 1872) .—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 7.— Coues, Check List, 

 1873, no. 182; 2d ed., 1882, no. 275; Birds N. W., 1874, 151.— Baird, 

 Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 574, pi. 26, fig. 10. — 

 Myiarchusynard, Birds Florida, pt. iv, 1878,98 (Florida in winter). — Brewster, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 128 (descr. young) .-Merrill, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 126 (Fort Brown, Texas, 1 spec. Myiarchusy 11).— Brown, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,107 (Cumberland Co., Myiarchusine; breeding); Auk, i, 

 1884, 122 (Kendall Co., Texas, Myiarchusr., Apr.).— Browne, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, V, 1880,52 (Framingham, e. Myiarchusssachusetts; breeding). — IMehriam, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881,230 (Lewis Co., n. New York, breeding).— 

 Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 209. — Ogilby, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. 

 Soc, iii, 1882 (36), (Navarro Co., Texas, Nov. to Myiarchusr. ). — Hoffman, Proc. Bost. 

 Soc. N. H., 1882,399 (Fort Berthold, North Dakota).— Salvin, Cat. Strick- 

 land Coll., 1882, 229.— Ridgway, Auk, ix, 1892,302 (Stockton, California, 1 

 spec. Apr. 22, 1892).— Nehrling, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 12 (s. e. 

 Texas, winter) ; Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 115, pi. 24, fig. 3. — Farley, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 122 (Worcester, Myiarchusssachusetts, Dec, Jan. ).— 

 British Ornithologists' Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 63 (Aberdeen, Scot- 

 land; Brighton, England). — Bicknell, Auk, i, 1884, 331 (song). — American 

 Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 558. — Beckham, Auk, iv, 

 1887,122 (Pueblo, Colorado, Oct. 24); Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1888,676 

 (San Antonio and Leon Springs, Texas, winter). — Toreey, Auk, v, 1888, 

 426 (Wakefield, Myiarchusssachusetts, breeding?).— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 

 1888, 196 (Gainesville, Texas, 1 spec. Feb. 26; dates, etc) ; Birds Colorado, 

 1897,103 (Denver, 1 spec. Oct. 5; Pueblo, 1 spec Oct. 24; Platte R., Wyo- 

 ming; breeding in n. Wyoming!); Bull. Col. Agric Coll., no. 44, 1898,166 

 (Pueblo, 1 spec Oct. 18).— Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 598 

 (Fort Simpson, Brit. Am.; Lake of the Woods, Myiarchusnitoba, etc.).— Faxon, 

 Auk, vi, 1889, 101 (Graylock Mt., Myiarchusssachusetts, breeding).— Batcheldbe, 

 Auk, vii, 1890, 295 (Catskill Mts., New York, 1 spec. July 18).— Emekson, 

 Zoe, i, 1890, 45 (Hay wards, Alameda Co., California, Jan. and Nov., 1889) . — 

 Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1891, 598 (Myiarchusnitoba, summer 

 resid.; habits, song, etc.). — Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 338 (San Antonio, 

 Texas, winter resid.). — MyiarchusIlwraith, Birds Ontario, 1892, 319 (breeding at 

 Dumfries and Myiarchuslton). — Fishee, N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 90 (Santa 

 Ynez, California, 1 spec. Dec. 6, 1891).— Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 




346 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(Wacissa E., n. v.-., Florida, winter).— Gayloed, Auk, iii, 1896, 260 (Pasar 

 dena, California, 1 spec. Nov. 21, 1894).— Howe, Auk, xiii, 1896, 178 

 (Longwood, JIassachusetts, Dec. 8 to Jan. 25) ; xiv, 1897, 406 (Mount Wachu- 

 sett, Myiarchusssaohusetta, breeding at 1,000 ft.).— Barlow, Auk, xiv, 1897, 221 

 (Sonoma, California, 1 spec. Oct. 27, 1896).— Grinnell, Pub. ii, Pasadena 

 Acad. Sci., 1898,37 (Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., California, Nov. 21, 1894, 

 and Feb. 25, 1897).— Allison, Auk, xvi, 1899,268 (Amite Co., Myiarchusssissippi, 

 Oct. to Myiarchusr.). 



[_Friiuj!lla']2'ennsylvanica J^ATiiAii, Index Orn., i, 1790,445 (Pennsylvania; based 

 on Fringilla alhicoUis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 921). 



Fringillajjennsylvmdca AvDTjBO:^, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 42; v, 18.39, 497, pi. 8; Synopsis, 

 1839,121; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841,1.53, pi. 191.— Myiarchusximill^x, Journ. 

 fur Orn., 1858,276. 



Fringilla {Zonotrichiaj pennsylvanica SwAmsoa, Fauna Bor. -Am., ii, 1831,256. 



Zonotrlchia pennsylvanica Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 340. — Bona- 

 parte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 32. 



Genus BRACHYSPIZA Ridgway. 



BrachyspizK Ridgway, Auk, xv, July (pub. Myiarchusv 14), 1898, 224. (Type, Fringilla 

 capensis Myiarchusller.) 



Related to Melospisa Baird, but tail shorter and double-rounded, 

 tarsi longer and stouter, and style of coloration very different. 



Size rather .small (wing, 63. 50-88. 90) . Bill moderate (exposed culmen 

 more than half as long as tarsus), triangular (basal depth about equal 

 to length of gonys); culmen gently convex terminally and basally, 

 straight or faintly depressed between; gonys straight or faintly con- 

 vex, about as long as maxilla from nostril; maxillary tomium with 

 faint subterminal notch, nearly straight anteriorly, then faintly but 

 obviously convex in front of the slight basal deflection; mandibular 

 tomium straight to the very faintly toothed subbasal angle. Nostril 

 rather broad, mostly exposed. Wing rather short (a little more than 

 three times as long as tarsus), rounded (eighth to fifth primaries 

 longest, ninth shorter than third) ; primaries exceeding secondaries by 

 less than length of exposed culmen. Tail decidedly shorter than wing, 

 double-rounded, the rectrices rather narrow, with rounded tips. Tar- 

 sus long (nearly twice as long as exposed culmen, more than one-third 

 as long as tail), its scutella obsolete on outer side; middle toe with 

 claw shorter than tarsus; outer claw reaching about to base of middle 

 claw, the inner claw falling a little short of the same point; hallux 

 about equal to inner toe, its claw shorter than the digit. 



Coloration (pftlie type species). — ;Sides and top of head gray, with or 

 without black stripes; upper parts brownish, the back streaked with 

 black; wing with two narrow white bars; under parts, including throat, 

 white; sides of neck rufous, extending to sides of chest; a black patch 

 across chest, sometimes divided into two lateral spots. 



Range. — Southern Mexico to straits of Myiarchusgellan. (Monotypic?) 



Notwithstanding its different style of coloration from Melospisa., 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 347 



I conbider Brachyspiza to be much more nearlj'- related to that genus 

 than to Zonofrichla, to which it has usually been referred, doubtless 

 on account of its boldly striped head. From the latter BnwJiysjpiza 

 differs, structurally, in its relatively very much shorter and more 

 rounded wing, much shorter tail, and longer tarsi; while from the 

 former it differs in its shorter tail, longer and stouter tarsi, and very 

 different style of coloration. 



KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OP BRACHYSPIZA. 



a. Bill shorter (exposed culmen of adult male averaging 11.94); coloration darker, 

 with head-stripes duller gray and black patches on the sides of foreneck not dis- 

 tinctly separated (usually coalesced into a more or less continuous transverse 

 patch). (Southern Mexico to Peru.) Braohyspiza capensis peruviana (p. .347) 



aa. Bill longer (exposed culmen of adult male averaging 12.45 or more); coloration 

 paler, with head-stripes purer gray and black patches on sides of foreneck 

 distinctly separated. (Islands of Cura5ao and Aruba, Caribbean Sea.) 



Brachyspiza capensis iusularis (p. 349.) 



BRACHYSPIZA CAPENSIS PERUVIANA (Lesson). 

 PERUVIAN SPARROW. 



Adults {sexes alike). — Broad median crown-stripe and superciliary 

 stripe and median portion of auricular region gray; broad lateral 

 crown-stripes, narrower postocular stripe, and less distinct stripe 

 along lower margin of auricular region, black; collar round hindneck, 

 extending over sides of neck to sides of chest, rufous; upper parts 

 brownish (more olivaceous on rump, etc.), the back and scapulars 

 broadly streaked with black, the wing with two narrow whitish bands; 

 under parts white, shading into grayish brown or buffy olive on sides 

 and flanks;' the foreneck with two black lateral patches, sometimes 

 coalesced into a single transverse patch. 



Young. — Pileum dull brown, divided by an indistinct lighter, more 

 buffy, median stripe and ever j' where streaked with black; back and 

 scapulars light buffy brownish, broadly streaked with black; under 

 parts buffy whitish, more buffy (often dull buff) on chest and sides, 

 conspicuously streaked with wedge-shaped marks of blackish; hind- 

 neck and sides of neck more rusty buffy, narrowly streaked with 

 blackish; no black spots on foreneck; wing-bands buffy. 

 ■ Adult mafc.— Length (skins), 130.81-162.40 (138.18); wing, 59.69- 

 72.39 (66.80); tail, 49.53-66.04 (58.93); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.45 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 7.37-7.62 (7.49); tarsus, 20.83-23.37 

 (22.61); middle toe, 13.72-15.76 (14.99).^ 



Adadt female.— l^Qngth (skins), 127.00-139.70(132.08); wing, 60.96- 

 67.31 (64.77); tail, 53.85-60.96 (56.39); exposed culmen, 10.67-12.19 



^Fifteen specimens, chiefly from southern Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala, and 

 Costa Rica. 




348 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(11.43); depth of bill at base, 7.37-7.62 (7.49); tarsus, 20.83-22.86 

 (22.10); middle toe, 13.97-15.49 (14.73).' 



Highlands of Central America and northwestern South America; 

 north to Chiapas, southern Mexico (San Cristobal, Pinabete, near 

 Comitan, etc.), south to Peru (Lima, etc.).^ 



Pyrgita peruviana Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1839, 45 (Lima, Peru). 



Brachiixp'tza capensis peruviana Ridgway, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 321 (crit.; Peru to 

 a. Mexico).— Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 178 (San Myiarchusguel, 

 prov. Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia) ; Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, i, 1899, 79 (San 

 Sebastian and El Myiarchusmon, prov. Santa Myiarchusrta). 



'^Pyrgita peruviensis Less[on], Inst. no. 72, pi. 316, 3." 



Zonotrichia pileata (not Emberiza pileata Boddaert) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1859, 140 (Pallatanga, w. Ecuador); 1860, 76 (Panza, Chimborazo, 

 Ecuador) ; Cat. .^m. Birds, 1862, 113, part (Cuenca, w. Ecuador; Bogota, 

 Colombia). — Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 18 (Duenas and plains of 

 Antigua, Guatemala) ; (?) Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 569 ( w. Peru) ; 1879, 

 507 (Retire, Envigado, and Jledellin, prov. Antioquia, Colombia) . — Cabanis, 

 Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 411 (Costa Rica). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 

 1868, 103 (San Jos6, Costa Rica).— Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 301 

 (Costa Rica) .— Salvix, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 190 (Volcan de Chi- 

 riqui; Chitra, Calovevora, and Castillo, ^^eragua) ; (?) 1883, 422 (Coquimbo, 

 w. Peru); Cat. Strickland Col, 1882, 230 (Guatemala); Novit. Zool., ii, 

 1895, 7 (Cajamarca, etc., centr. Peru, alt., 8,000-10,400 ft.).— Wyatt, Ibis, 

 1871, 127, 328 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Myiarchusrta, 7,000-9,000 ft.). —Nation, Proc. 



^ Eleven specimens, chiefly from southern Mexico (Chiapas) and Guatemala. 



^ In addition to 29 adults from Chiapas and Guatemala, the following adult 

 examples have been examined: From Costa Rica, 4 (3 male, 1 sex undetermined); 

 Chiriqui, 1 male; Panama, 1 female; Bogota, 1, sex undetermined; Quito, Ecuador, 

 2, sex undetermined; Lima, Peru, 2 males. After careful com.parison of the whole 

 series, I am unable to detect any differences which would justify a separation into 

 geographic forms, and therefore, for the present, or until a larger series from more 

 southern localities may make further subdivision necessary, consider them as all 

 representing a single form, for which the oldest name known to me is Pyrgita 

 peruviana Lesson. As a rule, specimens from Costa Rica and northward have the 

 black on the foreneck more completely coalesced than in the few Colombian, Ecua. 

 dorean, and Peruvian specimens with which I have been able to compare them, the 

 latter, in this respect, varying toward true B. cape^isis; but they nevertheless more 

 resemble Central American specimens in this character than do the examples from 

 the more eastern portions of South America. 



Average measurements of specimens from different localities are as follows: 



Locality. 



Ex- 



^)ose 



culmen. 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



MALES. 



Eight adult males from Chiapas and Guatemala, 



Four adult males from Costa Rica 



One adult male (?) from Chiriqui 



Two adult males froui Peru (Lima) 



FEMALES. 



Ten adult females from Chiapas and Guatemala. 

 One adult female from Panama 



11.94 

 11.94 

 11.43 

 11.43 



11.43 

 10.67 



7.62 

 7.11 



22. 61 

 22.86 

 22.86 

 22. 61 



22.10 

 20.83 



14.73 

 15.24 

 15.24 

 15.24 



14.73 

 14.73 




BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NOBTH AMEEICA. 349 



Zool. Soc. Loiid., 1874, 329 (w. Peru).— Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1874, 521 (Lima, Myiarchusraynioc, and Punamarca, w. Peru); 1879, 230 

 (Tambillo and Pacasmayo, n. Peru); 1880, 199 (Cutero, n. Peru); Orn. <lu 

 P^rou, ii, 1884, 45.— (?) Allen, BulL Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 1876, 353 (Cor- 

 vico, Moho, and Oonima, Lake Titicaca, Peru). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Sue. 

 Lond., 1878, 57 (San Jos6, Cartage, Sarzero, and Volcan de Irazu, Coata 

 Rica; descr. eggs).— Salvin and God.man, Ibis, 1879, 200 (Atenques, prov. 

 Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia, 2,700 ft.); 1880, 122 (San Sebastian, prov. Santa 

 Myiarchusrta) ; Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves,i, 1884, 370, part (Jrexican, Central American, 

 and Colombian localities and references) .—Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Kica, 

 1882, 9; An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Kica, i, 1887, 111 (Alajuela, Santa ilaria de 

 Dota, Cartago, San Jos(5, etc., Coata Rica).— Berlepsch and Taczanomski, 

 ■Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 551 (Cayandeled, w. Ecuador); 1HS4, 294 

 (Cechce, w. Ecuador).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 610, part 

 (Mexican, Central American, and Columbian references and localities; Are- 

 quipa, Peru?; Cuenca, v,-. Ecuador). — Behlepsch and Stolz.mann, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 377 (Lima and lea, Peru) .—Salvadori and Festa, 

 Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, 26 (Pun, e. Ecuador?; Cuenca, 

 Valle del Chota, Lloa, Valle del Ghillo, and Quito, centr. Ecuador) . 



[Zonotrichia] pileata Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 93, no. 7389, part.— Sclatek and 

 Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 31, part. 



"Zonotrichia" pileata T^iDGWAY, Proc. V. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1883, 496, 500 (Yolcan 

 de Irazu and San Jos^, Costa Rica). 



Zonoirichia capengis costaricensis Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist., iii, no. 2, Sept. 

 29, 1891, 375 (San Jos6, Costa Rica; Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist.).. 



BRACHYSPIZA CAPENSIS INSULARIS Ridgway. 

 CURACAO SFARROW. 



Similar to £. c. peruviana but smaller, with the bill larger and 

 relatively longer; coloration paler, with head-stripes purer gray, 

 under parts purer white, and the black patches on sides of foreneck 

 always(?) distinctly separated; length (skins), 12i. 46-134. 62 (128.78); 

 wing, 64.01-67.31 (65.02); tail, 55.88-60.96 (58.67); exposed culmen, 

 12.45-12.70; depth of bill at base, 7.37-8.13 (7.62); tarsus, 20.32- 

 21.08 (20.57); middle toe, 13.72-15.24 (14.73).' 



Islands of Curasao and Aruba, Caribbean Sea. 



Zonoirichia pileata (not Emberiza pileata Boddaert) Peters, Journ. fiir Orn., 

 1872,115 (Cura(^ao). — Berlefsch, Journ. fiir Orn., Jan., 1892, 82 (Curagao) . — 

 Hartekt, Ibis, 1893, 295 (Aruba), 314 (Curasao; descr. nest and eggs). — 

 Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 165 (Curagao). 



Brachyspiza capensis insularis Ridgway, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 321 (Curagao; TJ. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



Genus MELOSPIZA Baird. 



Melospiza B.urd, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, June 17, 1858, 478. (Type, Fringilla 



melodia Wilson.) 

 Helospiza Baird, Rep. Pa(;ific R. R. Surv., ix, June 17, 1858, 478, in text. (Type, 



Fringilla paluslris Wilson, = jF. georgiana Latham.) 



' Four adult males from Curagao. No specimens seen by me from Aruba. Accord- 

 ing to Dr. Hartert (Ibis, 1895, 295), the single Aruba specimen examined by him 

 "has a very stout bill, but otherwise agrees entirely with those from Curasao." 




350 BULLETIN- 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Medium sized, rather small, or large Fringillidse with short, rounded 

 wing, rather long (nearly equal to or longer than wing), rounded or 

 double-rounded tail, and conspicuously streaked brownish plumage 

 (unstreaked below only in adult of M. georgiana). 



Bill variable in proportionate length and depth, but exposed culmen 

 ne^'er much more than half as long as tarsus and basal depth never less 

 than two-thirds the length of gonys nor more than length of the latter; 

 culmen gently convex for most of its extent, straight or faintly 

 depressed in middle or post-median portion; gonys straight or faintly 

 convex, nearly or quite equal to length of maxilla from nostril; max- 

 illary tomium with subterminal notch obsolete or wanting, very faintly 

 concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly, the slightly deflected basal 

 portion nearly or quite concealed by rictal feathers; mandibular tom- 

 ium straight to the subbasal angle. Nostril small, nearly circular, 

 partly concealed by bristly plumelets. Wing short (about two and 

 two-thirds to barely more than three times as long as tarsus), rounded 

 (eighth to fifth primaries longest, ninth shorter than fourth); prima- 

 ries exceeding secondaries by much less than length of tarsus (usually 

 by not more than length of exposed culmen). Tail equal to or slightly 

 longer than wing {cinerea), decidedly shorter than wing {lincolni) or 

 intermediate, the rectrices rather narrow, obtusely rounded at tips 

 (almost acuminate in georgiana), less than half overlaid by upper 

 coverts. Tarsus about equal to middle toe with claw or a little longer, 

 its scutella fairlj" distinct; lateral claws not reaching to base of middle 

 claw; hallux about equal to inner toe, its claw nearlj^ as long as the 

 digit. 



Coloration. — Above grayish, brownish, olive, or rusty, more or less 

 distinctlj' streaked, especially on the back, with darker; top of head 

 brownish, streaked with darker, and divided medially by a more or 

 less distinct grayish stripe, or else chestnut becoming black on forehead; 

 wings and tail brownish (usually more or less rusty) the former without 

 distinct light-colored bands; ear-coverts and superciliary stripe gray- 

 ish, separated by a brownish or dusky postocular streak; a whitish, 

 light grayish, or buffy malar stripe, bordered below by a more or less 

 distinct brown or dusky streak alongside of throat; lower parts mainly 

 whitish, the chest and sides usually streaked with rusty, brown, or 

 dusky. Young similar to adults, but markings less sharply defined 

 and colors more blended. 



The type-species of this genus is a bird of verj' extensive geographic 

 range, breeding throughout the temperate parts of the North American 

 continent, including the plateau of Mexico. No other bird of the 

 Nearctic Region has proven so sensitive to influences of physical 

 environment, and as a result of this plasticity of organization it has 

 become divided into a large number of geographic forms, some of 

 extensive others of very circumscribed range, the area of distribution 




BIRDS OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA. 351 



in everj' case coinciding strictlj^ with uniformity or continuity of 

 physical cond!itions. Thus the form having the widest distribution is 

 that inhabiting the Atlantic watershed, or the entire region from the 

 wooded vallej's of the Great Plains eastward, while those of most 

 limited range belong to the Pacific slope, where the topographic and 

 resultant climatic features are so varied and complicated. In Califor- 

 nia, for example, practically each distinct drainage area has its own 

 peculiar form, one being strictly limited to the salt marshes fringing 

 San Francisco Bay. From the last-mentioned point, inhabited by 

 decidedlj'^ the smallest of all the subspecific forms, northward along 

 the coast there is a gradual change, the size steadily increasing, the 

 plumage becoming first more rusty, then more sooty, and finally 

 more grayish, until the extreme limit of variation is reached in the 

 gigantic M. c. cinerea of the Shumagin and Aleutian Islands. 



In preparing the following "key" great diflScult}' has been experi- 

 enced in the attempt to characterize satisfactorily the different sub- 

 species of M. mier'ea, since however distinct these may appear from 

 one another when specimens are actually compared (and the differences 

 are perfectl}^ obvious to an unprejudiced eye) the differences are in 

 every instance comparative and therefore most difficult to formulate. 

 When size is involved the measurements of contiguous forms inosculate 

 on account of a decided average sexual difference in size, some males 

 of a smaller form exceeding, in some of their measurements at least, 

 some females of a larger form. It therefore becomes necessary to 

 compare specimens of the same sex. The chief difficulty, however, is 

 to decide as to where the line between recognizable forms should be 

 drawn, a matter requiring most careful study of the largest possible 

 amount of material and entire absence of personal bias as to whether 

 the forms recognized be few or maiiy. 



While intermediates connecting some of the forms have not actually 

 been seen by me, there can not be the slightest doubt as to their exist- 

 ence, their absence being due in everj^ case to lack of specimens from 

 intermediate localities. Between the following forms intergradation 

 may be considered as thoroughly established: M. c. rnontana and M. 

 c. fallax; M. c. rnontana and M. c. heermanni; M. c. rnontana and 

 M. c. morphna; M. c. heermunni and M. c. cooperi; 2L c. heermanni 

 and M. c. samueUs; M. c. samuelis and 3f: c. jnwilhila; M. c. 

 samuelis and M. c. cleonensis; M. c- inorphna and M. c. rvfina; M. 

 c. rvfina and M. c. caurina; M. c. caurina and M. c. l-enaie)isis; 

 M. c. kenaiensis and M. c. insignis; M. c. insignis and J/i c. cinerea. 

 Respecting the northern Pacific coast series (beginning with M. c. 

 morphia and ending with M. c. cwierea) it necessarily follows, from 

 the nature of the case, that all the forms between the two extremes 

 are themselves intermediates; M. o. rufina connecting M. c. morphna 

 with M. c. cauri7ia, the latter connecting 3r. c. nifina with 2L c. 




352 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



kenaiejisis, the latter connecting J/, a. caurina with M. c. tnsignis, 

 the last being intermediate between M. c. henaiensis and 2L e. cnwrea. 

 I have not j'et seen specimens intermediate between M. c. mdodia 

 and M. c. monfana; between M. e. fallax and M. c. riimlnris or 

 M. c. cooperi; between M. c. montana and M. c. cooperl or 2[. c. 

 sariiiteJis; between M. c. samuelis and 31. c. coopeft-l; between any 

 two of the three Mexican forms (M. c. niexicanu, 2L c. adusta, and 

 M. c. goldmani)^ nor between either of these and M. c. falla.i:., the 

 most proximate of the more northern forms. Except in the case of a 

 few, where wide deserts or other physical obstacles prevent continuous 

 distribution, there can not, however, be the slightest doubt that inter- 

 mediates will be found when specimens are collected at the proper 

 localities. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF JIELOSPIZA. 



a. First primary shorter than sixth (usually not longer than seventh) ; malar region 

 and chest not buff, or else rump not distinctly streaked. 

 6. Chest distinctly streaked with black, or brown, or rusty, on a white or whitish 

 ground, 

 c. Streaks on chest, etc., black or mostly black, or else upper tail-coverts with 

 distinct mesial streaks of blackish, and back distinctly streaked with black. 

 d. Paler and grayer above, the interscapulars always conspicuously edged with 

 pale grayish or olive-grayish. 

 e. Larger, the wing averaging more than 59.69 in male, 59.18 or more in 

 female; pale streaks on back more gray; under parts more narrowly 

 streaked, the streaks more brown. 

 /. Interscapulars with distinct brown streaks between the black mesial 

 streaks and grayish edgings. 

 g. Larger, wing averaging 67.31 or more in male, 65.02 or more in female. 

 A. Smaller (wing and tail averaging 67.31 and 66.80 in male, 65.02 and 

 63.75 in female); bill stouter (depth at base averaging 8.13 in 

 male, 7.87 in female). (Atlantic water-shed.) 



Melospiza cinerea melodia (p. 354. ) 

 M. Larger (wing and tail averaging 69.34 and 69.60 in male, 66.29and 

 66.80 in female) ; bill more slender (depth at base averaging 7.37 

 in male, 7.11 in female). (Rocky mountain plateau. ) 



Melospiza cinerea montana (p. 358.) 

 gg. Smaller, wing averaging 62.99 in male, 60.96 in female. (Coast dis- 

 trict of southern California to San Quentin Bay, Lower California. ) 



Melospiza cinerea cooperi (p. 367.) 

 ff. Interscapulars without distinct (if any) brown streaks between black 

 mesial streaks and grayish edgings. 

 g. Larger, wing averaging 64. 77 in male, 62. 23 in female. ( Sau Clemente, 

 San Myiarchusguel, and Santa Rosa islands, California. ) 



Melospiza cinerea clementse (p. 368.) 

 gg. Smaller, wing averaging 60.20 in male, 59.18 in female. (Santa Bar- 

 bara and Santa Cruz islands, California. ) 



Melospiza cinerea graminea (p. 369.) 

 ee. Smaller, the wing averaging 58.42 in male, 56.64 in female; paler streaks 

 on back more olive; ground color of under parts yellowish white or pale 

 yellowish. (Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay. ) 



Melospiza cinerea pnsillula (p. 370.) 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 853 



dd. Darker and browner above, without couspifuous grayish or olive-grayish 



edgings to interscapulars or else with the black streaks on a distinctly 



olivaceous ground. 



e. Black spots on chest and streaks on sides very broad; larger, the tarsus 



averaging 23.37 or more, wing averaging 68.33 in male, 65.53 in female. 



/. More olive-brown above. (Southern portion of Mexican plateau. ) 



Melospiza oinerea mexicana (p. 365.) 

 /. More rusty brown above. (Southwestern edge of Mexican plateau.) 



Melospiza oiaerea adusta (p. 366.) 

 ei-. Black spots on chest and streaks on sides much narrower; smaller, the 

 tarsus averaging not more than 22.35, wing averaging 64.77, or less, in 

 male, 62. 74, or less, in female. 

 /. More olivaceous or sooty in coloration, with flanks light olive or olive- 

 buffy and streaks on chest, etc., mostly black. 

 g. Larger, with stouter bill; wing averaging 64.77 in male, 62.74 in 

 female; depth of bill at base averaging about 7.87. (Lower Sacra- 

 mento and San Joaquin valleys, California. ) 



Melospiza cinerea heermanni (p. 364. ) 

 gg. Smaller, with more slender bill; wing averaging 60.96 in male, 58.42 

 in female; depth of bill at base averaging 7.11 in male, 6.86 in 

 female. (Coast district of middle California. ) 



Melospiza cinerea samuelis (p. 369.) 

 ff. More rufescent in coloration, with flanks strongly buffy or fulvous, and 

 streaks on chest, etc., mostly chestnut; small, like M. r. samuelis, but 

 with larger feet. (Coast district of northern California.) 



Melospiza cinerea cleonensia (p. 371.) 

 cc. Streaks on chest, etc., not black nor mostly black, but brown or light rusty; 

 or if, in part (e. g., M. c. goldmani), approaching black the back very nar- 

 rowly and not distinctly streaked with black and upper tail-coverts without 

 black mesial streaks. 

 d. Streaks on chest, etc., light rusty or cinnamon-rufous; back olive-grayish 

 streaked with chestnut or chestnut-brown. 

 e. Smaller and paler, with broader bill; wing averaging 66.80 in male, 64.26 

 in female. (Sonoran desert district, Sonora, Arizona, California, etc.). 



Melospiza cinerea fallax (p. 362.) 

 ee. Larger and darker, with narrower bill; wing averaging 71.88 in male, 

 67.82 in female. (Southern Lower California.) 



Melospiza cinerea rivnlaris (p. 363. ) 

 dd. Streaks on chest, etc., grayish brown, chestnut-brown, or blackish brown; 

 back deep olive, olive-grayish, or grayish, streaked with dull or dark 

 brown or, narrowly, with blackish. 

 e. Wing much more than three times as long as tarsus; blackish brown 

 streaks or spots of under parts confined to chest and sides of throat, 

 those of sides conspicuously lighter brown. (Pine belt, mountains of 



Durango, Mexico. ) Melospiza cinerea goldmani (p. 366.) 



ee. Wing little, if any, more (usually less) than three times as long as tarsus; 



blackish brown streaks or spots of under parts extended over breast 



and sides, or else these markings not blackish brown but light brown, 



grayish brown, or chestnut. 



/. Smaller, the wing averaging 67.82 in male, 65.02 in female; general 



color above dark rusty, the lateral crown-stripes deep chestnut or 



chestnut-brown; streaks on chest, etc., rusty brown or chestnut. 



(Oregon to southern Alaska.) Melospiza cinerea morphna (p. 372.) 



17024—01 23 




354 BULLETIN 50, UNItED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



jj. Larger, the wing averaging 72.14 or more in male, 67.06 or more in 

 female; general color of upper parts sooty brown or grayish; streaks 

 on chest, etc., sooty brown or blackish brown, or if approaching 

 chestnut the upper parts grayish and the wing more than 76.20. 

 g. Smaller (wing averaging 72.14 in male, 67.06 in female), with much 

 shorter bill (exposed culmen averaging 12.45 in male, 12.19 in 

 female. (Sitkan district, Alaska. ) .Melospiza cinerea rufina (p. 373. ) 

 gg. Larger (wing averaging more than 76.20 in male, 71.12 or more in 

 female), with longer bill (exposed culmen averaging 14.22 or 

 more in male, 18.72 or more in female). 

 A. Smaller (wing averaging not more than 83.06 in male, 78.49 in 

 female), darke.r and browner, the general color above deep olive- 

 slaty, with streaks on chest, etc., sepia brown or blackish brown. 

 %. Smaller and darker, with streaks on chest, etc. , blackish brown; 

 wing averaging 72.39 in male, 68.83 in female; exposed culmen 

 averaging 13.21 in male, 12.95 in female. (Coast of middle 

 Alaska, from Cross Sound to Cook Inlet.) 



Melospiza cinerea canrina (p. 375.) 



ii. Larger and paler, with streaks on chest, etc., sepia brown; wing 



averaging 81.79 in male, 78.49 in female; exposed culmen 



averaging 15.49 in male, 14.73 in female. (Island of Kadiak, 



and opposite coast of peninsula, Alaska.) 



Melospiza cinerea insignis (p. 376.) 

 [Intermediate in size and coloration between .1/. c. munna and 

 M. c. imignis. (Coasts of Kenai peninsula, Cook Inlet to 

 Prince William Sound. ) . Melospiza cinerea kenaiensis (p. 375. ) 

 hh. Larger (wing averaging 85.09 in male, 81.03 in female), paler, and 

 grayer, the general color above gray or brownish gray, with 

 s^treaks on chest, etc., hair brown or light chestnut-brown. 

 ( Aleutian Islands, Alaska, east to the Shumagins and lower por- 

 tion of Alaska peninsula. ) Melospiza cinerea cinerea ( p. 377. ) 



■hh. Chest not distinctly, if at all, streaked. (Eastern North America.) 



Melospiza georgiana (p. 382.) 



aci. Ninth primary longer than fourth (sometimes equal to fifth); malar region and 



chest buff, the latter abruptly defined against white of throat and breast and 



streaked with black; rump distinctly streaked with black. (North Americain 



general. ) Melospiza lincolnii (p. 379.) 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA MELODIA (Wilson). 

 SONG SPARROW. 



Adult Ii {sexes alike). — Pileum brown (mummj' brown to almost 

 burnt umber), narrowly streaked with black and divided by a narrow 

 median stripe of gray, this also narrowly streaked with black; hind- 

 neck brownish gray, more or less streaked or washed with brown; scap- 

 ulars and interscapulars black medially, producing streaks of greater 

 or less width, these margined laterally with brown (like color of 

 pileum), the edges of the rectrices, more or less broadly, brownish 

 gray; rump olive-grayish, more or less streaked with brown (some- 

 times with blackish also); upper tail-coverts browner than rump and 

 more distinctly streaked; tail lu'own (broccoli brown to russet brown), 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 355 



the middle pair of rectrices with a narrower median stripe of dusky 

 brown, the inner webs of the other rectrices darl^er brown than outer 

 webs; ^ lesser wing-covcrts brown ; middle coverts brown, margined ter- 

 minally with pale brownish gray, and marked with a more or less dis- 

 tinct median streak or spot of dusky; greater coverts brown, margined 

 terminally with paler and marked with a broad median tear-shaped 

 (mostl}' concealed) space of blackish; tertails mostlj^ blackish, but 

 outer webs chiefly brown, passing into a paler (sometimes pale grayish 

 or almost grayish white) hue terminally; rest of remiges dusky, edged 

 with paler or more grayish brown; edge of wing white; a broad super- 

 ciliary stripe of olive-graj', sometimes approaching grayish white on 

 lower portion; loral, suborbital, and auricular regions darker olive- 

 grayish, the latte.r margined above and below by narrow postocular and 

 rictal stripes of brown, these brown stripes sometimes narrowly streaked 

 with black; a broad malar stripe of dull white or pale buflj^, margined 

 below by a conspicuous submalar stripe or triangular spot of black or 

 mixed brown and black; under parts white, the chest marked with 

 wedge-shaped streaks of black, more or less broadly edged with rusty 

 brown, these streaks more or less coalesced in lower central portion of 

 chest, or upper breast, forming a more or less conspicuous irregular 

 spot; sides and flanks streaked with black and rusty brown, the ground 

 color, especially on flanks, more or less tinged with pale olive-grayish 

 or buffy; under tail-coverts white or pale bufly, more or less streaked 

 with brown; maxilla dusky brown, paler on tomia; mandible horn 

 color; iris brown; tarsi pale brown, toes darker. (In summer the 

 colors grayer, with streaks on chest, etc., narrower, sometimes wholly 

 black through disappearance of the rustj^-brown edgings; in winter 

 the general coloration browner, the brown parts more rustj', the gray 

 parts more bufl}^, the malar region, chest, sides, etc., more or less 

 strongly buffy, and the streaks on chest, etc., more broadly edged 

 with rusty brown.) 



Young. — Myiarchusch like adults, but without anj^ gmy on upper parts, 

 the crown duller brown with the indistinct median stripe dull grayish 

 buffy and the narrow blackish streaks much I'ess distinct than in adults; 

 ground color of back and scapulars light bufiy brownish or dull buffy; 

 under parts duller white, often quite buffy, with the streaks narrower 

 and much less distinct. 



Adidt male.— Length (skins), 134.62-164.59 (149.86); wing, 63.25- 

 72.14 (67.31); tail, 61.98-70.87 (66.80); exposed culmen, 11.43-13.21 

 (12.45); depth of bill at base, 7.87-8.89 (8.13); tarsus, 20.32-23.37 

 (21.84); middle toe, 14.99-16.51 (15.49)." 



Adult feinale.— Length (skins), 130.81-154.94 (145.54); wing, 61.47- 

 71.37 (66.02); tail, 55.63-70.36 (63.75); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.95 



'Sometimes the rectrices, especially the middle pair, show faint narrow bars. 

 ' Forty-one specimens. 




356 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(1^.19); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.64 (7.87); tarsus, 20. 07-22. 35 

 (21.34); middle toe, 14.22-17.37 (15.49).^ 



IFriiujiUa} fasciata (not of Myiarchusller, 1776=^) Gmelix, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788,922 

 (New York; based on Faxciated Finch Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, pt. i, 

 273; Pennant, Arct. Zool., ii, 375).— Lath.\m, Index Orn., i, 1790, 445. 



Friagillu fasciata Ncttall, ilan. Orn. U. S. and Canada, 2d ed., i, 1840, 562. 



Melonpiza fasciata SfoTT (D. W.), Am. Nat., x, Jan., 1876, 18.— Ridgway, Proc. 

 TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.,iii, 1880, 2, 180; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 231.— Goues, 

 Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 244.— Nehbling, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 

 1882, 13 (Harris Co., a. e. Texas, winter); Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 

 153, pi. 5, fig. 7.— Chamberlain, Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. N. B., i, 1882, 40 

 (New Brunswick, summer resid.).— Mereiam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 

 1882, 235 (Point de ilonts and Godbout, prov. Quebec, Canada, summer) ; 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 25, 1884, 283 (Hungary Bay, Bermudas, 1 dead 

 spec. Apr. 18, 1881).— Beckham, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., vi, 1883, 142 

 (Nelson Co., Kentucky, resident); Proc. U. S. Nat. ilus., x, 1888, 678 (San 

 Antonio, Texas, winter).— Bicknbll, Auk, ii, 1885, 147 (song).— Ageesbobg, 

 Auk, ii, 1885, 280 (s. e. Dakota, breeding). — A.merican Ornithologists' 

 Union, Check List, 1886, no. 581.— Fox, Auk, iii, 1886, 318 (Roan Co., Ten- 

 nessee, Myiarchusr. to Apr. 17).— Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 324 (w. Myiarchusnitoba, sum- 

 mer).— Todd (L. M.), Auk, iv, 1887, 260 (Calais, Myiarchusine, 1 spec. Jan. 23, 

 1886).— Chamberlain, Auk, iv, 1887, 260 (Prince Edward I. and New 

 Brunswick, winter). — Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 207 (breeding at 

 Ellis, w. Kansas, Newton, Iowa, and northwardly) ; Birds Colorado, 1897, 

 106 (Fort Lyon, e. Colorado, 1 spec). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 701, part (includes M. m. montana). — Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 xiii, 1891, 604 (Myiarchusnitoba, summer; desor. eggs) . — Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 

 471 (winter resid., rare in w. portion). — Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 1892, 109 (Corpus Christi, Texas, Myiarchusy) .— Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 338 (San 



^ Thirty-six specimens. 



Specimens from the immediate coast of the Atlantic coast district (Long Island to 

 southern Virginia) and those from the region of the Great Plains (Myiarchusnitoba, Alberta, 

 etc., to Texas) average slightly grayer than those from the intermediate region, but 

 the difference is so slight and inconstant that subspecific separation seems to me 

 unjustifiable. The average measurements of equal series of specimens from the three 

 districts are as follows: 



Locality. 



Tarsus. ; 



MAL£S. 



Thirteen adult males from Atlantic coast 



Fourteen adult males from Pennsylvania to Vir- 

 ginia (inland localities) 



Fourteen adult males from Great Plains district . . . 



FEMALES. 



Twelve adult males from Atlantic coast 



Twelve adult females from inland localities (east of 

 Alleghenies) 



Twelve adult females from Great Plains district . . . 



21.59 

 21. 34 



21.34 

 21.08 



15.49 



15.49 

 15.49 



. 15. 75 



15.24 

 15.24 



j ''Fringilla fasciata Myiarchusller, Syst. Nat. Suppl.,1776, 165^Fringilla spimis JAansena. 




BIRDS OF NOKTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 357 



Antonio, Texas, winter) .—D wight, Auk, x, 1893, 12 (Prince Edward I., 

 breeding).— NuTTixG, Bull. Lab. N. H. Univ. Iowa, ii, no. 3, 1893, 276 (Lower 

 Saskatchewan, abundant).— Uleet and W.vllace, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 

 155 (Wabash, Indiana, breeding).— Thornb, Auk, xii, 1895, 217 (Fort Keogh, 

 Montana, Apr. 17).— H.vdley, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1897, 190 (Richmond, 

 Wayne Co., Indiana, resident).— Butlek, Birds Indiana, 1897, 967 (breed- 

 ing in Dearborn, Brown, Monroe, Putnam, Vigo, Sullivan, and Knox' 

 counties northward).— Allison, Auk, xvi, 1899, 269 (Myiarchusdison Co., Jlissis- 

 sippi, breeding?). 



M.lelospiza'] fmciata Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 371.— Ridgway, 

 Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 431 . 



Fringilla melodia Wilsox, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 125, pi. 16, fig. 4 (Canada to 

 Georgia).— BoNAP.\RTE, Synopsis, 1828, 108.— Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 

 125; V, 1839,507, pi. 25; Synopsis, 1839, 120; Birds Am., oct. ed., ill, 1841, 

 147, pi. 189.— NUTTALL, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Canada, i, 1832, 486. 



F.[nngilla'] melodia Myiarchusximilian, Journ. fiir Orn., vi, 1858, 275 (Pennsylvania, 

 etc.). 



Emberiza? melodia Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 269, pi. 16, fig. 4. 



Zonotrichia melodia Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 31. 



Z. [onotrichia} melodia Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 373. 



[Zonotrichia'] melodia Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 478, part. — Gray, Hand- 

 list, ii, 1870, 94, no. 7387. 



Melospiza melodia Baied, Eep. Pacific E. E. Surv., ix, 1S58, 477, part (excl. spec, 

 from Boca Grande, Blexico); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 363.— Sclater, 

 Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 113 (Philadelphia; Canada).— Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 

 7 (Forks of the Saskatchewan, Apr. 23).— Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., 

 ii, 1871, 279 (e. Florida, winter); iii, 1872, 177, part (e. Kansas). — Coues, 

 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 22 (Fort Myiarchuscon, North Carolina, breed- 

 ing); Check List, 1873, no. 169; Birds N. W., 1874, 138, part; Bull. U. S. 

 Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 596 (Turtle Mt., North Dakota).— 

 Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 19, pi. 27, fig, 

 6.— Mereiam, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 87 (St. Johns R., Florida).— Lang- 

 don, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 8 (resident); Revised List, 1879, 10 (do.). — 

 Beewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 120 (descr. young).— Merrill, 

 Proc. U.. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 127 (Fort Brown, Texas, Dec, Feb.).— Brown, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 8 (Coosada, Alabama, winter). — Mearns, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 35 (Hudson R. Valley, resident).— Myiarchus ynard, 

 Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 115. 



[Melospiza] melodia Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 139. 



M.lelospiza] melodia Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 109, 152 (n. e. Illinois, 

 Myiarchusr. to Oct.). 



Melospiza melodia melodia Obeeholser, Auk, xvi, Apr., 1899, 183. 



[Melospiza melodia] var. melodia Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, ii, 1874, 18. 



[Melospiza melodia] a. melodia Coves, Birds N. W., 1874, 138 (synonymy). 



M.[elospiza] meloda Henshaw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, July, 1879, 156, 160 

 (crit.).— Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 97, in text. 



Melospiza meloda Coues (in MyiarchusChesney), Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 

 V, 1879, 76 (Fort Sisseton, South Dakota). — Roberts and Benner, Bull. Nutt. 

 Orn. Club, v, 1880, 14 (Grant and Traverse counties, Myiarchusnnesota, breeding). — 

 Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 376 (Gut of Canso and Gasp6, 

 Gulf St. Lawrence). 



'From my own experience I consider the last doubtful; certainly the species does 

 not breed as far south in Knox County as the Ohio and Myiarchusssissippi Railroad. 




358 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Melospizu faaaala jiiddi Bishop, Auk, xiii, Apr., 1896, 132 (Rock Lake, Towner 



Co., North Dakota; coll. L. B. Bishop).— American Ornithologists' Union 



Committee, Auk, xiv, 1897, 122 (no. 581;.). 

 (?) [Fringllla] luemaUs Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 922 (New York; based 



on Winter Finch Pennant, Arct. ZooL, ii, 376; Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. i, 



274). 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA MONTANA (Henshaw). 

 MOUNTAIN SONG SPARROW. 



Similar to 21. c. mclodla but wipg, tail, and tarsi averaging 

 decidedlj' longer, bill smaller and relatively more slender, and colora- 

 tion grayer; young with ground color of under parts dull white or 

 grayish white, instead of more or less buffy, that of upper parts less 

 tawny than the young of 21. e. melodia. 



Adult iiudc.—'hengi\i (skins), 141.73-164.85 (150.88); wing, 65.63- 

 73.91 (69.34); tail, 63.60-76.71 (69.60); exposed culmen, 11.18-13.97 

 (12.19); depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.87 (7.37); tarsus, 21.34-23.37 

 (22.85); middle toe, 15.21-17.02 (16.00).' 



Adidt feiJude.'-LQngth (skins), 135.89-161.04 (148.34); wing, 62.48- 

 69.85 (66.29); tail, 62.48-72.64 (66.80); exposed culmen, 10.41-12.70 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 6.86-8.13 (7.11); tarsus, 20.83-22.86 

 (21.84); middle toe, 14.99-16.26 (15.49).= 



' Thirty-nine specimens. 



^Thirty specimens. 



Specimens from the western portion of the Great Basin and adjacent portions of 

 California have the wing and tail shorter and the bill, as a rule, thicker than those 

 from the Rocky Mountain district, and are therefore not typical; but since they do 

 not differ in coloration it seems best to refer them to the same subspecies. Speci- 

 mens from the Rocky Mountain district, the western portion of the Great Basin, and 

 eastern California, respectively, average, as follows: 



Locality. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



MALES, 



Fifteen adult males from Rocky Mountain district 

 Thirteen adult males from western edge of Great 



Basin 



Eleven adult males from eastern California 



FEMALES. 



Twelve adult females from Rocky Mountain dis- 

 trict 



Twelve adult females from western edge of Great 

 Basin , 



Six adult females from eastern California 



16.26 

 16,00 



15,49 

 16.00 



The western specimens incline in measurements toward J/, c. heermanni, but are 

 still decidedly larger (except the bill) and the coloration is decidedly paler and less 

 brown. Myiarchusny specimens of this form are scarcely to be distinguished as to colora- 

 tion from the grayer examples of M. c. melodia, hut the longer wing and tail, and, 

 except among specimens from the western parts of its range, the decidedly smaller 

 and more slender bill will serve to readily distinguish them. 




BIRDS OF NOBTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 359 



Rocky Mountain district of the United States west to and including 

 the Sierra Nevada, in California; north to eastern Oregon, southern 

 Idaho, and southern Montana; south in winter to western Texas (Fort 

 Clark, etc.) and northern Mexico (States of Coahuila, Chihuahua, and 

 Sonora). 



Zonotrichia fasciata {not Fringillafaxciidii Gmelin) Gambel, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., i, 1847, 49, part (New Mexico). 



Melospiza fasciala Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1.SS8, 701, part (Fort Kla- 

 math, e. Oregon; Pine Grove, etc., Wyoming; Sacramento, California). 



Melospiza melodia (not Fringilla melodia Wilson) Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., 

 ix, 1858, 477, part (Boca Grande, INIexico), 927 (Fort Bridger, Wyoming) ; 

 Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 16 (Boca (.xrande); Cat. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 363, part— Coues, Ibis, 1865, 165, in text (Fort Whip- 

 ple, Arizona). — Allen, Bull. Jlus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 149 (Colorado City, 

 Colorado), 157 (South Park, Colorado), 168 (Ogden, Utah), 177 (Ogden, 

 Utah, etc.).— HoLDEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 200 (Sherman, 

 Wyoming). 



Melospiza faUa.v (not Zoaolrichia falkix Baird, 18.i4) Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. 

 Surv., ix, 1858, 481, part (Fort Thorn, New Mexico; Fort Tejon, California); 

 Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 367, part.— Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 1859, 192 (FortTejon, California).— (?) Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 113 

 (California) .— Coues, Proc. Xc. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1S66, 88 (Fort Whipple, Ari- 

 zona). — Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 215, part (inch fig. of head). — Stevenson, 

 Prelim. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1871 (1872), 465 (Green R., etc., Wyo- 

 ming).— JIerriam, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872 (1873), 682 (Ogden, 

 Utah; North Fork and Fort Hall, s. e. Idaho). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridq- 

 WAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 27, fig. 10 (Nevada). 



\_Melospiza melodia.'] Yar. /aHfw; Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 139, part. 



Melospiza melodia . var. fallax Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 169a, part. — Ridg- 

 wAY, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 183 (Colorado). — Henshaw, Rep. Orn. 

 Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1874, 62 (Denver, Colorado), 81 (Fort Garland, Colo- 

 rado), 117 (Fort Bayard, New Mexico); Annot. List Birds Utah, 1874, 6; 

 Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 281, part (localities in Utah, Colorado, 

 New Mexico, and Arizona). 



[Melospiza melodia'] yar. fallax Henshaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1879, 299 

 (crit). 



Melospiza melodia, yar. fallax Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 

 ii, 1874, 22, part.— Nelson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 340. (Fort 

 Bridger, Wyoming).— Bendire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 119 (Camp 

 Harney, e. Oregon, resident). 



[Melospiza melodia] b. fallax Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 139, part (synonymy). 



Melospiza melodia fallax Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 19, 20 (West 

 Humboldt and Ruby Mts., Nevada). 



M.[elospiza] melodia fallax Henshaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1879, 299 

 (Carson, Nevada). 



Melospiza fasciata, r- fallax Ridgway, Field and Forest, ii. Myiarchusy, 1877, 198 (Colo- 

 rado); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 66 (Calaveras Co., California).— 

 Ridgway and Bblding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 417 (Myiarchusryaville and 

 Sacramento, California, winter). 



[Melospiza fasciata.] y. fallax Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 482, 483, 

 excl. syn., part (localities in Nevada and Utah). 



Melospiza fasciata, y. fallax Ridgway, Field and Forest, iii. Myiarchusy, 1877, 198 (Colo- 

 rado) . 




360 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Melospiza fasriafa, S.faUa.v Ridgway and Belding, Proc. U. S. Xat. Myiarchuss., i, 

 Myiarchusr. 21, 1879,417 (Myiarchusrysville and Stockton, California, winter). 



Melospiza fasciatafaUa:r:sl.-EARyti, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, July, 1879,169 (Fort 

 Klamath, e. Oregon).— Ridgway, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 

 180, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 231o, part. — Ogilby, Sci. Proc. Roy. 

 Dubl. Soc, iii, 1882 (38) (Navarro Co., Texas, Oct. to Apr.).— Williams, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 62 (Belt Bits., Montana).— Coues, Check 

 List, 2d ed. , 1882, no. 245, part. — Allen and Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 

 viii, 1883, 189 (Colorado Springs, Colorado). — Beckham, Auk, ii, 1885, 141 

 (Pueblo, Colorado). 



M.lelospiza^ /.[iixciata] fallax Covss, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 372, part. 



Me.iospiza heermanni (not Baird) Butcher, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 149 

 (Laredo, Texas). — Yarrow and Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 

 1873 (1874), 35 (Arizona). — Baibd, Brewer, aad Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 27, fig. 9 (Carson, Nevada) . 



Me.iospiza melodia, var. heermanni Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, ii, 1874, 24, part (Carson City, West Humboldt Mts., etc., Nevada).— 

 Nelson, Proc. Bost. .Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875,358 (Nevada, California). 



Melospiza melodia . var. heennamii Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's 

 Surv., 1873 (1874), 159 (w. Arizona); (?) 1876,244 (Kern Lake, s. e. Cali- 

 fornia); 1877, 1309 (Carson, Nevada); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 

 282 (w. Arizona) . 



Melospiza melodia . . . var. heermannii Henshaw, Ann. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 

 1877, 1316 (e. slope Sierra Nevada). 



Melospiza melodia heermanni Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 11,13 

 (Carson Valley, Nevada). 



[Melospiza fasdaia^ (i. heermanni Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 481, 483 

 (Carson City and Truckee Valley, Nevada). 



Melospiza fasnata, S. heermanni Ridciway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, Apr., 1878,66 

 (Calaveras Co., California). 



Melospiza fasciala heermanni American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 

 1886, no. 581c, part— Townsend, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887,219 (foot- 

 hills of n. California, MyiarchusCloud R., etc., breeding; descr. nest and eggs). — 

 Merrill and Brewster, Auk, v, 1888,359 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon, resi- 

 dent; crit. ). 



M. [elospiza} fasciata heermanni Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 431, part. 



Melospiza fasciata moniana Henshaw, Auk, i, July, 1884, 224 (Fort Bridger, Wyo- 

 ming; TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. )— Batchelder, Auk, ii, 1885, 124, 236 (Las Vegas, 

 New Mexico, winter). — American Ornithologists' TJnion, Check List, 1886, 

 no. 5816.— ScoTT, Auk, iv, 1887, 204 (San Pedro R., n. Sonora, winter).— 

 Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 209 (Fort Davis, w. Texas, autumn).— 

 Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 103 (Blackfoot Mts., etc., Idaho).— 

 Fisher, North Am.- Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 99 (localities in w. Nevada and s. e. 

 California).— Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., v, 1893, 39 (Bavispe R., n. e. 

 Sonora). — Richmond and Knowlton, Auk, xi, 1894, 306 (south-central 

 Montana).— Myiarchustchell, Auk, xv, 1898, 310 (San Jliguel Co., New Mexico, 

 breeding at 7,000-9,000 ft.). . 



M. [elospiza] fasciata montana Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 431. 



Melospiza moniana Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 387 

 (Boca Grande, Mexico). 



Melospiza melodia moniana Oberholser, Auk, xvi, Apr., 1899, 183. — Mbrkiam, 

 North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 125 (Shasta Valley, Sisson, etc., n. Cali- 

 fornia) . 




BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 361 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA MERRILLX (Brewster). 

 MERRILL'S SONG SPARROW. 



Very similar to M. c. montana but slightly darker and more uni- 

 form above, with the grayish edgings to the interscapulars and scapu- 

 lars less strongly contrasted with the darker mesial streaks, the latter 

 usually with more bi-own than black. 



ifafe.— Length (skins), 143.51-162.56 (151.38); wing, 65.03-69.85 

 (68.07); tail, 63.75-71.88 (68.07); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.95 (12.19); 

 depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.62 (7.11); tarsus, 22.35-23.62 (22.61); 

 middle toe, 15.24-17.53 (16.51).^ 



i^emaZe.— Length (skins), 139.19-157.73 (147.57); wing, 63.50-68.07 

 (65.53); tail, 60.96-70.10(65.02); exposed culmen, 11.18-12.70 (11.94); 

 depth of bill at base, 6.60-7.62 (6.86); tarsus, 21.59-22.86 (22.10); 

 middle toe, 15.49-17.02 (16.00).' 



Breeding from northern California (Shasta County, etc. , in moun- 

 tains) and through Oregon and Washington east of Cascade Mountains 

 to northwestern Idaho (Fort Sherman); in winter southward into 

 Nevada (West Humboldt Mountains), Utah (Santa Clara), Arizona 

 (Apache), and northern Sonora (Bavispe River, Dec). 



[The above name covers a series of "intergrades" between J/i c. 

 montana and M.c. morphna, and I have hesitated to recognize the sup- 

 posed form as a subspecies. The series in question certainly does not, 

 collectively, constitute a subspecies or geographic race in the same 

 sense as do the other forms here recognized. Besides being compara- 

 tively slight, the characters of the supposed race are unstable, a series 

 of breeding birds from Fort Klamath, eastern Oregon, and another 

 from Baird, Shasta County, California, containing specimens that are 

 absolutely typical of M. c. merrilli and others which are practically 

 pure M. c. montana.] 



[Melospiza fasciata} S. guttata (not Fringilla guttata Nuttall) Ridgway, Orn. 40th 

 Parallel, 1877, 482 (excl. syn.), 484 (West Humboldt Mts., 1 spec. Oct. 3). 



Melospiza fasciata guttata Bkewstbe, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 229 ( \Valla 

 Walla, Washington; crit.).— Fisher, N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 100 (Santa 

 Clara, Utah, 1 spec. Jan. 13). 



[Melospiza melodia} var. guttata Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 37 

 (West Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Oct.) . 



Melospiza melodia var. rufina (not Emberiza rvfina Brandt) Bendike, Proc. Bost. 

 Soc. N. H., 1877, 119 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, 2 specs. Dec.) . 



Melospiza fasciata merrilli Brewsteh, Auk, xiii, Jan., 1896, 46 (Fort Sherman, 

 n. w. Idaho; coll. W. Brewster) . — American Ornithologists' Union Com- 

 mittee, Auk, xiv, 1897, 122 (Check List, no. 581^).— Merrill, Auk, xv, 1898, 

 16 (Fort Sherman, Idaho; habits, etc.). 



^Eleven specimens. '"'Six specimens. 




362 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Mtiospizafasciata inc.riccDia (not M. mdodia var. iiie.ricana Ridgway) Aluex, Bull. 



Am. Myiarchuss. ^'. H., V, 1893, 39 (Bavispe R., n. e. Sonora, Dec.'). 

 Melo.ipiza mdodia ingersolli ilcGEEGOR, Bull. Coop. Orn. Club, i, no. 2, Jlar. to 



Apr. (pub. ^lar. 15), 1899, 35 (Battle Creek, Shasta Co., n. California, Oct.; 



coll. R. C. JIoGregor) ; no. 5, Sept. to Oct. (pub. Sept.), 1899, 88. 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA FALLAX (Baird). 

 BESEKT SONG SPAKROW. 



Similar in slender bill to M. c. iiwntund, but wing and tail averaging 

 decidedl}^ shorter and coloration conspicuously paler and more rusty, 

 the rusty streaks, both above and below, without blackish shaft-streaks, 

 or else with these merety indicated on the interscapular region ; young 

 dull brownish buily or pale wood brown above, the back streaked with 

 rusty brown or dark brown ; beneath buffy white, the chest streaked 

 with rather light brown. 



J7^r/6'.— Length (skins), 136.1^-156.45 (146.30); wing, 65.02-68.83 

 (66.80); tail, 65.79-71.37(68.83); exposed culmen, 11.18-12.70 (12.45); 

 depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.37 (7.27); tarsus, 20.07-22.10 (21.34); 

 middle toe, 14.22-15.75 (14.73).= 



i^tf?Hff/t'.— Length (skins), 129.54-147.83 (139.95); wing, 62.74-66.55 

 (64.26); tail, 60.71-70.61 (66.29); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.19(11.94); 

 depth of bill at base, 6.S6-7.11 (6.90); tarsus, 30.07-21.08 (20.57); 

 middle toe, 13.72-14.99 (14.73).' 



Lower Sonoran district of southwestern Arizona, southern Nevada 

 (Pahranagot Valley, Beaverdam, etc.), southeastern California, north- 

 eastern Lower California (Salton River), and Sonora. 



ZonotridiiafallcLv Baird, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, June, 1854, 119 (Pueblo 

 Creek, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



'Specimens compared with type of M. c mcrrilli! 



^Fifteen specimens. 



^Twelve specimens. 



Specimens from the Colorado desert district of California and Lower California are 

 identical in coloration with those from Arizona and Sonora; average measurements 

 of the two series are as follows: 



Locality. 



Wing. 



Tail. 



Ex- 

 posed 

 culmen. 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



MALES. 



Eight adult males from Arizona and Sonora 



Seven adult males from Salton River, Lower Call' 

 fornia 



FEMALES. 



Eight adult females from Arizona 



Four adult females from Salton River, Lower Call' 

 fornia 



6l>. .W 

 67.06 



64.91 

 64.52 



69.09 



68.58 



66.29 

 66.29 



12,19 

 12. IS 



11.94 



7.27 



7.27 



6.90 

 6.90 



21.34 

 2L08 



20.83 

 20.32 



15.24 

 14.48 



14. ra 

 14.48 




BIRDS OF NOKTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 363 



[Zonotrichia] fallax Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 94, no. 7391. 



Melospiza fallax B.^ird, Eep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 481, part (Pueblo 



Creek); ed. 1860 ("Birds N. Am."), atlas, pi. 27, fig. 2; Cat. X. Am. Birds, 



1859, no. 367, part. — Kennehly, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 29, 



pi. 27, fig. 2 (Pueblo Creek).— Cooper, Orn.Cal., 1870, 215, part. 

 JIf. [rfospiza] /aHa:E Henshaw, Auk, i, 1884, 224, in text (crit. ). 

 l^relospiza melodla.] Var. fallax Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 139, part. 

 Melospiza melodia . . var. fallax Coues, .Check List, 1873, no. 169a, part. — 



H.ENSHAW, Zool. Exp. W. lOOth m^rid. , 1875, 281, part. 

 [Melospiza ■melodia'] b. fallax Coues, Birds N, AV., 1874, 139, part. 

 Melospiza melodia, var. fallax Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. X. Am. Birds, 



ii, 1874, 22, part. 

 Melospiza melodia fdllax Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. IMyiarchuss., no. 25, 1883, 328. — Ober- 



HOLSER, Auk, xvi, 1899, 183. 

 [Melospiza meloda'] var. fallax Henshaw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, July, 1879, 



156, 160, part (crit.). 

 [Melospiza fasciatal y. fallax Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 482, part (in 



synonym}' only). 

 M.[elospiza'] fasciata fallax Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Xat. ilus., iii. Myiarchusr. 27, 1880, 3, 



part; Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 432. 

 Melospiza fasciata fallax HiDGWA-Y, Proc. I'. 8. Nat. 31us., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 180, 



part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 231((, part. — Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 



Club, vii, 1882, 196 (Tucson, Arizona).— Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, 



no. 245, part. — American Ornithologists' Cxion, Check List, 1886, no. 



581a.— MoRCOM, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 49 (Yuma, Arizona).— 



Scott, Auk, iv, 1887, 203 (Tucson, Arizona). — ^Merriam, North Am. Fauna, 



no. 3, 1890, 97 (Grand Caiion and Echo Cliffs, Arizona). — Rhoads, Proc. Ac. 



Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 121 (Santa Clara Valley, s. Arizona). — Fisher, N. Am. 



Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 98 (s. e. Nevada, s. w. Utah, and n. w. Arizona). 

 M. [elospiza} f. [asciata'] fallax Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 372, part. 

 [Melospiza fasciata.] Subsp. a. Melospiza fallax Shahpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 



xii, 1888, 703, excl. syn. part (Fort Yuma, California; Tucson, Arizona). 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA RIVULARIS (Bryant). 

 BROWN'S SONa SPARROW. 



Similar to M. c. fallax but larger, with longer, more slender, and 

 more compressed bill, still less strongly contrasted markings, and 

 duller, less rufescent, colors. 



Adult male. — Length (skin, one specimen), 146.05; wing, 71.12- 

 72.90 (71.88); tail, 71.12-73.66 (72.39); exposed culmen, 13.21-13.46 

 (13.83); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.37 (7.24); tarsus, 22.86-23.11 

 (22.98); middle toe, 15.75-16.76 (16.26).^ 



Adult female. — Length (skin, one specimen), 144.78; wing, 67.31- 

 68.58 (67.82); tail, 67.31-69.09 (68.07); exposed culmen, 12.19-12.95 

 (12.45); depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.11 (6.96); tarsus, 22.35-22.86 

 (22.61); middle toe, 15.75.' 



' Two specimens. 




364 BULLETIN 50., UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Mountain districts of southern Lower California (along water 

 courses of Comondu Caiion, latitude 36°; Los Dolores). 



ildospka fasdala rimlaris Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. , 2d ser., i, Sept. 29, 1888, 

 197 (Comondu, Lower California; coll. AV. E. Bryant); ii, 1889, 22 (descr. 

 nest and eggs).— American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Suppl. to 

 Check List, 1889, 13; Abridged Check List, 1889, and 2d ed., 1896, no. bSlg.— 

 RIDGWAY, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 604. 



Melospiza melodia rindaris Obv^bmo-lseh, Auk, xvi, Apr., 1899, 183. 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA HEERMANNI (Baird). 

 HEERHAITN'S SONG SPARROW. 



Simikr to M. c. melodia but smaller and coloration much darker 

 and browner, the black streaks on back, etc. , averaging broader, and 

 streaks on chest, etc., darker (black or brownish black in summer); 

 young similar to that of M. c. melod/ia but deeper tawny brown above 

 with black streaks on back broader, the under parts more or less tinged 

 with brownish buff, especially on chest, where the dusky streaks are 

 broader. 



Adult w«fe.— Length (skins), 129.o-J-160.2Y (144.27); wing, 61.47- 

 71.12 (64.77); tail, 59.69-70.87 (64.26); exposed culmen, 11.43-13.46 

 (12.45)-, depth of bill at base, 7.37-8.38 (7.62); tarsus, 21.34-24.13 

 (22.35); middle toe, 1499-16.76 (16.00).' 



AJhU ferncdt'.—Le>ng{h (skins), 138.68-143.26 (140.97); wing, 60.96- 

 63.75 (62.74); tail, 57.15-65.53 (62.74); exposed culmen, 12.19-12.70 

 (12.45); depth of bill at base, 7.11-8.89 (8.13); tarsus, 20.32-22.86 

 (21.84); middle toe, 14.99-15.75 (15.49).' 



Central valleys of California, including lower levels of the Sacra- 

 mento and San Joaquin basins. 



(?) ZonotricJdi i fasciata (not Fringilla fasdata Gmelin) Gambel, Journ. Ac. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, 49, part (California). 



Melospiza heermanni Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 478 (Tejon Valley, 

 California; '^ U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pi. 70, fig. 1; 

 Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 364.— Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 

 192, part (Fort Tejon) .—Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 212, part. 



[Zonotrichia] heermanni Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 94, no. 7389. 



{Melospiza melodia.] Var. heermannii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 139. 



Melospiza melodia . . var. heermanni Coues, Check List, 1^73, no. 169d. 



[Melospiza melodia} c. heermanni Coves, Birds N. W., 1874, 139, part (synonymy). 



Melospiza melodia, var. heermanni Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, ii, 1874, 24, part. 



Melospiza melodia heermanni RinGW AY, Bull. Essex Inst., Oct., 1874, 171 (Sacra- 

 mento, California, breeding). 



' Seventeen specimens. 



^ Four spei'imens. 



"A winter specimen; no. 6227, adult male. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 365 



IMehspiza meloda] var. heermanni Henshaw, Bull. Nntt. Orn. Club, iv, July, 



1879, 157, 160 (Stockton, etc., California; crit.) ; Orn. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 



1879, 298, 299, part (crit.). 

 IMelospiza fasciata] fl. heermavtu Ridgavay, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 481, part (in 



synonymy only). 

 Melospiza faaciata, Z. heermanni Ridgway and Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i. 



Myiarchusr. 21, 1879, 417 (Stockton, California, resident). 

 M.lelospiza] fasdaia heermanni Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Myiarchusr. 27, 1880, 



3; Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 431, part. 

 Melospiza fasciaia heermanni Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 



180, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 2316, part.— Cohes, Check List, 



2ded., 1882, no. 248, part. — American Ornithologists' Uxion, Check List, 



1886, no. 581c, part, 

 if. [elospizaj f. [asciata} heermanni Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed. , 1884, 372, 



part. 

 [Melospiza fasciata.'] Subsp. y3. Melospiza heermanni Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 



xii, 1888, 704, part (Stockton, Hay wards, and Fort Tejon, California). 

 (?) Zonotrichia guttata {not Fringillaguttata'NuttaM) Heerjiann, Rep. Pacific R. R. 



Surv., X, pt. iv, 1859, 47, part. 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA MEXICANA Ridgway. 

 MEXICAN SONG SPARROW. 



Similar in coloration to M. c. heermanni, but averaging still darker 

 and browner above, the chest much more heavily spotted with black, 

 sides and flanks more broadly striped, bill much more slender, and 

 wings and tarsi much longer. Young deep russet-brown above, the 

 back and scapulars broadly streaked with black; under parts, except 

 throat, deep buff' (abdomen nearly white), the chest, sides, flanks, and 

 sides of throat heavily streaked with black; chin and throat white or 

 buffy white. 



Adult wiafe.— Length (skins), 129.62-154.43 (145.03); wing, 63.50- 

 70.87 (68.33); tail, 60.20-69.34 (65.28); exposed culmen, 12.19-13.21 

 (12.70); depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.37 (7.11); tarsus, 22.61-25.40 

 (23.88); middle toe, 15.49-18.03 (16.76).^ 



Adult female.— IjQngth (skins), 133.10-153.16 (143.26); wing, 61.47- 

 71.37 (65.63); tail, 56.64-70.61 (62.48); exposed culmen, 11.68-12.95 

 (12.45); depth of bill at base, 6.60-7.11 (6.86); tarsus, 22.35-25.15 

 (23.37); middle toe, 15.24-17.27 (16.26).' 



Southeastern portion of Mexican plateau in States of Puebla (Huexo- 

 titla), Hidalgo (Tulalcihgo), Tlaxcala (Apixaco), and Mexico (Lerma, 

 Tlalpam, Volcan de Toluco, etc.). 



Melospiza fallax (not of Baird) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 174 (valley 



of Mexico). 

 Melospiza gouldi (not of Baird) Sclateb, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, 369 



(Mexico). 



1 Eight specimens. ' Nine specimens. 




366 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(?) Myiarchuslospiza pectoralis von Myiarchusller, Keise in Mexico, iii, 1865, 583 (table-land 



of Mexico) ; Syst. Verz. Wirb. Mex., 49. 

 Mdospha melodia, var. mexicana Ridgway, inBaird, Brewer, and Ridgway's Hist. 



N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 18, footnote (Puebla, Mexico;. U. S. ^'at. Myiarchuss.). 

 \_Melo8piza melodia] e. mexicana Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 139. 

 [Melosiriza meloda] var. me.ricana Henshaw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Olub., iv, 1879, 158, 



160 (crit.) ; Orn. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1879, 298, 299 (crit). 

 Melos2>ha melodia me.ricana Obeeholsbk, Auk, xvi, Apr., 1899, 183. 

 Melospiza fuKciata me.ricaita Feekaei-Peeez and Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 



ix, Sept. 15, 1886, 144 (Huexotilta, Puebla; crit.). 

 M.\_cloqnza'] fasciata mexicaim Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 432. 

 [^Melospizal heermanni (not of Baird) Sclatee and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 



1873, 32 (Mexico). 

 Melospiza hecnnanvi Salvix and Goumax, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves., i, 1886, 388, 



excl. syn., part (valley of IMexico; Puebla). 

 [Melonpiza fascinta.} Subsp. p. Melospiza heermanni Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. 



jMyiarchuss., xii, 1888, 704, part (s. Mexico; Puebla). 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA ADUSTA (Nelson). 

 MICHOACAN SONG SPARROW. 



Similar to 2L c. mereicana, but color much more rusty brown above, 

 the general color of the upper parts being bright russet- brown instead 

 of olive-brown. 



Adult male. — Length (skin), 142.24; wing, 67.31; tail. 61.21; exposed 

 culmen, 12.19; tarsus, 23.37; middle toe, 15.75. 



Afhilt ,^//;^/A'.— Length (skin), 128.27; wing, 66.04; tail, 58.67; 

 exposed culmen, 11.43; depth of bill at base, 6.60; tarsus, 22.86; 

 middle toe, 15.49. 



Southwestern edge of Mexican plateau, in State of Myiarchuschoacaii (Patz- 

 cuaro). 



Melospiza adasta Nelson, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 28 (Patzcuaro, Myiarchuschoacan, s. w. 



Mexico; U. S. Nat. ]Myiarchuss. ). 

 Melospiza melodia adnxta Oeerholsee, Auk, xvi, A]ir., 1899, 183: 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA GOLDMANI (Nelson). 

 DURANGO SONG SPARROW. 



Somewhat like M. c. onontana but much larger, and darker and 

 more uniform in coloration of upper parts, which are nearly uniform 

 bister brown, the back narrowly streaked with blackish and tinged 

 with more rusty brown; the upper tail-covcrts without distinct (if 

 any) dusky mesial streaks; triangular spots of chest, etc., blackish 

 brown; streaks on sides and flanks rusty brown. Young bister brown- 

 ish above, the back and scapulars rather broadly, but not sharply, 

 streaked with brownish black; under parts grayish white, the chest 

 narrowly streaked with graj'ish dusky and dusky brown. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



367 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 155.19-159.26(157.23); wing, 72.61- 

 75.41 (74.17); tail, 70.61-76.96(73.91); exposed culmen, 12.95-13.21; 

 depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.37; tarsus, 21.34-23.37 (22.35); middle 

 toe, 15.76-16.51 (16.26).^ 



Mountains of Durango, Mexico (El Salto, etc.). 



Melospiza goldmani'SELSois, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 29 (Sierra Myiarchusdre, w. Durango, 



Mexico; IT. S. Nat. Myiarchuse.)., 

 Ilelospiza melodia goldmmii Obsbuoises, Auk, xvi, Apr., 1899, 183. 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA COOPERI Ridgway. 

 SAN DIEGO SONG SPARROW. 



Similar to Jf. r. heermanni but slightly smaller and coloration 



much lighter and graj'er; prevailing color of back, etc. , grayish olive, 



' the back broadly streaked with black, the black streaks with little, if 



any, rusty external suffusion; j^oung similar to that of M. m. niontana. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 127.51-149.86 (139.45); wing, 58.42- 

 67.56 (62.99); tail, 55.63-68.07 (63.25); exposed culmen, 11.18-13.21 

 (12.19); depth of bill at base, 7.37-7.87 (7.46); tarsus, 20.32-22.61 

 (21.84); middle toe, 14.99-17.53 (15.75).' 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 131.06-144.78 (137.41); wing, 58.42- 

 62.99 (60.96); tail, 62.74-63.50 (63.25); exposed culmen, 11.94-12.45 

 (12.19); depth of bill at base, 7.37; tarsus, 21.34-22.61 (21.84); middle 

 toe, 14.99-16.00 (15.49).= 



Southern coast district of California (north to Monterej' Ba}r, east 

 to Fort Tejon, San Bernardino, etc.), and northern Pacific coast district 

 of Lower California (south to San Quentin Bay). 



' Two specimens. 

 ^Twenty-three specimens. 

 'Four specimens. 



A series from San Quentin Bay and Rosario, Lower California, compares in aver 

 age measurements with a series from San Diego and northward as follows: 



The Lower California series are all in worn breeding plumage, and some of them 

 are browner than breeding birds from San Diego; but whether they are really dif- 

 ferent or not can only be decided by examination of a series in good condition of 

 plumage. » 




368 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Meloxpiza heermtmni (not of Baird) Cooper, Orn. OaL, 1870, 212, part (Mojave 

 R.?, Santa Barbara, San Diego, and Santa Cruz, California). 



Melospiza melodia . var. heernuinai Hensiiaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 

 1876, 244, part (Santa Barbara and Walliier's Basin, s. California). 



Meloxphiijasdata heermanni Anthony, Auk, xii, 1895, 141 (San Fernando, Lower 

 California; crit.); Zoe, iv, 1893, 242 (San Pedro Myiarchusrtir Mts., Lower Cali- 

 fornia).— Mokcom, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 49 (Coahuila Val- 

 ley, etc., San Bernardino Co., s. California). — Emerson, Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci., 

 no. 7, 1887, 423 (Volcano Mts., San Diego Co., s. California). — Grinnell, 

 Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 39 (Los Angeles Co., s. California, low- 

 lands and mesa, resident). 



[Melospiza fasciata.'] Supsb. /3. Melospiza heermanni Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 704, part (Santa Barbara, California, June). 



M.[elospiza\ f.\_asciata] heeripanni Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 372, 

 part. 



Melospiza fasciata sarnuelis {not Ammodromus samuelis Baird) Belding, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. jVIus., V, 1883, 528 (San Quentin Bay, Lower California). — Bryant, 

 Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., ii, 1889, — (El Rosarioand San Fernando, Lower 

 California) . 



[Melospiza fasciatal Subsp. y. Melospiza samuelis Sb-Abpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 705, part (San Bernardino; Fort Tejon?) . 



(I) Meloxpiza fasciata guttata (not Pringilla guttata Nuttall) Evermann, Auk, iii, 

 1886, 182 (Ventura Co., California, resident). 



Melospiza fasciata graminea (not of Townsend) Fisher, N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 

 100 (Carpentaria, Santa Barbara Co., and Morro, San Luis Obispo Co., 

 California). 



Melospiza fasciata cooperi Ridqway, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 35 (San Di^o, s. w. 

 California; V. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.) 



Melospiza melodia cooperi Oberholser, Auk, xvi, Apr., 1899,183. 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA CLEMENTiE (Townsend). 

 SAN CLEMENTE SONG SPARROW. 



Similar to M. c. cooperi but slightly larger and coloration still 

 graj'er, the back light olive-grayish, with black streaks narrower, the 

 black streaks of chest, etc., also narrower; young similar to that of 

 2L c. cooperi, but paler above. 



Adult male.—L&ngih. (skins), 1-14.78-166.97 (149.61); wing, 62.23- 

 66.04 (64.77); tail, 59.69-67.06 (64.01); exposed culmen, 11.94-12.45 

 (12.19); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.62 (7.37); tarsus, 21.69-22.61 

 (21.84); middle toe, 15.24-16.26 (16. 76).^ 



Adult female.— h&ngl}i (skins), 138.18-147.57 (143.76); wing, 60.96- 

 63.50 (62.23); tail, 60.71-63.50 (60.96); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.70 

 (11.68); depth of bill at base, 6.60-7.11 (6.86); tarsus, 20.32-22.10 

 (21.08); middle toe, 13.97-15.75 (16.24).' 



San Clemente, San Myiarchusguel, and Santa Rosa islands, Santa Barbara 

 group, California; Coronados Islands, Lower California. 



' Eleven specimens. ^ Nine specimens. 




BIRDS OK NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 369 



Melospiza fasdata dementse Tow-SSE^-D, Proc. TJ. S. Xat. Myiarchuss., xiii, no. 799, Sept. 

 9, 1890, 139 (San Clemente I., Santa Barbara group, California; U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss.), 140 (Santa Kosa I.). — American Oknithologists' Union 

 Committee, Auk, viii, 1891, 86; Check Lift, 2(1 ed., 1895, no. 582i.— Ridci- 

 WAY, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 604.— Grinnell, Pub. i, Pasadena 

 Acad. Sci., 1897, 18 (San Clemente I.; habits; song). 



Melospiza melodia clementee Oberholser, Auk, x\-i, April, 1899, 183. — MyiarchusGregor, 

 Bull. Coop. Orn. Club, i, Sept. to Oct., 1899, 88 (Coronados I., Lower Cali- 

 fornia). 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA GRAMINEA (Townsend). 

 SANTA BARBARA SONG SPARROW. 



Similar in coloration to 3f. c. dementce, but much smaller. 



Adult male.— Length, (skins), 131.57-138.68 (134.87); wing, 58.17- 

 61.21 (60.20); tail, 53.59-58.67 (56.13); exposed culmen, 11.94-12.45 

 (12.19); depth of bill at base, 6.60-6.86 (6.83); tarsus, 20.32-21.84 

 (21.34); middle toe, 14.22-14.99 (14.88).' 



Adult female.— h&ngth (skins), 134.62-139.19(136.91); wing, 58.42- 

 60.20 (59.18); tail, 55.63-58.67 (57.15); exposed culmen, 11.68-11.94 

 (11.81); depth of bill at base, 6.35; tarsus, 20.32-21.08 (20.83); middle 

 toe, 14.22-14.99 (14.73).^ 



Santa Barbara and Santa Cruz islands, Santa Barbara group, Cali- 

 fornia. 



Melospiza melodia . . var. heermanni (not Melospiza heermani Baird)HEN- 

 SHAw, Orn. Bep. Wheeler's Surv., 1876, 244, part (Santa Cruz I.). 



Melospiza fasciata graminea Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, no. 799, Sept. 

 9, 1890, 139 (Santa Barbara I., California; TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). — American 

 Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, viii, 1891, 86; Check List, 2d ed., 

 1895, no. 5827i.— RIDGWAY, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 604.— Grin- 

 nell, Pub. i, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 6 (Santa BarbaraL). 



Melospiza melodia graminea Oet^RKOhSEti, Auk, xvi, Apr., 1899, 183. 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA SAMUELIS (Baird). 

 SAUUELS' SONG SPARROW. 



Exactly like JI. o. heermanni in coloration, but much smaller, with 

 the bill more slender. 



Admit mMyiarchusle.—Lzng^h. (skins), 126.75-149.86 (138.94); wing, 56.13- 

 63.75 (60.96); tail, 53.09-61.72 (59.44); exposed culmen, 10.92-12.70 

 (12.19); depth of bill at base, 6.60-7.37 (6.86); tarsus, 19.81-22.35 

 (21.08); middle toe, 14.22-16.26 (15.24).' 



Adaltfemxde.—lJdXigth (skins), 128.27-142.49 (135.13); wing, 56.13- 

 60.45 (58.42); tail, 53.34-59.69 (57.91); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.45 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 6.36-7.37 (6.86); tarsus, 19.81-21.84 

 (20.57); middle toe, 14.48-16.61 (16.24).* 



' Five specimens. * Twenty-two specimens. 



''■ Two specimens. * Eleven specimens. 



17024—01 24 




370 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Coast slope of central California (except salt-watfer marshes of San 

 Francisco Baj^), from Santa Cruz County to Humboldt County (north, 

 at least in winter, to Humboldt Ba}'). 



Ammodromus samudis Baied, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, Aug., 1858, 379 (Peta- 



luma, Sonoma Co., California; TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., 



ix, 1858, 455; ed. 1860 ("Birds N. Am."), atlas, pi. 71, fig. 1; Cat. K. Am. 



Birds, 1859, no. 343.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 191. 

 \_Am7nodromus\ samuelis Ghay, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 96, no. 7417. 

 Melospiza melodia, var. samuelis Baird, Beb-sver, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 



ii, 1874, 26, pi. 27, fig. 7. 

 [Melospiza meloda] var. samuelis Hexshaw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, July, 1879, 



157, 160 (crit.); Orn. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1879, 298, 299 (crit.). 

 Melospiza melodia samuelis Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 25, 1883, 328.— 



Oeeeholsee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 183. 

 M.[elospiza] fasciata samuelis Ridg^-ay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii. Myiarchusr. 27,1880, 



3; Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 431, part. 

 Melospiza fasciata samuelis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 180; 



Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 231c.— Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 249, 



part. — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 581d, 



part.— TowNSEND, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 219 (Eel R., Humboldt Co., 



California, 1 spec. Dec), 

 if. lelospizal f. [asciatal samuelis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed. , 1884, 372, part. 

 [Melospiza fasciata.} Subsp. x- Melospiza samuelis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. !JIu9., 



xii, 1888, 705, part (Oakland, Presidio, and Nicasio, California). 

 Melospiza gouldii Baied, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 479 (California; U. S. 



Nat. Myiarchuss.); ed. 1860 ("Birds N. Am."), atlas, pi. 70, fig. 2; Cat. N. Am. 



Birds, 1859, no. 365.— Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 113 (California).— 



Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 212, in text under M. heermanni. 

 [Zoiiotrichia'] gouldii Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 64, no. 7390. 

 [Melospiza melodia.'] Var. gouldii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 139. 

 Melospiza melodia . . . var. gouldii Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 169e. 

 [Melospiza melodia'] d. gouldii Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 139 (synonymy). 

 Melospiza melodia gouldii MyiarchusGregor, Bull. Coop. Orn. Club, i, no. 5, Sept. to Oct. 



(pub. Sept.), 1899, 87, in text. 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA PUSILLULA Ridgway. 

 ALAUESA SONG SPARROW, 



Most like M. c. samuelis, but still smaller, the wings and tail 

 decidedly so; coloration much less rusty, the general color of upper 

 parts olive-grayish, the black dorsal streaks not distinctl3', if at all, 

 margined with rustj^ brown, the lateral crown-sti'ipes and wings less 

 distinctly rufescent, under parts more heavily streaked (streaks usu- 

 ally wholly black) and flanks paler fulvous; under parts usuallj^ more 

 or less tinged with j^ellowish. Young much paler and grayer than that 

 of M. c. sai/iuelis, with the broad black streaks on back and scapulars 

 much more strongly contrasted with the ground color; ground color 

 of under parts dull yellowish white or pale yellowish buff, without 

 brownish tinge on breast or sides. 




BIRDS OE' NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 371 



Adult male.— LiQugth (skins), 119.38-139.95 (130.30); wings, Sl.til- 

 62.71 (58.42); tail, 50.29-58.93 (55.37); exposed culmen, 10.16-12.19 

 (11.18); depth of bill at base, 5.84-7.11 (6.35); tarsus, 19.81-21.31 

 (20.57); middle toe, 11.22-15.21 (14.73).' 



Adult fe?nale.— Length (skins), 111.76-186.14(126.24); wing, 53.59- 

 61.47 (56.64); tail, 52.07-57.91 (64.10); exposed culmen, 10.16-12.45 

 (10.92); depth of bill at base, 5.59-6.86 (6.35); tarsus, 20.07-20.83 

 (20.57); middle toe, 13.97-16.49 (14.99).' 



Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, California (in Alameda, Santa 

 Clara, and San Myiarchusteo counties).' 



M.lelospiza} /. [asctato] samuelis (not Ammodroniug samueUs Baird) Coues, Key 

 N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, part, 



il.lelospiza] fasciata samuelis HiDQV/ AY, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 431, part.* 



Melospiza fasciata pusiUula Ridgway, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 35 (salt marsh, Ala- 

 meda Co., California; U. S.Nat. Myiarchuss. ). — MyiarchusGregok, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 

 i, Sept. to Oct., 1899, 87 (crit.) 



Melospiza melodia pusillula Obekeolser, Auk, xvi, Apr., 1899, 183. ' 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA CLEONENSIS (MyiarchusGregor). 

 HENDOCINO SONG SPARROW. 



Similar in size and proportions to M. c. samuelis, but averaging 

 slightly smaller with larger legs and feet, and coloration very differ- 

 ent, being much more rufescent; general color of upper parts deep 

 rusty olive, conspicuously and broadly streaked on back, etc., with 

 dark rusty brown, or chestnut, and black; streaks on chest, etc., dark 

 rustj'' brown or chestnut (black medially), and sides, flanks, and under 

 tail-coverts stronglj' fulvous. 



^(^Zi^OTa^e.— Length (skins), 121.92-145.80 (136.91); wing, 58.93- 

 63.60 (61.72); tail, 58.42-60.96 (59.94); exposed culmen, 10.41-12.70 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 5.59-7.11 (6.60); tarsus, 21.34-23.11 

 (22.35); middle toe, 15.24-17.27(16.61).^ 



Adult female.—L&ngt)x{sMnii), 129.54-149.35(137.67); wing, 54.61- 

 63.76 (59.44); tail, 62.83-62.99 (58.17); exposed culmen, 10.92-12.70 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 6.35-7.37 (6.60); tarsus, 19.81-22.61 

 (21.69); middle toe, 15.24-16.26 (15.75). « 



Northern coast district of California (Mendocino, Humboldt, and 

 Del Norte counties) ; coast of southwestern Oregon (south of Rogue 

 River Mountains) ? 



^ Twelve specimens. ^ Eleven specimens. 



^Doubtless also in salt marshes of San Francisco, Myiarchusrin, Sonoma, Solano, and 

 Contra Oosta .counties. 



* Some other references to M. c. samuelis doubtless belong here, at least in part, 

 but without examination of specimens it is scarcely possible to determine which. 



^Thirteen specimens. *Nine specimens. 




372 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Melospiza melodia cleonensis ^IcGeegok, Bull. Ooop. Orn. Club., i, no. 5, Sept. to 

 Oct. (pub. Sept.), 1899, 87 (Westport, Mendocino Co., n. California; colL 

 K. C. MyiarchusGregor). 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA MORPHNA (Oberholser). 

 RUSTY SONG SPARROW. 



Similar in coloration to M. c. cleonensis, but much larger and colors 

 more uniform above, the rusty brown or chestnut streaks on back, etc., 

 less stronglj' contrasted with the rusty olive ground color and the black 

 mesial streaks less distinct (often obsolete); under parts with the chest- 

 nut streaks on chest, etc. , usually without blackish shaft-streaks, and the 

 flanks olivaceous rather than tawny. Young, slightly rufescent bister 

 brown above, the back streaked with blackish; beneath dull whitish or 

 very pale buffy grayish, the chest, sides, and flanks more or less 

 tinged with buffy or pale fulvous and streaked with sooty brownish. 



A3uU mafe.— Length (skins), 144.53-164.08 (152.65); wing, 64.77- 

 71.37 (67.82); tail, 60.71-72.90 (66.04); exposed culmen, 11.94-13.72 

 (12.95); depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.62 (7.11); tarsus, 21.59-23.62 

 (22.86); middle toe, 16.00-18.03 (17.02).^ 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 141.73-157.23 (149.61); wing, 62.23- 

 68.58 (65.02); tail, 57.91-67.82 (62.99); exposed culmen, 11.43-13.21 

 (12.45); depth of bill at base, 6.35-7.62 (7.11); tarsus, 21.84-23.62 

 (22.61); middle toe, 14.99-17.78 (16.51).^ 



Breeding from extreme southern portion of Alaska through Bi'itish 

 Columbia (including Vancouver Island) to western Oregon (north of 

 Rogue River Mountains); in winter, south to southern Calif ornia (Fort 

 Tejon, etc.). 



Fringilla cinerea (not Gmelin) Audubox, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 22, pi. 390, fig. 1 

 (Columbia R. ; upper California); Synopsis, 1839, 119; Birds Am., oct. ed., 

 iii, 1841,.145, pi. 187. 



Passerella cinerea Bonapakte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 31. 



[Passerella] cinerea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 477. 



Zonotrichia cinerea Hebrmann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., ii, 1852, 266- 

 (California). 



Fringilla guttata (not Vieillot, 1817) Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn, U. S. and Canada, 2d 

 ed., i, 1840, 581 (Columbia R., etc.). 



Zonotrichia guttata Gambel, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1847, 50 (Cali- 

 fornia). 



Z. [onotrichia'] gutatta Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 373. 



Melospiza guttata Baied, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 

 27, fig. 12.— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 391 (Calaveras Co., 

 California). 



[Melospiza melodia.l Var. guttata, OouES, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 139. 



[Melospiza melodial var. guttata Henshaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 18/9, 298, 

 299 (crit.). 



Melospiza melodia . . . var. guttata Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 1696. 



^Twenty specimens. ^Thirteen specimens. 




BIRDS OF NOBTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 373 



\_Melospiza ihelodia.] f. guttata Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 139 (synonjTny). 



Melospiza melodia, var. guttata Baikd, Bkewee, and Rid6t\-ay, Hist. X. Am. Birds, 

 ii, 1874, 27. 



M.l^dospiza^ melodia guttata Henshaw, Orn. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1879, 299 (e. 

 Oregon, Sept., Oct.). 



\_Melosp%za meloda'] var. guttata Henshaw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, July, 1879, 

 158, 160 (crit). 



Melospiza fasciata, /3. guttata Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, Apr., 1S7S, 66 

 (Myiarchusrphys, Calaveras Co., California, Myiarchusr.). 



Melospiza fasdata, y. guttata Ridgivay and Belding, Proc. U". S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 

 Myiarchusr. 21, 1879, 417 (centr. California, winter). 



M. lelospizal fasdata guttata Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Myiarchusr. 27, 1880, 3; 

 Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 432. 



Melospiza fasdata guttata 'RiDGV.-A.Y, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880,180, 

 217; Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 231fi.— Coues, Checli List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 

 246.— Bkewstee, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 229 (Walla AValla, Wash- 

 ington; crit.). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 

 581e. — Anthony, Auk, iii, 1886, 169 (Washington Co., Oregon, resident). — 

 (?) Emekson, Zoe, i, 1890, 45 (Hay wards, Alameda Co., California, Nov. 23, 

 1882).— Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., iii, 1890, 147 (Ashcroft, etc., British 

 Columbia, resident; crit.). — Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 37 

 (coast, incl. Vancouver I.). — Lawkence (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 45 (Grays 

 Harbor, Washington). — Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 63 (coast 

 British Columbia). 



il.lelospiza} flasdata] guttata Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 872. 



Melospiza rufina (not Emheriza rufina Brandt) Baied, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., 

 ix, 1858,480; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 366.— Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, s. California).— Sclatee, Cat. Am. Birds, 

 1862,113 (California). — Coopee and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, 

 pt. ii, 1860,204 (Puget Sound, etc.; habits).— Brown, Ibis, 1868,422 (Van- 

 couver I.). — CooPEE, Orn. Cal., 1870, 214 ("resident in the higher Sierra 

 Nevada"). 



[Melospiza fasdata.] Subsp. S. Melospiza rufina Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. 31us., 

 ' xii, 1888, 706, part (chiefly) . 



Melospiza fasdata rufina Fishee, N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 100 (Boulder Creek, 

 California, Oct. 13). 



Melospiza fallax (not of Baird) Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 235 

 (Vancouver I.). 



Melospiza melodia morphna Obeeholsee, Auk, xvi, Apr., 1899, 183 (substitute 

 subspecific name for guttata, preoccupied). 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA RUFINA (Brandt). 

 SOOTY SONG SPARROW. 



Similar to M. c. morphna but decidedlj- larger (except bill), with 

 coloration darker (sooty rather than rustj^), and more uniform above; • 

 general color of upper parts deep sooty brown or bister, brightening 

 into imsty brown or chestnut on outer webs of greater wing-coverts 

 and tertials, the back obsoletelj^ streaked with darker, and the median 

 crown-stripe indistinct or obsolete; streaks on chest, etc., deep prouts 

 brown. (Young not 8een.) 




374 BULLETIlSr 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Adult //irtZtf.— Length (skins), 148.69-173.99 (159.51);' wing, 66.80- 

 76.71 (72.14); tail, 66.04-73.66 (70.10); exposed culmen, 12.19-1'2.70 

 (12.45); depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.37 (7.11); tarsus, 22.86-24.64 

 " (23.88); middle toe, 17.27-17.78 (17.53).^ 



Adult female.— l^^r^gtV (skins), 139.70-152.40 (144.78); wing, 64.01- 

 70.36 (67.06); tail, 58.42-70.10 (63.50); exposed culmen, 10.67-12.70 

 (12.19); depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.37 (7.11); tarsus, 22.35-24.38 

 (23.11); middle toe, 16.26-17.78 (17.02).' 



Southern Alaska (islands and coast); north to Cross Sound, Glacier 

 Bay, Ljmn Canal, etc. ; south to north side of Dixon Entrance, in win- 

 ter to coast of British Columbia, Vancouver Island, and northwestern 

 Washington (Olympic Mountains). 



[Passfj-eZia] rv.fi'm, Bonapaete, Consp. Av., i, July 15, 1850, 477 (Sitka, Alaska; 

 ex " JJmiema TTt^raa Brandt, Desc. Av. Eossic, 1836, tab. ii, 5'"). 



Passerella rufina Baied, in Stansbury's Eep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331 (Sitka). 



Melospiza rufina (not of Baird) Dall and Bannistee, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 

 1869, 285 (Sitka). 



[Zonotrichia:] rufina Gbay, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 94, no. 9388. 



[Melospiza melodia.l Var. rufina Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 139. 



Melospiza melodia . . . var. rufina Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 169c. 



Melospiza melodia, var. rufina Baied, Beewee, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 

 ii, 1874, 29, pi. 27, fig. 11. 



(?) Melospiza melodia rufina Finsch, Journ. fur Orn., 1883, 271 (Chilcoot, Alaska, 

 Jan. 30; crit.).— Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 20, 1883, 328.— Obeehol- 

 SEE, Auk, xvi, 1899, 183. 



[Melospiza meloda] var. rufina Henshaw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, July, 1879, 

 159, 160 (crit.); Orn. Rep. Wheeler's Surv.,1879, 298,299 (crit.). 



[Melospiza melodia} g. rufina Coves, Birds N, W., 1874, 139 (synonymy). 



M.[elospiza'] fasciata rufina B.iiiGv: AY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii. Myiarchusr. 27, 1880, 3; 

 Myiarchusn. N.- Am. Birds, 1887, 432. 



Melospiza fasciata rufina Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 180, 

 217; Npm. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 231«.— Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, 

 no. 247.— Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchusa., v, 1882, 152, part (Port Althorp, 

 Georges I., Alaska, breeding). — (?)ANTHONy, Auk, iii, 1886, 169 (Washing- 

 ton Co., Oregon, winter). — Ameeican Oenithologists' Union, Check List, 

 1886, no. 581/.— Nelson, Eep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 192, part 

 (Sitka).— (?)Fannin, Check List, Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 37 (resident on 

 coast of mainland). — Geinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, 128 (Sitka). 



M.[elospiza'\ f.[ascmta'\ rufina Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 372. 



[Melospiza fasciata.'] Subsp. S. Melospiza rufina Shahpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 706, part (in synonymy). 



Melospiza guttata (not Fringilla guttata Nuttall) FixscH, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., 

 iii, 1872, 41 (Sitka). 



^Five specimens, two with sex not determined, but almost certainly males. 

 ^Thirteen specimens, few of them with sex not determined, but probably females. 

 ' Sharpe gives the same citation of Brandt with the addition of "pi. 215." 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 375 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA CAURINA Ridgway. 

 YAKTJTAT SONG SPAKROW, 



Similar to M. c. rufina but witla decidedly longer and more slender 

 bill and grayer coloration; the superciliary stripe, middle portion of 

 auricular region, sides of neck, hindneck, and edges of interscapulars 

 decidedly gray, in more or less strong contrast with the brown mark- 

 ings; streaks on chest, etc. , dark seal brown, and ground color of flanks 

 olive-grayish. Young, above deep grayish brown or sooty brown, 

 the back broadly and distinctly streaked with black or sooty black; 

 pileum dark sooty brown with a very indistinct median streak of sooty 

 grayish; streaks on chest, etc., sooty blackish. 



AdAilt TOaZ<?.— Length (skins), 144.78-165.10 (153.92); wing, 70.87- 

 73.66 (72.39); tail, 63.50-71.37 (67.06); exposed culmen, 12.70-14.22 

 (13.21); depth of bill at base, 6.35-6.86 (6.60); tarsus, 22.86-25.15 

 (23.88); middle toe, 16.76-18.29 (17.78).^ 



Adult female.— LLQ^g\h (skins), 146.05-160.78 (152.15); wing, 67.31- 

 70.61 (68.83); tail, 62.48-66.55 (64.77); exposed culmen, 12.70-13.97 

 (12.95); depth of bill at base, 6.10-7.11 (6.60); tarsus, 22.61-23.88 

 (23.11); middle toe, 16.76-18.03 (17.27). '^ 



Coast of the St. Elias district of Alaska, from Yakutat Bay to Lituya 

 Bay. 



, Melospizafasciata rufina (not Passerella mfina Bonaparte) Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. 



Coll. Alaska, 1887, 192, part (Lituya Bay). 

 Uelospiza fasdata caurina Ridgway, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 36 (Yakutat, Alaska; 



U.S.NatMyiarchuss.). 

 Melospiza melodia caurina Obeeholser, Auk, xvi, Apr, 1899, 183. 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA KENAIENSIS Ridgway. 

 EENAI SONQ SPARROW. 



Intermediate between M. c. caurina and M. c. insignis; larger 

 than the former, with upper parts more uniform in color (streaks on 

 back, etc., less distinct); smaller and browner than the latter, with 

 streaks on chest, etc. , darker. Young, much resembling that of M. c. 

 insignis, but more heavily streaked below; much paler and browner 

 above than young of M. c. caurina, with streaks on back much nar- 

 rower, those on chest, etc. , much browner. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 160.02-168.15 (164.08); wing, 76.71- 

 80.01 (78.23); tail, 72.14-72.64 (72.39); exposed culmen, 13.21-14.22 

 (13.72); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.62 (7.37); tarsus, 25.91; middle 

 toe, 18.54-19.05 (18.80).= 



Adult fe7nale.— Length (skin), 164.59; wing, 78.28; tail, 75.44; 

 exposed culmen, 13.97; tarsus, 25.40; middle toe, 18.03.* 



'Ten specimens ^ Five specimens. 'Two specimens. * One specimen. 




376 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Coast of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, from east side of Cook Inlet 

 (Port Graham, Fort Alexander, etc.) to Prince William Sound (Vir- 

 gin Bay). 



(?) Melospiza insignU (not of Baird) Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 44 



( Alexandre vsk, Alaska'). 

 Melospiza fasciaia rufina (not Passerella ™/ina Bonaparte) Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. 



Myiarchuss., V, 1882, 152, part (Graham Harbor, Cook Inlet, Alaska, breeding.; 



crit.). 

 Melospiza f. "rufina" from Cook Inlet, Alaska, Richmond, Auk, xii, 1895, 148 



(crit.). 

 Melospiza cinerea (not Fringilla cijierea Gmelin) Turnee, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 



1886, 174, part (Cook Inlet). 

 Melospiza melodia kenaiensis Ridgway, Auk, xvii, Jan., 1900, 29 (Port Graham, 



Cook Inlet, Alaska; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA INSIGNIS (Baird). 

 K4DIAK SONG SPARROW. 



Similar to M. c. kenaiensis but larger, with longer bill and grayer 

 coloration ; the pileum much grayer and more uniform in color. Young 

 similar to that of 2£. c. kenaiensis, but rather paler and grayer above, 

 with pileum decidedly so. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 170.18-187.45 (181.10); wing, 78.71- 

 86.11 (81.79); tail, 73.91-82.80 (80.26); exposed culmen, 14.48-16.00 

 (15.49); depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.37 (7.11); tarsus, 25.40-26.67 

 (25.91); middle toe, 18.29-20.07 (19.30).' 



Adadt female.— Length (skins), 175.51-184.15 (179.83); wing, 76.20- 

 79.76 (78.49); tail, 72.90-78.74 (75.18); exposed culmen, 14.48-14.73 

 (14.60); depthof bill at base, 7.37; tarsus, 25.40-26.42 (26.91); middle 

 toe, 19.05-19.30 (19.13).' 



'There are two Alexandrovsks or Fort Alexanders in Alaska; one on Graham Har- 

 bor, Cook Inlet, the other on Bristol Bay, north of the Alaskan Peninsula. No 

 Melospiza is known to occur in the latter region, hence Finsch' s bird most likely came 

 from the Cook Inlet Alexandrovsk, whence the U. S. National Myiarchusseum possesses rj\i 

 adult female of this form. 



' Eight specimens. 



'Three specimens. 



Eight adult males from Kukak Bay, Alaska Peninsula (opposite Kadiak) , compare 

 in measurements with the Kadiak series as follows: 



In coloration I can discover no difference whatever. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 377 



Island of Kadiak, Alaska, and opposite coast of Alaska Peninsula 

 (Kukak Bay, etc.). 



insignia Baihd, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 319, pi. 29, fig. 2 

 (Kadiak, Alaska; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chicago 

 Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 285 (Kadiak).— Baihd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 

 Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 27, fig. 8.— Richmond, Auk, xii, 1895, 144-149 

 (monogr.) .—American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, 

 no. 581.1; Auk, xiv, 1897, 122. 



M.lelospiza] imiguls Hen,shaw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 159, 160, part 

 (crit.); Orn. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1879, 298, 299 (crit.).— Ridgway, Myiarchusn. 

 , N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 604. 



\_Zonotnchia\ insignia Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 94, no. 7392. 



\_Melospiza melodia.'\ Var. insignis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 140. 



Mehspiza vidodia . var. insignis Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 169/. 



Melospiza melodia, var. insignis Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 

 ii, 1874, 30, part (Kadiak). 



IMelospiza melodia^ h. insignis Coues, Birds N. AV., 1874, 139, part. 



Melospiza melodia insignis Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 20, 1883, 328.— Grin- 

 nell, Condor, iii, 1901, 22 (Kadiak). 



M.lelospiza] cinerea (not Fringilla cinerea Gmelin) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., iii, Myiarchusrch 27, 1880, 3, part; Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 432, part.— 

 Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2ded., 1884, 372, part. 



Melospiza cinerea Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 180, 217, part; 

 xvi, 1893, 664 (Kadiak); Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 232, part.— Coues, 

 Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 250, part.— Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1882, 

 154, part (Kadiak).— Nelson, Cruise "Corwin", in 1881, 1883, 72, part 

 (Kadiak); Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 193, part (Kadiak).— Ameri- 

 can Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 582, part (Kadiak). — 

 Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 174, part (Kadiak; Alaska Peninsula, 

 part).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 707, part (in synonymy). 



Melospiza fasciata rufina (not Passerella rufina Bonaparte) Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. 

 Coll. Alaska, 1887, 192, part (Kadiak). 



MELOSPIZA CINEREA CINEREA (Gmelin). 

 ALEUTIAN SONG SPAEROW, y 



Similar to 3L c. insignis but still larger and graj^er; general color 

 above olive-gray (almost ash-gray in summer), the back broadly streaked 

 with brown (usually inclosing narrow blackish shaft-streaks), the pileum 

 usually with two broad lateral stripes of light vandj^ke or mummy 

 brown (these often obsolete in worn summer plumage); streaks on 

 chest, etc. , varying from light grayish brown to rusty brown. Young 

 similar to the young of 2L c. insignis, but paler above and streaks of 

 under parts grayish brown instead of sooty brown. 



Adult wa^e.— Length (skins), 170.43-2D4.72 (187.96); wing, 82.0i- 

 87.38 (86.09); tail, 78.49-86.61 (82.56); exposed culmen, 14.99-18.03 

 (16.26); depth of bill at base, 7.62-9.14 (8.38); tarsus, 26.92-29.21 

 (27.94); middle toe, 18.80-21.08 (20.07).^ 



' Sixteen specimens. 




378 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Adult ftmale.— Length (skins), 156.97-194.31 (lso.85); wing, 78.23- 

 86.31 (si.OS); tail, 71.37-82.04 (78.23); exposed culmen, 14.73-17.02 

 (16.00); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.64 (8.13); tarsus, 25.91-27.94 

 (27.18); middle toe, 19.56-20.57 (19.81).' 



Western portion of Alaska Peninsula (Stepovak Bay, opposite 

 Shumagin Islands^), Shumagin Islands, and Aleutian Islands, from 

 Unalaska to Atka, Adak, and Attu. 



[FringUla] cinerea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 922 (Unalaska; based on 

 Cinereous Finch Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. i, 274; Pennant, Arct. Zool., ii, 

 378).— Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 445. 



Z. [onotrichia] cinerea Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 373. 



[Zonotrichia] dnerea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 478. 



Melospiza cinerea Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 20, 41 (Unalaska). — 

 RIDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, 1880, 3 (crit), 180; Nom. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1881, no. 232.— Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 250; Key N. 

 Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 372.— Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. :\lus., v, 1882, 154, part 

 (Unalaska; Little Koniushi I., Shumagin,s; crit.). — Nelson, Cruise "Cor- 

 win" in 1881 (1883), 72, part (Unalaska, etc., habits) ; Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. 

 Alaska, 1887, 193, part (Unalaska and Shumagins, habits, etc.). — Turner, 

 Auk, ii, 1885, 157 (Nearer Islands, Aleutian chain, resident); Contr. Nat. 

 Hist. Alaska, 1886, 174, part (Attu and other Aleutian islands; Alaska 

 Peninsula, part, habits). — Townsend, Cruise "Corwin" in 1885 (1887), 101 

 (Unalaska). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 707, excl. syn., part 

 (Unalaska, Atka I. and Kyska Harbor, Aleutians). — Richmond, Auk, 

 xii, 1895, 144-149 (monogr.). 



M-lelospizal cinerea Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 372, part. — Ridg- 

 way, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 432, part; 2d ed., 1896, 604. 



Melospiza melodia cinerea Grinnell, Condor, iii, Jan., 1901, 20 (Amagnak I., 

 Unalaska; crit.). 



' Twelve specimens. 

 Series from different islands average as follows: 



Locality. 



MALES. 



Ten adult males from Unalaska 



T^vo adult males from the Shumagins. 



Three adult males from Atka 



One adult male from Adak 



FEMALES. 



Seven adult females from Unalaska . . . 

 One adult female from the Shumagins 



Two adult females from Atka 



Three adult females from Adak 



Ex- I Depth 



posed I of bill 



culmen. I at base. 



Tarsus. 



27. 94 

 27. 43 

 28. 19 

 27.43 



27.18 

 26.16 

 27.43 

 27.94 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



20.32 

 19.56 

 20.83 

 19.81 



20.07 

 19.05 

 20.32 

 19,81 



There seems to be no difference in coloration between specimens from different 

 islands. 



No specimens have been examined except from the Shumagins, Unalaska, and 

 the extreme westernmost islands of the chain (Atka, Adak, and Attu). 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMEEICA. 379 



Melospiza insignis (not of Baird) Dall, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., v, 1873, 27 (Una- 



laska) ; 1874, 274 (Kyska and throughout Aleutians) . 

 M.[ehspiza'] insignis Henshaw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 159, 160, part 



(crit.). 

 Melospiza melodia, var. iiisignis Baihd, Beewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 



Birds, ii, 1874, 30, part (Unalaska) . 

 [Melospiza melodia'] h. insignis Coues, Birds S. W., 1874, 139, part (synonymy). 

 Emberiza unalaschensie (not of Gmelin?) Brandt, Descr. Anim. Boss., 1836, pi. 2, 



fig. 4.— Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 20.— Schalow, Journ. fiir 



Orn., 1891, 256 (Unalaska). 

 Melospiza sanaka MyiarchusGregor, Condor, iii, Jan., 1901 (pub. Xov. 25, 1900), 8 



(Sanak I., Shumagin group; coll. E. C. MyiarchusGregor). 



MELOSPIZA LINCOLNII (Audubon). 

 LINCOLN'S SPAEROW. 



Ninth primary longer than fourth (often equal to fifth); malar region 

 and broad band across chest buff, the latter streaked (usually narrowly) 

 with black. 



Adults {sexes alike). — Pileum light mummy brown, conspicuously 

 streaked with black and divided by a more or less distinct median 

 stripe of olive-grayish; hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper 

 tail-coverts light olive or buffy olive, sharpb- streaked with black, the 

 streaks broadest on back; outer surface of wings more rusty brown- 

 ish, especially on innermost greater coverts and secondaries, the greater 

 coverts and tertials conspicuously blackish centrall}'; tail light gray- 

 ish brown (hair brown or broccoli brown), the middle rectrices with a 

 median stripe of dusky; superciliary stripe and sides of neck grayish 

 or olive-grayish, the former more or less buffy anteriorly; auricular 

 region similar, but rather darker or browner, margined above by a 

 distinct postocular streak of blackish and below by a rictal streak of 

 the same; malar region, post-auricular space, broad band across chest, 

 sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts buffy, the chest, sides, flanks, and 

 under tail-coverts streaked with black; rest of under parts white, the 

 throat usually more or less flecked or streaked with black and mar- 

 gined laterally with a black submalar line or series of streaks. 



Young. — Essentially like adults, but rather more buffy, the colors 

 more suffused and markings less sharply defined. 



Adult male.— h&ngih. (skins), 123.95-i'16.30 (133.86); wing, 57.40- 

 66.55 (62.99); tail, 52.58-61.98 (57.66); exposed culmen, 10.41-11.94 

 (11.18); depth of bill at base, 5.84-7.11 (6.35); tarsus, 19.81-21.84 

 (20.83); middle toe, 13.72-16.51 (14.99).^ 



Adult female.— Lmgih (skins), 115.32-137.92 (128.52); wing, 54.61- 

 62.23 (59.44); tail, 51.05-59.44 (54.36); exposed culmen, 9.65-11.68 



' Seventeen specimens. 




380 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(10.67); depth of bill at base, 5.59-6.10 (5.84); tarsus, 18.80-20.57 

 (19.81); middle toe, 13.72-15.49 (14.48). ^ 



Fringillalincolnli Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 539, pi. 193 (Labrador).— ^'utt all, 

 Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Canada, 2d ed., i, 1840, 569. 



IJnrxria lincolni Eichardsox, "List, 1837" (Baird.) 



Pasaerculus lincolni Bonapakte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 33. — Sclatee and 

 Salvix, Ibis, 1859, 18 (Guatemala, Feb. ).—Sclatek, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1858,303 (Oaxaca); 1859,365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). 



Peuaea Uncolnii Audubox, Synopsis, 1839, 113; Birds Am. , oot. ed., iii, 1841, 116, pi. 

 117. — Baied, in Stansbury's Eep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 317. — Bonapakte, 

 Compt. Rend., xxvii, 1854, 920. — Kexnekly, Eep. PacificE. E. Surv.,iv, pt. vi, 

 1856, 12 (Bill Williams E., Arizona).— Heermann, Eep. Pacific E. E. Surv., 

 X, pt. iv, 1859, 49 (California) . 



[Peuciea] lincolni Bonapaete, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 481. 



Z. [pnotrichia] lincolni Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 347. 



[Zonotrichia] lincolni Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 94, no. 7393. 



Zonotrichia lincolni Woodhouse, in Eep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 

 85.— FiNscH, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 76. 



JMetospiza Knco^TOi Baird, Eep. Pacific E. E. Surv., ix, 1858, 482; Eep. L'. S. and 

 Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 16 (Tamaulipas, Myiarchusr.; Brownsville, 

 Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 368.— Kexnebly, Eep. Pacific E. R. 

 Surv., X, pt. vi, 1859, 29 (Nevs' Mexico and Arizona, Feb.). — Sclatee, Cat. 

 Am. Birds, 1862, 114 (Pennsylvania; Orizaba, Vera Cruz). — Lawrence, Ann. 

 Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 286 (New York City).— Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 1866, 88 (Arizona).— Sumicheast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552 

 (Vera Cruz, winter). — Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 

 285 (Nulato and Fort Yukon, Alaska, breeding). — Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 

 216. — Allex, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 177 (e. Kansas, Myiarchusy; mount- 

 ains of Colorado above 8,000 ft.). — Feekaei-Peeez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 

 1886, 144 (Puebla, Mexico, Dec). — Ameeicax Ornithologists' Uxiox, Check 

 List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 583.— Geinnell, Pub. i, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 19 

 (San Clemente I., California, 1 spec. Myiarchusr. 30); Auk, xv, 1898, 128 (Sitka, 

 Alaska, breeding). 



M.[^eloapiza\ Uncolnii Ridgway, Ann. Lye, N. Y., x, 1874, 373 (s. Illinois, winter; 

 n. Illinois, transient). 



[Melogpizci] Uncolnii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 138. 



^ Fourteen specimens. 



Eastern and western specimens differ somewhat in average measurements, but I 

 am unable to discover any difference in coloration. Average measurements are as 

 follows ; 




BIRDS OF NOBTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 381 



Melospiza lincolni Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 379 (Totontepec and 

 Teotalcingo, Oaxaca). — Blakistox, Ibis, 1862, 7 (Forks of Saskatchewan, 

 Myiarchusy 21).— Deesser, Ibis, 1865, 489 (San Antonio, Texas, Myiarchusr. to Myiarchusy).— 

 CouBS, Check List, 1873, no. 167; 2d ed., 1882, no. 242; Birds N. W., 1874, 

 135; Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1873, 595 (Souris E,., etc., 

 North Dakota, Sept., Oct.). — Baihd, Beewee, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, ii, 1874, 31, pi. 27, fig. 13; iii, 1874, 514 (breeding near summit of 

 Sierra Nevada, 7,000-9,000 ft.) .—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 

 277 (Myiarchuszatlan, w. Mexico). — Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 

 1874, 63 (Denver, Colorado, Myiarchusy), 81 (Fort Garland, Colorado, Myiarchusy 25); 

 Zool. Exp. AV. 100th j\Ierid., 1875, 283 (breeding on mountains of Colorado; 

 Utah and Arizona in Sept.). — Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 33 (Wali- 

 satch Mts., Utah, breeding); Orn. 40th parallel, 1877, 484 (localities in 

 Nevada, spring and autumn; breeding in Wahsatch Mts., Utah); Xom. N. 

 Am. Birds, 1881, no. 234. — Langdon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 8 (transient). — 

 Bendire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 119 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, 

 breeding). — Sennett, Bull. LT. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 18 

 (Brownsville, Texas, Apr.); v, 1879, 390 (Lometa, Texas, Apr., Myiarchusy). — 

 Bagg, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 197 (Hamilton Co., New York, breed- 

 ing); vi, 1881, 246 (do.; descr. nest and eggs). — Mereiam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, iv, 1879, 6 (Lewis Co., New York, breeding); vi, 1881, 230 (do.).— 

 MyiarchusNOT, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 229 (mountains of Colorado, breed- 

 ing). — BoDCAED, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 444 (Izamal, Yucatan). — 

 Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 348, 350 (Victoria Mt.s. and 

 La Paz, Lower California, winter). — Bewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 

 xxii, 1883, 374 (]\Iacnair Cove, etc.. Gulf St. Lawrence; Halifax, Nova 

 Scotia, breeding). — Dutches, Auk, i, 1884, 31 (Long Island, Myiarchusy 9). — 

 TuENEE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, 1885, 241 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, 1 

 spec. June 10). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 

 583. — Sage, Auk, iii, 1886, 487 (East Hartford, Connecticut, 1 spec. Sept. 

 21); xi, 1894, 181 (Portland, Connecticut, Sept. 21 to Oct. 3).— Salvin and 

 God.man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 386.— Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 324 

 (w. Myiarchusnitoba, transient) . — Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 195 

 (Nulato, Fort Yukon, etc.).— Bey ant. Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., no. 6, 1887, 302 

 (Guadalupe Island, 2 specs. Feb. 1). — Townsend, Cruise "Corwin" in 1885 

 , (1887), 93 (upper Kowak R., Alaska).— Meerill, Auk, v, 1888, 359 (Fort 

 Klamath, e. Oregon, breeding). — Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 209 

 (breeding at Racine, Wisconsin, and in n. Illinois). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 698 (Savana de Poctun, Guatemala, Myiarchusr., etc.). — Chapman, 

 BulL Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., iii, 1890, 147 (Mount Lehman, Vancouver I., etc., 

 British Columbia; crit.). — Beaislin, Auk, xiii, 1896, 87 (Parkville, Long 

 Island, Sept. 28). — Neheling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 163. — Mooee, 

 Auk, XV, 1898, 190 (York Co., New Brunswick, June 18). 



{_Melospiza} lincolni Sclatee and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 32. 



M.[elospiza] lincolni 'Nblson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 109, 152 (n. e. Illinois, 

 Myiarchusy 8-20, Sept. 20 to Oct. 15; breeds sparingly at Waukegan).— CoiTes, Key 

 N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 370.— Ridgway, i\Ian. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 433. 



Helospiza lincolnii Allen, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 72 (Springfield, Myiarchusssachu- 

 setts, 2 specs.. Myiarchusy). 



Passerculus zonarius ("Bp.") Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 305 (Cor- 

 dova, Vera Cruz, ex. "Bp. C. R., 1856;" no description). 



Emberiza (Zonotrichia) gracilis Kittlitz, Denkw., i, 1858, 199, in text (Sitka, 

 Alaska?). 



Emberiza spinoletta "Kittl." Brandt, Descr. Anim. Ross., 1836, pi. 2, fig. 7 (see 

 Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 46). 




382 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(.»') Melospiza lincoVni striata Bkbwsteb, Auk, vi, Apr. (pub. Jan. 31), 1889, 89 

 (Comox, British Columbia; coll. W. Brewster).— American Ornithologists' 

 Union Committee, Auk, vii, 1890, 63.— Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. 

 Col., 1891, 37 (Comox).— Rhoads, Auk, x, 1893, 21 (Vancouver I., etc., British 

 Columbia; crit); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 51 (do.).— Ridgway, 

 Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 605. 



{t) Melospiza lincolnii striata American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 2d 

 ed., 1895, no. 583a. 



MELOSPIZA GEORGIANA (Latham). 

 SWAMP SPAREOW, 



Adtdts [sexes alike). — Forehead black, divided hj a more or less dis- 

 tinct median line of grayish or whitish; crown chestnut, sometimes 

 more or less streaked with blackish ; occiput blackish laterally, gray- 

 ish medially; back and scapulars light brown broadly streaked with 

 black, some of the interscapulars broadly edged with dull bufly; rump 

 olive-brownish, more or less streaked with dusky; upper tail -coverts 

 more rusty brown, distinctlj' streaked with black; tail rusty brown, 

 the median pair of rectrices with a narrow median stripe of dusky; 

 exposed surface of greater wing-coverts and secondaries chestnut, the 

 concealed median portion black or duskj"; tertials black, edged on outer 

 webs with chestnut and buffy; broad superciliarj' stripe, sides of neck, 

 and hindneck gray, the last more or less streaked or clouded with 

 brown and duskj-; auricular region more brownish graj', or light 

 brownish, margined above hj a distinct postocular streak of black 

 and chestnut and beneath bj" a narrower (sometimes indistinct) rictal 

 streak of the same; malar region pale grayish or grayish white, usually 

 margined below bj" a narrow, usually broken, submalar streak of 

 dusky; chin, throat, and abdomen white, or grayish white; chest light 

 gray or brownish gray, sometimes narrowly and indistinctly streaked 

 with dusk}-; sides and flanks (especialh' the latter) tawny brown; under 

 tail-coverts buffy with central marks of dusky. 



Immature 'birds (in second year?). — Similar to fully adult birds, as 

 described above, but without the chestnut crown-patch, the pileum 

 being brown, divided by a narrow median line of olive-graj'ish and 

 broadly streaked with black. ^ 



Young in first autumn and vnnter. — Similar to supposed j^oung in 

 second year, as described above, but with the head more or less tinged 

 with yellowish (especially on supraloral and malar regions) and the 



' It is possible that some adult females never assume the chestnut crown-patch, a 

 majority of .spring specimens of that sex being in the plumage described above. 

 That the chestnut crown-patch is not a seasonal character is proven by specimens, of 

 both sexes, thus marked, which were obtained in autumn and winter. 



Winter adults are more richly colored than those obtained in spring and summer, 

 but are otherwise similar. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 383 



under parts more or less suffused with brownish buffy; sometimes 

 with the chest and flanks narrowly streaked with dusky. 



Young in fivat plumage. — Pileum dusky, narrowly streaked with 

 pale grayish buffy; back and scapulars dull buffy broadly streaked 

 with black; under parts dull white, the chest and sides more or less 

 buffy and streaked with dusky; wings and tail much as in adults, 

 but middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with buffy, producing 

 two narrow bands.' 



Adult wiffiZe'.— Length (skins), 129.79-147.07 (137.67); wing, 68.42- 

 65.53 (62.48); tail, 55.37-63.75 (59.18); exposed culmen, 10.92-11.94 

 (11.68); depth of bill at base, 6.10-6.35 (6.23); tarsus, 21.3rl^22.10 

 (21.59); middle toe, 14.99-16.00 (15.75).' 



Adult female.— Liength (skins), 121.92-140.72 (131.83); wing, 

 57.66-62.23 (59.18); tail, 52.32-61.21 (56.13)'; exposed culmen, 10.67- 

 11.94 (11.18); depth of bill at base, 5.84-6.10 (6.03); tarsus, 20.32- 

 22.10 (21.34); middle toe, 14.73-16.00 (15.49).' 



\_FnngUla\ georgiana Latham, Index Om., i, 1790, 460 (Georgia).— Lichtex- 

 STEiN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, no. 251. 



Fringilla georgiana Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Canada, i, 1832, 502; 2d ed., i, 

 1840, 588. 



Mdospiza georgiana Ridgway, Proc. U. S. IS'at. Myiarchuss., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 355.— 

 American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 584.— Thorne, Auk, 

 iv, 1887, 264 (Fort Lyon, e. Colorado, numerous in ]Myiarchusy, 1885).— Cooke, 

 Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 210 (breeding from n. Illinois northward; Oak 

 Point, Myiarchusnitoba; San Angelo, w. Texas, etc.); Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 

 44, 1898, 166 (Colorado Springs, 1 spec. Aug., 1897).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds 

 Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 697.— Palmer (W.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1890, 

 264 (St. Johns, Newfoundland, summer). — Warren, Birds Pennsylvania, 

 1890, 243 (breeding nearly throughout). — Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 xiii, 1891, 605 (Myiarchusnitoba, summer resid.; habits, song, etc.). — Attwater, 

 Auk, ix, 1892, 339 (San Antonio, Texas, winter). — MyiarchusIlwraith, Birds Ontario, 

 1892, 326 (breeding).— Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 160.— 

 Butler, Birds Indiana, 1897, 970 (breeding in Lake and Dekalb counties). 



M. [elospizal georgiana Ridgivay, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 433. 



Fringilla palustris AVilson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 49, pi. 22, fig. 1 (Pennsylvania; ex 

 Passer palustris Bartram). — Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, .331; v, 1839, 508, 

 pi. 64. 



F. [ringilla'] jMlustris Bonaparte, Obs. Wilson, 1825, no. 105. 



Zonotrichia palustris Jaedine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 338, pi. 21, fig. 1. 



Z. lonotrichia'] ptalustris Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 374. 



[Zonotrichia'] palustris Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 94, no. 7394. 



Passerculus palustris Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 33. 



[Passerculus'] palustris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 481. 



[Ammodramus'] palustris Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 289. 



' The young in first plumage of this species, closely resemble those of M. cinerea 

 melodia, but may be distinguished by the much darker color of the pileum, as well 

 as their smaller size. 



' Eight specimens. 




384 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Ammodramus palustrii Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 111; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 

 110, pi. 175.— Willis, Ann. Eep. ' Smithson. Inst, for- 1858 (1859), 287 

 (Bermudas). 



Ammodromus palustrid Hukdis, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1850, 36 (Bermudas, 1 

 spec. Dec. 3, 1849). 



Melospiza palustris Baird, Rep. Pacific R. E. Surv., ix, 1858, 483 Cat. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1859, no. 369.— Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 114 (Pennsylvania).— 

 Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, 79 (Gt. Slave Lake). — Turxbull, Birds e. Penn. and 

 N. J., 1869, 23 (breeding).— Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 279 (e. 

 Florida, winter); iii, 1872, 177 (e. Kansas, ]Myiarchusy) — Cohes, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 1871, 22 (Fort Myiarchuscon, North Carolina, breeding?); Check List, 1873, 

 no. 168; 2(1 ed., 1882, no. 243; Birds N. W., 1874, 137; Bull. U. S. Geol. and 

 Geog. Surr. Terr., iv, 1878, 596 (Souris R., North Dakota, Sept., Oct.).— 

 Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 7 (e. Kansas). — Baied, Brewer, and Ridgway, 

 .Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 34, pi. 28, figs. 1, 2; iii, 1874, 515 (Washington, 

 s. Utah, 1 spec. Oct. 23). — Yarrow and Hensh.-iw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's 

 Surv., 1871-73 (1874), 14 (Washington, s. Utah, 1 spec, Oct. 23); Zool. Exp. 

 W. 100th Merid., 1875, 285 (do. ).— Merriam, Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 1877, 38 

 (Connecticut, common, breeding). — Brewster, Bull. Xutt. Orn. Club, iii, 

 1878, 120 (descr. young).— Ridgway, Nom. X. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 233.— 

 Bicknell, Auk, ii, 1885, 149 (song). — Agerseorg, Auk, ii, 1885, 280 (s. e. 

 Dakota, breeding). — Chadbouene, Auk, ii, 1885, 216 (Cambridge, ilas^sachu- 

 setts, Jan. 11). — Bulley, Auk, iii, 1886, 277 (descr. immature plumage). 



[Melospiza] palustris Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 139. 



M.[elospiza1 palustris Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 109, 152 (n. e. Illinois, 

 Myiarchusr. to Oct.)— Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 370. 



Helospiza palustris Allen, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1864, 7S. — ilAYNABD, Birds E. 

 N. Am., 1881, 117. 



Passerculus caboti Baird, Brewer, and Ridgw.\y, Hist. X. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 

 pi. 46, fig. 9 (Nahant, Myiarchusssachusetts; V. S. Xat. Myiarchusg.; no description!= 

 immature plumage with yellow tinge to head). 



"Spizella pallida" Atkinson, Prelim. Cat. Birds X'. C. (Journ. Elisha Myiarchustchell 

 Soc. for 1887) (North Carolina; see Pearson, Auk, xv, 1898, 275). 



Genus PASSERELLA Swainson. 



Passerella Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 288. (Type, Fringilla iliaca 

 Merrem. ) 



^ledium-sized terrestrial Fringillidee with strong, conical bill, rather 

 stout feet with strong claws (outer toe reaching to middle of subter- 

 minal phalanx of middle toe), rather long and pointed wing, and under 

 parts white conspicuously marked with triangular spots of brown, 

 dusky, or chestnut. 



Bill moderate or rather large, conical, with superior and lateral out- 

 lines nearly straight, deeper than broad at base (basal depth about 

 equal to length of maxilla from nostril), and tip acute; culmen slightly 

 convex terminally and basally, straight or faintly concave in middle; 

 gonys straight or verj^ faintly convex, its angle prominent; maxillary 

 tomium faintly concave anteriorly, abruptly deflected at base, with 

 more or less of a notch between; mandibular tomium straight to the 

 subbasal angle, the latter unusually far back. Nostrils triangular (the 




BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 385 



apex forward), with a ))road superior membrane. Rictal -bristles 

 obvious but small. Wing rather long (about three and a half to three 

 and two-thirds times as long as tarsus), rather pointed (eighth to sixth 

 primaries longest, ninth shorter than sixth); primaries exceeding sec- 

 ondaries by less than length of tarsus; tertials not longer than sec- 

 ondaries. Tail about iive-sixths as long as wing {Ulaaa) to longer than 

 wing {megarJiyncha), very slightly rounded or double-rounded, about 

 half concealed by upper coverts. Tarsus rather long (about twice as 

 long as exposed culmen), stout, its scutella fairly distinct; middle toe 

 with claw about equal to tarsus; lateral claws reaching decidedly past 

 base of middle claw; hallux about equal to middle toe or a little shorter, 

 its claw about equal to the digit or shorter. 



Coloration. — Above brownish gray, brownish, or rusty, the upper 

 tail-coverts, tail, and wings usually much more rufescent than other 

 portions; the back (sometimes top of head also) sometimes streaked 

 with rusty ; lower parts white, more or less thickly marked with tri- 

 angular spots of brown, rusty, or dusky, especially on chest (where, 

 as well as on sides of throat, these spots are sometimes united into a 

 more or less conspicuous patch), the sides and flanks striped or broadly 

 streaked with the same color. Young not materially different from 

 adults. 



Range. — Northern and western North America (eastern United 

 States in winter). (Monotypic.) 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PASSBHELLA. 



a. "Wing much longer than tail, the difference not lees than 5.08; color of back gray, 

 streaked or spotted with chestnut, or else plain brown; if the latter, the color not 

 strongly contrasted with slightly more rufescent color of upper tail-coverts and 

 tail. 

 h. Difference between length of wing and length of tail greater than length of 

 exposed culmen; back distinctly streaked or spotted with chestnut. (North- 

 ern North America from eastern British provinces to coast of Bering Sea in 

 Alaska, south in winter through eastern United States. ) 



Fasserella iliaca iliaca (p. 386) 



hh. Difference between length of wing and length of tail less than length of exposed 



culmen; back not streaked nor spotted (plain brown) . 



c. Paler, the upper parts grayish brown, olive-brown, or light sepia; spots on 



chest, etc., smaller, less crowded, light sepia, warm sepia, or grayish brown. 



d. Grayer, the sides of head and neck distinctly gray, the back grayish brown; 



adult male averaging, wing 84.33, tail 74.68, exposed culmen 12.45, 



depth of bill at base 9.91, tarsus 25.65. (Shumagin Islands and Alaska 



peninsula; Unalaska?) Passerella iliaca unalaschensis (p. 389) 



dd. Browner, the sides of head and neck grayish brown, the back light sepia 



brown. 



e. Larger and paler, with larger bill; adult male averaging, wing 83.82, tail 



74.17, exposed culmen 12.70, depth of bill at base 9.65, tarsus 25.91. 



(Kadiak Island, Alaska, in summer; Myiarchusddleton Island?; south in winter 



to southern California.) Passerella iliaca insularis (p. 391) 



17024—01 25 




386 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. , 



ee. Smaller and darker, with relatively smaller bill; adult male averaging, 

 wing 81.79, tail 73.15, exposed culmen 12.19, depth of bill at base 

 8.13, tarsus 25.15. (Coast of Alaska between Cross Sound and Prince 



William Sound. ) Passerella iliaca annectens (p. 392) 



cc Darker, the upper parts deep vandyke bnjwn, chestnut-brown, or dark sooty 

 brown; spots on chest, etc., larger anfi more crowded, deep vandyke brown 

 to dark sooty brown. 

 d. More rufescent (deep vandyke brown to chestnut-brown above); smaller, 

 adult male averaging, wing 80.52, tail 70.61, exposed culmen 11.94, depth 

 of bill at base 7.87, tarsus 25.40. (Southern Alaska, between Cross Sound 

 and Dixon Entrance, in summer; south in winter to northern Cali- 

 fornia. ) Passerella iliaca townsendi (p. 392) 



dd. More sooty (dark vandyke brown to deep sooty brown above); larger; 

 adult male averaging, wing 81.53, tail 74.17, exposed culmen 12.19, 

 depth of bill at base 8.38, tarsus 25.91. (Coast of British Columbia, 

 Vancouver Island, and Puget Sound district in summer; south in winter 



to coast of northern California. ) Passerella iliaca fuliginosa (p. 394) 



aa. Wing not much, if any, longer than tail, sometimes shorter; if longer, the dif- 

 ference less than 5.08; color of back and rump plain gray, strongly contrasted 

 with rufous-brown of upper tail-coverts and tail. 

 h. Wing decfdedly longer than tail; smaller, with more slender bill; spots on 

 chest, etc., larger and browner; adult male averaging, wing 81.79, tail 

 79.76, exposed culmen 12.19, depth of bill at base 9.91, tarsus 23.37. 

 ( Rocky Mountain district of the United States and British America. ) 



Passerella iliaca schistacea (p. 395) 



h}}. Wing not decidedly, if any, longer than tail (often shorter); larger, with 



thicker bill; spots on chest, etc., smaller and darkei'. 



c. Smaller; adult male averaging, wing 83.06, tail 81.79, exposed culmen 12.70, 



depth of bill at base 12.70, tarsus 24.13. (Sierra Nevada and Cascade 



mountains. ) Passerella iliaca megarhyncha (p. 397) 



(T. Larger; adult male averaging, wing 84.58, tail 85.09, exposed culmen 15.49, 

 depth of bill at base 14.73, tarsus 24.64. (San Bernardino Mountains, 

 southern California. ) Passerella iliaca Stephens! (p. 398) 



PASSERELLA ILIACA ILIACA (Merrem). 

 FOX-OOLOBED SPARROW. 



Upper parts mixed deep rusty and brownish gray, in variable pro- 

 portion; if grayish predominating, the back (sometimes top of head 

 also) streaked with chestnut or rustj^; wing-coverts usually narrowly 

 tipped with whitish, producing two more or less distinct bars; mark- 

 ings on lower parts chiefly (or entireh') deep chestnut or rusty. 



Adults {sexes iilll'e). — I. Gray i>ha>ie: Above olive-gray, the back 

 and scapulars broadly streaked with rusty brown or chestnut, the pileum 

 more or less tinged with the same; lower rump and upper tail-coverts 

 cinnamon-rufous or chestnut-rufous; outer webs of rectrices and wing- 

 coverts cinnamon-rufous or chestnut-rufous, the middle and greater 

 wing-coverts narrowly tipped with whitish; remiges and inner webs 

 of rectrices dusky brown, the former edged with paler brown, becom- 

 ing more rufescent on secondaries; under parts white, heavih' spotted 

 on chest, sides of throat, etc., with chestnut-rufous, the sides and 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



387 



fianks broadljr streaked with .same. II. BvfDioi ]}Jimi<i': Above nearly- 

 uniform chestnut or chestnut-rufous, the upper rump, sides of neck, 

 and supra-auricular region slightly intermixed with olive or olive- 

 grayish; under parts as in the grayish phase, but the chestnut-rufous 

 spots larger, more confluent.^ 



Touvg. — Essentially like adults, but colors duller and markings less 

 sharplj' defined. 



Adult w^/Z^\— Length (skins). 150.88-172.72 (lfi4:.8.5); wing, 8fi.36- 

 91.69 (89.15); tail, 67.06-73.91 (70.36); exposed culmen, 10. 67-1 li. 95 

 (12.45); depth of bill at base, 9.14-10.41 (9.91); tarsus, 24.13-25.40 

 (24.89); middle toe, 16.00-17.53 (16.76).-' 



Adult female.— Length, (skins). 156.97-170.18 (161.80); wing, 83.82- 

 87.88 (85.85); tail, 66.S0-73.15 (69.34); exposed culmen. 10.67-12.19 

 (11.68); depth of bill at base, 9.14-10.16(9.40); tarsus, 23.11-25.40 

 (24.89); middle toe, 15.49-17.53 (16.26).' 



Northern North America; .breeding from Nova Scotia, Myiarchusgdalen 

 Islands, Anticosti Island, Newfoundland, northern Myiarchusine, Province of 

 Quebec, etc. , northward and northwestward to valley of Lower Ander- 

 son River, Kowak River, and Bering seacoast of Alaska (north of 

 the Alaska peninsula) ; south in winter to northern Florida and west- 

 ward to middle Texas (San Antonio, Navarro County, Kendall County, 

 etc.), and eastern base of Rocky Mountains; occasional on southern 

 coast of Alaska during migration (Portage Bay, February). 



^ These two plumages represent the extremes, as shown in only a small percentage 

 of specimens, a large majority being variously intermediate, most of them about 

 half way between. The extreme rufous phase seems to be represented only in the 

 Atlantic coast district, and is altogether wanting in Alaska and other northwestern 

 portions of the continent, where only birds representing the gray extreme occur. 

 Myiarchusny specimens from the Atlantic coast are practically indistinguishable from the 

 Alaskan specimens, however, and I am therefore unable to satisfactorily distinguish 

 two geographic forma. 



^ Ten specimens. 



' Seven specimens. 



Alaskan specimens average larger than eastern examples, except as to the feet; 

 and, in view of the fact that apparently the grayest examples only occur there, it 

 may eventually become necessary to separate them. At present, however, the num- 

 ber of specimens available for comparison, especially of summer birds, is much too 

 small to warrant such procedure. Average measurements of Alaskan and Atlantic 

 coast specimens are as follows; 




388 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Fringilla iiiani Mereem, Beitr. (4escli. Vog., 1786-87, 49, pi. 10.— Nuttall, Myiarchusn. 

 brn. U.S. and Canada, i, 1832, 514.— Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 58; v, 1839, 

 512, pi. 108; Synopsis, 1839, 119; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 139, pi. 186.— 

 Willis, Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst, for 1858 (1859), 282 (Nova Scotia, breeding) . 



F.[:riiigiUii'] iliaca Gmelin, Syst. Nat, i, 1788, 923. — Latham, Index Orn., i, 

 1790, 438. 



FringiUd (Zonotrichia) iliaca Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 257. 



ZutiotrichiaUiaca Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 341, pi. 22, fig. 4. 



P-lagserella] iliaca Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 288. — Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., 

 i, 1851, 131 (South Carolina).— Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 

 385.— RIDGWAY, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 434. 



Passerella ihiaru Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 31. — Woodhouse, Rep. 

 Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuiii and Col. R., 1853, 82 (Indian Territory, winter). — 

 Baied, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 488; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 

 374.— ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 118.— Verrill, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 

 ix, 1862, 138 (Anticosti I., breeding). — Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chi- 

 cago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 285 (Nulato, Unalaklik, Fort Yukon, etc., breed- 

 ing; St. Myiarchuschaels, July, Aug.). — Myiarchusynaed, Birds Florida, pt. Iv, 1878, 

 106.— Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 279 (e. Florida in winter, 

 rare).— Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 188; 2d ed., 1882, no. 282; Birds N. 

 W., 1874, 160.— Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 7.— Baied, Brewee, and Ridg- 

 WAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 50, pi. 28, fig. 7.— Ridgway, Field and 

 Forest, iii, 1877, 198 (Colorado); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 235.— Hen- 

 SHAW, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 7 (crit.).— Meaens, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, iv, 1879, 36 (lower Hudson Valley, winter).— Beown (N. 0.), Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 39 (Boerne, Kendall Co., and Brazos, Texas, 

 winter). — Ogilby, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc, iii, 1882 (39) (Navarro Co., 

 Texas, Nov. to Feb. ). — Aveeill, Orn. and 061., ix, 1884, 22 (Bridgeport, Con- 

 necticut, Dec. 29). — FiNscH, Journ. fur Orn., 1883, 272 (Portage Bay, Alaska, 

 Feb. 1).— Nelson, Cruise "Corwin", 1881 (1883), 72 (Norton Sound to 

 Kotzebue Sound, Alaska; song, etc.); Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 

 195 (coast Norton Sound, Myiarchusy 10 to Sept. 15; habits; descr. nest and eggs). — 

 MyiarchusLenegan, Cruise "Corwin", 1834, 116 (Hotham Inlet and lower Kowak 

 R., Alaska, breeding). — Ambkican Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 

 1886, no. 585.— Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 176 (St. Myiarchuschaels, 

 June 8 to last of August; Yukon district). — Townsend, Cruise "Corwin", 

 1885 (1887), 93, 101 (upper Kowak R., July 15) ; Auk, iv, 1887, 13 (Kowak 

 R.).— Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 716.— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. 

 Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 211.— Beckham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1888, 679 (San 

 Antonio, Texas, Jan.). — Bishop, Auk, vi, 1889, 148 (Myiarchusgdalen Islands, 

 breeding). — Myiarchuscfarlane, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 443 (Anderson 

 R., etc., breeding; descr. nest and eggs). — Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 476, 

 (winter resid., rare in w. Kansas). — Att water, Auk, ix, 1892, 339 (San 

 Antonio, Texas, winter resid.). — Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa R., 

 n. w. Florida, winter). — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 164, pi. 

 24, fig. 6. 



Passerella illiaca Myiarchusynard, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiv, 1872, 373 (breeding 

 at Quebec, Canada). 



[Passerella'] iliaca Bonaparte, Consp. Av. , i, 1850, 477. — Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 

 1872, 147. 



[Fringilla'] ferruginea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 921 (North America, 

 based on £ittZe<S^«(r/-o«) Edwards, Gleanings, pi. 354, fig. 2; Ferraginmis Finch 

 Pennant, Arct. Zool., ii, 375; Latham, Synop. Birds, ii, pt. i, 272). 



Fringilla ferruginea Baeton, Frag. Nat. Hist. Penn., 1799, 15. 



F.[ringilla] ferruginea Wilson, Am. Orn., vi, 1812, p. xiii. — Hall, ed. Wilson, 

 Am. Orn., ii, — , 255. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 389 



Fringilla rafa Wilson, Am. (_)rn., ii, 1811, 53, pi. 22, fig. 4 (Pennsylvania, etc.; 



ex Bartram). — Lichtensteix, Verz. Doubl., 1823, no. 428. 

 " Emberiza pruleriHis Vieill.?" (Cabanis. ) 

 Paaserellaohscura Yeerill, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, Dec, 1862, 143 ( Anticoeti 



I.; coll. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., Cambridge;=young). 



PASSERELLA ILIACA UNALASCHENSIS (Gmelin) . 

 SHTTMAGIN FOX SPARROW. 



Adults {'^."xes (tlilce). — Pileum and hindneck browni.sh graj' or grayish 

 brown (nearly hair brown), passing into clear gray (mouse gray or 

 smoke gray) on superciliary region and sides of neck; auricular region 

 brownish gray, with narroAV and indistinct shaft-streaks of whitish; 

 back, scapulars, and rump plain hair brown; greater wing-coverts, 

 tertials, and upper tail-coverts dull cinnamon-brown, the rest of wings 

 intermediate between the last-named color and color of back, except 

 edges of outermost primaries, which are pale hair brown; under parts 

 white, the foreneck, sides of throat (submalar region), chest, and sides 

 of breast marked with triangular spots of deep grayish brown or drab, 

 the flanks broadlj' streaked or striped with the same (both sides and 

 flanks mostly grayish brown laterally); malar region M'hite, flecked 

 with grayish brown; under tail-coverts grayish brown centrally, 

 broadlj^ margined with white or buflfy white; middle of throat and 

 breast usuallj^ with a few small spots of brown; maxilla duskj^ on 

 culmen, paler on tomia; mandible pale colored (j-ellowish in winter, 

 pinkish or liliaceous in summer); iris brown; legs and feet brown. 



Adult male.—Length (skins), 165.10-170.18(167.64); wing, 83.31- 

 86.11 (84.33); tail, 73.15-75.69 (74.68); exposed culmen, 12.45-12.70 

 (12.58); depth of bill at base, 9:40-9.91 (9.73); tarsus, 25.40-25.91 

 (25.65); middle toe, 16.76-17.27 (17.02); hind claw, 10.16-12.45 (11.43).^ 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 157.48-169.67 (163.58); wing, 

 79.76-81.03 (80.26); tail, 68.83-71.12 (69.86); exposed culmen, 12.70- 

 13. 21 (12. 95); depth of bill at base, 9.65-9.91 (9.78); tarsus, 24.89- 

 25.65 (25.15); middle toe, 16.51-17.53 (17.02); hind claw, 11.68-12.45 

 (12.07).' 



Shumagin Islands and Alaska Peninsula (Kukak Bay, etc.), Alaska; 

 Unalaska Island ? " 



1 Three specimens. * Two specimens. 



^ Although no Passer ella has hitherto been found on Unalaska (unless the Aoona- 

 lashka Bunting of Latham really came from there), it is not at all unlikely that the 

 present form may occur there, at least accidentally. Certainly if any form of the 

 genus does occur on that island it would be the present one rather than the Kadiak 

 form, most of the land birds of the Shumagins and Unalaska being the same, e. g., 

 Leucostide griseonucha, Passerina nivalis townsendi, Melospiza melodia cinerea, etc. 

 This form iiihabita, on the Shumagins and the peninsula, alder thickets. No alders 

 now grow on that portion of Unalaska Island within sight from the town of Una- 

 laska or its vicinity, but they may have done so formerly, or may now occur in 

 other parts of the island. At any rate, it seems better to retain the name unalasch- 

 ensis for the present form rather than to give it a new one, since the Emberiza una- 

 laschensis of Gmelin seems almost certain to have been the present form. 




390 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(?) [Emberiza} unalaschensis Gmelin, Sybt. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 875 (Unalaska; 



based on ^oojirAis/i Art Bmitiii;/ Latham, < ten. Synop., ii, pt. 1, 202; Unalashka 



Bniilhiy Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 364). 

 (?) [Emheriza] audnalascld-en.fis Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 415. 

 (?) Z. [(inutriclou} iiiiahisclikeiixis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 374. 

 (?) [PassereUa] unalanchensis Bo.vaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 477. 

 Pasaerella unahiscliensis Baikd, in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331 



("Unalashka").— Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 718, part (in 



synonymy). 

 PassereUa ilidca iinakiJihleeii.vs Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880,. 



181, part. 

 P.[asserella'} iUacn unalaschensis Ridgway, Proc.U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Myiarchusr. 27, 



1880, 3, part; Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 434, part. 

 PassereUa iliaca niuihischensis Ridgway, Auk, xvii, Jan., 1900, 30 (crit. ; range). — 



Geinnell, Condor, iii, 1901, 21 (Belkovsky Bay, Alaska Peninsula, ilay) . 

 PassereUa ilium uiialas-ceusis Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 235((, part. 

 PassereUa iliarn unalascenm Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 283, part. — Bean, 



Proc. U. R. Nat. JIus., v, 1882, 158, part (Shumagins, breeding). — Rhoads, 



Pruc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 51, 63, part ( Koniushi I., Shumagins). 

 P. [asserelkC] i. [liaca] imnlasccnsis Coues,-Key N. Am. Binls^, 2d ed., 1884, 385, part. 

 PassereUa iUnn I u ii(il((scheiislj< Asiericas Ornithologists' Union Committee, Check 



List, 1886, no. 58.i<(, part.— Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. .Uaska, 1887, 196, part 



(Shumagins). — Ridgway, Auk, xvii, 1900, 30 (Shumagins; Alaska Penin- 

 sula; Unalaska?; crit.). 

 PassereUa iliara [iioiiulusrnisis) Nelson, Cruise "Corwin" in 1881 (1883), 72 



(Shumagin islands and Alaska Peninsula). 



The following' references pertaining to forms of this group of sub- 

 species I am unable, in the absence of specimens, to allocate: 



Fringillii iiieriiloirli's Vigors, Zool. Voy. "Blossom", 1839, 19 (Monterey, Califor- 

 nia). — Baird, in Stansbury's Rep. (it. Salt Lake, 1852, 330 (Monterey). 



PassereUa townsendii <tAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 52 (California, 

 winter). — Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,ix, 1858, 489, part (Sacramento, 

 California). — Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 18.59, 47 (Califor- 

 nia, winter). — Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 

 204, part (Washington, winter). — Scl.vper, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 119, part 

 (n. California). — Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 221, part. 



[PassereUa] townsendi Bon'aparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 477 (California). 



PassereUa townsendi B.vird, Brewer, and Rii:)Gway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 53, 

 part. — Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1876, 245 (mountains of s. 

 California, above 5,000 ft. , Oct. , Nov. ) . | 



Passarella iliaca, var. tmonsendi Henshaw, Ann. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1877, 1318. 



PassereUa iliaca townsendi Henshaw, Bull. Orn. Club, iii, Jan., 1878, 7, part (s. Cali- 

 fornia, winter; "breeds in northern Sierras"). — Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, iv, 1879, 165 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon). 



PassereUa iliaca, fi. townsendi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i. Myiarchusr. 21, 1879, 

 418 (centr. California, winter). 



Piisserella iliaca unalaschensis Bryant, Bull. Calif. Ac. Sci., no. 6, 1887, 303 (Guada- 

 lupe 1., Lower California, 1 spec. Feb. 16). — Grinnell, Pub. ii, Pasadena 

 Acad. Sci., 1898, 39 (Los Angeles Co., California, Sept. 13 to Apr. 10). 



The following include all the forms related to P. l. analtiKckensi^: 



[PassereUa Uiaca.] Var. lonmsendii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 147. 

 PassereUa iliaca . . . var. townsendii CotiEs, Check List, 1873, no. 189a. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 391 



[PaxsercUii iiiimsatdii var. Kc7(/.s/(«y».] a. loiimxi'rK/ii (!(jies, Birds X. W., 1874, 162 



(synonomy). 

 Pa.iserella ilkim viKilaxliknisIs RiiMyiarchusWAv, Proc. U. S, Nut. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 



181. 

 Passerella lliaca uiiii.l(mriixls Rid«way, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 235a. 

 P. lasserella'] i. [liacn'] umilimvnxin C'oues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 385. 



PASSERELLA ILIACA INSULARIS Ridgway. 

 KADIAK FOX SPARROW. 



Similar to T*. /'. (undd.'icJioisis but much browner and more uniform 

 in color above (back, etc. , warm sepia brown instead of grayish brown 

 or brownish gray); spots on chest, etc., larger and deeper brown; 

 under tail-coverts more strongly tinged with buff. 



Young. — i\Iorc rusty brown above, with indistinct light rusty or 

 cinnamon tips to middle and greater wing-coverts; under parts dull 

 rust}' white or pale buffy, ))ecoming more strongl}- l)uffy or fulvous 

 posteriorly, the spots on chest, etc., lighter and more rusty brown, less 

 sharply defined than in adults; under tail-coverts wholly buffy for 

 exposed portion, some of the feathers with small and indistinct terminal 

 spots of rusty brownish. 



Adult ///(/A:'.— Length (skins), lrt;3.8l-ls,5. 17 (172. iT); wing, 81. 2S- 

 87.88 (83.82); tail, 71.88-77.72 (74.17); exposed culmen, 12.19-13.46 

 (12.70); depth of bill at base, 8.89-9.91 (9.65); tarsus. 25.15-26.67 

 (25.91); middle toe, 15.75-17.53 (17.02); hind claw, 10.16-12.95 (11.94).^ 



Adult feijiule.— 'Length (skins), 165.10-177.80 (169.93); wing, 78.74- 

 82.04 (80.01); tail, 66.04-74.17 (69.60); exposed culmen, 12.19-13.97 

 (12.95); depth of bill at base, 8.89-9.65 (9.40); tarsus, 23.62-26.16 

 (25.16); middle toe, 15.75-17.78(16.76); hind claw, 10.92-12.70 (ll.W).^ 



Kadiak Island, Alaska, in summer; in winter, south along the coast 

 slope to southern California. 



Pa-iserella townsendli (not Fringilla townsendi Audubon) Baikd, Rep. Pacific 

 E. K. Surv., ix, 1858, 489, part (Whitbys L, Washington, winter). — Cooper 

 and SucKLEY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 204, part (Whitbys 1. ).— 

 Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 285, part (Kadiak). 



Pusnerella toimisendi Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 

 53, part (Kadiak). 



Passerella itnuldxchensis (not Emheriza uualascliemis Gmelin) Finsch, Abh. Nat. 

 Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 53, part (Kadiak). 



P.[assereUa'] iliaca itnalaschensis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Myiarchusrch 27, 

 1880, 3, part; Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 434, part. 



Passerella iliaca unalaschensii Coues, Clieck List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 283, part. — 

 Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1882, 158, part (Kadiak).— Ridgway, Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 664 (Kadiak; Myiarchusddleton I.?),— American Orni- 

 thologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 585a, part.— Nelson, Rep. Nat. 

 Hi>-t. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 196, part (Kadiak).— Bendire, Auk, vi, 1889, 109, 

 part (Kadiak). 



1 Nine specimens. '' Six specimens. 




392 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



P.lasserella'] i.[Uaca] vii.alaKivv.ii.s Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 



385, part. 

 Passerella iliaca wwlnscenxix Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 235a, part. 

 Passerella townsendii (not Fringilla iovmaendii Audubon) Dai.i, and Bannister, 



Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 285, part (Kadiak). 

 Passerella townsendi Baird, Bkewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 



53, part (Kadiak). 

 Passerella iliaca insidaris Riikiway, Auk, xvii, Jan., 1900, 30 (Kadiak, Alaska; 



U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— Grinnell, Condor, iii, 1901, 22 (Kadiak). 



PASSERELLA ILIACA ANNECTENS Ridgway. 

 YAKUTAT FOX SPARROW. 



Similar to P. i. hh-^iih iris hut smaller (the bill especially) and colora- 

 tion slightly browner. Young much darker than corresponding stage 

 of /''. /. insuhrrix. 



Adult ;/;rt/r.— Length (skins), 157.4:8-172.97 (164.34); wing, 78.49- 

 84.58 (81.79); tail, 68.07-75.69 (73.15); exposed culmen, 10.92-12.70 

 (12.19); depth of bill at base, 7.37-8.8!i (.s.l3); tarsus,' 24.13-25.40 

 (25.15); middle toe, 16.00-17.27 (IH. 76); hind claw, 7.62-12.45(11.43).' 



Adult fmiale.^'LQngi\i (skins), 152.40-162.U5 (156.97); wing, 73.91- 

 79.50 (77.47); tail, 66.80-71.12 (()9.34); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.70 

 (11. 94); depth of bill at ba.se, 7.s7-,s.3S (8.13); tarsus, 23.37-25.15 

 (24.64); middle toe, 15.7.5-16.51 (16.00); hind claw. 10.16-12.19 

 (11.43).' 



Coast of Alaska, from Cross Sound to Prince William Sound (to , 

 Cook Inlet?); in winter, south to California. 



Passerella iliaca anriectois Ridgway, Auk, xvii, Jan., 1900, 30 (Yakutat, Alaska; 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— Grinnell, Condor, iii, 1901, 23 (Nutchuk, Prince Wil- 

 liam Sound). 



PASSERELLA ILIACA TOWNSENDI (Audubon). 

 TOWNSEND'S SPARROW. 



Similar to P. i. (wnevtenn but coloration dai'ker and more castane- 

 ous brown, and spots on chest, etc.; larger; above deep Vandyke 

 brown, duller (more sooty) on pileum, more reddish (inblining to 

 burnt umber or dark chestnut-brown) on upper tail-coverts and tail; 

 sides of head deep sooty brown, the lores dotted, the auricular region 

 finely streaked, with dull whitish; general color of under parts white, 

 but everywhere spotted or sti'eaked with deep chestnut-brown or van- 

 dyke brown, the spots mostly of triangular (deltoid and cuneate) form, 

 very heavy and more or less confluent on chest, smaller on throat and 

 breast; sides and flanks almost uniform deep brown, the latter tinged 

 with butfy or pale tawny; under tail-coverts deep olive or olive-brown 



' Twelve specimens. ''■ Five specimens. 




BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 393 



broadly margined with buffy or pale fulvous; maxilla dusky, the 

 torn ia pale (yellowish in life?); mandible yellowish; iris brown; legs 

 and feet brownish. Young still darker than young of /*. /. luniecfevs, 

 especially the under parts, the ground color of which is dull buffy 

 (nowhere approaching whitish), this heavily spotted with dark rusty 

 brown; the sides and flanks plain rusty brown; the under tail-coverts 

 dull brownish bufty or fulvous. 



AdvU «/«/,'.— Length (skins), 154.9.J-179.5S (169.4rii): wing, TT.iiii- 

 83.82 (80.52); tail, (;7.06-73.91 (70.61); exposed culmen, ll.lS-12.45 

 (11. 94) ; depth of bill at base, 7.37-8. 13 (7. 87) ; tarsus, 24. 38-26. 67 (2.5. 40) ; 

 middle toe, 16.00-18.03 (17.02); hind claw, 10.67-12.95 (11.68).' 



Adult female.— \^&[^^th. (skins), 154.94-181.86 (167.13); wing, 74.98- 

 82.04 (77.47); tail, 66.29-77.22 (70.10); exposed culmen, 10.41-12.45 

 (11.18); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.64 (7.87); tarsus, 23.37-25.15 

 (24.64);' middle toe, 16.26-17.78 (17.02); hind claw, 6.35-12.19 (10.41).' 



Coast district of southern Alaska (islands and coast of mainland 

 from southern side of Cross Sound, Lynn Canal, etc., to north side of 

 Dixon Entrance); in winter, south to northern California (Bodega, 

 Humboldt Bay, etc.). 



PringiUa loirnsemll Audubon, Orn. Biog., y, 1839, 236, pi. 424, fig. 7 (Columbia 

 River;' type now in U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); Synopsis, 1839, 119; Birds Am., oct. 

 ed., iii, 1841, 43, pi. 187.— Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 

 1840, 583. 



Z. [onotrichia'] townsendii Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 374. 



[Pasmrelki] toirntsendii Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 18.50, 477. 



Passerella loinisendu Bated, Bep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 489, part (Ft. Van- 

 couver; Washington, Jan.; Columbia R., Feb.*); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, 

 no. 375, part. — Cooper and Suckley, Bep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 

 1860, 204, part (Ft. Vancouver, Washington, Jan.) . — Dall and Baxnister, 

 Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 285, part (Sitka).— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 

 221, part. 



\_P<Myiarchuserella townseMdi] var. tovmsendi Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway', Hist. K. Am. 

 Birds, ii, 1874, 49, part. 



Passerella tovmsendi Baird, Brewer, and Ridoway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 

 53, part, pi. 28, fig. S. 



[Passerella iliaca.] Var. townsendii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 147, part. 



Passerella iliaca . . var. townsendii Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 189a, part. 



[Passerella townsendii var. schistacea] a. townsendii Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 162, 

 part (in synonymy). 



Passerella iliaca townsendi Ridgway, Auk, xvii, Jan., 1900, 30 (breeding range) . 



Emheriza {Zonotrichia) rufina (not Emberha rufina Brandt) Kittlitz, Denkw., 

 1858, 200 (Sitka, Alaska). 



^ Ten specimens. 



■■' Seven specimens. 



' Winter specimen. 



* Of the nine specimens mentioned by Professor Baird only three are now in the 

 U. S. National Myiarchusseum collection, two of these, representing the above-mentioned 

 localities, being the present form. 




394 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



P.lassei'dlal iliaca unalaschensis (not Emberiza }iri(i}<i,ichertsis (imelin) Ridgway, 



Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Myiarchusr. 21, 1880, 3, part; Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 



434, part. 

 PasKerrlla iliiifit luialiinfliennis Riduway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 235«, 



part. — Americ;an Ornithologists' Union, Chefk List, 1886, no. 585a, part. — 



Nelson, Rep. Orn. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 196, part (Sitka). — Bendire, Auk, 



vi, 1889, 109, part.— Ctrinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, 129 (Sitka, breeding). 

 Passerella iliaca unabtuJikeiixis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 



181, part. — A.NTHONY, Auk, iii, 1886, 169, part (Washington Co., Oregon, 



migr.). 

 Piisxerdla unalaschensis Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 53, part (Sitka). — 



Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 718, part. 

 PanKerellii iliaca niialaxcctixix CoDES, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 283, part. — Bean, 



Proc. V. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1882, 158, part (Port Althorp, Georges I., Alaska, 



breeding) . 

 P. [asmrella'] i. [liaca'] nnalascensis C'ouES, Key N. Am. Birds, 2il ed., 1884, 385, 



part. 



PASSERELLA ILIACA FULIGINOSA Ridgway. 

 SOOTY FOX SPARROW. 



Similar to P. i. toiruHcndi but darker and le>^s rufe.'icent, the upper 

 parts, side.s of head and neck, and lateral under parts dark sepia brown, 

 the upper tail-coverts and tail slightly more rufeseent (between sepia 

 and Vandyke brown); spots on under parts larger, blacker, and more 

 crowded than in P. i: toiiui,'<cadi. (Young not seen.) 



Adult '///«/f.— Length (skin), 161.29-173.J:,S (166.37); wing, 77.47- 

 85.85(81.53); tail, 69.09-78.33 (74.17); exposed- culmen, 10.9:>-12.70~ 

 (12.19); depth of bill at base, 7.S7-8.89 (8.38); tar su.s, 25.40-26.67 

 (25.91); middle toe, 16.51-17.78 (17.27); hind claw, 10.16-12.70 (12.19).^ 



Adult /c?/(tf/(^— Length, 160.02; wing, 77.47; tail, 72.39; exposed 

 culmen, 10.67; depth of bill at base, 8.13; tarsus, 25.15; middle toe, 

 16.51; hind claw, 12.19.'' 



Coast district of British Columbia (including Vancouver Island) and 

 northwestern Washington (Neah Bay, Labush, etc.); in winter, south 

 along the coast to San Francisco. California. 



(?) Pasaerella townsendii (not Pringilla towrisendi Audubon) Baied, Rep. Pacific 



R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 489, part;' Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 375, part— 

 ■ (?) Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 204, part.'— 



(?) Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds,- 1862, 119, part (Simiahmoo, Washington). 

 Passerella tmvnsendi Baird, Brb-wer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 



53, part. 

 (?) Passerella unalaschensis (not Emberiza unalaschensis Gmelin ?) Sharpe, Cat. 



Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 718, part ? (Simiahoo ?; Orcas I. ?; Fort 



Vancouver ?). 



' Eight specimens. 

 '^ One specimen. 



' No specimen representing this form is among those mentioned in the works cited 

 now in the U. S. National Myiarchusseum collection. (See footnote on p. 393.) 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 395 



P. l^asserella'] iliaca unalaschensh Ridgwav, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Myiarchusr. 27, 

 1880, 3, part; Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 434, part. 



Passerdln illnrii unulaxcliaiKinHinaw.w, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 285(/, part. — 

 American Ornithologists' Union, CheckList, 1886, no. 585o, part. — Bendike, 

 Auk, vi, 1889, 109, part (Sewayli, Vancouver I., breeding). — Faxxin, Check 

 List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 37 (coast, including Vancouver I., summer 

 resid.) — Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 51, 63, part (Vancouver I.; 

 Kalama, Washington; Humboldt Bay, California). 



Pwiserella ilkiai nnalashk-enxis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 

 181, part. — Anthony, Auk, iii, 1886, 169, part (s. w. Oregon). 



Pa sserelia iliaca fuliginosa Ridgway, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 36 (Neali Bay, Wash- 

 ington; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); xvii, 1900, 30 (breeding range). 



PASSERELLA ILIACA SCHISTACEA (Baird). 

 SLATE-COLORED SPARROW. 



Similar to J', i. imaJaachenisiH but pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, 

 and rump purer gray (mouse gray or deep smoke gray) with little if 

 an^' brown tinge; upper tail-coverts, tail, and wings brighter brown 

 (nearly mars brown), more strongly contrasted with the gray of back, 

 etc. ; bill averaging smaller. 



Arhilts (.s-e.rt-.s- (dilve). — Pileuui, hindneck, sides of head and neck, 

 back, scapulars, and rump plain mouse gray, the auricular region 

 streaked with whitish; upper tail-coverts and tail russet-brown or mars 

 brown, in strong contrast with gray of rump, etc. ; wings brown, the 

 edges of greater coverts and secondaries brighter, more rusty, brown, 

 the outermost primaries edged with pale brown ; supraloral spot grayish 

 white; suborbital region speckled with white; under parts white, the 

 chest, sides of breast, and sides of throat marked with rather large 

 deltoid spots of sepia brown; lower breast (sometimes middle of throat 

 also) with small spots or specks of the same color, and sides and flanks 

 striped with the same; under tail-coverts grayish brown centrally, 

 broadly margined with buffy whitish or pale buff. 



Young. — Essentially like adults, but gray of upper parts tinged 

 with brown, middle and greater wing-coverts indistinctly tipped with 

 paler rustj-^, and under parts duller white, with the brown markings 

 less sharpljr defined, less triangular in form. 



Admit maZe'.— Length (skins), 158.24-181.86 (168.40); wing, Y8.23- 

 87.12 (81.79); tail, 73.15-87.12 (79.76); exposed culmen, 11.18-12.70 

 (12.19); depth of bill at base, 8.89-10.41 (9.91); tarsus, 21.59-24.64 

 (23.37); middle toe, 13.97-16.26 (15.24); hind claw, 8.89-12.45 (11.43).^ 



Adult femcde.—'h&ngth (skins), 152.91-167.13(162.81); wing, 76.71- 

 81.53 (79.60); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.70 (11.94); depth of bill at 

 base, 9.66-10.67 (10.16); tarsus, 22.86-23.62 (23.37); middle toe, 14.48- 

 16.75 (16.24); hind claw, 8.38-11.94 (10.67).' 



' Fifteen specimens. ^ Five specimens. 




396 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Rocky Mountain district of United States and British Columbia, 

 breeding from the more eastern ranges in Colorado, etc. , west to the 

 White Mountains in southeastern California, mountains of northeast- 

 ern California (Lassen and Modoc counties), eastern Oregon (near 

 Camp Harnejr), etc.; north to interior of British Columbia (Nelson, 

 etc.); during migration south to New Mexico and Arizona, west to 

 Los Angeles County, California (casual?), and western slopes of Sierra 

 Nevada; east to western Kansas, etc. 



Passerella schistacea Baikd, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 490, part ("tj'pe 

 from head waters of the Platte," Colorado; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ) , 92.5, 927 (Fort 

 Bridger, Wyoming); ed. 1860 ("Birds N. Am."), atlas, pi. 69, fig. 3; Cat. N. 

 Am. Bird.s 1859, no. 376.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 223 (figs, of head, bill, 

 and feet). — SN0^^•, Birds Kansas, 1873, 7 (1 spec). — Baird, Brewer, and 

 EiDGivAy, Hist. X. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 28, fig. 9.— Ridgnvav, Orn. 40th 

 Parallel, 1877, 486 (Carson City, Nevada, Myiarchusr.; Wahsatch ilts., Utah, 

 breeding). 



I'assereVn Hiacu, var. Rrhlslaceii .Vllen, Bull. ilus. Comp. ZooL, iii, July, 1872, 168 

 (Ogden, Utah).— RIDGWAY, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 183 (Colorado); vii, 

 187."i, 37 (Nevada).— Henshaw, Ann. Rep. AVheeler's Surv., 1877, 1318. 



Pdxsa-elld iliaai var. schixlareti Ridgivay, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 191. 



[J'uxsi-rella iliacii.] Var. schislacea Coves, Key N. .Im. Birds, 1872, 147, part. 



P. [asserella] ilinca schistacea Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 174; Myiarchusn. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1887, 434. 



Pdsxerella iliacn schixtacea Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 22 (up. 

 Humboldt Valley, Nevada, Sept. ) ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, 1880, 181; Nom. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 235c.— Henshaw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 7 

 (crit.) . — Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 284. — American Orxitholoqists' 

 Union, Check List, 1886, no. 585c. — Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 

 1887, 220 (e. base Mount Lassen, n. California, breeding). — Bendire, Auk, 

 V, 1889, 113 (breeding range; habits; descr. nest and eggs). — Mereiam, North 

 Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 97 (foot of San Francisco Mt., Arizona, Sept. 29). — 

 Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 478 (w. Kansas, rare winter visitant). — Fisher, 

 N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 102 (Panamint Mts., California, Myiarchusr.; White 

 Mts., California, July).— Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893,51, 64 

 (Nelson, int. British Columbia). — Cooke, Birds Colorado, 1897, 107 (rare 

 summer resid. ); Bull. Col. Agri. Coll., 1898, 167 (Florissant, Colorado, July; 

 near Glenwood Spring, Grand River, June). — Merrill, Auk, xv, 1898, 17 

 (Fort Sherman, n. w. Idaho, Myiarchusy) . — Grinnell, Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 

 1898, 40 (Los Angeles, California, 1 spec. Dec. 14, 1898). 



Paaserella itiaca, y. schislcwea Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, Myiarchusrch 21, 1879, 

 418 (Myiarchusrphys, Calaveras Co., California, Jan. 4). 



P.[assereUa] i.l/iara] schistacea Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 386. 



Passerella, townsendi, var. schistacea Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, ii, 1874, 56, pi. 28, fig. 9.— Bendire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 

 120 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, breeding; descr. nest and eggs). 



Passerella townsendii . . var. schistacea CoueS, Check List, 1873, no. 189a,, part. — 

 Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873" (1874), 118 (s. of Apache, 

 Arizona, Sept.); Annot. List Birds Utah, 1874, 6; Zool. Exp. W. 100th 

 Merid., 1875, 293 (Provo, Utah, July; s. of Apache, Arizona). 



Passerella townsendi . . var. schistacea Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's 

 Surv., 1873 (1874), 15 (Provo, Utah, July). 



[Passerella townsendii var. schistacea^ b. schistacea Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 162, 

 part (synonymy). 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 397 



Passerdla lomisendl sckixUicea Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, Dec, 1882, 



197 (Tucson, Arizona, Feb.). 

 \_Passerella townsendii .~\ \'ar. schistacen 8now, Birds Kansas*, M ed., 1875, 7 (rare 



migrant). 

 IPasmrella nnaktschniDls.'] Subsp. i^r. Pcmirelln schistacea Sharpe, Cat. Birds 



Brit. MyiarchusB., xii, 1888, 720. 



PASSERELLA ILIACA MEGARHYNCHA (Baird). 

 THICK-BILLED FOX SPARROW. 



Similar to P. i. schistacea in coloration, but larger, with the bill much 

 larger and relatively thicker. 



Adult maZe.— Length (skins), 167.64-182.88 (173.74); wing, 79.26- 

 86 87 (83.06); tail, 76.71-86.87 (81.79); exposed culmen, 12.19-13. 72 

 (12.70); depth of bill at base, 12.45-13.21 (12.70); tarsus, 23.11-24.89 

 (24.13); middle toe, 14.99-16.76 (15.75); hind claw, 10.41-12.70 (11.43).^ 



Adult female.— 'Length (skins), 165.10-192.02 (175.51); wing, 75.44- 

 85.60 (80.26); tail, 76.71-88.65 (81.03); exposed culmen, 11.43-13.46 

 (12.70); depth of bill at base, 12.19-12.70 (12.45); tarsus, 23.11-24.89 

 (23.88); middle toe, 14.99-15.75 (15.49); hind claw, 10.67-13.46 (12.19).^ 



Breeding on the Sierra Nevada (both slopes), from Mount Shasta 

 southward; in winter, beyond the Sierras as far as Los Angeles County, 

 California. 



Passerella schistacea Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 490, part (Fort 

 Tejon,California).— Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 376 (FortTejon). 



[Pasgerella iliaca.'] Var. schistacea (not Passerella schistacea Baird) Coues, Key 

 N. Am. Birds, 1872, 147, part. 



Passerella townsendi . . . var. schistacea Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 189a, part. 



[Passerella townsendii var. .sc/iistacfa] b. schistacea Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 162, 

 part (in synonomy). 



P.[asserella'\ megarhynchus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 925, in text 

 (FortTeion, California; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



Passerella megarhynchus Baied, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 376a; Birds N. Am., 

 1860, atlas, pi. 69, fig. 4.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 222.— Baird, Brewer, 

 and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 516 (centr. Sierra Nevada, 5,000- 

 7,000 ft.). 



Passerella niegarhyncha Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 485 (Carson City, 

 Nevada); Proc. U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879,391 (Calaveras Co., California). 



Passerella toimisendi,y a,r. megarhynchus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, ii, 1874, 57. 



Passerella toumsendi megarhynchus Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. , no. 20, 1883, 333. 



Passerella iliaca megarhynchus Ridgway, Bull. Essex. Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 173, 

 174 (e. slope Sierra Nevada). 



Passerella iliaca, var. megarhyncha Henshaw, Ann. Rep. Wheeler's Survey, 1877, 

 1318. 



Passerella iliaca megarhyncha Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 

 181; Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 2356.— Henshaw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 

 iii, 1878, 7. — Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 285. — American Orni- 

 thologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 5856. — Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., X, 1887, 220 (Mount Shasta, n. California, breeding). — Bendirb, Auk, 



' Nine specimens. ^ Seven specimens. 




398 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



vi, 1889, 111 (habits; range; descr. nest and eggs).— Gkinnell, Pub. ii, Pasa- 

 dena Acad. Soi., 1898, 39 (Los Angeles Co., California, mt. aides, Oct. 10 to 

 Apr. 17).— Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 126 (lower slopes 

 Mount Shasta, Sept. 7). 



P.[(MyiarchusereUa] i.[Uaca^ megarhyiicha OouES, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 386. 



P. [a.s'.srr('?fe(] iliam megarhyncha'RENSHAW, Orn. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1879, 299 

 (Carson City, Nevada, etc.). — Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 434, part. 



Passenlhi iliaca, S. megarhyncha Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, Apr., 1878, 

 66 (Calaveras Co., California, Myiarchusy); Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 418 (Big 

 Trees, Calaveras Co., breeding; Summit Meadows and Soda Springs, fall). 



J-'rixwri'/la schistacea var. megarhyncha Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 

 Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 28, fig. 10 (bill). 



Fusxai-ella var. megarhyncha Henshaw, Ann. Rep. "Wheeler's Surv., 1877, 1305 

 (e. slope Sierra Nevada). 



\_PasUrella uimlmrhenxi.i.'] Subsp. fi. Passerella megarhyncha Skarpe, Cat. Birds 

 Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 720. 



PASSERELLA ILIACA STEPHENSI Anthony. 

 STEPHENS'S SPARROW. 



Similar in coloration to JP. i. inegarltynchd but larger, the bill con- 

 spicuously so. 



Adult wvff/e.— Length (skins), 167.89-186.44 (177.29); wing, 83.82- 

 85.60 (84.58); tail, 80.52-90.93 (85.09); exposed culmen, 14.99-16.51 

 (15.49); depth of bill at base, 14.48-14.99 (14.73); tarsus, 23.88-25.15 

 (24.64); middle toe, 16.51-17.53 (17.02); hind claw, 11.43-12.96 (12.19).' 



AduJt female.— hength. (skins), 167.89-175.77 (171.96); wing, 79.50- 

 83.82 (8i.79); tail, 78.74-86.61 (82.80); exposed culmen, 13.21-14.99 

 (14.22); tarsus, 23.88-24.13 (24.00); middle toe, 16.26-16.76 (16.51); 

 hind claw (1 specimen), 10.92.^ 



Breeding on San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains, southern 

 California. 



Passerella schistacea, var. megarhyncha (not Passerella megarhyn^hus Baird) Hen- 

 shaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1876, 246 (Tejon Mts., California). 



Passerella iliara megarhyncha American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 

 1886, no. 5856, part.— Morcom, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 50 

 (Bear Valley, San Bernardino Co., s. California, breeding). — (?) Anthony, 

 Zoe, iv, 1893, 242 (San Pedro Myiarchusrtir Mts., Lower California, Oct.). 



P. [asserella'] iliaca megarhyncha Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 434, part. 



Passerella iliaca stephensi Anthony', Auk, xii, Oct., 1895, 348 (San Jacinto Mts., 

 s. California; coll. A. W. Anthony). — American Ornithologists' Union 

 Committee, Auk, xiv, 1897, 122 (Check List, no. 585d). — Grinnell, Pub. 

 ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 40 (Los Angeles Co., California, breeding above 

 7,000 ft. in higher mountains) . 



' Three specimens. '' Two specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 399 



Genus OREOSPIZA Ridgway. 



Chlorura (not Chlorurus Swainson) Sclatee, Cat. Am. Birds, Aug. 17, 1861, 117. 



(Type, Fringilla chlorura. Audubon. ) 

 Oreospiza BiDciWAv, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birdy, 2cl ed., 1890, 439. (Type, J-'rinyilln 



chlorura Audubon.) 



Medium-sized terrestrial Fringillidte, with rather long and pointed 

 wings, rather long rounded tail (equal to or exceeding wing), the col- 

 oration greenish above (especially on wings and tail), crown rufous, 

 throat (and other head-markings) and abdomen white, chest and sides 

 gray. (Intermediate, structurally, between PipUo and Zonotrlc/iin.) 



Bill small (exposed culmen less than half as long as tarsus), conical 

 (basal depth about equal to length of gonys, very much greater than 

 basal width); culmen slightly convex terminally and basally, straight 

 or faintly depressed between; gonj^s faintly convex, shorter than 

 length of maxilla from nostril; maxillar}' tomium slightly concave ter 

 minalh', without subterminal notch, then straight to the slight basal 

 deflection, the latter partly concealed by rictal feathers; mandibular 

 tomium faintly convex terminally, then straight, to the faintly toothed 

 sub basal angle. Nostril wedge-shaped (apex foiward), exposed, with 

 broad superior scsale or horny valve. Rictal bristles minute, scarcely 

 obvious. Wing rather long (more than three times as long as the 

 rather long tarsus), rather pointed (eighth to sixth primaries longest, 

 ninth equal to or but little shorter than fourth); primaries exceeding 

 secondaries by nearly two-thirds the length of the tarsus. Tail long 

 (about equal to or exceeding wing), rounded. Tarsus long (nearly 

 one-third as long as wing), its scutella obsolete or very indistinct on 

 outer side; middle toe with claw nearly equal to tarsus; inner claw 

 reaching decidedly, the outer slightly, beyond base of middle claw; 

 hallux much shorter than lateral toes, its claw longer than the digit. 



Coloration. — Adult plain olive-green above, with rufous pileum; 

 throat-patch, malar stripe, supra-loral spot, and belly white; chest 

 ash gray. 



Range. — Mountain districts of Western United States and northern 

 Mexico. (Monotypic.) 



Oreospiza is intermediate between Plpilo and Zonotric/ua, though 

 much nearer the former, with which it agrees in its stout feet with 

 long claws, rounded tail, and form of bill. Its coloration, too, is not 

 so abnormal for Plpilo as has been supposed, every feature of color — 

 rufous cap, white throat, yellow carpal edge, and olive-green upper 

 parts — being shared by some species of that genus, though by none in 

 the same combination. The wing, however, is very different from 

 that of Plpilo, being quite the same in the relative length of the pri- 

 maries as that of Zonotrichia, that of Z. alhicollis being even more- 

 rounded. 




400 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



The necessity of removing the type of this genus from Pipilo, with 

 which it has usually been associated by American authors, has long 

 been recognized by European ornithologists. Bonapai'te placed it in 

 Khmi-ria. (==2[di>z<>ni')\ Messrs. Salvin and Godman have referred it 

 to Eiiiher»agra (i. e., Arremonops), while Dr. Sharpe has put it in 

 Aflapi'tffi. Neither Salvin and Godman nor Sharpe give any reasons 

 for their action, though evidently it was a certain resemblance (by no 

 means a close one) in coloration between Frbuj'dla cMorvni and the 

 species of Airemoricps and AtJapetes which induced them to do so. 

 If structural characters are of any value, however, F. chlorur a is far 

 more out of place in either of these two genera than in Pipilo, while 

 even in coloration, as above stated, it is not so distant from the latter 

 as might be supposed.' 



OREOSPIZA CHLORURA (Townsend). 

 okeen-taheb towhee. 



Admit male. — Crown and occiput plain rufous or cinnamon-rufous; 

 forehead and sides of head deep gray, or olive-gray, the former mar- 

 gined on each side by a white supraloral spot; a short white malar 

 streak, bordered below \)j a dusky submalar streak; hindneck, back, 

 scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive-grayish, more or less 

 tinged with yellowish olive-green; wings and tail mainly yellowish 

 olive-green, the greater wing-coverts and tertials duller and grayer; 

 edge of wing canary yellow; under wing-coverts and axillars light yel- 

 low, tinged with olive; chin arid throat white, forming a sharply defined 

 patch, with convex posterior outline; chest, sides of neck, and sides of 

 breast gray, becoming gradually paler on breast, the abdomen white; 

 sides and flanks buffy grayish; under tail-coverts light buff or cream- 

 buff; maxilla blackish; mandible paler (pale plumbeous or bluish white 

 in life); iris cinnamon or vinaceous; legs brownish, the toes darker; 

 length (skins), 157.73-179.07 (171.20);" wing, 76.45-83.31 (80.01); tail, 

 79.50-87.12 (83.82); exposed culmen, 12.19-12.95 (12.70); depth of bill 

 at base, 8.13-8.64 (8.38); tarsus, 22.61-25.40 (24.13); middle toe, 15.75- 

 17.02 (16.26).' 



Acktlt female. — Similar in coloration to the adult male and frequently 

 indistinguishable, but usually with the colors very slightlj'^ duller, the 

 rufous pileum rather more contracted and lighter in color; size smaller; 

 length (skins), 165.61-180.34 (173.23);' wing, 71.12-78.74 (75.95); tail, 

 74.42-84.58 (80.52); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.95 (12.45); depth of bill 

 at base, 8.13-8.64 (8.88); tarsus, 21.84-24.64 (23.62); middle toe, 14.99- 

 16.51 (15.75).' 



Young. — Pileum, hindneck, back, and scapulars light olive or grayish 



' See Ridgway, Auk, Vii, 1890, pp. 193, 194. '' Eleven specimens. 

 ^ Before skinning, 190.50-200.66. < Eight specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 401 



brown, streaked with duskj'; under parts dull whitish, the chest and 

 sides streaked with dusky ; wings and tail as in adults, but naiddle and 

 greater wing-ooverts indistinctly tipped with brownish buffy. 



Mountain districts of Western United States, from more eastern 

 Rocky Mountain ranges to Coast Range of California; north to cen- 

 tral Montana and Idaho and eastern Washington; south, at least in 

 winter, to States of Guanajuato, Durango (Chacala), and Sinaloa 

 (near Myiarchuszatlan), middle Mexico, and to southern extremity of Lower 

 California. 



Fringillachlorura Audubon, Orn. Biog.,v, 1839, 336 ( " Rocky Mountains " ;=young 

 male; type in U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ). 



Zonoirichia chlorura Gambel, .lourn. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,i, 1847,51, pi. 9, fig. 1 

 (Rocky Mts.). 



[Embemagra'] chlorura Bonaparte, Cons'p. Av., i, 1850, 483.— ScLATEEandSALviN, 

 Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 33. 



Embemagra chloruraHEBRMAKy, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 46 (Tejon 

 Valley and Sacramento, California).— Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 117 

 (Rocky Mts.).— Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 277 (Myiarchuszatlan, 

 Dec. to Apr.).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 415. 



Pipilo cMorurus Baied, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 519. — Allen, Bull. 

 Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 178 (Colorado; Utah).— Coues, Check List, 1873, 

 no. 208; 2d ed., 1882, no. 310; Birds N. W., 1874, 176.— Baird, Brewer, and 

 RIDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 131; iii, 1874, 517 (Sierra Nevada, 

 3,000-7,000 ft. ; n. CoastRange, Sept. ).—Hbnshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's 

 Surv., 1874, 63 (Denver, Colorado), 82 (Fort Garland, Colorado, de."cr. nest 

 and eggs), 121 (Apache, etc., Arizona, Sept.); Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's 

 Surv., 1876, 248 (Tejon Mts. and Mount Whitney, California, Aug., Sept.); 

 Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 307 (localities in Nevada, Utah, Colorado, 

 and Arizona; habits, etc.). — Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 496 (moun- 

 tains of Nevada and Utah; habits, song, etc.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 

 239.— Bendire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1877, 121 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, 

 breeding; descr. nest and eggs). — Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., v, 

 1879, 394 (Lometa, s. Texas, breeding ?). — Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 i, 1879, 419 (Calaveras Co., etc., centr. California, breeding); v, 1883, 540 

 (La Paz, Lower California, winter); vi, 1883, 348 (Victoria Mts., Lower 

 California, winter). — Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 16 (vertical range in Colorado). — 

 Beckham, Auk, ii, 1885, 142 (Pueblo, Colorado); Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 

 1888, 679 (San Antonio, Texas, Dec). — American Ornithologists' Union, 

 Check List, 1886,, no. 590.— Merrill, Auk, v, 1888, 359 (Fort Klamath, 

 Oregon, breeding; notes) . — Attwatee, Auk, ix, 1882, 339 (San Antonio, 

 Texas, Feb.). — Anthony, Auk, ix, 1892, 366 (s. w. New Mexico, migr.). — 

 Merriam, N. Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 103 (Lost R. Mts., Teton Basin, etc., 

 Idaho). — Richmond and Knowlton, Auk, xi, 1894, 306 (south-central 

 Montana). — Neheling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 179, pi. 20, fig. 7. 



P-lipilo} chlorurns Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 398. — Ridgway, 

 Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 439. 



IHpUo chlorura Baied, Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, no. 2, 1859, 18 

 (Colorado R., Arizona; San Elizario and Eagle Pass, Texas); Cat. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1859, no. 398. — Heeemann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, no. 4, 1859, 

 14 (Tucson, Arizona, to El Paso, Texas). — Heney, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 1859, 107 (New Mexico).— Coues, Prec. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 90 (Fort 

 Whipple, Arizona). — Butchee, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, 



17024—01 26 




402 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Texas, Dec, Jan.)- — Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 248. — Mekriam, Rep. V. S. 

 Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872, 684 (Idaho).— Henshaiv, Auk, iii, 1886, 74 (upper 

 Pecos R., New Mexico, breeding). 



[Emherizoides] chlorura Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 91, no. 7331. 



Atlapetes chlorurus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 738. 



Oreosopiza chlorura Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 605. — American 

 Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, xiv, 1897, 129; xvi, 1899, 121. — 

 Ghinnell, Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 40 (Los Angeles Co., s. Cali- 

 fornia, breeding on higher mountains, wintering below). 



Fringilla blandingiana Gambel, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, Apr., 1843, 360 

 ( Arizona ; =adult ) . 



Embernagra blandingiana Baird, in Stansbury's Eep. Gt, Salt Lake, 1852, 330 

 (Rocky Mts.).— Cassin, lUustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1856, 70, pi. 12.— 

 DuGES, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 140 (Guanajuato). 



Zonotrichia blandingiana Woodhouse, in Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuiii and Col. 

 R., 1853, 85 (near San Antonio, Texas, and Zuiii Mts., New Mexico). 



Pipilo rufipileus Ijafreshaye, Rev. Zool., new ser., i, 1848, 176 (Mexico). 



P.lipilo} rufipileus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 487 (Mexico). 



Kieneria ruflpilea Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 356. 



Genus PIPILO Vieillot. 



Pipilo Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 32. (Type, Fringilla erythrophlhalma Linnaeus.) 

 Pipillo Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 286. 



Chammoapiza Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 304. (Tyj^e, Pipilo tor- 

 quatua Du Bus.) 



Large terrestrial or semiterrestrial Fringillidfe, with rather short, 

 much rounded wing, long tail (usually longer than wing), stout feet, 

 and plumage plain or pied (black, white, and rufouS, olive-green,. white, 

 and rufous, or brown, white, and rufous), onl}' the young streaked 

 below. 



Bill moderate, its depth at base equal to or greater than length of 

 the gonys and decidedlj^ greater than its width; exposed culmen about 

 one-half to two-thirds as long as the tarsus, gently convex at base and 

 tip, straight or sometimes faintlj^ depressed between, or nearly 

 straight throughout; gonys straight or faintly convex, nearlj^ or quite 

 as long as distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; maxillary tomium 

 first faintly concave, then slightly convex, again a little concave at 

 beginning of the decided though not abrupt basal deflection; mandib- 

 ular tomium nearly straight to the distinctly toothed subbasal angle, 

 sometimes more or less sinuate immediately in front of the latter. 

 Nostril horizontal, somewhat wedge-shaped, more or less pointed 

 anteriorly. Rictal bristles distinct. Wing moderate or rather short 

 (a little more than two and one-half to four times as long as tarsus), 

 much rounded (ninth primary shorter than second, the seventh, sixth, 

 and fifth longest); primaries exceeding .secondaries bj' not more (usu- 

 ally much less) than exposed culmen. Tail longer than wing, less than 

 half hidden by upper coverts, rounded, the rectrices rather broad, with 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 403 



compact webs amd rounded tips. Tarsus usualty decidedlj' longei than 

 middle toe with claw (decidedlj- shorter in P. ftiscus and its su?j- 

 species), its scutella distinct; lateral claws reaching decidedly beyond 

 base of middle claw (P. torquatus^ P. macronyx, and their allies), or 

 the inner claw barely reaching base of middle claw and the outer fall- 

 ing short of it (in P. fusaiis and its subspecies, other species being 

 intermediate) ; hind claw equal to or longer than its digit (or shorter 

 in P. crissalis only). 



Coloration. — The rather numerous species of this genus exhibit tAvo 

 very different types of coloration, as follows: 



Group I. Chest black or brown, in very sharp contrast with white 

 breast and belly, the sides and flanks grayish brown, fulvous, or 

 chestnut-tawny; upper parts black, brown, or olive-green. 



Group II. Chest neither black nor brown, or else if the latter the 

 breast of the same color (light grayish brown or wood brown) ; upper 

 parts plain brownish gra}'^ or light brown. 



Range. — Temperate North America and south through Mexico to 

 highlands of Guatemala. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PIPILO. 



a. Chest uniform black or brown, or crossed by a broad band of black, sharply 

 defined against white of breast. 

 h. Upper parts at least partly olive-green; edge of wing yellow, 

 c. Chin and throat white. 



d. White superciliary stripe distinct; black jugular collar narrower. (Moun- 

 tains of southeastern Mexico. ) 



Pipilo torquatus torquatus, male and female (p. 406) 

 dd. White superciliary stripe indistinct or obsolete; black jugular collar 

 broader. (Mountains of southwestern Mexico. ) 



Pipilo torquatua alticola, male and female (p. 408) 

 cc. Chin and throat black like chest, or else throat with merely a white spot. 

 d. Sides and flanks dull cinnamon-brown or olive. (State of Myiarchuschoacan, 



southwestern Mexico.) Pipilo nigrescens, male and female (p. 408) 



dd. Sides and flanks tawny or cinnamon-rufous. 

 e. Back and scapulars streaked with blackish and pale yellow. (South- 

 eastern portion of Mexican plateau. ) 



Pipilo macronyx macronyx, male and female (p. 409) 

 ee. Back and scapulars plain olive-green. (Southwestern portion of Mexi- 

 can plateau.) Pipilo macronyx virescens, male and female (p. 410) 



66. Upper parts without olive-green; edge of wing white, 

 c. Head, neck, and chest black. 

 d. Scapulars and wing-coverts varied with white streaks or spots. 

 e. Back olive, streaked with black; rump olive-brownish. (Mexican plateau 

 south to highlands of Guatemala. ) 



Pipilo maculatna maculatns, male (p. 410) 

 ee. Back black, sometimes streaked with olive-grayish; rump olive-grayish 

 or black. 

 /. White markings larger, the spot on outermost tail-feather averaging 

 more than 25.40 in length. 




404 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



g. White markings of maximum extent, the spot wi outermost tail- 

 feather averaging more than 33.02 in length; rufescent color of 

 sides and flanks paler. 

 h. Hind claw smaller (averaging 10.92 in length) ; bill smaller (exposed 

 culmen averaging 12.95); sides and flanks more deeply colored 

 (cinnamon-rufous). (Great Plains.) 



Pipilo macnlatus arcticus, male (p. 412} 

 hh. Hind claw larger (averaging 13.21); bill larger (exposed culmen 

 averaging 14.99) ; sides and flanks paler (buff-tawny) . (South- 

 ern Lower California. ) 



Pipilo maoulatns inagnirostris, male (p. 414) 

 gg. White markings more restricted, the spot on outermost tail-feather 

 averaging 28.96 in length; rufescent color of sides and flanks 

 deeper. (General coloration above blacker than in preceding 

 forms, but rump never deep black.) (Rocky Mountain plateau, 

 including parts of California.) 



Pipilo maoulatns megalonyx, male (p. 415) 

 ff. White markings smaller, the spot 'on outermost tail-feather averaging 

 less than 25.40 in length. 

 g. Larger (wing averaging more than 83.82,"tail more than 91.44). 

 h. Dull or grayish black above, the rump conspicuously grayish; 

 white on outermost tail-feather averaging 24.38 in length. (Santa 

 Barbara islands, California. ) 



Pipilo macnlatns clementse, male (p. 418) 

 hh. Deep or intense black above, including the rump ; white on outer- 

 most tail-feather averaging less than 24.38 in length, 

 i. White markings larger, the white spot on outermost tail-feather 

 averaging 23.88 in length; white markings on scapulars and 

 wing-coverts well developed; hind claw larger (averaging 13.21 

 in length). (Southern coast district of California, south into 



Lower Calif ornia. ) Pipilo macnlatus atratns, male (p. 419) 



M. White markings smaller, the white spot on outermost tail- 

 feather averaging 20.32 in length; white markings on scapu- 

 lars and wing-coverts much restricted, sometimes almost obso- 

 lete; hind claw smaller (averaging 10.92 in length). (Coast 

 district of northern California, north to southern Alaska. ) 



Pipilo maculatus oregonus, male (p. 420) 

 gg. Smaller (wing averaging 78.74, tail 83.57). (Guadalupe Island, 



Lower California.) Pipilo consobrinus, male (p. 422) 



dd. Scapulars and wing-coverts wholly black.' 

 e. Larger (wing averaging 89.15, tail 94.23); white on remiges and rectrices 

 more extended (spot on outermost tail-feather averaging 39.62 in length) ; 

 iris carmine red. - (Eastern North America, south to Florida in win- 

 ter.) Pipilo erythrophthalmns erythrophthalmus, male (p. 423) 



ee. Smaller (wing averaging 79.25, tail 88.90) ; white on remiges and rectrices 

 more restricted (spot on outermost tail-feather averaging 17.53) ; iris 

 pale yellowish. (Florida.) 



Pipilo erythrophthalmus alleni, male (p. 426) 

 cc. Head, neck, and chest more or less brown (sometimes approaching brownish 

 black on throat and chest, but never really black). 

 d. No white markings on wing-coverts nor scapulars. 



' Very rarely there are slight indications of the white markings of the preceding 

 forms. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 405 



e. Larger (wing averaging 81.03), with white on remiges and rectrices larger 

 (white on outermoat tail-feather averaging 33.02 in length). 



Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus, female (p. 423) 



ee. Smaller (wing averaging 73.66), with white on remiges and rectrices 



more restricted (white on outermost tail-feather averaging 15.24 in 



length . , Pipilo erythrophtlialinus alleni, female (p. 426) 



dd. Wing-coverts and scapulars spotted and streaked with white. 

 e. Larger (wing not less than 76.20, averaging much more). 

 /. Throat and chest almost black (much darker than clove brown). 

 g. General color of back, etc., olive. 



Pipilo maculatus maculatus, female (p. 411) 

 gg. General color of back, etc. , dusky grayish brown. 



Pipilo maculatus atratua, female (p. 419) 



ff. Throat and chest not approaching black (not darker than clove brown). 



g. Darker, with color of throat and chest deep sepia brown to clove 



brown. 



h. White markings on wings, scapulars, and rectrices larger (terminal 



spot on outermost tail-feather averaging 26.67 in length). 



Pipilo maculatus megalonyx, female (p. 415) 

 lih. White markings on wings, scapulars, and rectrices smaller (termi- 

 nal spot on outermost tail-feather averaging 16.26 in length). 

 Pipilo maculatus oregouus, female (p. 420) 

 gg. Paler, with color of throat and chest light brown or grayish brown. 

 h. Terminal white spot on outermost tail-feather much smaller (aver- 

 aging much less than 25.40 in length); head, neck, and chest 

 deep brownish gray or brownish mouse gray. 



Pipilo maculatus clementae, female (p. 418) 

 Ml. Terminal white spot on outermost tail-feather much larger (aver- 

 aging much more than 30.48 or more in length); head, neck, 

 and chest hair brown or drab. 

 i. Grayer above, without distinct dusky streaks on back; hind claw 

 much larger (averaging 12.70 in length); bill larger (exposed 

 culmen averaging 13.97). 



Pipilo maculatus maguirostris, female (p. 415) 

 n. Browner above, with back distinctly streaked with dusky; hind 

 claw much smaller (averaging 10.67 in length); bill smaller 

 (exposed culmen averaging 12.70). 



Pipilo maculatus arcticus, female (p. 412) 

 ee. Smaller (wing not more than 73.15, averaging mucl). less) . 

 /. Darker, more grayish brown above. .Pipilo consobrinus, female (p. 422) 

 ff. Lighter, more olive-brown, above.' (Socorro Island, western Mexico. ) 



Pipilo carmani, male and female (p. 422) 



aa. Chest not uniform black or brown, nor crossed by a black band; or, if brown, 



a very pale tint, and the breast not white. 



b. Lores and chin dusky; general color of under parts pale vinaceous-brown. 



(New Mexico and Arizona, north to southern Colorado, Utah, and Nevada. ) 



Pipilo aberti, male and female (p. 427) 

 66. Lores and chin not dusky; general color of under parts not vinaceous-brown. 



' The male of P. carmani is almost exactly the same size as the female of P. conso- 

 brinus, and differs but slightly in color; the female, however, of P. carmani is 

 decidedly smaller, and the males of the two forms are very distinct, that of P. con- 

 sobrinus having the head, neck, chest, and upper parts black instead of brown. 




406 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



c. Myiarchusddle wing-coverts narrowly tipped with white; throat white, with an 

 ochraceous band across middle. (Southwestern Mexico.) 



Pipilo rutilus, male and female (p. 428) 

 cc. Myiarchusddle wing-coverts not tipped with white; throat not white. 

 d. Throat buf£ or cream-buff; abdomen distinctly white; under tail-coverts 

 tawny, ochraceous, or clay color. 

 c. Crown similar to back in color, or only slightly tinged with rusty. 

 /. Smaller (wing of adult male averaging 92.71). 



g. Darker (back, etc., dark hair brown or grayish sepia brown); flanks, 

 hair brown. (Pacific slope of Sierra Myiarchusdre, in States of Mexico, 

 Myiarchuschoacan, Jalisco, and Territory of Tepic. ) 



Pipilo fuscus fuscus, male and female (p. 430) 

 gg. Paler (back, etc., light brownish gray, flanks light buffy gray. 

 (Coast slope of southern Sonora and northern Sinaloa.) 



Fipilo fuscus intermedius, male and female (p. 432) 



ff. Larger (wing of male ad. averaging '95. 25). (Intermediate in color 



between P./. /itsats and P. /. intermedius.) (Central plateau of 



ilexico. ) Pipilo fuscus potosinus, male and female (p. 431) 



ee. Crown' decidedly (usually conspicuously) rufescent. 

 /. Throat uniform buffy; lower abdomen, hinder flanks, etc., tawny 

 ochraceous, like under tail-coverts; back, etc., paler, grayer. 

 (Northwestern Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, etc. ) 



Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus, male and female (p. 432) 

 ff. Throat becoming more or less paler (usually distinctly whitish) pos- 

 teriorly; abdomen entirely white and flanks wholly grayish; back, 

 etc., darker, browner. (Southern Lower California.) 



Pipilo albigula, male and female (p. 433) 

 dd. Throat light cinnamon-rufous or deep ochraceous-buff ; abdomen not dis- 

 tinctly white; under tail-coverts deep tawny or cinnamon-rufous, 

 e. Larger (wing averaging 98.81 or more in male, 95.76 or more in female) ; 

 under parts browner. 

 /. Paler and browner above, with pileum distinctly rufescent; smaller 

 (wing averaging 98.81, tail 109.98, in adult male). (Central valleys 



of California.) Pipilo crissalis crissalis, male and female (p. 434) 



ff. Darker and grayer above, with pileum not distinctly rufescent; larger 

 (wing averaging 99.00, tail 111.00 in adult male). (Northwestern 



California.) Pipilo crissalis carolse, male and female (p. 435) 



ee. Smaller (wing averaging 94.23 in male, 87.88 in female); under parts 

 grayer. (Southern California, from San Diego and San Bernardino 

 counties to lat. 29° on west side of Lower California. ) 



Pipilo crissalis senioula, male and female (p. 436) 



PIPILO TORQUATUS TORQUATUS Du Bus. 

 COLLAKED TOWHEE. 



Ackilts {sexes alike). — Forehead black, usualljr divided by a median 

 line of white; rest of pileum cinnamon-rufous, margined laterally with 

 a narrow line of black; a broad superciliary stripe, malar region, chin, 

 throat, and median under parts, white; sides of head (loral, orbital, 

 suborbital, and auricular regions), and broad, sharply defined band 

 across chest, black; upper parts (exceot as described) uniform olive- 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 407 



green (the tertials more grayish), the middle and greater wing-coverts 

 sometimes narrowly tipped with yellowish; edge of wing canary yel- 

 low, sides of breast grayish, this passing posteriorly into light buffy 

 olive on flanks; under tail-coverts dull buffy, wit|h central (mostly con- 

 cealed) portions of the feathers darker; bill black; tarsi and toes light 

 brownish. 



Young.— Pileum brown, narrowly streaked with black, the forehead 

 more dusky and with more or less of a median streak of dull whitish 

 or pale buffy; superciliary stripe less distinct than in adults, pale 

 buffy or buffy whitish, more or less streaked or flecked with dusky; 

 malar region, chin, throat, and median under parts pale yellowish 

 buffy, more or less streaked with dusky, especially across chest, where 

 the streaks are broad and distinct and quite black; back, scapulars, 

 rump, and upper tail-coverts olive-brownish, the first streaked with 

 blackish ; otherwise essentially like adults, but black on sides of head 

 duller and larger wing-coverts narrowly tipped with rusty buff'. 



Adult male.— 'Length (skins), 208.28-216.66 (211.07); wing, 79.25- 

 91.95 (85.85); tail, 94.23-105.92 (100.58); exposed culmen, 16.24-17.78 

 (16.26); tarsus, 28.45-32.51 (30.73); middle toe, 20.32-22.35 (21.34); 

 hind claw, 12.19-14.48 (13.21).' 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 181.36-207.01 (196.85); wing, 81.53- 

 86.87 (83.82); tail, 88.90-99.06 (96.00); exposed culmen, 15.49-16.51 

 (16.00); tarsus, 29.21-31.24 (30.23); middle toe, 12.70-16.24 (13.97); 

 hind claw, 12.70-16.24 (13.97).' 



Highlands (alpine region) of southern portion of Mexican plateau, 

 in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Orizaba, Las Vigas, Cofre de Perote, 

 etc.), Pueblo (Zoquitlan, Mount Orizaba), Oaxaca (La Parada, Cerro 

 San Felipe, Mount Zampoaltepec, mountains near Ozolotepec, etc.), 

 and Guerrero (mountains near Chilpancingo). 



Pipilo torquatuB Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Brux., xiv, pt. ii, 1847, 105 (Mexico; 

 ^ Brussels Myiarchuss.) ; Rev. Zool., 1848, 246; Esquis. Orn., 1851, pi. 36. 



P. [ipi7o] torquaius Bonapakte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 487. 



Kieneriatorquata 'Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 356. 



Charnxospiza torquata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1858, 304 (La Parada, 

 Oaxaca); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 120 (Oaxa- 

 ca). — SuMyiarchusCHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552 (alpine region of 

 Vera Cruz; habits).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 

 899.— Fbeeaki-Peeez, Proc. U. 'S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 148 (Zoquitlan, 

 Puebla).— Shaepb, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 730.— Chapman, Bull. 

 Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., x, 1898, 41 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, alt. 8,000 ft.).— Cox, 

 Auk, xii, 1895, 357 (Mount Orizaba). 



IChamxospiza] torquata Sclatbu SLnd Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 83. 



lEmberizoides] torquata Geay, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 91, no. 7338. 



Buarremon ocai Lawebncb, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. JT. Y., viii, Myiarchusy, 1865, 126 

 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; coll. G. N. Lawrence; see Salvin, Ibis, 1874, 815). 



' Seven specimens. ' Five specimens. 




408 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



PIPILO TORQUATUS ALTlCOLA (Salvin and Godman). 

 JAIISCAN COLLARED TOWHEE. 



Similar to P. t. torquatus but white superciliary stripe obsolete or 

 restricted to a verj^ narrow line, no white median streak on forehead, 

 black jugular collar broader, sides of breast more brownish gray, 

 flanks browner, and olive-green of back and rump tinged with brown; 

 wings and tail longer, tarsi shorter, and bill slightly shorter and rela- 

 tively deeper at base. 



Adult male.~L&ngih (skins), 210.06-213.87 (212.09); wing, 88.39- 

 89.41 (88.90); tail, 99.57-104.39 (102.11); exposed culmen, 15.49-16.51 

 (16.00); tarsus, 30.23-32.00 (31.24); middle toe, 21.08-22.35 (21.59); 

 hind claw, 12.70-13.72 (13.21).^ 



Adult female.—h&ngth (skins), 200.66-218.69 (206.50); wing, 85.09- 

 91.95 (87.38); tail, 96.01-103.63 (98.55); exposed culmen, 14.99-16.51 

 (16.00); tarsus, 28.96-30.48 (29.72); middle toe, 19.81-20.57 (20.07); 

 hind claw, 11.94-12.70 (12.45).' 



Mountains of southwestern Mexico, in the States of Colima (Sierra 

 Nevada) and Jalisco (Sierra Myiarchusdre, La Laguna, etc.). 



Chamseospiza alticola Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 6th ser., i, July, 1889, 381 

 (Sierra Nevada de Colima; coll. Salvin and Godman). 



PIPILO NIGRESCENS (Salvin and Godman). 

 PATZCtJARO TOWHEE. 



Similar to I*, macronyx virescens but occiput with more or less of a 

 cinnamon -rufous patch; sides and flanks dull graj-ish brown, olive, or 

 Isabella color (instead of cinnamon-rufous), and outermost rectrices 

 without trace of lighter terminal spots on inner webs.^ 



Adult mafe.— Length (skins), 196.85-216.15 (206.50); wing, 87.38- 



' Four specimens. 



^ Three of the four adult specimens examined have a more or less extensive white 

 throat-patch, just as in some examples of P. macronyx and P. m. virescens; one of 

 them has 'the rufous occipital patch so small as to render it exceedingly probabie 

 that in a large series some specimens would be without it altogether. An example 

 of P. m. virescens in the National Myiarchusseum collection (unfortunately without locality) 

 has the occiput distinctly tinged with rufous, the centers of the feathers being of this 

 color; this rufous occipital patch is sometimes combined with a white throat-patch, 

 also in P. p. macronyx. The differential characters of P. nigrescens therefore consist 

 really only in the different color of the sidtes and flanks, which, instead of being cin- 

 namon-rufous or more or less cinnamomeous, are olivaceous anteriorly (sometimes 

 grayish next to black of chest, becoming more decidedly olive, buffy brown, or 

 Isabella color on the flanks), and in the absence of any lighter colored terminal 

 areas on inner webs of lateral rectrices. Between the more buffy sided examples of 

 P. nigrescens and the browner sided specimens of P. in. rirescens there is not, however, 

 any very great difference, and I strongly suspect that both P. macronyx and P. m. 

 virescens hybridize with P. torquatus and P. t. aUicola, these intermediate specimens 

 being the result. In other words, the present form may be nothing more than a 

 series of hybrids between P. t. alticola and /-'. in. virescens, those examples of P. 

 m. macronyx having a white throat and rufous occipital patch being hybrids between 

 the latter form and P. (. torquatus. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 409 



91.95 (89.66); tail, 91.69-99.06 (95.25); exposed culmen, 15.24-15.49 

 (15.36); depth of bill at base, 10.16-10.92 (10.67); tarsus, 30.48-32. Y7 

 (31.50); middle toe, 19.81^20.83 (20.32).^ 



Adult female.— Iiength (skin), 193.04; wing, 83.31; tail, 97.79; 

 exposed culmen, 16.26; depth of bill at base, 10.16; tarsus, 29.72; 

 middle toe, 19.05.' 



Southwestern portion of Mexican plateau, in State of Myiarchuschoacan 

 (Patzcuaro, 15 miles south of Lake Patzcuaro, Nahuatzin, etc.). 



Viamieospiza nigreseens Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 6th ser., i, July, 1889, 381 



(Patzcuaro, Myiarchuschoacan, s. w. Mexico; coll. Salvin and Godman). 

 Chameeospiza torquata (not Pipilo torquatus Du Bus) Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 1890, 218 (15 m. s. of Patzcuaro, Myiarchuschoacan).' 



PIPILO MACRONYX MACRONYX Swainson. 

 SWAINSON'S TOWHEE. 



Similar to P. macxdctm vuiculatics, but decidedly larger, with pro- 

 portionally larger and stouter feet and much larger, blunter claws; 

 general color of upper parts olive-green instead of olive-brown or olive- 

 grayish, with the lighter markings (including tail-spots) more or less 

 yellow (usually distinctly' pale yellow); edge of wing canary yellow. 



A(kdt male.—h&ngih (skins), 206.76-223.77 (215.90); wing, 88.90- 

 93.98(91.69); tail, 104.14-111.00(107.19); exposed culmen, 15.24-16.51 

 (15.75); tarsus, 30.73-32.26 (31.50); middle toe, 20.83-22.35 (21.59); 

 hind claw, 13.21-13.97 (13.72); white spot on outer tail feather, 25.40- 

 33.02 (28.96).* 



Adnlt female.— hQwgth. (skins), 203.20-215.39 (208.79); wing, 86.61- 

 90.68 (88.14); tail, 95.25-104.65 (100.08); exposed culmen, 13.97-16.49 

 (14.99); tarsus, 29.97-31.75 (30.48); middle toe, 19.81-21.59 (20.57); 

 hind claw, 11.43-13.46 (12.95); white spot on outer tail feather (two 

 specimens only), 23.37-24.64 (23.88)." 



Mountains bordering the valley of Mexico, in States of Mexico (City 

 of Mexico, Temascal tepee, Mount Popocatapetl, Amacameca, etc.), 

 Puebla (Tezuitlan; Tochimulco), Hidalgo (Real del Monte), and More- 

 los (Huitzilac; Tetela del Volcan). 



Pipilo macronyx Swaixsox, Philos. Myiarchusg., new ser., i, 1827, 434, part (Real del 

 Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico; coll. W. Swainson)." — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 361 (Valley of Mexico).— Baird, Brewer, and 

 RIDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 105, footnote (City of Mexico). — 



• Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 234 ("Mexico").— Salvin and God;,iax, 

 Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 406, part (Real del Monte; Temascal tepee; 

 Tezuitlan, Puebla). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss. , xii, 1888, 751 (near City 

 of Mexico). 



' Four specimens. * Five specimens. 



^ Two specimens. ^ Six specimens. 



"Specimens examined by me. "Type now in the Cambridge (England) Myiarchusseum. 




410 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Pipillo macronyx Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 347, part. 



P.[ipilo'] macronyx Gkay, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 360. — Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 



1850, 487.— RIDGWAY, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 438. 

 \_Pipilo'] macronyx Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 92, no. 7360.— Sclater and Salvin, 



Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 33. 

 Pipilo complexvs Ridgway, Auk, iii, July, 1886, 332 (Tezuitlan, Puebla; coll. 



Com. Geog. Expl. Mexico); Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, 1886, 147 (do.). 

 P. \_ipilo] complexus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 489; 



PIPILO MACRONYX VIRESCENS (Hartlaub). 

 HARTLATJB'S TOWHEE. 



Similar to P. m. macronyx but back and scapulars without yellowish 

 or yellowish white streaks (the dusky ones also sometimes absent, the 

 color being then uniform olive-green) ; wing-coverts much less distinctly 

 (sometimes not at all) tipped with yellowish or yellowish white; outer- 

 most rectrices with yellowish or whitish terminal spotsj if present, much 

 less sharply defined (obsolete in typical examples), and color and sides 

 and iianks usually much duller cinnamon-rufous. 



Adult mafe.— Length (skins), 200.15-214.12 (209.30); wing, 86.36- 

 95.25 (91.69); tail, 98.55-109.22(103.63); exposed culmen, 13.97-15.75 

 (14.99); tarsus, 29.97-33.78 (31.50); middle toe, 20.32-23.37 (21.34); 

 hind claw, 12.19-13.46 (12.70).' 



Mountains along southern border of Mexican plateau, from Volcan 

 de Toluca (north slope), Salazar, etc., in State of Mexico to State of 

 Oaxaca. 



Pipilo macronyx Swainson, Philos. Myiarchusg., new ser., i, 1827, 434, part (specimen 



from Tomascaltepec). — Salvin andGoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 



406, part (Oaxaca). 

 Pipillo macronyx Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 347, part. 

 Pipilo virescens Hartlaub, Journ. fiir Orn., xi. Myiarchusy, 1863, 228 (Mexico; Berlin 



Myiarchuss.).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 752 (s. Mexico; excl. syn. 



Pipilo complexus Ridgway). 

 [Pipilol virescens Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 92, no. 7361. 

 Pipilo chlorosoma Baibd, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway' s Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 



1874, 105, footnote (Oaxaca; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ). 

 P. [ipilo] chlorosoma Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 438. 



PIPILO MACULATUS MACULATUS Swainson. 

 MEXICAN SPOTTED TOWHEE. 



Adult wiffl^e.— Head, neck, and chest black, the throat sometimes 

 with more or less of a white spot, and, very rarely, the occiput streaked 

 with rufous; upper parts grayish olive-brown or brownish olive, the 

 back and scapulars streaked with black and white (the latter on the 

 exterior edges of the feathers, the former interposed between the white 



'Seven specimens. (No females seen.) 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 4:11 



edging and the olive ground colbr), the black sometimes prevailing over 

 the olive or olive-brown; middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with 

 white, forming two bands; three to four outer tail-feathers with 

 large terminal spaces of white, chiefly on inner webs; the outermost 

 rectrix with the outer web edged with white (sometimes mostly white), 

 and with the white space on inner web 18.29-38.10 (averaging 28.45) 

 in length; breast and abdomen white; sides and flanks rufous-tawny 

 (rarely varying to cinnamon-buff), occasionall}' with dusky spots or 

 bars; anal region and under tail-coverts paler cinnamon-tawnj^ or 

 ochraceous-bufl:; bill black (mandible paler in winter); legs and feet 

 brownish; length (skins), 185.93-208.79 (199.14); wing, 80.52-92.71 

 (87.12); tail, 91.95-106.17 (100.08); exposed culmen, 13.97-15.49 

 (14.73); tarsus, 27.43-31.24(29.72); middle toe, 18.29-21.08 (19.81); 

 hind claw, 10.16-14.22 (12.19); white on lateral tail-feathers, 18.29- 

 88.10 (28.45).^ 



Adult female. — Similar to adult male, but black of throat and chest 

 duller, more sooty, sometimes dark soot}' bi'own rather than sooty 

 black; pileum dark sooty brown or olive-brown, usually streaked with 

 blackish; back and scapulars with more of olive or olive-brown and less 

 of black than in the male; length (skins), 184.15-204.22(196.34); wing, 

 76.20-88.39 (83.31); tail, 86.87-100.33(95.25); exposed culmen, 13.46- 

 15.49 (14.73); tarsus, 27.43-30.48 (29.21); middle toe, 18.29-20.83 

 (19.81); hind claw, 10.67-12.70 (11.94); white on lateral tail-feathers, 

 28.86-31.75 (27.69).' 



Young male. — Above similar to the adult male but duller, the 

 darker areas sooty rather than black; median portion of throat and 

 chest, together with breast and abdomen, dull pale buffy, streaked with 

 blackish; sides of throat and chest mainly blackish; sides and flanks 

 light buffy brownish, streaked with blackish; under tail-coverts brown- 

 ish buffy. 



Young female. — Myiarchusch browner than young male, the pileum and 

 hindneck olive-brown, the back and scapulars more fulvous brown, 

 broadlj^ streaked with black and pale fulvous or brownish buffy; under 

 parts deep dull buffy or pale clay color, the lower throat and chest 

 heavily streaked with dusky, sides of throat mainly dusky, and sides 

 narrowly streaked with the same. 



Central and southern portions of Mexican plateau, in States of San 

 Luis Potosi (Jesus Myiarchusria), Zacatecas (Plateado), Hidalgo (Keal del 

 Monte; El Chico; Tulancingo; San Augustin; Sierra de Pachuca; 

 Irolo), Puebla (Chalchicomula; Tezuitlan; Mount Orizaba); Tlaxcala 

 (Mount Myiarchuslinche), Mexico (Amecameca) and Guanajuato, and Terri- 

 tory of Tepic (Santa Teresa) ; southward through high mountains of 

 Oaxaca and Chiapas to highlands of Guatemala (Quezaltenango; Chi- 

 maltenango; Todos Santos). 



1 Thirty-four specimens. ' Ten specimens. 




412 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Pipilo macnlata Swaixsox, Philos. JIag., new ser., i, 1827, 434 (Real del Monte, 

 Hidalgo, Mexico; coll. W. Swainson). 



Pipillo maculata S^^•Alssos, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 374. 



Pipilo maculatuB Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 304 (Myiarchusltrato, Vera 

 ■ Cruz); 1858,304 ( La Parada, Oaxaca) ; 1859,380 (Cinco Senores, Oaxaca).— 

 ScLATEE and Salyin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 361 (Valley of Mexico, 

 in tierra fria). — Sumichrast, MerQ. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1869, 552 

 plateau and alpine reg. Vera Cruz). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. 

 Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 113, footnote (Oaxaca; Real del Monte). — Lawrence, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 4, 1876, 22 (Cienguilla, alpine reg. Oaxaca) . — Salyin 

 and GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves,i, 1886, 408. — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 747.— Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 215 (Chalchi- 

 comula, Puebla; crit.). — Nelson, Auk, xv, 1898, 157 (Mount Orizaba, etc., 

 Puebla; crit.). 



P. [ijiilo] maculata Swaixsox, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 261, footnote (crit.) . 



Pipilo mocitfato .Tardine and Selby, IHustr. Orn., i, 1839, (81), pis. 31,32 (Real del 

 Monte). 



P.lipilo} maailatus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 360. — Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 

 1850, 487, part (Mexico) .— Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 396.— Ridg- 

 way, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 436. 



IPipilo'] macidaius Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870,92, no. 7357. — Sclater and Salyin, 

 Nom. Av. Neotr.,1873, 33. 



[Pipilo macutous] var. maculatus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, ii, 1874, 108. 



IPipilo maculatus var. arcticus'] a. maculatus Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 175 (synon- 

 ymy). 



Pipilo oregonus (not of Bell) Salyin, Ibis, 1866, 193 (Quezaltenango, Solola, and 

 Chimaltenango, Guatemala). — Duges, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 140 (Guana- 

 juato). 



Pipilo arcticus (not of Swainson) Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 119, part (Real 

 del Monte). 



Pipilo submaculatus Ridgway, Auk, iii, July, 1886, 332 (Tezuitlan, Puebla; coll. 

 Comis. Geogr. Expl. Mexico) ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 146. 



P. [ipilo] submaculatus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 438. 



{Pipilo m-aculatusl. Subsp. e. Pipilo submaculatus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 750. 



PijMo orizabx Cox, Auk, xi, Apr., 1894, 161 (Mount Orizaba, alt. 11,000 ft.; V. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss. ) ; xii, 1895, 357 (see Nelson, Auk, xv, 1898, 157). 



PIPILO MACULATUS ARCTICUS (Swainson). 

 ARCTIC TOWHEE. 



Similar to P. in. maculatuR but wing longer, tail shorter, bill, legs, and 

 feet smaller, and white on wings, tail, back, etc., more extended; adult 

 male more extensivelj^ black above, with graj'ish olive or olive-gray 

 replacing olive-brown on rump, etc., the scapulars and interscapulars 

 mostly (sometimes wholly) black except for the white streaks, which 

 are broader than- in P. m. maculatn.fi, those on exterior scapulars occupy- 

 ing whole of exposed portion of outer webs; white wing-bands, 

 broader and white tail-patches usually much more extensive; adult 

 female much paler than in P. in. maculatus, the throat and chest light 




BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 413 



grayish brown (hair brown or broccoli brown instead of sooty black 

 or dark sooty brown), and general color of upper parts, except back, 

 decidedly lighter and grayer; young also much paler than correspond- 

 ing stage of P. m. maeulahis, with streaks on chest, etc., much nar- 

 rower, and ground color of under parts less buffy. 



Aduit male.— Ijength (skins), 175.26-211.84(195.33); wing, 84.58- 

 91.19 (87.63); tail, 90.93-104.14 (97.28); exposed culmen, 11.94-13.97 

 (13.95); tarsus, 25.40-28.19 (26.92); middle toe, 17.78-20.32 (19.30); 

 hind claw, 8.89-12.70 (10.92); white on lateral tail-feathers, 29.21-41.91 

 (35.31).' 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 182.63-210.82 (193.66); wing, 78.74- 

 90.93 (83.82); tail, 86.36-104.14 (92.46); exposed culmen, 12.19-13.97 

 (12.70); tarsus, 25.40-27.94 (26.67); middle toe, 17.78-20.32 (18.54); 

 hind claw, 9.65-12.19 (10.67); white or lateral tail-feathers, 27.94-36.07 

 (31.75).^ 



Great Plains and eastern foothills of Rocky Mountains, breeding 

 from south-central Montana (and Wyoming?) and western North 

 Dakota north to Fort Carle ton and Forks of the Saskatchewan; in 

 winter south to Texas and eastern New Mexico, west to Utah (Bluff 

 City, North Creek, Provo, Toquerville, etc.) and eastern Washington 

 (Okanogan County?), and eastward across the Great Plains to Indian 

 Territory, eastern Kansas, Nebraska, and North and South Dakota, 

 casually to Iowa (Dubuque), and even to Wisconsin (Myiarchuslwaukee). 



Pyrgita (Pipilo) arctica Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 260 (Plains of the 

 Saskatchewan). 



Pipilo arctica Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, pis. 51, 52. — WooDHonsE, Rep.. 

 Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 81, part (Indian Territory). 



Pipilo arcticus Nuttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 589; 2d ed., i, 1840, 

 610. — Bonapakte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 35. — Bell, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 

 V, 1852, 7.— Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1852, 514; Cat. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1859, no. 393.— Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 119, part (Bijoux 

 Hills, Nebraska) .^— Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 7 (Forks of Saskatchewan, Myiarchusy 

 27); 1863, 80 (Fort Carleton, Brit. Am.).— Hayden, Trans. Am. Philos. 

 Soc, xii, 1863, 168 (eastward range, etc.). — Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 492 (Ban- 

 dera Hills, Texas, Nov.; San Antonio, winter). — Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., 

 viii, 1876, 110 (near Myiarchuslwaukee, Wisconsin, and Illinois, opp. Dubuque, Iowa, 

 accidental).— Holden, Proc. Bost. Soc. N.H., 1872, 202 (Wyoming).— Baird, 

 Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 31, figs. 5, 6. 



P-lipilo} ctrclicus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 487. 



\_Pipilo erythrophthidmusi var. arclieiig Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872,. 

 178, part (western edge of Great Plains, Colorado). 



Pipilo erythrophthalmus . . . var. arcticus Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 

 1873, 183 (Colorado). 



IPipilo macidcdus.'i Var. arcticus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, Oct., 1872, 152. 



Pipilo mamlatus . . . var. arcticus Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 205a. 



Pipilo maculatus . . . Var. arcticus Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 7 (w. 

 Kansas, migr. ). 



1 Sixteen specimens. '' Thirteen specimens. 




414 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Pipilo maculatus, var. arctimis Baied, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 



ii, 1874, 119.— CoHES, Birds N. W., 1874, 175 (excl. syn. part).— Allen, Proc. 



Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 59 (North Dakota and eastern Montana). — 



Snow, Obs. Nature, iii, 1876 (Ellis, w. Kansas, Oct., Nov.). 



[PipUo maculatus var. areticus] c. arciicus Coues, Birds N. W. , 1874, 175 (synonymy) . 



Pipilo maculatus areticus Coues, Bull. TJ. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 599 (Souris 

 R., North Dakota; Quaking Asp E., e. Montana; notes) ; Check List, 2d ed., 

 1882, no. 304.— Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 238.— (?) Drew, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 139 (San Juan Co., Colorado).— (?) Merrill, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 206 (Big Horn Mts., etc., Montana; habits; 

 descr. nest and eggs). — Beckham, Auk, ii, 1885, 142 (Pueblo, Colorado). — 

 Agersborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 282 (s. e. South Dakota). — American Ornitholo- 

 gists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 588.— Cooke, BirdMyiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 

 214 (localities and dates) ; Birds Colorado, 1897, 107 (Colorado east of moun- 

 tains, winter resident). — Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 482 (winter resid., rare 

 in e. Kansas, common in mid. and w. Kansas). — Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 

 339 (San Antonio, Texas, winter). — Richmond and Knowlton, Auk, xi, 

 1894, 306 (s. centr. Montana, breeding).— Thobne, Auk, xii, 1895,217 (Fort 

 Keogh, Montana, breeding). — (?) Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 178 (Okanogan 

 Co., e. Washington, 1 spec. Feb. 24). 



P.[ipilo] m.laculatusl areticus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed, 1884, 396. 



P. [ipito] maculatus areticus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 437. 



[Pipilo maculatus.^ Subsp. a. Pipilo arciicus Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 748. 



[Pipilo areticus.] Variety sub-arcticus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 

 515, in text (Fort Pierre, Nebraska, etc.; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



Pipilo maculatus . . . var. megalonyx {not -Pipilo megalonyx Baird) Yarrow 

 and Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1872 (1874), 15, part 

 (Provo, Utah, Dec.).— Henshaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 303, 

 part (Toquerville, North Creek, and Provo, Utah, Oct. 24 to Nov. 30). 



Pi2nlo maculatus megalonyx Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 39, part 

 (Kendall Co., Texas; crit.). — Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 

 191, part (Colorado Springs, Colorado; crit.). — Beckham, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., X, 1888, 679 (San Antonio, Leon Springs, Beeville,and Corpus Christi, 

 Texas, winter) . 



PIPILO MACULATUS MAGNIROSTRIS Brewster. 

 MOTINTAIN TOWHEE, 



Similar to P. m. megalonyx but wing and tail decidedly shorter, 

 bill larger, hind claw averaging larger, white on outermost tail-feathers 

 decidedly more extensive, and color of sides and flanks much paler 

 (buff-tawny instead of deep cinnamon-rufous). 



Adult male. — Upper parts decidedly less uniform and more brownish 

 black than in P. m . megalonyx, the rump with more or less admixture of 

 olive-grayish or brownish (usually mostly of this color) and the back 

 usua% more or less tinged with the same; length (two skins), 195.58- 

 203.20 (199.39); wing, 86.09-92.20 (average 88.65); tail, 88.90-101.60 

 (95.76); exposed culmen, 13.97-16.49 (14.99); tarsus, 27.69-30.48 (28.45); 




BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 415 



middle toe, 18.29-20.32(19.56); hind claw, 12.19-11.73 (13.21); length 

 of white patch on outer tail-feather, 29.21-38.10 (33.78).' 



Adtdt female. — Similar to that of P, m. arcticus, but grayer, or less 

 brown, above, the back without distinct dusky streaks or spots; bill 

 and feet larger; length (four skins), 187.96-197.87 (192.79); wing, 

 81.28-87.63 (84.58); tail, 86.36-99.06 (93.47); exposed oulmen, 13.21- 

 14.99 (13.97); tarsus, 27.18-28.45 (27.94); middle toe, 18.03-20.83 

 (19.30); hind claw, 11.43-13.97 (12.70); length of white patch on lat- 

 eral tail-feather, 25.40-35.56 (30.48).'' 



Mountain districts of southern Lower California. 



Pipilo maculatus megalonyx (not Pipilo megalonyx Baird) Belding, Proc. TJ. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., V, 1883, 549 (Myiarchusraflores, Lower California); vi, 1883, 348 (Vic- 

 toria Mts., Lower California). 



Pipilo megalonyx Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 409, part 

 (Lower California). 



Pipilo maculatus magnirostris Beewster, Auk, viii, Apr. (pub. Feb. 17), 1891, 146 

 (Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California; coll. W. Brewster). 



PIPILO MACULATUS MEGALONYX (Baird). 

 SPURRED TOWHEE. 



Similar to P. m. arctieus but tail, tarsi, and hind claw longer, bill 

 larger, and coloration darker; white terminal patches of lateral tail- 

 feathers smaller; adult male with general color above wholly black 

 (the rump more or less grayish), white wing-bands narrower, white 

 scapular markings usually edged more or less (at least terminally) 

 with black,' and color of sides and flanks deeper cinnamon-rufous; 

 adult female darker than that of P. ni. arcticus, the throat and chest 

 dark sepia brown to clove brown (instead of hair brown or broccpli 

 brown), upper parts decidedlj^ darker brown, with dusky streaks on 

 back less conspicuous, and white tail-patches much smaller; young 

 similar to that of P. m. m'cticus, but darker. 



A&idt male— Length, (skins), 180.85-213.11 (199.14); wing, 83.57- 

 92.71 (86.11); tail, 90.17-111.51(100.33); exposed culmen, 12.19-14.73 

 (13.46); depth of bill at base, 9.65-11.18 (10.41); tarsus, 26.42-29.21 

 (27.69); middle toe, 17.78-21.59 (19:30); hind claw, 10.16-16.24(12.19); 

 white on lateral tail-feather, 22.10-39.62 (28.96).* 



AcImU female.— Langt^i (skins), 180.85-205.49 (192.53); wing, 79.50- 

 88.39 (83.82); tail, 86.87-105.66 (96.01); exposed culmen, 12.45-14.99 

 (13.72); depth of bill at base, 9.40-10.92 (10.16); tarsus, 25.91-28.19 



^ Nineteen specimens. 

 ^ Fourteen specimens. 



'These black edgings usually worn off in summer plumage, but almost always pres- 

 ent in winter. 

 * Fifty specimens. 




416 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(27.18); middle toe, 16.51-19.66 (18.29); hind claw, 10.16-14.48 (11.94); 

 white on lateral tail-feather, 21.59-32.00 (26.67).' 



California in general (except northern coast district and southern 

 coast district south of Sierra San Fernando and Sierra San Gabriel) 

 and eastward over Kocky Mountain plateau to Wyoming, Colorado, 

 New Mexico, western Texas, and noi'th western Tamaulipas; south into 

 Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and western Tamaulipas 

 (Myiarchusquihuana, breeding !). 



Pipilo arcticus (not of Swainson) Gambel, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,i, 1847, 54 

 (California). — Heeemann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,ii, 1852,267 (Califor- 

 nia).— Baikd, Eep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 927 (Fort Bridger, Wyo- 

 ming).— Hexey, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico).— 

 ScLATBK, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 119, part (California). 



P.\ipilo] arcticus Coues, Ibis, 1865, 165, in text (Fort Whipple, Arizona). 



PipiJo arctica Woodhouse, in Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 185.3, 81, 

 part (New Mexico). 



Pipilo erythrophthalmus, var. arcticus Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, July, 

 1872, 168 (Ogden, Utah). 



[Pipilo erytlirophthalmusj var. arcticus Allex, Bull. ilus. Comp. Zool., iii, July, 

 1872, 178, part (mountains of Colorado; Ogden, Utah). 



(?) Pipilo maculatus (not of Swainson) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 487, part 

 (California). 



^ Twenty-six specimens. 



There is some variation in size according to geographic area, as the following aver- 

 age measurements show: 



Wing. 



Tail. 



Exposed Degtb 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



Hind 

 claw. 



Length 

 of white 

 on inner 

 web of 

 outer- 

 most tail 

 feather. 



MALES. 



Fifteen adult males from New 

 Mexico, Arizona, Chihuahua, 

 and Sonora 



Ten adult males from Colorado, 

 Utah, Nevada, and e. Oregon. 



Fourteen adult males from Cali- 

 fornia 



FEMALES. 



Ten adult females from New 

 Mexico, Arizona, etc 



Eight adult females from Colo- 

 rado, Utah, etc 



Nine adult females from Cali- 

 fornia 



1 



89.66 

 86.36 

 87.38 



85.85 

 8,3. 82 

 82.04 



104.11 

 96. 52 

 97.64 



99.82 

 96.27 

 92.71 



13.72 I 10.92 



13.21 

 13.72 



27.69 

 27.43 

 27.94 



18.80 I 11.94 

 19.30 I 11.68 



19.81 I 12.70 



9.65 26.67 , 18.03 11.68 

 10.92 27.43 18.54 J 11.43 



13.72 [ 10.41 



I 



.18 i IS. 80 12.4.1 



■J7. 94 

 ■.'S. 45 

 24.89 



Specimen from the Rocky Mountain plateau incline somewhat toward P. m. arcticus, 

 and some specimens, especially among males, are difficult to distinguish satisfac- 

 torily from that form, which itself invades the territory of P. m. megalonyx during its 

 winter migration in Colorado, Utah, and New ^lexico. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 417 



Pipilo oregonus (not of Bell) Kenneely, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., iv, pt. vi, 1856, 

 11 (Pueblo Creek, New Mexico). 



(?) Pipilo erythrophthalmns, var. oregonus Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 

 July, 1872, 150 (e. foothills Rocky Mts., Colorado). 



Pipilo erythrophthalmus oregonus Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 171 

 (Sacramento, California), 131 (Carson, Nevada), 173, 174 (e. slope Sierra 

 Nevada); vii, 1875, 10, 11, 13, 15, 19, etc. (localities in Nevada). 



Pipilo maculaius var. oregonus Nelson, Proc. Boat. Soc, xvii, 1875, 359 (Nevada, 

 California). 



[Pipilo maculatus.} y. oregonus Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 491, 495,excl. 

 syn. (Sacramento, California; Carson City and West Humboldt Mts., 

 Nevada; habits, etc.). 



Pipilo maculaius oregonus Merrill and Brewster, Auk, v, 1888, 359 ( Fort Kla- 

 math, e. Oregon, Myiarchusr. 7; crit.). — Fisher, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1896, 

 103 (coast California, La Panza to San Luis Obispo, San Simeon to Santa 

 Paula, Oct. to Jan.). 



Pipilo var. oregonus Henshaw, Ann. Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1877, 1305 (e. slope 

 Sierra Nevada). 



Pipilo megalonyx Baied, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 515 (Fort Tejon, s. Cali- 

 fornia; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.) ed. 1860 ("Birds N. Am."), atlas, pi. 73; Rep. U. S. 

 and Mex. Bound. Surv., it, pt. ii, 1859, 17 (San Pasqual, and Saltillo, Nuevo 

 Leon; Copper Myiarchusnes, Arizona); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 394. — Heee- 

 MANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 51 (California). — Kennerly, 

 Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 30 (Pueblo Creek, New Mexico).— 

 Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon).— Coues, Proc. 

 Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 89 (Fort Whipple, Arizona, resident; habits; 

 notes; crit.). — Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 242, part. — Mereiam, Rep. U. S. Geol. 

 Surv. Terr., 1872, 684 (Ogden, Utah). — Baied, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. 

 N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 31, tig. 9.— Bendire, Proc. Boat. Soc. N. H., 1877, 

 121 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, migr. ; Blue Mts., e. Oregon, breeding; descr. 

 nest and eggs). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 409 

 (San Pasqual and Saltillo, Nuevo Leon, etc.). 



[Pipito maculaius.} Var. megalonyx CouBS, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 152. 



Pipilo maculaius . . var. megalonyx Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 205i. — Yar- 

 row and Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1872 (1874), 15, 

 part (Nevada; Utah). — Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 

 (1874), ii (Fort Garland, Colorado), 120 (Fort Wingate, New Mexico); 

 Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 303 (localities in Utah,' Colorado, New 

 Mexico, and Arizona; notes, etc.); Rep. Wheeler's Surv., 1876, 247 (Fort 

 Tejon, Tejon Mts., and Walkers Basin, s. California; habits). 



Pipilo maculatus, var. megalonyx Baied, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, ii, 1874, 113. 



[Pipilo maculatus var. arcficns'] d. megalonyx Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 175 

 (synonymy). 



Pipilo maculatus, d. megalonyx Ridgway, Field and Forest, iii. Myiarchusy, 1877, 198 

 (Colorado); Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. , i, 1879, 419 (centr. California, resident). 



[Pipilo maculatus] ft. megalonyx Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 491, 495, 

 (Salt Lake City, etc., Utah; habits, etc.). 



Pipilo maculatus megalonyx Meakns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, July, 1879, 165 

 (Fort Klamath, e. Oregon). — Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 238ci. — 



1 Except Toquerville, Oct. 24; North Creek, Oct. 26, and Provo, Nov. 30, which are 

 migrants of P. m. arcticus. 



I702i— 01 27 




418 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 305.— Bkown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 

 vii, 1882, 39, part (Kendall Co., Texas; crit.).— Bhewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, vii, 1882, 197 (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona; crit); viii, 1883, 191, part 

 (Colorado Springs, Colorado; crit.). — American Oknitholoqists' Union, 

 Check List, 1886, no. 588a.— Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 

 220 (n. California) .—Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., iii, 1890, 148 (Ash- 

 croft, int. British Columbia). — Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 

 1891, 37 (east of Cascade Mts.).— Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 

 52, 64 (interior of British Columbia, up to 4,000 ft). — Allen, Bull. Am. 

 Myiarchuss. N. H., V, 1893, 39 (Los Pinitos, n. e. Sonora, Oct).— Cooke, Birds 

 Colorado, 1897, 108 (summer resid. up to 9,000 ft).— Merrill, Auk, xv, 

 1898, 17 (Fort Sherman, n. w. Idaho, summer). 



P.[ipito] m.[a(Mlatus] m.e.galony.r Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 397, 

 part. 



P.ppito] maoulatus inegalonyx Henshaw, Orn. Rep. AVheeler's Surv., 1879, 300 

 (e. slope Sierra Nevada; crit; habits). — Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 

 437, part. 



[Pipilo maadatua.] Subsp. fi. Pipih) megalonyx Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 748. 



Pipilo macuXaius arcticus megalonyx [!] Drew, Auk, ii, Jan., 1885, 16 (vertical 

 range in Colorado). 



Pipilo erythrophihalmus va.T. imegalonyx Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 

 178 (Colorado; Utah).— Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst, v, Nov., 1873, 172 (Salt 

 Lake City, Utah, breeding), 183 (Colorado); vii, 1875, 37 (Nevada). 



Pipilo erythrophthalmus . . var. mepaZonj/x Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 

 1873, 192 (crit).— (?) Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 

 (1874), 63 (Denver, Colorado). 



Pipilo erythrophthalmua megalonyx Ridgway, Bull. Ussex Inst, vi, Oct., 1874, 174 

 (Rocky Mts.); vii, Jan., 1875, 30 (Salt Lake City, Utah), 33 (Parleys Park, 

 Utah). 



PIPILO MACULATUS CLEMENT/E (Grinnell). 

 SAN CLEKENTE TOWHEE. 



Similar to P. in. megalonyx but bill and feet larger (at least rela- 

 tively) and coloration grayer; adult male with the black of a duller or 

 grayer cast, and adult female with coloration much lighter (broccoli 

 brown or grayish hair brown, instead of sepia or clove brown). 



Advlt TOafe.— Length (skins), 188.98-205.74 (197.61); wing, 79.76- 

 90.42 (85.34); tail, 88.39-103.12 (94.74); exposed culmen, 13.97-15.24 

 (14.73); depth of bill at ba,se (5 specimens), 9.65-10.41 (10.16); tarsus, 

 26.92-30.23 (28.45); middle toe, 17.78-20.32 (19.30); hind claw, 10.41- 

 15.75 (12.95); white on lateral tail-feather, 22.35-25.40 (24.38).' 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 178.31-210.82 (193.55); wing, 77.72- 

 82.30 (80.26); tail, 87.63-95.50 (91.19); exposed culmen, 13.72-14.73 

 (14.22); depth of bill at base (3 specimens), 9.40-10.16 (9.91); tarsus, 



' Fifteen specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



419 



25.65-29.97 (27.69); middle toe, 18.03-20.83 (19.30); hind claw, 11.43- 

 13.97 (12.70); white on lateral tail-feather, 16.76-23.88 (19.30).' 



San Clemente Island (also Santa Catalina, Santa Cruz, and Santa 

 Rosa islands?), Santa Barbara group, southern California. 



Pipilo megdlonyx {not of Baird) Coopek, Orn. Oal., 1870, 242, part (San Cle- 

 mente and Santa Catalina islands, California) . 



Pipilo maculaius megalonyx Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1890, 140 (San 

 Clemente Island; Santa Rosa Island), 141 (Santa Cruz Island). — Grinnell, 

 Auk, XV, 1898, 235 (Santa Catalina Island). 



Pipilo elementx Gkinnell, Auk, xiv, July, 1897, 294 (Smugglers Cove, San Cle- 

 mente Island, Santa Barbara group, California; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.) ; Pub. i, 

 Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1897, 19 (habits, notes, etc.). 



Pipilo maculatus clementse American OiiNiTHOLOGiSTs' Union Committee, Auk, 

 xvi, ,Ian., 1899, 120 (Check List No. 588c). 



PIPILO MACULATUS ATRATUS Ridgway. 



SAN DIEGO TOWHEE. 



Similar to P. in. megalonyx but decidedly darker, with white mark- 

 ings of wings, tail, etc. , more restricted; adult male continuously deep 

 black above (except for the usual white markings), even the rump 

 being deep black instead of more or less conspicuously grayish; adult 

 female with throat and chest very dark clove brown or sooty black, 

 and general color of upper parts deep clove brown. 



' Twelve specimens. 



Specimens from different islands compare in average measurements as follows: 



Locality. 



Depth 

 of bill 



at 

 base. 



Tarsus, 



Length 

 of white 

 on out- 

 ermost 



tail- 

 feather. 



ALES. 



Six adultmales from San Clemente 

 Four adult males from Santa 



Catalina -. ". 



Tour adult males from Santa Cruz. 

 One adult male from Santa Rosa. . 



FEMALES. 



Three adultfemales from San Cle- 

 mente 



Three adult females from Santa 

 Catalina 



Four adult females from Santa 

 Cruz 



Two adult females from Santa 

 Rosa 



28.96 



28.96 

 27.43 



29,21 

 28. 19 

 27.69 

 25.91 



24.89 

 23.88 



19,56 

 21.84 

 22.86 

 16.76 



I have referred the birds from Santa Catalina, Santa Cruz, and Santa Rosa to the 

 San Clemente form provisionally only, the series being insufficient to demonstrate 

 ■whether there are any constant local differences or not. 




420 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Adult Myiarchus/e.— Length (skins), 186.69-202.69 (191.01); wing, 81.53- 

 90.17 (86.11); tail, 94.49-102.11 (97.54); exposed culmen, 12.95-14.99 

 (13.72); depth of bill at base, 9.91-10.92 (10.41); tarsus, 26.42-29.21 

 (28.19); middle toe, lS.54-20.32 (19.56); hind claw, 12.45-14.22 

 (13.21); white on lateral tail-feather, 21.59-28.45 (23.88).^ 



Adult feiiude. — Length (skin), 191.77; wfng, 83.31; exposed culmen, 

 12.95; depth of bill at base, 9.91; tarsus, 26.67; middle toe, 17.78; 

 hind claw, 12.70; white on outer tail-feather, 20.83.^ 



Southern coast district of California south of Sierra San Fernando 

 and Sierra San Gabriel (Los Angeles and San Diego counties), and 

 south into Lower California. 



Pipilo megalonyx (not of Baird) Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 119 (heights of 

 San Paaqual, San Diego Co., CaUfornia). 



Pipilo maculatus megalonyx Moecom, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 50 (San 

 Gorgonio and Bear valleys, San Bernardino Co., s. California). — Emehson, 

 Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1887, 423 (Volcan Mts., San Diego Co., s. California).— 

 (?) Anthony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 242 (San Pedro MyiarchusrtirMts., Lower Calfornia) .— 

 Grinnell, Pub. ii, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 40 (Los Angeles Co., s. Cali- 

 fornia, resident) . 



P. [ipilo} maculatug megalonyx Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 437, part. 



Pipilo maculatus atraius Ridgway, Auk, xvi, July, 1899, 254 (Pasadena, Los 

 Angeles Co., s. California; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ). 



PIPILO MACULATUS OREGONUS (Bell). 

 OREGON TOWHEE. 



Similar to jP. ni. megalonyx but smaller (except bill and feet), with 

 hind claw much smaller, and coloration much darker; adult male with 

 few if any white streaks on back, those on scapulars much reduced 

 in size, white wing-markings much smaller (sometimes almost obsolete), 

 and white tail-spots much smaller; adult female with color of throat 

 and chest dark soot}'^ brown or sooty black, general color of upper 

 parts dark sooty brown, and white markings much more restricted 

 than in female of ^P. m. megalonyx; young darker and more uniform 

 in color than young of P. in. me-galonyx, the anterior under parts 

 (throat, chest, etc.) nearly uniform sooty, instead of conspicuously 

 streaked. 



J[(^^i!mafe.— Length (skins), 179.83-207.77 (197.10); wing, 81.79- 

 88.14(84.58); tail, 86.87-98.30 (93.73); exposed culmen, 13.72-14.99 

 (14.48); depth of bill at base, 9.65-11.68 (10.92); tarsus, 26.92-28.96 

 (27.94); middle toe, 18.54-20.32 (20.07); hind claw, 9.91-13.21 (10.92); 

 white on lateral tail-feather, 16.00-24.64 (20.32).' 



Adult fe7nale.— Length (skins), 176.53-203.20 (195.83); wing, 76.96- 

 85.85 (80.77); tail, 84.07-97.79 (90.68); exposed culmen, 13.21-14.73 

 (14.22); depth of bill at base, 10.41-11.18 (10.67); tarsus, 24.89-28.45 



' Eleven specimens. ' Thirteen specimens. 



^ One specimen. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 421 



(27.18); middle toe, 18.29-20.32 (19.30); hind claw, 9.91-11.43 (10.67); 

 white cm lateral tail-feather, 12.19-19.30 (16.26).' 



Coast district of southern British Columbia (Vancouver Island, etc.), 

 Washington, Oregon, and northern California, south to San Francisco 

 Bay. 



Fringilla arctica (not Pipilo arctica Swainson) Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 49, 

 pi. 394 (Columbia R.). 



Pipilo ardicus (not of Swainson) Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 123; Birds Am., oct. 

 ed., iii, 1841, 164, pi. 194. " ^ 



JHpUo oregonus Bell, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v, 1852, 6 (Columbia R., Ore- 

 gon; type in U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). — Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850,487; Compt. 

 Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 922; Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 22.— Baird, Rep. 

 Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 513; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 392.— Cooper 

 and SucKLEY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 206 (Washington).— 

 (?) ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 119 ("California").— Lord, Proc. Roy. 

 Art. Inst. Woolw., iv, 1864, 120 (British Columbia).— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 

 1870, 241. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 

 pi. 31, fig. 12. 



jnpilo oregonaBAnw, in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 330 (Oregon). — 

 Newberry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, pt. iv, 1857, 89 (upper Des Chutes 

 and Cascade Mts., Oregon). 



IPipilo] oregonus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 92, no. 7355. 



{^Pipilo maculaius.^ Var. oregonus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, '152. 



Pipilo maculaius . . . var. oregonus Coues, Checl: List, 1873, no. 205. 



Pipilo maculatus, var. oregonus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 

 ii, 1874, 116. 



[Pipilo maculatus var. arcticusl h. oregonus CouBS, Birds N. W., 1874, 175 (syn- 

 onymy). 



Pipilo maculaius oregonus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 181; 

 Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 2386.— Coues, Checls; List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 

 303. — Anthony, Auk, iii, 1886, 169 (Washington Co., Oregon, resident). — 

 American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no 5886. — Townsend, 

 Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 220 (Humboldt Co., n. w. California).— 

 Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N..H., iii, 1890, 148 (coast British Columbia).— 

 Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 38 (west side Cascade Mts.). 



P.[ipilo'i m.[aculatus] oregonus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 396. 



P. [ipilol maculatus oregonus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 437. 



l_Pipilo maculatus.'] Subsp. y. Pipilo oregfonus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 749 (Vancouver I.; Straits of Juan de Fuca; etc.). 



(?) Pipilo m.aculatus falcifer MyiarchusGregor, Condor, ii, Myiarchusr., 1900, 43 (Palo Alto, 

 centr. coast, California; coll. R. C. MyiarchusGregor). ^ — Allen, Auk, xviii, 1901, 

 176 (republication of description) . 



' Nine specimens. 



'' The series designated under the above name by the describer seems to me to be 

 more properly referable to P. m. oregonus, though inclining toward P. m. megalonyx. 

 It is a question as to whether such intergi-ades should or should not be designated 

 by name. 




422 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



PIPILO CONSOBRINUS Ridgway. 

 GUADALTJPE TOWHEE. 



Similar to P. m. Oregon iw in restriction of the white markings on 

 wings, tail, scapulars, etc. , but wing and tail much shorter, and hind 

 claw much larger; adult male with the black much duller, dark sooty 

 rather than black. 



Adult mafe.— Length (skins). 183.90-189.99 (186.94); wing, 76.20- 

 80.77(78.74); tail, 79.76-86.61(83.57); exposed culmen, 13.97-14.48 

 (14.22); tarsus, 25.91-28.19 (27.18); middle toe, 17.78-18.80 (18.29); 

 hind claw, 12.70-13.72 (13.46); white on lateral tail-feather, 18.29-22.86 

 (20.07).' 



Adult female.— L,&ngt\i (skins), 161.29-176.53 (168.91); wing, 69.85- 

 73.15 (71.63); tail, 73.15-75.44 (74.17); exposed culmen, 13.21-13.72 

 (13.46); tarsus, 24.38-25.91 (25.15); middle toe, 16.51-17.53 (17.02); 

 hind claw, 11.18-13.21 (12.19).'' 



Guadalupe Island, off west coast of Lower California. 



Pipiio maculalus consobrinus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 

 ^ ii, no. 2, Apr. 1, 1876, 189 (Guadalupe I., Pacific side Lower California; 



U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 238c. 

 Pipiio consobrinux Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, July, 1877, 60. — American 



Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 589. — Bryant, Bull. Cal. Ac. 



Sci., no. 6, 1887, 303 (habits; descr. young). ' 

 P. [ipUo] consobrinus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 437. 

 [Pipiio maoulatus}. Subsp. S. Pipiio consobrinus Shahpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 



1888, 750. 



PIPILO CARMANI Baird. 

 SOOOKRO TOWHEE. 



Similar in, coloration to the adult female of jP. consobrinus (the male 

 scarcely darker than the female, except on throat and chest), but much 

 smaller and with white markings still more restricted, 



Adult ma/<-.— Length (skins), 157.48-179.07 (164.34); wing, 69.09- 

 73.91 (71.37); tail, 71.12-80.52 (74.93); exposed culmen, 12.45-13.46 

 (12.95); tarsus, 23.88-25.91 (25.15); middle toe, 15.49-17.58 (16.76); 

 hind claw, 10.16-10.67 (10.41); white on lateral tail-feather, 11.43- 

 14.73 (12.70).' 



Adult female.— Li&ngtYi (skins), 147.32-170.18(158.24); wing, 63.75- 

 68.58 (66.55); tail, 69.85-73.66 (71.63); exposed culmen, 12.45-12.70 

 (12.45); tarsus, 23.11-25.40 (24.13); middle toe, 15.24-17.27 (16.26); 

 hind claw, 10.16-12.19 (10.92); white on lateral tail-feather, 10.16- 

 12.70 (11.43).' 



' Three specimens. 



''Two specimens, both with lateral rectrices wanting or broken off. 



'Five specimens. 




BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 423 



Soccorro Island, Revillegigedo group, off northwestern Mexico. 



Pipilo carmani " Baird MSS." Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, Feb., 

 1871, 7 (Socorro I.; Revillegigedo group, n. w. Mexico; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— 

 Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1871, 299 (habits). — Salvin and 

 GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 407. — Townsend, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1890, 135.— MyiarchusGregor, Auli, xv, 1898, 264 (descr. young).— 

 Anthony, Auk, xv, 1898, 317. 



P.[vpilo] carmani Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 438. 



Pipilo erythrophthlamus var. carmani Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc, ii, 1874, 277. 



[Pipilo maculaliis] var. carmani Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 

 Birds, ii, 1874, 109. 



Flpilo maculatus carmani Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, ±880, 181, 

 217, 228; Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 238d. 



[Pipilo maculatuK.] Subsp. ?. Pipilo carmani Skarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 751. 



PIPILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS ERYTHROPHTHALMUS (Linnaeus). 



TOWHEE; CHEWINK. 



Adult male. — Head, neck, chest, and upper parts black; side.s and 

 flanks uniform cinnamon-rufous, sometimes margined below, anteri- 

 orly, by black streaks; anal region and under tail-coverts cinnamon- 

 buffjf; breast and abdomen white; eighth to fourth or third primaries 

 with basal portion of outer web white, forming a more or less exten- 

 sive patch; middle or post-median portion of eighth to sixth or fifth 

 primaries edged with white, this sometimes confluent with the white 

 basal area; outer webs of tertials bi-oadly edged with white for part 

 of their length; outer web of outermost rectrices mostly white, or 

 edged with white; inner webs of three outermost rectrices extensively 

 white terminally, the white on the first rectrix 33.02-53.34 in extent 

 (measured along the shaft), averaging 39.62; fourth rectrix some- 

 times with more or less of a white spot at tip of inner web; bill wholly 

 black in summer, the mandible paler (more or less horn colored) in 

 winter; iris red (usually carmine or rose red); tarsi light brownish, 

 toes usually darker; length (skins), 186.94-206.74 (195.58); wing, 83.57- 

 94.49 (89.16); tail, 88.89-99.31 (94.23); exposed culmen, 13.46-14.73 

 (13.97); depth of bill at base, 10.18-11.94 (11.18); tarsus, 27.43-29.72 

 (28.45); middle toe, 18.80-21.34 (19.81); length of white spot on out- 

 ermost rectrix 33.02-63.34 (39.62).' 



Adult female. — Similar to the adult male, but with the black por- 

 tions replaced by brown (dull prouts brown above, lighter, more 

 cinnamon-brown or raw umber on throat and chest); length (skins), 

 172.72-191.01 (184.40); wing, 76.20-83.82 (81.03); tail, 80.52-89.41 

 (86.11); exposed culmen, 12.95-14.73 (13.72); depth of bill at base, 

 10.41-11.18 (10.67); tarsus, 26.16-28.19 (26.92); middle' toe, 17.53- 



^ Seventeen specimens. 




424 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



19.30 (18.80); hind claw, 8.89-9.91 (9.65); extent of white on oliter 

 tail-feather, 26.67-39.62 (33.02).^ 



Young male. — Above dull fulvous-brown, darker and uniform on 

 head, elsewhere indistinctly streaked with dusky; wings dull black, 

 the coverts edged with buffy brown and tipped (on outer web) with 

 paler buffy; tertials with a broad lateral stripe of buffy whitish (passing 

 into fulvous on outer edge) on the terminal portion of the outer web, 

 this light-colored marking occupying greater portion of exposed por- 

 tion of outer web on innermost feather; primaries marked with white, 

 as in the adult; tail as in adult male, the white terminal patch on 

 outermost rectrix about 33 mm. long; chin and throat plain pale buff, 

 with an interrupted blackish stripe on each side; chest deeper buff, 

 thickly marked with cuneate and sagittate streaks of dusky; sides dull 

 fulvous, sparsely streaked with dusky; breast and bellj" dull white; 

 flanks, anal region, and under tail-coverts buff}'. 



Young female. — Essentially like the young male, but the black por- 

 tions of wings and tail replaced by rich, warm brown, the streaks on 

 chest more linear, bolder, and brown instead of blackish; no black on 

 sides of chin. 



[The nestling plumage of both sexes is immediately succeeded, 

 through the autumnal molt, by the adult plumage; and birds in their 

 first winter are practically undistinguishable from older individuals.] 



Eastern United States and more southern British provinces; west 

 to edge of the Great Plains, in Myiarchusnitoba (Big Plain, Red River Valley, 

 Selkirk Settlement, Carberrj', etc., breeding). North Dakota (Pem- 

 bina, etc., breeding), Kansas, Indian Territory, etc.; breeding from 

 near the Gulf coast (Georgia to Louisiana), north to Myiarchusine (Oxford, 



' Thirteen specimens. 



Specimens from opposite sides of the Alleghenies differ but slightly in average 

 measurements and, so far as I am able to see, not at all in color. Average measure- 

 ments of two series are as follows: 



Locality. 



MALES. 



Nine adult males from east of 

 Alleghenies 



Eight adult males from Myiarchusssissippi 

 Valley 



FEMALES. 



Seven adult females from east of 

 Alleghenies 



Six adult females from Myiarchusssissippi 

 Valley 



Wing. 



81.03 



80.77 



Tail. 



94.74 

 93.73 



85.86 

 86.36 



Ex- 

 posed 



cul- 

 men. 



14.22 

 13.97 



13.97 

 13.40 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



11.18 

 11.18 



10.67 

 10.92 



28.45 

 28.46 



26. 92 



27.18 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



19.81 

 19.66 



18.80 

 18.80 



Hind 



claw 



(chord) . 



9.66 

 10.16 



9.40 

 9.65 



40.64 

 38.35 



34.29 

 31.24 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 425 



Androscoggin. Cumberland, Sagadahoc, and York counties), Ontario, 

 Myiarchusnitoba, etc.; south in winter to southern Florida, Gulf coast in 

 general, and eastern and central Texas (Navarro County, Cook County, 

 San Antonio, Corpus Christi, etc.); casual in New Brunswick (Irish- 

 town, 1 specimen, Myiarchusy 8, 1881). 



[FringUla] crythrophlhalma Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 3 758, 180, (Carolina; 

 based on Passer niger, ormlix ruhris Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, p. 34, pi. 

 34); ed. 12, i, 1766, 318. 



FringUla erythrophthalma Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 112. — Nuttall, 

 Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 515.— Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1832, 150; 

 V, 1839, 511, pi. 29. 



[Emberiza] erythrophthalma Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 874. — Latham, Index 

 Orn., i, 1790, 413. 



Emberiza erythropthalma Wilson, Am. Orn., vi, 1812,90, pi. 53, fig. 5 (female). 



Pipillo erythrophthahnus Yieillot, Gal. Ois., i, 1824, 109, pi. 80. 



Pipilo erythropthalma Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 261, footnote (crit. ). 



Pipilo erythrophthalmus Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., ii, 1832, 293. — Bona- 

 parte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 35. — Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 124; Birds 

 Ani.,oct. ed., iii, 1841, 167, pi. 195. — Woodhouse, in Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. 

 Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 81, part (Texas; Indian Territory). — Baird, Rep. 

 Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 512; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 391.— Sclater, 

 Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 119 (North Carolina). — Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 

 1862, 151 (Oxford Co., Myiarchusine, breeding).- Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, 80 (Fort 

 Carlton, Brit. Am.).— Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. ZooL, iii, 1872, 128, 178 

 (Leavenworth and Topeka, e. Kansas); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 42 

 (Fort Leavenworth, e. Kansa.'='; crit.^). — Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 204; 

 2d ed., 1882, no. 301; Birds N.W., 1874, 173, part; Bull. U. S. Geol.Surv. 

 Terr., iv, 1878, 598 (Pembina, North Dakota, breeding); Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, iii, 1878, 41 (District Columbia; crit.)'.— Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 

 7 (e. Kansas). — Baird, ^Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 

 109, pi. 31, figs. 2, 3; iii, 1874, 516 (Pembina, North Dakota; crit.)'.— Brew- 

 ster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 122 (descr. young). — Myiarchusynard, Birds 

 Florida, pt. iv, 1878, 112 (Florida in winter). — Ridgway, Norn. N. Am. Birds, 

 ]881,no.237.— Nehhling, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii,1882, 13 (Spring Creek, 

 etc., s. e. Texas, breeding) ; Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 170, pi. 25, figs. 4, 

 5.— Ogilby, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc, iii, 1882 (39) (Navarro Co., Texas, 

 Nov. to Myiarchusr.). —Chamberlain, Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. N. B., 1882,41 (Irishtown, 

 New Brunswick, 1 spec. Myiarchusy 8, 1881); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 105 

 (do.). — BiCKNELL, Auk, ii, 1885, 150 (song). — Agersborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 282 

 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check 

 List, 1886, no. 587.— Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 324 (Big Plain and Red R., w. Myiarchusni 

 toba, common summer resid.). — Chapman, Auk, v, 1888, 274 (Gainesville, 

 Florida, winter).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 744 (Fort Duf- 

 ferin, Myiarchusnitoba, etc.).— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 212 (localities, 

 dates,, etc. ).— Ralph and Bagg, Auk, vii, 1890, 231 (Oneida Co., New York, 

 I spec. Myiarchusy 12).— Batchelder, Auk, vii, 1890, 295 (Catskill Mts., New York, 

 breeding) . — Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 480 (resident in e. Kansas, rare migrant 

 in w. Kansas). — Thompson, Auk, xiii, 1891, 607 (Winnipeg, Selkirk Set- 

 tlement, Carberry, etc., Myiarchusnitoba, breeding; song). — Attwatek, Auk, ix, 

 1892,339 (San Antonio, Texas, migr.).— Warren (0. B.), Auk, xii, 1895, 192 



' With reference to specimens having white markings on scapulars or wing-coverts. 




426 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(Myiarchusrquette Co., Myiarchuschigan, Myiarchusy 16 and 20).— Kells, Trans. Canad. Inst, iii, 

 1892, 35 (Listowell Co., Perth, Ontario, breeding?).— Pearson, Trans. Canad. 

 Inst., iii, 1892, 42 (Rosedale, Ontario, breeding).— Atkinson, Trans. Canad. 

 • Inst, iii, 1892, 47 (breeding near Toronto).— Kay, Trans. Canad. Inst. , iii, 

 1892, 51 (Port Sydney and Myiarchusskoka, Ontario, summer resid. ) . — MyiarchusIlwraith, 

 Birds Ontario, 1892, 329 (summer resid.). — Singley, Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex., 

 1894, 372 (near Corpus Christi). — Howe, Auk, viii, 1896, 178 (Longwood, 

 Myiarchusssachusett=, Dec. 25; Bedford, Myiarchusssachusetts, Jan. 2; Portland, Con- 

 necticut, Jan. ) ; xiii, 1896, 260 (Longwood, Myiarchusssachusetts, Dec. 25) ; xv, 1898, 

 189 (Roxbury, Myiarchusssachusetts, Dec. 27).— Fletcher, Auk, xv, 1898, 190 

 (Rockaway Beach, Long Island, January 29). — Knight, Bull. Univ. Myiarchusine, 

 no. 3, 1897, 102 (Androscoggin, Cumberland, Oxford, Sagadahoc, and York 

 counties, summer). — Bagg, Auk, xvii, 1900, 178 (Vienna, Oneida Co., New 

 York, 1 pair July). 



IPipilo'] erythrophthalmus Bonaparte, Consp. Av. , i, 1850, 487. — Gray, Hand-list, 

 ii, 1870, 92, no. 7354.— Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 151. 



P. Hpilo} erythrophthalmus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 360. — Nelson, Bull. Essex 

 Inst., viii, 1876, 110 (n. e. Illinois, Myiarchusr. 25 to last Oct.) .-Coues, Key N. Am. 

 Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 396.— Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 436.— Kay, 

 Biol. Rev. Ontario, i, 1894, 67, in text (Myiarchusskoka, Ontario, breeding). 



P.[ipU.o] erythropthalmus Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, 1851, 139. 



[Pipilo erythrophthalmus.} a. erythrophthalmus Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 173 

 (synonymy). 



[Pipilo erythrophthalmus'] var. erythrophthalmus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, 

 Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 108. 



Pipilo ater Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 292. 



PIPILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS ALLE:NI Coues. 

 FLORIDA TOWHEE. 



Similar to P. e. erythroplithalnius but smaller, with much less white 

 on wings and tail (that on lateral rectrix" averaging 17.53 instead of 39.62 

 in male adult, 15.24 instead of 33.02 in female adult), and with the iris 

 brownish yellow or yellowish white instead of carmine red. 



Adult mfflfe.— Length (skins), 177.80-208.28 (190.25); wing, 74.68- 

 83.31 (79.25); tail, 81.53-98.81 (88.90); exposed culmen, 13.72-15.24 

 (14.22); depth of bill at base (two specimens), 10.67; tarsus, 26.40-27.69 

 (26.67); middle toe, 17.78-19.81 (18.54); hind claw, 8.89-9.91 (9.65); 

 white on outer tail feather, 15.2^25.40 (17.53).' 



Adult female.— \^QXig\k (skins), 185.42-191.52(188.47); wing, 71.12- 

 78.23 (73.66); tail, 81.58-87.63 (85.60); exposed culmen, 13.72-14.73 

 (14.22); depth of bill at base, 10.67-11.18 (10.92); tarsus, 25.91-27.18 

 (26.42); middle toe, 18.29-19.56 (18.80); hind claw, 9.14-10.16 (9.65); 

 white on outer tail feather, 12.70-16.51 (15.24).' 



Florida (grading into P. e. erythrophtlial'mus in Georgia, lower South 

 Carolina, etc.). 



Pipilo erythrophthalmus (not Fringilla eryihrophthalma Linnaeus) Taylor, Ibis, 

 1862, 128 (Florida) .—Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 282, part (all 

 references to localities in southern Florida). 



' Nine specimens. ^ Three specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



42T 



Pipilo alleni CouBS, Am. Nat., v, Aug., 1871, 366, footnote (Dummitts Grove, 



Indian E., Florida; Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool.?'). 

 [Pipilo erythrophiliahnus.'] Var. allenii Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 152. 

 Pipilo erythrophthalmus . . . var. alleni Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 204a. 

 Pipilo ei-yihrophihalmus, var. alleni Baied, Beewee, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 



Birds, ii, Jan., 1874, 112.— Mbreiam, Am. Nat., viii, Feb., 1874, 87 (St. 



Johns and Ocklawaha rivers, etc., Florida). — (?)Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 



Club, iv, 1879, 9 (Coosada, Alabama, 1 spec. Myiarchusr. 28). 

 [Pipilo erythrophthalmus] b. alleni Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 173 (synonymy). 

 Pipilo erythrophthalmus alleni Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 



181, 217; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 237tt.— Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 



1882, no. 302. — Ameeican Oenithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 



587a. — Chapman, Auk, v, 1888, 274 (Gainesville, Florida; notes, etc.). — 



Scott, Auk, vi, 1889, 323 (Punta Eassa and Tarpon Springs, s. w. Florida; 



Key West, 1 spec, blovi'n by gale). — Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa 



R., n. w. Florida, breeding). — Neheling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 177. 

 P.[ipilo'] e.[ry1.hrophthalmus] alleni Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 396. 

 P. [ipilo'] erythrophthalmus alleni Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 436. 

 [Pipilo erythrophthalmus.'] Subsp. a. Pipilo alleni Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 



xii, 1888, 746 (Clearwater, s. w. Florida). 

 Pipilo leucopis Myiarchusynard, Birds Florida, pt. v, July, 1878, 113, pi. 4 (Dummitts, 



e. Florida; coll. C. J. Myiarchusynard?) ; Birds E. N. Am. (revised ed.), 1881, 113, 



pi. 4. 



PIPILO ABERTI Baird. 

 ABERT'S TOWHEE, 



Adults (sexes alike). — Above uniform rather light broccoli brotvn, 

 becoming rather darker and somewhat grayer on remiges and rec- 

 trices, the primaries edged with pale brownish gray; beneath pale 

 cinnamomeous wood, brown, paler (dull grayish buffy) on breast, deeper 

 and tinged with vinaceous-cinnamon on throat and chest, the lower 

 abdomen ochraceous-buffy, the under tail-coverts still deeper, or 

 vinaceous-tawny; lores dusky, the chin and throat streaked with the 

 same (chin sometimes wholly dusky); bill pale grayish brown; tarsi 

 pale bi'ownish, toes darker. 



Young. — Essentially like adults, but paler and duller (less pinkish) 

 in color beneath, with the breast indistinct^ streaked with grayish or 

 dusky. 



Ad/ult males.— Length (skins), 208.79-232.16 (222.00); wing, 89.92- 

 96.77 (93.98); tail, 105.92-119.89 (113.28); exposed cuhnen, 14.99- 

 16.26 (16.00); depth of bill at base, 10.16-10.67 (10-41); tarsus, 27.94- 

 29.21 (28.45); middle toe,. 18.80-20.32 (19.66).' 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 202.44-220.47 (211.33); wing, 

 85.34-91.95 (87.88); tail, 100.84-109.47 (105.66); exposed culmen, 



'Exact locality, etc., not mentioned, but the name based on specimens collected 

 at Dummitt's Grove by C. J. Myiarchusynard, and mentioned by J. A. Allen in Bull. Myiarchuss. 

 Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 282. 



'' Eight specimens. 




428 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



14.99-15.75 (15.24); depth of bill at base (two specimens), 10.16-10.41 

 (10.28); tarsus, 26.42-28.96 (27.43); middle toe, 17.53-19.56 (18.54).' 



Arid division of Lower Austral Province, in Arizona, southern 

 Nevada (bend of Colorado River), southwestern Utah (Washington, 

 St. George, Santa Clara Valley), northwestern New Mexico (valley of 

 Oila River), and southeastern California (valley of Colorado River). 



Pipilo aberli. Bajrd, in Stansbury's Exp. Great Salt Lake, Zool., June, 1852, 325, 

 330 (NewMexico^).— Coues, Check List, 1873, no, 207; 2d ed., 1882, no. 

 309.— Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 81 (near 

 FortGarland, Colorado, breeding'), 121 (Gila R., Arizona) ; Ann. Lye. N. Y., 

 xi, 1874, 45 (s. Utah); Annot. List Birds Utah, 1874, 6 (do.); Zool. Exp. W. 

 100th Merid., 1875, 306 (habits, etc.). — Baikd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. 

 N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 128, pi. 31, fig. 7; iii, 1874, 517 (Tucson, Arizona; 

 descr. nest and eggs). — Stephens, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878,. 93 (Gila 

 R., New Mexico). — Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 241.— Brewster, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 198 (Colorado, Gila, and San Pedro rivers, 

 Arizona; habits; descr. nest, eggs, and young). — American Ornithologists' 

 Union, Check List, 1886, no. 592.— Shabpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 

 756. — Bendike, Auk, vii, 1890, 27 (habits; descr. nest and eggs). — Fisher, 

 N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 105 (bend of Colorado R., Nevada; lower Santa 

 Clara Valley, Utah, etc.). — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 183. — 

 Myiarchustchell, Auk, xv, 1898, 310 (San Myiarchusguel Co., New Mexico, up to 9,000 ft.). 



JP.\ipilo] aberti Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 398. — Ridgway, Myiarchusn. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1887, 441. 



Pipilo abertii Baibd, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,ix, 1858,516; ed. 1860 ("Birds N. 

 Am." ), atlas, pi. 30; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 18 (Fort 

 Yuma and Colorado R., California); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 395. — 

 Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 15 (Gila R., Arizona). — 

 Kennerly, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 30, pi. 30 (Big Sandy R. 

 and Bill Williams R., Arizona).— Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 119 ("New 

 Mexico," i. e., Arizona). — OouBS, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 84, 

 (Gila and Colorado valleys, jirizona); Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 324 (Colorado 

 Valley, etc.). — Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 244. — Yarrow and Henshaw, Rep. 

 Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1872 (1874), 15 (Washington and St. George, 

 Utah).. 



"PipUo" abertii Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 90 (valleys of Gila 

 and Colorado). 



[Pipilo'i abertii Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 93, no. 7366. — Coubs, Key N. Am. 

 Birds, 1872, 153. 



Pipilo abertis Baird, in Rep. Ives' Ool. Exped., pt. iv, 1857-58, 6. 



Pipilo alberti Morcom and Stephens, Bull. Ridgway Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 50 

 (Fort Yuma, California; habits; notes). 



Kieneria abertii Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 356. 



PIPILO RUTILUS (Lichtenstein). 

 SCLATER'S TOWHEE, 



Adults {sexes alike). — Above uniform hair brown or broccoli brown, 

 slightly darker on pileum, some of the middle wing-coverts (occasion- 



' Seven specimens. 



^ Present whereabouts of type unknown. 



^Doubtful; the evidence unsatisfactory. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 429 



ally greater coverts also) narrowlj^ tipped with white; auricular region 

 similar, but rather grayer; loral and suborbital regions chiefly dull 

 whitish; chin, throat, and upper chest white, the throat crossed by a 

 more or less distinct band of ochraceous-buff or tawny-ochraceous, this 

 again crossed by a dusky submalar streak; malar region white (usually 

 flecked with dusky) anteriorly, ochraceous-buff or tawny-ochraceous 

 posteriorl^'^; lower chest (medially), breast, and abdomen white, the 

 first (sometimes sides of breast also) transversely spotted or barred 

 with brownish gray, those markings immediately adjoining the convex 

 posterior outline of the immaculate white area covering lower throat 

 and upper chest dusky or blackish;' sides of chest and breast brownish 

 gray, passing into a more decidedly brownish hue posteriorly, the 

 flanks tinged with ochraceous; anal region and under tail-coverts 

 ochraceous or ochraceous-buff'; maxilla dusky brown or horn color, 

 mandible paler; tarsi and toes horn color. (Young not seen.) 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 179.83-195.68 (190.75); wing, 82.04- 

 92.71 (86.11); tail, 82.30-100.84 (98.22); exposed culmen, 11.99-17.02 

 (16.00); depth of bill at base (two specimens), 10.16; tai'sus, 26.92- 

 29.46 (28.19); middle toe, 17.78-20.07 (18.54); hind claw, 9.40-10.92 

 (10.16).' 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 181.86-197.10 (189.23); wing, 79.76- 

 84.07 (82.30); tail, 87.63-94.23 (91.44); exposed culmen, 15.24-16.76 

 (15.75); depth of bill at base (three specimens), 10.16; tarsus, 26.67- 

 27.94 (27.18); middle toe, 17.02-18.03 (17.78); hind claw, 9.1^1-10.67 

 (9.66).' 



Southern Mexico, in States of Puebla (Tehuacan), Oaxaca (San 

 Myiarchusguel de las Peras, Totontepec, Huitzo, Mount Zempoal tepee, etc.), 

 and Guerrero (Ayusinapa). 



Tanagra rutila Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 2 (Mexico; Berlin 



Myiarchuss.; see Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 57). 

 IPipilol ruHlus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 33. 

 Pijnlo rutilus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 410. — Sharps, 



Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 756. 

 P. [ipilo'] rutilus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 43&. 

 HpUo albicollis Sclateb, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 304 (San Myiarchusguel de las 



Peras, Oaxaca; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1859, 380 (Totontepec, Oaxaca); Cat. 



Am. Birds, 1862, 120 (Oaxaca). — Lawkence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 4, 



1876, 22 (Huitzo, Oaxaca). 

 [Pipilo fuscusl (var.?) albicollis Baied, Bkewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 



Birds, ii, 1874, 122. 



'In some specimens (chiefly those in worn summer plumage) these grayish and 

 dusky markings are almost obsolete; sometimes there is a blackish spot in center of 

 chest. 



^ Seven specimens. 



' Six specimens. 




430 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



PIPILO FUSCUS FUSCUS Swainson. 

 BROWN TOWHEE. 



A(kdts {sexes alike).— Ahove dark hair brown or grayish sepia brown, 

 the pileum darker and browner, sonaetimes slightly tinged with chest- 

 nut; middle and greater wing-coverts and upper tail-coverfs usually 

 narrowly and indistinctly tipped with paler; ^ remiges and rectrices 

 with the general color darker, clearer, and less brown than other por- 

 tions; sides of head mainly colored like back, etc., but with loral and 

 suborbital regions mottled with pale buffy or dull whitish, and auricu- 

 lar region finely streaked with the same; malar region, chin, and 

 throat pinkish bufi' (deeper in winter, paler in summer plumage), the 

 first flecked with dusky, the nearlj' (sometimes quite) immaculate gular 

 area surrftunded laterally and posteriorly by rather large triangular 

 spots or streaks of black; median portion of breast and abdomen 

 white; sides of breast, sides, and flanks hair brown (paler than back); 

 anal and femoral regions and under tail-coverts cinnamon or cinnamon- 

 tawnjr; maxilla dusky, mandible pale brownish; iris brown; tarsi light 

 brown, toes darker. 



Adidt mafe.— Length (skins), 184. 16-197. 10 (190.75); wing, 87.12- 

 «6.77 (92.46); tail, 82.80-98.5.5 (92.96); exposed culmen, 13.72-15.49 

 {14.48); tarsus, 23.37-26.92 (24.89); middle toe, 16.76-18,80 (17.53).^ 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 180.09-190.75 (184.91); wing, 82.04- 

 S9.15 (85.34); tail, 84.33-93.22 (87.88); exposed culmen, 14.22-15.24 

 (14.48); tarsus, 22.86-26.16 (24.89); middle toe, 17.02-17.78 (17.27).' 



Pacific slope of Sierra Myiarchusdre, southwestern Mexico, from State of 

 Mexico (Temascaltepec, Tlalpam, Ajusco, Amecameca, etc.) through 

 States of Myiarchuschoacan (Patzouaro) and Jalisco (north to Guadalajara) 

 and Territory of Tepic. 



Pipilofusca Swainson, Philos. Myiarchusg., new ser., i, 1827, 434 (Temascaltepec, Mexico; 

 coll . W. Swainson ) . 



Pipillofusca Swainson, Anim. in Menag., i, 1838, 347 (Mexico) . 



P.\ipilo~\ fusms Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 2C0. — Bonaparte, Consp.Av.,i, 1850, 

 487, part (Mexico).— Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 440, part. 



Pipilo fuscus ScLATEE and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 361 (City of Mex- 

 ico). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N.Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 121, foot- 

 note (Temascaltepec; Guadalajara; Tepic). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 ix, 1886, 148, part (plains of Colima, Tepic, Guadalajara, Temascaltepec, and 

 Valley of Mexico). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Gentr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 

 409, part (Temascaltepec; Guadalajara; valley of Mexico). — Sharpe, Cat. 

 Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 752, part (near City of Mexico). 



^ In fresh plumage, especially in young birds which have just assumed the adult 

 plumage, these tips are quite distinct and more or less fulvesoent, particularly on the 

 upper tail-coverts. 



' Eleven specimens. 



* Six specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 431 



^^Pipilo'] fuseus Sclatbr and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 33, part. 



[Pi.pilo fuseus'] var./wscMS Baied, Bhewee, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 



1874,121 (Temascaltepec; Cordova). 

 Xieneriafusca BuNAPAEte, Compt. Rend., xl, 1855, 356. 

 (?) Pipilo mesoleucus (not of Baird) Sclatek, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 120, part 



(Mexico). 

 Pipilo fuseus var. crissalis (not FringUla crissalis Vigors) Lawrence, Mem. Bost. 



Soc.N.H.,ii, 1874,277 (Guadalajara; Tepic). 



PIPILO FUSCUS POTOSINUS Ridgvvaj. 

 PLATEATJ BROWN TOWHEE. 



Similar to P.f.fuscits but larger, paler, and grayer, the pileum paler 

 and more frequently tinged with rusty brown; buff of gular area 

 paler, with surrounding dusky triangular spots averaging smaller and 

 not so black; color of under tail-coverts, etc., slightly paler (dull ochra- 

 ceous or ochraceous-buff rather than tawny or cinnamon-tawny). 



Adult ///«/<>.— Length (skins), 184.91-213.36 (197.87); wing, 92.46- 

 101.35(95.25); taU, 89.92-106.17(95.25); exposed culmen, 14.48-15.75 

 (14.99); tarsus, 28.62-26.67 (25.40); middle toe, 17.27-18.29 (18.03).' 



Adult female.— Le\~^gt\i (skins), 184.91-207.26 (192.79); wing, 83.82- 

 95.76 (88.90); tail, 88.39-99.67 (92.96);, exposed culmen, 15.24-16.00 

 (15.49); tarsus, 24.38-26.92 (25.40); middle toe, 17.02-18.29 (17.53)." 



Central portion of Mexican plateau, from States of Puebla, Vera 

 Cruz (western edge), Hidalgo, San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, etc., 

 north to Durango, southern Chihuahua, southern Nuevo Leon, and 

 southwestern Tamaulipas (M^.quihuana). 



Hpilo fuseus (not Pipilo fusca Swainson) Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 

 304 (San Andreas Chalchicomula, near Cordova, Vera Cruz). — Duges, La 

 Naturaleza, i, 1868, i40 (Guanajuato). — (?) Sumicheast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. 

 H., i, 1869, 552 (plateau and alpine reg.. Vera Cruz). — Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 409, part (Santa Catarina, Nuevo Leon; 

 Guanajuato; Vera Cruz). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 148, 

 part (Puebla; Guanajuato; Santa Catarina; crit. ). — Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 752, part (Puebla; n. Mexico).— (?) Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 1890, 215 (Chalchicomula, Vera Cruz, nearly to base of Mount Ori- 

 zaba). — JouY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1894, 780 (Ahuak 'c-o and San Luis 

 Potosi; habits). — (?) Cox, Auk, xii, 1895, 357 (Orizaba, and at lower timber 

 line).— (?) Chapman, Bull. .'jn. Myiarchuss. N. H., x, 1898, 41 (Las Vigas, Vera 

 Cru;!, alt. 8,000 ft.). 



[Pipilo'] fuseus Sclatbr and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 33, part. 



P. lipiio] fuseus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 440, part. 



Pipilo mesoleucus (not of Baird, 1854) Baird, Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv.; 

 ii, pt. ii, 1859, 18, part (Santa Catarina, Nuevo Leon). — (?) Sclater, Cat. 

 Am. Birds, 1862, part (Mexico). 



Pipilo fuseus potosinus Ridgway, Auk, xvi, July, 1899, 254 (Guanajuato, Mexico; 

 U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



' Twelve specimens. ^ Six specimens. 




432 BULLETIK 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



PIPILO FOSCUS INTERMEDIUS Nelson. 

 ALAMOS TOWHEE. 



Similar in coloration to F. f. potosinm but chin iind throat much 

 paler buff, in this respect resembling P. f. mesoleucm; decidedly 

 smaller than the latter, with upper parts darker, but at the same time 

 grayer, and pileum usually concolor with the back, or nearlj^ so, instead 

 of being distinctly rufescent. 



Adidt tiMle.— Length (skins), 195.58-205.74 (200.66); wing, 90.93- 

 93.47 (92.71); tail, 98.55-104.65(101.35); exposed culmen, 13.46-15.24 

 (14.22); tarsus, 24.89-25.40 (25.15); middle toe, 17.53-19.81 (18.54).' 



Adult feinah.— Length (skins), 196.85-203.20 (197.61); wing, 86.36- 

 91.95 (89.15); tail, 96.52-101.60 (98.55); exposed culmen, 13.46-14.48 

 (13.97); tarsus, 24.13-25.40 (24.64); middle toe, 16.51-18.80 (17.53).' 



Coast district of southern Sonora (Guaymas, Alamos, Batomotal, 

 Myiarchusgdalena, etc.) and northern Sinaloa. 



Pipilo fusciis mesoleucus {not Pipilo mesoleuais Baird) Bblding, Proc. U. S. Nat. 



Myiarchusa., vi, 1883, 343, 344 (Guaymas, Sonora). 

 Pipilo fuscus intermedius Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, Myiarchusy 29, 1899, 27 



(Alamos, Sonora; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



PIPILO FUSCUS MESOLEUCUS (Baird). 

 CANON TOWHEE. 



Similar to P. f. potosin-iis but still paler, especially the grayish-brown 

 of upper parts, sides, etc., with the pileum (except sometimes the fore- 

 head), always distinctly rufescent (inclining, more or less, to cinnamon 

 or cinnamon-rufous); tail, bill, tarsus, and middle toe longer. 



Admit //lafe.— Length (skins), 194.06-222.76 (204.98); wing, 88.65- 

 100.08(94.49); tail, 95.76-107.44 (102.87); exposed culmen, 14.22-16.76 

 (15.49); tarsus, 24.89-26.92 (25.91); middle toe, 17.27-19.56 (18.29.)' 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 196.85-221.49 (205.99); wing, 86.11- 

 99.57(91.19); tail, 94.23-109.47(99.82); exposed culmen, 14.48-16.26 

 (14.99); tarsus, 24.64-26.42 (26.40); middle toe, 15.49-18.80 (18.03).' 



Arid districts of lower and upper Austral provinces, iu Arizona, 

 southern and eastern New Mexico, western Texas, eastern Colorado, 

 (valley of Ai'kansas River, Pueblo County, etc.), and southwestern 

 Colorado (Wet Mountains, etc.), south to noi'theastern Sonora 

 (Granados, Nacory, etc.), and northwestern Chihuahua (San Diego, 

 Nuevenche Plain, Colonia Garcia, etc.). 



' Four specimens. ' Twenty specimens. 



'^ Five specimens. * Eleven specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 433 



Pipilo mesoleueus Baibd, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, June, 1854, 119 (C'opper 

 mines, Arizona) ; Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 518; eA. 1860 ("Birds 

 N. Am."), atlas, pi. 29; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 397; Rep. U. S. and Mex. 

 Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 18, part (Copper mines and ISTogales, Ari- 

 zona). — ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 120, part (n. Mexico; New Mex- 

 ico).— Kenneely, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., iv, pt. vi, 1856, 11, 12 (Bill 

 Williams R., Arizona); x, pt. vi, 1859, 30, pi. 29 (do.). — Heeehtann, Rep. 

 Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 15 (Tucson, Arizona). — Cooper, Orn. 

 Cal., 1870, 247 (Arizona, etc.).— Aiken, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 

 202 (Cailoii City, Colorado, 1 pair Apr. 16). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, 

 Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 31, fig. 10; iii, 1874, 516 (descr. nest and 

 eggs). 



"Pipilo" mesole.ucuH Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866,90 (New Mexico and 

 Arizona; crit.) . 



Pipilo fusca . . var. mesoleuca Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 183, 

 192 (Colorado). 



Pipilo fiiscus, var. mesoleueus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. A]ii. Birds, 

 ii, 1874, 125. 



Pipilo fuscus . var. mesoleueus Hbnshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 

 1873 (1874), 120 (Camp Grant, etc., Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th 

 Merid., 1875, 304 (SantaFe, New Mexico; San Carlos, etc., Arizona; habits). 



Pipilo fuscus, y. mesoleueus Ridgway, Field and Forest, iii, Myiarchusy, 1877, 198 (Col- 

 orado) . 



Pipilo fuscus mesoleueus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii. Myiarchusr. 27, 1880, 4; 

 Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 240.— Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 

 306.— Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 197 (Santa Rita Mts., etc., 

 Arizona; descr. nest and eggs). — Batcheldbe, Auli, ii, 1885, 237 (Las Vegas, 

 New Mexico; habits). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, 

 no. 591. — Henshaw, Auk, iii, 1886, 74 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico). — 

 Beckham, Auk, iv, 1887, 123 (near Pueblo, Colorado). — Bendire, Auk, vii, 

 1890, 22 (range; habits; descr. nest and eggs) . — Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., 

 V, 1893, 39 (Granados and Nacory, n. e. Sonora, Nov. ; San Diego and Nueven- 

 che plain, n. w. Chihuahua, Oct., Feb.). — Lowe, Auk, xi, 1894, 269 (Wet 

 Mts., s. w. Colorado, 10,000ft.).— Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 

 180.— Cooke, Birds Col. , 1897, 108 (Arkansas Valley and Pueblo Co. , Colorado, 

 summer resident). 



P. [ipilo'lf. [uscusl mesoleueus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 397. 



P. [/pifc] fuscus mesoleueus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 440. 



[Pipilo fuscus.} Subsp. f:l. Pipilo mesoleueus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 754. 



IPipilo} fuscus (not Pipilo fusca Swainson) Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 93, no. 

 7364, part.— Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 152. 



IHpilo fuscus Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 206.— Stephens, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 

 iii, 1878, 93 (New Mexico). 



PIPILO ALBIGULA Baird. 

 SAINT LUCAS TOWHEE. 



Similar to P. fus'cus mesoleueus but decidedly smaller (except bill 

 and feet), upper parts decidedly darker and browner, lower third 

 (approximately) of gular area whitish, in more or less marked con- 



17024—01 28 




434 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



trast with the buff of upper portion, and chest uniform graj' or brown- 

 ish gvaj. 



Adult «^ff7,^— Length (skins), 188.13-205.23 (192.63); wing, 86.11- 

 94.74 (89.92); tail, 93.47-103.12 (97.03); exposed culmen, 13.72-15.75 

 (14.99); tarsus, 23.88-27.94 (26.16); middle toe, 16.76-19.30 (18.29).^ 



Ad,/lt frmaJr'.^Length (skins), 177.80-193.29 (184.66); wing, 78.99- 

 11,5.00 (85.85); tail, 81.79-104.90 (93.98); exposed culmen, 14.48-16.26 

 (14.99); tarsus. 22.86-26.42 (25.16); middle toe, 16.26-18.29 (17.53).' 



Cape St. Lucas district. Lower California. 



Fipllo alhigula Baibd, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Nov., 1859, 301, 304 (Oape St. 

 Luoas, Lower California; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). — Elliot, Illust. New and 

 Unfig. N. Am. Birds, pt.''i, 1869, pL 15.— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 248.— 

 Baied, Brewek, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 31, fig. 11. — 

 Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 755. 



U'ipilo'] alhir/iilii Gkay, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 92, no. 7862. 



Pipilo albigularix Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 120. 



[I'ipilo funrus.l Var. nibir/iiln Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 152. 



Pipilo fuscus . . . var. albigula Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 206a. 



Pipilo foixcus, var. alhir/ula Baird, BREWER,-and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 

 1874, 127. 



Pipilo fusrus alhigulit Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 181, 218, 

 228; V, 1883, 540 (La Paz, Lower California; crit.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 

 1881, no. 240a.— Coues, Check List, 2ded., 1882, no. 307.— Townsexd, Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiii, 1890, 137 (La Paz). — American- Ornithologists' 

 Union, Check List, 1886, no. 591o. 



P. [?>)7o] /. [w.snLs] albigula Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 397. 



P.lipilolfuscus albigula Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 440. 



PIPILO CRISSALIS CRISSALIS (Vigors). 

 CAIUOKNIA TOWHEE. 



Similar to P. fu»ci(f; mexoleuens but decidedly larger and coloration 

 much darker and browner; back, etc., drab-brown (margins of feath- 

 ers slightly more grayish), the pileum more rufescent (approaching 

 mars brown or prouts brown); gular area vinaceous-cinnamon or 

 cinnamon-buff, abdomen pale dull buffy, and under tail-coA'erts, etc., 

 bright russet or cinnamon. 



A(Mt male.— LQugth. (skins), 212.09-241.30 (227.58); wing, 95.25- 

 103.63 (98.81); tail, 107.19-115.57 (109.98); exposed culmen, 14.22- 

 16.51 (15.75); tarsus, 26.67-28.45 (27.69); middle toe, 19.30-21.34 

 (20.07).^" 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 209.30-218.44 (213.87); wing, 90.68- 

 98.55 (95.76); tail, 105.16-111.25 (107.70); expo.sed culmen, 14.22- 

 16.00 (14.99); tarsus, 26.42-27.94 (27.18); middle toe, 19.05-20.32 

 (19.56).* 



California, west of Sierra Nevada (in valleys and foot-hills), north 



' Ten specimens. ' Eight specimens. 



^ Seven specimens. * Four specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND JIIDJJLE AMERICA. 435 



to Mendocino and Shasta counties, south to Santa Barbara and Kern 

 counties, and northern part of San Bernardino County. 



Frincjilla crissalis Vigoes, Zool. ^'oy. "Blossom", 1839, 19 (Jloiiterey, California; 

 type in Brit. Myiarchuss.^). 



[Pipilo'] aissatis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 93, no. 7635. 



[JPipilo fuecus.'] Var. crissalis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 153. 



Pipilo fuscus . . . var. crissalis Coues,' Check List, 1873, no. 206/a— Hensh.\w, 

 Rep. "Wheeler's Surv., 1876, 247 (Santa Barbara; WalkerV Basin; Kernville; 

 habits). 



Pipilo fuscus, var. a'issalis Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 

 ii, 1874, 122.— Nelson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xviii, 1875, 359 (Nevada, 

 California).— Cooper, Am. Nat, x, 1876, 92. 



Pipilo fasca crissalis Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 172. 



Pipilo fascus crissalis Brewster, Bull. Nut. Orn. Club, iv, Jan., 1879, 41 (Nicasio, 

 Myiarchusrin Co., California; descr. young). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, 

 Aug. 24, 1880, 181; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 2406.— Coues, Check List, 

 2d ed., 1882, no. 308.— American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, 

 no. 5916.— Evekmann, Auk, iii, 1886, 182 (Ventura Co., Cahfornia).— Town- 

 send, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 220 (n. Sacramento Valley).— Fisher, 

 N.' Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 105, part (Cajon Pass, Argus Range, etc., s. e. 

 California) . 



l^lipilo] f.[uscus'] crissalis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 397. 



P. [ipilo'] fuscus crissalis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 441. 



Pipilo fuscus, §. crissalis Ridgw.vy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i. Myiarchusr. 21, 1879, 420 

 (centr. California, resident). 



Pipilo crissalis Baihd, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 31, 

 fig. 9.— Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 498 (w. base Sierra Nevada); Proc. 

 U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 391 (Calaveras Co., Cahfornia). 



[Pipilo fuscus.l Subsp. a. Pipilo crissalis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 

 753. 



Pipilo fusca (not of Swainson) Baird, in Stansbury's Rep. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 

 330 (California).— Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Tex., etc., 1856, 124, pi. 17 (Cali- 

 fornia). — Newberry, Rep.Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, pt. iv, 1857, 89 (Sacramento 

 Valley).— Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 51 (California). 



Pipilo fuscus Heermann, Jourii. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1852, 267 (California). — 

 ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1857, 127 (San Jos6 Valley, California); 

 Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 119, excl. syn. part (Santa Clara, Cahfornia). — Baird, 

 Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 517, excl. syn. part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, 

 no. 396.— Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, Cali- 

 fornia). — Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 245, excl. syn. part. 



P. [ipilo} fuscus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 487, part (California). 



[Oriturus] wrangeli Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, July 10, 1850, 47 (North America; 

 nomen nudum.'). 



Oriturus wrangeli "Brandt" Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 413. 



PIPILO CRISSALIS CAROL.^ (MyiarchusGregor). 

 NORTHERN BROWN TOWHEE. 



Similar to P. c. crissalis but slightly darker and less brown above, 

 with pileum nearly concolor with back instead, of decidedly more 

 rufescent; back, etc., dark hair brown rather than drab brown, the 



'Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 754. 




436 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



pileum slightly darker and browner; tail blackish brown; under parts 

 as in P. ('. crixKulis, but throat-patch slightly paler and more vinaceous. 



Adult male.— heugth (skins), a::iO. 00-230. 00 (226.00); wing, 92.00- 

 1U5.00 (99.00); tail, 103.00-116.00 (111.00); exposed culmen, 11.00- 

 16.60 (11.83); depth of bill at base, 9.00-10. DO (9.75); tarsus, 28.00- 

 29.00 (28.76); middle toe, 19.50-21.00 (20.12).^ 



Adult fijMde.—ljength (skin), 223.00; wing, 96.00; tail, 106.00; 

 exposed culmen, 15.0<»; depth of bill at base, 10.00; tarsus, 28.00; 

 middle toe, 20.00.' 



Extreme northern portion of Sacramento Valley, California (Battle 

 Creek, Tehama and Shasta counties). 



(?) Pipilo fusciis crlssalin IMeeriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 126 (near 



Gazelle and Edgwood, Siskiyou Co.). 

 Fipilo fuscus carols MyiarchusGkegok, Bull. Coop. Orn. Club, i, Jan., 1899, 11 (Battle 



Creek, n. California; coll. K. C. MyiarchusGregor). — Allen, Auk, xvi, 1899, 343 



(republication of description). 



[I am extremely doubtful whether this supposed form can be main- 

 tained; but since the American Ornithologists' Union Committee have 

 passed it favorably I have concluded to accept this decision, without, 

 however, strongly indorsing it. The alleged characters are exceed- 

 ingly slight and by no means comparable to those which distinguish 

 most recognized subspecies, for example, the southern form of the 

 same species (J', c. se'iicula). Furthermore, the ascribed range is 

 verv unsatisfactory, specimens from a locality which should represent 

 an extreme northern form (Baird, Shasta County) being quite the same, 

 so far as I am able to discern, as true J', cj'/ssaliti. 



These observations are based on the describei-\s type and cotypes, 

 with some of the other material examined by him at the time. The 

 former are all fall (October and November) birds, in very freshh^ 

 assumed plumage, and this will, in my judgment, account, to a large 

 degree at least, for the darker coloration.] 



PIPILO CRISSALIS SENICULA (Anthony). 

 ANTHONY'S TOWHEE. 



Similar to P. c. orlnnaliis but smaller and much darker and grayer; 

 back, etc., dark hair brown; pileum warm sepia brown; chest, etc., 

 light hair brown or brownish gray. 



Adult mafe.— Length (skins), 201.17-221.74 (210.06); wing, 88.39- 

 100.84 (94.23); tail, 100.33-112.27 (104.90); exposed culmen, 14.22- 

 15.76 (14.99); tarsus, 24.38-27.94 (26.42); middle toe, 17.53-19.81 

 (18.54).^ 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 200.41-206.25 (202.69); wing, 85.86- 

 90.42(87.88); tail, 99.82-102.11 (100.84); exposed culmen, 14.48-15.24 

 (14.73); tarsus, 25.40-27.43 (26.42); middle toe, 17.53-18.54 (ls.03). 



1 



' Four specimens. ' Nine specimens. 



'' One specimen. * Five specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 437 



Southern California (south of San Bernardino Mountains) and 

 northern Lower California (south along Pacific side at least to parallel 

 of 29°). 



Pipilofuscus crissalis (not Fringilla crisKidin Vigors) Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 V, 1883, 528 (San Quentin Bay, Lower California).— Morcom, Bull. Ridgw. 

 Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 50 (San Bernardino and San Diego counties, Cali- 

 fornia). ^Emerson, Bull. Cal. Ac. Soi., no. 7, 1887, 423,429 (Volcano Mts. 

 and Poway, San Diego Co.). — (?) Fishek, N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 105, 

 part (San Bernardino).— Anthony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 242 (San Pedro MyiarchusrtirMta., 

 Lower California). 



Pipilo fuscus senicula Anthony, Auk, xii, Apr., 1895, 111, 141 (San Fernando, 

 Lower California; coll. A. W Anthony). — American Ornithologists' Union, 

 Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 591c.— Ridgw ay, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 

 1896, 605.— Geinnbll, Pub. ii, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 40 (Los Angeles Co., 

 California, up to 4,000 ft., resident). 



Genus MELOZONK Reichenbach. 



Melozone Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., Myiarchusrch 1, 1850, pi. 79, fig. 1. (Type, 



Pyrgita biarcuata Provost and Des Myiarchusrs. ) 

 Pyrgisoma "Pucheran" Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, July 20, 1850, 486. (Type, 



Pyrgita biarcuata Provost and Des Myiarchusrs. ) 

 Kieneria Bonaparte, Compt. Rend, xl, 1855, 356. fType, Pyrgisoma Meneri 



Bonaparte.) 



Medium-sized terrestrial Fringillidse with long and stout feet, much 

 rounded wing, tail shorter (or at least not longer) than wing, and the 

 plumage without streaks. 



Bill moderate (exposed culmen about half as long as tarsus, or some- 

 what more), its depth at base equal to or slightly more than length of 

 gonys, and decidedly greater than basal width; culmen nearly straight 

 to near tip, where distinctly convex; gonys straight or very faintly 

 convex, a little shorter than distance from nostrils to tip of maxilla; 

 maxillary tomium first gently concave, then gently convex in mid- 

 dle portion, then concave directly in front of the decidedly but, not 

 abruptly deflected rictal portion; mandibular tomium gently convex, 

 its sub basal angle distinctlj' toothed. Wing rather short (nearly two 

 and three-fourths to about three and a half times as long as tarsus), 

 much rounded (ninth primary much shorter than secondaries, the sev- 

 enth to fifth or fourth longest) ; primaries exceeding secondaries bj^ less 

 than length of gonys. Tail equal to or shorter than wing, more or 

 less rounded, the rectrices broad and rounded at tips, less than half 

 covered by coverts. Tarsus moderate, usually shorter than middle 

 toe with claw (a little longer in M. ruh'icatum), its scutella distinct; 

 lateral claws reaching nearly or quite to base of middle claw; hind 

 claw usuallj' shorter than its digit (equal to it in 3L rubricatum). 



Coloration. — Above plain brown or brownish gray; edge of wing 

 white or 3'ellow (the latter in 3L leucotis and 2L occipitalis); occiput 




438 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



rufous 01' chestnut (except in the two species mentioned and M. inysta- 

 calis); lores white (except in M. mystac(dls); under part chiefly white 

 and gray (abdomen light cinnamon in If. mystacalis) ; sometimes with 

 a black spot in middle of chest. 



Range. — Highlands of Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Peru. 



This genus embraces three distinct styles of coloration; one, includ- 

 ing live of the eight known species, characterized by having rufous or 

 chestnut on the occiput; the second, consisting of two species, having 

 no rufous or chestnut on the chiefly black head, the sides of the neck 

 and the edge of the wing being yellow; the third, represented by a 

 single species, possessing none of the above-mentioned characters, but 

 having the lores black and the abdomen light cinnamon, the two other 

 groups having both lores and abdomen white. 



The first group, embracing JZ Meneri., M. rnhi'lcatum^ M. iiarciiatum, 

 II. cahanisi, and 21. rufigenis^ exhibits, however, the extremes of 

 variation in form, M. rvhricatum (perhaps also M. Meneri, which I 

 have not seen), having verj' stout feet with strong claws (that of the 

 hallux about equal in length to its digit, and those of the lateral toes 

 reaching quite to the base of the middle claw), exactly as in the genus 

 Pipilo^ and the tail is neai'h' even. Of the other species, M. hiarciuotuhi 

 has the tail as long as the wing, the only other species agreeing with 

 it in this respect being M. mystacalis.^ The latter is unique in its black 

 lores and cinnamon colored abdomen, while M. leucotis and M. occipitalis 

 alone have yellow in their plumage and the throat black. All have 

 the black jugular spot except 3L hiarcuatum, 2L rufigenis, and If. 

 mystacalis. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF MELOZONE. 



a. Chin and throat white; head partly rufous; no yellow on head or neck, nor white 

 spot on auricular region; edge of wing white. 

 h. Chest with a central spot of black or dusky; sides of head white only on lores, 

 eyelids, and malar region (the two last sometimes rufous). 

 c. Auriculars olive or olive-grayish, like back. 



d. Forehead blackish; malar region and crown entirely rufous; no white orbital 



ring. ("Mexico.'') Melozone kieneri (p. 439) 



dd. Forehead and at least anterior portion of crown grayish olive, like back; 



anterior half of malar region and eyelids white. {Melozone rubricatum. ) 



e. Smaller, with smaller and relatively narrower bill and rather darker or 



duller coloration; adult female^ averaging, wing 73.15, tail 68.33, 



^Buarremon rufigenis Salvin, Novitates ZoologicEe, ii, no. 1, Feb. 1, 1895, 5, pi. 1, fig. 

 2 (Huamachuco, 10,400 feet, and Cajabamba, 11,000 feet, Peru; coll., Salvin and 

 Godman) . 



^Pipilo mystacalis Taozanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 521 (Junin, centr. 

 Peru; Warsaw JIus.). — Buarremon nationi Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 

 485, pi. 46 (near Lima, Peru, altitude 10,000-14,000 feet; coll. P. L. Sciater).— Pyr- 

 gisoma nationi Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 736. 



^Not having been able to examine adult males of this form I am obliged to give 

 measurements of the female. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 439 



culmen 13.72, depth of bill at base 7.87, width 7.37, tar,«us 23.62, 

 middle toe 15.75. ( Southern portion of Mexican plateau, in State of 

 Puebla and adjacent parts of Oaxaca and Guerrero.) 



Melozone rubricatum rubricatum (p. 440) 



ee. Larger, with larger and relatively broader bill and rather paler or brighter 



coloration; adult female averaging, wing 76.45, tail 67.56, culmen 14.99; 



depth of bill at base 9.65, width 5.84, tarsus 25.40, middle toe, 17.53. 



(Pacific slope of Mexico, from State of Sinaloa to State of Colima, 



Chihuahua?) .Melozoue rubricatum xantusii (p. 441) 



cc. Auriculars chestnut, like occiput, etc., passing into black auteriorily. (High- 

 lands of Costa Rica. ) Melozone cabaniai (p. 441 ) 



hh. Chest without any central spot of black or dusky; slides of head white with 

 posterior half of auricular region mainly chestnut. (Highlands of Guate- 

 mala.) Melozone biarcuatum (p. 443) 



OM. Chin and throat black; no rufous on head; sides of neck and edge of wing yel- 

 low; a white spot in center of auricular region. 

 6. Pileum dusky black, duller medially and tinged with olive posteriorly; tail 

 sKorter (less than 66.04). (Highlands of Costa Rica and Nicaragua.) 



Melozone leacotis (p. 444) 



hh. Pileum black laterally, divided by a broad median stripe of gray; tail longer 



(72.39 or more). (Highlands of Guatemala.) Melozone occipitalis (p. 445) 



MELOZONE KIENERI (Bonaparte). 

 BONAPAKTE'S GROtTUD SPARROW. 



Adult. — Brown, with the pileum and sides of head rufous; auriculars 

 same color as the back, the tips of the feathers, however, chestnut; 

 lores white; forehead and cheeks dusky black; under parts whito, the 

 flanks the same color as the back; an indistinct spot of black on breast; 

 crissum rufescent; bill blackish horn color; feet pale hazel; total 

 length, 185.42; wing, 83.82; tail, 73.66; tarsus, 25.40.' 



This little known bird, according to Sclater and Salvin, is in gen- 

 eral plumage much like 21. rubricatui/i, "but is distinguishable from 

 that species by its larger size, stouter bill, and much stronger feet and 

 tarsi." It is also said to differ in the absence of any white orbital ring, 

 and in having the whole pileum, except the dusky forehead, as well as 

 the malar region, rufous. 



Mexico? (Locality of the single known specimen given as western 

 America.) 



P-lyrgisomd] kieneri Bonap.vete, Consp. Av.,i, July, 1850, 486 ("America occ"; 



Paris Myiarchuss.) . 

 Pyrgisoma kieneri Sclater and S.vlvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 325, 326, 

 (crit.); Exotic Orn., 1868, 130, pi. 65, fig. 2.— Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 401 (Mexico ?).— Shabpb, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 732. 

 [Pyrgisovia] feneri Sclater and Salvin, Nom. A v. Neotr., 1873, 33. 

 [^Embernagral kieneri Gray, Hand-list, ii,- 1870, 92, no. 7350. 



'Sclater and Salvin, Exotic Orn., pt. ix, p. 130; translation. 




440 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



MELOZONE RUBRICATUM RUBRICATUM Cabanis. 

 LICHTENSTEIN'S GROUND SPARROW. 



Advlt {sexes alike). — Forehead deep hair brown or olive, this color 

 Sometimes extending over anterior portion (rarely over greater part) 

 of crown; rest of pilemn cinnamon-rufous varying to chestnut- I'ufous 

 or tawny; rest of upper parts plain hair brown, olive, or grayish olive- 

 brown; upper and anterior portion of lores, orbital ring (interrupted 

 in front), part of malar region and most of under parts white; lower 

 and posterior portion of lores grayish, becoming dusky next to eye; 

 auriculars olive, becoming dusky beneath eye; beneath and behind 

 auricular region cinnamon-rufous, chestnut-rufous, or tawnj-, confluent 

 with the same color on the occiput; sides of chest and breast grayish 

 brown, passing into a more buffy hue on flanks; under tail-coverts bufl'; 

 a dusky spot in center of chest; bill black; legs and feet brownish. 



Adult male. — Wing, 77.98; tail, 72.39; exposed culmen, 13.21; 

 depth of bill at base, 7.62; width of maxilla at base, 7.11; tarsus, 24.89; 

 middle toe, 16.00.' 



Adult feTnale.—Liength (skins), 145.80-157.73 (149.10); wing, 70.10- 

 76.20 (73.15); tail, 61.47-75.1S (68.33); exposed culmen, 13.21-14.22 

 (13.72); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.38 (7.87); width of mandible at 

 base, 5.59-5.84 (5.71); tarsus, 23.37-23.88 (23.62); middle toe, 15.24- 

 16.26 (15.75).^ 



Southern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Puebla (Acatlan, 

 etc.), Oaxaca (Cuicatlan, etc.), and Guerrero (Tlalixtaquilla, etc.). 



A.[tlapetes] rubricatus Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, Myiarchusy, 1851, 140, footnote (Real 

 Arriba, Puebla, Mexico; Berlin Myiarchuss.; ex Tanagra rubricata Lichtenstein, 

 manuscript). 



Atlapetes rubricatus Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 413 (descr.). 



Pipilo rubricatus Lichtenstein, Nom. Av. Myiarchuss. Berol., 1854, 44. 



Melozone rubricata Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 234. 



Pyrgisoma ruhricatum Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 326, 

 part (Atlixco, Puebla); Exotic Orn., i, 1868, 127, pi. 64, fig. 1 (Atlixco).— 

 Salvin and Godjian, Biol. Centr.-Am., Avea, i, 1886, 402, part (Real Arriba 

 and Atlixco, Puebla).— Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 148 

 (Chietla and Acatlan, Puebla).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 

 731, part (Atlixco; Putla, Oaxaca?)-. 



[Pyrgisoma'] rubricatum Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 33, part. 



[Embernagra] rubricata Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 92, no. 7353. 



' One specimen from Acatlan, Puebla. 



'^Two specimens, from Cuicatlan, Oaxaca, and Tlalixtaquilla, Guerrero. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 441 



MELOZONE RUBRICATUM XANTUSII (Lawrence). 

 XANTUS'S OROTIND SPARROW. 



Similar to 21. r. ruiricatum but averaging larger (?),^ the bill decid- 

 edlj' larger, and coloration browner. 



Adult ;Hr//,'.— Length (skins), 159.51-199.39 (174.50); wing, 71.12- 

 86.87 (79.76); tail, 64.01-78.74 (71.37); exposed culmen, 13.97-15.49 

 (14.99); depth of bill at base, 9.40-10.16 (9.91); width of mandible at 

 base, 6.86-8.38 (7.37); tarsus, 25.15-27.43 (25.65); middle toe, 17.27- 

 18.54 (18.03).' 



Adxilf female.— LQngth. (skins), 162.56-188.47 (171.70); wing, 73.41- 

 81.79 (76.96); tail, 66.29-71.63 (68.07); exposed culmen, 14.48-16.00 

 (14.99); depth of bill at base, 9.65-10.16 (9.91); width of mandible at 

 base, 7.11-9.65 (7.87); tarsus, 23.37-26.16 (25.40); middle toe, 16.61- 

 18.54 (17.53).'' . 



Western Mexico, in States of Colima, Jalisco, Sinaloa (north to 

 Myiarchuszatlan, Plomosas, etc.), Durango (Chaoala), and Chihuahua (San 

 Kafael), and Territory of Tepic. 



Fyrgisoma ruhricatuia (not Atlapetea rubricatus Cabanis) Sclater and Salyin, 

 Proc. ZoolSoc. Lond., 1868, 326, part (Plains of Colima). — Lawrence, ^lem. 

 Bost. See. N. H., ii, pt. iii, no. 2, 1874, 278 (Myiarchuszatlan; plains of Colima; 

 Tepic; San Bias). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 

 402, part (Myiarchuszatlan; Presidio, near Myiarchuszatlan; Tepic; San Bias; Plains of 

 Colima). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 731, part (Myiarchuszatlan; 

 Presidio). — Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 780 (Barranca Ibarra, 

 Jalisco; habits.) 



[Pyrgisoma} rubricatum Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 33, part. 



Fyrgisoma xantusii Lawrence, Ann-. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, Myiarchusy, 1867, 480 

 (plains of Colima, s. w. Mexico; U. S. Nat. JIus. ; ex Baird, manuscript). 



Fyrgisoma rubricatutn xantiisl Nelson, Auk, xv, Apr., 1898, 156 (Colima; Jalisco; 

 Sinaloa; Tepic; crit. ). 



MELOZONE CABANISI (Sclater and Salvin). 

 CABANIS' S GROTJND SPARROW. 



Adult (sexes alike). — Forehead black; rest of pileum, together with 

 auricular region, bright chestnut or chestnut-rufous, the latter passing 

 into black anteriorlj' and along the lower edge, forming a V-shaped 



' The series of true P. rubricatum that I have been able to examine is much too 

 small to enable me to state the characters of the present form with greater precision, 

 and I also labor under the disadvantage of not being able to compare at one time speci- 

 mens from different parts of its range. It would appear that specimens from Chi- 

 huahua ought to be more or less different from those taken in the coast district of 

 Jalisco, Tepic, Sinaloa, etc., but, although I have seen a good series from San Rafael, 

 in that State, I can not now say whether they are different or not. 



' Nine specimens. 



'Ten specimens. 




442 BULLETIN 50, TJNITI^D STATES NATIOISrAL MUSEUM. 



mark with the apex at the rictus; lores and orbital ring (interrupted 

 on middle portion of upper eyelid), malar region, chin, throat, breast, 

 and abdomen white, relieved by a narrow submalar stripe or line of 

 black, and a large spot or patch of the same in middle of chest; back, 

 scapulars, wings, tail, upper tail-coverts, and rump olixe or olive- 

 brown, becoming more grayish on upper back, hindneck, and lesser 

 wing-coverts; sides of neck and sides of breast dull gray, passing into 

 buff}^ grayish brown on sides and flanks; under tail-coverts pale buffy; 

 bill black; legs and feet horn brownish. 



Youny. — Similar to adults but colors much duller, the chestnut-rufoua 

 of head replaced by rusty brownish, more or less mottled or streaked 

 with dusky, the black markings of head and chest duller and less 

 sharply defined; feathers of back, etc., narrowlj^ tipped with dusky; 

 greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with pale fuh'ous, and white of 

 under parts replaced by pale yellowish, more or less mottled with 

 dusky. 



Adult );)«/6^— Length (skins), 138.43-156.72 (150.37); wing, 67.82- 

 71.37 (69.09); tail, 56.64-64.77 (61.72); exposed culmen, 12.70-13.46 

 (13.21); depth of bill at base, S. 38-8. 89 (8.64); tarsus, 24.38-26.43 

 (25.15); middle toe, 16.00-17.78 (17.27).' 



Adult female.— l^ength. {skins), 140.21-150.88 (145.54); wing, 63.75- 

 65.79 (64.77); tail, 58.42-59.44 (58.93); exposed culmen, 12.45-13.21 

 (12.95); depth of bill at base, 8.38; tarsus, 23.88-24.89 (24.38); middle 

 toe, 16.51-17.27 (17.02).' 



Highlands of Costa Rica (San Jose, Grecia. Volcan de Irazii, Car- 

 tago, Navarro, Alajuela, etc.). 



Melozoiie biarcuata (not Pyrgita lilarruaht Provost) Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 

 12 (San Jose, Costa Eica); 1866, 2:^S, part (Costa Eica). — Reichenbach, 

 Singvogel, 1862, 36, pi. 13, fig. 109. 



Pyrgisoma biarcaatum (not of Bonaparte) Sclatek, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 120, 

 part (Costa Eica). — Lawkence, Ann. Lye. X. Y., ix, 18(iS, 103 (Sau Jose, 

 Costa Eica). —Fraxtziis, Journ. fiir Oru., 1869, 301 (Costa Rica). 



PijrgisoiHU kiencri (not of Bonaparte) Cassin, Proc. Ac. X'at. Sci. Phila., 1865,169 

 (Costa Eica). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 103, 145 (San Jose and 

 Grecia, Costa Rica). — Fkantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 302 (Costa Eica). 



Pyrgisoma cabaiiinl Sclater and Salvix, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 324, 326 

 (San 3ob6, Costa Eica; coll. P. L. (Sclater); Exotic Orn., 1868, 129, pi. 65, 

 fig. 1. — Salvin, Ibis, 1869, 314 (San Jos6). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1878, 56 (San Jose; Oartago).— Nuti'ing, Proc. V. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1882,499 

 San Jos6). — Salvix and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 403 (San 

 Jose, Grecia, and Irazu, Costa Rica). — Zeledox, An. ilus. Nac. Costa Eica, 

 i, 1887, 112 (Alajuela; San Jos^; Grecia; Cartago; Navarro). — Sharps, Cat. 

 Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 734.— Cherrie, Auk, ix, 1892, 248 (San Jos6; 

 habits; descr. nest and eggs and young). 



Pyrgisoma cahanmi Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Eica, 1882, 9. 



[Pyrgieoma] caJanisi Scl.vter and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873,33. 



' Five specimens. '' Two specimens. 




BIRDS OF NOKTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 443 



MELOZONE BIARCUATUM (Provost). 

 PROVOST'S GROUND SPARROW. 



AdiiH (.v(^,n.s' alil'e). — Median portion of forehead and spot on lower 

 portion of auricular region black; rest of pileum and upper posterior 

 portion of auricular region chestnut or chestnut-rufous; rest of head, 

 including loral, orbital, and superciliary regions, upper anterior por- 

 tion of auricular region, malar region, chin, throat, and post-auricular 

 space white, sometimes tinged with pale dull buffy; back, scapulars, 

 rump, upper tail-coverts, wings, and tail plain olive or olive-brown, 

 the lesser wing-coverts more grayish; posterior portion of sides of 

 neck, sides of chest, and sides of breast ash gray; sides and flanks 

 wood brown, the latter more bufly; under tail-coverts dull buffy; rest 

 of under part white; bill black; legs and feet horn brownish. 



Aduh /«(^/^^— Length (skins), 146.56-156.21 (150.88); wing, 68.83- 

 75.96 (71.88); tail, 63.50-73.66 (67.06); exposed culmen, 13.21-14.22 

 (13.46); tarsus, 24.13-27.43 (25.91); middle toe, 15.49-18.03 (16.76).' 



Adult fei„ah.—L.ei\gt}i (skins), 149.61-150.37(150.11); wing, 61.98- 

 63.25 (62.74); tail, 59.69-61.98 (60.46); exposed culmen, 13.72-14.22 

 (13.97); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 8.89; tarsus, 23.88-24.89 

 (24.38); middle toe, 15.49-15.75 (15.62).' 



Highlands of Guatemala (Duefias, Escuintla, Retalhuleu, Coban, 

 etc.) and Chiapas (Chicharras).' 



Fijrgitu biarcuataVREVOST, Voy. Venns, Ois., 1846, Atlas, pi. 6 ( Guatemala ; "Cali- 

 fornia"; Paris JIus. )■ 



Emheriza hiarcuata Prevost and Des JIurs, Voy. Venus, v, Ois., 1855, 216. 



[Pyrgisomci] bicirctiatus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 486 ("California;" 

 Guatemala) . 



Pyrgisoma hiarcuatum. Sclatek and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 5, 18, pi. 5, fig.. 2 (egg), 

 (Duenas, Guatemala) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 325 (monogr. ). — Sclater, 

 Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 120, part (Guatemala). — Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 

 1882, 234 (Guatemala). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 

 1886, 401 (Dueiias, Escuintla, Retalhuleu, and Coban, Guatemala). — Sharpe, 

 Cat. Birds Brit, ilus., xii, 1888, 733. 



[Pi/rf/isomct] hiarcuatum Sclater and Salvin, Xom. Av. Neotr., 1873,83. 



Melozone hiarcuata Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., xiv, July, 1866, 233, part (Guate- 

 mala). 



[Embemngra} hiarcuata Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 92, no. 7349. 



'Three specimens. 



^Two specimens. 



'A specimen from Duefias, Vera Paz, Guatemala (no. 20424, male ad. , August 3, 1859, 

 0. Salvin) , is not only decidedly larger than an adult male from Chicharras, Chiapas, 

 but is decidedly grayer in its coloration, and the flanks are less tulvescent. It is in 

 worn plumage, however, while the Chiapas specimen has recently molted. Several 

 specimens from Guatemala, but of unknown locality, and with sex undetermined 

 agree with Chiapas specimens. 




444: BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



MELOZONE LEUCOTIS Cabanis. 

 WHITE-EARED GROUND SPARROW. 



Adult {sexes alike). — Lores, orbital ring (interrupted in front), spot 

 in center of auricular region, and abdomen white; rest of head, includ- 

 ing chin and throat, black; sides of neck and edge of wing yellow: 

 upper parts plain olive-brownish, becoming grayer on upper back, 

 more decidedly brown on tertials and tail, more olive-greenish on 

 edges of secondaries and primaries; sides grajnsh, passing into brown 

 on flanks; under tail-coverts light cinnamon; center of chest with a 

 large and irregular spot of black, sometimes confluent with black of 

 throat, but usualh^ (?) separated from it by a more or less complete 

 band of white, or white and rusty; bill black; legs and feet brownish. 



Toung. — Myiarchusch duller in color than adults; head dark soot}' brown, 

 with the white markings of the adult barely indicated; back, scapu- 

 lai's, rump, and upper tail-coverts brown (duller, more olivaceous, 

 anteriorly, brighter, more mummy brown, posteriorly), the back and 

 scapulars indistinctly streaked with dusky; under parts chiefly light 

 tawny brown posteriorly, deeper, more sooty, brown anteriorly, the 

 median portion.of breast and bell}' whitish; the darker brown of chest, 

 sides of breast, etc. , irregularl}^ flecked with dusky. 



AduU mrde.—Length (skins), 150.11-172.47 (161.29); wing, 74.17- 

 79.25 (76.71); tail, 64.26-65.53 (65.02); exposed culmen, 14.22-14.73 

 (14.48); depth of bill at base, -9.40-9.65 (9.52); tarsus, 26.16-27.94 

 (27.18); middle toe, 19.56-20.07 (19.81).' 



Ad^dt female.— Length (skins), 155.19-166.62 (161.04); wing, 74.17- 

 78.74 (76.45); tail, 63.75-65.02 (64.52); exposed culmen, 14.73; depth 

 of bill at base, 9.40-10.16 (9.91); tarsus, 26.42-27.43 (26.92); middle 

 toe, 19.30-20.32 (19.81).' 



Highlands of Costa Rica (San Jose, Angostura, Guiatil, San Juan, 

 Cartago, etc.) and Nicaragua (Chontales).' 



Melozone feucoJis Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., viii, Nov., 1860, 413 (Costa Rica; Ber- 

 lin Myiarchuss.). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 103 (San Jos6, Angostura, 

 Guiatil, and San Juan, Costa Rica). — Frantzivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 302 

 (Guiatil, Costa Rica). 



Melozone leucote Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 169 (Costa Rica). 



Pi/rgisoma leucote Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 120 (Costa Rica); Ibis, 1873, 373, 

 (Chontales, Nicaragua). — Sclater and Salvix, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1868, 

 326, part (Costa Rica); Exotic Orn., 1868, 128, part (Costa Rica). — Boucard, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 56 (Cartago and San Jos6, Costa Rica). — Sal- 

 viN and GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 403. — Zeledon, An. Myiarchuss. 

 Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Cartago; San Jos^; Guiatil). — Sharpe, Cat. 

 Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 736. 



' Two specimens. 



^ No Nicaragua specimen examined by me. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 445 



[Pyrgisoma] leucute Sclater and Salvix, Xom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 33, part. 

 Pi/r<;isoma leticotis Zeledos, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9. — Chekkie, Auk, ix, 



July, 1892, 249 (San Jos(5, Costa Rica; descv. young). 

 lEmbernagral leucotis Ghay, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 92, no. 7352. 



MELOZONE OCCIPITALIS (Salvin). 

 SALVIN'S GKOTJND SPAEEOW. 



Similar to 3f. leucotis but tail longer, pileum with a broad ash gray 

 median stripe, a distinct stripe of yellow above the auriculars (conflu- 

 ent with yellow on side of neck), lower foreneck white, passing into 

 ash gray laterally, sides more extensively gray, and black on chest 

 much more restricted, forming a well defined though irregular central 

 spot; length (skins), 175.01-188.21 (180.09); wing, 76.45-83.31 (80.01); 

 tail, 72.39-81.79 (75.95); exposed culmen, 14.99-15.24 (15.11); depth 

 of bill at base (one specimen), 9.91; tai-sus, 26.16-28.45 (27.43); mid- 

 dle toe, 19.81-20.07 (19.94).^ 



Highlands of Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Agua, Savana 

 Grande, etc.). 



Chaiiiscospiza twquata (not Pipilo torquatus Du Bus) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 

 1860, 274 (Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala). 



Pyrgisoma leucoie (not Melozone leucotis Cabanis) Salvin, Ibis, 1866, 205 (Guate- 

 mala). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 326, part (Guate- 

 mala); Exotic Orn., 1868, 128, part, pi. 64, fig. 2. 



[^Pyrgisoma] leucote Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 33, part 

 (Guatemala). 



Pyrgisoma occipitale Salvin, Ibis, 4th ser., ii, Oct., 1878, 446 (Volcan de Fuego, 

 Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 404 (Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Agua above San 

 Diego, and Savana Grande, Guatemala). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 404. 



Genus ARREMONOPS Ridgway. 



Arremonops Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed.. Myiarchusr., 1896, 434, 605. (Type, 

 Embernagra rufivir-gata Lawrence. ) 



Small or medium-sized semi-terrestrial Fringillidse with tail shorter 

 than wing; wing short and much rounded (wing- tip shorter than distance 

 from nostril to tip of maxilla.,, and outermost primary shorter than 

 secondaries); upper parts plain olive-greenish, the pileum three- 

 striped (lateral stripes brown or blacky median stripe gray or olive); 

 edge of wing yellow; under parts whitish (more or less bufl'y or 

 grayish anteriorly and laterally), without darker band across chest; 

 tail olive-green, like back and wings; superciliary stripe, and auricular 

 and orbital regions gray. 



Range. — Southern Texas to Venezuela and Ecuador. 



^ Three specimens, two of them males, the other with sex undetermined. 




446 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES JSTATIONAL MUSEUM. 



As in many species of Arremon, all those of Arremonops have the 

 upper parts uniform olive or olive-green, the edge of the wing yellow, 

 and the under parts are likewise white medially and grayish or olive 

 laterallj'. 



The various species and subspecies belonging to this genus have 

 universally been referred to Erribernagra Lesson; but the type of the 

 latter {Emberiza platennh Gmelin) is exceedingly different in struc- 

 tural and other characters. In fact, it is difficult to understand whj' 

 these birds were ever associated with E. pJatensis and at the same time 

 so widely removed (placed in another " family "! ) from their very 

 close allies, the Arremones. 



The nearest ally of Emhernagra seems to be the South American 

 genus Emhe)'izoides Temminck (type Fringilla macroura Gmelin), the 

 type-species of the two genera differing from one another hardh' so 

 much as do certain species of Ammodramus. 



Compared with the so-called EmbernagrcB of Central America, the 

 genera Emhernagra (in its properly circumscribed sense) and Emheri- 

 zoidea differ as follows: 



a. Tail shorter than wing, with feathers not narrowed at tips; ninth primary shorter 

 than first (shorter than secondaries) ; exposed culmen much more than half 

 as long as tarsus; feathers of pileum normal; pileum with three broad stripes — 

 two black or brown lateral ones and a gray median one — or else wholly black 

 or chestnut; back not streaked. 

 6. Tail dusky, in contrast with color of back; chest with a pair of lateral black 

 patches or a complete black band; auricular and suborbital regions black. 



Arremon (p. 454) 

 hh. Tail olive or olive-green, concolor with the back; chest without black patches 



or band ; auricular and suborbital regions gray Arremonops (p: 445 ) 



aa. Tail longer than wing, with feathers narrowed at tips; ninth primary longerthan 

 third; exposed culmen not more than half as long as tarsus; feathers of pileum 

 with stiffened shafts; pileum narrowly streaked, without lateral or median 

 stripes; back conspicuously streaked (except in Emhernagra olivascens). 

 b. Tail exceeding wing by much less than length of tarsus, graduated for less than 

 length of the latter; gonys decidedly more than half the length of the man- 

 dible; culmen straighter Emhernagra (extralimital) 



66. Tail exceeding wing by much more than length of the tarsus, graduated for 

 nearly half its length; gonys not more than half the length of the mandible; 

 culmen more curved Emberizoides (extralimital) 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF ARREMONOPS. 



a. Lateral crown-stripes chestnut or chestnut-brownish, sometimes streaked with 



black. 



6. Lateral crown-stripes lighter and duller brown, not sharply contrasted with the 



olivaceous median stripe. (Arremonops rufivirgatus. ) 



c. Paler and grayer, with more slender bill (depth at base not more than 7.62) ; 



flanks pale bufiy hair brown. (Northeastern Mexico and southern Texas. ) 



Arremonops rufivirgatus rufivirgatus (p. 447) 



cc. Darker and browner, with stouter bill (depth at base 8.13 or more); flanks 



deep buffy brown, approaching wood brown. (Southeastern Mexico.) 



Arremonops rufivirgatus orassirostris (p. 448) 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 447 



bb. Lateral erown-stripes deeper chestnut-l)ro\\ii or i-hestnut, nharply rontrasted 

 with tlie grayish median stripe. 

 c. Lateral crown-stripes uniform chestnut; anterior under parts and sides of head 

 more or less huffy. {,lrreiniiii,op,i superciliosus.) 

 d. Lateral crown-stripes and postocular stripe darker chestnut; throat and 

 sides of head more huffy than chest; under wing-t:overts brighter yel- 

 low; wings rather brighter olive-greenish. { Pacific coast of Costa Rica.) 

 Arremouops superciliosus superciliosus (p. 449) 

 dd. Lateral crown-stripes and postocular stripe clearer chestnut; throat and 

 sides of head not more bulfy than chest; under wing-coverts paler yel- 

 low; wings rather duller olive-greenish. 

 e. Median crown-stripe, back, etc., more decidedly olive-greenish. (South- 

 western Mexico, State of Oaxaca to Colima. ) 



Arremonops superciliosus sumiclirasti (p. 450) 

 ee. Median crown-stripe, back, etc., grajwr. (Western ilexieo, in State of 

 Sinaloa and Territory of Tepic. ) 



Arremonops superciliosus siualose (p. 450) 

 fc. Lateral crown-stripes streaked with black; anterior under parts and sides of 

 head grayish (becoming white on throat). (Yucatan.) 



Arremonops verticalia (p. 451) 

 aa. Lateral crown-stripes black or blackish brown. 

 b. AVing less than 69.85; lateral crown-stripes brownish black, sometimes streaked 

 with brown. (States of Chiapas, Campeche, and Tabasco, southern ]Mexico; 



Guatemala; British Honduras. ) Arremonops chloronotus (p. 452) 



bb. Wing not less than 69.85; lateral crown-stripes deeper black, never streaked 

 with brown. {Arremonops conirostris.) 

 c. Back, etc., lighter and duller olive-greenish; chest less stronglj' grayish. 

 (Colombia to Panama Railroad. ) . .Arremonops conirostris conirostris (p. 453) 

 K. Back, etc., deeper and brighter olive-green; chest distinctly ash gray. (Hon- 

 duras to Panama Railroad. ) Arremonops conirostris richmondi ( p. 453 ) 



ARREMONOPS RUFIVIRGATUS RUFIVIRGATUS (Lawrence). 

 TEXAS SPARROW. 



Adults {sexes aliJi'e). — Above plain grajdsh oli-^'e-green (wings and 

 tail brighter), the pileum with two broad lateral stripes of chestnut- 

 brown, sepai'ated bj^ a median stripe of olive or grayish olive-green; 

 sides of head dull grayish, relieved by a postocular and loral streak of 

 chestnut-brown; a narrow orbital ring of dull white, interrupted before 

 and behind; under parts dull whitish (pure white on abdomen), the 

 chest, sides, and flanks shaded with buffy grayish; edge of wing light 

 yellow; bill dusky brown, the mandible paler; iris brown; legs and 

 feet light horn brownish, the toes rather darker. 



Young.— AboYQ dull brownish, including pileum, the remiges and 

 rectrices edged with olive-greenish, the wing-coverts edged and tipped 

 with fulvous; beneath similar, but rather paler, becoming buffy or 

 fulvous on abdomen. 



Adidt male.— Length, (skins), 134.62-152.40 (145.03); wing, 62.33- 

 67.31 (65.79); tail, 62.23-69.85 (65.28); exposed culmen, 12.19-13.97 




448 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(12.95); depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.62 (7.11); tarsus, 23.11-25.40 

 (23.88); middle toe, 14.73-16.61 (15.49).' 



Adadt female.— Ijewgth (skins), 139.70-148.69 (143.51); wing, 58.93- 

 62.23 (60.96); tail, 56.61-63.50 (59.94); exposed culmen, 11.94-13.21 

 (12.95); depth of bill at base, 6.35-7.37 (7.11); tarsus, 22.86-24.64 

 (23.37); middle toe, 14.73-16.75 (15.24).^ 



Southern Texas (north to Fort Clark, Corpus Christi, San Patricio, 

 etc.); south through northeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas, 

 Nuevo Leon, and San Luis Potosi. (Specimens from southern Ta- 

 maulipas and Nuevo Leon and San Luis Potosi are not typical, but 

 vary toward ^1. /'. cranHirostrls.) 



Embernagra rufimrgata Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., v, Myiarchusy, 1851, 112, pi. 5, fig. 

 2 (Eio Grande, Texas; coll G. N. Lawrence). — Baikd, in Stansbury's Rep. 

 Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 330 (Rio Grande) ; Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 487, 

 part (Ringgold Barracks, Texas; Nuevo Leon, Mexico); ed. 1860 ("Birds 

 N. Am."), atlas, pi. 55, fig. 2; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 

 1859, 16, pi. 17, fig. 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 373.— Butcher, Proc. Ac. 

 Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas).— Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 

 209. — Baird, Bkewek, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 47, pi. 28, 

 fig. 8.— Merrill, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 89 (Fort Brown, Texas; 

 breeding habits; descr. nest and eggs); Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 128 

 (do.; song, habits, etc.). — Sexnett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 

 iv, no. 1, 1878, 22 (Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas); v, 1879, 394 (Lometa, 

 Texas; measurements, etc.; descr. young). — Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 

 1881, no. 286. — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 

 586. — Salvin and Godmax, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 411 (Nuevo 

 Leon). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 760. — Chapman, Bull. Am. 

 Myiarchuss. N. H., iii, 1891, 326 (Corpus Christi, Texas).— Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 1892, 109 (Corpus Christi and San Patricio, breeding). — Singley, 

 Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex., 1894, 372 (Hidalgo).— Nehrling, Our Native Birds, 

 etc., ii, 1896, 169, pi. 32, fig.' 3. 



[Emberizoides'] rufimrgata Gr.ay, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 91, no. 7332. 



A.\rremonops] rufivirgata Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 435. 



Arremonops rufivirgata American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, xiv, 

 1897, 129. 



lEmbemagra'] rufivirgata Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 153. — Sclater and 

 Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 33, part. 



E. [mbernagra'] rufivirgata Ridgw.4.y, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 435. 



Embemagra rufomrgata Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 311. 



E.\mbemagra'\ rufomrgata Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 398. 



[Embemagra rufivirgata'] a. rufimrgata Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, Dec. 10, 

 1878, 248, 249 (synon.; crit.). 



ARREMONOPS RUFIVIRGATUS CRASSIROSTRIS Ridgway. 

 CORDOVA SPARBOW. 



Similar to A. r. rufivirgatxin but with the bill much stouter, wing and 

 tail decidedly shorter, and coloration darker; back, etc., darker olive- 

 green, flanks deep buiJy olive, and under ta'il-eoverts deep buffy. 



' Seven specimens. '■' Six specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 449 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 137.16-146.05 (140.21); wing, 62.99- 

 67.31 (64.26); tail, 55.88-62.99 (58.67); exposed culmen, 12.45-13.46 

 (12.95); depth of bill at base, 8.13-8.64 (8.38); tarsus, 23.11-26.40 

 (23.88); middle toe, 15.24-17.78 (16.26).' 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 133.35-139.70 (139.19); wing, 60.45- 

 63.50 (62.23); tail, 54.61-56.64 (55.63); exposed culmen, 12.70-13.46 

 (12.95); tarsus, 23.11-25.40 (24.38); middle toe, 15.24-16.76 (16.00).^ 



Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Cordova, San Andreas 

 Tuxtla, Otatitlan, Catemaco, Orizaba, Motzorongo, etc.), Puebla (Met- 

 laltoyuca), and Oaxaca (Tuxtepec, Playa Vicente, etc.). 



(?) Zonotrichia pleheja BoifiAFABTiE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 413. 



Embemagra rufivirgata (not of Lawrence) Sclater, Proc. Zool. See. Lend., 1856, 



306 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 380 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 



1862, 117 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz).— Sumichrast, Mem. Boat. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 



551 (hot and temperate regions Vera Cruz, up to 1,200 meters). 

 [Emhernagrci] rufivirgata Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 33, part. 

 [Embemagra rufivirgata^ /3. crassirostris Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, Dec. 10, 



1878, 248, 249 (Mexico; U.S. Nat, Myiarchuss.; ex E. rufivirgata var. crassirostris 



Baird, manuscript). 

 Embemagra crassirostris Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, Oct., 1886, 



412.— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 761 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz). 

 E. [mbemagral rufivirgata crassirostris Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 435. 

 A.[rremonops'] rufivirgata crassirostris Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 



435. 



ARREMONOPS SUPERCILIOSUS SUPERCILIOSUS (Salvin). 

 NICOYA SPARROW. 



Adults (sexes alike). — Pileum with two broad lateral stripes of uni- 

 form very dark chestnut and a narrow median stripe of buffy grayish, 

 all very sharply defined; rest of upper parts plain olive-greenish; sides 

 of head light grayish buffy (more grayish posteriorly), relieved by 

 a narrow postocular and loral streak of dark chestnut; chin and 

 throat pale dull buffy; chest grayish buffy; sides and flanks buffy gray- 

 ish; abdomen white; edge of wing canary yellow; maxilla brown, 

 mandible paler; tarsi pale brown, toes slightly deeper brown. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), about 132.08; wing, 64.01-65.28 (64.52); 

 tail, 52.83-54.10 (53.34); exposed culmen, 12.70-13.46 (12.95); depth 

 of bill at base, 7.62-8.38 (7.87); tarsus, 22.10-22.86 (22.35); middle toe, 

 15.24." 



^Vestern Costa Rica (Bebedero and La Palma, Gulf of Nicoya). 



Embemagra superdliosa Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 582 (Bebedero, Gulf 

 of Nicoya, w. Costa Rica; coll. Salvin and Godman). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. 

 N. Y., ix, 1868, 103 (Gulf of Nicoya).— Frantzids, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 301 



' Six specimens. 



' Three specimens. 



'Two specimens; no females examined. 



I7024r-01 29 




■±50 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(Nitoya, Cuf^taRiua). — Nutting and Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. ilus., \ , 1882, 

 391 (La Palma, Gulf of Xicoya).— Zeledo.v, Cat. Aves de Costa Eica, 1882, 9; 

 An. Myiarchuss. Nai'. Costa Eica, i, 1887, 112.— S.vlvin and Godmax, Biol. Centr.- 

 Am., Aves, i, 1886, 412, part (Gulf of Myiarchusoya).— .Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 761, part (Bebedero). 

 [Embernar/ra} svpercilio-in Sclatsr and Salvin, 5om. Av. Neotr., 1873, 33. 



ARREMONOPS SUPERCILIOSUS SUMICHRASTI (Sharpe). 

 ACAPULCO SPARROW. 



Similar to .1. .s. m^jwrciliosus, Ijut lateral crown-stripes and postocular 

 streak lighter chestnut, sides of head and throat less buff}', and bill 

 more slender. 



Adult w/^A.^— Length (skins), 132.08-142.34 (137.16); wing, 61.21- 

 68..5S (65.79); tail, 51. 31-.59.69 (56.39); exposed culmen, 12.70-13.21 

 (12.95); depth of bill at base, 7.37-7.87 (7.62); tarsus, 22.61-23.11 

 (22.,s(;); middle toe, 11.18-15.49 (14.73).^ 



Adult female.— hBngih. (skins), 129.54-133.35 (131.32); wing, 62.23- 

 (13.50(62.74): tail, 52.07-57.15 (54.61); exposed culmen, 12.70; depth 

 of bill at base, 7.37; tarsus, 22.35-22.86 (22.61); middle toe, 13.97- 

 15.49 (14.73).' 



Coast district of southwestern ]\Iexico in the States of Colima 

 (Myiarchusnzanillo), Guerrero (Acapulco), and Oaxaca (Huamelula and Puerto 

 Angel). 



Embernagra rufivirgata (not of Lawrence, 1851) Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 



no. 4, 1876, 22 (Huamelula, Oaxaca). 

 [Embernagra rujivirgfda'] fi. cras.s)Vo.sJns Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 



249, part (Venando I., w. Mexico). 

 Embernagra siipercilioxit (not of Salvin, 1864) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 



Am., Aves, i, 1886,412, part (Huamelula, Oaxaca). — Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. 



Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 761, part (Huamelula). 

 E.[mbernagra'] xunticlirastl Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 762, in text 



("Huamela," i. e., Huamelula, Oaxaca; Brit. Myiarchuss.). 

 Arremonops rufivirgatus sumichrasti Nelson, Auk, x\', Apr., 1898, 157 (Pacific 



coast, n. w. Chiapas to Colima). 

 Arremonops superciliosa sumiclinisti Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, Myiarchusy 29, 



1899, 29, in text. 



ARREMONOPS SUPERCILIOSUS SINALOiE Nelson. 

 MAZATLAN SPARROW. 



Similar to A. s. sumichrasti, but back much tinged with gray and 

 the median crown-stripe, superciliarj' stripe, auricular region, and sides 

 of neck decidedly grayer. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 132.08-139.70 (135.38); wing, 62.99- 

 64.01 (63.75); tail, 54.10-56.39 (55.37); exposed culmen, 12.95-13.97 

 (13.46); depth of bill at base, 8.64-9.65 (9.40); tarsus, 20.32-23.11 

 (22.10); middle toe, 14.73-14.99 (14.86).' 



Five specimens. ' Three specimens. 



Two specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 451 



Coast plains of western Mexico, from southern Sinaloa (vicinity of 

 Myiarchuszatlan, Rosario, etc.) to southern Tepic. 



Embernagra rufivirgata (not of Lawrence, 1851) Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Burv., 



ix, 1858, 487, part (Myiarchuszatlan, Sinaloa).' 

 Arremonops supercUiosa sinalox Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, Myiarchusy 29, 



1899, 28 (near Myiarchuszatlan, Sinaloa; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



ARREMONOPS VERTICALIS Ridgway. 

 SOHOTT'S SPARROW. 



Adults {sexes alike). — Pileum with two lateral stripes of chestnut- 

 brown, more or less streaked with black, especially on forehead, 

 where sometimes uniform black, these two chestnut-brown stripes 

 separated by a broad median stripe of plain olive-grayish; rest of 

 upper parts plain brownish olive-green, sometimes tinged with gray- 

 ish on back, the lesser wing-coverts and edges of primaries more yellow- 

 ish olive-green; edge of wing light canary yellow; sides of head and 

 neck mostly plain gray, sometimes tinged with olive, gradually fading 

 into grayish white on chin and throat; a narrow orbital ring of white; 

 broad streak across lores (from bill to anterior angle of eye), and post- 

 ocular streak, dark chestnut-brown; lower throat, chest, sides, and 

 flanks pale gray, sometimes faintly tinged with buff, especially on 

 flanks, where also more or less tinged with olive-greenish; breast and 

 abdomen white; under tail-coverts dull whitish or pale buffy; maxilla 

 dark brown, mandible pale yellowish or buffy (in dried skins); legs 

 and feet brownish; length (skins), 13Y.16-153.67 (145.03); wing, 

 60.45-68.07 (64.01); tail, 57.91-66.04 (61.72); exposed culmen, 11.43- 

 14.99 (13.21); depth of bill at base, 7. 11-7; 87 (7.37); tarsus, 22.35- 

 24.89 (23.37); middle toe, 14.48-15.75 (14.99).' 



Northern Yucatan (Merida; Temax); Meco Island, Yucatan. 



Embernagra rufivirgata (not of Lawrence, 1851) Lawbence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 

 1869, 201 (Merida, n. Yucatan). 



\_Embernagra rufivirgata] y. verticalis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, Dec. 10, 

 1878, 248, 249 (Merida, n. Yucatan; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



Embernagra verticalis Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, Oct., 1886, 

 414 (Merida, Yucatan).— Salvin, Ibis, 1888, 262 (Meco I., Yucatan; crit.).— 

 Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 765 (n. Yucatan; Meco I., Yucatan). 



E. [mbemagra'] rufivirgata verticalis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 435. 



Embernagra rufivirgata verticalis Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 209 

 (Telianto, Yucatan; song). 



A-lrremonops] rufivirgataverticoMyiarchus Rmavr ay, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2ded., 1896,435. 



Embernagra chloronota (not of Salvin) Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 

 444, part (Merida, Yucatan). 



Arremonops rufivirgata striaticeps (not Embernagra striaticeps Lafresnaye) Chap- 

 man, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., viii, 1896, 280 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan; habits; 

 song). 



' Specimen in collection Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 

 ^ Nine specimens, of which only three are sexed. 




452 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



ARREMONOPS CHLORONOTUS (Salvin). 

 GREEN-BACKED SPARROW. 



Adults {sexes alike). — Pileum with two broad lateral stripes of black 

 or brownish black, sometimes indistinctly streaked with brown, sepa- 

 rated by a broad median stripe of slate-gray; rest of upper parts uni- 

 form rather bright olive-green; edge of wing canary yellow; sides of 

 head, including malar region, slate-gray, relieved by a narrow post- 

 ocular stripe of brownish black or blackish brown, and a triangular 

 spot of the same in front of eye; chin and throat dull white; chest 

 and sides smoke-grayish, changing to light olive-green on flanks; 

 abdomen white; under tail-coverts yellowish olive or olive-yellowish, 

 sometimes inclining to buff; under wing-coverts mostly pale yellow; 

 maxilla black or brownish black, mandible light colored; legs and feet 

 brownish. 



Young. — Similar to adult, but pileum dull grayish olive-green, 

 faintly clouded with grayish dusky, and under parts mostly grayish, 

 tinged with olive-yellowish and very slightly intermixed with white 

 along median line. 



Length (skins), 123.19-152.40 (141.48); wing, 60.96-68.83 (66.04); 

 tail, 54.61-62.23 (58.93); exposed culmen, 12.70-14.22 (13.72); depth 

 of bill at base, 7.87-8.64 (8.13); tarsus, 22.35-27.18 (24.38); middle 

 toe, 15.75-18.03 (17.02).^ 



Since the above was written, specimens of this form have been 

 received by the Biological Survey from Chiapas and Tabasco, which 

 measure as follows: 



Adult male.— h&ngth (skins), 143.00-149.86 (146.30); wing, 65.53- 

 68.07 (66.80); tail, 58.93-60.96 (59.94); exposed culmen, 14.22-15.75 

 (14.73); depth of bill at base, 9.14-9.65 (9.40); tarsus, 23.37-24.13 

 (23.88); middle toe, 15.49-16.76 (16.00).^ 



Adult f emale.—L&ngth (skins), 139.19-148.34 (140.46); wing, 63.50- 

 68.58 (66.04); tail, 57.15-58.42 (57.91); exposed culmen, 13.97-14.73 

 (14.48); depth of bill at base, 8.64-8.89 (8.76); tarsus, 22.10-23.88 

 (23.37); middle toe, 14.73-15.49 (15.24).' 



Southeastern Mexico, in States of Chiapas (Yajalon; Palenque), 

 Campeche (Apazote), and Tabasco (Frontera; Monte Cristo), southern 

 Yucatan (Chable), Guatemala, British Honduras, and northern Hon- 

 duras (San Pedro Sula). 



Emhemagra chloronota Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 202 (Choctum, 

 Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman); Ibis, 1861, 353 (Chisec, 

 Guatemala).— ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 117 (Guatemala).— Boucard, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 444, part (Chable, Yucatan).— Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 413 (Chable, Yucatan; Brit. Hon- 

 duras; Chisec and Choctum, Guatemala) . 



\_Embemagra\ chloronota 'Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 91, no. 7337.— Sclater and ■ 

 Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 33. 



^ Seven adults, of which only one is sexed. '' Four specimens. 




BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 453 



Arremonops chloronota Nelson, Auk, xv, Apr., 1898, 157 (Yajalou, e. Chiapas).— 

 Lantz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 222 (Cayo, Brit. Honduras) . 



lEmbemagra striaticeps.'\ Subsp. )^. Emhernagra chloronota Shaepb, Cat. Birds 

 Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 764. 



ARREMONOPS CONIROSTRIS CONIROSTRIS (Bonaparte). 

 lAFRESNAYE'S SPARROW. 



Similar to A. chlm-onotus but much larger and coloration paler; 

 lateral crown-stripes deeper black, gray of head-stripes much paler, 

 olive-green of back, etc., paler, and chest much less distinctly gray. 

 Adult »iafe.— Length (skins), 152.40-170.18 (163.07); wing, 76.71- 

 79.25 (77.98); tail, 67.31-72.39 (69.60); exposed culmen, 14.73-17.78 

 (16.26); depth of bill at base, 8.13-10.92 (10.16); tarsus, 25.91-30.48 

 (28.70); middle toe, 17.78-20.83 (19.30). ^ 



Adult female.— Ij&ngth (skins), 156.21-162.56 (159.51); wing, 70.61- 



77.47 (74.17); tail, 65.63-70.61 (68.68); exposed culmen, 16.24-16.00 



(15.75); depth of bill at base, 9.91-10.67 (10.16); tarsus, 28.19-30.48 



(28.96); middle toe, 18.80-19.56 (19.05).' 



Colombia, north to the Panama Railroad.'' 



A.\rremon'\ conirostris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, July 20, 1850, 488 ("Brazil"; 



Paris Myiarchuss.). 

 Emhernagra conirostris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 154 (Bogota, Co- 

 lombia) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 117, part (Bogota, Colombia). — Lawrence, 

 Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 332, part (Panama R. B.).— Stone, Proc. Ac. 

 Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 307 (Ambalema, centr. Colombia). 

 [^Emhernagra'] conirostris Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 91, no. 7339. — Sclater and 



Salvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr, 1873, 32 (Colombia). 

 Arrernonops conirostris Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI. ii, Sept. 20, 1900 (Loma 



del Leon, Panama E. R. ) . 

 [Emhernagra striaticeps.'] Subsp. a. Emhernagra conirostris Sh.akpb, Cat. Birds 



Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 763,"part (Bogota; Santa Myiarchusrta). 

 Emhernagra striaticeps TuAFB.t^s^SA.YE, Rev. Zool., 1852, 61 (Panama; type in Boat. 

 Soc, Nat. Hist.).* 



ARREMONOPS CONIROSTRIS RICHMONDI Ridgway. 

 RICHMOND'S SPARROW 



Similar to A. c. conirostris but slightly smaller, much brighter olive- 

 green above, gray of head much deeper, and chest distinctly ash gray; 

 similar in coloration to A. chloronotus but much larger, lateral crown- 



^ Nine specimens. 



^ Three specimens. All the specimens measured are from the line of the Panama 

 Railroad, none of those from central Colombia having the sex determined. 



^ While many specimens from the line of the Panama Railroad are typical of A. 

 conirostris as to color, many (including all of a series of nine specimens from Loma 

 del Leon, in the collection of Messrs. A. E. and 0. Bangs), are hardly distinguishable 

 from the Central American form [A. c. richmondi). Since, however, al4 these 

 Panama birds average decidedly larger than those from Costa Rica and Nicaragua, 

 thereby agreeing with typical A. conirostris, I have thought it best to refer them to 

 the latter form. 



*Type examined. 




454 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



stripes deeper black (never streaked with brown), upper parts brighter 

 olive-green (especially the wings), edge of wing brighter yellow, bend 

 of wing yellow, and chest deeper gray. 



Adult male.— IjQngth (skins), 153.6Y-173.99 (164.85); wing, 70.61- 

 81.79 (75.69); tail, 62.23-74.93 (68.33); exposed culmen, 14.73-16.51 

 (15.75); depth of bill at base, 9.40-10.16 (9.65); tarsus, 27.43-29.97 

 (28.45); middle toe, 17.78-20.32 (18.80).^ 



AcMt female.— IjQngth (skins), 162.40-167.64(166.97); wing, 70.61- 

 80.77 (73.41); tail, 62.99-71.63 (65.79); exposed culmen, 14.78-16.00 

 (15.49); depth of bill at base, 9.14-9.66 (9.40); tarsus, 26.67-29.21 

 (27.94); middle toe, 17.63-20.32 (19.05).' 



Southern Honduras (Segovia River) to Veragua. 



Embernagra siriaticeps (not of Lafresnaye, 1852) Sclatbr and Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond. , 1864, 352 (Lion Hill, Panama E. R. ) .— Oassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila.,.1865, 170 (Costa Rica).- Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 

 181 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 103 (Angostura, Costa Rica). — S-Vlvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (Cordillera de Tol6 and Santa F6, Veragua) ; 

 1870, 190 (Bugaba, Chitra, and Calovevora, Veragua) ; 1883, 422 (Panama).— 

 Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 301 (Costa Rica). — Bohcard, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1878, 56 (San Carlos and Puntarenas, Costa Rica). — Zeledon, 

 Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 9; An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112 (Las 

 Trojas, Pozo Azul de Pirris, Naranjo de Cartago, and Angostura, Costa 

 Rica).— RIDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 580, 587 (Truxillo and 

 Segovia R., Honduras). — Nx'tting and Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 

 1883, 401 (Los Sdbalos, Nicaragua). — Salvin and Godmas, Biol. Centr.-Am., 

 Aves, i, 1886, 414.— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 762.— Cherrie, 

 Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, 1893, 29 (Palmar, Boruca, Terraba, and Buenos 

 Aires, s. Costa Rica).— Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 493 (Rio 

 Escondido, Nicaragua; habits; descr. nest and eggs). 



lE7nber)iagra'] striatlceps Gray, Hand-list, ii,1870, 91, no. 7340. — Sclater and 

 Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 32. 



Emhenviiira conirostris (not Arremon conirostrist Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1856, 143 (David, Chiriqui); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 117, part (in 

 synonymy). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 332, part (Panama R. R. ). 



Arremonops richmondi Ridgway, Auk, xv, July (pub. Myiarchusy 13), 1898, 228 (Grey- 

 town, Nicaragua; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



Genus ARREMON Vielllot. 

 .4rre»ion Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 32. (Type, Tanagra silens Boddaert.) 



Rather small, short-and-round-winged Fringillidse, closely similar in 

 external structural details to Arremonops., but with pileum and sides of 

 head black, with or without white or gray median crown-stripe and 

 superciliary stripes; tail darker than back and wings or else bluish 

 gray or slate-gray. 



Bill moderate, conical, with nearlj' straight outlines (only the culmen 

 sometimes decidedly curved), its basal depth about equal to length of 

 gonysand decidedly exceeding the basal width; culmen nearly straight 



' Eleven specimens. ^ Eight specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 455 



except terminally and basally, where gently convex, or gently convex 

 throughout; gonys straight, a little shorter than distance from nostril to 

 tip of maxilla; maxillarj' tomiumwith suliterminal notch indistinct or 

 obsolete, very fainth^ concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly in front 

 of the moderately abrupt but decided basal deflection; mandibular 

 tomium straight or faintly convex to the very distinctly toothed sub- 

 basal angle. Nostril small, longitudinally or obliquely oval. Rictal 

 bristles obvious but not conspicuous. Wing short (two and a half to 

 less than three times as long as tarsus), \'cry much rounded (seventh to 

 fifth primaries longest, ninth shorter than secondaries); primaries 

 exceeding secondaries by much less than length of maxilla from nostril. 

 Tail shorter than wing, much rounded, much less than half overlaid by 

 upper coverts. Tarsus long (much more than twice as long as maxilla 

 to nostril), its scutella indistinct on outer side; middle toe with claw 

 decidedly shorter than tarsus; lateral claws not reaching to base of 

 middle claw; hind claw nearly as long as its digit, strongly curved. 



Coloration. — Above plain olive, olive-green, or gra}^ the pileum 

 black with or without a median stripe of grayish; sides of head black, 

 with or without a white supra-auricular or superciliarj' stripe; beneath 

 white, shading into grayish or olivaceous laterally, the chest usually 

 crossed by a black band; edge of wing- usually yellow. Sexes alike. 



Range. — Neotropical region in general, except Antillean Subregion, 

 but chiefly developed in tropical South America. 



Notwithstanding Amnion has by common consent been referred to 

 the Tanagridfe, I can not find any essential structural difference 

 between the type {xi. silens) and the Central American sparrows 

 usually referred to JEmbernagra {=Arivrnonojj><)^ while the style of 

 their coloration is essentially the same — far more so, indeed, than the 

 similarity of coloration between the different species of certain other 

 recognized genera (e. g. , Aiinophllu and Pljjilo). A. auraiitiirostris., the 

 onlj' species found north of the Isthmus of Panama, is not very dissim- 

 ilar to the type of the genus (^i. silens) in coloration, far less so, in fact, 

 than are many of its South American congeners; but it diflers in some 

 respects as regards structural details, the bill being considerably stouter, 

 with distinctly curved instead of nearly straight culmen, and the rectrices 

 are proportionally rather broader. A. silens has a black bill, that of 

 A. cmrantiirostrh being wholly bright orange-red (fading to yellowish 

 in dried skins), while other species have the bill partly black and partly 

 orange or yellow. 



ARREMON AURANTIIROSTRIS Lafresnaye. 

 ORANGE-BILLED SPARROW. 



Adults {sexes alil'e). — Pileum black, with a median stripe of gray; 

 a rather narrow superciliary stripe of pale gray (white in middle por- 

 tion); sides of head, including malar region, and chin black; throat. 




456 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



breast, and abdomen white; a broad black band across chest; sides 

 and flanks olive, or grayish washed with olive; upper parts (except 

 pileum and hindneck) plain olive-green, varying much in shade, some- 

 times brownish or dusky; edge and bend of wing bright yellow; bill 

 light yellowish (orange or orange-red in life), partly dusky in younger 

 birds; iris brown; legs and feet varymg from deep to pale horn 

 brownish. 



Immature. — Similar to adults but colors duller, the median crown- 

 stripe more or less olivaceous, the jugular collar partly brownish, and 

 the white of under parts, etc. , more or less tinged with buff. 



Young. — Uniform sooty olive, paler on throat and abdomen. 



Adult male.— Li%xyg\h (skins), 148.59-167.64 (154.94): wing, 73.66- 

 84.58 (78.49); tail, 58.93-74.17 (67.31); exposed culmen, 14.73-16.51 

 (15.49); depth of bill at base, 8.89-10.92 (9.91); tarsus, 25.40-28.19 

 (27.18); middle toe, 16.51-19.05 (17.53).' 



Adult female.— \i^vLg^ (skins), 137.16-149.86 (144.53); wing, 70.61- 

 75.69 (72.90); tail, 59.69-66.55 (62.48); exposed culmen, 13.97-16.00 

 (15.24); depth of bill at base, 8.64-10.16 (9.14); tarsus, 25.91-27.94 

 (27.18); middle toe, 16.51-18.29 (17.53).' 



' Eleven specimens. 



''■ Nine specimens. 



I am unable to make out any sufficiently well defined geographic variation in this 

 species, and therefore can not recognize Myiarchus. Cherrie's A. u.. saturatus, although the 

 material upon which the supposed subspecies was based (including the type) , together 

 with additional specimens, has been carefully examined. To a certain extent the 

 alleged difference in coloration between specimens from opposite sides of Central 

 America is apparent; but in my opinion it is not sufficiently constant to warrant 

 subspecific separation. Average measurements are as follows: 



Locality. 



Wing. 



Tail. 



Ex- 

 posed 

 culmen. 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



Tarsus, 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



MALES. 



Six adult males of A. aurantiirostris (Panama to 

 Costa Rica) 



Five adult males of A. a. "saturatus" (Veragua to 

 Nicaragua) 



FEMALES. 



Four adult females A. avxantiirostris (Panama to 

 Guatemala) 



Five adult females of ^. a. " saturatus ' ' (Costa Rica 

 to Honduras) 



SEX NOT DETERMINED. 



Five unsexed specimens of ^. a. ''saturatus" from 

 Guatemala 



78.99 

 77.98 



73.41 

 73.15 



67.56 

 67.06 



62.74 

 62.48 



15.49 

 15.24 



15.49 

 14.99 



10.16 

 9.65 



9.65 

 9.65 



26.92 

 27.43 



26.67 

 27.43 



27.94 



17.53 

 17.78 



17.53 

 17.27 



As may be seen from the above, Guatemalan specimens average decidedly larger 

 than those from more southern localities, and it is possible that with a good series of 

 specimens, with sex determined and exact locality recorded, the validity of A. a. 

 satnmtun (the type of which is from Choctum, Vera Paz) may be established. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



457 



Southern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca and Tabasco (Teapa), through 

 Central America (both sides) to Panama Railroad. 



Arremon aurantiirosiris Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool.,1847, 72 (Panama). — -Des Myiarchusrs, 

 Icon. Orn., pi. 55. — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 83 (Isthmus of 

 Panama); 1859,377 (Playa Vincente, Oaxaca; crit.) ; Synop. Av. Tanagr., 

 1856, 21 (monogr.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 93 (Choctum, Guatemala); Cat. 

 Birds Brit. Myiarchusa., xi, 1886, 275 (Choctum and Chisec, Guatemala; Belize, 

 Brit. Honduras; Chontales, Nicaragua; San Myiarchusteo and Tucurrique, Costa 

 Rica; Santa F6 and Bugaba, Veragua; Panama). — Salvix and Sclater, Ibis, 

 1860, 32 (Coban, Guatemala) .—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,vii, 1862,298 

 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R. ); viii, 1865, 180 (Greytown, ISTicaragua) ; ix, 

 1868, 102 (San Myiarchusteo, Dota, and Guiatil, Costa Rica). — Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 351 (Lion Hill).— Salvix, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1867, 140 (Santa F^, Veragua) ; 1870, 188 (Bugaba, Myiarchusna de Chorcha, 

 and Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua) ; Ibis, 1872, 317 (Chontales, Nicaragua). — 

 Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 300 (Costa Rica). — Boucaed, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1878, 56 (San Carlos, Costa Rica); Liste Ois. Rec. Guat., 1878, 

 33 (Guatemala).— Nutting, Proc. U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 400 (Los Sdb- 

 alos, Nicaragua). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 

 324. — Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 8; An. JNIus. Nac. Costa Rica, 

 i, 1887, 111 (Trojas de Puntarenas, Jimenez, Pacuare, and Pozo Azul de 

 Pirris, Costa Rica). — Ridgway, Proc. U.S.Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1888, 586 (Segovia 

 R., Honduras) .— Chereie, Proc. U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 343 (crit.); Expl. 

 Zool. Val. Rio Naranjo, 1893, 14 (crit.); Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, 1893, 27 

 (Lagarto, Boruca, Terraba, and Buenos Aires, s. Costa Rica).— Richmond, 

 Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 490 (Rio Frio, Costa Rica, and Rio Escon- 

 dido, Nicaragua; habits; descr. nest and eggs) . 



A.\rremon] awrantiirostris Gray, Gen. Birds, App., 1849, 16. — Bonaparte, Consp. 

 Av., i, 1850, 488 (Colombia). 



\_Arremon] auraniiiTOStm Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr.,1873, 25. 



Arremon rufidorsalis Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 170 (Turrialba, 

 Costa Rica; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,ix, 1868, 102. 



Arremon rufodorsalis Salvin, Ibis, 1874, 308 (crit. ; identitied as A. auranliirostris) . 



Arremon aurantiirosiris saluratus Chereie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, no. 855, Sept. 

 4, 1891, 345, in text (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



Genus LYSURUS Ridg^Aray. 



is/mrus RiDGW AY, Auk, xv, July (pub. Myiarchusy 13), 1898, 225. (Type, Buarremon 

 crasdrostris Cassin. ) 



Similar to Arremon Vieillot but nostril broader, more rounded, with 

 superior operculum much less developed; wing much more rounded 

 (ninth primary ver_y much shorter than secondaries, the eighth about 

 equal to secondaries or but little longer); tail more rounded, almost 

 graduated, with the rectrices very broad, though pointed at the tips, 

 their webs semi-decomposed terminally; middle toe relatively longer, 

 the lateral claws falling much short of base of middle claw. 



Coloration. — Pileum chestnut; rest of upper parts olive-green; 

 under parts, except chin and throat, olive-green, the abdomen yellow 

 in L. crassirostris. 




458 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Range. — Highlands Costa Rica to western Ecuador. (Two species.) 

 The species which I have felt compelled to make the type of a new 

 genus has always been placed in Buai'veinon, but evidently has nothing 

 to do with the birds which properly constitute that genus. In style 

 of coloration it somewhat resembles some of the species of Atlapetea^ 

 especially those with chestnut pileum and yellow belly, which, also, 

 were formerly placed in Bnarrtiiion; but in structural characters it 

 comes far nearer to Arremon, from which its very different style of 

 coloration, more rounded wing, relatively longer middle toe, and dif- 

 ferently shaped and partially decomposed rectrices serve to readily 

 distinguish it. 



Lyswnis cctstaneiceps (Sclater) resembles Z. crassirostris in coloration, 

 except that the under parts, posterior to the throat, are wholly olive- 

 green and there are no white markings on the head. It is quite 

 identical structurallj' also, and there can be no question that the two 

 species are strictly congeneric. It belongs to eastern Ecuador and 

 Colombia (province of Antioquia). 



KEY TO THE SPECIES OP LYSURUS. 



a. Abdomen yellow; a white malar stripe, flecked with dusky. (Costa Eica and 



Veragua. ) Lysurus crassirostris (p. 458) 



aa. Abdomen olive-green like rest of under parts; no white malar stripe. (Colombia 

 and eastern Ecuador.) Lysurus castaneioeps (extralimital).' 



LYSURUS CRASSIROSTRIS (Cassin). 

 BARRANCA SPARROW. 



Adults {sexes alike). — General color deep olive-green; pileum and 

 hindneck chestnut; lower breast and abdomen lemon yellow; sides of 

 head, chin, and throat grayish dusky or blackish, relieved by a malar 

 stripe of white, flecked with dusky, the chin (sometimes upper throat 

 also) with some admixture of white; maxilla blackish, paler along 

 tomium; mandible pale brownish (in dried skins); legs and feet dark 

 brownish. 



Adult male.— Length, (skins), 142.24-161.29 (151.64); wing, 71.12- 

 80.01 (75.44); tail, 59.69-68.58 (64.01); exposed culmen, 13.21-14.73 

 (13.97); depth of bill at base, 8.38-9.65 (8.89); tarsus, 27.94-29.21 

 (28.45); middle toe, 18.54-20.32 (19.30).' 



Highlands of Costa Rica (Barranca, Buena Vista, Rio Sucio, etc.) 

 and Veragua (Cordillera de Tol6, Cordillera del Chucu, Santiago, 

 Cascajal-Cocle^ etc.). 



jSwari-emon cTOssirosin's Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Aug., 1865, 170 (Barranca, 

 Costa Rica; U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— Salvix, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 140, pi. 

 14 (Cordillera de Tol^, Santiago, and Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua); 1870, 



^ Biinrremon ccmlaneiceps Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 441 (Rio Napo, 

 e. Ecuador; coll. P. L. Sclater). 

 ^ Two specimens. 




BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 459 



188 (Cordillera del Ohucu and Santiago, Veragua).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. ^. 



Y., ix, 1868, 101 (Barranca).— Zeledox, Cat. Aves de Co.«ta Rica, 1882, 8; An. 



Myiarchusa. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Rio Sucio).— Salvix and Godmax, Biol. 



Centr.-Am.,Aves, i, 1H84, 323.— Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xi, 1886,262 



(Buena Vista, Costa Rica, etc.). — Ridgway, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xv, 1888, 



540 (Rio Sucio, Costa Rica; crit. ). 

 [Buarremon] erasHiroslris Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 25. 

 Buarremon mesaxanthus Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 72 (Santiago, Vera- 



gua; coll. Salvin and Godinan). 



Genus ATLAPETES Wagler. 



Atlapetes Wagler, Isis, 1831 , 526. (Type, A. piUatus Wagler. ) 



Chrysopoga Bonaparte, Consp. Av. , i, July 15, 1850, 480. (Type, Atlapetes chryso- 



pogon Bonaparte. ) 

 P!/>(Zop.sis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, July 20, 1850, 485. (Type, by elimination, 



Tanagra {Arremon) scmiru/iis Boissoneau. ) 

 CrnrnochroiiK Sclater, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond. , 1856, 87. (Type, Arremon latiniirh us 



Du Bus. ) 



Medium-sized to rather large semi-terrestrial Fringillidfe with the 

 tail equal to or long'er than the wing, decidedly rounded, the rectrices 

 somewhat pointed; wing much rounded, the ninth primary not longer 

 than first (usually shorter than secondaries), the seventh to fourth 

 longest; feet rather stout, the tarsus longer than middle toe, with claw; 

 plumage without streaks or spots, plain dusky slate, olive-green, olive- 

 brown, or (more rarely) blackish above, the pileum rufous or with a 

 whitish median stripe, the under parts partly or wholly yellow or else 

 white or white and gray. 



Bill rather small, conical, decidedly longer than deep; exposed cul- 

 men not more than half as long as tarsus; depth of bill at base a little 

 less than length of maxilla from nostril; culmen nearly straight to 

 near the tip, where decidedly convex; gonys nearly equal to distance 

 from nostril to tip of maxilla, slighth' convex; maxillary tomium with 

 an obvious subterminal notch, then, success! veh'. faintly concaA'e and 

 convex anterior to the definite rictal deflection; mandibular tomium 

 straight (sometimes faintly convex terminally) to the more or less 

 toothed subbasal angle. Nostril rather small, horizontal, more or less 

 pointed anteriorly, operculate, or with overhanging superior mem- 

 brane. Rictal bristles inconspicuous. Wing rather short (two and a 

 half to nearly three times as long as tarsus), much rounded (ninth 

 primary shorter than secondaries, seventh to fifth longest) ; primaries 

 exceeding secondaries by less than length of exposed culmen. Tail 

 longer than wing, much rounded, the rectrices rather narrow, less 

 than half hidden bj^ the coverts. Tarsus decidedlj- longer than middle 

 toe with claw, its scutella fairly distinct on outer side; lateral claws 

 not reaching beyond base of middle claw (usually falling a little short) ; 

 hind claw shorter than its digit. 




460 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Coloration. — Above plain dusky slate, olive, or olive-green, the 

 pileum rufous or with light-colored median stripe (whole head and neck 

 sometimes rufescent); beneath yellow, or white with chin and throat 

 yellow, white, or gray; never streaked nor spotted, either [above or 

 below, except in nestling plumage. 



Range. — Mexico to Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Guiana, in high- 

 lands. 



The type of this genus is somewhat more slender, with smaller bill 

 and narrower rectrices, than the other species which I consider to be 

 congeneric with it (usually referred to the genus Bvurremon), but the 

 structural differences between A. fileatus and any of the others are 

 very insignificant compared with those between different species of 

 Aimophila., Ammodramus, Cardinalis, Pipilo, and other genera. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP ATLAPETES. 



<!. Pileum uniform rufous; rest of upper parts olive-green; sides of head gray 

 (becoming blackish on lores and orbits). {Atlapetes pileatns.) 

 b. Darker and browner above, with under parts brighter yellow. (Southern and 



central portions of Mexican plateau.) Atlapetes pileatns pileatus (p. 460) 



bb. Paler and grayer above, with under parts paler yellow. (Northwestern por- 

 tion of Mexican plateau.) Atlapetes pileatus dilutus (p. 461) 



aa. Pileum black, relieved by a white median stripe; rest of upper parts olive-dusky 

 or dark slaty; sides of head black. 

 b. Under parts yellow medially, olivaceous laterally. (Southern Mexico; Colom- 

 bia.) Atlapetes albinuclia (p. 463) 



bb. Only the chin, throat, and malar region yellow, the rest of under parts white 

 medially, gray laterally. (Guatemala to Colombia. ) 



Atlapetes gnttnralis (p. 461) 



ATLAPETES PILEATUS PILEATUS Wagler. 

 RUTOUS-CAPPED SPARROW. 



Adults {sexes alike), — Entii'e pileum chestnut-rufous; rest of upper 

 parts plain olive-brownish, passing into gray on sides of head and 

 neck; under parts yellow, tinged with olive laterally; maxilla black 

 or blackish brown, mandible horn brownish; legs and feet light 

 brownish. 



Young. — Pileum olive-brownish, like back, etc.; under parts dull 

 buffy yellowish, becoming olive- brownish on sides and flanks, the 

 chest more or less mottled or clouded with light brownish. 



AdAilt TOffl^e.— Length (skins), 127.00-152.40 (liS.SO): wing, 63.50- 

 71.12 (67.06); tail, 64.26-73.15 (71.63); exposed culmen, 10.92-12.45 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 6.35-8.13 (7.37); tarsus, 23.37-25.40 

 (24.38); middle toe, 14.48-16.76 (16.00).^ 



Adn.ilt female.— hQngth. (skins), 137.16-152.40 (144.78); wing, 61.72- 

 69.85 (65.02); tail, 62.23-73.66 (67.06); exposed culmen, 11.43-12.70 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 7.11-8.13 (7.37); tarsus, 23.37-25.40 

 (24.13); middle toe, 15.24-16.51 (15.75).'' 



' Thirteen specimens. ^ Five specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEEIOA. 461 



Myiarchusddle and southern portions of Mexican plateau, in States of 

 Puebla(Teziutlan; Huanchinango), Vera Cruz (Orizaba; Jico), Mexico 

 (Amecameca; City of Mexico), Oaxaca (La Parada; Cerro San Felipe; 

 Mount Zampoal tepee; Totontepec; Oaxaca, etc.), Guerrero (Chil- 

 pancingo), Jalisco (La Laguna; San Sebastian), Myiarchuschoacan (Patz- 

 cuaro), and Morelos (Tetela del Volcan). 



Jtlapetes ^iZeates Wagler, Isis, 1831, 526 (Mexico). — Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soo. 

 Lond., 1858,304 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1869, 380 (Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 

 1862, 120 (Oaxaca).— SuMyiarchuscHKAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 551 (Ori- 

 zaba, "Vera Cruz,- alpine reg., 6,500-11,500 ft.).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 405. — Fekeahi-Pbrez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 

 1886, 148 (Teziutlan, Puebla).— Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 740. 



A. [tlapetes} pileatus Bos afaki:b, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 486. — Cabanis, Myiarchusg. Hein., 

 i, 1851, 140, footnote. 



{Atlapetes] pileatus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 33. 



[Embernagra] pileata Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 92, no. 7348. 



ATLAPETES PILEATUS DILUTUS Ridgway. 

 CHIHUAHUA SPARROW. 



Similar to A. p. pileatus but averaging smaller, with smaller and more 

 slender bill, grayer upper parts, and yellow of under parts paler and 

 duller. 



A3uli male.— Wing, 62.48-67.31 (65.28); tail, 62.74-66.04 (64.26); 

 exposed culmen, 10.67-11.94 (11.18); depth of bill at base, 6.35-7.62 

 (6.86); tarsus, 22.86-24.13(23.37); middle toe, 15.49-16.51 (16.00).' 



Adult female.— Wing, 62.23-64.77 (62.99); tail, 59.69-64.77 (62.99); 

 exposed culmen, 10.16-11.43 (10.92); tarsus, 22.86-23.62 (23.37); mid- 

 dle tpe, 15.75-16.51 (16.00).^ 



Northwestern portion of Mexican plateau, in State of Chihuahua 

 (Bravo, Jesus Myiarchusria, etc.). 



Atlapetes pileatus dilutus Ridgway, Auk, xv, July (pub. Myiarchusy 13), 1898, 228 

 (Jesus Myiarchusria, Chihuahua; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



ATLAPETES GUTTURALIS (Lafresnaye). 

 YELLOW-THROATED SPARROW. 



Adults {sexes alike). — Pileum and sides of head uniform black, the 

 former with a median stripe of white from crown to hindneck; rest of 

 upper parts plain dusky olive; malar region, chin, and throat yellow 

 (sometimes orange) ; rest of under parts dull white medially, shading 

 into grayish laterally, the flanks and under tail-coverts olivaceous; 

 bill black; iris brown; legs and feet deep brownish. 



' Five specimens. ^ Three specimens. 




462 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



YoiiJKj. — Upper parts as in adults, but median crown-stripe much 

 smaller and more interrupted (extending anteriorly onlj' to middle of 

 crown) and duLl brownish white; back more or less clouded with 

 dusky; yellow of throat paler; median under parts of body pale yel- 

 low, the lateral portions pale grayish brown, the chest, sides, and 

 flanks narrowly streaked with dusky. 



Adult niAtle.—L,ei-\gi\i (skins), 16.5.10-1S0.34 (174.50); wing, 73.66- 

 81.28 (77.22); tail, sl.2S-iX».17 (83.82); exposed culmen, 13.97-15.24 

 (14.4S); depth of bill at base, 9.40-9.65 (9.52); tarsus, 25.40-28.45 

 (27.43); middle toe, 17.78-19.05 (18.29).' 



Adult fiinale.—hengthi&kmi^), 158.75-161.29 (160.02); wing, 67.31- 

 71.12 (69.09); tail, 72.90-73.66 (73.15); exposed culmen, 13.46-14.99 

 (14.22): depth of bill at base, 8.13-8.38 (8.25); tarsus, 26.67-27.43 

 (26.H2): middle toe, 17.53.' 



Highlands of Guatemala (Coban, Totonicapam, Volcan de Agua, 

 Volcan de Fuego, etc.) to Colombia. 



Arreiiwu guttur<dis Lafresxaye, Rev. Zool., 1843, 98 (Colombia; type in coll. 

 Best. 8oc. N. H. ). 



A.\rremon] guUwalis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 361. 



\_Buarremo)i\ guituralls Boxapaete, Con.sp. Av., i, 1850, 484 (Colombia). 



Buarremon gntturalisf^vj^AT-BR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 86 (monogr. ; Bogota, 

 Colombia) ; Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 24; Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xi, 1886, 

 259 (Coban, Totonicapam, Volcan de Agua and Volcan de Fuego, Guate- 

 mala; San J(jsc, Irazvi, and Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; Calovevora, Castillo, 

 and s. slope Volcan ile Chiriqui, Veragua; Bogota, and Medellin, prov. Anti- 

 oquia, Colombia). — Salvix, Ibis, 1874, 322 (crit. ). — Sclater and Salvix, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 504 (Antioquia). — Salvix and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Am., Aves., i, 1884, 320.— Zeledon, An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 

 110 (San Jos6, Cartago, and Cervantes de Cartago, Costa Rica). — Cherrie, 

 Proc. U. S. Xat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 532 (crit.); Auk, ix, 1892, 25 (San Jos^, 

 Costa Rica; descr. nest, eggs, and young). 



Clhrysopoga'] typica Boxaparte, Consp. Av., i, July 15, 1850, 480 ("Califor- 

 nia"; Paris Myiarchuss.). 



Chrysopoga iypiai Baird, in Stansbury's Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 830 (" California" ). 



Buarremon chrysopogon Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 86 ("California"; 

 Paris Myiarchuss.; ex Atlapdex chrysopogon Bonaparte, manuscript); Synop. Av. 

 Tanagr., 1856, 24; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 91 ("S.America"; Guatemala).— 

 Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 15 (Guatemala). — Cassix, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 1865, 170 (Dota Mts., Costa Rica). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 

 1868, 101 (Dota Mts., San Jose, and Quebrada Honda, Costa Rica) . — Feant- 

 zius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 300 (Dota ]\Its. and San Jos^, Costa Bica). — 

 Salvix, Ibis, 1870, 189 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Castillo, Veragua). — Bou- 

 CARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 56 (San Jos6 and Cartago, Costa Rica). — 

 Zelbdon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 8. — Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. jMyiarchuss., 

 v, 1882, 495 (Volcan de Irazii, Costa Rica). 



[Buurreiiwn'] chrysopogon Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr, 1873, 24. 



^ Four specimens. ^ Two specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 468 



Atlapetes ehnjsopogon Cahanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 414 (Cowta Biea) ; 1861, 94 



(do.). _ . 



Suarremon albinuchus (not Eiiiheniagra albinuclia Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny) 

 Salvin and Sclatek, Ibis, 1860, 274 (Coban, Guatemala). 



ATLAPETES ALBINUCHA (D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye). 

 WHITE-NAPED SPARROW. 



Similar in coloration of upper part.s to A. gutturalis^ but under 

 parts, except sides and flanks, entirely yellow. 



Adults {sexes alike). — Pileum, hindneck, and sides of head and 

 neck black, the first divided medially bj^ a stripe of dull white, begin- 

 ning on anterior portion of crown and extending postei'iorly to the 

 hindneck; rest of upper parts blackish slate color (sometimes tinged 

 with olive posteriorly), the greater and middle wing-coverts indis- 

 tinctly tipped with paler slate or slate-gray; malar region (except 

 upper anterior portion), chin, throat, chest, breast, and abdomen deep 

 lemon or gamboge yellow (paler on abdomen and anal region); sides 

 and flanks deep olive-grayish; thighs and under tail-coverts lighter 

 olive-grayish, tinged with light yellow; under wing-coverts grayish 

 white; bill black; legs and feet dark brown or blackish. 



Young. — Similar above to adults but browner, the head and neck 

 dark sooty, instead of sooty black; the white head-stripe indistinct, 

 confined to occiput and nape, consisting of partially coalesced dull 

 brownish whitish streaks; malar region, chin, and throat pale canary 

 yellow, the first faintly mottled with dusky; median under parts 

 primrose yellow, shading into brownish olive on sides, flanks, and 

 under tail-coverts, the chest and breast rather heavily streaked with 

 dusky, the first, together with sides of breast, sufiused with olive. 



Adult male.— L&ngth. {sku-iB), 173.72-190.50(180.34); wing, 71.88- 

 79.25 (76.45); tail, 80.77-88.90 (85.60); exposed culmen, 14.73-15.24 

 (14.99); depth of bill at base, 8.89-9.65 (9.14); tarsus, 27.94-30.23 

 (28.96); middle toe, 17.27-20.32 (18.80).^ 



Adult female.— Jjength (skins), 157.48-170.18 (163.83); wing, 

 72.39-75.69 (73.91); tail, 73.66-82.55 (77.98); exposed culmen, 14.73; 

 depth of bill at base, 8.89; tarsus, 26.92-28.45 (27.69); middle toe, 

 16.51-18.29 (17.27).' 



Southern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz (Orizaba; Jico; Jalapa), 

 Puebla (Teziutlan; Huachinango), Oaxaca (Totontepec), and Chiapas 

 (Tumbala; San Cristobal); Colombia (Bogota, Cartagena, etc.). 



Emhemagra albinucha Lafresnaye and D'Okbiqny, Rev. Zool., 1838, 165 (near 



Cartagena, Colombia; Paris Myiarchuss.). 

 E. Imbernagra] albinucha Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 361. 

 [Buarremon} albinucha Bo'sapab.te, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 484 (Mexico). 



^ Five specimens. * Two specimens. 




■464 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MU3EUM. 



Biiarremon alhinufhn Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1884, 

 321.— ScLATEH, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchusa., xi, 1886, 260.— Ferraei-Pekez, Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. 3Ius., ix, 1886, 141 (Teziutlan, Puebla).— Zeledon, An. Myiarchuss. 

 Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Mexico). 



Buarremon albinuchus Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 155 (Bogota, Colom- 

 bia); 1856, 86 (Cartagena, Colombia; monogr.); 1857, 205 (Jalapa, Vera 

 Cruz); 1859, 364 (Jalapa), 377 (Totontepec, Oaxaca); 1864, 173 (Valley of 

 Mexico); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 24 (monogr.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 91 

 (Colombia; Orizaba and Jalapa, Vera Cruz ) . — Su.michrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. 

 N. H., i, 1869, 549 (temperate reg. Vera Cruz, 2,000-3,650 ft.).— Sai.vin, Cat. 

 Strickland Coll., 1882, 198 (Bogota).— Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 

 1882, 8. 



[Buarremon] albinuchus Sclater and Salvin, ISfom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 24. 



A-ltlapetes] albinuchus Caeanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, Myiarchusy, 1851, 140 (Mexico). 



Embemagra mejncana Lesson, Rev. Zool., ii, Feb., 1839, 42(Mexico; coll. Abeill6). 



Genus BUARREMON Bonaparte. 



Buarremon Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, July 20, 1850, 483. (Type, by elimination, 

 Embemagra torquaia Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny. ) 



Eather large Fringillidfe (total length more than 152 mm.), with 

 rather slender and compressed bill; much rounded wings (ninth pri- 

 mary much shorter than secondaries) ; tail about as long as wing (some- 

 times a little longer or shorter), much rounded; coloration, plain olive- 

 green above (except head and neck), at least sides of head black, the 

 under parts white, with sides and flanks gray or brown, the chest 

 with or without a black coUai . 



Bill rather slender (length much greater than basal depth), much com- 

 pressed, with nearly straight outlines; exposed culmen more than half 

 the length of tarsus; basal depth of bill nearly twice its basal width; 

 culmen strongly ridged, nearly straight to near the tip, where distinctly 

 decurved; gonys about equal to length of maxilla from nostril, gently 

 convex, without distinct basal angle; maxillary tomium with distinct 

 subterm^inal notch, then straight nearly as far as nostril, where inclined 

 slightly upward and then gently deflected to the rictus; mandibular 

 tomium straight to the conspicuously toothed subbasal angle. Nostril 

 small, narrow, obliquely horizontal, the nasal fossae obtusely pointed 

 anteriorly. Eictal bristles long but slender. Wing moderate (about 

 two and three-fourths times as long as the rather long tarsus, much 

 rounded (seventh to fifth primaries longest, ninth shorter than second- 

 aries); primaries exceeding secondaries by less than length of maxilla 

 from nostril. Tail about as long as wing (sometimes a little longer or 

 shorter), much rounded, the feathers broad, with rounded or slightly 

 acuminate tips, less than half overlaid by upper coverts. Tarsus 

 decidedlj' longer than middle toe with claw, its scutella indistinct, 

 sometimes obsolete, on outer side; lateral claws falling decidedly short 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 465 



of base of qiiddle claw; hallux about as long as lateral toes but much 

 stouter, its claw shorter than the digit. 



Coloration. — Plain olive-green, except pileum and hindneck, which 

 are either partly rufous-chestnut, wholly uniform black, or marked 

 with two broad black lateral stripes and a median gray or olive- 

 yellowish stripe; sides of head black, with or without a gray or white 

 supra-auricular stripe; under parts white, the sides and flanks gray or 

 brown, the chest with or without a black collar. 



Range. — Southern Mexico to Peru, Bolivia, and Venezuela. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES OP BUAHRKMON. 



a. Pileum rufous-chestnut posteriorly; a black band across chest. (Southern Mexico 



to Peru.) - Buarremon brunneinuclius (p. 465) 



aa. Pileum without any chestnut, but marked with two broad lateral stripes of black 

 and a median stripe of gray or olive-yellowish; no black band across chest. 

 6. Median crown-stripe and superciliary stripe olive-yellowish. (Southern portion. 



of Mexican plateau. ) Bnarremon virenticeps (p. 467) 



hh. Median crown-stripe and superciliary stripe gray. (Costa Eica to Peru and 

 Venezuela. ) Buarremon assimilis (p. 468) 



BUARREMON BRUNNEINUCHUS (Lafresnaye). 

 OHESTUTTT-OAPPED BUARREMON. 



Adults {sexes alike). — Foi-ehead, loi-es, orbital i-egion, and auricular 

 region black, the first with a median and two lateral streaks of white; 

 rest of pileum chestnut or rusty chestnut, usually more or less ochra- 

 ceous along lateral margins; rest of upper parts plain olive-green, the 

 remiges and rectrices more dusky brownish; edge of wing light yellow; 

 malar region, chin, throat, and median portion of breast and abdomen 

 white; a black band across chest; sides slate-grayish anteriorly, passing 

 into olive-green on flanks; under tail-coverts light olive-greenish; bill 

 black; iris brown; legs and feet dark brown. 



Young. — Pileum dark brown, becoming lighter and more cinnamo- 

 meous laterally (above auricular region); loral, orbital, and auricular' 

 regions dusky; rest of upper parts olive-green, more or less stained or 

 tinged with deep brown; under parts sepia brown, the throat streaked 

 with yellowish white, the breast and abdomen streaked with pale 

 yellowish. 



Adult ma^e.— Length (skins), 177.80-209.55 (189.74); wing, 79.25- 

 96.01 (85.09); tail, 79.25-97.28 (87.63); exposed culmen, 14.48-18.03 

 (15.49); depth of bill at base, 7.37-8.38 (7.87); tarsus, 27.94r-31.75 (29.72); 

 middle toe, 18.54-22.10 (20.07).' 



Adult female.— IjQiigth (skins), 172.72-190.50 (181.36); wing, 73.15- 

 86.60 (78.74); tail, 71.63-87.63 (82.04); exposed culmen, 14.73-15.75 



^Thirteen specimens (nine from southern Mexico, four from Costa Eica). 

 17024—01 30 




466 



BULLETIN 50, TJNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(15. 24) ; depth of bill at base, 7.11-7. 62 (7. 37) ; tarsus, 28.19-29. 72 (28. 70) ; 

 middle toe, 17.27-20.83 (19.30).^ 



Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jico, Motzorongo, Cor- 

 dova, Jalapa), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), Oaxaca (Cerro San Felipe, 

 La Parada, Teotalcingo), Guerrero (mountains near Chilpancingo), 

 and Chiapas (San Cristobal, Tumbala, Pinabate), through highlands of 

 Central America to mountains of Peru and Venezuela. 



Emberimgra brunneinucha Lafkesnaye, Rev. Zool., 1839, 97 (Mexico; coll. Bost, 

 Soc. Nat. Hist.). 



E.lmbenmgra] brunneinucha Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 361. 



Tanagra (Embemagra) brumiei-nucha Boissoneau, Rev. Zool., 1840, 68. 



IBuarremon} brunneinucha Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 484. — Sclatee and 

 Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 24. 



B.[uarremon'\ brunndnuchua Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, Myiarchusy, 1851, 141 (Colombia). 



Buarremon brunneinuchus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 155 (Bogota, 

 Colombia); 1856, 85 (monogr.), 302 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1858, 72 (Rio 

 Napo, e. Ecuador), 303 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 

 377 (Teotalcingo, Oaxaca); 1864, 174 (Valley of Mexico); Synop. Av.Tanagr., 

 1856, 23 (monogr.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 90 (Bogota, Colombia; Guate- 

 mala; Jalapa, Vera Cruz). — Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 15 (Guatemala); . 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 627 (Caracas, Venezuela); 1875, 234 (Merida, 

 "S'enezuela) ; 1879, 504 (Concordia, Medellin, and Santa Elena, prov. Anti- 



^Five specimens (three from southern Mexico, one each from Guatemala and 

 Costa Rica). 

 Averages of specimens from different countries are as follows: 



With a series of thirty-eight adults, representing numerous localities from southern 

 Mexico to Venezuela and Peru, I am unable to detect any color-differences that can 

 be correlated with separate geographic areas. The individual variation in meas- 

 urements is very great, ana possibly marked geographic differences in this respect 

 exist, but unfortunately the number of aexed specimens is much too small to deter- 

 mine the question. The largest specimens in the series examined are from the State 

 of Chiapas, s(.)a(hern Jlexico, a district where many species exhibit a tendency to 

 acquire unusual size; l)ut among the Chiapas specimens are some of the usual dimen- 

 sions. The smallest .specimens are from Costa Rica. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 467 



oquia, Colombia).— Oabanis, Journ. fur Om., 1860, 414 (Costa Eica).— Cas- 

 siN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 170 (DotaMts., Costa Rica).— Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 140 (Santiago and Cordillera de ToM, Veragua); 

 1870, 189 (Calovevora and Volcan de Chiriqui, Veragua) ; Cat. Strickland 

 Coll., 1882, 198 (Colombia).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 101 (San 

 Jos6, Barranca, DotaMts., and Grecia, Costa Rica).— Fkantzius, Journ. fiir 

 Orn., 1869, 300 (Costa Eica).— Sumicheast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N". H., i, 1869, 

 549 (temp, and alp. reg. Vera Cruz). — Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1874, 515 (Eopaybamba, centr. Peru); 1879, 228 (Tambillo, n. Peru); 1882, 

 15 (Tamiapampa, n. e. Peru) ; Orn. du P6rou, ii, 1884, 529. — Bougaed, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 56 (Cartago, Eancho Eedondo, and Navarro, Costa 

 Rica). — Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 84 

 (Myiarchuschay and Myiarchuspoto, e. Ecuador) . — Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 

 7; An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Cartago, El Zarcera de Alajuela, 

 Santa Myiarchusria de Dota, Volcan de Irazii, and Rio Sucio, Costa Eica) . — Cherrie, 

 ExpL- Val. Eio Naranjo, 1893, 14 (San Myiarchusrcos, Costa Rica). 



Buarremon brunneinucha Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, 234 

 (Merida, Venezuela). — Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, 197 

 (Cutervo, n. Peru). — Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1882, 495 (Irazii, 

 Costa Rica; habits). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr. -Am., Aves, i, 1884, 

 319 (Cordova and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Valley of Mexico; La Parada and 

 Teotalcingo, Oaxaca; Volcan de Fu^o, Guatemala; Dota Mts., Barranca, 

 Grecia, San Jos6, and Irazd, Costa Eica; Volcan de Chiriqui, Cordillera de 

 Tol6, Santiago, Calovevora, and Calobre, Veragua; Colombia; Ecuador; 

 Peru; Venezuela). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xi, 1886, 258. — Fbrraki- 

 Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 141 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). — Chapman, 

 Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., x, 1898, 28 (Jalapa).— Salvadori and Festa, Boll. 

 Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, 20 (La Concepcion, centr. Ecuador; 

 Niebli, w. Ecuador). 



Arremon frontalis Tschudi, Wiegmann's Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1844, pt. 1, 289 

 (Peru); Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1847, 212, pi. 19, fig. 2. 



B.{uarremon\ xanihogenys Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i. Myiarchusy, 1851, 141 (Caracas, Ven- 

 ezuela; Heine Myiarchuss.).' 



BUARREMON VIRENTICEPS Bonaparte. 

 GREEN-STRIPED BUARREMON. 



Adults {sexes alike). — Pileum with two broad lateral stripes of black, 

 separated bj'^ a broad median stripe of yellowish olive-green (becom- 

 ing narrower and whitish on forehead); sides of head black, margined 

 above by a broad supra-auricular stripe of olive-yellow and a supraloral 

 spot of white; upper parts, except as described, plain olive -green; 

 edge of wing yellow; malar region, chin, throat, and median portion 

 of breast and abdomen white; a grayish band across chest, sometimes 

 interrupted in the middle; sides grayish anterioi'ly, passing into olive- 

 green on flanks. 



Adult mafc.— Length (skins), 170.18-190.50 (181.86); wing, 79.25- 

 81.33 (81.28); tail, 82.55-96.01 (87.38); exposed culmen, 11.73-16.51 




468 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(15.49); depth of bill at base, 7.37-8.38(7.87); tarsus, 26.67-29.21 

 (28.19); middle toe, 17.78-19.56 (18.80).^ 



Adidt fetnale.— Length (skins), 182.88; wing, 76.20-78.23 (77.22); 

 tail, 78.74-88.14 (83.31); exposed culmen, 15.24-15.49 (14.36); depth 

 of bill at base, 7.87-8.13 (8.00); tarsus, 27.43-27.69 (27.56); middle toe, 

 18.03-18.29 (18.16).' 



Southern Mexico, in States of Jalisco (San Sebastian), Myiarchuschoacan 

 (Patzcuaro), Morelos (Huitzilac), Puebla (La Puebla), Mexico (Ameca- 

 meca, City of Mexico, etc.), and Guanajuato. 



BuarremoiwirenticepsBoiJ. WAUTE, Compt. Rend., xli, Oct. 22, 1855, 657 (Mexico). — 



ScLATEE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 85 (monogr. ; Mexico); Synop. 



Av. Tanagr., 1856,23; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,90 (Mexico); Cat. Birds Brit. 



Myiarchuss., xi, 1886, 257 (La Puebla, Puebla). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 



Am:,Aves,i, 1884, 319. 

 [Buarremori] virenticeps, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 24. 



BUARREMON ASSIMILIS (Boissoneau). 

 GRAY-STRIPED BUARREMON, 



Similar to B. virenticeps but median crown-stripe and supra-auricular 

 stripe slate-gray instead of olive-yellowish. 



Adults {sexes alike). — Pileum with a slate-gray median and two black 

 lateral stripes, the latter margined below bj' a broad supra-auricular 

 stripe of slate-gray; rest of upper parts plain olive-green, the tail and 

 inner webs of remiges dusky; sides of head black; median under parts 

 white, uninterrupted from throat to anal region; sides grayish, becom- 

 ing olive-greenish on flanks. 



Young beginning to molt). — Pileum dark sooty brown or sepia, with 

 a very indistinct median stripe of olive; loral, orbital, and auricular 

 regions dark sootj- brown; a broad supra-auricular stripe of j'ellowish 

 olive; rest of upper parts olive-brownish, tinged with olive-green. 

 (On the under parts most of the nestling plumage has been shed, but 

 that which remains indicates a uniform light grayish olive color ante- 

 riorly, and on the abdomen a pale butf-yellowish ground color marked 

 with indistinct broad streaks of olive-brownish.) 



Adult w«/e.— Length, (skins), 179.07-198.12 (188.47); wing, 86.36- 

 88.39 (87.38); tail, 84.33-88.90 (86.61); exposed culmen, 15.24-15.49 

 (15.36); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.13 (7.87); tarsus, 31.24-33.02 

 (32.00); middle toe, 21.84.' 



Admit female.— Liength (skin), 170.18; wing, 81.03; tail, 73.91; 



' Seven specimens. ^ Two specimens, both from Ecuador. 



" Two specimens. 




BIRDS OF KORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



469 



exposed culmen, 16.51; depth of bill at base, 8.38; tarsus, 27.94; mid- 

 dle toe, 18.29.^ 



Costa Rica to Peru and Venezuela. 



Tanagraassimilis BoissoNEAV, Rev. Zool., 1840, 67 (Colombia). 



A.[rremon] assirotKs Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 361. 



IBuarremon] assimilw Bonaparte, Oonsp. Av., i, 1850, 484.— Sclater and Salvin, 

 Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 24. 



B.luarremon] agsimilis Oabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, 1851, 141 ("Mexico"). 



Suarremon assimilis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 155 (Bogota, Colom- 

 bia); 1856, 85 (monogr.; Bogota; Quito, Ecuador); 1859, 441 (Bio Napo, e. 

 Ecuador); 1860, 76 (Lloa, centr. Ecuador); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 23 

 (monogr.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 90 (Venezuela; Bogota; Pallatanga, w. 

 Ecuador); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xi, 1886, 257 (Venezuela; Bogota, and 

 Medellin, prov. Antioquia, Colombia; Sical and Quito, Ecuador; Cutervo 

 and Callacate, Peru). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, 

 234 (Merida, Venezuela); 1879, 504 (Antioquia, Colombia).— Salvin, Ibis, 

 1874, 308 (Costa Rica; crit.); Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882,197 (Colombia).— 

 Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, 196 (n. Peru) ; 1882,115 (n. e. Peru) ; 

 Orn. du P^rou, ii, 1885, 531. — Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1884, 291 (Cechce, w. Ecuador). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Am., Aves, i, 1884, 318. — Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc, 

 1885, 84 (San Rafael and Bancs, centr. Ecuador). — Zeledon, Cat. Aves de 

 Costa Rica, 1882, 8; An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (Ecuador).— 

 Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., ii, 1889, 71 (Quito).— Cherrie, Expl. Zool. 

 Costa Rica, 1893, 26 (Boruca, alt. 530 m., and Buenos Aires, alt. 300 m., s. 

 Costa Rica). — Salvadori and Fbsta, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, 

 19 (Pun, e. Ecuador; Nanegal, Niebli, and near Corazon, w. Ecuador). — 

 Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., xiii, 1900, 167 (Bonda, prov. Santa Myiarchusrta, 

 Colombia; descr. young). 



Buarremon assimilis? Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 101 (Guiatil, Costa 

 Rica; crit.). — Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 300 (Oosta Rica). — Salvin, 

 Ibis, 1874, 308 (Costa Rica; crit.). 



Genus PSELLIOPHORUS Ridgway. 



Pselliophorus'' Ridgway, Auk, xv, July, 1898 (pub. Myiarchusy 14, 1898), 225. 

 Tachyphonus tibialis Lawrence. ) 



(Type, 



Rather small terrestrial Fringiilidse related to the genus Bua/rremon, 

 but with mandibular tomium destitute of distinct subbasal tooth; tail 

 longer than wing, much rounded, composed of broad but somewhat 

 acuminate rectrices with semi-decomposed webs; plumage of forehead 



' One specimen, from Guiatil, Costa Rica. 



Of the twelve adult specimens examined only three are sexed. They average 

 according to locality as follows: 



'^ From TpeWiOipopoi; ipsXAior = armilla. 




470 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



and lores stiff and erect; tibial feathers much developed, completely 

 covering tibio-tarsal joint; coloration uniform dusky grayish with 

 black pileum and conspicuous yellow thighs. 



Bill rather slender, the maxilla hardly as deep as the mandible; depth 

 of bill through base about two-thirds as long as gonys, little if any 

 greater than basal width; culmen strongly ridged, very faintly convex 

 except terminally, where more decidedly decurved; gonys nearly equal 

 to length of maxilla from nostril, faintly convex, with rather promi- 

 nent basal angle; maxillary tomium with distinct subterminal notch, 

 thence very faintly concave to the gently deflected basal portion; 

 mandibular tomium straight to the subbasal angle, the latter very 

 faintly toothed, the basal deflection comparatively slight. Nostril 

 wholly exposed, longitudinal, with broad superior membrane. Rictal 

 bristles minute, scarcely obvious; feathers of forehead and lores erect, 

 rather stiff. Wing moderate (a little less than three times as long as 

 tarsus), rounded (seventh to fifth primaries longest, ninth shorter than 

 secondaries); primaries exceeding secondaries by less than length of 

 exposed culmen. Tail about equal to or a little longer than wing, 

 much rounded, its feathers broad, with semi-decomposed webs and 

 acuminate tips. Tarsus rather long, much exceeding middle toe with 

 claw, its scutella distinct; lateral claws falling short of base of middle 

 claw; hallux about equal to outer toe, its claw shorter than the digit. 

 Tibial feathers long, forming a conspicuous fluffy tuft surrounding 

 and quite covering the tibio-tarsal joint. 



Coloration. — Adults uniform dull slate color, darker on wings and 

 tail; pileum black; tibial tufts clear lemon yellow, in conspicuous 

 contrast. 



Bcmge. — Highlands of Costa Rica and Chiriqui. (Monotypic.) 



PSELLIOPHORUS TIBIALIS (Lawrence). 

 YELLOW-THIGHED SPARROW, 



Admits {sexes alike). — Pileum uniform black; rest of upper parts 

 plain sooty slate, darker (nearly black) on wings and tail; under parts 

 plain dull slate or mouse gray, darkening to blackish on chin and 

 throat, the breast sometimes tinged with yellow, producing an oliva- 

 ceous tint; thighs clear lemon yellow, in conspicuous contrast; bill 

 black; legs and feet brownish. 



Young. — Similar to adults, but without yellow on thighs, and colora- 

 tion in general duller. 



Adult maZe.— Length (skins), 182.88; wing, 76.96; tail, 85.09; ex- 

 posed culmen, 14.73; depth of bill at base, 7.11; tarsus, 36,67; middle 

 toe, 16.51.^ 



^ One specimen. 




BIKDS OF KORTH AND MIDDLE AMEKICA. 471 



Adult female.— Length (skin), 172.72; wing, 78.74; tail, 87.12; ex- 

 posed culmen, 14.48; depth of bill at base, 6.86; tarsus, 26.67; middle 

 toe, 17.78.1 



Highlands of Costa Rica (Volcan de Irazu, Volcan de Cartago, 

 Volcan de Poas, La Palma de Cartago, San Jose, Dota, Rancho 

 Parita, Quebrada Honda, Rancho Redondo, Navarro, etc.) and Chiriqui 

 (Volcan de Chiriqui). 



Tachyphonus tibialis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, June, 1864, 71 

 (San Jos6, Costa Rica; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); ix, 1868, 101 (San Jos6, Dota, 

 Rancho Redondo, Quebrada Honda, and Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica). — 

 Frantzius, Journ. fiir 'Orn., 1869, 299 (Rancho Redondo, La Palma, and 

 Quebrada Honda). 



l_Buarremon] tibialis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 25. 



Buarremon tibialis Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 56 (Navarro and Vol- 

 can de Irazu, Costa Rica). — Zeledon, Oat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 8; An. 

 Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 110 (La Palma de San Jos6; Volcan de Irazu). — 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 322, pi. 23, fig. 2 (Vol- 

 can de Chiriqui; Costa Rican localities). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xi, 1886, 262 (Volcan de Cartago, Parita, Irazu distr., etc.; Chiriqui). — 

 Alfaro, Gaceta Oficial, Costa Rica, no. 288, Dec, 1888 (Volcan de Pods, 

 Coata Rica). 



Genus PEZOPETES Cabanis. 



Pezopetes'' Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., viii, Nov., 1860, 415. (Type, P. capitalis 

 Cabanis.) 



Large terrestrial Fringillidae with large and strong feet (outstretched 

 toes reaching nearly to end of tail), hind claw nearlj' or quite as long 

 as the digit, small bill (exposed culmen little if any longer than hallux, 

 without claw), wing much rounded (ninth primary much shorter than 

 secondaries, the eighth shorter than the first), and much rounded tail 

 with very broad but subacuminate rectrices, with semi-decomposed 

 webs; color (of the single known species) mainly uniform olive-green, 

 the head mostly black. 



Bill small, much longer than deep; exposed culmen decidedly less 

 than half as long as tarsus, gently convex; basal depth of bill a little 

 less than length of gonys; maxillary tomium fainth"^ notched near tip, 

 thence nearly straight to the very slight, ttlmost inappreciable, basal 

 deflection; mandibular tomium straight to the distinctly but not 

 prominently toothed subbasal angle, the basal deflection inconspicu- 

 ous; gonys slightly shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, 

 slightly convex, with basal angle rather prominent. Nosti-il small, 



' One specimen. 



Three specimens with sex undetermined measure as follows: Length (skins), 

 172.72-177.80 (175.26); wing, 74.93-82.55 (79.50); tail, 78.74-87.63 (84.58); exposed 

 culmen, 13.46-14.73 (13.97); depth of bill at base, 7.62; tarsus, 26.92-29.21 (27.94); 

 middle toe, 17.27-18.03 (17.78). 



'"'Von TCsZoi, zu Fuese, und Ttirofiai, fliegen, sich schnell fortbewegen." 




472 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



horizontal, pointed anteriorly. Rictal bristles minute. Wing mod- 

 erate (a little less than three times as long as tarsus), very much 

 rounded (sixth to fourth primaries longest, ninth much shorter than 

 secondaries, and eighth shorter than first); primaries exceeding sec- 

 ondaries by less than length of gonys. Tail about as long as wing, 

 less than half overlaid by upper coverts, the rectrices very broad and 

 semi-decomposed terminally, their tips acuminate. Tarsus long and 

 stout (more than twice as long as exposed culmen), its scutella indis- 

 tinct on outer side; middle toe with claw decidedly shorter than tarsus; 

 outer claw about reaching to base of middle claw, the inner a little 

 shorter; hind claw about as long as its digit— all the claws but slightly 

 curved, strong, and rather obtuse. 



Ooloration.—Pla.m olive-green (lighter and more yellowish below), 

 the wings and tail dusky; head dark grayish with two broad black 

 stripes on sides of pileum, the chin and throat also black. 



Jiange.— Highlands of Costa Eica and Chiriqui. (Monotypic.) 



PE70PETES CAPITALIS Cabanis. 

 LARGE-FOOTED SPARROW. 



AdiiZts {semes alike). — Above uniform olive-green, the wings and tail 

 dusky with olive-green edgings; pileum and hindneck black, divided 

 longitudinally by a median stripe of gray (this sometimes confined to 

 hindneck and nape or occiput); sides of head dark grayish becoming 

 black anteriorly, the chin and throat also black; under parts light 

 olive-green (paler than upper parts), more brownish olive laterallj' and 

 sometimes inclining to olive-yellowish medially; bill black; legs and 

 feet dark brownish. 



Adult male.— 'hQngth (skins), 198.12-203.20 (200.66); wing, 86.87- 

 91.44 (89.41); tail, 87.63-89.41 (88.65); exposed culmen, 13.21-14.48 

 (13.97); depth of bill at base, 7.87-8.13 (8.00); tarsus, 32.51-84.29 

 (33.53); middle toe, 23.62-25.40 (24.55).' 



Adult female.— h&ngth (skins), 185.42-187.96 (186.69); wing, 80.77- 

 85.09 (83.13); tail, 81.28-83.06 (82.04); exposed culmen, 12.70-13.46 

 (12.95); depth of bill at" base, 7.87-8.13 (8.00; tarsus, 32.51-33.02 

 (32.77); middle toe, 23.11-23.37 (23.28).' 



Highlands of Costa Rica (Volcan de Cartago, Volcan de Irazu) and 

 Chiriqui (Volcan de Chiriqui). 



Pezopetea capiialis Oabanis, Journ. fiir Orii., Nov., 1860, 415 (Costa Eica; Berlin 

 Myiarchuss.).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 101 (Costa Rica). — Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond!,1870, 189 (Volcan de Chiriqui).— Sclater, Cat. Birds 

 Brit. Myiarchuss., xi, 1886, 254 (Volcan de Cartago and Iraz\i distr., Costa Rica; 

 Volcan de Chiriqui). 



' Three specimens. 



' Three specimens, two of them with sex doubtful. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 473 



[Buarrevion] capUalis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 24. 



Suarremon capitalis SovcAUB, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,55 (Volcan de Irazu, 

 Costa Rioa) .— Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 8; An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa 

 Eica, i, 1887, 110 (Volcan de Irazii).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Am., Aves, i, 1884, 322, pl.23,flg.l. 



Genus PLATYSPIZA Ridg-way. 



Platyepiza Bidsway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.,xix, no. 1116, Myiarchusrch 15, 1897, 545. 

 (Type, Camarhynchua variegatus Sclater and Salvin, = C. crassiroslris Gould.) 



Stoutlj' built, short-tailed semiterrestrial Fringillidse with the tail less 

 than twice as long as tarsus, outstretched feet reaching to or beyond 

 tip of tail, culmen strongly convex, commissure strongly angulated 

 or deflexed basally, angle of mandibular tomium toothed, and basal 

 width of mandible decidedly greater than length of gonys. 



Bill short, deep, and broad, with culmen stronglj' convex, but gonj's 

 straight, the latter decidedly shorter than basal width of mandible; 

 maxillary tomium strongly angulated or deflexed basally; mandibular 

 tomium with its decided sUbbasal angle obviously toothed. Nostril 

 very small, circular or oval,* in anterior portion of exposed nasal 

 fossae. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing about three times as long as 

 tarsus, rounded (ninth primary equal to or longer than fourth), the 

 wing- tip short (less than length of maxilla from nostril). Tail, short 

 (less than twice as long as tarsus), slightly rounded. Myiarchusddle toe, 

 with claw, nearly as long as tarsus. 



Coloration. — Above nearly plain dull olivaceous, beneath dull whitish 

 streaked with dusky; adult males with head, neck, and chest black. 



Although I have formerly kept the type (and only known species) 

 of this genus with GamarhyncJms, I now believe that by its withdrawal 

 the latter becomes a much more natural group. There is really a very 

 great difl'erence in the form of the bill between P. crassirostris and 

 the true Oamarhynchi, an approach to that of some ,of the species of 

 Oeospiza being indicated; but the style of coloration agreeing strictly 

 with that of the typical Oamarhynchi (which never have more than 

 the head, neck, and chest uniform black, while in some species there 

 is no black whatever), Platyspiza is undoubtedly, in my opinion, 

 more closelj^ related to GcrniarhyncJms than to Geospiza} 



Range. — Peculiar to the Galapagos Archipelago. (Monotypic.) 



'I am compelled to disagree with Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert (Novitates 

 Zoologicse, vi,' 1899, 165, 166) concerning these two genera, which seem to me to be 

 clearly distinct, each showing nearly the same extreme variations in the size and 

 relative length and thickness of the bill. 




474 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



PLATYSPIZA CRASSIROSTRIS (Gould). 

 DARWIN'S GEOTJKD FINCH. 



Specific characters. — Culmen strongly convex and maxillary tomium 

 strongly deflected from beneath nostril to rictus; gonys straight, 

 strongly ascending terminally, forming a decided angle with the lower 

 edge of the mandibular rami; mandible very broad at the base, where 

 its width greatly exceeds the length of the gonys; wing, 78.99-87.63; 

 tarsus, 26.67-39.21. 



AdvU male {worn plumage). — Head, neck, and upper chest dull 

 sooty blackish, broken, more or less, by paler edgings to the feathers, 

 deepest and most uniform on upper chest and median line of throat; 

 upper parts plain brownish olive, lighter and slightly more buffy on 

 the lower rump; the general color of the wings and tail somewhat 

 darker than the back, with the margins of the feathers rather lighter, 

 especially on middle and greater wing-coverts and primaries; under 

 parts, posterior to upper chest, pale creamy yellow, shaded laterally 

 with light olive-brown, the lower chest and sides of breast marked 

 with broad, more or less wedge-shaped, streaks of sooty blackish, these 

 gradually becoming obsolete on the sides; under wing-coverts white 

 tinged with pale creamy yellow, the carpo-metacarpal region with an 

 elongated space of dusky olive-grayish; bill, legs, and feet whoUj' black. 



Immature male. — Above olive, the pileum rather broadly and dis- 

 tinctly streaked with dusky, the feathers of the back and scapulars 

 with large central spots of a slightly darker and less olivaceous hue; 

 wings and tail as in the adult male; under parts very pale creamy 

 yellow, the whole chest and sides of breast with broad, mostly wedge- 

 shaped or sagittate spots of deep sooty brown or sepia, the sides and 

 flanks with narrower and less distinct streaks of the same; bill, legs, 

 and feet black. 



Young male. — Similar to the immature male, as described above, 

 but margins of wing-coverts more buflEy, spots on chest, etc. , rather 

 deeper in color, and bill light-colored (basal half of maxilla deep 

 brown, terminal half and whole of mandible pale bufl'y brownish). 



Yowng female. — Similar to the young male as described j but mark- 

 ings on breast, etc., less deep (deep hair brown). 



Jfofe.— Length (skins), about 140.00-160.00 (151.50); wing, 82.55- 

 87.63 (85.60); tail, 53.34-58.42 (56.39); culmen, 16.00-18.29 (17.53) 

 gonys, 7.37-8.13 (7.87); width of mandible at base, 9.65-10.67 (10.41) 

 depth of bill at base, 12.70-13.46 (12.95); tarsus, 27.48-28.70 (28.19) 

 middle toe, 17.78-19.05 (18.29).' 



^ Ten specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



475 



lemale.—Length (skins), about 139.70; wing, 78.99-83.82 (81.79); 

 tail, 53.34:-55.88 (54.36); culmen, 15.24-17.27 (16.00); gonys, 8.89- 

 9.91 (9.40); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.62 (7.37); width of mandible 

 at base, 11.94-12.70 (12.45); tarsus, 26.67-29.21 (27.69); middle toe, 

 17.27-18.80 (17.78).' 



Galapagos Archipelago (Charles, Chatham, Indefatigable, James, 

 Albemarle, Jervis, Duncan, Abingdon, and Bindloe islands). 



Camarhynchus crasdrostris Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. 5, 1837, 6 (Galapagos 

 Islands); Zool. Voy. Beagle, iii. Birds, 1841, 103, pi. 41 (Charles Island?).— 

 Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lend., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 489 (Charles Island). — 

 Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 16 (Charles Island).— Ridgw ay, 

 Proc. U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, 1889, 110 (Charles, Chatham, and Indefatigable 

 islands); xix, 1897, 551, pi. 56, fig. 18 (monogr. ). 



C.[amarhynohus] crasdrostris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 542. — Grav, Gen. 

 Birds, ii, 1844, 359. 



[Camarhynchus'] crassirostris G'Ray , Hand-list, ii, 1870, 89, no. 7306. — Sclater and 

 Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 29. 



Geospiza crasdrostris Eothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 166, 

 pi. 6, fig. 27 (crit. ; Charles, Chatham, Indefatigable, James, Albermarle, Jer- 

 vis, Duncan, Abingdon, and Bindloe islands). 



Caviarhynchus variegatus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 323, 

 324, fig. 2 ( "Abingdon and Bindloes islands," Galapagos Archipelagp; coll. 

 Salvin and Godman^ ). — Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 489, 

 pi. 85.— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 15.— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., xix, 1897, 548, pi. 56, fig. 17 (monogr.; Albermarle, Charles, 

 Chatham, Indefatigable, James, Abingdon, and Bindloe islands). 



[Camarhynchus'] variegatus Sclatkr and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 29. 



' Six specimens, four of them adult. 



Specimens from different islands average as follows: 



Locality. 



MALES. 



Two adult, four immature males 

 from Clia,tliam Island 



Two immatuie males from Charles 

 Island 



Two immature males from Indefat- 

 igable Island 



Two immature females from Chat- 

 ham Island 



One adult(?) female from Indefat- 

 igable Island 



Two adult females from James 

 Island 



One adult (?) female from Albe- 

 marle Island 



Gonys. 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



10.41 

 10.67 

 10.41 



9.65 

 9.65 



Width 

 of man- 

 dible 

 at base. 



7.62 

 8.13 

 7.62 



7.62 

 7.37 

 7.11 

 7.11 



12.95 

 12.95 

 12.70 



12.45 

 12.45 

 12.70 

 11.94 



Tarsus. 



28.19 

 27.94 

 28.45 



27.43 

 27.69 

 27.43 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



18.29 

 18.80 

 18.03 



18.03 

 17.78 

 18.03 

 17.27 



' Now in the collection of the British Myiarchusseum. 




476 BULLETIN 50, TTNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



Genus CAMARHYNCHUS Gould. 



Camarhynchus GouhB,FTOC. Zool.Soc, pt. 5, 1837, 6. {Type, C. psUtacula Gould.) 

 Cactospiza Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xix, no. 116, Myiarchusrch 15, 1897, 546. 

 (Type, Caclomis pallidus Sclaterand Salvin. ) 



Similar to Platyspiza but bill very different, being much more 

 compressed (basal width of tnandible not greater, sometimes less, than 

 length of gonys), with commissure nearly straight or with the basal 

 deflection much less abrupt, and the angle of mandibular tomium not 

 toothed; some of the species without any black in adult males. 



There being an almost unbroken transition, in diflEerent species, 

 from the short and stout bill of G. psittaculus to the long and narrow 

 one of C. pallidMS, while the coloration of the latter is practically 

 identical with that of those Camarhynchi of which the adult males are 

 destitute of any black areas to the plumage and consequently conspic- 

 uously different from that of the narrow-billed Gempizw (representing 

 the formerly current genus Oactornis)^ I am fully convinced that ref- 

 erence "■ of O. pallidus and the related G. productus to Gamarhynchvs 

 is correct. I am sorry to have to disagree in this matter with the 

 views of Messrs. Eothschild and Hartert,'' but the case seems so very 

 clear to me that I can see no reason whatever for changing mj^ opinion 

 as to the relationship of the species named, which evidentl}'^ bear to 

 the typical (thick-billed) species of GamarliyncTius the same relation 

 that the true Ccwtornithes do to the typical Geospizm. 



Range. — Peculiar to the Galapagos Archipelago. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CAMARHYNX-HUS. * 



a. Baaal depth of bill equal to or greater than length of -naxilla from nostril. {Cama- 

 rhynchus. ) 

 b. Head, neck, and chest blackish. {Adult mcdes. ) 

 c. Larger (wing 68.07 or more, culmen not less than 12.45, usually much more). 

 d. Bill larger (culmen 14.73 or more). 

 e. Bill stouter (depth at base 10.67 or more, width of mandible at base 8.38 

 or more). 

 /. Larger, with smaller bill (wing averagiug 72.90, culmen averaging 15.24, 

 depth of bill at base averaging 11.43, width of mandible at base aver- 

 aging 9.14, tarsus averaging 23.37). (James, Indefatigable, Barring- 

 ton, Jervis, Duncan, and Charles islands.) 



CamarhyucliTis psittaculus (p. 477) 

 ff. Smaller, with longer and narrower bill, shorter gonys, and more promi- 

 nent gonydeal angle; wing averaging 69.85, culmen averaging 16.76, 

 depth of bill at base averaging 10.92, width of mandible at base aver- 

 aging 8. 38, tarsus averaging 22. 35. ( Abingdon and Bindloe islands. ) 



Camarhynchus habeli (p. 480) 



1 Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xix, 1897, p. 544. 

 ' Novitates Zoologicse, vi, 1899, pp. 165, 166. 



'Adult males of C. compressiroftris and C. incertus, which are presumably black- 

 headed, are as yet unknown. 




BIKDS OP NOKTH AND MIDDLE AMEEICA. 477 



ee. Bill narrower (depth at base 9.40, width of mandible at base 7.62. 



(Charles Island.) Camarhynclius pauper (p. 483) 



dd. Bill smaller (culmen not more than 13.46). (Albemarle and Narborough 



islands. ) Camarhynolms affinis (p. 481) 



cc. Smaller (wing not more than 64.77, culmen not more than 12.19, usually 

 decidedly less. (Indefatigable, Duncan, Albermarle, Narborough, James, 

 Jervis, Charles, Gardner near Charles, Barrington, and Cowley islands. ) 



Camarhyncliua prosthemelas (p. 484) 

 bb. Head, neck,, and chest not black. [Adult femcdeB and immature birds; adult 

 male of at least one species. ) 

 c. Larger, with stouter bill (wing 65.28 or more, depth of bill at base 10.16 or 

 more). 

 d. Bill broader (width of mandible at base equaling or exceeding length of 

 gonys). 



e. Bill longer (culmen 16.26or more) Camarhynchua habeli, female (p. 480) 



ee. Bill shorter (culmen not more than 15.49). 

 /. Larger (wing averaging 68.58, culmen averaging 14.73, width of mandi- 

 ble at base averaging 8.38, depth of bill at base averaging 10.92, tarsus 



averaging 23.11) Camarhynolms psittacnlus, female (p. 478) 



ff. Smaller (wing averaging 67.56, culmen 14.48, width of mandible at 

 base 7.62, depth of bill at base 10.16, tarsus 21.59). 



Camarhynchus affinis, female (p. 481) 



dd. Bill narrower (width of mandible at base decidedly less than length of 



gonys) . (James Island. ) . .Camarliynclnis compressirostris, female (p. 481) 



cc. Smaller, with narrower bill (wing not more than 63.50, or else depth of bill 



at base not more than 8.89). 



d. Wing, 66.80-68.58. 



e. Gonys, 7.62; plumage not yellowish below. 



Camarliynclnis pauper, female (p. 484) 

 ee. Gonys not more than 7.11; plumage yellowish below. (Chatham Island.) 



Camarhyuclius salvini, larger males (p. 486) 

 (?(?. Wing less than 66.80. 

 e. Plumage yellowish below; wing 62.23 or more; gonys 6.35 or more. 

 /. Bill stouter (width of mandible at base 7.37; depth of bill at base 

 more than 8.89.' (James Island.) 



Camarliynchns incertus, female (p. 482) 

 ff. Bill narrower (width of mandible at base not more than 7.11; depth 

 of bill at base not more than 8.89). (Chatham Island.) 



Camarhynolms salvini, female and smaller males (p. 486) 

 ee. Plumage not yellowish below; wing not more than 60.96; gonys not 



more than 5.84 Camarhynchua prosthemelas, female (p. 485) 



aa. Basal depth of bill decidedly less than length of maxilla from nostril. ( Cactospiza. ) 

 (Indefatigable, Duncan, Jervis, James, and Albemarle islands; Chatham 

 Island? ) Camarhynohus pallidns, male and female (p. 487 ) 



CAMARHYNCHUS PSITTACULUS Gould. 

 PAKROT GROUND FINCH. 



Bill short and stout, its depth at base much exceeding distance from 

 nostril to tip of maxilla, and width at base usually decidedly greater 

 than length of gonys, never decidedly less. 



'When I had the opportunity of examining the type specimen of this form I 

 neglected to measure the depth of the bill. 




478 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Adult male. — Head, neck, and chest dull black, passing into dusky- 

 sooty brown on forehead; rest of upper parts dull grayish olive, much 

 lighter on rump and upper tail-coverts; lower parts from breast back- 

 ward dull white, tinged with buflf posteriorly, especially on under tail- 

 coverts; breast, particularly on sides, indistinctly but rather broadly 

 streaked with dusky; bill black, brownish on gonj'^s; tarsi deep hora 

 brown; toes duskj-. 



ImrriMture male. — Above light grayish olive, the pileum rather 

 graj^er , broadly but rather indistinctly streaked with dusky, the feathers 

 of the back still more broadly but much less distinctly darker medially; 

 supraloral region, malar and suborbital regions, and entire under parts 

 dull grayish white, faintly tinged with yellowish buff, especially on 

 chest and breast, the former and sides of the latter broadly but very 

 indistinctly streaked with grayish dusky; bill duskj^ horn color, light 

 brown on edge of maxilla and terminal two-thirds of mandible; tarsi 

 and toes brownish black. 



Adult femMe. — Above light grajdsh olive, the pileum obsoletely 

 streaked with darker and the feathers of the back and scapulars darker 

 centrally, producing an obsolete spotting; rump and upper tail-coverts 

 quite uniform, the latter paler and grayer; wings and tail dusky 

 brownish gray, the feathers with light grayish olive margins, the mid- 

 dle wing-coverts broadly tipped with this color, forming an indistinct 

 band, the greater coverts more narrowly tipped with a paler and some- 

 what more buffy tint; lores, orbital region, cheeks, and under parts 

 dull grayish buffy whitish, tinged with dull buff on sides and flanks, 

 where obsoletely streaked with darker; ear-coverts very pale olive- 

 grayish, shading posteriorly into the darker color of the hindneck and 

 below into the dull whitish of the malar region; under wing-coverts 

 white, tinged along edge of the wing with pale yellowish buff; maxilla 

 cinnamon-brown, becoming dusky at tip and on terminal portion of 

 culmen; mandible buff -yellowish; "iris dark brown;" legs and feet 

 brownish black. 



Immature female. — Different from the adult only in the wing- 

 markings, both the middle and greater coverts having much nar- 

 rower and more sharply defined terminal margins of bufl'y whitish, the 

 secondaries similarly but less distinctly marked. 



J/ff('t.— Length (skins), about 134.62; wing, 70.36-76.20 (72.90); 

 tail, 41.91-46.99 (44.96); culmen, 14.99-15.49 (15.24); gonys, 7.62; 

 width of mandible at base, 8.64-9.40 (9.14); depth of bill at base, 

 10.92-11.94 (11.43); tarsus, 22.86-24.13 (23.37); middle toe, 15.24- 

 16.61 (15.75).' 



i^ema^e.— Length (skins), about 107.95-119.38(113.66); wing, 65.28- 

 70.36 (68.58); tail, 40.64-44.45 (43.18); culmen, 13.97-16.49 (14.73); 



^ Three specimens, one each from James, Charles, and Indefatigable islands; only 

 the first adult. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



479 



gonys, 7.62-8.38 (7.87); width of mandible at base, 7.37-8.89 (8.38); 

 depth of bill at base, 10.16-11.43 (10.92); tarsus, 22.61-24.13 (23.11); 

 middle toe, 15.24-16.51 (15.75).^ 



Galapagos Archipelago (James, Indefatigable, Barrington, Jervis, 

 Duncan, and Charles islands). 



Camarhynchus psittacula Gould, Proc. Zool. Soo. Lond., pt. 5, 1837, 6 (Galapagos 

 Islands) . 



Camarhynchus pdttaculus Dabwin, Zool. Voy. Beagle, iii, Birds, 1841, 103, pi. 40 

 (James Island). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 323 

 (Indefatigable Island). — Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 

 488 (James and Indefatigable islands). — Shaepb, Oat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 16 (James and Indefatigable islands). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1890, 109 (James and Indefatigable islands) ; xix, 1897, 552, pi. 56, 

 figs. 14-16 (monogr. ; Charles, Indefatigable, Jervis, and James islands) . 



Clamarhynchus'] psittaculus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i,1850, 542. 



[Camarhynchusl psittaculus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 89, no. 7305. — Sclater 

 and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr. 1873, 29. 



O. [eospizal psittacula psittacula Rothschild and H artert. No vit. Zool. , vi, Aug. , 

 1899, 167 (James, Indefatigable, Barrington, Jervis, and Duncan islands; 

 crit.). 



Oeospiza psittacula Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 171, pi. 

 6, fig. 25. 



{?) Camarhynchus tovmsendi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, iio. 767, Feb. 5, 

 1890, 110 (Charles I., Galapagos Archipelago; collection U. 8. Nat. Myiarchuss.) . 



(?) Geospiza psittacula tovmsendi Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 

 ' 1899, 167 (Charles I.; crit.). 



[f) Camarhynchus rostratus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvii, no. 1007, 

 Nov. 15,1894,363 (James L; collection U. "s. Nat. Myiarchuss. ) . 



^Six specimens. 



Specimens examined from different islands measure as follows: 




480 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



CAMARHYNCHUS HABELI Sclater and Salvin. 

 HdBEL'S GROTHfD FINCH. 



Similar to (7. psittacultbs but smaller and bill differently shaped, the 

 culmen longer and gonys at same time shorter, the gonydeal angle 

 more pronounced. 



J/«4'.— Length (skins), about 114.30-130.81; wing, 68.07-74.17 

 (69.85); tail, 41.40-46.23 (43.94); culmen, 15.75-17.27 (16.76); gonys, 

 7.87-8.13 (8.00); width of mandible at base, 7. 87-8. 64. (8. 88); depth of 

 bill at base, 10.67-11.43 (10.92); tarsus, 21.59-22.86 (22.35); middle 

 toe, 14.73-16.00 (15.49).' 



Female.— Ij&n^th. (skins), about 113.03; wing, 67.31-69.34 (68.33); 

 tail, 41. 91^1:3.18 (42. 55); culmen, 16. 26-17. 27 (16.76); gonys, 8.13-8.38 

 (8.25); width of mandible at base, 8.64; depth of bill at base, 11.18; 

 tarsus, 22.10-22.86 (22.35); middle toe, 15.49-15-75 (15.62).' 



Galapagos Archipelago (Abingdon and Bindloe islands). 



Camarhynchus kabeli Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 323, 325, 

 fig. 3 (AWngdon and Bindloe islands, Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Salvin 

 and Godman) .' — Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 490, pi. 36 

 (Abingdon and Bindloe islands) . — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. ilus. , xii, 1888,' 17 

 (Abingdon and Bindloe islands). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, 1889, 

 110 (Abingdon I.); xix, 1897, 555, pi. 56, fig. 13 (monogr.; Abingdon I.). 



ICamarhynchus} Tio&eH Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 29. 



Oeospiza Jiabeli Rothschild and Hartekt, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 168 (Bind- 

 loe and Abingdon islands; crit. ). 



Camarhynchus bindloei Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xviii, 1896, 294 (Bind- 

 loe I., Galapagos Archipelago; collection of Dr. G. Baur*) ; xix, 1897, 566 

 (monogr.). 



^ Five specimens, two from Abingdon Island and three from Bindloe Island. 



' Two specimens, both from Bindloe Island. 



The males from separate islands average, respectively, as follows: 



Locality. 



Two adult males from Abingdon 

 Island 



Two adult and one immature males 

 from Bindloe Island 



Wing. 



69.09 

 70. SI 



Tall. 



42.67 

 44.96 



Cul- 

 men. 



1.5.75 

 17.27 



Gonys. 



Basal 

 width 

 of man- 

 dible. 



depth 

 of bill. 



Tarsus. 



Myiarchusddle 



10.67 

 11.18 



^ Xow in collection British Myiarchusseum. 

 *Type now in the Tring Myiarchusseum. 



22. 74 



22. 10 



1 



15.37 

 16. 4» 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 481 



I 



CAMARHYNCHUS AFFINIS Ridgway. 

 ALLIED GROUND FINCH. 



Similar to C. piilUaculus, but smaller (the bill especially). 



J/«Zt'.— Wing, 68.00-72.00; culmen, 12.60-13.50.' 



Femcde .=?.— Wing, 65.53-69.85 (67.56); tail, 38.61-13.18 (40.89); cul- 

 men, 14.1:8; gonys, 7.37-7.62 (7.49); width of mandible at base, 7.62; 

 depth of bill at base, 10.16; tarsus, 20.32-22.86 (21.59); middle toe, 

 13.97.' 



Galapagos Archipelago (Albemarle and Narborough islands). 



Camarhynchus affinis EinowAY, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvii, no. 1007, Xov. 1.5, 

 1894, 365 (Albemarle I., Galapagos Archipelago; collection of Dr. G. Baur ■') ; 

 xix, 1897, 554 (monogr. ). 



Oeospiza affinis Rothschild and Haktbkt, Novit. ZooL, vi, Aug., 1899, 168 (Albe- 

 marle and Narborough islands). 



CAMARHYNCHUS COMPRESSIROSTRIS Ridgway. 

 THIN-BILLED GROUND FINCH. 



{Adult male unknown.) Adult female similar to that of 0. jysit- 

 taculus but sma,ller, with the bill much narrower, more compressed, 

 and with straighter culmen; basal width. of mandible less than length 

 of gonys instead of greater, and basal depth of bill less than length of 

 maxilla from nostril; wing less than 66.04; culmen (from extreme 

 base), 15.24; basal depth of bill, 10.16. 



Adult female. — Above light olive (less grayish than in O. psittaculim., 

 more so than in G. incertus), the pileum obsoletely streaked and the 

 back spotted with darker; wings and tail dusky grayish brown, the 

 feathers with light buffy olive margins, the middle and greater wing- 

 coverts broadly tipped (the former sharply) with pale brownish buff; 

 face and under parts very pale yellowish buff, tinged with pale olive- 

 brown on sides and flanks, where obsoletely streaked (broadly) with 

 grayish olive-brown; under wing-coverts white tinged with pale buff, 

 most strongly toward edge of wing; maxilla pale cinnamon-brown, 

 with terminal portion of culmen dusky; mandible paler, inclining to 

 brownish buff; "iris very dark brown;" legs and feet blackish brown; 

 length (skin), 107.95; wing, 65.28; tail (rectrices only partly grown 

 out); culmen, 15.24; gonys, 8.13; width of mandible at base, 7.37; 

 depth of bill at base, 10.16; tarsus, 22.86; middle toe, 15.24.' 



' Fide Rothschild and Hartert; the averages not given by them. 



" Two specimens, not sexed, from Albemarle Island. 



*Type now in the Tring Myiarchusseum. 



*Type, no. 471, Baur coll. (Tring Myiarchusseum), Jervis Island, Galapagos, Aug. 8, 1891. 



It is much to be regretted that Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert have not given 

 reasons for referring this bird to C. psittaculus, having been content to place the name 

 in the synonymy of that form without explanation. The measurements certainly 



17024—01 31 




482 BULLETIN 50, TJlSriTED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Galapagos Archipelago (Jervis Island). 



Cainarhynchus compressirostris Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xviii, no. 1067, 

 Apr. 23, 1896, 294 (Jervis I., Galapagos Archipelago; collection of Dr. G. 

 Baur'); xix, 1897, 558, pi. 56, fig. 12 (monogr.). 



G. [eospiza] pHttacula psittaaila (not Camarhynchus psiilaaxla Gould) Rothschild 

 and Haetert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 167, part. 



CAMARHYNCHUS INCERTUS Ridgway. 

 BUPFT OROTJITD FINCH. 



Adult male unknown; adult female similar to that of C. compres- 

 sirostris but smaller (the bill especially), with upper parts brighter 

 olivaceous and under parts distinctly yellowish buff; similar in colora- 

 tion to O. salvini, but much larger; wing, 63.50; tail, 38.10; culmen, 

 13.46;' tarsus, 20.83. 



Adult female. — Above bright buffy olive, the pileum rather dis- 

 tinctly streaked with grayish dusky, the back and scapulars more 

 obsoletely and broadly streaked or spotted with the same, entirely uni- 

 form posterior to the back, the color lighter and more distinctly huffy 



do not seem to warrant such procedure, as may be seen from the following, where 

 measurements of the type, and of females of C. psittaculus, together with those of C. 

 affinis, C. incertua, and C. pauper, all of which are recognized as species by the authors 

 named, are given for comparison: 



Locality. 



One female of C. peiltaculus from 

 Charles Island 



Three females of C. psittaculus from 

 James Island (average) 



One female of C. psittaculus from 

 Jervis Island 



One female (type) of C compressi- 

 rostris from Jervis Island 



One female (type) of C. incertus 

 from James Island - . 



Two females (including type) of C. 

 albemarlei from Albermarle Island 



Two females (including type) of C. 

 pauper from Charles Island 



Wing. 



73.16 

 67.82 

 69.85 

 65.28 

 68.50 

 67.56 

 72.39 



Tall. 



43.94 

 42.67 

 44.46 



38.10 

 40.89 

 43.43 



Cul- 

 men. 



14.73 

 14.99 

 14.48 

 15.24 

 13.46 

 14.48 

 14.73 



Gonys. 



7.62 

 7.87 

 7.62 

 8.13 

 7.37 

 7.37 

 7.37 



Width 



Of 

 mandi' 

 ble at 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



7.37 

 7.37 

 7.62 

 7.62 



11.18 

 10.92 

 10.16 



10.16 

 9.40 



Tarsus. 



24.13 

 22.86 

 22.86 

 22.86 

 20.83 

 21.59 

 23.11 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



16,61 

 1.1.24 

 16.61 

 15.24 

 14.48 

 13.97 

 16.49 



If two allied species {psittaculus and incertus) can occur together on James and 

 Duncan islands and also on Charles Island {psittaculus and pauper), I see no reason 

 why two {psiitandus and compressirostris) may not occur together on Jervis Island. 

 Without question the measurements of, the bill of C. compressirostris a,nd a Jervis Island 

 specimen of C. psittaculus differ much more than do those of the latter from the same 

 measurements of C. psittaculus from the different islands. According to the evidence 

 before me, therefore, I must continue to recognize C. compressirostris as a distinct 

 form until the contrary has been proven. 



^ Type now in the Tring Myiarchussuem. 



- Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert give the length of the culmen in three specimens 

 as 12-13 mm. 




BIKUS OK NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 483 



on the lower rump; wings and tail duskj^ grayish brown, the feathers 

 with distinct lighter margins (very narrow, and pale olive-gray on the 

 primaries), the middle and greater coverts tipped with dull buff, form- 

 ing two fairly distinct bands; a superciliary stripe (disappearing 

 above the ear-covorts), and general color of under parts pale yellowish 

 buff, shaded with brownish along the sides and flanks, where obsoletely 

 streaked (most distinctly on flanks) with dusky olivaceous; under wing- 

 coverts white, tinged, especially along edge of wing, with pale cream- 

 yellow; maxilla light cinnamon with dusky tip; mandible very pale 

 brownish buffy; "iris dark brown;" legs and feet blackish brown; 

 length (skin), 109.22; wing, 63.60; tail, 38.10; culmen, 13.46; gonys, 

 7.37; width of mandible at base, 7.37; tarsus, 20.83; middle toe, 14.48.* 

 Galapagos Archipelago (James and Duncan Islands). 



Camarhynchus incertus Ridgway, Proc. CJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xviii, no. 1067, Apr. 23, 

 1896, 294 (.Tames I., Galapagos Archipelago; collection of Dr. G. Baur); 

 xix, 1897,560 (monogr.). 



Oeospiza incerta Rothschild and Haetert, Novit. ZooL, vi, Aug., 1899, 168 

 (James and Duncan islands; erit. ). 



CAMARHYNCHUS PAUPER Ridgway. 

 SHALL-BILLED GROUND FINCH, 



Similar to C psittaoul'us and allies, but with the bill very much more 

 slender; similar to C^rosthemelas, but much larger. 



Adult male. — Pileum and hindneck dull blackish brown, indis- 

 tinctly streaked with grayish olive; sides of head nearly plain grayish 

 olive, more dusky on cheeks; throat and chest dull black, broken by 

 occasional streaks of pale olive-buff, this color predominating on chin; 

 rest of under parts very pale olive-buff, inclining to white, the whole 

 breast broadly streaked with blackish, these streaks continuBd back- 

 ward over sides to flanks, both the latter being light buffy olive later- 

 allj; under tail-coverts decided pale buff; upper parts olive, lighter 

 on rump, the feathers of the dorsal tract much darker centrally, form- 

 ing very broad but rather indistinct dusky streaks; bill entirelj'^ deep 

 black; legs and feet brownish black; length (skins), about 114.30- 

 127.00; wing, 71.12-72.39 (71.88); tail, 43.18- 3.94 (43.56); culmen, 

 14.73; gonys, 7.37-7.62 (7.49); width of mandible at base, 7.62; depth 

 of bill at base, 9.40; tarsus, 23.11; middle toe, 15.24-16.00 (15.62).' 



^Type, no. 521, Baur coll. (Tring Myiarchusseum) , James Island, Galapagos, Aug. 13, 1891. 



The bird described above is absolutely similar in coloration to C. salvim, of Chatham 

 Island, but is nearly as large as C. compresdrostris. Were these two species found 

 together on the same island, I would be disposed to consider the present bird a 

 hybrid; but manifestly this can not be the case. It is possible that a larger series of 

 specimens would run C. compressirostris and C. incertus together, in which case there 

 would be another form common to the two islands of James and Jervis; but for the 

 present I have to consider them as different. 



^ Two specimens. 




48 i BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Adult female. — Above olive, the feathers of the pileum and back 

 slightly darker centrally, the olive color paler on the rump; wings and 

 tail dull grayish dusky with lighter olive-grayish edgings, these dull 

 bufly on middle and greater wing-coverts; supraloral space and malar 

 region pale dull gra3ash buffy; chin and throat similar but paler and 

 more grayish; rest of under parts pale buffy fading into nearl}' white 

 on belly; sides and flanks tinged with grayish olive, and chest very 

 faintly flammulated with the same; bill wholly grayish black; legs 

 and feet dusky brown; length (skin), 116.84; wing, 68.58; tail, 41.91; 

 culmen, 13.70; gonys, 7.62; length of bill from rictus, 12.70; width 

 of mandible at base, 7.62; depth of bill at base, 8.89; tarsus, 31.59; 

 middle toe, 14.73.' 



Galapagos Archipelago (Charles Island). 



Camarhynchits 2iauper Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, no. 767, Feb. 5,1890, 

 111 (Charles I., Galapagos Archipelago; collection U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); xix, 

 1897, 559, pi. 56, fig. 11 (monogr.). 



Gcospiza paupera Rothschild and Haktekt, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 169 

 (crit.). 



CAMARHYNCHUS PROSTHEMELAS Sclater and Salvin. 

 BLACE-EEADED GROTTin) FINCH. 



Smallest form of the genus (wing not exceeding 64.77, culmen not 

 more than 11.68); similar in coloration and shape of bill to O. pauper, 

 but size much less. 



Adult male.- Head, neck, and chest uniform black, ending abruptly 

 beneath in a convex outline; rest of under parts plain buffy white, 

 tinged with olive-gray laterally; rest of upper parts olive, the feathers 

 of the back with indistinct darker centers; remiges and rectrices 

 dusky, margined with grayish olive, the edges of the outermost pri- 

 maries approaching grayish white; bill, legs, and feet entirely black. 



' One specimen. 



Although about the same size as C. psittaewlus (except that the bill is very much 

 smaller) , the relationships of this species are evidently with C. prosthemdas rather 

 than C. pnttaculus and allied forms, the bill being even more compressed and elongated. 

 In coloration the adult males resemble them about equally, there being no material 

 difference between the color of fully adult males in the various species of the group, 

 except in the case of C. salvini. 



The adult female most resembles that of C. prosthemelas, but has the chest and 

 sides darker (distinctly brownish buffy) , the former without distinct streaks, at least 

 in the single specimen examined. 



An immature bird of undetermined sex (No. 52401, U.S.N.M. ; Charles Island, 

 received from Professor Sundevall) is darker and browner above than the adult 

 female described above, has the under parts paler with distinct dusky streaks on the 

 chest, and has the bill light colored (maxilla light brown, mandible pale dull buffy). 



Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert give measurements of the "oldest birds with 

 black bills" (sexes not distinguished) in their series as follows: Wing, 69.00-73.00; 

 culmen, 12.90-13.50. 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



485 



Immature male. — Pileum and hindneck dusky, the feathers very 

 indistinctly edged with grayish olive; rest of upper parts dull grayish 

 olive, the feathers of back dusky centrally; under parts (including 

 throat, etc.) dull grayish white, tinged with pale yellowish buff, pass- 

 ing into pale olive-brownish on sides and flanks, the chest and sides of 

 breast streaked with dusky; otherwise as in adult male. 



Young male. — Above rather light olive-gray, becoming paler and 

 tinged with buffy on rump, the pileum and hindneck broadly and dis- 

 tinctly streaked with dusky, and feathers of the back and scapulars 

 with a large, sharply defined central spot of the same; wings and tail 

 dusky, the feathers margined with light olive-grayish, paler and more 

 buffy on middle and greater wing-coverts; under parts white, very 

 faintly tinged with pale buffy, shaded on sides and flanks with pale 

 brownish buffy, and sparsely streaked across chest and along sides with 

 dusky olive-grayish; bill pale cinnamon-brown, the mandible lighter 

 and more buffy. 



Adjult female. — Similar to the young male as described, but dusky 

 streaks of pileum and hindneck and spots on doi'sal region very much 

 less distinct, the upper surface in general being neai'ly plain light 

 buffy olive-grayish. 



Young female. — Similar to the adult female, but more olivaceous 

 and still more uniform above, and under parts strongly tinged with 

 light brownish buffy, especially on chest, sides, and flanks, which are 

 not obviously streaked. 



Jf«fe.— Length (skins), about 93.98-105.41; wing, 68.42-64.77 

 (61.98); tail, 35.56-40.64 (38.61); culmen, 10.41-12.19 (11.18); gonys, 

 5.83-5.84 (5.59); width of mandible at base, 6.10-6.86 (6.60); depth of 

 bill at base, 6.60-8.13 (7.87); tarsus, 18.29-20.83 (20.07); middle toe, 

 12.70-13.97 (13.46).' 



Female.— Length (skins), about 93.98; wing, 58.42-60.96 (59.18); 

 tail, 34.04-36.83 (36.07); culmen, 10.16-11.68 (10.92); gonys, 5.59-6.10 

 (5.84); width of mandible at base, 6.35-6.86 (6.60); depth of bill at 

 base, 7.37-8.13 (7.75); tarsus, 19.30-20.32 (20.07); middle toe, 12.70- 

 14.22 (13.08).' 



'Nine specimens. 

 ^ Four specimens. 



I have examined adult males from only two islands, Charles and James, 

 average as follows (including one immature male from each island): 



These 




486 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Galapagos Archipelago (Indefatigable, Duncan, Albemarle, Nar- 

 borough, James, Jervis, Charles, Gardner near Charles, Bari-ington, 

 and Cowley islands). 



Camarhynchua prosthemelas ScLATERand Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 323, 

 325, fig. 4 (Indefatigable I., Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Salvin and God- 

 man^).— Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 490.— Sharpe, Cat. 

 Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 17 (Indefatigable and James islands).— Ridq- 

 WAY, Proc.U. S.Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, 1889, 110 (part: Charles and James islands); 

 xix, 1897, 563, pi. 56, fig. 10 (monogr. : Albemarle, Charles, Indefatigable, 

 Jervis, and James islands) . 



[C'amarliynchus] prosthemelas Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 29. 



Geospiza prosthemelas Eothschild and Harteet, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 169 

 (Indefatigable, Duncan, Albemarle, Narborough, James, Jervis, Charles, 

 Gardner near Charles, Barrington, and Covs'ley islands) . 



CAMARHYNCHUS SALVINI Ridgway. 

 SALVnf'S GEOUNT FINCH. 



Similar to O. prosthenwias but larger, more strongly tinged with 

 buffy yellow and more extensively streaked beneath, the adult male 

 apparently without any black on head, neck, or chest; wing, 62.23- 

 67.06; tail, 36.83-40.13; culmen, 10.92-13.21; tarsus, 20.57-22.35. 



Adult (?) male {looni jplvmage). — Above, including pileum, dusky 

 olive, the feathers with lighter olive edges, producing an indistinctly 

 streaked appearance; rectrices edged with more 3' ellowish olive; under 

 parts dull buffy whitish, the chest, sides, and flanks streaked with 

 dusky (most distinct on chest, least so on flanks, where the color of the 

 streaks is nearly that of the back); bill wholly deep black; legs and 

 feet brownish black. 



Adult {"i) female {ffesh plumage). — Above dark olive, the feathers 

 margined with lighter, moi-e buffy olive, the latter nearly uniform on 

 rump and upper tail-coverts; under parts pale straw yellow, the chest, 

 sides, and flanks broadly striped with dusky olive; bill light brown, 

 the mandible rather paler, especiallj' underneath; legs and feet blackish 

 brown. 



Young male. — Similar to the adult (?) female, as described above, 

 but upper parts rather more distinctly streaked with darker, especially 

 on pileum, and under parts brighter buff-yellow, with dusky streaks 

 narrower, very distinct only on chest; superciliary region conspicu- 

 ously light yellowish liufl'; bill light bufl'y cinnamon, the mandible paler. 



Young female. — Similar to the young male, as described above, but 

 upper parts more buffy olive, with darker streaks on pileum, etc., less 

 distinct, and under parts without distinct streaks, even on chest. 



Jfofe.— Length (skins),about 106. 68-107. 95 ; wing, 63. 25-66. 80 (64. 52) ; 

 tail, 38.10-40.13 (39.37); culmen, 12.70-18.97 (12.95); gonys. 6.35-7.11 

 (6.60); width of mandible at base, 6.35-7.11 (6.58); depth of bill at base, 



^ Now in the British Myiarchusseum collection. 




BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 487 



8.13-8.89 (8.64); tarsus, 20.57-22.61 (21.84); middle toe, 12.70-14.73 

 (13.97).^ 



Female.— hength (skins), about 99.06-102.87; wing, 62.23-63.25 

 (62.74); tail, 36.83-38.10 (37.59); culmen, 12.19-12.70 (12.45); gonys, 

 6.35; width of mandible at base, 6.60-7.11 (6.86); depth of bill at base, 

 8.13-8.89 (8.38); tarsus, 20.83-22.10 (21.59); middle toe, 13.46-13.97 

 (13.72).^ 



Galapagos Archipelago (Chatham Island). 



Camarhynchus prosthemelas (not of Sclater and Salvin) Sundevall, Proc. Zool- 



See. Lond, 1871, 125, part (Chatham I.).— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 



xii, 1889, 110, part (Chatham I.). 

 Camarhynchus aalmni Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 1894, 



364 (Chatham I., Galapagos Archipelago; collection U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.) ; xix, 



1897, 561, pi. 56, fig. 9 (monogr.). 

 Oeospiza salvini Rothschild and Haetekt, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 169 (crit.) . 



CAMARHYNCHUS PALLIDUS (Sclater and Salvm) 

 PAILID GEOTIND FINCH, 



Bill _slender, its depth at base decidedly less than distance from 

 nostril to tip of maxilla. 



Adult male. — Above ash gray, more brownish on lower back and 

 rump, the central portion of the feathers darker, especially on the 

 crown; wings and tail deep brown, with narrow edgings of grayish, 

 the inner webs of remiges and rectrices rather broadly edged ^vith 

 w;hite; under wing-coverts white, slightly tinged with yellow; under 

 parts white, slightly tinged with buff, the flanks shaded and faintly 

 striped with brown; chest more strongly tinged with brownish buff', 

 the basal portion of the feathers blackish gray; bill horn black; iris 

 brown; feet blackish. 



Adndt female {V). — Similar to the adult male, but slightly more 

 brownish and more uniform above. 



Immature m,ale and fem.ale (?). — Similar to the adult (?) female, but 

 more olive above, the under parts buffy yellowish, with lower throat, 

 chest, and sides are less streaked with dusky; ^ bill pale brownish, the 

 mandible paler knd more yellowish. 



^ Seven specimens, two of them immature. 



''Three specimens, one immature. Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert give measure- 

 ments of a large series of this species, in the Tring Myiarchusseum collection, as follows: — 



Myiarchusle.— Wing, 66.00-67.00; culmen, 11.50-12.00. 



Female.— Wing, 63.00-65.00; culmen, 11.00-11.50. 



'See Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, p. 166, who remark: "The 

 birds which are olive above and huffish "'ellow below are immature ones, but it is 

 somewhat puzzling to account for the distinct blackish brown stripes on the lower 

 throat, chest, and sides of the body in some of them. Neither the apparently most 

 adult ones, nor the most yellowish, and therefore, according to our view, youngest 

 of our series, have these stripes well developed. These striped birds may be the 




488 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Myiarchusle.— L,ength (skins), about 121.92-1^1.78; wing, 71.63-76.20 

 (73.91); tail, 45.72-46.99 (46.23); culmen, 17.02-19.56 (18.64); gonys, 

 8.38-9.91 (9.40); depth of bill at base, 8.38-9.91 (9.40); width of man- 

 dible at base, 6.86-7.87 (7.37); tarsus, 22.86-23.88 (23.37); middle toe, 

 15.49-17.27(16.51).' 



7^,,„,,,/,.. —Length (skins), about 113.03; wing, 67.31-69.09 (68.33); 

 tail, 40.13-43.18 (41.66); culmen, 17.02-17.78 (17.53); gonys, 7.87-9.91 

 (S.89); depth of bill at base, 8.38-9.65 (8.89); width of mandible at 

 base, 7.11-7.62 (7.37); tarsus, 22.61-23.37 (22.86); middle toe, 15.24- 

 16.76 (15.75).' 



Galapagos Archipelago (Indefatigable, Jervis, Duncan, James, and 

 Albemarle islands; Chatham Island 1).^ 



Cactomis pallida Sci^ATEnund Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 323, 327 (Inde- 

 fatigable I., Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Salvin and Godman).*— Salyin, 

 Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 487.— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 20 (Indefatigable I.). 



[Caciornis] pallida Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 29. 



Caclornis pallida Sclater and Salvin?, Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Xat. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1890, 109 (James I.). 



CaHornis pallida Baur, Am. Nat., xxxi, 1897, 782 (Duncan I.) , 783 (Chatham and 

 Jervis islands). 



Camarhynchus pallidus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xix, 1897, 565, pi. 56, 

 fig. 7 (monogr.; Indefatigable, Jervis, and James islands). 



females, but in that case several of our birds from different collections would be 

 wrongly sexed." 



Without having seen the series in question I would not venture a positive opinion 

 as to this question, but would suggest that possibly the most yellowish birds without 

 distinct streaks are freshly molted adults, the distinctly streaked ones the young. 



^ Three specimens, immature. Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert give extreme 

 measurements (number of specimens not stated) as follows: Wing, 76.00-78.00; tail, 

 47.00-49.00; culmen, 17.00-18.00; tarsus, 23.00-24.00. 



^ Three specimens, one of them apparently adult. Rothschild and Hartert give 

 the following measurements for females: Wing, 73.00-74.00; culmen, 16. 



Specimens from different islands examined by me measure as follows: 



» Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, p. 166. 

 * Now in the British Myiarchusseum collection. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 489 



Geospiza pallida Rothschild and Haetbrt, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 165, pi. 



6, figs. 34-36 (Indefatigable, Jervis, Duncan, James, and Albemarle islands; 



Chatham I. ?; crit.). 

 Clactomis'] hypoleuca Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, no. 767, Feb. 5, 1890, 



109, in text (James I., Galapagos Archipelago; collection U. S. Xat. Myiarchuss.). 

 (?) Camarhynchus productus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 



15, 1894, 364 (Albemarle I., Galapagos Archipelago; collection of Dr. G. 



Baur); xix, 1897, 566, pi. 56, flg. 8 (monogr.). 



Genus GEOSPIZA Gould. 



Oeospiza Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. v, 1837, 5. (Type, G. magniroslm 



Gould.) 

 Cactomis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. v, 1837, 6. (Tvpe, C. xravdens 



Gould.) 



Similar to Platyspiza but culmen much less strongly convex (often 

 nearl}^ straight for part of its length), less distinctl.y ridged; angle of 

 mandibular tomium not obviously toothed; adult males entirely black, 

 except under tail-coverts. 



Bill exceedingly variable in relative length, depth, and width, its 

 lateral outlines and gonys nearly (sometimes quite) straight, and tip 

 acute; culmen, from extreme base, less than two-thirds to quite as 

 long as tarsus; depth of bill at base less than half culmen to nearly as 

 long as culmen, but always greater than width of mandible at base; 

 culmen more or less convex (always most so basally), but sometimes 

 almost straight; the basal portion usualty strongly ridged and some- 

 times elevated and strongly arched; gonys straight or almost inappre- 

 ciably convex, decidedly shorter than length of maxilla from nostril; 

 maxillary tomium without subterminal notch, first faintly (sometimes 

 almost inappreciably) concave, then about as much convex, again 

 reentering at the beginning of the abrupt and very conspicuous basal 

 deflectiQn; mandibular tomium nearly straight or slightlj^ convex, 

 with its basal portion abruptly deflected, but the angle thus formed 

 not toothed. Nostrils very small, oval or nearly circular. Rictal 

 bristles obsolete. Wing rather short (a little more than three to nearlj"- 

 three and one-half times tarsus), rounded (eighth to sixth primaries 

 longest, ninth not longer than fifth, usually shorter); primaries exceed- 

 ing secondaries by less than exposed culmen; tertials not longer than 

 secondaries. Tail short (decidedly more than half the wing, a little 

 less to a little more than twice as long as tarsus), slightly rounded, the 

 rectrices broad, with rounded tips, about half hidden bj' the coverts. 

 Outstretched feet reaching to or beyond tip of tail; tarsus about equal 

 to middle toe with claw (sometimes a little longer or shorter), its scu- 

 tella distinct; lateral toes very long, reaching to nearly middle of last 

 phalanx of middle toe, their claws reaching to or decidedly beyond 

 the base of the middle claw; hallux shorter than lateral toes, its claw 

 nearly or quite as long as the digit. 




490 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Coloration. — Fully adult males entirely black, inclxiding bill and 

 feet, but under tail-coverts with broad whitish or buffy margins; 

 immature males, females, and young grayish brown streaked and 

 spotted with dusky above, beneath light colored with conspicuous 

 dusky streaks, the bill largely light colored (except in some adult 

 females and immature males). 



Range. — Peculiar to the Galapagos Archipelago. 



Few genera equal the present one in the extreme modifications in 

 the form of the bill, which in some species {magnirostris, utreniia, and 

 pavhyrlujnclid) is perhaps not excelled by that of any other member of 

 the family Fringillidse in its extreme thickness, in others (members of 

 the so-called genus Cactornis) slender and decurved, in others very 

 acute, with straight outlines, and in others still elevated and arched at 

 the base. The most extreme forms are, however, so gradually and 

 perfectly connected by intermediate types that there seems no possi- 

 bility of satisfactorily subdividing the genus into two or more sections. 



The reduction of Oactanns to a synonym of Geospiza has already 

 bccMyiarchus made in my paper describing the new species of Galapagos birds 

 in Dr. Baur's collection,' in which is announced "the discovery of 

 species which absolutely bridge the previously existing gap between 

 the so-called genera Geospiza and Cactornis, thus necessitating the 

 suppression of one of these names (the latter, according to the-rule of 

 prioritj^)." 



While admitting that it would be very convenient to recognize 

 Cactarn is if any definite characters could be found, I am still of the 

 opinion that not a single character can be depended on to separate 

 them. The character which comes nearest to doing so is, apparently, 

 the relative width of the mandible between the bases of the rami to 

 the length of the gonys, which is very much less in typical "'Cactornis'" 

 than in true Geospiza. This greater compression of the bill even 

 serves to trenchantly separate " Cactornis'''' propinqua. from G. coniros- 

 tr/.t, some individuals of which are almost precisely alike in the lateral 

 profile and measurements of the bill ; but the use of this character as 

 a generic one would necessitate the removal of Geospiza difficilis and 

 G. acutirostfn-s, perhaps also G. minor, to Cactornis; and it is difficult 

 to see how the group can be divided into two genera without one or 

 two more being necessary; for there is certainly more difference 

 between such species as Geospiza magnirostris and G. pachyrhyncha on 

 the one hand and G.fuliginosa, G. debilirostris, etc., on the other, than 

 between '"'' Cactornis''^ hrev i^rostr is a,nA. Geospiza _f rater cula, or het^veen 

 C. prop)inqua and G. conirostris. Furthermore, if this group be 



' Descriptions of Twenty-two New Species of Birds from the Galapagos Islands, 

 Pro(!. tJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvii (advance sheets published November 15, 1894), pp. 

 357-370. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 491 



recognized to consist of two or more genera instead of one, uJien, to 

 be consistent, Camarhynckiis must also be divided into two genei'a. 



A very careful consideration of all the facts in the case, as they 

 appear to me, compels me to conclude that the safest course is to 

 regard the species of ^^ Cactornis''^ as simply more slender-billed 

 Oeospisce, the degree of departure from the typical Goespizine bill 

 being largely a specific character. This is a conclusion which I regret 

 having to adopt, for I regard large genera as a nuisance, and would be 

 glad to have the slighest excuse for keeping Geospiza to its old limits. 



As to the relationships of the group to which the generic name 

 Oamarhynchus Gould has been generally applied, while admitting the 

 difiiculty of formulating strongly -marked structural characters, I nev- 

 ertheless cannot follow Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert^ in referring 

 the latter to Geospiza^ for reasons explained under the head of Oamar- 

 hynchus, on page 476 of the present work. 



As a matter of convenience, I have separated the species into two 

 groups, which correspond in their limits with Cactorms and Geospiza 

 as usually recognized;^ but how slight and unsatisfactory a basis this 

 division rests upon may be seen by reference to the characters given 

 in the first part of the following "key to the species." 



Owing to the gradual transition from one form to another, and the 

 almost perfect resemblance between them in coloration, I have found 

 it impossible to construct an analytical "Icey " to the species after the 

 usual plan, but have drawn up the following as an aid to their more 

 ready identification. I am prevented from making the "key" more 

 satisfactorj' b}^ the circumstance that I have no specimens of G. 

 assiinUis and G. harringtoni for comparison with the other so-called 

 Cactorni, and am therefore unable to give comparative measurements 

 of these forms alongside of G. fatigata and G. ahingdonl. 



In another respect T am, much to my regret, compelled to dissent 

 from the conclusions of Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert. In their 

 most valuable work, already referred to, these gentlemen say'' that 

 in the case of certain genera of Galapagos Passeres (the present one 

 among the number) their "material has general^ left very little 

 doubt" whether they should "treat a form as a species or subspecies." 

 Nevertheless, their decisions in this respect are not in all cases satis- 

 factory, and in one or two cases almost certainly erroneous.* When 

 we consider that in this genus, as here restricted, the plumage is 

 always practically and in the case of a majority of the forms identic- 



» Novitates Zoologicse, vi, 1899, 152-154. 



^ With this difference: Cactcrni^ pallida Sclater and Salvin I have transferred to 

 Camarhynchus, to which it is certainly far more nearly related (see p. 476). 



3Novit.Zool.,vi, 1899,142. 



"'For example, their refereiice of Geospiza brevirostris to G. conirostris, as a suh- 

 species of the latter, G. brevirostris being a true " Cactornis." 




492 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



ally, the same, the measurements must necessarily be the only factor 

 in determining the number, limits, and relationships of the sevei'al 

 forms. Looking at the matter from this standpoint, it seems to me 

 that anj^ grouping of the various forms into species and subspecies 

 must be purely arbitrary, and almost certain to differ with different 

 persons; and I am still of the opinion, expressed on page 468 of my 

 paper,' that "were 'lumping'^ once begun there could be no end to it, 

 unless purely arbitrary limits were given to the species recognized, 

 and if followed to a logical conclusion might easily end in the recog- 

 nition of a single variable species, equivalent in its limits to the genus." 

 This observation, according to mjr views, applies with exactly equal 

 force to any attempt to segregate the forms into specific groups. There- 

 fore, it seems to me that if there ever was a case which justified the 

 avoidance of trinomials the present genus is certainly of that kind.' 



* Birds of the Galapagos Archipelago, Proc. XJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xix, 1897, pp. 459-670, 

 pis. 56, 57. 



^The term "lumping" was intended to apply to the reduction of any definable 

 forms to the rank of subspecies, although the inference is not clear in the original. 



'Also the genera Camarhynchus and Certhidea. 



In order to demonstrate the extreme difficulty of satisfactorily using trinomials in 

 the present genus, I give below the average measurements (of males only) of the 

 forma recognized conjointly by Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert and myself. It is 

 true that these measurements are not absolutely correct, relatively, for I have not 

 been able to measure the very large series contained in the Tring Myiarchusseum, and have 

 in some cases been compelled to use measurements taken by Messrs. Eothschild and 

 Hartert, and it is a well-known fact that no two persons can get precisely the same 

 measurements for the same individual specimen. Furthermore, in the case of Messrs. 

 Eothschild's and Hartert's measurements only the mean and not the average can in 

 some cases be given. 



Species. 



Wing. 



Tail. 



Cul- 

 men. 



Gonya. 



Width 

 of man- 

 dible at 



base. 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at baae. 



Tarsus. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



GEOSPIZiE. 



1. G, magnirostris : Measurements 



from Sharpe and Eothschild 

 and HarlLTt 



2. G.pachyrhyncha: Measurements 



from Rothschild and Hartert. . 



3. G. strmua: 36specimens, but tail, 



tarsus, and middle toe of 18 

 only 



4. G. darwini: 4 specimens, meas- 



ured by Eothscjiild and Hart- 

 ert (ayerage) 



5. G. eonirostris: 5 .specimens, meas- 



ured by Robert Ridgway 



6. G.propmgwa; 58pecimens, meas- 



urements of bill by Rothschild 

 and Hartert 



7. G.bauri: 1 specimen (R.R.) 



8. G. dubia: 10 specimens (R.R.) .. 



9. G.albemarlei: 2 specimens (R.R.) 



92.20 

 88.00 



83.31 



84.00 

 80.77 



77.47 

 SI. 28 

 72. 04 

 72.14 



50.80 



26.67 

 25.20 



48.26 

 60.80 

 43. 94 

 44. 45 



23.25 ( 13.21 

 22. 35 12. 19 



21.60 12.00 



20.32 , 



18.03 9.66 

 17.27 ' 9.14 



13.75 

 10.92 



10.92 

 10. 16 



23.62 

 22.20 



18.60 

 17.02 



15.00 

 17.27 

 14. 22 

 13. 72 



18.54 



23. 37 

 23. 62 



22. 61 

 22. 80 



18.03 



18.03 



16.00 

 16.61 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



493 



KEY TO THE SPECIES OF GEOSPIZA. 



(Based on adult or nearly adult males only.') 



a. Bill relatively short and stout, the transverse baaal width of the mandible 

 (measured across interramal space) nearly or quite equal to, sometimes greater 

 than, length of gonys. {Oeospiza). 

 b. Culmen not less than 19.05 (usually much more) ; wing more than 76.20 (or else 

 culmen more than 20.32) . 

 c. Bill shorter and thicker (depth at base decidedly greater than length of max- 

 illa from nostril) . 

 d. Wing more than 90.17; culmen 26.42 or more. (Charles Island; extinct?) 



Oeospiza maguirostris (p. 495) 



[Footnote— Continued.] 



Species. 



GEosprz.E — continued. 



10. G.fortis: 18 specimens (R.R.) ... 



11 . G./ratcrcula: 7 specimens ( R. R. ) . 



12. G. fuUginosa: 49 specimens (R. 



R) 



18. G. minor: 4 specimens (R.R.) ... 



14. G. aadirostris: 1 specimen (R.R.) 



15. G.dentirostris: 1 specimen; meas- 



urements by Sharpe 



16. G. difflcilis: 1 specimen (R. R. ) . . 



17. G.debilirostris: lspecimen(R.R.) 



CACTOKNITHES. 



18. G. brevirostHs ; 1 specimen (R.R.) 



19. G. abingdoni: 2 specimens (R. R.) 



20. G.fatigata: 3 specimens (R.R.).. 



21. G. intermedia: 5 specimens (R. 



R) 



22. G. scandens : 7 specimefis (R. R. ) . 



23. (r.septenirJoJiaijs; Mean of meas- 



urements given by Rothschild 

 and Hartert 



Wing. 



71,12 

 65.79 



63.50 

 68.17 

 62.23 



67.31 

 61.72 

 74.42 



68.58 

 73.41 

 72. 39 



70.36 

 69.09 



43.18 

 41.15 



39.12 

 36.32 

 40.13 



39.37 

 38.10 

 43.18 



46.99 

 43.43 

 41.91 



43.94 

 42.42 



Cul- 

 men. 



17. 27 

 17,02 



13.21 

 12.70 

 13.97 



15.24 

 14.73 

 15.24 



17,78 

 21,84 

 20.83 



19.81 

 17.78 



Gonys, 



Width 

 of man- 

 dible at 

 base. 



9.14 

 9,40 



7,87 

 7,62 



10.16 

 11.68 

 11.68 



11.18 

 10.16 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



10.16 

 9.65 



7.11 

 7.62 



9.40 

 8,13 



8.13 

 7.62 



12.96 

 12,19 



8.64 

 8.64 

 7.62 



9.40 

 9.40 



11.43 

 10.92 

 10.16 



Tarsus. 



21,59 

 20,07 



19.81 

 18.03 

 19.05 



19.05 

 20,32 

 24,13 



20.83 

 23.11 

 22.85 



21.69 

 21.08 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



16,75 

 14.48 



13. 72 

 13.21 

 13.46 



13.46 

 17.02 



16.75 

 16.51 

 16.76 



16,24 

 15.24 



Among the true Geospiza', nos. 1 to 13, inclusive, constitute a fairly gradual transi- 

 tion between extremes, which becomes much more evident when the average meas- 

 urements of specimens of each form from different islands are compared, when many 

 apparent gaps are bridged over. The forms numbered 14 to 17, inclusive, do not 

 belong to the transitional series, but are "offshoots" from some of the forms com- 

 posing the latter. 



' Owing to the fact that coloration affords little or no assistance in determining the 

 various forms of this genus, a satisfactory key is hardly possible. The one here given 

 is the best that I am able to devise under the circumstances, and is offered with full 

 consciousness of its inadequacy, but with the hope that it may be of some assistance. 

 Nearly all measurements of the more nearly related forms inosculate, so that it is 

 seldom that positive characters can be derived from this source. This inosculation 

 does not, however, affect the validity of the forms in question, since they are the 

 result of individual variation in relative proportions of the different parts, the averages 

 showing decided differences. The females of many forms have not been examined 

 by me, while others are meagerly represented in the series examined, consequently it 

 has been deemed best not to attempt a "key" to them. 




494 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



dd. Wing less than 90.17; culmen less than 26.42. 

 e. Depth of bill at base more than 20.32; width of mandible at base more 



than 16.51. (Tower Island. ) Geospiza pachyrhynoha (p. 498) 



ee. Depth of bill at base less than 20.32; width of mandible at base less than 

 16.51. (Charles, James, Bindloe, Abingdon, Indefatigable, Jervis, 

 Albemarle, Duncan, Barrington, and Wenman islands.) 



Geospiza strenna (p. 496) 

 cc. Bill longer and narrower (depth at base not decidedly, if any, greater than 

 length of maxilla from nostril). 

 d. Transverse width of mandible at base (across interramal space) not more 

 (usually leas) than length of gonys. 

 e. Commissure, at highest point, decidedly above middle of lateral profile of 

 closed bill. (Hood Island, and Gardner Island near Hood.) 



Geospiza conirostris (p. 498) 

 ee. Commissure, at highest point, not decidedly, if any, above middle of lat- 

 eral profile of closed bill. 

 /. Wing shorter (not more than 80.01); bill narrower (less than 15.24 

 deep at base), with blunter tip. (Tower Island.) 



Geospiza propiuqna (p. 499) 

 jf. Wing longer (81.79 or more) ; bill stouter (16.76 or more deep at base), 

 with acute and attenuate tip. (Culpepper Island.) 



Geospiza darwini (p. 500) 

 dd. Transverse width of mandible at base (across interramal space) greater 



than length of gonys. (James Island. ) Geospiza bauri (p. 500) 



66. Culmen not more than 19.05 (usually much less); wing not more than 76.20 

 (usually much less). 

 c. Culmen not less than 15.24; depth of bill at base 9.40 or more. 

 d. Bill stouter and relatively larger; tarsus not more than 22.86. 

 e. Wing averaging more than 71.12, tail averaging more than 43.18, tarsus 

 averaging more than 21.59. 

 f. Wing averaging 72.64, culmen averaging 18.03, depth of bill averaging 

 14.22. (Chatham, Barrington, and Duncan islands.) 



Geospiza dubia (p. 501) 

 ff. Wing averaging 72.14, culmen averaging 17.27, depth of bill averaging 

 13.72. (Albemarle and Narborough islands. ) 



Geospiza albemarlei (p. 502) 

 ee. Wing averaging not more than 71.12, tail averaging not more than 43.18, 

 tarsus averaging not more than 21.59. 

 /. Wing averaging 71.12, tail averaging 43.18, culmen averaging 17.27, 

 depth of bill averaging 12.95, tarsus averaging 21.59. (Charles, Dun- 

 can, Jervis, James, Gardner near Charles, Indefatigable, Chatham, and 



Cowley islands. ) Geospiza fortis (p. 502) 



ff. Wing averaging 65.79, tail averaging 41.15, culmen averaging 17.02, 

 depth of bill averaging 12.19, tarsus averaging 20.07. (Abingdon 



and Bindloe islands. ) Geospiza frateroula (p. 504) 



dd. Bill more slender and relatively much smaller; tarsus, 24.13 or more. 



(James Island. ) Geospiza debilirostris (p. 508) 



cc. Culmen less than 15.24; depth of bill at base not more than 8.89. 

 d. Myiarchusxillary tomium with a median or subterminal "tooth." (Charles 



Island. ) Geospiza dentirostris (p. 507) 



dd. Myiarchusxillary tomium not toothed. 

 e. Bill stouter (9.40 deep at base), with basal portion of culmen elevated 

 and strongly arched posteriorly. (Abingdon Island.) 



Geospiza diffioilis (p. 507) 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 495 



M. Bill narrower (not more than 8.89 deep at base), with basal portion of 

 culmen not elevated nor arched. 

 /. Bill broader (basal width of mandible equal to length of gonys), with 

 distinctly curved or convex culmen and more obtuse tip. 

 g. Larger (tarsus 18.54 or more, averaging 19.81; wing averaging 63.50, 

 tail averaging 39.12, culmen averaging 13.21). (Charles, Chat- 

 ham, Hood, Albemarle, Narborough, James, Barrington, Duncan, 

 Indefatigable, Gardner near Charles, and Jervis islands. ) 



Geospiza fuligiuosa (p. 504) 



gg. Smaller (tarsus less than 18.54, averaging 18.03; wing averaging 



58.17, tail averaging 36.32, culmen averaging 12.70). (Bindloe 



and Abingdon islands. ) Geospiza minor (p. 506 ) 



ff. Bill narrower (basal width of mandible less than length of gonys), 

 with nearly straight culmen and acute tip. (Tower Island.) 



Geospiza acutiroBtris (p. 506) 

 aa. Bill relatively long and slender, the transverse width of the mandible at base 

 (measured across interramal space) decidedly less than length of gonys. 

 {Cactomu.) 

 b. Culmen not more than 16.26. (Wenman and Culpepper islands.) 



Geospiza septentrionalis (p. 510) 

 66. Culmen not less than 17.78. 



c. Depth of bill at base not more than 9.40 (averaging 8.89). (James Island.) 



Geospiza scandens (p. 509) 

 CO. Depth of bill at base not less than 9.91. 



d. Culmen not less than 18.54; depth of bill not more than 10.41 (or else cul- 

 men not less than 21.59). 

 e. Smaller (wing averaging 70.36, culmen averaging 19.81, tarsus averaging 

 21.59). (Charles Island, and Gardner Island near Charles.) 



Geospiza intermedia (p. 511) 



ee. Larger (wing averaging 72.39 or more, culmen averaging 20.83 or more, 



tarsus averaging 22.35 or more). 



/. Smaller with more slender bill (wing averaging 72.39, culmen averaging 



20.83, depth of bill at base averaging 10.16, tarsus averaging 22.35). 



(Indefatigable, Albemarle, Duncan, Jervis, Chatham, and Barrington 



islands. ) j Geospiza fatigata (p. 511 ) 



ff. Larger with thicker bill (wing averaging 73.41, culmen averaging 21.84, 

 depth of bill at base averaging 10.92, tarsus averaging 23.11) . (Ab- 

 ingdon and Bindloe islands; James Island?) 



Geospiza abiugdoni (p. 513) 



dd. Culmen 17.78; depth of bill 11.43. (Charles Island; Indefatigable 



Island?) Geospiza breviroetria (p. 514) 



GEOSPIZA MAGNIROSTRIS Gould. 

 GREAT-BILLED GROUND FINCH. 



Largest species of the genus, with largest and thickest bill; wing, 

 90.17-95.00 in males, 82.55-87.63 in females; culmen, 26.42-26.92 in 

 males; depth of bill at base, 23.37-23.88 (23.62) in males. 



Adult male. — Uniform black, the primaries and rec trices more 

 dusky; under tail-coverts broadly margined with white; bill and feet 

 black; length (skins), about 152.40; wing, 91.00-95.00, averaging 




496 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



92.33;' tail, 50.80;' culmen, 26.60-27.00 (26.80); depth of bill at base, 

 23.50-24.00 (23. TO);' tarsus, 25.00.' 



Immature male. — Similar to adult male, but the black duller and 

 browner, "the feathers having edges of obscure brown;" the feathers 

 of abdomen more distinctly edged with a paler hue; ' ' under tail-coverts 

 white, with black bases.'" 



Adult female. — General color brown, the feathers edged with olive- 

 grayish, especially on rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts mar- 

 gined with pale grayish, these edgings approaching white on greater 

 coverts; alula, primary coverts, and remiges edged with pale grayish, 

 these edgings approaching brownish white on primaries; tail lighter 

 brown; rectrices edged with brownish grajr; under parts, except 

 throat, pale brown or brownish white; the fore.neck, chest, sides, and 

 flanks streaked with dark brown; thighs, under tail-coverts, under 

 wing-coverts, and axillars whitish olive-brown; bill dusky or partly 

 of paler hue; wing, 82.55-87.63.' 



Galapagos Archipelago, probably extinct; particular island unknown, 

 but supposed to be Charles Island.* 



The only known specimens of this species are in the collection of the 

 British Myiarchusseum, and I have therefore been obliged to take the above 

 specific characters from the descriptions of Dr. Sharpe and Messrs. 

 Rothschild and Hartert. 



Geospiza magairostris Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. v, 1837, 5 (Galapagos 

 Islands; coll. Brit. Myiarchuss.) ;* Zool. Voy. Beagle, ill, Birds, 1841, 100, pi. 36 

 (Charles and Chatham islands). — Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 

 1876, 478 (fig. of bill).— Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 7 (Chatham 

 and Charles islands). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xix, 1897, 512, pi. 

 57, fig. 10 (monogr.). — Rothschild and Haktert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 154 

 (crit. ; probably extinct). 



G.[eospiza] magnirostris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 542. 



[Oeospiza] magnirostris Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 88, no. 7297. — Sclater and 

 Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27. 



0.{_eospiza] magnirostris magnirostris Rothschild and Haktert, Novit. Zool., vi, 

 Aug., 1899, 155, in text. 



GEOSPIZA STRENUA Gould. 

 GOULD'S GROTJITD FINCH. 



Similar to G. magnirostris but smaller (culmen rarely 25.40, never 

 more, averaging 22.86; depth of bill at base less than 22.86, averaging 

 20.83). 



'Rothschild and Hartert. 



^Sharpe. 



'Measurements from Sharpe (converted from inches into millimeters). 



*Rothschild ami Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 154, 155. 



^According to Sharpe, the types are from Chatham Island, but ilessrs. Rothschild 

 and Hartert are of opinion that they came from Charles Island, a view in which I 

 concur. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLJE AMERICA. 



497 



Adult male.—L&ngth. (skins), about 139.70-147.32; wing, 76.20- 

 87.88 (83.31); tail, 43.69-51.31 (49.53); culmen, 19.05-25.40 (22.86); 

 gonys, 10.92-13.97 (12.45); depth of bill at base, 17.02-22.10 (20.83); 

 width of mandible at base, 12.95-17.02 (15.24); tarsus, 23.11-26.40 

 (24.64); middle toe, 17.7s-19.81 (18.54).' 



Adult female. — Length (skin), 143.51;" wing, 76.20; tail, 48.26; cul- 

 men, 21.08; depth of bill at base, 18.29; width of mandible at base, 

 13.46; tarsus, 23.37; middle toe, 17.02.' 



Galapagos Archipelago (Charles, James, Bindloe, Abingdon, Inde- 

 fatigable, Jervis, Albemarle, Duncan, Barrington, and Wenman 

 islands). 



Geospiza slrenaa Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. v, 1837, 5 (Galapagos Islands; 

 coll. Brit. Myiarchuss.'); Zool. Voy. "Beagle," ill, 1841, 100, pi. 37 (James and 

 Chatham islands). — Sclatbe and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 323 

 (Indefatigable, Bindloe, and Abingdon islands). — Sundevall, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1871, 124 (James I. ). — Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 

 1876, 479 (James, Chatham, Bindloe, and Abingdon islands). — Sharpe, Cat. 

 Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 88 (Chatham, James, Indefatigable, Abingdon, 

 and Bindloe islands). — ^Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, 1889, 105 

 (Abingdon and Charles islands); xix, 1897, 514 (monogr. ). — Eothschild 

 and Haeteet, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 155, pi. 6, flgs. 1-6, 10-16 (Bindloe, 

 Abingdon, Indefatigable, Tower, Jervis, Albemarle, Duncan, Barrington, 

 and Wenman islands; crit. ). 



G.[eospiza] sirereua Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 542. 



[Geospiza] sirenua Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 88, no. 7298. — Sclatee and Salvin, 

 Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27. 



' The above measurements are of a series of thirty-six males, only six of which 

 were measured by myself, the measurements of the remaining thirty being taken 

 from Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert. The measurements of tail, tarsus, and middle 

 toe are from six specimens only, these measurements having been omitted by Messrs. 

 Rothschild and Hartert. 



The average measurements of males from different islands are as follows: 



' One specimen, from Abingdon Island. 



' The type in the British Myiarchusseum collection is said by Sharpe to be from Chatham 

 Island, but probably came from James Island. (Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. 

 Zool., vi, 1899, 155). 



17024—01 32 




498 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



O.[eospiza} magnirostrk strenua Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 



1899, 155, in text. 

 Oeospiza magnirostris (not of Gould) Baur, Am. Nat., xxv, 1891, 905 (South 



Albemarle and Jar vis islands). 

 Oeospiza strenua-magnirostrw Baub, Am. Nat., xxxi, 1897, 783 (Jervis I.). 



GEOSPIZA PACHYRHYNCHA Ridgway. 

 THICK-BILLED OROUNI) FINCH. 



Similar to G. xtrenua but bill much thicker and broader at the base 

 than in that form, in this respect nearly or quite equaling G. inagtii- 

 rostris. 



Adult male.—W'mg, 87.00-89.00 (88.00); culmen, 24.00-26.00 

 (25.02); gonys, 12.00-13.50 (12.80); width of mandible at base, 17.00- 

 17.50 (17.20); depth of bill at base, 22.00-22.50 (22.20).^ 



Galapagos Archipelago (Tower Island). 



Oeospiza pachyrhyncha Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xviii, no. 1067, April 



23, 1896, 293 (Tower I., Galapagos Archipelago; collection of Dr. G. Baur);^ 



xix, 1897, 516, pi. 19, fig. 9 (monogr.). 

 O-leospiza] strenua pachyrhyncha Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 



Aug., 1899, 156, in text (crit.). 

 Oeospiza strenua (not of Gould) Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 



155, part, pi. 6, figs. 7-9 (Tower I.). 



GEOSPIZA CONIROSTRIS Ridgway. 

 CONIOAL-BILIED GROUND FINCH. 



Similar to G. strenua but slightly smaller, with the bill relatively 

 longer, much narrower, and with the culmen less arched; plumage 

 darker in both sexes, the adult male deeper black, adult females and 

 immature birds more uniformly dusky above and with dusky prevail- 

 ing on under parts. 



Adult male. — Uniform black, the longer under tail-coverts margined 

 (rather broadly) with white; bill wholly black; legs and feet black. 



A&ult female {and some males). — Dull black or slate -dusky, broken 

 on abdomen, flanks, etc., by dull whitish edgings to feathers; all the 

 under tail-coverts margined with dull whitish; mandible dull whitish 

 in middle portion. 



Immatitre (?) male. — Similar to adult female, but rather more sooty; 

 mandible pale brownish, with base and tip dusky. 



Immature {1) female. — A\>o\e dull sooty; anterior lower parts simf- 

 lar, but indistinctly streaked with pale grayish buffy, this gradually 

 increasing posteriorly until it becomes the prevailing color and the 

 sooty reduced to broad streaks. 



' Three specimens, measured by Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert. 

 ^ Now in the Tring Myiarchusseum collection. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 499 



-Length (skins), about 127.00-146.05; wing, 77.47-82.55 

 (80.77); tail, 48.26-49.53 (48.61); culmen, 20.32-34.13 (22.35); depth 

 of bill at base, 16.75-17.78 (17.02); tarsus, 22.8-6-24.13 (23.62); middle 

 toe, 16.51-19.06 (18.03).' 



Fm,ale.—hQi\gth (skins), about 124.46-144.78; wing, 73.66-78.74 

 (76.18); tail, 44.45-46.23 (44.96); culmen, 19.81-22.86 (21.59); depth 

 of bill at base, 15.24-18.29 (16.26); tarsus, 22.86-24.13 (23.11); middle 

 toe, 17.02-18.29 (17.53).' 



Galapagos Archipelago (Hood Island and Gardner Island, near Hood). 



Oeospizaconirosiris Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchusa., xii, no. 767, Feb. 5, 1890, 106, 

 fig. 2 {Hood I., Galapagos Archipelago; coll. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ); xix, 1897, 

 516, pi. 57, fig. 8 (monogr.)— Baur, Am. Nat., xxxi, 1897, 783 (Gardner I., 

 near Hood). 



Geospiza coniroslris conirosiria Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., yi, 1899, 

 158, pi. 6, figs. 17-20 (Hood I.; Gardner I., near Hood; crit.). 



{l)Geoapiza media Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, no. 767, Feb. 5, 1890, 

 107, fig. 3 (Hood I., Galapagos Archipelago; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



GEOSPIZA PROPINQUA Ridgway. 

 TOWER ISLAND GROUND FINCH. 



Very similar in size, general foi-m, and coloration to O. conirostris, 

 but bill still narrower, the culmen more convex terminally, the man- 

 dible relatively narrower (its vertical width not greater than that of 

 the maxilla), and more compressed; wing slightly shorter; adult male 

 with under tail-coverts pale buff marked with median cuneate streaks 

 of black, instead of being black margined with white. (Adult female 

 and immature birds not seen.) 



Adult male.^Wmg, 74.93-80.01; tail, 46.99-49.53; culmen, 20.83- 

 22.86; vertical width of mandible across rami, 5.84-6.60; vertical 

 width of maxilla in front of nostrils, 5.59-6.60: tarsus, 22.86-24.13; 

 middle toe, 17.27-19.06.' 



Galapagos Archipelago (Tower Island). 



Geospiza prupinqua Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 1894, 

 361 (Tower I., Galapagos Archipelago; collection by Dr. G. Baur);* xix, 

 1897, 543, pi. 57, fig. 7 (monogr.). 



' Five specimens. The extreme measurements of the bill in a series of males as 

 given by Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert are as follows: Culmen, 18.50-24.00; gonys, 

 10.50-13.50; basal width of mandible, 9.00-13.00; basal depth of bill, 14.00-18.00. 



' Seven specimens, of which only two have the sex determined, but the remainder 

 probably females. 



^Five specimens. Having mislaid the table of measurements, I am unable to give 

 averages. Measurements from the same specimens as recorded by Messrs. Roths- 

 child and Hartert are as follows: Culmen, 19.00-23.00 (21.60); depth of bill at 

 base, 13.00-17.00 (15.00); basal width of mandible, 11.00-13.00 (12.00); gonys, 

 11.00-13.00 (12.00). 



* Now in the Tring Myiarchusseum coUection. 




500 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Oeospiza conirostris'^ propiiuinn Rothschild and Hartekt, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 

 1899, 159 (crit. ; measurements of bill). 



GEOSPIZA DARWINI Rothschild and Hartert. 

 CTJLPEPPER GROUND FINCH. 



Resembling G. conirostris, but with the bill much larger and heavier, 

 with the tip abruptly attenuated; the adult male with the rump olive 

 instead of black. 



Adult male. — " Intensely black; feathers on breast, abdomen, and 

 back slightly edged with olive; . . . olive rump; . . . under tail- 

 coverts whitish buff, secondaries tipped slightlj^ with buffy white, outer 

 edge of primaries olive. Bill compressed and rounded, like in G. coni- 

 rostria. but, unlike the other species of Geospiza, abruptly narrowed 

 3 millimeters from the tip, and elongated sharpl}' to a point. " ^ Wing, 

 82.00-86.00 (84.00); culmen, 23.00-24.00 (23.20); depth of bill at base, 

 17.00-20.00 (18.50); width of bill at base, 13.00-15.00 (13.70): gonys, 

 12.00-14.00 (13.20)." 



Adult female. — ''Head, neck, and throat black, slightly edged on 

 each feather with olive-buff, rest of body blackish, broadly variegated 

 with olive-buff, wings brown edged with dark buff."' Wing, 84.00; 

 culmen, 24.00; depth of bill at base, 19.00; width of bill at base, 

 15.00; gonys, 15.00. 



Galapagos Archipelago (Culpepper Island). 



Oeospiza darwini Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 158, pi. 



6, fig: 21 (Culpepper I., Galapagos; Tring Myiarchuss. ). 

 (V.) Oeospiza conirostris subsp.? Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 



160 (Culpepper I.). 



GEOSPIZA BAURI Ridgway. 

 BAtTR'S GROUND FINCH. 



Resembling the smaller examples of G. conirostris ("(?. media")., 

 but with the bill deeper and broader at base, and culmen much more 

 strongly convex. 



Adidt m,ale.~-Wmg, 81.28; tail, 50.80; culmen, 20.82;' depth of 

 bill at base, 17.27; tarsus, 23.62.* 



Galapagos Ai-chipelago (James Island). 



'While admitting the very close general resemblance of this bird to 0. eoniroslm, 

 I consider the different form of the bill an excellent specific character, and therefore 

 can not concur in its reduction to the rank of a subspecies. 



^From Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, p. 158. 



'Four specimens. 



'One specimen. 



'^One specimen; the type. No. 562, Baur collection, James Island, Galapagos, 

 August, 1891, now in the Tring Myiarchusseum. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 501 



Oeospiza bauri Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 1894, 

 362 (James I., Galapagos Archipelago; collection of Dr. G. Baur);' xix, 

 1897, 518, pi. 57, fig. 12 (monogr.). 



Geospiza dubia bauri Rothschild and Haktekt, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 161, 

 pi. 6, fig. 24 (crit.). 



GEOSPIZA DUBIA Gould. 

 DUBIOUS GROUND FINCH. 



Similar to G. hanri but decidedh' smaller; similar to G. fortis, but 

 larger, with the bill relatively larger and more turgid. 



Ad%ilt mafe.— Length (skins), about 124.46-134.62; wing, 68.58- 

 76.20.(72.64); tail, 41.40-45.72 (43.94); culmen, 16.51-19.05 (18.03); 

 gonys, 8.38-10.16 (9.65); depth of bill at base, 13.21-15.49 (14.22); 

 width of mandible at base, 9.91-12.45 (10.92); tarsus, 21.59-23.11 

 (22.61); middle toe, 14.99-17.78 (16.00).' 



Adult female. — Length (skin), about 114.30; wing (one specimen), 

 71.12; tail (one specimen), 43.69; culmen, 17.78-18.64 (18.29); gonys, 

 9.40-9.91 (9.65); depth of bill at base, 13.46-14.99 (14.22); width" of 

 mandible at base, 10.41-10.67(10.54); tarsus, 21.59-22.35 (21.97); mid- 

 dle toe, 16.24-16.00 (15.62).'' 



Galapagos Archipelago (Chatham, Barrington, and Duncan islands).' 



Oeospiza dubia Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. v, 1837, 6 (Galapagos Islands): 

 Zool. Voy. "Beagle," iii. Birds, 1841, p. 103 (Chatham I.).— Salvin, Trans. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, p. 480 (Chatham I.). — Shakee, Cat. Birds 

 Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, p. 9 (Chatham I.).— Ridgway, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 xix, 1897, 519, pi. 57, fig. 11 (monogr.). 



O.\_eospiza'\ dubia Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 543. 



[ Geospiza} dubia Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 88, no. 7304. 



Geospiza dubia dubia Rothschild and Harteet, Novit. Zool. , vi, Aug. , 1899, 160, 

 pi. 6, fig. 22 (Chatham, Barrington, and Duncan islands). 



Geospiza fortis (part) Gould, Zool. Voj'. "Beagle," iii. Birds, 1841, 101 (Chat- 

 ham I.) .—Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, 1889, 107 (Chatham I. ). 



Geospiza nebulosa (not of Gould) Sundevall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 125, 

 part (Chatham I.). — Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 482 

 (Chatham I. ). — Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 11, part. 



' Now in the Tring Myiarchusseum collection. 



^ Ten specimens. 



' Two specimens. 



* Specimens from Barrington and Duncan islands have not been seen by me. 




502 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



QEOSPIZA ALBEMARLEI Ridgway. 

 ALBEMARLE GKOUND FINCH. 



Similar to G. dvbia but bill averaging smaller, with the culmen 

 slightly more arched/ 



Ad/dt Tnale.—Yfm^, 71.63-72.90 (72.14); tail, 43.69-45.21 (44.45); 

 culmen, 16.51-17.78 (17.27); depth of bill at base, 12.19-13.97 (13.21); 

 gonys, 8.89-9.40 (9.14); width of mandible at base, 9.91-10.41 (10.16); 

 tarsus, 22.10-22.86 (22.35); middle toe, 15.49-16.00 (15.75).' 



Achat fmude.— Wmg, 71.12-73.66 (72.14); tail, 43.18-43.69 (43.43); 

 culmen, 18.03-19.56 (18.80); depth of bill at base, 13.21-14.48 (13.72); 

 gonys, 9.65-10.16 (9.91); width of mandible at base, 10.16-10.67 (10.41); 

 tarsus, 22.61-22.86 (22.73); middle toe, 16.00-16.76 (16.51).' 



Galapagos Archipelago (Albemarle * and Narborough islands). 



Gcospiza a?6cHtar?ci Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 1894, 



362 (Tagus Cove, Albemarle I., Galapagos; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); xix, 1897, 523, 



footnote. 

 Geospiza dubia albemarlei Rothschild and Hakteet, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 



160, pi. 6, fig. 23 (Albemarle and Narborough islands; crit). 

 Geospiza fortix (not of Gould) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchusg., xix, 1897, 521, part, 



pi. 57, fig. 14 (Albemarle I.). 



GEOSPIZA SIMILLIMA Rothschild and Hartert. 

 SIMILAR GROTJNI) FINCH. 



Similar to G. albemarlei, but wing 2-3 mm. longer. 



Geospiza dubia simillima Rothschild and Haktert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 161 

 (Charles I., Galapagos; coll. Tring Myiarchuss.). 



GEOSPIZA FORTIS Gould. 

 STURDY GROUND FINCH. 



Similar to G. dubia but decidedly smaller, with culmen much less 

 strongly convex. 



Jfafe.— Length (skins), about 119.38-121.92; wing, 66.04-74.93 

 (71.12); tail, 40.64^6.23 (43.18); culmen, 16.00-18.54 (17.27); gonys, 

 8.64-10.16 (9.14); depth of bill at base, 11.43-13.46 (12.95); width of 

 mandible at base, 9.40-10.92 (10.16); tarsus, 20.57-22.35 (21.59); mid- 

 dle toe, 14.99-16.51 (15.75).' 



'According to Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert, the wing is generally 2.00-4.00 

 longer in this form than in G. dubia; these gentlemen do not, however, give any 

 measurements, and I am therefore forced to give my own taken from a much smaller 

 series of specimens. 



' Two specimens. ^ Three specimens. 



■> Another form from Albemarle Island has recently been described. ( Geospiza 

 fortis platyrhyncha Heller and Snodgrass, Condor, iii, Myiarchusy, 1901, 75; type from 

 Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island, in Leland Stanford Jr. University collection.) 



^ Eighteen specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



503 



Fetnale.—Ijength (skins), about 114.30-118.11; wing, 65.79-73.66 

 (68.07); tail, 38.10-43.18 (41.15); culmen, 15.49-17.02 (16.51); gonys, 

 8.13-8.89 (8.64); depth of bill at base, 11.43-12.70 (12.19); width of 

 mandible at base, 8.38-9.65 (9.14); tarsus, 20.07-21.59(20.83); middle 

 toe, 13.46-15.24 (14.73).' 



Galapagos Archipelago (Charles, Duncan, Jervis, James, Gardner 

 near Charles, Indefatigable, Chatham, and Cowley islands). 



Geospizafortis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. v, 1837, 5 (Galapagos Islands); 

 Zool. Voy. "Beagle," iii, Birds, 1841, 101, part, pi. 38 (Charles I.).— Scla- 

 TER and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 323, part (Indefatigable and 

 Bindloe islands). — Sundevall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 124 (Charles and 

 James islands). — Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 481, part 

 (Charles, James, Indefatigable, and Bindloe islands). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds 

 Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 10, part (James, Charles, and Bindloe islands). — 

 RIDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, 1890, 107, part (Charles, James, and 

 Indefatigable islands); xix, 1897, 521, part, pi. 57, fig. 15 (Duncan, Charles, 

 Indefatigable, James, and Bindloe islands; crit. ). — Rothschild and Har- 

 TERT, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 171, pi. 6, fig. 28. 



O-leospiza] fortis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 543. 



[Oeospiza] fortis , Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 88, no. 7299.^Sclatek and Salvin, 

 Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27. 



Oeospiza fortis fortis Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 161 

 (crit.; Charles,. Duncan, Jervis, James, Gardner near Charles, Indefatigable, 

 Chatham, and Cowley islands). 



(?) Geospiza nebulosa Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. v, 1837, 5 (Galapagos 

 Islands); Zool. Voy. "Beagle," iii. Birds, 1841, 101 (Charles I.).— Sunde- 

 vall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 125, part (Charles I.). — Salvin, Trans. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 482, part (Charles I.). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds 

 Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 11, part (Charles I.). 



G-leospiza] nebulosa Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 543. 



[Oeospiza'] nebulosa Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870,88, no. 7300. — Sclater and Salvin, 

 Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27. 



'Seven specimens. 

 Specimens from different islands average as follows: 




504 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



GEOSPIZA FRATERCULA Ridgway. 

 LESSER GROITNI) FINOH. 



Similar to G. forfin but smaller, with narrower bill and more con- 

 vex culmen. 



Jfefe.— Length (skins), about 118.11-120.65; wing, 64.26-67.31 

 (65.79); tail, 38.61-43.18 (41.15); culmen, 16.51-17.27 (17.02); gonys, 

 9.14-9.65 (9.40); depth of bill at base, 11.18-13.21 (12.19); width of 

 mandible at base, 9.14-10.16 (9.65); tarsus, 19.81-20 57 (20.07); mid- 

 dle toe, 13.97-14.99 (14.48).^ 



Galapagos Archipelago (Abingdon and Bindloe islands). 



Geospiza fortis (not of Gould) Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 

 p. 481, part (Abingdon I.).— Ridgway, Proc. V. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, 1890, 

 p. 107 (Abingdon I.); xix, 1899, 521, part (Bindloe I.). 



Oeospiza fratercula Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. l-i, 1894, 

 363 (Abingdon I., Galapagos Archipelago; collection IT. S. Nat. Myiarchusa.); xix, 

 1897, 525, pi. 57, fig. 16 (monogr.). 



Oeospiza fortis fratercula TioT-HSCHihT) and Haktert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 

 161 (Abingdon and Bindloe islands; crit. ). 



GEOSPIZA FULIGINOSA Gould. 



SOOTY GROUND FINCH. 



Similar to O. fratercula but smaller, especially the bill. 



ifa/tf.— Length (skins), about 101.60-105.41; wing, 59.69-71.12 

 (63.50); tail, 35.56-42.42 (39.12); culmen, 11.94-14.73 (13.21); gonys, 

 6.10-7.62 (6.86); depth of bill at base, 7.87-10.92 (8.64); width of 

 mandible at base, 5.84-7.62 (6.86); tarsus, 18.54-20.83 (19.81): middle 

 toe, 10.92-15.24 (13.72).' 



i^ema^e.— Length (skins), about 101.60-105.41: wing, 58.42-64.01 

 (61.47); tail, 34.80-40.13 (37.85); culmen,, 11.18-13.97 (12.70); gonys,- 

 6.10-7.37 (6.86); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.89 (8.13); width of man- 



' Seven specimens, the average measurements of specimens from different islands 

 being as follows: 



No females of this form have been examined by me. 

 '-^ Forty-nine specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



505 



dible at base, 6.35-7.11 (6.86); tarsus, 18.29-20.07 (19.05); middle toe, 

 12.45-13.97 (18.21). 1 



Galapagos Archipelago (Charles, Chatham, Hood, Albemarle, Nar- 

 borough, James, Barrington, Duncan, Indefatigable, Gardner near 

 (pharles, and Jervis islands). 



Geoxpiza fidiginosa Gould, Proc. Zool. Scjo. Lond., pt. v, 1837, 5 (Galapagos 

 Islands^); Zool. Yoy. "Beagle," iii, Birds, 1841, 101 (Chatham and James 

 islands). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 323 (Indefat- 

 igable I.). — Sundevall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. , 1871, 125 (Indefatigable and 

 James islands). — Sai.vin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 482 (Chat- 

 ham, James, and Indefatigable islands). — Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1877, 66 (Albemarle I.); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 12 (Chatham, 

 James, Albemarle, and Indefatigable islands). — Ridgway, Proc. U.S.Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., xii, 1890, 107 (Chatham, James, Indefatigable, Duncan, Charles, Hood, 

 Albemarle, and Abingdon islands) ; xix, 1897, 526, pi. 57, flg. 17 (monogr. ). — 

 B.AUR, Am. Nat., xxxi, 1897, 783 (Gardner I , near Hood; Jervis I.), 



G.\_eospiza]fuliginosa Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 543. 



]_Oeospiza] fuliginosa Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 88, no. 7301. — Sclater and 

 Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr. , 1873, 27, part. 



Geospiza fuliginosa fuliginosa Rothschild and Hartbrt, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 

 1899, 161, pi. 6, fig. 32 (crit.; Charles, Chatham, Hood, Albemarle, Nar- 

 borough, James, Barrington, Duncan, Indefatigable, Gardner near Charles, 

 and Jervis islands). 



' Thirteen specimens. 



Specimens from different islands average as follows: 



Locality. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



MALES. 



Seven adult and two immature 

 males from Charles Island 



Six adult and one immature males 

 from Albemarle Island 



Two adult males from James 

 Island 



Two adult males from Indefatiga- 

 ble Island 



Eight adult and two immature 

 males from Chatham Island -. 



Eight adult and two immature 

 males from Duncan Island 



Three adult and four immature 

 males from Hood Island 



FEMALES. 



Three adult females from Charles 

 Island 



Pour adult females from Albe- 

 marle Island 



Two adult females from Duncan 

 Island 



Four adult females from Hood 

 Island 



One adult female from Chatham 

 Island 



^ According to Dr. Sharpe, 



13.46 

 13.72 

 13.46 

 13.21 

 13.97 

 13.46 

 14.22 



13.21 

 12,45 

 13,21 

 13,46 

 12,70 



the type is from Chatham Island. 




506 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



[Geospiza fidigineux Prevost et Des Myiarchusms, Voy. V^nus, Ois., 1855, p. 208.] 



Oeospiza parvula Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. v, 1837, 6 (Galapagos islands'); 

 Zool. Voy, "Beagle," iii, 1841, 102, pi. 39 (James I.).— Sundevall, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 125 (Chatham I.).— Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 ix, pt. ix, 1876, 483, part (James and Chatham islands ).—Sharpe, Cat. Birds 

 Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 13, part (James and Chatham islands).— Ridg way, 

 Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xix, 1897, 529, part (Chatham, Barrington ?, Inde- 

 fatigable ?, and James islands). 



G.[eospiza] panmla Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 543. 



[Oeospiza'] panmla Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 88, no. 7303.— Sclater and Salvin, 

 Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27, part. 



GEOSPIZA MINOR (Rothschild and Hartert). 

 LEAST GROUND FINCH. 



Similar to G. fuUgiiiosa but smaller, with the bill decidedly more 

 slender and more compressed. 



JfaZ^.— Length (skins) about 86.36-90.17; wing, 56.6ilr-60.20 (58.17); 

 tail, 33.53-38.61 (36.32); culmen, 12.19-12.95 (12.70); gonys, 6.60-7.11 

 (6.86); depth of bill at base, 8.13-8.89 (8.61); width of mandible at 

 base, 6.35-7.11 (6.86); tarsus, 17.78-18.29 (18.03); middle toe, 12.70- 

 13.97 (13.21).' 



Galapagos Archipelago (Abingdon and Bindloe islands). 



Geospiza parvula (not of Gould) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 

 323 (Bindloe and Abingdon islands). — Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, 

 pt. ix, 1876, 483, part (Bindloe and Abingdon islands); Cat. Strickland Coll., 

 1882, 219 (Galapagos Islands).— Sharps, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 13, 

 part (Bindloe and Abingdon islands ) . — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1890, 107 (Abingdon I.) ; xix, 1897, 529, part (Bindloe and Abingdon Islands; 

 descr. males), pi. 57, fig. 18. 



[Geospiza] parvula Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27, part. 



Oeospiza fuliginosa minor Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 

 162 (Bindloe and Abingdon islands, Galapagos; Tring Myiarchuss.). 



GEOSPIZA ACUTIROSTRIS Ridgway. 

 SHAKF-BILLED GROUND FINCH. 



Similar to G. fuliginosa but bill longer, with straighter outlines 

 and extremely acute at tip. 



Adult viale.—Wing, 62.23; tail, 40.13; culmen, 13.97; depth of bill 

 at base, 7.62; tarsus, 19.05; middle toe, 13.46. 



Galapagos Archipelago (Tower Island). 



1 Dr. Sharpe designates as the types of G. parvula a pair from Chatham Island, but 

 as Myiarchus. Darwin mentions only James Island in connection with his supposed species 

 this is no doubt an error. 



^Four specimens (three adults, one immature) from Abingdon Island. Messrs. 

 Rothschild and Hartert do not, unfortunately, separate the sexes in their measure- 

 ments. They give the extremes in a series of 116 specimens (43 from Bindloe 

 Island, 73 from Abingdon Island), which are as follows: 



Specimens from Bindloe Island. — Wing, 58.00-62.00; culmen, 11.00-13.50. 



Specimens from Abingdon Island. — Wing, 58.00-63.00; culmen, 12.00-13.50. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 507 



The form of the bill in this species is conspicuously unlike that of 

 any other, being almost exactly that of Carduelis. 



Geoapiza acutirosiris Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 

 1894, 363 (Tower I., Galapagos Archipelago; collection of Dr. G. Baur') ; xix, 

 1897, 531, pi. 57, fig. 21 (monogr.).— Rothschild and Hakteet, Novit. ZooL, 

 vi, 1899, 162, pi. vi, fig. 39 (crit.) . 



GEOSPIZA DENTIROSTRIS Gould. 

 TOOTH-BILLED GROUin) FINCH. 



Similar to G. fratercula but tail decidedly shorter, bill smaller, and 

 maxillary tomium "toothed" in middle or subterminal portion. 



Adult maZe;.— Length (skin), 114.30; wing, 67.31; tail, 36.83; cul- 

 men, 13.97; tarsus, 19.05." 



Female {immatiire?).~Liength (skin), 124.46; wing, 67.31; tail, 39.37; 

 culmen, 15.24; tarsus, 19.05.^ 



Galapagos Archipelago (Charles Island; Chatham Island?). 



Geospiza deniirostris Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. v, 1837, 6 (Galapagos 



Islands); Zool. Voy. "Beagle," iii, Birds, 1841, 102.— Salvin, Trans. Zool. 



Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 482, part (Charles I.). — Shaepb, Cat. Birds Brit. 



Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 11 (Charles I.; Chatham I.?).— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. 



Myiarchuss., xix, 1897, 532 (monogr.). — Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., 



vi, 1899, 163 (Charles I.; crit.). 

 G.[^eospiza] deniirostris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 543. 

 [Geospiza] deniirostris Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 88, no. 7302. — Sclater and 



Salvin, Nom. A v. Neotr., 1873, 27. 

 Geospiza fortis (not of Gould) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 421, part 



(Charles I.). 



GEOSPIZA HARTERTI Ridgway. 

 HAKTERT'S GROUND FINCH. 



Similar to G. deniirostris but maxilla without any tomial "tooth;" 

 wing, 69.00; culmen, 14.50; from nostril to tip of maxilla, 9.80. 

 Galapagos Archipelago (Chatham Island). 



Geospiza spec. inc. Rothschild and Habtbrt, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 163 

 (Chatham I.). 



GEOSPIZA DIFFICILIS Sharpe. 

 SHARFE'S GROUND FINCH. 



Similar to G. fuliginosa in general dimensions, but bill very differ- 

 ent in form, being more elongated; culmen straighter, with basal por- 



^Type now in the Tring Myiarchusseum. 



^The above measurements, converted from inches to millimeters, are taken from 

 Dr. Sharpe's description in vol. xii of the "Catalogue of the Birds in the British 

 Myiarchusseum," pp. 11, 12. Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert give measurements of the 

 same specimens as follows: 



Adult male. — Culmen, 14.80; from nostril to tip of maxilla, 9.80. 



Female. — Culmen, 14.70; from nostril to tip of maxilla, 10.80; wing, 68.00. 




608 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



tion distinctly elevated and arched, nasal fossiB much larger, and 

 maxillary tomium more distinctly lobed or convex in middle portion. 

 Female much darker than in an}- allied forms. 



Admit TOfflfe.— Entirely uniform deep black, the feathers abruptly 

 clear slate-gray beneath the surface; bill wholly deep black; legs and 

 feet brownish black; length (skin), 115.57; wing, 61.72; tail, 38.10; 

 culmen, 14.73; gonys, 7.87; basal width of mandible, 7. 11 ; basal depth 

 of bill, 9.40; tarsus, 20.32; middle toe, 13.46.' 



Adult {'i) female.— KhoYQ dull grayish dusky (inclining to grayish 

 or olivaceous black on head and neck), feathers margined with olivace- 

 ous; beneath dusky slate, nearly uniform anteriorly, but feathers 

 everywhere margined with light buffj' olive, most broadly on under 

 parts of the body, especially posteriorly, where nearly uniform on 

 belly and flanks; under tail-coverts light brownish bufl'y, tinged with 

 olive, each with a central longitudinal spot of dusky; bill, legs, and 

 feet brownish black; length (skin), 120.65; wing, 59.69; tail, 36.83; 

 culmen (tip of maxilla broken); gonys, 7.37; basal widthiof mandible, 

 6.10; tarsus, 20.32; middle toe, 13.72.' 



Galapagos Archipelago (Abingdon Island). 



Geospiza deniirostris (not of Gould) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 187D, 323 (Abingdon I.).— Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 

 483 (Abingdon I.). 



(? ?) Geospiza fortis (not of Gould) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 421, 

 part (Charles I.). 



Geospiza difficUis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 12 (Abingdon I., 

 Galapagos Archipelago; collection Brit. Myiarchuss.; "Charles I.").' — Ridgway, 

 Proc. V. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, 1890, 107 (Abingdon I.); xix, 1897, 532, pi. 57, 

 fig. 20 (monogr.). — Rothschild and Haktert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 163, 

 pi. 6, fig. 33 (Abingdon I.; crit.). 



GEOSPIZA DEBILIROSTRIS Ridgway. 

 WEAK-BILLED GROUITD FINOH. 



Similar to G. fortis in size, but feet larger and stouter and bill 

 conspicuously smaller. 



Adult male. — Entirely uniform deep black (less intense posteriorly), 

 the feathers abruptly clear slate-graj^ beneath the surface; lower part 

 of abdomen intermixed with buffy whitish, and longer under tail- 

 coverts broadly margined terminally with the same, tinged with light 

 rusty; bill wholly deep black; legs and feet brownish black; length 

 (skin), 124.46; wing, 74.42; tail, 43.18; culmen, 15.24; gonys, 7.62; 



'No. 116117, U. S. Xat. Myiarchuss., Abingdon Island, April 16, 1888, C. H. Townsend. 

 Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert give measurements of a series as follows: Wing 

 63.00-64.00; culmen, 14.00-14.80. 



2 No. 116118, U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., Abingdon Island, April 16, 1888, C. H. Townsend. 



' 1 doubt the correctness of the identification, or the locality, of the Charles Island 

 specimen collected by C'aptain Myiarchusrkham, as do also Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 509 



basal width of mandible, 7.62; basal depth of bill, 9.40; tarsus, 24.13; 

 middle toe, 17.02.' 



Of this apparently very distinct species I have seen but one speci- 

 men. Although the general dimensions are nearer those of G. fortis 

 than any other form of the genus, the bill is scarcely larger than in 

 G. fullginosa, and has exactly the same form as in that species. 



Galapagos Archipelago (James Island). 



Geospiza debilirostns Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 

 1894, 363 (James I., Galapagos Archipelago; collection U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ) ; xix, 

 1897, 533, pi. 57, fig. 19 (monogr. ). — Rothschild and Hartbrt, Novit. Zool., 

 vi, 1899, 163, pi. 6, fig. 29 (crit.). 



GEOSPIZA SCANDENS (Gould). 

 CACTUS FINCH. 



Bill elongate-conical, with its basal depth much less than the length 

 of the gonys, and the basal width of the mandible (across chin) still 

 less; culmen slightly convex, nearly straight in middle portion, scarcely 

 arched basally, and not more than 18.54 (usuallj^ about 17.78) in length. 



Adult male. — Entirely unifoiun deep black; bill wholly deep black; 

 legs and feet brownish black; "iris dark brown." 



Immature male. — Head and neck dull blackish, slightly broken on 

 chin and throat by a few narrow whitish streaks; postocular region, 

 hindneck, and upper parts dull grayish olive (more decidedly oliva- 

 ceous on lower back and rump), the feathers of the back extensi\'ely 

 blackish centrally, producing a spotted appearance; wings and tail 

 dusky, the feathers with grayish olive margins, the middle and greater 

 wing-coverts conspicuously margined terminally with pale brownish 

 buffy, and the primaries narrowlj^ edged with light olive-grayish; 

 under parts, posterior to throat, pale olive-buffy, tinged with pale 

 brownish laterally, the feathers of the chest, upper breast, sides, and 

 flanks with broad central spots of dusky, larger and more distinct ante- 

 riorly; under tail-cove its with rather indistinct central spots of gray- 

 ish; bill whoU}^ deep black; legs and feet brownish black; "iris dark 

 brown." 



Adult female. — Similar to the immature male described above, but 

 head grayish olive, streaked with dusky, the chin and throat narrowly 

 streaked with buffy grayish white and dusky ; under parts more strongly 

 tinged with light buffy brown, with spots on breast, etc. , narrower and 

 rather less distinct; light terminal margins to wing-coverts broader 

 and more cinnamomeous, especially those on middle coverts; mandible 



^Type, No. 116003, U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., James Island, April 11, 1888, C. H. Townsend. 

 Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert give measurements of a series of adult males as fol- 

 lows: Wing, 71.00-73.00; culmen, 16.00; depth of billat base, 9.60-10.00; tarsus, 26.00;, 

 middle toe, 15.00. 




510 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



black only on upper basal portion, the rest dark purplish brown; "iris 

 brown." 



Young male. — Similar to the immature male described above, but 

 margins of wing-coverts dull buffy, and bill light colored, the max- 

 illa dark brown basally, paler terminally and on culmen, the mandible 

 pale brownish buffy with a deep brown patch along deflected portion 

 of the tomium. 



ifo/e.— Length (skins), about 110.49-119.38; wing, 67.31-71.12 

 (69.09); tail, 40.64-4-5.47 (42.42); culmen, 17.78-18.29 (17.78); gonys, 

 9.91-10.16 (10.16); depth of bill at base, 8.38-9.40 (8.89); width of 

 mandible at base, 7.11-7.87 (7.62); tarsus, 20.32-21.69 (21.08); middle 

 toe, 14.73-16.51 (15.24).' 



Female.— Length (skin), 109.22; wing, 67.31; tail, 40.13; culmen, 

 18.03; gonys, 10.16; depth of bill at base, 9.14; width of mandible at 

 base, 7.62; tarsus, 20.83; middle toe, 14.99.' 



Galapagos Archipelago (James Island). 



Cactornis scandens Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. v, 1837, 7 (Galapagos 



Islands); Zool.Voy. "Beagle," iil. Birds, 1841, 104, pi. 42 (James I.).— Sdn- 



DEVALL, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 124, part (James I.). — Salvin, Trans. 



Zool. Soc. Lend., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 485, part (James I.). — Shabpe, Oat. Birds 



Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 19, part (James I.). ' 

 Clactomis'] scandens Bonaparte, Cohsp. Av., i, 1850, 542. 

 ICactornisI scandens Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 89, no. 7307. — Sclatek and Sal- 



YiN, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 29. 

 G-leospiza] scandens Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchusa., xvii, 1894, 361 (in text). 

 Geospim scandens Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xix, 1897, 534, pi. 57, fig. 2 



(monogr. ). 

 Geospiza scandens scandens Rothschild and Haktert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 



164 (James I.; crit. ). 

 \_Tisserin de Oallapagos Nebohx, Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 291.] 

 ICactornis grimpeur Prevost et Des Myiarchusrs, Voy. " V6nu8," Ois., 1855, p. 204.] 



GEOSPIZA SEPTENTRIONALIS (Rothschild and Hartert). 

 NORTHERN CACTUS FINCH. 



Similar to G. .scandens but bill very much smaller, and the plumage 

 of immature birds and adult females darker and browner, with wing- 

 coverts broadly margined with brownish cinnamon instead of whitish; 

 wing, 70.00-75.50; tail, 50.00; culmen, 14.50-16.50; tarsus, 21.00. 



Galapagos Archipelago (Wenman and Culpepper islands). 



Geospiza scandens septenlrionaKs Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 

 1899, 165 (Wenman 1., Galapagos; Tring Myiarchuss.). 



'Seven specimens (five adults, one immature, one young). Measurements of 

 "adult black males with black bills," as given by Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert, 

 are as follows: Wing, 70.00-72.00; culmen, 18.00-18.50. 



'■' One specimen. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 511 



GEOSPIZA INTERMEDIA Ridgway. 

 INTEBKEDIATE CACTUS FINCH. 



Similar to G. scand&ns but larger, with relatively stouter bill. 



Jfa^e.— Length (skins), about IBg.S'^lSS.SO; wing, 68.07-71.88 

 (70.36); tail, 39.12-46.48 (43.94); culmen, 18.54-21.08 (19.80); length 

 of maxilla from nostril to tip, 13.21-13.97 (13.46); gonys, 10.41-11.94 

 (11.18); width of mandible at base, 7.62-8.64 (8.13); depth of bill at 

 base, 9.91-10.41 (10.16); tarsus, 20.83-22.35 (21.59); middle toe, 14.73- 

 16.26 (15.24).' 



Female.— \j&xigi\\ (skins), 121.92-125.73 (123.95); wing, 66.55-72.64 

 (70.36); tail, 40.64-43.69 (42.16); culmen, 19.05-20.32 (19.56); depth 

 of bill at base, 9.65-10.16 (9.91); gonys, 10.16-10.92 (10.67); width of 

 mandible at base, 7.62-7.87(7.74); tarsus, 20.83-22.61(21.59); middle 

 toe, 14.73-16.76 (16.00).' 



Galapagos Archipelago (Charles Island; Gardner Island, near 

 Charles). 



Cadornis scandens (not of Gould) Sundevall, Proc. Zool. See. Lond., 1871, 124, 

 part (Charles I. ).i — Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lend., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 485 (part: 

 Charles I. )•.— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, 1889, 108, part (Charles I. ). 



G.[eospiza] intermedia Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 

 1894, 361, in text, sub O. assimilis (Charles I., Galapagos Archipelago; col- 

 lection U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



Geospiza intermedia Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xix, 1897, 535, pi. 57,'flg. 3 

 ( monogr. ) . 



Geospiza scandens intermedia Rothschild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 

 1899, 164, pi. 6, figs. 37, 38 (Charles I.; Gardner I., near Charles). 



(?) Cactomis assimilis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. v, 1837, 7 (Galapagos 

 islands; type in Brit. Myiarchuss.'); Zool. Voy. "Beagle," iii, 1841, 105, pi. 43. 



(?) C.[actomis'] assimiKs Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 542. 



(?) [Cactornis'i assi^iills Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 89, no. 7308. 



GEOSPIZA FATIGATA Ridgway. 

 IITOEFATIGABLE CACTUS FINCH. 



Similar to G. intermedia but larger, with relativel}^ longer and 

 stouter bill, stouter feet, and shorter tail. 



Myiarchusle.— hength (skins), about 134.62-135.89; wing, 70.61-73.66 

 (72.39); tail, 38.10-44.45 (41.91); culmen, 19.81-22.61 (20.83); gonys, 

 10.67-12.95 (11.68); depth of bill at base, 9.91-10.41 (10.16); width of 

 mandible at base, 7.87-8.89 (8.38); tarsus, 21.34-22.86 (22.35); middle 

 toe, 15.75-17.78 (16.76).* 



' Five specimens, two of them immature. 



^ One adult, two immature specimens. 



' According to Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert, the type ' ' came most probably from 

 Charles Island;" Darwin could not remember whence it came, but says "almost 

 certainly not from James Island." 



* Three adults, two immature males from Indefatigable Islands; four adults from 

 Barrington Island. 




512 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Fewu/r. —L,ength (skin), 136.89; wing, 66.65; tail, 10.89; cuhnen, 

 21.59; gonys, 11.94; depth of bill at base, 10.41; width of maxilla at 

 base, 7.87; tarsus, 21.59; middle toe, 16.75.^ 



Galapagos Archipelago (Indefatigable, Duncan, Albemarle, Jervis, 

 Chatham, and Barrington Islands)." 



Cadornis scandens (not of Gould) Sclatek and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 



1870, 323 (Indefatigable I.).— Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 



1876, 485, part (Indefatigable I.).— Ridgway, Proc. U. S.Nat. Myiarchuss.,xii, 1890, 



108, part (Indefatigable I.). 

 Oeospiza assimilis (not Cadornis amimilis Gould) Eidgwav, Proc. U. S. Nat. 



Myiarchuss., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 1894, .361 (Indefatigable I.; Albemarle and 



Jervis islands?). 

 Geospim fatigata Ridgway, Proc. V. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xviii, no. 1067, Apr. 23, 1896, 



293 (Indefatigable I., Galapagos Archipelago; U. 8. Nat. Myiarchuss.); xix, 1897, 



539 (monogr. ). 

 Geospiza scandens fatigata Rothschild and Hahtert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 1899, 



164 (Indefatigable, Barrington, Duncan, Albemarle, James, and Chatham 



islands). 



'One adult from Indefatigable Island. 



I have mj^self only measured three adult and two immature males from Inde- 

 fatigable Island and two adults from Barrington Island. The average measurements 

 of these, together with specimens measured by Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert, are 

 as follows: 



■'I have examined adult specimens only from Indefatigable and Barrington islands, . 

 the other islands being given on authority of Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert, who 

 refer the Barrington birds (my (!. barringtoni) to this form. As to the propriety of 

 this reference I am doubtful, since the authors mentioned admit that "the shapes of 

 the bills of the type specimen and some of the other specimens certainly look some- 

 what different, as they are plumper at the tip,'' though adding that "other speci- 

 mens again are quite like those from the other islands." The authors mentioned 

 had not been able to examine adult males from Chatham nor Duncan islands; 

 therefore, the limits of the present form and the status of the specimens from Bar- 

 rington, Chatham, and Duncan islands must remain doubtful uijtil more satisfactory 

 series have been carefully examined, measured, and compared. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 513 



(?) Geo-ipiza barringtoni Ridgxvay, Proc. U. S. Nat. ilus., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 

 1894, 361 (Barrington I., Galapagos Archipelago; collection of Dr. G. Baur);^ 

 xix, 1897, 541, pi. 57, fig. 6 (monogr.). 



GEOSPIZA ABINGDONI (Sclater and Salvin). 



ABINGDON CACTUS FINCH. 



Similar to G. fatlgata but .still larger and the bill much deeper, 

 with culmen more arched and sharply ridged. 



Adult /nafe.— Length (skins), 127.00-140.97; wing, 73.23-73.66 

 (73.41); tail, 41.91-44.96 (43.43); culmen, 21.59-22.35 (21.84); gonys, 

 10.92-12.19 (11.68); depth of bill at base, 10.41-11.43 (10.92); width 

 of mandible at base, S. 13-8. 38 (8.25); tarsus, 22.86-23.62 (23.11); 

 middle toe, 16.00-17.27 (16.51).' 



Galapagos Archipelago (Abingdon and Bindloe" islands; James 

 Island?).* 



'Type now in the Tring Myiarchusseum collection. 



''Two specimens, from Abingdon Island. An immature male from the same island 

 measures as follows: "Wing, 68.07; tail, 39.37; culmen, 20.82; depth of bill at base, 

 10.16; gonys, 10.92; width of mandible at base, 8.13; tarsus, 22.61; middle toe, 16.51. 



No females of this form have been seen by me. 



*The Bindloe Island birds recently separated. {Geospiza scandens rothschildi 

 Haller and Snodgrass, Condor, iii, Myiarchusy, 1901, 75; Bindloe Island, Galapagos Archi- 

 pelago; Leland Stanford Jr. University callection.) 



* The Baur collection, now in the Tring Myiarchusseum, contained, when I examined it, a 

 young male from James Island which certainly can not be G. scandens, the common 

 form of that island, being altogether too large and also too different in coloration. 

 While a very young bird,. its measurements decidedly exceed those of any fully 

 adult male examined of G. scandens. Although this specimen was fully described 

 by me under G. assimilis on page 538 of my "Birds of the Galapagos Archipelago" 

 (1896), it is strangely not mentioned at all, that I can find, in Messrs. Rothschild and 

 Hartert's more recent "Review." In order to call special attention to this speci- 

 men, with the view of a further attempt to determine its status, I reproduce my 

 remarks concerning it: 



"There is in Dr. Baur's collection a young male from James Island (no. 527, August 

 13, 1891), which is certainly not G. scandens, but is either G. assimilis or an unde- 

 scribed form. It is decidedly larger than any of the eight examples of G. scandens 

 with which I have compared it, the bill especially being much larger and deeper, 

 with decidedly curved culmen. These differences are the more important from the 

 fact that the. bird is a very young one, in nestling plumage. The coloration is much 

 darker than in any of the immature stages of G. scandens, the under parts being 

 mostly dark sooty grayish distinctly intermixed with whitish only on the abdominal 

 region and under tail-coverts, and the upper parts are quite uniform dark sooty, 

 except the wings, which have the usual lighter margins, though these are distinct 

 only on the middle and greater coverts. The bill is a light buffy brown, dusky at 

 the extreme tip and deeper brown basally. In coloration this James Island speci- 

 men very closely resembles a young male of corresponding age of G. abingdoni, 

 except that in the latter the maxilla is almost wholly blackish brown, and the 

 mandibular rami have a sharply defined oblique spot of the same color at their upper 

 basal portion; but the shape of the- bill is quite different, that of G. abingdoni being 

 much more slender. 



"Above uniform sooty blackish, the middle wing-coverts and remiges narrowly 

 margined with dull grayish buffy, becoming more decidedly grayish on primaries; 

 17024—01 33 




514 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Cactornis abingdoni Sclatek and Salvix, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 323, 326 

 (Abingdon I., Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Salvin and Godman').— Salvin, 

 Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 486 (Abingdon I.).— Sharpe, Cat. 

 Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 20 (Abingdon I.).— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss.,xii, 1889, 108 (Abingdon I.). 



[Oictoniw] abingdoni SchATER a.nd Salvix, Nom. A v. Neotr., 1873, 29. 



O-leospiza.] abingdoni Ridgwav, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvii, no. 1007, Nov. 15, 

 1894, 361, in text. 



Oeospiza abingdoni Ridgwav, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xix, 1897, 540, pi. 57, flg 5 

 (monogr. ). 



Geospiza scandem abingdoni Rothschild and Haktert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 

 1899, 165 (Abingdon and Bindloe islands). 



Cadornin assimilis (not of Gould) Sclatek and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 

 1870, 323 (Bindloe I.) .—Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 486 

 (Bindloe I.).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 18 (Bindloe I.). 



[Cactornis] assimilis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 29. 



Geospiza assimilis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xix, 1897, 537, part (in syn- 

 onymy) . 



GEOSPIZA BREVIROSTRIS Ridgway. 

 SHOBT-BILLED CACTUS FINCH. 



Similar to G. abingdoni and other stout-billed Cactornithes, but wing 

 shorter, tail longer, feet smaller, and with bill shorter and deeper and 

 wider at base. 



Myiarchusle, nearly adult (Type, No. 115920, Charles Island, Galapagos, 

 April 8, 1888; U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross). — Dull sooty 

 blackish, uniform on head, neck, and chest, elsewhere broken by lighter 

 margins to feathers, these edgings dull light grayish brown on upper 

 parts, dull brownish white on lower parts; sides and flanks washed 

 with pale brown; under tail-coverts dull buffy white, with concealed 

 mesial streaks of dusky; bill entirely black; tarsi deep brown; toes 

 brownish black; length (skin), 114.30;. wing, 68.68; tail, 46.99; culmen, 

 17.78; gonys, 10.16; width of mandible at base, 9.40; depth of bill at 

 base, 11.43; tarsus, 20.83; middle toe, 15.75. 



"i Admit female Q^o. 77756, U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.; Indefatigable Island, 

 August 10, 1868; Dr. A. Habel).^ — Above dusky, all the feathers mar- 

 gined with grayish olive, this color prevailing (almost uniform, in fact) 



greater wing-coverts more broadly margined (especially at tips) with a more-pro- 

 nounced buHy tint; under parts more grayish dusky than upper surfape, nearly uni- 

 form as far back as chest, elsewhere, especially on abdomen, broken by irregular 

 streaks of dull grayish white; bill pale buffy brown, deeper brown on basal half of 

 maxilla (except on culmen) and along deflected portion of the mandibular tomium; 

 legs and feet blackish brown; "iris dark brown." Length (skin) 127.00; wing, 

 72.39; tail, 45.72; eulmen, 20.82; gonys, 11.68; width of mandible at base, 8.89; 

 depth of bill at base, 10.67; tarsus, 22.86; middle toe, 17.27." 



'Type now in collection of the British Myiarchusseum. 



^This specimen is referred with some doubt to O. bremrostris,\i\xt if it is not the 

 same form it is certainly distinct from the ordinary " Cactornis" of the same island 

 ( G. fatiijiitd). It is apparently an adult female, with wholly light cinnamon colored 

 bill and streaked plumage, lacking the buffy margins of the middle and greater wing- 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



515 



on the rump; middle and greater wing-coverts margined terminall_y 

 witti a rather more buffy or light brownish hue, but still not approach- 

 ing tawnj^ or rusty; sides of head, chin, and throat dusky or dull 

 i blackish brown, faintly streaked with dull whitish, more distinctly along 

 ! the median line; rest of under parts dull bufpj^ white, immaculate on 

 ' middle of abdomen, elsewhere broadlj' streaked with dusky, the streaks 

 giving way on sides and flanks to a nearl}' uniform light olive; bill 

 wholly cleai' deep cinnamon, paler on lower and terminal portions of 

 mandible; legs and feet brownish black; length (skin), 96.52; wing, 

 71.12; tail, 41.91; culmen, 17,78; maxilla fx'om nostril, 12.70; gon3^s, 

 10.16; basal width of mandible, 9.40; basaldepthof bill, 10.67; tarsus, 

 22.10; middle toe, 15.75. 



Galapagos Archipelago (Charles Island; Indefati<yable Island?). 

 Cactornis hreviroslrin Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, no. 767, ¥eh. 5, 1890, 

 108, fig. 4 (Charles I., Galapagos Archipelago; collection U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 

 Geospiza bremrostris Rid&way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xix, 1897, 541, pi. 57, fig. 6 



(monogr. ). 

 Geospiza conirostris brevirostris' 'Rotbscuild and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, Aug., 

 1899, 159 (Charles I.; crit.). 



Genus COCORNIS Townsend. 



Cocomis^ Townsend, Bull. Myiarchuss. Oomp. Zool., xxvii, no. 3, July, 1895, 123. (Type, 

 C. agasdzi Townsend. ) 



Similar to the more slender-billed forms of Geospiza {^''Cactornis''''), 

 but bill proportionallj^ smaller, more slender, and more decidedly 

 decurved. 



coverts and other features which characterize young birds in their first year. It cer- 

 tainly can not be referred to G. fatigata, which has the bill altogether longer and at 

 the same time much narrower in both its vertical and transverse diameters. The size 

 and shape of the bill agree verj' closely with those of G. brevirostris, though, as might 

 be expected from the difference in age or sex, it is not quite so strong. 



Without having seen the type, Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert refer, quite confi- 

 dently, this form to G. conirostris as a subspecies; but in doing so I feel sure they are 

 in error, having carefully reexamined the type and compared it with the smaller 

 specimens of G. conirostris (my G. media) . G. brevirostris is, in fact, far more like 

 G. frcdereula, and there is quite as good reason for considering G. brevirostris related 

 to G. fratercula as to G. conirostm, as the following measurements will show: 



Locality. 



Myiarchusnimum measurements of G. 



conirostris, male 



^Type of "G. raedia" 



Type of G. brevirostris 



Myiarchusximum measurements of G. 



fratercula, male 



Average measurements of G. fra- 



ter^^ula, male 



Wing. 



77.47 

 78.74 

 68. S8 



67.31 



65.79 



C\ilmen 

 Tail. from; 

 base. 



48.26 

 48.26 

 46 99 



43.18 



41.15 



18.54 

 20.32 

 18.29 



17.27 



17.02 



Depth 

 Of bill 

 at base. 



13.97 

 15.75 

 11.43 



Gonys. 



10.41 

 10.67 

 10.16 



9.65 



9.40 



Width 

 of man- 

 dible at 

 base. 



11.43 

 9.40 



10.16 

 9.65 



Tarsus. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



22. 86 16. 51 

 22. 86 16. 51 

 20.83 ; 15.75 



20.57 

 20. 07 



14.99 

 14.48 



' "From Cocos -]- opvn = bird." 




516 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Exposed culmen about as long as middle toe, without claw; depth 

 of bill at base more than half the length of exposed culmen, but 

 decidedly less than length of gonys; culmen gradually curved from 

 the base, more decidedly so for terminal third; gonj^s straight, 

 decidedly shorter than length of maxilla from nostril; maxillary 

 tomium gently but decidedly concave for most of its length, the 

 rictal portion abruptly deflected; mandibular tomium strongly arched, 

 but not angulated, basally; tip of maxilla acute, without trace of 

 notch. Nostril wholly exposed, rather large, broadlj^ oval or nearly 

 circular, the surrounding membrane broadest above and behind. 

 Rictal bristles inconspicuous. Wing moderate, rounded (seventh and 

 sixth primaries longest, ninth intermediate between fourth and third), 

 the primaries exceeding secondaries by less than length of exposed 

 culmen. Tail about equal to length of primaries from tips of longest 

 primary coverts, slightly rounded, the rectrices rather broad. Tarsus 

 about one and a half times as long as exposed culmen, its scutella dis- 

 tinct; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; lateral 

 toes about equal, their claws reaching to base of middle claw; hallux 

 about equal in length to lateral toes, but very niuch stouter, its claw 

 much larger than that of middle toe. 



CoJorathon. — Adult male uniform deep (but not glossy) black, with 

 whitish margins to under tail-coverts; adult female and young olive- 

 brownish varied with dusky above, pale buily conspicuouslj- striped 

 with dusky beneath; two conspicuous deep bully or light cinnamon 

 wing-bars. 



Range. — Peculiar to Cocos Island, off Bay of Panama. (Monotypic.) 



Although this genus approaches in form of the bill the Ccerebine 

 genus Ccereba, while the adult male of the type species closed resem- 

 bles in coloration one species of the last-named genus {0. atrata), I 

 have not the slightest doubt as to its Fringilline relationships, or at 

 least its near relationship to the Galapagoan group of supposed 

 finches, among which the slender-billed Geospizce (" Cwtm^nis''^) are 

 evidently its nearest relatives. The bill is not very unlike that of the 

 Hawaiian genus Oreomyza in general form and relative size, but is 

 more decidedly decnrved, stouter at the base, and with the commissure 

 abruptly deflected basally. 



COCORNIS AGASSIZI Townsend. 

 COCOS ISLAND FINCH. 



Adult Tnale. — Uniform deep black, with the lowermost tibial feathers 

 (narrowly) and under tail-coverts (broadly) tipped or terminally mar- 

 gined with bufly white; maxilla dusky, paler on tomium, mandible 

 mostly pale brownish; legs and feet brownish black; length (skin), 

 124.46; wing, 68.07; tail, 43.43; exposed culmen, 13.9Y; depth of bill 




BIRDS OF NOBTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 517 



at base, 7.37; tarsus, 21.08; middle toe, 13.21. (Tj^pe, no. 131680, 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., Cocos Island, February 28, 1891; C. H. Townsend.) 



Adult female. — Pileum and hindneck dusky, the feathers edged with 

 light olive, producing distinct though narrow streaks; back and scap- 

 ulars with dusk}" centers and broad margins of bufiy olive; rump plain 

 buffy brownish or isabella color, the upper tail-coverts similar but 

 with rather indistinct dusk}' centers; wings dusky with more or less 

 distinct light brownish edgings, the middle and greater coverts broadh' 

 tipped with light cinnamon or dull ochi'aceous-buff, producing two 

 distinct bands; tail duskj', the feathers narrowly edged with light 

 olivaceous and narrowly tipped with light cinnamon; sides of head 

 and under parts pale j^ellowish buff, the abdomen inclining to pale 

 maize j^ellow and the flanks washed with vuHtj brownish; sides of head 

 thickly and finely streaked with dusky, especially on auricular region, 

 where the ground color is more olivaceous; chin and throat narrowlj^ 

 streaked with dusk}'; chest, upper breast, sides, and flanks broadly 

 streaked with dusky, some of the streaks on chest almost black; bill 

 pale brownish (still paler on mandible), becoming dark brownish at 

 tip; legs and feet as in adult male; length (skin), 116.84:; wing, 63.60; 

 tail, 40.39; exposed culmen, 12.45; depth of bill at base, 6.10; tarsus, 

 20.83; middle toe, 12.95. (No. 131690, U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., " 9 ?," Cocos 

 Island, February 28, 1891; C. H. Townsend.) 



Immature males are variously intermediate between the adult male 

 and supposed adult female, as described above. One (No. 131682, 

 same date, etc.) is ipostly uniform black, but the feathers of the rump 

 are broadlj^' margined with olive-brown, and the under parts posterior to 

 the chest a mixture of black and dull yellowish white (mediall}-) and 

 pale brownish (laterally). In this specimen the bill is wholl}' black, 

 thus showing that in this species there is the same curious variation in 

 the color of the bill, without regard apparently to age or season, that 

 exists in the species of Geospiza and Certhidea. 



Cocos Island, Pacific Ocean, near Bay of Panama. 



Cocornis agassizi Totvnsend, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xxvii, no. 3, July, 1895, 

 123, colored plate (Cocos I.; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



Genus ACANTHIDOPS Ridgway. 



Acanthidops^ Bidqway, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iv, sig. 21, Myiarchusr. 10, 1882, 335. 

 (Type, Acanthidops bairdi Ridgway.) 



Siinilar to Ilaplospiza Cabanis but more slender, the bill especialty; 

 tarsi relatively longer; nostrils less exposed. 



Bill about as long as the middle toe, cuneate in all its profiles, some- 

 what swollen basally, the culmen and lateral outlines decidedly con- 

 cave in the middle portion; mandibular tomia very stronglj^ inflexed, 



^'AKavBii, ido'; = Acanthis, and d>ip= appearance. 




518 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



with a prominent angle near the base, anterior to which the edge is 

 decidedly concave; maxillary tomia with a decided notch near the 

 base, immediately above the mandibular angle; gonys very long (about 

 equal to the exposed portion of the culmen). Nostrils exposed, small, 

 longitudinal, occupying less than the lower half of the nasal foss^. 

 Tarsus a little longer than the middle toe and claw, divided into about 

 six segments, but these entirely fused on the outer side, except the lower 

 one, which is distinct; lateral toes equal, the points of their claws fall- 

 ing short of the base of the middle claw; inner toe entirely separated 

 at the base from the middle toe, and outer with only its first phalanx 

 united; hallux about equal in length to the lateral toes, but much 

 stronger, its claw decidedly larger than that of the middle toe. Wing 

 decidedly longer than the tail, very concave beneath, the seventh, 

 sixth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, the eighth very 

 little shorter, the ninth about equal to the third. Tail about equal to 

 the wing measured to the ends of the secondaries, nearh" even or very 

 slightly rounded, consisting of twelve rectrices, which are acute, but 

 not stiffened at the points; the outer web of the intarmedim broader at 

 the base than the inner web. 



As characters additional to those given in the above diagnosis, it 

 maj' be stated that the bill is slightlj' notched near the tip, that the 

 rictal bristles are so mmute as to be hardlj^ perceptible, and that the 

 posterior face of the tarsus, on both sides, is entirelj^ undivided. 



Range. — Highlands of Costa Rica. (Monotypic.) 



The adult male of Acantliidoiis halrdl resembles \%\y closely in col- 

 oration that of liaplospiza unlcolor, of Brazil, but is darker and less 

 of a bluish cast, both above and below, and has the mandible chieflj' 

 light colored. Not having a specimen of the Mexican H. uniformis, 

 I am unable to point out wif^ exactness the differences from that spe- 

 cies; but judging from the description and remarks given by Messi'S. 

 Salvin and Godman ' it seems to come much closer to that species, if 

 it be not actually the same. It would appear, however, to have decid- 

 edly a shorter wing and longer tail, and longer tarsus than thai, bird. 

 Whether or not it is the same species or congeneric with H. uniformis., 

 there can be no doubt that it is generically distinct from H. unicolor, 

 which has the bill much shorter and more typicalh' Fringillint, the 

 tarsi shorter, and the nostrils moi'e exposed. There can, I thiuK, be 

 no question that Acanthidaps comes very near to Ilajilospiza, and I am 

 inclined to believe that the so-called S. uniformis belongs to Acan- 

 tliidops and not to Haplospiza, since Messrs. Salvin and Godman' say 

 that its chief differences from II. unwolor consist in "a larger bill and 

 longer wings and stronger feet," as well as " rather darker" coloration. 

 If this view of its relationship proves correct, we would then have a 

 Myiarchusddle American genus, Acanthidops, and a related Brazilian genus, 



' Biologia Centrali-Americana, Aves, pp. 366, 367. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 519 



Haplosfiza; the first with two species : Acanthidops lairdi, of the 

 Costa Rican highlands, and Acanthidops uniformls, of southeastern 

 Mexico. A case of somewhat anomalous geographical distribution 

 would thereby be satisfactorily disposed of. 



ACANTHIDOPS BAIRDI Ridgway. 

 PEG-BILLED SPAKROW. 



Adidt male. — Above, including lesser wing-coverts, plain dark slate- 

 color,^ rather paler on rump and upper tail-coverts; wings slate-black- 

 ish, with slaty edgings, these palest and most distinct on greater 

 coverts; under parts slate-color, paling into slate-gray on abdomen, 

 anal region, and under tail-coverts, the latter margined with light 

 fulvous; maxilla brownish black, paler along tomium; mandible light 

 coloi'ed, becoming dusky terminally; legs and feet horn brownish; 

 length (skin), 142.24; wing, 67.82; tail, 55.88; exposed culmen, 13.21; 

 depth of bill at base, 6.35; tarsus, 21.59; middle toe, 14.73.' 



Adult (V) female. — Above plain olive, slightly paler on rump and 

 upper tail-coverts; wings dusky, the middle and greater coveits rather 

 broadlj^ tipped with ochraceous-buff, producing two distinct bands; 

 tertials rather broadly edged with dull tawny, secondaries edged with 

 brownish olive, and primaries edged with light grayish olive ; tail gray- 

 ish dusky, with edges of rectrices indistinctly paler olive-grayish; an 

 indistinct but rather broad superciliary stripe; malar region and sides 

 of neck dull olive-buffy or pale buffy olive; lores and auricular region 

 dusky olive; chin, throat, and chest pale grayish olive, tinged with 

 buff, and indistinctly streaked with darker; remaining under parts 

 more buffy (the abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts almost 

 wholly dull buffy), becoming more brownish on flanks; bill, legs, and 

 feet as in adult male; length (skin), 129.54; wing, 63.50; tail, 52.07; 

 exposed culmen, 13.21; tarsus, 20.32; middle toe, 14.78.^ 



Immature male. — Similar to the adult (?) female, but larger; length 

 (skin), 129.54; wing, 66.55; tail, 53.86; exposed culmen, 12.70; depth 

 of bill at base, 6.86; tarsus, 21.08; middle toe, 14.73. * 



Highlands of Costa Rica (Volcan de Irazu, Volcan de Poas, San 

 Jose, etc.). 



Acanthidops bairdi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iv, sig. 21, Myiarchusr. 10, 1882, 

 336 (Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica; U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); vi, 1884, 414;^ xi, 1888, 

 196 (descr. adult male, from El Alto Volcan de Potls, Costa Rica). — Sclatep, 

 Ibis, 1884, 241.— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 434.— 

 •Zeledon, An. Myiarchusa. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 112. — Shakpe, Cat. Bird$ Brit. 

 Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 234. 



^Between blackish slate and Slate-black of Ridgway'a Nomenclature of Colors. 

 2 No. 114907, U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., Alto, Volcan de Pods, July 27, 1888; A. Alfaro. 

 'Type; no. 85549, U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., Volcan de Irazii, Oct. 10, 1880; Juan Cooper. 

 »No. 91979, U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., San Jose, Aug. 5, 1883; J. C. Zeledon. 

 * Specific name should have been credited in original description to ilr. Jose C. 

 Zeledon, for whom the author described the species. 




520 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Genus HAPLOSPIZA Cataanis. 



(?) OrUurus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, July 10, 1850, 469. (Type, Orilurm 

 mexicanus Honaparte, = Haplospiza uniformis Sclater and Salvin ?) 



Jfaplospiza^ Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, June, 1851, 147. (Type, Haplogpiza unicolor 

 Cabanis. ) 



Small Fringillidae with elongate-oonical compressed bill; wing rather 

 long (ahout three and a half times as long as tarsus), but rounded (ninth 

 prima jy shorter than fourth); tail about three-fourths as long as wing, 

 even or slightly double-rounded; adult males uniform grayish. 



Bill elongate-conical, compressed, with straight outlines; exposed 

 culmen about three-fifths as long as tarsus; deplh of bill at base less 

 than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, but nearly equal 

 to length of gonys; maxillarj- tomium faintlj- concave anteriorly and 

 posteriorljr (the latter most decided), faintly convex a little posterior 

 to the middle; mandibular tomium straight to about the middle, then 

 ascending slightl}^ to the apex of the subbasal angle; gonj's about twice 

 as long as mandibular rami. Wing rather long (about three and a half 

 times as long as tarsus), rounded (seventh and sixth primaries longest, 

 ninth shorter than fourth); primaries exceeding secondaries by more 

 than length of exposed culmen. Tail about three-fourths as long as 

 wing, even or slightl}' double-rounded, a little more than half hidden 

 by the upper coverts, the rectrices rather pointed- Tarsus much 

 longer than commissure, its scutella obvious on inner side, but very 

 indistinct or obsolete on outer side; middle toe with claw about as long 

 as tarsus; lateral claws falling short (?) of base of middle claw; hind 

 claw shorter than its digit. 



Coloration. — Adult male uniform slate-gray; female, oliA"e-green 

 above, paler below. 



The above diagnosis is based on the Brazilian species, JI. vnivolor 

 Cabanis. Whether it will applj"- to the single Mexican species, II. uni- 

 formis Sclater and Salvin, or not I am unable to state, not having 

 been able to examine a specimen of the latter.^ According to Messrs. 

 Salvin and Godman,^ the latter differs from the former in being larger, 

 with a larger bill and stronger feet; but whether the bill and feet are 

 larger proportionally is not stated. The female of //. tanforinia is 

 unknown. 



I quite agree with the authors of the Biologia that this genus is 

 nearl}' related to Phrygilics, but have no doubt that it is quite distinct 

 from the latter. 



Range. — Southern Mexico to Brazil.' 



' "Von cLTtXoii, einfach, schmucklos und 6iti-_a, Fink." 

 '^ Except some years ago, before this question was suggested. 

 ' Biologia Centrali- Americana, Aves, i, p. 367. 



*Not yet recorded from any part of Central America, however. (See remarks 

 under Genus Acanthidops, on p. 518. ) 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 521 



HAPLOSPIZA UNIFORMIS Sclater and Salvin. 

 SLATE-COIOREI) FINCH. 



Adult male. — Entire plumage uniform slate-color, with a plumbeous 

 gloss in certain lights, the under parts slightly paler than the upper; 

 maxilla blackish with paler tomia, the mandible apparently plumbeous 

 or bluish in life; legs and feet light brown; length about 123.00; wing, 

 76.20; tail, 5i.61; exposed culmen, 13.97; depth of bill at base, about 

 6.86; tarsus, 19.05; middle toe, 13.97.' 



(Adult female and young unknown.) 



Eastern Mexico (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). 



(?) 0. [niui-Myiarchus] mexicanus Bonapakte, Consp. Ay., i, July 10, 1850, 469 (Mexico; 



Brit. Myiarchuss. ; see Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Ana., Aves, i, 1886, 434). 

 Haplospiza uniforinh Sclatee and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 157 (near 



Jalapa, Vera Cruz, s. e. Mexico; coll. Salvin and Godman). — Salvin and 



Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 366, pi. 27, fig. 1 (Jalapa). — Shakpe, 



Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 627 (Jalapa). 

 [Haplospiza] uniformis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 29. 



Genus SICALIS Boie. 



iSicalis BoiE, Isis, 1828, 324. (Type, by elimination, Emberiza brasiliensis Gmelin. ) 

 Sycalis (emendation) Cabanis, in Tschudi's Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1845-46, 215. 

 (?) Orospina (not of Kaup, 1829) Cabanis, Journ. fur Orn., xxxi, Jan., 1883, 108. 



(Type, Orospina pratensii Cabanis. ) 

 Serinopds Ridgway, Auk, xv, July (published Myiarchusy 13), 1898, 225. (Type 



Fring-illa arvensis Kittlitz. ) 



Small yellow or 3^ellowish Fringillidae with exposed nostrils, moderate 

 or rather long and I'ather pointed wing, the emarginate or double- 

 rounded tail decidedlj' shorter than wing, and the tarsus not longer 

 than middle toe with claw. 



Bill moderate or rather small in size, conical, compressed, variable 

 as to relative length and depth, but depth at base always greater than 

 basal width of the mandible; culmen slightly curved, sometimes nearly 

 straight, its exposed portion more than half as long as tarsus; gon3^s 

 straight, or nearl}- so, nearlj' or quite as long as basal width of mandi- 

 ble, decidedly longer than mandibular rami; maxillary torn iuni nearlj^ 

 straight to distinctly sinuated, its basal deflection decided, but not 

 abrupt; mandibular tomium nearly straight or even obviously concave, 

 the subbasal angle prominent but obtuse, and the basal deflection very 

 decided. Nostril exposed, oval or nearly circular, with a slight postero- 

 superior operculum. Rictal bristles very indistinct. Wing moderate 

 to long (less than three and a half to four and a half times as long 

 as tarsus), rounded (eighth and seventh primaries longest, ninth not 

 longer than sixth), or pointed (ninth primary longest), the primaries 

 exceeding proximate secondaries by less than length of exposed cul- 

 men (in S. columhiana) to more than length of tarsus (^S*. chrysops, 



^Description and measurements from the type in the Salvin-Godman collection. 




522 BULLETIN 50, UNITED. STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



etc.); tertials very slightly to decidedly produced. Tail two-thirds to 

 five-sevenths as long as wing, two and a half times or more longer 

 than tarsus, half or more hidden by upper coverts, emarginated or 

 double-rounded, the rectrices rather narrow, but not pointed. Tarsus 

 less than twice as long as exposed culmen, its scutella indistinct or 

 obsolete on outer side; middle toe, with claw, as long as or longer than 

 tarsus; lateral toes relatively short, their claws not reaching beyond, 

 sometimes falling short of, base of middle claw; hallux about equal 

 in length to outer toe, its claw variable as to relative length, some- 

 times decidedly longer, sometimes shorter tban the digit. 



Coloration. — Above more or less yellowish, the back usually streaked 

 with dusky; beneath 3'ellow, or largely so. 



Range. — Tropical South America; one species in southern Mexico 

 and Guatemala and one in Jamaica. 



Although regarded by Dr. Sharpe as closely related to Serinus 

 Koch, the resemblance seems to me to be a purely superficial one, not 

 involving structural characters, which are so different that the two 

 genera scarcely need comparison. The supposed structural dif- 

 ferences given on page 169, vol. xii, of the "Catalogue of Birds 

 contained in the British Myiarchusseum,"^ 1 am unable to appreciate, the 

 tomia being in reality quite as much deflected basallj' in Slcalis as in 

 St-rinus, though there is^ slight difference, that of Serinus commenc- 

 ing a little farther forward. Seisin us, however, has a well-developed 

 fringe of antrorse plumules quite concealing the nostrils, and also a 

 rictal fringe nearly hiding the deflected portion of the commissure, as 

 in Sjyinus, Carj)odacus, and other true "Finches;" has the bill much 

 broader in proportion to its depth, and the tail proportionally longer 

 and more deeply emarginated. In Sicalis the nostrils are fully 

 exposed, the coccothraustine nasal and rictal fringes of Serinus being 

 quite wanting, as in other so-called "Buntings." 



The resemblance in coloration between some of the species of Sicalis 

 and a species of the Old World genus Serinus (S. canarius) is, how- 

 ever, remai'kable; so much so, in fact, that were it not for the differences 

 in structural details it would be very difficult to distinguish them. 



Although at one time I considered the smaller, conspicuously streaked 

 species of Sicalis as generically distinct and proposed to place them 

 in a separate genus (Serinopsis), I now believe that they can not 

 be separated, certain species being quite intermediate in structural 

 characters. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SICALIS. 



ci. Inner webs of primaries edged with yellow; wing more than 65.00. (Jamaica.) 



Sicalis jamaicBB (p. 528.) 



Oft. Inner webs of primaries edged with pale brownish gray; wing less than 65.00. 



(Southern Mexico and Guatemala. ) Sicalis chrysops (p. 528.) 



' c'. Tomium deflected toward the gape 41. Serixi's. 



d°. Tomium straight for its whole length. 42. Sycalis. 




BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 523 



SICALIS JAMAICA Sharpe. 

 JAMAICAN YELLOW FINCH. 



'^ Adult male. — Similar to S. Jlaveola,'^ but brighter and more uni- 

 form yellow above, with the bright orange of the crown continued to 

 the nape; 'upper mandible blackish, lower one horny; feet horn- 

 color; iris hazel' (Gosse). Total length, 119.38;^ culmen, 10.16; wing, 

 66.04; tail, 45.72; tarsus, 41.91. 



"Three males from Jamaica agree in the above characters. They 

 have the wing, 73. 66-76. 20. " (Sharpe. ) 



Jamaica. 



This species I have not seen. It seems to be very rare in collections. 



Crithagra brasiliensis (not Emberiza brasiliensis Gmelin) Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 



1847, 245; Illustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pi. 61.— Myiarchusrch, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 



Phila., 1863, 298 (Jamaica). 

 Sycalin brasiliensis Albhecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 197 (Jamaica). — Sclatee, 



Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 74 (Jamaica). 

 Sycalis flaveola (not Fringilla flaveola Linnaeus) Sclater, Ibis, 1872, 41, part 



(Jamaica) . 

 \_Sycalis\ flaveola Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 13 (Jamaica). 

 Sicalis flaveola Com, Auk, iii,_1886, 213 (Jamaica); Birds AV. I., 1889, 100 (do.). 

 S. \_ycalis'\ /nwa (not Fringilla flava Myiarchusller) A. and E. Newton, Handb. Birds 



Jamaica, 1881, 117 (considered an introduced species) . 

 [Sycalis flaveola.} Subsp. a. Sycalis jamaicee Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 



1888, 379 (Jamaica; Brit. Myiarchuss.). 

 SycciUa jamaicse Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 113, 130, 151. 

 Sicalis flaveola jamaicxScoTi, Auk, x, April, 1893, 179. 



SICALIS CHRYSOPS Sclater. 

 MEXICAN YELLOW FINCH. 



Adadt male. — Forehead, sides of head and neck, and rump olive- 

 yellow, the first with a few narrow and indistinct streaks of darker; 

 crown, occiput, hindneck, and lower back yellowish olive-green, 

 streaked with dusky; back and scapulars grayish brown, tinged with 

 olive-green, broadly streaked with black, the black streaks more or 

 less edged with brown; upper tail-coverts and last row of lesser wing- 

 coverts light yellowish gray, the latter dusky basally; smaller lesser 

 wing-coverts yellowish olive-green; wings and tail dusky, the larger 

 wing-coverts and tertials broadly margined with pale wood brown, the 

 primaries and rectrices edged with pale grayish yellow; supraloral spot, 

 malar region, and entire under parts canary yellow, paler posteriorly 

 (longer under tail-coverts almost white at tips), the sides faintly tinged 

 with olive; maxilla dusky horn color, mandible pale horn color; legs 



^ Sicalis flaveoki is a South American species, ranging over the greater part of the 

 continent. \_Fringilla\ flaveola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 321. — Sycalis flaveola, 

 Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1871, 231; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 377. 



^The measurements in inches and decimals in the original. 




524 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



and feet brown; length (skins), 109.22-118.11 (113.28); wing, 63.50- 

 66.04 (64.52); tail, 42.16^6.23 (44.45); exposed culmen, 8.89-10.16 

 (9.40); depth of bill at base, 7.11-8.64 (7.87); tarsus, 15.24-16.26 

 (16.00); middle toe, 12.19-13.72 (12.95). > 



Adult female. — Similar to the adult male, but duller in coloration; 

 brown above, with pileum more broadly streaked with dusky on a 

 ground color of olive instead of yellowish, dusky streaks on back 

 broader, and yellow of under parts much less bright; length (skins), 

 110.49-111.25 (110.74); wing, 59.69-64.26 (61.72); tail, 40.64^43.18 

 (41.66); exposed culmen, 9.14-9.65 (9.40); depth of bill at base (one 

 specimen), 7.87; tarsus, 15.75-16.00 (15.87); middle toe, 12.70-13,21 

 <12.95).' 



Young in traimtion plumage. — Pileum dull brown, broadly streaked 

 with blackish; back and scapulars similar, but more fulvous and more 

 broadly streaked; rump j^ellowish olive-green; upper tail-coverts 

 brownish gray, darker centralh', and with still darker shaft-streaks: 

 lesser wing-coverts fulvous-olive; middle and greater coverts dusky 

 centrally, the former tipped with fulvous-olive, the latter tipped and 

 broadly edged with fulvous-buff or dull ochraceous; remiges dusky, 

 the tertials broadlj^ margined with light brown, the secondaries and 

 primaries narrowh' edged with a much 'paler tint; tail duskj^ with 

 light grayish brown edgings; an indistinct superciliaiy stripe of dull 

 yellow, becoming brighter yellow over lores; cheeks and auriculars 

 plain olive-brownish; under parts oil yellow tinged with brownish 

 across chest and along sides, and fading to primrose yellow on abdo- 

 men and under tail-coverts; flanks narrowlj^ and indistinctly streaked 

 with dusk}'; wing, 63.50; tail, 43.18; exposed culmen, 9.14; tarsus, 

 15.24; middle toe, 13.46.'' (Across the chest are many dull whitish 

 feathers marked with a mesia,l streak of dusky brown; but these 

 :feathers are remains of the streaked nestling plmnage.) 



Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Orizaba) and Chiapas 

 (Palenque), to Guatemala (Dueiias). 



This species is exceedingly similar to S. arvensis minor (Cabanis), of 

 Guiana, but is rather paler in coloration, an adult male of 6". a. minor, 

 irom Annai, British Guiana,* having the blackish streaks on the back 

 darker, the olive-green of the rump darker, and the vellow of the under 

 parts deeper (lemon yellow on breast and a'bdomen), the chest, sides, 

 and flanks strongly shaded with olive-greenish, and the flanks indis- 

 tinctly streaked with duskj'. The measurements are practically iden- 

 tical. In the coloration of the under parts the adult male of N". chrysops 

 agrees closelj^ with an adult male of S. arvensis hiteirentris (Meyen) 



' Seven specimens. 



^ Three specimens. 



' Specimen in Salvin-Gfodman collection, from Dueiias, Guatemala, September, 1862. 



*No. 146049, U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.; A. Boucard. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 525 



from Lima, Peru/ but the latter has a considerable whitish space on the 

 subterminal portion of the inner web of the outermost rectrix, S. 

 chryiiops having merely an edging of white on the terminal half of the 

 same feather. Whether the above mentioned differences are constant 

 or not can only be determined by examination of a much greater num- 

 ber of specimens. 



Sycalis chrysops Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 376 (Jlexico; coll. P. L. 

 Sclater); Ann. and Myiarchusg. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., ix, 1862, 340; Ibis, 1872, 45, 

 pi. 2, fig. 1. — Salvin, Ibis, 1866, 194 (Dueiias, Guatemala). — Sumichrast, 

 Mem. Boat. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 551 (near Orizaba, Vera Cruz). — Salvin and 

 GoD.MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 432. 



\_Sycalii\ chrysops Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 35. 



\_Sycalis arvensis.'\ Subsp. y. Sycalis chrysops Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 384. 



[Fringillci] chrysops Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 84, no. 7237. 



Genus VOLATINIA Reichenbaeh. 



Volatinia Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pi. 76, fig. 16. (Type, Tanagra 

 jacarini Linnteus. ) 



Very small Fringillidse with the bill acute-conical, the plumage uni- 

 form glossy blue-black (adult male), or else brown above and buff 

 beneath, with the chest conspicuously streaked (adult female and 

 young). 



Size very small (wing not more than 50.80 millimeters). Bill mod- 

 erate, conical, acute, with nearly straight outlines, decidedly deeper 

 than broad at base; culmen (from concealed base) about two-thirds as 

 long as tarsus, very slightly convex; gonys about equal to basal width 

 of mandible, nearly equal to length of maxilla from nostril, very 

 faintly convex; tomia nearly straight to the rather abrupt basal deflec- 

 tion. Nostrils exposed, small, longitudinally oval. Rictal bristles 

 scarcely obvious. Wing moderate (about three and a third times as 

 long as tarsus), rounded (ninth primary shortest); primaries exceed- 

 ing secondaries by less than length of bill from nostril. Tail about 

 six-sevenths as long as wing, less than three times as long as tarsus, 

 much rounded, the rectrices broad, with rounded tips. Tarsal scutella 

 rather distinct; middle toe with claw about as long as tarsus; lateral 

 claws falling decidedly short of base of middle claw; hallux rather 

 shorter than lateral toes, its claw shorter than the digit. 



Coloration. — Adult males glossy blue-black, with or without white 

 under wing-coverts; females and young brownish, paler (more or less 

 buffy) beneath, the chest conspicuously streaked with dusk3^ 



Range. — Continental Tropical America (southern Mexico to south- 

 ern Brazil, etc.); also islands of Trinidad and Tobago, and island of 

 Grenada, Lesser Antilles. (Monotypic.) 



iNo. 159840, U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.; J. Kalinowaki. 




626 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OP VOLATINIA. 



a. General color glossy blue-black (adult males). 



l. Under wing-coverts and axillars (sometimes part of inner webs of some of the 

 remiges also) white or largely white. (Tropical South America, except 

 coast districts from Guiana and western Ecuador northward.) 



Volatinia jaoarini jacarini, adult male (extralimital).i 

 hb. Under wing-coverts and axillars mostly or entirely black. (Southern Mexico 

 to Guiana and western Ecuador. ) 



Volatinia jacarini splendens, adult male (p. 526) 

 aa. Upper parts brown, under parts mainly bufty or whitish (females and immature 

 males). 

 h. Feathers of under parts black basally, buffy at tips. 

 c. Under wing-coverts, etc., mostly white. 



Volatinia jacarini jacarini, immature male, 

 cc. Under wing-coverts, etc., mostly black. 



Volatinia jacarini splendens, immature male. 

 bb. Feathers of chest and sides streaked mesially with dusky grayish brown. 



Volatinia jacarini jacarini, adult female and young. 

 Volatinia jacarini splendens, adult female and young.^ 



VOLATINIA JACARINI SPLENDENS (Vieillot). 

 BLUE-BLACK GRASSQTJIT. 



Adult maZe.— Glossy blue-black or dark steel blue, slightly more 

 purplish on head and neck, duller on posterior under parts; remiges 

 and rectrices dead black, the tertials (the rectrices also, in fresh plum- 

 age) edged with steel bluish; under wing-coverts and axillars also 

 glossy blue-black; a concealed white patch immediately above and 

 anterior to junction of wing with body; bill, legs, and feet black (the 

 former with mandible sometimes grayish or horn colored); iris brown; 

 length (skins), 87.63-109.47 (100.08); wing, 45.72-50.80 (48.51); tail, 

 37.59-44.70 (40.89); exposed culmen, 9.14-10.67 (9.91); depth of bill 

 at base, .6.60-7.37 (6.86); tarsus, 14.22-16.00 (15.75); middle toe, 

 10.16-11.43 (10.67).' 



Iimnature male. — Above dull brown (intermediate between raw 

 umber and bister), the scapulars and upper tail-coverts glossy blue- 

 black beneath the surface; wings and tail black, the larger wing-coverts 

 and tertials margined with tawny brown; under parts pale brownish, 

 buffy, or brownish white, the basal (partly exposed) portion of the 

 feathers black; maxilla dark brownish, mandible much paler. (Myiarchusny 

 specimens are variouslj' intermediate between this plumage and the 

 fully adult bird, as described above, according to age or season.) 



^ \_Tanagra] jacarini Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 314.— -U.[oZ(7(ima] jacarina 

 Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, June, 1851, 147, part. — Volatinia jacarini Sharpe, Cat. Birds 

 Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 152, part. 



^I am unable to tabulate any differences between females and young of the two 

 forms. Only one adult female of V. j. jacarini has been examined, and no young 

 birds. So far as I can see the female is not obviously different from that of F. }■ 

 splendens, both having the under wing-coverts and axillars white or pale buffy. 



'Twenty -nine specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



527 



Admit female. — Above olive or olive-brownish, the feathers very 

 indistinctly darker centrall}'; wings and tail dusky, with lighter olive 

 or olive-brown edgings; under parts brownish buflfy, paler on abdo- 

 men (sometimes on throat also), the chest with rather broad cuneate 

 streaks of dusky grayish brown, the sides and flanks with narrower, 

 more linear, streaks of the same; maxilla dusky brown, mandible 

 much paler; legs and feet horn brownish; length (skins), 90.17-106.17 

 (98.81); Wing, 43.69-50.80 (47.24); tail, 35.05-44.45 (40.13); exposed 

 culmen, 9.40-10.16 (9.91); depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.37 (7.03); tar- 

 sus, 14.22-15.75 (14.99); middle toe, 9.65-11.18 (10.41).^ 



Young. — Very similar to adult female, but middle and greater wing- 

 coverts and tertials margined terminally by brownish buffy or dull 

 tawny. 



.Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Jico, San Andres 

 Tuxtla), Puebla (Huehuetlan, Atlixco), Mexico (valley of Mexico), 

 Morelos (Yautepec), Sinaloa (Myiarchuszatlan, Presidio), Jalisco (Ixtapa), 

 Colima, Oaxaca, and Chiapas (Chicharras, Ocuilapa), and Territor}' of 

 Tepic (Santiago), southward through Central America to western and 

 central Ecuador, Guiana, Trinidad, and Tobago; island of Grenada, 

 Lesser Antilles. 



'Seven specimens. 



Average measurements of specimens from different localities are as follows: 



Two adult females and an immature male from Yautepec, Morelos, and an imma- 

 ture male from Colima, Jalisco, are altogether paler in color of the upper parts than 

 specimens from other parts of Mexico, which, in coloration, are precisely like those 

 from Central America and northern South America. The upper parts are light 

 brown (intermediate between broccoli brown and Isabella color),- but the under 

 parts are not differently colored from those of more eastern and southern localities.. 

 Whether these specimens indicate a different form for western Mexico can only be 

 determined by examination of adequate material. 




528 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Fringilla splendens Vieillot, Nouv. Diet, d' Hist. Nat., xii, 1817, 173 (Cayenne; 

 based on Moineau, de C'aj/ennc' Buff on, PI. Enl., pi. 224, fig. 3). 



IVolatinici] splendens Bonapaete, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 474 ("Brazil"). 



Volatinia splendens Sclatbb, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 140 (Pallatanga, 

 w. Ecuador) ; 1860, 275 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador).— Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1871, 

 438.— Salvis, Ibis, 1885, 215 (Bartica Grove, British Guiana). — Salvin and 

 GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1885, 357 (Myiarchuszatlan; Presidio, near 

 Myiarchuszatlan; mountains of Colima; hot and temp, regions Vera Cruz; Guichi- 

 covi, Oaxaca; Merida, Yucatan, and localities s. to Colombia, Venezuela, 

 and Guiana). — Zeledon, An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 111 (San Jos^, 

 Costa Rica).— RIDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 580 (Truxillo, Hon- 

 duras).— Coky, Auk, vi, 1889, 218 (Grenada); x, 1893, 220 (Tobago); Cat. 

 W. I. Birds, 1892, 113, 151 (do.).— Chekrie, Auk, ix, 1892, 27 (San Jos^, 

 etc., Pacific side, Costa Rica) ; Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, 1893, 29 (Boruca, 

 T^rraba, and Buenos Aires, s. Costa Rica).— Eich.mond, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 493 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua). — Roeinson, Flying Trip 

 to Tropics, 1895, 161 (Barranquilla, Colombia). 



Volatinia jacarina splendens BEELBPSCHand Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1883, 551 (Guayaquil, w. Ecuador; crit.); 1884, 294 (Placer, w. Ecuador, 

 2,800 ft.).— Beelepsch, Journ. fiir Orn., July and Oct., 1884, 295 (Bucara- 

 manga, Colombia; crit.) . — Taczanowski and Beelepsch, Proc. Zool. See. 

 Lond., 1885, 84 (Yaguachi, w. Ecuador) .—Phelps, Auk, xiv, 1897, 364 

 (Cumanacoa and San Antonio, Venezuela). 



Volatinia jacarini splendens Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., vi, Feb. 16, 1894, 

 33 (Trinidad) ; x, 1898, 29 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).— Richmond, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., xviii, 1896, 677 (Myiarchusrgarita I., Venezuela). — Robinson, Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xviii, 1896, 685 (La Guayra, Venezuela). — Bangs, Proc. 

 Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 139 (Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia); Auk, xviii, 1901, 

 32 (San Myiarchusguel I., Bay of Panama). — Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist., xiii, 

 1900,165 (Bonda, etc., Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia). 



Volatinia jacarina (not Tanagra jacarini'Lmnxns) Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1855, 160 (Bogota); 1856, 304 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera 

 Cruz); 1864, 174 (valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 106, part 

 (Cayenne; Trinidad; Tobago; Bogota; Pallatanga, w. Ecuador; Guate- 

 mala). — Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 17 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1864, 352 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); 1868, 167 (Carip^, etc., 

 Venezuela); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras). — Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 

 1861, 2 (Costa Rica).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1861, 332 (Pan- 

 ama R. R.); viii, 1865, 177 (David, Chiriqui) ; ix, 1868, 103 (San Jos^, 

 Barranca, and (jrecia, Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 201 (Merida, Yucatan); 

 Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 276 (Myiarchuszatlan; mountains of Colima; habits); 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 4, 1876, 20 (Guichicovi, Oaxaca); Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss.,ix, 1886, 615 (Grenada; habits; deser. nest and eggs). — Taylor, Ibis, 

 1864, 83 (Trinidad) .— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1865, 169 (San Jos^, 

 Costa Rica). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (David, Chiriqui); 

 Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 223 (Guatemala); Ibis, 1885, 215 (Rorairaa, Brit. 

 Guiana). — Sumicheast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552 (hot and tem- 

 perate regions. Vera Cruz). — Feantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 301 (Costa 

 Rica).— Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1870, 582 (Trinidad) .—Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 

 328 (Colombia).— Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 57 (San Jos^, 

 Costa Rica); 1883, 444 (Merida, Yucatan).— Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879, 

 200 (San Jos^, prov. Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia, 5,000 ft. ). — Zelbdon, Cat. Aves 

 de Costa Rica, 1882, 8.— Nuti-ing, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1882, 392 (La 

 Palma, w. Costa Rica; habits); vi, 1883, 383 (Sueuya, Nicaragua).— Feeeari- 




BIEDS OV NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 529 



Pekez, rroc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 188(), 142 (Huehuetlan, Pueblii; Jalapa, 

 Vera Cruz).— CoEV, Auk, v, ISSS, 158 (Grenada); Birda W. I., 1889, 290 

 (Grenada). 



]'.lolatmia'\ jiimrliui C.vuanis, Myiarchuss. lieiu., i, 1851, 147, part (Venezuela). 



[TVA/^/yi/d] ,i"C<"'''"o ScLATER and Salvix, Xom. Av. Xeotr., 1871!; 29, part. 



Volalinia jacarini Shaepb, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchusa., xii, 152, part (localities and 

 references pertaining to Guiana, Venezuela, Trinidad, Colombia, and north 

 to Belize, British Honduras; Izamal, Yucatan; Presidio, near Myiarchuszatlan) . — 

 S.vLVADORi and Festa, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, 25 (Valle del 

 Chota, centr. Ecuador; ^'incen and Balzar, w. Ecuador; references). 



Genus EUETHEIA Reichenbach. 



Eiielheki Rerhenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., June 1, 1850, pi. 79. (Type, Frliii/illK 

 h'pUld Linnwua, = Eiiib(;rtzi( tAimnui Linnttms. ) (See Stejneger, Auk, ii, 

 1885, 48. ) 



Euethia (emendation) Caisanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, June, 1851, 146. 



Phonipurd Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, July 30, 1850, 494. (Type, Lnxlii. riniora 

 Gmelin.) 



Veiy small Fringillidee (wing less than 63.50) with tail much shorter 

 than rather rounded wing (about thi-ee-fourths to four-fifths us long), 

 not emarginate; bill rather small, conical and acute, with straight, 

 or nearh' straight, outlines; tarsus about two-iifths as long as tail and 

 about equal to or slightly exceeding middle toe with claw; plumage 

 unstreaked (even in young), plain dusky or olive, or, in some species, 

 marked with 3'ellow about the head. 



Bill small, conical (depth of base about equal to length of maxilla 

 from nostril), acute, much compressed, with nearlj^ straight outlines; 

 culmen (from concealed base) about half as long as tarsus or a little 

 more, straight, arched at base, faintlj^ con\'ex throughout, or interme- 

 diate; gonys straight, about equal to basal width of maxilla or a little 

 less, decidedly less than length of maxilla from nostril; maxillary 

 tomium nearly straight, but \'erj^ faintly convex in middle, the basal 

 portion strongly and abruptlj^ deflected; mandibular tomium straight 

 or faintly convex to the subbasal angle, or faintly concave just before 

 the latter. Nostril small, roimdish, or longitudinally oval. Rictal 

 bristles scarcely obvious. Wing rather short (a little more than three 

 to three and a third times as long as tarsus), rounded (ninth primary 

 shorter than fifth); primaries exceeding secondaries by not more than 

 length of exposed culmen. Tail three-fourths to nearly four-fifths as 

 long as wing, nearly even, very slightly rounded, or double-rounded, 

 the rectrices rounded at tips. Tarsus about two-fifths as long as tail 

 or a little more, its scutella fairlj' distinct; middle toe with claw equal 

 to or slightly shorter than tarsus; lateral claws falling decidedly short 

 of base of middle claw; hallux about as long as inner toe, its claw 

 decidedly shorter than the digit. 



Coloration. — Adult males chiefly plain black and olive, with or with- 

 out yellow patches on head; adult females similar but with less black 

 and yellow, or none; young not streaked. 



17024—01 34 




530 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUMyiarchus 



Range. — West Indies, eastern South Americu, and Central America 

 to southern Mexico. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF EUETHEIA 



0. Head with more or less of yellow (indistinct in young). 



h. Chin yellow; no yellow on lower throat. {Eueiheiii oliiacea.) 

 c. Adult males with top of head olive-green, except forehead and a line along 

 upper edge of yellow supercilium, and with black 'of under parts not extend- 

 ing farther backward than breast. 

 (I. Smaller (wing averaging less than 50.80; tail averaging less than 38.10); 

 black on under parts restricted to chest. (Greater Antilles,) 

 e. Upper parts grayish olive-green; under parts without yellow suffusion; 

 larger (wing of adult male averaging more than 49.53). (Cuba; Grand 

 Cayman; Little Cayman; Jamaica; Haiti.) 



Enetheia olivacea olivaoea (p. 530) 

 ee. Upper parts ochreous olive-green or bright olive-green, lower parts suf- 

 fused with yellowish. 

 /. Above dull ochreous olive-green; beneath dull light grayish brown 

 laterally. (Cayman Brae, near Cuba.) . .Euetheia olivacea coryi (p. 532) 

 ff. Above bright yellowish olive-green, beneath light grayish olive later- 

 ally, yellowish white or light yellow medially. (Porto Rico.) 



Euetheia olivacea bryanti (p. 533) 

 d<l. Larger (wing more than 50.80; tail more than 38. 10) ; black on chest more 

 extended. (Cozumel and Holbox islands, Yucatan. ) 



Etietheia olivacea intermedia (p. 533) 



rr. Adult males with top of head black or mainly so, and with black of under 



parts extending over breast or beyond. (Southern Mexico to Colombia.) 



Euethela olivacea pnsilla (p. 534) 

 hh. Chin black (male) or chestnut (female); a broad yellow band across throat. 



(Cuba.) ,. Euetheia canora (p. 636) 



aa. Head without any yellow. 



h. Smaller (wing not more than 55.88, usually much less. {Euetheia bicoJor.) 

 I . Darker, the more anterior under parts black in adult males. 

 (/. Adult males with black extending to, sometimes overspreading, abdomen, 

 c Larger (wing averaging 53.34; tail 41.40); back more grayish olive-green. 



(Bahamas. ) Euetheia bicolor bicolor (p. 537) 



('!■. Smaller ( wing averaging less than 52. 07, tail less than 39. 37 ) ; back brighter 

 olive-green. (Cuba; Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Johns; Virgin Gorda; 

 Anegada; St. Croix; Lesser Antilles, except Barbados and Grenada; 



Tobago; Venezuela; Colombia?) Euetheia bicolor omissa (p. 538) 



<hl. Adult males with black terminating abruptly on chest. (Jamaica; Haiti; 



Barbados; Grenada; Colombia??) Euetheia bicolor marcni (p. 541) 



re. Paler, the more anterior under parts dusky slate color in adult male. (Is- 

 lands of Curasao, Bonaire, and Aruba. ) Euetheia bicolor sharpei (p. 543) 



hh. Larger (wing 58.42 or more). (Islands of Old Providence and St. Andrews, 

 Caribbean Sea) Euetheia gjrandior (p. 543) 



EUETHEIA OLIVACEA OLIVACEA (Linnaeus). 

 YELLOW-FACED GRASSOTIT. 



Adult male. — Above, including auricular region, plain grayish olive, 

 tinged with olive-green; anterior portion of forehead (extending back- 

 ward in a line along each side of crown), lores, malar region, lower 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



531 



throat, and chest, black; supraloral spot (continued backward over 

 eyes), chin, and upper throat, bright yellow; under parts (except chest, 

 etc.) olive-grayish, tinged with olive-greenish on breast and sides, the 

 abdomen much paler, approaching dull white; bill black; feet brown- 

 ish; length (skins), 85.85-114.30 (98.81); wing, 18.26-52.58 (50.55); 

 tail, 34.54-4:2.42 (38.35); exposed culmen, 8.38-10.16 (9.14); depth of 

 bill at base, 6.10-7.11 (6.60); tarsus, 14.73-16.51 (15.75); middle toe, 

 10.92-13.21 (11.94).^ 



AcImU female. — Similar to the adult male, but usually without any 

 black on head or chest, or else with the black markings less distinct, 

 the yellow markings also less distinct; length (skins), 86.11-99.06 

 (95.00); wing, 47.50-50.80 (48.77); tail, 34.29-39.12 (36.58); exposed 

 culmen, 8.38-9.65(8.89); depth of bill at base, 5.84-7.11 (6.35); tarsus, 

 14.22-16.00 (15.49) middle toe, 10.67-12.70 (11.94).^ 



Cuba; Grand Caj'^man; Little Cayman; Jamaica; Haiti. 



[Ernberiza] olivacea LiNN.a!us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 309 (Santo Domingo; 



based on Emberiza dom'micenm Brisson, Av. 3, p. 380, no. 14, pi. 13, fig. 5). — 



Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 870. 

 P[asserina] olivacea YiEihi^oT, Enc. MyiarchusSth., iii, 1823, 935. 

 Passerina olivacea D'Oebigny, in La Sagra's Hist. Nat. Ckiba, Ois., 1839, 84, 



atlas, pi. 15. — GuNDLACH, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1853, 317. 

 S. Ipermophila'] olivacea Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 386. 

 SpermophUa olivacea GossB, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 249. — AlbEecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 



1862, 196 (Jamaica) . 



' Thirty four specimens. 



^ Twenty specimens. 



Average measurements of specimens from the different islands are as follows: 



I am not quite satisfied as to the propriety of referring to this form specimens from 

 Cuba and the Caymans, which seem to differ in average duller coloration and decidedly 

 longer wing and tail in males, there being apparently much more sexual difference in 

 size than among specimens from Haiti and Jamaica. Myiarchusch larger series of specimens 

 will be necessary to settle this question, however. 




532 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Phonipara ulkacea Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 159 {"Antilles"); 



Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 107 (Jamaica; Santo Domingo).— S.^lle, Proc. Zool. 



Soc. Lond., 1857, 232 (Santo Domingo).— JIarch, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 



1863, 297 (Jamaica).- Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 104, 152 (Haiti; 



notes, etc.); Birds Haiti and San Domingo, 1884, 65, pi. 21, fig. 8.— Salvin, 



Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 224. 

 \_PhomparcC\ oUvacea Sclater and Salvin, Xom. A v. Xeotr., 1873, 29, part. 

 P.lhonipara] oUmcea N"eu-to.\- (A. and E. ), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104. 

 [Phonipara pmilUi] var. olivacea Baird, Brewer, and Ridgw.w, Hist. N. Am. 



Birds, ii, 1874, 93, part (Haiti; Jamaica; Cuba). 

 Fringilla oUvacea Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 93 (Santo Domingo). 

 Euetheia oUvacea Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 12, part (Cuba; Jamaica; Haiti); 



Auk, iii, 1886, 208, part (do.), 501 (Grand Cayman); viii, 1889, 294 (Cuba); 



Birds W.- I., 1889, 95, part (Cuba; Jamaica; Haiti) .—Ridgway, Proc. U. 8. 



Nat. Jlus., X, 1887, 574 (Grand Cayman) .—Scott, Auk, x, 1893, 179 



(Jamaica). 

 [Euetheia] oUvacea Cory, Revised List Birds W. I., 1886, 12. 

 E.[uetheia'] oUvacea Ridgavay, Myiarchusn. X. Am. Birds, 1887, 451 part (Cuba; Jamaica; 



Haiti). 

 [Fringilla] lepkla Lixn.eus, Syst. Xat., cd. 12, i, 1766, 320 (Habana, Cuba).— 



Jacqhin, Beitr., 1784, 7, pi. 2.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 907.— 



Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 455. 

 Passerina lepida Vieillot, Enc. ileth., iii, 1823, 937. 

 E.[uethia1 lepida Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein. , i, June, 1851, 146 (Cuba). 

 Euethia lepida Cabaxis, Journ. fiir Orn., iv, 1856, 7 (Cuba; descr. eggs). — Brewer, 



Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba). — Gundl.-ich, Repert. Fisico- 



Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 284 (Cuba); Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 122 (Cuba); Orn. 



Cuba, 1878, 91.— Chapmax, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., iv, 1892, 309 (near Trin- 



■idad, Cuba). 

 Euetheia lepida Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 113, 151, part (Cuba; Isle of 



Pines;^ Grand Cayinan; Little Cayman; Haiti; Jamaica). — Chbrrie, Contr. 



Orn. Santo Domingo, 1896, 16. 

 [Phoniparal lepida Boxaparte, Consp. Av., i, July, 1850, 494. 

 Phonipara lepida Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit, ilus., xii, 1888, 145, part (Jamaica; 



Cuba; Santo Domingo; excl. syn. Phonipara intermedia). 

 (?) Spermophila adoxa Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 253 (Grand Vale, Jamaica; 



type lost;=young?) ; Illustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pi. 65. — Albrecht, Jom-n. 



fur Orn. 1862, 196. 

 Phonipara adoxa JIarch, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 297. 

 P.[honipara'\ odoi-u Newton (A. and E. ), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104 (crit. ). 

 [Passerina'] adoxa Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 98, no. 7456. 

 Euetheia adoxa Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 210; Birds W. L, 1889, 97. 

 [Euetheia] adoxa ? Cory, Revised List Birds W. I., 1886, 12. 



EUETHEIA OLIVACEA CORYI Ridgway. 

 CORY'S GRASSaUIT. 



Similar to E. o. oUvacea but smaller, upper parts decidedly more j^el- 

 lowish olive, latei"al under parts less grayish olive, and median under 

 parts more yellowish. 



Adult laale.—h&ngth (skins), 93.98-101.60 (98.30); wing, i6. 74-50.04 

 (48.51); tail, 36.58-38.35 (37.34); exposed eulmen, 8.64^8.89 (8.81); 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 533 



depth of bill at base (one specimen), 6.60; tarsus, 15.49-15.75 (15.57); 

 middle toe, 11.94-12.19 (12.06).^ 



Adult /emaZe.— Length (skins), 95.76-96.77 (96.27); wing, 46.4S- 

 48.26 (47.50); tail, 35.81-38.10 (36.83); exposed culmen, 8.64-9.14 

 (8.89); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 6.60; tarsus, 14.99-15.75 

 (15.49); middle toe, 11.94-12.19 (12.11).' 



Island of Cajnuan Brae (south of Cuba), Greater Antilles. 



Euetheia olivacea (not Emberizn oViracm Linnaeus) Cory, Auk, vi, 1889, 31 (Cay- 

 man Brae). 



Euetheia lepida (not FringUla lepidii Linnreus) Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 

 113, 151, part (Cayman Brae). 



Euetheia coryi Ridgway", Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 322 (Cayman Brao, s. side of Cuba; 

 • coll. Field Columb. Myiarchuss.). 



EUETHEIA OLIVACEA BRYANTI Ridgway. 

 BRYANT'S GRASSaUIT. 



Similar to M o. olivacea but decidedlj^ smaller, color much brighter 

 olive-green above and the under parts more yellowish, the abdomen 

 often light yellow. 



Ackilt male.— Length (skins), 87.88-108.46 (99.31); wing, 47.24^48.26 

 (48.01); tail, 36.32-38.10 (37.08); exposed culmen, 8.64^9.40 (9.14); 

 depth of bill at base, 6.10-6.86 (6.35); tarsus, 14.99-17.78 (16.26); 

 middle toe, 12.19-12.45 (12.19).' 



Adult female— Length (skins), 91.44-100.33 (94.74); wing, 46.23- 

 47.75 (47.24); tail, 35.05-35.81 (35.56); exposed culmen, 8.38-8.64 

 (8.47); depth of bill at base, 6.35; tarsus, 15.24-16.75 (15.49); middle 

 toe, 10.67-11.94 (11.43).' 



Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles. 



Euethia lepida (not Fringilla lepida Linnaeus) Sundevall, Ofv. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 



Stockh., 1869, 597 (Porto' Rico). —Gi-xdlach, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 



1878, 204 (Porto Rico). 

 Euetheia lepida Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 113, 151, part (Porto Rico). 

 JPhonipara lepida Shahpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 145, part (Porto Rico). 

 [Phonipara pusilla'] var. oVn-iicea (not Emberiza olivacea Linnaeus) Baird, Brewer, 



and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 93, part (Porto Rico). 

 Euetheia olivacea Cory, Ligt Birds W. I., 1885, 12, part (Porto Rico); Auk, iii, 



1886, 208, part (Porto Rico); Birds W. I., 1889, 95, part (Porto Rico). 

 E. [uetheial olivacea Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 451, part (Porto Rico). 

 Euetheia hryanti Ridgway, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 322 (Porto Rico; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



EUETHEIA OLIVACEA INTERMEDIA Ridgway. 

 COZTTMEL GRASSQTJIT. 



Similar to S. o. olivacea but larger, the adult male with black on 

 chest extending farther backward. 



' Three specimens. ^ Five specimens. 




534 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Adult //«aZe.— Length (skins), 94.49-113.03 (104.39); wing, 50.80- 

 54.86 (52.83); tail, 40.39-43.67 (41.15); exposed culmen, 8.61-9.14 

 (8.89); tarsus, 17.27-18.03 (17.78); middle toe, 11.68-12.70 (12.19).' 



xifMt />;H.«^d.— Length (skin), 106.68; wing, 51.05; tail, 43.69; 

 exposed culmen, 8.64; tarsus, 17.78; middle toe, 11.68.^ 



Island of Cozumel and Holtaox Island, Yucatan.^ 



Phonipnra puHlla (not Tiariii puslUn Swainson) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, 190 (Cozumel). 

 [I'lioiiijjara lepida.l Subsp. a. Phonipanc pusilla Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 



xii, 1888, 147, part. 

 Euetheia olivacea intermedia Ridgway, DesiT. New Sp. Birds from Cozumel, Feb. 



26, 1885, 2 (Cozumel I., Yucatan; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 



viii, 1885, 568. 

 E. luetheia] olivacea inhrmedia Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 451, footnote. 

 Phonipara intermedia Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am. Aves, i, 1885, 360. 

 P.[1ionipara'\ intermedia Ssarfe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 148, in list of 



specimens (Cozumel and Holbox islands, Yucatan). 

 Phonipara lepida (not Fringilla lepida Linnaeus) Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 



xii, 1888, 145, part (in synonymy). 



EUETHEIA OLIVACEA PUSILLA (Swainson). 

 MEXICAN GRASSaUIT. 



Similar to E. o. Intermedia but with the black markings in adult 

 males istill more extended, that beneath extending over breast, and in 

 fully adult males the auricular region and crown black or mostly black.* 



Young male. — Similar in coloration to adult female, but duller and 

 without trace of yellow on head, the chin dull graj-ish white, and the 

 loral or supraloral region dusky. 



Young female. — Similar to j'oung male, but without dull whitish on 

 chin or dusky on lores. 



Adalt mafe.— Length (skins), 93.98-108.97 (97.79); wing, 48.26- 

 54.36 (51.82); tail, 35.81-43.43 (39.62); exposed culmen, 8.89-10.16 

 (9.40); depth of bill at base, 6.35-7.37 (6.86); tarsus, 16.26-18.03 

 (17.27); middle toe, 11.18-12.95 (12.19).' 



AdAdt female.— \^%xig\h (skins), 92.46-100.84 (96.27); wing, 48.36- 

 51.56 (50.04); tail, 35.56-40.13 (37.59); exposed culmen, 8.38-9.40 



^ Six specimens. 



''■ One specimen. 



' I have not seen specimens from Holbox Island. 



*Some specimens have the crown and auricular region olive-green, as in E. o. inter- 

 media and the Antillean forms, and are scarcely to be distinguished from the former. 

 Since, however, specimens with black crowns and auriculars occur, usually pre- 

 dominantly, in the same localities, it is reasonable to suppose that these specimens 

 with olive-green crown, etc., are younger individuals. 



^Thirty-one specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE -AMERICA. 



535 



(8.89); depth of bill at base, 6.35-6.60 (6.49); tarsus, 14.99-17.78 

 (16.26); middle toe, 11.18-12.95 (11.68).' 



Eastern Mexico (including Yucatan), north to Tamaulipas (Alta 

 Myiarchusra); eastern Guatemala (Peten district); Costa Rica to central 

 Colombia (Bogota). (Not yet recorded from British Honduras, Hon- 

 duras, Nicaragua, Salvador, nor Guatemala except Peten district.) 



Tiar!s pusilla Swainson, Philos. Myiarchusg., new far., i, 1827, 438 (Real del Monte, 

 Hidalgo, Mexico). 



E.[uethia^ pusilla CABAms, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, June, 1851, 146 (Mexico). 



Euethia pumlla C-vbanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 1 (Costa Rica). 



Euetheia pusilla Ferrari-Perez, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 142 (Jalapa, 

 Vera Cruz). — Zbledon, An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 111 (Alajuela. Costa 

 Rica). — Cherrie, Auk, ix, 1892, 247 (Costa Rica, both slopes, down to 2,000 

 ft.). — Cox, Auk, xii, 1895, 357 (near city of Orizaba, Vera Cruz). 



Phonipara pusilla Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1855, 159 (Bogota, Colombia); 

 1856, 304 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 379 (Totonte- 

 pec, Oaxaca); 1864, 174 (City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 106 (Bogota; 

 Orizaba, Vera Cruz). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 298 (Panama 

 R. R.); ix, 1868, 103 (San Jose and Sarchi, Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 201 (n. 

 Yucatan); Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 4, 1876, 20 (Dondominguillo, Oaxaca). — 

 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 352 (Lion Hill, Panama 

 R. R.); 1875,237 (San Cristobal, Venezuela) ; 1879,507 (Retire, Santa Elena, 

 and Medellin, prov. Antioquia, Colombia). — Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, 

 Phila., 1865, 169 (San Jose, Costa Rica).— Salvin, Ibis, 1866, 193 (Peten, 

 Guatemala); Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (Santa F6, Veragua); 1870, 

 190(Chitra, Veragua); Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 224 ( Bogota ).--Frantzius, 

 Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 301 (Costa Rica). — Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. 

 N. H., i, 1869, 552 (hot? and temperate regions. Vera Cruz). — Wvatt, Ibis, 

 1871, 328 (Bucaramanga, Colombia). — Boucahd, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1878, 58 (San Jos6, Costa Rica); 1883, 444 (Yucatan). — Zeledon, Cat. Aves 

 de Costa Rica, 1882, 8.— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1883, 495, 499 

 (Volcande Irazii and San Jos6, Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1885, 359. 



^Thirteen specimens. 



Specimens from different localities average in measurements as follows: 




536 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



[Phonipara] pusUla Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 29. 

 [Phonipara pMyiarchusiHa] var. pusilla Baikd, Beeweb, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 



Birds, ii, 1874, 93. 

 J?, [uetheia] olivacea puxllhi Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 451. 

 Eiirf/ieiii olivnrea pusilla Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. JIus., xviii, 1896, 630 (Alta 

 'Myiarchusra, Tamaulipas).— Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., x, 1898, 29 (Jalapa, 



Vera Cruz). 

 [Phonipara lepida.} Subsp. a Phonipara pusilla Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. 



Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 147. 

 Fringilhi lepida (not of Linnaeus) Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 



2 (Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 56). 

 Tiaris olivaceus (not Emberiza olivacea Linnteus) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., iv, 



1848, 91. 



EUETHEIA CANORA (Gmelin). 

 UELODIOUS GRASSaiTIT. 



Adult male. — Above olive-green, becoming more or less dusky on 

 pileum; loral, orbital, auricular, and malar regions, chin, throat, median 

 line of foreneck (usually concealed), and entire chest, deep black; 

 postocular stripe (bordering upper and posterior edge of auricular 

 region) and conspicuous tuft of elongated feathers on sides of neck 

 (apparently confluent across middle of foreneck, but in reality sepa- 

 rated by a black underlying median stripe) bright yellow; under parts 

 posterior to chest gray, paler (sometimes whitish) on abdomen and 

 under tail-coverts, more or less tinged with brown or olive on flanks; 

 bill black; legs and feet brown; length (skins), 86.87-97.79 (91.95); 

 wing, 45.72-50.80 (-1:9.02); tail, 34.29-40.64 (36.83); exposed culmen, 

 8.64-9.40 (8.89); depth of bill at base, 6.60-6.86 (6.73); tarsus, 14.73- 

 15.24 (15.13); middle toe, 10.41-11.18 (10.92).^ 



Ad/ult female. — Similar to adult male, but black of head replaced 

 by chestnut, chest light gray, like rest of under parts, yellow of 

 neck duller, and pileum dull brownish-graj-; length, (skins), 86.61- 

 90.42 (88.90); wing, 45.47-49.78 (48.01); tail, 33.53-36.58 (34.80); 

 exposed culmen, 8.38-9.14 (8.64); depth of bill at base, 6.35; tarsus, 

 14.73-15.24 (14.99); middle toe, 10.16-11.43 (10.67).' 



Cuba; accidental on Sombrero Key, Florida (one specimen, Apr. 17, 

 1888). 



\Lox%a\ eanora Gmelix, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 858 ("Nova Hispania;" based 

 on Brown-cheeked Grosbeak Brown, Illustr., p. 56, pi. 24; Latham, Synop.,ii, 

 pt. i, p. 155). — Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 394. 



[Phonipara} eanora Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, July, 1850, 494. — Sclater and 

 Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 29. 



' Nine specimens. '' Six specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 537 



Phopipara canora Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 159, in text. — Shakpe, 



Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 144. 

 P-lltonipani] canora Baied, BREWBEj.and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 



1874, 93. 

 Euethia canora Cabanis, Journ. fiir Oni., iv, Jan., 1856, 7 (descr. eggs). — Thiene- 



MAN, Journ. fiir Orn., v, 1857, 150 (descr. eggs). — Brewer, Proo. Bost. Soc. 



X. H., vii, 1860, 307.— Gijxdlach, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 284; 



Journ. fiir Orn., xxii, 1874, 123; Orn. Cuba, 1878, 92,— Chapmax, Bull. Am. 



Myiarchuss. N. H., iv, 1892, 308 (near Trinidad, Cuba). 

 Euetheia canora Coey, Auk, iii, 1886, 209; Birds W. I., 1889, 96; Cat. W, I. Birds, 



1892, 16, 113, 129 (Cuba; Isle of Pines).— Merriam, Auk, y, 1888, 322 (Som- 

 brero Key, Florida, 1 spec). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check 



List, abridged ed., 1889, no. 603.1. 

 [^Euetheial canm-a Coey, List Birds W. I., 1885, 12. 

 E. {tietheki} canora Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 451. 

 [Prtsserraa] canora Gray-, Hand-list Birds, ii, 1870, 98, no. 7453. 

 Pyrrhula collaris Vigors, Zool. Journ., iii, no.' xi, Dec, 1827, 440 (near Habana, 



Cuba). 

 Passerina collaris Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., vi, 1858, 317. 



EUETHEIA BICOLOR BICOLOR (Linnaeus). 

 BAHAKA eRASSaUIT. 



Advlt male. — Above plain dull olive-green, becoming darker and 

 duller oh pileum, where sometimes quite dusky anteriorly; rest of 

 head and under parts as far backward as, and sometimes including, 

 abdomen, plain black; sides and flanks dull olive or olive-grayish; 

 abdomen usually blackish, with or without dull whitish or pale graj'ish 

 margins to the feathers; under tail-coverts dusky, broadlj^ margined 

 with white; bill black; tarsi Vjrownish, toes darker; length (skins), 

 103.63-118.11 (109.22); wing, 50.80-55.88 (53.85); tail, 38.61-43.69 

 (41.91); exposed culmen, 8.89-10.16 (9.40); depth of biU at base, 7.37- 

 7.87 (7.62); tarsus, 15.75-18.54 (17.02); middle toe, 11.43-13.21 (11.94).^ 



Adult female. — Above similar to adult male, but pileum concolor 

 with back or more grayish (rarely more dusky); under parts olive- 

 grayish, sometimes slightly clouded with dusky on chest or throat, the 

 abdomen nearly white, and flanks tinged, more or less, with olive- 

 yellowish or buffy; mandible paler than maxilla; length (skins), 98.04- 

 109.73 (107.44); wing, 50.0^54.86 (62.32); tail, 38.10-41.40 (39.88); 

 exposed culmen, 9.14-10.16 (9.65); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.62 

 (7.37); tarsus, 16.26-17.78 (17.02); middle toe, 11.18-12.45 (11.68).' 



Young. — Similar to adult female but rather paler. (Immature 

 males are variously intermediate in plumage between adult males and 

 females.) 



' Twenty-four ,,specimens. ^ Eleven specimens. 




538 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Bahama Islands. 



[Fringilla] znui LiNNiErs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 183, not of p. 181 (Bahama; 

 based on Passer hicolor bahamensis Catesby, Carolina, i, 37, pi. 37). — Latham, 

 Index Orn., i, 1790, 446. 



Fringilla zena Beyant, Proc. Boat. Soc. N. H., x, 1865, 254 (Bahamas). 



Phonipara zena Baied, Beewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 93, 

 part, pi. 29, figs. 15, 16 ("Key West," i. e., Myiarchusami, Florida; Bahamas).— 

 JIaynaed, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 87, pi. 2 (Myiarchusami, Florida, 1 spec. Jan. 19, 

 1871).— Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 253.— Coues, Check List, 

 2d ed., 1882, no. 297. 



l^.lhonipara] zena Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 392. 



[Gyrinorhynchiis'] zena Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 107, no. 7618. 



\_Fringilla'] hicolor LinNjEus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 324 ("America"; based 

 on Passer hicolor bahamensis Catesby, Carolina, i, 37, pi. 37). — Latham, 

 Index Orn., i, 1790, 456. 



\^PUonij}ara'\ hicolor Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, July, 1850, 494. — Sclatee and 

 Salvis, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 29, part.— Coues, Key, 1872, 150. 



Phonipara hicolor Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1873, no. 201. — Coky, Birds Bahama 

 I., 1880, 91.— Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 149, part (Bahamas). 



SpermophUa hicolor Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 119 (New Provi- 

 dence, Bahamas). 



Euetheia hicolor Stejneger, Auk, ii, Jan., 1885, 48. — Coey, List Birds W. I., 1885, 

 12, part; Auk, iii, 1886, 209, part; viii, 1891, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298 (New 

 Providence, Berry Islands, Bimini Islands, Caicos Islands, Inagua, and Abaco, 

 Bahamas); viii, 1891,- 351 (Eleuthera and Inagua islands); ix, 1892, 48 

 (Myiarchusranagua and Watlings Island, Bahamas) ; Birds W. I., 1889, 96, part 

 (Bahamas); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 113, 123, 150, part (Bahamas).— Ameei- 

 CAN Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 603 (excl. syn. ). 



Euethia hicolor Noetheop, Auk. viii, 1891, 71 (Andros I., Bahamas). — Ridgway, 

 Auk, viii, 1891, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339 (Abaco, New Providence, Eleu- 

 thera, San Salvador, AVatlings, Rum Cay, Green Cay, and Concepcion 

 islands, Bahamas). — Haetert, Ibis, 1893, 315, part (Bahamas). — Nehrling, 

 Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 227. 



[Euetheia'] hicolor Coey, List Birds W. I., 1885, 12. 

 ' E-luetlieia] hicolor Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 451. 



EUETHEIA BICOLOR OMISSA (Jardine). 

 CARIB GRASSaUIT. 



Similar to E. i. bicolm^ but smaller (especially wing and tail), and 

 color of upper parts decidedly more olivaceous or olive-greenish. 



Adult 7nale.— Length (skins), 92.71-111.00 (101.35); wing, 48.01- 

 ^3.34 (51.05); tail, 34.01-41.40 (38.86); exposed culmen, 8.64-10.41 

 (9.65); depth of bill at base, 6.86-7.87 (7.37); tarsus, 15.24-17.78 (16.26); 

 middle toe, 10.92-12.95 (12.19).^ 



Adidt female.— Length (skins), 88.39-118.28 (99.06); wing, 46.72- 

 51.56 (49.28); tail, 35.31-40.89 (36.83); exposed culmen, 8.64-10.16 



'Sixty-two specimens. 




BIBDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



589 



(9.40); depthof bill at base, 7.11-7.62(7.37); tarsus, 15.24-17.53 (16.00); 

 middle toe, 10.67-12.70 (11.94). ' 



Cuba, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Johns, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, 

 and St. Croix, Greater Antilles; Anguilla, St. Bartholomew, Saba, 

 St. Eustatius, St. Christopher, Barbuda, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Desi- 

 rad^, Myiarchusrie Galante, Dominica, Myiarchusrtinique, Santa Lucia, and St. 

 Vincent, Lesser Antilles; Tobago; Venezuela (including Myiarchusrgarita 

 Island); Colombia?. 



The series of sixty -two adult males and twenty-eight adult females, 

 repi'esenting the above-mentioned localities, while a large one in the 

 aggregate, is nevertheless far from satisfactory as a means of deter- 

 mining whether specimens from different islands really differ from one 



'Twenty-eight specimens. 



Specimens from the different islands average as follows: 




540 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



another. Collectively they represent a form which may readily he 

 distinguished frona E. h. hicolor of the Bahamas by decidedly shorter 

 wing and tail and brighter olive or olive-greenish upper parts, and 

 from E. }}. marchii of Jamaica, Barbados, and Grenada bv having, in the 

 adult male, the black of the chest extending over the breast (sometimes 

 over the belly also) and without abrupt posterior outline. 



When a sufficient number of specimens from each island shall have 

 been brought together and carefully compared, it is almost certain 

 that several local forms will have to be recognized. The existence of 

 these is clearly indicated )iy the meager series before me, specimens 

 from different islands, notably those from Santa Lucia and St. Thomas, 

 being uniformlj' peculiar in certain features of coloration. Thus the 

 three adult males from Santa Lucia are browner than those from 

 other islands, the black on anterior under parts very restricted (but 

 of quite different form from that of E. h. marchii^ the remaining under 

 parts being peculiarlj^ dark and brownish. The four adult males from 

 St. Thomas have the "solid" portion of the black chest as restricted 

 as in E. h. marchii, but it merges into the lighter-colored posterior area 

 bj^ intervening blackish feathers with pale margins, thus producing a 

 somewhat streaked appearance. Were it certain that the specimens 

 examined are really fully adult bii'ds, I would not hesitate to separate 

 the birds from Santa Lucia and St. Thomas, respectively, as local 

 forms; but there is a possibilitj" thej^ may not yet have acquired the ' 

 perfect plumage of the adult male. 



"\Mth four adult males from Venezuela, I am unable to distinguish 

 any peculiarities, as compared with Antillean specimens, except that 

 the tail averages decidedlj' shorter. In coloration they appear to be 

 quite identical with specimens from Porto Rico and some other Carib- 

 bean islands. 



An adult, or nearly adult, male from Bogota, Colombia, in the col- 

 lection of the American Myiarchusseum of Natural History (No. 41327) is 

 scarce!}' to be distinguished from E. h. marchii in color, the black of the 

 anterior under parts extending no farther back than the chest and 

 ending quite abruptly. Dr. Sharpe, however, describes an adult male 

 from Colombia as having "the black extending down the center of 

 the abdomen, but not reaching to the vent," and therefore I am dis- 

 posed to regard the specimen mentioned above as not in full plumage. 

 A good series of specimens, however, will be necessary to establish 

 the relationship of the Colombian bird. The American Myiarchusseum speci- 

 men measures as follows: Wing, 55.88; tail, 38.86; exposed culmen, 

 9.40; depth of bill at base, 7.37; tarsus, 18.03; middle toe, 13.46. 



Tiaris omissa Jaedine, Ann. Nat. Hist., xx, 1847, 332 (Tobago). 



Pho}i!paraomis.ia Sclateh, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 106 (Antilles; Tobago). — Taylok, 

 Ibis, 1864, 107 (Myiarchusrtinique; Dominica; Porto Rico). — Sclatbe and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 167 (Carupano and Caracas, Venezuela) . 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMEBIC A. 541 



[Pagserina'] mnissa Gkay, Hand-list, ii, 1870, i)8, no. 7458. 



E.luetheia] omissa Hartert, Ibis, July, 189.3, 315, ,316, 317 (Venezuela; Tobago; 

 Colombia?; crit. ). 



Euetheia omissa Richmond, Proc. U. S. Xat. Myiarchuss., xviii, i89(i, 677 (Myiarchusrgarita 

 I. and Laguayra, A^enezuela; crit.). — Robinson, Proc. XT. S. Nat. ]\Ius., xviii, 

 1896, 685 (La Guayra, Venezuela).— Pheli-s, Auk, xiv, 1897, 359, 36-1 

 (Cumana, Venezuela). 



Phonipara bicolor (not Fringilla bicolor Linniieus) A. and Y,. Xewtox, Iljis, 1859, 

 147, 376, 378, pi. 1L>, flg. 2 (St. Croix; colored flg. of egg).— Cassix, Proc. Ac. 

 Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 376 (St. Thomas) .—Sclatek, Cat. Am, Birds, 1862, 

 106, part, (St. Croix); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 14 (Santa Lucia); 

 (?) 1879, 765_(Montserrat); 1889, 395 (Santa Lucia); 1892, 499 (Anguilla).— 

 Sundevall, Ofv. k. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 583 (St. Bartholomew), 

 596 (Porto Rico).— Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 58 (Dominica; 

 descr. nest and eggs), 191 (St. Vincent; descr. nest), 233 (Antigua), 239 

 (Barbuda); i, 1879, 355 (JIartinique), 457 ( Guadaloupe) , 487. — Lister, Ibis, 

 1880, 41 (St. Vincent).— Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166 (Santa 

 Lucia) ; Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist., xiii, 1900, 165 (Myiarchusnca, prov. Santa JIarta, 

 Colombia). — Sharps, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 149, part (Montserrat; 

 Dominica; Tobago; Carupano and Caracas, Venezuela; Bogota, Colombia?) . 



\_Phonipara\ fticotor Sclater and S.vlvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 29, part. 



Eueihia bicolor Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., xxii, July, 1874, 312 (Porto Rico); 

 Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat, vii, 1878, 205 (Porto Rico). 



[Euetheia] bicolor Cory, List Birds "W. I., 1885, 12, part. 



Euetheia bicolor Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 209, part; 1887, 96 (Myiarchusrtinique); 1890, 374 

 (St. Thomas; Anegada), 375 (Virgin Gorda); viii, 1891, 46 (Anguilla), 47 

 (Antigua; St. Eustatius), 48 (St. Croix, St. Christopher) , 49 (Guadeloupe); 

 X, 1893, 220 (Tobago); Birds W. I., 1889, 96, part; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 155 

 (St. Bartholomew) .—RIDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, 1890, 130 (Santa 

 Lucia) . — Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. II., iv, 1892, 52 (Carupano, Venezuela). — 

 Vebkill, Trans. Conn. Ac. Sci., viii, 1892, 338 (Dominica; descr. eggs). — 

 Haktert, Ibis, 1893, 315, part (Lesser Antilles; crit.). — (?) Stone, Proc. Ac. 

 Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 307 (Honda, centr: Colombia). 



Fringilla zena . . y&t. portoricensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, Jan. 4, 

 1866, 253 (Porto Rico; location of type not known). 



\_Gyrinorhynchus'\ portoricensis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 107, no. 7617. 



Phonipara zena (not Fringilla zena Linnreus) Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. 

 N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 93, part— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vii, 1884, 

 472 (St. Thomas). 



IPhonipara bicolor.] Subsp. a. Phonipara marcliii (not Phonipara marchii Baird) 

 Shabpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 150, part (St. Thomas; Santa Lucia; 

 St Croix?). 



EUETHEIA BICOLOR MARCHII (Baird). 

 MARCH'S GRASSQTTIT. 



Similar to S. h. omii^tia but adult male with the black of the under 

 parts confined to the anterior half, or less, and ending more or less 

 abruptly on lower part of chest or middle of breast, the remaining 

 under parts olive-grayish laterally, whitish (sometimes faintly tinged 

 with yellowish) medially. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 91.4^107.70 (99.82); wing, 50.29- 

 56.39 (53.09); tail, 38.35-43.69 (40.64); exposed culmen, S.64-10.41 




542 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(9.65); depth of bill at base (seven specimens), 7.11-7.87 (7.37); tarsus, 

 16.26-17.78 (17.02); middle toe, 12.45-13.46 (12.95).' 



Adult f 'II, ale.—l.Bngih. (skins), 98.30-112.01 (108.38); wing, 50.80- 

 54.61 (52.32); tail, 39.12-40.89 (40.13); exposed culmen, 9.40-9.65 

 (9.40); depth of bill at base (four specimens), 6.86-7.62 (7.37); tarsus, 

 15.7.J-17.27 (16.26); middle toe, 12.19-13.46 (12.45).' 



Jamaica and Haiti, Greater Antilles; Barbados, Grenada (and Grena- 

 dines?), Lesser Antilles; Colombia? 



Spermophila bicolor (not Fringilla hicolor Liniiseus) Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 

 252; Illustr. Birds .Tarn., 1849, pi. 64.— Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 196 

 (Jamaica). 



Phonipara bicolor Sclater, Cat.' Am. Birds, 1862, 106, part (Jamaica) ; Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1874, 175 (Barbados).— Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 

 1879, 270 (Grenada), 278 (Grenadines).— Tristram, Ibis, 1884, 168 (Santo 

 Domingo).— Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 152 (Haiti). 



[Phonipara] bicolor Sclater and Sai.vix, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 29, part. 



[Passerina'] bicolor Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 98, no. 7455. 



Euelheia bicolor Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 12, part; Auk, ix, 1886, 209, part 

 (Jamaica); Birds AV. I., 1889, 96, part (Jamaica); Cat. AV. I. Birds, 1892, 

 113, 150, part (Jamaica; Barbados; Grenada).— Scott, Auk, x, 1893, 179 

 (Jamaica).— Field, Auk, xi, 1894, 120 (Jamaica).— Cherrie, Contr. Orn. 

 San Dom., 1896, 16 (Santo Domingo). 



FAiethiu bicolor Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 614 (Grenada; habits; 

 descr. nest and eggs) . 



Phonipammarckii Baird, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sia. Phila., 1863, 297 (Jamaica; U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



[Phonipnral marchi Sclater and Salvin, Noiii. Av. Neotr., 1873, 29. — Salvin, 

 Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 224 (Jamaica). 



P.lhmdpara'] marchi Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jam., 1881, 104. 

 [Phonipara bicolor.] Subsp. a. Phonipara marchii Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 150, part (Jamaica; St. Domingo; Barbados). 



E.[uetheia] marchi Hartert, Ibis, 1893, 315 (Jamaica; Santo Domingo; Bar- 

 bados?; diagn.). 



Fringilla zena (var. marchii) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, Dec, 1S66 (pub. 

 1867),, 93 (Port au Prince, Haiti). 



^ Seventeen specimens. 



^ Seven specimens. 



Series from the different islands average as follows: 




BIRDS OF NOKTH AND MIDDLE AMEEICA. 543 



[Passerina] marchii Geay, Hand-list, ii, 1870,'98, no. 7457. 



Phonipara zena (not Fringilla zena Linnaeus) Baied, Brewee, and Ridgway, 

 Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 93, part (Jamaica; Haiti).— Coey, Birds Haiti 

 and San Dom., 1885, 63, pi. 21, fig. 7 (Samana, Santo Domingo). 



EUETHEIA BICOLOR SHARPEI (Hartert). 

 CTJEAQAO GRASSaUIT. 



Adult male. — Similar to that of E. h. om,issa but paler, especialh' the 

 under parts, the chin, throat, chest, and breast (together with cheeks 

 and' forehead) being dull slate color, instead of black, the flanks light 

 olive-grayish, and the under tail-coverts broadly margined with white; 

 length (skin), 102.87; wing, 52.83; tail, 37.08; exposed culmen, 10.16; 

 depth of bill at base, 7.62; tarsus, 17.27; middle toe, 12.19.' 



Adailt female. — Similar to that of E. I. mni.ssK but paler, the upper 

 parts light olive, tinged with pale hair brown, the under parts pale 

 buffy grayish, becoming white on abdomen; wing, 51.31; tail, 35.56; 

 exposed culmen, 10.16; depth of bill at base, 7.87.' 



Islands of Aruba, Curasao, and Bonaire, Caribbean Sea. 



Eueiheia bicolor (not Fringilla hicolor LinnsEUs) Bbblepsch, Journ. fur Orn., 1892, 



81 (Curasao). — Peters, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 116 (Curagao). — Robixson, 



Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 165 (Curacao). 

 Eueiheia sharpei Harteet, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. vii, Myiarchusr. 28, 1893, p. 



xxxvii (islands of Bonaire, Curasao, and Aruba, Dutch "West Indies"); 



Ibis, 1893, 314 (Curasao, crit. ), 295 (Aruba), 315 (Aruba, Curasao, Bonaire; 



diagn. ; descr. nest and eggs), 328 (Bonaire). 



EUETHEIA GRANDIOR Cory. 

 OID PROVIDENCE GRASSaTIIT. 



Similar to E. hicolor omissa but much larger; adult male with upper 

 parts lighter and brighter olive-green; fully adult male with black of 

 under parts extending backward over abdomen, but under tail-coverts 

 broadly margined with dull yellowish white, only the central portion 

 being dusky (sometimes the dusky centers obsolete); mandible deep 

 black, like maxilla; length (skins), 109.22-118.11 (113.54); wing, 58.42- 

 61.72 (59.94); tail, 46.48-50.80 (48.26); exposed culmen, 9.65-10.41 

 (9.91); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 8.13; tardus, 18.03-19.30 

 (18.80); middle toe, 12.70-13.46 (12.95).' 



Achilt female. — Similar in color to that of E. hicolor and its subspe- 

 cies but much larger, and rather lighter and clearer olive-green above; 

 length (skins), 106.68-116.84 (111.25); wing, 58.42-60.96 (59.44); tail, 

 46.99-48.26 (47.50); exposed culmen, 9.65-10.67 (9.91); depth of bill 



'One specimen, from Curacao. ^Six specimens. 




544 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



at base (three specimens), 8.13; tarsus, 17.78-18.80 (18.29); middle 

 toe, 12.70-13.21 (13.12).^ 



Islands of Old Providence and St. Andrews, Caribbean Sea. 



Euetheia bicolor (not FringlUa hicolor Linnaeus) Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 181 (St. 



Andrews, Caribbean Sea). 

 Enelheid yrandior Cory, Auk, iv, July, 1887, 245 (Island o£ Old Providence, 



Caribbean Sea; coll. C. B. Cory) . 



Genus MELANOSPIZA Ridg-way. 



Mdmwsplza Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xix, no. 1116, JIar. 15, 1897, 466 

 footnote.* (Type, Loxigilla richardsoni Cory.) 



Related to Mtetke/n Reichenbach, but bill relatively much larger, 

 and with the subbasal angle of the mandibular tomium produced into 

 a distinct point; also much larger than Euetheia^ and the adult male 

 wholly deep black, except legs and feet, which are brownish white. 



Size medium (wing more than 63.50). Wing three and one-fourth 

 times as long as tarsus, much rounded (ninth primary shorter than 

 third); primaries exceeding secondaries bj^ decidedly less than length 

 of exposed culmen. Tail a little less than three-fourths as long as 

 wing, even or slightly emarginated, the rectrices rather broad, with 

 rounded ends. Tarsus about one and a half times as long as exposed 

 culmen, its scutella obsolete on outer side, indistinct on inner side; 

 middle toe with claw decidedly shorter than tarsus; lateral claws 

 reaching about to base of middle claw; hallux shorter than inner toe,' 

 its flaw nearly as long as the digit. 



Coloration. — Adult male wholly deep black, except legs and feet, 

 which are brownish white; female and young unknown. 



Ban<je. — Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles. (Monotypic.) 



This bird comes very near, structurally, to Euetlwia, but can hardly 

 be referred to that genus. It bears, superficiallv, a remarkable resem- 



' Six specimens. 



I can not detect any difference between specimens from the two islands, there 

 being an equal number of both sexes from each. Their average measurements are 

 as follows: 



'Inadvertently redescribed in The Auk, xv, July (pub. Myiarchusy 13), 1898, 224 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 545 



blance to the Galapagoan genus Oeospiza, being intermediate in size 

 between Q. frn'tls and G. fuliginosa, and having the tarsus the same 

 length as in the former; but the tail is proportionally much longer, 

 and the wing much more rounded than in GeoHplza, in which the ninth 

 primary is equal to the fifth, or but little shorter. The mandible is 

 much broader at the base, proportionally, than in G. forti.s, its basal 

 width considerably exceeding the length of the gonj^s instead of being 

 about the same; the culmen is quite straight, instead of distinctly 

 convex, and the rami of the mandible are much narrower. So close 

 is the general resemblance, however, that the whitish legs and feet 

 and wholly black under tail-coverts of Melanospiza constitute its most 

 obvious diflferential characters. 



MELANOSPIZA RICHARDSONI (Cory). 

 EICHABDSON'S GRASSQTIIT. 



Adult male. — Uniform deep black, including under wing-coverts and 

 tail-coverts; undersurfaceof primaries slate color; bill black; legs and 

 feet pale buffy brownish; length (skin), 116.84-129.54 (123.19); wing, 

 69.85-71.12 (70.36); tail, 48.26^8.77 (48.51); exposed culmen, 13.97; 

 depth of bill at base, 10.92; tarsus, 20.83; middle toe, 14.73.' 



(Adult female and young unknown.) 



Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles. 



Loxigilla richardsoni Coky, Auk, iii, July, 1886, 382 (mountains of Santa Lucia, 

 Lesser Antilles; coll. C. B. Cory); v, 1888, 158; Ibis, 1886, 472, 475; Birds 

 AV. I., 1889, 290. 



Geospiza richardsoni Com, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 112, 133, 150. 



Euetheia richardsoni Ridgway, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, 1890, 129 (Santa 

 Lucia) . 



Genus LOXIPASSER Bryant. 



Loxipasser Beyant, Proc. Best. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 254. (Type, Spermophila 

 anoxantha Gosse. ) 



Small Fringillidse with short thick bill, culmen strongly curved, 

 maxilla narrow and with deeply incised and stronglj'^ angulated 

 tomium; tail rather short (about two-thirds as long as the rather long, 

 rounded wing), even; tarsus rather long (about two-thirds as long as 

 tail); adult male with head, neck, and chest black, under tail-coverts 

 rufous, upper parts olive-green, becoming yellow on lesser wing- 

 coverts. 



Bill small (length from nostril about one-third length of tarsus), 

 with culmen strongly convex; maxilla very narrow, with tomium 

 ascending in a nearly straight line almost parallel with the culmen to 

 directly beneath the nostril, where abruptly deflected at an angle of 



' Two specimens, one of them not measured for bill and feet. 

 17024—01 35 




54G BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



more than 45 degrees, the angle, howerer, rounded; mandible very 

 broad in middle portion, its rami rapidity contracted basally, where the 

 width is onlj' about one-half the length of the gonys, the latter straight 

 and but little longer than the rami; mandibular tomium highly arched, 

 but quite straight anterior to the summit of the arch. Nostrils small, 

 circular, in lower anterior part of nasal fossae. Wing rather long 

 (about three and two-thirds times as long as tarsus), rounded (ninth 

 primary shorter than fourth) ; primaries exceeding secondaries by more 

 than two-thirds the length of the tarsus. Tail more than two-thirds 

 as long as wing, even, the rectrices broad. Tarsus about two-thirds 

 as long as tail, its scutella indistinct; middle toe with claw shorter 

 than tarsus; lateral claws not reaching to base of middle claw; hind 

 claw shorter than its digit. 



Coloration. — Adult male olive-green above, with yellow lesser wing- 

 coverts; head, neck, and chest black; under tail-coverts rufous. 



Range. — Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.) 



LOXIPASSER ANOXANTHUS (Gosse). 

 YELLOW-SHOTJLDEREB GRASSaUIT. 



Adult male. — Head, neck, chest, and upper breast uniform dull 

 black; under tail-coverts cinnamon- rufous; rest of under parts olive- 

 grayish, tinged with olive-green laterallj'; hindneck, back, scapulars-, 

 and rump uniform olive-green, the wings similar but duller, with 

 underlying portions of the feathers dusky; tail dusky, edged with 

 olive-green; lesser wing-coverts bright olive-yellow; maxilla blackish, 

 mandible more or less paler; iris brown; legs and feet " blackish flesh - 

 color" (Gosse); length (skins), 102.36-115.06 (106.93); wmg, 63.25- 

 65.53 (64.52); tail, 43.43-46.74 (44.70); exposed culmen, 8.38-9.40 

 (8.89); tarsus, 17.27-17.53 (17.27); middle toe, 11.68-12.19 (11.94).' 



Adult female. — '^woA^x to the adult male, but duller in color, the 

 head, neck, and chest similar in color to adjacent upper and lower 

 parts, but duller — sometimes dusky but never (?) blackish; under tail- 

 coverts usualljr ( ?) paler cinnamon-rufous, sometimes mixed with olive- 

 grayish; lesser wing-coverts yellowish olive-green; length (skins), 

 98.04-115.57 (105.92); wing, 58.67-60.96 (59.94); tail, 39.62-43.43 

 (41.91); exposed culmen, 8.89-9.66 (9.40); depth of bill at base, 7.62- 

 9.14(8.13); tarsus, 16.76-17.78 (17.27); middle toe, 11.43-12.19(11.94).* 



Young. — Similar to adult female, but still duller colored, the pileum 

 concolor with back, etc., the chin, throat, and chest light grayish or 

 olive-grayish like rest of under parts; under tail-coverts pale huffy, 

 usually (?) with olive-grayish mesial streaks; lesser wing-coverts 

 scarcely brighter than rest of wings. 



' Four specimens. ''Five specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 547 



Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. 



Spermophila anoxantha Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 247 (Mount Edgeoumbe, 



Jamaica); Illustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pi. 62. 

 Loxigilla arwxantha Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 74; Oat. Am. Birds, 



1862, 102.— Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 196.— Myiarchusrch, Proc. Ac. Kat. 



Sci. Phila., 1863, 297.— Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 219.— Cory, Auk, 



iii, 1886, 203; Birds W. I., 1889, 92.— Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 



1888, 85.— Scott, Auk, x, 1893, 180. 

 lOoniaphea] anoxantha Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 104, no. 7568. 

 ISporophila] anoxantha Giebsl, Thes. Orn., iii, 1877, 518. 

 Pyrrhulagra anoxantha Cory, Cat. Birds W. I., 1892, 16, 112, 130. 

 [Loxigillal anoxantha Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27.— Cory, List 



Birds W. I., 1885, 12. 

 L.[oxigiUa} anoxantha Newto.n" (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104. 



Genus PYRRHULAGRA Bonaparte. 



Pyrrhulagra Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, July 30, 1850, 492 (ex Schiff, manu- 

 script). (Type, Loxia portoricensis Daudin.) 



Scotospiza Sundevall, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., June 9, 1869, 597, in text. 

 (Type, Loxia portoricensis Daudin. ) 



Loxigilla (not Lesson)^ of Authors. 



Small or medium-sized Fringillidae with a short, more or less stout, 

 bill, rather short and rounded wings and tail, and uniform (never 

 streaked or spotted) plumage, the males black with rufous on throat, 

 sometimes also on pileum and under tail-coverts. 



Bill short, more or less stout, much deeper than broad at base; cul- 

 men strongly convex throughout, the exposed portion equal to more 

 than half to more than two-thirds the length of the tarsus; gonj^s 

 straight or very slightlj- convex, much less than length of maxilla from 

 nostril, slightly exceeding (P. noctis) or much less than {P. violacea) 

 width of mandible at base; maxilla about equal in depth to mandible, 

 or at least not distinctly less, its tomia without subterminal notch, 

 slightly concave to the not abrupt basal deflection; mandibular tomium 

 strongly convex, with a shallow notch in front of the distinctly toothed 

 subbasal angle [violacea) or nearly straight to the neither notched 

 nor toothed angle ( noctis) ; culmen sharply ridged {noctis) or scarcely 

 ridged {violacea). Nostrils minute and circular {violacea), or larger, 

 longitudinally ovate {noctis), nearly' concealed bj^ dense frontal feath- 

 ers. Rictal bristles not obvious. Wing nearly four times as long as 

 tarsus, rounded; eighth to fifth primaries longest, the ninth shorter 

 than the fourth {noctis), or seventh to fifth longest, with ninth shorter 

 than third {violacea); primaries exceeding secondaries by less than 

 length of exposed culmen {violacea) or more {noctis). Tail about three- 

 fourths {noctis) to seven-eighths {violacea) as long as wing, slightlj^ 

 rounded, the rectrices broad. Tarsus less {?ioctis) to more {violacea) 

 than one-third as long as tail, its scutella distinct; middle toe with 



^ Loxigilla Lesson, Traits d'Orn., 1831, 443. 




54S BULLETIN 50, UNITEB STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



claw about as long as tarsus or a little less; lateral claws not rea 

 to base of middle claw; hallux about as long as inner toe, its 

 shorter than the digit. 



Coloration.— Adult males uniform black with rufous patchei 

 latter on throat, crown, or under tail-coverts; adult females simile 

 usually duller, the black sometimes replaced by grayish; youn 

 streaked. 



Range. — West Indies; Guiana?. 



Notwithstanding its close resemblance to the type of this ger 

 coloration, the structural differences in P. iioctls are so numerou 

 striking as almost to warrant its generic separation. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP PYRKHDLAGRA. 



a. General color black or slaty, with throat, etc., rufous. 

 h. Pileuin (except forehead and median portion of occiput) rufous. 

 c. Smaller (wing not more than 92.96, usually much less, exposed culmc 

 than 17.78) ; rufous of throat, etc., lighter. (Porto Rico.) 



Pyrrhulagra portoricensis, adults (] 

 cc. Larger (wing not less than 93.22, usually much more, exposed culmei 

 than 17.78); rufous of throat, etc., darker. (St. Christopher.) 



Pyrrhulagra grandis, adults (j 



hb. Pileum entirely black. 



c. A short superciliary streak of rufous, but no rufous mark on upper ] 



lores; bill much stouter (depth at base more than 10.16). [Pyrrh 



violacea. ) 



d. Adults with throat-patch darker (intermediate between brick red an 



rufous); immature birds grayish olive, olive-grayish, or hair brown 



(Bahamas.) Pyrrhulagra violacea violacea, adults (] 



dd. Adults with throat-patch lighter (ferruginous); immature birds dee 

 above. 

 e. Larger, but with smaller feet; adult males averaging, wing 81.S 

 69.09, exposed culmen 15.49, depth of bill at base 12.70, tarsus 20.3: 

 die toe 14.48. (Jamaica. ) . .Pyrrhulagra violacea ruficollis, adults (; 

 ee. Smaller, but with larger feet; adult males averaging, wing 75.^ 

 64.77, exposed culmen 14.73, depth of bill at base 12.19, tarsus 

 middle toe 15.24. (Haiti. ) . .Pyrrhulagra violacea affinia, adults (] 

 cc. No rufous over eyes, but a more or less distinct mark of rufous on 

 parts of lores; bill much weaker (depth at base less than 10.16). (i 

 lagra noctis. ) 

 d. General color slaty black or dusky slate. 

 e. General color dusky slate, more blackish on breast, etc. (Antigua 

 Pyrrhulagra noctis ridgwayi, adult male (] 

 ee. General color slaty black, more slaty on flanks, etc. (St. Eustati 

 Christopher; Saba?; Anguilla?; Barbuda?). 



Pyrrhulagra noctis coryi, adult male (; 

 dd. General color deep black. 

 e. Eufous throat-patch occupying whole of the throat. 

 /. Rufous throat-patch extending to upper part of chest. (St. Vii 

 Pyrrhulagra noctis crissalis, adult male ( 

 ff. Rufous throat-patch not extending to upper part of chest. 

 g. Under tail-coverts black (rarely mixed with rufous). 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 549 



/i. Larger, averaging, wing 71.6,3, tail 51.82, exposed culmen 12.70 

 depth of bill at base 9.65, tarsus. 19.56, middle toe 11.18. 

 (Myiarchusrtinique.) Pyrrhulagfra noctis noctis, adult male (p. 554) 



hh. Smaller, averaging, wing 69.34, tarsus 48.51, exposed culmen 



12.45, depth of bill at base 8.13, tarsus 19.05, middle toe 



13.46. (Santa Lucia.) 



Pyrrhulagra noctis sclateri, adult male (p. 555) 



gg. Under tail-coverts usually chestnut-rufous (sometimes mixed with 



black). 



h. Duller black; larger, averaging, wing 73.15, tail 5:i.83, exposed 



culmen 12.95, depth of bill at base 8.89, tarsus 19.81, middle 



toe 14.22. (Guadeloupe, Grand Terre, Desirad^, Myiarchusrie Galante, 



Dominica.) ...Pyrrliulagra noctis dominicana, adult male (p. 556) 



Ml. Deeper black; smaller, averaging, wing 68.33, tail 48.51, exposed 



culmen 12.70, depth of bill at base 8.88, tarsus 19.05, middle 



toe 13.72. (Grenada.) 



Pyrrhulagra noctis grenadensis, adult male (p. 560) 

 ee. Eufous throat-patch restricted to upper half or two-thirds of throat; 

 otherwise like P. n. grenadensis. (Guiana.) 



Pyrrhulagra noctis propinqua, adult male (extralimital).' 

 oa. General color olivaceous, lighter below. 

 b. Greater wing-coverts concolor with rest of wings; bill stout, little compressed. 

 c. Under parts, except under tail-coverts, uniform olive, but little lighter than 

 upper parts. 

 d. Larger (wing more than 95.25; exposed culmen, 17.78 or more). 



Pyrrhnlagra grandis, young (p. 550) 

 dd. Smaller (wing less than 95.25; exposed culmen less than 17.78). 



Pyrrhnlagra portoricensis, young (p. 550) 

 cc. Under parts, except under tail -coverts, lighter olive or olive-grayish, decid- 

 edly paler than upper parts, and much paler on abdomen than on chest. 



d. Chest, etc., olive-grayish Pyrrhnlagra violacea violacea, young (p. 552) 



dd. Chest, etc., olive or greenish olive. 

 e. Darker olive above, the chest, etc., clear olive. 



Pyrrhnlagra violacea rnficollis, young (p. 552) 

 ee. Lighter olive above, the chest, etc., lighter and more greenish-olive. 



Pyrrhnlagra violacea affinis, 5'oung (p. 553) 

 bb. Greater wing-coverts edged with rusty or buffy, in more or less marked con- 

 trast with general color of wing; bill more slender, much compressed, 

 u. Lores, etc., more or leas strongly suffused with pale rusty or buffy. 



Pyrrhnlagra noctis noctis, female and j'oung. 

 Pyrrhnlagra noctis sclateri, female and young. 

 Pyrrhnlagra noctis dominicana, female and young. 

 Pyrrhnlagra noctis ridgwayi, female and young. 

 Pyrrhnlagra noctis coryi, female and young. 

 Pyrrhnlagra noctis crissalis, female and young. 

 Pyrrhnlagra noctis grenadensis, female and young. 

 (T) Pyrrhnlagra noctis propinqua, female and youug. 

 cc. Lores, etc., without pale rusty or buffy suffusion. 



Pyrrhnlagra barbadensis, adult male and female and young (p. 561) 



^Loxigilla noctis var. propinqua Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, July 31, 1878, 

 "8, in text (Essequibo R., British Guiana; coll. G. N. Lawrence). — Loxigilla pro- 

 pmjua Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 85. 




550 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



PYRRHULAGRA PORTORICENSIS (Daudin). 

 PORTO MOAN BTTLLFINOH. 



Adult male. — Pileum (except forehead), chin, throat, chest, and 

 under tail-coverts orange-rufous, the first extending much farther 

 backward laterally than medially, the second with a strongly .convex 

 and abrupt posterior outline; rest of plumage uniform rich black; 

 bill, legs, and feet black; length (skins), 167.13-182.63 (171.50); wing, 

 86.61-92.96 (89.92); tail, 69.60-77.72 (73.15); exposed culmen, 15.49- 

 17.53 (16.51); depth of bill at base, 13.21-11:.99 (13.97);" tarsus, 23.37- 

 21.38 (23.88); middle toe, 11.99-17.53 (16.00). ^ 



Adult female. — Similar to adult male, but averaging rather smaller 

 and with the black slightly less intense. Length (skins), 160.02-169.93 

 (164.08); wing, 80.01-88.39 (83.06); tail, 67.06-76.20 (70.87); exposed 

 culmen, 13.97-17.27 (14.99); depth of bill at base, 11.94-14.99 (13.46); 

 tarsus, 21.84-24.64 (22.86); middle toe, 14.73-17,27 (15.75).' 



Immature. — Above deep olive-brown, beneath paler olive-brown or 

 olive; under tail-coverts orange-rufous; bill, legs, and feet dusky. 



Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles. 



Loxla jMyiarchustoricensis Daudin, Traits d'Orn., ii, 1809, 411 (Porto Rico; based on 



Passer niger, punctis croceis, Sloane, Jamaica). — Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. 



^r, H., X, 1866, 254, 

 P.[itylus) portoricensis GEAy,Gen. Birds, ii, 1848, 362. 

 IPiirrhular/m^ portoricensis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 493. 

 Pyrrhulagra portorirensis Gundlach, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 303.— 



CoRT, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 112, 132, 149. 

 [Sporophilal piortoricensis Giebel, Thes. Orn., iii, 1877, 522. 

 \_Goniaphea\ portoricensis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 104, no. 7564. 

 LoxigiUd portoricensis Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 205 (synonymy and descr. ); Birfs 



^\. I., 1889, 92 (do.).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 87. 

 [Loxigilla] portoricensis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 12. 



Srotospiza portor.licensis] Sundevall, Ofv. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh., 1869, 597, in text. 

 Pyrrhula auranticollis Yieillot, Nouv. Die. d'Hist. Xat., iv, 1816, 300 (based on 



Loxia portoricensis Dau&in) ; Enc. Mfth., 1823, 1028. 



PYRRHULAGRA GRANDIS (Lawrence). 

 ST. CHRISTOPHER BULLFINCH. 



Similar to P. fortmiceiuk but much larger and with the rufous 

 markings darker (intermediate between ferruginous and vinaceous- 

 ruf ous) ; that of the throat more restricted, scarcely extending to the 

 chest, and that of the under tail-coverts mixed with black. 



Adult )»ff/c^— Length (skins), 199.14-208.28 (205.99); wing, 97.79- 

 101.60 (99.67); tail, 77.47-83.31 (80.52); exposed culmen, 20.57-21.59 

 (20.83); depth of bill at base, 16.51-17.27 (17.02); tarsus, 26.16-27,43 

 (26.67); middle toe, 19.0.5-20.07(19.56).'' 



2 



^ Seven specimens. ^ Five specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



551 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 189.23-198.12 (193.29); wing, 93.22- 

 95.76 (94.23); tail, 73.15-Y6.20 (74.68); exposed culmen, 18.03-18.29; 

 depth of bill at base, 14.48-15.24 (14.73); tarsu.s, 25.40-26.16 (25.65); 

 middle toe, 17.53-18.54 (18.03).^ 



Island of St. Christopher, Lesser Antilles. 



LoxigiUa portoricensis var. grandls Lawrence, ]?roc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iv, Nov. 18, 

 1881, 204 (St. Christopher, Leaser xVntilles; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



Loxigilla portoricensw yrimdis Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 206 (synonymy and descr. ); 

 Birds W. I., 1889, 93. 



[Loxigilla] portoric'ensis grandis Cory, List Birds W. L, 1885, 12. 



Loxigilla grandis Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888. 87. 



Pyrrhulagra grandis Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 112, 1.32, 149. 



PYRRHULAGRA VIOLACEA VIOLACEA (Linnaeus). 



BAHAUAN BULLFINCH, 



Adult male. — Short superciliary stripe, chin, throat, and under 

 tail-coverts, rich rufous; axillars and under wing-coverts white or 

 partly white; rest of plumage uniform deep black, duller posteriorly, 

 where more or less tinged with slate color; length (skins), 147.07-165.35 

 (156.72); wing, 73.91-80.01 (77.72); tail, 60.96-76.45 (67.06); exposed 

 culmen, 14.73-16.00 (15.49); depth of bill at base., 11.68-13.72 (12.70); 

 tarsus, 19.81-22.86 (21.84); middle toe, 14.22-15.49 (15.24).' 



Adult female. — Similar to adult male, but smaller and with the black 

 duller, more slaty, especially on upper parts; length (skins), 134.62- 

 156.97 (144.78); wing, 69.34-76.96(72.64); exposed culmen, 13.46-15.24 

 (14.48); depth of bill at base, 10.67-12.45 (11.68); tarsus, 20.07-22.10 

 (20.83); middle toe, 13.46-15.24(14.48).' 



^ Three specimens. 



"Seventeen specimens. 



'Thirteen specimens. 



Specimens from the different islands average as follows: 




552 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



You/ig, after first molt. — Above grayish olive or deep olive-gray, 

 beneath decidedly paler, especially on abdomen; legs and feet, and 

 sometimes bill, dark horn brownish; rufous markings of the adult 

 present, that of the throat, however, much restricted and more or less 

 broken. 



Young in first plum.age. — Similar to the preceding, but coloration 

 much less grayish, the upper parts broccoli brown, the under parts 

 dull light grayish buff}', darker on chest, sides, and flanks; rufous 

 markings as in the preceding. 



Iviiiiature. — Variously intermediate between the grayish young and 

 black adult. 



Bahama Islands (Great Bahama; Abaco; Berry Islands; Eleuthera; 

 New Providence; Andros; San Salvador; Long Island; Acklin Island; 

 North Caicos; Grand Caicos; East Caicos; Myiarchusragauna; Great Inagua). 



[io.rid] violacea LiNNiEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 176 (Bahamas; based on 

 Coccothraustes purpurea Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 40, pi. 40); ed. 12, i, 

 1766, 306.— Gmelix, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 864.— Lath.\.m, Index Orn., i, 1790, 

 379. 



[Pyrrhulagra] violacm Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 493. 



Pyrrhidagra riolacea Ridgway, Auk, viii, Oct., 1891, 334 (Abaco I.), 335 (New 

 Providence I.), 336 (Eleuthera I.), 337 (Cat 1.).— Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 

 1892, 15, 112, 148, part (Bahamas) . 



[Lomgilla] violacea Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27, part.— Cohy, 

 List Birds W. I., 1885, 12, part. 



Lorigilla violacea Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 85; Auk, iii, 1886, 203 part (Baha- 

 mas); viii, 1891, 294 (New Providence I.), 295 (Berry Islands), 297 (Caicos 

 and Inagua islands) , 298 (Abaco I.), 350 (Great Bahama and Abaco islands), 

 351 (Eleuthera and Inagua islands); ix, 1892, 48 (Myiarchusragauna I.), 49 (Inagua 

 I.); Birds W. I., 1889, 90, part (Bahamas).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit, ilus., 

 xii, 1888, 82, part (Bahamas) .-Northrop, Auk, viii, 1891, 70 (Andros I.). 



Spemophila violacea Bryaxt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 119 (Bahamas). 



l^Qoniaphea'] violacea Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 104, no. 7652. 



Pyrrhula supercUiosa Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., iv, 1816, 300 (based on 

 Loxia violacea I^innseus) . 



(?) Pyrrhula rufobarbata (not Fringilla rufobarbata Jacquin, 1784) Hahx and 

 KusTBR, Vog. aus Asien, etc., Pt. vii, 1850, pi. 6.' 



[Loxigilla violacea] /3. bahamensia Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, Dec. 10, 1878, 

 250 (Bahamas; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.) . 



PYRRHULAGRA VIOLACEA RUFICOLLIS (Gmelin). 

 JAMAICAN BULLFINOH, 



Similar to P. v. violacea but wing and tail averaging decidedly 

 longer; adults with rufous of throat and superciliarj^ mark lighter 

 (clear ferruginous instead of nearly brick red), the latter decidedly 

 smaller; immature birds much darker and more olivaceous than those 

 of P. V. violacea, the upper parts deep or dark olive instead of grayish 

 olive or olive-grayish. 



'Reference from Sharpe; may belong to the Haitian or Jamaican forms. 




BIRDS OF NOBTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



553 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 149.35-163.58(159.00); wing, 81.28- 

 84.33 (82.65); tail, 67.82-72.39 (70.10); exposed culmen, 14.99-16.51 

 (15.75); depth of bill, 12.19-13.21 (12.95); tarsus, 20.32-20.83 (20.57); 

 middle toe, 14.22-15.49 (14.73).' 



Adult feinale.— Length (skins), 147.57-152.40 (150.37); wing, 74.68- 

 77.72 (76.20); tail, 63.50-66.04 (64.52); exposed culmen, 13.97-15.24 

 (14.48); depth of bill at base (three specimens), 11.18-12.45 (11.68); 

 tarsus, 19.30-20.57 (20.D7); middle toe, 13.46-14.73 (14.22).' 



Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. 



[Tanagra^ ruficollis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 894 (.Jamaica; based on 

 Rufous-ihroale.d Tanager Latham, Synopfiy Birds, ii, pt. i, 241). 



[Pyrrhulagra] ruficollis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 493. 



Pyrrhula violacea (not Lo.rin riolacea LinnEeus) Gorse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 2.54; 

 lUustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pi. 66. 



LoxigUla riolaceaSci^\TER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 74 (Jamaica); Cat. Am. 

 Birds, 1862, 102, part (Jamaica).— Albrecht, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 196 (Ja- 

 maica) . — Myiarchusrch, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 297 (Jamaica). — Cory, 

 Auk, iii, 1886, 203, part (Jamaica) ; Birds W. I., 1889, 90, part (do. ).— Sharpe, 

 Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 82, part (Jamaica). — Scott, Auk, xiv, 1893, 

 180 (Jamaica; crit. ). — Field, Auk, xi, 1894, 126 (Jamaica). 



L.[oxigiUa liolacea] Newton (A. and E. ), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104. 



[Loxigillii] violacea Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27, part. — Cory, 

 List Birds W. I., 1885, 12, part. 



ILoxigUla violacea} a. violacea Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, Dec. 10, 1878, 

 250 (Jamaica; crit.). 



Pyrrhulagra violacea Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 112, 148, part (Jamaica). 



Pyrrhula robinsonii GossB, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 259 in text (partial albino) . 



PYRRHULAGRA VIOLACEA AFFINIS (Baird). 

 HAITIAN BTTLLriNOH. 



Similar to J-*, v. ruficollis in coloration, but decidedly smaller. 



Admit male.— Length (skins), 134.62-152.40 (140.46); wing, 72.6-^- 

 77.47 (75.44); tail, 62.23-71.12 (64.77); exposed culmen, 14.22-15.24 

 (14.73); depth of bill at base, 11.43-13.21 (12.19); tarsus, 20.32-22.10 

 (21.08); middle toe, 14.73-15.75 (15.24).' 



Ad%dt female.— Length (skins), 131.57-133.60 (132.59); wing, 66.29- 

 70.10 (68.33); tail, 58.93-60.45 (59.69): exposed culmen, 12.45-12.70; 



'Four specimens. 




554 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



depth of bill at base, 10.41; tarsus, 19.56-20.32 (2(J.07); middle toe, 

 13.21-13.72 (13.46).' 



Three immature males measure as follows: Length (skins) , 134.37-145.80 (141.99) ; 

 wing, 72.39-74.68 (73.66); tail, 57.66-62.99 (65.79); exposed culmen, 14.48-15.49 

 (14.99); depth of bill at base, 11.68-12.70 (12.19); tarsus, 20.32-21.59 (20.83); middle 

 toe, 14.48-15.24 (14.99). 



Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. 



Loxigilla violacea (not Loxia rlolacea Linnaeus) S.\lle, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 

 1857, 231 (Santo Domingo).— Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 102, part 

 (Santo Domingo). — Tristr.\m, Ibis, 1884, 168 (Santo Domingo). — Cory, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 152 (Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 69, 

 pi. 21, fig. 6 (Samana and Almercen, Santo Domingo); Auk, iii, 1886, 203, 

 part (Haiti and Santo Domingo); Birds W. I., 1889; 90, part (do.). — Sharpe, 

 Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 82, part (Haiti and Santo Domingo). 



[Lo.vigilla] violacea Sclater and Salvix, Nom. A v. Neotr., 1873, 27, part. — Cory, 

 List Birds W. I., 1885, 12, part. 



Loxia oiofacca Bryant, Proc. Bos. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 93 (Port au Prince, Haiti). 



Piirrhukigni riulacea Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 112, 148, part (Haiti and 

 Santo Domingo). — Cherrie, Contr. Orn. San. Dom., 1896, 15 (Santo Domingo 

 City, Catare, and Aguacate; crit. ; habits). 



Pijrrhulagra affinis (Baii'd) Ridgway, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 322 (Portau Prince, 

 Haiti; U. 8. Nat. Myiarchuss.; ex Loxigilla affinis Baird, manuscript). 



PYRRHULAGRA NOCTIS NOCTIS (Linnaeus). 

 MARTINiaUE BTTLLFINCH. 



Adult male. — A small supraloral spot or bar, and a sharpl}^ defined 

 patch covering chin and throat, rufous-chestnut or burnt sienna; re.st 

 of plumage uniform black, including under tail-coverts, the latter 

 rarelj' with a slight admixture of chestnut-rufous; under wing-coverts 

 largely white, sometimes tinged with rufous; bill black, the mandible 

 sometimes brownish; legs and feet dusky horn color; length (skins), 

 119.13-142.49 (130.81); wing, 69.S5-72.39 (71.63); tail, 50.80-52.83 

 (51.82); exposed culmen, 12.70-12.95 (12.78); depth of bill at base, 

 9.65; tarsus, 19.05-20.07 (19.56); middle toe, 13.21-14.22 (13.72).' 



Adult female. — Above uniform dark olive, passing into raw-umber 

 brown on upper tail-coverts; wings dusky, the greater coverts broadly 

 edged with russet, the remiges edged with light olive or broccoli 

 brown; tail olive with paler indistinct edgings; under parts deep olive- 

 graj^, paler on abdomen, the under tail-coverts broadly margined with 

 light tawny-olive or russet; maxilla dusky, mandible pale brownish 

 with dusky tip; legs and feet dusky horn color; length (one skin), 

 121.41; wing, 65.02-67.56 (66.29); tail (one specimen), 49.53; exposed 

 culmen, 11.18-12.45 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 8.13-8.89 (S.64); 

 tarsus, 18. .5-1^19. 30 (19.05); middle toe, 13.21.' 



' Two specimens. ^ Four specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 555 



Immature male. — Similar in color to adult female but larger, and 

 wing-edgings brighter, more rusty, length (skins), 129.29-138.68 

 (134.62); wing, 68.07-69.34 (68.58); tail, 48.51-48.77 (4S.68); exposed 

 culmen, 12.45-12.70 (12.53); depth of bill at base, 8.38-8.89 (8.64); 

 tarsus, 19.66-20.07 (19.81); middle toe, 13.46-14.73 (14.22).^ 



Young (first jjliomage). — Similar in coloration to adult female or 

 immature male, but under tail-coverts wholly light russet, maxilla 

 brownish basally, and easily distinguished by different texture of the 

 plumage. 

 • Island of Myiarchusrtinique, Lesser Antilles. 



(?) [Fringilla] metis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 320 ("Jamaica;" 

 "Mexico;" Myiarchusrtinique; based on Passer raf/er, punctis croceis, Sloane, Jamaica, 

 ii, 311; Avis nocturna Hernandez, Mexico, 49; Ray, Aves, 171). — Latham, 

 Index Orn., i, 1790, 441. 



[Pyrrhulagra] noctis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 493, part (Myiarchusrtinique). 



Pyrrhulagra noctis Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 112, 133; 149, part. 



Loxigilla noctis Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 102 (Myiarchusrtinique). — Taylor (E. C. ), 

 Ibis, 1864, 167, part (Myiarchusrtinique). — Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 

 1879, 355 (Myiarchusrtinique), 487, part.— Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 204, part; iv, 1887, 

 95 (Myiarchusrtinique; crit.); Birds W. L, 1889, 91, part.— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 84, part (Myiarchusrtinique). 



\_Loxigilla\ noctis Sclatee and Salvix, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27, part. — Cory, 

 List Birds W. I., 1885, 12, part. 



\_Qoniaphea\ noctis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 104, no. 7561. 



[^Sporophila] noctis Giebel, Thes. Orn., iii, 1877, 520. 



Fringilla (rufo-barbata) Jacqhin, Beytrage, 1784, 11 (Myiarchusrtinique; = Fringilla 

 noctis Linnaeus). 



PYRRHULAGRA NOCTIS SCLATERI (Allen). 

 SANTA LTTOIA BUIIFINCH, 



Similar in coloration to P. n. noctis but smaller, the adult female 

 and immature birds much lighter in color; adult female light olive 

 above, with edges of greater wing-coverts clear russet; under parts 

 rather light olive-gray, becoming nearly white on lower part of abdo- 

 men, the under tail-coverts light cinnamon or cinnamon-buff. 



Adult male.— Length, (skins), 113.79-127.00 (119.63); wing, 68.07- 

 71.37 (69.34); tail, 46.48-50.80 (48.51); exposed culmen, 12.45-12.70 

 (12.45); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.38 (8.13); tarsus, 18.29-19.81 

 (19.05); middle toe, 12.95-13.72 (13.46).' 



.^cMyiarchusS/eHiafe.— Length (skins), 102.36-126.49 (114.55); wing, 63.50- 

 68.07 (64.77); tail, 43.9^1^7.50 (45.72); exposed culmen, 10.92-12.45 

 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 7.62-8.38 (7.87); tarsus, 18.03-19.30 

 (18.54); middle toe, 12.45-13.72 (12.95).^ 



Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles. 



Loxigilla noctis (not Fringilla noctis Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1871, 267, 270 (Santa Lucia) ; 1889, 395 (do.) .—Semper, Proc. Zool. Soc. 



' Three specimens. ^ Six specimens. ' Seven specimens. 




556 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Lond., 1872, 648 (Santa Lucia) .—Lawrence, Proc. V. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 

 57, part (Santa Lucia; crit.). — Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 84, 

 part (Santa Lucia). 



l^Loxigilla] noctis Sclater and Salvix, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27, part. 



Loxigi/ld noctis sclateri Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, July, 1880, 166 (Santa 

 Lucia, Lesser Antilles; Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool.). — Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 204; Birds 

 W. I., 1889, 91.— EiDQWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, 1890, 129 (Santa 

 Lucia). 



[Loxigilla] noctis sclateri Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 12. 



Pyrrhulaqra noctis sclateri Coey, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 112, 133, 150. 



PYRRHULAGRA NOCTIS DOMINICANA Ridgway. 

 DOMINICAN BULLFINCH. 



Similar to P. n. noctis, but adult male with under tail-coverts 

 usually rufou.s or with rufous predominating (rareljr with black pre- 

 vailing). 



J.c^M^i{ma^e.— Length (skins), 121.16-148.59 (133.60); wing, 68.58- 

 76.20 (73.1.5); tail, 50.04-55.88 (52.83); exposed culmen, 11.68-13.72 

 (12.95); depth of bill at base, 8.64-9.40 (8.89); tarsus, 18.29-21.08 

 (19.81); middle toe, 13.21-14.99 (14.22).^ 



Adult female.— 'Lmgth. (skins), 116.08-142.49 (126.24); wing, 62.99- 

 71.12 (67.06); tail, 43.4.3-49.53 (47.24); exposed culmen, 11.68-12.95 

 (12.70); depth of bill at base, 8.13-9.40 (8.64); tarsus, 18.03-20.32 

 (19.30); middle toe, 12.70-14.99 (13.72).' 



' Fifteen specimens. 



Specimens from different islands average as follows: 



The number of specimens is too small, especially from the islands of Myiarchusne 

 Galante, Desirad^, and Grande Terre, to show whether there is sufficient difference 

 between specimens from different islands to justify subdivision of this form. The 




BIRDS OF KORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



557 



Islands of Dominica, Myiarchusrie Galante, Desirade, Grande Terre, and 

 Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles. 



Loxigilla noctis (not Fringilla noctis Linnaeus) Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 i, 1878, 57 (Dominica; crit. ; descr. nest and eggs), 457 (Guadeloupe), 487, 

 part (Dominica; Guadeloupe). — (?) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 

 764 (Montserrat).— (?) Grisdalb, Ibis, 1882, 486, 487 (Montserrat).— Coky, 

 Auk, iii, 1886, 204, part; viii, 1891, 49 (Guadeloupe); Birds W. I., 1889, 91, 

 part. — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 84, part (Guadeloupe; 

 Dominica; Montserrat?). — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, 326 

 (Dominica). 



{Loxigilla] noctis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr. 1873, 27, part. — Cory, 

 List Birds W. I., 1885, 12, part. 



Pyrrhulagra noctis ridgwuyi, part, Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 112, 150 

 (Guadeloupe; Desirad^; Myiarchusrie Galante; Dominica; Montserrat?) 



Loxigilla noctis schlateri (not L. n. sclateri Allen) Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., 

 viii, 1892, 337 (Dominica; crit; descr. nest and eggs). 



Pyrrhulagra dominicana Ridgway, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 323 (Dominica, Lesser 

 Antilles; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



PYRRHULAGRA NOCTIS CRISSALIS Ridgway. 

 ST. VINCENT BULLFINCH, 



Similar to JP. n. noctis but under tail-coverts chestnut-rufous, like 

 the throat, and the chestnut-rufous throat-patch more extensive; adult 

 female and immature male lighter and clearer (less brownish) oliva- 

 ceous above, more j^ellowish olive-gray beneath. Still more like P. n. 

 dominicensis^ which also has usually chestnut-rufous under tail-coverts, 

 but adult male more intensely black and with chestnut-rufous throat- 

 patch extending farther backward (to anterior portion of chest). 



Adult male.—L&ngth (skins), 122.17-133.35 (127.51); wing, 70.10- 

 72.90 (71.12); tail, 49.53-50.29 (19.78); exposed culmen, 12.70-13.21 

 (12.95); tarsus, 19.56-19.81 (19.64); middle toe, 12.95-14.73 (13.72). ^ 



series of adult males shows the following variation in coloration of the under tail- 

 eoverts: 



Where the interrogation mark follows a figure in the above table the proportionate 

 amount of black and rufous can not be determined on account of the under tail- 

 coverts being partly wanting. 



^ Three specimens. 




558 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Im7naticre male.— Ijength {skins), 121.92-133.86(127.76); wing, 66.04; 

 tail, 46.74-47.75 (47.24); exposed culmen, 12.95-13.21; tarsus, 19.05- 

 19.30 (19.17); middle toe,' 13.21-13.46 (13.38).' 



Adult female.— 'Length (skins), 109.22-135.89 (121.41); wing, 60.96- 

 €8.33 (64.01); tail, 41.91-46.74 (44.96); exposed culmen, 12.45-13.21 

 (12.95); depth of bill at base, 7.87-8.38 (8.13); tarsus, 18.29-19.30 

 (18.80); middle toe, 12.70-13.46 (13.^1).' 



Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles. 



Loxigilla 7iocti8 {not Fringilla noctisljinnseus) Lister, Ibis, 1880, 40 (St. Vincent).— 

 Lawkbnce, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 191 (St. Vincent; crit.).— Cory, 

 Auk,iii, 1886, 204, part; Birds W I., 1889, 91, part.— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 84, part (St. Vincent). 



[Loxigillal noctis Sclater and Salvin, Noni. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27, part.— Cory, 

 List Birds W. I., 1885, 12, part. 



Pyrrhulagra noctis grenadensis, part, Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 112, 150 (St. 

 Vincent). 



Pyrrhulagra aissalis Ridgway, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 323 (Cumberland Valley, St. 

 Vincent, Lesser Antilles; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



PYRRHULAGRA NOCTIS RIDGWAYI Cory. 

 ANTIGTTAlf BULLFIlfOH. 



Similar to P. n. dominicana but decidedlj^ smaller, except bill and 

 feet, the adult male grayish black, instead of deep black, with at least 

 the posterior half of the under surface of the body dull slate or slate- 

 gray, and the under tail-coverts always (?) chestnut-rufous; adult 

 female and immature male much paler than in P. n. dominicana, the 

 upper parts lighter or more grayish olive and the olive-grayish of the 

 under parts lighter. 



Aditlt maZe.— Length (skins), 109.22-129.79 (118.11); wing, 58.42- 

 67.31(65.28); tail, 43.43-51.31 (48.26); .exposed culmen, 12.19-13.21 

 (12.70); depth of bill at base (two specimens), 9.40-9.91 (9.66); tarsus, 

 18.03-19.81 (18.80); middle toe, 12.95-14.48 (13.46).' 



Immature male. — Length (skins), 113.28-125.22 (119.38); wing, 

 58.67-66.29 (62.48); tail, 45.97-51.31 (48.77); exposed culmen, 12.45- 

 12.95 (12.70); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 8.64; tarsus, 18.03- 

 18.80 (18.54); middle toe, 12.45-13.46 (12.95).' 



Adult female. — Length (skin), 111.51; wing, 57.40; tail, 45.97; 

 exposed culmen, 11.68; depth of bill at base, 9.14; tarsus, 17.78; 

 middle toe, 12.45.' 



Island of Antigua, Lesser Antilles. 



ILoxigilla} noctis (not Fringilla noctis Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. 



Neotr., 1873, 27, part.— Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 12, part. 

 Loxigilla noctis Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 233 (Antigua), 487, 



part (Antigua).— Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 204, part; viii, 1891, 47 (Antigua); 



Birds W. I., 1889, 91, part. 



^ Two specimens. ^ Five specimens. 'One specimen. 




BI.RDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



559 



Pyrrhulagra noctis ridijway! Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 112, 150, part (type 

 from Antigua, Lesser Antilles; coll. C. B. Cory). 



PYRRHULAGRA NOCTIS CORYI Ridgway. 



CORY'S BULIFINCH. 



• 



Similar to P. n. ridgv:aiji but decided! j- darker; adult male dull 

 black above and on anterior under poi-tions of the bodj-, beconiing dull 

 slaty on abdomen and flanks; under tail-coverts usually wholly chest- 

 nut-rufous, sometimes intermixed with dusky slate; adult female and 

 immature male slightly darker than in P. n. ridgwayi. 



Adult male.— LQr\gi\i (skins), 121.92-142.75 (131.06); wing, 60.96- 

 68.83 (64.52); tail, 48.26-52.07 (50.80); exposed culmen, 12.70-13.97 

 (13.21); depth of bill at base, 8.38-9.40 (8.89); tarsus, lS.54-19.81 

 (19.56); middle toe, 13.72-14.73 (14.22).' 



Immature male.— Ij&ngth. (.skins), 118.87-119.89 (119.38); wing, 

 68.93-59.94 (59.44); tail, 48.01-48.51 (48.26); exposed culmen, 12.45- 

 12.70; depth of bill at base, 8.64; tarsus, 19.05-19.30; middle toe, 

 13.21-13.72 (13.46).^ 



Adult female.— Li&ngth (skins), 116.57-142.24 (122.43); wing, 56.90- 

 66.04 (60.71); tail, 46.74-61.05 (48.77); exposed culmen, 11.68-12.70 

 (12.19); depth of bill at base, 8.38-9.14 (8.64); tarsus, 17.63-19.56 

 (18.29); middle toe, 12.70-13.72 (13.46).' 



' Eight specimens. 



''Two specimens, both from St. Christopher. 



'Six specimens. 



Specimens from different islands average as follows: Those from Anguilla and Saba 

 are included for sake of comparison only, since no adult males from either of these 

 islands having been seen it can not now be determined whether they really belong 

 here or not. The only specimen seen from Barbuda is a young female, and as there 

 are no young females from St. Eustatius or other islands herein mentioned its relation- 

 ships can not be determined. 




560 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL NUSEUM. 



Islands of St. Eustatius and St. Christopher (also Anguilla, Saba, 

 and Barbuda?), Lesser Antilles. 



[LoTigilld] noclk (not Frinrj'dla noctin Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvix, Nom. Av. 



Neoti., 1873, 27, part— Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 12, part. 

 (?) Lo.cigiUa 7iocf.k Lawbencb, Proc. U. S. Nat. ilus. , i, 1878, 239, part, 487, part 



(Barbuda).— (?) Cory, Auk, viii, 1891, 46 (Anguilla).— (?) Sclater, Pro« 



Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 499 (Anguilla). 

 Loxlgilla noctls Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iv, 1881, 204, in text (St. 



Christopher).— Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 204, part; viii, 1891, 47 (St. Eustatius) , 48 



(St. Christopher); Birds W. I., 1889, 91, part. 

 Pyrrhulagra noctis ridgwayi, part, Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 112, 150 (St. 



Eustatius; St. Christopher; Anguilla?; Barbuda?). 

 Pyrrhulagra coryi Ridgway, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 323 (St. Eustatius, Lesser 



Antilles; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



PYRRHULAGRA NOCTIS GRENADENSIS Cory. 

 GRENADA BULLFINCH. 



Similar to J*, n. crissalis but chestnut- rufous throat-patch more 

 restricted, not extending farther backward than end of auricular region; 

 under tail-coverts sometimes partlj' black. 



Adult maZe.— Length (skins), 113.54-132.59 (122.68); wing, 67.31- 

 69.09 (68.33); tail, 46.99-50.55 (18.51); exposed' culmen, 12.19-13.21 

 (12.70); depth of bill at base, 8.13-8.38; tarsus, 17.78-20.07 (19.05); 

 middle toe, 13.21-14.22 (13.72).^ 



Adult female.— .'Length (skins), 107.95-128.78 (114.81); wing, 63.76- 

 66.55 (65.53); tail, 44.20-45.97 (45.47); exposed culmen, 11.94-12.70 

 (12.19); tarsus, 18.54-19.30 (18.80); middle toe, 12.95-13.97(13.46).' 



Island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles. 



The relationships of this form both to P. n.propinqua (Lawrence), of 

 Guiana (see page 000), and P. n. crivscdis, of St. Vincent, are very close. 

 It agrees very exactly with the former in average measurements, but 

 apparently adult males^ of P. u. grenadeims are more intensely black 

 and have the chestnut-rufous throat-patch extending farther backward, 

 the lower throat being black in P. n. projyinqua. From P. n. crissalis 

 it differs in the opposite way so far as the extent of the throat-patch is 

 concerned. How far these supposed differences maj' depend on the 

 "make" of the skins examined it is difficult to determine. 



[_Loxigilla'] noctia (not Fringilla noctis Linnteus) Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. 

 Neotr., 1873, 27, part.— Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 12, part. 



LoxigiUa noctis Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 269, 487, part (Gren- 

 ada) ; ix, 1886, 614 (Grenada; habits; descr. nest and eggs).— Cory, Auk, 

 iii, 1886, 204, part; Birds W. I., 1889, 91, part.— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit, 

 ilus. xii, 1888, 84, part (Grenada) . 



Pyrrhulagra noctis grenadensis Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 112, 150, part 

 (type from Grenada, Lesser Antilles; coll. C. B. Cory). 



' Five specimens. 

 '' Four specimens. 

 ' No females nor immature males of P. n. propinqua have been seen by me. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 561 



PYRRHULAGRA BARBADENSIS Cory. 

 BARBADOS BTOIFINOH. 



Similar, in all stages, to the adult female or immature male of 

 P. noctis and allied forms (intermediate in coloration between P. n. 

 sclateri and P. n. ridgwayi), but without the rusty or buffy tinge on 

 lores, etc. 



Adult ma^(^.— Length (skin), 129;54:; wing, 71.88; tail, 49.78; 

 exposed culmen, 13.72; tarsus, 20.32; middle toe, 14.48.^ 



Adult fenmle.—l^Qngth. (skins), 116.08-133.10 (120.65); wing, 65.02- 

 73.66 (70.10); tail, 45.47-53.34 (47.75); exposed culmen, 12.19-13.46 

 (12.70); depth of bill at base, 7.87-8.13 (8.13); tarsus, 19.81-20.32 

 (20.07); middle toe, 13.21-15.24 (14.22).^ 



Island of Barbados, Lesser Antilles. 



According to Myiarchus. Cory the adult male of this form never assumes 

 the black and chestnut-rufous plumage of other forms, but remains in 

 a plumage indistinguishable from that of the adult female. The latter 

 resembles the same sex of the lighter colored allied forms, especially 

 P. noctis sclateri and P. n. ridgwayi, between which it is exactly inter- 

 mediate in coloration, but both sexes lack the distinct buffy or light 

 rusty suffusion to the lores, etc., to be seen in all the other forms. 



Loxigilla noctis (not Fringilla noctis Linnaeus) Sclatek, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1874, 175 (Barbados).— CoKY, Auk, iii, 1886, 204, part; Birds W. I., 1889, 

 290, part.— Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 84, part (Barbados). 



{Loxigilla'] noctis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 12, part. 



Loxigilla barbadensis Cory, Auk, iii, July, 1886, 382 (Barbados; coll. C. B. Cory); 

 V, 1888, 158; Birds W. I., 1889, 290. 



Pyrrhulagra barbadensis Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 112, 132, 134, 150. 



Genus MELOPYRRHA Bonaparte. 



Melopyrrha Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 924. (Type, Loxia nigra 

 Linnaeus?) 



Eather small rounded winged Fringillidse with short, thick, and 

 strongly arched bill, tail about five-sixths as long as wing, rounded, 

 the coloration uniform black or dark slaty with white under wing- 

 coverts. 



Bill short but very deep (exposed culmen shorter -than middle toe 

 without claw and less than depth of bill at base), the culmen strongly 

 convex and the maxillary tomium arched; mandible deeper than the 

 maxilla, with tomium strongly convex anteriorly and abruptly angu- 

 lated just back of the middle; gonys straight, decidedly longer than 

 the mandibular rami, but shorter than the distance from the nostril to 

 the tip of the maxilla; width of mandible at base decidedly greater 



' One specimen, the type. '' Five specimens. 



17024—01 36 




562 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



than length of maxilla from nostril. Wing rather short (about three 

 and a half times as long as tarsus), much rounded (ninth primary 

 shorter than fourth); primaries exceeding secondaries by much less 

 than exposed culmen. Tail about five-sixths as long as wing, 

 rounded, the rectrices rather broad. Tarsus about one-third as long 

 as tail, its scutella distinct; middle toe with claw shorter than tarsus; 

 lateral claws falling decidedly short of base of middle claw; hallux 

 shorter than inner toe, its claw shorter than the digit. 



Coloration. — Uniform black (adult male) or dark slaty (female) with 

 white under wing-coverts. 



Range. — Islands of Cuba and Grand Cayman^ Greater Antilles. 



This genus is an exaggeration of SporopliUa^ but between the most 

 similar species of the latter and the type of Melopyrrha there is a con- 

 siderable gap. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MELOPYRIJHA. 



a. Smaller (exposed culmen not more than 11.68, tarsus not more than 18.29; adult 

 male with violet-blue gloss, and primary coverts only partly white; adult female 



and immature male slate-blackish. (Cuba. ) Melopyrrha nigra (p. 562) 



cm. Large (exposed culmen 12.70 or more, tarsus 18.80 or more); adult male with 

 greenish blue gloss, and primary coverts wholly white; adult female and imma- 

 ture male dull slate, tinged with olive. (Grand Cayman. ) 



Melopyrrha taylori (p. 563) 



MELOPYRRHA NIGRA (Linnaeus). 

 CTJBAN BULLFINCH. 



Adult tnale. — Uniform black, glossed with dull blue or violet blue; 

 under wing-coverts, axillars, greater portion of inner webs of second- 

 aries, more or less of inner webs of primaries (except the outermost), 

 alula, part of primary coverts, and edging to outer web of one or 

 more primaries white; bill black; legs and feet dark brownish; length, 

 (skins), 111.76-135.89 (128.27); wing, 63.50-67.06 (66.53); tail, 54.61- 

 60.45 (56.64); exposed culmen, 10.92-11.68 (11.18); depth of bill at 

 base, 10.16-10.92 (10.41); tarsus, 17.27-18.29 (17.53); middle toe, 

 12.19-13.46 (12.70).' 



AcImU female. — Similar to adult male, but the black duller and less 

 glossy, sometimes inclining to dark slate-color, especially on the pos- 

 terior under parts; under tail-coverts sometimes narrowly margined 

 with white; length (skins), 111.76-127.00 (123.95); wing, 60.96-64.26 

 (62.48); tail, 52.83-55.37 (53.85); exposed culmen, 10.16-11.43(10.67); 

 depth of bill at base, 10.16-10.67(10.41); tarsus, 17.02-18.03 (17.53); 

 middle toe, 12.19-12.95 (12.45).' 



Cuba. 

 [Loxia] nigra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.,ed. 10, i, 1758, 175 (based on Rubidlh minor 

 nigra Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, p. 68, pi. 68); ed. 12, i, 1766, 306. 



' Six specimens. '^ Seven specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 563 



Pijrrhula nigra Vieillot, Gal. Ois., i, 1825, 65, pi. 57. — Vigors, Zool. Journ., iii, 

 1827, 440.— D'Orbigny, iiiLaSagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1838, 87, pi. 17.— 

 GuNDLACH, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1851, 317. 



iS. [permophila] nigra Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 386. 



ISporophila] nigra Bon.^paktb, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 498 ("Mexico"; Antilles). 



Melopyrrha nigra Cab-anis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 8. — Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soo. 

 N. Ii., vii, 1860, 307.— Scxater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 103 (Cuba).— Gind- 

 I.ACH, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1865, 285; Journ. fur Orn., 1874, 125.— 

 Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 206; Birds ^\. I., 1889, 93, part (Cuba) ; C^at. W. I. 

 Birds, 1892, 15, 112, part (do.).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 

 141.— Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., iv, 1892, 309 (near Trinidad, Cuba; 

 song) . 



IMelopyrrha'] nif/ra Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 28. — Coby, List 

 Birds W. I., 1885, 12. 



[^Goniaphea'] nigra Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 104, nos. 7560, 7566. 



Fyrrhula crenirostris YiEihiiOT, Ois. Chant., 1805, 77. 



MELOPYRRHA TAYLORI Hartert. 

 GRAND CAYMAN BTJLLFINCH. 



Similar to 31. nigra but decidedly larger; adult male less glossy 

 black, with the gloss rather greenish than violet-bluish, the primar\'- 

 coverts wholly white, and (in fresh plumage) the lateral rectrices 

 margined terminall}- with grayish white; adult female and immature 

 male much lighter in color than in M. nigra., the general color dull 

 slate, tinged with olive, darker on the head and much lighter (olive- 

 grayish) on posterior under parts. 



Adult male.— \i%n^\i (skins), 129.54-132.08 (130.30); wing, 67.56- 

 72.90 (70.36); tail, 59.94-64.01 (61.98); exposed culmen, 13.21-13.46 

 (13.37); depth of bill at base, 12.95-13.46 (13.31); tarsus, 18.80-19.30 

 (19.05); middle toe, 13.21-13.46 (13.33).^ 



■Adult female.— \j&-a^t\L (skins), 120.65-129.54 (126.24); wing, 65.02- 

 t)8.58 (67.06); tail, 57.15-61.21 (59.18); exposed culmen, 12.70; depth 

 of bill at base, 12.45; tarsus, 19.05-20.32 (19.56); middle toe, 13.21- 

 13.46 (13.29).' 



Island of Grand Cayman, off south coast of Cuba. 



Melopyrrha nigra (not Loxia nigra Linnaeus) Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 501 (Grand 

 Cayman); Birds W. I., 1889, 93, part (do.) ; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 15, 112 

 (do.). 



Melopyrrha taylori Hartert, Novitates Zoologicse, iii, no. 3, Sept., 1896, 257 (Grand 

 Cayman; TringMyiarchuss.). 



Genus SPOROPHILA Cabanis. 



Spermophila {not Spermophilus CnYier, 1822) Swainsox, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827,348. 



(Type, Fringilla hypoleuca Lichenstein. ) 

 Sporophila Cabavis, in Tschudi's Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1844-6, 211; Weigmann's 

 Archiv. fiir Naturg. 1844, 291. (Type, Spermophila luctuosa Lafresnaye.) 



'Three specimens, one of them (the smallest) immature. 

 ^ Three specimens. 




564 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(/) DrepunorJiynchus (not of Fischer and Reichenow, 1884) Dubois, Mem. Soc. 



Zool. France, vii, 1894, 400. (Type, D. schistaeeus Dubois.) 

 (.*■) SpermophUopsis Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. xxvil, Myiarchusy 31, 1895, 



p. xxxvii (Ibis, July, 1895, 384). (To replace Drepanorhynchus Dubois, 



preoccupied. ) 



Very small granivorous Fringillidae with stout, short bill with culmen 

 strongly curved, wings short and rounded, tail shorter than wing, 

 rounded, double-rounded, or somewhat graduated, and plumage plain 

 or pied (alwaj-s plain and unstreaked in females and j'oung). 



Size very small (wing not more than 57.15 mm.). Bill short, 

 broad, and deep, with distinctly convex culmen, the exposed portion 

 of the latter about two-thirds as long as tarsus; maxilla nearly or quite 

 as deep as mandible, its tomium slightly concave throughout or nearly 

 straight for most of its length, concave at extremities, never (?) 

 abruptly deflected basally ; mandibular tomium convex, nearly straight 

 in middle portion, indistinctly angulated basallj'; gonys straight or 

 verj' slightly convex, shorter than width of mandible at base, the lat- 

 ter less than depth of bill at base, which exceeds length of maxilla 

 from nostril. Wing about three and a quarter times as long as tarsus, 

 the primaries short, eighth to sixth longest (or ninth to seventh in 

 &'. iiu'nufa), the ninth shorter than the fourth. Tail shorter than wing, 

 double-rounded {S. minuta), graduated (S. torqueola), or slightly 

 rounded (other species), the rectrices broad, less than half hidden by 

 the upper coverts. Tarsus about one and a half times as long as 

 exposed culmen, its scutella obvious, but not distinct; middle toe 

 with claw equal to or longer than tarsus; lateral claws reaching to base 

 of middle claw; hind claw variable, usually shorter, sometimes (S. 

 ii< in ata) longer than its digit. 



Coloratian. — Variable, but never streaked (except sometimes the 

 back); sexes different. 



Ramje. — The whole of continental tropical America (southern Texas 

 to Paraguay, etc.). 



There is great difference between the small-billed S. minutamth 

 its slightly curved culmen, long, slender toes and claws, and long outer- 

 most primary, and /S. hypoleuca, representing the opposite extreme 

 from these characters; but other species are so variously intermediate 

 that I prefer, at present, not to make anj- subdivision of the genus. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SPOKOPHILA. 



a. Plumage parti-colored; or if plain the color uniform black or with upper parts 

 gray. 

 b. Plumage of head and body without any black markings or areas. 

 c. Bill much larger and stouter, light-colored (pale fleshy brown or whitish); 

 rump gray, like rest of upper parts; under parts gray and white. {Sporo- 

 phila grisea.) 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 565 



d. Throat, chest, and back paler gray (ash gray) ; no distinct white spot on 

 side of throat. (Guiana to Columbia; Trinidad; Isthmus of Panama?). 

 Sporophila grisea grisea, adult male (extralimital)' 

 dd. Throat, chest, and back darker gray (deep slate-gray); a conspicuous 

 white spot on each side of lower throat. (Isthmus of Panama. ) 



Sporophila griaea sohistacea, adult male (p. 566) 

 cc. Bill much smaller anil weaker, dark-colored; rump and under parts rufous 

 or chestnut. [Sporophila minuta. ) 

 d. Pileum, hindneck, and back brownish or brownish gray. (Isthmus of 

 Panama to lower Amazon Valley. ) 



Sporophila miuuta minuta, adult male (p. 567) 

 dd. Pileum, hindneck, and back clear gray. (Southern ^Mexico to Nica- 

 ragua) Sporophila minnta parva, adult male (p. 568) 



bh. Plumage of head and body more or leas marked with black, 

 c. Back and rump olive; throat black, rest of under parts pale yellow. (Isthmus 

 of Panama to Brazil and Peru.) . . .Sporophila guttnralis, adult male (p. 569) 

 cc. Back and rump not olive. 



d. Under parts wholly black.' (Southern Mexico to Costa Rica. ) 



Sporophila corvina, adult male (p. 571) 



dd. Under parts not wholly black. 



c. Abdomen white or pale buffy; rump black, black and white, or mostly 



white. 



/. Myiarchusddle and greater wing-coverts wholly black; rump black or mostly 



black; under parts usually with more black. (Isthmus of Panama to 



Guatemala.) Sporophila anrita, adult male (p. 573) 



ff. Myiarchusddle and greater wing-coverts with white terminal spots; rump 

 mostly or largely white; under parts with black confined to band 

 across chest. (Southern Texas to Costa Rica.) 



Sporophila morelleti, adult male (p. 575) 

 ee. Abdomen and rump cinnamomeous. 

 /. A white collar across hindneck. (Southern Mexico. ) 



Sporophila albitorquis, adult male (p. 578) 

 ff. No white collar across hindneck. (Western Mexico. ) 



Sporophila torqueola, adult male (p. 577) 

 aa. Plumage unicolored, or nearly so, the upper parts not black, partly black, nor 

 gray. 

 b. Wings with distinct paler markings. 

 c. Wings without bands, but coverts distinctly edged with buff or whitish. 

 d. General coloration more buffy. 



Sporophila miniita minuta, female and young (p. 567) 

 dd. General coloration less buffy. 



Sporophila minuta parva, female and young (p. 568) 

 cc. Wings with two distinct whitish bands. 



Sporophila morelleti, female and young (pp. 575, 576) 

 bb. Wings without paler markings, 

 c. Upper parts olivaceous. 

 d. Under parts olivaceous, like upper parts, but paler. 

 e. Abdomen white or whitish . .Sporophila aurita, female and young (p. 573) 

 ee. Abdomen pale olivaceous or dull buffy. 



Sporophila corvina, female and young (p. 571) 



' ILoxia] grisea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 857. — Spei~mophila grisea Sclater, Ibis, 

 1871, 18, part; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 96, part. — Sporophila grisea 

 Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist., vi, 1874, 33 (Trinidad; song). 



^ Sometimes there is a trace of white, more rarely of chestnut, in middle of abdomen. 




566 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEDM. 



dd. Under parta brownish bufiy, the abdomen more yellowish. 



Sporopliila gutturalis, female and young (p. 578) 

 cc. Upper parta butfy brownish. 



Sporopliila torqueola, female and young (pp. 577, 578) 



SPOROPHILA GRISEA SCHISTACEAi (Lawrence). 

 SLATE-COLORED SEEDEATER. 



Adult male. — Above plain blackish slate, paling into slate-color on 

 rump; under parts slate-color, with abdomen, median portion of breast, 

 a large spot on each side of lower tla-oat, axillars, innermost under 

 wing-coverts, and basal portion of inner webs of remiges (except out- 

 ermost primary), white; bill butfy (light cinnamon or vinaceous in 

 life?); legs and feet horn color; length (skin), 106.17; wing, 61.98; 

 tail, 41.91; exposed culmen, 9.91; depth of bill at base, 8.13; tarsus, 

 14.22; middle toe, 11.43.^ (Adult female and young unknown.) 

 ■ Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill Station, Panama Railroad). 



SjiermopMla cinerea? (not Pyrrhula cinerea Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny) Lawrence, 

 Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 474 (Lion Hill, Panama R. E.). 



Spermophila schistacea Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 1862, 474, in 

 text; viii. Myiarchusy, 1863, 10 (Lion Hill, Panama E. E., coll. G. N. Lawrence). 



[(H-yrinorhynchus] schistaceun Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 107, no. 7616. 



SjiermophUa iniermcdia (not Sporoplulu intermedia Cabanis) Salvin, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1870, 189 (Bugaba, Veragua) . 



Spermophila grisea {not Loxia grisea Gmelin) Sclatek, Ibis, 1871, 18, part (Chi- 

 riqui; Panama). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1885, 356, 

 part (Bugaba, Veragua; Lion Hill, Panama E. R.). — Shaepe, Cat. Birds 

 Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 96, part (Bugaba and Chiriqui, Veragua). 



[iSpermophila'] grisea Sclatkr and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 28, part 

 (Panama; Veragua.) 



^ In the Bulletin of the Briti.sh Ornithologists' Club, no. xxvii. Myiarchusy 31, 1895 (Ibis, 

 1895, 384), Myiarchus. Rothschild mentions a S.\_permophilopm] schiitaceus (Temminck). 

 This I have been unable to look up, but if the bird in question is congeneric with 

 Spermophila schistacea Lawrence the latter would have to be renamed. 



^One specimen, the type. No. 41269, Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist. (Lawrence collection), 

 Panama; J. MyiarchusLeannan. 



I cannot refer this bird to S. g. grisea, since, upon comparing it with twelve adult 

 males of the latter, including five from Bogota, it seems very distinct; apart from its 

 very much darker coloration, conspicuous white spot on each side of the lower throat, 

 and abrupt definition of the white abdominal area against the deep slate-color of 

 sides and chest, the wing is much longer, the tail decidedly shorter, the tarsus much 

 shorter, and the bill not only smaller but quite different in shape, the culmen being 

 much less strongly convex and the maxilla conspicuously shallower. 



Adult males of the two forms examined average in measurements as follows: 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



667 



SPOROPHILA MINUTA MINUTA (Linnaeus). 

 MINXTTE SEEDEATER. 



Adult male. — Pileum, sides of head and neck, back, scapulars, lesser 

 wing-coverts, and upper tail-coverts brownish gray, deep olive-gray, 

 olive, or brownish olive; rump and under parts (including malar region) 

 varying from light cinnamon-rufous or rufous-cinnamon to deep cin- 

 namon-rufous; wings and tail dusky with light gi'ayish brown, olive, 

 or light brown edgings; a white spot at base of primaries (except two 

 or three outermost); secondaries with basal half or more of inner web 

 white, and outer web white for the portion concealed by greater cov- 

 erts (sometimes showing a little beyond the latter); usually a small 

 white spot on apex of malar region, but this frequently absent; axil- 

 lars and under wing-coverts white; bill wholly dusky (in breeding 

 season^) or brownish with mandible paler; legs and feet dusky horn 

 color; length (skins), 87.88-102.87 (97.28); wing, 47.24-52.07 (49.78); 

 tail, 36.32-42.16 (39.62); exposed culmen, 7.62-9.14 (8.13); depth of 

 bill at base, 6.86-7.62 (7.37); tarsus, 13.21-14.73 (13.97); middle toe, 

 10.41-11.18 (10.92).' 



Adult ftinale. — Above plain light olive, olive-drab, or light buffy- 

 olive, somewhat lighter on rump; wings and tail dusky with edgings 

 of the same color as the back, etc., but usually paler; ^ under parts 

 much paler than the upper and more buffy; bill brownish, the mandible 

 paler; length (skins). 90.93-102.36 (94.23); wing, 47.75-50.80 (49.53); 

 tail, 36.83-40.13 (38.86); exposed culmen, 8.13-8.64 (8.38); depth of 

 bill at base, 7.11-7.62 (7.37); tarsus, 13.97-14.73 (14.22); middle toe, 

 10.67-11.18 (10.92).=- 



' Twenty-two specimens. 



'■'In freshly molted specimens the pale margins to middle and greater wing-covertH, 

 especially the former, are broad and very distinct. 

 'Six specimens. 

 Average measurements of specimens from different localities are as follows: 



Locality. 



MALES. 



Seven adult males from Panama 



Four adult males from Colombia (Bogota, etc. ) . . 



Two adult males from Trinidad 



One adult male from Tobago 



Two adult males from Venezuela 



Two adult males from British Guiana and Cay- 

 enne 



Two adult males from Lower Amazon 



FEMALES. 



Three adult females from Panama 



One adult female from Bogota 



One adult female from Trinidad 



Two adult females from British Guiana and Cay- 

 enne 



Ex- 

 posed 

 culmen. 



8.13 

 7.87 

 8.3,S 

 8.13 

 7.87 



Depth 

 of hill 

 at base. 



7.37 

 7.11 



7.11 

 7.62 



Tarsus. 



13.97 

 13.97 

 14.48 

 13.97 



14. 22 

 13.97 



14.22 



14.73 

 13.97 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



10.92 

 10.92 

 11.18 



11.18 

 10.92 



11.18 



10.67 

 10.67 




568 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Northern South America, from the lower Amazon Valley (Para, 

 Santarem, Diamantina, etc.) and central Ecuador (La Concepcion) north 

 to Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill Station, Panama Railroad, Colon, 

 etc.), Trinidad, and Tobago. 



[Loxia] minuta Linnjeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 176 (Surinam) ; ed. 12, i, 1766, 

 307.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 865.— Latham, Index Om., i, 1790, 396. 



Pyrrhula minula Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., i\', 1816, 299; Enc. IKth., 

 iii, 1823, 1026. 



S. [permophila] minuta Gkay, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 386. 



[Spermophila] minutn Bonapaete, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 495 (Cayenne; Brazil).— 

 Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 28. 



Sper.mophila minula Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 160 (Bogota, Ciolom- 

 bia) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,104 (Tobago; Bogota) ; Ibis, 1871, 3(monogr.).— 

 LAWKENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1861, .333 (Panama R. R. ). — Sclatee and 

 Salvin, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 352 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); 1868, 

 167 (Carip^, Venezuela); 1879, 506 (Retiro and Medellin, Colombia).— 

 Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 83 (Trinidad).— Wyatt, Ibis, 1873, 380 (Pard, Lower 

 Amazon).— Salvi.\, Cat. Striekland Coll., 1882, 220 (Bogota; Trinidad); 

 Ibis, 1885, 214 (Roraima, British Guiana, alt. 3,500 ft.). — Beelbpsoh, Journ. 

 fiir Orn., 1884, 294 (Oeana and Paturia, Colombia). — Salvuv and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1884, 351.— Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 109, 820 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.; Medellin and Bogota, Colombia; 

 Georgetovv'n and Roraima, British Guiana; Cayenne; Tobago; Para). — Sal- 

 VADOEi and Festa, Boll. llus. Zool., etc., Torino, 1899, 23 (La Ooneepcion, 

 centr. Ecuador) . 



[Spermophila'] minuta. Sclatee and Salvin', Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 28. 



,Sp.[orophila'\ minuta Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, June, 1851, 150 (Cayenne). 



[Sporophilal minuta Lichtenstein, Nom. Av. Myiarchuss. Berol, 1854, 45. 



Sporophila minuta Cabanis, in Sehomburgk's Reise Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 679.— 

 Chapman, Auk, vii, July, 1890, 268 (Santarem, Lower Amazon; crit.) ; Bull. 

 Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist., vi, 1894, 34 (Trinidad).— Phelps, Auk, xiv, 1897, 364 

 (Cumanaeoa and San Antonio, Venezuela). — Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. 

 Phila., 1899, 307 (Honda, eentr. Colombia). 



[Gyrinorhynchua] minutus Geay, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 105, no. 7567. 



[£o2?m] /usOTOiter Boddaeet, Tabl. PI. Enl., 1783, 20 (Cayenne; based on £om- 

 vreuil d, ventre roux, de Cayenne, Buffon, PI. Enl., v, pi. 319, fig. 2). 



S.\_permophila'\ fusciventrig Geay, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 386. 



Spermophila fuaciventris Z ARniiiE., Ann. Nat. Hist., xx, 1847, 333 (Tobago). 



SPOROPHILA MINUTA PARVA (Lawrence). 

 RICHARDSON'S SEEDEATER, 



Similar to ,6'. m. mlnata'but adult male with the gray parts of the 

 plumage purer gray (ash gray instead of brownish gray or grayish 

 brown); adult female slightly less fulvescent or butfy than that of 

 S. 111. minuta. 



Adult wia/e.— Length (skins), S3. 82-95. 76 (90.68): wing, 48.26-56.42 

 (50.04); tail, 38.3.5-41.66 (39.62); exposed culmen, 8.38-8.89 (8.64); 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 569 



depth of bill at base (one specimen), 7.3Y; tarsus, 13. 97-14. 99 (14.48); 

 middle toe, 11.43-12.19 (11.94).^ 



Adult female.— luength (skins), 91.44-9.3.47 (92.46); wing, 49..53- 

 62.07 (50.80); tail, 38.35-38.61; exposed culmen, 7.87-8.38 (S.13); tar- 

 sus, 13.72-14.73 (14.22); middle toe, 10.92-11.18." 



Southern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Tehuantepec City) and Chia- 

 pas (Tonala); Gruatemala (Retalhuleu) ; Nicaragua (Myiarchusnagua). 



Spermophila parva Lawrence. Am.N. Y. Acad. Sci., ii, Myiarchusy 28, 188.3,382 (Tehuan- 

 tepec, Oaxaca, s. w. Mexico; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ). — Salvin and Godjian, Biol. 

 Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1885, 357.^ 



Spermophila richardsoni Salvin and Godman, Ibis, sixth ser.,iii, Oct., 1891, 611 

 (Tonala, Chiapas, s. w. Mexico, and Retalhuleu, Guatemala; coU. Salvin 

 and Godman). 



SPOROPHILA GUTTURALIS (Lichtenstein). 

 YELLOW-BELLIED SEEDEATER. 



Adult male. — Head, neck, and upper chest black; rest of under parts 

 primrose yellow or yellowish white, abruptly defined against the black 

 of upper chest, the sides and flanks more or less mottled or otherwise 

 varied with dusky; upper parts (posterior to head, but sometimes 

 including hindneck and nape) plain olive, lighter and more grayish 

 on rump; bill pale yellowish or dull whitish (in dried skins); legs and 

 feet horn color; length (skins), 91.95-110.74 (103.12); wing, 51.56- 

 57.91 (54.36); tail, 41.40-48.26 (44.20); exposed culmen, 8.13-9.14 

 (8.64); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.87(7.37); tarsus, 13.21-15.24(14.22); 

 middle toe, 9.14-10.92 (10.16).* 



Adult female. — Above plain, rather light, olive; beneath rather light 

 brownish buffy, paler and more yellowish on abdomen, browner on 

 sides and flanks, the throat sometimes more or less dusky; bill dusky; 

 length (skins), 91.95-114.55 (99.06); wing, 51.31-58.93^ (54.10); tail, 

 40.89^5.72 (42.67); exposed culmen, 8.64-9.14 (8.89); depth of bill 



1 Three specimens. 



^ Two specimens. 



'Examination of additional material has convinced me that I led Messrs. Salvin 

 and Godman into error by informing them (see Ibis, 1891, p. Ill) that the type of 

 S. parva was certainly a different form from the females of that which they subse- 

 quently named S. richardsoni. I have not been able to examine the latter in the 

 present connection, and there is thus still a possibility that they may really not be 

 females of the present bird, in which case my opinion, as expressed to them, would 

 be correct; but I have carefully compared the type of /S'. parva with specimens which 

 are unquestionably females of S. richardsoni from Mexico, and find it to be without 

 doubt the same form. 



*Thirty specimens. 




570 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



at base, 7.11-7.62(7.37); tarsus, 13.46-16.00(14.73); middle toe, 9.91- 

 11.94 (10.67).^ 



Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill Station, Panama Railroad) south to 

 central Peru, western and central Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Valle del Ghota 

 Quito, Puellaro, Chimbo, Cayandeled, etc.), southwestern Brazil (Cha- 

 pada, province of Myiarchustto Grosso), eastern Brazil (Pernambuco, Bahia 

 Para, etc.), Guiana, Trinidad, etc. ; island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles. 



F.[ringilla] gutluralw Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 26 (Sao Paulo, s. Brazil- 

 Berlin Myiarchuss. ). 



S.liier)»oph!la~\ gutiuralis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 386. 



Speriiiopliild giiHaralis ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 160 (Bogota, Colom- 

 bia) ; 1860, 293 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 105 (Puel- 

 laro, Nanegal, and Esmeraldas, Ecuador; Pard, lower Amazon); Ibis, 1871, 

 15 (monogr.). — Solater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 352 (Lion 

 Hill, Panama R. R. ) ; 1867, 572 (Pard, lower Amazon) ; 1876, 16 (Myiarchusranura, 

 high Peru); 1879, 507 (Medellin and Envigado, Colombia). — Pelzeln, Orn. 

 Bras., 1871, 225.— Wvatt, Ibis, 1871, 328 (Ocana, Colombia).— La yard, Ibia, 

 1873,' 380 (Pard; habits; descr. eggs). — Taczanowsei, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1874, 519 (Paltaypampa, Chilpes, and Amable Myiarchusria, centr. Peru); 1879, 229 

 (Tambillo, n. Peru); 1880, 199 (Callacate, n. Peru ) ; Orn. du Perou, iii, 1886, 

 13. — Forbes, Ibis, 1881, 336 (Estancia, Quipapd, Garanhuns, etc., n. e. Bra- 

 zil; habits). — Salvin, Ibis, 1885, 215 (Roraima, alt. 3,500 ft., British Guiana) ; 

 Novit. Zool., ii, 1895, 6 (Myiarchusleo, centr. Peru, alt. 8,000 ft.).— Salvin and God- 

 man, Biol. C'entr.-Ani., Aves, i, 1885, 354 (Lion Hill; etc.). — Lawrence, 

 Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 614 (Grenada, Lesser Antilles; habits).— 

 Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 128, 820 (Pernambuco, Bahia, and 

 Paril, Brazil; Roraima, British Guiana; Trinidad; Bogota and Medellin, 

 Colombia; Lion Hill, Panama R. R. ; Quito, Nanegal, Puellaro, Esmeraldas, 

 and Cyandeled, Ecuador; Tambillo, Peru). — Cory, Auk, v, 1888, 158 (Gre- 

 nada) ; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 113, 151 (Grenada).— Ihering, Aves de S. 



^ Ten specimens. 



Specimens from different localities vary in average measurements as follows: 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 571 



Paulo, 1899, 162. — Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 



1899, 25 (Valle del Chota, centr. Ecuador; syn.). 

 ISpermophilri^ gutturallt Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 28. 

 [Phxinipara] (/MMyiarchuso-afe Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 494 (Brazil). 

 Phonipara guituralis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 298 (Panama R. R. ). 

 ISporophila] jrtitoraEs Lichtenstein, Nom. Myiarchuss. Berol., 1854, 45. 

 Sp-lorophila] gutturaUx Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, June, 1851, 149 (Brazil). 

 SporopMla gutturalis Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856. 244. — Allen, 



Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., ii, 1889, 223 (Brazil); iii, 1891, 369 (Chapada, prov. 



Myiarchusttogrosso, s. w. Brazil). — Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., vi, 1894, 34 



(Trinidad). — Phelps, Auk, xiv, 1897, 364 (Cumanacoa and San Antonio, 



Venezuela). — Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 179 (Palomina, prov. 



Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia). 

 [Passerina] gutturalis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 98, no. 7454. 

 Loxiaignobilis Spix, Av. Bras., 1824, 46, pi. 60, fig. 3 (Pard, Brazil). 

 S.[permophUa] ignobilis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 386. 

 Loxia plebeja Spix, Av. Bras., 1824, 46, pi. 59, fig. 3 (Brazil). 

 S.[permophila] plebeja Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 386. 

 SporopMla plebeja 'LicB.T'ETfSTEiit, Nom. Av. Myiarchuss. Berol., 1854, 46. 

 F.[ringilla melanocephala (not Coccothraustes melanocephala Vieillot) Myiarchusximilian, 



Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, pt. i, 1830, 577 (Rio Belmonte, Brazil; type lost; see 



Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., ii, 1889, 223). 

 S.\_permoph,ila'] melanocephala Gy^kx , Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, App., p. 18. 

 SpermopMla olivaceo-flava J^ afresh ave, Rev. Zool., 1843, 291 (Colombia) ; 1846, 



207 (fuller description) . — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1855, 160(Bogota) 

 (?) SpermopMla gutturalis ollvacea "Stolzm"[ann] Berlepsch and Taczanowski, 



Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, 550 (Chimbo, \v. Ecuador; coll. Count von 



Berlepsch); 1884, 293 (Cayandeled, w. Ecuador). 

 (?) SpermopMla gutturalis pallida Berlepsch, Journ. fiir Orn., xxxii, July and 



Oct., 1884, 295 (Bucaramanga, Colombia; coll. Count von Berlepsch). 



SPOROPHILA CORVINA (Sclater). 

 BLACK SEESEATEB. 



Adult male. — Uniform glossy black, with axillars, under wing- 

 coverts, basal portion of inner webs of remiges, and more or less of a 

 white spot at base of outer webs of sixth to second or first primaries, 

 white (the last marking sometimes obsolete, or mostly concealed by 

 primary coverts); bill black; legs and feet dusky brown; length (skins), 

 97.03-m.81 (106.68); wing, 52.07-55.63 (54.61); tail, 42.67-50.29 

 (45.47); exposed culmen, 8.89-9.91 (9.40); depth of bill at base, 8.13- 

 8.89 (8.38); tarsus, 14.48-16.76 (15.76); middle toe, 10.67-12.19 

 (11.43).^ 



Adult female. — Plain olive, paler below, the abdomen and anal 

 region more or less tinged with pale ochraceous or buffy; axillars and 

 under wing-coverts white, often tinged with sulphur yellow; bill, legs, 

 and feet dusky brown (in breeding plumage the general coloration 

 lighter below and decidedly grayer throughout); length (skins), 98.55- 

 110.74 (106.66); wing, 51.31-55.12 (53.09); exposed culmen, 9.14r- 



' Nineteen specimens. 




572 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



9.65 (9.40); depth of bill at base, 8.13-8.64 (8.38); tarsus, 14.99-16.76 

 (16.00); middle toe, 10.92-12.19 (11.68).' 



Young male. — Similar in color to adult female. 

 Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (hot and temperate regions), 

 Oaxaca (Playa Vicente, Guichicovi, etc.^) south through more eastern 

 parts of Central America to Costa Rica (Angostura, Pacuare, Turrialba, 

 San Carlos, San -lose, Las Trojas, Angostura, Sipurio, Naranjo, Puerto 

 Limon, etc.). 



Spermophila corvina Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 379 (Playa Vicente, 

 Oaxaca, s. Mexico; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Ann. Birds, 1862, 105 (Oaxaca; 

 Honduras) ; Ibis, 1871, 16 (monogr. ). — Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 33 

 (Yzabal, Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 278 (Bluefields, Nica- 

 ragua); 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. "Y., 

 viii, 1865, 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 102 (Angostura, Pacuare, 

 and Turrialba, Costa Rica) ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. , no. 4, 1876, 20 (Guichicovi, 

 Oaxaca) . — Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 301 (Costa Rica). — Sumicheast, 

 Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 551 (hot and temp, reg.. Vera Cruz).— 

 Salvis, Ibis, 1872, 317 (Chontales, Nicaragua). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1878, 58 (San Carlos, Costa Rica) . — Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 

 1882, 8.— Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1884, 401 (Los Sdbalos, e. 

 Nicaragua^). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1885, 355.— 

 Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. JIus., xii, 1888, 137. 

 [I'iyrinorhynckus] cormnus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 106, no. 7593. 

 [Spermophila] roriina Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 28. 

 Sporophila corviaa Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 169 (San Jos6, Costa 

 Rica). — Zeledon, An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 111 (Jimenez, Las 

 Trojas, and Angostura, Costa Rica). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 

 1887, 580 (Segovia R., Honduras).— Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 

 1893, 492 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits; descr. nest and eggs). 

 8. [porophila^ eorvina Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 450. 

 Spermophila badiiveniris Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, 1865, 172 

 (Greytown, Nicaragua; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). — Baird, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., 

 i, 1869, 319, pi. 28, fig. 3. 

 [Gyrinorhynchua'] badiiventris Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 106, no. 7594. 

 [Sporophila] badiiveniris Giebel, Thes. Orn., iii, 1877, 518. 



^Twelve specimens. 



MeasurenKsnts average as follows, according to locality: 



Locality. 



Wing:. 



Tail. 



Ex- 

 posed 

 culmen. 



Depth 

 of biU 

 at base. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



MALES. 



Nine adult males from Costa Rica and Nicaragua. 



Five adult males from Honduras 



Five adult males from Guatemala 



FEMALES, 



Eight adult females from Costa Rica and Nicaragua 



Two adult females from Honduras 



One adult female from Guatemala 



One adult female from City of Mexico 



I 



54,10 

 54.61 

 ft5.37 



52,83 

 53.85 

 52,07 

 55,12 



44,70 

 4,5,21 

 46,74 



42,67 

 41,91 

 43.69 

 44.96 



9,40 

 9.65 

 9,40 



9,40 

 9.66 

 9,40 

 9,14 



8,13 

 8.13 



15.76 

 16,75 

 16,00 



16,00 

 16,00 

 15,49 

 16,26 



ii,e 



U,( 



n,68 



1143 

 U.18 

 11,68 



^ In the collection of the American Myiarchusseum of Natural History, NeV York City, 

 there is a specimen (No, 41263, female) which is labeled "City of Mexico." 



'Not n'e.itern Nicaragua, as stated in the Biologia Centrali-Americana (i, p. 356), but 

 on the lower portion of the San Juan River. 




BIBD8 OF WOKTH AND MIDDLE AMEEICA. 573 



SPOROPHILA AURITA (Bonaparte). 

 HICKS'S SEEDEATER. 



Adult male, white-throated phase {^=^8penaophila hioksii Law- 

 rence). — Exactly like the fully adult male of S. morelleti, except that 

 there are no white spots at tips of middle or greater wing-coverts. 

 Pileum, sides of head, hindneck, back, scapulars, wings, upper tail- 

 coverts, tail, and broad band across chest, black; chin, throat, sides of 

 neck, under parts of bodj^ posterior to the black jugular band, axillars, 

 under wing-coverts, and large spot at base of sixth to first primaries, 

 white; whole rump white, but with concealed portion of feathers 

 black, this exposed in places; sides and flanks with basal portion of 

 feathers black or dusky, producing a clouded or mottled effect; bill 

 dusky; legs and feet dark brownish. 



Adult male , hlack-throated phase {^= Spermophihi semicoUaThs Law- 

 rence^). — Deep black, including whole chin and throat, with more or 

 less of a white space on side of neck, and the abdomen mostly white; 

 rump black, or with very slight admixture of white; white spot at 

 base of primaries reduced in size. 



Adult female. — Similar to the adult female of S. eorrinn, but under 

 parts somewhat paler, especially the abdomen, which is always more 

 or less dull whitish or very pale j'ellowish, sometimes extensively so. 



Adult ma^e.— Length (skins), 95.50-106.17 (100.33); wing, 50.80- 

 65.12 (52.58); tail, 41.66-15.97 (44.45); exposed culmen, S.81)-».91 

 (9.40); depth of bill at base (four specimens), 7.37-8.13 (7.62); tarsus, 

 13.97-16.51 (15.24); middle toe, 10.16-12.45 (11.18)." 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 99.06-101.85 (100.08); wing, 50.29- 

 53.34 (51.56); tail, 39.88^1.91 (40.89); exposed culmen, 9.40-9.65 



' The type of S. semicoUaris does not represent the extreme black phase, which (as 

 represented by a specimen in the U. S. National Myiarchusseum collection from Colon) has 

 a mere trace of white on sides of neck, not a trace of white on rump, and the wing- 

 spot very small. Intermediate conditions of plumage are represented by the types of 

 S. collaris Lawrence and S. fortipes Lawrence. The former has nearly as much white 

 on the under parts of the body and on the rump as the white-throated phase descriVjed 

 above, but the chin and throat are black, separated from the black jugular band by a 

 very narrow band of white. The latter is very slightly different from the type of S. 

 semicoUaris, but has a very little white on the chin. 



The characters of this supposed species being exactly intermediate between .S'. 

 morelleti and S. corvina, and the individual variations of plumage running very nearly 

 into these two species, I feel convinced that either 8. aurita consists simply of a series 

 of hybrids between the two species named or else that it is a species which hybrid- 

 izes with them both. The lightest-colored examples of 8. aurita, like the type of 

 8. hickmi, can only be distinguished from fully adult males of 8. morelleti by the 

 absence of small white spots at the tips of the middle and greater wing-coverts. The 

 darkest examples, on the other hand, are precisely like 8. corvina, except that there 

 is a considerable amount of white on the abdomen; but of this white there is often a 

 decided indication in S. corvina. 



" Ten specimens. 




574 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(9.40); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 7.87; tarsus, 15.24-15.75 

 (15.49); middle toe, 10.92-11.94 (11.43).^ 



Guatemala (Duefias, Eetalhuleu, Totonicapam,^ etc.); Costa Eica 

 (San Myiarchusteo, Terraba, Buenos Aires, etc.); Chiriqui (David, Bugaba, 

 Volcan de Chiriqui, etc.); Veragua (Myiarchusna de Chorcha, Chitra, Calove- 

 sora, Santa Fe, etc.); Isthmus of Panama (Panama City, Paraiso, 

 Obispo, and Lion Hill stations, Colon, Buenaventura, Punta de Sabana, 

 etc.). 



Sp-lerniophila] auriia Bonapaete, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 497 {"Brazil"). 



Sjiermophila anrila Lawrence, Ann. Lye. X. Y., \i\, 1861, 333 (Lion Hill, Pan- 

 ama E. R. ). — >ScLATER, Ibis, 1871, 14, pi. 2, figs. 1, 2 (monogr.; Panama; 

 ■vv. coast Colombia; Veragua). — Boucaed, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 58 

 (San iMyiarchusteo, Costa Rica). — Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 8.— 

 Salvix and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1885, 354 (Pafaiso and 

 Obispo stations, Panama R. R., etc.). — Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 133 (Duefias, Retalhuleu, and Totonicapam, Guatemala, etc.) — Salva- 

 DOEi, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, 4 (Punta de Sabana, Isthmus 

 of Panama). 



[Sjicrinophila] ounVa Sclatee and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 28. 



[Gyrinorhynchus] nnrilu.s Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 106, no. 7590. 



Sporophila auritu Zeledon, An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 111 (Panama).— 

 Chekrie, Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, . 1893, 28 (TCrraba and Buenos Aires, s. 

 Costa Rica). 



Spermophila lineata (not Loxia lineata Gmelin) Laweence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 

 1862, 474 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.). 



Sporophila hoffmanni Gab AN IS, 3 ourn. fiir Orn., ix, Jan., 1861, 6 (Costa Rica; 

 Berlin Myiarchuss.). 



Spermophila hoffmanni Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 102 (Costa Eica).— 

 Feantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 301 (Costa Rica). — Zeledon, Cat. Aves de 

 Costa Rica, 1882, 8. 



^Gyrmorhynckusl hoffmanni Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 105, no. 7581. 



Spermophila seynicollaris Laweence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii. Myiarchusy, 1863, 

 488 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence). — Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 352 (Lion Hill).— Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1867, 141 (Myiarchusna de Choreha, Chitra, Calovevora, and Santa F6, 

 Yeragua); 1870, 189 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Bugaba, Chiriqui). 



[Gyrinorhynch'us] semicollaris Ghay, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 106, no. 7596. 



Spennophila hicksii Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, 1865, 171 (Pan- 

 ama; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



[Gyrinorhynchus] hicksii Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 106, no. 7601. 



Spermophila fortipes Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 172 (Panama E. R.; 

 coll. G. N. Lawrence). 



[Gyrinorhynchiis'] forlipes Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 106, no. 7597. 



Spermophila collaris (not Loxia collaris Boddaert) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. 

 Hist. N. Y., viii, 1865, 177 (David, Chiriqui; coll. G. N. Lawrence).— Salvin, 

 Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 141 (David). 



[Gyrinorhynchua] collaris Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 106, no. 7600. 



' Three specimens. 



'^Fide Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 113. I have not seen sjpecimena 

 irom Guatemala. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



575 



SPOROPHILA MORELLETI (Bonaparte). 

 MORELLET'S SEEDEATER, 



Adult male. — Pileum, sides of head, hindneck, back, scapulars, wings, 

 upper tail-coverts, tail, and broad band across chest, uniform deep 

 black; chin, throat, sides of neck, under parts posterior to black jugular 

 area, axillars, under wing-coverts, basal portion of reniiges, tips of 

 middle and greater (sometimes also of lesser) wing-coverts, spot at base 

 of sixth to first primaries, bases of secondaries (mostly concealed by- 

 greater coverts), and broad tips to feathers of rump, white; bill black 

 or dusky; legs and feet dusky brownish; length (skins), 93.47-112.27 

 (101.35); wing, 47.75-54.61 (51.05); tail, 40.13-47.24 (43.69); exposed 

 culmen, 8.13-9.14(8.64); depth of bill at base, 6.86-8.13 (7.37); tarsus, 

 14.22-16.61 (15.49); middle toe, 10.41-12.19 (11.18).' 



Adult female. — Above plain olive-brown or olivaceous hair brown, 

 slightly paler and browner or more buffj' on rump; wings duskj^ with 

 brown edgings, the middle and greater coverts tipped with white or 

 buffy, forming t-no distinct bands; beneath uniform light buffy wood 

 brown or dull buffy; axillars and under wing-coverts pale buff}' or 

 buffy whitish; bill brown, the mandible paler; legs and feet brownish; 

 length (skins), 94.49-108.71 (101.35); wing, 48.01-51.31 (49.78); tail, 

 38.61-45.21 (42.42); exposed culmen, 8.13-8.89 (8.64); depth of bill 

 at base, 7.37-8.13 (7.62); tarsus, 15.24-16.00 (15.49); middle toe, 

 10.67-11.43 (10.92).' 



' Forty-seven specimens. 



^Ten specimens. 



Average measurements of specimens from different districts are as follows: 



Locality. 



Thirteen adult males from Texas and Tamaulipas. 



Nine adult males from Vera Cruz 



Two adul I males Jrom Chiapas 



Five adult males from Guatemala 



Six adult males from Yucatan 



Six adult males from Honduras 



Six adult males from Costa Rica 



Four adult females from Texas and Tamaulipas. 



Three adult females from Vera Cruz 



One adult female from Guatemala 



One adult female from Honduras 



One adult female from Costa Rica 



Wing. 



51.56 

 50. 55 

 50.80 

 62.07 

 49.53 

 50.55 

 52.32 



50.55 

 48.77 

 60.04 

 49.28 

 50.80 



Tail. 



Culmen. 



44.70 

 42.67 

 43.43 

 44.48 

 42.16 

 42.93 

 43.94 



43.94 

 42.42 

 38.61 

 42.16 

 42.93 



Depth of 

 bill at 

 base. 



7.37 

 7.37 

 7.37 

 8.13 

 7.37 

 7.62 

 7.62 



7.62 

 7.62 



Tarsus. 



16.49 

 15.76 

 14.99 

 15.75 

 14.99 

 15.49 

 16.00 



15.76 

 15.75 

 15.49 

 15.75 

 15.24 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



11.18 

 11.18 

 11.43 

 11.43 

 10.92 

 11.43 

 11.94 



11.18 

 10.92 

 10.67 

 11.18 



I find myself unable to subdivide this species satisfactorily. It is true specimens 

 representing the fully adult male plumage described above are wanting in the series 

 from the State of Tamaulipas and the adjacent parts of Texas; but males from that 

 district agree exactly in plumage with immature males from more southern localities, 

 and I believe that fully adult males have simply not yet been taken in the region 

 designated. 




576 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Young.— Similar to the adult female, but wing bars deep buffy and 

 plumage of a much looser texture. (Immature males are variously 

 intermediate in coloration between the fully adult male, as described 

 above, and the adult female, two or three years being probably 

 required for attainment of the full plumage. Some freshly molted 

 adult males, especially those showing traces of immaturity, have the 

 under parts posterior to the black jugular band more or less buffy, 

 sometimes (juite strongly so. These occur in the same localities as 

 specimens with the same parts pure white. ) 



Valley of the lower Rio Grande, southern Texas (north to Hildago), 

 south through eastern Mexico (States of Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, San 

 Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Guanajuato, Puebla, Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Chia- 

 pas, etc.), Yucatan (including Myiarchusgeres and Meco islands), Guatemala 

 (Peten, San Geronimo, Totonicapam, Retalhuleu, etc.), British Hon- 

 duras (Belize, Myiarchusnati, Corosal, etc.), Honduras (Medina, San Pedro, 

 San Pedro Sula, Truxillo, etc.), to western Costa Rica (San Jose, Grecia, 

 Turrialba, Irazu, Lagarto, Alajuela, Cartago, etc.).' 



Sp.[ermophila\ morelleti " Pucheran" Bonapaktb, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 497 (Guate- 

 mala; Paris Myiarchuss.). 



Spermophila morelleti Sclatbr, Proo. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 302 (Orizaba, Vera 

 Cruz). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1868, 102 (San Jos6 and Grecia, 

 Costa Rica). — Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 8. 



Sp.[propkila\ moreWert Cab anis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, June, 1851, 150 (Mexico). 



Sporophila morelleti Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 4 (Costa Rica; synonymy).— 

 Stejxeger, Auk, ii, Jan., 1885, 47. — American Ornithologists' Union, Check 

 List, 1886, no. 602.— Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 212 (Orizaba, 

 Vera Cruz) .—Si.xgley, Rep. GeoL Surv. Texas, 1894, 373 (Hidalgo). 



S. Iporophila'] morelleti Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 450. 



IGjirinorhynchus] morelleti Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 105, no. 7572. 



Spermophila moreleti Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera 

 Cruz), 378 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 105 (Orizaba; 

 Guatemala; Honduras); Ibis, 1871, 10 (monogr.). — Sclateb and Salvin, 

 Ibis, 1859, 17 (Belize, Brit. Honduras) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 

 (San Pedro and Medina, Honduras).— Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 468 (SaiiGer6nimo, 

 Totonicapam, Retalhuleu, and Duenas, Guatemala); Cat. Strickland Coll., 

 1882, 222 (Guatemala) .— Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 

 ii, 1874, 91, pi. 29, fig. 17.— Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 58 (San 

 Jose, Costa Rica); 1883, 444 (Merida, Yucatan).— Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 129 (Fort Brown, Texas; habits; descr. nest and eggs).— Ben- 

 nett, Bull, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 393 (Lometa, Texas; 

 habits; crit. ; descr. young) . — Ridgway, Nona. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 252.— 

 Coues, Check List, 2ded., 1882, no. 296.— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Am., Aves, i, 1885, 352.— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 123 



' It is remarkable that while in Mexico and thence to Honduras this species appears 

 to be confined to the Atlantic slope (except in Guatemala and perhaps in Chiapas 

 and Oaxaca) , it appears to skip Nicaragua altogether to reappear in western Costa 

 Rica, where, according to Cherrie (Auk, ix, 1892, 27), it occurs from the valley of 

 San Jos^ to the Pacific coast. If the species occurs anywhere in Nicaragua I have 

 been unable to iind any record to that effect. 




BIBDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEEICA. 577 



(Merida, Myiarchusigeres I., and Mecop I., Yucatan; Corosal, Brit. Honduras! 

 Vera Paz, Guatemala; Belize, British Honduras; Medina and San Pedro, 

 Honduras; San Jos^, Grecia, Turrialba, and Irazu, Costa Rica). — Chekkie, 

 Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, 1893, 28 (Lagarto, s. Costa Rica). 



[Spermophila] moreleti Sclatek and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 28. 



Spermophila morelelii Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 506 (Rio Grande, 

 Texas, to Honduras); ed. 1860 ("Birds N. Am."), atlas, pi. 54, figs. 2, 3; 

 Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 17, pi. 16, figs. 2, 3 (San 

 Diego and Monterey, Nuevo Leon); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 388.— 

 SuMyiarchusCHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 551 (hot and temperate regions. 

 Vera Cruz).— Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 200.— Ridgway, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., iii, 1880, 182, 232. 



[Spermophila^ moreletii Coues, Key N, Am. Birds, 1872, 150. 



S.[pi'rmophild] moreleti Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 392. 



SpoTopMla moreleti Zeledon, An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 111 (Alajuela, 

 Cartago, and San Jos6, Costa Rica). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 

 1887, 580 (Truxillo, Honduras) .—Chekkie, Auk, ix, 1892, 27 (w. Costa Rica, 

 San Jos6 to Pacific coast) . 



Spermophila alUgularii (not Loxia albogularis Spix) Latveence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 

 V, 1852, 124 (Texas).— Baied, in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 3.30 

 (Texas). 



Spermophila parva (not of Lawrence) Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 124 

 (Lometa Ranch, Texas; Cordova, Jalapa, and Orizaba, Vera Cruz). 



Sporophila morelleti sharpei LAWKE^-CE, Auk, vi, Jan., 1889, 53 (Lometa, Texas; 

 Am. Myiarchuss. N. H.).— Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., x, 1898, 29 (Jalapa).— 

 American Oenithologists' Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 602. — 

 Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 226. 



S-lpermophila] morelleti sharpei Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 450. 



SPOROPHILA TORQUEOLA (Bonaparte). 

 CnmAMO^-BMWBSH SEEDEATER. 



Adadt inale. — Pileum, lores, suborbital region, auricular region, 

 median portion of hindneck, back, scapulars, wings, upper tail-coverts, 

 tail, and band across upper part of chest, black; rump cinnamon; 

 under parts posterior to jugular band pale cinnamon or ochraceous- 

 buff ; malar region, chin, and throat still paler buffy, sometimes almost 

 white; sides of neck and spot .at base of primaries (except three outer- 

 most) white; bill horn brown or dusky; legs and feet dusky horn 

 color; length (skins), 102.62-118.87 (107.95); wing, 52.83-56.90(55.12); 

 tail, 1:5.47-49.28 (47.50); exposed culmen, 8.64^9.66 (9.14); depth of 

 bill at base (one specimen), 8.38; tarsus, 14.48-15.24 (14.99); middle 

 toe, 11.18-12.19 (11.68).' 



Iiimiature male. — Similar to the adult male, but back, scapulars, 

 wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail grayish olive, or more or less mixed 

 with the same. 



Adult female. — Above plain light olive, becoming paler on rump; 

 beneath yellowish buflfy, paler on abdomen, deeper, and more or less 



'Nine specimens. 

 17024—01 37 




578 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



tinged with olive, on chest, sides, and flanks; axillars and under wing- 

 coverts dull yellowish white; length (skins), 102.62-117.09 (107.95); 

 wing, 49.78-56.13 (52.83); tail, 42.16^9.28 (46.72); exposed culmen, 

 8.64-9.14 (8.89); depth of bill at base (three specimens), 8.88; tarsus, 

 14.48-15.24 (14.99); middle toe, 10.92-12.45 (11.68).' 



Southwestern Mexico, in States of Sinaloa (Myiarchuszatlan; Presidio; 

 Rosario), Tepic (Santiago), Jalisco (Hacienda el Molino, Atemajao, etc.), 

 Colima (plains of Colima), Guanajuato, Morelos (Cuernavaca), and 

 Puebla (Huehuetlan, Atlixco, etc.). 



Sp.[ermopliUa] iorqueola Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 495 (Mexico). 



Spermophila torqueola Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 105 (Mexico); Ibis, 1871, 

 6 (monogr.). — Duges, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 139 (Guanajuato). — Law- 

 rence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 276 (Myiarchuszatlan; plains of Colima; 

 Tepic). — (trayson, !Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 276, part (habits, song, 

 etc.). — Salvin and God.man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1885, 351, part(excl. 

 loc. Capulalpam and Tehuantepec). — Shaepb, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 

 1888, 119, part (Silao; Myiarchuszatlan; Presidio, near Myiarchuszatlan). 



ISpermophila] torqueola Sclater and Salvin, Nora. Av. Neotr., 1873, 28. 



[Gyrinorhynchus] torqueolus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 105, no. 7586. 



[Sjiurophila] torqueola Giebel, Thes. Orn., iii, 1871, 523. 



Sporophila torqueola Fehkari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.,ix, 1886, 142 (Hue- 

 huetlan, Puebla). — JouY Proc. V. H. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1894, 779 (Hacienda 

 el Molino, Jalisco). 



.S' [porophila'] torqueola Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 450, part. 



Sporophila ochropyga Cab.vnis, Journ. fiir Orn., ix, Jan., 1861, 5 (Cuernavaca, 

 Morelos, s. w. Mexico; Berlin Myiarchuss.; ex Lichtenstein, Nom. Av. Myiarchuss. Berol., 

 1854, iri,^nomen nudum!). 



Spermophila atriceps "Baird ilS." Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., rai, 

 Myiarchusy, 1867, 479 (Myiarchuszatlan, Sinaloa; V. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



[Gyrinorhynchus] atriceps Gray-, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 106, no. 7587. 



[Sporophila'] atriceps Giebel, Thes. Orn., iii, 1877, 518. 



SPOROPHILA ALBITORQUIS (Sharpe). 

 WHITE-COLLARED SEEDE4TER. 



" Similar to S. torqueola, but distinguished by a white collar round 

 the hind neck. Total length, 111.76; culmen, 8.89; wing, 57.15; tail, 

 tail, 46.99; tarsus, 15.24." 



State of Oaxaca (Capulalpam, Tehuantepec, etc.), southern Mexico. 



I have not seen this form, which if not a phase of plumage of 

 8. torqueola may be a subspecies of that species. 



Spermophila torqueola (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 

 303 (Capulalpam, Oaxaca).— Grayson, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H.,ii, 1874, 276, 

 part (Tehuantepec, Oaxaca).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 

 i, 1885, 351, part (Capulalpam).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 

 119, part (in synonymy). 



S.\_porophila'] torqueola Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 450, part (Tehuan- 

 tepec) . 



Spermophila albitorquis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 120 (Capulal- 

 pam, Oaxaca; Brit. Myiarchuss.). 



'Ten specimens. 




BIRDS OF NOBTH AND MIDDLE AMEKICA. 579 



Genus AMAUROSPIZA Cataanis. 



Amaurospiza'- Oabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., ix, Jan., 1861, 3 (Type, A. concolor 

 Cabanis). 



Small unicolored Fringillidse apparentlj^ related to Cyaoiospiza, but 

 larger, the adult males plain slate-color or bluish slate or blackish (some- 

 times with white under wing-coverts and axillars). 



Bill short, broad, and deep, with culmen and maxillary tomium 

 arched; exposed culmen decidedly more than half as long as tarsus, 

 gently but decidedly and regularly convex; maxillary tomium decid- 

 edly arched or concave, though nearly straight for anterior half; 

 width of bill at base equal to or greater than its basal depth. Nostril 

 exposed, small, roundish. Rictal bristles weak. Wing rather long 

 (about three and one-third times as long as tarsus), rather pointed 

 (seventh primary longest, ninth much longer than secondaries). Tail 

 decidedly shoi'ter than wing, slightly rounded. Tarsus rather short 

 (about equal to middle toe with claw, or a little more). 



Coloration. — Adult males plain slate-graj^ or slate-bluish, usually 

 darker on head, in some species with under wing-coverts and axillars 

 white; adult females tawny brown above, paler (sometimes inclining 

 to buffy whitish) beneath. 



Range. — Costa Rica to Brazil and western Ecuador. 



AMAUROSPIZA CONCOLOR Cabanis. 

 CABANIS'S SEESEATER. 



Adult male. — Uniform dull indigo blue, appearing dull blackish 

 in certain lights, the blue most decided on lesser wing-coverts, the 

 under parts paler and grajj^er posteriorly; primaries dusky brownish, 

 edged with brownish gray; maxilla black, mandible paler (bluish in 

 life?); legs and feet brownish black, the claws and soles of toes yellow- 

 ish; wing, 59.69; tail, 53.34; exposed culmen, 12.70; depth of bill at 

 base, 7.62; tarsus, 17.78; middle toe, 11.13.^ 



Isthmus of Panama (Paraiso Station) to Costa Rica. 



Amaurospiza concolor Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., ix, Jan., 1861, 3 (Ooata Rica; 

 Berlin Myiarchuss.?).— La whence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 103 (Costa Eica).— 

 Feantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 301 (Costa Rica).— Salvin, Ibis, 1869, 313 

 (Paraiso Station, Panama E. R. ). — Zelbdon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 

 9; An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica i, 1887, 111. — Salvin and Godmax, Biol. 

 Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1885, 350 (Costa Rica; Chiriqui; Paraiso Station, Pan- 

 ama E. R.).— Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 156. 



[Amaurospiza] concolor Sclatee and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 28. 



'"Von afiavpoi, nicht hell, nicht glanzend, diister." 



^Described from a specimen in the Salvin-Godman collection, from Paraiso Station, 

 Panama R. R. (1867; Hughes). The wing is measured with primaries pressed flat 

 against the rule and the tail is measured from the base of the coccyx. 




580 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Genus CYANOSPIZA Baird. 



Cyanospiza Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, June 19, 1858, 500. (Type, Tan- 

 agra cyanea Linnaeus.)^ 



Small semi-arboreal Fringillidfe with rather long, rather pointed 

 wings, tail shorter than wing and even or slightly double-rounded, and 

 small bill with mandible conspicuously deeper than maxilla, the latter 

 more or less falcate; adult males brilliantly colored, with blue, green, 

 purple, or sometimes red predominating, the adult females and young 

 plain brown or green above, paler and sometimes obsoletely streaked 

 beneath. 



Bill small, much deeper than broad at the base, with the mandible 

 conspicuously deeper than the maxilla, the latter more or less falcate; 

 culmen shorter than middle toe without claw, more or less convex, 

 distinctly ridged; gonys straight, shorter than distance from nostril to 

 tip of maxilla; maxillary tomium abruptly angulated subbasally {ci/a- 

 nea), gradually concave throughout (versicolor), or variously interme 

 diate between these extremes; mandibular tomium straight to the 

 abrupt subbasal angle {cyanea), convex or arched throughout without 

 a subbasal angle {versicolor), or variously intermediate; no obvious 

 notch near tip of maxillary tomium. Nostril exposed, very small, 

 roundish, in anterior portion of nasal fossae. Rictal bristles very 

 minute (obvious only in versicolor). Wing moderate to long (three 

 and three-fourths to nearly four and a half times as long as tarsus), 

 pointed, with ninth primary nearly or quite the longest {arrmna); 

 rounded, with ninth primary shorter than fourth {versicolor), or vari- 

 ously intermediate (other species). Tail three-fourths to four-fifths as 

 long as wing, even or slightly double-rounded {cyamsa, ciris), slightly 

 rounded {versicolor), or emarginated {ammna). Tarsus about one- 

 third as long as tail (more or less), equal to or slightly longer than 

 middle toe with claw, its scutella distinct; lateral claws not reaching to 

 base of middle claw; hallux shorter than lateral toes, its claw decidedly 

 shorter than the digit. 



Colors. — Adult males with more or less of blue, sometimes varied 

 with purple, red, orange, yellow, or green; adult femajles plain brown- 

 ish or olive-green above, paler (sometimes indistinctly streaked) beneath; 

 young similar to adult females, but more distinctly streaked beneath. 



Although the genus Cyanospiza, as usually limited, constitutes a 

 very well circumscribed group so far as coloration is concerned, it is 

 found to be a rather heterogeneous one when structural characters are 

 considered. No two of the species agree very closely in details of 

 external form, G. versicolor being, perhaps, the most aberrant, in its 

 much-rounded wing, distinctly rounded tail, narrow, falcate maxilla, 

 broad mandible, and strongly arched commissure. C. cirls most nearly 



'See Ridgway, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 323. 




BIBDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 581 



approaches C. versicolor in the form of the bill, but has a pointed 

 wing and almost emarginate tail (the lateral rectricew being longer 

 than the middle pair), while its tarsus is much longer, relativelj', than 

 that of any other species. C. cyanea has, like O. versicolor, the maxilla 

 conspicuously narrower than the mandible, but the culmen is nearly 

 straight, and the commissui-c quite so as far as the abrupt basal angu- 

 lation. In wing and tail, C. cyanea agrees with G. c'vru. G. amoena, 

 which represents the opposite extremes of form from G. versicolm^ hav- 

 ing the culmen and commissure straight, like G. cyanea, but the latter is 

 much less deflected basall}', the maxilla not oonspicuouslj- narrower 

 than the mandible, and the bill is much less compressed; but it differs 

 from all its congeners in its distinctly emarginate tail, long outermost 

 primary (but little shorter than the eighth). It is also the only species 

 which has white wing-bands and white under parts. C. rositcp, again, 

 is peculiar in its long and narrow bill. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES OP OYANOSPIZA. 



a. Abdomen blue. (Eastern United States; south to isthmus of Panama in winter. ) 



Cyanospiza cyanea, adult male (p. 582) 

 aa. Abdomen not blue. 

 6. Abdomen white, or nearly so. 

 c. Wings with one or two white bars. 

 d. Head, neck, and rump blue. (Western United States; south through west- 

 ern Mexico in winter. ) Cyanospiza amoeua, adult male (p. 584) 



dd. Head above brown, throat dull brownish white or pale brownish; rump 



olive-grayish or dull bluish Cyanospiza amoena, adult female (p. 585) 



cc. Wings without any white bars. 

 d. Tail shorter (less than 49.53, averaging 48.26); chest more or less streaked. 

 Cyanospiza cyanea, adult female and young (pp. 581, 582) 

 dd. Tail longer (not less than 50.55, averaging 50.04 or more) ; chest without 

 trace of streaks. (Mexico, Lower California, and southern Texas.) 



Cyanospiza versicolor, adult female, summer (p. 591) 

 hh. Abdomen not white or whitish. 



c. Abdomen dull purplish; forehead and rump purplish blue; throat and occiput 

 reddish. (Mexico; Lower California; southern Texas.) 



Cyanospiza versicolor, adult male (p. 591) 

 cc. Abdomen not purplish. 

 d. Abdomen pale brownish or pinkish brown, 

 e. Bill smaller (exposed culmen less than 11.43). 



Cyanospiza versicolor, young (p. 591) 

 ee. Bill larger (exposed culmen not less than 13.72). 

 /. Eump dull bluish or tinged with blue. (States of Oaxaca and Chiapas, 



southern Mexico. ) Cyanospiza rositse, adult female (p. 590) 



ff. Eump without blue tinge Cyanospiza rositse, young (p. 590 ) 



dd. Abdomen red or yellow. 

 e. Abdomen red. 

 /. Under parts vermilion red; rump dull red; back yellowish green, 

 (lyiore southern United States, south to Bahamas, Cuba, and Veragua 



in winter. ) Cyanospiza ciris, adult male ( p. 586 ) 



ff. Under parts blue anteriorly, mixed blue and pinkish red posteriorly; 

 upper parts wholly blue Cyanospiza rositae, adult male (p. 590) 




582 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



ee. Abdomen yellow. 

 /. Upper parts mainly cobalt blue; chest orange-yellow. (Southwestern 



Mexico.) Cyanospiza leclanoheri, adult male (p. 589) 



ff. Upper parts greenish; chest olive-yellowish. 



g. Upper tail-coverts and tail greenish; under parts duller or paler 



yellow Cyanospiza ciris, adult female (p. 587) 



gg. Upper tail-coverta and tail bluish; under parts purer and brighter 

 yellow Cyanospiza leclanoheri, adult female (p. 589) 



CYANOSPIZA CYANEA (Linnaeus). 

 INDIGO BIRD. 



Aihdt male. — General color plain cerulean blue, changing to bluish 

 green (berj4 green) in certain lights, the head more purplish blue 

 (ultramarine or f rench blue), this extending down the foreneck and, 

 usually, more or less strongly tinging the median under parts of the 

 body; lores and central (mostly concealed) portion of wing-coverts and 

 'tertials black; secondaries, primaries, primary coverts, and remiges 

 dusky, edged with greenish blue; maxilla black; mandible pale gray- 

 ish blue (in life), with dusky streak on gonys; iris brown; legs and 

 feet dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 116.59-132.33 (121.97); 

 wing, 65.53-71.37 (67.82); tail, 48.51-51.10 (51.05); exposed culmen, 

 10.16-11.18 (10.11); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.62 (7.37): tarsus, 

 16.26-18.03 (17.27); middle toe, 11.94-12.95 (12.45).' 



Adult female. — Above olive-brownish, lighter, and sometimes tinged 

 with greenish gray on rump and upper tail-co verts ; beneath dull whitish, 

 more or less washed or tinged with olive-buffy on chest, sides, and 

 flanks, the chest more or less distinctly streaked with dusky grayish 

 brown; wings and tail dusky, the lesser wing-coverts and edges of 

 primaries and rectrices grayish greenish, the tips of middle coverts 

 and edges of greater coverts and tertials (broadly) light cinnamon- 

 brownish; length (skins), 113.28-132.84 (121.67); wing, 62.74-66.65 

 (63.75); tail, 47.24^8.77 (48.26); exposed culmen, 9.91-10.92 (10.41); 

 depthof bill at base, 7.11-7.62 (7.37); tarsus, 16.51-18.03(17.53); mid- 

 dle toe, 11.94-12.95 (12.45)." 



•Eighteen specimens. 



''Eleven specimens. 



Specimens from the Myiarchusssissippi Valley average slightly smaller than those from the 

 Atlantic coast district, although the difference is confined to length of wing, tail, and 

 tarsus. I can not detect any constant difference in coloration. The two series meas- 

 ured average as follows: 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 583 



Yomig. — Similar to adult female, but averaging rather browner, 

 especially on under parts, the back sometimes (especially in first 

 plumage) obsoletely streaked. (Immature males in second, and prob- 

 ably third, years are variously intermediate in coloration between 

 fully adult males and females.) 



Eastern United States and British Provinces; north to Myiarchusine, 

 Ontario, Myiarchusnnesota, etc. (casually to New Brunswick); south in win- 

 ter to Bahamas, Cuba, and through eastern Mexico and Central 

 America to Vei'agua; west to eastern border of Great Plains, casually 

 to eastern Colorado (El Paso and Boulder counties). 



\_Tanagra\ cyanea Linn.eus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 315. 



{Emheriza} cyanea Gmblin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 876. 



Fringilla cyanea Wilson, Am. Orn., i, 1810, 100, pi. 6, fig. 5. — Bonaparte, Am. 

 Ora., ii, 1828, 91, pi. 15, fig. 4.— Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1832, 377; v, 1839, 

 503, pi. 74, — Jaedine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 100. — Nuttall, 

 Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 473. — W;llis, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst, 

 for 1858 (1859), 283 (Nova Scotia, accidental). 



Passerina cyanea Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 7. — Lembeye, 

 Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 130.— Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 

 96; Check List, 2d ed., 1882,no. 295.— Ridgway, Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 

 248; Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1883, 495 (Volcan de Irazrt, Costa Rica); viii, 

 1885, 568 (Cozumel I., Yucatan).— Hay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 91 

 (Memphis, Tennessee, and Jackson, Myiarchusssissippi, summer). — Chamberlain, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 105 (near St. Johns, New Brunswick, 1 spec, 

 June); Bull, i, Nat. Hist. Soc. N. B., 1882, 41 (St. Johns).— Bicknell, Auk, 

 11, 1885, 151 (song) . — Ageesborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 289 (s. e. .South Dakota, 

 breeding). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 598.— 

 Feeeaei-Peeez, Proc. U. S. Nat. :\Ius., ix, 1886, 142 (Chietla, Puebla, Dec.) .— 

 CoEY, Auk, iii, 1886, 211;. Birds AV. I., 1889, 98; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 112 

 (New Providence and San Salvador, Bahamas; Cuba). — Zeledon, An. 3Ius. 

 Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 111 (Santa Myiarchusria de Dota, El Zarcero de Alajuela, and 

 Pacuare, Costa Rica).— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 218 (Elk R., Myiarchusn- 

 nesota; Tom Green Co., w. Texas, fall, etc.); Birds Colorado, 1897, 109 (El 

 Paso and Boulder counties, 2 specs.). — Cheeeie, Auk, vii, 1890, 334 (San 

 Jos6, Costa Rica, Myiarchusy); ix, 1892, 247 (San Jos6, etc., Oct., Nov.); Expl. 

 Zool. Costa Rica, 1893, 29 (Lagarto and Buenos A.ires, s. Costa Rica). — 

 Atkinson, Trans. Canad. Inst., iii, 1892, 47 (breeding near Toronto, Onta- 

 rio).— Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., iv, 1892, 309 (near Trinidad, Cuba, 

 1 spec. Myiarchusr. 18).— Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 493 (Rio 

 Escondido, Nicaragua, Sept., Oct.). — Neheling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 

 1896, 214, pi. 28, figs. 1, 2.— Knight, Bull. Univ. Myiarchusine, no. 3, 1897, 103 

 (summer resid. whole State). 



[Passerina,} cyanea Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 97, no. 7435.— Coey, List Birds 

 W. I., 1885, 12. 



P.^asserina} cyanea Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 391.— Ridgway, 

 Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 448. 



Spiza cyanea Jaedine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., iii, 1832, 446.— Bonapaete, Geog. 

 and Comp. List, 1838, 35.— Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 109; Birds Am., oct. 

 ed., iii, 1841, 96, pi. 170.— Woodhouse, in Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuni and 

 Col. R., 1853, 87 (Indian Territory).— Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1856, 304 (Cordova, Vera Cruz). —Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 8 (Cuba).—. 

 Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba). 




584 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



S. [piza] cyanea Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 375. 



[Spiza] cyanea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 474. 



(Sp. [iza] cyanea Cabanis, Myiarchusg. Hein., i, 1851, 148. 



Cya.nospiza cyanea Baibd, Rep. Pacific B. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 505; Cat. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1859, no. 387.— Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 379 (Playa 

 Vicente, Oaxaca); 1864, 174 (valley of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 107 

 (Mexico; Coban, Guatemala). — Scl.ater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 18 (Duenas, 

 Guatemala, winter); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Hondu- 

 ras). — Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 151 (Oxford Co., Myiarchusine, breed- 

 ing). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua); 

 ix, 1868, 103 (Barranca, San Jos6, and Dota, Costa Rica) ; ix, 1869, 201 

 (Merida, Yucatan); Ball. U. S. Nat. Myiarchusa.,no. 4, 1876, 20 (Santa Efigenia, 

 Oaxaca, Dec). — Gumdlach, Report. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 285; Journ. 

 fiir Orn., 1874, 125 (Cuba).— Taylor, Ibis, 1862, 128 (Florida).— Duges, La 

 Naturaleza, i, 1868, 140 (Guanajuato) . — Sumicbrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 

 i, 1869, 552 (Vera Cruz, winter) .—Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 301 

 (Costa Rica). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 190 (Calovevora, Vera- 

 gua); Ibis, 1872, 317 (Chontales, Nicaragua); 1885, 190 (Cozumel); Cat. 

 Strickland Coll., 1882, "224 (Guatemala).— Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., 

 iii, 1872, 127, 178 (Topeka, etc., e. Kansas; crit.).— Coues, Check List, 1873, 

 no. 199; Birds N. W., 1874, 171.— Ridqway, Bull. Essex Inst., 1873, 183 (e. 

 Colorado). — Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 8. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, 

 Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 82, pi. 29, figs. 13, 17.— Brace, Proc. Bost. 

 Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 242 (New Providence, Bahamas). — Brewster, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 122 (descr. young).— Sbnnett, Bull. U. S. Geol. 

 and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 20 (Lower Rio Grande, Apr. 25) ; v, 1879, 393 

 (Lometa, Texas, Myiarchusy).— Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 128 (Fort 

 Brown, Texas, Apr., Myiarchusy). — Bouoard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 58 

 (San Jos6, Costa Rica, Myiarchusr.); 1883, 444 (Progreso, Yucatan). — MyiarchusChesney, 

 Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 78 (Fort Sisseton, South 

 Dakota, Myiarchusy). — Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 90. — Zeledon, Cat. Avesde 

 Costa Rica, 1882, 8.— Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 373, 383, 392 

 (San Juan del Sur, Sucuy^, and Ometepe, Nicaragua). — Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 364 (Belize, British Honduras; Escuintla, 

 Retalhuleu, San Geronimo, and Coban, Guatemala; La Union, Salvador; 

 Volcan de Chiriqui and Bugaba, Veragua; etc.). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 617. 



[Cyanospiza^ cyanea Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 150. — Sclater and Salvin, 

 Nom. Av.Neotr., 1873, 29. 



Clyanospizal cyanea Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 109, 152 (n. e. Illinois, 

 Myiarchusy 8 to Oct. 1) . 



Emheriza C!/aneKa Sparrmann, Myiarchuss. Carlson. , faac. ii, 1787, 42, 43 (North America). 



[Emberiza^ cyanella Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 887. 



(?) [Emberizari cxrulea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 876 ("Canada;" based on 

 Emheriza canadensis cserulea Brisson Orn., iii, 298, pi. 14, fig. 2; Elm 

 Bunting Latham, Gen. Synop., ii, pt. i, 205; Pennant, Arct. Zool., ii, 365). 



l^Spiza'] cserulea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 474. 



CYANOSPIZA AMCENA (Say). 

 lAZULI BTJlfTING, 



Adndt male. — Head, neck, rump, and upper tail-coverts light ceru- 

 lean or turquoise blue, changing to light greenish blue (nile blue); 

 back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts darker and (especially back) 




BIBDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 585 



duller blue; lores blackish; middle wing-co\'erts very broadly tipped 

 with white, the greater coverts more narro"s\'ly tipped with the same, 

 forming two bands; wings otherwise blackish, the greater coverts and 

 remiges edged with bluish; tail blackish, the rectrices edged with 

 greenish blue; chest tawny-ochraceous, this color extending farther 

 backward laterall}' than medially; abdomen, under tail-coverts, etc., 

 white; maxilla black; mandible (in life) pale grayish blue, with black 

 streak on gonys; iris brown; legs and feet black or dusky brown; 

 length (skins), 12Y.25-140.72 (133.10); wing, 70.61-76.45 (73.41); tail, 

 52.58-57.66 (55.37); exposed culmen, 9.91-10.41 (10.16); depth of bill 

 at base, 7.37-7.62 (7.49); tarsus, 16.26-17.78 (17.27); middle toe, 

 ' 12.19-13.21 (12.70).^ 



Adult female. — Above grayish brown, passing into dull greenish 

 blue, or much tinged with this color, on rump and upper taiI-co\'erts, 

 the back sometimes narrowly and indistinctly^ streaked with dusky; 

 wings and tail duskj^ the remiges and rectrices edged with dull green- 

 ish blue, the middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with bufiy or 

 buffy whitish; anterior and lateral under parts dull buffy, deepest on 

 chest; abdomen and under tail-coverts white or buJfiy white; length 

 (skins), 124.71-136.65 (132.33); wing, 65.79-71.88 (69.34); tail, 50.80- 

 58.67 (53.09); exposed culmen, 9.11-10.41 (9.91); depth of bill at base, 

 6.86-7.62 (7.11); tarsus, 16.26-17.53 (17.02); middle toe, 12.19-12.95 

 (12.70).' 



Young. — Similar to adult female but rump and upper tail-coverts 

 light brown, without bluish or greenish tinge, and usually with chest 

 and sides narrowly and indistinctly streaked. 



Immature males have the blue, especially on the upper parts, more 

 or less clouded or overlaid by cinnamon-brown. 



Western United States and British Provinces; north to British 

 Columbia (chiefly east of Cascade Mountains), Idaho, Montana, etc. 

 (to Assiniboia ?, see Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, 80); south (in winter) to 

 Cape St. Lucas, Sinaloa (Myiarchuszatlan), Durango (Chacala), and Valley of 

 Mexico; east nearlj' or quite across the Great Plains to South Dakota 

 (Vermilion), Kansas (Ellis), etc. 



Emberiza amcma Say, in Long's Exped., ii, 1823, 47. 



Fringilla amcena Bonaparte, Am. Orn., i, 1825, 61, pi. 6, fig. 5; Synopsis, 1828, 

 106.— Ndttall, Myiarchusn. Orn. and Can., i, 1832, 473; 2d ed., i, 1840, 546.— 

 Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 64, 230, pis. 398, 424, fig. 1. 



Spiza amcena Jaedine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., iii, 1832, 317. — Audubon, Synop- 

 sis, 1839, 109; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 100, pi. 171. — Woodhouse, in 

 Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuni and Col. E., 1853, 87 (New Mexico). — Heek- 

 MANN, Eep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 46 (California). 



[Spizal amaena Bona paete, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 474. 



^ Seventeen specimens. ^ Ten specimens. 




586 BULLETIN" 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MJSEUM. 



Cijanoapiza araoeiiri'^ Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 504; Cat. X. Am. 

 Birds, 1859, no. 386.— Xanths, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Fort 

 Tejon, California).— Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 107 (New 

 ^lexico). — Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 

 205 (Puget Sound, Dalles, etc.) .— Browx, Ibis, 1864, 423 (Vancouver I.).— 

 Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 238.— Allen, Bull. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 145 

 (Cheyenne, Wyoming) , 178 {w. edge of Great Plains; Colorado, up to 8,000 

 ft.; Ogden, Utah); Proc. Bost. S<jc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 45, 59 (Fort Rice, etc.. 

 North Dakota).— Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 200; Birds N. W., 1874, 170.— 

 Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 276 (Myiarchuszatlan) . — Baird, Breweh, 

 and RIDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 84, pi. 29, figs. 11, 12.— Henshaw, 

 Rep. Orn. Spec. AVheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 63 (Denver, Colorado), 120 

 (Apache and San Pedro, Arizona, Aug. to Oct. ) ; Zool. Exp. W. 100th ilerid., 

 1875, 300 (localitiesin Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Arizona; habits). — Sxow, 

 Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 7 (w. -Kansas, summer resid.). — Ridgway, Orn. 

 40th Parallel, 1877, 490 (Sacramento, California; Nevada; Utah; habits, 

 etc.) .— Beldixg, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 419 (centr. California) .- 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 363 (valley of 

 Mexico) .—Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 620. 



ICyatiospiza^ iimoma Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 150. 



[Passe)-ina] mncena Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 97, no. 7436. 



Passerlna amoena Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 96; Check List, 

 2d ed., 1882, no. 296.— Ridgway, Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 249.- 

 Beldisg and Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1883, 541 (La Paz, Lower 

 California, winter) . — Agersborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 281 (s. e. Dakota, breeding).— 

 American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 599. — Cooke, Bird 

 Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 219 (Vermilion, S. Dakota, and Ellis, Kansas, sum- 

 mer) .—Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H, iii, 1890, 148 (British Columbia, 

 chiefly east of Cascade Mts.). — Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 38 

 (chiefly east of Cascade Mts. ; rare on Vancouver I.) . — Goss, Birds Kansas, 

 1891, 491 (w. Kansas, rare summer resid.). — Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 1893, 52, 64 (bet. Coast Range and Rocky Mts., British Columbia).— 

 Richmond and Knowlton, Auk, xi, 1894, 306 (s. -centr. Montana). — Nehk- 

 LiNG, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 219, pi. 28, fig. 4. 



P.lasserinci] aincena Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed, 1884, 391. — Ridgway, 

 Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 447. 



CYANOSPIZA CIRIS (Linnaeus). 

 NONPAREIL; PAINTED BUNTING, 



Adult male. — Head and neck, except chin and throat, purplish blue 

 (smalt or hyacinth) ; back and scapulars bright yellowish green (apple 

 green) or greenish yellow; rump and upper tail-coverts purplish red; 

 orbital ring (more or less complete), and under parts, including throat, 

 veimilion red; greater wing-coverts parrot green; middle coverts dull 

 reddish purple, lesser co^'erts dull purplish blue; remiges dusky, edged 

 with dull purplish and green; rectrices dull dusky reddish or purplish; 



^ ilariy of the references to this combination, including nearly all the more reeelit 

 ones, give oe in the diphthong form (oe); but I have not attempted to sort the 

 references according to this difference. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 587 



maxilla blackish; mandible grayish (pale bluiwh in life?); iris brown; 

 legs and feet duskj' brown; length (skins), 127.00-143.24 (13.5.13); 

 wing, 69.09-73.91 (71.12); tail, 52.82-56.90 (54.61); exposed culmen, 

 10. 16-11. IS (10,67); depth of bill at base, 7.37-S.13 (7.62); tarsus, 

 18.03-20.07 (19.05); middle toe, 12.19-14.22 (13.21).^ 



Adult female. — Above plain dull green (oil green to biee green); 

 beneath olive-yellowish, clearer yellow (straw yellow to light gamboge 

 or maize yellow) on abdomen and under tail-coverts; length (skins), 

 119.38-139.45 (128.52); wing, 63.75-71.12 (66.29); tail, 4s.26-55.37 

 (51.82); exposed culmen, 10.16-10.67 (10.41); depth of bill at base, 

 7.11-8.13 (7.62); tarsus, 18.29-19.56 (19.05); middle toe, 12.45-13.72 

 (12.95).' '^, 



Young. — Above dull grayish brown, more or less tinged, here and 

 there, with greenish; middle and greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped 

 with pale buff or buffy grayish; under parts dull grayish buffy. 



Humid division of Lower Sonoran Province; north to coast of North 

 Carolina, southern Illinois, southern Kansas (Baker and Comanche 

 counties); south, in winter, to Bahamas, Cuba, the whole of Mexico, 

 and through Central America to Veragua; west during migration to 

 Arizona. 



\_Emhenza'] ciris Linn^ecs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10,i, 1758, 179 (based on Fringilla tricolor 

 Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i. p. 44, pi. 44, etc.) ; ed. 12, i, 1766, .313.— 

 Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 416. 



Eniberiza dris T^MMyiarchusNCK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 103. 



Emberiza ciris Wilson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 68, pi. 24, iigs. 1, 2. 



Passerina ciris ViEiifLOT, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 17; Gal. Ois., i, 

 1825, 81, pl."66.— D'Oreigny, in La Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 102.— 

 CouBS, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 96; Check List, 2d ed.,.1882, no. 292; 

 Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 391.— Ridgw.vy, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, 

 no. 251. — Hay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 92 (Jackson, etc., Myiarchusssissippi, 

 summer).— Bbewstee, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 100 (St. Myiarchusrys, 

 Georgia; habits; song). — Jencks, Random Notes on Nat. Hist., i, 1884, 8 

 (Scituate, Rhode Island, 1 spec, summer of 1882). — Goss, Auk, ii, 1885, 276 

 (Comanche Co. , Kansas, common summer resident) . — Coey', List Birds AV. I. 

 1885, 12; Auk, iii, 1886, 210; viii, 1891, 294 (Cuba), 295 (Berry Islands); 

 Birds W. I., 1889, 97; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 112 (Great Bahama, Berry 

 Island, and New Providence, Bahamas; Cuba). — American Ornithologists' 

 Union, Check List, 1886, no. 601.— Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss , 

 ix, 1886, 142 (Chietla, Puebla, Dec.). — Zeledon, Am. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, 

 i, 1887, 111 (Las Trojas, Costa Rica).— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 

 219 (Caddo, Indian Terr., breeding; localities and dates; breeding habits). — 

 Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 492 (Baker and Comanche counties, s. Kansas, 

 summer resid. ). — Chbrkib, Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, 1893, 29 (Lagarto and 

 Buenos Aires, s. Costa Rica). — Howe, Auk, xiii, 1896, 261 (Longwood, 

 jMyiarchusssachusetts, 1 spec. June 5, 1896). — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 

 1896, 220, pi. 28, fig. 3. 



IPasserina] cins Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 97, no. 7437. — Cory, List Birds W. I., 

 1885, 12. 



'Fourteen specimens. ^Nine specimens. 




588 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



P.[asserina] ciris CouKS, Key N. Am. Birds, 2cl ed., 1884, 391. — Ridgway, Myiarchusn. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1887, 449. 



Fnngilla cirif: Audubon, Orn. Biog., i, 1832, 279, pi. 53; v, 1839, 517. — Lembeye, 

 Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 130. 



Spiza ciris Jardinb, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 358. — Bonaparte, Geog. and 

 Comp. List, 1838, 35. — Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 108; Birds Am., oct. ed., 

 iii, 1841, 93, pi. 169. — "Woodhouse, in Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuni and Col. 

 R., 1853, 87 fTexas).— Kenxerly, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., iv, pt. vi, 1856, 

 10 (95 m. w. of Albuquerque, New Mexico). — Cabanis, Joura. fiir Orn., 

 1856, 8 (Cuba).— Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 304 (Cordova, Vera 

 Cruz); 1858, 358 (Comayagua, Honduras). — ^ISIoohe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1859, 58 (Omoa, Honduras; OldRiver, Brit. Honduras; Peten, e. Guatemala).— 

 Taylor, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Comayagua, Honduras). — Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. 

 N. H., vii, 1860, 307 (Cuba). 



8. Ipiza] ciris Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 379. 



ISpiza] ciris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 474. 



Sp-liza] ciris Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, 1851, 148 (Cuba). 



Cyanoxpiza ciris Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 503; Cat. K. Am. 

 Birds, 1859, no. 384; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 

 17 (San Antonio and San Pedro, Texas). — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 

 1859, 379 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 137 (Coban, Gua- 

 temala). — Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 17 (Dueiias and Pacific coast, 

 Guatemala; Comayagua, Honduras) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (coast 

 Honduras) . — Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv. , x, pt. iv, 1859, 14 (Texas).— 

 Kennerly, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 30 (San Antonio, Texas).- 

 Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 491 (Myiarchustamoras, Tamaulipas, and San Antonio, Texas, 

 breeding). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 177 (David, Veragua); 

 ix, 1868, 103 (Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 201 (Merida, Yucatan); Mem. Bost 

 Soc. X. H., ii, 1874, 276 (Myiarchuszatlan; plains of Colima) ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 no. 4, 1876, 20 (Santa Efigenia and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Nov., Dec.).— 

 GuNDLACH, Repert. Fisi co-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 285: Orn. Cuba, 1876, 93.— 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 142 (David, Veragua); 1870, 190 (Vol- 

 can de Chiriqui, Veragua) ; Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 224 (Mexico); Ibis, 

 1885, 190 (Cjzumel).— Butcher, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, 

 Texas, Apr. to Aug.). — Duges, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 140 (Cueramaro, Mex- 

 ico).— Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552 (Vera Cruz, winter).— 

 Feantzius, Jour; fur Orn., 1869, 301 (Costa Rica).— Ridgway, Am. Nat., 

 vi, 1872, 430 (Wabash Co., Illinois, June 10, 1871, 1 spec.).— Coues, Check 

 List, 1873, no. 196. — Bated, Beewee, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 

 1874, 87, pi. 29, figs. 7, 8.— Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 

 1873 (1874), 159 (Camp Bowie, Tucson, and Senoita valley, Arizona); Zool. 

 Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 301 (Bowie and Crittenden, Arizona, Sept.).— 

 Mooee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 247 (New Providence, Bahamas).— 

 MyiarchusCauley, Bull. V. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 666 (EedE. 

 valley, u. Texas).— Boucakd, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 57 (Ti-es Eios, 

 Costa Rica, Jan. ) ; 1883, 444 (Yucatan).— Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and 

 Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 20 (Hidalgo, Texas); v, 1879,392 (Lometa, 

 Texas, measurements, etc.). — Bicknell, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878,132 

 (near Narrows and Brooklyn, Long Island, 3 specs. ; Riverdale, New York, 

 1 spec, July 13, 1875).— Cory, Birds Bahama!., 1880, 89.— Myiarchusynaed, Birds 

 E. N. Am., 1881 (revised ed.), 86.— Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa "Rica, 1882, 

 8.— Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 383, 392 (Sucuyil and Ometepe, 

 Nicaragua).- Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 365 (Pre- 

 sidio, near Myiarchuszatlan; Volcan de Agua, Escuintla, Santa Lucia Cosamalgu- 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 589 



afa, Huamuchal, San Geroninio, Coban, and Teleman, Guatemala; etc.). — 



Shakpb, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888,. 614 (Ruatan I., Honduras; Hol- 



box, Myiarchusgeres, and Meco islands, Yucatan; etc.). 

 [Cyanospiza]ciris Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 149. — ScL.iTER and Salvin, 



Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 29. 

 Fri ngilla mariposa ScoFOi,!, Ann. I. Hist. Xat., 1769, 151. 

 Lo.via papa Myiarchusller, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 152 (Louisiana; based on Le Pape 



Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., iv, 177). 

 {1) Linaria ccmraps D'Orbig.ny, in La Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 107 



(see Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 276). 



CYANOSPIZA LECLANCHERI (Lafresnaye). 



LECIAITGEER'S NONPAREIL, 



Adult tnale. — Pileum bright yellowish green (apple green); rest of 

 upper parts, including auricular region and sides of neck, light ceru- 

 lean or deep turquoise blue, the back usually more or less tinged with 

 green; lores, orbital ring, and under parts yellow (lemon or canary), 

 deepening into cadmium yellow or orange on chest; length (skins), 

 116.84-138.94 (126.24); wing, 65.28-73.15 (68.33); tail, 48. 77-6 Y. 91 

 (53.09); exposed culmen, 10.67-11.68 (11.18); depth of bill at base 

 (three specimens), 7.62-7.87; tarsus, 16.26-17.78 (17.02); middle toe, 

 11.43-12.45 (11.94).^ 



Adult female. — Above grayish green, becoming bluish on upper 

 tail-coverts and tail; remiges edged with greenish blue or bluish green; 

 lores, orbital ring, and under parts yellow (dull gamboge to naples), 

 shaded with grayish or olive across chest and along sides; length 

 (skins), 109.22-121.41 (118.11); wing, 60.71-66.04 (64.01); tail, 44.20- 

 49.78 (48.51); exposed culmen, 10.67-11.43 (11.18); depth of bill at 

 base, 7.62-7.87 (7.78); tarsus, 16.26-17.53 (17.02); middle toe, 11.18- 

 12.19 (11.68).' 



Southwestern Mexico, in States of Puebla (Chietla), Oaxaca (San 

 Juan del Rio; Tapana; Tehuantepec; Huilotepec; Cacoprieto), Guer- 

 rero (Acapulco), and Colima (Rio de la Armeria; Myiarchusnzanillo). 



Posscrina /ecZanc/i€ri Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., iii, 1840, 260 (Acapulco, Guererro, 

 s. w. Mexico); Myiarchusg. de Zool., 1841, Ois., pi. 22. — Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 142 (Chietla, Puebla, Dec.).— Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. 

 Birds, 1887, 449. 



\_Paiaexina\ leclancheri Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 97, no. 7439, 



Sjnza leclancheri Lafresnaye, Myiarchusg. de Zool., 1841, Ois., text to pi. 22. 



ISpiza'} leclancheri Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 475 (w. Mexico). 



S. [piza} leclancheri Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 515. 



ICalliste} leclancheri Bosavaixte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 235. 



Cyanospiza leclancheri Duges, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 140. — Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 551 (San Juan del Rio, Oaxaca). — Lawrence, 

 Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 277 (Sierra Myiarchusdre and Rio de la Armeria, 

 Colima); Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 4, 1876, 20 (Tapana and Tehuantepec, 



^ Twelve specimens. '' Five specimens. 




590 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Oaxaca, Apr., Oct. ).— Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1883, 421 (Acapulco).— 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 362 (Cacoprieto, Oax- 

 aca, etc.).— Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 622. 



lOijanospiza] leclancheri Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 29. 



C. [yanospiza] leclandieri Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 

 1874, 82. 



CYANOSPIZA ROSIT.ffi Lawrence. 

 ROSITA'S BTJNTDfO. 



A(h(Jt male. — Above rich cerulean blue, becoming more purplish 

 blue on liead (ultramarine, or almost smalt on crown); tail dull ceru- 

 lean blue with black shafts; outer webs of secondaries dull turquoise 

 blue, the primaries dusky edged with the same; oi'bital ring (inter- 

 rupted in front) pure white; chin grayish white; throat cerulean blue; 

 chest and breast and upper abdomen mixed cerulean blue and scarlet, 

 the former on tips of the feathers, the latter mostly beneath the sur- 

 face, but more or less exposed, especially in center of breast and 

 upper abdomen; flanks, lower abdomen, anal region, and under tail- 

 coverts pure salmon-pink; maxilla blackish, mandible pale grayish 

 blue (in life); iris brown; legs and feet "livid plumbeous"; length 

 (skins), 131.57-139.70 (135.64); wing, 69.34-72.14 (71.37); tail, 52.83- 

 54.36 (53.59); exposed culmen, 13.46-14.99 (14.48); depth of bill at 

 base, 8.89-9.91 (9.40); tarsus. 17.02-17.53 (17.27); middle toe, 11.68- 

 13.S1 (12.45).' 



Adult female. — Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, larger wing- 

 coverts, and tertials hair brown, the pileum rather darker, sometimes 

 more oi- less tinged with blue, the back sometimes tinged with olive- 

 greenish; lesser wing-coverts, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail light 

 grayish blue (glaucous blue or verditer), the tail brighter blue; pri- 

 maries edged with dull light greenish blue; under parts deep pinkish 

 buff, darker and browner laterally; under tail-coverts cream buff, more 

 pinkish anteriorly; length (skins), 122.68-127.76 (126.24); wing, 66.04- 

 70.10 (68.33); tail, 48.01-51.31 (50.04); exposed culmen, 13.72-14.48 

 (13.97); depth of bill at base, 8.38-9.14 (8.64); tarsus, 16.51-17.78 

 (17.27); middle toe, 11.18-12^:5 (11.94).' 



Yoimg. — Above plain hair brown, the tail dull grayish verditer blue; 

 beneath paler hair brown becoming buffy whitish on abdomen and 

 under tail-coverts, the median portion of breast, apparently, obso- 

 letelj' streaked. 



Southern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Cacoprieto; Santa Efigenia) 

 and Chiapas (La Trinidad). 



Ci/anospiza rosittc Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x. Myiarchusr., 1874,397 

 (Cacoprieto, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.) ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. 



' Four specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 591 



no. 4, 1876, 20 (descr. female) .— Palvin, Ibis, 1874, 309 (crit.) .— Salvin 

 and GoDMAX, Biol. Centr.-Aui., Aves, i, 1886, 362, pi. 25. — Sn.\EPE, Cat. 

 Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 621. 

 P.lmserina] rosita: Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 449. 



CYANOSPIZA VERSICOLOR (Bonaparte). 

 VARIED BUNTING. 



Adult male in simimer. — Lores and narrow frontlet black; forehead, 

 fore part of crown, supra-auricular region, lower hindneck, rump, and 

 upper tail-coverts light purplish blue or bluish purple (mauve to cam- 

 panula or flax-flower blue), the malar and auricular regions and lesser 

 wing-coverts similar but darker; lower eyelid, spot on posterior por- 

 tion of upper ej'Clid, hind part of crown, occiput, and upper hindneck 

 vermilion red; back dusky purplish red, the scapulars more bluish or 

 purplish; chin blackish; throat and chest maroon purplish, usualty 

 more red on throat, where the red sometimes forms a distinct patch; 

 other under parts dusky purple (Indian pvirple oi- dark heliotrope pur- 

 ple), the flanks usually more grayish; wings duskj" with dull grajnsh 

 blue and pui'plish edgings; tail blackish, edged with dull blue; max- 

 illa black or blackish brown; mandible light brownish or horn color 

 (pale grayish blue in life?); legs and feet black or brownish black. 



Adult male in wimter. — Similar to the summei' male, but the bright 

 colors more or less obscured l)y grajdsh brown tips to the feathers of 

 pileum, back, and scapulars, and lighter, more buffy, tips to those of 

 the under parts, the larger wing-coverts and tertials also more or less 

 broadly tipped or edged with grayish brown. 



Adult female in sumiuer. — Above grayish brown (hair brown) more 

 or less strongly tinged with olive (occasionally tinged with dull light 

 grajdsh blue), passing into light glaucous or bluish gray on rump and 

 upper tail-coverts; tail bluish dusky, the rectrices edged with glau- 

 cous-bluish; middle and greater wing-coverts indistinctly tipped with 

 paler grayish brown, and primaries and adjoining secondaries edged 

 with pale glaucous-graj' or bluish; under pai'ts dull whitish on throat, 

 abdomen, and tips of under tail-coverts : elsewhere pale grayish brown, 

 deepest on chest. 



Adtdt female in winter and immature male in first vMnter. — Similar 

 to Slimmer female, but deeper colored and browner, both above and 

 below, with only the center of lower abdomen distinctlj^ whitish. 



Young female in first whiter. — Above umber brown, paler on rump 

 and upper tail-coverts; edges of primaries and rectrices brownish gra}% 

 the latter somewhat inclining to dull glaucous; under pa]-ts ^cod- 

 brown, paler on center of abdomen, the under tail-coverts pale brown- 

 ish gray, broadlj^ margined and tipped with pale dull bufl:y. 



Yoimg in first plumage. — Above grayish brown or drab (less oliva- 

 ceous than in summer female), the edges of retrices and primaries dull 




592 



BULLETIJS' 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



glaucous, or inclining to that color; middle and greater wing-coverts 

 tipped with pale brownish buff, forming two indistinct narrow bands; 

 under parts dull whitish medially, pale brownish laterally and across 

 chest. 



Achdt mafo.— Length (skins), 115.57-138.68 (125.73); wing, 63.25- 

 71.12 (66.80); tail, 50.04-57.40 (53.34); exposed culmen, 9.40-11.18 

 (10.16); depth of bill at base, 7.11-8.13 (7.37); tarsus, 16.51-18.80 

 (17.78); middle toe, 11.68-13.46 (12.19).' 



Adiilt female.— ^.'dVL^th. (skins), 112.78-136.65 (125.48); wing, 60.71- 

 64.77 (62.74); tail, 49.02-53.34 (51.05); exposed culmen, 9.40-10.41 

 (9.91); depth of bill at base, 7.11-7.62 (7.37); tarsus, 16.76-18.54 

 (17.78); middle toe, 11.18-12.70 (11.94).' 



The whole of Mexico (except tierra culiente of southern portion!), 

 north to southern Texas (Brownsville, Hidalgo, Lometa, etc.), south- 

 ern Arizona (Crittenden), and southern Lower California; one Guate- 

 malan record; accidental in Myiarchuschigan (Locke, Ingham County, Myiarchusy 

 15, 1875).=* 



' Thirty-one specimens. 

 ^ Eight specimens. 



Average measurements of specimens from eastern Mexico, western Mexico, and 

 Lower California, respectively, are as follows: 



The supposed differences of coloration between specimens from eastern Mexico, on 

 the one hand, and those from western ilexico and Lower California on the other, 

 prove, on the evidence of a much larger series, not to hold good. There ia, however, 

 a decided difference in the shape of the bill between Lower Calif ornia specimens and 

 those from eastern Mexico, the former having the bill relatively shorter, with the 

 maxilla much more strongly curved, almost falcate, and the color of the bill la 

 likewise paler, the maxilla being brown (rarely dark brown) instead of blackish. 

 The length of wing and tail also average decidedly less, as may be seen from the 

 above average measurements. Were it not for the intermediate character of speci- 

 mens from western Mexico it would be comparatively easy to characterize a sub- 

 species, C. I'erskolor pulchra, for the Lower California bird. The birds from western 

 Mexico, wljile intermediate in size, seem to agree best with those from Lower Cali- 

 fornia in form and color of the bill, and a larger series of specimens may possibly yet 

 show that two forms can be recognized. 



'No question as to correct identification! 




BIKDS OF NOBTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 59S 



Spiza versicolor Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837 (pub. June, 1838), 120 

 (Temascaltepec, Mexico). — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 214 

 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). 



S.\;piza] versicolor Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 375. — Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i,, 

 1850,475 ("Peru"). 



Sp.[iza] versicolor Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, 1851, 148 (Mexico). 



Oyanospiza versicolor Baird, Eep. Pacific E. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 503 (Boquilla,- 

 NuevoLeon); ed. 1860 (" Birds N. Am."), pi. 56, fig. 2; Rep. U. S. andMex. 

 Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 17, pi. 18, fig. 2 (do.) ; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 1859, 301, 304 (Cape St. Lucas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 385.— Sclater, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 379 (Oaxaca) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 107 (Mex- 

 ico). — Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 17 (Guatemala). — DuGis, La Natura- 

 leza, i, 1868, 140 (Cueramaro, Guanajuato). — Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. 

 N. H., i, 1869, 551 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz) .—Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 234 

 (Cape St. Lucas, Lower California; Sonora). — Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 

 197,— Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 86, pi. 29, 

 figs. 9, 10.— Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 276 (Tepic; Jalisco;,^ 

 Myiarchuszatlan).— Grayson, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 276 (habits; song," 

 etc.). — Sill, Am. Nat., ix, 1875, 665 (Locke, Ingham Co., Myiarchuschigan, 1 male 

 ad. Myiarchusy 15, 1875).'— Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 109 (Fort Brown, 

 Texas) .—Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 20 

 (Brownsville, Texas); v, 1879, 393 (Lometa, Texas).— Merrill, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1879, 128 (Fort Brown, Texas) .—Beldixg, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., V, 1882, 546. (San Jos6 del Cabo, Lower California). — Salvin, Cat. 

 Strickland Coll., 1882, 224 (Mexico).— Brewster, Auk, ii, 1885, 198 (Crit- 

 tenden, s. Arizona). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 

 361.— Sharpb, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 623. 



\_Cyanospiza\ versicolor Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 149. — Sclater and Salvin, 

 Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 29. 



[Passerina] versicolor Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 97, no. 7438. 



Passerina versicolor Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn., v, Apr. 1880, 96; Check List, 2d ed.,. 

 1882, no. 293.— Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 250.— American 

 Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 600. — Ferrari-Perez, Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 142 (Chietla and Azatlan, Puebla, Dec.).— Jouy, 

 Proc. IT. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 779 (Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco). — Singley, 

 Rep. Geol. Surv. Texas, 1894, 372 (Hidalgo, Texas). 



P.lasserina] versicolor Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 391. — Ridgway, 

 Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 448. 



Carduelis luxuosus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1839, 41 (Mexico). 



\_Spiza] lazulina Lichtbnstein, Nom. Av. Myiarchuss. Berol., 1854, 45 (Mexico; nomen 

 nudum). 



P. [asserina] versicolor pulchra Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 448 (Myiarchusraflores, 

 Lower California; IT. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



Passerina versicolor pidchru'Rivay.' AY, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592. — American 

 Ornithologists' Union Committee, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 14; Abridged 

 Check List, 1889, no. 600a; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 600a. 



Cyanospiza pulchra Srailfe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 840. 



Cyanospiza versicolor pidchra Ridgway, Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, 324. — American 

 Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 122. 



' Specimen examined. 

 17024—01 38 




594 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Genus CYANOCOMPSA Cabanis. 



Oyanocompsa^ Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., ix, Jan., 1861, 4. (Type, Cyanohxia 

 parellina Bonaparte. ) 



Unicolored, or nearly unicolored, round-winged Fringillidffi with 

 stout, conical bill; adult males bluish black or dark blue, becoming 

 more bluish or bright blue on forehead, cheeks, and lesser wing-coverts 

 (sometimes on rump also); females and young uniform brownish. 



Bill very variable in relative size, but stout and conical, deeper than 

 broad at base, with the mandibular tomium strongly angulated or 

 (in G. cyatiea and O. parellina and allies) strongly arched. Nostrils 

 exposed, rather small, nearly circular, opening against anterior edge 

 of the very broad and rounded nasal fossse. Eictal bristles inconspic- 

 uous. Wing rather short (less than four times as long as tarsus), much 

 rounded (seventh to fifth primaries longest, the ninth shortest); prima- 

 ries exceeding secondaries by less than two-thirds the length of the 

 tiusus. Tail nearly as long as wing, much rounded (difference between 

 longest and shortest rectrices equal to length of gonys), about half 

 hidden by the upper coverts, the rectrices broad, but with rather 

 pointed tips. Tarsus a little longer than middle toe with claw; outer 

 claw reaching about to base of middle claw, the inner not quite so far; 

 hind claw much shorter than its digit. 



Col<>i'><.^~k.dMXi males uniform dark dull blue, brighter blue on 

 forehead, cheeks, and lesser wing-coverts; adult females and young 

 uniform brown. 



RaiKje. — Mexico to southeastern Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, and 

 western Ecuador. 



With a close superficial resemblance to Guiraca, this genus is very 

 distinct in its much shorter and very much rounded wing (ninth pri- 

 marj' shorter than first instead of longer than fifth), more rounded 

 tail with much broader rectrices, and conspicuously more turgid bill. 



For a time 1 was disposed to separate C. cyanea and C. jparellhia from 

 C. concreta and C. cyanoidet< as a distinct but unnamed genus or sub- 

 genus,^ on account of marked differences in the form of the bill, but the 

 first-named species is so clearly intermediate in this respect between 

 O. concreta and 0. parellina that it seems best to consider them all as 

 belonging to one group. The bill in C. concreta and its southern sub- 

 species is very stout, conical, much deeper than broad at base, with 

 nearly straight outlines; the culmen (from base) about as long as tarsus, 

 very slightly convex for terminal half (more or less), straight basally 

 (extreme base arched), scarcely or not at all ridged; the gonys straight, 

 shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; the maxilla nearly 

 as deep as the mandible, its tomium decidedly convex in middle, 



' " Kvavoc,, blau und K0)iii>6i, geschmiickt." 



^The type of Cyaiioloxia, )jy elimination, is Pyrrhnhi ghxiwo-cxmlea D'Orbigny. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 595 



slightly notched near tip, and ver}^ abruptly deflected basally, from im- 

 mediately beneath the nostril; the mandibular tomium slightly sinuated 

 in front of the prominent rounded subbasal angle, slightly convex 

 toward the acute ''ip of the mandible, the basal deflection very great. 



In C. cyanea the bill is relatively nearly as large as in G. concreta, 

 but the culmen is decidedly convex and distinctly ridged; the maxillary 

 tomium is much less "lobed" or convex in the middle portion and less 

 abruptly deflected basally ; the mandibular tomium is strongly convex, 

 with the subbasal angle much less evident and relativelj^ farther for- 

 ward, the tomium having thus a stronglj- arched general outline, 

 while the width of the mandible is decidedly greater than that of the 

 maxilla. 



C. parellina and its allies, O. p. indigotica and O. p. sundchrasti, 

 while agreeing with O. cyanea in the form of the bill, has this member 

 relatively much smaller, the culmen being not more than five-eighths 

 as long as the tarsus, and the tail, instead of being decidedly rounded, 

 is very little so or sometimes almost even. 



It is vei'y difficult, with the material before me, to decide what are 

 distinct species and what merely geographic races among the forms 

 usually recognized. Nothing can be more obvious, however, than 

 that C. concreta and the more southern form usually called Guiraoa 

 cyanoides (not the Coccoborus cyanoides of Lafresnaye, however) com- 

 pleteh" intergrade, and are therefore merel}' subspecies. The true O. 

 cyanoides seems to be a distinct species, and although generallj^ con- 

 founded with C. cyaiiea is far less related to that species than to the 

 southern form of C. concreta before mentioned. There are evidently 

 two or more subspecies of O. cyanea, one of which has been separated 

 by Dr. Sharpe. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CYANOCOMPSA. 



a. Bill much larger (culmen, from base, 18.03 or more, depth of bill at base more 

 than 12.70); tail decidedly rounded. 

 b. Plumage blue. (Adult males. ) 

 c. Bill larger (.culmen, from base, 19.81-22.61) ; color duller blue (blackish blue 

 or dull indigo, brighter on forehead and lesser wing-coverts but not on 

 malar region) . ( Cyanocompsa concreta. ) 

 d. Dull blackish blue, becoming dull indigo blue on forehead and lesser wing- 

 coverts. (Southern Mexico to Nicaragua.) 



Cyanocompsa concreta concreta, adult male ( p. 596) 

 dd. Dull indigo blue, becoming dull cerulean blue on forehead and lesser 

 wing-coverts. (Southeastern Honduras to western Ecuador.) 



Cyanocompsa concreta cyanescens, adult male (p. 597) 



cc. Bill smaller (culmen, from base, 18.03-18.54) ; color brighter blue (bright 



indigo) , becoming clear azure blue on forehead, malar region, and lesser 



wing-coverts. (Lower Amazon Valley to British Guiana; Isthmus of 



Panama?) Cyanocompsa cyanoides, adult male (p. 599) 



bb. Plumage brown. (Adult feroa'es and j'oung.) 

 c. Bill larger (culmen, from ba^^e, 19.81-23.37) ; color more rusty brown. 




596 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



d. More rusty brown. 



Cyanocompsa concreta concreta, adult female and young (p. 596) 

 dd. Less rusty brown. 



Cyanocompsa concrete cyanescens, adult female and young (p.597) 

 CO. Bill smaller (culmen, from base, 17.78); color raw-umber brown, paler below. 

 Cyanocompsa cyanoides, adult female and young (p. 599) 

 aa. Bill much smaller (culmen, from base, not more than 13.21; depth of bill at base 

 less than 12.70); tail nearly even. [Cyanocompsa pareUina.) 

 h. Plumage blue. (Adult males. ) 

 c. Dark cyanine blue, the forehead bright cerulean or azure blue, lesser wing- 

 coverts and rump purplish azure blue. 

 d. Smaller (wing, 66.04-71.12; culmen, from base, 11.94-12.70). (Eastern 

 Mexico to Yucatan. ) . .Cyanocompsa parellina pareUina, adult male (p. 601) 

 dd. Larger (wing, 75.69; culmen, from base, 13.21). (State of Oaxaca, south- 

 ern Mexico. ) Cyanocompsa parellina snmichrasti, adult male (p. 602) 



cc. Indigo blue, the forehead bright turquoise blue, lesser wing-coverts and rump 

 cerulean blue. (Southwestern Mexico.) 



Cyanocompsa parellina iudigotica, adult male (p. 602) 

 66. Plumage brown. (Adult females and young. ) 

 c. Deeper (nearly raw umber) brown above, wood brown or cinnamon-brown 

 beneath. 

 d. Smaller (wing, 64.26-67.31; culmen, from base, 11.43-12.45). 



Cyanocompsa parellina parellina, adult female and young (p. 601) 

 dd. Larger (wing, 74.93; culmen, from base, 13.46).' 



Cyanocompsa parellina snmichrasti, adult female and young (p. 602) 



cc. Paler and grayer brown (deep broccoli) above, paler, more vinaceous, below. 



Cyanocompsa parellina indigotica, adult female and young (p. 602) 



CYANOCOMPSA CONCRETA CONCRETA (Du Bus). 

 BLUE-BLACK GROSBEAK. 



Adult male. — Plain dull blue-black, with a superficial tinting of dull 

 indigo blue, most obvious on forehead, superciliary region, cheeks, 

 and lesser wing-coverts; wings and tail black, with indistinct dusky 

 blue edgings; bill black (basal portion of mandible sometimes slightly 

 paler); legs and feet blackish. 



Admit female and immature male. — Uniform vandyke brown or deep 

 burnt umber brown above, rather lighter and clearer brown beneath; 

 wings and tail dusky with brown edgings. 



AdAdt m«fe.— Length (skins), 152.40-170.18 (160.63); wing,-78.74- 

 85.85 (82.80); tail, 66.55-76.20 (71.12); culmen, from base, 20.83-21.59 

 (21.34); depth of bill at base, 16.76-18.80 (17.53); width of mandible 

 at base, 13.46-15.24 (14.22); tarsus, 20.83-22.86 (22.10); middle toe, 

 13.46-15.75 (14.22).^ 



Adult female.— Ijidx^^tV (skins), 144.78-160.02 (153.42); wing, 74.17- 

 79.50 (77.22); tail, 63.50-69.85 (66.80); culmen, from base, 20.32-23.37 



'The measurements given are those of an immature male, and are probably some- 

 what greater than those of the adult female, which I have not seen. 

 " Eight specimens. 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



597 



(21.34); depth of bill at base, 16.26-19.05 (17.53); width of mandible 

 at base, 13.21-14.78 (13.72).^ 



Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Myiarchusrador, Orizaba, Sante- 

 comapan, etc.), Oaxaca (Plaj^a Vicente, etc.), and Chiapas (Ocuilapa, 

 etc.) to Myiarchusaragua (Rio Escondido, Los S^balos, etc.) and northern 

 Costa Rica (Rio Frio). 



Oyanoloxia concrela Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Eoy. Brux,, xxii, pt. i, 1855, 150 (Mexico). 



Ooniaphea concreta Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 302 (Orizaba, Vera 

 Cruz). 



Goniaphsea concreta Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 228 (Santecomapan, 

 Vera Cruz). 



lOoniaphea'] concreta Gray, Hand-list Birds, ii, 1870, 103, no. 7540. 



Guiraca concreta Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 378 (Playa Vicente, 

 Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 101 (Orizaba).— Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 

 1860, 32 (Yzabal, Guatemala).— Sumicheast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 

 551 (hot region. Vera Cruz).— (7) Sclatee and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1870, 836 (Honduras).— Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 400 

 (Los Sdbalos, Nicaragua).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 

 i, 1885, 345, part (Mexican, Guatemalan, and Honduras localities). — Eidg- 

 WAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 580 (Segovia R., Honduras).— Shakpe, 

 Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 74, part (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Vera Paz, 

 ChoctUm, and Yzabal, Guatemala; Brit. Honduras) . — Eichmond, Proc. U. 

 S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 492 (Eio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits). 



[Guiraca] concreta Sclatee and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27, part. 



G.[uiraca] eyanoides concreta Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 446, part 

 (Guatemala; eastern Mexico). 



CYANOCOMPSA CONCRETA CYANESCENS Ridgway 

 PANAMA BLTTE GROSBEAK. 



Similar to C. c. concreta but averaging smaller (the bill especially), 

 the adult male more decidedly bluish, the adult female and young less 

 rustv brown. 



^ Nine specimens. 



Average measurements according to locality are as follows: 



Locality. 



Wing. 



Tail. 



Culmen, 



Depth of 

 bill at 



Tarsus, 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



Width 

 of man- 

 dible at 



base. 



MALES. 



Two adult males from Vera Cruz, eastern 

 Mexico 



Two adult males from Guatemala 



Three adult males from Honduras and 

 Nicaragua 



FEMALES. 



Two adult females from Vera Cruz, eastern 

 Mexico 



Four adult females from Guatemala (3) 

 and Chiapas (1) 



Three adult females from Nicaragua and 

 Costa Rica 



86.34 

 82.80 



82.65 



78.99 

 76.45 

 77.22 



74.93 

 71.12 



70.36 



69.09 

 66.29 

 66.02 



21.34 

 21.34 



21.08 



22.61 

 21.08 

 20.57 



18.80 

 17.53 



18.29 

 17.53 

 16.76 



22.10 

 22.35 



21.59 

 20.57 

 21.08 



15.24 

 16.24 



14.48 

 14.99 

 14.99 



14.99 

 14.48 



13.97 



14.73 

 13.72 

 13.46 




■"^ 



598 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Adailt male.— Length (skins), 144.78-177.80 (153.16); wing, 76.20- 

 83.31 (80.01); tail, 63.25-71.12(67.31); culmen, from base, 19.81-22.61 

 (20.83); depth of bill at base, 15.24-17.78 (16.76); width of mandible 

 at base, 12.45-13.72 (12.95); tarsus, 20.32-22.35 (21.08); middle toe, 

 14.48-15.75 (14.99).^ 



Aduli female.— Length (skins), 142.24-154.94 (152.40); wing, 73.66- 

 76.96(75.95); tail, 60.20-67.31 (64.26); culmen, from base, 19.81-21.08 

 (20.57); depth of bill at base, 15.24-17.78 (16.76); width of mandible 

 at base, 12.70-13.46 (12.95); tarsus, 19.30-22.10 (21.08); middle toe, 

 13.97-16.24 (14.48).^ 



Southern Honduras" (Santa Ana) to western Ecuador* (Chimbo, 

 Esmeraldas, Balzar Mountains, etc.). 



GvAraca, sp. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 293 (Esmeraldas, w. Eciia..or). 



Cyanoloxia cyanoides (not Coccoborus Ci/anoidfs Lafresnaye) Laweenxe, Ann. Lye. 

 N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Isthmus ofl^anama). 



Guiraca cyanoides Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 101 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecua- 

 dor). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, .352 (Panama E.R.); 



^ Sixteen specimens. 



" Five specimens. 



Specimens from different localities average as follows: 



' It is exceedingly difficult to define the northern range of this form or the south- 

 ern range of C. c. concreta, owing to the fact that the two intergrade so gradually. 

 All specimens seen from Veragua, Oosta Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras are really 

 neither C. c. concreta nor C. c. cyanescens; most of them, however, are rather nearer to 

 the latter, especially those from more southern localities. It may be observed that 

 according to the limits which I have assigned to the southern range of C. c. concreta 

 and the northern range of C. c. cyanescens there is an overlapping in Honduras and 

 Nicaragua. This is more or less the case, for while certain Honduras specimens are 

 more like the Panama birds in coloration, some of those from Nicaragua and north- 

 ern Costa Bica (Rio Frio) are nearer the Mexican and Guatemalan birds in color. 



* Ecuadorean specimens are possibly distinct. I have not been able to examine 

 any in this connection. 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 599 



1879, 506 (Remedios, prov. Antioquia, Colombia). — Zeledon, Cat. Aves do 

 Costa Eica, 1882, 8. — Beklepsoh and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1883, 549 (Ohimbo, w. Ecuador; crit.). — Salvin and Codman, Biol. Centv.- 

 Am., Aves; i, 1885, 346 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R. ; Colombia; Ecuador). — 

 Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 73 (Panama and Lion Hill, Panama 

 R. R. ; Bogota and Remedios, Colombia; Balzar Mts. and Esmeraldas, w. 

 Ecuador). — Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Myiarchush. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, 

 23 (Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador; synonymy). 



[Chdraca'] cyanoides Sclater and S.vlvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27. 



Ouiraca concreta (not Cyanoloxia concreta Du Bus) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1867, 141 (Santa Fe, Veragua); 1870, 189 (Calovevora, Boquete de Chitra, 

 and Bugaba, Veragua) ; (?) Ibis, 1872, 317 (Chontales, Nicaragua) . — Law- 

 rence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 102 (Turrialba and Angostura, Casta 

 Rica). — Salvin and GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1885,345, part(locali- 

 ties in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama) . — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 

 xii, 1888, 74, part (localities in Costa Rica and Veragua). — Cherrie, P^^xpl. 

 Zool. Rio Naranjo, 1893, 114. 



lOuiraca] concreta Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27, part. 



Guiraca cyanoides cono'ekiRiOGWA-Y,- Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, Sept. 5, 1882, 392 

 (La Palma, Costa Rica). — Zeledon, Anal. ilus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 111 

 (Jimenez, Pacuare, and Rio Sucio, Costa Rica). — Chekrie, Expl. Zool. 

 Costa Rica, 1893, 28 (Boruca, Terraba, and Buenos Aires, s. Costa Rica) . 



0. luiraca] cyanoides concreta Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 446, part. 



Cyanocompsa concreta cyanescens RIDGWAY,Auk, xv, July, 1898, 229 (Panama; 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 32 (Lion 

 Hill). 



CYANOCOMPSA CYANOIDES (Lafresnaye) . 



GUIANA BLUE GROSBEAK. 



About the size of G. concreta cyanetscens (but bill smaller and tarsu.s 

 slightly shorter), and having the same form of bill, but adult male Aery 

 much more brightly colored (more like that of G. cyanea), and adult 

 female and immature male much duller and less rufescent brown. i 



Admit male. — Somewhat like the adult male of G. concretcij cyanescenSy 

 but very much more brightlj' colored, the general color dull berlin 

 blue to almost cj^anine blue, brightening on forehead, superciliary 

 region, cheeks, and lesser wing-covert.'? into bright azure blue; very 

 similar in coloration to adult male of G. cyanea, but rump concolor 

 with back instead of much lighter blue, size decidedly greater, and 

 bill very different in form, being relatively longer, with straighter 

 outlines, less arched mandibular tomium, and with the culmen very 

 indistinctly, if at all, ridged. 



Aokilt female and immature male. — Raw-umber brown, paler beneath 

 (very much less rufescent than in G. c. cyanescens); bill considerably 

 smaller than in G. c. cyanescens. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 137.16-149.86 (142.24); wing, 78.74- 



81.79(80.01); tail, 64.26-69.09(66.55); culmen (from base), 18.03-18.54 



i (18.29); depth of bill at base, 13.46-14.48 (13.97); width of mandible 




600 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



at base, 11.18-12.19 (11.43); tarsus, 18.80-20.32 (19.56); middle toe, 

 14. 48-14. 73. ' 



Advltfemale.—Length (skins), 139.70-152.40 (146.05); wing, 75.69- 

 78.23 (76.96); tail, 61.47-62.99 (62.23); culmen (from base), 17.78; 

 depth of bill at base, 13.97; width of mandible at base, 11.18-12.19 

 (11.68); tarsus, 19.81-20.83 (20.32); middle toe, 14.73.' 



British Guiana to lower Amazon Valley (Santarem); Isthmus of 

 Panama 1 ' 



Coccoborus cyanoides Lafresxaye, Rev. Zool., 1847, 74, part (adult male described, 



but not the female*). 

 lOyanoloxia] cijanoldfs ^O'sxf arte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 502 ("Panama"). 

 (?) Guiraca cyanoides Sclatbr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 101, part (Cayenne).— 



(?) Sclatbr and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 566 (Ucayali, e. Peru); 



1867, 750 (Chyavetas, e. Peru).— (?) Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 



582 (Trinidad)— (?) Pblzeln, Orn. Bras., 1871, 222 (Cuyubi, Engenho do 



Gama, Salto Girao, Borba, and Myiarchusribatanas, Brazil) . 



' Four specimens. 



^ Two specimens. 



' There is an adult female Cyanocompsa from Panama in the collection of the Ameri- 

 can Myiarchusseum of Natural History (No. 41185, J. MyiarchusLeannan, collector) which agrees 

 very closely with the Cayenne and Santai-em females in coloration except that the 

 upper surface is slightly more rufescent, or about intermediate in color between that 

 of the same parts in the female of C. cyanoides and Panama examples of C. conereta 

 cyanescens. The measurements agree sufficiently with those of unquestionable 

 females of C. ct/anoides except those of the bill, which agree best with C. conereta 

 cyanescens. To which form the specimen in question should be referred I am unable 

 to determine without a much larger series. 



*Lafresnaye evidently had two very distinct birds in hand when he described his 

 Coccoborus cyanoides. The supposed female or young bird, described in Latin, and 

 said to have come from Panama, would seem from the description to be clearly the 

 Panama form which has generally been known by the specific name cyanoides; but 

 the adult male described below is not that species, but another which resembles much 

 more in coloration the common C. cyanea, of wide range in eastern South America, 

 and differing chiefly in the more elongated and conical bill, as Lafresnaye explicitly 

 states, a free translation of his description being as follows: "The coloration of the 

 adult male is . entirely like that of the Coc. cyaneus, blue grosbeak [i. e. , G cyanea] ; 

 that is to say, it is everywhere of a deep dark blue, enlivened by a beautiful celes- 

 tial blue upon the feathers of the forehead, of the eyebrows, of the corners of the 

 lower jaw, and upon the smaller wing-coverts. It differs from it, then, only by a 

 long conical beak, much more elongate, less swollen laterally at its base, but more 

 elevated near the forehead and much less arched above. ' ' 



Having been able, through the courtesy of the officers of the Boston Society of 

 Natural History, to examine Lafresnaye' s types, I find that the male specimen exactly 

 corresponds with Lafresnaye's description, as given above; but the supposed female 

 or young bird is neither of the same species nor the Panama form of C. conereta 

 formerly called cyanoides, but is a young example of Guiraca cserulea! Possibly it 

 may not be the specimen from which Lafresnaye took his description of the sup- 

 posed female or young, but there is a possibility that it may be; therefore, no other 

 course seems proper than to transfer the name cyanoides from the Panama form of 

 C conereta to the Amazonian species to which Lafresnaye's adult male of his Cocco- 

 borus cyanoides unquestionably belongs. 




BIBD8 OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 601 



^)Quiraca cyanea {not Loxia cyanea Linnaeus) Sclatee and Salvin, Proc. Zool. 



Soc. Lond., 1873, 264 (Nauta, lower Ucayali, and Ohyavetas, e. Peru; crit. )■ — 



Shaepb, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 71, part. 

 Guiraca q/anea Chapman, Auk, vii, 1890, 268 (Santarem, Lower Amazon). 



CYANOCOMPSA PARELLINA PARELLINA (Bonaparte). 

 BLTTE BUNTING. 



Adult male. — Dark cyanine or marine blue, becoming^ bright cobalt 

 or azure blue on forehead, cheeks, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and 

 upper tail-coverts; lores black; wings and tail black with bluish edg- 

 ings; maxilla blackish or dusky horn color; mandible gra}dsh horn 

 color; iris brown; legs and feet brownish black or dusky horn color. 



Admit female andyouTig. — Above brown (nearl}^ raw umber), beneath 

 paler (wood brown or cinnamon-brown), paler still on throat and 

 abdomen. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 118.11-132.08 (125.48); wing, 68.07- 

 71.12 (69.60); tail, 53.34-66.64: (55.12); culmen, from base, 11.94- 

 12.70 (12.45); depth of bill at base, 7.62-9.91 (8.89); width of man- 

 dible at base, 7.11-8.18 (7.62); tarsus, 18.03-20.82 (19.05); middle toe, 

 11.43-13.21 (12.45).' 



Adidt female.— Length (skins), 116.84-130.81 (124.21); wing, 64.26- 

 67.31 (66.04); tail, 50.29-55.12 (52.58); culmen, from base, 11.48- 

 12.45 (11.94); depth of bill at base, 8.64-8.89; width of mandible at 

 base, 7.37-8.13 (7.62); tarsus, 18.29-19.05 (18.80); middle toe, 12.46- 

 12.70 (12.64).' 



Eastern Mexico, in States of Nuevo Leon (Boquillo, Sierra Myiarchusdre, 

 Monterey), Tamaulipas (Alta Myiarchusra), San Luis Potosi (Valles), Puebla, 

 (Metlaltoyuca), Vera Cruz (Myiarchusra,dor, Chichicaxtli, Alvarado, Cordova, 

 Jalapa, San Andres Tuxtla, Totontepec, etc.), Tabasco (Frontera), and 

 Yucatan (Merida, La Vega, Puerto Morelos, etc.). 



[Oyanoloxia] parellina Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, Aug. 15, 1850, 502 (Alvarado, 

 Vera Cruz, Mexico ; Berlin Myiarchuss. ; ex Fringilla parellina Lichtenstein, manu- 

 script). 



Goniaphea parellina Sclatek, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 302 (Cordova, \^era 

 Cruz). 



Goniaphxa parellina Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 228 (San Andres 

 Tuxtla, Vera Cruz) . 



Oyanospiza parellina Baied, Rep. Pacific E. E.. Surv., ix, 1858, 502 (Sierra Myiarchusdre, 

 Nuevo Leon; Tamaulipas) ; ed. 1860 ("Birds N. Am."), atlas, pi. 56, fig. 1; 

 Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 383; Bep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 

 ii, 1859, 17, pi. 18, fig. 1 (Sierra Myiarchusdre, Nuevo Leon). — Baird, Brewer, and 

 EiDGWAY, Hiat. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 29, fig. 6 (no text). — Sumichrast, 

 Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1869, 551 (hot region of Vera Cruz up to 800 

 • meters) . 



Guiraca parellina Solatek, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 

 (?) 378 (Totontepec, Oaxaca»); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 101 (Jalapa).— 



'Eighteen specimens. ''Four specimens. 'Perhaps C. ^. sitmic/irasii. 




602 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



BoucABD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 444 (Merida, n. Yucatan).— Salvin 

 and GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1885, 347, part.— Shaepe, Cat. Birds 

 Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 69, part (Orizaba and Jalapa, Vera Oruz; Merida, 

 Meco I., and Myiarchusgeres I., Yucatan). 



\_Gmraca] parellina Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27. 



C.lyanocompsa] parellina Oabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., ix, Jan., 1861, 4. 



Passerrina parellina Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 182; 

 Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 247.— Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 1890, 209 (Sitilpech, Yucatan). — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xviii, 

 1896, 630 (Alta Myiarchusra, Tamaulipas). 



P. [asserina'] parellina Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 446. 



CYANOCOMPSA PARELLINA INDIGOTICA Ridgway. 

 TURatrOISE-FRONTED BUNTING. 



Similar to C ]). parellina but wing and tail decidedly longer; adult 

 male with the blue of a decidedly lighter or greener hue, the darker 

 parts indigo blue, the forehead, lesser wing-coverts, etc. , light ceru- 

 lean or turquoise blue; adult female with upper parts much lighter and 

 grayer brown (deep broccoli brown), the under parts lighter, more 

 vinaceous. 



Adult TOflA^— Length (skins), 127.00-139.70 (133.35); wing, 71.12; 

 tail, 57.91-68.93 (58.42); culmen (from base), 12.19-12.45 (12.32); depth 

 of bill at base, 10.16; width of mandible at base, 8.38-8.89 (8.64); 

 tarsus, 18.03; middle toe, 12.45-12.70 (12.57).^ 



Adidt female. — Length (skin), 133.35; wing, 71.12; tail, 58.42; cul- 

 men (from base), 12.95; depth of bill at base, 10.16; width of mandible 

 at base, 8.89; tarsus, 19.05; middle toe, 12.45.^ 



Southwestern Mexico, in States of Colima (Myiarchusnzanillo Bay), Jalisco, 

 and Sinaloa (Myiarchuszatlan), and territory^ of Tepic (Acaponeta). 



Guiraca parellina (not Cyanoloxia parellina Bonaparte) Lawrence, Mem. Best. 

 Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 276 (Myiarchusnzanillo Bay, Colima). — Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves., i, 1885, 347, part (Myiarchusnzanillo Bay; Presidio, near 

 Myiarchuszatlan) . — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss. , xii, 1888, 69, part (in synonymy) . 



P.[asserina2 parellina indigotica Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 447 (Myiarchusn- 

 zanillo Bay, Colima, s. w. Mexico; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



Passerina parellina indigotica Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed. 

 1896, 614. 



CYANOCOMPSA PARELLINA SUMICHRASTI Ridgway. 

 OAXACA BLUE BUNTING. 



Identical in coloration with C p. parellina but decidedly larger, with 

 relatively smaller feet. 



ASmU »We.— Length (skin), 143-51; wing, 75.69; tail, 65.53; cul- 

 men, from base, 13.21; depth of bill at base, 10.67; width of maxilla 

 at base, 8.89; tarsus, 18.29; middle toe, 12.19.' 



'Two specimens. ^One specimen. 'One specimen, from Pluma, Oaxaca. 




BIKD8 OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 603 



Immature male. — Length (skin), 137.16; wing, 74.93; tail, 58.1:2; 

 culmen, from base, 13.46; depth of bill at base, 10.16; width of max- 

 illa at base, 9.14; tarsus, 18.03; middle toe, 12.4.5.^ 



State of Oaxaca, southern Mexico (Tehuantepec City, Pluma, Hu- 

 allago, etc.). 



(?) Guiraca pareUina Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 365 (Totontepec, 



Oaxaca) . 

 Guiraca parellina (not Cyanoloria pareUina Bonaparte) La-wrexoe, Bull. U. S. 



Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 4, 1876, 20, part (Tehuantepec City and Huallago, Oaxaca) . 

 P. [assffrina'] 'sumichrasti Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 447 (Tehuantepec 



City, Oaxaca; IT. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 

 Passerina sumichrasti Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; L'd ed., 1896, 614. 



Genus ORYZOBORUS Cabanis. 



Oryzohoma' Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, June, 1851, 151. (Type, Losin. torrida 

 Scopoli, ^i. angolensis Jjinnsens.) 



Small dark-colored Fringillid^ with the bill enormously large and 

 thick, wing rather short and rounded, and tail shorter than wing and 

 much rounded. 



Bill enormously thick and broad at base, where its depth is equal 

 to or greater than the length of the exposed culmen, the width of the 

 mandible at base decidedly exceeding the distance from the nostril to 

 the tip of the maxilla; culmen and gonys nearly or quite straight; 

 commissure also nearly or quite straight to the subbasal deflection and 

 without notch near tip; culmen slightly or not at all ridged. Nostril 

 exposed, very small, circular. Rictal bristles small, situated midway 

 between rictus and nostrils. Wing moderate or rather short (three 

 and a half to a little more than four times as long as tarsus), rounded 

 (ninth primary shorter than fifth); primaries exceeding secondaries 

 by not more than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla. Tail shorter 

 than wing, much rounded, not more than half hidden by the upper 

 coverts, the rectrices broad, but somewhat pointed at tips. Tarsus as 

 long as or a little longer than culmen, its scutella distinct; middle toe 

 and claw about as long as tarsus, sometimes a little longer or shorter; 

 lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw; hallux decidedly 

 shorter than lateral toes, its claw shorter than the digit. 



Colors. — Adult males black, with or without white spot at base of 

 primaries, or white under wing-coverts, or chestnut underparts; adult 

 females and young plain brown. 



Ra/nge. — Continental Tropical America, from southern Mexico to 

 southern Brazil and Ecuador. 



Of the four species examined, three {crassirostris, nuttingi, and 

 funereus) agree well in structure and coloration. The fourth {0. ang- 



'One specimen (the type), from Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. 

 ^ "Von opvZa, Reiss, und fiopoi, gefriissig." 




604 BaLLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MITSEUM. 



olensis, type of the genus) differs in proportionally smaller, narrower 

 and more acute bill and in having chestnut under parts. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ORYZOBOEUS. 



a. Larger (wing 64.77-71.88, exposed culmen 17.27-19.05); bill pale brownish or 

 dull whitish, in adult male more or less dusky in female and young. (Eastern 

 Nicaragua.) Oryzoborns nnttingi (p. 604) 



aa. Smaller (wing 53.09-57.91, exposed culmen 12.70-13.97); bill black in both aexea. 

 (Southern Mexico to Isthmus of Panama.) Oryzoborus funereuB (p. 605) 



ORYZOBORUS NUTTINGI Ridgway. 

 NTTTTING'S RICE GROSBEAX. 



Adult male. — Entirely uniform deep black, including under wing- 

 coverts and axiUars; inner webs of primaries dusky graj'ish, becoming 

 paler, but not inclining to white, basally; bill wholly pale brownish or 

 brownish white; legs and feet dusky; length (skins), 140.97-149.86 

 (146.30); wing, 66.04-71.88 (69.34); tail, 63.25-66.56 (65.28); exposed 

 culmen, 17.27-19.05 (18.03); depth of bill at base (two specimens), 

 16.51-17.53 (17.02); tarsus, 18.29-19.05 (18.80); middle toe, 14.22- 

 15.24 (14.73).^ 



Adult female. — Above uniform deep brown (intermediate between 

 mummj' brown and raw umber) ; beneath uniform raw-umber brown, 

 varying to deep cinnamon-brown or russet; bill dusky, sometimes 

 nearly black; length (skins), 126.75-133.86(130.30); wing, 64.77-66.29 

 (65.53); tail, 60.96-61.98 (61.47); exposed culmen, 17.27-17.78(17.53); 

 depth of bill at bace, 17.27; tarsus, 18.03-19.05 (18.54); middle toe, 

 13.97-14.48 (14.22).^ 



Immature male. — Similar in coloration to the adult female, but 

 darker, the upper parts rich bistre brown (remiges and rectrices clove 

 brown), the under parts deep russet-brown, paler (inclining to cinna- 

 mon) on chin and abdomen. 



Immature female. — Similar to the adult female, but under parts less 

 tawny brown (nearly raw umber), and tertials margined with light 

 rusty. 



Eastern Nicaragua (Los Sabalos, Gi-eytown, Escondido River, etc.). 



Oryzoborus nuttingi Ridgway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, Apr. 11, 1884, 401 (Los 

 Sdbalos, e. Nicaragua; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Am., Aves, i, 1885, 348.— Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 80.— 

 Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 491 (Grey town and Rio Escon- 

 dido, e. Nicaragua). 



' Five specimens. 



' Two specimens, one of them immature though full grown. 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



605 



ORYZOBORUS FUNERUS Sclater. 



LESSER RICE GROSBEAK, 



Ad'ult male. — Uniform deep black, with or without a white spot at 

 base of longer primaries;^ under wing-coverts, axillars, and edgings 

 to basal portion of inner webs of primaries white; bill black, some- 

 times clouded with whitish; legs and feet brownish black; length 

 (skins), 108.71-124:.4:6 (lli.OS); wing, 53.85-57.91 (56.64); tail, 47.75- 

 54.10 (50.04); exposed culmen, 12.70-13.97 (13.21); depth of bill at 

 base (three specimens), 11.94-13.21 (12.45); tarsus, 16.26-17.53 (17.02); 

 middle toe, 11.94^12.45 (12.19).' 



Adult female in summer. — Above light bistre brown, more oliva- 

 ceous on pileum, more fulvescent (raw -umber brown) on rump and 

 upper tail-coverts; under parts light cinnamon or buffy cinnamon, 

 shaded across chest and along sides with cinnamon-brownish; maxilla 

 blackish brown, mandible rather pale brown, the under side still 

 paler. 



Adult female in aiotumn and winter, and immature male. —Similar to 

 adult female in summer, but more deeply colored, the upper parts 

 bistre brown, the under parts deep cinnamon or russet, darker and 

 browner across chest and along sides. 



Adult maZe.— Length (skins), 108.71-124.46 (114.05); wing, 53.85- 

 57.91 (56.64); tail, 47.75-54.10 (50.04); exposed culmen, 12.70-13.97 

 (13.21); depth of bill at base, 11.94-13.21 (12.45); tarsus, 16.26-17.53 

 (17.02); middle toe, ll.94r-12.45 (12.19).' 



^^wZif/mffi^e.— Length (skins), 105.66-114.81 (109.98); wing, 53.09- 

 56.39 (54.86); tail, 46.74-52.07 (48.01); exposed culmen, 12.70-13.72 

 (13.46); depth of bill at base, 11.94-12.45 (12.19); tarsus, 16.26-16.76 

 (16.51); middle toe, 11.43-12.19 (11.68).' 



'This white spot is in reality always present, but is sometimes entirely concealed 

 by the primary coverts. 

 ^ Six specimens. 

 'Five specimens. 

 Specimens from different localities compare as follows in average measurements: 




606 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Southern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Suchapam) and Tabasco 

 (Fx'ontera), to Isthmus of Panama; Colombia; western Ecuador? 



(?) Sp.lorophila] oihello Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, Aug., 1850, 498 (Central 

 America; Berlin Myiarchuss.)- 



Oryzoborusfunereus SoijAter, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 378 (Suchapam, Oaxaca, 

 3. Mexico; coll. P. L. Sclater) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 102 (Oaxaca).— Sola- 

 TBR and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 398 (Choctum, Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1879, 506 (Medellin, prov. Antioquia, Colombia; crit.; descr. nest 

 and eggs). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 141 (Santa F6, Yeragua; 

 crit.); 1870, 189 (Calovevora, Veragua). — Zeledox, Cat. Avee de Costa Eica, 

 1882, 8; An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 111 (Costa Rica) .—Ridgw ay and 

 Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1884, 400 (Los Siibalos, e. Nicaragua).— 

 (?)TAcz.iNowsKi and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885,117 (Babahoyo, 

 w. Ecuador). — Salvin and God.man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1886, 349.— 

 Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 81 (Honduras; Myiarchusnca and Medellin, 

 Colombia?; Nanegal, Babahoyo, and Balzar Mts., w. Ecuador?, etc.).— 

 Chereie, Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, 1893, 28 (Boruca, s. Costa Rica). — Rich- 

 mond, Proc. U. S. Nat. >Ius., xvi, 1893, 491 (Greytown and Rio Escondido, 

 Nicaragua; habits; descr. nest and eggs). — Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 

 xiii, 1899, 102 (Chirua and La Concepcion, prov. Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia) ; 

 Auk, xviii, 1901, 32 (San Myiarchusgdel I., Bay of Panama). 



\_Oryzobonis funereus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 28. 



[Qoniaphea] funerea Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 104, no. 7556. 



(?) Oryzoborus xthiops Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 88 (Nanegal, w. Ecua- 

 dor; coll. P. L. Sclater) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 102 (Nanegal and Babahoyo, 

 w. Ecuador; Myiarchusnca, Colombia) . 



Oryzoborus lethiops (not of Sclater?) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 333 

 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R. ). 



(?) [GoniapheaJ lelhioxn Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 104, no. 7555. 



Oryzoborus salvini Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, Apr. 11, 1884, 401, footr 

 note (Los SAbalos, e. Nicaragua; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ;=female). 



Genus GUIRACA Swalnson. 



Guiraca Swainson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 350. (Type, Loxia cxrulea Linnaeus.) 

 Coccoborus Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 277. (Type, Loxia cieruka Linnaeus.) . 



Medium- sized Fringillidse with the bill rather large, conical, com- 

 pressed, with outlines nearly straight; wing rather long and pointed 

 (ninth primar}^ longer than fifth) ; tail about three-fourths as long as 

 wing, nearly even or very slightly rounded; adult males blue with 

 two chestnut or tawny wing-bands; female and young plain brownish 

 (paler below) with one or two tawny wing-bands. 



Bill stout, compressed-conical, with superior and lateral outlines 

 nearly straight and gonys quite straight; culmen very slightly convex 

 terminally, gently arched at base, distinctly ridged; mandible decid- 

 edly deeper than maxilla, its tomium straight to a little past the 

 middle, where deflected with a rounded (neither angulated nor toothed) 

 turn; maxillary tomium slightly notched near tip, nearlj' straight to 

 about the middle, then deflected obliquely to the rictus, the angle 

 much anterior to the nasal fossEe. Nostril exposed, rather large, 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 607 



nearly circular, in the anterior end of the very broad and anteriorly 

 i-Qunded nasal fossae. Rictal bristles inconspicuous. Wing long (about 

 four times as long as tarsus or a little more), rather pointed (four 

 outermost primaries longest, the ninth longer than iifth); primaries 

 exceeding secondaries by length of tarsus or a little more. Tail about 

 three-fourths as long as wing, slightly rounded or nearly even, the 

 rectrices rounded at ends, more than half hidden by the upper coverts. 

 Tarsus about as long as middle toe with clasv; outer claw reaching 

 about to base of middle claw, the inner not quite so far; hind claw 

 much shorter than its digit. 



Colm's. — Adult male blue with chestnut or tawn}^ wing-bands; adult 

 female and young brown (paler below) without distinct streaks, the 

 wings with one or two bands of tawnj\ 



The genus Gutraca, as properly restricted, includes but one known 

 species, G. ccerulea, with a southwestern and a southern Mexican 

 subspecies. 



Range. — Lower Sonoran Province of United States and southward 

 over Mexican plateau to highlands of Chiapas (in winter to Cuba and 

 Nicaragua). (Monotj^pic.) 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP GUIRACA. 



u. Smaller (wing averaging 86.36 in male, 81.53 in female; tail averaging 66.04 in 

 male, 62.48 in female) ; coloration darker, with wing-bands narrower. (Eastern 

 United States; south in winter to Cuba and Yucatan. ) 



Guiraca cserulea cserulea (p. 607) 

 aa. Larger (wing averaging 90.42 or more in male, 84.58 or more in female; tail 

 averaging 70.36 or more in male, 66.55 or more in female); coloration lighter, 

 with broader wing-bands. 

 h. Smaller (wing averaging 90.42 in male, 84.58 in female; tail averaging 70.36 in 

 male, 66.55 in female; exposed culmen averaging 15.75 in male and female; 

 depth of bill averaging 13.46 in male and female; tarsus averaging 20.32 in 

 male, 20.83 in female). (Southwestern United States and plateau of Mexico; 



south to western Nicaragua in winter.) Guiraca cserulea lazula (p. 610) 



hh. Larger (wing averaging 89.92, tail 71.12, exposed culmen 18.80, depth of bill at 

 base 15.49, tarsus 22.35 in female; male not seen). (Highlands of western 

 Chiapas, southern Mexico.) Guiraca csBrulea chiapensis (p. 612) 



GUIRACA CffiRULEA CiERULEA (Linnaeus). 

 BLUE GROSBEAK. 



Adult male in sicmvie)'. — Uniform, slightly glossy, dull ultramarine 

 blue, the feathers of the back more or less dusky centrally; a narrow 

 black capistrum, involving the lores, anterior margin of the forehead 

 (at least laterally), extreme anterior portion of malar region, and chin; 

 wings and tail blackish with dull bluish edgings, the middle wing- 

 coverts with most of the exposed portion chestnut or cinnamon-rufous 




608 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



(forming a broad band), the greater coverts margined terminally with 

 the same or a paler color (forming a much narrower band), and the. 

 tertials sometimes edged with cinnamon; under tail-coverts more or 

 less margined with white, especially at tips; maxilla black, mandible 

 grayish (pale grayish blue in life); iris brown; legs and feet dark horn 

 color. 



Adult male in winter. — Essentially like the summer male, but the 

 blue more or less obscured bj'' light brownish and buflfy margins to 

 the feathers, especially on back and breast, the feathers of flanks and 

 abdomen margined terminally with light buff or whitish, and lateral 

 rectrices margined terminally with white. 



Adult fen talc in summer. — Above olive-brownish, more or less tinged 

 with tawnj', passing into a decidedlj' more grayish hue (usually more 

 or less tinged with blue) on rump and upper tail-coverts; scapulars 

 and interscapulars more or less darker centrally or medially, forming 

 indistinct streaks; wings and tail dusky, the latter with dull grayish 

 blue, the former with light brownish edgings; middle wing-coverts 

 rather broadly tipped with light cinnamon-rufous or tawny and termi- 

 nal margins of greater coverts usually tinged with the same; under 

 parts brownish bufly or clay color, deepest on chest, paler on throat 

 and abdomen; bill brownish, the mandible paler. (Plumage of head 

 and body sometimes marked with light blue in more or less extensive 

 patches.) 



Adult femcde in winter. — Similar to the summer female, but color- 

 ation deeper, more tawny. 



Young {sexes alike). — Similar to the adult female in winter, but still 

 more tawny, the rump and upper tail-coverts tawny-olive. 



Iminature male. — Variously intermediate in coloration, according to 

 age, between the adult female and fully adult male. 



Adult OTaZe.— Length (skins), 152.40-184.15 (162.81); wing, 82.04- 

 88.90 (86.36); tail, 63.50-6T.82 (66.04); exposed culmen, 14.73-1Y.53 

 (16.26); depth of bill at base, 12.70-14.73 (13.72); tarsus, 19.81-20.85 

 (20.57); middle toe, 15.24-17.78 (16.51).^ 



Adult female.— Ije.ngt\x (skins), 142.24-157.48 (149.35); wing, 78.74- 

 83.82 (81.53); tail, 59.18-66.04 (62.48); exposed culmen, 15.24-16.51 

 (15.75); depth of bill at base, 12.19-13.97 (13.21); tarsus, 19.05-20.57 

 (20.32); middle toe, 15.24-16.51 (15.75).' 



More southern portions of eastern United States, chiefly near Atlan- 

 tic and Gulf coasts; north regularly, but very locally, to Pennsylvania 

 (Carlisle, etc.), New Jersey, Kentucky, and southern Illinois; accident- 

 ally to Myiarchusine (Calais), eastern Myiarchusssachusetts, Province of Quebec 

 (Myiarchuslle Vaches), etc. ; in winter south to Cuba and Yucatan. 



' Twelve specimens. '' Eleven specimens. 




BIRDS OF NOTJTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 609 



[Loj-ia} cserulea LiNNiEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, i, 1758, 175 (based on Bhie Gros- 

 beak, Coccothraustes acrulea, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, p. 39, pi. 39). — 

 Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 863, part.— Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 374, 

 part. 



Loxia cserulea Wilsojt, Am. Orn. , iii, 1811, 78, pi. 24, fig. 6. 



F-lringUla] coerulea Lightenstein, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 22. 



Fringilla axmlea Nvttai.l, Myiarchusn. Orn. U. S. and Can., i, 1832, 529. — Audubon, Orn. 

 Biog., ii, 1834, 140; v, 1839, 508, pi. 122. 



Guiraca cxrulea (not of Swainson) Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 307. — 

 Baird, Bep. Pacific E. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 499, part (Carlisle, Pennsylvania; 

 Savannah, Georgia) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 382. — Sclater, Cat. Am. 

 Birds, 1862, 101. — Verrill, Proe. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 157 (Calais, Myiarchusine, com- 

 mon, spring of 1861). — Boakdman, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 127 (near 

 Calais, Myiarchusine). — Couper, Canad. Nat. and Geol., vii, 1862, 319 (Myiarchuslle Vaches, 

 Quebec). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 286 (vicinity New York 

 City); (?) ix, 1869, 200 (Yucatan). — Gundlach, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 

 1866, 285; Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 126 (Cuba). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, 

 Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 77, part, pi. 29, fig. 4 (not fig. 5).— Trotter, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 235 (vicinity Philadelphia, 3 specs.). — Ridgway, 

 Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 246; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 21 ( Wheat- 

 ' land, Knox Co., Indiana, 1 spec. ). — Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 291. — 

 (?) BoucAED, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 444 (Yucatan). — Salvin and God- 

 man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1885, 344, part (Izamal, Yucatan ?; Cozumel ?; 

 Cuba).— Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 202; Birds W. I., 1889, 89; Cat.W. I. Birds, 1892, 

 113 (Cuba). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886,' no. 547, 

 part. — Sharps, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 66, part (Izamal and Cozumel 

 Island, Yucatan?).— Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 218, part (s. Illi- 

 nois) . — Warren, Birds Pennsylvania, 1890, 247 (Chester, Cumberland, Phila- 

 delphia, Delaware, Lancaster, Lehigh, Northampton, and York counties). — 

 (?) Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890,209 (Tekanto and Tunkas, Yuca- 

 .tan).— DuTCHEE, Auk, x, 1893, 276 (Canarsie, Long Island, Myiarchusy, 1843).— 

 Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 365 (Wacissa E., n. w. Florida, breeding). — Berry, 

 Auk, xiii, 1896, 342 (East Derry, New Hampshire, 1 spec. Myiarchusy 26, 1894).— 

 Nehkling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 209, pi. 28, fig. 5. 



G.luiraca] cia-ulea Ridgway, Am. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 373 (s. Illinois); Myiarchusn. N. 

 Am. Birds, 1887, 445. 



G.[idraca] ccerulea Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 390, part. 



[Guiraca] cogrulea Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr. , 1873, 27, part? — 

 Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 12. 



C. [occoborus] caerulea Swainson, Classif . Birds, ii, 1837, 277. 



Coccoboms cceruleus Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 132, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 

 1841, 204, part, pi. 204.— Lembeye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 61, pi. 8, fig. 2. 



C.[occoborus} coeruleus Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, 1851, 152, part (in synonymy); 

 Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 9 (Cuba). 



[Oyanoloxia] caerutea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 502. 



IGoniaphea'] cserulea Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 103, no. 7535, part.— Coues, Key 

 N. Am. Birds, 1872, 149, part 



Goniaphea cserulea Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 195, part; Birds. N. W., 1874, 169, 

 part.— Bioknell, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 132 (Snake Hill, New 

 Jersey).- Bkown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 9 (Coosada, Alabama).— 

 Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 184 (Brookline, Myiarchusssachusetts, I 

 spec. Myiarchusy 29) . 



1Y024— 01 39 




610 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



GUIRACA CiERULEA LAZULA (Lesson). 

 WESTERN BLTTE OROSBEAE, 



Similar to O. c. ccerulea but wing and tail decidedly longer and color- 

 ation lighter, with wing-bands broader; adult male with the blue color 

 lighter and less purplish, the wing-bands much broader and paler, that 

 across tips of greater coverts usually (when not abraded) 5.08-7.62 

 wide and decidedly paler than the middle covert band; white margins 

 to under tail-coverts broader, rarely, if ever, indistinct; adult female 

 and .young with the general coloration paler and decidedly less tawny. 



A(kilt mafe.— Length (skins), 149.86-177.80 (162.31); wing, 86.36- 

 96.52 (90.42); tail, 66.55-78.74 (70.36); exposed culmen, 13.97-17.78 

 (15.75); depth of bill at base, 12.19-15.75 (13.46); tarsus, 19.30-22.86 

 (20.32); middle toe, 15.75-17.78 (16.76).^ 



Adxilt female.— 'Li&ng'^ (skins), 142.24-165.10 (155.70); wing, 76.71- 

 88.39 (84.58); tail, 61.21-71.12 (66.55); exposed culmen, 13.97-17.27 

 (15.75); depth of bill at base, 12.45-14.73 (13.46); tarsus, 15.49-23.11 

 (20.83); middle toe, 15.49-17.78 (16.51).^* 



' Sixty-five specimens. 



''Twenty-nine specimens. 



Tiiere ia a decided average difference in measurements of specimens from separate 

 geographic areas, this being so marked that further subdivision may ultimately be 

 deemed necessary. Averages of the series examined are as follows: 



There is also much individual variation among specimens from the same geographic 

 area, one adult female from Oaxaca (Huitzo) having the tarsus only 20.83 mm., 

 while two others from the same State have the tarsus 22.86 and 23.11, respectively. 

 Some specimens from Utah and other parts of the Great Basin agree in small meas- 

 urements, especially of the bill, with California examples and not, as might be 

 expected, with those from Arizona. The average difference in measurements is not 

 great except in case of the California birds, which have a decidedly smaller bill even 

 than true O. cxrvlea, though the wing and tail are decidedly longer. The coloration 

 being quite identical, so far as I am able to see, in specimens from the different areas 

 designated above, I am not disposed to make any subdivision of the Western form. 

 It mav. however, eventuallv nrove desirable to do so. 




BIRDS OF NOBTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 611 



Southwestern portion of United States and table-land of Mexico; 

 north, in summer, to middle and western Kansas (regularly), southern 

 Nebraska (occasionally), Colorado, Utah, and Sacramento Valley, Cali- 

 fornia; in winter, middle and southern Mexico (including coast dis- 

 tricts, but excluding Yucatan?), and south through Central America to 

 southern Costa Rica. 



Guiraca csendea (not Loxhi, cxrulea Linnaeus) Swainson, Philos. Myiarchusg., n. s., i, 

 1827, 438 (Mexico) .—Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 111 (Mex- 

 ico). — WooDiionsB, in Rep. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuiii and Col. R., 1853, 81 (In- 

 dian Ter. and Texas). — Newberry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 88 (n. 

 California). — Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 499, part (western 

 localities); Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 16; Cat. N. 

 Am. Birds, 1859, no. 382, part.— Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 

 192 (FortTejon, s. California).— Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 365 

 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz) , 378 (Oaxaca); 1864, 174 (valley of Mexico) ; Ibis, 1873, 

 373 (Chontales, Nicaragua). — Salvin, Ibis, 1861, 353 (^^era Paz, Guate- 

 mala). — Dresser, Ibis, 1865,491 (Myiarchustamoras, Tamaulipas). — Cotes, Proc. 

 Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 88 (Arizona); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 291, 

 part. — Butcher, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas) . — 

 Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 102 (Angostura, Costa Rica); Mem. 

 Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 276 (Myiarchuszatlan; Tepic; plains of Colima) ; Bull. 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 4, 1876, 20 (Tehuantepecand Huitzo, Oaxaca). — Duges, 

 La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 139 (Guanajuato). — FrantzKjs, Journ. fiir Orn.,1869, 

 301 (Costa Rica).— Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552 (Vera 

 Cruz, winter). — CoopeRj Orn. Cal., 1870, 230, excl. syn. part. — Ridgway, 

 Bull. Essex Inst., v. 1873, 183 (Colorado); vi, 1874, 171 (Sacramento, Cali- 

 fornia) ; Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 489 (Sacramento); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 

 1881, no. 246, part. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Biyds, ii, 

 1874, 77, part, pi. 29, fig. 5 (not fig. 4) ; iii, 1874, 516 (El Paso Co., Colo- 

 rado) .—Hbnshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 120, 159 

 (Apache, etc., Arizona) ; 1876, 246 (Fort Tejon and Walkers Basin, s. Cali- 

 fornia); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 298 (Pueblo, Colorado; Santa 

 F6, New Mexico; Arizona).— Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 128 

 (Fort Brown, Texas, breeding). — Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss, i, 1879, 

 419 (Stockton, etc., CaUfornia, Myiarchusy to Sept. ) ; v, 1883, 528 (San Quentin Bay, 

 Lower California) , 546 (San Jose del Cabo, Lower California) . — Nehrling, 

 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 13 (Harris Co., s. e. Texas, resid.) .—Brew- 

 ster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, yii, 1882, 199 (Tucson and Gila R., Arizona). — 

 Ogilby, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc, iii, 1882 (41) (Navarro Co., Texas, sum. 

 resid.). — Zelbdon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 8; An. Myiarchuss. Nac, Costa 

 Rica, i, 1887, 111 (Nicaragua) .—Nutting, Proc. U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1883, 392 

 (Ometepe, Nicaragua). — Beckham, Auk, ii, 1885, 142 (Pueblo, Colorado). — 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1885, 344, part (Mexican and 

 Central American references and localities) . — Fbrr/vri-Perbz, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 141 (Huexotitla and Puebla, Puebla). — Morcom, Bull. 

 Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 50 (San Bernardino Valley, California; 

 Yuma, Arizona). — Cookb, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 218, chiefly (s. 

 Nebraska; Myiarchusnhattan and Ellis, w. Kansas; localities in Texas). — Goss, 

 Birds Kansas, 1891, 488 (w. and mid. Kansas, com. sum. resid.). — Cherrie, 

 Expl. Zool. Costa Rica, 1893, 28 (Boruca, s. Costa Rica, 1 spec. Nov. 29).— 

 Lantz, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. for 1896-7 (1899) , 223 ( Amatitlan, Guatemala), 

 267 (mid. Kansas, sum resid.). 



Loxia coerulea Wagler, Isis, 1831, 525 (Mexico). 




612 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



lOuiraca] ccerulea Solater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27, part. 

 6.[uiraca] ccerulea Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 390, part. 

 [Coccoborus] coeruleus Lichtenstein, Nom. A v. Myiarchuss. Berol., .1854, 45, part. 

 Coccoborus caruleus Audubon, Synopsis, 18.39, 132, part. 

 C.[occoborus} coeruleus Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, 1851, 152 (Mexico). 

 Coccoborus caeruleus Hbermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 51 



(Lower California). — Finsoh, Abh. Nat. Brem., 1870, 339 (Myiarchuszatlan). 

 Goniaphea ccerulea Sclatbe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1856, 301 (Cordova, Vera 



Cruz).— Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 195, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 169, part.— 



Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 7 (Ellis, w. Kansas). — Sennett, Bull. U.S. 



Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 19 (Hidalgo, Texas; habits, etc.); v, 



1879, 392 (Lometa, Texas). 

 [Ooniaphea] cxrulea Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 149, part. 

 Pitying lazulus Lesson, Rev. Zool., v, June 1842, 174 (San Carlos, w. Nicaragua; 



see Ridgway, Auk, xv, 1898, 322) . 

 Guiraca cserulea lazula Ridgway, Auk, xv, Oct. 1898, 322 (crit. nomencl.). — 



American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, xvi, 1899, 121. 

 O.loniaphsaf-^ ccerulea var. eurhyncha Coues, Am. Nat., viii, Sept., 1874, 563 



(Mexico; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 

 G.[uiraca'] cxralea eurhyncha Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 446. 

 Guiraca cserulea eurhyncha Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 593. — American 



Ornithologists' Union Committee, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 14; Abridged 



Check List, 1889, no 597a.— Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 339 (San Antonio, 



Texas, summer resid. ) . —Fisher, North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 106 (St. 



George, Utah; Bunkerville, Nevada; localities in California, etc.). — Jouy, 



Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1894, 779 (Hacienda Angostura, San Luis, Potoai; 



Jalisco). — Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist., x, 1898, 28 (Jalapa, Vera 



•Cruz).— CooKE, Bull. Col. Agric. Coll.. no. 44, 1898, 167 (Pueblo, Colorado 



Springs, etc., Colorado). 



GUIRACA CiERULEA CHIAPENSIS (Nelson). 

 CHIAPAS BLUE GROSBEAK. 



Adult male unknown. Adult female precisely similar to that of 

 G. c. lazula in coloration, but decidedly larger, with the bill relatively 

 larger; length (skins), 158.75-176.53 (167.64); wing, 88.90-90.93 

 (89.92); tail, 71.12; exposed culmen, 17.78-20.07 (18.93); depth of bill 

 at base, 15.24-16.75 (15.49); tarsus, 21.59-23.11 (22.35); middle toe, 

 17.53-17.78 (17.66).' 



'Either Goniaphea or Guiraca may have been meant; doubtless the former, since 

 that generic name was used by him as late as 1874 (Birds of the North- West). 



^ Two specimens. The second is from the State of Oaxaca, but the exact locality 

 unknown. It is not typical of this form, but agrees better with the type in size of 

 bill than with any specimen in a large series of G. c. lazula, as the following will 

 show: 



Locality. 



Type of 0. chiapeneis (No. 144319, tl.S.N.M., Oco- 

 zoacuantla, Chiapas 



No.146107, U.S.N.M., Oaxaca 



Largest corresponding measurements in 29 adult 

 females of O. c. lazula 



Wing. 



88.90 

 90.93 



Tail. 



71.12 

 71.12 



Exposed 

 culmen. 



20.07 

 17.78 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



16.75 

 15.24 



14.73 



21.69 

 23.11 



23.11 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



17. 6S 

 17.78 



17.78 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 613 



Plateau of western Chiapas, southwestern Mexico, and adjacent 

 parts of Oaxaca. 



Guiraca chiapensisJ^fEisoti, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, Myiarchusr. 24, 1898, 61 (Oco- 

 zoacuantla, Chiapas, Mexico; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ). 



Genus ZAMELODIA Coues. 



Habia (not of Blyth, 1849) Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., June 1, 1850, pi. 78, 



fig. 14. (Type, Ouiraca melanocephala Swainson.) 

 Hedymeles^ (not Bedymela Sundevall, 1846) Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, June, 



1851, 152. (Type, ioxia Zudomciana Linnaeus. ) 

 Zamelodia Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 98. (Type, Loxia ludo- 



vidana Linnaeus.) 



Stoutly built, large arboreal Fringillidse with under wing-coverts 

 yellow or rose pink, and the wings marked with white; nostrils 

 exposed; adult males with breast rose red or tawny, the head black 

 (or mostljr so), and exterior rectrices extensively white terminally. 



Bill short, conical, much deeper than broad at base, with superior and 

 lateral outlines very slightly convex, the gonys straight oi' very faintly 

 convex; culmen, from extreme base, decidedly shorter than tarsus; 

 gonys a little shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; 

 mandibular tomium very faintly convex to the toothed subbasal angle, 

 the maxillary tomium nearly straight to its basal deflection, distinctly 

 notched near tip. Nostril exposed, rather large, nearly circular, with 

 membrane above and behind it. Eictal bristles very inconspicuous. 

 Wing rather long (about four and a half to four and two-thirds times 

 as long as tarsus), pointed (ninth to Sixth primaries longest, the ninth 

 longer than fifth, sometimes longer than sixth) ; primaries exceeding 

 secondaries by more than the length of the tarsus. Tail more than 

 three-fourths as long as wing, even or slightly rounded, the rectrices 

 broad and rounded at ends, more than half hidden by the upper coverts. 

 Tarsus about as long as middle toe with claw; outer claw reaching to 

 or slightly beyond base of middle claw, the inner a little shorter; hind 

 claw stout and strongly curved, shorter than its digit. 



Coloration. — Adult males with head, wings, and tail black; two broad 

 bands across wing, patch at base of primaries, and terminal portion of 

 inner webs of outermost rectrices, white; under wing-coverts rose pink 

 or gamboge yellow. Adult females with wings and tail similar, but 

 black duller and white markings more restricted; other black portions 

 of male replaced by brownish, streaked with dusky; under wing- 

 coverts saffron yellow or lemon yellow; breast streaked. 



Rcmge. — Temperate North America (south to northern South Amer- 

 ica in winter). (Two species.) 



^ "Von -^Sv/neXr/i, von siissen, lieblichen Gesangen." 




614 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ZAMELODIA. 



a. Under wing-coverts rose red (male) or saffron yellow (female); adult male with 

 plumage black, white, and rose red. (Eastern North America; south to Ecua- 

 dor. ) 



Zamelodia ladoviciaua (p. 614) 



aa. Under wing-coverts clear lemon yellow in both sexes; adult male with plumage 



blak;k, white, orange-tawny, and lemon yellow. (Western United States; 



Mexico. ) Zamelodia melanocephala (p. 617) 



ZAMELODIA LUDOVICIANA (Linnaeus). 

 ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK. 



Adult male in suminer. — Head, neck, back, and scapulars uniform 

 black; wings black, relieved by a large patch of white on basal portion 

 of primaries, white spots at tips of innermost greater coverts and ter- 

 tials, and a broad white band composed of the middle coverts; upper 

 tail-coverts black, with large terminal spots of white; tail black, with 

 inner webs of three outermost rectrices extensively white terminally; 

 chest, median portion of breast, under wing-coverts, and axillars rose 

 red or light carmine (varying to geranium or peach-blossom pink, 

 more rarely to light poppj' red)'; rest of under parts of body white, 

 the rump also white; maxilla light bi'ownish, becoming dusky ter- 

 minally; mandible paler (more lilaceous in life); iris brown; legs and 

 feet grayish horn color. 



Adult male in wintei\ — Wings, tail, and upper tail-coverts as in 

 summer; head, neck, back, and scapulars brown, more or less streaked 

 with black, the blackish streaks broadest on scapulars, which are 

 merely margined with brown; color of head relieved by a median 

 crown- stripe, a superciliary stripe, and malar stripe of pale buffyor 

 butfy whitish; under parts brownish white or pale brownish (paler or 

 more purely white posteriorly), the chest, sides, and flanks more 

 or less streaked with dusky, the first more or less extensively tinged 

 or suffused with rose red or rose pink. 



Young male in first winter. — Similar to the adult male in winter, 

 but wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail grayish brown, instead of black, 

 the last without anj- white, the first with the white markings much 

 reduced and more or less tinged with brown; back and scapulars more 

 uniformly brown; rump brown, or bufl'y olive; chest, sides, and flanks 

 more deeply fulvous and more heavily streaked, the first with little, if 

 any, red or pink; under wing-coverts and axillars rose pink, as in 

 adults. 



AdAdt female {summer and winter). — Myiarchusch like the young male, but 

 under wing-coverts and axillars yellow (maize yellow, chrome yellow, 

 or light orange-yellow) instead of rose pink. 



' The red or pink sometimes invades the throat, occasionally occupying the entire 

 gular area; frequently it reaches backward, along the median line, to the abdomen; 

 more rarely the rump is pinkish. 




BIRD8 06' NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 615 



Adult male.— Length (.skins), 165.10-182.88 (176.02); wing, 97.79- 

 104.14(101.35); tail, 72.90-78.23(74.93); exposed culmen, 14.99-17.53 

 (16.76); tarsus, 21.08-23.62 (22.61)." 



Adidtfemale.—hQngth (skins), 171.45-177.80 (176.53); wing, 95.25- 

 101.09 (98.55); tail, 69.85-74.93 (72.39); exposed culmen, 15.49-17.78 

 (17.02); tarsus, 21.59-24.13 (22.35).' 



Eastern United States and more soutliern British provinces, from 

 Atlantic coast to edge of the Great Plains (eastern Kansas to Myiarchusni- 

 toba); breeding from New Jersey, Pennsylvania (Delaware, Chester, 

 Crawford, Erie, Indiana, and Clearfield counties), northern Ohio 

 (Wayne County), northern Indiana (south to Wabash, Vigo, Tippe- 

 canoe, Boone, Monroe, Myiarchusdison, and Clinton counties), northern 

 Illinois (south to Quincy), Iowa and eastern Kansas,^ north to Myiarchusni- 

 toba (Saskatchewan, etc.), Ontario, Nova Scotia, etc., and south along 

 the Allegheny Mountains to western North Carolina (3,500 to 5,000 

 feet); in winter south to Bahamas (Watlings Island), Cuba, Jamaica, 

 and through Mexico (both sides) and Central America to western 

 Ecuador (Esmeraldas, base of Pichincha, Myiarchuspoto, etc.) and province 

 of Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia; casual in Bermudas. 



[Loxia] ludoviciana Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 306 (Louisiana; based on 

 Coccothraustes ludoviciana Brisson, Orn., iii, 247, pi. 12, fig. 2). — Gmeun, 

 Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 861.— Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 379. 



io.rio ludoviciana Wilson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 135, pi. 17, fig. 2. 



Pyrrhula ludoviciana Sabine, Franklin's Journ., i, Zool. App., 1823, 675. 



Guiraca ludoviciana Swainson, Philos. Myiarchusg., n. s., i, 1827, 438.— Jakdine, ed. 

 Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 277, pi. 17, fig. 2.— Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1837, 116 (Mexico); Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 30.— Gosse, Birds 

 Jamaica, 1847, 259.— Baied, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 497; Cat. N. 

 Am. Birds, 1859, no. 380.— Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307 

 (Cuba). — Hayden, Report, 1862, 168 (Myiarchusssouri R.). — Albeecht, Journ. fiir 

 Orn., 1862, 196 (Jamaica) . — Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 491 (San Antonio, Texas). — 

 Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552 (Vera Cruz, winter). — 

 TuRNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 24 (breeding). 



G. [tiiracoj ludoviciana Gray, Gen. Birds., ii, 1844, 357. 



[Guiraca'] ludoviciana Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 501. 



Fringilla ludoviciana Bonaparte, Am. Orn., ii, 1828, 79, pi. 15, fig. 2. — Audubon, 

 Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 166; v, 1839, 513, pi. 127. 



Coccothraustes (Guiraca) ludoviciana Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 271. 



Coccoborus ludovidanus Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 133; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 

 1841, 209, pi. 205.— Lembeye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 59, pi. 8, fig. 1.— 

 Hurdis, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1850, 36 (Bermudas, 1 spec. Oct.). — Myiarchusxi- 

 milian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 267 (Lehigh, Pennsylvania; Myiarchusssouri).^ 

 Willis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1858 (1859), 287 (Bermudas). 



H. [edymeles} ludoviciana C abanis, Myiarchuss. Hein. , i, June, 1851, 152 ( N, Am. ; Mexico ) . 



Hedymeles ludoviciana Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 9 (Cuba); 1861, 7 (Costa 

 Rica). — Langdon, Revised List Birds Cine, 1879, 10 (Myiarchusy; Sept.). — 



' Ten specimens. 



''Said to have nested in eastern Colorado (Longmont); Cooke, Bull. Col. Agric. 

 Coll., no. 44, 1898, 167. 




616 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proo. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 84 (Myiarchuspoto, 

 Ecuador, 4,000 ft.), 117 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador). 



Hedymeles Ivdomcianus Sclatbr, Proc. Zoal. Soc. Lend., 1855, 133, 134 (Bogota, 

 Colombia); 1856, 301 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 58 (Omoa, Honduras), 

 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1860, 293 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador); 1864, 174 

 (valley of Mexico) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 100 (Guatemala; Bogota, Colom- 

 Ha). — ScLATEE and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 17 (Vera Paz, 

 Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (Honduras); 1879,506 

 (Antioquia, Colombia). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 286 (Panama 

 R. E.); ix, 1868, 102 (San Jos6 and La Palma, Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 200 

 (n. Yucatan); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 275 (plains of Oolima); 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. no. 4, 1876, 19 (Santa Eflgenia, Oaxaca).— Salvadoei, 

 Atti R. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 179 (Costa Rica). — Fhantzius, Joum. fiir 

 Orn., 1869, 300 (San Jos6, Costa Rica).— Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 

 189 (Volcande Chiriqui); Cat. Strickland Coll. 1882, 218 (Guatemala).— 

 Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 328 (Herradura, Colombia). — Baird, Brewer, and Eidg- 

 WAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 70, pi. 30, figs. 4, 5. — Salvin and Godman, 

 Ibis, 1880, 122 (Myiarchusnca, Colombia); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1884, 336.— 

 Zbledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 8. — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1878, 58 (San Jos6, Costa Rica, Jan.); 1883, 444 (Yucatan).— Shabpb, Cat. 

 Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 58. 



\_HedymeUs\ ludovidanus Sclatee and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27. 



H.ledymeles'] ludovidanus Newton (E. and A.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104. 



Goniaphea ludovidana Gundlach, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 286; Journ. 

 fur Orn., 1874, 126 (Cuba) ; Orn. Cuba, 1876, 95.— Allen, Bull. Hue. Comp. 

 Zool., iii, 1872, 177 (e. Kansas).— Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 193; Birds 

 N. W., 1874, 166 (Ponca I. and Vermilion R., South Dakota; Red R., North 

 Dakota; habits, etc. ) ; Bull. U. S. (ieol. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 598 (Pembina, 

 North Dakota; descr. nest and eggs). — Snow, Birds Kansas, 3d ed., 1875, 7 

 (summer resid.). — Merriam, Trans. Conn. Ac, iv, 1877, 43 (Connecticut, 

 breeding). — MyiarchusChesney, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 

 78 (Fort Sisseton, South Dakota, breeding). 



IGoniaphea] ludovidana Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 149. 



Qoniaphxa ludovidana Coues, Bull. Nutt. (_)rn. Club, \', April, 1880, 98. 



Zamelodia ludomdana Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 98, in text; Check 

 List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 289.— Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 244.— 

 Chamberlain, Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. N. B., 1882, 41 (Hampton, New Bruns- 

 wick, rare summer resid.); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 105 (do.).— 

 Bicknell, Auk, ii, 1885, 151 (song). — Agersborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 281 (s. e. 

 South Dakota, breeding).— Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., x, 1898, 28 

 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).— Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 140 (Santa 

 Myiarchusrta, Colombia, winter). 



Z-lamelodia] ludovidana Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1884, 389. 



Habia ludovidana Stejneger, Auk, i, Oct., 1894, 367. — Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 203 

 (Cuba; Jamaica); ix, 1892, 48 (Watlings I., Bahamas); Birds W. I., 1889, 

 89; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 113 (Watlings I.; Cuba; Jamaica) .-American 

 Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 595. — Brewster, Auk, iii, 

 1886, 110 (mountains w. North Carolina, breeding at 3,500-5,000 ft. ; song).— 

 Zbledon, An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 111 (Cartago, Costa Rica).— 

 Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 216 (dates of arrival, etc.); Bull. Col. 

 Agric. Coll., no. 44, 1898, 167 (Longmont, Colorado, 1 pair breeding in 

 1894).— Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., ii, 1889, 72 (base of Pichincha, Ecua- 

 dor, 10,000 ft.) .—Davison, Auk, ix, 1889, 191 (Niagara Co., New York, 

 breeding).— Poling, Auk, vii, 1890, 243 (Quincy, Illinois, breeding).— 




EIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 617 



Warren, Birds Pennsylvania, 1890, 246 (breeding in Chester, Delaware, 

 Crawford, and Erie counties). — Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 484 (e. Kansas, 

 rare summer resid.; w. Kansas, rare migrant). — Porter, Auk, ix, 1892, .302 

 (descr. abnormal plumaged male). — Todd, Auk, x, 1893, 40 (Indiana and 

 Clearfield counties, w. Pennsylvania, breeding). — Scott, Auk, x, 1893, 179 

 (Jamaica). — Ulrey and Wallace, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 155 (Wabash 

 Co., Indiana, breeding). — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 199, 

 pi. 25, figs. 2, 3. — ^OBERitoLSER, Bull. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta., tech. ser., i, 

 no. 4, 1896, 315 (Wayne Co., n. e. Ohio, summer resid.; habits). — Butler, 

 Birds Indiana, 1897, 978 (breeding south to Wabash, Tippecanoe, Vigo, 

 Boone, Monroe, Myiarchusdison, and Clinton counties). 



[Habia] ludoviciana Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 12. 



H.[abia] ludoviciana Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 444. 



Loxia rosea Wilson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 135, pi. 17, fig. 2 (e. Pennsylvania; 

 Peale'sMyiarchuss.). 



Loxia rubricollis MvLixB., Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 151 (Louisiana). 



Coccolhraiistes rubricollis Vibillot, Gal. Ois., i, 1825, 67, pi. 58. 



Pringilla rhodocampter Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 1 (Mexico; 

 see Cabanis, Journ. fur Orn., 1863, 56). 



[Loxia] obseura Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 862 (New York; based on Dusky 

 Grosbeak Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 351; Latham, Synopsis, ii, pt. i, 127; = 

 female or young). — Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 379. 



[Fringilla] punicea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 921 (Sandy Hook, New Jersey; 

 baaed on Red-breasted Finch Pennaat, Arctic Zool., ii, 372; Latham, Index 

 Orn., iii, 272; ^ adult male). — Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 444. 



Hedymeles melanocephala (not Guiraca melanocephala Swainson) Cabanis, Journ. 

 fiir Orn., 1856, 9 (Cuba); 1861,412 (do.).— Corv, Birds W. I., 1889,90; Cat. 

 W. I. Birds, 1892, 123. 



ZAMELODIA MELANOCEPHALA (Swainson). 

 BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK. 



Under wing-coverts and axillai's clear lemon-yellow. 



Adult male in summ.e)\ — Head black, the throat (sometimes also a 

 postocular stripe or a median crown-stripe, or Ijoth),^ light cinnamon- 

 ocher or tawny; wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail black, the first 

 varied by a broad band of white including the middle coverts, a large 

 white patch on -basal portion of primaries, and white spots at tips of 

 greater coverts and tertials, the last by large white spaces on terminal 

 portion of inner webs of two to three" outermost rectrices; upper tail- 

 coverts with white terminal spots; collar across hindneck, throat, chest, 

 breast, sides, flanks, and rump uniform buffy cinnamon or tawny; abdo- 

 men, under wing-coverts, and axillars clear lemon j'ellow; anal region 

 and under tail-coverts white; scapulars and interscapulars black cen- 

 trally, edged or margined with light tawny or cinnaman-buffy (the 

 relative amount of the two colors varying greatly in different individ- 



' Specimens possessing these markings more common in the Pacific coast district, 

 more rare in the Rocky Mountain district and in Mexico. 

 * Sometimes there is more or less of a white spot at tip of fourth rectrix. 




618 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



uals); maxilla dark grayish brown (dull slate color in life), mandible 

 paler (bluish white, sometimes tinged with lilac, in life); iris dark 

 brown; legs and feet bluish gray (in life). 



Admit onale in wvnter. — ^^Not essentially different from the summer 

 plumage, but with rather more light cinnamon or buffy on the upper 

 parts, the feathers of pileum usually more or less edged with the 

 latter color. 



Adult female in summer. — Above dusky grayish brown or olive, 

 streaked, especially on back and along median line of pileum, with pale 

 tawny, buffy, or whitish; wings and tail grayish brown, with white 

 markings much more restricted than in adult males, those on tail 

 nearly if not quite obsolete; superciliary stripe, chin, sides of throat, 

 and malar region whitish; chest, more or less extensively, pale ful- 

 vous, cinnamon-buffy or j'^ellowish buffy; abdomen usually pale yellow, 

 sometimes white; sides and flanks more or less streaked with dusky, 

 the breast also sometimes narrowly streaked. 



Adult feimde in winter. — Similar to the summer plumage, but with 

 the bufl'y or cinnamoneous hues more pronounced and the broad lateral 

 crown-stripes grayish brown or olive streaked with black. 



Young {both sexes?). — Similar to adult female, but superciliary and 

 malar stripes purer white, lateral crown-stripes and auricular patch 

 uniform brownish black, under parts paler and without yellow on 

 abdomen, and back spotted rather than streaked. 



Adiilt maZt'.— Length (skins), 167.6dt-195.58 (181.10); wing, 94.49- 

 109.22 (99.82); tail, 70.8T-85.85 (79.2.5); exposed culmen, 15.24-20.32 

 (17.53); depth of bill at base, 13.21-17.53 (14.99); tarsus, 20.83-25.40 

 (23.62); middle toe, 15.24-19.05 (17.58).' 



Adidt female.— hengt\i{iikms), 156.21-198.12 (180.09); wing, 94.49- 

 104.65 (98.30); tail, 68.58-86.36 (76.45); exposed culmen, 15.49-19.81 

 (18.03); depth of bill at base, 13.97-16.26 (14.73); tarsus, 22.35-25.65 

 (23.62); middle toe, 16.51-18.80 (17.63).' 



Western United States and plateau of Mexico; north, in summer, 

 to British Columbia, Idaho, Montana, etc. , east to southeastern Dakota 

 (accidentally to Myiarchuschigan), eastern Nebraska and eastern Kansas; 

 breeding south to southern portion of Mexican plateau. 



Ouiraca melanocephala Swainson, Philos. Myiarchusg., new. ser., i, 1827, 438 (Temascalte- 

 pec, Mexico). — Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 111 (Mexico); Geog. 

 and Comp. List, 1838, 30.— Baikd, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 498; 

 Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 381; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1859, 301, 304 



' Sixty-two specimens. 



'^ Twenty-one specimens. 



As in the case of Ouiraca aerulea lazula, there is considerable geographic varia- 

 tion in measurements in this species, California specimens being the smallest; but in 

 this case Mexican examples, instead of being the largest, are nearly as small as those 

 from California, the largest being those from the Rocky Mountain district of the 

 United States. There is a great amount of individual variation in all the measure- 




BIRDS OF KOBTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



619 



(Cape St. Lucas). — Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. 

 ii, 1860, 206 (Fort Steilacoom, Washington). — Duces, La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 

 139 (Guanajuato).— SnivricHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 551 (alpine 

 and plateau regions of Vera Cruz). — Cooper, Orn. Cal. 1870, 228. 



0.[uiraca] melanocephala Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 502. 



"Coccothraustesmelanocephalus Rich ARDsoTfi, Proc. Brit. Assoc, for 1836 (1837)." 

 (Coues. ) 



Coccoborus melanocephalus Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 133; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 

 1841, 214, pi. 206.— Heermann, Bep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 51 

 (California, etc.). 



P. [itylus] melanocephalus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 362. 



Pringilla melanocepluda Audubon, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 519, pi. 373. 



H.[edymeles] melanocephala Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, July, 1851, 153 (Mexico). 



Hedymeles mdanocephalns Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 213 (Orizaba, 

 Vera Cruz); 1858, 303 (Oaxaca); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1864, 174 

 (City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 100 (Jalapa; Orizaba). — Lawrence, 

 Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 275 (Myiarchuszatlan; plains of Colima).— Baird, 

 Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 73, pi. 30, figs. 1, 2.— 

 Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 81 (Fort Garland, 

 Colorado), 119 (Apache, Arizona; Fort AVingate, New Mexico) ; Zool. Exp. 

 W. 100th Merid., 1875, 296 (localities in Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Ari- 

 zona; habits). — Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 488 (Sacramento, Califor- 

 nia; Nevada; Utah; habits, etc.). — Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 218 

 (Mexico). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1884, 338. — 

 Shakpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 62. 



ments, but the averages of approximately equal series of specimens indicate more 

 or less decided differences, as the following will show: 



Locality. 



Wing. 



Tall. 



Ex- 

 posed 

 culmen. 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



Tarsus. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



Eighteen adult males from Mexico 



Twenty-four adult males from Arizona to Wyo- 

 ming and Utah 



Fifteen adult males from California M 



Five adult males from Lower California 



FEMALES. 



Five adult females from Mexico 



Seven adult females from Arizona to Wyoming, 

 etc 



Eight adult females from California . 



103. 12 

 98.81 

 98.04 



99. 82 

 97.79 



81.79 

 77.47 



79. 25- 

 78.23 



18.54 

 111. 51 

 17.27 



19.05 

 17.53 



15.49 

 13.97 

 14.22 



16. 75 

 14.99 



23.88 



24. 13 

 23.11 

 23. 11 



23.88 

 23. 62 



17.78 

 17.78 

 16.76 



17.02 



17. .53 

 17.78 



As to coloration there is much less of geographic but decidedly more individual 

 variation. Very few examples from California or Lower Califorina are without a 

 more or less distinct postocular tawny streak, a majority of them showing more or 

 less of a median occipital streak or patch of the same color, sometimes extending to 

 the forehead; both these markings are occasionally present in specimens from the 

 Rocky Mountain district, the crown-stripe being conspicuously developed in a speci- 

 men from Fort Union, Nebraska. This style of coloration represents the " var. capi- 

 talis" of Professor Baird, the type of which is from the Columbia River. (No. 873, 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., Columbia River, July 28, 1835; J. K. Townsend. From Audubon's 

 collection.) In Mexican examples the head is usually "solid" black, as in those of 

 the Rocky Mountain district of the United States. 




620 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



[Hedyrneles] melanocephahis Sclateb and Saivin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27. 



[Hedymeles jnelanocephalus] var. melanocephalus Baird, Brewer, and Ridqway 

 Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 70. ' 



[Goniaphea'] melanocephala Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 103, no. 7547. — Coues, Key 

 N. Am. Birds, 1872, 149. 



Goniaphea inelanocephala Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 137 (Fort 

 Hays, w. Kansas, breeding).— Coub,s, Check List, 1873, no. 194; Birds N 

 W. 1874, 167; Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 7, 1877, 11 (Pichilinque Bay, Lower 

 California).— Snow, Birds Kansas,. 3d ed., 1875, 7 (w. Kansas).— MyiarchusCabiey, 

 Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 665 (Red R. Valley, n! 

 Texas) .—GiBBS, Bull. IT. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 487 (Myiarchuschi- 

 gan, accidental) .-Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 41 (Nicasio, 

 California; descr. young). 



Z.lamelodiit] melarwcephala Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Apr., 1880, 98, in 

 text; Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 389. 



Zamelodia melanocephala Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 182' 

 Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 245.— Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 

 290.— Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 199 (Santa Rita Mts., Ari- 

 zona; crit.).— Beldinq, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1883, 581, 541 (Gerros I. 

 and La Paz, Lower California). —Beckham, Auk, ii, 1885, 142 (Pueblo, 

 Colorado; song). — Agersborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 281 (s. e. South Dakota).— 

 Goss, Auk, ii, 1885, 112 (Topeka, e. Kansas, 1 spec. July 11).— Chapman, 

 Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., x, 1898, 41 (Las Vegas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft., Apr.). 



Habia melanocephala Sr^m-EGEii, Auk, i, Oct., 1884, 367. — American Ornitholo- 

 gists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 596.— Feerari-Pbrez, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 141 (Atlixco, Chietla, etc., Puebla, Sept., Dec.).— Cooke, 

 Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 217 (Myiarchusnhattan, Emporia, and Topeka, e. 

 Kansas; s. e. Nebraska; s. e. South Dakota; Myiarchusson, Colorado City, San Saba, 

 and Concho Co., Texas). — Goss, Birds Kansas, 1891, 486 (summer resid. in 

 w. and mid. Kansas, rare or accid. in e. Kansas) . — Fannin, Check List Birds 

 Brit. Columbia, 1891, 38 (both sides of Cascade Mts.). — Nehrling, Our 

 Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 207, pi. 20, fig. 5.— Merriam (F.) , Auk, xiii, 1896, 

 120 (San Diego Co., California; song). 



Fringilla epopoea Lichtbnstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1830, 2 (Mexico; = adult 

 male; see Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 58). 



Fringilla xanthomaachalis W AQiiER, l!^is^^,1831, 525 (Mexico). 



(?) Guiraca tricolor Lesson, Rev. Zool., ii, 1839, 102 (Mexico; coll. Abeill^; = 

 adult male?). 



Pitylus guttalug Lesson, Rev. Zool., ii, 1839, 102 (Mexico; coll. Abeill^; = adult 

 male!). 



[Hedymeles melanocephalus] var. capilalin Baird, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's 

 Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 70 (type from Columbia River, Oregon; U. S. 

 Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



Zamelodia melanocephala capitalis Grinnell, Condor, iv. Myiarchusr., 1901, 41, in text 

 (crit. nomencl. ). 



Zamelodia melanocephala mierorhyncha Grinnell, Condor, ii, Nov., 1900, 128 

 (Buckhorn Canon, Sierra San Gabriel, Los Angelos Co., California; coll. J- 

 Grinnell). 



(?) Zamelodia ludoviciana (not Loxia ludoviciana Linnaeus?) MyiarchusLain, Auk, xv, 

 1898, 191 (Myers, Humboldt Co., California, July 1, 1898). ' 



• Identified from two heads, male and female; identification therefore very ques- 

 tionable, especially since the heads of the two species are often practically alike in 

 coloration. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 621 



Genus PHEUCTICUS Reiehenbach. 



Pheuclims Kbichenbach, Av. Syat. Nat., 1850, pi. 78, fig. 15. (Type, Pitylus 

 aureo-venlris Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny. ) 



Large thick-billed arboreal Fringillidae with long and rather pointed 

 wings, rather short, slightlj^ rounded or nearly even tail, and exposed 

 nostrils, the plumage chiefly black and yellow with more or less of 

 white on wings. 



1 Bill very large (culmen from base nearly or quite as long as tarsus), 

 with superior and lateral outlines strongly convex, much deeper than 

 broad at base, where the depth is nearly or quite equal to the length 

 of the exposed culmen ; gonys straight or even perceptibly concave, 

 decidedly shorter than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; maxilla 

 shallower than the mandible, its tomium slightlj'' notched near tip, con- 

 vex in the middle, then (immediately beneath nostril) deeply notched 

 and deflected obliquely downward in a nearly straight line to the 

 rictus; sides of maxilla swollen immediately anterior to the subbasal 

 notch; mandibular tomium convex for more than the terminal half, 

 then shallowly notched and abruptly toothed and deflected obliquely 

 in a straight line to the rictus. Nostril exposed, small, nearly circular, 

 with rather broad superior and posterior membrane. Rictal bristles 

 weak, inconspicuous. Wing long (at least four and a half times as 

 long as tarsus), rather pointed (eighth to sixth primaries longest, the 

 ninth longer than the fifth); primaries exceeding secondaries by mare 

 than the length of the tarsus. Tail less than three-fourths to more 

 than four-fifths as long as wing, slightly rounded, more than half hid- 

 den by the upper coverts. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw; 

 lateral claws reaching to base of middle claw; hind claw much shorter 

 than its digit. 



Colors. — Chiefly black and yellow (or black and orange), with more 

 or less of white on wings (sometimes on tail also). 



Bange. — Western Mexico to Peru and Bolivia. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PHEUCTICUS. 



a. Myiarchusddle and greater wing-coverts with white terminal spots; adult males with a 

 broad white tip to lateral rectrices; sexes very different in coloration. 

 h. Under parts, etc., yellow. (Western and south-central Mexico.) 



Plieuotictis clirysopepliis (p. 621) 



bb. Under parts, etc., orange. (Guatemala.) Pheucticus aurantiaous (p. 623) 



aa. Myiarchusddle and greater wing-coverts wholly black; adult male without white tip to 

 lateral rectrices; sexes aUke in coloration. (Costa Rica and Veragua. ) 



Fheacticns tibialis (p. 623) 



PHEUCTICUS CHRYSOPEPLUS (Vigors). 

 VIGORS' S GROSBEAK. 



Adult male. — Head, neck, median portion of back, lower back, rump, 

 and under parts uniform bright yellow (varying from deep lemon 




622 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MDSEUM. 



yellow to light cadmium yellow), the under tail-coverts decidedly paler 

 sometimes white, the lower back and rump sometimes spotted or 

 streaked with black; lateral portions of back, scapulars, wings, tail, and 

 upper tail-coverts black; middle and innermost greater wing-coverts 

 broadly tipped with white (sometimes with pale yellow), forming two 

 conspicuous bands; outer webs of tertials with a large terminal spot 

 of white (absent in much abraded plumage); terminal portion of pri- 

 maries edged with white; a large white patch at base of primaries, 

 extending across both webs except on outermost primarj^ the outer 

 web of which is black; upper tail-coverts broadly tipped with white 

 (except in worn plumage) ; inner webs of two outermost tail-feathers 

 with terminal third or more white; maxilla black or dusky, mandible 

 paler (plumbeous in life?); legs and feet dusky (plumbeous in life?); 

 length (skins), 213.36-241.30 (225.55); wing, 114.30-123.95 (117.35); 

 tail, Slt.ee-GY.TQ (92.46); culmen, 23.3Y-25.15__(^.64); depth of bill at 

 base, 19.30-22.35 (20.57); tarsus, 26.16-27.44(26.67); middle toe, 

 17.78-19.56 (19.05).^ ^ ' 



Adult feviale. — Above yellowish olive-green (more yellowish on 

 head, neck, and rump, more grayish on back and scapulars), streaked, 

 except on rump, with dusky, the streaks broadest on back, sometimes 

 indistinct on pileum and hindneck; wings and tail grayish, the former 

 with white markings, as in the male, but the white patch at base of 

 primaries much smaller, sometimes obsolete; white on inner webs of 

 lateral tail-feathers restricted to a narrow terminal margin; sides 

 of head (including narrow superciliary stripe) and under parts yellow, 

 paler and less pure than in the male; length (skins), 213.36-238.76 

 (223.62); wing, 105.66-113.03 (110.74); tail, 85.85-91.95 (89.15); cul- 

 men, 24.64-25.40 (25.15); depth of bill: at base, 20.07-20.57 (20.32); 

 tarsus, 26.16-27.43 (26.92); middle toe, 18.03-19.30 (18.80)." 



Immature male. — Similar to adult female, but rather brighter col- 

 ored, with dusky streaks above mainly confined to back and scapulars, 

 and broader as well as more c'ecidedly black, the pileum and hindneck 

 without streaks. 



Western and south-central Mexico, in States of Sinaloa (Myiarchuszatlan, 

 Rosario, Culiacan, etc.), Durango (Chacala), Jalisco (Las Palmas), 

 Colima (Ai'meria), and Puebla (Chietla). 



Coccothmustes chrysopeplus Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1832, 4 (Mexico; coll. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond.). 



P.ljiylus] chrysopeplus Gray, Gen. Birds, it, 1844, 362. 



l^Coccohorus'] chrysopeplus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 504 (Mexico). 



Ph.[euclicus'\ chrysopeplus Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, July, 1851, 153, footnote (excl. 

 syn. chrysogaMer Ijisson) . 



PheticHcus chrysopeplus Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, ii, 1870, 339 (Myiarchuszat- 

 lan).— Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 274 (Myiarchuszatlan; Eiodela 

 Armeria, Oolima). — Ferrari -Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 141 



' Six specimens. ' Five specimens. 




BIRDS OF NOKTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 623 



(Ohietla, Puebla). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Avea, i, 1884, 

 335. — SiiAKPB, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 51. — Lantz, Trans. Kansas 

 Acad. Sci., 1896-97 (1899), 223 (Culiacan, Sinaloa). 

 [Pheudicas] chrysopeplus Sclater and Salvin, Nom, Av. Neotr., 1873, 27. 



PHEUCTICUS AURANTIACUS Salvin and Godman. 

 ORANGE-COLORED GROSBEAK. 



Similar to P. chrysopeplus but the yellow replaced by orange, and 

 the feathers of the rump blackish basally. 



Adult male. — Head, neck, and under parts, except under tail-coverts, 

 uniform orange; rump paler and duller, with the feathers black beneath 

 the surface; under tail-coverts white; back, scapulars, wings, and tail 

 black, the first much broken along the median line by large longitudi- 

 nal spots of orange; innermost middle wing-coverts broadly tipped 

 (for about 8.89 mm.) with white, faintly margined with yellow; greater 

 coverts also tipped with white, broadly (for nearly 12.70 mm.) on 

 innermost feathers bu^ rapidly diminishing toward the outermost ones, 

 where foi'ming onlj' a small spot at tip of outer web; tertials with a 

 large roundish or ovate spot of white at tips of outer webs; seconda- 

 ries broadly edged terminally with white; third to eighth primaries, 

 inclusive, with a large basal patch of white, about 17. 78 mm. long, on 

 fourth and fifth primaries, the outer web of first wholly black; second, 

 third, fourth, and fifth primaries narrowly edged with white beyond 

 their emarginations; two outermost tail-feathers with a large white 

 patch at end of inner webs;^ upper tail-coverts black, broadly tipped 

 with white; thighs dusky, the feathers margined with olive-yellowish; 

 maxilla black, mandible dusky (apparently plumbeous in life); legs 

 and feet dusky horn-color; wing, 116.84:; tail (much worn at tip), 

 101.60; culmen, 25.91; depth of bill at base, 19.05; tarsus, 25.4:0; 

 middle toe, 20.32.' 



Immature male. — Above nmch more varied with black, the feathers 

 of the head and hindneck black medially and feathers of the rump 

 black tipped with orange. (Salvin and Godman.) 



Highlands of Guatemala (Volcan de Santa Myiarchusria, near Quzelte- 

 nango; Villanueva). 



Pheucikms awantiacus Salvin and Godman, Ibis, ser. 6, iii, Apr., 1891, 272 

 (Volcan de Santa Myiarchusria, Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman) . 



\ 



PHEUCTICUS TIBIALIS Baird. 



IRAZi} GROSBEAK. 



Adults [sexes aUke). — Lores dusky; rest of head, neck, and chest 

 olive-yellow, the feathers with bases more or less duskj', those on the 



'The extent of these white tail-patches can not be measured on account of the 

 badly worn condition of the rectrices. 



'Description from a specimen in the collection of the Rev. St. Th. Heyde, from, 

 Villanueva, Guatemala. 




624 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



chest more strongly tinged with olive and with the dusky basal spots 

 more pronounced, and with more or less concealed spots of black- 

 thighs black; rest of under parts clear gamboge yellow, paler on under 

 tail-coverts, especially the longer ones, which are nearly white; rump 

 yellow or olive-yellow; back, scapulars, wings, upper tail-coverts, and 

 tail black; a white spot at base of primaries, but no white on wing- 

 coverts nor on tail; upper back (sometimes median line of back also) 

 more or less varied with olive-yellow; maxilla blackish; mandiblemore 

 grayish (plumbeous in life?); legs and feet dusky (grayish in life?). 



Immature. — Scapulars and interscapulars broadly margined with 

 olive-yellow; rump and hindneck indistinctly streaked with dusky; 

 secondaries and wing-coverts narrowly edged with olive; throat and 

 chest plain gamboge yellow, like rest of under parts; mandible whitish. 



Ad>(.U male.— L,ength (skins), 210.82-212.09 (211.68); wing, 106.93- 

 114.30 (111.25); tail, 73.15-80.52 (76.71); culmen, 21.59-22.86 (22.10); 

 depth of bill at base, 18.54; tarsus, 24.13-25.65 (25.15); middle toe, 

 16.51-17.78 (17.^7). 



Adidtfeinale.—ljength {skins), 198.12-205.74(200.66); wing, 106.68- 

 112.78 (110.49); tail,. 74.42-78.74 (75.95); culmen, 20.32-22.10(21.34); 

 depth of bill at base, 18.29-19.S1 (19.05); tarsus, 25.40-26.16 (25.65); 

 middle toe, 17.27-18.03 (17.78). 



Highlands of Costa Rica (Cervantes, Tucurrique, San Jose, Rancho 

 Redondo, Turrialba, Navarro, Volcan de Irazu, etc.), and Veragua 

 (Calovevora, Chitra, Boquete de Chitra, Calobre, etc.). 



Pheudicus libUdis "Baird, MS." Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, 

 Myiarchusy, 1867, 478 (Cervantes, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); ix, 1868,102 

 (Tucurrique, Cervantes, San Jos^, and Rancho Redondo, Costa Bica) . — Sal- 

 vador:, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, iv, 1869, 177, pi. 5 (Costa Kica).— 

 Fkantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 300 (Turrialba, Costa Rica).— Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 189 (Calovevora, Chitra, Boquete de Chitra, and 

 Calobre, Verf^ua). — Bodcard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 58 (Navarro and 

 Volcan de Irazii, Costa Rica). — Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 8; 

 An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 111 (Rancho Redondo de San Jos^, El 

 Zarcero de Alajuela, Cartago, etc.).— Nutting, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v,1882, 

 495 (Volcan de Irazil, Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., 

 Aves, i, 1884, 335.— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 53 (Irazii dis- 

 trict, Valza, etc., Costa Rica; Calovevora, Veragua). 



[Phmctictis} tibialis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27. 



lOoniaphea] tibialis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 104, no. 7551. 



Genus PTRRHULOXIA Bonaparte. 



Pyrrhuloxia Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, Aug. 15, 1850, 500. (Type, Cardindis 

 sinuatis Bonaparte. ) 



Conspicuously crested, short-winged, long-tailed Fringillidse with 

 short, thick, strongly curved bill, the adult male with plumage partly 

 red. 

 ' Bill very short, thick, and deep, with culmen strongly conve" and 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 625 



maxillary torn ium deeply and angularly incised a little posterior to the 

 middle portion; mandible much deeper than the abruptly bent maxilla, 

 with its distinctly toothed tomial angle about midway between base and 

 tip; gonys straight, greatly ascending, shorter than distance from nos- 

 tril to tip of maxilla; depth of bill at base much greater than its width. 

 Nostrils exposed. Rictal bristles rather distinct. "Wing rather short 

 (about three and a half times as long as tarsus), much rounded (eighth 

 to fifth primaries longest, ninth not longer than second); primaries 

 exceeding secondaries by about the length of the middle toe (without 

 claw). Tail long (decidedly longer than wing), rounded, the rectrices 

 rather broad and nearlj'' truncated at tips, less than half hidden by 

 upper coverts. Tarsus less than twice as long as exposed culmen, 

 slightly longer than middle toe with claw, its scutella very distinct; 

 lateral claws falling far short of base of middle claw; hallux shorter 

 than lateral toes, its claw shorter than the digit. Crown with a long, 

 pointed crest of narrow feathers. 



Coloration. — Grayish, with pink- red under wing-coverts and dusky 

 fed crest and tail; the adult males with fore part of head and median 

 underparts red. 



Range. — Northern and central Mexico and adjacent border of United 

 States; Lower California. (Monotypic.) 



KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF PYRKHULOXIA. 



a. Fore part of head clear poppy red or geranium red (adult male) or light buff y gray- 

 ish, with red over lores and around eyes (adult female); back, etc., paler and more 

 brownish gray; bill smaller (culmen averaging 15.49 in male, 14.99 in female). 

 6. Larger, except the bill; adult male with wing averaging 93.47, tail 102.11, tarsus 

 25.15; adult female with wing averaging 90.93, tail 95.00, tarsus24.38. (North- 

 western Mexico, southern Arizona and New Mexico, and extreme western part 



of Texas. ) Pyrrhuloxia sinuata sinuata (p. 625) 



66. Smaller, except the bill ; adult male with wing averaging 87. 88, tail 93. 98, culmen 

 15.49, tarsus 24.13; adult female with wing averaging 84.07, tail 91.95, tarsus ' 

 23.37.) (Cape St. Lucas district. Lower California.) 



Pyrrhuloxia sinuata peninsulse (p. 627) 

 aa. Fore part of head more or less dusky, especially on lores and cheeks; back, etc., 

 darker and less brownish gray; bill larger (culmen averaging 16.00 in male, 

 15.75 in female. (Northeastern Mexico and southern Texas.) 



Pyrrhuloxia sinuata texana (p. 628) 



PYRRHULOXIA SINUATA SINUATA Bonaparte. 



PYRRHULOXIA, 



Adult male. — Above brownish gray or grayish hair brown, becom- 

 ing purer gray (between drab-gray and smoke gray) on head and neck; 

 all the wing-feathers with concealed bases dusky red; outer webs of 

 primaries, primary coverts, and alula mostly dull red; middle tail- 

 feathers dusky brownish, becoming dark dull reddish medially, and 

 edged with brownish gray; rest of tail-feathers dull red, becoming 

 17024^01 iO 




626 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



dusky brownish terminally, the shafts of all black on upper surface: 

 longer feathers of crest dull red; forehead, chin, throat, and other 

 median lower parts, thighs, and most of under side of wing, pure red 

 (geranium red to poppy red), the lores and orbital region duller red* 

 lateral under parts light brownish gray, paler and more or less tinged 

 with buffy posteriorly; bill yellowish in summer, horn colored, paler 

 on mandible, in winter; iris brown; legs and feet brownish. 



Adult female. — Similar to adult male, but lacking the red of face 

 and median under parts (or with it but slightly indicated), the general 

 color of the under parts of a decided buffyhue; bill j'^ellow in summer, 

 grayish brown in winter. 



Young male. — Similar to the adult female, but paler, especially the 

 under parts, which are dull light grayish buffy, nearly white on 

 abdomen ; middle and greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with pale 

 grayish buffy; loral, orbital, and malar regions reddish or tinged with 

 red, and median under parts more or less tinted with red. 



Yomig female. — Similar to the young male, but without trace of red 

 on face or under parts. 



Adult ma^e.— Length (skins), 189.23-213.61 (199.64); wing, 89.41- 

 98.55 (93.47); tail, 94.49-107.95 (102.11); culmen, 14.99-16.00 (15.49); 

 depth of bill at base, 13.46-14.99 (14.48); tarsus, 22.35-26.92 (25.16); 

 middle toe, 17.02-19.05 (18.03).' 



Adult female.— hQTXgt}! (skins), 175.26-201.68 (195.83); wing, 87.88- 

 93.22 (90.93); tail, 93.73-97.03 (95.00); culmen, 14.73-15.75 (14.99); 

 depth of bill at base, 13.72-14.22 (13.97); tarsus, 23.11-25.40 (24.38); 

 middle toe, 16. 26-18. 03 (17. 27) . ' 



' Sixteen specimens. 



^ Ten specimens. 



Specimens from the State of Sinaloa, Mexico, seem to have a shorter wing and 

 tarsi than those from Arizona, and the coloration perhaps very slightly more brown- 

 ish, but the series is too small to render it certain whether the differences are con- 

 stant. Average measurements are as follows: 



Locality. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



MALES. 



Eleven adult males from Arizona (including one 

 from western Texas) 



Three adult males from Sonora .(Alamos and 

 Camoa) 



Two adult males from near Myiarchuszatlan, Sinaloa 



FEMALES. 



Six adult females from Arizona (including one 



from western Texas) , 



One adult female from Sonora (Alamos) 



Three adult females from near Myiarchuszatlan 



17.27 



17.27 

 18.29 

 17.83 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 627 



Northwestern Mexico, in States of Chihuahua (western portion), 

 Sonora, Sinaloa (Culiacan, Myiarchuszatlan, etc.), Durango, and Zacatecas,^ 

 and southern portions of Arizona, southwestern Nev/ Mexico, and 

 extreme western part of Texas (El Paso, etc.). 



Cardinalis sinuacus Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1837 (pub. June, 1S88), 111 

 ("western parts of Mexico"; type in Brit. Myiarchuss.); Nouv. Ann. 8iri. Nat. 

 Bologna, ii, 1839, 406 (w. Mexico) .—Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal.,Tex., etc., 

 1856, 204, part, pi. 33.'^ 



C. [ardinalisi sinuatus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 358. 



ICardinalis] sinuatus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 103, no. 7.534. 



[Pyrrhuloxia^ sinuatus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 500 (Zacatecas). 



Pyrrhuloxia sinuata Baird, Eep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858. 508, pai't (El Paso, 

 Texas); Rep. tJ. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 17, part (El Paso); 

 Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 389, part. — Heermann, Rep Pacific R. R. Surv., 

 x,pt. iv, 1859, 16 (San Pedro R., Arizona to El Paso, w. Texas). — Coues, Proc. 

 Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 90 (Fort Yuma, California) ; 1868, S4 (s. Arizona) ; 

 Check List, 1873, no. 202, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 298, part.— (?) Duges, La 

 Naturaleza, i, 1868, 139 (Guanajuato).— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 236, part.— 

 Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 275 (Myiarchuszatlan). — Baird, Brewer, 

 and RIDGWAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 95, part. — Y arrow and Henshaw, 

 Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873 (1874), 35 (Arizona).— Henshaw, 

 Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1873(1874), 159 (CampUrant, Tucson, etc., 

 Arizona); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 302 (s. Arizona).— Ridgway, 

 Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 243, part.— Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 

 vii, 1882, 199 (Tucson, Arizona).— Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 

 343 (Guaymas, Sonora). — Salvin and God.man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 

 1884, 343, part (Guaymas; Myiarchuszatlan; Zacatecas; Guanajuato?). — American 

 Ornithologists' Union, Checls List, 1886, no. 594, part; Auk, xiv, 1897, 129. — 

 Scorr, Auk, iv, 1887, 204 (Santa Catalina Mts., Tucson, etc., s. Arizona). — 

 Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 158, part (Tucson, Arizona; w. 

 Mexico).— Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 223 (Florida, 

 Sinaloa). 



l^Pyrrhuloxia] sinuata Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 151, part. 



P.[yrrhulo!cia'] sinuata Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 393, part. — 

 Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 444, part. 



Pyrrhuloxia sinuata beckhami Ridgway, Auk, iv, Oct., 1887, 347 (El Paso, w. 

 Texas; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 606.— Cooke, 

 Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 216. — American Ornithologists' Union Com- 

 mittee, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 14; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 594a.— 

 Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 121 (near Tucson and in Santa 

 Clara Valley, Arizona).— Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., v, 1893, 40 (Gra- 

 nados, n. e. Sonora). - 



PYRRHULOXIA SINUATA PENINSUL.^; Ridgway. 



ST. LUCAS PYRRHULOXIA. 



Similar in coloration to P. s. sinuata, but decidedly smaller, with the 

 bill larger. 



'Probably also portions of Jalisco and Guanajuato, though no specimens from 

 these districts have been seen by me. 



'The colored plate is from a specimen collected at El Paso, western Texas, by Dr. 

 A. L. Heermann. 




628 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 178.31-211.58 (197.87); wing, 84.58- 

 90.93 (87.88); tail, 88.65-98.55 (93.98); culnaen, 15.24^15.75 (15.49); 

 tarsus, 22.86-25.40 (24.13); middle toe, 16.26-17.53 (16.76).' 



Adult fe7nale.—'Length (skins), 177.80-181.36 (179.83); wing, 82.04- 

 86.61 (84.07); tail, 90.42-93.47 (91.95); exposed culmen, 14.99-15.24 

 (15.11); tarsus, 22.35-24.64 (23.37); middle toe, 15.49-17.02 (16.26).' 



Cape St. Lucas district of Lower California. 



Pyrrliuloxia dnuata (not Cardinalis itinuatus Bonaparte) Baikd, Proc. Ac. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 1859, 301, 304 (Cape St. Lucas).— Cooper, Orn. Gal, 1870, 236, 

 part (Cape St. Lucas). — Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 202, part; 2d ed., 1882, 

 no. 298, part. — Baied, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 

 95, part (Cape St. Lucas). — Ridgway, Nora. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 243, 

 part; Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1883, 541 (La Paz, Lower California; crit. ),— 

 Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1883, 541 (La Paz, Lower California).— 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1884, 343, part (Lower Cal- 

 ifornia). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 158, part (in synonymy). 



IPyrrhuloxia] sinuala Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 151, part. 



P.[_yrrhuloxia] rniucUa Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 393, part.— 

 Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 444, part. 



Pyrrhuloxia sinuata peninsulas Ridgway, Auk, iv, Oct., 1887, 347 (San Jos6, 

 Lower California; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 606.— 

 American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 

 14; Check List, abridged ed., 1889, and 2(1 ed., 1895, no. 5946. 



PYRRHULOXIA SINUATA TEXANA Ridgway. 

 TEXAN PYRRHULOXIA. 



Similai- to /'. s. sinuata but coloration decidedly darker, and bill 

 larger and stouter; adult male with forehead darker red, the lores, 

 orbital region, and malar region (sometimes the chin also) decidedly 

 dusky, sometimes nearly black; upper parts darker and less brownish 

 gray; adult female much grayer as well as darker above than that of 

 P. s. sinuata, and with anterior and lateral under parts, especially the 

 chest, strongly suffused with grayish. 



Adult mafe.— Length (skins) 191.52-205.74 (197.36); wing, 88.39- 

 98.55 (93.73); tail, 93.47-106.93 (99.57); culmen, 15.24-17.02 (16.00); 

 depth of bill at base, 15.24; tarsu.s, 23.88-25.91 (24.89); middle toe, 

 15.49-18.54 (17.02).' 



Adult fmnale.— Length (skins), 180.3^205.74 (192.28); wing, 86.11- 

 96.27 (90.42); tail, 83.82-108.20 (95.76); culmen, 15.24-16.51 (15.75); 

 tarsus, 23.11-25.40 (24.38); middle toe, 16.00-17.53 (16.76).' 



Northeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Coa- 

 huila (La Ventura), San Luis Potosi, and Puebla, and southern Texas 

 (north to Nueces, Bee, Bexar, Kendall, and Tom Green counties). 



Cardinalis sinuatm (not of Bonaparte) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., v, 1862, 116 

 (Rio Grande, Texas) .—Baied, inStansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 331 



1 Three specimens. "Eleven specimens. ' Eight specimens. 




BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 629 



(Rio Grande). — Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cal., Texas, etc., 1856, 204, part (San 

 Pedro R. and Ringgold Barracks, Texas; Tamaulipas; Nuevo Leon; not pi. 

 33).— ScLATBR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 101 (Ringgold Barracks, Texas). 



Pi/rrhuloxia sinuata Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 508, part (Nuevo 

 Leon; Ringgold Barracks, Texas); Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 

 ii, 1859, 17, part (do.); Oat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 389, part.— Heekmann, 

 Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 16, part (San Pedro R., Texas).— 

 Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 491 (Eagle Pass and Piedras Negras, Texas). — Butcher, 

 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas).— Cooper, Orn. Cal., 

 1870, 236, part.— Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 202, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 

 298, part.- Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Ilist.N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 95, 

 part, pi. 30, fig. 3.1— MyiarchusCauley, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 

 1877, 666 (Canoncito Blanco, edge of Staked Plains, n. Texas). — Sennbtt, 

 Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 21 (Brownsville and 

 Hidalgo, Texas; habits) ; v, 1879,393 (Lometa, Texas; descr. nest and eggs). — 

 Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. i, 1878, 129 (Fort Brown, Texas) .-Brew- 

 ster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1878, 122 (de.scr. young) .—Ridqway, Nom. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 243, part; Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 444, part.— 

 Brown, Auk, i, 1884, 122 (Boerne, Kendall Co., Texas). — Salvin and God- 

 man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1884, 343, part (Rio Grande \'alley, Texas; 

 Nuevo Leon). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 594, 

 part (lower Rio Grande Valley) . — Beckham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1888, 680 

 (Corpus Christi and Beeville, Texas; song, etc. ). — Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val- 

 ley, 1888, 216 (San Antonio, Kagle Pass, Boerne, and San Angelo, Texas). — 

 SHARPE,Cat. BirdsBrit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 158, part (Eagle Pass, Laredo, andRing- 

 gold Barracks, Texas). — Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 339 (San Antonio, Texas, 

 common resident).— Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 110 (Corpus 

 Christi).— JouY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchusa., xvi, 1894, 779 (Ahualulco, San Luis 

 Potosi, Oct.).— SiNGLEY, Rep. Geol. Surv. Texas, 1894, 372 (Rio Grande 

 City and Hidalgo). — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896. 198. 



[Pyrrhuloxia] ainuala Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 151, part. 



P.^yrrhidoxUi] sinuata Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 393, part. — 

 Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 444, part. 



Pyrrhuloxia sinuata texana RiDCiWAV, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 95 (Corpus Christi, 

 Texas; U. S. Nat. Myiarchusa.). — American Ornithologists' Union Committee, 

 Auk, xiv, 1897, 129 (no. 594a). 



Genus CARDINALIS Bonaparte. 



Cardinalis Bonaparte, Saggio di una Distr. Met. An. Vert., 1831, 53, 141 (nomen 

 nudum); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 111. (Type, Loxia cardinalis Lin- 

 naeus. ) 



Rather large, conspicuouslj^ crested, thick-billed Fringillidse, with 

 tail longer than wing, the latter rather short and rounded; adult males 

 bright red, with black eapistrum: adult females with plumage partly 

 red. 



Bill stout, conical, much deeper than broad at base, where its depth 

 is about equal to length of exposed culmen; culmen decidedly, some- 

 times strongly, convex; gonys straight, shorter than distance from 

 nostril to tip of maxilla; maxillary tomium sinuated a little anterior to 



' Evidently colored, however, from a specimen of true P. s. sinuata or P. s.peninsulse. 




630 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



or directl}' beneath nostril, with nearly obsolete subterminal notch or 

 none at all; mandibular tomium either nearly straight or decidedly 

 convex anterior to its subbasal angle, the latter more or less posterior 

 to the middle portion and with or without a notch in front of it. 

 Nostrils nearly or quite concealed by small frontal feathers. Rictal 

 bristles distinct. Wing rather short (about three and a half to three 

 and three-fourths times as long as tarsus), much rounded (seventh to 

 fourth primaries longest, ninth shorter than second); primaries exceed- 

 ing-secondaries l)y less than length of exposed culmen. Tail lono-er 

 than wing, slightly rounded. Tarsus about equal to or a little longer 

 than middle toe with claw, its scutella distinct; latei-al claws not reach- 

 ing to liase of middle claw; hallux decidedly shorter than lateral toes, 

 its claw shoi'ter than the digit. 



Oohirs. — Adult males entirely red, except black around base of bill 

 or on chin {C. phmiici'iis); adult females brownish above, dull tawny 

 or pale bufi'y below, the crest, wings, and tail dull reddish and under 

 wing-coverts pinkish red (except in C '. />ha'ii/'-i'i/>!): 3'oung not streaked. 



Rnnij(>. — More southern United States to British Honduras; coast 

 district of Colombia and Venezuela; Trinidad. 



The evident gap between Ciwdindlix and Pyrrhidoxia is nearly 

 bridged by 6'.J/>A((';//e/■//^s•, which has the culmen strongly convex, the 

 maxillar\' tomium deeply incised (with notch anterior to the nasal 

 fossfe). and the mandibular tomium convex, with its angle only a little 

 posterior to the middle. ^Vere it not that C. canieus exhibits in these 

 features, as well as in its longer and stitfer crest-feathers, an approach 

 to 0. pJui'iucras. I should be disposed to separate the latter generically 

 from ( '. cii/'d/'/ial/'x. C. (Yirneim is, however, much nearer to (■'. cardi- 

 nal Ik than to C. j>hn'/i/'ci'ii-s. 



The geographic distribution of this genus includes two widely 

 separated arcnis; one embracing the Lower Sonoran Province of North 

 America, from the middle Atlantic coast of the United States to the 

 peninsula of Lower California and south through all wooded pai'tsof 

 Mexico, below th(> pine belt, to Yucatan and British Honduras; the other 

 em))ra<ing the northern part of South America, in Venezuela and 

 Colombia. No form of the genus has been found in any part of the 

 intermediate territorv. A distinct type belongs to each of the areas 

 designated, the South American being, as above stated, almost gener- 

 ically distinct from the North American forms. The latter include 

 apparently not more than two species; one of very limited range, con- 

 fined to the coast district of southwestern Mexico, in the States of 

 Guerrero and Oaxaca, the other, modified into a considei*able number 

 of geographic subspecies, occupjang the rest of Mexico and those por- 

 tions of the United States embraced within the area outlined above. 



The specimens of Vai'dimiJis ca/'dhxi/is from all parts of the humid 

 eastern portion of the Lower Sonoran Province of the United States, 

 from New Jerse}' to Kansas, and southward to near the Gulf coast 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 631 



excepting Florida and tiie immediate coast westward to Louisiana, 

 are practically identical, although examples from the Myiarchusssissippi Val- 

 ley average more brightly colored in the males and slightly grayer in 

 the females than those from the Atlantic coast district, this varia- 

 tion being carried still further, though by no means to a conspicuous 

 degree, in specimens from Texas and the Mexican States of Tamau- 

 lipas, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, and Hidalgo. Examples from 

 the peninsula of Florida, however, are noticeably smaller than 

 those from any part of the very extensive area just designated, and 

 are also decidedly darker in color, and constitute a fairly well-marked 

 geographic race, which approaches in its characters the small and 

 intensely colored forms of Yucatan, British Honduras, and adjacent 

 parts of southeastern Mexico. All of the latter are characterized by 

 maximum intensity of coloration, the males being far more intensely 

 red than those from more northern localities or from the western 

 parts of Mexico, the color of the crest being almost as purelj^ red as 

 the under parts, the back being without the grayish margins to the 

 feathers which are always (except in much-worn mid-summer plum- 

 age) conspicuous in specimens from other districts. The females, 

 at the same time, have a richly ochraceous or tawny coloration, with 

 always a very distinct black or grayish black capistrum, which is 

 rarely well marked and never black in other forms. Cardinals of 

 this type include four local modifications: (1) A larger form from the 

 eastern slope of Vera Cruz (C cardinaiis cocdneus); (2) a still larger 

 form from the southern lowlands of Vera Cruz, the males of which 

 have the red of a peculiar rich carmine-red hue ( C. cardivMlis litto- 

 raUs); (3) the Yucatan and British Honduras bird, which is like C. 

 cardinaiis coccineus in color, but much smaller; and (I) the insular 

 form of Cozumel {C cardinaiis saturatvs), which is like the Yucatan 

 form, but larger and darker, with decidedly larger bill and feet. 



There is a wide extent of territory extending from western Texas 

 through New Mexico and southward over a considerable part of the 

 central plateau of Mexico from which no specimens of Cardinaiis have 

 been examined; possibly they do not occur there, unless in limited 

 localities along the eastern and western borders. Immediately west of 

 this area, however, in southern Arizona and southward for an unde- 

 termined distance in northwestern Mexico, the Cardinals {€'. c. super- 

 hus) are much larger than those from any other region. As to colora- 

 tion, they are characterized by conspicuous gray margins to the dorsal 

 feathers (as in eastern examples), a slightly rosy tint of red, and a 

 very narrow and interrupted black frontlet in the males; and the 

 females, instead of having a grayish capistrum, as in all others from 

 the United States, or a black capistrum like those from southern Mexico, 

 have the same marking lighter in color than the adjacent parts, the 

 chin and throat being usually very pale grayish or whitish. This tyt)e 




632 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



of coloration characterizes all western specimens, as far south, at 

 least, as Myiarchuszatlan and the Tres Myiarchusrias Islands; but specimens from 

 the last-named localities are different in other respects, as are also 

 those of the peninsula of Lower California. The latter ( C. c. ignms) 

 are much smaller than Arizona specimens, with relatively shorter bills, 

 and the females less highly colored. The Tres Myiarchusrias birds (<7. c. 

 marice) are in coloration much like those from Lower California, but 

 are somewhat larger, with decidedly larger bill and feet. 



The foregoing, with the small form of northern Sinaloa and southern 

 Sonora {O. c. affinis), constitute all the geographic forms which we are 

 apparentlj' justified in referring to C. cardinalis, and it seems, after 

 a careful comparison of large series of specimens, that they are clearly 

 but local modifications of one species, of which the C. cocdneus type 

 represents one extreme, the O. igneiis type the other extreme, and the 

 C. cardinalis type an intermediate series. 



In view of the absence of actual proof of intergradation between 

 these three principal types, and such really does not exist in the 

 material which I have been able to bring together, it may seem expedi- 

 ent to some to consider them as specifically distinct. In such case the 

 forms which are here recognized would stand as follows: 



1. Cardinalis cardinalis. (Grayish capistrum in females.) 



n. Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis. 

 h. Cardinalis cardinalis canicaudus. 



c. Cardinalis cardinalis floridanus. 



2. Cardinalis (Myiarchuscineus. (Black capistrum in females.) 



a. Cardinalis coccineus coccineus. 

 h. Cardinalis coccineus littoralis. 

 t,. Cardinalis coccineus yucatanicus. 



d. Cardinalis coccineus saturatus. 



3. Cardinalis igneus. (Whitish capistrum in females.) 



a. Cardinalis igneus igneus. 



b. Cardinalis igneus afSnis. 



c. Cardinalis igneus sinaloensis. 



d. Cardinalis igneus marise. 



e. Cardinalis igneus superbus. 



There remains to be considered but a single form, peculiar to the 

 coast district of southwestern Mexico, in the States of Guerrero and 

 Oaxaca, in the latter almost touching the southern range of C. ccwdd- 

 nalis coccineus. This bird ( C. cameiis) is about the smallest of all the 

 North American Cardinals, from all others of which it differs in the 

 form of the bill, the maxilla being relatively more shallow and with 

 less sinuated tomia, and the feathers of the crest much longer as 

 well as stiffer. In coloration the male much resembles the other 

 Cardinals of southern Mexico, but the rump is a much lighter red, 

 while the female is without any red on the outer webs of the primaries, 

 which in the females of all the forms of C. cardinally are distinctly 

 reddish. In all these divergences from C. cardinalis (as a whole) V. 




BIRDS OF NORTH ANB MIDDLE AMERICA. 633 



eameus approaches the South American C. phosniceus, notably in the 

 shape of the bill, its long, stiff crest-feathers, the light-reddish rump 

 of the male, and absence of red on the outer surface of the wing in 

 the female. C. phoeniceus, however, as might be expected from its 

 isolation, is very distinct indeed from all the rest. With a general 

 resemblance to C. cardinalis (including its various forms) and C. 

 carnms, the bill, in both sexes, is grayish instead of bright red; the 

 black capistrum is far less extensive, being restricted to the chin; and 

 the female has the under wing-coverts pale buffy instead of bright 

 pinkish red. The form of the bill is also quite different, being almost 

 intermediate between that of O. cardinalis and that of PyrrhuHoxia 

 sinuata. 



KEY TO THE SPEf'IES AND SUBSPECIES OP CARDINALIS. 



a. General color red. (Adult males.) 

 h. Rump and upper tail- coverts not distinctly lighter in color than back, 

 c. Crest much duller red than breast. 

 d. Larger (averaging, wing more than 80.01, tail 104.14 or more); colors lighter, 

 c. Red color averaging less intense, and black across forehead broader; back 

 with more olive-grayish edgings. (Eastern United States.) 



Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis, male (p. 635) 



ee. Red color averaging more intense, and black across forehead narrower; 



back with more ashy gray edgings. (Texas to states of Hidalgo and 



San Luis Potosi, Mexico. ) .Cardinalis cardinalis canicandus, male (p. 639) 



dd. Smaller (averaging, wing not more than 90.17, tail less than 99.06); colors 



darker. (Florida.) Cardinalis cardinalis floridanus, male (p. 641) 



cc. Crest little, if any, duller red than breast. 

 d. Back rich brownish red, without distinct grayish edgings at any season. 

 e. Breast, etc., rich vermilion red. 

 /. Larger (averaging, wing not less than 86.87, tarsus 2.5.91, middle toe 

 17.27). 

 g. Lighter in color; tail averaging longer and bill relatively longer; 

 wing 86.87, tail 101.60, culmen (from base) 20.83, depth of bill 

 at base 16.26, width of mandible at base 13.21, tarsus 26.16. 

 (Temperate zone. Vera Cruz and Oaxaca. ) 



Cardinalis cardinalis coccinens, male (p. 642) 

 gg. Darker; tail averaging shorter and bill relatively shorter and thicker; 

 wing 87.12, tail 93.98, culmen (from base) 19.56, depth of bill at 

 base 17.27, width of mandible at base 12.45, tarsus 25.91. (Island 

 of Cozumel, Yucatan. ) .Cardinalis cardinalis satnratus, male (p. 645) 

 ff. Smaller (averaging, wing 83.82, tarsus 24.64, middle toe 16.51). (Col- 

 ors of C. c. cocdneus, but averaging rather lighter.) (Yucatan; 

 British Honduras?) ...Cardinalis cardinalis yucatanicns, male (p. 644) 

 ee. Breast, etc., pure carmine red. (Coast of southern Vera Cruz.) 



Cardinalis cardinalis littoralis, male (p. 643) 

 dd. Back lighter and duller brownish red, or grayish red, with conspicuous 

 grayish edgings, except in worn midsummer plumage. 

 e. Larger (averaging, wing 101.85, tail 122.43). (Arizona and northern 

 Sonora and Chihuahua.) ...Cardinalis cardinalis superbus, male (p. 645) 

 ee. Smaller (averaging, wing less than 95.25, tail less than 107.95). 

 /. With longer tail and smaller feet (tail averaging more than 101.60, 

 tarsus averaging less than 26.67). 




634 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



g. With relatively shorter and more swollen bill. (Southern Lower 



California. ) Cardinalis cardinalis ignens, male (p. 647) 



gg. With relatively longer and narrower bill. 

 h. Larger (wing averaging 94.23, tail 109.22). (Coast district of 

 southern Sonora, northern Sinaloa, and western Chihuahua.) 

 Cardinalis cardinalis a£Snis, male (p. 648) 

 hh. Smaller (wing averaging 91.95, tail 104.14); red slightly brighter, 

 (Coast of central and southern Sinaloa. ) 



Cardinalis cardinalis sinaloensis, male (p. 648) 

 ff. With shorter tail and larger feet (tail averaging less than 101. 60' 

 tarsus averaging 28.19). (Tres Myiarchusrias islands, western Mexico.) 

 Cardinalis cardinalis mariae, male (p. 649) 

 hh. Rump and upper tail-coverts conspicuously paler reddish than back. (South- 

 western Mexico. ) ^ Cardinalis oarneus, male (p. 650) 



act. General color olivaceous or olive-grayish above, paler, more tawny beneath, 

 with abdomen more or less whitish; tail and (usually) wings more or less 

 reddish. (Females.) 

 h. Capistrum grayish, more or less indistinct, 

 c. Wing averaging less than 91.44, tail less than 104.14. 



d. Bill more slender (depth at base averaging not more than 15.24) ; capistrum 

 usually well defined and distinctly grayish, 

 e. Larger (averaging, wing 88.39 or more, tail 99.57 or more) and paler. 

 /. Averaging deeper colored, more olivaceous above, more tawny below, 

 with the capistrum usually deep grayish. 



Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis, female (p. 635) 

 ff. Averaging paler, more gray above, more huffy below, with the capistrum 

 often very pale grayish, especially on gular portion. 



Cardinalis cardinalis canicandus, female (p. 639) 

 ee. Smaller (averaging, wing 84.84, tail, 91.19) and darker. 



Cardinalis cardinalis floridanns, female (p. 641) 

 dtl. Bill stouter (depth at base averaging more than 15.24) ; capistrum obsolete, 

 the gular portion grayish white. 

 e. Tail averaging more than 101. CO. 

 /. Bill relatively shorter and thicker (culmen averaging 19.81; depth at 

 base, 16.00); wing (averaging 89.92) and tail (averaging 103.89) 

 shorter; more olive above, clearer tawny beneath. 



Cardinalis cardinalis ignens, female (p. 647) 

 ff. Bill relatively longer and narrower (culmen averaging 20.07; depth at 

 base, 15.49; wing (averaging 91.95) and tail (averaging 106.17) 

 longer; grayer above, duller tawny beneath. 



Cardinalis cardinalis affinis, female (p. 648) 

 ee.. Tail averaging less than 101.60. 

 /. With shorter wmg (85.85), longer tail (94.49), and smaller feet (tarsus, 

 25.40; middle toe, 16.51); coloration darker. 



Cardinalis cardinalis sinaloensis, female (p. 649) 



ff. With longer wing (averaging 89.66) , shorter tail (averaging 92.71), and 



larger feet (tarsus averaging 26.92; middle toe, 17.78); coloration 



paler Cardinalis cardinalis mariee, female (p. 649) 



cc. Wing averaging 98.55, tail averaging 117.09. (Back grayer than in C. e. 

 canicaudus, but under parts more deeply buff or tawny than in C. c. car- 

 dinalis. ) Cardinalis cardinalis superbns, female (p. 646) 



bh. Capistrum black or grayish black, very distinct. 

 c. Outer surface of wings largely brownish red; tarsus averaging 24.13 or more. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 635 



d. Larger (averaging, wing 84.84 or more, tail 93.47 or more, oulmen from 

 base 19.81 or more, tarsus 25.15 or more). 

 e. Larger (wing 87.63, culmen from base 21.34); back, etc., more tawny. 



Cardinalis cardinalis littoralia, female (p. 643) 

 ee.. Smaller (wing averaging not more than 85.09, nor culmen mf)re than 

 20.07) ; back, etc., duller, more grayish olive. 

 /. Paler, with longer tail and shorter tarsus; wing 85.09, tail 98.30, culmen 



20.07, tarsus 25.15 Cardinalis cardinalis ooocineua, female (p. 642) 



ff. Darker, with shorter tail and longer tarsus; wing 84.84, tail 93.47, 

 (Oilmen 19.81, tarsus 25.91. 



Cardinalis cardinalis aatnratus, female (p. 645) 

 dd. Smaller (averaging, wing 81.53, tail 92.20, culmen from base 18.54, tarsus 



24.13) Cardinalis cardinalis yncatanicus, female (p. 644) 



cc. Outer surface of closed wings with red entirely or mostly concealed; tarsus 

 averaging only 22.35 Cardinalis carnens, female (p. 650) 



CARDINALIS CARDINALIS CARDINALIS (Linnaeus). 

 CARDINAL GROSBEAK. 



Adult male. — Lores, anterior portion of forehead, anterior part of 

 malar region, chin, and throat, black, forming a conspicuous capistrum, 

 entirely surrounding the bill; rest of head vei'milion red, duller on 

 pileum (including crest), brighter on auricular region and cheeks; 

 under parts pure vermilion red, becoming slighty paler posteriorly, 

 the flanks slightly tinged with grayish; hindneck, back, scapulars, 

 rump, and upper tail-coverts dull vermilion red, the feathers margined 

 terminally with olive-grayish (wearing away in midsummer); wings 

 and tail dull red, still duller on greater coverts and secondaries, the ter- 

 tials usually, and sometimes the rectrices, more or less edged with olive- 

 grayish; bill bright orange-red or red-orange in life, fading to orange 

 or yellowish in dried skins; iris, deep brown; legs and feet, horn-color; 

 length (skins), 187.96-213.36 (202.95);^ wing, 91.44-99.82 (94.23); tail, 

 96.01-110.49 (104.14); culmen, from base, 18.03-20.32 (19.05); depth 

 of bill at base, 14.99-17.53 (15.49); width of mandible at base, 10.92- 

 12.95 (12.19); tarsus, 22.86-25.91 (24.64); middle toe, 16.24-18.03 

 (17.02)." 



Adult female. — Wings and tail much as in the male, but the red 

 duller; red of head and bod}- replaced above b}^ plain grayish olive or 

 huffy grayish, the crest partly dull red; below by pale fulvous or buffy 

 (nearly white on abdomen), the chest often tinged or mixed with red; 

 capistrum dull grayish, sometimes nearly white on throat; bill, etc., 

 as in the adult male; length (skins), 187.96-207.01 (196.60);= wing, 

 88.39-96.01 (90.93); tail, 93.98-107.19 (99.57); culmen, from base, 

 16.51-20.32 (18.80); depth of bill at base, 13.97-15.76 (15.24); width 



1 Length before skinning, about 222.00-235.00. 



^ Thirty-one specimens. 



'Length before skinning, about 209.50-216.00. 




636 BULLETIN 50, tTNlTBl) STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



of mandible at base, 11.43-13.21 (12.45); tarsus, 22.86-25.65 (24.38); 

 middle toe, 15.49-17.78 (16.76).' 



Ymmg male. — Somewhat like the adult female, but bill mainly dusky 

 horn color, capistrum obsolete, and under parts more or less clouded 

 or tinged with light vermilion. 



Young female. — Similar to young male, but without admixture of 

 red on under parts. 



[The young retain their immature plumage for only a short time; 

 being immediately after their autumn molt essentially identical in 

 coloration with adults, the only obvious difference consisting in the 

 duller red, or partially dusky, color of the bill.] 



Eastern United States; north, regularly and breeding, to south- 

 eastern New York (Long Island, New York City, Nyack, etc.), lower 



' Thirty-seven specimens. 



Specimens from west of the Allegheny Mountains average slightly different from 

 those taken in the Atlantic coaat district. The males average appreciably brighter 

 in color, the red being more intense and at the same time purer. Females average 

 both paler and grayer. The difference is in the direction of the rather poorly char- 

 acterized subspecies of Texas and northeastern Mexico (C. c. cnnicaudus) , and the 

 Myiarchusssissippi Valley birds are so completely intermediate between the latter and true 

 C. airdliiali« that they may almost as properly be referred to one as to the other. 



Specimens from South Carolina and Georgia, while averaging a little smaller than 

 those from more northern localities, are clearly referable to true C. rardinalu rather 

 than to the Florida form. 



Separating the series of specimens into three lots, according to the district from 

 whence they were obtained, average measurements are as follows: 



Locality. 



MALES. 



Thirteen adult males from Pennsylvania 

 to Virginia 



Four adult males from South Carolina and 

 Georgia 



Fourteen adult males from Myiarchusssissippi 

 Valley 



Four adult males from Louisiana 



FEMALES. 



Twenty-two adult females from Pennsyl- 

 vania to Virginia 



Two adult females from South Carolina 

 and Georgia 



Thirteen adult females from Myiarchusssissippi 

 Valley 



Wing. 



M.49 

 93.73 



94.23 

 90. 42 



90.42 

 88.90 

 91.96 



102. .36 

 100.08 



107.19 

 95.2.5 



101. 60 

 93.98 

 100. 84 



Culraen 

 from 

 base. 



18.80 

 18.80 



19. .56 

 20.57, 



18.64 

 20.07 

 18.54 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



15.49 

 16.24 



15. 75 

 16.26 



1,5.24 

 15. 24 

 14.99 



Width of 

 mandi- 

 ble at 

 base. 



12.19 

 12.19 



12.45 

 13.21 



12.45 

 12.19 

 12.46 



TarsiLS, 



24.64 

 24.89 



24.38 

 26. "lO 



24.38 

 24.64 

 24.64 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



16.76 

 16.76 



17.02 

 13.21 



16.61 

 17.27 

 16.76 



The measurements of Louisiana specimens are given above simply for sake of com- 

 parison. The Louisiana bird almost certainly is not true C cardinalis, neither can it 

 be referred without doubt to C. c. flm-idanus; but until more numerous specimens, 

 including females as well as males, have been examined I do not propose to sepa- 

 rate it. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 637 



districts of eastern Pennsyhania, western Pennsylvania (Indiana and 

 Clearfield counties), northeastern Ohio (Wayne County, Ottawa 

 County, etc.), northern Indiana (Wabash County), southern Iowa, etc., 

 casually or irregularly to Connecticut, Myiarchusssachusetts, Myiarchusine (Gar- 

 diner), Nova Scotia (Plalifax),^ southern Ontario, southern Myiarchuschigan, 

 southern Wisconsin (Racine), and Myiarchusnnesota (near Myiarchusnneapolis, etc.); 

 west to edge of Great Plains (southeastern South Dakota, eastern Kansas, 

 etc.)," casually to eastern Colorado (Pueblo and near Denver); south to 

 Georgia, Alabar.ia, and upland region of Gulf States;'' Bermuda 

 (introduced and naturalized). 



[Loxia] cardinalis'LiNNJEVs, Syst. lSlat.,ed. 10, i, 1758, 172 (basiMyiarchusou Coccothraustes 

 rubra Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, p. 38, pi. 38, etc.); ed. 12, i, 1766, 300.— 

 Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 847.— Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 375. 



LiOiAa cardiiiiilis AVilson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 38, pi. 11, figs. 1, 2. 



(bccothraustes cardinal^ Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xiii, 1817, 526. 



PringiUa cardirudisi Bonapakte, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., \x, July, 1824 (Obs. 

 Wilson's Am. Orn., No. 79); Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 113.— Nutoall, Myiarchusn. 

 Orn. U. S. and Canad., i, 1832, 519.— Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 336; v, 

 1839, 514, pi. 159. 



Pilylv.H cardimdis Audubon, iSynopsis, 1839, 131; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 

 U)S, pl.203.— GiRAUD,BirdsLongI., 1844, 1.32.— Willis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. 

 Inst, for 1858 (1859), 287 (Bermudas). 



Guiraca. cardinally Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 188, pi. 11, figs. 1, 2; 

 Contr. Orn., 1848, 79 (Bermudas, resident). — Hurdis, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 

 1850, 5 (Bermudas). 



\_Cardinalvi] carf/i'yiri/i'.s Lichtenstein, Nom. Av. Myiarchuss. Berol., 18.54, 44, part. 



Cardiii<d!s cardimdis Ajierican Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 593, 

 part. — Shabpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 161, part ( District Columbia, 

 Virginia, Illinois, Indiana). — Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 215, part 

 (Iowa City, Iowa, 2 specs. Apr. 17 and C)ct. 29; Morning Sun, Iowa, 2 specs. 

 Jan.; Ferry, Iowa; Denmark, Iowa; St. Louis, Myiarchusssouri). — Keyes and Wil- 

 liams, Proc. Davenp. Ac. Nat. Sci. , v, 1888 (Iowa City, Dec. ; occasional in cen- 

 tral Iowa). — Thompson, Trans. Canad. Inst., i, 1890, 16 (Weston, Ontario). — 

 Wakeen, Birds Penn., 1890, 245 (most of State, common in lower half). — Goss, 

 Birds Kansas, 1891, 483 (resident; rare in western Kansas) .—Smith (R. W.) , 

 Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., 1891, 121 (Warren Co., s. w. Ohio, common resid. ). — 

 HATCH,BirdsMyiarchusnn.,1892,339(straggler).—JIclLWRAiTH, Birds Ontario, 1892, 

 330 (s. w. Ontario). — Todd, Auk, x, 1893, 40 (Indiana and Clearfield counties, 

 w. Pennsylvania, breeding). — IJLREvandAVALLACE, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 

 155 (Wabash, Indiana, common resid.). — Prentiss, Auk, xiii, 1896, 238 

 (Bermudas; naturalized). — Obebholsee, Bull. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta., tech. 

 ser.,i, no. 4, 1896, 314 (Wayne Co., n. e. Ohio, abundant resid.; habits).— 



' No doubt some, if not all, of the extreme northern records are based on escaped 

 cage birds. 



''Lack of material from the intermediate region renders it very uncertain how far 

 south along the eastern border of the plains this form, or how far north the Texan 

 form (C c. canicaudus) extends; possibly even birds from eastern Kansas are referable 

 to the latter. 



* The status of the Cardinals of the Gulf coast lowlands is as yet undetermined; 

 possibly they constitute a distinct race. (See remarks on Louisiana specimens under 

 C. c. floridanus.) 




638 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Nehbling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 185, pi. 25, fig. 6. — Cooke, Birds Col. 



1897, 108 (near Denver, 1 spec. Dec. 5, 1883); Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 44' 



1898, 167 (Pueblo, Colorado, 1 spec. Nov. 28", 1895).— Knight, Bull. Dniv! 

 Myiarchusine, no. 3, 1897, 102 (Gardiner, Myiarchusine, 3 specs., 1896) .— Beownell, Auk 

 xiv, 1897,406 (Nyack, s. e. New York, breeding). — Nowbll, Auk, xvi, 1899 

 278 (song season). 



Clardincdigl cardinaUs Jordan, Myiarchusn. Vertebr. E. N. Am., 4th ed., 1884, 89.— 

 RIDGWAY, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 442, part. 



Lo.iia rubra Scopoli, Ann. I. Hist. Nat., 1769, 139 .(based on Looda cardinalu Lin- 

 naeus; substitute name). 



Cardinalis ruber STE,rNEGEfi, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 172. 



Cardinalis virginianus HotJAFARiE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 111, part; Geog. 

 and Comp. List, 1838, 35.— Baikd, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 509, part; 

 Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 390, part. — Myiarchusximilian, Journ. fiir Orn. , 1858, 268 

 (Indiana, etc. ; habits; descriptions) . — Sclater, Ibis, 1859, 105, in text (Ber- 

 mudas) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 100, part. — Allen, Proc. Essex Inst. , iv, 1864, 85 

 (Myiarchusssachusetts, accidental); Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 127 (Fort 

 Leavenworth, etc., Kansas; crit. ). — La whence, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,viii, 1866,286 

 (New York; Staten I.; near Fort Lee, New Jersey). — Jones, Am. Nat., v, 

 1871, 176 (Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1 spec. Jan. 31). — Coues, Check List, ls73, no. 

 203, part. — Baied, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N.Am. Birds, ii, 1874,100, 

 part, pi. 30, figs. 6. 7.— Brewster, Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi, 1875, 140 (Ritchie Co., 

 West Virginia; habits; song); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 108 (Connecti- 

 cut). — Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst.,viii, 1876, 110 (n. e. Illinois, rare). — Mer- 

 RiAM, Trans. Conn. Ac. Sci., iv, 1877, 44 (accidental in CounecticutR. Valley).— 

 BicKNELL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 131 (Myiarchusnhattanl., New York, Ispec. 

 Feb. ; Riverdale, New York, Oct. 1 2 and June 8) ; Auk, ii, 1885, 151 (song) .— 

 Scott, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 82 (Princeton, New Jersey, winter).— 

 MyiarchusChesney, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v, 1879, 78 (Fort Sisaeton, 

 South Dakota, 8 specs.. Myiarchusy and summer). — Gibbs, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 

 Terr., v, 1879, 487 (s. Myiarchuschigan, accidental). — Langdon, Journ. Cine. Soc, 

 X. H., iii, 1880, 224 (near Port Clinton, Ottawa Co., n. Ohio, July, several).— 

 Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 242, part.— Adnby, Auk, i, 1884, 390 

 (Brooklyn, New York, breeding).— Lantz, Auk, ii, 1885, 307 (Myiarchusnhattan, 

 Kansas; song).— Hoy, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Wise, 1885, 7 (Racine, Wisconsin, 

 1 pair Myiarchusy 20, 1847, and following spring). — Baetlbtt, Mon. Ploc. and Fring., 

 pt. ii, 1888, 1, part, pi. 1. 



C. lardinaMyiarchus'] virginianus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 358. — Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 

 i, 1850, 501.— Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, 1851, 144 (South Carolina).— Coues, Key 

 N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 393, part. 



[Cardinalis] virginianus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 102, no. 7531.— Coues, Key N. 

 Am. Birds, 1872, 151, part. 



[Cardinalis virginianus'] var. virginianus 'Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 17, 

 part. — Baird, Brewee, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874; 99, part. 



[Cardinalis virginianus] a. virginianus Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 172, in synonymy, 

 part. 



Cardinalis virginiana Coues, Check List, 2d ed.,I882, no, 299, part; Key,2de(l., 

 1884, 393, part.— Richards, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 59 (Wobum, 

 Myiarchusssachusetts, 1 spec. Nov. 14). 



Cardinalis virginianus, var. igneus (not Cardinalis igneus Baird) Bated, Bhewek, 

 ^nd Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, iii, 1874, 516 (El Paso Co., Colorado; e. 

 Kansas). 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



639 



CARDINALIS CARDINALIS CANICAUDUS Chapman. 

 GKAY-TAILED CARDINAL. 



Similar to C. c. cardinalis but averaging wing shorter and bill 

 slightly larger; adult males averaging purer red and with a narrower 

 black frontlet; adult females averaging grayer above and paler beneath, 

 and, usually, with a paler or less distinct capistrum. 



Adult male.— L&ngth (skins), 193.04-218.4J: (211.84); wing, 88.39- 

 96.52 (92.96); tail, 97.79-111.26 (104.65); culmen, from base, 18.03- 

 20.67 (19.56); depth of bill at base, 14.73-17.02 (16.75); width of man- 

 dible at base, 11.43-13.46 (12.45); tarsus, 23.62-26.16 (24.89); middle 

 toe, 15.24-18.29 (17.02).' 



AMtfmiale.—h&ngih.{skm%)^ 177.80-208.28 (197.87); wing, 81.79- 

 93.22 (88.39); tail, 90.93-104.65 (99.57); culmen, from base, 17.78- 

 20.32(19.06); depth of bill at base, 13.21-16.61 (14.99); width of man- 

 dible at base, 10.41-12.95 (11.94); tarsus, 23.62-26.42(24.89); middle 

 toe, 16.24-17.78 (16.51).' 



' Thirty-eight specimens. 

 ^ Tiiirty-one specimens. 

 Texan and Mexican specimens compare in average measurements as follows: 



Locality. 



Wing. 



Culmen 

 (from 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



Width of 

 mandi- 

 ble at 



Tarsus. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



Twenty-eight adult males from Texas 



Ten adult males from Nuevo Leon and 

 San Luis Potosi 



FEMALES. 



Twenty-six adult females from Texas 



Five adult females from Nuevo Leon and 

 Hidalgo 



92. 71 



.s,S. 11 

 89.41 



111. 76 

 105. 16 



99.31 

 100. 08 



19.30 

 19.81 



18.80 

 19.05 



16.00 

 16. 2<1 



14.99 

 14.99 



12.45 

 11.91 



11. 94 

 11. 94 



24.89 

 21.89 



24.64 

 24.89 



16.76 

 17.02 



16.51 

 16.76 



' The expediency of recognizing this as a definable subspecies seems to me some- 

 what doubtful. Taking the most extreme examples, the differences from typical 

 C. cardinalis are perhaps sufficiently marked; but such examples form too small a 

 proportion to warrant us in considering the form a very satisfactory one. There is 

 certainly nothing like the same amount nor constancy of differences that exist in the 

 case of the Florida race or between the several Mexican forms. 



As stated under the head of C. c: cardiiuilis, specimens from the Myiarchusssissippi Valley 

 in general are practically intermediate between examples from the Atlantic coast , 

 and specimens of C. c. canicaudus from Texas and northeastern Mexico; the males 

 of the Myiarchusssissippi Valley birds averaging decidedly brighter in color and the 

 females grayer than those from the country east of the AUeghenies. In fact many 

 specimens, of both sexes, from Texas, I am unable to distinguish from other skins 

 from southern Illinois and Indiana, Kentucky, etc. 



Examples from the Mexican States of Nuevo Leon (Monterey and Linares) and 

 San Luis Potosi (Hacienda Angostura) average brighter in color than those from 




640 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



The greater part of Texas (west to Tom Green and Concho counties) 

 western parts of Indian Territory (?), and northeastern Mexico, ii 

 States of Tamaulipas (Victoria, Jaumave), Nuevo Leon (Monterey 

 Rodriguez, Bagdad, Linares, etc.), San Luis Potosi (Myiarchustehuala, Valles 

 Hacienda Angostura), Hidalgo (Tula), Guanajuato (?),^ and Puebli 

 (Metlaltoyuca). 



CardinaUs virgbilauus (not of Bonaparte) Woodhouse, in Sitgreavea' Expl. Zufl 

 and Col. E., 1853, 81 (Texas; Indian Territory).— Baird, Rep. Pacific E. R 

 Surv., ix, 1858, 509, part (Brownsville, Indianola, and Eio Seco, Texas 

 Neuevo Leon, Mexico); Eep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859 

 17 (Brownsville; Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, and Coahuila, Mexico); Cat. N, 

 Am. Birds, 1859, no. 390, part.— Dkessee, Ibis, 1865, 491 (Texas).— (?)Duges 

 La Naturaleza, i, 1868, 139 (Guanajuato, Mexico).— Coues, Check List, I87a 

 no. 203, part. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 

 100, part. — Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 21 

 (Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas; descr. nest and eggs); v, 1879, 394 

 (Lometa, Texas) .—Merrill, Proc. V. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 129 (FortBrown, 

 Texas). — Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 242, part. — Ogilby, Sci. 

 Proc. Eoy. Dubl. Soc, iii, 1882 (40) (Navarro Co., Texas). — Nehrling, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 13 (s. e. Texas).— Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 

 vii, 1882, 39 (Kendall Co., Texas) . — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., 

 Aves, i, 1884, 340, part (Texas; Nuevo Leon; Guanajuato?). — Babtlett, 

 Mon. Ploc. and Fring, pt. ii, 1888, 1, part. 



[Cardinalis'] rirginianus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 151, part. —Sclatek and 

 Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27, part. 



C.[ardinalis] virgbiimins CouBs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 393, part. 



[Cardinalis rlrgianiix'] var. virginianus Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct. 1873, 617, 

 part. — Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 99, part. 



[Cardinalis rirginianus] a. rirginianus Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 172, part, in 

 synonymy. 



Cardinalis rirginiana Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 299, part. 



Cardinalis cardinalis (not Loxia cardinalis Linnaeus) American Ornithologists' 

 Union, Check List, 1886, no. 593, part. — Hancock, Bull. Eidgw. Orn. Club, 

 no. 2, 1887, 20 (Corpus Christi, Texas).— Lloyd, Auk, iv, 1887, 293 (Tom 

 Green and Concho counties, w. Texas, reaid.). — Beckham, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., X, 1887, 680 (Corpus Christi, San Antonio, and Beeville, Texas).— 

 Cooke, Bird Myiarchusgr. Myiarchusss. Val., 1888, 215, part (San Angelo, Texas; Caddo, 

 Indian Territory?).— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 161, part (Ken- 

 dall Co., Texas).- Hasbrouck, Auk, vi, 1889, 240 (Eastland Co., Texas).— 



Texas, the red being appreciably more intense; but while they thus approach C. c. 

 coccineus they may at once be distinguished from that form by their decidedly 

 smaller and less turgid bill, very much duller red crest, and, except in worn post- 

 nuptial dress, very distinct grayish margins to the feathers of the back. Females 

 from localities in the same States and also one from Hidalgo (Tula, Myiarchusrch 9, no. 

 144311, TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., E. W. Nelson, collector) are quite indistmguishable from 

 Texan females; in fact, they can be very closely matched by several specimens from 

 southern Illinois and Indiana. 



' The specimens examined from Guanajuato were evidently cage birds, since they 

 all show the peculiar light buff-yellow markings on head, neck, and chest said to be 

 produced artificially by the Indian bird fanciers of that district. The specimens 

 were all males, no females having been examined. These artificially yellow-markeu 

 birds represent the C. flavonotatus of Euss (see synonymy, page 641). 




BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



641 



Attwatek, Auk, ix, 1892, 339 (San Antonio).— Sinqley, Rep. Geol. Surv. 

 Tex., 1894, 372 (Corpus Christi, etc.). 



C. [ardinalis] cardinalis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. JST. Am. Birds, 1887, 442, part. 



Cardinalis cardinalis canicaudus Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist., iii, no. 2, 

 Aug. 27, 1891, 324 (near Corpus Christi, Texas; Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist.).— 

 Ambkican Obnithologists' Union Committee, Auk., ix, 1892, 106; Check 

 List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 593c.— Khoads, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 110 

 (Corpus Christi).— JouY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 779 (Hacienda 

 Angostura, San Luis Potosi). — Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 

 605. 



Cardinalis flavonoiatus "Russ, Zeitschrift." (Nehrkorn, Journ. fiir Orn. 1890^ 

 130, in text; crit. ). 



CARDINALIS CARDINALIS FLORIDANUS Ridgway. 

 FLORIDA CARDINAL. 



Similar to 0. c. cardinalis but decidedly smaller and darker; adult 

 male with terminal margins of feathers of back, etc., distinctly oliva- 

 ceous instead of gray, the red of under parts, etc. , deeper or darker, 

 without the purity of red of western (Myiarchusssissippi Valley and Texan) 

 specimens; adult female with upper parts more distinctly olivaceous 

 and under parts more tawny. 



AduU males.— Ijength (skins), 190.50-200.66 (194.56); wing, 87.12- 

 93.98 (90.17); tail, 93.98-106.68 (98.30); culmen, from base, 17.78- 

 20.07(19.05); depth of bill at base, 14.73-16.00 (15.24); width of man- 

 dible at base, 11.43-12.70 (12.19); tarsus, 23.62-25.91 (24.89); middle 

 toe, 11.43-12.70 (12.19).' 



Adult females.— 'Length {skms),172.72--19S.04:{185.93); wing, 81.28- 

 90.93(84.84); tail, 86.09-99.06(91.19); culmen, from base, 16.51-19.05 

 (18.54); depth of bill at base, 14.99-15.49 (15.24); width of mandible 

 at base, 10.92-12.70 (11.94); tarsus, 23.37-25.40 (24.13); middle toe, 

 16.49-18.29 (16.26).' 



■ ' Sixteen specimens. 



' Fourteen specimens. 



This form, of which nearly 150 adult specimens have been examined, shows a dis- 

 tinct approach toward the characters of the forms of southeastern Mexico, especially 

 those of Yucatan and Cozumel. It is apparently entirely restricted to the peninsula 

 of Florida. 



Four adult male Cardinals from New Orleans, Myiarchusdison ville, and Covington, Louisi- 

 ana, obtained in November and December, resemble Florida males very closely in 

 coloration, though the red is rather purer; but they have much larger bills, larger 

 feet, and relatively longer wings and shorter tail, the average measurements compar- 

 ing with those of Florida specimens, as follows: 



The bill is, in fact, decidedly larger in these Louisiana birds than in any other 

 specimens from the United States east of Arizona, and I have little doubt that it will 



17024—01 41 




642 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSJSUM. 



Peninsula of Florida. 



i'di-diiudk rinj'm'Knam [not of Bonaparte) BAntD, Kep. Paciflc E. E. Surv. ix 



1858, 509, part (Amelia I. and Key Bisoayne, Florida) ; Cat. N. Am. Birds 



1859, no. 390, part. — Allen, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 280 (e. Florida- 

 crit.). — Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 203, part. — Baibd, Brewer, and Ridg- 

 \VAY, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 100, part. — Mekeiam, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 

 87 (St. Johns and Ocklawaha rivers, Florida). — Myiarchusynakd, Birds Florida, pt. 

 iv, 1878, 108.— Ridgway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 203, part.— (?) Coey, 

 EevisedList Birds W. I., 1886, 35 (Cuba; fide Gundlach, Eepert. Fisico-Nat. 

 Cuba, 1866, 397) ; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 123.— Scott, Auk, vi, 1889, 324 

 (Gulf coast Florida). — Baetlett, Mon. Ploc. and Fring., pt. ii, 1888, 1, part. 



[Gardinalis] virginianus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 151, part. 

 C.[ardinalis'] virginianiis Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 393, part. 

 Cardinalis virginiana Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 299, part. 

 ICardinalinvirginianus'] var. rirghiianus Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 617, part.— 



Baied, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 99, part. 

 Oinlinalis cardinalis (not Loxia cardinalis Linnaeus) American Ornithologists' 



Union, Check List, 1886, no. 593, part.— Scott, Auk, vi, 1889, 324 (Key 



West and Gulf coast, Florida) . 

 C. [ardinalisl cardinalis Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 442, part. 

 Cardinalis cardinalis floridanus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 606, 



614 (Enterprise, Florida; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). — American Ornithologists' 



Union Committee, Auk, xiv, 1897, 122 (no. 593d). 



CARDINALIS CARDINALIS COCCINEUS Ridgway. 

 JALAPA CARDINAL. 



Similar to C. c. airdinalis but .smaller, with stouter bill and much more 

 intense coloration; adult male with back, etc., deep, dusky red, almost 

 or entireh' -svithout grayish or brownish margins to the feathers; head, 

 net'k, and under parts intense pure vermilion, the crest but slightly if 

 any duller than under parts; adult female with capistrum dull black 

 or gi-ayish black, very conspicuous; back, etc., buffy wood brown, 

 under parts deep tawny-buff, deeper (almost tawny) on chest. 



Adult ?rt«/d.— Length (skins), 193. 04-218. 44 (202.44); wing, 86.11- 

 91.44 (88.90); tail, 98.55-105.92 (101.85); culmen, from base, 20.07- 

 21.84 (20.83); depth of bill at base, 16.00-17.78 (17.02); widthof man- 

 dible at base, 12.45-13.97 (13.09); tarsus, 25.16-27.43 (26.16); middle 

 toe, 15.75-18.29 (17.27).^ 



AdMlt female.— Ijmgth. (skins), 195.58-208.28 (201.93); wing, 82.55- 

 86.36 (84.07); tail, 88.90-102.87 (98.30); culmen, from base, 19.05-20.32 

 (20.07); depth of bill at base (thi-ee specimens), 16.51; width of man- 

 dible at base (one specimen), 12.70; tarsus, 22.86-26.67 (25.15); middle 

 toe, 17.27-17.78.' 



eventually become necessary to separate the Louisiana bird as a different subspecies. 

 Myiarchusny additional specimens will be necessary, however, and" especially a good series 

 of females, to determine its status. 



' Ten specimens. 



'' Three specimens. 




BIRDS OF KOETH AND MIDDLE AMEBIC A. 648 



Gulf slope (hot and temperate districts) of southeastern Mexico, 

 in States of Vera Cruz (Myiarchusrador; Cordova; Orizaba; Catemaco; Ota- 

 titlan; San Andres Tuxtla?; Jalapa; Antigua) and northeastern 

 Oaxaca (Tuxtepec; Play a Vicente); north to southern Tamaulipas 

 (Alta Myiarchusra). 



Cardinalis virginianus (not of Bonaparte) Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 

 302 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 378 (Playa 

 Vicente, Oaxaca). — Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 552 (Vera 

 Cruz). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1884, 340, part (Cor- 

 dova and Jalapa; Playa Vicente). — Baktlbtt, Mon. Ploc. and Fring. , pt. ii, 

 1888, 1, part. 



ICardinalis] virginianus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 27, part. 



Cardinalis virginianus va.r.coccineus'RiTiGW ay, Am. Journ. Sci.,v, Jan., 1873,39, 

 part (type from Mexico'); Am. Nat.,vii, Oct., 1873, 617, part (Myiarchusrador); 

 in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 99, part. 



[Cardinalis virginianus'] var. coccineus Bidqway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 617, 

 part (Myiarchusrador). 



Cardinalis coccineus Baied, Beewee, and RincnvAY, Hiat. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 

 pi. 30, fig. 8 (bill).— Salvin, Ibis, 1888, 260, part. 



[Cardinalis virginianus] b. coccineus Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 172, part. 



Cardinalis ruber coccineus Stejnbger, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 172. 



C.[ardinalis] cardinalis coccineus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 442. 



Cardinalis cardinalis coccineus Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., x, 1898, 28 (Jalapa, 

 Vera Cruz). 



[Cardinalis cardinalis.] Subsp. a Cardinalis coccineus Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchuss.jxii, 1888, 163, part (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). 



CARDINALIS CARDINALIS LITTORALIS Nelson. 

 TABASCO CARDINAL. 



Similar to O. c. coccineus but adult male much deeper, less scarlet, 

 red, the head, neck, and under parts much nearer carmine than ver- 

 milion, the back, etc., more purplish dusky red; adult female similar 

 in color to that of C. c. coccineus. 



Achdt ma^e.— Length (skins), 190.50-210.82 (201.17); wing, 82.55- 

 91.44 (87.63); tail, 94.74-105.92 (100.84); culmen, from base, 20.07- 

 20.83 (20.32); depth of bill at base, 16.51-17.53 (17.02); width of 

 mandible at base, 12.45-13.72 (12.95); tarsus, 25.16-26.16 (25.91); 

 middle toe, 16.00-18.54(17.53).' 



/ ' This specimen is undoubtedly either from the State of Vera Cruz or the contigu- 

 ous portion of the State of Oaxaca, since it agrees exactly with examples from that 

 district in the collection of tlie Biological Survey (Department of Agriculture). 

 It was received by the Smithsonian Institution, In 1863, from M. Salle, and on 

 the original label bears the following, apparently in Jlr. A. Boucard's handwriting, 

 " Cardinalis virginianus Lin. cameus Less. E. Z., p. 210, Mexique," and on the reverse 

 side, "No. 100." Boucard made collections for M.Salle at Playa Vicente, Oaxaca, 

 in 1858, and "Cardinalis virginianus" is named in Dr. Sclater' s list of Boucard's col- 

 lection (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, p. 378). Possibly, therefore, this specimen, 

 which I have selected as the type of C. c. coccineus, is from Boucard's Playa Vicente 

 collection. 

 ' Four specimens. 




644 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Adndt female. — Length (skin), 215.90; wing, 87.63; tail, 100.33- 

 culmen, from base, 21.34; depth of bill at base, 18.29; width of man-' 

 dible at base, 13.21; tarsus, 25.91; middle toe, IT.27.^ 



"The moist, hot, coast lowlands of Vera Cruz, near Coatzocoalcos 

 and Myiarchusnatitlan, and undoubtedly ranging into the adjacent parts of 

 Tabasco." (Nelson.) 



Cardinalis cardinalis littoralu Nelson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 64 (Coatzocoalcos 

 coast s. Vera Cruz; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ). 



CARDINALIS CARDINALIS YUCATANICUS Ridgway. 

 YUCATAN CARDINAL. 



Similar to C c. coccineus but decidedly smaller; adult male with 

 the red of a slightly lighter hue; adult female not obviously different 

 in coloration from that of C. c. coccineus, but at once distinguishable 

 by the smaller size, the bill especially. 



Adult 7nale.~hength (skins), 171.45-199.39 (186.94); wing, 80.77- 

 86.36 (83.82); tail, 83.82-101.60 (93.98); culmen, from base, 18.03- 

 20.83 (19.81); depth of bill at base, 15.49-16.26 (15.75); width of 

 mandible at base, 11.43-12.95 (12.45); tarsus, 23.37-25.40 (24.64); 

 middle toe, 15.49-17.53 (16.51).' 



Adidt female.— Length (skins), 165.10-195.58 (179.83); wing, 77.47- 

 86.11 (81.53); tail, 85.85-97.03 (92.20); culmen, from base, 17.78-20.07 

 (18.64); depth of bill at base, 14.99-16.75 (15.32); width of mandible at 

 base, 11.68-12.96 (12.19); tarsus, 23.11-25.16 (24.13); middle toe, 

 16.24-17.53 (16.00).' 



Peninsula of Yucatan; British Honduras (?). 



(f ) Cardinalis virginianus (not of Bonaparte) Salvin, Ibis, 1866, 193 (Belize, British 



Honduras) . 

 Cardinalis virginianus (not of Bonaparte) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 201 



(Merida, Yucatan). — Bouoard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 444 (Chable, 



Yucatan).- — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1884, 340, part 



(Merida and Chable, Yucatan; Belize and Corosal, British Honduras?.)— 



Baktlett, Mon. Ploc. and Fring., pt. ii, 1888, 1, part. 

 Cardinalis virginianus var. coccineus Ridgway, Am. Jour. Sci., v, Jan., 1873, 39, part 



(Yucatan; British Honduras?); Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 617, part (Yuca- . 



tan); in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway'a Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 99 part 



(do.). 

 [Cardinalis virginianus'] h. coccineus Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 172, part (in 



synonymy) . 

 ICardinalis cardinalis.] Subsp. a Cardinalis coccineus Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. 



Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 163, part (Chable and Merida, n. Yucatan; Corosal and Belize, 



British Honduras?). 

 Cardinalis coccineus Salvin, Ibis, Apr., 1888, 260, part (Yucatan). 

 C.[ardinalis'] cardinalis yucatanicus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 443 



(Merida, u. Yucatan; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



' One specimen. ^ Eighteen specimens. ' Nine specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 646 



[Cardinalw cardinalis.] Subsp. /3. Cardinalisyucaianieus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. 



Myiarchuss.,xii, 1888, 820. 

 Cardinalis cardinalis yucatanicus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 



1896, 614.— Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 209 (Tekanto, Ticul, 



and Progreso, Yucatan). — Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., viii, 1896, 279 



(Chichen-Itza, Yucatan). 



CARDINALIS CARDINALIS SATURATUS Ridgway. 

 COZUUEI CARDINAL, 



Similar to C. c. yiwatanicus but wing averaging longer, bill stouter, 

 and feet larger; adult male darker, the back, etc., quite as dark as in 

 G. c. Uttoralis, the breast, etc., as in C. c. coccineus; adult female 

 scarcely different in coloration from that of C. c. yucatanknis, but 

 averaging rather duller. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 187.96-203.20 (196.09); wing, 85.85- 

 88.39 (87.12); tail, 90.93-97.03(93.98); culmen, from base, 19.30-20.07 

 (19.56); depth of bill at base, 17.27; width of mandible at base, 13.19- 

 12.70 (12.46); tarsus, 25.65-26.67 (25.91); middle toe, 17.27-17.78 

 (17.53).^ 



Adult female.— J^ei\gth (skins), 185.42-187.96(185.93); wing, 82.55- 

 86.61 (84.84); tail, 91.95-94.49(93.47); culmen, from base, 18.80-20.57 

 (19.81); width of mandible at base, 11.43-12.70 (12.45); tarsus, 25.15- 

 27.43 (25.91); middle toe, 16.51-18.29 (17.53).' 



Cozumel Island (also Holbox, Meco, and Myiarchusgeres islands?), Yucatan. 



Cardinalis ^aiuraius Ridgway, Descr. New Sp. Birds Cozumel, Feb. 26, 1885, 4 



(Cozumel I., Yucatan; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iii, 1885, 24. 

 Cardinalis cardinalis saluratus Eibgway, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, Oct. 17, 1885, 



568 (Cozumel; descr.; crit. ). 

 C. \ardinalis\ cardinalis saluratus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 443. 

 [Cardinalis cardinalis.'\ Subsp. a. Cardinalis coccineus (not Cardinalis virginianus 



var. coccineus Ridgway) Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 163, part 



(Cozumel; Myiarchusgeres I.?; Holbox I. ?). 

 Cardinalis coccineus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 820, part (Cozumel 



I.; Meco I.?).— Salvin, Ibis, 1888, 260, part (Cozumell.; Holbox I.?; Meco 



I.?; Myiarchusgeres I.?). 

 Cardinalis virginianus (not of Bonaparte) Bartlett, Mon. Ploc. andFring., pt. ii, 



1888, 1, part. 



CARDINALIS CARDINALIS SUPERBUS Ridgway. 

 AKIZONA CARBIlfAL. 



Similar to C. c. cardinalis but much larger, with relatively stouter 

 bill; adult male paler red, with black of lores not meeting across fore- 

 head; adult female more deeply colored than that of C. c. cardirbalis — 

 almost exactly similar in coloration to the same sex of C. c.floridanus, 

 but back, etc. , much grayer, and size much greater. 



' Four specimenH. '' Six specimens. 




646 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Adult male. — Head, neck, and under parts rather light pure ver- 

 milion red, decidedly lighter than average of C. c. cardmalis., the crest 

 rather deeper red than under parts, and, except in worn summer 

 plumage, more or less obscured by olive-grayish tips to feathers; 

 black capistrum as in C. c. cardinalis., but narrovsrer superiorly, not con- - 

 tinous across anterior part of forehead; otherwise not obviously dif- 

 ferent in coloration from C. c. cardinnlis; length (skins), 213.36-228.60 

 (221.49); wing, 99.57-104.39 (101.85); tail, 118.62-127.00 (122.43); 

 culmen, from base, 20.32-22.61 (22.10); depth of bill at base, 16.51- 

 17.78 (17.27); width of mandible at base, 13.21-13.97 (13.46); tarsus, 

 27.43-28.45 (28.19); middle toe, 17.78-19.05 (18.29).^ 



Adult femide. — Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts deep brownish 

 gray or grayish hair brown; coloration otherwise much like that of 

 the female of C. c. floridanus, but even more deeply and uniformly 

 tawny (clay color or deep clay -buff) beneath, the capistrum sometimes 

 quite distinct and deep grayish, the sides of head and chest often con- 

 spicuously touched with red; length (skins), 199.39-210.82 (204.98); 

 wing, 96.27-101.60 (it.S. 55); tail, 113.79-120.65 (117.09); culmen, from 

 base, 20.83; depth of bill at base, 15.75; width of mandible at base, 

 12.45-12.95 (12.70); tarsus, 25.40-25.91 (25.65); middle toe, 16.76- 

 17.53 (17.02).^ 



-Southern Arizona and contiguous parts of Sonora (Myiarchusgdalena, Oputo, 

 etc.), northwestern Mexico. 



(?) CardmaKs virgiminms (not of Bonaparte) Baird, Kep. Pacific K. R. Surv., ix, 



1858, 509, part (Fort Thorn, New Mexico) . 

 Cardinalis igneus (not of Baird) Coues, Proo. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 84 (Camp 



Grant, Arizona). — Coopek, Orn. Cal., 1870, 238, part (Camp Grant).— 



Yarrow, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1871 (1874), 35 (Arizona).— 



Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1884, 341, part.— Bartlett, 



Mon. Ploc. and Fring., pt. iii, 1889, part (Camp Grant and Tucaon, Arizona). 

 ICardinalis virginianus.'] Var. igneus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 151, part 



(Arizona). 

 l_Cardincdis virginianus'] var. igneus Ridqway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 617, part 



(Arizona). 

 Cardinalis virginianus . . . var. igneus Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 203a, part.— 



Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler's Surv., 1872 (1874) , 159 (s. e. Arizona); 



Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 302 (Cienega, Arizona). 

 Cardinalis irirginianus, var. igneus Baird, Brewer, and Ridqway, Hist. N. Am. 



Birds, ii, 1874, 103, part (Arizona). 

 {Cardinalis virginianus'] c. igneus Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 172, part (La 



synonymy) . 

 Cardinalis virginianus igneus Bbbwsteb, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, Apr., 1881, 69 



(San Pedro R., Arizona); vii, 1882, 199 (Tucson, Arizona).— Ridqway, Norn. 



N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 242a, part. 

 Cardinalis virginiana ignea Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 300, part. 

 C.{ardinalis'] v.lirginianus] igneus Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 394, 



part. 



' Seven specimens. ^ Two specimens. 




BIBDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. (')47 



\_Cardmalis cardinalis.] Subsp. /3. Cardinalis igiinis Sharpe, Oat. Birds lirit. 

 Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 164, part (Camp Lowell, Arizona). 



Cardinalis cardinalis SMpcr6«s Ridgway, Auk, ii, Oct., 1885, o44 (Tucson, Arizona; 

 TJ. S. Nat, Myiarchuss.). — American Ornitholoqists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 

 593a.— Scott, Auk, iv, 1887, 204 (Santa Oatalina Mts., Arizona, up to 5,000 

 ft.; song). — Rhoads, Proc. Ac.Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 121 (Tucson, Arizona). — 

 Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., v, 1893, 39 (Oputo, n. e. Sonora). 



C. [ardinalis] cardinalis superbus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 442. 



Clardinalw} superbus 'Ribqw ay, Auk, ii, Oct., 1885, 345. 



Cardinalis superbus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 165, footnote. 



CARDINALIS CARDINALIS IGNEUS (Baird). 

 SAINT LUCAS CARriNAI.. 



Similar to O. c. sii,j)erbuH but smaller, with relatively shorter and 

 thicker bill; adult male rather deeper red; adult female paler, both 

 above and below, with capistrum obsolete, very pale grayish oi' gra}^- 

 ish white, and general color of under parts light cla^'-bufl', the chest 

 and sides of head never (?) touched with red. 



AcImU v« «/('.— Length (skins), 194.31-21^.90 (ii09.s()); wing, 90.93- 

 96.52 (92.71); tail, 103.63-111.76 (107.44); culmen, from base, 18.0.3- 

 22.85 (20.57); depth of bill at base, 15.75-17.27(16.51); width of man- 

 dible at base, 12.45-13.46 (12.95); tarsus, 24.89-27.18 (25.65); middle 

 toe, 16.00-19.05 (17.78).^ 



Adult female.— Lo^rygth. (skins), 190.50-215.90 (202.44); wing, 88.90- 

 91.95 (89.92); tail, 101.60-106.17 (103.89); culmen, from base, 18.29- 

 20.83 (19.81); depth of bill at base, 15.21r-16.51 (16.00); width of man- 

 dible at base, 12.45-13.21 (12.70); tarsus, 23.11-25.65 (24.89); middle 

 toe, 15.75-17.78 (16.76).' 



Lower California (Cape St. Lucas district). 



Cardinalu igneus Baird, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Nov., 1859, 801, 304, 305 (Cape 

 St. Lucas, Lower California; U. S. Nat. j\lus. ). — Elliot, lUustr. NewandUnflg. 

 N. Am. Birds, 1869, pi. 4.— Cooper, Orn. CaL, 1870, 238, part (Cape St.' 

 Lucas). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pi. 30, 

 fig. 10.— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1884, 341, part (in 

 synonymy). — Bartlett, Mon. Ploc. and Fring., pt. iii, 1889, part (La Paz 

 and San Jos6, Lower California). 



[Cardinalisl igneus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 102, no. 7532. 



[Cardinalis virginianus.] Var. igneus Coues, Key, 1872, 151, part. 



Cardinalis nrg'mianus var. igneus Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 203a, part. 



Cardinalis virginianus var. igneus Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., v, Jan., 1873, 39, 

 part; Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 617, part (Cape St. Lucas).— Baird, Brewer, 

 aftd Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 103, part, pi. 30, fig. 10. 



ICardinalis virginianus^ c. igneus Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 172, part (in 

 synonymy). 



Cardinalis virginianus igneus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. J\Ius., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 

 181, 218, part; Norn. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 242</, part.— Belding, Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., V, 1883, 541 (La Paz, Lower California). 



' Fifteen specimens. ^ Six specimens. 




648 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Cardinalis iiirginiana ignea Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no, 300, part. 



C.lardinalis] v.[irginiamis] igneus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884 394 

 part. 



Cardinalis ruber igneus Stejnegee, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 172 part. 



Cardinalis cardinalis igneus Stejnegee, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 171, in text. — Ameri- 

 can Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 5936. 



C. lardinaHsl cardinalis igneus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 442. 



[Cardinalis cardinalis.} Subsp. /3. Cardinalis igneus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchuss. xii, 1888, 164, part (San Jos6 and Cape St. Lucas, Lower California). 



Cardinalis virginianus (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 100, part 

 (Cape St. Lucas). 



CARDINALIS CARDINALIS AFFINIS Nelson. 

 ALAMOS CARDIITAL. 



Similar to C. c. igneus but averaging slightly larger, bill decidedly 

 narrower or less tumid,^ and females decidedly grayer above and duller 

 tawny -buff beneath, with more dull red on wings and tail (especially on 

 the latter). 



Adaili male.— Ijength (skins), 200.66-218.M (211.58); wing, 91.44- 

 99.06 (94.49); tail, 106.68-113.03 (109.73); culmen, from base, 19.81- 

 21.59 (20.57); depth of bill at base, 15.49-17.27 (16.51); widthof man- 

 dible at base, 12.70-13.46 (12.95); tarsus, 25.40-26.67(25.91); middle 

 toe, 15.75-17.78 (17.53).' 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 200.66-213.36 (206.25); wing, 90.17- 

 93.47 (91.44); tail, 101.60-113.03 (106.17); culmen, from base, 19.81- 

 20.32 (20.07); depth of bill at base, 15.24-15.75 (15.49); width of man- 

 dible at base, 12.19-12.70 (12.45); tarsus, 24.89-25.91 (25.40); middle 

 toe, 17.02-17.78 (17.27).' 



Coast district of southern Sonora (Alamos, Ortiz, Batamotal, Guay- 

 mas, etc.) and northern Sinaloa, east into southwestern Chihuahua 

 (Batopilas, etc.). 



Cardinalis virginianus igneus (not Cardinalis igneus Baird) Belding, Proc. U. S. 



Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 343 (Guaymas, Sonora). 

 Cardinalis cardinalis superhus (not of Ridgway) American Ornthologists' Union, 



Check List, 1886, no. 593o, part. 

 C. [ardinaHsl cardinalis superbus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 442, part. 

 Cardinalis cardinalis affinis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii. Myiarchusy 29, 1899. 



28 (Alamos, Sonora; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



CARDINALIS CARDINALIS SINALOENSIS Nelson. 

 MAZATLAN CARDINAL. 



Similar to C. c. ignem but smaller, with bill longer and relatively 

 narrower; adult male with the red purer and slightly more intense; 



^The difference in the shape of the bill is but faintly suggested by measurements, 

 which, of course, indicate distances in straight lines; it is quite obvious on compan- 

 son of specimens. 



^ Eight specimens. 



'Three specimens (wing of four measured). 




BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 649 



I adult female similar to that of C. c. affinis but smaller and decidedly 



I darker; both above and below. 



i Adult male.— lueiigth (skin), 203.20; wing, 91.95; tail, 104.14; cul- 

 men, from base, 22.35; depth of bill at base, 16.61; width of mandible 

 at base, 12.95; tarsus, 25.40; middle toe, 17.27.' 



Adult female.— Length (skin), 194.31; wing, 85.85; tail, 94.49; cul- 

 men, from base, 20.32; depth of bill at base, 16.51; width of mandi- 

 ble at base, 11.43; tarsus, 26.40; middle toe, 17.53.' 



Coast plains and foothills of central and southern Sinaloa (vicinity 

 of Myiarchuszatlan, Culiacan, etc.); eastward to Myiarchuschoacan (Patzcuaro) ? ' 



Cardinalis virffinianus (not of Bonaparte) Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, 1870, 



339 (Myiarchuszatlan). 

 Cardinalis virginianm . . . var. igneus (not Cardinalis igneus Baird) Lawrence, 



Mem. Best. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 275, part (Myiarchuszatlan). 

 Cardinalis igneus (not of Baird) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 



1884, 341, part (Myiarchuszatlan). 

 [ Cardinalis cardinalis. ] Subsp. fi. Cardinalis igneus Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss. , 



xii, 1888, 164, part (Presidio, near Myiarchuszatlan). 

 Cardinalis cardinalis superbus (not of Ridgway ) Ameeican Ornithologists' Union, 



Check List, 1886, no. 593a, part (Myiarchuszatlan). 

 C.[ardinalis'] cardinalis superbus Ridgway, Myiarchusn. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 442, part 



(Myiarchuszatlan). 

 (?) Cardinalis cardinalis igneus Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 



223 (Limoncito and Altata, Sinaloa). 

 Cardinalis cardinalis sinaloenm Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, Myiarchusy 29, 



1899, 28 (Culiacan, Sinaloa; TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



CARDINALIS CARDINALIS MARINE Nelson. 

 TRES UARIAS CARDINAL. 



Similar to C c. igneus but wing longer, tail shorter, feet larger, 

 and bill more tumid; adult male with the red rather more scarlet, 

 and the back less obscured by olive-grayish tips to feathers (?); adult 

 female decidedly paler below, with the abdomen distinctly white. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 199.39-220.98 (207.62); wing, 91.44- 

 98.55(96.00); tail, 93.98-102.87 (99.31); culmen, from base, 20.32-22.10 

 (21.08); depth of bill at base, 15.75-17.27 (16.61); width of mandible 

 at base, 12.70-12.95 (12.70); tarsus, 27.18-29.21 (28.19); middle toe, 

 17.78-19.06 (18.29).* 



' One specimen. 



''One specimen (type). 



' The single specimen from Myiarchuschoacan is in abnormal plumage, the red being of 

 a distinct orange hue; ■furthermore, the remiges and rectrices are much broken, so 

 that satisfactory measurements of wing and tail can not be made. Other measure- 

 ments are as follows: Culmen, from base, 21.08; width of mandible at base, 12.70; 

 tarsus, 25.65; middle toe, 17.78. These measurements are sufficiently near to those 

 of the Sinaloa bird, but until more specimens have been examined from Myiarchuschoacan 

 birds from that district can only be referred here provisionally. 



* Seven specimens. 




650 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



AduJf fe/nalf'.—ljength (skins), 185.42-199.39 (193.04); wing, 88.39- 

 91.44 (89.66); tail, 92.71; oulmen, from base, 20.07-22.10 (21.08); 

 depth of bill at base, 14.99-16.26 (15.75); width of mandible at base, 

 12.19-12.95 (12.45); tarsus, 25.91-28.19 (26.92); middle toe, 17.27-18.29 

 (17.78).^ 



Tres Myiarchusrias Islands, western Mexico. 



Cardinalis virginianus (not of Bonaparte) Gkayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 



1871, 281 (Tres Myiarchusrias Islands, w. Mexico). 

 [Cardinalis virginianvsl var. igneus (not Cardinalis igneus Baird) Ridgway, Am. 



Nat., vii, 1873, 617, part (Tres Myiarchusrias). 

 CardhuiHx virginianus . . var. igneus Laweence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii 



1874, 275 (Tres Myiarchusrias). 

 Cardinalis virginianus, var. igneus Baird, Bkewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. 



Birds, ii, 1874, 10,3, part (Tres Myiarchusrias). 

 [Ciirdlnalis virginianus'] c. igneus Coves, BirdsN.W., 1874, 172, part (insynonymy). 

 Oirdinalis igneus (not of Baird) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Oentr.-Am., Aves, i, 



1884, 341, part (Tres Myiarchusrias). 

 [Cardinalis cardinalis.] Subsp. /3. Cardinalis igneus Shaepe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., 



xii, 1888, 164, part (Tres Myiarchusrias). 

 Cardinalis cardinalis marix Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, Jan. 27, 1898, 10 



(Myiarchusria Myiarchusdre I., Tres Myiarchusrias group, w. Mexico; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); North 



Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 52 (habits). 



CARDINALIS CARNEUS Lesson. 

 COLIKA CARDINAl. 



Resembling f. cardinalis coccineus bat crest longer, with its feathers 

 stifl' and distinctly outlined (not blended) ; the bill more depressed, with 

 more convex outlines; adult male with upper parts decidedly lighter 

 in color than in any of the forms of C. cardinalis., especially the back 

 and rump, the latter, with the upper tail-coverts, decidedly lighter 

 reddish than the former; adult female similar in coloration to that of 

 C. cardinalis coccineus, but outer surface of wings similar in color to 

 the back, with only a little dull reddish toward shafts of some of the 

 feathers, nearly or quite concealed in the closed wing. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 180.34^193.04 (184.91); wing, 81.28- 

 85.85(83.82); tail, 89.41-93.98 (91.95); culmen, from base, 17.27-20.07 

 (18.80); depth of bill at base, 14.99-16.24 (16.11); width of mandible 

 at base, 11.43-12.45 (11.94); tarsus, 22.36-24.89 (23.88); middle toe, 

 15.24-16.00 (15.75).' 



Adult fe)m.d,'.~L,ength (skins), 180.34-184.15 (182.12); wing, 80.77- 

 83.82(82.30); tail, 81.53; culmen, from base, 18.03-18.80(18.29); depth 

 of bill at base, 14.73-14.99 (14.86); width of mandible at base, 10.92- 

 11.43 (11.18); tarsus, 22.10-22.61 (22.35); middle toe, 15.49-15.75 

 (15.62).' 



' Five specimens. ^ Six specimens. ' Two specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 651 



Coast district of south-western Mexico, in States of Colima, Guer- 

 rero (Acapulco), andOaxaca^ (Tehuantepec, Huamelula, Playa Vicente, 

 etc.); Realejo, Nicaragua? 



Coccolhraustes (Cardinalis) cameua Lesson, Kev. Zool., July, 1842, 210 (Acapulco, 



Guerrero, Mexico). 

 C.\_ardinalis] cdrneua Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, .358. — Bonaparte, Consp. A v., i, 



1850, 501.— RIDGWAY, Myiarchusn. N. Ain. Birds, 1887, 443. 

 Cardinalis carneus Salvin and GoujrAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1884, 341 



(Acapulco; Sierra Nevada, Colima; Huamelula, Oaxaca). 

 Cardinalis virginianiis var. cafneus Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci., v, Jan., 1873, 39 



(Colima). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgw.vy, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 99 



(do.).— Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 1874, 275 (Sierra Myiarchusdre, 



Colima); Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 4, 1876, 20 (Huamelula, Oaxaca). 

 [Cardinalis virginianiis'] var. rarneus Ridgway, Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, 617. 

 [Cardinalis vlrgiiiinniis.l d. irinwiix Coues, Birds N. W., 1874, 172 (synonymy). 

 [Cardinalis cardinalis.'] Subsp. y. CdriUmiUs carneus SitARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. 



Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 166 (Acapulco). 

 Cardinalis ruber carnnis Stejneger, Auk, i, Apr., 1884, 172. 

 Cardinalis virginianus (not of Bonaparte) Salyin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Jjond., 1883, 



421 (Acapulco). — Bartlett, ]\Ion. Ploc. and Fring., pt. ii, 1888, 1, part. 

 {?)C:[ardinalis] lessoni Bonapakte, Consp. Av., i, 18.50, 501 (no locality given). 



Genus PITYLUS Cuvier. 



Pityhis Cuvier, Kegne Animal, i, 1829, 413. (Type, Loxia, grossa Linnaeus. ) 

 Cissurus REifMENBACii, Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pi. 77. (Type, Loxia fuliginosa 

 Daudin. ) 



Large stout-billed Fringillidaj with short and much-rounded wing, 



tail about as long as wing and much rounded, and small feet (tarsus a 



, little longer than culmen, measured from extreme base, and middle toe 



with claw decidedly shorter than tarsus); coloration mostly plain slate, 



with some black and white, the bill red (yellowish in dried skins). 



Bill stout, turgid-conical, much deeper than broad at base, its basal 

 depth decidedly greater than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; 

 cuhnen strongly convex, nearly as long (from extreme base), as tar- 

 sus; gonys straight, a little shorter than distance from nostril to tip 

 of maxilla; maxilla and mandible about equal in depth; maxillary 



' It is possible the Oaxaca birds referred to this species may require separation 

 from those found in the States of Guerrero and Colima, but the series I have been 

 able to examine is too small to enable me to form a decided opinion in the matter. 

 The three males from Tehuantepec have decidedly longer bills than the one from 

 Acapulco or the two from Colima, and the same difference is observable between two 

 females from the first two named localities; the culmen in birds from Tehuantepec 

 measuring from 18.80-20.07 (averaging 19.56), in those from Acapulco and Colima 

 only 17.27-18.54 (averaging 18.03) . The Tehuantepec males also appear to have the 

 black on the forehead broader. The principal reason, however, for suspecting the 

 existence of two forms is the very marked difference between the two females from 



, Tehuantepec and Acapulco, respectively. That from Tehuantepec has the capistrum 

 quite black and very sharply defined, while that from Acapulco has the capistrum 



I dusky grayish and without sharp outlines. 




652 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



tomium strongly convex or lobed (sometimes prominently toothed or 

 angulated) between middle and tip, concave subbasally, with or without 

 an obvious notch near tip; mandibular tomium nearly straight for most 

 of its length, or else convex subterminally and concave in middle por- 

 tion, the basal third abruptly deflected, but the angle thus produced not 

 distinctly toothed nor notched. Nostrils small, broadly oval, obliquely 

 vertical or nearly circular, nearly concealed by the dense frontal feath- 

 ers. Rictal bristles distinct. Wing rather short (a little more than 

 four times as long as the short tarsus), much rounded (eighth to fifth 

 primaries longest, the ninth not longer than fourth, sometimes shorter 

 than second); primaries exceeding secondaries by less than length of 

 exposed culmen. Tail about as long as wing, much rounded, the rectri- 

 ces rather broad, with compact webs and rounded but somewhat nar- 

 rowed tips. Tarsus longer than culmen (from extreme base), decidedly 

 longer than middle toe with claw (grossus) or shorter {fuligim>mH)\ 

 lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw; hallux decidedly 

 shorter than lateral toes, its claw shorter than the digit. 



Colors. — Uniform dark bluish gray or slaty, with white under wing- 

 coverts, and sometimes with white on throat; adult males with chest 

 and more or less of head black. 



Range. — Nicaragua to southeastern Brazil and western Ecuador. 



I have been obliged to eliminate from this genus sundry species 

 which have usually been referred to it, but which appear to be very 

 different in structure. These I place among the genera Oaryothraustes, 

 Shodothraupis, and Periparphyrus. Pitylus, as thus restricted, seems 

 more nearly related to Cardinal/is than to the forms mentioned, the 

 bill being exceedingly similar and the nostrils similarly almost con- 

 cealed by the frontal feathers, although the very different coloration 

 and the absence of a crest in Pityhis give the two genera a very dif- 

 erent appearance. 



PITYLUS GROSSUS (Linnaeus). 

 SLATE-COLOREB GROSBEAK. 



Adult male. — General color uniform bluish slate; lores, suborbital, 

 auricular, and malar regions, sides of chin and throat, and chest, 

 uniform black; median portion of chin and throat white; under wing- 

 coverts white; wings and tail blackish, the wing-coverts and second- 

 aries edged (the former broadly) with bluish slate; bill wholly bright 

 red (fading to dull yellowish in dried skins) ; legs and feet brownish; 

 length (skins), 177.80-187.96 (181.61); wing, 93.22-99.06 (97.03); tail, 

 78.23-86.36 (81.03); culmen, from base, 19.30-21.59 (20.82); depth of 

 bill at base, 15.00-17.00 (16.50); tarsus, 21.84-23.62 (22.86); middle 

 toe, 15.24-17.27 (16.00).^ 



Adult female. — Similar to adult male but without any black on head 

 or chest, and slate-color of under parts paler, more grayish; length 



'Seven specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



653 



(skins), 182.88-193.04 (186.69); wing, 90.42-99.06 (94.23); tail, 76.96- 

 86.36 (82.55); culmen, from base, 18.03-21.59 (20.07); depth of bill at 

 base, le. 26-17. 53 (17.02); tarsus, 22.10-23.62 (22.86); middle toe 

 15.24-17.53 (16.00).^ 



Nicaragua (Chontales) to British Guiana, Cayenne, eastern Brazil 

 (Pernambuco), Bolivia (Myiarchuspiri), eastern and central Peru, and western 

 Ecuador. 



ILoxia] grossa LiNNJiius, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 307 ("America;" based on 

 Coccothrausles americana cserulea Brisson, Orn. , App. 89, pi. 5, fig. 1 ) .— Gmelin, 

 Syst. Nat. i, pt. ii, 1788, 864.— Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 374. 



P.[itylus'] grossus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 362.— Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i 1851 

 143 (Guiana). 



[PUylasI .^rossa Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 503 (Cayenne; Brazil). 



Pitylus grossus Cabanis, in Schomburgls's Eeise Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 677.— 

 ScLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 154 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856, 64 

 (monogr. ; Cayenne; British Guiana; Bogota; Pebas, e. Peru) ; 1857, 264 (Rio 

 Javari, e. Peru); 1860, 293 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 

 1856, 2 (monogr.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 98 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador; 

 Colombia; Cayenne) ; Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xi, 1886, 303 (Bartica Grove, 

 Camacusa, and Merum6 Mts., Brit. Guiana; Gyapoc, Cayenne; Pebas and 

 Eio Javari, e. Peru; Sarayacu, Esmeraldas, and Balzar Mts., Ecuador; 

 Nichi and Bogota, Colombia; Panama; Santa M, Veragua; Valza and 

 Tucurrique, Costa Rica; Chontales, Nicaragua).— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 1860, 140 (Rio Truando, n. Colombia); 1865, 170 (Pacuar, 

 Costa Eica).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 298 (Lion Hill, Pan- 

 ama R. R.); ix, 1868, 102 (Pacuar, Costa Rica).— Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 352 (Lion Hill); 1873, 185 (Cosnipata, Peru), 

 263 (Rio Javari, e. Peru); 1879, 505 (Remedios and Neche, Colombia).— 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 141 (Santa F6, Veragua) ; Ibis, 1872, 317 

 (Chontales, Nicaragua); 1885, 213 (British Guiana).— Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 

 1871, 220.— Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 518 (centr. Peru); Orn. 

 du P6rou, ii, 1885, 548.— Zeledon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 8; An. 

 Myiarchuss: Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 111 (Jimenez; Pacuare).— Berlepsch and 

 Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1883, 549 (w. Ecuador).— Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr. -Am., Aves, i, 1883, 331.— Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. 

 N. H., ii, 1889, 83 (Myiarchuspiri, Bolivia).— Riker and Chapman, Auk, vii, 1890, 

 267 (Santarem, Lower Amazon). — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 

 1893, 491 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; notes, habits, etc.). — Salvadori and 

 Ebsta, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool. etc., Torino, xv, 1899, 22 (Valle del Zamora, e. 

 Ecuador; Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador; synonymy). 

 IPiiylus'] grossus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. A v. Neotr., 1873, 26. 



'Nine specimens. 



All the males examined are from the Isthmus of Panama. The females represent 

 also South American localities and Costa Rica, their average measurements being as 

 follows: 



I am unable to detect any differences in coloration between specimens from differ- 

 ent localities, including those from eastern Brazil (Pernambuco). 




654 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Genus CARYOTHRAUSTES Reichenbaeh. 



Caryothraustes Eeichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pi. 78. (Type, Cocmthraustes 

 viridis Vieillot. ) 



Short-tailed, thick- billed Fring.illidiv^ with the maxilla distinctly 

 uncinate at tip, notched subterminally, and swollen laterally, the nos- 

 trils wholly exposed, and the plumage partlj' 3^ellow. 



Bill decidedly shorter than head, thick and turgid, with lateral out- 

 lines distinctly convex or bowed, except terminally, the tip of the 

 maxilla slightly but distinctlj^ uncinate; culmen strongl}^ convex, nearly 

 equal (from extreme base) to length of tarsus; gonys nearly equal to 

 length of maxilla from nostril (except in C. hnmeralls), straight; maxil- 

 lary tomium distinctly notched subterminally, then gently deflected 

 in a nearly straight line to about half as far as the nostril, where 

 inclined upward, forming a more or less prominent, rounded, median 

 lobe, behind which the tomium is first more or less deeply concave, 

 then decidely deflected to the rictus (more gradually so in 0. hu/neralis); 

 mandibular tomium more or less convex near tip, then nearly straight 

 to the distinct angular notch immediately in front of the subbasal 

 angle. Nostril wholly exposed, oval, obliquely horizontal, with 

 rather broad superior membrane. Rictal bristles inconspicuous. Wing 

 moderate (a little more than four to more than four and a half times as 

 long as tarsus), slightly roundisd (eighth to tixth primaries longest, 

 ninth longer than third, sometimes longer than fourth); primaries 

 exceeding secondaries by length of exposed culmen or more (much 

 more in O. humeralis). Tail much shorter than wing (difference 

 exceeding length of tarsus), even {C. viriflts, C. irasiliens/'-^ or slightly 

 rounded {C. poliogaster and C humrrnlis), the rectrices rather nar- 

 row, contracted or obtusely pointed or rounded at tip. Tarsus slightly 

 longer than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to base 

 of middle claw; hind claw much shorter than its digit, strongly curved, 

 grooved laterally. 



Coloration. — Prevailing color above plain olive-green, beneath partly 

 or wholly yellow; lores and thence to chin and upper throat black, or 

 else {C. Immeralis) pileum gray and malar region and middle line of 

 throat white barred with black; in C. poliogaster posterior parts, both 

 above and below, gray. Sexes alike. 



Bcunge. — Southern Mexico to Brazil. 



There is considerable difference between O. viridis (and its subspecies 

 C. V. Irasiliensis) on the one hand and 0. poliogaster on the other in 

 the proportions of the bill, that of the latter being much broader and 

 more turgid, with the maxillary tomium more strongly lobed, and the 

 mandibular tomium more strongly and abruptly deflected basally. 0. 

 humeralis Lawrence is still more different. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



655 



KEV TO THE SUBSPECIES OK CARYOTHRAUSTES. 



[Rump, upper tail-coverts, and flanks dull gray; abdoinen dull white; under tail- 

 coverts gray margined with dull whitish. ( Caryothrausles poUogaster. ) J 

 a. Larger (wing more than 88.90, averaging 94.74; tail averaging 74.68); scapulars 

 gray, like rump. (Southern Mexico to northwestern Honduras. ) 



Caryothranstes poliogaater poliogaster (p. 665). 

 00. Smaller (wing not more than 88.90, averaging 86.11; -tail averaging 68.58); scap- 

 ulars olive-green, like back and wings. (Southeastern Honduras to Isthmus 

 of Panama.) Caryothraustes poliogaster scapularia (p. 656). 



CARYOTHRAUSTES POLIOGASTER POLIOGASTER (Du Bus). 

 BISHOP GROSBEAK. 



Adaclts {sexes alike). — Lores, orbits, anterior half of malar region, 

 chin, and upper throat black; rest of head, together with neck, chest, 

 and breast, yellow (lemon or gamboge), purest on forehead and lower 

 throat, elsewhere more or less tinged with olive, especially on occiput 

 and hindneck, which incline more or less strongly to olive-green; upper 

 back, wings, and tail yellowish olive-green; scapulars, lower back, 

 rump, and upper tail-coverts plain slate-gray; sides and flanks light 

 gray, fading into paler gray or grayish white on abdomen; under tail- 

 coverts pale brownish graj^ centrally, broadly margined with dull buffy 

 whitish; axillars, under wing-coverts, and edges of inner webs of 

 remiges clear light chrome or lemon yellow; bill black, basal portion 

 bluish gray; legs and feet dusky (bluish gray or gi'ayish blue in life?). 



Adult maZe.— Length (skins), 170.18-195.58 (179.58); wing, 88.90- 

 100.84: (95.00); tail, 72.90-80.01 (75.44); exposed culmen, 15.24-17.53 

 (16.51); depth of bill at base, 12.70-14.22 (13.21); tarsus, 21.84-23.88 

 (22.86); middle toe, 14.22-16.51 (15.24).^ 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 162.56-167.64 (165.10); wing, 88.90- 

 89.41 (89.15); tail, 66.55-71.63 (69.09); exposed culmen, 15.24-16.00 

 (15.49); tarsus, 11.94-12.96 (12.45); middle toe, 14.22-15.24(14.73).' 



' Eight specimens. 



' Two specimens. 



Specimens from Honduras are smaller than those from Guatemala, the latter being 

 smaller than those from Mexico; but I am not able to detect any color differences. 

 Specimens from the three countries average respectively as follows: 




656 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MCTSEUM. 



Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Cosamaloapan; Cordova) 

 Oaxaca (Choapam; Teotalcingo; Playa Vicente), and southward through 

 Guatemala and British Honduras to northern Honduras (Santa Ana). 



Pitylus poliogaster Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xiv, pt. 2, 1847, 105 (Guatemala- 

 Brussels Myiarchuss.); Rev. Zool., 1848, 245; Esquis. Orn., 1845?, pi. 22.— Sclatee' 

 Proc. Zool. Soo. Lond., 1856, 66 (monogr.; Cosamaloapan and Coi-dova, Vera 

 Cruz; Guatemala), 302 (Cordova); 1859, 376 (Choapam, Teotalcingo, and 

 Playa Vicente, Oaxaca) ^ Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 4 (monogr.); Cat. Am. 

 Birds, 1862, 99 (Choctum, Guatemala; Mexico); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xi 

 1886, 307, part (Mexico; Choctum, Kamkhal, and Yaxcamnal, Guatemala; 

 Belize, British Honduras). — Salvin and Sclatee, Ibis, 1860, 32 (Cohan, Vera 

 Paz, Guatemala). — Sclatee and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 

 (San Pedro, Honduras). — Sumicheast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 548 

 (tierra caliente. Vera Cruz, up to 3,350 ft.). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 333, part (Mexican, Guatemalan, British Hon- 

 duras, and Honduras references and localities ) . 



P-litylits} poliogaster Geay, Gen. Birds, App., 1849, 16.— Sclatee and Salvin, 

 Exotic Orn., pt. xi, 1869, 168, part (s. Mexico; Guatemala). 



[Pityliis] poliogaster Sclatee andSALViN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 26, part (Mexico; 

 Guatemala) . 



Pitylus flavo-cinereus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, 47 ("South Amer- 

 ica;" quotes "Loxia canadensis Linn., var. A., Lath., Gen. Hist., v, 282"). 



[^Caryothraustes} episcopus Bonapaete, Cohsp. Av., i, 1850, 504 (Cosamaloapan, 

 Vera Cruz; Berlin Myiarchuss., ex Fringilla episcopus Lichtenstein, manuscript). 



CARYOTHRAUSTES POLIOGASTER SCAPULARIS Ridgway. 

 LESSER BISHOP GROSBEAK. 



Similar to C. p. poliogaster but smaller, and with the scapulars and 

 lower back yellowish olive-green, like upper back, instead of slate- 

 gray like rump. 



Advlt male.— Length (skins), 152.40-175.26 (161.04); wing, 83.31- 

 87.88 (85.34); tail, 64.01-70.87 (68.33); exposed culmen, 16.00-16.76 

 (16.51); depth of bill at base, 12.45-13.21 (12.95); tarsus, 20.07-20.83 

 (20.57); middle toe, 13.97-14.73 (14.48).' 



Adult fmiale.— Length (skins), 144.78-172.72 (160.02); wing, 82.55- 

 88.39 (85.34); tail, 59.44-71.88 (66.55); exposed culmen, 15.24-17.27 

 (16.2.6); depthof bill at base, 12.19-12.95 (12.70); tarsus, 20.07-21.34 

 (20.83); middle toe, 13.21-15.24 (14.48).' 



Southern Honduras (Segovia River) to Isthmus of Panama. 



Pitylus poliogaster (not of Du Bus) Sclatee and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1864, 352 (Lion Hill, Panama E. R.).— Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 

 141 (Santa F6, Veragua) ; Ibis, 1872, 317 (Chontales, Nicaragua) .—La whence, 

 Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 102 (Angostura, Costa Rica) .-Nutting, Proc. 

 TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 400 (Los Sdbalos, Nicaragua).— Sclatee, Cat. Birds 

 Brit. Myiarchuss., xi, 1886, 307, part (Chontales; Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; Santiago 



'Five specimens. ^ Six specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 657 



and Santa F6, Veragua; Panama).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., 



Aves. i, 1884, 333, part (Nicaragua Costa Rica, and Panama references and 



localities). 

 P-litylus] poliogaster Sclater and Salvin, Exotic Orn., pt. xi, 1869, 168, part 



(Costa Rica; "Veragua; Panama) . 

 [Pitylus] poliogaster Sclater and Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 26, part. 

 Pitylus poliogaster scapularis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, Aug. 6, 1888, 



586 (Los Sdbalos, e. Nicaragua; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— Zeledon, An. Myiarchuss. Nac. 



Costa Rica, i, 1887, 111 (Angostura, Costa Rica) .—Richmond, Proc. U. S. 



Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 491 (Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; 



habits). 



Genus RHODOTHRAUPIS Ridgway. 



Rhodothraupis Ridgway, Auk, xv, no. 3, July (pub. Myiarchusy 14), 1898, 226. (Type, 

 Fringilla celusno Lichtenstein. ) 



Similar to Caryothraiistes but tail much longer (nearly as long as 

 wing) and decidedly rounded; ninth primary not longer than second, 

 instead of longer than third; tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe 

 with claw. Sexes different in color, though similar in pattern, the 

 adult male being dull carmine red below and across hindneck, other- 

 wise, including head (all round) and chest, black; adult female and 

 immature male with head and chest black, otherwise plain olive-green, 

 more yellowish on under parts and hindneck. 

 Range. — Eastern Mexico. (Monotypic.) { 



While bearing a strong superficial resemblance in coloration to Peri- 

 parphynis,^ this genus is exceedingly distinct in structure, in which 

 respect it is much more nearly related to Caryothr amies. The bill is 

 less different in form from that of C. viridis or O. poliogaster than 

 these are from one another, but the nostril appears to be more rounded 

 than in either, with less of an overhanging membrane. Bhodothraujns 

 agrees with Periporphyrus in lengthened and distinctly rounded tail, 

 and, to a degree, in the pattern of coloration, but the bill is exceed- 

 ingly different in form. 



RHODOTHRAUPIS CEL^ENO (Lichtenstein). 

 CRIinSON-COLLAREI) GROSBEAK, 



Adult male. — Head, foreneck, chest, and upper parts (except hind- 

 neck) plain black; hindneck and under parts of bod}^ (posterior to 

 chest) dull red, darker (nearly burnt carmine) on hindneck, lighter and 

 brighter (sometimes almost poppy red) on under parts, where the 

 feathers are more or less black centrally;'^ under tail-coverts dusky, 

 margined (usually broadly) with light red or pink; axillars, under 



^Periporphyrus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pi. 77. Type, Loxia erythro- 

 melas Gmelin. 



* Sometimes these black central spaces to the feathers are so large that the red is 

 reduced to a narrow margin, the flanks sometimes uniform black. In other speci- 



17024—01 42 




658 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



wing-coverts, and edges of inner webs of secondaries uniform salmon- 

 pink; bill more or less dusky in dried skins, in life with basal half 

 grayish blue or plumbeous, the terminal portion dusky; legs and feet 

 dusky (grayish or grayish blue in life?). 



Imiruiture inale and cidvlt female. — Head (all round), foreneck, and 

 chest uniform black; upper parts (except pileum) plain olive-green, 

 brighter or more yellowish on hindneck, duller on wings and tail, the 

 middle and greater wing-coverts usually very narrowly tipped with 

 pale yellowish; under parts (posterior to chest) yellowish olive-green 

 or olive-yellow, sometimes narrowly streaked with grayish olive or 

 dusky, the flanks more grayish olive; under tail-coverts light grayish 

 olive margined with pale yellow; axillars and under wmg-coverts 

 uniform clear light chrome or canary yellow; bill and feet as in adult 

 male. 



AdMUmale.—\i^\^^\s. (skins), 204.47-209.55 (206.76); wing, 102. 36- 

 107.95 (105.41); tail, 92.96-102.11 (96.27); exposed culmen, 18.64- 

 20.07 (19.30); depth of bill at base, 12.95-14.48 (13.72); tarsus, 22.86- 

 23.88 (23.62); middle toe, 16.26-17.02 (16.76).' 



JL<^w/^/em«fe.— Length (skins), 203.20-215.90 (210.06); wing, 99.57- 

 105.92 (102.36); tail, 89.92-96.27 (92.96); exposed culmen, 18.03-19.56 

 (18.80); depth of bill at base, 12.70-13.46 (13.21); tarsus, 22.86-24.89 

 (24.38); middle toe, 15.49-17.27 (16.51).' 



Eastern Mexico, in states of Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), Vera Cruz 

 (Papantla; Myiarchussantla), San Luis Potosi (Valles; Jilitla), andTamaulipas 

 (Tampico; Alta Myiarchusra; Victoria). 



YFanagrd\ celaeno Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 2 (Mexico; see 

 Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 57). 



Fitylus celseno Sclatbr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 65 (monogr.; Papantla, 

 Vera Cruz); 1864, 174 (Valley of Mexico); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 3 

 (monogr. ) ; Oat. Am. Birds, 1862, 99 (Mexico) ; Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xi, 1886, 

 305.— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Avea, i, 1883, 332, pi. 24; Ibis, 

 1889, 238 (Myiarchussantla, Vera Cruz; Tampico and mts. bet. Ciudad Victoriaaiid 

 Montemorelos, Tamaulipas). — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xviii, 1896, 

 631 (Alta Myiarchusra, Tamaulipas). 



[Pilyltis'] calamo Sclatee and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 26. 



FUylus atro-purpuratus Laeresnaye, Eev. Zool., 1838, 224 (Mexico). 



[Periporphyrusl atro-purpuratus Bonaparte, Consp. Av. i, 1850, 503. 



Fitylus atro-olivaceus Lafeesnaye, Eev. Zool., 1838, 224 (Mexico;=female). 



ICaryothramtes] atro-olivaceus Bon apaete,- Consp. Avj, i, 1850, 503. 



Pyranga mexicana Lesson, Bev. Zool., 1839, 41 (Mexico). 



P.lyranga'] mexicana Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 364.— Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 

 i, 1850, 241. 



mens the under parts are almost unbroken red. Occasionally the middle and greater 

 wing-coverts are narrowly tipped with light red or pink, producing two more or less 

 distinct bands across the wing. These variations are found among specimens from 

 the same locality, and they do not appear to be seasonal, 

 ' Six specimens, 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 659 



Genus SALTATOR Vieillot. 



Saltatory lEihUiT, Analyse, 1816, 32. (Type, ['Grand Tangurii, Buff. ," = Tanai/ra 

 magna Gmelin. ) 



Large, plainly colored Fringillidse, with tail nearlj^ if not quite as 

 long as wing, rounded; tarsus not conspicuously if at all longer than 

 middle toe with claw; bill rather large, usually elongate-conical, with 

 tip of maxilla more or less distinctly decurved and produced into a 

 distinct hook or point with distinct tomial notch behind it; maxillary 

 tomium not distinctly sinuate or lobed, and subbasal portion of man- 

 dibular tomium not angulated nor toothed; upper parts plain olive- 

 green, brown, or brownish gray (pileum sometimes black); under parts 

 plain grayish, passing into fulvous posteriorly, the throat white or 

 pale fulvous, or else under parts streaked with olive. 



Bill elongate-conical, with maxilla rather strongly decurved termi- 

 nally, its tip forming a distinct point or nngius, with distinct tomial 

 notch immediately behind; basal depth of bill less than distance from 

 nostril to tip of maxilla, decidedly greater than basal width ; culmen 

 moderately convex, more strongly so terminally; gonys straight or 

 very slightly convex, its length less than basal depth of bill; maxil- 

 lary tomium not distinctly sinuated nor lobed, its basal portion not 

 abraptly nor very strongly deflexed; mandibular tomium nearly 

 straight for most of its length, the subbasal portion not angulated nor 

 toothed,' but gradually rounded to the rictus, the terminal portion 

 more or less beveled off to the point of the mandible. Nostril 

 exposed, small, roundish, in anterior portion of nasal fosses, overhung 

 by rather distinct membrane; nasal fossae feathered to posterior edge 

 of nostrils. Rictal bristles obvious but rather small. Wing moderate, 

 rounded, the tip much shorter than tarsus; seventh to fifth primaries 

 longest, the outermost (ninth) shorter than third, usually shorter than 

 second. Tail nearly if not quite as long as wing, rounded. Tarsus 

 rather stout, longer than commissure, less than to a little more than 

 one-fourth as long as wing, its scutella distinct; middle toe, with 

 claw, about as long as tarsus, or slightly shorter; lateral toes, with 

 claws, reaching about to base of middle claw; hallux about as long as 

 lateral toes but much stouter, its claw much shorter than the digit. 



Coloration. — Above plain olive-green, oli^^e, or brownish gray, the 

 pileum sometimes black; beneath plain grayish or buffy grayish, 

 passing into fulvous posteriorly, the throat more or less extensively 

 white or white and fulvous; a white superciliary stripe (yellow in 

 young); sometimes a black "collar" across chest. 



'Except in some South American species which, though usually referred to this 

 genus, are probably generically distinct (for example, S. auraniiiroslrisNi&iWot, S. atri- 

 coUis Vieillot, and S. laiiclavius Sclater and Salvin). These have typically fringilline 

 bills, the commissure being abruptly deflexed basally and the subbasal portion of 

 the mandibular tomium distinctly angulated. 




660 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Range. — Southern Mexico to southern Brazil, etc.; Lesser Antilles 

 (islands of Guadeloupe, Myiarchusrtinique, and Santa Lucia). 



The above diagnosis is drawn up from the Central American spe- 

 cies (exclusive of H. alhicollis Vieillot) and certain South American 

 species which are unquestionably congeneric with them. I am very 

 doubtful whether S. albicollis should be placed in this genus, the dif- 

 ference in the form of the bill and style of coloration being very con- 

 spicuous, though for the present I leave it there. Several South 

 American species which have hitherto been referred to Saltator, 

 mainly on account of, their strong resemblance in coloration, should 

 undoubtedly be removed. One of them {S. maxillosus Cabanis) has 

 already been made the type of a distinct genus,^ characterized, in 

 part, by the transvei'se, file-like corrugation of the under surface of 

 the maxilla. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP SALTATOR. 



a. Under parts without streaks; under tail-coverts fulvous or deep buffy, strongly 

 contrasted with general color of under parts. 

 b. Upper parts (except pileum ) bright yellowish olive-green, 

 c. Larger (tail more than 107.95) ; pileum deep black, abruptly defined poste- 

 riorly. [Saltator atriceps.) 

 d. Auricular region black or dark gray mixed with black; jugular collar always 

 evident, usually broad and uninterrupted, rarely broken, never wanting. 



(Southern Mexico to Costa Rica. ) Saltator atriceps atriceps (p. 661) 



dd. Auricular region clear gray, without admixture of black; jugular collar 

 wanting. (Isthmus of Panama to Costa Rica. ) 



Saltator atriceps lacertosns (p. 663) 



cc. Smaller (tail less than 107.95, usually less than 101.60) ; pileum olive, grayish, 



or dusky, or if approaching black the color not abruptly defined posteriorly. 



( Saltator magnoides. ) 



d. Black jugular collar broader, never interrupted nor wanting; huffy throal> 



patch narrower, deeper buff; gray of breast, etc., deeper, less brownish. 



e. Pileum dusky, sometimes nearly black; gray on sides of head darker. 



(Southern Mexico. ) Saltator magnoides magnoides (p. 663) 



ee. Pileum gray, tinged or overlaid by olive-green; gray on sides of head 



lighter. (Guatemala to Costa Rica. ) . Saltator magnoides mediamis ( p. 664) 



dd. Black jugular collar narrower, often interrupted, sometimes wanting; 



buffy throat-patch broader, paler; gray of breast, etc., paler, more 



brownish. (Isthmus of Panama to Veragua. ) 



Saltator magnoides intermedins (p. 665) 



hh. Upper parts brownish gray or grayish brown (tinged with olive-green in young). 



c. Darker (adults deep mouse gray above, under tail-coverts tawny-ochraceous). 



( Eastern Mexico to Costa Rica. ) Saltator grandis (p. 666) 



cc. Paler (adults grayish hair brown above, under tail-coverts buff) . (Western 



Mexico.) Saltator plumbiceps (p. 668) 



aa. Under parts streaked; under tail-coverts white or pale buff, not strongly con- 

 trasted with general color of under parts. 

 b. Sides and flanks distinctly streaked ; chest conspicuously streaked; whitish or 

 yellowish superciliary streak not extending beyond eye. ( Saltator albicollis. ) 



^ Stelgidostnmus Ridgway, Auk, xv, July (pub. Myiarchusy 13), 1898, 226. (Type, SoMyiarchus- 

 tor miixillosus Cabanis.) 




BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 661 



c. Under parts purer white, less extensively stfeaked; wing longer (averaging 

 93.47 in male). (Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad. ) 



Saltator albiooUis albiooUis (extralimital)^ 



QC. Under parts strongly tinged with olive-yellowish, more extensively streaked; 



wing shorter (averaging 89.92 in male). (Isthmus ot Panama, north to 



, Chiriqui and Veragua. ) Saltator albicoUis isthmicus ( p. 669 ) 



hh. Sides and flanks not distinctly if at all streaked; chest obsoletely streaked; 

 whitish or yellowish superciliary stripe extended to side of occiput. (Islands 

 of Guadeloupe, Dominica, Myiarchusrtinique, Santa Lucia, and Nevis.) 



Saltator gnadelupensis (p. 671 ) 



SALTATOR ATRICEPS ATRICEPS Lesson. 

 BLACK-HEADED SALTATOK, 



Adults {sexes alike). — Pileum uniform black, sharply defined poste- 

 riorly; sides of head mostly black, becoming grayish or mixed black 

 and gray on suborbital and part of malar region; a gray superciliary 

 stripe, beginning on anterior portion of forehead and extending beyond 

 eyes (sometimes confluent with gray on sides of neck), becoming 

 white immediately above eyes; back, scapulars, wings, rump, upper 

 tail-coverts, and tail bright yellowish olive-green, brightest on tail, 

 which is rich olive-yellow in some lights; shafts of rectrices and remiges 

 black; inner webs of remiges dusky, also the narrower terminal portion 

 of longer primaries; chin and sides of throat (broadly) black, confluent 

 posteriorly with a broad semicircular collar of black across chest; 

 inclosed within this black marking a large throat-patch (pointed ante- 

 riorly, broad and convex posteriorly) of white, usually finely streaked 

 with black, sometimes tinged with gray posteriorly,^ breast and other 

 under parts of body ash gray, becoming slightly paler posteriorly, 

 where tinged with brown on flanks, the thighs more decidedly brown 

 or light olive; under tail-coverts orange-ochraceous, the feathers more 

 olivaceous centrally; bill black; legs and feet (in dried skins) horn 

 brownish. 



Young. — Similar to adults, but black of head and chest duller and 

 without sharp definition; white throat-patch smaller, less sharply 

 defined; mandible and part of maxilla light colored. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 241.30-274.32 (260.86); wing, 107.44- 

 126.49 (121.16); tail, 112.27-132.08 (121.41); exposed culmen, 23.11- 

 25.40 (23.88); depth of bill at base, 13.21-15.24 (14.22); tarsus, 

 28.45-30.99 (30.23); middle toe, 20.57-23.11 (21.84).^ 



Adult female.— Length{skms), 233.68-264.16 (246.13); wing, 106.93- 

 121.67 (114.30); tail, 108.46-124.71 (116.59); exposed culmen, 20.83- 



^ Saltator albicoUis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet, d' Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 107 ("Cayenne," 

 i. e., Trinidad?). — Saltator maculipectus LaiTesnaye, Rev. Zool., 1847, 73 (Colombia; 

 coll. Lafresnaye). — Saltator atriatipectus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1847, 73 (Colombia 

 coll. Lafresnaye. ) 



^This white throat-patch is sometimes tinged with tawny or chestnut, and accord- 

 ing to Dr. Sclater is even occasionally "dark chestnut." 



"Thirteen specimens. 




662 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSECTM. 



25.91 (22.35); depth of bill at base, 13.21-15.49 (13.97); tarsus 

 27.69-30.23 (28.96); middle toe, 19.81-22,61 (21.34).' ' 



Southern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Alta Myiarchusra), Vera Cruz 

 Oaxaca, Chiapas, Tabasco and Yucatan, and south to Costa Rica. 



Tanagra (Saltalor) atriceps Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1830, 208, pi. 69 (Mexico; Parsi 

 Myiarchuss.). 



/S'. [altator] atriceps Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 363. — Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein. i 1851 

 142 (Mexico). 



ISaltator] atriceps Bonaparte, Consp.. Av., i, 1850, 488 (Mexico).— Gray, Hand. 

 list, ii, 1870, 74, no. 7073 (a. Mexico) .— Sclater and Salvin, Norn. Av 

 Neotr., 1873, 26. 



Saltator atriceps Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 69 (monogr.; Cordova 

 Vera Cruz; Papantla, Vera Cruz; Escuintla, Gautemala; Yucatan), 302 (Cor- 

 dova); 1858, 858. (Comayagua, Honduras); 1859, 58 (Omoa, Honduras), 

 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 377 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca); 1864, 174 (valley 

 of Mexico) ; Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 7 (monogr.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,95 

 (Vera Cruz) ; Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xi, 1886, 283 (Jalapa; n. Yucatan; Belize, 

 British Honduras; Chisec, Coban, Retalhuleu, Volcan de Agua, San Pedro 

 Myiarchusrtir, El Zapote, and Costa Grande, Guatemala; Nicaragua; Costa Rica.) — 

 Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 14 (Comayagua, Honduras; Ifucatan); Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).— Taylor, Ibis, 1860, HI 

 (Comayagua).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 102 (Pacuar, Costa 

 Rica); ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, n. Yucatan^; Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 4, 1876, 

 19 (Guichicovi and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca). — Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. 

 N. H., i, 1869, 549 (hot and temperate regions. Vera Cruz, up to 4,000ft.). 

 Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 199 (Guatemala). — Boucahd, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1883, 443 (Merida, Yucatan).— Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 vi, 1883, 382 (Sucuyd, Nicaragua; habits), 400 (Los Sdbalos, Nicaragua).— 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 325, part. — Feriuei- 

 Pehez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 141 (Janhuitlan ?, Oaxaca; Plan del 

 Rio, Vera Cruz). — Zelbdon, An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 111 (Naranjo, 

 Costa Rica). —RIDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1888, 586 ( Segovia R., Hon- 

 duras). — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 491 (Greytown, Nica- 

 ragua); xviii, 1896, 631 (Alta Myiarchusra, Tamaulipas). — Chapman, Bull. Am. 

 Myiarchuss. N. H., X, 1898, 28 (Jalapa; notes). 



Tanagra gnatho Liohtenstbin, Preis- Verz. , Mex. Yog., 1831, 2 (Mexico; see 

 Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 56). 



' Twelve specimens. 



Too small a proportion of the specimens examined have the sex determined to ena- 

 ble me to say whether there is any variation in measurements with locality. The 

 averages of those measured are as follows: 



Locality. 



Wing. 



Tail. 



Ex- 

 posal 

 culmen. 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



MALES. 



Seven adult males from Mexico 



One adult male from Guatemala. . . 



One adult male from Honduras 



One adult male from Nicaragua . . . 

 Two adult males from Costa Rica. . 



FEMALES. 



Three adult females from Mexico. . 

 Five adult females from Yucatan . . 

 Two adult females from Nicaragua 

 One adult female from Costa Rica . 



122. 94 

 126.49 

 124. 46 

 123.19 

 113. 79 



117. 86 

 112. 78 

 113. 28 

 112. 27 



123.95 

 125.48 

 125.73 



116. 32 

 116.82 



119.38 



116. 33 

 113.28 

 108. 46 



23.88 

 25.16 



14.22 

 13.40 

 16.24 



23.11 

 24.64 



23. 11- 

 21.69 

 23.11 

 25.91 



13.21 

 13.72 

 14.48 

 15.49 



30.23 

 29.72 

 30.48 

 30.73 

 30.48 



28.19 

 28.96 

 29.21 

 27.94 



21.84 

 21.08 

 22.61 

 22.61 

 22.36 



22.36 

 20.83 

 21.69 

 21.08 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 663 



Arremon giganleus Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Sue. Loud., 1837, 117 (Mexico); Nuov. 



Ann. Sei. Nat. Bologn., ii, 1839, 345. 

 A.[rremon] giganteus Gii ay , Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 361. 

 Pyrrhula raptor Cabot, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., v, 1844, 90, pi. 12 (Yucatan; coll. 



S. Cabot, jr.) . 

 S.[aUator} raptor Gray, Gen. Birds, App. 1849, Ifi.— Bonaparte, Notes Orn. 



Coll., Delattre, 1854, 23. 



SALTATOR ATRICEPS LACERTOSUS Bangs. 

 PANAMA BLACK-HEADED SALTATOR. 



Similar to S. a. atncepa but black jugular collar usuall}- wanting, 

 rarely indicated, never complete; sides of head (including auricular 

 region) clear slate-gray, without admixture of black; white supercil- 

 iary streak rather more distinct; under tail-coverts with olive central 

 spaces obsolete or wanting. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 228.60-251.46 (243.59); wing, 105.41- 

 120.14 (114.81); tail, 107.95-123.19 (115.57); exposed culmen, 22.86- 

 24.89 (23.37); depth of bill at base, 15.75-16.26 (16.00); tarsus, 27.94- 

 30.23 (29.21); middle toe, 21.08-22.86 (22.10).^ 



^^MZi!/CTiffl^e.— Length (skins), 220.98-238.76(231.14); wing, 109.98- 

 114.30 (112.78); tail, 105.41-112.27 (109.47); exposed culmen, 22.61- 

 24.89 (23.62); depth of bill at base, 13.21-15.75 (14.99) tarsus, 26.67- 

 29.21 (28.19); middle toe, 22.10-22.86 (22.35).' 



Isthmus of Panama to Costa Rica (Talamanca).^ 



Saltator atriceps (not of Lesson) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. X. Y., vii, 1861, 297 

 (Lion Hill station, Panama K. K). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1864, 351 (Lion Hill).— Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 421 

 (Panama).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 325, part 

 (Isthmus of Panama). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xi, 1886, 283, part 

 (Isthmus Panama). 



Saltator lacertoms Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Sept. 20, 1900, 31 (Loma 

 del Leon, Isthmus of Panama; coll. E. A. & 0. Bangs). 



SALTATOR MAGNOIDES MAGNOIDES Lafresnaye. 

 BTTFF-THROATED SALTATOR. 



Adults {sexes alike). — Forehead and crown sooty blackish, passing 

 into dusky grayish (usually clouded with sooty blackish) on occiput; 

 rest of upper parts plain bright j^ellowish olive-green; a narrow super- 

 ciliary stripe (terminating a little behind the eye) and a median stripe 

 on chin or upper throat white,* the latter usually flecked with black; 



' Five specimens. 



^ Three specimens. 



' Most specimens from Costa Rica and Nicaragua are really intermediate between 

 this form and S. a. atriceps; most of them are nearer the latter, but occasionally one 

 may be found whicli is not distinguishable from the Panama birds. 



* Sometimes the anterior portion of the malar region is more or less flecked with 

 white. 




664 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



sides of head (loral, suborbital, malar, auricular, and supraauricular 

 regions) plain dull slate-gray; sides of chin and throat and broad band 

 across chest black, inclosing a throat-patch of ochraceous-buff; under 

 tail-coverts yellowish ochraceous or buffy, the median portion of the 

 feathers sometimes more or less tinged with olive; rest of under parts 

 plain grayish (dull light slate-gray on breast, becoming paler and some- 

 times tinged with buffy on abdomen, the flanks more or less tinged with 

 olive); maxilla black, the mandible horn-color (in dried skins, bluish- 

 gray in life?) with terminal portion black; legs and feet horn-color (in 

 dried skins). 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 195.58-210.82 (204.98); wing, 93.47- 

 104.90(98.30); tail, 93.98-102.11 (97.28); exposed culmen, 16.51-18.54 

 (17.53); depth of bill at base, 25.40-25.91 (25.65); middle toe, 18.54- 

 19.56 (19.05).^ 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 193.04r-215,90 (207.52); wing, 91.44- 

 101.09 (96.52); tail, 93.22-99.06 (95.50); exposed culmen, 18.80-19.81 

 (19.30); depth of bill at base, 10.67-12.19 (11.43); tarsus, 24.64-26.92 

 (26.91); middle toe, "18. 03-19. 56 (18.80).' 



Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Cordova; Vera 

 Cruz; Myiarchusrador; Motzorongo), Mexico? ("Valley of Mexico"), and 

 Oaxaca (Play a Vicente; Santo Domingo). 



Saltatormagnoides'LAVs.'ESii AYE, Rev. Zool. , 1844, 41 (Mexico; coll. Lafresnaye^) . — 

 SoLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 69, part (Cordova, Vera Cruz), 302 

 (Cordova) ; 1859, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 377 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca) ; 1864, 

 174 (valley of Mexico); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 7, part (Cordova); Cat. 

 Am. Birds, 1862, 95, part (Vera Cruz); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xi, 1886, 284, 

 part (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). — Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869,549 

 (hot region of Vera Cruz, up to 3,000 ft. ). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Am., Aves, i, 1883, 327, part (Mexican references and localities). 



S-laltaiorl magnoides Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 489 (Mexico). 



\_Saltalor] magnoides Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 74, no. 7072 (Mexico). — Sclater 

 and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 26, part. 



S.\_aUator'] gigantodes Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i. Myiarchusy, 1851, 142 (Mexico; Berlin 

 Myiarchuss.). 



SALTATOR MAGNOIDES MEDIANUS Ridgway. 

 CENTKAL AMERICAN BUFF-THROATED SALTATOR. 



Adults {sexes alike). — Similar to S. in. magnoides but pileum gray, 

 more or less tinged or overlaid by olive-green and gray, and sides of 

 head paler. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 194.31-208.28 (200.15); wing, 99.06- 

 103.89 (101.60); tail, 89.41-94.49(91.95); exposed culmen, 18.80-22.10 

 (20.07); depth of bill at base, 10.41-11.94 (11.18); tarsus, 24.38-26.92 

 (25.91); middle toe, 18.03-19.81 (18.80).' 



' Three specimens. 



''■ Types now in the Boston Society of Natural History collection. 



' Six specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 665 



Adult female.— liength. (skins), 185.42-218.M (198.88); wing, 91.95- 

 107.44(99.57); tail, 88.14-98.81 (93.73); exposed culmen, 19.81-20.07 

 (30.00); depth of bill at base, 10.92-12.19 (11.18); tarsus, 25.40-27.69 

 (26.67); middle toe, 17.78-19.30 (18.03).^ 



Guatemala to Costa Eica. 



SaMMormagnoides (notof Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1856, 69, part 

 (Coban, Guatemala) ; Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 7, part (do.) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 

 1862, 95, part (Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchusa., xi, 1886, 284, part (Coban, 

 Choctum, and Chisec, Guatemala; Belize, Brit. Honduras; San Pedro, Hondu- 

 ras; Irazii, Turrialba, and Bebedero, Costa Rica ).—Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 

 1859, 14 (Guatemala).— Cabanis, Journ. fiir Dm., 1860, 416 (Costa Rica).— 

 Lawkbnce, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua; crit.); ix, 

 1868, 102 (Turrialba, San Jos6, and Angostura, Costa Rica).— Frantzius, 

 Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 300 (Costa Rica).— Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1878, 56 (San Jos^ and Cartago, Costa Rica).— Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 

 vi, 1883, 400 (Los Sdbalos, Nicaragua).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Am., Aves, i, 1883, 327, part (Guatemala to Coata Rica references and locali- 

 ties).— Cherrib, Auk, ix, 1892, 27 (San Jos6, etc., Costa Rica, up to 6,000 

 ft.).— RiDQWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887,580 (Truxillo, Honduras) ; x, 

 1888, 586 (Segovia R., Honduras).— Zeledon, An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 

 1887, 111 (Jimenez, Cartago, San Jos6, Narango de Cartago, Alajuela, and 

 Trojas de Puntarenas, Costa Rica). — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 

 1893, 491 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua). 



{Saltaiori magnoides Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr. , 1873, 26, part. 



SALTATOR MAGNOIDES INTERMEDIUS (Lawrence). 

 PANAMA BUFF-THROATED SALTATOR. 



Similar to S. m. mediamts but pileum lighter gray and usually less 

 tinged with olive-green (sometimes entirely gray), buff throat-patch 

 paler and broader, white triangular patch on chin, and upper throat 

 usually larger and immaculate, black band across chest much narrower 

 (sometimes absent), and gray of under parts paler and browner. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 190.60-203.20 (196.34); wing, 99.06- 

 105.41(102.87); tail, 91.19-104.14(96.01); exposed culmen, 18.03-18.54 

 (18.29); depth of bill at base, 11.18-12.45 (11.68); iarsus, 25.40-26.16 

 (25.65); middle toe, 17.78-19.05 (18.54).' 



Adult female.— Liength (skins), 190.50-198.12 (193.04); wing, 95.76- 

 96.52 (95.00); tail, 86.36-90.93 (88.14); exposed culmen, 17.78-19.81 

 (18.80); depth of bill at base, 12.19-12.70 (12.46); tarsus, 26.40-26.16 

 (26.65); middle toe, 17.78-18.80 (18.03).' 



Isthmus of Panama (Panama City; Lion Hill Station) to Veragua 

 (Bugaba; Chitra; Myiarchusna de Chorcha; Santa F6) and Chiriqui (Volcan 

 de Chiriqui; David). 



' Five specimens. ^ Three specimens. 




6,66 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES - NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Sallalormagnoides (not of Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856 69 

 part (Ohiriqui); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 7, part (do.); Cat. Birds Brit. 

 Myiarchuss., xi, 1886, 284, part (Volcan de Ohiriqui; Bugaba and Santa F4, Ver- 

 agua). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1864, 351 (Lion Hill 

 Ist'iimua of Panama) . — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 140 (SautaF6, Ver- 

 agua; David, Ohiriqui; crit.); 1870, 189 (Ohiriqui; Bugaba, Ohitra, and Myiarchusna 

 de Ohorcha, Veragua). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Oentr.-Am., Aves i 

 1883, 327, part (Ohiriqui, Veragua, and Panama references and localities) . 



Saltator magrms (not Tanagra magna Gmelin) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii 

 1861, 297 (Lion Hill, Panama R. E.). 



Saltator interynedius Lawrence, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1864, 106 (Lion 

 Hill, Panama R. R.; coll. G. N. Lawrence ?); Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 

 176 (David, Ohiriqui; crit.) . — Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 

 32 (Lion Hill; crit.). 



SALTATOR, GRANDIS ( Lichtenstein) . 

 VIGORS' S SAITATOE. 



Adults {sexes alil'e). — Above plain deep brownish gray, more or less 

 tinged with olive on rump and upper tail-coverts, the tail hair brown 

 rather than gray; sides of head and neck deep brownish gray, like 

 pileum, relieved by a rather broad superciliary stripe of white, extend- 

 ing some distance behind the eye; a broad median stripe on chin and 

 throat of white or pale bully, bordered on each side by a grayish black 

 or duskj^ lateral stripe; chest, upper breast, and anterior portion of 

 sides dull graj-ish or grayish olive, sometimes more or less strongly 

 suffused with buffy ; flanks similar but more strongly' tinged with buffy; 

 lower abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts clear, deep buff or 

 cinnamon-buff;' under wing-coverts paler buff; maxilla blackish, mandi- 

 ble horn-color (in dried skins); legs and feet dusk}^ or horn-color (in 

 dried skins). 



Immature. — Similar to adults, but the gray more or less strongly 

 washed with olive-green and the white superciliary stripe and throat- 

 stripe tinged with yellow. 



Young. — Similar to the immature plumage (but texture of feathers 

 very different); superciliary stripe sulphur yellow; median throat- 

 stripe narrower and less sharply defined, and lateral throat-stripes dull 

 olive-grayish instead of dusky. 



Adult male.— hength (skins), 193.04-223.52 (204.98); wing, 90.93- 

 103.89(98.30); tail, 88.39-108.46(97.28); exposed cuhnen, 18.29-20.07 

 (19.30); depth of bill at base, 11.94-13.21 (12.45); tarsus, 25.15-28.45 

 (26.92); middle toe, 17.78-20.57 (19.05).^ 



Adult female.— Length (skins), 187.96-237.49 (211.84); wing, 92.71- 

 105.41 (99.06); tail, 86.11-111.25 (98.55); exposed culmeu, 18.29-21.84 



' Eight specimens. 




BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



667 



(22.61); depth of bill at base, 12.19-13.21 (12.95); tarsus, 27.18-38.1:5 

 (27.43); middle toe, 18.29-21.08 (19.05).' 



Southeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Alta Myiarchusra), Vera 

 Cruz (Tlaltocalpam ; Protrero; Otatitlan; Myiarchusrador; Motzorongo), Pue- 

 bla (Metlaltoyuca), Oaxaca(Tuxtepec; Santa Eflgenia; Tabasco (Tlapa; 

 Frontera), and Yucatan (Temax) and southward to Costa Rica (San 

 Jos^; Cartago; Tempate; Alajuela; Naranjo). 



Tanaj'TOf/randisLicHTENSTEiN, Preis-Verz. Mex.V6g.,1831, 2 (Mexico; see Journ. 

 furOrn.,1863, 57). 



SaUator grandis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 72 (monogr.; Jalapa, Ori- 

 zaba, and Cordova, Vera Cruz; Guatemala); 1857, 205 (Cordova); 1859, 58 

 (Omoa, Honduras), 364 (Jalapa), 377 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca) ; 1864, 174 (val- 

 ley of Mexico); Synop. Av.Tanagr., 1856, 10 (monogr.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 

 96 (Orizaba); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xi, 1886, 288 (Orizaba; Tonalii, Chiapas; 

 n. Yucatan; Duenas, Guatemala; San Pedro, Honduras; Nicaragua; Irazd 

 San Jos6, Tempate, and Volcan de Cartago, Costa Rica). — Sclater and Sal- 

 viN, Ibis, 1859, 14 (Duenas, Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 

 (San Pedro, Honduras). — Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 58 (Omoa, 

 Honduras).— Cabanis, Journ. fur Orn., 1860, 416 (Costa Rica); 1861, l(do.).— 

 Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 102 (San Jos6 and Cartago, Costa Rica); 

 ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, n. Yucatan); Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 4, 1876, 19 

 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca). — Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 300 (Costa 

 Rica). — SuMyiarchuscHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 541 (hot and temperate 

 regions Vera Cruz, up to 5,000 ft.). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 

 56 (San Jos6, Costa Rica); 1883, 443 (Merida, Yucatan).— Salvin, Cat. 

 Strickland Coll., 1882, 200 (Guatemala). — Salvin and God.aian, Biol. Ceutr.- 

 Am., Aves, i, 1883, 328 (Tonala, Oaxaca; Escuintla, Retalhuleu, Savana Grande, 

 etc., Guatemala; Tempate, Costa Rica; etc.). — Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., 



'Eleven specimens. 



Specimens from different geographic areas average as follows: 



Locality. 



MALES. 



Three adult males from southeastern Mexico — 



One adult male from Yucatan 



Two adult males from Nicaragua 



Three adult males from Costa Rica 



FEMALES. 



Six adult females from southeastern Mexico 



One adult female from southern Honduras (Se^ 



govia R. ) 



Three adult females from Nicaragua 



One adult female from Costa Rica 



Wing. 



102. 11 

 100.84 

 98.65 

 94.23 



92.96 

 97.03 

 92.71 



Tail. 



105. 16 

 97.28 

 95.76 

 90.17 



91.44 

 88.14 



Ex- 

 posed" 

 cuimen. 



19.81 

 18.80 

 18.54 

 19.05 



20.07 

 20.07 

 18.54 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



12.70 

 13.21 

 12.45 

 12.19 



12. 70 

 12.95 

 12.19 



27.43 

 28.45 

 26.92 

 26. 42 



26. 42 

 27.43 

 20. 92 



Myiarchusddle 

 toe. 



19.56 

 19.05 

 18.54 

 18.54 



17.78 

 18.54 

 18.29 



Some slight color differences are observable in the series examined, specimens 

 from Guatemala and southward being somewhat browner than those from Mexico, 

 while two examples from Yucatan are rather paler than the last mentioned. The 

 differences are very slight, however, and may not prove sufficientl}' constant when 

 a more satisfactory series has been compared. 




668 BULLETIN 50, UNITED 8TATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



vi, 1883, 382 (Sucuyd, Nicaragua). — Fekrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss. ix 

 18186, 141 (Jalapa) . — Zeledon, An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 111 (Alajuela 

 Cartago, Naranjo, and San Jos6, Costa Rica). — Ridgway, Proc. IJ. S. Nat. 

 Myiarchuss., X, 1887, 586 (Segovia R., Honduras). — Chehrie, Auk, ix, 1892, 27 (San 

 Jos6, etc., Costa Rica, 3,000-7,000 ft.; descr. sorig, nest, eggs, and young).— 

 Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 491 (Rio Escondido, etc., Nica- 

 ragua; food); xviii, 1896, 631 (Alta Myiarchusra, Tamaulipas).— Chapman, Bull. 

 Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., x, 1898, 28 (Jalapa). 



[Saltator] grandis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 74, no. 7076.— Sclater and Salvin 

 Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 26. 



Saltalor rufiventrig (not of D'Orbigny) Vigors, Zool. Voy. "Blossom," 1839, 19 (no 

 locality indicated). — Baird, in Stansbury's Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 330 

 (w. N. Am.). 



S. [cdtaior] vigorsii Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 363 (substitute name for S. rufivmtm 

 "Vigors, preoccupied). — Bonapakte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 489; Notes Orn. 

 Coll. Delattre, 1854, 23.— Cabanis, Myiarchuss. Hein., i, 1851, 143 (Mexico). 



Soli, [ator] iderophrijs Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., Tjiii Feb., 1844, 41 (Mexico; = 

 young). 



S. [altator] icterophrys Gray, Gen. Birds, App. 1849, 16. — Bonaparte, Congp. Av. 

 i, 1850, 490 (Villa Myiarchusria). 



(?) Saltaior ideropyga Du Bus, Esquis. Orn., 1845-49, pi. 13 (Mexico; =Saltator 

 grandis with tail of Ptiliogonys cinereus'!; see Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Am., Aves, i, 1883, p. 329).— Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 70 

 (monogr. ). 



S. \_aUalor1 ideropyga Gray, Gen. Birds, App. 1849, 16. 



SALTATOR PLUMBICEPS Lawrence. 



GRAYSON'S SALIATOR, * 



Similar to S. grandis, but vevy much paler. 



Adults {sexes alike). — Above plain light brownish gray, slightly 

 tinged wither inclining to light hair brown, especially on tail; a rather 

 narrow superciliary stripe of white, extending for some distance 

 behind eye; sides of head and neck similar in color to upper parts; 

 chin and throat white or pale buffy, the latter margined along each 

 side by a broad but short submalar streak or patch of dull blackish; 

 chest, breast, and anterior portion of sides pale brownish gray, some- 

 times strongly suffused with pale buffy, becoming much paler (some- 

 times dull white) on middle of abdomen, and passing into grayish buff 

 on flanks, the under tail-coverts clear bufl'; maxilla dusky, mandible 

 paler (horn color in dried skins) ; legs and feet dusky horn color (in 

 dried skins). 



Immature. — Similar to adults, but upper parts more or less strongly 

 tinged or washed with yellowish olive-green, the superciliary stripe 

 and under parts with yellow. 



Young. — Similar to immature birds but more diecidedly olive-gBeen 

 above and yellow beneath; superciliary stripe lemon yellow; throat 

 pale yellow, with dusky lateral patches indistinct. 



Adwlt wMle.— Length (skins), 205.Y4-228.60 (214.88); wing, 99.82- 

 104.39 (102.36); tail, 91.95-99.31 (96.01); exposed culmen, 19.56-20.83 




BIRDS OF WORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 669 



(20.07); depth of bill at base, 12.46-13.72 (12.70); tarsus, 25.40-28.70 

 (26.42); middle toe, 17.02-19.81 (17.78).' 



Adult female.— Length, (skins), 198.12-210.82(204.98); wing, 93.22- 

 101.60 (99.06); tail, 86.36-94.49 (91.44); exposed culmen, 19.81-20.83 

 (20.07); depth of bill at base, 12.70-13.46 (12.95); tarsus, 24.89-27.69 

 (25.65); middle toe, 18.03-19.30 (18.80).' 



Western Mexico, in States of Sinaloa (Myiarchuszatlan; Presidio; Limon- 

 cito), Durango(Chacala), Jalisco (San Sebastian), Colima (Colima), and 

 Oaxaca (Putla), and territorj- of Tepic (Tepic; San Bias; Santiago). 



Saltator plumbiceps " Baird, MS." La whence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, 

 Myiarchusy, 1867, 477 (Myiarchuszatlan, Sinaloa; U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). 



ISalkdor'] plumbiceps Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 75, no. 7099. 



Saltator plumbeiceps Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc, N. H., ii, 1874, 274 (Myiarchuszatlan; 

 Tepic; plains of Colima; habits; descr. nest and eggs).— Salvin and God- 

 man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 329 (Myiarchuszatlan and Presidio, Sinaloa; 

 plains of Colima; Putla, Oaxaca).— Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xi, 

 1886, 289.— Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci., 1896-97 (1899), 223 (Limoncito, 

 Sinaloa). 



SALTATOR ALBICOLLIS ISTHMICUS (Sclater). 

 PANAMA STEEAXED SALTATOR. 



Adults {sexes alike). — Above plain olive-green, duller and more or less 

 tinged with grayish or pileum, brighter and more yellowish on edges 

 of remiges; rump and upper tail-coverts light grayish brown or brown- 

 ish gray, the tail clearer gray; sides of head and neck similar in color 

 to pileum, relieved by a narrow and sometimes indistinct supraloral 

 line of dull whitish or pale yellowish, the upper eyelid and middle 

 portion of lower eyelid also whitish or pale yellow; under parts 

 mainly whitish, tinged with olive-yellowish across chest and along 

 sides, where broadly streaked with olive, the breast and abdomen with 

 narrower and darker streaks; under tail-coverts pale dull buffy, usually 

 with more or less distinct shaft-streaks of dusk}^ grayish; sides of 

 throat olive or grayish, forming a more or less distinct submalar stripe, 

 the median portion of the throat usually immaculate whitish; bill black, 

 in younger birds with more or less of the tip, the gonys, etc., light 

 colored; legs and feet dusky horn color in dried skins (grayish blue 

 in life?). 



Adult male.— Length, (skins), 166.10-184.15 (177.04); wing, 86.36- 

 91.95 (89.92); tail, 79.26-87.63 (83.57); exposed culmen, 17.27-19.05 

 (17.78); depth of bill at base, 13.21-14.99 (14.22); tarsus, 22.36-24.13 

 (23.11); middle toe, 16.24-17.78 (16.26).' 



' Seven specimens. 



^ Six specimens. 



' Ten specimens from Isthmus of Panama. 




670 



BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Aduli female.— Length (skins), 167.6i-180.34 (176.02); wing, 82.65- 

 91.19 (86.11); tail, 80.01-83.31 (81.28); exposed culmen, 17.02-19.05 

 (18.03); depth of bill at base, 14.73-15.24 (14.99); tarsus, 23.10-24 13 

 (28.11); middle toe, 16.51-17.53 (17.02.)^ 



Isthmus of Panama, north to Chiriqui (David) and Veragua (Santa 

 Fe; Chitra); San Myiarchusguel Island, Gulf of Panama?' 



Saltator striaiipecim (not of Lafresnaye) Lawkence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii 1861 

 331 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); viii, 1865, 175 (David, Chiriqui). ' 



S'altator isthmicus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 130 (Panama; coll. P. L. 

 Sclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 97 (do.).— Sclatee and Salvin, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1864, 351 (Lion Hill).— Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,141 

 (David, Chiriqui; Santa ¥6, Veragua); 1870, 189 (Chitra, Veragua). 



[Saltator] isthmicus Geay, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 75, no. 7095. 



Saltator albicollis islhmicus Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Sept. 20, 1900 

 32 (Lion Hill); Auk,,xviii, 1901, 32 (San Myiarchusguel I., Bay of Panama)'. ' 



[Saltator} albicollis (not of Vieillot) Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 

 26, part. 



Saltator albicollis Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. , 1883, 421 ( Panama) . — Salvin and 

 GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 330, part (Volcan de Chiriqui 

 and David, Chiriqui; Chitra and Santa F^, Veragua; Panama and Lion Hill, 

 Isth. Panama).- Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xi, 1886, 294 (Santa F6 and 

 Chitra, Veragua; Panama). 



'Six specimens from Isthmus of Panama. 



^A series of fourteen adults from San Myiarchusguel Island in the collection of Messrs. E. A. 

 and 0. Bangs, collected April 27 to Myiarchusy 7, shows decided color differences from an equally 

 large aeries from the mainland, the under parts having much legs of the olive-yellowish 

 wash across chest and along sides, and the streaks grayer. The upper parts are also 

 grayer, especially anteriorly. In the absence of specimens of corresponding date 

 from the mainland of the Isthmus (none of the specimens fro© the latter having 

 been obtained later than Myiarchusrch 25 ), I am unable to determine whether the differ- 

 ences are seasonal or otherwise. Average measurements of the mainland and island 

 specimens, together with specimens of S. a. albicollis, are as follows: 




BIEDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 671 



SALTATOR GUADELUPENSIS Lafresnaye. 

 GUADELOUPE SALTATOE. 



Similar to S. albicolKs isthmicxis but larger, under parts more gen- 

 erally suffused with olive-grayish and yellowish and with streaks much 

 less distinct (sometimes nearly obsolete), and whitish or yellow super- 

 ciliary streak continued posteriorly to occiput. 



Adfults {sexes oLihe). — Above olive-green, slightly duller on pileum, 

 tinged with gray on scapulars and lower back; rump, upper tail-cov- 

 erts, and tail brownish gray ; sides of head olive (much duller than 

 pileum, sometimes tinged with dusky grayish, especially on lores), 

 relieved by a whitish or pale yellowish superciliary streak extending 

 from above lores to sides of occiput; chin and throat white medially 

 (usually tinged with pale grayish posteriorly and sometimes faintly 

 tinged with yellowish), this white area margined on each side by an 

 olive, grayish, or dusky submalar stripe; rest of under parts pale 

 grayish olive, becoming dull white on abdomen, the chest more or less 

 washed or tinged with yellowish olive or olive-yellowish; chest marked 

 with narrow and usually indistinct streaks of dusky grayish, the 

 breast and anterior portion of sides with still narrower and more indis- 

 tinct streaks; under tail-coverts, anal region, and lower abdomen pale 

 huffy, the first usually with narrow shaft-streaks of grayish dusky; 

 basal half or more of maxilla and sides of mandible for about the same 

 distance dusky; rest of bill whitish or pale j-ellowish (in dried skins) ;^ 

 legs and feet (in dried skins) horn color. 



Young. — Similar to adults, but superciliary streak distinctly light 

 yellow, and lower throat, chest, upper bi'east, and anterior portion of 

 sides much more distinctly and broadly streaked with greenish olive on 

 a more whitish ground color. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 201.93-208.-28 (204.98); wing, 96.25- 

 99-31 (97.28); tail, 85.34-86.36 (85.85); exposed culmen, 18.29-19.81 

 (19.05); depth of bill at base, 14.99-15.24 (15.11); tarsus, 26.15-25.40 

 (25.27); middle toe, 17.27-17.78 (17.53).= 



AduUfemale.— Length (skins), 195.58-209.65 (201.68); wing, 96.52- 

 100.84 (98.55); tail, 85.86-89.66 (88.65); exposed culmen, 18.29-19.81 

 (19.05); depth of bill at base, 14.73-15.24 (14.99); tarsus, 24.89-25.40 

 (25.27); middle toe, 16.51-17.27 (16.76).' 



Lesser Antilles (islands of Guadeloupe, Dominica, Myiarchusrtinique, 

 Santa Lucia, and Nevis).* 



' I have not seen any specimen with the bill entirely black, as in adults of S. cUbir 

 collis and its subspecies. 



' Two specimens, from Dominica. 



' Pour specimens, from Dominica. 



* Although all the islands named above are represented by specimens in the series 

 before me, there are adult birds only from Dominica, Santa Lucia, and Myiarchusrtinique, 

 and only one each from the last two, that from Myiarchusrtinique being, moreover, in very 

 bad condition. I am therefore unable to state whether there is any difference 

 between specimens from the different islands, 




672 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



Saltaior guadelupensis Lafeesnaye, Rev. Zool., vii, Myiarchusy, 1844, 167 (Guadeloupe 

 Lesser Antilles). — Solater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, 326 (Dominica). 



S-laltaiorl guadelupensis Gray, Gen. Birds, App., 1849, 16. — Bonaparte, Consp. 

 Av., i, 1850, 489 (Guadeloupe). 



Saltator guadalupenm Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 76 (monogr.- 

 Guadeloupe) ;1871, 270 (SantaLucia) ; Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 14 (monogr.); 

 Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 97 (Santa Lucia); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xi, 1886, 295 

 (Guadeloupe; Dominica; Myiarchusrtinique). — Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 167 (Domin- 

 ica). — Semper, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 649 (SantaLucia). 



[Saltatorl guadaloupends Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 74, no. 7082. — Sclater and 

 Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 26.— Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 12. 



Saltator guadaloupensis Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166 (Santa Lucia). 



Saltator guadeloupenm Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., i, 1878, 57 (Dominica; 

 descr. nest and eggs) ; i, 1879, 354 (Myiarchusrtinique), 457 (Guadeloupe), 487.— 

 CoKY, Auk, iii, 1886, 201 (synonymy and descr.); iv, 1887, 95 (Myiarchusrtinique); 

 viii, 1891, 41 (Guadeloupe); Birds W. I., 1889, 88 (do.); Cat. W. L Birds, 

 1892, 16, 113 (Guadeloupe; Myiarchusrtinique; Dominica). 



S. [^altator'] martmicensis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, July 30, 1850, 489 (Myiarchusrtinique, 

 Lesser Antilles; Paris Myiarchuss.). 



(SoZtotor mar-imicOTais Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 76 (Myiarchusrtinique); 1871, 

 267 (SantaLucia); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 14 (monogr.). 



[Saltator'] martmicensis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 75, no. 7093. 




ADDENDA. 



Page 239: Add to synonymy of Aimophila ruficawld. ruficauda: 

 Hxmophila rujkauda Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 436 (Volcan de Myiarchusravalles, Costa 

 Eica). 



Page 244: Extend range of Almophila ri(fcsvcm« ntfescenn to Costa 

 Eica, and add the following reference: 



HsemopUla rufescens Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 436 (Volcan de Myiarchusravalles, (Josta 

 Rica). 



Page 449: Add to synonymy of ArremofwjM superGlllosm xuper- 

 ciMosus: 



Embemagra superdliosa Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 437 (Volcan de Myiarchusravalles, Costa 

 Rica). 



Page 451: Add to range of Arremonops verticaUs the locality Cam- 

 peche (Campeche). Specimens in collection of the Biological Survey 

 (E. W. Nelson). 



Page 452: Add to range of Arremonops cKkyronotus the localities 

 La Vega and Puerto Morelos, Yucatan, and Apozote, Campeche. 

 (Specimens, collected by E. W. Nelson, in collection of the United 

 States Biological Survey.) 



Page 454: Add to synonymy of Arremonops conirostris riohmondi: 

 Embemagra siriaticepg Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 436 (Volcan de Myiarchusravalles, Costa 

 Rica). 



Page 501: After Geospiza dvhia add: 



GEOSPIZA PLATYRHYNCHA (Heller and Snodgrass). 

 BROAD-BILLED GROXHn) FIl^CE. 



" Similar in size and proportions to G. fortis dubia, but mandible 

 considerably wider at the base, 12 mm. or greater. 



"The three adult black males in the collection differ from adults 

 of G. fortis dubia in their wider mandibles but are otherwise indis- 

 tinguishable." 

 Albemarle Island (Iguana Cove), Galapagos Archipelago. 

 Geoydza fortis platyrhyncha Heller and Snodgrass, Condor, iii, Myiarchusy, 1901, 75 

 (Iguana Cove, Albemarle I., Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Leland Stanford 

 Jr. University). 



Page 514: After Geospiza dbingdoni add: 



GEOSPIZA ROTHSCHILDI ( Heller and Snodgrass) . 

 ROTHSCHILD'S CACTUS FINCH, 



"Myiarchusch like G. abingdmii, but the bill considerably thicker, the basal 

 depth equal to or greater than length of gonys. 



17024—01 43 673 




674 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



"Only immature specimens are in the collection, but these differ so 

 much from specimens of G. dbingdoni of the same age that it is very 

 probable that adults will be found to differ correspondingly. Some 

 of the thickest-billed specimens are nearly indistinguishable from 

 small-billed specimens of 0. coni/rostris propinqua of Tower Island. 

 Some are close to G. hrevirostris.''''^ 



Bindloe Island, Galapagos Archipelago. 



Cactomis asdmilis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 323. — Sal- 



viN, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lend., ix, pt. ix, 1876, 486. — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. 



Myiarchuss., xii, 1888, 18. 

 Geospiza asgimilis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xix, 1896, 537. 

 Geospiza scandens (not Cactomis scande)is Gould) Eothschild and Haktert, Novit. 



Zool., vi, 1899, 165, part (Bindloe I.). 

 Geospiza scandens rothschildi Heller and Snodgrass, Condor, iii, Myiarchusy, 1901, 75 



(Bindloe I., Galapagos Archipelago; coll. Inland Stanford Jr. University). 



Page 579: Add to synonymy of Amaurosjpiza concolor: 



Amaurospiza concolor Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 436 (Volcan de Myiarchusravalles, Costa 

 Eica). 



Page 611: Add to synonymy of Guiraca ccerulea lazula: 



Guiraca cierulea Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 436 (Volcan de Myiarchusravalles, Costa Eica). 



Page 638; To synonymy of CardAnalis ca/rdinalis cardinalk add: 



Gardinalis bermudianus Bangs and Bradlee, Auk, xviii, July, 1901, 256 (Hamil- 

 ton, Bermuda; coll. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool.). 



I have carefully examined Bermuda Cardinals and can not find that 

 they differ from mainland examples; nor should they, for the species 

 is said to have been intTodmced from the eastern United States. 



Page 656: Add to Mexican localities for Garyothraustes jpoUogaster 

 poUogaster, Motzorongo, Vera Cruz. (Specimens in collection of the 

 United States Biological Survey.) 



Page 662: Add to Mexican localities for Scdtator atriceps atriceps, 

 Metlaltoyuca, Puebla. (Specimens in collection of the United States 

 Biological Survey.) 



Page 664: Add to Mexican localities for Scdtator woagnoides mag- 

 noides, Tuxtepec, Oaxaca. (Specimens in collection of the United 

 States Biological Survey.) 



Note concerning measurements. — All of the measurements in this 

 volume were originally made in inches and hundredths, but at the last 

 moment, after the manuscript had been completed, the author decided, 

 in view of the increasing use of the metric system among naturalists, 

 to have them converted into millimeters. This was accordingly done, 

 and the measurements as printed are the exact metric equivalents of 

 the original figures. For practical purposes the reader may of course 

 ignore fractions under .5 of a millimeter. 



' Original description. 




II^DEX. 



[The black-faced numbers indicate generic or specific headings.] 



abeilisei, Coccothraustes. 



Hesperiphona . 



Abeille'8 Grosbealt 



abeillei, Coccotliraustes . 

 abeiilii, Coccothraustes.. 



Guiraca 



Page. 



45 



45 



44 



45 



45 



45 



Hesperiphona 38,39,44,45 



Abert's Towhee 427 



aberti, Pipilo 405,427,428 



abertii, Kieneria 428 



Pipilo 428 



iibertis, Pipilo 428 



Abingdon Cactus Finch 513 



abingdoni, Cactornis 614 



Geospiza 491, 493, 495, 518, 514 



scandens 514 



Abreojos Sparrow 202 



Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow 223 



Acanjhidops 26, 27, 28, 33, 517, 518, 520 



bairdi 517,518,519 



uniformis 619 



Acanthis 28,29,78 



brewsterii 79,80,92,93 



canescens 82, 84 



carduelis 95 



exilipes 85 



holboellii 90 



holboUi 90 



holbollii 90 



holboolii 90 



hornemannii 80, 82 



exilipes 80,82,84,86 



hornemannii 80 



pallescens 86 



typica 82 



innominatus 89 



intermedius 89, 91 



liharia 80,83,87,92 



holbcellii 80, 89, 90, 92 



lanceolata 92 



linaria 80,85,90 



rostrata 80,90,91 



rostrata 91 



Acanthys 78 



Acapulco Sparrow 450 



accedens, Carduelis 95 



Acromyodi 16, 17 



abnormales 16 



acuminata, Aimophila 234, 240 



Haemophila 240 



Acutiplantar Oscines 18, 23 



acutirostris, Geospiza 490, 493, 495, 508, 507 



adoxa, Euethcia 532 



Passerina 532 



Phonipara 532 



Spermophila 532 



adusta, Melosplza 366 



cinerea 552,363,366 



melodia 366 



^giothus 79 



borealis 83,88 



brewsteri 93 



canescens 82,83,84 



exilipes 84 



var. canescens 82 



exilipes 84 



exilipes 84 



flaviroatris brewsteri 93 



var. brewsteri 92 



(flavirostris, var.?) brewsterii 92 



fuecescens 89 



holboelli 90 



holboUi 92 



hornemanni 82 



linaria 88 



holboelli 92 



holboUi 92 



var. exilipes 84 



fuscescens 89 



holbolli 90,92 



linarius 88 



linarius 88 



rostratus 91 



rufescens 89 



Aegiothus 79 



canescens 82, 84, 92 



fuscescens 88 



linaria 87 



linarius 82,87,92 



.iEpiornithes 9 



iEpyornithes 9 



.^pyornithidee 9 



Aepyornithiformes 9 



aestiva, Fringilla 256 



aestivalis, Aimophila 232 



aestivalis 235, 254 



Ammodromus 265 



Fringilla 255 



Peucaea 256 



PeuCffia 231,254,256,257,259 



aestivalis, var - 255 



aethiops, Goniaphea 606 



Oryzoborus 606 



afflnis, Camarhynchus 477, 481 



675 




676 



INDEX. 



Page. 



affinis, Cardiiialis igneus 632 



cardinalis 632,634,648 



Geoapiza 481 



Loxigilla 554 



Poocsetes gramineus 187 



Pooecetes gramineus 182, 186, 187 



Pyrrhulagra 554 



violacea 548, 649, ooS 



agassizi, Cocornis 515, 516, 517 



agrestis, Spizella 320 



Agriospiza 79 



agrorum, Linaria 88 



aikeni, Junco 273, 277, 278 



hiemalis 278 



hyemalis 278 



var 277,278 



Aimophila. . 27, 28, 36, 280, 231, 232, 233, 262, 465, 460 



acuminata 234, 240 



aestivalis 232 



asstivalis 235, 254 



bachmanii 235,266 



botterii 232 



botterii 235,257 



petenica 235, 260, 261 



sartorii 235, 259, 261 



caliooni 246 



carpalis 232, 233, 234, 241, 242 



cassinil 235, 25S 



humeralis 232, 233, 237, 238 



mcleodii 232, 234, 246 



melanotis 240 



mystacalis 232, 233, 286 



notostiota 232, 233, 234, 242 



petenica 232, 261 



■ qulnquestriata 232, 233, 236 



rufescens 232, 244 



discolor 245 



pallida 234,245 



rufescens 234,248,673 



sinaloa 234, 245, 246 



roiicauda 232, 239 



lawrencii 234, 239 



ruflcauda 233, 288, 673 



ruflceps » 232, 233, 248 



australis 235, 280 



boucardi 235, 262 



eremoeca 235,249,251 



tusca 236, 260 



ruflceps 234, 246 



scottii 235, 248, 249, 261 



sororia 235,248 



sartorii 232, 260 



sumichrasti 232, 233, 284, 240 



superciliosa 229, 230 



Alameda Song Sparrow 870 



Alamos Cardinal 648 



Towhee 432 



alascensis, Calcarius lapponicus 155, 158, 160 



Pinicola enucleator 60, 68, 64, 66 



Alaskan Longspur 158 



Pine Grosbeak 63 



Alaudidse 17,18,23 



alaudina, Zonotrichia 195 



alaudinus, Ammodramussandwiohensis... 196 



Passerculus 195, 198, 199 



sandvicensis 194, 196 



Page, 

 alaudinas, Passerculus sandwichensis igg 



194, 196 



savanna, var igg 



Albemarle Ground Finch jqj 



albemarlei, Geospiza 492, 494 602 



dubia , 502 



alberti, Pipilo '. ^ 



albicollis, Fringilla 345 346 



Pipilo 429 



fuscu.9(var.) 429 



Saltator 660, 661, 670, 671 



albicollis 670, 661 



Zonotrichia 330, 331, 339, S43, 345 



albigula, Pipilo 434,406,438 



luscus 434 



var 434 



albigularis, Pipilo 434 



Spermophila 577 



albinucha, Atlapetes 463 



Buarremon 463, 464 



Embernagra 463 



albiimchus, Atlapetes 464, 460, 463 



Buarremon 463, 464 



albitorquis, Spermophila 678 



Sporophila 666,678 



albogularis, Loxia 677 



Aleutian Leucosticte 72 



Snowflake 152 



Song Sparrow 3JJ 



alleni Pipilo 427 



ery throphthalmus. 404, 405, 426, 427 



var 427 



Allied Ground Finch 481 



alnorum, Fringilla 90 



linaria 90 



alticola, Chamseospiza 408 



Junco 275,303 



cinereus, var 304 



caniceps, var 304 



hyemalis, var 304 



Pipilo torquatus 403, 408 



Amauroapiza 27,28,33,679 



concolor 679,674 



American Crossbill 4! 



Goldfinch 109 



americana, Carduelis 110,111 



Coelebs 173 



Curvirostra 49,51,53 



Emberiza 173,170 



Euspina 174 



Eu-spiza "3 



Fringilla "3,174 



Linaria 89 



Loxia 49,51,53 



crucirostra, var 49,51 



curvirostra 49,51 



var 49,51 



Spiza in,Vi 



Ammodramus .... 25, 27, 28, 34, 35, 206, 21 1,446, 460 



bachmani 257 



bairdi 204 



bairdli 204 



beldingi , M» 



bimaculatus 210 



botterii 26* 



boucardi 262 



cassinii 254 



caudacuta 220 




INDEX. 



677 



Page. 



Ammoilrarana caudacntns 212, 221, 223, 224 



caudacutiis 213, 



220,222 



nelsoni 212, 



214,221,222,224 



subvirgatus 214, 



222, 22S, 224 



var. nelsoni : 224 



guttatus 200 



halophilus 202 



henslowi 211, 212, 228 



henslowii henslowii 214, 226 



occidentalis.... 214,228 



lecontei 226,226 



leconteii 212,214,224,225 



macgillivraii 213, 218 



macgillivrayi 216 



maritimus .... 211,212,215,216,218 



flsheri 213,217,218 



maegillivraii 216 



maritimus 213, 214- 



• nigrescens 219 



peninsulae 213, 



216,217,218 

 sennetti... 218,218,219 

 var. nigreseens .. 219 



nelsoni 222 



subvirgatus 224 



nigrescens 213, 219, 220 



notosticta 243 



palustris 383,884 



(Passerculus) sandvicensis 



wilsonianus 193 



passerinus 208, 210 



peninsulae 217 



petenicus 232, 260, 261 



princeps 190 



rostratus 200,202 



rufleeps 231, 247, 253 



sanctorum 201 



sandwichensis 191, 192 



alaudinus... 196 



brunneseens 194, 



197,198 



bryanti 198 



savanna... 193,196 

 xanthophrys 197 



savannarum 206, 207, 209, 211 



passerinus . . . 208, 210 



perpallidus 211 



sennetti 219 



tixicrus 207 



Ammodromus 252 



aestivalis 255 



australis 209 



bairdii ' 204 



caudacutus nelsoni 222 



lecontei 226 



macgillivrayi 218 



melanoleucus 220 



nigrescens 219 



palustris 384 



passerinus 208 



samuelis 370 



var. nelsoni 222 



amoena, Cyanospiza 580, 5«1, i">S4, nst; 



Page. 



amoena, Emberiza 585 



Fringilla 586 



Passerina 586 



Spiza 586 



Ampelidse 18, 21 



Ampelis 17 



tersa 20 



Auiphispizn 27,28,36,232,201,262 



belli 263, 26li, 269 



belli 283, 267 



cinerea 263, 209, 271 



clementeao 269 



nevadensis 270,271,268 



bellii var. nevadensis 271 



billneata 262, 264, 266 



bilineata 262,208 



deserticola 263, 265, 266 



grisea 263, 266, 267 



pacifica 266 



ferrariperezi 238 



humeralis 238 



mystacalis 237 



nevadensis 271 



qninquestriata 236 



amplus, Carpodacus 26, 126, 142 



angolensis, Loxia 603 



Oryzoborus C03 



Anisomyodce 16 



Anisomyodi , 15, 16 



annectens, Junco 276, 292 



hiemalis 277, 293 



hyemalis, var 293 



oregonuH 292 



var 292 



Passerella iliaca 386, 392 



anoxantha, Goniaphea 647 



Loxigilla 547 



Pyrrhulagra 647 



Spermophila 545,547 



Sporopbila 547 



anoxanthus, Loxipasser 540 



Anseriformes 10, 11 



anthinus, Passerculus 196, 197, 199 



sandvicensis 198, 199 



savanna 199 



var.... 196,198,199 



Anthony's Towhee 430 



Antiguan Bullfinch 558 



Antillean Grasshopper Sparrow 206 



(aonalascensis), Passerella iliaca 390 



aoonalaschkensis, Emberiza 390 



Aoonalashka Bunting 390 



Apteryges 9 



arborea, Fringilla 309 



arboreus. Passer 146 



Archaeopteryges 3 



Archseopterygif ormes 3 



Archseopteryx 3 



Archeeomithes 3 



Arohomlthes 8,8 



Arctic Towhee ^l^ 



arctica. Emberiza 192 



Euspiza 192 



Pringilla 192,421 



Pipilo «3,416 



Pyrgita (Pipilo) 413 



Zonotrichia 192 




678 



INDEX. 



Page. 



arcticua, Pipilo 412, 413, 414, 410, 421 



ery throphthalmus, var 413, 416 



maculatus 404, 405, 412, 414, 416 



var. 412,413,414,417,421 



arcticua, c 814 



arctoua, Passer, var. y .- 74 



arenacea, Spizella 321 



pusilla. . . . 306, 307, 318, 820, 321 



Arizona Cardinal 045 



Goldfinch 115 



Junco 301 



arizonse, Astragalinusp.saltria... 108,115,116,117 



Chrysomitris 117 



mexicana 116 



mexlcana, var 116 



paaltria 116 



var 116 



(Pseudomitris) mexi- 



canus, var 116 



Peucaea 259 



a3.s;ti valis 259 



var 258 



Spinus psaltria 117 



Spizella 317 



domestlca 318 



socialis 306, 307, 315,317 



var 314,317 



Arkansas Goldfinch 114 



Arremon 24, 25, 27, 28, 37, 446, 454, 455, 458 



aurantiiroatris 466,466, 457 



saturatus 456,457 



conirostris 453 



frontalis 467 



giganteus 663 



gutturalis 462 



latinuchus 459 



rufidorsalis 457 



rufodorsalis 457 



aliens 465 



Arremonops 27,28,37,400,445,446,464,466 



chloronota 453 



chloronotus 447, 452,453, 673 



conirostris 447,458 



conirostris 447, 458 



richmondi . . 447, 463, 673 



richmondi 454 



rufivirgata 448 



atriaticeps 451 



verticalis 451 



rufivirgatus 446 



craasirostris. 446,448,449 



rufivirgatus 446, 



447, 448 



sumichrasti 450 



superciliosa sumichrasti 450 



superciliosua 447 



ainalose . . 447, 460, 451 

 aumiehrasti... 447,460 



superciliosua 447, 



449, 460, 673 



verticalis 447, 451, 673 



arvenaia, Fringilla 521 



assimilis, Buarremon 465, 468, 469 



- Cactomis 511,514,674 



Geospiza 512, 513, 514, 674 



Tanagra 469 



Astragalinus , 28,29,107, 108 



Page. 



Astragalinus columbianns j2i 



lawrencii....; 109,121,122 



mexicanus ng jjg 220 



notatus.. 



103 



psaltria io9,116 



arizonae.... 108,116,116,117 



columbianns 109,120 



croeeus 108,118,120 



jofyi 109,120 



mexicanus. 108,117,118, 119 



psaltna 108,114 



tristis 111,112,113 



pallidus 108, 111, m 



salicamana 108,112,113 



tristis 108,109 



Atelodacnis 20 



ater, Pipilo ^g 



I Atlapetea 24,27,28,37,400,458,459 



albinucha 4g0 403 



albinuchus 404 



chlorurus 4Q2 



chrysopogon 459,462,463 



gutturalis 460,461,463 



pileatus 469,460,461 



dilutus 460,461 



pileatus 460,461 



rubrieatus 440 



atrata, Ccereba 515 



Fringilla 285 



(Zonotrichia) 285 



Leucosticte 68,76,76,77 



lioxia 66 



Montifiingilla 76 



atratus, Carduelis 96 



Pipilo maculatus 404,405,419,420 



atricapilla, £mbenza 335 



Fringilla 335 



Zonotrichia 336 



AtrichornithidEe 16 



atriceps, Chrysomitris 102 



Fringilla 102 



Gyrinorhynchus 678 



Saltator 660,662,663 



atriceps 061, 668, 674 



Spermophlla 578 



Spinus 97,100,102 



Sporophila 678 



Tanagra (Saltator). 662 



atriooUis, Saltator 659 



atrigularia, Spizella 323,324 



Zonotrichia 324 



atrimentalis, Struthus 324 



atrogularis, Spinites 323 



Spizella 305, 306, 307, 322, 323 



atrolarvatus, Plectrophanes 151 



atro-olivaceus, Caryothraustes 658 



Pitylus 658 



atro-purpuratus, Periporphyrus 658 



Pitylus : 658 



Auk, Great l" 



aurantiaous, Pheuetious 621, 623 



auranticoUia, Pyrrhula ^ 



aurantiipennis, Carduelis * 



aurantiirostris Arremon 455, 456, 457 



Saltator 659 



aurata, Carduelis ^ 



anreo-ventris, Pitylus 621 




INDEX. 



679 



i'age. 



auricapilla, Zonotrichia 336 



aurita, Spermophila 574 



Sporophila SfiS, 578, 674 



auritus, Gyrinorhynchus 574 



aurocapilla, Pringilla 336 



Zonotrichia 336 



ttustralis, Aimopliila ruflceps 235, 350 



Ammodromus 209 



Leucosticte 68, 77,78 



teplirocotis, var 78 



Montifringilla 78 



Peucsea ruflceps 250 



Aves 2,8,10 



B. 



Bachman's Sparrow 266 



baclimani, Ammodramus 257 



bachmanii, Aimophila aestivalis 235, 256 



Fringilla 230, 256 



PeucjEa 256,257 



aestivalis 266, 267 



badiiventris, Gyrinorliynchus ._ 672 



Spermophila 672 



Sporophila 572 



Bahaman Bullfinch 561 



Grassquit 637 



bahamensis, Loxigilla violacea, ^ 652 



Passer bicolor 538 



Bairrl's Junco 294 



Sparrow 203 



bairdi, Acanthidops 517,518,610 



Ammodromus 204 



Coturniculus 204 



Junco 272, 274, 276, 294, 295 



Passerculus 204 



bairdii, AmmodTamus 204 



Centronyx 189,208, 204 



Emberiza 189,202,204 



barbadensis, Loxigilla 561 



Pyrrhulagra 649, 661 



Barbados Bullfinch 561 



Barranca Sparrow 458 



barringtoni, Geospiza 491, 512, 613 



Baur's Ground Finch 500 



bauri, Geospiza 492,494,500,601 



dubia 501 



beckhami, Pyrrhuloxia slnuata 627 



Belding's Myiarchusrsh Sparrow 198 



beldingi, Ammodramus 199 



Passerculus 187, 188, 198, 199 



Bell's Sparrow 267 



belli, Amphispiza 263,266,269 ] 



belli 263,267 | 



Emberiza 268 



Poospiza 268,269,270 



belli, var 269 



Zonotrichia 269 



Bendire's Crossbill 50 



Sparrow 241 | 



bendirei, Loxia curvirostra 46,47,50,61 ; 



bermudianus, Cardinalis 674 i 



betiilarum, Fringilla linaria 88 I 



Linaria 88 i 



biarcuata, Emberiza 443 



Embernagra 443 



Melozone 442, 443 



Pyrgita 437,443 



biarcuatum, Melozone 438", 439, 448 



Pyrgisoma 4 12, 443 i 



Page. 



biarcuatus, Pyrgisoma 443 



bicolor, Calamospiza 169, 170 



Corydalina 170 



Dolichonyx 170 



Euetheia 530, 538, 541, 544 



bicolor 530,637,540 



Euethia 538,541,642,543 



Fringilla 167, 169, 538, 541 , 542, 543, 544 



Passerina 542 



Phonipara 538, Ml, 542 



Spermophila 538, 642 



bilineata, Amphispiza 262, 2G4, 266 



bilineata 202,268 



Emberiza 261,204,266 



Poospisa 264 , 206, 267 



bimaculatus, Ammodramus 210 



Coturniculus savannarum . 206, 209 



bindloei, Camarhynchus 480 



Bird, Indigo 582 



Birds 2 



Bishop Grosbeak 655 



Lesser 666 



Black-chinned Sparrow 322 



crowned Bunting 335 



headed Ground Finch 484 



Grosbeak 617 



Saltator 661 



Panama 663 



Siskin 102 



Leucosticte 76 



Seedeatcr 571 



throated Bunting 173 



Sparrow 263 



Mexican 266 



blandingiana, Embernagra 402 



Fringilla 402 



Zonotrichia 402 



Blue-black Grassquit 626 



Grosbeak 696 



Bunting 584, 601 



Oaxaca 602 



Grosbeak 607 



Chiapas 612 



Guiana 699 



Panama 597 



Western 610 



Bonaparte's Ground Sparrow 439 



bonapartii, Loxia , 41 



Coccothraustes 41 



borealis, ^giothus 83, 88 



Emberiza 161 



Fringilla 81, 83, 88 



Linaria 81,83,88 



Linota 83,88 



Plectrophanes 161 



botterii, Aimophila 232 



botterii 236,257 



Ammodramus 258 



Peucasa 231,268,260 



.EBstivalis, var 258, 260 



Zonotrichia 258 



Botteri's Sparrow 257 



boucardi, Aimophila ruflceps 235, 262 



Ammodramus 252 



Peuesea 249,260,252,253 



ruflceps 248, 249, 260, 252 



var 249,250,252 



Zonotrichia 262 




680 



INDEX. 



Page. 



Bouoard's Sparrow 252 



Brachyspiza 27, 28, 35, 840, 347 



capensis 348 



insularis 347, S4i) 



peruviana 847,348 



brasiliensis, Caryothraxistes 654 



viridis 654 



Crithagra 623 



Emberiza 521 



Syealis 523 



Brevipennea 8 



brevirostris, Cactornis 490, 515 



Fringilla llnaiia 89 



Geospiza 491, 493, 495, 514, 515 



conirostris 516 



Brewer's Sparrow 327 



breweri, Spizella 306, 307, 827 , 328, 329 



pallida 326,327,329 



var 329 



Zonotrichia 329 



Brewster's Linnet 92 



brewsteri, .ffigiothus 93 



flavirostris 93 



var 92 



Linota 93 



brewsterii, Acanthis 79, 80, 92, 93 



Linota flavirostris, var 92, 93 



Bridled Sparrow 236 



Broad-billed Ground Finch 673 



Brown-capped Leueosticte 77 



cheeked Grosbeak _. 536 



Towhee 480 



Northern 435 



Plateau 431 



Brown's Song Sparrow 363 



brunneinucha, Buarremon 466, 467 



Embernagra 466 



Leueosticte 75 



brunnei-nucha, Tanagra (Embernagra) ... 466 



brunneinuchus, Buarremon 465, 466 



brunnescens, Ammodramus sandwichen- 



sis 194,197,198 



Linaria 91,92 



Bryant' sGrassquit 538 



Myiarchusrsh Sparrow 197 



Siskin 106 



bryanti, Ammodramus sandwichensis 198 



Chrysomitris 105, 106 



Euetheia 633 



olivacea 530, 538 



Fringilla 106 



Passerculus sandwichensis 188, 



194,197,198 



Buarremon 24, 26, 27, 28, 37, 458, 460, 464, 469 



albinucha 463, 464 



albinuchus 463, 464 



assimilis 465,408,469 



brunneinucha 466, 467 



brunneinuchus 466, 466 



capitalis 473 



castaneiceps 458 



Chestnut-capped 405 



chrysopogon 462 



crassirostris 467, 458, 459 



Gray-striped 468 



Green-striped 407 



gutturalis 462 



Buarremon mesoxanthus 459 



nationi ^gg 



o«ai 407 



pyrgitoides 245 



rufigenis 435 



tibialis 47^ 



virentieeps 466,407,468 



Buff-throated Saltator ({gg 



Central American . . 664 



Panama 065 



BufEy Ground Finch : 4^3 



Bullfinch, Antiguaii , 66S 



Bahaman 55J 



Barbados 561 



Cassin's 57 



Cory's 569 



Cuban sgg 



Dominican 65({ 



Grand Cayman 668 



Grenada. 660 



Haitian 553 



Jamaican 552 



Myiarchusrtinique 554 



Porto Rican 650 



St. Christopher 550 



St. Vincent 557 



Santa Lucia 555 



Bunting, Aoonalashka 390 



Black-crowned : 335 



-throated 173 



Blue 584,601 



Lark 168 



Lazuli 584 



Mountain 161 



Painted 586 



Oaxaca Blue 602 



Rosita's . . .' 590 



Sandwich 191,192 



Snow 148 



Tawny: 151 



Townsend's 174 



"Turquoise-fronted 002 



Dnalasoha 192 



Unalashka 390 



Varied 691 



Burrica 123,124 



C, 



Cahanis' Ground Sparrow 441 



Seedeater 579 



cabanisi, Melozone 438, 439, 441 



Pyrgisoma 442 



caboti, Passerculus 384 



Cactornis , . . , 476, 489, 490, 491, 615, 616 



abingdoni 514 



assimilis. 511, 514, 674 



brevirostris 490, 515 



hvpoleuea 489 



pallida., 488 



pallldus 476 



produetuR 476 



propinqua 490 



scandens 489,610,511,512 



Cactospiza 476,477 



Cactus Finch 0** 



Abingdon 513 



Indefatigable SH 



Intermediate ^*^^ 



Northern SI" 




INDEX. 



681 



Page. 



Cactus Finch, Shortrbilled 514 



caerulea, Cyanoloxia 609 



Emberiza 584 



Goniaphea 609 



Guiraoa 600, 607, 609, 610, 611, 674 



caerulea 607 



Loxia 606, 609, 6U 



Spiza 684 



cahooni, Aimophila 246 



Calamoapiza 27, 28, 34, 107 



blcolor 109, 170 



grammaca 178 



ruficauda 239 



melanocorys 168, 170 



CalamosplzEe ^. 28, 34 



calcarata, Emberiza 158 



Fringilla 158 



Plectrophanes 158 



ealcaratus, Centrophanes 158 



Plectrophanes 158 



Calcariese 26, 28, 29 



Calcarins 26, 28, 29, 30, 154 



lapponicus 154,158,160 



alascensis 155,158,160 



coloratus 165, 159 



lapponicus 155 



nivalis 151 



ornatus 154, 155, 162, 163, 164 



pictus 164,155,160,161 



California Goldfinch 112 



Pine Grosbeak 65 



Purple rinch 130 



Towhee 4S4 



ealifornica, Pinicola enucleator 60, 66, 66 



califomicus, Carpodacus 128, 131, 140 



purpureus. 124, ISO, 131 

 var. 131, 140 



var 131 



Calliste leclancheri 589 



Calyptophilus 18 



Camarhynehus 27, 28, 31, 473, 476, 491, 492 



afflnis 477,481 



bindloei 480 



compressirostris. 479,481,482,483 



crassirostris 473, 475 



habeli 476,477,480 



hypoleucus 488 



incertus 476, 477, 481, 482, 483 



pallidus 476, 487, 488 



pauper 477, 482, 483, 484 



produetus 488, 489 



prosthemelas 477, 



483,484,485,486,487 



psittacula 476, 479 



psittaculus 476, 



477,479,481,482,483,484 



rostratus 479 



salvini 477, 483, 484, 486, 487 



townsendi 479 



Tariegatus 473, 475 



campestris, TringiUa 146 



Leucosticte 72 



tephrocotis 72 



var 72 



cana, Spizella 324 



canadensis, Oorythus 62 



enucleator 62 



Emberiza 309 



r-age. 



canadensis, Enucleator C2 



Fringilla :vM, 310 



Loxia 656 



Passer 308,309 



Pinicola 62, 63, 65, 66 



enucleator 60,63,64,65,66,67 



var 67 



Spizella 309 



Canadian Pine Grosbeak 60 



canarius, Serinus 522 



canescens, Acanthis 82, 84 



Aegiothus 82, 83, 84, 92 



jlilgiothus canescens, var 82 



Cannabina 83 



Fringilla 82 



(Acanthus) liraria, var. 83 



Linaria 82,83,88,90,92 



Linota 82,84 



canicnndus, Cardinalis cardinalis 632, 



633,634,636,637,630,641 



caiiiceps, Junco 274, 275, 276, 395, 296 



cinereus 297 



var 276,297 



hiemalis 297 



var 297 



Linaria 589 



Struthus 296, 298 



Cannabina canescens 83 



linaria S8 



Canon Towhee 432 



canora, Euetheia 536, 537 



Euethia 537 



Passerina 537 



Phonipara 636,537 



Loxia 529,536 



capensis, Brachyspiza 348 



Fringilla 346 



capitalis, Buarremon 473 



Hedymeles melanocephalus, var. 620 



Pezopetes 471 , 47 2 



Zamelodia melanocephala 620 



Caprimulgidae 12 



Cardinal. Alamos 648 



Arizona 645 



Colima 650 



Cozumel 645 



Florida 641 



Gray-tailed ; 639 



Grosbeak 635 



Jalapa 642 



Myiarchuszatlan 648 



Saint Lucas 647 



Tabasco 643 



Tres Myiarchusrias ■ 649 



Yucatan 644 



Cardinalese 28 



Cardinalis 26, 28, 30, 460, 629, 630 



taermudianus 674 



cardinalis 630, 632, 633, 



634, 637, 638, 639, 640, 641, 642 



affinis 632,634,648 



canicaudus 632, 



633,634,636,637,639,641 



cardinalis 632, 



633,634,635,639,674 



coccinens 631, 



632,633,635,642,643 




682 



INDEX. 



Page. 



Cardinalia cardinalis floridanus 632, 



633,634,637,641,642 

 igneus.. 632,634,647,648,649 



littoralis 631, 



633,635,643,644 



marise 632,634,649,660 



saturatus 631, 



632, 633, 635, 645 



sinaloensis 648,649 



superbus 631, 



633,634,646,647,648,649 

 yuoatanicus 633,635,644,645 



camcus 660, 



632, 633, 634, 635, 650, 651 



coccineus 632, 643, 644, 645 



coccineus 632 



littoralis 632 



yucatanious 632 



flavonotatus 640, 641 



igneus 632, 638, 646, 647, 648, 649, 650 



affinis 632 



igneus 632 



mariffi 632 



sinaloensis 632 



superbus 632 



lessoni 651 



phoeniceus 630, 633 



ruber 638 



cameus 651 



coccineus 643 



igneus 648 



saturatus 645 



sinuatus 624,627,628 



superbus 647 



virginiana ignea - . 646, 648 



virginianus 638, 640, 642, 643, 644, 



645,646,648,649,650,651 

 igneus .... 646,647,648,649 



var. coccineus 643, 644 



igneus.638, 646, 647, 650 



virginianus 638, 



640, 642 



virginianus 638 



cardinalis, Cardinalis 637 



cardinalis 632, 



633,634,685,639,674 



^ Coccothraustes 637 



Fringilla 637 



Guiraca 637 



Loxia 629,637,638,640,642 



i'itylus 637 



Carduelis 28,29,93 



accedens 95 



americana 110, 111 



atratus 96 



aurantiipennis 95 



aurata 95 



carduelis 94,95 



columbianus 106 



communis 95 



cucullata 95,105 



elegans .' 95 



germanica. . 



96 



lawrencli 122 



luxuosus ; 593 



meridionalis 95 



117 



mexicana . 



notata l"'^ 



Page. 



Carduelis pinus 99 



psaltria 114 



septentrionalis 95 



spinoides 95 



tristis 110,112,113 



vulgaris 95 



carduelis, Acantbis 95 



Carduelis 94, 95 



Emberiza 95 



Fringilla 95 



Passer 95 



Spinus 95 



Carenochrous 459 



Cariamae 5 



Caribbean Grassquit 638 



Carinatce 10,11 



carmani, Pipilo 405,423,423 



erythrophtlialmus, var 423 



maculatns, var 423 



cameus, Cardinalis. . 630, 632, 633, 634, 636, 660, 661 



ruber 651 



virginianus, var 651 



Coccothraustes (Cardinalia) 651 



carolse, Pipilo crissalis 406, 436 



fuscus 438 



Carolina Junco 282 



carolinensis, Junco 283 



hyemales 273, 276, 283,283 



carpalis Aimophila 232, 233, 234, 241, 242 



Peucaea 231,242 ■ 



Carpodacus 28,29,128,124,622 



amplus 26,126,142 



calif omicus 128, 131, 140 



cassinii 124,126,127 



erythrinus 124 



f amiliaris 140 



frontalis .. 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 139, 141 



frontalis 139 



hsemorrhous 133 



mexicanus 132 



rhodocolpus .... 136, 137, 140 



ruberrimus 137 



var. frontalis 139 



hsemorrhous... 133,137 



rhodocolpus 140 



grandis 124 



mcgregori 126,141,142 



mexicanus ... 125, 132, 133, 136, 136, 140 

 dementis .125, 140, 141, 142 



frontalis 126, 



132,134,137,139,141 



mexicanus 125, 



181,133,134.142 



obsourus 139 



rhodocolpus 125, 



184,136,138 



roseipeotus 126,138 



rubberrimus 126, 



134,136,137 



sonoriensis 125i 



134,135,136 



119 

 obscurus 



pileatus ^'^ 



purpureus 124,127,129,130,131 



purpureus 124, 128 



califomicus.. 180,124,131 




INDEX. 



683 



Page, 

 Carpodacna purpureus var. califomicus . 331,140' 



purpiireus 130 



rhodochlamya 124 



rhodocolpus 135 



roseus 124 



ruberrimus 137 



severtzovi 124 



thura 124 



var. califomicus 131 



Cao'othranstes 24, 27, 28, 32, 663, 654, 657 



atro-olivaceiis 658 



brasiliensiB 654 



episeopus 656 



liumeralis 654 



poliogaster 654, 655, 657 



poliogaster . 665, 674 



scapularis 655, 656 



viridis 654,657 



brasiliensis 654 



Cassin'a Bullfinch 57 



Purple Fineb 126 



Sparrow 253 



cassiui, Peucsea 231 



Pyrrhula 57,58 



coccinea, var 58 



cassinii, Aimophila 235, 253 



Ammodramus 251 



Carpodacus ; 123, 124, 126, 127 



Passerculus 253 



Peucaea 254,258 



aestivalis, var 264,258 



Zonotrichia 253 



eastaneiceps, Buarremon 458 



Lysurus '. 458 



Casuarii 9 



Casuariiformes 9 



Casuaroidese 9 



Catamblyrhynchidie 19 



Catamblyrhynchus 19 



diadema 19 



catatol, Pringilla 117 



caudacuta, Fringilla 220 



Passerina 220 



eaudacutus, Ammodramus... 220,221,212,223,224 



caudacutus 213, 



220, 222 



Ammodromus 221,223 



Oriolus 211,220,223,225 



caurlna, Melospiza cinerea 351, 852, 364, 375 



fasciata 375 



melodia 375 



eelaeno, Fringilla 657 



Pitylus 658 



Rbodothraupis 657 



Tanagra 658 



Central American Buff-throated Saltator. . . 664 



Goldflnch 118 



Centronyx 27,28,34,202,203 



bairdu 189,208,204 



ochrocephalus 205 



Centrophanes 154 



calcaratus 168 



lapponiea 157 



lapponicus 160,158 



ornatus .*. 163 



pictus 161 



smithi 161 



Certhia 12 



Page. 



Certhidea 492,607 



CerthiidsB 22 



ChamEeidse 23 



ChamEfiospiza 402 



alticola 408 



nigrescens 409 



torquata 407,409,445 



Charadriiformea 4, 5, 10, 11 



Chaunoprootus 26 



Chestnut-capped Buarremon 466 



-collared Longspur 162 



Chewink 433 



Chiapas Blue Grosbeak 612 



Juneo 302 



chiapensis, Guiraca 613 



Cffirulea 607,612 



Chihuahua Sparrow 461 



Chipping Sparrow 311 



Guatemalan 314 



Mexican 313 



Western 315 



Chloris 26 



Chlorochrysa 20 



chloronota, Arremonops 453 



Embemagra 463, 451 



chloronotus, Arremonops. . , 447, 452, 453, 673 



Chlorophanes 20 



Chlorophonia 26 



chlorosoma, Pipilo 410 



Chlonira 399 



chlorura, Embernagra 401 



Emberizoidcs 402 



Fringilla 399,400,401 



Oreospiza 400,402 



Zonotrichia 401 



Chlorurus 399 



chlorurus, Atlafetes 402 



Pipilo 401 



Chondesteffi 28,31 



Chondestes 27,28,31,34,175 



grammacus grammacus 176 



strigatus.... 178,179,180 



grammica 177,180 



strigata 179 



strigatus 179 



grammicus 178, 180 



ruficauda 239 



strigata 175,179 



strigatus 179 



Chrysomitris 95 



arizonse 117 



atriceps 102 



bryanti 106,106 



Columbiana 121 



columbianus 121 



cucullata 105 



dominicensis 106, 107 



elegans 95 



forreril 104 



lawrencii 122 



macroptera 100 



melanoxantha 118 



mexicana 116, 117, 119, 120, 121 



arizonse 116 



var. arizonje 116 



mexicana 118 



Columbiana 121 



var. arizonse 116 




684 



INDEX. 



j Page. 



iChrysomitris mexicana var. mexieana 118 



mexieaTinH 118, 119 



nana 121 



notata 103 



notetus • 103 



pinus 99, 100 



psaltria 114, 115 



arizonEe 116 



mexicana 118 



psaltria 115 



var. arizonae 116 



Columbiana 121 



mexicana 118,120 



psaltria 115 



(Pseudomitris) psaltria 115 



mexicanus 

 var. arizonae. 116 



tristia 110,111,112,113 



xanthogaster 106 



xan thogastra 106 



chrysopeplns, Coccoborus 622 



Coccothraustes 622 



Pheueticua G21,622, 623 



Pitylus 622 



Chry.sopoga 459 



typica 462 



chrysopogon, Atlapetes 469, 462, 463 



Buarremon 462 



chry.sops, Emberiza 192 



Fringilla 625 



Siealis .')21, 622, 523,624 



Syealis 525 



Ciconiiformes 10, 11 



Cinolida! 23 



Cinclus 10 



cineracea, Pyrrhula 58 



cineroa, Amphispiza belli 263, 269,271 



Fringilla 300, 372, 378 



Junco i 300 



Melospiza 357,876,377,378 



ciuerea 361,354,37! 



melodia 378, 389 



Passerella 372 



Pyrrhula 566 



Spermopbila 566 



Zonotriehia 372, 378 



Cinereous Finch 378 



cinereus, Junco 300, 301 



caniceps, var 300, 301 



hiemalis 301 



hyemalis, var 300 



Ptiliogonys 668 



Tachyeres 10 



Cinnamon-rumped Seedeater 577 



ciris, Cyanosptza 681, 582, 586,688 



Emberiza 587 



Fringilla 688 



Passerina 687 



Spiza 688 



Cissuras 651 



Clamatores 16,16,17,18,23 



Clay-colored Sparrow 324 



clementEe, Melospiza cinerea 352, 368 



fasciata 369 



melodia 869 



Pipilo 419 



maeulatus 404,405,418,419 



I'age. 



clementeae, Amphispiza belli 269 



dementis, Carpodacns 141 



mexicanus 125 



140,141,142 



cleonenaia, Melospiza cinerea 351, 353, 371 



melodia 372 



coccineus, Cardinalis 632, 643, 644, 645 



cardinalis 631 



632,633,635,842,643 



coccineus 632 



ruber 643 



virginianus, var.... 643,644 



Coccoborus go5 



chrysopeplus 622 



coeruleus 609, 612 



cyaneus 600 



cyanoides 595,598,600 



ludovicianus 615 



melanocephalus 619 



vespertinus 41 



Coccothrastege 26, 26, 27, 28 



Coccothraustes 25, 27 



abeillii 45 



bonapartii 41 



( Cardinalis) cameus 651 



cardinalis 637 



chrysopeplus 622 



(Guiraca) ludoviciana 615 



ludovioiana 615 



maculipennis 46 



melanocephala 671 



melanocephalus 619 



mexipjtnus 44 



montanua 43,44 



rubra 637 



rubricollis 617 



vespertina 40, 42, 44 



montana 43,44 



vespertinus 40, 42, 44 



viridis 654 



Coccothraustinaj 26, 26 



Cocornis 27,28,32,616 . 



agassizi 616, 516,517 



Coelebs amerieana 173 



Coereba 20,516 



alrata 516 



Ccerebidee 18,19,20 



coerulea, Fringilla 609 



Guiraca 612 



Goniaphea 612 



coerulea, Loxia 611 



coeruleus, Coccoborus 609,612 



CoUma Cardinal ''50 



Grotmd Sparrow 240 



Collared Towhee ♦'•'' 



collaris, Gyrinorhynohus 674 



Loxia 574 



Passerina ^7 



Pyrrhula ''37 



Spermophila 574 



Sporophila 573 



coloratus, Caloarius lapponicus 166, 159 



Columbae 5, 12 



Colombian Goldfinch l-" 



Columbiana, ChryomitriS 121 



mexicana 121 



psaltria. var 121 




INDEX. 



685 



Page. 



Columbiana, Fringilla 106 



Sicalis , 34,521 



Spinus psaltria 121 



columbiaiius, Astragalinus 121 



psaltria 120 



Carduelis 106 



Chrysomitris 121 



SpinuB 121 



psaltria 121 



Colymbiformes 10 



comata, Fringilla 333 



Zonotricliia 333 



communis, Carduelis 95 



complexus, Pipilo 410 



compressirostris, Camarhynchus 476, 



479,481,482,483 



Compsothlypis 20 



concolor, Amaurospiza 679, 674 



concreta, Cyanocompsa 594, 595, 600 



conoreta 695, 590, 697 



Cyanoloxia 697 



Goniaphea 597 



Guiraca 697,599 



cyanoides 597, 599 



coufinis, Poocsetes gramineus 186, 187 



var 186 



Pocecetes 186 



gramineus 185, 186 



Pooecetes gramineus 182, 184 



var 186 



Conical-billed Ground Finch 498 



oonirostris, Arremon 463 



Arremonops 447, 453 



conirostris 447, 453 



Bmbernagra 453,464 



Geospiza 490, 



491, 492, 494, 498,-499, 600, 616 



conirostris 499 



Conirostrum 20 



connectens, Junco hiemalis 276, 287, 291 



Conothraupis 24 



consobrinus, Pipilo 404, 405, 422 



maculatus 422 



cooperi, Melospiza cinerea 362, 367, 307 



fasciata 368 



melodia 368 



Coracomorphffi 12 



Coraciiformes 11, 12 



Cordova Sparrow 448 



CoAuorant, Pallas' 10 



coronata, Emberiza 336 



Zonotrichia 330, 331, S3S, 336, 336 



Corvida; 18, 22 



Corvus 12 



corvina, Spermophila 572 



Sporophila 666, 67 1, 672, 573 



corvinus, Gyrinorhynchus 572 



Corydalina 167 



bicolor 170 



Cory's Bullfinch 669 



Gr'assquit 53SJ 



coryi, Euetheia 533 



olivacea 530,532 



Pyrrhulagra 560 



CorythUB enucleator. 



Corythus . 



canadensis.. 



Page. 



62 



canadensis 62 



splendens 62 



costaricensis, Zonotrichia capensis 349 



Cotingidse 15 



Coturnioulus 27; 28, 35, 203, 206 



bairdi 204 



henslovi 228 



henslowii 210, 227, '228 



lecontei 226 



mexicanus 259 



passerinus 207, 208, 210 



perpallidus 211 



var. passerinus 208 



perpallidus 211 



perpallidus 211 



petenicus 261 



savannarum 205, 207 



bimaculatus... 206,209 



obscuruB 205, 209 



passerinus 206 



207,208,209 

 savannarum . . 206, 200 



tixicrus 207 



Cozumel Cardinal 045 



Grassquit ,"i33 



crassirostris, Arremonops rufivirgata 449 



ruflvirgatus . . , 446, 448 



Buarremon 4B7, 468, 459 



Camarhynchus 473, 475 



Embernagra 449 



rufivirgata, /3 460 



Geospiza 476 



LysurUB 457,458 



OryzoboruB 603 



Platyspiza 473, 474 



Pyrrhula 563 



Crimson-collared Grosbeak 657 



crissalis, Fringilla 435 



Pipilo 403,436 



crissalis 406, 434,435 



fusca 435, 436, 437 



fuscus, var 431, 436 



Pyrrhulagra 568 



noctis 648, 667,560 



Crithagra brasiliensis 523 



croceus, Astragalinus mexicanus 120 



psaltria 108,118,120 



Spinus psaltria 120 



^Crossbill, American 47 



Bendire's 60 



Mexican 52 



White-winged 53, 55 



Crucirostra 46 



leucoptera 56 



minor 49, 62 



cruentata, Pyrrhula 133 



Crypturiformes 10, 11 



cubEe, Fringilla 105 



Cuban Bullfinch 562 



cucuUata, Carduelis 95, 105 



Chrysomitris 105 



Fringilla 106 



Pyrrhomitris 105 



Spermestes 23 



Spinus 105 



ciicullatus, Pyrrhomitris 105 



Spinus 96, 97, 104, 105 




686 



INDEX. 



Page. 



Cuculiformes 11 



Cuernavaca House Finch 134 



Culpepper Ground Finch 500 



Curasao Grassquit 543 



Sparrow 349 



Currentes 8 



Curvirostra 46 



americana 49, 51, 53 



var. mexicana 53 



leucoptera 56 



mexicana 51, 52, 53 



curvirostra, Loxia 48, 53 



curvirostra 46 



cyauea, Cyanocompsa 594,595,600 



Cyanospiza 580, 581, 582,584 



Emberiza 583 



Fringilla 583 



Guiraca 601 



Loxia 601 



Passerina 583 



Spiza 683 



Tanagra 680, 583 



cyanella, Emberiza 683 



Cyanerpes 20 



cyanescens, Cyanocompsa concreta 695, 



596,597,598,599 



cyaneus, Coccoborus 600 



Cyanocompsa 27, 28, 33, 694 



concreta 594, 695, 600 



concreta 595,596,597 



cyanescens 595,596,697 



598,599,600 



cyanoa 594, 595, 600 



cyanoides 694, 595, 596, 599, 600 



parellina 594, 696, 602 



indigotica .... 595, 696, 602 



parellina 596, 601 



sumichrastl . . 596, 696, 602 



cyanoides, Coccoborus _696, 698, 600 



Cyanocompsa 594,596,596,599,600 



Cyanoloxia 698, 600 



Guiraca 598, 599, 600. 



Cyanoloxia 694 



caerulea 609 



concreta 597 



cyanoides 598, 500 



parellina 594, 601, 602, 603 



Cyanospiza 27,28,31,33,679,580 



amcena 681,584,586 



ciris 581,582,586,688 



cyanea 681,582,684 



leclanchcri 682, 589, 690 



parellina 601 



pulchra 693 



rositce 681,690 



versicolor 681, 591, 693 



pulchra 692, 593 



Cyanospizae 28 



Cypseli 11,12 



D. 



Dacnis. 



20 



pulcherrima 20 



danbyi, Junco 278 



hyemalis 278 



Darwin's Gromid Finch 474 



darwini, Geospiza 492, -194, 500 



debilirostris, Geospiza 490,493,494,508,609 



Densirostra jg 



dentirostris, Geospiza 493,494,507,608 



Desert Song Sparrow 352 



Sparrow 265 



deserticola, Amphispiza bilineata . . . 263, 266, 266 



Desmodactyli 11,12,14 15 



Diacromyodse J5 



Diacromyodi 15 



diadema, Catamblyrhynchus 19 



Dicholophidae 5 



Dickcissel ijj 



difflcilis, Geospiza 490, 493, 494, 807, 508 



Diglbssa 19 



Diglossinse 19 



Diglossopis 19 



dilutus, Atlapetes pileatus , 460, 461 



Dinomithes 9 



Dinornithidse 9 



Dinornithoidese 9 



discolor, Aimophila ruf escens 216 



Diucopis 24 



Dolichonyx bicolor 170 



domestica, Fringilla 143,144 



Pyrgita 146 



Spizella 313 



domesticus. Passer 124, 143, 144, 313 



Dominican Bullfinch 566 



dominicana, Pyrrhulagra 657 



noctis 549,566 



dominicensis, Chrysomitris 107 



Emberiza 531 



Fringilla 107 



Loximitris 107 



dorsalis, Junco 274,276,21)7, 298 



cinereus 298 



hiemalis 299 



phseonotus 299 



Drepauorhynchus 564 



schistaceus 564 



Dromseognathae 10 



Dromaeopappi 8 



dubia, Geospiza 492,494,501,602 



dubia 601 



Dubious Ground Finch 601 



Duck, Steamer 10 



Dulidse 18,22 



Durango Song Sparrow '. . 366 



Dusky Grosbeak 617 



Seaside Sparrow 219 



E. 



Ejutla Sparrow 242' 



elegans, Carduelis 95 



Chrysomitris . 95 



Eleutherodactyli 14, 16, 16 



Emberiza 26 



americana 170,173 



amcena 5^5 



aooualaschkensis 390 



arctica ^^ 



atricapilla ^36 



bairdii 189,202,204 



belli 268 



biarcuata ^^^ 



bilineata 261,264,266 



1 Inadvertently given as Oaxaca Sparrow on the page cited. 




INDEX. 



687 



Page. 



Emberiza borealie 151 



brasiliensis 521, 523 



cserulea 584 



caloarata 158 



canadensis 309 



carduelis 95 



chrysops 192 



ciris 587 



coronata 335 



eyanea 583 



cyanella 683 



dominicensis 531 



erythrophthalma 425 



glaeialis 151 



graminea 183 



grammaca 178,180 



henslowi 227 



hyemalis 271, 280 



lapponica 157 



lecontei 225 



le conteii 225 



leucophrys 329, 338 



lotharingica 151 



melanomus 164 



melodia 357 



mexicana 132 



montana 151, 158 



nigrieollis 174 



nivalis 146 



uotata 151 



olivacea 631, 633, 536 



omata 163 



pallida 313,326,328 



passerina 208 



picta 154,161 



pileata 348 



platensis 446 



(Plectophanes) lapponica 157 



nivalis 150 



picta 161 



pratensis 389 



pusilla 319 



rostrata 200 



rufina 374 



sandwichensis 191 



savanna 193 



shattuckii 326 



siris 587 



socialis 312 



spinoletta 381 



townsendi 175 



f unalascliensis 379, 389, 390 



(Zonotrichia) gracilis 381 



ruflna 393 



EmberizEe 26 



Emberizinae 25 



Emberizoides 446 



chlorura 402 



rufivirgata 448 



torquata 407 



Embemagra 400,446,455 



albinucha 463 



biarcuata 443 



blandingiana 402 



brunneinucha 466 



chloronota 451,452,453 



chlorura 401 



Page. 



Embernagra couirostris 453, 454 



crassirostris 449 



humeralis 238 



kieneri 439 



leucotis 445 



mexicana 464 



olivascens 446 



pileata 461 



platensis 446 



pyrgitoides 246 



rubricata 440 



rulescens 245 



ruficauda 239 



rufivirgata 445, 448, 450, 461 



crassirostris 449,450 



rufivirgata 448 



verticalis 461 



rufovirgata 443 



striaticeps 463, 454, 673 



sumichrasti 450 



superciliosa 230, 449, 450, 673 



toltec 239 



torquata 464 



verticalis 451 



Enaliornithes g 



Enucleator 58 



canadensis 62 



enucleator, Corythus 59, 61, 62 



Loxia 58 



Pinicola 69, 63, 66, 66, 67, 62 



enucleator 69, 60, 64 



Pyrrhula 62 



(Corythus) 62 



Eophona 25 



episcopus, Fringilla 656 



Caryothraustes 656 



epopoea, Fringilla 620 



eremoeca, Aimophila ruficeps . . . 235, 249, 261, 263 



Peucsea ruficeps 251,253 



erythrinus, Carpodacus 123, 124 



erythromelaa, Loxia 32,657 



erythrophthalma, Emberiza 426 



Fringilla 402, 425 



Pipilo 425, 426 



erythrophthalmus, Pipilo 425 



erythrophthal- 

 mus. 404,405,423,426 



var 426 



Pipillo 425 



Ery throspiza frontalis 132, 139 



purpurea 129, 130 



tephrocotis 70 



Erythrothorax 123 



erythrina, Loxia ._ 123 



Etzatlan Sparrow 246 



Euetheia 27,28,34,629,544 



adoxa 632 



bicolor 530, 538, 541, 542, 543, 544 



bicolor 530,637,540 



marchii 530,540,541 



omissa 530, 538 



sharpei 530, 543 



bryanti 633 



canora 530, 636, 637 



coryi 533 



grandior 630,543,544 



lepida 632,533 




688 



INDEX. 



Euetheia marchi 642 



olivacea 529,530,532,533 



bryanti 630,533 



coryi 630,532 



intermedia 630, 588, 534 



olivacea 680 



pusilla 530,634,636 



oraissa 541 



pusilla 635 



richardsoni 645 



sharpei 543 



Euornithes 10 



Euphonia 25 



Euphonise 25 



Eurhipidura 8 



EurhipiduTEe 8 



eurhyncha, Goniaphea cserulea, var 612 



Guiraca cserulea 612 



europsea, Pyrrhula 56 



European Tree Sparrow 145 



Eurylsemi 15 



EurylaimidEe 15 



Eurylaimoidese 15 



Eurypygse 5 



Eurypygidffi 6 



Euspina '. 170 



americana 174 



Euspiza 170 



americana 173,174 



arctica 192 



(Niphrea) hyemalis 280 



townsendii 175 



Evening Grosbeak 39 



Mexican 43 



Western 41 



evura, Spizella 328, 324 



atrogularis 323 



exilipes, Acanthis 85 



hornemannii 80,82,84,86 



yEglothus 84 



canescens 84 



var 84 



linaria, var 84 



Linaria 84 



Linota 85 



falcifer, Pipilo niaculatus 421 



falcirostra, Loxia 66 



Falconiiformes 11 



fallax, Melospiza 359, 363, 365, 373 



cinerea 362, 353, 367 



iasciata 360,359,363 



melodia 359 



var 369,363 



Zonotriohia 363 



familiaTis, Carpodaous 140 



fasciata, Fringilla 356 



Melospiza 359,366,367 



Zonotriohia 359,364 



Fasciated Finch 366 



iatigata, Geospiza 511, 612, 614, 615, 693, 696 



scandens 512 



Ferrari-Perez's Sparrow 237 



ferrariperezi, Amphispiza 238 



lerruginea, Fringilla < 388 



Ferruginous Finch 388 



Page. 



Field Sparrow gig 



Mexican ggj 



Western gjO 



Finch, Abingdon Cactus 513 



Albemarle Ground go2 



Allied Ground 4gj 



Baur's Ground 500 



Black-headed Ground 494 



Broad-billed Ground ejg 



Buffy Ground 482 



Cactus 509 



California Purple 130 



Cassin's Purple ] 26 



Cinereous 375 



Conical-billed Ground 49g 



Cuernavaca House 134 



Culpepper Ground 600 



Darwin's Ground 4J4 



Fasciated.... 356 



Ferruginous sgs 



Grass 183 



Great-billed Ground 495 



Gould's Ground 496 



Guadalupe House 142 



Habel's Ground 480 



Hartert's Ground 50J 



House ISJ 



Indefatigable Cactus 511 



Intermediate Cactus 611 



Jamaican Yellow 523 



Least Ground 506 



Lesser Ground 504 



Mexican House 131 



Yellow 533 



Northern Cactus SIO 



Oaxaca House 183 



Pallid Ground 48! 



Parrot Ground 4JI 



Purple 128,129 



Eed-breasted , 617 



Rothschild's Ground 6!3 



Saint Lucas House 186 



Salvin's Ground 486 



San Benito House 141 



San Clemente House 140 



Sharp-billed Ground 506 



Sharpe's Ground 60! 



Short-billed Cactus 514 



Similar Ground 602 



Slate-eolored 521 



Small-billed Ground 483 



Sonoran House 135 



Sooty Ground 604 



Sturdy Ground 602 



Thick-billed Ground 198 



Thin-billed Ground 481 



Tooth-billed Ground 60! 



Tower Island Ground 499 



Weak-billed Ground 808 



Winter 192 



Yellow-throated IM 



Fisher's Seaside Sparrow ^18 



flsheri, Ammodramus maritimus ... 213, 21!, 21! 



Five-striped Sparrow -y 2®' 



flammula, Pinicola ^ 



enucleator 59,60,64,65 



flava, Fringilla - '•^ 




INDEX. 



689 



Page. 



fiava, Sycalis S23 



flaveola, Fringilla 523 



Sicalis 523 



Sycalis 523 



flavicoUis, Fringilla 174 



flavo-cinereus, Pitylus , — 666 



fiavonotatua, Cardinalis 640, 641 



Florida Cardinal 841 



Towhee 426 



floridanus, Cardinalis cardinalis 632, 



633,634.636,687,641,642 



Ferrer's Siskin 108 



forreri, Chryaomitris 104 



Spinus 104 



notatus 96,97,108 



fortipes, Qyrinorhynchua 574 



Spermophila 574 



Sporophila 573 



fortis, Geospiza 493, 



■ 494, 601, 502, 60S, 604, 507, 508, 509, 545 



Fox-colored Sparrow 386 



Fox Sparrow, Kadiak 391 



Shumagin 389 



Sooty 394 



Thick-billed 397 



Yakutat 392 



Fringilla ( Acanthis ) linaria 87 



var canescens. 83 



Eestiva 255 



aastivalis 256 



albicollis 345,346 



alnormn 90 



americana 173, 174 



(Ammodramus) macgillivrayi 216 



amoena 586 



arborea , 309 



arctioa 192,421 



arvensis 621 



atrata - 1 286 



atricapilla 335 



atriceps 102 



aurocapilla 336 



bachmanii 230,256 



bicolor 167, 169, 538, 541, 542, 543, 644 



blandingiana 402 



borealis 81,83,88 



bryanti 106 



calcarata 168 



campestris 146 



canadensis 309, 310 



canescens 82,83,88,90 



capensis 346 



cardinalis 637 



carduelis 93, 94 



(Gaiduelis) pinus 99 



catotol 117 



caudacuta 220,226 



celaeno 667 



chlorura , 399,400,401 



chrysops 526 



cinerea 300,372,378 



ciris - 588 



ccerulea 609 



Columbiana 106 



coronata 333 



(Cotumiculus ) paaserina 207 



Page. 



Fringilla crissalis 435 



cub£e 105 



cucullata 105 



cyanea 583 



domestica 143, 144 



dominioensis 107 



epiacopus 656 



epopoea 620 



erythrophtbalma 402,425 



lasciata 356 



ferruginea 388 



flammea 88 



flava 523 



flaveola 523 



flavicollis 174 



flavirostris 79 



frontalis 132, 134, 138 



gambelii 340,342 



georgiana 383 



graminea 177, 181, 183, 184 



griseogenys. 75 



griseonucha 74 



guttata 372 



gutturalis 570 



haemorrhoa 133 



barrisii 333 



hiemalia 358 



henslowii 227 



hornemanni 82 



hudsonia 282,288 



hudsonias 282 



humeralis 238 



hyemalis 192,280 



iliaca 384,388 



juncorum 319 



lapponica 164, 167, 159 



lawrencei 122 



leplda 529,632,533,634,536 



leucopbrya 338,343 



linaria 78,79,82,83,87,91 



alnorum 90 



betularum 88 



breviroatris 89 



magnirostris 90 



(Linaria) griseonucha 74 



lincolnii 380 



littoralis 221 



ludoviciana 615 



macgillivraii 216,218 



macroura 446 



magellanica 96 



manimbe 206 



maripoaa 698 



maritima 215 



melanocephala 571, 619 



melanoxantha 118 



melodia 349,367 



meruloides 390 



mexicana 123, 132 



montana 143,146,308 



monticola 308 



nivalis 68, 151, 282 



noctis 566 



notatii 103 



olivacea 532 



oregana 284 



17024—01- 



-M 




690 



INDEX. 



Page. 



Fringilla palustris 349, 383 



passerina 205, 207, 208 



pennsylvanioa 342,346 



psaltria 107,114 



punicea 617 



purpurea 123, 129 



pusilla.-. 305,319 



pusio 327 



pustulata 75 



(Pyrrhula) frontalis 139 



querula 332 



rhodocampter 617 



ruta 389 



rufescens 89 



rufobarbata 552,565 



savanaruXQ 208 



savanna 187, 192 



savannarum 207, 211 



socialis 305, 312, 313 



spinus 95, 97 



splendens 528 



taria Ill 



tephrocotis 70 



texensis 118 



townsendi 393 



•tristis 107,110,112,113 



vespertina 37, 40, 42, 44, 46 



xanthomaschalis 620 



zena 538, 541, 543 



var. marchii 542 



portoricensis 541 



(Zonotrichia) atrata 285 



graminea 184 



iliaca 388 



leucophrys 338 



pennsylvanioa 346 



Fringillse 26, 28, 29 



Fringillauda 68 



nemoricola 68 



Fringillidae 18,19,24 



FringiUinae 25, 26 



frontalis, Arremon 467 



Carpodacus. 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 139, 141 



frontalis 139 



var 139 



mexicanus 125, 



132,134,137,139,141 



Erythrospiza 132, 139 



Fringilla 132 



(Pyrrhula) 139 



Pyrrhula 132,134,138 



fuliginosa, Geospiza 490,493,495,504,605,509 



fuliginosa 505 



Loxia 651 



Passerella iliaca 386, S94, 395 



fuliginosus, Pitylus 652 



f ulvescens, Junco 275, 276, 302, 303 



funerca, Goniaphea •. 606 



f unereus, Oryzoborus 603, 604, 605, 606 



Furnariidae .' 12 



f usca, Aimophila ruflceps 235, 250 



Kieneria 431 



Peucsea ruficeps 251 



Pipillo 430 



Pipilo 430,435 



, fuscescens, Aegiothus 88 



^giothus 89 



fuscescens, CEgiothus linaria, var gg 



Linaria gg 



fusciventer, Loxia 553 



fusciventris, Spermophila ggg 



fuscus, Pipilo 403, 430, 431, 433, 435 



fuscus 406,430 



™r 431 



G. 



galapagoensis, Zonotrichia 335 



Galliformes jj 



Gambel's 'Sparrow 339 



gambeli, Zcootriehia 340,342,343 



leucophrys var 340,343 



gambelii, Fringilla.; 340,342 



Zonotrichialeucophrys.331, 389,340,343 



Garrulinse 22 



georgiana, Fringilla 393 



Melospiza 354,882,383 



Geospiaa. .25, 27, 28, 32, 489,490, 491, 493, 616, 617, 645 



abingdoni 491, 493, 496, 513, 514 



acutirostris 490, 493, 496, 606, 607 



aflinis 431 



albemarlei 492,494,602 



assimilis 512,513,614.674 



barringtoni 491,512,513 



bauri 492,494,500,601 



brevirostris 491, 493, 496, 514,515 



oonirostris 490, 



491, 492, 494, 498,499, 500, 515 



brevirostris 515 



conirostris 499 



propinqua 600 



crassirostris 475 



darwini 492,494,500 



debilirostris 490,iil3,494, 608,609 



dentirostris .493, 494, 50t,508 



difficilis 490,493,494,507,308 



dubia 492,494,501,602 



albemarlei 502 



bauri 601 



dubia 501 



slmillinia 802 



f atigata .... 491, 493, 495, 511 , 512, 514, 615 



fortis 493,494 



501, 502,503,504,507,508,509,546 



fortis 603 



fratercula 604 



platyrhyncha 602,673 



fratercula 490, 493, 494, 604,515 



fuliginosa . . 490, 493, 495, 504, 505, 609, 545 



fuliginosa.' 605 



minor 506 



habeli 480 



harterti 507 



incerta 483 



interm&'a 493,495,511 



magnirostris ... 489, 490, 492, 498, 495,498 



magnirDstris 496 



strenna 498 



media 499,615 



minor 490,493,496,506 



nebulosa 601, 603 



pachyrhyncha 490, 492,494, 498 



pallida 489 



parvula ^ 



paupera 484 



platyrhyncha "'^ 




INDEX. 



691 



Page. 



Geospiza proplnqua 492, 494, 499 



prosthemelas 486 



psittacula psittacula 479, 482 



townsendi 479 



richardsoni 545 



rothschildi «!3 



salvlnl 487 



scandens 493, 495, 509, 510, 513, 674 



abingdoni 514 



fatigata 512 



intermedia 511 



rothschildi 513 



scandens 510 



septentrionalis 510 



septentrionalis 493, 495, 510 



simillima 502 



strenua 492, 494, 496,497, 498 



strenua-magnirostris 498 



pachyrhyncha 498 



31 



s melanotis 240, 245 



Geothlypis 20 



germanica, Carduelis 95 



gigantens, Arremon 663 



gigantodes, Saltator 664 



glacialis, Emberiza 161 



Hortiiianus 151 



glauco-ceerulea, Pyrrhula 594 



Glossiptila 20 



gnatho, Tanagra 662 



Golden-crowned Sparrow 333 



Goldfinch 94 



American 109 



Arizona 115 



Arkansas 114 



California 112 



Central American 118 



Colombian 120 



Haitian 107 



Lawrences 121 



Mexican 117 



Western Ill 



Yucatan 120 



goldmani, Melospiza 367 



cinerea 352, 353, 366 



melodia 367 



Goniapheea concreta 597 



ludoviciana 616 



Goniaphea 612 



sethiops 606 



anoxantha 647 



cserulea 609 



var. eurlyncha 612 



ocerulea 612 



concreta 597 



funerea 606 



melanocephala 620 



nigra 563 



noctis 555 



parellina 601 



portoricensis 560 



tibialis 624 



violacea 552 



Gould's Ground Finch 496 



gouldii, Melospiza 365,370 



melodia 370 



var 370 



Page. 



gouldii, Zonotrlchia 370 



gracilis, Emberiza (Zondtrichia) 381 



graminea, Emberiza 183 



Fringilla 181,183,184 



(Zonotrichia) 184 



Melospiza cinerea 352, 369 



Jasciata 368,369 



melodia 369 



Zonotrichia 183, 184, 186 



gramiueus, Poocsetes 183,186 



gramineua, var 183 



Pocecetes 183,184,185 



Pooecetes 183,184,186 



gramineus 181, 182 



grammaca, Calamoapiza 173 



Chondestes 177, jgo 



Emberiza 178, 180 



Pringilla 177 



Zonotrichia 173 



grammacus, Chondestes 178, 180 



grammacns 176 



grammica, Chondestes 177, 180 



grammicus, Chondestes 178, 180 



Grand Cayman Bullfinch 563 



grandior, Euetheia 530, 543, 544 



grandis, Carpodacns 124 



Loxigilla 551 



portoricensis 651 



var 551 



Pyrrhulagra 548, 649, 550, 551 



Saltator 660,666,667,668 



Tanagra 667 



Grass Finch X83 



Grasshopper Sparrow 207 



Antillean 206 



Western 209 



Grassquit, Bahaman 537 



Blue-black 526 



Bryant's 533 



Caribbean .- 538 



Cory's 532 



Cozumel 533 



Curasao 548 



Myiarchusrch s 541 



Melodious 536 



Mexican 534 



Old Providence 543 



Richardson's 545 



Yellow-faced 530 



-shouldered 546 



Grayson's Saltator 668 



Gray-crowned Leucosticte 68 



-headed Junco 295 



Sage Sparrow 269 



-striped Buarremon 468 



-tailed Cardinal 639 



Great Auk 10 



-billed Ground Finch 495 



Greater Redpoll 91 



grenadensis, Pyrrhulagra noctis 549, 558, 560 



Greenland Redpoll 80 



Green-backed Sparrow 462 



-tailed Towhee 400 



-striped Buarremon 467 



Grenada Bullfinch 560 



grisea, Amphispiza bilineata 263, 266, 267 



Loxia 566,666 




692 



INDEX. 



Page. 



griseti, Spermophila 565,566 



SporopWla 564,565,666 



grisea 565 



griseinuuhji, Leucosticte 71, 74, 78 



tephrocotia 74 



Tar 71,74 



Linarla 74 



Montifringilla 74, 71 



(Leucosticte) ... 74 



griseogenys, Leucosticte 75 



griseonucha, Fringilla 74 



Fringilla ( Linaria) 74 



Leucosticte 74, 389 



tephrocotis 68,72 



Montifringilla 74 



groenlandicus, Plectrophanes 158 



Grosbeak, Abeille's 44 



Alaskan Pine 63 



Bishop 655 



Black-headed fll7 



Blue 607 



Blue-black 596 



Brown-cheeked 636 



California Pine 66 



Canadian Pine 60 



Cardinal 635 



Chiapas Blue 612 



Crinison-collared 657 



Dusky 617 



Evening SO 



Guiana Blue 599 



Iraz;! 62S 



Kadiak Pine 64 



Lesser Bishop 656 



Lesser Rice 605 



Mexican Evening 43 



Nutting's Rice 604 



Orange-colored 628 



Panama Blue 597 



Rocky Mountain Pine 66 



Rose-breasted 614 



Slate-colored 652 



Vigors' 621 



Western Blue 610 



Evening 41 



grossa, Loxia 651, 653 



Pitylus 653 



grossus, Pitylus 052, 653 



Ground Finch, Albemarle 502 



Allied 481 



Baur's 500 



Black-headed 484 



Broad-billed 673 



Bufly 482 



Conical-billed 498 



Culpepper 500 



Darwin's 474 



Great-billed 495 



Gould's 496 



Habel's 480 



Hartert's 507 



Least 506 



Lesser 504 



Pallid 487 



Parrot 477 



Rothschild's 673 



Salvin'a 486 



Page. 

 Ground Finch, Sharp-billed 505 



Sharpe's jqj 



Similar 592 



Small-billed 4jjjj 



Sooty 504 



Sturdy 502 



Thick-billed 495 



Thin-billed 48j 



Tooth-billed 507 



Tower Island 499 



Weak-billed..., 595 



Grues 5 



Gruidai 5 



Gruiformes 4 5 n 



Guadalupe House Pinch 142 



Junco 398 



Towhee 433 



Guadeloupe Saltator 071 



guadaloupensis, Saltator 572 



guadelupensis, Saltator 661, 671, 672 



Guatemala Junco gog 



Guatemalan Chipping Sparrow 314 



PineSiskin 100 



Guiana Blue Grosbeak... i,- 599 



Guiraca 25,27,28,31,594,695,606,607,612 



abeillii 45 



caerulea 600, 607, 609, 610, 611 , 674 



casrulea caerulea 607 



chiapensis 607,612 



eurhyncha 612 



lazula 607, 610, 612, 618, 674 



cardinalis 637 



chiapensis 613 



coerulea 612 



concreta 597,699 



cyanea 601 



oyanoides 598,599,600 



concreta 597, 599 



ludoviciana 615 



melanocephala 613, 617, 618 



parellina 601,602,603 



tricolor 620 



GuiraCEe 28,31 



guttata, Fringilla 372 



Melospiza 372,374 



fasciata 361,368,373 



melodia 373 



var 361,372,373 



Zonotrichia 202,365,372 



guttatus, Ammodramus rostratus 200,202 



Passerculus 200,201,202 



rostratus 188,201,202 



var 202 



Pitylus 620 



gutturalis, Arremon 462 



Atlapetes 460,461 



Buarremon 462 



Fringilla S™ 



Passeriua ^'^^ 



Phonipara 571 



Spermophila ^'^^ 



Sporophila 566, 666, 569, 671 



(.: yrinorhynchus atriceps 578 



auritus 574 



badiiventris 572 



coUaris 574 



norvinua 572 




INDEX. 



693 



Page. 



Gyrinorhynchus fortipes B74 



hicksii 574 



hoffmanni 574 



minutus 568 



morelleti 57G 



portoricensis 541 



schistaceus 566 



semicoUaris 574 



torqueolus 578 



zena 538 



H. 



Habel's Ground Finch 480 



habeli, Camarhynehus 476, 477, 480 



Geospiza 480 



Habia 613 



ludovieiana 616, 617 



melanocephala 620 



Hsematospiza sipahi 124 



Haemopbila 230 



acuminata 240 



humeralis 238 



teta 233 



lawreneii 239 



melanotis 240 



mystacalis 237 



personata 233 



pulchra 233 



rufescens 230,244,245,673 



rufieauda 239,673 



stolzmanui 233 



sumiohrasti 241 



superoiliosa 230 



Haemopbila 230 



toltec 239 



tolteca 239 



Hsemorbous 123 



purpureus 129 



bsemorrhous, Carpodaous 133 



frontalis, var 133 



Fringilla 183 



Pyirhulinota 133 



Haitian Bullflncb 583 



Goldflnch 107 



halopbilus, Ammodramus 202 



Passerculus rostratus 188, 202 



bamburgia Loxia 146 



bamburgensis. Passer 146 



Pyrrhula 146 



Haplospiza 26, 27, 28, 84, 517, 519, 520 



unicolor 518,520 



uniformis 518,520,521 



Haplospizee 28 



Harris' Sparrow SSI 



harrlsi, Pbalacrocorax 10 



Zonotrlchia 333 



harrisii, Fringilla 333 



Hartert's Ground Finch 507 



harterti, Geospiza 507 



HarUaub's Towhee 410 



Hedymela 613 



Hedymeles -. ' 613 



ludovieiana 615 



ludovicianus 616 



melanocephala 617 



melanocephalus 619, 620 



Page. 

 Hedymeles melanocephalus var. capitalis.. 620 

 melanoce- 

 phalus . 620 



Heermann's Song Sparrow 364 



heermanni, Melospiza 360, 364, 365, 366, 368 



cinerea ... 353,357,358,364 



f asciata 360, 365, 368 



melodia 360, 364 



var 360, 



364,365,368,369 



Zonotrichia 364 



Heliornithes B 



Heliornithidse 5 



Helminthophila 20 



Helospiza 349 



lincolnii 381 



palustris 384 



Hemidacnis 20 



Hemithraupis 20 



henslovi, Coturniculus 228 



Henslow's Sparrow 226 



henslowii, Ammodramus benslowll 214,226 



henslowi, Ammodromus 211, 212, 228 



Coturniculus 210, 227, 22« 



Emberiza 227 



Fringilla 227 



Hesperiphona .' 25, 27 



abeillsei 45 



abeillil 38,39,44,45 



bonaparte 37 



vespertina 41, 42, 44, 46 



mexicana 38, 39, 43 



montana... 38,39,41,43 



var. montana . 41, 43, 44 



vespertina ... 41 



vespertina 38, 39, 41 



Hesperophona .' 28, 37 



vespertina 41, 43 



Hesperornithes 8 



Hicks' Seedeater 578 



hicksii, Gyrinorhynchus 574 



Spermophila 573, 574 



hiemalis, Fringilla 358 



Junco 281, 282 



Plectrophanes 151 



Himantopus 4 



Hippaleotryornitbes 9 



HirundinidBB 18,20 



Hoary EedpoU 82 



hoffmanni, Gyrinorhynchus 574 



Spermophila 574 ' 



Sporophila 574 



holboellii, Acanthis 90 



linaria 80,89,92 



Linaria 90 



Holboell's Redpoll 89 



holboellii, Acanthis linaria 90 



iEglothua 90 



linaria 92 



holboUi, Acanthis 90 



Mgiothna 92 



linaria 92 



linarius, var 90, 92 



holbooUi, Acanthis 90 



Homalosternii 8 



homocblamys, Peucsea 249 



hornemanni, Acanthis 80,82 




694 



INDEX. 



hornemannii, Acanthis homemannii . 



^giothus 



Fringilla 



Linaria 



Page. 



80 



82 



82 



81,82,91 



Linota 81, 82, 91 



Hortulanus glaeialis 151 



montanus 151, 158 



House Finch 187 



Sparrow 148 



Huatuaco Sparrow 269 



hudsonia, Fringilla 282, 288 



Niphsea 282 



hudsonias, Fringilla 282 



hiimeralls, Aimophila 232, 238, 33! , 238 



Amphispiza 238 



Caryothraustes 654 



Embemagra 238 



Fringilla 238 



Hsemophila 238 



hyemalia, Emberiza 271, 2**0 



Euspiza (Niphoea) 280 



Fringilla 192,280 



Junco 276,280,281,282 



hyemalis 273, 275, 278 



Tar 282 



Niphaea 280 



Struthus 280 



Hypacanthis 95 



hyperborea, Passerina 148, 1S3, 1 S4 



hyperboreus, Plectrophenax 153, 164 



hypoleuca, Cactomis 489 



Sporophila 664 



liypoleucus, Camarhynchus 488 



Hypolia 67 



Ichthyornithes 8 



Ichthyomithiformes 8 



loteridBe 19 



ifteropbrys, Saltator 668 



icteropyga, Saltator 668 



ignea, Cardinalis yirginiana 646, 648 



igneus, Cardinalis 638, 646, 647, 648, 649, 650 



cardinalis 632, 



634,647,648,646 



igneus 632 



ruber 648 



vlrginianus 646, 647, 648, 649 



var 638, 



646,647,650 



ignobilis, Loxia 571 



Spermophila 671 



iliaca, Fringilla 384, 388 



(Zonotrichia) 388 



Passerella 385, 388 



iliaca 385,886 



Zonotrichia 388 



illinoensis, Peucsea 257 



Eestivalis 267 



illinoisensia, Peucsea isestivalis 257 



Immanes 9 



impennis, Plautus 10 



Incaspiza : 233 



incerta, Geospiza 483 



incertus, Camarhynchus 476, 477, 481, 482, 483 



Indefatigable Cactus Finch 611 



Indicatoridae ,„ 



Indigo Bird [ ^ 



indigotica, Cyanocompsa parellina. . 695,696,602 



Passerina parellina 602 



ingersolli, Melospiza melodia 3^2 



innominatus, Acanthis ■, gg 



inomata, Pyrrhula jgg 



insignis, Melospiza 376,377 379 



cinerea 361,352,364,370 



melodia 377 



var 377,379 



Zonotrichia 377 



insularis, Brachyspiza capensis 347, 349 



Janco 274,275,293,294 



Passerella iliaca 386, 891, 392 



intermedia, Euetheia olivacea 630, 538, 534 



Geospiza 493,495,611 



scandens 5]i 



Phonipara 534 



Spermophila 566 



Sporophila 566 



Zonotrichia 839,341 



gambeli 341 



leucophrya 341 



var. 340,341 



Intermediate Cactus Finch 611 



intemxediua, Acanthis 89,91 



Pipilo fuscus 406, 432 



Saltator 666 



magnoides 660,664 



Ipswich Sparrow 189 



Iraz<i Grosbeak 62S 



Junco 304 



Iridophanes 20 



isthinicus, Saltator 670 



albicollis 661, 669, 670 



lunco oregonus 286- 



J. 



Jacanidse 5 



jacarini, Tanagra 525, 526, 528 



Volatinia 526,528,529 



jacarini 526,528 



Jalapa Cardinal 642 



Jaliacan Collared Towhee 408 



jamaicse, Sicalia 522,623 



flaveola 623 



Sycalis 523 



Jamaican Bullfinch 652 



Yellow Finch 623 



jouyi, Astragalinua mexioanus 120 



psaltria 109,120 



juddi, Melospiza fasciata 358 



Junco, Arizona 301 



Baird's 272,274,276,294,295 



Carolina 282 



Chiapas 302 



Gray-headed 295 



Guadalupe 298 



Guatemala 303 



Irazil 3W 



Mexican 299 



Montana 289 



Oregon 283 



Pink-sided 291 



Point Pinos 288 



Red-backed 297 




INDEX. 



695 



PaKC. 



Junco, Shuf eldt's 285 



Slate-colored 278 



Thurber's 287 



Townsend's 298 



White-winged 277 



aikeni 273,277,278 



eaniceps 274, 275, 276, 295, 296 



var, cinereus 300, 301 



carolinensis 283 



cinerea 300 



cinereus 300, 301 



eaniceps 297 



dorsalis 298 



palliatus 301 



var. alticola 304 



eaniceps 276, 293, 297 



dorsalis 298 



danbyf - 278 



dorsalis 274,275,297, 298 



fulvescens 275, 276, 302, 303 



hiemalis '. 281, 282 



aikeni 278 



annectens 277 



eaniceps 297 



cinereus 301 



dorsalis 299 



oregonus 276,285,287,288,290 



hyemalis _. 276,280,281,282 



aikeni 278 



annectens 293 



carolinensis 273,275,282,283 



connectens 276,287,291 



danbyi 278 



hyemalis 273, 275, 278 



oregonus 286, 287, 288 



pinosus 289 



shufeldti 276, 287, 291 



thurberi 288 



var. aikeni 277 



alticola 304 



annectens 293 



eaniceps 297 



cinereus 300 



hyemalis 282 



oregonus 276, 



286, 286, 288, 290 



insularis 274,276,293,294 



mearnsi 274, 276, 291, 293 



montanus 273, 274, 289, 290, 291 



oreganus oreganus 273, 274, 275, 283 



pinosus 273, 274, 275, 288 



shufeldti 278, 274, 



275,276,285,290 



thurberi 273, 274, 275, 287 



oregonus 276, 284, 286, 288, 290, 293 



annectens 292 



var. annectens 292 



palliatus 301 



phaenotus 300 



phaaonotUB 271, 300 



dorsalis 299 



palliatus 275,301 



phaeonotus 275,299 



pinosus 289 



ridgwayi 277 



townsendi 274, 298 



vulcani 272,275,304 



J-'age. 



juneorum, Fringilla 319 



Motacilla 319 



Sylvia 319 



K. 



kadiaka, Leucosticte 75 



Leucosticte tephrocotis 75 



Pinicola enucleator 65 



Kadiak Fox Sparrow 391 



Pine Grosbeak 84 



Song Sparrow 376 



kamtschatioa, Pyrrhula pyrrhula 57 



Kenai Song Sparrow 375 



kenaiensis, Melospiza cinerea ... 351,362,354,375 

 Melospiza melodia 376 



kieneri, Embernagra 439 



Melozone 438, 439 



Pyrgisoma 437,439,442 



Kieneria 400,437 



abertii 428 



fusca 431 



rufipilea 402 



torquata 407 



kodiaka, Pinicola enucleator. 65 



L.. 



lacertosus, Saltator 663 



atriceps 660, 668 



Iseta, Haemophila 233 



Lafresnaye's Sparrow 453 



Laguna Sparrow 248 



Laminiplantares 17, 18, 23 



lanceolata, Acanthis linaria 92 



Laniidse 22 



Lapland Longspur i55 



laponica, Emberiza 157 



lapponica, Emberiza (Plectophanes) 157 



Fringilla 154,167,159 



Passerina 157 



Plectrophanes 1.57, 160 



lapponicus, Calcarius 164, 158, 160 



lapponicus ' 156 



Centrophanes 167, 168, 160 



Plectrophanes . . .- 157, 169 



Large-billed Sparrow 199 



-footed Sparrow 472 



Lari 4, 5 



Lark Bunting 168 



Sparrow 176 



Laro-Limicolse 6 



laticlavius, Saltator 669 



latinuchus, Arremon 459 



Latiplanter Oscines 18 



Lawrence's Bunting 584 



Goldfinch 131 



lawrencei, Fringilla 122 



lawrencii, Aimophila ruficauda 234, 239 



Astragalinus 109, 131, 122 



Carduelis. 122 



Chrysomitris 122 



Hsemophila 239 



Spinus 122 



lazula, Guiraca ceerulea 607, 610, 612, 618, 674 



Lazuli Bunting 531 



lazulina, Spiza 593 



lazulus, Pitylus 612, 




696 



INDEX. 



Page. 



LeastGround Finch 500 



Leclancher's Nonpareil 589 



leclaneheri, Calliste 689 



Cyanoapiza 682, 589, 590 



Passerina 689 



Spiza 589 



Le Conte's Sparrow 224 



leconteii, Ammodramus 212, 214, 224, 226, 226 



Coturniculus 226 



Emberiza 225 



lecontii, Ammodraznus 225 



Coturniculus 226 



lepida, Euetheia 632,633 



Fringilla 529, 632, 633, 634, 536 



Phonipara 632, 533, 534 



Leptoplectron 154 



Lesser Bishop Grosbeak 050 



Ground Finch 604 



Rice Grosbeak 005 



lessoni, Cardinalis 651 



leucophrys, Emberiza 338, 339 



Fringilla 388,343 



(Zonotrichia) 338 



Zonotrichla 330, 338, 341, 343, 344 



Zonotrichia leucophrys 330, 



331,336,339.342 



leucopis, Pipilo 427 



leuooptera, Crucirostra 66 



Curvirostra 66 



Loxia 53, 47, 65 



(Crucirostra) 56 



leucoptera, var 56 



Leucostiete 26, 28, 29, 30, 07, 68 



Aleutian 72 



atrata 68,78,76,77 



australis 68, 7 7 , 78 



Black 75 



Brown-capped 77 



brunneinucha 75 



campestris 72 



Gray-crowned 08 



greiseinucha 71, 74, 78 



griseogenys 75 



griseonucha 74,384,389 



kadlaka 75 



littoralis 71 



tephrocotis 69, 70, 71, 75, 76, 77, 78 



campestris 72 



griseonucha ... 68, 72, 74 



kadiaka 76 



littoralis 68,71,72 



tephrocotis 08,71,77 



var. australis 78 



campestris 72 



griseinucha... 71,74 



littoralis 71, 72 



tephrocotis ... 70 



leucote, Melozone 444 



Pyrgisoma 444, 445 



leucotis, Embernagra 445 



Melozone 437, 438, 439, 444,445 



Lichtenstein's Ground Sparrow 440 



Limicolte 4, 5 



Linacanthis 79 



Linarla 78 



agrorum 88 



alnorum magnirostris 91 



amencana . 



Page. 



Linarla betularum 88 



borealis 81, 83, 88 



brunnescens 91,92 



canescens. 82, 83, 88, 90, 92 



caniceps 589 



exilipes 84 



fuaeeacens 89 



griseinucha 74 



holbcellii 90 



hornemanni 81,82,91 



(Leucostiete) tephrocotis 67 



lincolni 330 



littoralis 72 



longirostris 90 



minor 88 



pallescens 85 



pinus 99 



ruf escens '. 78, 79, 83 



savanna 192 



sibirica 86 



tephrocotis.". 70 



linaria, Acanthis 80, 83, 87, 92 



linaria 80,86,90 



Cannabina 88 



Fringilla 78,79,82,83,87,91 



(Acanthis) 87 



Linaria 88 



Linota 82,83,88,92 



Passer 87, 90 



Spinus 87 



linarius, jEgiothus 82,87,88,92 



linarius, var 88 



Lincoln's Sparrow 379 



lincolnii, Fringilla 380 



Helospiza 381 



Linaria 380 



Melospiza 354,379,380,381' 



Passerculus 380 



Peucsea 380 



Zonotrichia 380 



lineata, Loxia 674 



Spermophila 574 



Linnet, Brewster's 92 



Linota borealia 83, 88 



brewsteri 93 



canescens 82, 84 



exilipes 85 



flavirostris var. brewsteri 73, 92 



hornemanni 81,91 



linaria 82,83,88,92 



rufescens 89 



sibirica 86, 



Little Sparrow 388 



littoralis, Cardinalis cardinalis 631, 



633,635,043,644 



coccineus 632 



Fringilla 221 



Leucostiete ^ 71 



tephrocotis 68, J 1 , 72 



tephrocotis, var 71, 72 



Linaria 72 



MontUringilla 72 



Tephrocotis '2 



longirostris, Linaria 9C 



Longspur, Alaskan 158 



Chestnut-collared 162 



Lapland 165 




INDEX. 



697 



Page. 



Longspur, MyiarchusCown's 165 



Painted 160 



lotharingica, Emberiza 161 



Loxia 28, 46 



albogularis 677 



americana 49, 51 , 63 



angolensis 603 



atrata 56 



bonapartei 41 



cserulea 606, 609, 611 



canadensis 666 



canora 629, 536 



cardinalis 629,637,638,640,642 



eoerulea 611 



collaris 574 



(Crucirostra) leueoptera 66 



crucirostra var. americana 49, 51 



curvirostra 46, 48, 53 



americana 49, 51 



bendirei 46,47,50,51 



curvirostra 46 



mexicana 61,53 



minor 46, 47,49, 52 



Strickland! 46,47,51,52,53 



var. americana 49 



mexicana 51, 53 



cyanea 601 



enucleatoi 68, 59, 61 



erythrina 123 



erythromelas 32, 657 



falcirostra 66 



fulginosa 661 



fusciventer 668 



grisea 565,666 



grossa 661 



hamburgia ., 146 



ignobilis 571 



leueoptera 4 J , 63, 65 



var. leueoptera 66 



'lineata 574 



ludoviodana 613, 615, 620 



mexicana 51 , 52 



minuata 668 



minor 49, 50 



nigra 661,562 



obscura 617 



plebeja 571 



portoricensis 547, 550 



rosea 617 



rubicilla 67 



rubra 638 



rubricollis 617 



strieklandi 52,63 



torrida 603 



Loxise 26, 28 



lioxigilla 547 



afSnis 654 



anoxantha 547 



barbadensls 561 



grandis 551 



noctis 565, 556, 557, 568, 660, 561 



scblateri 557 



sclateri 556 



var. propinqua 549 



portoricensis 550 



grandis 551 



Page. 



LoxiglUa portoricensis var. grandis 551 



propinqua 549 



richardsoni 544, 545 



violacea 662, 553, 554 



bahamensis 562 



violacea 553 



Loximitris 26, 28, 29, 100 



dominicensis 107 



Loxipasser 27, 28, 33, 645 



anoxanthua 646 



luctuosa, Spermophila 563 



ludoviciana, Coecothraustes 615 



(Guiraca) 615 



Fringilla 



Goniaphea 616 



Guiraca 615 



Habia 616, 617 



Loxia 613,615,620 



Pyrrhula 615 



Zamelodia 614, 616, 620 



ludovicianus, Coccoborns 615 



Hedymeles 615, 616 



luteiventris, Sicalis arvensis 524 



luxuosus, Carduelis 593 



Lyre-birds 16 



Lysurus 24,27,28,37,457 



castaneiceps 458 



crassirostris 457, 458 



M. 



maccowni, Plectrophanes 166 



Rhyncophanes 167 



macgillivraii, Ammodramus 218 



maritimus . 213, 216 



Fringilla 216, 218 



Myiarchuscgillivray's Seaside Sparrow 216 



macgillivrayi, Ammodramus 216, 218 



maritimus ... 218 

 Fringilla (Ammodramus) ... 216 



Myiarchuscrochires 11, 12 



macronyx, Plpilo 403, 408, 409, 410 



macronyx 403, 409, 410 



macroptera, Chrysomitris 100 



macropterus, Spinus pinna 97, 100 



macroura, Fringilla 446 



maculata, Pipilo 412 



maculatus, Pipilo 212, 416 



maculatus 403, 405, 409, 410 



var 412 



maculipectua, Saltator 661 



maculipennis, Coccotbraustes 46 



magellanica, Fringilla gg 



magna, Tanagra 669,666 



magnirostris, Fringilla linaria 90 



Geospiza 489^ 



490,492,493,496,496,498 



magnirostris 496 



Linaria alnorum 91 



•■ Pipilo maculatus. . 404, 406, 414, 416 



magnoides, Saltator 664, 666, 666 



magnoides 660, 663, 674 



magnus, Saltator 666 



manimbe, Fringilla 205 



Myospiza ', , 261 



Myiarchusrch's Graasquit 541 



marchi, Euetheia ■. 542 




698 



INDEX. 



Page. 



marchli, Euetheia bicolor 530, 540, 641 



Fringilla zena, var 542 



Passerina 643 



Phonipara 541, 542 



mariae, Cardinalis cardinalis 632, 634, 049, 650 



igneus 632 



mariposa, Fringilla 589 



maritima, Fringilla 215 



maritimus, Ammodramus 211,212,215,216,218 



maritimus 213,214 



martinicenms, Saltator 672 



Myiarchusrtinique Bullfinch 654 



maxillosus, Saltator 660 



maxima, Spizella 339 



Myiarchuszatlan Cardinal 648 



Sparrow 450 



mccownii, Plectrophanes 164, 166 



Rhynchophanes 155, 165,167 



MyiarchusCown's Longspur 166 



mcgregori, Carpodacus 125,141,142 



MyiarchusLeod's Sparrow 246 



moleodii, Aimophila 232, 234, 246 



mearnsi, Junco 274, 276, 291,293 



media, Geospiza 499, 515 



medianus, Saltator magnoides 660, 664 



megalonyx, Pipilo 415, 417, 418, 419, 420 



erythrophthalraus 418 



var . . . 418 



raaculatus 404, 405, 414, 



415,416, 417, 418,419, 420, 421 



'arcticua 418 



var 414, 417 



megarhyncha, Pasacrella 385, 397, 398 



iliaoa 386,397,398 



schistacea, yar... 398 



var 398 



Pcucjea 246 



megarhynv'^t .- -erella 397 



iliaca 397 



townsendi 397 



var . 397 



Megistanes 9 



melanocephala, Coccothraustes 671 



Fringilla 671,619 



Gonlaphea 620 



Guiraca 613, 617, 618 



Habia ■ 620 



Hedymeles 617 



Spermophila 671 



Zamelodia 614,617,620 



melanneeplialns, Coceoborus 619 



Coccothraustes 619 



Hedymeles 619,620 



raelanocepha- 



lus, var 620 



Pitylus 619 



melanocorys, Calamospiza 168, 170 



melanoleucus, Ammodromus 220 



Melanomitris 96 



melanomus, Emberiza 164 



Plectrophanes 164 



ornatus 164 



var 164 



Melannspiza 27,28,34,644,645 



richardsoni 545 



melauotis, Aimophila 240 



Qeospizopsis 240, 245 



melanotis, Hsemophila 240 



Zonotrichia 240 



melanoxantha, Cbrysomitris ng 



Fringilla us 



inelodia, Emberiza 357 



Fringilla 349,357 



Melospiza 367,359 



ciuerea 352,354,383,368 



melodia 357 



var 357 



Zonotrichia 357 



Melodious Grassquit 530 



Melopyrrha 27,28,33,661 



nigra 562,663 



taylori 662,563 



Melospiza 27, 28, 36, 346, 349 



adusta ; 3(55 



cinerea.'. 351,376,377,378 



adusta 362,353,366 



caurina 361,364,875 



cinerea 351,364,377 



clementae 362,368,369 



cleonensis 361, 363, 37 1 



oooperi 351,367,352 



fallax 351,363,362 



goldmani 366 



graminea 362,369 



heermanni. 361, 352, 353,358,364 



insignis 351,352,354,376 



kenaiensis 352,354,357,'375 



melodia 352,354,358,383 



merrilli 361,362 



mexicana 366 



montana 351,362,368,361 



morphna 361,363,361,372 



pusillula 361,362,370 



ruflna 364,367,373 



samuelis 351,363,369,371 



livularis 363,363 



fallax 359,363,366,373 



laaciata 366,357,369 



caurina 375 



clement£e 369 



oooperi 368 



fallax 364,360,363 



graminea 368,369 



guttata 361,368,373 



heermanni C60, 366, 368 



juddi 358 



merrilli 361 



mexicana 362,366 



montana 360 



pusillula 371 



rufina.... 373,874,375,376,377 



samnelis 368, 370, 371 



rivularis 364 



georgiana 354,382,383 



goldmani 367 



gouiai..... 365,370 



guttata.... 872,374 



heermanni 360, 364, 365, 366, 368 



insignis 376,377,379 



lincolnii 354,379,380,381 



striata 382 



melodia 367,369 



adusta 366 



caurina 376 




INDEX. 



699 



Page. 



Idelospiza melodia cinerea 378, 389 



elementse 369 



cleonensis 372 



cooperi 368 



fallax 369 



goldmani 367 



gouldii 370 



graminea ^ 369 



guttata 373 



IngersoUi 362 



jnsignis 377 



kenaiensis 376 



melodia 357 



mexicana 360 



morphna 873 



pusillula 371 



samuelis 370 



rivularis 364 



var. fallax 359, 363 



gouldii.- 370 



guttata 361,372,373 



heennannl 360, 



364,365,368,369 



insignia 377, 379 



melodia 357 



mexicana 366 



rufina 361, 374 



samuelis 370 



montana 360 



palustris 384 



pectoralis 366 



ruflna 373, 374 



samuelis 370 



sanaka 379 



Melozone 27,28,36,400,437 



biarcuata 442, 443 



biarcuatum 438,439,443 



cabanisi 438, 439, 441 



kieneri 438, 439 



leucote 444 



' leucotis 437, 438, 439, 444, 445 



I mystacalis 438 



.' occipitalis 437,438,439,445 



rubricata 440 



rubricatum 437, 438 



rubricatum. . . 439, 4*0, 441 



xantusii 439,441 



melpodns, Sporaeginthus 23 



Mendocino Song Sparrow 871 



MenuridBe 16 



meridionalis, Carduells 95 



Merrill's Song Sparrow 361 



merrilli, Melospiza cinerea 361, 362 



faseiata 361 



meruloides, Frlngilla 390 



mesoleucus, Pipilo 431, 433 



fuseus 432,433,434,406 



var 433 



Mesomyodi 16 



mesoxanthus, Buarremon 469 



Mexican Black-throated Sparrow 266 



Chipping Sparrow 313 



Crossbill 52 



Evening Grosbeak 43 



FieldSparrow 331 



Goldfinch 117 



-Graasquit 534 



Page. 



Mexican House Pinch iji 



Junco 299 



Pine Siskin ijo 



Song Sparrow ggs 



Spotted Towhee 410 



Yellow Finch 523 



mexicana, Carduelis 117 



Ohrysomitris ne, 117, 119, 121 



mexicana, var 118 



psaltria iig 



var... 118,120 



Curvirostra 61,62,53 



americana, var 63 



Emberiza 132 



Embernagra 454 



Pringilla 132 



Hesperiphona vespertina 33, 39, 43 



Loxia 61,52 



crucirostra var 53 



curvirostra 51,53 



var.' 61,53 



Melospiza faseiata 362, 366 



cinerea 352,353,365 



melodia 366 



var 366 



Peucaea 259 



Pyranga 658 



Spizella socialis 306, 307, 313, 314 



mexicanus 123 



Astragalinus 118 



p.saltria. 108,117,118,119 

 Carpodacus ., 125,132,133,135,136,140 



frontalis 132 



mexicanus 125, 



131, 133, 134, 142 



Ohrysomitris 118, 119 



Coccothratistes vespertinus 44 



Coturniculus 259 



Oriturus 520, 521 



Spinus 118,119 



psaltria 118, 120 



Myiarchuschoacan Song Sparrow 366 



Myiarchuscropodidse 12 



microrhyncha, Zamelodia melanocephala - 620 



Myiarchusmidse 18, 23 



Myiarchusnatitlan Sparrow 209 



minor, Crucirostra 49, 52 



Geospiza 490,493,496,506 



f uliginosa .-. 506 



Linaria 88 



Loxia 49, 50 



curvirostra 46, 47,49, 52 



Sicalis arvensis 524 



minuta, Loxia 568 



Pyrrhula 568 



Spermophila 568 



Sporophila 564, 665, 568 



minuta 566, 567, 568 



Myiarchusnute Seedeater 667 



minutus, Gyrinorhynchus 568 



Mniotiltidse 18, 20 



Montana Junco 289 



monta na, Coccothraustes vespertina 39, 43, 44 



Emberiza 161, 158 



Pringilla 146, 308 



Hesperiphona vespertina 38, 41,43 



var. 41,43,44 




700 



INDEX. 



Page. 



montana, Melospiza 360 



oinerea 362, 367, 868, 361 



fasciata 360 



melodia 360 



Pinicola enucleator 60, 65, 66, 67 



Pyrgita 146 



Spizella 308, 310 



montanina. Passer 146 



montanua, Coccothraustea vespertinus 43, 44 



Hortulanus 151, 168 



Juneo 273, 274, 286, 289, 290, 291 



Passer 143,145,146 



Plectrophanes 151 



Salicipasser 146 



montieola, Fringilla 308 



Passerina 308 



Spizella 305, 308, 309, 310 



montieola 306,307 



Zonotriehia 308 



montioolus, Spinites 308 



Montifringilla 30, 68 



atrata 76 



australis 78 



griseinueha 71, 74 



griseonucha 74 



(Leucosticte) griseinucha . . 74 



llttoralis 72 



pustulate 76 



speeioaa 76 



tephroeotis 70,75 



moreleti, Sporophila 577 



morelettii, Spermophila 577 



Morellet's Seedeater 676 



morelleti, Gyrinorhynehus 576 



Spermophila 576 



Sporophila 576 



morphna, Melospiza cinerea 351,353,361,372 



melodia 373 



morrelleti, Sporophila 565, 573, 675 



MotaciUa juncorum 319 



Mountain Bunting 161 



Song Sparrow 368 



Towhee 414 



mustelinus, Plectrophanes 151 



Myadestinse 21 



Mycerobas 25, 28 



Myospiza 205 



manimbe 261 



mystacalis, Aimophila 232,233,236 



Amphispiza 237 



Haemophiia 237 



Melozone 438 



Pipilo 438 



Poospiza 237 



Zonotriehia 237 



N. 



nana, Chrysomitria 121 



nationi, Buarremon 438 



Pyrgisoma 438 



nebulosa, Geospiza 501, 503 



Nelson's Sparrow. 221 



nelsoni, Ammodramus 222 



eaudacutus . 212, 214, 221, 

 222,224 



Page. 



nelsoni, Ammodromus eaudacutus 222 



var... 222,224 



var 222 



nemorieola, Fringillauda 68 



Nemosia 25 



Neornithes 3 g jq 



nevadensis, Amphispiza 271 



belli 263,270,271 



var 271 



Poospiza belli 271 



var 270,271 



Nieoya Sparrow 449 



nigra, Qoniaphea 553 



Loxia 561,662 



Melopyrrha 562,668 



Pyrrhula 663 



Spermophila 663 



Sporophila 663 



nigrescens, Ammodramus 213, 219, 220 



maritinus 219 



Ammodromus 219 



maritimus 219 



var.. 219 



Chamoeospiza 409 



Pipilo 403,408 



nigricollis, Emberiza 174 



Passerina 174 



Nine-primaried Oseines 19 



Niphaea hudsonia 282 



Niphaea 271 



hyemalis 280 



oregona 284 



Niphoea oregona : 284,286 



nivalis, Calcarius 161 



Emberiza 146,149 



(Plectrophanes) 160 



Fringilla 68,151,282 



Passer 280 



Passerina 16O 



nivalis 147,148,162 



Plectrophanes 150,162 



Plectrophenax 151,153 



nootis 647 



Fringilla 655 



Goniaphea 555 



Loxigllla 560,661 



Pyrrhulagra 647,648,665 



noetis 549,554,656 



Sporophila 566 



Nonpareil 586 



Leclancher's 589 



Northern Brown Towhee 435 



Cactus Finch 510 



notata, Carduelis 103 



Chrysomitris 103 



Emberiza 151 



Fringilla 103 



notatus, Astragalinus ^108 



Chrysomitris 103 



Spinus 96,101,103 



notatus 97,102,104 



notosticta, Aimophila 232, 233, 234, 242 



Ammodramus 243 



Peucaea 243,264 



Nuttall's Sparrow 342 



nuttalli, Zonotriehia leucophrys 331, 



334,342,343 




INDEX. 



701 



Page. 



nuttingi, Oryzoborus 603, 604 



Nutting's Rice Grosbeak 604 



Oaxaca Blue Bunting 602 



House Finch ISS 



Sparrow 250 



obscura, Passerella 389 



obscurus, Carpodacus 139 



mexicanus 139 



Coturnieulus savannarum 205, 209 



ocai, Buarremon 407 



occidentalis, Ammodramus henslowii. - . 214, 228 



occipitale, Pyrgisoma 445 



occipitalis, Melozone 437, 438, 439, 445 



ochracea, Spizella 311 



monticola. 306,307,309,310,311 



ochrocephalus, Centronyx 205 



ochropyga, Sporophila 578 



OdontoholCEe 8 



Odontolcse 8 



OdontormaB 8 



Odontornithes 8 



Odontotormae ...i 8 



Old Providence Grassquit 543 



olivacea, Emberiza 531, 533, 536 



~ Euetheia 529, 530, 532, 533 



olivacea 530 



Fringilla 532 



Passerina : 631 



Phonipara 632 



pusilla var 532 



Spermophila 531 



gutturalis 671 



olivaceo-flava, Spermophila 571 



olivaceus, Tiaris 536 



olivascens, Embemagra 446 



omissa, Euetheia 541 



bicolor 530,538 



Passerina 641 



Phonipara 540 



Tiaris 540 



Orange-billed Sparrow 455 



-colored Grosbeak 6'23 



oregana, Fringilla 284 



oreganus, Junco oreganus 273, 274, 275, 283 



Oregon Junco 283 



Towhee 420 



Vesper Sparrow 186 



oregona, Niphsea 284 



Niphcea 284 



Pipilo 421 



Struthus 286 



oregonua, Junco 276, 284, 285, 286, 288, 290 



hyemalis... 276,286,287,288,290 



var 276,286, 



286, 288, 290 



Pipilo 412,417,420,421 



erythrophthalmus 417 



var , . . 417 

 maculatus. 404,405,417,420,421 



var 417,421 



var 417 



Struthus 284,286,288 



Oreomanes 20 



Page. 



Oreospiza 27,28,35,399,516 



chlorura 400, 402 



Oreothraupia 21 



Orcothlypis 20 



Orlturus , 520 



mexicanus 520, 521 



wrangeli 436 



Oriole, Sharp-tailed 220 



Oriolus 12 



caudacutus 211, 220, 223, 225 



orizabae, Pipilo 412 



ornata, Emberiza 163 



Plectrophanes 163 



ornatus, Calcarius 154, 156, 162, 163, 164 



Centrophanes 163 



Plectrophanes 163 



ornatus, var 163 



Ornithology 1 



Ornithopappi 3 



Ornithurse 3 



Orospina 621 



pratensis 521 



Oryzoborese 28, 33 



Oryzoborus 27, 28, 33, 603 



sethiops 606 



angolensis 603 



funereus 604, 605, 606 



nuttingi 604 



salvini 606 



Oscines 14,15,16,17,18 



nine-primaried 19 



ten-primaried 21 



Othello, Sporophila 606 



pachyrhynoha, Geospiza 490, 492, 494, 498 



strenua 498 



pactfica, Amphispiza bilineata 266 



pagorum, Pyrgita 145 



Painted Bunting 586 



Longspur 160 



Palamedeae 11 



Pallas' Cormorant 10 



pallescens, Acanthis hornemannii 85 



Linaria 86 



palliatus, Junco 301 



cinereus 301 



phEeonotus 275, 301 



Pallid Ground Finch 48J 



pallida, Aimophila rufescens 234, 245 



Cactornis 488 



Emberiza 313, 326, 328 



Geospiza 489 



Pyrrhula cineracea 58 



Spermophila gutturalis 571 



Spizella 306,324 



pallida, var 326 



Zonotrichia 326 



pallidus, Astragalinus tristis 108, 111 



Cactornis 476 



Camarhynehus 477, 487 



Spinites 313 



Spinus tristis 112 



palustris, Ammodramus 383, 384 



Fringilla 383 



Helospiza 384 




702 



INDEX. 



Page. 



palustria, Melospiza ., 384 



Passer 383 



Passerculus 383 



Zonotrictiia 383 



Panama Black-headed Saltator 668 



Blue Grosbeak E97 



BufE-throated Saltator 664 



Streaked Saltator ...'. 669 



papa, Loxia 589 



parellina, Cyanocompsa 594, 596, 602 



parellina 596, 601 



Cyanoloxia 594, 601, 602, 603 



Cyanospiza 601 



Goniaphea 601 



Guiraca 601, 602, 603 



Passerina 602 



Paridse 22 



Parrot Ground Finch 477 



parva, Spermophila 569, 577 



Sporophila minuta 565, 668 



parvula Geospiza -.^ 506 



Passer 28,29,143 



arboreua 146 



. arctous 67 



var 74 



bicolor bahamensis 538 



canadensis 308,309 



carduelis 95 



domesticus 124, 143, 144, 313 



hamburgensis 146 



linaria 87,90 



montanina 146 



montanus 143, 146, 146 



nivalis 280 



palustris 383 



Passerculus 25, 27, 28, 34, 181, 187, 203 



alaudinus 195, 198, 199 



anthinus 196, 197, 199 



bairdi 204 



beldingl 187, 188, 198, 199 



oaboti -384 



cassinii 253 



guttatus 200,201,202 



halophilus 187 



lincolni 380 



palustris 383 



princeps 187, 188, 189, 190 



rostratus 187, 188, 200, 202 



guttatus 188, 20 1, 202 



halophilus 188, 202 



rostratus 188, 199 



sanctorum 188,200 



var. guttatus 202 



rostratus 200 



sanctorum 201 



sandviecnsis 191 



alaudinus 196 



anthinus 198, 199 



savana 193 



sandwichensis 187, 188, 



191, 193, 196, 197, 198 

 alaudinus 188, 194, 195 



bryanti 188, 



194,197,198 



sandwichenais ... 190 



savanna.. 188,.192,198 



savanna 192, 193, 196, 197 



Page. 



Passerculus savanna alaudinus 195 



anthinus 199 



aaudvicensia 191 



sandwichensis 191 



var. alaudinus 195 



anthinus . . 196, 198, 199 



sandvicensis 191 



sandwichensis... 191 



savanna 193 



zonarius 381 



Paaserella 27,28,35,372,384 



iliaea 386, 388 



annectens 386,392 



(aonalascensis) 390 



fuliginosa 384, 386, 394, 396 



iliaea 385, 386 



insularis 386, 391, 392 



megarhyneha 386, S9J, 398 



megarhynchus 397 



schistacea 386, 395, 396 



stepensi 386, 398 



townsendi 386,390, 392,393 



unalascensis 390,391,392,394 



unalaschensis 385, 



389,390,391,391.396 



unalashkensis 390,391,394 



var. megarhyneha 397 



achiatacca 396- 



townaendii 390 



megarhyneha 385, 397, 398 



megarhynchus 397 



obscura 389 



rufina 374 



schistacea 396, 397 



var. megarhyneha... 398 



townsendii 390, 391, 392, 393, 394 



megarhynchus 397 



schiatacea , 397 



var. megarhynchua. 397 



schistacea 393, 



396,397 



townsendi 393 



unalaschensis 390, 391, 394 



Passeres 12,15 



diacromyodse 16 



diacromyodi 16 



suboscines 16 



Passeridse 12 



Paaaeriformes 11, 12, 13, 15 



anisomyodi 15 



diacromyodi 15 



Passerina 26, 28, 29, 30. 146 



adoxa 532 



amcena 586 



bicolor 542 



canora 537 



caudacuta 220 



ciris 587 



coUaria 537 



cyanea 583 



gutturalis 571 



hyperborea 148,153,154 



lapponica 167 



leclancheri 589 



marchii 543 



monticola 308 



nigriooUis 174 




INDJiX. 



703 



fage. 



Passerina nivalis 150 



nivalis 147,148,152 



townsendi 148, 1B2, 153, 389 



olivacea 531 



omissa 641 



parellina 602 



Indigotlca 602 



lositae 59L 



savanna-. 192 



", socialis 312 



sumiohrasti 603 



versicolor 593 



pulohra 593 



passerina, Emberiza 208 



Fringilla 205,207,208 



(Coturniculus) 207 



Passerinae 12 



Passerine Birds 12 



passerinus, Ammodramus 208,210 



savannarum . . 208, 210 



Ammodromus 208, 210 



Coturniculus 208 



savannarum .. 205,207, 

 208, 209, 210 

 var . . 208 



Passeroidese 17 



Patzcuaro Towhee 408 



pauper, Camarhynchus 477, 482, 488, 484 



paupera, Geospiza 484 



pectoralis, Melospiza 366 



Peg-billed Sparrow 619 



peninsulee, Ammodramus 217 



maritimus 213, 



216, 217, 218 

 Pyrrhnloxia sinuata . 625,627,628,629 



, pennsylvanica, Fringilla 342,846 



(Zonotrichla) 346 



Zonotrichia 346 



Periporphyrus 24, 32, 652, 657 



atro-purpuratus 658 



Perissoglossa 20 



perpallidus, Ammodramus savannarum . . . 211 



Coturniculus 211 



passerinus 211 



var... 211 



personata, Haemophila 233 



Peruvian Sparrow 347 



peruviana, Brachyspiza capensis 347, 348 



Pyrgita.. 348 



peruvlensis, Pyrgita 348 



petenica, Aimophila 232, 261 



botterii 235, 260, 2.'il 



petenicus, Ammodramus 232, 260, 261 



Coturniculus 261 



Peten Sparrow 260 



Peucaea. . . '. 230, 231, 232, 233, 259 



aestivalis 231, 254, 255, 257, 259 



arizonae , 259 



bachmani . . . : 256,257 



illinoensis 257 



var. aestivalis 255 



arizonse 258 



botterii 258,260 



cassinil 254,258 



arizonae 259 



bachmanii 256, 257 



botterii 231,268,260 



Page. 



Poucaea boucardi 249,250,252,253 



carpalis 231,212 



eassini 254, 258 



cassinil 231,254,258 



homochlamys 249 



illinoensis 257 



lincolnii 380 



megarbyncha 246 



mexicana 259 



notosticta 243, 246 



ruflceps 247, 248, 250, 251, 263 



australis 250 



boucardi 248, 249, 250, 252 



eremasca 261,253 



f usca 251 



scottii 249 



var. boucardi 249, 250, 262 



ruflceps 248 



Pezopetes 24,27,28,36,471 



capltalis 471, 472 



Phaenicophilus 18 



phaeonotus, Junco 271, 300 



phaeonotus 276, 289 



phaenotus, Junco 308 



Phalacrocorax harrisi 10 



perspicUlatus 10 



Phainopepla 10 



Pbainoptila 18, 21 



Pheucticus 27,28,31,621 



aurantiacus 621, 623 



cbrysopeplus 621, 622, 623 



tibialis 621,623,624 



phoeniceus, Cardinalis 630, 633 



Phonipara 529 



adoxa 532 



bicolor 538, 541, 542 



canora 636, 537 



gutturalis 671 



intermedia 534 



lepida 532,533,534 



marcbii 541, 642 



olivacea 2, 532 



omissa 640 



pusilla 534, 635, 536 



var. olivacea 532 



pusilla 536 



zena 538,541,543 



picta, Emberiza 154,161 



(Plectrophanes) 161 



Plectropbanes 161 



pictus, Caloarius 154, 155, 160, 161 



Centropbanes 161 



Plectropbanes 161 



pileata, Emberiza 348 



Embemagra 461 



Zonotrichia 348,349 



pileatus, Atlapetes 459, 460, 46] 



pileatus 460 



Carpodacus 128 



Pine Siskin 97 



pinetorum, Spizella 315 



socialis 306, 313, 314 



pusilla, var 315 



Zonotrichia 315 



Pine-woods Sparrow 254 



rinicola 28, 58 



canadensis 62, 63, 65, 66 




704 



INDEX, 



Page. 



Pinicola enuoleator 69, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67 



alasoensis 60, 63, 64, 65 



californica 60,65,66 



canadensis 60, 



63,64,65,66,67 



enucleator 59, 60, 64 



flammula 59,60,64,66 



kodiaka 66 



montana 60, 65, 66, 67 



var. canadensis 67 



flammula 65 



rubra 58 



Pink-sided Junco 291 



pinosus, Junco 289 



liyemalia 289 



oreganus 273, 274, 275, 288 



pinus, Carduelis — ,.. 99 



Chryaomitris 99,100 



Fringilla (Carduelis) 99 



Linaria 99 



Spinus 80,92,99,100, 101 



pinus 97 



Pipillo erythroptLthalmus 426 



fusca 430 



maculata 412 



Pipilti 27, 28, 36, 399, 400, 402, 455, 460 



aberti 405,427,428 



abertis 428 



albicollis 429 



albigula 406, 433, 434 



albigularis 434 



alleni 427 



arctica 413, 416 



arcticus 412, 413, 414, 416, 421 



ater 426 



carmani 405, 422, 433 



ciilorosoma 410 



clilorurus 401 



clementce 419 



complexus 410 



consobrinus 404, 405, 422 



crissalis 403, 435 



carolGC 406, 435 



crissalis 406,434,435 



senicula 406,436 



erythroplithalma 425 



cry throplitlialmus 425, 426 



alleni.. 404,405,426,427 

 erythroplithal- 

 mus. 404,405,428,426 



megalonyx 418 



oregonus 417 



var. alleni 427 



arcticus . . . 413, 416 



carmani 423 



orythroph- 



thalmus . . . 426 

 megalonyx.. 418 



oregonus 417 



fusca 430, 435 



fuscus 403,431,435 



caroliE 436 



crissalis 435, 436, 437 



fuscus 406,480,431,433 



intermedins 406, 432 



mesoleucus 406,432 



potoslnus 406, 431, 432 



Page. 



Pipilo fuscus senicula 437 



(var.) albicollis 429 



var. albigula 434 



crissalis 431,435 



fuscus 431 



mesoleucus 433,434 



leucopis w 427 



macronyx 403,408,409,410 



macronyx 403,409,410 



virescens 403, 408. 410 



maculata 412 



maculatus 412, 416 



arcticus... 404,405,412,414,416 



megalonyx 418 



atratus 404, 405, 419, 420 



carmani 423 



clementae 404, 405, 418, 419 



consobrinus 422 



falcifer 421 



maculatus 403, 406, 409, 410 



magnirostris .. 404,405,414,415 



megalonyx 404, 405, 414, 



415,416,417,418,419,420,421 

 oregonus . . 404, 405, 417, 420, 421 



var. arcticus 412, 



413,414,417,421 



carmani 423 



maculatus 412 



megalonyx 414, 417 



oregonus 417, 421 



megalonyx 416, 417, 418, 419, 420 



mesoleucus 431, 433 



mystacalis 438 



nigrescens 403, 408 



oregona 421 



oregonus 412,417,421 



orizabse 412 



rubrieatus 440 



ruf escens 244 



ruflpileus 402 



rutilus 406,438,429 



submaculatus 412 



torquatus 402, 403, 407, 408 



alticola 403, 408 



torquatus 403,408,406 



virescens 410 



Pipilopsis 459 



Pitylea; 28,32 



Pitylus 24,25,27,28,32,651,652 



atro-olivaceus 658 



atro-purpuratus 658 



aureo-ven tris 621 



cardinalis 637 



celseno 668 



chrysopeplus 622 



flavo-cinereus 656 



f uliginosus 652 



grossa 653 



grossus 662,653 



guttatus 620 



lazulus 612 



melanocephalus 619 



poliogaster 656, 667 



scapularis 657 



I)ortoriocnsis 650 



I'lagioapiza 27,28,36,229 



superciliosa 229 




IJNTDEX. 



705 



Page. 



Plateau Brown Towhee 481 



platensis, Emberiza 446 



Embernagra 446 



platyrhyncha, Goespiza 673 



fortis 602 



Platyspiza 27, 28, 31, 47;!, 476, 489 



crassirostris 473,474 



Hatysternse 8 



Plautus impennis 10 



plebeja, loxia 671 



Spermophila .'. 871 



Sporophila 671 



Zonotrichia 449 



Plectrophanes 146, 154 



atrolarvatus 151 



borcalis 151 



calcarata 168 



calcaratua 158 



groenlandious 158 



hiemalis 151 



lapponica 157, 160 



lapponicus 157, 169 



maccowni 166 



maccownii 164, 166 



melanomus....' 164 



montanus 151 



niustelinus 151 



nivalis 160 



ornata 163 



ornatus . . . : 163 



melanomus 164 



var. melanomus . . . 164 



ornatus 163 



picta 161 



pietus 161 



smithii 161 



Plectrophenax 146 



hyperboreus 163, 154 



nivalis 151, 153 



townsendi 153 



townsendi 153 



Ploceidae 23 



plumbeiceps, Saltator 669 



plumbiceps, Saltator 660, 668, 669 



Point Piuos Junoo 288 



poliogaster, Caryothraustes 655, 657, 664 



poliogaster.. 655,674 



Pitylua 656, 667 



Polioptila 18,23 



Poocaetes ; 181 



gramineus 183, 185, 186 



affinis 187 



confinis 186,187 



var. coniinia 185 



gramineus 183 



Pocecetes 181 



confinis 186 



gramineus 183, 184 



conflnia 186,186 



Pocecetes 27,28,31,181,187 



gramineus 183, 184, 186 



affinis 182,186,187 



conflnis 182,184 



gramineus 181, 182 



var. coniinis 185 



piza belli 268,269,270 



nevadensis 271 



var. belli 269 



Page. 



Poospiza belli var. nevadensis 270, 271 



bilineata 266, 264, 267 



mystacalis 237 



I'orto Eican Bullflnoli 550 



portoricensis, Fringilla zena, viir 54I 



Goniapbca 650 



Gyrinorhynchus 541 



Loxia 647,550 



Loxigilla 650 



Pitylus 660 



Pyrrhulagra 648,549,550 



Scotospiza 660 



Sporophila 560 



potosinus, Pipilo fuscua 406, 481, 432 



pratensis, Emberiza 389 



Orospina 621 



Provost's Ground Sparrow 443 



princeps, Ammodramus 190 



Passerculus 187, 188, 189, 190 



Procellariiformes 10 



Proceres 8, 9 



Proceri s 



Procnias 20 



Procniatidje 20 



productus, Cactornis 476, 490 



Camarhynclius 488, 489 



propinqua, Geospiza 492, 494, 499 



conirostris 500 



Loxia noctis, var 649 



Loxigilla 549 



Pyrrhulagra noctis 649, 660 



prosthemelas, Camarhvnchus 477, 



483, 484, 486, 487 



Geospiza 486 



psaltria, Astragalinus 115 



psaltria 108, 114 



Carduelis 114 



Chrysomitis 114, 115 



psaltria 115 



var 115 



(Pseudomitris) 116 



rringilla 107,114 



Spinus 115 



Pselliophorus 24,27,28,37,460 



tibialis 470 



Paeudochloris 26 



Pseudomitris 107 



Pseudoscines 12, 16, 16, 17 



Psittaci 10 



psittacula, Camarbynchus 476, 479 



Geospiza psittacula 479, 482 



psittaculus, Camarbynchus 476, 



477, 479, 480, 481, 482, 483, 484 



Pterocles - 5 



Pterocletes 6 



Pteroclo-Columbce 6 



Ptiliogonatida; 18 



Ptiliogonys 18 



cinereus 668 



pulcherrima, Dacnis 20 



pulchra, Cyanospiza 693 



versicolor 592, 593 



Hasmophila 233 



Passerina versicolor 593 



punieea, Pringilla 617 



Purple Finch 128,129 



purpurea, Erythrospiza 129, 130 



1702i— 01- 



-45 




706 



INDEX. 



Page. 



purpurea, Fringilla 123 



purpureus 123 



Carpodacus 124, 127, ] 29, 130, 131 



purpureas 124,128 



var 130 



HEemorhous 129 



pusilla, Emberiza 319 



Kuetheia 535 



olivacea 530, 534, 536 



Fringilla 305, 319 



Phonlpara 534, 535, 536 



pusilla, var 536 



Spizella 305,319,320,321 



pusilla 306, 307, 318 



var -. 320 



Tiaris 534, 635 



Zonotrichia 319 



pusillula, Melospiza cinerea 351, 352, 370 



fasciata 371 



melodia 371 



pusillus, Spinites 320 



pusio, Fringilla 327 



Spizella 327 



pustulata, Fringilla 75 



Montifringilla " 75 



Pycnorhamphus 25 



Pyranga mexicana 658 



Pyrgisoma 437 



biarcuatum 442, 443 



biarcuatUH 4 43 



cabanisi 442 



kieneri 442 



leucote 444 



leucotis 445 



nationi 438 



oecipitale 445 



rubricati^m 440-441 



xantusi 441 



xantusii 441 



Pyrgi ta 143 



biarcuata 443, 437 



domestiea 145 



montana 146 



pagorum 145 



peruviana 348 



peruviensis ^48 



(Pipilo) arctica 413 



rustica 145 



septentrionalis 146 



pyrgitoides, Buarremon 245 



Embernagra 245 



Py rrhocoma 24 



Pyrrhomitris 95 



cucullata. . . ' 105 



cucuUatus 105 



Pyrrhula 28, 56, 57 



auranticoUis 660 



cassini 57,58 



cineracea 58 



pallida 58 



cinerea 566 



coccinea var. cassini 58 



collaris 537 



(Cory thus) enucleator 62 



crenirostris 563 



cruentata 133 



enucleator 62 



Page. 

 Pyrrhula europaea 56 



frontalis 132, 138 



g:lauco-c8erulea 594 



hamburgensis 146 



inornata 139 



ludoviciana 615 



minuta 568 



nigra 563 



nipalensis 58 



pyrrhula Itamtschatica 57 



raptor 663 



robinsonii 553 



rubicilla 67 



rufobarbata 552 



superciliosa 552 



Pyrrhulse 26,28 



Pyrrhulagra 27, 28, 34, 647 



affinis 554 



anoxantha 547 



barbadensis 549,561 



coryi 560 



crissalis 558 



dominic&na 557 



grandis 548, 549, 550, 551 



noctis 547, 54§, 565 



coryi 548,659 



crissalis 548,657,560 



dominicana 549, 556 



grenadensis 549, 558, 660 



noctis 549, 654 



propinqua 649,560 



ridgwayi 548, 



557,558,559,560,561 



sclateri 549,555,556,561 



portoricensis 660, 559 



ruficollis - ■ 553 



violacea 547, 548, 552, 553, 554 



affinis 548,549,653 



ruficollis. . 548, 549, 562, 553 

 violacea.. 548,549,551,552 



Pyrrhulinota 123 



haemorrhoa 133 



Pyrrhuloxia 27, 28, 30, 624, 625, 630 



St. Lucas 627 



sinuata 627, 628, 629, 633 



beckhaml 627 



peninsulaa . 625,627,628,629 



sinuata 625,629 



texana 625,628,629 



Texan 628 



Q. 



querula, Fringilla 332 



Zonotrichia. ." 330, 331, 332, 333 



quinquestriata, Aimophila 232, 233, 236 



Amphispiza 236 



Zonotrichia 236, 262 



». 



Ralli 5 



Rallidse 5 



raptor, Pyrrhula 663 



Saltator 663 



Ratit£5B 8,10 



Red-backed Junco 297 



-breasted Finch 617 




INDEX. 



707 



Page. 



Eed Siskin 104 



Redpoll 88 



Greater 91 



Greenland 80 



Hoary 82 



Holbcell's , 89 



Kegulidae '. 23 



Begulinee 23 



Rhese 9 



Rheiformes 9 



Eheoideae 9 



Rheomithes , 9 



Ehinoclietidffi 6 



Rhodinocichla 18 



ihodocampter, Fringilla 617 



rhodochlamys, Carpodacus 124, 135 



rhodooolpus, Carpodacus 185, 140 



. frontalis... 136,137,140 

 mexicanus 125, 1S4, 136 

 frontalis, var . . 137, 140 



Rhodothraupia 24, 27, 28, 32, 652, 667 



celseno 687 



Rhynchophanes 26, 28, 30, 34, 164 



mccownii 155, 168, 167 



Ehynchospiza 233 



Richardson's Grassquit 846 



Seedeater ' 668 



richardsoni, Euetheia 545 



Geospiza 545 



Loxigilla 544, 545 



Melanospiza 648 



Spennophila 569 



Richmond's Sparrow 483 



richmondi, Arremonops 454 



conirostris. . . 447, 463, 673 



ridgwayi, Junco 277 



Pyrrhulagra noctis .": 548, 



557, 668, 559, 560, 561 



robinsonii, Pyrrhula 563 



Rock Sparrow 261 



Rocky Mountain Pine Grosbeak 66 



Eose-breasted Grosbeak 614 



rosea, Loxia 617 



roseipectus, Carpodacus 133 



mexicanus 125, 133 



roseus, Carpodacus 123, 124 



Eosita's Bunting 890 



rositae, Cyanospiza 581, 890 



Passerina 591 



rostrata, Acanthls 91 



linaria 30, 90, 91 



Emberiza 200 



Zonotrichia 200 



rostratus jEgiothus 91 



Ammodramus 200 



Camarhynehus 479 



Passerculus 187, 188, 200, 202 



rostratus 188,199 



var 200 



Eothschild's Ground Finch 673 



rotHschildi, Geospiza 673 



scandens 518, 674 



ruber, Cardinalis ". 638 



ruberrimus, Carpodacus .' 137 



frontalis 137 



mexicanus 125, 



134, 136, 137 



Page. 



rubicilla, Loxia 57 



Pyrrhula 57 



rubra, Coccothraustes 637 



Loxia 638 



Pinicola sg 



rubricata, Embernagra 440 



Melozone 440 



Tanagra 440 



rubricatum, Melozone 437, 438 



rubricatum . . . 489, 440, 441 



Pyrgisoma 440, 441 



rubricatus, Atlapetes 440 



Pipilo 440 



rubricoUis, Coccothraustes 617 



Loxia 617 



Rudipennes 8 



rufa, Fringilla 389 



rufescens , 280 



jEgiothus 89 



Aimophila 232, 242 



rufescens 234, 243, 673 



Embernagra 245 



Fringilla 89 



Hffimophila 230, 244, 245, 673 



Linaria 78, 79, 83 



Linota 89 



Pipilo 244 



ruficauda, Aimophila 232, 239, 673 



ruficauda...... 233,238,673 



Calamospiza 239 



Chondestes 239 



Embernagra 289 



Haemophila 289 



ruiiceps, Aimophila 232, 233, 248 



ruflceps 234, 246 



Ammodramus 231, 247 



Ammodromus 253 



PeuOiea 247, 248, 250, 251, 253 



ruiiceps, var 248 



ruflcdllis, Pyrrhulagra 663 



violacea 548, 



549, 582, 553 



Tanagra 553 



rufidorsalls, Arremon 457 



rufigenis, Buarremon 438 



ruflna, Emberiza . ; 874 



(Zonotrichia) 393 



Melospiza 373, 874 



cinerea .851,354,373 



fasciata .... 878, 374, 375, 876, 377 



melodia, var 361, 374 



Passerella 374 



Zonotrichia 374 



rufipilea, Kienerla 402 



ruiipileus, Pipilo 402 



rufiventris, Saltator 668 



rufivirgata, Arremonops 448 



Emberizoides --- 448 



Embernagra 445,448,450,451 



rufivirgata 448 



rufivirgatus, Arremonops 446 



rufivirgatus 446, 



447, 448 



rufobarbata, Fringilla 552, 555 



Pyrrhula 652 



rufodorsalis, Arremon 457 



Kufous-capped Sparrow 460 




708 



INDEX. 



Page. 

 Rufus-crowned Sparrow 246 



-throated Tanager 553 



ruf ovirgata, Embernagra ..'. 448 



Rush Warbler 319 



Russet- tailed Ground Sparrow 238 



rustlca, Pyrglta 145 



Rusty Song Sparrow 372 



Sparrow 243 



rutila, Tanagra 429 



rutilus, Pipilo 406, 428,429 



S. 



Sage Sparrow 270 



St. Christopher Bullfinch 550 



Saint Lucas Cardinal 647 



House Finch 136 



Pyrrhuloxia 627 



Sparrow 201 



Towhee 433 



St. Vincent Bullfinch 557 



salicamans, Astragalinus tristis 108, 112, 113 



Spin us tristis 113 



Salicipasser 143 



montanus 146 



Salpinctes 18 



Saltator 24,25,27,28,32,659,660 



albioollis 660, 661, 670, 671 



albicoUis 661,670 



isthmicus 661, 669, 670 



atriceps 660,662,663 



atriceps 661,663,674 



lacertosus 660, 603 



atricollis 659 



aurantiirostris 659 



Black-headed 661 



Bufl-throated 663 



Central American Buff-throated. . . 664 



gigantodes 664 



grandis 660,600,667,668 



Grayson's 068 



Guadeloupe 671 



guadelupensis 661, 671, 672 



icterophrys 668 



icteropyga 668 



intermedins 666 



isthmicus 670 



lacertosus 663 



laticlavius 669 



maculipectus 661 



magnoides 664,665,666 



intermedins 660, 004 



magnoides 660, 603, 674 



medianus 660, 004 



magnus 666 



martinicensis 672 



maxillosus 660 



Panama Black-headed 60S 



Bufl-throated 064 



Streaked 069 



plumbiceps 600, 008, 669 



plumbeiceps 669 



raptor 603 



ruflventris 668 



Btriatipectus 661, 670 



Vigors' : 066 



Tigorsii 668 



Page. 



Salvin's Ground Finch 486 



Sparrow 445 



galvini, Camarhynchus 477, 483, 484, 486, 487 



Oryzoborus 606 



Samuels' Song Sparrow 369 



samuelis, Ammodromus 370 



Melospiza 370 



cinerea 351,353,369,371 



fasciata 368,370,371 



melodia 370 



var 370 



sanaka, Melospiza - 379 



San Benito House Finch 141 



Sparrow 200 



San Clemente House Finch 140 



Song Sparrow 368 



Towhee 418 



sanctorum, Ammodramus 201 



(Passerculus) . . . . 200 



Passerculus 201 



rostratus 188, 200 



San Diego Song Sparrow 307 



Towhee 419 



sandvicensis, Passerculus 191 



savanna 191 



var 191 



Sandwich Bunting 191,192 



Sparrow 190 



sandwichensis, Ammodramus 191, 192 



Emberiza 191 



Passerculus 187, 188, 191, 



193, 196, 197, 198, 199 



sandwichensis . . 188, 



190 



savanna 191 



var 191 



Zonotrlchia 191 



Santa Barbara Song Sparrow 369 



Santa Lucia Bullfinch 555 



sartorii, Aimophila 232,260 



botterii 235, 259,261 



saturatns, Arremon aurantiirostris 456, 457 



Cardinalis 645 



cardinalis . . 631, 633, 685, 645 



coccineus 632 



Sauriurae 3 



Saurornithes 8 



Saururae 3,8 



savana, Passerculus sandvicensis 193 



Savanna Sparrow 192 



Western 194 



savanna, Ammodramus sandwichensis - . 193, 196 



Emberiza 193 



Fringilla 187,192 



Linaria 192 



Passerculus 192, 193, 196, 197 



sandwichensis. 188,192,193 



savanna, var 193 



Passerina 192 



Zonotrlchia 193 



savannarum, Ammodramus 206, 207, 209, 211 



Coturniculus 205, 207 



savannarum. 205,206 



Fringilla 207,208,211 



scandens, Cactornis 489, 510, 511, 512 



Geosplza 493, 495, 509, 510, 513, 674 



scandens 510 




INDEX. 



709 



Page, 

 scapularis, Caryothraustes poliogaater. . . 665, 656 



Pitylus poliogaster 657 



sohistacea, Passerella 396,397 



iliaca 386, 395, 396 



var 396 



townsendi 397 



var 396,397 



Spermophila 566 



Sporophila grisea 565, 566 



schistaceus, Drepanorhynchus 564 



Gyrinorhynchus 566 



Spermophilopsis 566 



schlateri, Loxigilla noctis 557 



Schott's Sparrow 451 



Sclater's Towhee 428 



sclateji, Pyrrhulagra noctis 549, 



550,556,561 



Sootospiza 547 



portoiicensis 550 



Scott'a Seaside Sparrow 216 



Sparrow 248 



soottii, Aimophila ruflceps 285, 248, 249, 251 



Scrub-birds 16 



Scutelliplantares 17, 18, 23 



Seaside Sparrow 214 



Seedeater, Cabanis 579 



Clnnamon-rumped 677 



Hicks' 573 



Myiarchusnute 567 



Morellet's 575 



Eichardson's 568 



Slate-colored 566 



White-collared 578 



Yellow-bellied 569 



semicollaris, Gyrinorhynchus 574 



Spermophila 573, 574 



senicula, Pipilo crissalis 406, 436 



fuscus 437 



aennetti, Ammodramus 219 



-maritimus... 213,218,219 



septentrionalis, Carduelis 95 



Geospiza 493, 495, 510 



scandens 510 



Pyrgita 146 



Serinopsis 521,522 



Serinus 522 



canarins 522 



severtzovi, Carpodacus 124 



Sharp-billed Ground Finch 506 



-tailed Oriole 220 



Sparrow 220 



Sharpe's Ground Tineh 507 



shatpei, Euetheia 643 



bicolor 530,643 



Spermophila morelleti 677 



shattuckil, Emberiza 326 



Spinites 327 



Spizella 327 



Zonotrichia 327 



Short-billed Cactus Finch 614 



Shuteldt's Junco 285 



shufeldti, Junco - 287 



■ hyemalis 276,287,291 



oreganus 273, 



274,275,276,285,290 



Shnmagin Fox Sparrow 889 



Blbirica, Linaria 85 



sibirica, Linota 85 



Sicalis 26,27,28,31,34,521,522 



arvensis luteiventris 524 



minor 524 



chrysops 521,622,523, 524 



Columbiana 34, 521 



flaveola 623 



jamaicse 523 



jamaicae 622, 523 



silens, Arremon 455 



Tanagra 464 



Similar Ground Finch 502 



Bimillima, Geospiza 502 



dubia 602 



Sinaloa Sparrow 245 



sinaloa, Aimophila rutescens 234, 245, 246 



sinalose, Arremonops superciliosa 451 



superciliosus 447, 450 



sinaloensis, Cardinalis cardinalis 648, 649 



igneus 632, 634 



sinuata, Pyrrhuloxia 627, 628, 629, 633 



sinuata 625 



sinuatus, Cardinalis 624, 627, 628 



sipahi, Haematospiza 124 



siris, Emberiza 587 



Siskin, Black-headed 102 



Bryant's 105 



Ferrer's 103 



Guatemalan Pine 100 



Mexican Pine 100 



Pine 97 



Eed 104 



Sitta 12 



Sittidse 22 



Slate-colored Finch 521 



Grosbeak 652 



Junco 278 



Seedeater 666 



Sparrow 395 



Small-billed Ground Finch 483 



smithi, Centrophanes 161 



smithii, Plectrophanes 161 



Snow Bunting 148 



Snowflake 148 



Aleutian 152 



MyiarchusKay's 153 



socialls, Emberiza 312 



Fringilla 305, 312, ,113 



Passerina 312 



Spinites 313 



Spizella 312,313,314 



socialis. 306, 306, 307, 311,316, 317 



var •-.. 313 



Zonotrichia , 313 



Socorro Towhee 422 



Song Birds 1' 



SongSparrow *54 



Alameda 370 



Aleutian 377 



Brown's 363 



Desert 362 



Durango 366 



Heermann's 864 



Kadiak 376 



Kenai 875 



Mendocino 371 



Merrill's 861 




710 



INDEX. 



Page. 



Song Sparrow Mexican 366 



Mountain 368 



Rusty 372 



Samuels' 369 



San Clemente 368 



SanDiego 367 



SantaBarbara 36!) 



Sooty 373 



Yakutat 375 



Sonoran House Finch 135 



sonoriensis, Carpodacus mexicanus 125, 



134, 135, 136 



Sooty Fox Sparrow 394 



Ground Finch 504 



Song Sparrow 373 



sororia, Aimophila rufloeps 236, 248 



Sparrow, Abreojos 202 



Acadian Sharp-tailed 223 



Acapulco 450 



Alameda Song 370 



Aleutian Song 377 



Antillean Grasshopper 206 



Bachman's 266 



Baird's 203 



Barranca 458 



Belding's Myiarchusrsh 198 



Bell's 267 



Bendire's 241 



Black-chinned 322 



-throated 263 



Bonaparte's Ground - 439 



Boucard's 252 



Botterl's 257 



Brewer's 327 



Bridled 236 



Brown's Song 863 



Bryant's Myiarchusrsh 197 



Cabanis's Ground 441 



Cassin's 263 



Chihuahua 461 



Chipping 311 



Clay-colored 324 



Collma Ground 240 



Cordova 448 



Curapao S49 



Desert 265 



Song S62 



Durango Song 866 



Dusky Seaside 219 



Ejutlai 242 



European Tree 145 



Etzatlan 245 



Field 818 



Ferrari-Perez's 287 



Fisher's Seaside 217 



Five-striped 286 



Fox-colored 386 



Gambel 's 889 



Golden-crowned 333 



Grasshopper 207 



Gray Sage 269 



Green-backed 452 



Guatemalan Chipping 314 



Harris's 381 



Heermann's Song 364 



Page. 



Sparrow, Henslow's 226 



House 148 



Huatusco 259 



Ipswich 189 



Jali8co2 250 



Kadiak Fox 891 



Song 376 



Kenai Song 375 



Lafresnaye's 453 



Laguua 248 



Large-billed 199 



-footed 472 



Lark 176 



Le Conte's 224 



Lichtenstein's Ground 440 



Lincoln's 379 



Little S88 



Myiarchuscgillivray's Seaside 216 



MyiarchusLeod's 246 



Myiarchuszatlan 450 



Mendocino Song 371 



Merrill's Song 861 



Mexican Black-throated 266 



Chipping 318 



Field 821 



Song 365 



Myiarchusohoacan Song 366 



Myiarchusnatitlan 209 



Mountain Song 358 



Nelson's 221 



Nicoya 449 



Nuttall's 842 



Oaxaca 250 



Orange-billed 455 



Oregon Vesper 186 



Peg-billed 519 



Peten 260 



Peruvian 347 



Pine-woods 254 



Pr&vost's Ground 448 



Richmond's 453 



Rock 251 



Rulons-capped 460 



-crowned 246 



Russet-tailed Ground 238 



Rusty 243 



Song 372 



Sage 270 



Saint Lucas 201 



Salvin's Ground 445 



Samuels' Song 369 



San Benito 200 



ClementeSong 368 



DiegoSong 867 



Sandwich 190 



Santa Barbara Song 369 



Savanna 192 



Schott's 451 



Scott's 248 



Seaside 216 



Seaside 214 



Sharp-tailed 220 



Shumagin Fox 389 



Sinaloa 245 



Slate-colored 895 



Song 354 



^ Inadvertently given as Oaxaca Sparrow on the page cited. 

 2 Inadvertently given as Etzallan Sparrow on the page cited. 




INDEX. 



711 



Page. 



Sparrow, Sooty Fox 894 



Song 373 



Stephens' 398 



Striped 229 



Sumichrast's 240 



Swamp -. S82 



Tehuan tepee Ground 239 



Texas 447 



Seaside 218 



Thick-billed Fox S97 



Townsend's 892 



Tree 867 



Vesper 182 



Western Chipping 815 



Field 320 



Grasshopper 209 



Henslovv's 228 



Lark 178 



Savanna 194 



Tree 309 



Vesper 184 



White-orowned 336 



-eared Ground 444 



-naped 468 



-throated 343 



YakntatFox 392 



Song 875 



Yellow-thighed 470 



-throated 461 



speciosa, Montifringilla 75 



Spermestes 23 



Spermophila 25, 563 



adoxa 532 



albigularis 577 



albitorquis 678 



anoxantha 545, 547 



atrlceps 578 



aurita 574 



badiiventris 572 



bioolor 538,542 



einerea 566 



coUaris 574 



corvina 572 



cuouUata 23 



f ortipes 574 



fusciventris - ^ 568 



grisea 565, 566 



gutturalis 570 



oUvaeea 571 



pallida 571 



hicksii 573,574 



hoffmanni 574 



ignobilis 671 



intermedia ^ 566 



lineata 674 



luctuosa 563 



melanocephala 571 



minuta 568 



morelleti 576,577 



sharpei 577 



nigra 563 



olivacea 531 



olivaceo-flava 571 



parva 569,577 



plebeja 671 



richardsoni - 569 



schistacea 566 



Page. 



Spermophila semicoUaris 573, 574 



torqueola .. . .' 578 



violacea 552 



Spermophilopsis 554 



schiataceus 566 



Spermophilus 663 



Spheniaciformes ,. 10 ^ 



spineseens, Spinus 101 



Spinites 305 



atrogularis 323 



monticolus 308 



pallidus 313,326 



pusillus 320 



shattuckii 327 



socialis 313 



spinoides, Carduelis 95 



spinoletta, Emberiza 381 



Spinus 26,28,29,90,108,120,522 



atriceps 97, 100, 102 



carduelis 95 



columbianus 121 



cucuUatus 96,97,104,105 



forreri 104 



lawrencei 122 



lawrencii 122 



linaria 87 



mexicanus 118, 119 



notatus 96, 101, 103 



forreri 96, 97, 108 



notatus 97,102,104 



pinus 80,92,99,100,101 



macropterus 97, 100 



pinus 97 



psaltria 115 



arizonse 117 



Columbiana 121 



columbianus 121 



croceus 120 



mexicanus 118, 120 



spineseens 101 



spinus 97 



tristis 110,112,113 



pallidus - 112 



salicamans 113 



xaiithogaster 97, 105, 106 



spinus, FringUla 95,97 



Spinus 97 



Spiza 27,28,31,34,170 



americana 171, 174 



amcena 585 



caerulea .- 584 



ciris 588 



cyanea 583 



lazulina 593 



leclancheri 689 



townsendii 171, 174, 175 



versicolor 693 



Spizse 28,31 



Spizella 27,28,35,36,272,305 



agrestis 320 



arenacea 321 



arizonse 317 



atrigularis 323,324 



atrogularis 305, 306, 307, 822,323 



evura 323 



breweri .". 306, 307, 827, 328, 329 



cana 324 




712 



INDEX. 



Spizella canadensis 309 



domestica SIS 



arizonae S18 



evuia 323,324 



maxima 339 



montana 308,310 



monticola 305, 308, 309, 310 



monticola 306,307 



oohracea . 306, 307, 809, 310, 311 



ochracea 311 



pallida 306, 307, S24, 326, 328, 384 



breweri 325,327,329 



var. breweri 329 



pallida 326 



pinetorum 316 



pusilla 305,319,320,321,322 



arenaoea.... 306,307,318,320,321 



pusilla 306,307,318 



var. pinetorum 315 



pusilla 320 



puslo 327 



shattuckii 327 



socialis 305, 312, 313, 314, 316 



arizonse 306, 307, S15, 317 



mexicana 306,307,313,314 



pinetorum 306,313,314 



socialis 306, 307, 311, 316 



var. arizonae 314,317 



socialis 313 



wortheni 306,307,321,322 



splendens, Corytlius 62 



Pringilla 528 



Volatinia 628 



jacarini 626,528 



Sporagra 96 



Sporgeginthus 23 



melpodus 23 



Sporophila 27,28,33,662,563 



albitorquis 565, 678 



anoxantba 547 



atriceps 578 



aurita 565,573,574 



badiiventris 572 



collaris 673 



corvina 565, 571, 572, 573 



f ortipes 573 



grisea 564, 665 



grisea 665,666 



scliistacea 566,566 



gutturalis 666, 566, 569, 671 



hoff manni 674 



bypoleuca 664 



intermedia 566 



mlnuta 564,665,568 



minuta 665,567,668 



parva 665,568 



moreUeti 565,573,875,676,677 



sliarpei 677 



nigra 568 



noctis 655 



ochiopyga ' 578 



otliello 606 



plebeja 571 



portoricensis 550 



torqueola 564, 565, 566, 577, 578 



SporophUse 28 



Spurred Towhee 415 



Page. 



Steamer Duck 10 



Steganopodes „ 11 



Stelgidostomus T. 660 



Stephens' Sparrow 398 



atepbensi, Passerella iliaca 386, 898 



stolzmanni, Haemophila 233 



strenua, Geospiza 492, 494, 496, 497, 498 



magnirostris 498 



strenua-magnirostris, Geospiza 498 



striata, Melospiza lincolni 382 



Arremonops rufivirgata 461 



striaticeps, Embernagra 453, 454, 673 



striatipeotus, Saltator '. 661, 670 



Strickland!, Loxia ^. 62,53 



curvirostra 46,47,51,52,53 



strigata, Chondestes 176, 179 



grammica i79 



strigatus 179 



Chondestes grammieus 180 



grammacus 176, 178, 179 



Striges 11 



Stringops 10 



Striped Sparrow 229 



Strobiliphaga 68 



Struthiocameli 9 



Strutbioideae 9 



Struthionea 9 



StrutUonilormes 9 



Strutliiornitbes 9 



Stmtbus Zn 



atrimentalis 324 



caniceps 296,298 



byemalis 280 



oregona 286 



oregonus 284,286,288 



Sturdy Ground Finch 502 



Sturnldae 23 



Sturnus 28 



vulgaris 23 



Subclamatores 16 



submaculatus, Pipilo 412 



Suboscines 15,16 



subvirgatus, Ammodramus caudacutus . .'. . 214, 



222, 223, 224 



nelson! .... 224 



Sumichrast's Sparrow 240 



sumichrasti, Aimophila 232, 233, 234, 240 



Arremonops rufivirgatua 450 



superciliosa 450 



superciliosus . . 447, 450 

 Cyanocompsa parellina. 695, 696, 602 



Embernagra 450 



Haemophila 241 



Passerina 603 



superbus, Cardinalia 647 



cardinaUs 631, 



633,634,646,647,648,649 



igneus 632 



supercUiosa, Aimophila 229,230 



Embernagra 230,449,450,673 



Haemophila 230 



Plagiospiza 229 



Pyrrhula 552 



superciliosus, Arremonops 447 



superciliosus 447 



449,450,673 

 Swalnsou'sTowhee 409 




INDEX. 



713 



Page. 



Swamp Sparrow 382 



Sycalis 521,522 



brasillensis 523 



chrysops 525 



flava 623 



flaveola 523 



jamaicse 523 



Sylvia juneorum 319 



SylvlidsE 23 



X. 



Tabasco Cardinal 043 



Taehyeres cmereus 10 



Tachypbonus 26 



tibialis i69,471 



Tanager, Rutous-throated 553 



Tanagra 469 



a^imilis 469 



celaeno 668 



cyanea 680,583 



(Embernagra) brunnei-nucha 466 



gnatho 662 



grandis ., 667 



jacarini , 625,626,628 



magna 659, 666 



rubricata 440 



ruficollis 553 



rutila 429 



(Saltator) atricepSi 662 



silens 454 



Tanagridse 18,19,24,26 



taria, Fringilla Ill 



Tawny Bunting 151 



taylori, Melopyrrha 562, 563 



Tehuantepeo Ground Sparrow 239 



Ten-primaried Oscines 21 



Tephrocotis littoralis 72 



tepbrocotis, Erythrospiza 70 



rringilla 70 



Leucosticte 69, 70, 71, 75, 76, 77, 78 



tephrocotis 68,71,77 



Tar 70 



Linaria 70 



( Leucosticte) 67,70 



Montiiringilla 70, 75 



tersa, Ampelis 20 



Texan Pyrrhuloxla 628 



texana, Pyrrbuloxiasinuata 625,628,629 



Texas Seaside Sparrow 218 



Sparrow *47 



texensis, Fringilla 118 



Thick-billed Fox Sparrow 397 



QroundFinch 498 



Thin-billed Ground Finch 481 



thura, Carpodacus 123, 124 



Thurber's Junco 287 



thurberi, Junco hyemalis 288 



oreganus 273, 275, 287 



Tiaria olivaceus 536 



omisaa 640 



pusilla 534, 636 



tibialis, Buarremon 471 



Goniaphea 624 



Pheucticus 621,628,624 



Pselliophonis 470 



Taehyphonus 469,471 



tixiorus, Ammodramus 207 



Cotumiculus 207 



Page. 



tolteca, Haemophila 239 



toltcc, Embernagra 239 



Haemophila 239 



Tooth-billed Ground Pinch 507 



torquata, Chamseospiza 407, 445 



Embernagra 464 



Emberizoides 407 



Kieneria 407, 409 



torquatus, Pipilo 402, 403, 407, 408 



torquatua 403, 406, 408 



torqueola, Spermophila 578 



Sporophila 564, 565, 666, 577,578 



torqueolus, Gyrinorhyni'hus 578 



torrida, Loxia 603 



Tower Island Ground Finch 499 



Towhec, Abert's 427 



Alamos 432 



Anthony's 436 



Arctic 412 



Brown 430 



California 434 



Canon 432 



Collared 406 



Florida 426 



Green-tailed 400 



Guadalupe 422 



Hartlaub's 410 



Jaliscan Collared 408 



Mexican Spotted 410 



Mountain 414 



Northern Brown 436 



Oregon 420 



Patzcuaro 408 



Plateau Brown 431 



Saint Lucas 483 



San Clemente 418 



San Diego 419 



Sclater's 428 



Socorro 422 



Spurred 415 



Swainson's 409 



Townsend's Bunting 174 



Junco 298 



Sparrow 392 



townsendl, Camarhynchus 479 



Euspiza 175 



Fringilla 393 



Geospiza psittacula -. , . . 479 



Junco : 274,293 



Passerella iliaca 386, 390, 392, 393 



townsendi, var 393 



Pasaerina nivalia 152, 153, 389 



Plectrophenax 153 



nivalis 153 



Zonotrichia 393 



townsendii, Emberiza 175 



Passerella 390, 391, 392, 893, 394 



iliaca, var 390 



Spiza 171,174,175 



Tree Sparrow 307 



European 145 



Western 309 



Tres Myiarchusrias Cardinal 649 



tricolor, Gtiiraca 620 



tristla, Astragalinus Ill, 112, 113 



tristis 108,109 



Carduelia 110,112,113 




714 



INDEX. 



Page. 



tristis, Chrysomitris 110, 111, 112, 113 



Frlngilla . . . , 107, 110, 112, 113 



Spinus 110,112,113 



Trochili 12 



Trog'odytldse 18,22 



Turdidffi ,.. 21,23 



Turquoise-fronted Bunting 602 



typica, Chrysopoga 462 



U. 



unalascensia, Passerella iliaca 390, 



391, 392, 394, 396 



Unalascha Bunting 192 



unalaechensis, Emberiza 379, 389, 390 



Passerella 390,391,394 



iliaca 385,389 



unalaschkensis, Zonotrichia 390 



Unalashka Bunting 390 



unalashkensis, Passerella iliaca 390, 391, 394 



unicolor, Haplospiza 518, 620 



umformis, Acanthidops 519 



Haplospiza 618,620,621 



Upupidae 12 



V. 



Varied Bunting . 591 



variegatus, Camarhynchus 473, 475 



yersicolor Cyanospiza 680, 581, 591, 593 



Passerina 593 



Spiza 693 



verticalis, Arremonops 447, 451, 673 



rufivirgata 451 



Embernagra 451 



rufivirgata 461 



Vesper Sparrow 182 



vespertina, Pringilla 37, 40, 42, 44, 46 



Hesperiphona 41 



vespertina 38,39 



var . . 41 



vespertinus, Coccoborus 41 



Coccothraustes 40, 42 44 



Vigors' Grosbeak 621 



Saltator 666 



vigorsii, Saltator 668 



violacea, Goniaphea 552 



Loxia 552, 554 



Loxigilla 562, 653, 564 



violaeea 553 



Pyrrhulagra 653, 547, 



648, 549, 552, 663 



. violacea 651, 552 



SpermopMla 552 



virenticeps, Buarremon 466, 467, 468 



Vireonldse 20, 21 



virescens, Pipilo 410 



macronyx 403, 408, 410 



virginianns, Cardinalis.. 638,640,642,643,644,645, 

 646,648,649,650,651 



virginianus 638 



var 638, 



640,642 



viridis, Coccothraustes 654, 667 



vitis, Fringilla 88 



Volatinia 27,34,526 



jacarini 526, 528, 529 



jacarini 526, 528 



Page. 



Volatinia jacarini splendens 526, 528 



splendens 528 



vulcani, Junco 272, 275, 304 



Zonotrichia 304 



vulgaris, Carduelis 95 



Sturnus 23 



Warbler, Eush 319 



Weak-billed Ground Finch ,508 



Western Blue Grosbeak 610 



Chipping Sparrow 316 



Evening Grosbeak 41 



Field Sparrow 320 



Goldfinch Ill 



Grasshopper Sparrow 209 



Henslow's Sparrow 228 



Lark Sparrow 1!8 



Savanna Sparrow 194 



Tree Sparrow 809 



Vesper Sparrow 184 



White-collared Seedeater 578 



-crowned Sparrow 336 



-eared Ground Sparrow 444 



-naped Sparrow 463 



-throated Sparrow 343, 345 



-winged Crossbill 53,55 



Junco 277 



wilsonianus, Ammodramus ( Passerculus ) 



sandwichensis 193 



Winter Finch 192 



wortheni, Spizella 306, 307, 321, 322 



wrangeli, Oriturus 435 



X. 



xanthogaster, Chrysomitris 106 



Spinus 97,105 



xanthogastra, Spinus 106 



xanthomaschalis, Fringilla 620 



xanthrophrys, Ammodramus sandwichen- 

 sis : ■. 197 



Xantus' Ground Sparrow 441 



xantusii, Melozone rubricatum 439, 441 



Pyrgisoma 441 



rubricatum 441 



X. 



Yakutat Fox Sparrow 392 



Song Sparrow.. 376 



Yellow-bellied Seedeater 669 



-faced Grassquit 530 



-shouldered Grassquit 546 



-thighed Sparrow 470 



-throated Sparrow 461 



Yucatan Cardinal 644 



Goldfinch 120 



yucatanious, Cardinalis 645 



cardinalis 633, 



636,644,645 



coccineus 632 



Zamelodia 27,28,31,618 



ludoviciana 614, 616, 620 




INDEX. 



715 



Page. 



Zamelodja melanocephala 614,617,620 



capitalis 620 



microrhyncha . . 620 



zena, Fringilla 638,641,643 



Gyrlnorhynchus 638 



Phonipara 538,541,543 



zonarius, Passerculus 381 



Zonotrichla 27, 28,36, 829, 347 



alaudina 195 



albicollis 330, 331, 339, 343, 345 



arctioa 192 



atricapilla 335 



atrigxilaris 324 



aurocapilla 336 



belli 269 



blandingiana 402 



botterii 258 



boucardi 252 



breweri 329 



capensis costaricensis 349 



cassinii 253 



chlorura 401 



cinerea 372, 378 



Gomata 333 



coronata 330, 331, SSS, 836, 336 



fallax 363 



tasciata 359,364 



galapagoensis 336 



gambelii 340,342 



gambeli 340,343 



intermedia 341 



gouldii 370 



graminea 178, 183, 184, 186 



guttata 202, 365, 372 



harrisi 333 



heermannl 364 



iliaca 388 



Page. 



Zonotrichia intermedia 339, 341 



insignis 377 



leucophrys 330, 331, 



338,341,342,313,344 



gambelii 331, 



339,340,343 



intermedia 339,341 



leucoplirys . 330, 331, 336 

 nuttalli. 331,334,342,343 



var. gambeli 343, 340 



intermedia. 340,341 

 leucophrys ... 339 



lincolni 380 



melanotis 240 



melodia 357 



monticola 308 



mystacalis 237 



pallida 326 



palustris 383 



pennsylvanica 346 



pUeata 348,349 



pinetorum 315 



plebeja 449 



pusilla 319 



querula 330, 331,332, 333 



quinquestriata 236, 262 



rostrata 200 



rufina 374 



sandwichensis 191 



savanna 193 



shattueliii 327 



socialis 313 



townsendii 393 



unalaschkensis 390 



Tulcani 304 



Zonotrichise 28, 35 



o 





U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



16T70 



BULLETIN NO. 50, PL. f 



18591 



I. HESPERIPHONA vespertina. 



2. LOXIA minor. 



3. PINICOLA canadensis. 





U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN NO. 50, PL. 



6. ACANTHIS linaria. 



7. PASSER domesticus. 





U, S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN NO. 50, PL. Ill 



I. UEUCOSTICTE tephrocolis. 



2. PASSERINA nivalis 



3. CALCARIUS lapponicus. 



4. RHVNCHOPHANES mccownii. 





U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN NO. 60, PL. IV 



1459 5 



5. CARPODACUS purpureus. 



6. SPIZA americana. 





U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN NO. 50, PL V 



5. AIMOPHILA rufescens. 



7. MELOSPrZA melodia. 





U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN NO. 50, PL. VI 



I. PLAGIOSPIZA superciliosa. 



2. AMPHISPIZA nevadensis. 



3. JUNCO hyemalrs. 



4. AMPHISPIZA bilineata. 



5. SPIZELLA monticola. 





U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN NO. 60, PL. V|[ 



5. OREOSPIZA ohiorura. 



6. PASSERELLA townsendi. 





U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN NO. 60, PL. VIII 



PIPILO erythrophihalmus. 



2. PIPILO crissalis. 



3. MELOZONE xaniusii. 





U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN NO. 50, PL. IX 



I. ARREMON aurantiirostrrs. 



2. LYSURUS crassirostris. 



3. PSELLIOPHORUS tibialis. 





V. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN NO. 50, PL. X 



I. BUARREMON brunneinuchus. 



2. PEZOPETES capilalis. 



3. ATLAPETES pileatus. 





U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



ULLETIN NO. 60, PL. XI 



wm 



5. ARREMONOPS rufivirgatus. 



6. SICALIS lutea. 





U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN NO. 50, PL. XII 



MELANOSPIZA richardsoni. 



^-.W 



2. LOXIPASSER anoxanlha. 



4. PYRRHULAGRA violacea. 



5. MELOPVRRHA nigra. 





0. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN NO. 50, PL. XIII 



I. PLATYSPIZA crassirosiris. 



2. CAMARHYNCHUS townsendi. 



3. Camarhynchus (CACTOSPIZA) pallidus. 





U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN NO. 50, PL. XIV 



r. GEOSPIZA slrenua. 



2. Geospiza (CACTORNIS) faliga4a. 



3. COCORNIS agassizr. 





U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN NO. 50, PL. XV 



I. 0RYZ0B0RU8 nutlingi. 



3. GUIRACA caerulea. 



4. CYANOSPiZA cyanea. 





U. S. NATIONAU MUSEUM 



BULLETIN NO. 50, PL. XVI 





U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN NO. 60, PL. XVII 



I. ZAMELODIA melanocephala. 



2. CARYOTHRAUSTES poliogasie 



3. EUETHEtA bicolor. 





U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN NO. 50, PL. 



XVIll 



2. CARDINALIS cardfnalis. 





S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN NO. 50, PL. XIX 



1. PITYLUS grossus. 



2. RHODOTHRAUPIS oetono. 





U. S. NATIONAL. MUSEUM 



BULLETIN NO. 50, PL. XX 



SALTATOR magnoides. 



2. SALTATOR isthmious. 







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