Sv ^ r»*cy> k ' h IV ViX- ft ' v t_C Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924090256797 SMITHSONIAN IlSTSTITUTIOISr. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. No. 50. Part V. rsw, »:<£ |per\ WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1911. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Issued November 29, 1911. THE BIRDS NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA: A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE HIGHER GROUPS, GENERA, SPECIES, AND SUBSPECIES OF BIRDS KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA, FROM THE ARCTIC LANDS TO THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA, THE WEST INDIES AND OTHER ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, AND THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO. EOBBET ZRUDGKW-A-T;, CURATOR, DIVISION OF BIRDS. Part V. Family PTEROPTOCHIDJI— The Tapaeuloa. Family DENDROCOLAPTIDJI— The Woodhewers. Family F0RMICARIIDJ1— The Antbirds. Family TR0CHILID51— The Humming Birds. Family FURNARIIDJ!— The Ovenbirds. Family MICROPODID J^-The Swifts. Family TROGONIDJi— The Trogons. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1911. PREFACE. Circumstances have retarded the completion of the present volume, chief among which were interruption by field work (including a second visit to Costa Rica), occasional periods of illness, and the specially- difficult character of some of the included groups; furthermore, one large family (the Woodpeckers, Picidae) was worked up and even set in type, but was finally omitted because its inclusion would increase the bulk of the volume far beyond a convenient size. It will, there- fore, be included in Part VI. The Families included in this and preceding volumes are as follows: Part I, issued October 24, 1901, included the Family Fringillidas (Finches) alone. Part II, issued October 16, 1902, included the Families Tanagridae (Tanagers), Icteridae (Troupials), Coerebidse (Honey Creepers), and Mniotiltidse (Wood Warblers). Part III, published December 31, 1904, included the Motacillidae (Wagtails and Pipits), Hirundinidae (Swallows), Ampelidae (Wax- wings), Ptilogonatidae (Silky Flycatchers), Dulidae (Palm Chats), Vireonidas (Vireos), Laniidae (Shrikes), Corvidae (Crows and Jays), Paridae (Titmice), Sittidae (Nuthatches), Certhiidae (Creepers), Trog- lodytidae (Wrens), Cinclidae (Dippers), Chamaeidae (Wren-Tits), and Sylviidae (Warblers). Part IV, issued July 1, 1907, contained the remaining groups of Oscines, namely, the Families Turdidae (Thrushes), Zeledoniidae (Wren-Thrushes), Myiarchusmidae (Mockingbirds), Sturnidae (Starlings), Ploceidae (Weaver Birds), and Alaudidae (Larks), together with the Haploophonae or Oligomyodian Mesomyodi, comprising the Families Oxyruncidae (Sharp-bills), Tyrannidae (Tyrant Flycatchers), Pipridae (Myiarchusnakins), and Cotingidae (Chatterers). The present volume contains the Tracheophone Mesomyodi, repre- sented by the Families Pteroptochidas (Tapaculos), Formicariidae (Antbirds), Furnariidae (Ovenbirds), and Dendrocolaptidae (Wood- hewers), together with the Myiarchuscrochires, containing the Families Trochilidae (Humming Birds) and Myiarchuscropodidae (Swifts), and the Heterodactylse, represented only by the Family Trogonidae (Trogons). The number of species and subspecies described in the five volumes is 2,038, with 351 additional extralimital forms characterized in the "keys." About 1,150 to 1,200 forms remain to be treated in subse- quent parts of the work. Acknowledgments for the loan of specimens for use in the prepara- tion of the present volume are due to the same individuals and public VI PEEFAGB. institutions as have already been named in previous volumes; also to Myiarchus. C. H. Lankester, of Cachi, Costa Rica, who kindly placed the Tracheophones of his fine collection of Costa Rican birds at the au- thor's service. To Senor Don Jose' C. Zeled6n, of San Jose, Costa Rica, the author is specially indebted for most generous help, at considerable expense to himself, in making a very fine collection of the birds of that country, which proved of incalculable value in the preparation of this work. Dr. C. W. Richmond, Assistant Curator, and Myiarchus. J. H. Riley, Aid, of the Division of Birds, U. S. National Myiarchusseum, have rendered invalu- able assistance; Dr. Richmond through his special knowledge of ornithological bibliography and his extremely useful and very com- plete card catalogue of generic and specific names, made at "first hand," or directly from the publication in which each name was first published, as well as by carefully scanning the proof sheets with par- ticular reference to correctness of citations in the synonymy; Myiarchus. Riley, by copying references from various publications, but espe- cially through having performed the tedious task of measuring several thousands of specimens. 1 There has been some criticism of the present work on the ground that certain books, local lists, and other publications have not been cited in the synonymies . The omission of these is very much regretted by the author, who in explanation, if not justification, would state that it has been quite impossible for him to cover the whole field; that the literature of ornithology is so vast, and increasing so rapidly, that to bring the bibliography and synonymy of all the species up to date and keep it so would require all the time that any one indi- vidual could possibly give to it; and that since much the greater part of this labor (which has justly been termed "the drudgery of ornithology") has been done by the author himself, very largely in his own time (which means during hours which should have been 1 The number of specimens examined during the preparation of this volume is as follows: Collection of the U. S. National Myiarchusseum 4, 846 Collection of the Biological Survey 1, 118 Collection of the American Myiarchusseum of Natural History 2, 255 Collection of the Carnegie Myiarchusseum 1, 358 Collection of the Field Myiarchusseum of Natural History 478 Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 170 Collection of the Boston Society of Natural History 6 Collection of the Myiarchusseum of Comparative Zoology 2, 097 Collection of the Myiarchusseo Nacional, Costa Rica 66 Collection of the Myiarchusseum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California 4 Collection of A. E. and O. Bangs, Boston 1, 877 Collection of C. H. Lankester, Cachf, Costa Rica 83 14, 358 PEEFACE. VII given to rest or recreation), he hopes that critics may be lenient as to this shortcoming of the work. A matter which has called forth wholly unexpected criticism is the necessarily irregular manner in which brief descriptions of nests and eggs are interspersed through the pages of this work. That the pur- pose of these "vague and scattered descriptions" might be misunder- stood by anyone was a possibility which did not occur to the author; on the contrary, their intent seemed so self-evident that explanation was not thought of. Since, however, one writer does not "see how they can be of much use to the student of oology," and inquires why, "if considered of value — were they not given uniformly through- out the work," it may be stated here that these brief descriptions are given only (or at least mainly) in cases where some particular style of nest or coloration of eggs is characteristic of a group (family or genus), as a sort of accessory or supplemental group character, 1 and that the numerous instances of their omission result either from the absence of anything specially characteristic or distinctive or else (as is often the case among the tropical forms) from lack of information on the subject. Placing the accent marks to names of localities in Mexico and other parts of Spanish America may possibly be criticized on the ground of inexpediency or that of irregularity in following the rules governing such cases; but the author has been led to do so by the apparent natural tendency of English-speaking people to sadly mispronounce such names, even when spelled precisely the same in Spanish and English; for example: Bogota (Bo-go-tah'), David (Dah-veed'), Ecuador (Ek-wah-dor'), Salvad6r (Sal-vah-dor'), General (Hen-er- ahl'), and Trinidad (Tre-ne-dad'), which in English (at least com- monly) are pronounced Bo-g6-tah, -Da'-vid, Ek'-wa-dor, Sal'-va-dor, Gen-er-al and Trin-i-dad, respectively. There are, of course, definite rules of accentuation in the Spanish language, but these are unknown to most Americans and other English-speaking people, and therefore the accent is frequently given where the rules do not require it. In a majority of cases, where the accent mark does not appear the accent is normal, that is, the emphasis falls on the penultimate syllable. 2 Other cases where the accent is omitted are those words in which the Spanish accent agrees with the prevalent English one; as Nicaragua, Venzeuela, Yucatan, etc. In one case (that of Santa F6) general usage is followed, although the accent mark is, of course, wholly superfluous in a word of only one syllable. ROBERT RlDGWAY. July 26, 1911. ' For example, see genera Petroehelidon, Dulus, Psaltriparus, and Regulus, and family Vireonidse, pages 45, 126, 424, 698, and 129, in Part III. 2 It should be remembered that each vowel represents a distinct syllable in every Spanish word; "pi6" is not py, for instance, but pe-a'. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pago. SlTPERFAMILY MBSOMYODI ' 1 Characters of the Tracheophone Mesomyodi 1 Key to the Families of Tracheophonse 3 Family Pteroptochim; 4 Genus 1. Scytalopus Gould 5 1. Scytalopus argentifrons Ridgway 6 Family Formicariim: 7 Key to the Genera of Formicariidse 10 Genus 1. Cymbilaimus Gray 18 1. Cymbilaimus lineatus fasciatus Ridgway 19 Genus 2. Thamnistes Sclater and Salvin 21 2. Thamnistes anabatinus anabatinus Sclater and Salvin 22 3. Thamnistes anabatinus satiiratus Ridgway 23 Genus 3. Abalius Cabanis 24 4. Abalius bridgesi (Sclater) 25 Genus 4. Taraba Lesson 27 5. Taraba transandeana transandeana (Sclater) 28 Genus 5. Hypolophus Cabanis and Heine 32 6. Hypolophus canadensis pulchellus (Cabanis and Heine) 33 Genus 6. Thamnophilus Vieillot 34 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Thamnophilus 35 7. Thamnophilus radiatus nigricristatus (Lawrence) 37 8. Thamnophilus doliatus mexicanus Allen 40 9. Thamnophilus doliatus pacificus Ridgway 43 10. Thamnophilus doliatus yucatanensis Ridgway 44 11. Thamnophilus multistriatus Lafresnaye 45 12. Thamnophilus virgatus virgatus Lawrence 46 Genus 7. Erionotus Cabanis and Heine 47 Key to the Subspecies of Erionotus punctatus 49 13. Erionotus punctatus atrinucha (Salvin and Godman) 49 14. Erionotus punctatus gorgonse (Thayer and Bangs) 52 Genus 8. Dysithamnus Cabanis 52 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Dysithamnus 54 15. Dysithamnus men talis septentrionalis Ridgway 55 16. Dysithamnus puncticeps Salvin 58 17. Dysithamnus striaticeps Lawrence 59 Genus 9. Myrmotherula Sclater 60 Key to the Species of Myrmotherula 62 18. Myrmotherula surinamensis (Gmelin) 62 19. Myrmotherula pygmsea (Gmelin) ' 64 i Continued from Part IV, pp. 32S-332. IX X- TAB]uE op contents. Page. Genus 10. Myrmopagis Ridgway Key to the Species and Subspecies of Myrmopagis 6 ' 20. Myrmopagis melsena (Sclater) 6 ° 21. Myrmopagis schisticolor (Lawrence) 22. Myrmopagis fulviventris (Lawrence) ' 3 Genus 11. Myiarchuscrorhopias Sclater Key to the Species and Subspecies of Myiarchuscrorhopias 76 23. Myiarchuscrorhopias boucardi boucardi (Sclater) 7 ° 24. Myiarchuscrorhopias boucardi virgata (Lawrence) 79 25. Myiarchuscrorhopias boucardi consobrina (Sclater) 80 26. Myiarchuscrorhopias grisea alticincta (Bangs) 81 Genus 12. Terenura Cabanis and Heine 83 27. Terenura callinota (Sclater) 84 Genus 13. Ramphocsenus Vieillot 84 28. Ramphocsenus rufiventris rufiventris (Bonaparte) 85 Genus 14. Myiarchuscrobates Sclater and Salvin 88 29. Myiarchuscrobates cervineiventris semitorquatus (Lawrence) 89 Genus 15. Oercomacra Sclater 90 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Cercomacra 91 30. Cercomacra nigricans Sclater 91 31. Cercomacra tyrannina tyrannina (Sclater) 93 32. Cercomacra tyrannina crepera (Bangs) . . - S5 Genus 16. Gymnocichla Sclater 97 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Gymnocichla 98 33. Gymnocichla nudiceps nudiceps (Cassin) 99 34. Gymnocichla nudiceps erratilis Bangs 101 35. Gymnocichla chiroleuca Sclater and Salvin 101 Genus 17. Myrmeciza Gray 103 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Myrmeciza 105 36. Myrmeciza boucardi panamensis Ridgway 107 37. Myrmeciza lsemosticta Salvin 109 38. Myrmeciza cassini (Ridgway) 110 39. Myrmeciza exsul exsul Sclater Ill 40. Myrmeciza exsul occidentalis (Cherrie) 113 41. Myrmeciza zeledoni Ridgway 114 Genus 18. Formicarius Boddaert 115 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Formicarius 117 42. Formicarius analis mgricapillus (Ridgway) 118 43. Formicarius moniliger moniliger Sclater •_ 119 44. Formicarius moniliger intermedius Ridgway 121 45. Formicarius moniliger pallidus (Lawrence) 121 46. Formicarius moniliger umbrosus (Ridgway) 122 47. Formicarius moniliger hoffmanni (Cabanis) 123 48. Formicarius moniliger panamensis Ridgway 124 49. Formicarius rufipectus Salvin 125 G«nus 19. Hylophylax Ridgway 126 50. Hylophylax nsevioides (Lafresnaye) 128 Genus 20. Anoplops Cabanis and Heine 130 Key to the Species of Anoplops 131 51. Anoplops bicolor (Lawrence) 132 52. Anoplops olivascens (Ridgway) 132 Genus 21. Phaenostictus Ridgway 134 53. Phsenostictus mcleannani mcleannani (Lawrence) 135 54. Phsenostictus mcleannani saturatus (Richmond) 136 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI Page. Genus 22. Rhopoterpe Cabanis 137 Key to the Species of Rhopoterpe 138 55. Rhopoterpe stictoptera Salvia 139 Genus 23. Pittasoma Cassin 140 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pittasoma 141 56. Pittasoma michleri michleri OasBin 141 57. Pittasoma michleri zeledoni Ridgway 142 Genus 24. Grallaricula Sclater 143 Key to the Species of Grallaricula 144 58. Grallaricula costaricensis Lawrence 145 Genus 25. Grallaria Vieillot 146 Key to the Subspecies of Grallaria guatimalensis 147 59. Grallaria guatimalensis guatimalensis Prevost and Des Myiarchusrs 148 60. Grallaria guatimalensis princeps (Sclater and Salvin) 149 61. Grallaria guatimalensis mexicana (Sclater) 150 62. Grallaria guatimalensis ochraceiventris Nelson 151 Genus 26. Hylopezus Ridgway 152 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Hylopezus 153 63. Hylopezus dives (Salvin) 154 64. Hylopezus perspicillatus perspicillatus (Lawrence) 155 65. Hylopezus perspicillatus lizanoi (Cherrie) 156 66. Hylopezus perspicillatus intermedius (Ridgway) 156 Family Fuknariid^ .■ 157 Key to the Central American Genera of Furnariidse 159 Genus 1. Sclerurus Swainson 163 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Sclerurus 164 1. Sclerurus canigularis Ridgway 166 2. Sclerurus mexicanus mexicanus Sclater 166 3. Sclerurus mexicanus pullus Bangs 168 4. Sclerurus guatemalensis (Hartlaub) 169 Genus 2. Xenops Illiger 170 Key to the Species of Xenops 172 5. Xenops genibarbis mexicanus (Sclater) 172 6. Xenops rutilus heterurus (Cabanis and Heine) 175 Genus 3. Myiarchusrgarornis Reichenbach 177 7. Myiarchusrgarornis rubiginosa Lawrence 178 Genus 4. Premnoplex Cherrie 180 Key to the Subspecies of Premnoplex brunnescens 181 8. Premnoplex brunnescens brunneicauda (Lawrence) 181 Genus 5. Acrorchilus Ridgway 183 Key to the Species of Acrorchilus 184 9. Acrorchilus erythrops rufigenis (Lawrence) 184 Genus 6. Synallaxis Vieillot 186 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Synallaxis 188 10. Synallaxis erythrothorax Sclater 189 11. Synallaxis pudica pudica Sclater 191 12. Synallaxis pudica nigrifumosa (Lawrence) 192 13. Synallaxis albescens latitabunda Bangs 194 14. Synallaxis albescens hypoleuca Ridgway 195 Genus 7. Pseudocolaptes Reichenbach 196 Key to the Species of Pseudocolaptes 197 15. Pseudocolaptes lawrencii Ridgway 197 XII TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Genus 8. HyloctisteB Ridgway 19 ^ 16. Hyloctistes virgatus (Lawrence) ^ 00 Genus 9. Philydor Spix 201 Key to the Species of Philydor 202 17. Philydor panerythrus Sclater 203 18. Philydor fuscipennis Salvin - 2 ^4 Genus 10. Xenicopsis Cabanis 2 ^ Key to the Species of Xenicopsis 2 "° 19. Xenicopsis variegaticeps (Sclater) 207 20. Xenicopsis subalaris lineatus (Lawrence) 209 Genus 11. Automolus Reichenbach 211 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Automolus 213 21. Automolus mbiginosus Sclater 214 22. Automolus versepacis versepacis Salvin and Godman 214 22. Automolus versepacis umbrinus (Salvin and Godman) 215 23. Automolus guerrerensis Salvin and Godman 216 24. Automolus fumosus Salvin and Godman 216 25. Automolus cervinigularis cervinigularis Sclater 217 26. Automolus cervinigularis hypophssus Ridgway 219 27. Automolus pallidigularis pallidigularis Lawrence 220 28. Automolus pallidigularis exsertus Bangs 221 Genus 12. Rhopoctites Ridgway 222 29. Rhopoctites rufobrunneus (Lawrence) 223 Family Dendrocolaptid,e 224 Key to the Genera of Dendrocolaptidse 226 Genus 1. Dendrocolaptes Hermann 227 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Dendrocolaptes 229 1 . Dendrocolaptes sancti-thomse sancti-thomse (Lafresnaye) 229 2. Dendrocolaptes sancti-thomse hesperius Bangs 232 3. Dendrocolaptes puncticollis Sclater and Salvin 232 4. Dendrocolaptes validus costaricensis Ridgway 233 Genus 2. Xiphocolaptes Lesson 235 Key to the Subspecies of Xiphocolaptes emigrans 236 5. Xiphocolaptes emigrans emigrans Sclater and Salvin 237 6. Xiphocolaptes emigrans sclateri (Ridgway) 238 7. Xiphocolaptes emigrans omiltemensis Nelson 239 8. Xiphocolaptes emigrans costaricensis Ridgway 239 Genus 3. Xiphorhynchus Swainson 239 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Xiphorhynchus 240 9. Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus lachrymosus (Lawrence) 242 10. Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus eximius (Hellmayr) 243 11 . XiphorhynchuB flavigaster flavigaster Swainson 244 12. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster mentalis (Lawrence) 247 13. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster megarhynchus (Nelson) 248 14. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster yucatanensis Ridgway 248 15. Xiphorhynchus striatigularis (Richmond) 249 16. Xiphorhynchus nanus nanus (Lawrence) 250 17. Xiphorhynchus nanus costaricensis (Ridgway) 252 18. Xiphorhynchus nanus confinis (Bangs) 253 19. Xiphorhynchus erythropygius (Sclater) 254 20. Xiphorhynchus punctigulus punctigulus (Ridgway) 255 21. Xiphorhynchus punctigulus insolitus Ridgway 257 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XIII i Page. Genus 4. Picolaptea Lesson 257 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Picolaptes 259 22. Picolaptes leucogaster (SwainBon) 259 23. Picolaptes affinis affinis (Lafresnaye) 261 24. Picolaptes affinis neglectus Ridgway 263 25. Picolaptes lineaticeps lineaticeps Lafresnaye 264 26. Picolaptes lineaticeps compressus (Cabanis) 265 27. Picolaptes lineaticeps insignia (Nelson) 266 Genus 5. Campylorhamphus Bertoni 268 Key to the Species of Campylorhamphus 269 28. Campylorhamphus venezuelensis (Chapman) 271 29. Campylorhamphus borealis (Carriker) 272 Genus 6. Glyphorhynchus Myiarchusximilian , 274 Key to the Subspecies of Glyphorhynchus cuneatus 275 30. Glyphorhynchus cuneatus pectoralis (Sclater) 275 Genus 7. Sittasomus Swainson 277 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Sittasomus 279 31. Sittasomus sylvioides sylvioides Lafresnaye 280 32. Sittasomus sylvioides levis (Bangs) 282 33. Sittasomus sylvioides jaliscensis Nelson 283 Genus 8. Deconychura Cherrie 283 Key to the Species of Deconychura 284 34. Deconychura typica Cherrie 285 Genus 9. Dendrocincla Gray 286 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Dendrocincla 287 35. Dendrocincla anabatina anabatina Sclater 288 36. Dendrocincla anabatina typhla Oberholser 290 37. Dendrocincla anabatina saturata Carriker 290 38. Dendrocincla lafresnayei ridgwayi Oberholser 291 39. Dendrocincla homochroa homochroa (Sclater) 293 40. Dendrocincla homochroa acedesta Oberholser 294 41. Dendrocincla homochroa ruficeps (Sclater and Salvin) 295 Order Coraciiformes... 295 Key to the Suborders of Coraciiformes 297 Suborder Myiarchuscrochires 298 Key to the Superfamilies of Myiarchuscrochires 299 Stjperfamily Trochili 300 Family Trochilid2e 300 Key to the North and Myiarchusddle American and more closely related South Ameri- can Genera of Trochilidse 303 Genus 1. Eutoxeres Reichenbach 310 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Eutoxeres 311 1. Eutoxeres aquila salvini (Gould) 312 Genus 2. Phcethornis Swainson 314 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Phcethornis 315 2. Phcethornis guyi coruscus Bangs 317 3. Phcethornis longirostris longirostris (Delattre) 319 4. Phcethornis longirostris cephalus (Bourcier and Myiarchuslsant) 321 5. Phcethornis longirostriB verascrucis Ridgway 323 6. Phcethornis longirostris mexicanus (Hartert) 323 7. Phcethornis anthophilus hyalinus (Bangs) 324 8. Phcethornis adolphi adolphi Gould 324 9. Phcethornis adolphi saturatus Ridgway 326 10. Phcethornis striigularis striigularis (Gould) ' 327 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Genus 3. Glaucis Boie 329 Key to the Subspecies of Glaucis hirsuta 330 11. Glaucis hirsuta hirsuta (Gmelin) 330 12. Glaucis hirsuta afflnis (Lawrence) 333 13. Glaucis hirsuta senea (Lawrence) 334 Genus 4. Threnetes Gould 336 14. Threnetes ruckeri (Bourcier) 336 Genus 5. Aithurus Cabanis and Heine 338 Key to the Species of Aithurus 339 15. Aithurus polytmus (Linnaeus) 339 16. Aithurus scitulus Brewster and Bangs 341 Genus 6. Hemistephania Reichenbach 342 17. Hemistephania veraguensis (Salvin) 343 Genus 7. Anthoscenus Richmond 344 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Anthoscenus 345 18. Anthoscenus longirostris longirostris (Vieillot) 346 19. Anthoscenus longirostris pallidiceps (Gould) 349 20. Anthoscenus constantii constantii (Delattre) 350 21. Anthoscenus constantii leocadise (Bourcier) 352 Genus 8. Pampa Reichenbach 353 Key to the Subspecies of Pampa pampa 354 22. Pampa pampa pampa (Lesson) 354 23. Pampa pampa curvipennis (Lichtenstein) 355 Genus 9. Campylopterus Swainson 356 Key to the Species of Campylopterus 358 24. Campylopterus hemileucurus (Lichtenstein) 358 25. Campylopterus rufus Lesson 361 Genus 10. Phseochroa Gould 362 Key to the Species and subspecies of Phseochroa 363 26. Phseochroa cuvieri cuvieri (Delattre and Bourcier) 363 27. Phseochroa cuvieri saturatior (Hartert) .' 365 28. Phseochroa roberti (Salvin) 365 Genus 11. Phaaoptila Gould 366 29. Phseoptila sordida Gould 367 Genus 12. Cynanthus Swainson 368 Key to the Species of Cynanthus 369 30. Cynanthus latirostris (Swainson) 370 31. Cynanthus lawrencei Berlepsch 373 32. Cynanthus doubledayi (Bourcier) 375 Genus 13. Basilinna Boie 377 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Basilinna 378 33. Basilinna leucotis leucotis (Vieillot) 378 34. Basilinna leucotis pygmsea Simon and Hellmayr 381 35. Basilinna xantusi (Lawrence) 382 Genus 14. Hylocharis Boie 384 36. Hylocharis elicise (Bourcier and Myiarchuslsant) 384 Genus 15. Chalybura Reichenbach 386 Key to the Species of Chalybura 387 37. Chalybura buffoni (Lesson) 388 38. Chalybura urochrysa (Gould) 390 39. Chalybura isaurae (Gould) 391 40. Chalybura melanorrhoa (Salvin) 392 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV Page. Genus 16. Eupherusa Gould 393 Key to the Species of Eupherusa 394 41. Eupherusa eximia eximia (Delattre) 394 42. Eupherusa eximia nelsoni Ridgway 396 43. Eupherusa egregia Sclater and Salvin 396 44. Eupherusa poliocerca Elliot 397 Genus 17. Callipharus Elliot 399 45. Callipharus nigriventris (Lawrence) 400 Genua 18. Elvira Myiarchuslsant and Verreaux 401 Key to the Species of Elvira 402 46. Elvira chionura (Gould) 402 47. Elvira cupreiceps (Lawrence) 404 Genus 19. Amizilis Gray 405 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Amizilis 407 48. Amizilis tzacatl tzacatl (De la Llave) 408 49. Amizilis yucatanensis (Cabot) 412 50. Amizilis yucatanensis cerviniventris (Gould) 414 51. Amizilis yucatanensis chalconata Oberholser 415 52. Amizilis f orreri Boucard 416 53. Amizilis rutila rutila (Delattre) 416 54. Amizilis rutila corallirostris (Bourcier and Myiarchuslsant) 419 55. Amizilis graysoni (Lawrence) 419 56. Amizilis bangsi Ridgway 420 57. Amizilis viridifrons (Elliot) 421 58. Amizilis verticalis (Lichtenstein) 422 59. Amizilis violiceps (Gould) 424 60. Amizilis cyanocephala cyanocephala (Lesson) 425 61. Amizilis cyanocephala guatemalensis (Gould) 427 62. Amizilis microrhyncha (Elliot) 428 63. Amizilis salvini (Brewster) 429 Genus 20. Agyrtria Reichenbach 430 Key to the Species of Agyrtria 431 64. Agyrtria Candida (Bourcier and Myiarchuslsant) 432 65. Agyrtria luciae (Lawrence) 434 Genus 21. Saucerottia Bonaparte 434 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Saucerottia 436 66. Saucerottia sophise sophiae (Bourcier and Myiarchuslsant) 439 67. Saucerottia alfaroana (Underwood) 441 68. Saucerottia niveoventer (Gould) 441 69. Saucerottia edwardi (Delattre and Bourcier) 443 70. Saucerottia cyanura cyanura (Gould) 445 71. Saucerottia cyanura guatemalse Dearborn 446 72. Saucerottia devillei (Bourcier and Myiarchuslsant) 447 73. Saucerottia beryllina beryllina (Lichtenstein) 449 74. Saucerottia beryllina viola (Myiarchusller) 451 75. Saucerottia sumichrasti (Salvin) 451 76. Saucerottia ocai (Gould) 452 Genus 22. Goldmania Nelson 452 77. Goldmania violiceps Nelson 453 Genus 23. Anthraco thorax Boie 454 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Anthracothorax 455 78. Anthracothorax mango (Linnaeus) 457 79. Anthracothorax nigricollis nigricollis (Vieillot) 459 XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS. Genus 23. Anthracothorax — Continued. Pa S e - 80. Anthracothorax prevostii prevostii (Lesson) 463 81. Anthracothorax prevostii gracilirostris Ridgway 465 82. Anthracothorax prevostii hendersoni (Cory) 466 83. Anthracothorax veraguensis Reichenbach 467 84. Anthracothorax dominicus (Linnaeus) 468 85. Anthracothorax aurulentus (Audebert and Vieillot) 470 86. Anthracothorax viridis (Audebert and Vieillot) 472 Genus 24. Sericotes Reichenbach 473 87. Sericotes holosericeus holosericeus (Linnaeus) 474 88. Sericotes holosericeus chlorolaemus (Gould) 476 Genus 25. Eulampis Boie 477 89. Eulampis jugularis (Linnaeus) 478 Genus 26. Colibri Spix 480 Key to the Species of Colibri - 481 90. Colibri thalassinus (Swainson) 482 91. Colibri cyanotus (Bourcier and Myiarchuslsant) 484 92. Colibri delphinse (Lesson) 486 Genus 27. Lamprolaima Reichenbach 489 93. Lamprolaima rhami (Lesson) 489 Genus 28. Cyanolsemus Stone 491 94. Cyanolsemus clemencise (Lesson) 492 Genus 29. Lampornis Swainson 494 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Lampornis 495 95. Lampornis amethystinus amethystinus Swainson 496 96. Lampornis amethystinus brevirostris Swainson 497 97. Lampornis amethystinus salvini Ridgway 498 98. Lampornis margaritse (Salvin and Godman) 499 99. Lampornis pringlei (Nelson) 500 Genus 30. Oreopyra Gould 501 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Oreopyra 502 100. Oreopyra castaneoventris castaneoventris (Gould) 502 101. Oreopyra castaneoventris calolsema (Salvin) i 504 102. Oreopyra cinereicauda Lawrence 506 103. Oreopyra hemileuca Salvin 507 104. Oreopyra sybillae (Salvin and Godman) 508 105. Oreopyra viridipallens (Bourcier and Myiarchuslsant) 509 Genus 31. Panterpe Cabanis and Heine 511 106. Panterpe insignis Cabanis and Heine 511 Genus 32. Klais Reichenbach 513 107. Klais guimeti (Bourcier and Myiarchuslsant) 514 Genus 33. Abeillia Bonaparte 516 108. Abeillia abeillei (Delattre and Lesson) 517 Genus 34. Damophila Reichenbach 518 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Damophila 519 109. Damophila julise julise (Bourcier) 519 110. Damophila panamensis Berlepsch 521 Genus 35. Polyerata Heine 522 Key to the Species of Polyerata 523 111. Polyerata amabilis (Gould) 523 112. Polyerata decora Salvin 525 Genus 36. Cyanophaia Reichenbach 526 Key to the Species of Cyanophaia 527 113. Cyanophaia bicolor (Gmelin) 529 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XVII Page. Genus 37. Thalurania Gould 530 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Thalurania 531 114. Thalurania colombica (Bourcier) 532 115. Thalurania colombica venusta (Gould) 534 116. Thalurania townsendi Ridgway 536 117. Thalurania ridgwayi Nelson 537 Genus 38. Lepidopyga Reichenbach 537 Key to the Species of Lepidopyga 538 118. Lepidopyga cseruleogularis (Gould) 539 119. Lepidopyga boucardi (Myiarchuslsant) 541 Genus 39. Riccordia Reichenbach 542 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Riccordia 542 120. Riccordia ricordii ricordii (Gervais) 543 121. Riccordia ricordii seneoviridis (Palmer and Riley) 544 122. Riccordia swainsonii (Lesson) 546 Genus 40. Chlorostilbon Gould 547 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Chlorostilbon 548 123. Chlorostilbon maugsei (Vieillot) 550 124. Chlorostilbon auriceps (Gould) 551 125. Chlorostilbon forficatus Ridgway 552 126. Chlorostilbon canivetii canivetii (Lesson) 553 127. Chlorostilbon canivetii osberti (Gould) 556 128. Chlorostilbon canivetii salvini (Gould) 557 129. Chlorostilbon assimilis Lawrence 558 130. Chlorostilbon caribseus Lawrence 559 Genus 41. Heliothryx Boie 561 131. Heliothryx barroti (Bourcier and Melsant) 562 Genus 42. Eugenes Gould 564 Key to the Species of Eugenes 565 132. Eugenes fulgens (Swainson) 565 133. Eugenes spectabilis (Lawrence) 568 Genus 43. Heliodoxa Gould 570 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Heliodoxa 571 134. Heliodoxa jacula henryi (Lawrence) 572 Genus 44. Florisuga Bonaparte 575 135. Florisuga mellivora (Linnaeus) 576 Genus 45. Myiarchuscrochera Gould 580 Key to the Species of Myiarchuscrochera 581 136. Myiarchuscrochera albocoronata (Lawrence) 581 137. Myiarchuscrochera parvirostris (Lawrence) 582 Genus 46. Mellisuga Brisson 583 Key to the Species of Mellisuga 584 138. Mellisuga minima (Linnaeus) 584 139 . Mellisuga catharinse (Salle) 586 Genus 47. Stellula Gould 587 140. Stellula calliope (Gould) 588 Genus 48. Atthis Reichenbach 591 141. Atthis heloisa heloisa (Lesson and Delattre) 592 142. Atthis heloisa ellioti (Ridgway) 594 143. Atthis heloisa morcomi (Ridgway) 595 Genus 49. Selasphorus Swainson 595 Key to the Species of Selasphorus 596 144. Selasphorus platycercus (Swainson) 597 145. Selasphorus flammula Salvin 601 81255°— Bull. 50—11 n XVIII . TABLE OF CONTENTS. Genus 49. Selasphorus — Continued. Page- 146. Selasphorus torridus 602 147. Selasphorus ardens (Salvin) 604 148. Selasphorus simoni Carriker 606 149. Selasphorus scintilla (Gould) 607 150. Selasphorus alleni Henshaw 609 151. Selasphorus rufus (Gmelin) 612 152. Selasphorus floresii Gould 616 Genus 50. Calypte Gould , 618 Key to the Species of Calypte 619 152. Calypte anna (Lesson) 619 153. Calypte costse (Bourcier) 623 154. Calypte helense (Lembeye) 625 Genus 51. Archilochus Reichenbach 627 Key to the Species of Archilochus 628 155. Archilochus cplubris (Linnaeus) 629 156. Archilochus alexandri (Bourcier and Myiarchuslsant) 633 157. Archilochus violajugulum (Jeffries) 636 Genus 52. Tilmatura Reichenbach 637 158. Tilmatura dupontii (Lesson) 638 Genus 53. Nesophlox Ridgway 639 Key to the Species of Nesophlox 640 159. Nesophlox evelynse (Bourcier) 641 160. Nesophlox lyrura (Gould) 643 161. Nesophlox bryantse (Lawrence) 645 Genus 54. Doricha Reichenbach 647 Key to the Species of Doricha 648 162. Doricha enicura (Vieillot) 648 163. Doricha eliza (Lesson and Delattre) 650 Genus 55. Calothorax Gray 651 Key to the Species of Calothorax 652 164. Calothorax lucifer (Swainson) 652 165. Calothorax pulcher (Gould) 655 Genus 56. Orthorhyncus Lacepede : 656 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Orthorhyncus 657 166. Orthorhyncus exilis exilis (Gmelin) 658 167. Orthorhyncus exilis ornatus (Gould) 661 168. Orthorhyncus cristatus cristatus (Linnaeus) 662 169. Orthorhyncus cristatus emigrans (Lawrence) 664 Genus 57. Chrysolainpis Boie 665 170. Chrysolampis mosquitus (Linnaeus) 666 Genus 58. Lophornis Lesson 669 Key to the Species of Lophornis 670 171. Lophornis delattrei (Lesson) 671 172. Lophornis helense (Delattre) 673 173. Lophornis adorabilis Sajvin 675 Genus 59. Popelairia Reichenbach 676 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Popelairia 678 174. Popelairia conversii sequatorialis Berlepsch and Taczanowski 679 StJPERFAMILY MlCROPODII 681 Key to the Families of Myiarchuscropodii 682 Family Myiarchusckopodid^e 683 Key to the Genera of Myiarchuscropodidse 685 Genus 1. Aeronautes Hartert 687 1. Aeronautes melanoleucus (Baird) 687 TABLE OP CONTENTS. XIX Pago. Genus 2. Panyptila Oabanis 690 Key to the Species of Panyptila 691 2. Panyptila cayanensis (Gmelin) 691 3. Panyptila sancti-hieronymi Salvin 692 Genus 3. Tachornis Gosse 693 Key to the Subspecies of Tachornis phoenicobia 693 4. Tachornis phoenicobia phoenicobia Gosse 694 5. Tachornis phoenicobia yradii (Lembeye) 695 Genus 4. Streptoprocne Oberholser 696 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Streptoprocne 697 6. Streptoprocne zonaris albicincta (Cabanis) 697 7. Streptoprocne zonaris mexicana Ridgway 700 8. Streptoprocne zonaris pallidifrons (Hartert) 701 9. Streptoprocne semicollaris (Saussure) 702 Genus 5. Nephcecetes Baird 703 Key to the Subspecies of Nephoecetes niger 704 10. Nephoecetes niger niger (Gmelin) 704 11. Nephoecetes niger jamaicensis Ridgway 705 12. Nephoecetes niger borealis (Kennerly) 707 13. Nephcecetes niger costaricensis Ridgway 710 Genus 6. Cypseloides Streubel 710 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Cypseloides 711 14. Cypseloides brunneitorques brunneitorques (Lafresnaye) 712 15. Cypseloides brunneitorques griseifrons Nelson 714 16. Cypseloides cherriei Ridgway 714 Genus 7. Chsetura Stephens 714 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Chsetura 715 17. Chsetura pelagica (Linnaeus) 717 18. Chsetura richmondi Ridgway 719 19. Chsetura gaumeri Lawrence ' 721 20. Chsetura vauxii (Townsend) 722 21. Chsetura acuta (Gmelin) 724 22. Chsetura cinereiventris fumosa (Salvin) 725 23. Chsetura cinereiventris lawrencei Ridgway 727 24. Chsetura cinereiventris phseopygos Hellmayr 727 25. Chsetura brachyura (Jardine) 728 Suborder Heterodactyi^e '. 729 Family Trogonim: 731 Key to the Genera of Trogonidse 732 Genus 1. Pharomachrus De la Llave 733 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pharomachrus 734 1. Pharomachrus mocinno mocinno De la Llave 736 2. Pharomachrus mocinno costaricensis (Cabanis) 739 Genus 2. Leptuas Cabanis and Heine 740 3. Leptuas neoxenus (Gould) 741 Genus 3. Curucujus Bonaparte 742 Key'to the Species and Subspecies of Curucujus 743 4. Curucujus massena (Gould) 744 5. Curucujus melanurus macrourus (Gould) 747 6. Curucujus clathratus (Salvin) 749 Genus 4. Trogon Brisson 750 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Trogon 751 7. Trogon bairdii Lawrence 752 8. Trogon strigilatus chionurus (Sclater and Salvin) 754 XX TABLE OF CONTENTS. Genus 4. Trogon— Continued. rage. 9. Trogon molanocephalus melanocophalus Gould 756 10. Trogon melanocephalus illtetabilis Bangs 759 11. Trogon citreolus Gould '^9 Genus 5. Trogonurus Bonaparte 761 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Trogonurus 762 12. Trogonurus mexicanus (Swainson) 765 13. Trogonurus ambiguus ambiguus (Gould) 768 14. Trogonurus ambiguus goldmani (Nelson) 772 15. Trogonurus elegans (Gould) 773 16. Trogonurus puella (Gould) 775 17. Trogonurus aurantiiventris aurantiiventris (Gould) 778 18. Trogonurus aurantiiventris underwoodi (Bangs) 780 19. Trogon curucui tenellus (Oabanis) 781 Genus 6. Chrysotrogon Ridgway 784 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Ohrysotrotfon 785 20. ChryBotrogon caligatus (Gould) 786 GenuB 7. Temnotrogon Bonaparte 790 21. Temnotrogon roseigaster (Vioillot) 791 Genus 8. Priotelus Gray 793 Key to the Subspecies of Priotelus temnurus 793 22. Priotelus temnurus temnurus (Tomminck) 794 23. Priotelus temnurus vescus Bangs and Zappey 795 LIST OF FIGURES ILLUSTRATING GENERIC DETAILS. Genus. Figure. Soytalopus Gould Thamnistes Sclater and Salvin. . . Hypolophus Cabanis and Heine. Erionotus Cabanis and Heine — Cymbilaimus Gray Taraba Lesson Abalius Cabanis Thamnophilus Vieillot Dysithamnus Cabanis Myrmotherula Sclater Myrmopagis Ridgway Eamphocsenus Vieillot Myiarchuscrorhopias Sclater Cereomacra Sclater Myiarchuscrobates Sclater and Salvin. . . Gymnocichla Sclater Myrmeciza Gray Formicarius Boddaert Anoplops Cabanis and Heine Phsenostictus Ridgway Ehopoterpe Cabanis Grallaricula Sclater Hylophylax Ridgway Pittasoma Cassin Hylopezus Ridgway Xenops Illiger Grallaria Vieillot Sclerurus Swainson Myiarchusrgarornis Eeichenbach Premnoplex Cherrie Acrorehilus Ridgway Synallaxis Vieillot Pseudocolaptes Eeichenbach Hyloctistes Ridgway Philydor Spix , Xenicopsis Cabanis Automolus Eeichenbach Ehopoctites Ridgway Dendrocolaptes Hermann Campylorhamphus Bertoni Xiphocolaptes Lesson Xiphorhynchus Swainson Picolaptes Lesson Glyphorhynchus Myiarchusximilian XXII TABLE OF CONTENTS. List of figures illustrating generic details — Continued. Sittasomus Swainson Deconychura Cherrie Dendrocincla Gray Eutoxeres Reichenbach Phoethornis Swainson Glaueis Boie Threnetes Gould Aithurus Cabanis and Heine. . Hemistephania Reichenbach.. Antboscenus Richmond Pbsoptila Gould Pampa Reichenbach Campylopterus Swainson Phseoehroa Gould Cynantbus Swainson Basilinna Boie Cbalybura Reicbenbacb Hylocbaris Boie Eupberusa Gould Callipbarus Elliot Elvira Myiarchuslsant and Verreaux. Agyrtria Reichenbach Saucerottia Bonaparte Goldmania Nelson Amizilis Gray Antbracotborax Boie Eulampis Boie Sericotes Reicbenbacb Colibri Spix Cyanolsemus Stone Lamprolaima Reichenbaeb. . . Panterpe Cabanis and Heine. . Oreopyra Gould Lampornis Swainson Klais Reichenbach Damopbila Reicbenbach Abeillia Bonaparte Polyerata Heine Heliothryx Boie Cyanophaia Reichenbach Lepidopyga Reichenbaeb Thalurania Gould Riccordia Reicbenbacb Chlorostilbon Gould Eugenes Gould Heliodoxa Gould Myiarchuscrochera Gould Florisuga Bonaparte Melllsuga Brisson Atthis Reichenbach Stellula Gould Selaspborus Swainson Arcbilocbus Reicbenbach Calypte Gould TABLE OF CONTENTS. List of figures illustrating generic details — Continued. XXIII Genus. text. 99. Tilmatura Reichenbach 100. Calothorax Gray 101. Dorieha Reichenbach. ; 102. Nesophlox Ridgway 103. Chrysolampis Boie 104. Orthorhyncus Lacepede 105. Lophornis Lesson 106. Popelairia Reichenbach 107. Aeronautes Hartert 108. Panyptila Cabanis 109. Chaetura Stephens 110. Streptoprocne Oberholser. . . 111. Cypseloides Streubel 112. Tachornis Gosse 113. Nephoecetes Baird 114. Leptuas Cabanis and Heine. 115. Pharomachrus De La Llave 116. Curucujus Bonaparte 117. Trogon Brisson 118. Trogonurus Bonaparte 119. Chrysotrogon Ridgway 120. Temnotrogon Bonaparte 121. Priotelus Gray 637 651 647 639 665 656 669 676 687 690 714 696 710 693 703 740 733 742 750 761 781 790 793 THE BIRDS NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA By Robert Ridgway, Curator, Division of Birds. Part V. Superfamily MESOMYODI." MESOMYODIAN PASSERES. (Continued.) o — Tracheophones Myiarchusller, Abh. k. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1846, 1847, 383 (=Formica- riidae + Pteroptochidse + Furnariidse + Dendrocolaptidse) . — Newton, Diet. Birds, pt. iv, 1896, Q85. ■^Tracheophones Cabanis, Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturg., 1847, pt. i, 209 (=For- micariidse , part-)- Furnariid8e+ Dendrocolaptidse) . Pteroptochidae Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, 1860, 20 (includes Menuridse). =Pteroptochidse Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 168. — Cartjs, Handb. der Zool., 1863, 268.— Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 452.— Stejneger, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 476. — Salvin and Godman Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 246. =Pteroptochinae Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, 1860, 20. — Gadow, Bronn's Thier-Reichs, Vog., ii, 1891, 277. =Scytabpodidx Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 471, in text. =Scytalopodinss Stjndevall, Met. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., ii, 1872, 65 (English translation, 1889, 134). Tracheophone Mesomyodian Passeres with the metasternum 4-notched; interorbital septum perforate; postorbital processes small, ■* = Conopophaginss Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 41; Gadow, Bronn's Thier-Reichs, Vog., ii, 1891, 277. =Conopophagidx Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 452; Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 436, 438; Stejneger, Stand. Nat! Hist., iv, 1885, 476; Cope, Am. Nat., xxiii, 1889, 873; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 245. A small group of two genera and about sixteen species, peculiar to South America, from Colombia to Guiana, southeastern Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru. 6 The returning portion not concealed by the muscular fiber at the origin of the extensor metacarpi muscle, but the two tendons of this portion clearly exposed to view. (See Stejneger, Standard Nat. Hist., Birds, p. 459 and fig. A on p. 458.') « A Spanish (Chilean) vernacular name, from the characteristic habit of the various species of this group of carrying the tail conspicuously elevated and thrown forward. BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5 placed low down on side of skull; maxillo-palatines long and slender processes, curved backward; vomer short, with long limbs; nares holorhinal; tensor patagii brevis masked passerine or quasi-picarian; one pair of tracheo-bronchial muscles, the intrinsic muscles present; sterno-trachealis attached to processus vocales; palate segithog- nathous (oscinine); mesorhinium compressed and arched, or ex- panded into a flattened oval shield; nostrils conspicuously oper- culate; tarsal envelope taxaspidean. Externally, the Pteroptochidse are characterized by their wren- like appearance (though with the bill relatively shorter and stouter than in the true wrens), large and strong feet (which are excessively developed in some genera), short, very concave, and much rounded wing (with 10 primaries), and, usually, short or very short tail, which is usually carried erect or thrown forward. Of terrestrial or semi- terrestrial habits they are well adapted to hopping or running on the ground; but their power of flight is very limited, the birds of this family being able to fly but a short distance. They are very active, inquisitive, and noisy birds, and their notes are varied and remarkable, but harsh and loud rather than musical. The Pteroptochidse are peculiar to the more southern portions of the Neotropical Region, the high mountains of Costa Rica, where a single representative occurs, being the northern limit; only seven of the thirty-one species and two of the eight known genera occur in the elevated districts of Colombia, the remainder occurring in the Andean district of Ecuador, Peru, and Chile, and thence to the Falkland Islands, Argentina, and southeastern Brazil, two of the Co- lombian species (belonging to separate genera) extending as far east- ward as the higher mountains of Venezuela. In Volume XV of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Myiarchus- seum (1890, pp. 337-352) Dr. Sclater recognizes eight genera and twenty-one species; but Dr. Sharpe, in his Hand List of the Genera and Species of Birds (Vol. Ill, 1901, pp. 4-7), increases the number of species to thirty-one. Genus SCYTALOPUS Gould. Scytalopus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1836, 89. (Type, S. fuseiu Gould= Motacilla magellanka Gmelin.) Sylviaxis Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1840, 274. (Type, S. guttatus Lesson=unidenti- fied species). Agathopus Scxateb, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 69. (Type, A. micropterus Sclater= Merulaxis analis Lafresnaye?) Small wren-like Pteroptochidse (length about 100 to 130 mm.) with the mesorhinium compressed and slightly arched, loral feathers short, tail much shorter than wing, tarsal envelope distinctly scutel- late, and hind claw strongly curved and shorter than the digit. 6 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Bill much shorter than head (exposed culmen about as long as hallux, without claw), narrowly conoidal in lateral profile, its depth at base of exposed culmen equal to less than half the length of the latter; culmen flattened, very slightly to moderately decurved terminally, more or less distinctly depressed in middle portion, the basal half (mesorhinium) more compressed and more or less dis- tinctly elevated or arched; gonys longer than mandibular rami, more than half as long as exposed culmen, rounded, slightly but distinctly convex; maxillary tomium more or less distinctly notched subterminally. Nostril narrowly cuneate or linear, longitudinal, overhung by a broad operculum. No rictal, frontal, nor mental bristles. Wing excessively rounded, very concave beneath; sixth, fifth, and seventh primaries longest (nearly equal in length), the tenth (outermost) more than half as long as the longest; all the remiges very broad, rather soft in texture; longest secondaries ex- tending beyond tip of ninth primary. Tail decidedly to much shorter than wing to end of secondaries, excessively graduated, the rectrices (10 in number) very broad, soft, with webs semi-decomposed. Tarsus much less than half as long as wing (about twice as long as bill), its scutellation taxaspidean or semi-holaspidean (the outer series of plantar scutella much broader than the inner); middle toe, without claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus (about as long or slightly longer with claw); lateral toes about equal in length, reaching (without claw) to or very slightly beyond penultimate articulation of middle toe; hallux (without claw) longer than lateral toes and much stouter, its strongly arched claw shorter than the digit; outer toe united to middle toe only at extreme base, the inner toe entirely separated. Plumage compact but very soft (almost silky), that of the rump and flanks more elongated and lax. Coloration. — Adult males nearly uniform gray or dusky, with hinder parts more or less rufescent and (usually) barred, sometimes with the forehead silvery gray, some species with throat or throat and breast white; adult females similar but duller in color and more barred; young very different, rusty or brown prevailing, conspicu- ously barred. Nidification. — "The nest is placed in a mass of moss on a bank; it is also composed entirely of moss. The female lays two eggs, large for the size of the bird, and white." (S. magettanicus Salmon, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 528.) Range. — High mountains of Costa Rica to Falkland Islands, south- ern Chile and Argentina, southeastern Brazil, and mountains of Vene- zuela. (About eighteen species and subspecies known.) BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 7 SCYTALOPUS ARGENTIFRONS Ridgway. SILVERY-FRONTED SCYTALOPUS. Adult male. — Forehead and superciliary region silvery gray (no. 6 or no. 7 gray a ) ; rest of upper parts plain sooty black, the feathers of rump tipped, more or less distinctly, with dark rusty brown or chestnut; sides of head, anterior portion of forehead, chin, throat, and chest plain deep slate color or blackish slate, the color usually darker around eye (especially between eye and the silvery gray of superciliary region) ; slate color of chest gradually changing to paler, or slate-gray, on breast, this into light silvery gray (sometimes tinged with fulvous) on abdomen; sides rather darker slate color than ;hest; flanks, anal region, and under tail-coverts sooty black, the feathers conspicuously tipped or terminally margined with deep rusty brown or russet; maxilla brownish black, mandible more brownish; legs and feet deep horn brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 102-114 (107.5); wing, 51.5-54 (52.9); tail, 34.5-40 (35.8); culmen, 11-12 (11.6); tarsus, 20-21 (20.8); middle toe, 16.5-17.5 (17.1). 6 Adult feTnale. — Similar to the adult male but gray U-shaped frontal and superciliary mark obsolete or entirely wanting; feathers of all the upper parts broadly but indistinctly margined with dark brown; gray of under parts confined to chin, throat, and chest, the whole sides, flanks and under tail-coverts very broadly margined with russet, changing to buffy cinnamon on abdomen; bill, etc., as in adult male, but mandible lighter brownish; length (skins), 109-112 (110.5); wing, 50-52 (50.8); tail, 40-41.5 (40.7); culmen, 10.5-11.5 (11); tarsus, 19.5-21 (20.3); middle toe, 16.5-17.5 (17). c High mountains of Costa Rica (Volcan de Irazu; Volcan de Poas; Coliblanco) and western Panama (Boquete; Volcan de Chiriqul). Scytalopus argentifrons Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, no. 869, Oct. 31, 1891, 475 (Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); xvi, 1893, 613 (additional specimens described). — Salvin and Godman, [Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 246.— Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 48 (Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqul, Panama, 5,000-7,000 ft.). — Carriker, Ann. Car- negie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 594 (Ujurras de Terraba, Volcan de Irazu, La Estrella de Cartago, and Volcan de Turrialba, Costa Rica; crit.; habits). — Ferhy, Pub. 146, Field Myiarchuss. N. EL, orn. ser., i, no. 6, 1910, 271 (Coliblanco, Costa Rica). [Scytalopus] argentifrons Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 5. o Ridgway's Nomenclature of Colors (ed. 1886,) plate 2. & Five specimens from Costa Rica. An adult male from Boquete, Panama, meas- ures: Wing, 51.5; tail, 40; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe, 17. c Three specimens, from the Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica. O BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Family FORMICARIIDiE. THE ANTBIB.DS. Myiotheridx Boie, Isis, 1826, 973.— Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 471, in text. >Eriodoridae Cabanis, Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturg., 1847, pt. i, 209, 336 (includes Pteroptochidae, Pittidse, and Menuridse!). , >Formica.riidse Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 202; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862 170 (includes Conopophagidse). — Cabus, Handb. Zool., 1868, 268. Lochites Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, Aug., 1859, 18. Type, Lanius sevens Lichtenstein. (Southeastern Brazil; monotypic?) c Pygiptila Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 220. Type, Thamnophilus maculipennis Sclater. (Upper Amazons; monotypic.) — Pygoptila (emendation) Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, 1859, 15. <* Megastictus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, Apr. 17, 1909, 69. Type, Myrrneciza margaritata Sclater. (Upper Amazons; monotypic.) 12 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. i. Tail more graduated; larger (total length about 170 mm.); adult male wholly black below Othello (extralimital)." ii. Tail less graduated; smaller (total length less than 150 mm.); adult males with sides and flanks white or grayish. Hypolophus (p. 32). gg. Bill relatively much smaller and weaker (exposed culmen shorter than middle toe with claw), less strongly uncinate; crest less con- spicuously developed. h. Tail at least four-fifths as long as wing; larger and stronger forms. i. Bill larger and stouter, the exposed culmen much more than half as long as tarsus. j. Feathers of forehead much developed, the crest occupying entire pileum; male with a white throat-patch and black jugular area, the remaining under parts fulvous. Biatas (extralimital).* jj. Feathers of forehead short, semi-decomposed, the crest con- fined to crown and occiput; adult males with under parts barred with black and white, or else uniform gray or slate color (rarely streaked with white). h. Bill more swollen, with tip less compressed, its width at frontal antise equal to its depth at same point, and equal to much more than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; adult males conspicuously barred with black and white, or gray streaked with white, beneath, females rufous above. Thamnophilus (p. 34). hh. Bill less swollen laterally, more compressed terminally, its width at frontal antise less than its depth at same point and equal to not more than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; adult males plain gray, slate color, or black below, females gray, olive, or brown above. Erionotus (p. 47). ii. Bill smaller and more slender, the exposed culmen not more than half as long as tarsus, its depth at frontal antise equal to not more than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla. Rhopochares (extralimital)." hh. Tail less than three-fourths as long as wing; smaller and weaker forms Dysithamrms (p. 52). cc. Nostril more or less narrow and longitudinal, more or less distinctly opercu- late, or if broadly oval or roundish the remainder of nasal fossae occupied by membraneous integument. d. Plumage softer, more lax, and semi-decomposed, especially on rump. (Formidvorx.) e. Planta tarsi distinctly scutellate, at least on inner side or posterior margin. a Othello Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pi. 71. Type, Lanius luetuosus Lich- tenstein. (Amazon Valley; monotypic?) [I have not been able to examine T. leuconotus Spix, T. sethiops Sclater, T. tsehudii Pelzeln, nor T. melanochrous Sclater and Salvia, which Dr. Sclater places in the same "section" with T. luetuosus.] b Biaste.s (not of Panzer, 1806) Reichenbach, Handb., 1853, 175. Type, Anabates nigropectus Lafresnaye. — Biatas Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, Aug., 1859, 19 (new name for Biastes Reichenbach, preoccupied). (Southeastern Brazil ; monotypic.) c Rhopochares Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, Aug., 1859, 17. Type, Thamno- philus torguatus Swainson. (Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, southeastern Brazil, and Bolivia; three species). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 13 /. Tail much shorter than wing (not more than three-fourths as long, usually much less). g. Tail little if any more than half (sometimes much less than half) as long as wing. h. Bill small and very slender, the exposed culmen shorter than middle toe without claw Rhopias (extralimital). hh. Bill larger and stouter, the exposed culmen longer than middle toe without claw. i. Planta tarsi scutellate on each side; maxilla slightly decurved terminally; gonydeal angle very slight; plumage streaked; no white band across rump Myrmotherula (p. 60.) ii. Planta tarsi scutellate on posterior portion of outer side only; maxilla straight throughout (only the extreme tip decurved); gonydeal angle prominent; plumage spotted; a white band across rump Dichrozona (extralimital) . & gg. Tail much more than half to more than two-thirds as long as wing. Myrmopagis (p. 65). /. Tail nearly as long as wing, sometimes longer. g. Nostril slit-like, much narrower than the broad operculum; tarsus nearly half as long as wing. (Rectrices 10.) h. Rictal bristles obsolete; feathers of chin and forehead without trace of terminal setse; tarsus much less than twice as long as middle toe without claw, the plantar Bcutellavery distinct on both sides. Rhoporchilus (extralimital). hh. Rictal bristles obvious (though small); feathers of chin and fore- head with distinct terminal seta?; tarsus twice as long as middle toe without claw, the plantar scutella indistinct (especially on inner side) Myrmorchilus (extralimital). <* gg. Nostril broadly oval, much broader than the narrow (sometimes obsolete) operculum; tarsus less than half as long as wing. h. Rectrices 12. i. Pileum not black, or else back and rump also black; back, scapu- lars, and rump brownish slate, brown, rufescent, or black, con- color with pileum; adult male with at least chin, throat, chest, and part of breast black Myiarchuscrorhopias (p. 75). ii. Pileum (in adult male) black, conspicuously contrasted with bluish gray of back, scapulars, and rump; chin and throat » Rhopias Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, 1859, 13. Type, Thamnophilus gularis Spix. (Southeastern Brazil; monotypic?) [Possibly Myrmothera guttata Vieillot (Myrmotherula guttata Sclater), of Cayenne and Guiana, may be congeneric, but I have not been able to examine that species.] b Dichrozona Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, sig. 33, Aug. 6, 1888, 524, foot- note. Type, D. zononota Ridgway= Cyphorinus (Myiarchuscrocerculus) cinctus Pelzeln. « Rhoporchilus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, xxii, April 17, 1909, 69. Type, Formipivora speciosa Salvin. (Western Ecuador; monotypic.) The type species has been placed in both " Formicivora" (Drymophila) and Synallaxis, but is very distinct from either. <* Myrmorchilus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, April 17, 1909, 69. Type, Myiothera strigilata Myiarchusximilian. (Southeastern Brazil; monotypic.) 14 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. grayish white; under parts without black, except sometimes a jugular area Herpsilochmus (extralimital). hh. Rectricee 10 Drymophila (extralimital). 5 ee. Planta tarsi entire (fused). /. Bill decidedly longer than head, more than one-third as long as wing. g. Tail four-fifths as long as wing, graduated; exposed culmen longer than tarsus, the latter much less than half as long as wing. Ramphoceenus (p. 84). gg. Tail but little more than half as long as wing, rounded; exposed culmen much shorter than tarsus, the latter nearly half as long as wing Myiarchuscrobates (p. 88). ff. Bill not longer than head (usually shorter), less than one-third as long as wing. g. Rictal bristles well developed. h. Rectrices 10; bill much narrower and relatively deeper at base; tarsus longer than commissure Cercomacra (p. 90). hh. Rectrices 12; bill much broader and more depressed at base; tarsus shorter than commissure.. Thamnomanes (extralimital). c gg. Rictal bristles indistinct (usually obsolete). h. Loral and frontal regions very densely feathered, the feathering erect, plush-like Pyriglena (extralimital). & hh. Loral and frontal regions normally feathered, scantily feathered, or sometimes naked. i. Frontal and loral regions normally (densely) feathered. /. Rictal region naked, postocular region wholly feathered; larger forms (total length about 125 mm.), with mostly plain colora- tion Myimoborus (extralimital). e a Herpsilochmus Cabanis, in Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturg., xiii, pt. i, 1847, 224. Type, Myiothera pileata Lichtenstein. — Dendrocecia Bertoni, Aves Nuevas del Para- guay, 1901, 138. Type, 2>. erythroptera Bertoni= Myiothera rufimarginata Temminck. (Nearly the whole of tropical South America east of the Andes; about eleven species recognized, of which, however, the present writer has examined only four.) I am not able to find any structural characters separating Herpsilochmus from Myiarchuscrorhopias. b Formicivora (not Formicivorus Temminck, 1807) Swainson, Zool. Journ., ii, 1825, 145. Type, Myiothera squamata Lichtenstein. — Drymophila Such (ex Swainson), Zool. Journ., i, Jan., 1825, 559. Type, D. variegata Such= Myiothera ferruginea Lich- tenstein. — Ellipura Cabanis, in Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturg., xiii, pt. i, 1847, 228. Type, Myiothera ferruginea Lichtenstein. — Stipituropsis Bertoni, Aves Nuevas del Paraguay, 1901, 141. Type, S. arechavaletse Bertoni= Formieivora genci De Filippi. c Thamnomanes Cabanis, in Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturg., xiii, pt. i, 1847, 230. Type, Lanius caesius Lichtenstein. (Colombia and Guiana to southeastern Brazil and upper Amazon Valley; two species.) d Pyriglena Cabanis, in Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturg., xiii, pt. i, 1847, 211. Type, Lanius domicella Lichtenstein = Turdus leucopterus Vieillot. (Ecuador and Peru to southeastern Brazil; five species recognized, of which the present writer has examined only P. leucoptera (Vieillot) and P. atra (Swainson).) « Myrmoborus Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, July, 1859, 9. Type, Pithys leucophrys Tschudi. Besides the type species, I would refer the following to this genus: M. myiotherinus (Spix) and M. lugubris Cabanis; probably also Mypocnemis schistacea Sclater and H. melanura Sclater and Salvin, and possibly H. melanopogon Sclater, but these three species I have not seen. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 15 jj. Rictal region feathered, postocular region partly naked smaller forms (total length about 100 mm.) with coloration much variegated H ypocnemis (extralimital) ." ii. Frontal or loral regions, or both, scantily feathered (sometimes quite bare). j. Loral and suborbital regions (sometimes forehead and crown also) bare or but scantily bristled; adult males uniform black (with white markings on wing-coverts). Gymnocichla (p. 97). jj. Loral and suborbital regions feathered (only the postocular and rictal regions naked); adult males not black (or else without white markings on wing-coverts). I. Tail less than four-fifths as long as wing; bill stouter; nostrils smaller, more rounded; forehead more thinly feathered, the feathers semi-decomposed, semi-erect. Myrmeciza (p. 103). * II. Tail more than five-sixths as long as wing (sometimes longer than wing); bill more slender; nostrils larger, more longitudinal; forehead more densely feathered, the feathers more compactly webbed, decumbent. Myrmoderas (extralimital). « dd. Plumage harder, very dense and compact, only the tail-coverts semi- decomposed or loose„webbed. d (Formicariex.) e. Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing; plumage of rump not abnormally long and dense; feathers of latero-frontal antise short and dense, not antrorse, not extending above nostril; bill relatively longer and less depressed basally, the exposed culmen as long as middle toe without claw; under parts neither streaked nor barred. Formicarius (p. 115). ee. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing; plumage of rump very long and dense; feathers of latero-frontal antiee longer, antrorse, extending anteriorly, above the nostril, to anterior end of nasal fossae; bill rela- tively shorter and more depressed basally, the exposed culmen much shorter than middle toe without claw Chamaeza (extralimital).' •» Hypocnemis Cabanis, in Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturg., xiii, pt. i, 1847, 212. Type, Turdus tintirmabulatus Gmelin= Formicarius mutator Boddaert. (Guiana and upper Amazon Valley; two species.) & Including Myrmelastes Sclater, which I am unable to separate generically. " Myrmoderas Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, April 17, 1909, 70. Type Myiothera loricata Lichtenstein. Besides the type, the following species (placed in Myrmeciza by Dr. Sclater) also belong here: M. cinnamomea (Gmelin), M. ruficauda (Myiarchusximilian), M. squamosa (Pelzeln), and M. atrothorax (Boddaert); probably also Myrmeciza pelzelni Sclater and M. hemimelxna Sclater, which, however, I have not seen. The group ranges from the Guianas and Amazon Valley to southeastern Brazil. *Iam not at all satisfied with these characters, but am unable to find better ones for separating these two exceedingly distinct genera from the rest, collectively. They doubtless possess marked anatomical differences, for they certainly stand clearly apart from all the rest of the family. « Chamxza Vigors, Zool. Journ., ii, 1825, 395. Type, C. meruloides Vigois= Turdus brevicaudus Gmelin. — Chamxzosa (emendation) Cabanis, in Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturg., i, 1847, 218. (Colombia to southeastern Brazil; six species.). 16 BULLETIN 50, UNITED' STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 66. Second phalanx of middle toe partly united to outer toe; acrotarsium fused ("booted ')- (Pithyese.) c. Tail not longer than combined length of tarsus and middle toe with claw. d. Orbital region wholly feathered; outstretched feet reaching much beyond tip of tail; coloration varied. e. Conspicuously crested and bearded; nostrils less widely separated (distance between them less than that from either to maxillary tomia); back and wings unicolored Pithys (extralimital). ee. Neither crested nor bearded; nostrils more widely separated (distance between them greater than that from either to maxillary tomia); wings spotted or barred. /. Bill relatively shorter (exposed culmen not more than one-fourth as long as wing) and broader (width at frontal antise muh greater than its width at same point and equal to at least half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla); back spotted or barred, or with a concealed patch of white; tail tipped with white or cinnamon Hylophylax (p. 126). ff. Bill relatively longer (exposed culmen more than one-fourth as long as wing) and more compressed (width at frontal antise very little if any greater than depth at same point and equal to less than half the dis- tance from nostril to tip of maxilla); back neither spotted nor barred, nor with concealed white patch; tail unicolored. Sclateria (extralimital). 6 dd. Orbital region partly nude; outstretched feet reaching to but little if any beyond tip of tail; coloration plain Anoplops (p. 130). cc. Tail decidedly longer than combined length of tarsus and middle toe with claw. d. Tail about two-thirds as long as wing; loral and frontal feathers dense; malar region wholly feathered; nostril narrow, longitudinal; culmen less sharply or not at all ridged; under parts unicolored. e. Pileum crested; upper eyelid not feathered; culmen more contracted, slightly ridged; back and wing-coverts unicolored. Kliegmatornina ( extralimital) .c a Myiarchusnikup Desmarest, Hist. Nat. des Tangaras, 1805, text to pi. 66. Type, Le Myiarchusnikup de Cayenne Daubenton=Pipra albifrons Gmelin. — Pithys Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxiv, 1818, 112 (diagnosis but no type); xxvi, 1818, 520. Type, P. leucops YieUlot=Pipra albifrons Gmelin. — Dasyptilops Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, 1859, 8. Type, Pipra albifrons Gmelin. (Colombia to Guiana, Peru, and central Brazil; two or three species.) Notwithstanding its unquestioned priority, the name Myiarchusnikup is so obviously both barbarous and cacophonous that it should not be employed as the generic term. * Holocnernis (not of Schilling, 1829) Strickland, Ann. and Myiarchusg. Nat. Hist. , xiii, 1844, 415. Type, H. flammulata Strickland=/S'iMyiarchus nsevia Gmelin. — Heterocncmis (not of Albers, 1852) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 146 (new name for Holocnernis Strickland, preoccupied). Type, Sitta nxvia Gmelin. — Sclateria Oberholser, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., June 2, 1899, 209 (new name for Heterocnemis Sclater, preoccu- pied). The above diagnosis must be taken with reservation as applying to this genus, as, unfortunately, no memorandum was made of the species upon which it was based. No species of Sclateria is represented in the U. S. National Myiarchusseum collection. o Rhegmatorhina Ridgway, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, sig. 33, Aug. 6, 1888, 525, foot- note. Type, R. gymnops Ridgway. (Lower Amazon Valley; monotypic.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 17 ee. Pileum not crested; upper eyelid feathered; culmen broadly rounded; back and wing-coverts conspicuously spotted. Phlegopsis (extralimital)." dd. Tail nearly as long as wing; loral and frontal feathering scant; nostrils rounded; culmen more sharply ridged; malar region partly nude; under parts (as well as upper) conspicuously spotted Phaenostietus (p. 134). aa. Planta tarsi broadly rounded behind, composed of a single row or series of scutella, the inner edge of which is more or less prominent and convolute, separated (at least in part) from the inner edge of the acrotarsium by a narrow groove. (Gral- lariinx.) 6. Tarsus shorter than commissure, shorter than middle toe with claw; feathering head very short, more scale-like; bill slender, with mesorhinium very broad and flattened basally. (Rhopoterpess) Rhopoterpe (p. 138). 66. Tarsus much longer than commissure, much longer than middle toe with claw; feathering of head normal; bill stouter, the mesorhinium narrow and com- pressed (normal) basally. c. Exposed culmen more than one-fourth as long as wing; tip of maxilla more strongly uncinate; rictal bristles obsolete; postocular region nude. (Pitta- somse) Pittasoma (p. 140). ee. Exposed culmen less than one-fourth as long as wing; tip of maxilla less strongly uncinate; rictal bristles obvious (sometimes very distinct); postocu- lar region feathered. (Grallarix.) d. Nasal fossae short and broad (distance from their anterior end to base of exposed culmen equal to not more than half the distance from the former to tip of maxilla), more or less triangular, the nostrils more oblique and in contact with latero-frontal antiae or separated from the latter by a very slight interval; rictal bristles obvious; bill stouter, triangular in lateral profile, relatively deeper at base; depth at frontal antise equal to three-fifths to two-thirds the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, or else the nostrils partly concealed by latero-frontal feathers. e. Tarsus only about one-third as long as wing; middle toe, without claw, three-fifths as long as tarsus; bill much broader basally, its width at frontal antise equal to about three-fifths the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; rictal bristles more than half as long as bill; very small (total length less than 100 mm.) Grallaricula (p. 143). ee. Tarsus much more than one-third (sometimes more than half) as long as wing; middle toe, without claw, less than three-fifths as long as tarsus; bill much narrower basally, its width at frontal antise equal to little if any more than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; rictal bristles much less than half as long as bill; larger forms (total length about 120-210 mm.). /. Tarsusdecidedly less than half as long as wing, less distinctly scutellate, the inner edge of the planta scarcely convolute; upper parts squa- mated Grallaria (p. 146). //. Tarsus at least half as long as wing, more distinctly scutellate, the inner edge of the planta distinctly convolute; upper parts not squamated. g. Tail at least half as long as wing; rictal bristles distinct. h. Bill stouter; tarsus more than half as long as wing; coloration more varied, the pileum and hindneck rufescent in contrast with olive of back, etc., the under parts white striped laterally with brown o Phlegopsis Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pi. 57. Type, Myothera nigro- maeulata Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny. — Phlogopsis (emendation) Sclater, Proc. Zool Soc. Lond., 1858, 276. (Amazon Valley and Guiana; five species and subspecies.) 81255°— Bull. 50—11 2 18 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and black or else plain gray, very different from color of upper parts Hypsibemon (extralimital).° M. Bill more slender; tarsus not more than half as long as wing; col- oration plain, the pileum and hindneck concolor with the back, etc. (plain olive or rufescent), the under parts concolored (usually tawny or ochraceous) Oropezus (extralimital). 6 gg. Tail decidedly less than half as long as wing; rictal bristles indis- tinct Myrmothera (extralimital). c dd. Nasal fossse longer and narrower (distance from anterior end to base of exposed culmen equal to about two-thirds the distance from same point to tip of maxilla), elliptical or oblong, the nostrils more longitudinal and separated from latero-frontal antise by a distinct interval of naked integument; rictal bristles wanting; bill relatively longer and narrower, more terete (depth at frontal antise equal to not more than half the dis- tance from nostril to tip of maxilla Hylopezus (p. 152). Genus CYMBILAIMUS Gray. Cymbilairnus Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 36. (Type, Lanius lineatus Leach.) Cymbilanius (emendation) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1854 (pub. Apr. 5, 1855), 112. Cymbolaemus (emendation) Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, Aug., 1859, 18, footnote, in text. Medium-sized Formicariidse (length about 160 mm.) with short, very stout, and strongly hooked bill, rounded and exposed nostrils, and finely barred plumage. Bill about as long as head or a little shorter, very stout, strongly hooked, its width at frontal antise about equal to its depth at same point and about two- thirds the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; exposed culmen shorter than tarsus, nearly straight to near the abruptly decurved and strongly uncinate tip of maxilla; maxillary tomium straight for most of its length, distinctly notched or concave sub terminally; mandible falcate, recurved terminally; gonys strongly convex, ascending terminally, broadly rounded (not ridged) beneath, decidedly longer than unfeathered portion of mandibular rami; mandibular tomium distinctly toothed and notched subterminally. Nostril exposed, small, rounded or broadly oval, with an internal tubercle showing within upper posterior portion. Rictal bristles obvious but small; feathers of chin and anterior portion of malar region with bristly points or terminal setae. Wing rather short, "■Hypsibemon Cabanis, in Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturg., xiii, pt. i, 1847, 217. Type, Grallaria rujicapilla Lafresnaye. (Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru; several species.) This genus includes the first three species of Dr. Sclater's " Grallarise flammulatee," together with at least Grallaria ruficeps of his section "Grallarise uniformes." 6 Oropezus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc, Wash., xxii, April 17, 1909, 70. Type, Gral- laria rufula Lafresnaye. (Mountains of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru ; several species. ) « Myrmothera Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 43. Type, "B&froi [=Formimrvus brevimuda Boddaert] et quelques autres fourmilliers de Buff on." (Guiana and lower Amazon Valley; Venezuela?; two species?) BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 19 much rounded, the longest primaries but little longer than sec- ondaries; sixth and seventh or fifth, sixth, and seventh, primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) about three-fifths as long as the longest. Tail about as long as wing, graduated for about one-third its length, the rectrices (12) rather broad and rounded terminally. Tarsus more than one-third as long as wing (about as long as bill from rictus to tip of maxilla), rather slender, distinctly scutellate, the plantar scutella in two parallel, contiguous rows; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; outer toe (without claw) reaching to or beyond middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner decidedly shorter, reaching (without claw) about to sub- terminal articulation of middle toe; hallux about as long as inner toe but much stouter; middle toe united to outer toe for whole of its basal phalanx, to inner toe for about half as much; claws mod- erate, strongly curved, that of hallux decidedly shorter than the digit. Plumage full, blended, moderately lax, that of the rump much developed; pileum with a full decumbent crest of broad, rounded feathers. Coloration. — Adult male black, the upper parts (except pileum) narrowly, the under parts more broadly, barred with white; adult female with pileum chestnut, the rest of plumage barred with chest- nut or brown and buffy or pale fulvous. Range. — Nicaragua to Peru and lower Amazon Valley. (Mono- typic.) CYMBILAIMUS LINEATUS FASCIATUS Ridgway. FASCIATED ANTSHRIKE. Similar to C. I. lineatus a but averaging decidedly larger; adult male with black bars on under parts averaging decidedly broader (especially on throat), the adult female and young with under parts much more strongly buffy and (usually, at least,) more heavily barred. Adult male. — Pileum black, the forehead (sometimes crown and occiput also) narrowly barred with white; rest of upper parts black, narrowly and rather distantly barred with white, the outer webs of primaries and distal secondaries with small spots of white in trans- verse series; sides of head and neck and entire under parts sharply barred with black and white, the bars of the two colors about equal in width; maxilla black, mandible pale grayish or dull yellowish (pale bluish gray, with whitish tip, in life); iris carmine red; legs and feet grayish or horn color (light bluish gray in life); length "■ Lanius lineatus Leach, Zool. Myiarchussc., i, 1815, 20, pi. 6 (Guiana) —Thamnophilus lineatus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 316. — C[ymbilaimus\ lineatus Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 49. — Cymbilanius lineatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1854, 112; Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 178, part. — Cymbilanius lineatus lineatus Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiv, 1907, 60, 369. (Tropical South America in general, except Pacific Coast district south to Ecuador). 20 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL, MUSEUM. (skins), 154-189 (165); wing, 70-78 (74); tail, 63-73.5 (67.3); culmen, 22-25 (23.4); tarsus, 24-25.5 (24.8); middle toe, 15-16 (15.5).° Adult female. — Forehead pale buff to tawny-buff, barred with black; rest of pileum cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut, usually with some of the feathers more or less distinctly barred or margined terminally with black or dusky; rest of upper parts black, or sooty black, broadly and sharply barred with buff or tawny-buff, the bars on rectrices narrower, more or less curved, and more brownish; sides of head and neck and" entire under parts pale buff to tawny- buff or nearly clay color, 6 narrowly barred with black or sooty black, the bars usually narrower on chin, throat, and abdomen; bill, iris, legs, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 149-175 (169); wing, 71-78 (74); tail, 65-72.5 (69.2); culmen, 21-25 (22.6); tarsus, 24-26 (25); middle toe, 14-16 (15.3).° Immature male. — Similar to the adult female (perhaps not always distinguishable) but under parts less conspicuously barred, the chin, throat, and abdomen nearly immaculate buff; iris reddish brown* Nicaragua (Rio Escondido; Los Sabalos), Costa Rica (Angostura; Sipurio; Jimenez; Rio Frio; RioSucio; Bonilla; Guayabo; Carrillo; Cuabre; El Hogar; San Carlos; La Cristina; La Vijagua), and Panama (Santa F6 de Veragua; Myiarchusna de Chorcha; Calovevora; Calobre; Santiago de Veragua; Lion Hill; Panama; Pintada, Cocl6 ; "Twenty specimens. 6 Sometimes the color approaches buffy white on sides of head, chin, and throat. « Twenty specimens. Locality. Myiarchusddle toe. MALES. Three adult males from Nicaragua Ten adult males from Costa Rica Seven adult males from Panama One adult male from Ecuador Two adult males ( C. I. lineatus) from Venezuela One adult male ( C. I. lineatus) from British Guiana. . . Six adult males (C I. lineatus) from Lower Amazon. . FEMALES. Four adult females from Nicaragua Ten adult females from Costa Eica Six adult females from Panama Two adult females ( C. I. lineatus) from Venezuela Two adult females ( C. I. lineatus) from Cayenne One adult female ( C. 1. lineatus) from Lower Amazon. 15.5 15.7 15.3 15.5 15 15.5 15.2 15.7 15.3 15 15.2 15.5 15.5 The specimen from Ecuad6r agrees much better in coloration with examples from Panama than with true C. lineatus. <*Heyde, manuscript. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 21 Cascajal, Code), and southward through Colombia and Ecuad6r to northern Peru. Cymbilanius lineatus (not Lanius lineatus Leach) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 293 (Lion Hill, Panama); ix, 1868, 107 (Angostura, Costa Rica). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 355 (Lion Hill; crit.). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 144 (Santiago and Santa F6 de Veragua, Panama); 1870, 194 (Myiarchusna de Chorcha, Calovevora, and Calobre, Panama). — Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica). — Salvin and Gobman, Biol. Centr. Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 194, part (excl. South Am. locali- ties and references). (?) Cymbilanius lineatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, 112 (Quijos, Ecuador); 1858, 65 (e. Ecuad6r), 206, part (monogr.). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 566 (Rio Ucayali, e. Peru); 1873, 272 (Nauta and Pebas, e. Peru); 1879, 524 (Remeclios and Nechi, Antioquia, Colom- bia).— Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 529 (Monterico, centr. Peru); Orn. du Perou, ii 1884, 1.— Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss., ii, 1889, 74 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuad6r). — Hartert, Novit. Zool., v, 1898, 492 (Cachavi, n. w. Ecuad6r). — Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, no. 362, 1899, 27 (Valle del Rio Santiago, e. Ecuad6r). — Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, 59 (Monterico, Peru). [Cymbilanius] lineatus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 69, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 9, part. Cymbilanius lineatus fasciatus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, no. 26, April 11, 1884, 404 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.), 415 (Rio Siicio, Costa Rica). — Zeledon, An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, 1887, 114 (Jimenez, Costa Rica; Panama).— Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 498, 499 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; crit.). — Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 24 (Loma del Le6n, Panama). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 600 (Caribbean lowlands and foothills Costa Rica; habits). — Ferry, Pub. 146, Field Myiarchuss. N. H., orn. ser., i, no. 6, 1910, 271 (Guayabo, Costa Rica). Cymbilanius lineatus (fasciatus) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 415 (Rio Sticio, Costa Rica). (?) Thamnophilus nigricristatus (not of Lawrence) Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 60 (San Carlos, Costa Rica). Genus THAMNISTES Sclater and Salvin. Thamnistes- Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 299. (Type, T. anabatinus Sclater and Salvin.) Medium-sized or rather small Formicariidas (length about 130 mm.) with rather large, stout, and strongly hooked bill, small, cir- cular nostrils and coloration plain brown above with wings and tail more rufescent (adult male with a concealed dorsal patch of ochra- ceous or tawny), the under parts plain olive-buffy or yellowish. Bill a little shorter than head, rather stout, strongly hooked, its width at frontal antise greater than its depth at same point and equal to about half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmenvery slightly curved from base to near tip, where strongly decurved, the tip of maxilla conspicuously uncinate; maxillary tomium nearly straight, deeply notched subterminally; mandible subfalcate (slightly recurved terminally), the tomium nearly straight, distinctly toothed 22 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and notched subterminally; gonys distinctly convex, ascending terminally, more strongly convex and rather prominent basally. Nostril exposed, very small, circular, with an oblique tubercle in posterior half. Rictal bristles obvious but small; feathers of chin, lores, and anterior portion of malar region with distinct bristly points. Wing moderate, rather pointed, the primaries decidedly longer than secondaries; sixth and seventh, or sixth, seventh and eighth, primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) shorter, the ninth longer, than secondaries. Tail decidedly shorter than wing to end of secondaries, strongly rounded (graduation about equal to half the length of exposed culmen), the rectrices (12) rather narrow, rounded terminally. Tarsus longer than exposed culmen, less than one- third as long as wing; acrotarsium distinctly scutellate; outer side of planta indistinctly scutellate or with scutella obsolete, the inner side with a single series of rather small roundish or oval scutella; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; outer toe, without claw, reaching to beyond middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe slightly shorter; hallux about as long as inner toe but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe wholly united to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe; claws strongly curved, broad, compressed, that of hallux much shorter than the digit. Coloration. — Above plain brown, the wings (sometimes pileum also) more rufescent, the tail chestnut or deep cinnamon-rufous; under parts plain olive-buffy or yellowish, more grayish olive on flanks; adult males with a concealed dorsal patch of ochraceous or tawny. Range. — Southern Mexico to Peru. (Monotypic ?)° THAMNISTES ANABATINUS ANABATINUS Sclater and Salvin. TAWNY ANTSHKIKE. Adult male. — Above plain tawny brown (nearest raw umber or tawny olive), paler on forehead; upper tail-coverts and tail deep cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut; wings (including secondaries) dull cinnamon-rufous or russet; interscapulars light cinnamon-rufous or deep ochraceous-buff beneath surface (forming a large and con- spicuous patch when feathers are spread) followed immediately by a - subterminal bar or spot of black; an indistinct superciliary stripe and suborbital area of pale grayish bufly, the two separated pos- teriorly by a postocular streak of brown; auricular region and sides of neck similar in color to back, but paler, the color deepening some- what on malar region; general color of under parts pale brownish yellowish anteriorly, more grayish (tending more or less toward a Although three species are recognized by authorities, it is likely that these may be in reality forms of one species. Two of these, however ( T. xquatorialis Sclater and T. rufescens Cabanis), I have not seen. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 23 olive-buff) posteriorly, the sides and flanks darker and more grayish (approaching light hair brown) ; under wing-coverts and broad edgings to inner webs of remiges ochraceous-buff; maxilla dusky, with paler tomia; mandible pale yellowish grayish (in dried skins); feet dusky (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 136.5-142 (139); wing, 65-67 (66); tail, 53.5-62.5 (58); column, 18.5-19.5 (19); tarsus, 21-21.5 (21.2); middle toe, 12-12.5 (12.2).° Adult female. — Similar to the adult male but without the concealed dorsal patch of cinnamon-rufous or ochraceous-buff, the underlying portion of the interscapulars being pale gray with whitish shaft- streaks; length (skins), 129.5-145 (138); wing, 66-67 (66.5); tail, 54-56 (55.2); culmen, 18-20 (19.2); tarsus, 19.5-20.5 (19.9); middle toe, 12-12.5 (12.1). 6 Southeastern Mexico, in State of Tabasco (Teapa); Guatemala (Choctum; Cajabon; Samayoa; Teleman); British Honduras (Toledo District). Thamnistes andbatinus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 299 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. P. L. Sclater). — Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 399 (Choctum).— Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 176 (Choctum and Cajab6n, Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 216, part (Choc- tum, Cajab6n, and Samayoa, Guatemala). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 205, part, pi. 50, fig. 1 (Teleman, etc., Guatemala). [Thamnistes] andbatinus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 70, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 17, part. Thamnistes andbatinus andbatinus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, Oct. 20, 1908, 193, in text. THAMNISTES ANABATINUS SATDRATUS Ridgway. RUSSET ANTSHRIKE. Similar to T. a. anabatinus but coloration much darker and less ochraceous (more olivaceous) above, the pileum more or less dis- tinctly rufescent (sometimes deep russet or mars brown) ; wings much less rufescent, especially the secondaries; size averaging smaller. a Two specimens. 6 Four specimens. u BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.— Length (skins )] 126-135.5 (130.4); wing, 65-69.5 (67.7); tail, 48-52 (49.7); culmen, 18-19.5 (18.7); tarsus, 19-20.5 (19.6); middle toe, 11-13 (11.8).° Adult female.— Length 121-148 (131); wing, 61.5-69 (65.9); tail, 45.5-53.5 (50.7); culmen, 17.5 r 20.5 (20.1); tarsus, 19.5-20.5 (20.1); middle toe, 11-12.5 (11.7).° Costa Rica (Angostura; Tucurrfqui; Jimenez; Volcan de Turrialba; Carrillo; La Hondura; Pacuare; Naranjo de Cartago; Guapiles; El Hogar; Bonilla; La Balsa; Tuis; LaVijagua; Cariblanco de Sarapiqui ; El Pozo de Terraba; Pozo del Pital) and western Panama (Calobre; CaloveVora; Bugaba; Volcan de Chiriqui, 2,000-3,000 feet). Thamnistes anabatinus (not of Sclater and Salvin) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 107 (Angostura and Tucurrlqui, Costa Rica). — Frantzit/s, Journ. fur Om., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica).— Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 194 (CaloveVora and Bugaba, Panama; crit.). — Zeled6n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 114 (Angostura, Pacuare, and Naranjo, Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 205,' part (Costa Rican and Panaman localities and references). — Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 19 (Pozo del Pital, Costa Rica).— Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 41 (Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama, 2,000-3,000 ft.). [Thamnistes] anabatinus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 70, part. — SaARPE, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 17, part. Thamnistes anabatinus saturatus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, Oct. 20, 1908, 193 (Bonilla, Costa Rica, 2,600 ft.; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 605 (Costa Rican range; crit.; habits). Genus ABALIUS Cataanis. Abalius & Cabanis, Journ. fur Orn., ix, July, 1861, 242. punctatus Cabanis= T. bridged Sclater.) (Type, Thamnophilus Medium-sized Formicariidae (length about 155 mm.) with tail nearly as long as wing, pileum not crested, the adult male black (under parts of body more gray or slate colored) with small white tips to wing- coverts and lateral rectrices, adult females slate color or olive streaked with whitish. Bill about as long as head rather stout, moderately compressed, distinctly hooked; exposed culmen about as long as tarsus, distinctly ridged, gently curved from near base to beyond middle, where more « Ten specimens, all from Costa Rica. Costa Rican specimens compare in measure- ments with those from Panama (Chiriqui, Caribbean slope) as follows: 6 "Von a, privativum und pakb;, scheckig, bunt." (Cabanis.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 25 strongly decurved, the tip of maxilla conspicuously uncinate; maxil- lary tomium nearly straight, distinctly notched subterminally; tip of mandible slightly recurved or subfalcate, the tomium slightly but distinctly toothed and notched subterminally; gonys strongly convex and prominent basally, ascending and moderately convex terminally, nearly twice as long as unfeathered portion of rami. Nostril small, exposed, obliquely oval, without visible internal tubercle. Kictal bristles obvious but small; feathers of chin and anterior portion of malar region with small bristly tips, those of loral region with much- thickened shafts, and those of frontal antise semi-decomposed. Wing moderate, the longest primaries decidedly longer than secondaries, much rounded; fifth, sixth, and seventh primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) about three-fifths as long as the longest, the ninth about as long as secondaries. Tail slightly but decidedly shorter than wing, much rounded •(graduation about equal to distance from nostril to tip of maxilla), the rectrices (12) broad, rounded terminally. Tarsus as long as exposed culmen or a little shorter (between one- fourth and one-third as long as wing), distinctly scutellate, the planta consisting of two longitudinal series of scutella, the inner series of which are larger, of quadrate form, and extend around the posterior margin, the outer series much smaller, longitudinal, and irregularly hexagonal or elliptical; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; outer toe, without claw, reaching to beyond middle of sub- terminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe decidedly but slightly shorter; hallux about as long as inner toe but much stouter; middle toe united to outer toe by whole of its basal phalanx, to inner toe by more than half its basal phalanx; claws moderately curved, rather blunt, much compressed. Plumage blended, rather lax, especially on rump; feathers of pileum moderately developed, not forming a distinct crest. Coloration. — Adult male black (more gray or slaty on under parts of body), the wing-coverts with white terminal dots, the lateral rectrices narrowly tipped with white; adult female gray or olive, narrowly streaked with whitish. Range. — Costa Rica and western Panama. (Monotypic.) ABALIUS BRIDGESI (Sclater.) BRIDGES' ANTSHRIKE. Adult male. — Head, neck, chest, and upper parts black, broken on wing-coverts by a small spot of white at tip of most of these feathers; outer pair of rectrices with a small terminal spot of white, the next pair sometimes with a similar but smaller spot;® under parts of body, posterior to chest, plain slate color, the under tail-coverts similar but darker; under wing-coverts (except along margin of wing) ° Very rarely there are a few very narrow streaks of white on the chest. 26 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. yellowish white, usually flecked, more or less, with dusky; inner webs of remiges broadly edged (except terminally) with yellowish white bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dusky (plumbeous in life) length (skins), 150-167 (157); wing, 72-80 (74.9); tail, 62-71 (67.5) culmen, 20-22.5 (21.4); tarsus, 21-23.5 (22.4); middle toe, 13.5-14.5 (13.9).° Adult female. — Head and neck black narrowly streaked with white, the streaks much broader (sometimes spot-like) on chin and throat ; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain sepia brown to slaty brown, the feathers of back slightly darker centrally; wings and tail darker (the tail brownish black or blackish brown) , all, or nearly all, the wing-coverts marked with a small roundish or triangular terminal spot of white; under parts, posterior to throat or upper chest, varying from nearly slate-gray to olive-drab, the pectoral region streaked with white; under tail-coverts deeper brown, narrowly streaked (sometimes also somewhat spotted) with white; under wing-coverts and broad edgings to inner webs of remiges yellowish white or pale creamy yellow; maxilla black, mandible paler (plumbeous in life); iris dark brown or brownish gray; legs and feet plumbeous; length (skins), 148-166 (157); wing, 70-77 (72.9); tail, 60-70.5 (66.7); culmen, 19.5-22 (20.7); tarsus, 21-23.5 (22.4); middle toe, 13-15 (14). 6 Young male {first plumage). — Similar to the adult male but texture of plumage much softer, black of back, etc., duller, and chest with narrow shaft-streaks of white. Young female (first plumage) . — Similar to adult female but duller in color, with black of head and neck replaced by dark sooty brown above and paler sooty brown below, and streaks much less distinct, those on pileum pale brownish or tinged with brown, instead of pure white, those of pectoral area broader but much less distinct and also suffused with pale brownish. Southwestern Costa Eica (Pozo Azul de Pirris; Pozo del Pital, Rio Naranjo; El Pozo de Terraba; Trojas de Rio Grande; El a Nineteen specimens. 6 Eighteen specimens. Locality. Myiarchusddle toe. MALES. Ten adult males from Costa Rica Nine adult males from western Panama. . . FEMALES. Ten adult females from Costa Rica Eight adult females from western Panama. 13.9 13.9 14.1 13.9 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 27 Naranjo; Buenos Aires; El General; Tenorio; Paso Eeal, Boruca, Pozo del Rio Grande, and Lagarto, Boruca; Pigres; San Myiarchusteo; Esparta) and western Panama (Divala and David, Chiriqui; Veragua). Thamnophilus bridged Sclatbe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 141 (David, Chiri- qui, Panama; coll. P. L. Sclater;=?); 1858, 212 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit.- Myiarchusa., xv, 1890, 194 (Bugaba and Myiarchusna de Chorcha, Panamk). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 144 (Davfd, Panama); 1870, 194 (Bugaba and Myiarchusna de Chorcha).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 107 (San Myiarchusteo, Costa Rica).— Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica).— Zeled6n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, 1887, 114 (Las Trojas and Pozo Aziil de Pirrfs, Costa Rica).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 199, pi. 49, fig. 2.— Cheerie, Auk, x, 1893, 279, 280 (Pacific side Costa Rica, up to 2,200ft.; crit.; habits); Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 17 (Pozo del Pital, Costa Rica; syn.; crit.); Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 41 (Palmar, Boruca, Terraba, Lagarto, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica). — Bangs, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 296 (Boruca, Paso Real, Pozo del Rio Grande, and Lagarto, s. w. Costa Rica). — Carrikee, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 601 (Pacific lowlands and foothills, Costa Rica; habits). [Thamnophilus] bridgesi Sclatee and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 70. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 12. Thamnophilus punctatus (not Lanius punctatus Shaw, 1809 a ) Cabanis, Journ. fur Orn., July, 1861, 241 (Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Myiarchuss.; =$).— Laweence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 107 (Costa Rica). — Feantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica).— Salvin, Ibis, 1870, 110 (Costa Rica; crit); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 194 (Myiarchusna de Chorcha, Bugaba, and Volcan de Chiri- quf, Panama).— Zeled6n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, 1887, 114 (Las Trojas and Pozo Aziil de Pirrfs, Costa Rica).— Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 191 (Costa Rica; Bugaba and Myiarchusna de Chorcha, Panama). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr. Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 198, pi. 49, fig. 1. [Thamnophilus] punctatus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 70. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 12. (?) Thamnophilus nigricristatus (not of Lawrence) Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 60 (San Carlos, Costa Rica; cites " Th. punctatus Cab.") 6 Genus TARABA Lesson. Taraba Lesson, Traite d'Orn., 1831, 375. (Type, Thamnophilus major Vieillot.) Tabara (error) Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 172. Diallactes Reichenbach. Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pi. 71. (Type, Thamnophilus major Vieillot.) Large Formicariidse (length about 200 mm.) with very stout but much compressed, strongly hooked bill, crested pileum, and white under parts, the adult males black above with white markings on wings, adult females chestnut or tawny brown above. Bill nearly as long as head, very strong but compressed, strongly hooked; culmen nearly straight for most of its length, rather abruptly decurved terminally, the tip of maxilla strongly uncinate; maxillary ° Usually placed in Thamnophilus, but in this work designated as Erionotus punc- tatus (p. 49). 6 Salvin and Godman, however (Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 195), place this ref- erence under Cymbilanius lineatus. 28 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tomium nearly straight, conspicuously notched subterminally ; gonys moderately convex, strongly ascending terminally, prominent basally; mandibular tomium straight or slightly concave toward tip, slightly notched subterminally; width of bill at frontal antise about three-fourths its depth at same point. Nostril exposed, broadly longitudinally oval, with distinct internal tubercle. Kictal bristles obvious but small, the loral feathers with thickened bristly shafts. Wing moderate or rather short, excessively rounded, with longest primaries very little if any longer than secondaries; second, third, and fourth, or third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest and equal, tenth (outermost) about three-fifths as long as longest, the ninth very much, eighth slightly, shorter than secondaries. Tail three-fourths to more than five-sixths as long as wing, much rounded (graduation about equal to distance from nostril to tip of maxilla), the rectrices (12) rather broad, rounded terminally. Tarsus more than one-third as long as wing, distinctly scutellate, the elongate- quadrate plantar scutella in two longitudinal series ; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; outer toe, without ctaw, reach- ing to or slightly beyond middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe slightly but decidedly shorter; hallux about as long as inner toe but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe united for most of its length to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe; claws moderately developed, that of the hallux decidedly shorter than the digit. Plumage blended, very full, that of rump much developed and lax; pileum with a conspicuous decumbent crest of distinctly outlined, rather narrow feathers. Coloration. — Under parts (except, sometimes, «thighs and under tail-coverts), including malar region, immaculate white; upper parts black in adult males, rufous-brown or chestnut in adult females, the wing-coverts tipped with white (primaries sometimes edged with white), the tail sometimes transversely spotted with white." Range. — Southern Mexico to Argentina. (About four species and subspecies.) TARABA TRANSANDEANA TRANSANDEANA (Sclater). HOLLAND'S ANTSHRIKE. Adidt male. — Entire upper parts, including sides of head (down to upper margin of malar region) and sides of neck, black, relieved by conspicuous white tips to all the wing-coverts 5 and white edges to alula, the terminal portion of remiges duller blackish or more aThamnophilns rohdei Berlepsch, of Paraguay, referred to this group by Dr. Sclater, has the under parts black in the adult male with the breast varied with white. This Bpecies I have not seen and therefore do not know whether it is 'really a member of this genus or not. 6 Sometimes a few of the primaries are narrowly edged with white. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 29 slaty; interscapulars with concealed basal portion extensively white; under parts, including malar region, plain white (sometimes tinged with buffy), passing into grayish on flanks; tibial feathers black basally, extensively white terminally (the posterior side of thighs sometimes uniform black) ; under tail-coverts black, often (irrespec- tive of locality) tipped or barred with white, rarely mostly white bill black; iris carmine red; legs and feet dusky (bluish gray in life?) length (skins), 179-205 (194); wing, 87-99 (92.1); tail, 64-79 (71) culmen, 26-31.5 (28.5); tarsus, 33-37 (34.2); middle toe, 20-23.5 (21.3).° Adult female. — Above plain chestnut, darker on pileum, paler and duller on rump, the tail and primaries more brownish chestnut; loral and orbital regions dusky, passing into chestnut on auricular region; under parts (including greater part of malar region) plain white (sometimes tinged more or less with buffy), passing through pale buffy grayish into pale buffy brown or cinnamon on flanks; under tail-coverts light chestnut; thighs mixed light chestnut and buffy whitish; bill varying from horn brown to nearly black; iris carmine red ; legs and feet horn color or dusky (bluish gray in lif e ?) ; length (skins), 169-220 (190); wing, 83-96 (89.4); tail, 64.5-75.5 (70.2); culmen, 25-30.5 (28.1); tarsus, 32-36.5 (34,2); middle toe. 20-23.5 (21.8) . 6 Immature male. — Similar to the adult male but wing-coverts with- out white tips (the greater coverts sometimes narrowly tipped with o Forty-seven specimens. & Thirty-six specimens. 30 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. rusty brown or buffy), white at base of interscapulars more restricted, and feathers of chest (at least lateral portions) narrowly margined terminally with black. Young male (nestling) . — Above wholly dull black, with very indis- tinct narrow vermiculations of rusty brown on tips of some of the feathers; throat and chest dull grayish, broken by broad bars of black (most distinct on chest) and more narrowly barred with light buffy brown; sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts nearly uniform dull black, but showing very indistinct vermiculations of light brown, especially the under tail-coverts; breast and abdomen mostly white, or grayish white, broken by broad subterminal bars of black, the tip of each feather, narrowly, pale buffy brownish. Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Orizaba;. Santecoma- pam; Playa Vicente; Omealca; Buena Vista; San Andres Tuxtla) and Tabasco (Teapa), and southward through Guatemala (Chocttim; Chisec; Coban; sources of Kio de la Pasi6n), Honduras (Omoa; San Pedro; San Pedro Sula; Ceiba; Julian), Nicaragua (Greytown; Los Sabalos; Rio Escondido; San Emilis), Costa Eica (Tucurriqui; Jimenez; Las Trojas; Pacuare; Pozo Azlil de Pirris; El Pozo de Terraba; Pozo del Rio Grande; Boruca; Paso Real; Bols6n; El Hogar; Rio Sicsola; Guacimo; Barranca de Puntarenas; Lagarto; El General; Siptirio), Panama (David; Myiarchusna de Chorcha; Divala; Agua Dulce; Lion Hill; Panama; Sabana de Panama), and north- western Colombia (Rio Lima; Rio Barratoro; Turbo) to Ecuad6r (Guayaquil; Babahoyo; Santa Rita; Sarayacu; Chimbo; Vinces; Foreste del Rio Peripa). 5 The very large series of Mexican and Central American birds examined in this connection shows very clearly the absence of anything like corellation between geographic distribution and the coloration of the under tail-coverts, and, therefore, in the absence of other characters (that I can discern) I am forced to recognize a single form only. ThamnopMlus transandeanus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., xxxiii, April 11, 1855, 18 (Guayaquil, w. Ecuad6r; coll. Brit. Myiarchuss.); 1858, 210 (monogr.); 1860, 278 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuad6r), 294 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuad6r); Edinb. Philos. Journ., new ser., i, 1855, 233; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 172 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuad6r); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 185 (Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; Myiarchusna de Chorcha, Veragua; Panama; Babahoyo, Santa Rita, Guayaquil, and Sarayacu, Ecuaddr; Rem^dios, prov. Antioqula, Colombia). — Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1860, 188 (Turbo, Colombia).- — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 293 (Lion Hill, Panama). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. <* Described from no. 28866, Carnegie Myiarchusseum; Boruca, Costa Rica, Aug. 7, 1907; M. A. Carriker, jr. (Sex given as female, but almost certainly an error.) * I have not seen a specimen from Ecuad6r, and therefore can not be sure that they are quite identical with those from Central America. Neither have I examined specimens from the vicinity of Bogota or the State of Antioqula, Colombia, which have been separated by Menegaux and Hellmayr as ThamnopMlus transandeanus granademis. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 31 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 355 (Lion Hill; crit.); 1879, 524 (Rem^dios and Nechi, Antioqufa, Colombia). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 144 (David, Panama; crit.). — Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 324 (Peru); Orn. du Perou, ii, 1884, 3. — Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 564 (Chimbo, w. Ecuad6r). — Zeledon, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, 1887, 114 (Jimenez, Las Trojas, and Pacuare, Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 198 (Tucurriqui, Jimenez, Las Trojas, and Pacuare, Costa Rica; David, Myiarchusna de Chorcha, and Lion Hill, Panama; Turbo, Colombia; Ecuad6r). — Cherrie, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 41 (Palmar, Boruca, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica). — Hartert, Novit. Zool., v, 1898, 491 (Chimbo, n. w. Ecuad6r).- — Salvadori and Pesta, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, no. 362, 1899, 27 (Vinces and Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuad6r). — Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 24 (Loma del Le6n, Panama); Auk, xxiv, 1907, 296 (Boruca, Pozo del Rio Grande, Lagarto, and Barranca de Puntarenas, Costa Rica). — Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1906, 216 (Sabana de Panama). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 601 (Costa Rica; habits). D[iallactes] transandeanus Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, Aug., 1859, 18, footnote. . •;.:.■.. [Thamnophilus] transandeanus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 69. — Sharpe, Hand-liBt, iii, 1901, 10. Thamnophilus melanurus (not of Gould) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 142 (Davfd, Panama); 1857, 203 (Santecomapam, Vera Cruz); 1859, 57 (Omoa, Honduras), 383 (Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz). — Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 119 (Omoa, Honduras; crit.). Thamnophilus melanurusf Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 57 (Omoa, Honduras; crit.). — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 383 (Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz). (?) [Diallactes] melanurus Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Myiarchuss. Hein. Orn., 1890, 128 (Colombia). Thamnophilus melanocrissus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 252 (Sante- comapam, Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico; coll. P. L. Sclater). — Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 172 (Choctum, Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 184 (Sources Rio de la Pasi6n and Choctum, Guatemala; Panama?). — Salvin, Ibis, 1866, 203 (Guatemala). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 107 (Costa Rica). — Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica). — Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc N. H., i, 1869, 556 (tierra caliente of Vera Cruz, up to 1,000 m.); LaNaturaleza, v, 1881, 248 (Omealca, Vera Cruz). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 837 (San Pedro, Honduras). — Boucard, Liste Ois. rec. Guat., 1878, 38.— Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 405 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; Jiabits; food). — Ridgwat, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 471 (San Pedro Sula, Honduras). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 197.— Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 500 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits, notes, etc.). [Thamnophilus] melanocrissus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 69. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 10. D[iallactes] melanocrissus Cabanis, Journ. fur Orn., 1872, 234 (Mexico; crit.). [Diallactes] melanocrissus Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Myiarchuss. Hein. Orn., 1890, 129 (Mexico). Thamnophilus transandeanus-^- Thamnophilus melanocrissus Bangs, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1903, 150 (Ceiba, Honduras; crit.). Thamnophilus hollandi Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, 1867, 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— Salvin, Ibis, 1874, 310 (crit.). 32 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (?) D[iallactes] granademis Cabanis, Journ. fur Orn., Myiarchusy, 1872, 234 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. Berlin Myiarchuss.?). (?) Thamnophilus transandeanus granademis Menegaux and Hellmayr, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 9, viii, 1906, 25 (Bogota and Antioquia, Colombia; M6rida, Venezuela; crit.). Genus HYPOLOPHUS Cabanis and Heine. Eypolophus" Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, Aug., 1859, 16. (Type, Turdus cirrhatus Gmelin=Zamws canadensis Linnaeus.) Medium-sized Formicariidse (length about 150 mm.) with strong, compressed, and conspicuously-hooked bill, crested pileum, tail four- fifths as long as wing, and exposed culmen longer than middle toe with claw; adult males with head, neck, chest, and median portion of breast and abdomen uniform black, sides and flanks white or light gray, wings and tail black varied with white; adult females brownish above (the wings varied with buff or whitish, pileum blackish or rufescent), the under parts plain buffy. Bill nearly as long as head (exposed culmen longer than middle toe with claw), stout, slightly to much compressed, the maxilla conspicu- ously hooked and notched; width at frontal antise decidedly less than depth at same point (H. melanonotus) or slightly greater than depth (H. canadensis), equal to less than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla (H. melanonotus) or more than half (H. canadensis); culmen moderately (H. canadensis to rather sharply ridged (H. melanonotus), nearly straight or very slightly convex for most of its length, strongly and rather abruptly decurved terminally, the tip of maxilla conspicuously uncinate; maxillary tomium nearly straight, distinctly notched and slightly toothed subterminally; mandible recurved and acute at tip, the tomium distinctly notched and toothed subterminally; gonys moderately convex, ascending terminally rather prominent basally. Nostril exposed, roundish or broadly oval, with an interior tubercle partly visible in upper posterior portion. Rictal bristles indistinct or obsolete, but loral feathers sometimes with shafts slightly elongated and thickened; feathers of chin, malar antise, and frontal antise with more or less distinct bristly tips. 6 Wing moderate in length, rather pointed (primaries decidedly longer than secondaries) ; sixth and seventh primaries longest, tenth (outermost) more than three-fifths as long as the longest, ninth about equal to secondaries. Tail about four-fifths as long as wing, slightly (H. canadensis) to much (H. melanonotus) rounded, the rectrices (12) moderately broad, with rounded tip. Tarsus decidedly longer than exposed culmen, about one-third as long as wing, distinctly scutellate, the plantar scutella in two longitudinal series ; middle toe, with claw, a "Von im6Xooc (subcristatus)." (Cabanis and Heine.) 6 These bristly points are much more strongly developed in E. melanonotus than in E. cirrhatus, as are also those of the loral region. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 33 much shorter than tarsus; outer toe, without claw, reaching to beyond middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe decidedly shorter; hallux about as long as inner toe but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe wholly united to outer toe, united for about half its length to inner toe ; claws strongly curved, much compressed, that of the hallux decidedly shorter than its digit. Plumage full, lax, and blended, that of the rump much lengthened and fluffy; feathers of pileum elongated, especially on occiput, forming a distinct decumbent crest. Coloration. — Adult males with head, neck, chest, and median por- tion of breast (usually of abdomen also) uniform black, the sides and flanks white or light gray; wings and tail black varied with white, the back brown or grayish, or black with a large concealed patch of white; adult females olive-brown to tawny-brown above, the wings dusky varied with buffy or whitish, the pileum blackish or rufescent; under parts plain buffy (more whitish on throat and abdomen). Range. — Northern Colombia to Cayenne, southeastern Brazil, Bolivia, and northern Peru. (About seven species.) HYPOLOPHOS CANADENSIS PULCHELLUS (Cabanis and Heine). COLOMBIAN CRESTED ANTSHRIKE. Adult male. — Pileum (including well-developed occipital crest) black, the forehead (sometimes crown also) streaked with white; back, scapulars, and rump plain cinnamon or russet, the scapulars and interscapulars with indistinct narrow mesial streaks of darker; outer row of scapulars dark brown, broadly edged with white; wing- coverts and tertials brownish black, all the former conspicuously tipped with white, the latter broadly edged with white or buffy white; secondaries and primaries dusky grayish brown (dark hair brown), the secondaries and inner primaries edged with light brown, the outer primaries edged with whitish; tail black, the rectrices broadly tipped with white, the exterior pair with outer web white (except basally); sides of head barred with black and white; chin, throat, and median portion of chest black, this sometimes continued, narrowly or brokenly, along the median line of breast, the feathers of chin and throat tipped with white; median under parts (except where occupied by the black gular-jugular area, white; lateral under parts pale gray anteriorly, passing into light cinnamon or clay color posteriorly; under wing-coverts and broad edgings to inner webs of remiges white or buffy white; maxilla brownish black, man- dible sometimes more brownish (bluish gray in lif e ?) ; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins) ; wing, 69-75 (72) ; culmen, 18-20 (19) ; tarsus, 27-27.5 (27.2); middle toe, 14.5-16 (15.2).° » Two specimens. 81255°— Bull. 50—11 3 S4 BULLETIN 50, UNTIED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female. — Pileum deep cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut; back, scapulars, and rump plain buffy cinnamon, the first deeper, inclining to russet; outer row of scapulars grayish brown, broadly- edged with buff; wings and tail as in adult male, but the former with markings buff instead of white, and ground color of coverts less dark; sides of head, chin, and throat, pale buff or buffy white, the former barred and streaked with blackish; rest of under parts plain buff or clay color, slightly paler medially, especially on abdo- men; maxilla horn color, mandible much paler; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); wing, 69-73.5 (71.8); tail, 56-61 (58); culmen, 18-18.5 (18.2); tarsus, 26-26.5 (26.2); middle toe, 14-15 (14.5).° Northern Colombia (Rio Atrato; Rio Truando; Cartagena; Saba- nilla; Barranquilla; Santa Myiarchusrta, Bonda, and Cienega, Santa Myiarchusrta; Valencia). E\ypolophus] pulchellus Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, Aug., 1859, 16 (Cartagena, Colombia; coll. Heine Myiarchuss.). Thamnophilus pulchellus Berlepsch, Ibis, Apr., 1881, 245 (crit.). — Sclateh, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 204 (Valencia, Santa Myiarchusrta, and Barranquilla, Colombia). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 201 (Rio Truando, Santa Myiarchusrta, and Cartagena, n. Colombia). — Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., xiii, 1900, 161 (Bonda and Cienega, Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia). [Thamnophilus] pulchellus Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 15. Thamnophilus, sp.?, Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1860, 189, no. 88 (Rio Truando). Thamnophilus leucauchen (not of Sclater, 1855), Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 174, part (Santa Myiarchusrta). — Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1881, 171 (Santa Myiarchusrta). Genus THAMNOPHILUS Vieillot. Thamnophilus & Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 40; Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 308. c (Type, Pie-Orieche rayee — Fourmillier huppe Bufion= Lanius doliatus Linnaeus.) Tamnophilus Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 70. — D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye, Myiarchusg. de Zool., 1849 (Synop. Av., p. 10). Medium-sized Formicariidse (length about 150-160 mm.) with bill much shorter than head, not compressed, its terminal unguis small; adult males with under parts (usually upper parts also) conspicu- ously barred with black and white, or (in T. virgatus) dull slate-gray streaked with whitish; adult females and young tawny or rufous above, ochraceous or buff below. d Bill much shorter than head (exposed culmen shorter than middle toe with claw), broader than deep at frontal antise, where its width is equal to much more than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen broad, indistinctly ridged, slightly convex from a Three specimens. (All the specimens examined are in bad condition, and some measurements can not be made from them.) b From ra/ivoc, frutex, and tMyiarchus), gaudeo. (Vieillot.) c Type given as "Lanius turdus Lath [am]." <* The female and young of T. virgatus unknown, however. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 35 near base, more strongly decurved terminally, the tip of mandible distinctly but not strongly uncinate; maxillary tomium faintly con- cave, distinctly notched subterminally; mandibular tomium nearly straight, minutely but distinctly notched and toothed subterminally, the tip of mandible acute, recurved; gonys moderately convex, ascending terminally, rather prominent basally. Nostril exposed, broadly longitudinally oval, with the internal tubercle barely visible in upper posterior portion. Bictal bristles present but very small, shorter than the terminal setse to feathers of chin. Wing moderate, with longest primaries projecting slightly but decidedly beyond secondaries; fifth and sixth primaries longest, the seventh but little shorter; tenth (outermost) about three-fifths as long as longest, the ninth shorter than secondaries. Tail about as long as wing (at least five-sixths as long), much rounded (graduation equal to or exceeding length of exposed culmen), the retrices (12) moderately broad, rounded terminally. Tarsus equal to or longer than commissure, about one-third as .long as wing, distinctly scutellate, the plantar scutella in two longitudinal series, elongate-quadrate or lozenge shaped; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus (toe alone shorter than exposed culmen); outer toe, without claw, reaching to or a little beyond middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe a little shorter; hallux about as long as inner toe, but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe wholly united to outer toe, united to inner toe for about half its length; claws moderate in size and curvature, that of the hallux much shorter than its digit. Plum- age" full, lax, and blended, that of the rump elongated, fluffy ; feathers of crown and occiput (especially the latter) elongated, distinctly outlined, forming a distinct but not conspicuous decumbent crest. Coloration. — Adult males with under parts (usually the upper also) conspicuously barred with black and white, or else (in T. virgatus) dull slate-gray, streaked with whitish: adult females and young tawny or rufescent above, ochraceous or buffy below. Nidijication. — Nest pensile, suspended from a fork like that of a Vireo. Eggs white or creamy white, marked with brownish spots or streaks. Range. — Southern Mexico to Cayenne, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru. (About ten species, not including subspecies.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF THAMNOPHILUS. a. Plumage wholly black and white, in transverse bars. 6. Pileum wholly black. (Eastern Panama, including San Myiarchusguel Island, and Caribbean coast of Colombia.) ThanmophiTus radiatus nigricristatus, adult male (p. 37). a Owing principally to lack of sufficient material this key is confined mainly to the forms belonging properly to the present work and is by no means as satisfactory as ia desirable. 36 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 66. Pileum partly white, c. Pileum with more or less of white on basal portion of feathers. ( Thamnophilus doliatus.) d. Darker, with white bars of upper parts narrower and black bars of under parts broader. e. Wing averaging longer (75.5 in adult male), tail relatively shorter (aver- aging 63 in adult male). (Guianas; Venezuela?). Thamnophilus doliatus doliatus, adult male (extralimital). & ee. Wing averaging shorter (72.6 in adult male), tail relatively longer (aver- aging 62.8 in adult male). (Atlantic slope of Mexico, except Yucatan and Campeche, and Central America.) Thamnophilus doliatus mexicanus, adult male (p. 40). dd. Paler, with white bars of upper parts broader and black bars of under parts narrower. e. Averaging smaller (wing averaging 70.1, tail 58.4), with black bars on under parts usually broader. (Pacific slope, from Chiapas to western Panama.) Thamnophilus doliatus pacificus, adult male (p. 43). ee. Averaging larger (wing averaging 72, tail 63.2), with black bars on under parts usually narrower. (Yucatan and Campeche.) Thamnophilus doliatus yucatanensis, adult male (p. 44). cc. Pileum spotted or barred with white. (Eastern Panama and Colombia.) Thamnophilus multistriatus, adult male (p. 45). aa. Plumage largely rufescent (back, wings, etc., plain chestnut or tawny). 5. Under parts dull slate-gray streaked with whitish. (Thamnophilus virgatus.) c. Wings and tail clearer chestnut-tawny (more rufescent); white streaks on pileum broader, those on under parts extended over greater part of abdomen. (Northwestern Colombia.) Thamnophilus virgatus virgatus (p. 46). cc. Wings and tail duller chestnut-tawny (more cinnamomeous); white streaks on pileum narrower, those on under parts also narrower and on abdomen confined to median line. (Central Colombia.) Thamnophilus virgatus nigriceps (extralimital). c 66. Under parts buffy or tawny (with or without transverse bars). c. Under parts distinctly barred with blackish. Thamnophilus multistriatus, adult female (p. 45). cc. Under parts not distinctly if at all barred. Thamnophilus radiatus and subspecies, adult female.^ Thamnophilus doliatus and subspecies, adult female. d o No females of this form have been examined by me. 6 [Lanius] doliatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 138 (South America; based on Lanius cayanensis striatus Brisson, Orn., ii, 187; etc.). — Thamnophilus doliatus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 315 (Cayenne); Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 207, part. — L[anius] (ferrugineus) (not of Gmelin, 1788) Richard and Bernard, Actes de la Soc. d'Hiet. Nat. Paris, i, pt. i, 1792, 116 (Cayenne). — Lanius (ferruginatus) Reich (G. C), Myiarchusg. des Thierreichs, i, Abth. 3, 1795, 129 (emendation of L. ferrugineus Richard and Bernard). — Lanius rubiginosus Bechstein, Allgem. Ubers. de Vogel, i, 1793, 696 (new name for L. ferrugineus Richard and Bernard); Latham, Index Orn., Suppl., 1801, p. xix. c Thamnophilus nigriceps Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 571 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 194, pi. 12. d The differences between adult females of the several forms of these two species are not sufficiently definite to be intelligibly expressed in a key — at least not without expenditure of much more time than I am able to give the subject. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 37 THAMNOPHILUS RADIATUS NIGRICRISTATUS (Lawrence). BLACK-CRESTED ANTSHRIKE. Similar to T. doliatus and its subspecies a but adult males with elongated feathers of pileum entirely black. Still more like T. radiatus radiatus b but coloration darker, in both sexes. Adult male. — Pileum, except sides of occiput (supra-auricular region) and more or less of forehead, uniform black (without concealed white, except, sometimes, a very little on the occiput); rest of upper parts black barred, more or less broadly, with white, the white bars never as wide as the black interspaces, sometimes reduced to transverse spots; forehead usually more or less (sometimes extensively) streaked with white; sides of occiput (supra-auricular region), streaked with black and white, the black streaks usually broader than the white ones; auricular and malar regions and sides of neck similarly streaked, but the black streaks rather narrower; under parts white, the chin and throat usually streaked (sometimes broadly) with black, the remaining under parts (except, sometimes, abdomen) barred with black, the black bars usually much narrower than the white inter- spaces but sometimes nearly as broad, especially on flanks; maxilla blackish, paler on tomium; mandible grayish (sometimes whitish ter- minally and on tomium), bluish gray in life; iris straw color; legs and feet dusky (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 138-158 (149); wing, 67.5-72 (70.2); tail, 54-61 (56.8); culmen, 17-19.5 (18.3); tarsus, 26-27.5 (26.7); middle toe, 14.5-17 (16.4) . d Adult female. — Pileum deep chestnut, becoming paler (more tawny) on forehead; hindneck broadly streaked with black and ochraceous or tawny; wings and tail uniform deep cinnamon-rufous or chestnut- rufous, the back, scapulars, and rump similar but usually lighter and more tawny-rufous; sides of head (including supra-auricular region) buffy whitish, buffy, ochraceous, or pale tawny, streaked (except on lores) with black, th© black streaks broader on supra- auricular region, narrower (sometimes nearly obsolete) on anterior portion of malar region; chin and throat immaculate, very pale buffy « The individual variation in this form seems to include as great extremes of coloration, as regards relative width of black and white bars in the adult male and intensity of coloration in the female, as is covered by the geographic variations in T. doliatus! b Thamnophilus radiatus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 315; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 210. Several subspecies have been described, but I have not been able to secure sufficient material to enable me to characterize them satisfactorily. They are involved in much confusion and require careful revision. c W. W. Brown, jr., on label. & Thirteen specimens from Panama (mainland). 38 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. to ochraceous-buff; rest of under parts plain deep buff to nearly ochraceous-buff (or between ochraceous-buff and clay color) ; length (skins), 134-155 (147); wing, 67-71 (68.6); tail, 54-59 (56.3) ; culmen, 17-20 (18.7); tarsus, 25-27 (26.1); middle toe, 15-16.5 (15.8).° ° Eight specimens from Panamd (mainland). The series examined from Panamd comprises three adult males in dark, heavily barred plumage, like the type, and ten which are more or less decidedly lighter in color, some of them indistinguishable, so far as I am able to see, from Colombian examples labeled Thamnophilus albicans. In fact, unless there are two forms of the species in Panama^ which is hardly probable, the individual variation in this species is much greater than in T. doliatus, which is reasonably constant within definite geographic areas. At present I have neither the material nor time necessary for more satisfactorily working out the problem, which, judging from the material examined, is a very complicated one. The following measurements of specimens belonging to the radiatus group are given below for comparison with those of Panamd, examples: Locality. Myiarchusddle toe. MALES. Thirteen adult males ( T. radiatus nigricristatus) from PanamA mainland Three adult males ( T. radiatus nigricristatusf) from San Myiarchusguel Island One adult male ( T. radiatus nigricristatusf) from Cartagena, Colombia One adult male ( T. radiatus nigricristatusf) from Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia Four adult males ( T. radiatus albicans?) from Bogota, Colombia Six adult males ( T. radiatus subradiatus) from Upper Amazons One adult male ( T. radiatus f) from Lower Amazon One adult male ( T. radiatus difficilis) from Goyaz, Brazil Four adult males ( T. radiatus capistratus) from Bahia, Brazil. Ten adult males ( T. radiatus radiatus) from southern Brazil 1 and Paraguay FEMALES. Eight adult females from Panami (mainland) Five adult females from San Myiarchusgue'l Island One adult female from Cartagena, Colombia One adult female from Bonda, Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia One adult female from Bogota, Colombia Three adult females from Upper Amazons One adult female from Ceara, Brazil One adult female from Goyaz, Brazil One adult female from Bahia, Brazil Two adult females from Chapada, Myiarchusttogrosso, Brazil 16.4 16.2 16 16 15.8 15.6 17 16 16 15.8 15.8 15.5 15 15.5 16 16.2 16 15.5 14.5 16 BIRDS OP WORTH AND MIDDLE AMBBICA. 39 State of Panama (Panama; Sabana de Panama; Paraiso Station; Loma del Leon; Myiarchusna de Chorcha, Chitra, Calobre, and Calovevora. Veragua; San Myiarchusguel Island?); Caribbean coast district of Colom- bia (Cartagena; Santa Myiarchusrta). Thamnophilus doliatus (not Lanius doliatics Linnaeus) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 293 (Lion Hill, Panama).— Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 24 (Lion Hill). Thamnophilus radiatus (not of Vieillot) Sclateh and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 355 (Panama; crit.).— Salvin, Ibis, 1870, 194 (Chitra and Calo- vevora, Veragua, Panama). [Thamnophilus] radiatus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 70, part (Panama). Thamnophilus nigricristatus Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 107 (Lion Hill, Panamd; coll. G. N. Lawrence). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., X, 1887, 581, footnote (crit.). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 209, part (Myiarchusna de Chorcha, Chitra, Paraiso Station, and Panamd, Panama; Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 204, part (Myiarchusna de Chorcha, Chitra, Calovevora, Calobre, Paraiso Station, and Lion Hill, Panama). — Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1905, 150 (San Myiarchusguel I., Panama^, 216 (Sabana de Panama). [Thamnophilus] nigricristatus Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 15 (Panamd; Colom- bia). Th[amnophilus] nigricristatus nigricristatus Hellmayr, Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, Myiarchusy 22, 1903, 217. Thamnophilus radiatus nigricristatus Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., v, 1893, 118 (Panamd). Thamnophilus doliatus nigricristatus Bangs, Auk, xviii, Jan., 1901, 30 (San Myiarchusguel I., Panamd). Thamnophilus affinis (not of Spix, 1825, D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1837, nor Cabanis and Heine, 1859) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 355 (Panama). a The birds of San Myiarchusguel Island possibly separable, perhaps referable to T. r. albicans, on account of their larger size. 40 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. THAMNOPH2LUS DOLIATUS MEXICANUS Allen. MEXICAN ANTSHBIKE. Similar in coloration to T. d. doliatus," but wing averaging much shorter and tail relatively longer. Adult male. — Above black, the forehead spotted or streaked, more or less, with white, the elongated feathers of crown white (mostly concealed) with a large apical guttate spot of black, the remaining upper parts barred with white (the white bars always much less than half as wide as the black interspaces), the white bars on rectrices and tertials not reaching to shaft (except terminal bar on tertials) ; sides of head, chin, and throat streaked with black and white, the first with the two colors about equal in amount, the chin and throat with the white usually predominating; rest of underparts broadly and sharply barred with black and white, the bars of the two colors of nearly equal width, except (sometimes) on center of abdomen, where the black bars are narrower; maxilla brownish black, pale grayish blue along tomium; mandible pale grayish blue; iris yellow; legs and feet grayish dusky (grayish blue in life); length (skins), 138-167 (156.5) ; wing, 68.5-78.5 (72.6); tail, 57.5-69 (62.8) ; culmen, 18.5-20.5 (19.6); tarsus, 25-28 (26.6); middle toe, 14.5-17 (15.5). 6 Immature male. — Similar to the adult male but plumage more or less strongly suffused with pale ochraceous. Adult female. — Pileum bright chestnut or rufous-chestnut, paler on forehead; supra-auricular region, hindneck and sides of neck light ochraceous or buffy (sometimes buffy whitish on sides of neck), broadly streaked with black; rest of upper parts plain cinnamon- rufous or tawny-chestnut, usually paler and tinged, more or less, with olive-ochraceous on rump and upper back; a narrow orbital ring of buff or buffy white; loral, suborbital auricular, and malar regions buff or buffy whitish, more or less streaked or flecked with black (most heavily on auricular region) ; chin and throat pale buff to ochraceous-buff, often more or less streaked (mostly laterally or posteriorly) with black or dusky; rest of underparts ochraceous or ochraceous-buff, deepest on chest and sides, paler on abdomen, where sometimes pale buff; usually the underparts are quite im- maculate, but rarely there are indications of dusky bars on breast and tibia, and often more or less distinct blackish or dusky spots or streaks on upper chest; under wing-coverts clear buff or ochraceous- buff, the inner webs of remiges broadly edged with pinkish vinaceous- buff or vinaceous-cinnamon; maxilla dark brown or blackish brown, whitish (in dried skins) along tomium; mandible pale horn color or dull whitish in dried skins (light bluish gray in life); iris white or a True T. doliatus is confined to Cayenne, Surinam, and British Guiana (see p. 36). 6 Twenty-nine specimens. BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 41 pale yellow; legs and feet grayish dusky or horn color (bluish gray in life); length (skins), 140-166 (155); wing, 65.5-77 (71.8); tail, 56-68 (62.2); culmen, 18.5-20 (19.4); tarsus, 25.5-29 (26.8); middle toe, 14.5-17 (15.8).° . Young female (first plumage). — Somewhat like the adult female but duller rufous or rufous-tawny above; the pileum, back, scapulars, and rump rather broadly barred with blackish; underparts pale buffy, deeper on chest, everywhere (except on lower abdomen) irregularly barred (more spotted on throat) with dusky. Eastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Tampico; Alta Myiarchusra), Vera Cruz (Playa Vicente; Jalapa; Coatepec; Cordova; Huatusco; Choapam; Myiarchussantla; Orizaba; Myiarchusrad6r; Tlalcotalpam; Otatitlan; Papantla; Tolosa; Buena Vista; Potrero), Puebla (Teziutlan; Met- a Thirty-four specimens. Locality. Myiarchusddle toe. MALES. Ten adult males from Puebla, Vera Cruz, and Tabasco, o. Mexico Nine adult males from Guatemala (6) and Chiapas (3) Ten adult males from Honduras Six adult males from eastern Nicaragua Ten adult males ( T. d. yucatanensis) from Yucatan (9) and Campeehe (1) One adult male ( T. d. pacificus f) from western Chiapas Three adult males ( T. d. pacificus) from western Nicaragua. . . Ten adult males ( T. d. pacificus) from western Costa Rica , Five adult males from ( T. d. pacificus) from western Panama. Three adult males ( T. d. doliatust) from Venezuela (mainland) Three adult males ( T. d. doliatusf) from Myiarchusrgarita I., Venezuela Five adult males ( T. d. doliatus) from Guianas .Ten adult males ( T. d. flaterculus) from Trinidad Four adult males ( T. d. fraterculus) from Tobago FEMALES. Twelve adult females from Tamaulipas, Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, and Tabasco Nine adult females from Guatemala (7) and Chiapas (2) Seven adult females from Honduras Five adult females from eastern Nicaragua One adult female from eastern Costa Rica Four adult females ( T. d. yucatanensis) from Yucatan One adult female ( T. d. paciftcusf) from western Chiapas One adult female ( T. d. pacificus) from western Nicaragua Nine adult females ( T. d. pacificus) from western Costa Rica. . Six adult females ( T. d. pacificus) from western Panama Two adult females ( T. d. doliatusf) from Venezuela (mainland) Three adult females ( T. d. doliatusf) from Myiarchusrgarita I., Vene- zuela Six adult females ( T. d. fraterculus) from TrinidAd Three adult females ( T. d. fraterculus) from Tobago 16.2 15.4 15.2 15.4 15.2 16 15.2 15.1 16.5 14.8 14.2 15.9 15.4 14.9 15.8 15.4 15.6 15 15.5 16 16.5 15.5 15.6 15.4 16.2 15 15.3 15.2 42 BTJL.LETIN 50, TJICITED STATES MATIOWAL MUSEUM. laltoyuca), San Luis Potosl (Vallfe), Guanajuato?, Oaxaca (Choa- pam; Tomatla; Hueytalco; Tonaguia; Santa Eng&ria; Tapana; Tdxtepec; mountains near Santo Domingo), Tabasco (Teapa; Fron- tera) and Chiapas (Yajal6n; Huehuetan), through Guatemala (Choc- tum; Duenas; Cajab6n; San Geronimo; Coban; Chapulco; Los Amates/ Yzabal; Rio Myiarchusnagua), British Honduras (Orange Walk; Belize; San Antonio; Cayo; Toledo District; Myiarchusnatee Lagoon), Honduras (Omoa; San Pedro; San Pedro Sula; Truxillo; Santa Ana; C&ba) and eastern Nicaragua (Greytown; Los Sabalos; Rio Escondido; San Emilis, Lake Nicaragua) to eastern Costa Rica (Jimenez; Juan Vinas; Guayabo; Cartago?; Naranjo de Cartago?; Sarchl?; Boruca?). (?) Thamnophilus doliatus (not Lanius doliatus Linnaeus) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 117 (Guatemala; descr.)-— Frantzitjs, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica). Thamnophilus doliatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 217, part (monogr.); 1859, 383 (Choapam, Oaxaca; Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 207, part. — Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 118 (Duenas, Guatemala; habits). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 107 (Costa Rica). — Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 556 (temperate reg. Vera Cruz, up to 1250 m.). — Boucard, Liste Ois. recol. Guat., 1878, 38. — Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 156 (Teziutlan, Puebla; Jalapa, Vera Cruz). — Zeled6n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 144, part (Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago, and Jimenez, Costa Rica). — Salvin and God- man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 202, part (Tampico, Tamaulipas; Jalapa, Coatepec, Myiarchussantla, Orizaba, Huatusco, C6rdova, Choapam, and Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; Tomatla, Hueytalco, Tonaguia, Santa Efigehia, and Tapana, Oaxaca; Teapa, Tabasco; Orange Walk, Belize, San Ant6nio' and Cayo, Brit. Honduras; Choctum, Cajab6n, Chisec, Coban, and San Ger6n- imo, Guatemala; Omoa, San Pedro, and Truxillo, Honduras; Los Sabalos and Greytown, Nicaragua; Jimenez, Cartago, and Naranjo de Cartago, Costa Rica). — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 500 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits). — Bangs, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1903, 150 (Ceiba, Honduras; crit.). — Dearborn, Pub. 125, Field Myiarchuss. N. H., 1907, 109, part (Los Amates, Yzabal, Guatemala). Thamnophilus doliatus? Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 57 (Omoa, Hon- duras). [Thamnophilus] doliatus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 197, part. — Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Neotr., 1873, 70, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901. 15, part. (?) Thamnophilus rutilus (not of Vieillot, 1816) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 117 (Guatemala; descr. ;=!?)■ T[hamnophilus] affinis (not Thamnophilus affinis Spix, 1825, nor of D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1837) Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, Aug., 1859, 17 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). Thamnophilus affinis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1867, 182 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 107, part (Sarchl, Costa Rica). — Frantzius, Journ. flir Orn., 1869, 305 (CoBta Rica). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 837 (Honduras). Thamnophilus doliatus mexkanus Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., ii, June 28, 1889, 151 (new name for Thamnophilus affinis Cabanis and Heine, preoccupied; crit.). — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xviii, 1895, 630 (Alta Myiarchusra, Tamaul- ipas). — Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., x, 1898, 32 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). — BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 43 Ridqway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, 1908, 192 (geog. range). — Carhikee, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 603 (Caribbean foothills, n. e. Costa Rica; habits).— Ferry, Pub. 146, Field Myiarchuss. N. H., om. ser., i, no. 6, 1910, 271 (Guayabo, Costa Rica). Thamnophilus intermedins Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, Aug. 6, 1888, 581 (Truxillo, Honduras; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). THAMNOPHILUS DOLIATUS PACIFICUS Ridgway. PACIFIC ANTSHB.IKE. Similar to T. d. mexicanus but adult male with under parts decidedly paler (black bars decidedly, sometimes very much, narrower than white interspaces, and black streaks on throat very narrow) ; a adult female not constantly if at all different, but sometimes paler, either above or below. Adult male— Length (skins), 141-163 (149); wing, 67-74.5 (70.1); tail, 55-65 (58.4); culmen, 18-20.5 (19.4); tarsus, 25-27.5 (26.1); middle toe, 14.5-16 (15.3). 6 Adult female.— Length (skins), 130-158 (145); wing, 65.5-72 (68.4); tail, 55-63 (57.8); culmen, 17-19.5 (19.3); tarsus, 24.5-27 (26.3); middle toe, 15-16.5 (15.5). c Pacific slope of Central America, from western Panama (Divala; Chitra; David; Bugaba; CaloveVora), through Costa Rica (Pozo Azul de Pirris; Buenos Aires; Boruca; Lagarto; Paso Real; Puriscal; San Myiarchusteo; Bebedero; Coyolar; La Palma de Nicoya; Barranca de Punta- renas; San Carlos; Surubres; Myiarchusravalles; San Jos6; Sarchi; Coralillo; Bolson; El General; Boca de Barranca; Escazti ?), Nicaragua (Sucuya; Chinandega; Volcan de Chinandega; 2 leagues south of Lake Myiarchusnagua; Realejo) and Guatemala (Naranjo; San Jos6; Lake Amatitlan) to Chiapas (San Bartolome). (?) Thamnophilus doliatus (not Lanius doliatus Linnaeus) Cabanis, Journ. fur Orn., 1861, 242 (Costa Rica). Thamnophilus doliatus Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 144 (David, Pan- ama). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 60 (San Myiarchusteo, Costa Rica). — Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1884, 385 (Sucuya, Nicaragua; habits; notes). — Zeledon, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 114, part (Pozo Azul, Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 202, part (Chinandega, Volcan de Chinandega, and Sucuya, Nicaragua; San Jos6, San Myiarchusteo, Sarchi, Bebedero, La Palma de Nicoya, and Pozo Azdl, Costa Rica; Davfd and Bugaba, Panama). — Cherrie, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 41 (Lagarto, Boruca, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica). — Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 440 (Bebedero, Costa Rica). — Dearborn, Pub. 125, Field Myiarchuss. N. H., 1907, 109 (Lake Amatitlan and San Jos6, Guatemala, up to 4,000 ft.). — Bangs, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 296 (Boruca, Paso Real, Lagarto, and Barranca de Puntarenas, w. Costa Rica). a The adult male is almost precisely similar in coloration to that of Thamnophilus doliatus fraterculus Berlepsch and Hartert (Novit. Zool., ix, April, 1902, 70; Alta- gracia, Venezuela; coll. Count von Berlepsch) of Venezuela and Tobago. 6 Nineteen specimens. « Thirteen specimens. 44 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [Thamnophilus] doliatus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 197, part. — Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Neotr., 1873, 70, part.— Shabpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 15, part. Thamnophilus doliatus? Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 144 (David, Pan- ama). Thamnophilus affinis (not of Spix, 1825, Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny, 1837, nor Oabanis and Heine, 1859) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 107 (San Jos6, Sarchf, and San Myiarchusteo, Costa Rica). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 194 (Bugaba, Panama; crit.). Thamnophilus doliatus affinis Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, Sept. 5, 1882, 397 (La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; habits). Thamnophilus radiatus (not of Vieillot) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 194 (Chitra and CaloveVora, Panama). Thamnophilus nigricristatus (not of Lawrence) Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 60 (San Carlos, Costa Rica). Thamnophilus doliatus pacificus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, Oct. 20, 1908, 193 (Chinandega, Nicaragua; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 604 (Pacific lowlands and lower slopes, rarely to 3,500 ft., Costa Rica; habits). THAMNOPHILUS DOLIATUS YUCATANENSIS Ridgway. YUCATAN ANTSHRIKE. Similar to T. d. pacificus but adult male with black bars on under parts usually narrower; adult female similar to that of T. d. pacificus but upper parts (except pileum) averaging more ochraceous (less rufescent), with wings (sometimes back and tail also) showing more or less distinct indications of dusky bars ; averaging larger. Adult male.— Length (skins), 146-162 (157); wing, 69.5-75.5 (72.1); tail, 60.5-65 (63.2); culmen, 18.5-20 (19.1); tarsus, 24-27 (26.2); middle toe, 14-16 (15.2).° Adult female.— Length (skins), 155-163 (159); wing, 69-73.5 (71); tail, 62-67.5 (64); culmen, 19-20 (19.6); tarsus, 26.5-27.5 (27); middle toe, 15-16 (15.7) . b Yucatan (Merida; Chichen-Itza; Buctzotz; Peto; Temax; Meco Island; Cozumel Island) and Campeche (Yohaltan). c Thamnophilus affinis (not of Spix, 1825, D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1837, nor Cabanisand Heine, 1859) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1869, 201 (Merida, Yucatan). — Nehrkorn, Journ. fur Orn., 1881, 67 (Yucatan; descr. eggs). Thamnophilus doliatus (not Lanius doliatus Linnaeus) Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 450 (Yucatan).— Salvin, Ibis, 1889, 365 (Meco Island, Yuca- tan). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 202, part (Menda, Buctzotz, Peto, Meco I., and Cozumel I., Yucatan). a Ten specimens. 6 Four specimens. c Specimens from Alta Myiarchusra and Tampico in Tamaulipas and Valles, San Lufs Potosf , come very near to the Yucatan form in coloration, and it is possible the latter may extend thus far northward along the narrow arid coast-belt. Specimens from Frontera, Tabasco, are intermediate in coloration between T. d. yucatanensis and T. d. mexicanus. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 45 Thamnophilus doliatus mexicanus (not of Allen) Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., viii, 1896, 284 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan; song). — Cole, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 131 (Chichen-Itza). Thamnophilus doliatus yucatanensis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, Oct. 20, 1908, 193 (Temax, Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). [Thamnophilus] doliatus Sclatbk and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 70, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 15, part. THAMNOPHILUS MULTISTRIATUS Lafresnaye. BARRED-CRESTED ANTSHRIKE. Adult male. — Above black, rather narrowly barred with white, the bars on tips of feathers of pileum and hindneck sometimes partaking of the form of spots (a pair on tip of each feather, separated by a rather broad median space of black) ; sides of head, chin, and throat streaked with black and white, the streaks broadest on throat, narrower and confused or intermixed with bars on auricular and suborbital regions ; under parts of body and under tail-coverts conspicuously barred with black and white, the bars of the two colors approximately equal in width, or the white ones wider, at least on the abdomen; maxilla brownish black, the tomium pale horn color (bluish gray in life ?) ; mandible light horn- color, passing into pale yellowish terminally (bluish gray in life?); legs and feet dusky (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 148-156 (153); wing, 70-75 (72.5); tail, 61-66.5 (63.7); culmen, 18-20 (18.4); tarsus, 22.5-25 (23.9); middle toe, 14.5-16.5 (15.1).° Adult female. — Above plain bright cinnamon-rufous or rufous- chestnut, somewhat interrupted on hindneck, the back and rump sometimes duller or more tawny and with faint indications of darker bars; sides of head and neck (including sides of hindneck), together with chin and throat, conspicuously streaked with black and white; rest of under parts white, passing into pale tawny brown or fulvous on flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts, everywhere broadly barred with black, the bars much less distinct on flanks; bill, etc., as in adult male; length (skins), 141-151 (146); wing, 72-72.5 (72.2); tail, 64-67 (65.5); culmen, 17-18.5 (17.7); tarsus, 24; middle toe, 15-15.5 (15.2) . b Immature male. — Similar to the adult male, but plumage suffused, more or less, with pale fulvous or brownish buff. Young (male ?) . — Similar in general coloration to the adult female but pileum mostly black, scapulars, interscapulars, and wing-coverts distinctly barred with dull black, and rump indistinctly barred with dusky; black bars on under parts rather narrow, the ground color very pale buff or buffy white. a Seven specimens. & Two specimens. 46 BULLETIN 50, UNITED (STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Panama" and Colombia (Bogota; Rem^dios, Medellln and Con- c6rdia, Antioquia; Ocana; Bucaramanga; Rio Cauca). Thamnophilus multistriatw Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., vii, Myiarchusrch, 1844, 82 (Colombia). — Sclatbb, Edinb. Philos. Journ., new ser., i, 1855, 238; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 148 (Bogota, Colombia); 1858, 219 (Bogota); Cat. Am. B., 1862, 175 (Bogota); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., XV, 1890, 211, part (Bogota, Medellin, and Conc6rdia, Colombia; "Panama;" excl. syn. T. tenuifasciatus Lawrence). &— Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 331 (near Ocana, Colom- bia, 4,000 ft. alt.). — Sclatbr and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 524 (Concordia and Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; descr. nest and eggs). — Berlepsch, Journ. fur Orn., 1884, 307 (Bucaramanga, Colombia).— Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 306 (Antioquia, Colombia; crit.). [Thamnophilus] multistriatus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 70. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 16 (Panama; Colombia; Ecuad6r). THAMNOPHILUS VJRGATUS VIRGATUS Lawrence. TURBO ANTSHRIKE. Adult male. — Head and neck, above and laterally, black, each feather with a conspicuous mesial guttate streak of buffy white; under parts, including chin and throat, dull slate-gray, similarly but more broadly streaked, as far back as the lower abdomen, where the streaks become obsolete and the ground color paler and more buffy gray; under tail-coverts cinnamon with narrow shaft-streaks of paler; thighs deeper cinnamon, or russet; under wing-coverts and broad edgings to inner webs of primaries deep cinnamon-buff; back and scapulars tawny-chestnut, changing on rump to a paler and duller, more fulvous, hue; wings "and tail clear chestnut; length (skin), about 1.45; wing, 75; tail, 57; exposed culmen (tip of bill broken off); tarsus, 25; middle toe, 15. Northwestern Colombia (Turbo), near eastern extremity of Isthmus of Panama. This very distinct species is very unlike any other known to me. It is about the size of T. palliatus (Lichtenstein), and has the back, wings, and tail similar in color, but has the pileum, hindneck, and under parts conspicuously streaked with white instead of having the pileum plain black and under parts barred with white, the ground color of the under parts moreover being gray instead of black. There is a closer resemblance in coloration to Berlepschia rikeri (belonging a According to Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 211. I have seen only Colom- bian examples, however, and the species is omitted from the Biologia Centrali- Americana. 6 The type of Thamnophilus tenuifasciatus has been carefully examined and com- pared with specimens of T. multistriatus, with the result that it proves to be very distinct from the latter. If not a synonym of T. tenuipunctatus Lafresnaye (which 1 have not seen) it must stand as a distinct form. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 47 to the Furnariidae) , but the latter has the primaries, primary coverts, and alula sooty blackish, and under parts of the body spotted rather than streaked. Thamnophilus, sp.? Oassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 189 (Turbo, Colombia). Thamnophilus virgatus Lawrence, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xx, 1868, 361 (Turbo, Colombia; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 199 (Turbo). [Thamnophilus] virgatus Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 12. Genus ERIONOTUS Cabanis and Heine. Erionotus ° Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hem., ii, Aug., 1859, 15. (Type, Thamno- philus cserulescens Vieillot.) Medium-sized or rather small Formicariidae (length about 140-150 mm.), with bill more compressed than in ThamnopJiilus and coloration very different, the plumage without bars, either above or below. Bill variable in size (nearly as long to only about half as long as head), its width at frontal antiae not greater than its height at same point and equal to less than one-half to decidedly more than one- half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen slightly to distinctly ridged, nearby straight for most of its length, strongly decurved terminally, the tip of maxilla distinctly (sometimes strongly) uncinate; maxillary tomium straight, slightly but distinctly notched subterminally; mandibular tomium straight, slightly but distinctly notched and toothed subterminally, the tip of the mandible forming a small but distinct recurved point; gonys moderately convex (more strongly so basally), recurved terminally. Nostril exposed (but pos- teriorly in contact with feathering of the latero-frontal antiae), oval or roundish, without operculum, with the interior tubercle slightly visible in posterior portion. Rictal bristles present but minute (prac- tically obsolete) ; feathers of chin, malar and frontal antiae, and lores, with distinct terminal setae. Wing moderate or rather large, with longest primaries decidedly longer than secondaries; fourth, fifth, and sixth, or fifth, sixth, and seventh primaries longest and equal (or the fifth slightly longer than fourth, the latter equal to sixth), the tenth (outermost) about three-fifths as long as the longest, the ninth equal to or shorter than secondaries. Tail four-fifths to more than five- sixths as long as wing, much rounded (graduation less than length of middle toe without claw), the rectrices (12) moderately broad or rather narrow, rounded terminally. Tarsus longer (sometimes much longer) than exposed culmen, one-third as long as wing or a little less, distinctly scutellate, the plantar scutella in two longitudinal ""Von 'ipiov (Wolle) und vanoc (Rucken)." (Cabanis and Heine.) 48 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. series, that on outer side sometimes indistinct, especially on upper portion; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; outer toe, without claw, reaching to or slightly beyond middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe slightly shorter; hallux about as long as inner toe but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe wholly united to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe; claws moderate in size and curvature, that of the hallux decidedly shorter than the digit. Plumage full, soft, and blended, that of the rump elongated and lax; feathers of crown and occiput (especially the latter) elongated, forming a more or less distinct decumbent crest of broad, rounded feathers. Coloration. — Adult males with pileum, wings, and tail black, the rest of upper parts gray or gray and black, in some species wholly black, except for white concealed patch on back and white wing- spots; back with a large concealed patch of white, the wings and tail with white markings; under parts gray, sometimes whitish on abdomen, etc., sometimes entirely black; adult females brown (some- times partly rufescent) above, with whitish markings on wings and concealed white patch on back, paler brownish or rufescent below. Nidification. — Nest pensile, vireo-like; eggs white or creamy white, spotted or streaked with brownish. Range. — Honduras to Cayenne and southeastern Brazil. (About twelve species. ) a a The type of Erionotus {Thamnophilus cxrulescens Vieillot), together with Thamno- philus melanochrous Sclater and Salvin and probably several others referable to the same group (I have not seen T. tschudii Pelzeln, T. xthiops Sclater, T. cinereo-niger Pelzeln, T. sUllaris Spix, T. tristis Sclater and Salvin, T. capitalis Sclater, nor T. cinereiceps Pelzeln), differs so much in relative size and shape of the bill from T. ambiguus Swainson, T. nsevius (Gmelin), T. gorgonx Thayer and Bangs, and related forms that there is some question as to whether the two groups are really congeneric; indeed, I have placed them together mainly on account of their very close resem- blance to one another in style of coloration. Another group, composed of species (referred by Dr. Sclater to the genera Thamno- philus and Dysithamnus) distinguished by their very plain (mainly gray, slate colored or sooty) coloration, without black wings or tail and destitute of white markings on wings and tail or of a distinct white dorsal (concealed) patch, I do not, at present at least, refer to Erionotus. These species ( Thamnophilus murinus Pelzeln, T. simplex Sclater, T. capitalis Sclater, T. inornatus Ridgway, Dysithamnus leucostictus Sclater, Thamnophilus schistaeeus D'Orbigny, Dysithamnus ardesiacus Sclater and Salvin, D. unicolor Sclater, D. plumbea (Myiarchusximilian), and D. subplumbms Sclater and Salvin) differ considerably among themselves in structural details and may represent two or more distinct groups. Since they are all extralimital to the present work, however, I leave them as a problem for others to work out. BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 49 KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OP ERIONOTUS PUNCTATUS. a. Smaller (wing averaging less than 71 in adult males, less than 68 in adult females); adult females with lateral under parts distinctly darker than median portion. 6. Paler; adult female more olivaceous. (South America in general.) Erionotus punctatus punctatus (extralimital)." 66. Darker; adult female more tawny or rufescent. (British Honduras to western Ecuador.) Erionotus punctatus atrinucha (p. 49). aa. Larger (wing averaging 72.1 in adult male, 70.1 in adult female); adult female with lateral under parts not distinctly darker than median portion. (Gorgona Island, Bay of Panama.) Erionotus punctatus gorgonae (p. 52). ERIONOTUS PUNCTATUS ATRINUCHA (Salvin and Godman). SLATY ANTSHRIKE. Similar to T. p. punctatus, b but adult male with gray of both upper and under parts darker and adult female with general colora- tion darker and less rufescent (more olivaceous), especially the pileum. c Adult male. — Pileum black, more or less mixed with slate-gray on forehead (the latter sometimes extensively slate-gray barred or flecked with black); hindneck mixed black and slate-gray, some- times uniform black; back mixed black and slate-gray (the former predominating), the feathers extensively pure white basally; scapu- lars and rump plain slate-gray; exterior row of scapulars black, broadly edged with white; wings black, all the wing-coverts con- spicuously tipped with white, tertials broadly edged with white, the other remiges narrowly edged with light gray; upper tail-coverts black, broadly tipped with white; tail black, all the rectrices tipped with a large white spot, except middle pair, which are narrowly tipped with white or else wholly black; outermost rectrix, on each side, with a quadrate spot of white crossing outer web beyond middle portion ; d superciliary region, sides of head and neck, and under parts plain gray (no. 6) or slate-gray, the sides of head (often chin o [Lanius] nxvius Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 308, not of p. 304. — Tityra cayanenm, female! (Cayenne); Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 81. — Thamnophilus nxvius (not of Vieillot, 1816) Swainson, Zool. Journ., ii, no. v, April, 1825, 90; Orn. Drawings, pi. 59; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 197, part. — E[rionotus] naevius Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, 1859, 16. — Lanius punctatus Shaw, Gen. Zool., vii, pt. ii, 1809, 327 (based on "Le Tachet. Levaill[ant] Ois." [pi. 77, fig. 1]).— (?) Thamnophilus nxvius albiventris T&cz&nowski, Orn. du Perou, ii, 1884, 9. — T[ham- nophilus] naevius naevius Hellmayr, Abh. K. B. Akad. Wiss., ii kl., xxii Bd., iii Abt., 1905, 659 (crit.). & See " Key," top of this page. « This is an unsatisfactory subspecies, and I am doubtful as to its validity. Both very dark and light colored examples occur among specimens from Bogota, and I find it extremely difficult to correlate the color differences with geographic distribution. <* The second and third pairs (counting from outside) are sometimes similarly marked, 81255°— Bull. 50— 11 4 50 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and throat also) faintly barred or flecked with dusky, the auricular region with narrow shaft-streaks of whitish; under tail-coverts broadly tipped or terminally margined with white; maxilla brownish black, mandible grayish or brownish (bluish gray in life?); legs and feet horn color (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 129-151 (141); wing, 66.5-74 (69.6); tail, 51.5-60 (55.1); culmen, 16.5-21 (19.7); tarsus, 19.5-22 (20.6); middle toe, 12.5-14.5 (13.2).° Adult female. — General color of upper parts olive-brown, the pileum more rufescent (more russet or mars brown); interscapulars with much concealed white; upper tail-coverts dull chestnut-brown, usually tipped (more or less distinctly) with pale buffy brown or buffy; tail dark chestnut-brown, the rectrices tipped with white or buffy, the exterior pair with a quadrate spot of white or buffy on outer web beyond middle portion; wings dusky, all the wing-coverts conspicuously tipped with pale buff or buffy white, tertials broadly edged with the same, the remaining remiges edged with russet or brown (becoming paler and more buffy on outer primaries) ; sides of head, chin, and throat pale olive-buffy, the auricular region with narrow shaft-streaks of whitish or pale buffy; rest of under parts plain light buffy olive (sometimes approaching wood brown) the middle of abdomen paler and more yellowish or buffy, the under tail-coverts more rufescent or cinnamomeous; bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 132-150 (141.1); wing, 64-70.5 (67.5); tail, 50-58.5 (54.1); culmen, 18-20 (18.8); tarsus, 20-22 (20.9); middle toe, 12-14 (13.2). 6 ° Twenty specimens. * Twenty-one speeimens. Locality. Myiarchusddle toe. MALES. Four adult males from Honduras (3) and British Honduras (1) Two adult males from Nicaragua Ten adult males from Costa Rica Two adult males from Panama Two adult males from Colombia (Bogota) Ten adult males (E. p. punctatus) from Colombia. One adult male (E. p. punctatus) from Cayenne Ten adult males ( E. p. punctatus) from eastern Brazil FEMALES. Two adult females from Honduras Two adult females from Nicaragua Ten adult females from Costa Rica Seven adult females from Panama Six adult females (E. p. punctatus) from Colombia Two adult females (E. p. punctatus) from Venezuela One adult female (.E. p. punctatus) from Brazil (Bahia) 13.1 13 13.2 12.7 14.5 13 14 12. S 13.5 12.7 13.6 12.8 13.1 13 14.5 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 51 Young male. — Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, and rump uni- form prouts brown; "under parts pale brownish gray, washed with prouts brown, the abdomen grayish white or very pale gray; wings and tail as in adult female. Young female. — Not essentially different in coloration from the adult female but texture of plumage different (much softer). British Honduras (Toledo District), Honduras (Puerto Cabello; Medina; Rio Seg6via; Chamelic6n; Rio Blanco; C6iba), Nicaragua (Rio Escondido; San Emilis), Costa Rica (Angostura; Pacuare; San Bernardo; Sipurio; Siquirres; Rio Reventaz6n; Jimenez; Old Harbor; Orosi; El Hogar; Cuabre; Guacimo; La Cristina), Panama (Santiago de Veragua; Chepo; Lion Hill; Panama; Sabana de Panama), western and central Colombia (Rio Truando; Bucara- manga; Bonda, Cacagualito, Myiarchusnca, and Don Diego, Santa Myiarchusrta; Nechi, Antioquia; Oflaca; Bogota)," and western Ecuad6r 6 (Baba- hoyo; Esmeraldas; Balzar Mts.; Santa Rita; Chimbo; Vinces; Foreste del Rio Peripa). Thamnophilus nssvius (not Lanius nxvius Gmelin) Sclateh, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1855, 148 (Bogota); 1858, 213 (monogr.); 1860, 278 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuad6r), 294 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuad6r; crit.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 173 (Colombia; Esmeraldas, w. Ecuad6r); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 197 (Puerto Cabello and Medina, Honduras; Angostura, Costa Rica; Veragua, Chepo, and Panama, Panama; Myiarchusnca and Nechi, Colombia; Esmeraldas, Balzar Mts., Santa Rita, and Chimbo, w. Ecuad6r). — Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1860, 188 (Rio Truando, Colombia). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1864, 355 (Lion Hill, Panama; crit.); 1879, 524, Nechi, Antioquia, Colombia).— Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1867, 144 (Santiago de Veragua, Panama). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye, N. Y., ix, 1868, 107 (Angostura and Pacuare, Costa Rica). — Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1878, 60 (San Carlos, Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, 171 (Myiarchusnca, Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia, 2,000 ft.). — Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1883, 564 (Chimbo, w. Ecuad6r; crit.).— Berlepsch, Journ. fur Orn., 1884, 307 (Bucaramanga, Colombia; crit.); Zeitschr. Orn., 1887, 185 (Bogota). — Ridg- wat, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 590 (Seg6via R., Honduras).— Zeledon, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac, Costa Rica, 1887, 114 (Angostura, Costa Rica). — Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc, Wash., xii, 1898, 138 (Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 24 (Loma del Le6n, Panama); Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1903, 150 (Cfiba, Honduras).— Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss., N. H., xiii, 1900, 161 (Bonda, Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia). (?) Thamnophilus cxrulescens (not of Vieillot) Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1853, 338. Thamnophilus amazonicus (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye N. Y., vii, 1862, 325 (Lion Hill, Panama). [Thamnophilus] nxvius Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 70, part. Thamnophilus atrinucha Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, sig. 25, Feb., 1892, 200 (Panama; coll. Salvin and Godman). — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 500 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits). — Salvadori ° Specimens of both this form and what I am not able to distinguish from true E. punctatus occur in Bogota collections. 6 1 have not seen a specimen from western Ecuad6r. 52 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and Festa, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., xv, no. 362, 1899, 27 (Vinces and Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuad6r); no. 399, 7 (Laguna dej Pita, Panama).— Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1906, 216 (Sabana de Panamd). [Thamnophilus] atrinucha Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 14. [Thamnophilus] nsevius atrinucha Heixmayr, Abh. K. B. Akad. Wiss., ii. Kl., xxii Bd., iii. Abth., 1905, 659 (crit.). Thamnophilus nsevius atrinucha Careikee, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 602 (Caribbean lowlands and foothills, Costa Rica; crit.; habits; descr. nest and eggs)- ERIONOTUS PUNCTATUS GORGONA (Thayer and Bangs). GORGONA ISLAND ANTSHRIKE. Similar to E. p. atrinucha but adult male with forehead more extensively grayish, the adult female with lateral under parts paler (nearly concolor with median portion). Gorgona Island, Bay of Panama. Adult male.— Length (skins), 143-148 (146); wing, 70-75 (72.1); tail, 57-61 (59); culmen, 18.5-20 (19.4); tarsus, 20-21 (20.5); middle toe, 12.5-13 (12.7). 6 Adult female.— Length (skins), 140-148 (144); wing, 68.5-72.5 (70.1); tail, 54.5-57.5 (56.1); culmen, 18.5-20 (19.1); tarsus, 21-21.5 (21.1); middle toe, 13-14 (13.4). 6 Thamnophilus gorgonse Thayee and Bangs, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xlvi, no. 5, June, 1905, 95 (Gorgona Island, Bay of PanarM; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). Genus DYSITHAMNUS Cabanis. Dysithamnusc Cabanis, in Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturg., xiii, pt. i, 1847, 223. (Type, Lanius guttulatus Lichtenstein.) Dasythamnus (emendation) Btjrmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 82. Silvestrius d Bertoni, Aves Nuevas del Paraguay, 1901, 136. (Type, Thamno- philus (Silvestrius) flavescens Bertoni= Myothera mentalis Temminck.) Small Formicariidse (length about 100-115 mm.) with bill much shorter than head, tail less than three-fourths as long as wing and slightly rounded, tarsus one-third as long as wing, and plainly colored plumage (olive or olive-greenish above, becoming gray or slate colored on head and neck, the pileum sometimes streaked or spotted with blackish, mostly whitish or yellowish below, sometimes with streaks on throat and chest, females more brownish, with pileum rufescent. Bill much shorter than head, its width at frontal antise slightly greater than its depth at same point and equal to about half the dis- tance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen distinctly but not sharply ridged, nearly straight for most of its length, strongly and rather abruptly decurved terminally, the tip of maxilla moderately a On comparison with a large series of E. p. atrinucha I find that most of the char- acters mentioned by Myiarchus. Bangs do not hold. & Four specimens. " diio, hineinbegeben; Oapvoc, Gebusch. (Cabanis.) d Named for Dr. Felipe Silvestri. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 53 to rather strongly uncinate; maxillary tomium straight, distinctly notched subterminally ; mandibular tomium nearly straight, minutely toothed and notched subterminally, the tip of mandible forming a short recurved point; gonys gently convex, slightly ascending terminally, not prominent basally. Nostril exposed, posteriorly in contact with feathering of latero-frontal antise, roundish or broadly oval, its upper- posterior margin membraneous, the interior tubercle visible within posterior portion. Rictal bristles present but minute, the feathers of chin, anterior portion of malar region, and lores with long terminal setse. Wing moderate, with longest primaries extending to decidedly beyond secondaries; sixth and seventh, or fourth, fifth and second, primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) less than three-fifths but more than half as long as the longest, the ninth about equal to or slightly shorter than secondaries. Tail a little more than half to more than two-thirds as long as wing, slightly rounded or nearly even, the rectrices (12) narrow, subrounded or subacuminate ter- minally. Tarsus much longer than exposed culmen, about one-third as long as wing, slender, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, the plantar scutella in two longitudinal series, less distinct on outer side ; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; outer toe, without claw, reaching to slightly beyond middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe a little shorter; hallux about as long as inner toe, but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe wholly united to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe; claws moderate in size and curvature, that of the hallux decidedly shorter than the digit. Plumage full, soft, and blended, longer and more lax on rump ; pileum not crested. Coloration. — Adult males olive or olive-greenish above, the head and neck gray or slate-colored (sometimes streaked or spotted with blackish), the lesser wing-coverts black, spotted with white or with a white area on inner-anterior portion; under parts mostly whitish or yellowish (at least medially), the throat and chest sometimes streaked with gray or blackish. Adult females duller in color, with pileum rufescent. Range. — Guatemala to British Guiana, southeastern Brazil, Para- guay, Bolivia, and Peru. (About ten species.) °I have not seen D. guttulatus (Lichtenstein), D. tambillanus Taczanowski, D. xanthopterin Burmeister, nor D. flemingi Hartert. All these except D. xanthopterins appear, however, to be congeneric with D. mentalis, etc., so far as I am able to judge from descriptions; but the style of coloration is so different in D. xanthopterins (chest- nut-rufous wings and lower back, white spots on sides of head, etc.) that I doubt its close relationship. D. leucostictus Sclater, D. schistaceus (D'Orbigny), D. ardesiacus Sclater and Salvin, D. unicolor Sclater, and D. subplumbew Sclater and Salvin, I unhesitatingly exclude, as being much more nearly related to the genus Erionotus Cabanis and Heine (= Tham- nophilus, part, of Sclater). D. plumbeus (Myiarchusximilian) I have seen but have not now at hand, and therefore can not verify my impression that it is congeneric with D. mentalis and allies. 54 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF DYSITHAMNUS. a. Pileum and hindneck at least partly slate color or slate-gray. (Adult males.) b. Pileum and hindneck without black or white markings, c. A narrow white spot or streak on lower edge of auricular region. (Southwestern Brazil; Bolivia?) Dysithamnus affinls, adult male (extralimital).® cc. No trace of white spot or streak on lower edge of auricular region. (Dysi- thamnus mentalis.) d. Under parts of body more deeply yellowish, strongly and abruptly con- trasted with grayish white of throat. (Southeastern Brazil; Paraguay.) Dysithamnus mentalis mentalis, adult male (extralimital). & dd. Under parts of body paler yellowish (sometimes white). e. Abdomen more or less yellowish; back more or less olivaceous, different from color of pileum and hindneck. /. Larger (wing 63.5-66.5). g. Paler. (Tobago.) Dysithamnus mentalis oberi, adult male (extralimital). c gg. Darker. (Colombia and Venezuela.) Dysithamnus mentalis semicinereus, adult male (extralimital). d ff. Smaller (wing 57-62). (Panama to Guatemala.) Dysithamnus mentalis septentrionalis, adult male (p. 55). ee. Abdomen white; back slate color, concolor with pileum and hindneck. /. Lighter and clearer slate color above, more extensively white beneath, the flanks paler and less olive or buffy brownish. (Trinidad.) Dysithamnus mentalis andrei, adult male (extra limital). e a Dysithamnus affinis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., ii, Abth., 1869, 80, 149 (Villa Myiarchusria,. Brazil; coll. Vienna Myiarchuss.). — D[ysithamnus] a[ffinis] affinis Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, Feb., 1906, 32, in text (crit.); Dysithamnus affinis affinis Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 69 (Faz. Esperanza, Brazil; crit.). — Dysithamnus olivaceus (not Thamno- philus olivaceus Tschudi) Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 222, excl. syn. part. — Dysithamnus mentalis (not Myothera mentalis Temminck) Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., v, 1893, 118, excl. syn. (Chapada, Myiarchustto-Grosso, Brazil; crit.). * Myothera mentalis Temminck, PI. Col., ii, livr. 30, Jan., 1823, text to pi. 179, fig. 3 (Brazil; coll. Vienna Myiarchuss.). — Daysthamnus mentalis Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 82. — Dysithamnus mentalis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 221, part; Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 221; Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., ii, 1889, 250. — D[ysithamnus\ mentalis mentalis Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, Feb., 1906, 32, in text (crit.). — M[yioiherd] poliocephala Myiarchusximilian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, pt. ii, 1831, 1098 (s. e. Brazil; type now in coll. Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist.) c Dysithamnus mentalis oberi Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, Oct. 20, 1908, 193 (Tobago; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). d Dysithamnus semicinereus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 90, 147, pi. 97 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 221, part — D\ysithamnus] mentalis semicinereus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, Oct. 20, 1908, 193, in text. « Dysithamnus affinis andrei Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, Feb., 1906, 31 (Caparo, Trinidad; coll. Tring Myiarchuss.). — Dysithamnus mentalis spodionotus (not D. spodionotus Salvin and Godman) Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss., N. H., vi, 1894, 50 (Trinidad). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 55 ff. Darker and duller slate color above, less extensively white beneath, the flanks darker and more buffy brownish. (British Guiana.) Dysithamnus mentalis spodionotus, adult male (extralimital) .<* 66. Pileum and hindneck streaked or spotted with black (sometimes also spotted with white). c. Pileum with small rounded spots of white; throat and foreneck more narrowly streaked; tail 34-38. (Costa Rica and western Panama.) Dysithamnus puncticeps, adult male (p. 58). cc. Pileum without white spots; throat and foreneck more broadly streaked; tail 30-35. (Costa Rica.) Dysithamnus striaticeps, adult male (p. 59). aa. Pileum and hindneck rufescent brown, cinnamomeous, or tawny, very different from olive or olive-brown of back. 6. Pileum, throat, and chest without streaks; wing-coverts much less distinctly tipped with buff. c. Under parts strongly buffy, the abdomen white or pale buffy (never yellow); pileum and hindneck more strongly and more extensively rufescent, the back, etc., lighter and more buffy olive. Dysithamnus affinis, adult female (extralimital). cc. Under parts olivaceous (not buffy) laterally and on chest, the abdomen pale yellowish or whitish. {Dysithamnus mentalis. )b d. Sides and chest much darker olivaceous. Dysithamnus mentalis semicinereus, adult female (extralimital). dd. Sides and chest much paler olivaceous. e. Abdomen pale olive-yellowish. Dysithamnus mentalis septentrionalis, adult female (p. 56). ee. Abdomen white Dysithamnus mentalis andrei, adult female (extra- limital). 66. Pileum, throat, and chest streaked with dusky; wing-coverts much more dis- tinctly tipped with buffy. c. Tail 36.5-40; under parts more strongly buffy, with chest, etc., more narrowly streaked; pileum paler tawny or cinnamomeous, more distinctly streaked with dusky Dysithamnus puncticeps, adult female (p. 58). cc. Tail 29-35.5; under parts less strongly buffy (whitish medially), with chest more heavily streaked; pileum darker tawny, less distinctly streaked with dusky Dysithamnus striaticeps, adult female (p. 60). DYSITHAMNUS MENTALIS SEPTENTRIONALIS Ridgway. NORTHERN ANTVIREO. Similar to D. m. semicinereus c but decidedly smaller; adult male lighter in color of upper parts, adult female with sides and flanks paler olive. ° Dysithamnus spodionotus Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 5th ser., ii, April, 1883, 211 (Roraima, Brit. Guiana; coll. Salvin and Godman). — D\ysithamnus] a[ffinis\ spodio- notus Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, Feb., 1906, 32. 6 Adult females of D. m. mentalis and D. m. spodionotus not seen by me. o See page 54. 56 - BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male,. — Pileum and hindneck plain slate color, becoming paler (slate-gray) on supra-auricular region; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain olivaceous-slate color (more decidedly olivaceous posteriorly) contrasting more or less strongly with slate color of hindneck and pileum; tail darker slaty olive or olivaceous- slate, the outermost rectrices usually narrowly tipped with whitish; auricular region slate color (usually somewhat darker than pileum), sometimes with very narrow shaft-streaks of whitish; lores and sub- orbital region slate-grayish indistinctly mottled or flecked with paler, the latter and posterior portion of the former sometimes uniform dark slate color; malar region pale gray or grayish white, indistinctly barred or transversely flecked with darker; outer web of exterior row of scapulars broadly edged with white, the white usually margined internally by a narrow line of dusky; lesser wing-coverts black, at least some of the feathers tipped, more or less distinctly, with white, the inner-anterior portion of the area occupied by a white patch; middle coverts black distinctly tipped with white; greater coverts slate color or slate-gray narrowly tipped with white; remiges similar in color to back, etc., the terminal portion of longer primaries more brownish; chin and throat white or grayish white; chest pale gray medially, darker (slate-gray) laterally, passing into light olive on flanks; breast (medially) white or yellowish white, passing into pale yellow (primrose to nearly straw yellow) on abdomen* and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts mostly pale yellow, the inner webs of remiges broadly edged with the same; maxilla dusky, paler on tomium; mandible paler (plumbeous in life); iris brown; legs and feet dusky (plumbeous in life); length (skins), 101-113 (108.5); wing, 57-63 (59.4); tail, 37.5-41.5 (39.1); culmen, 14-15.5 (14.6); tarsus, 18-20 (19.2): middle toe, 11-12 (11.4)." Immature male. — Similar to the adult male but remiges distinctly more brownish (nearly broccoli brown to light olive-brown), and breast yellowish, like abdomen. Adult female. — Pileum chestnut-brown or russet, the feathers with indistinct shaft-streaks of paler; hindneck similar but less rufescent brown; back, scapulars, and rump plain olive (varying from grayish to brownish olive); upper tail-coverts and tail sepia brown; general color of wings olive, the middle and greater coverts narrowly and rather indistinctly tipped with buffy or pale buffy brownish; a narrow orbital ring of whitish; auricular region dusky olive or slaty olive, with narrow shaft-streaks of whitish or pale buffy; malar region, chin, and throat white, usually more or less tinged with pale yellowish olive or dull yellowish; rest of under parts pale yellowish, passing into light olive or buffy olive on sides and flanks, the under tail-coverts buffy; bill, etc., as in adult male; length (skins), 96-112 ° Fifteen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AM) MIDDLE AMERICA. 57 (106); wing, 54.5-62.5 (59.2); tail, 36-40.5 (38.6); culmen, 14.5-15.5 (14.9); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19.3); middle toe, 10.5-11.5 (11.1).° Guatemala (Choctum; Chis6c; sources of Rio de la Pasi6n), Costa Rica (Dota; Naranjo de Cartago; Gr6cia; Guaitil; Juan Vinas; Las Mesas; El General; Buena Vista; Rio Platanar; Guayabo; Cariblanco de Sarapiqui; Navarro; Rio Huacum; Laguaria; Santa Myiarchusria de Dota), and Panama (Panama; Calov€vora, Chitra, Calobre; and Santa Fe de Veragua; Boquete; Volcan de Chiriqui, and along Pacific coast to western Ecuad6r (Cbimbo) ? (See Berlepsch and Taczan- owski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 564.) Dysithamnus semicinereus (not of Sclater, 1855) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 222, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 221, part (Chisel, sources of Bio de la Pasi6n, and Choctum, Guatemala; Costa Bica; Santa Fe' de Veragua, Calovevora, and Panama, Panama). — Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 399 (Choctum, Guatemala; crit.).— Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 144 (Santa F6 de Veragua); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 194 (Calovevora, Chitra, Calobre, and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 107 (Turrialba, Dota, Greraa, and Guaitil, Costa Bica).— Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Bica). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 60 (Naranjo de Cartago, Costa Bica); Liste Ois. recol. Guat., 1878, 38.— Zeled6n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Bica, i, 1887, 114 (Cartago, Turrialba, and Dota, Costa Bica). — Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 41 (Boquete, Panama, 4000-5000 ft.)— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 206, part (excl. South American references and localities). [Dysithamnus] semicinereus Sclater and Salvin, Nona. Av. Neotr., 1873, 70, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 18, part. Disiihamnus semicinereus Cherrie, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Bica, 1893, 41 (Bio Huacum, s. w. Costa Bica). a Fifteen specimens. Locality. MALES. Three adult males from Guatemala Ten adult males from Costa Rica Two adult males from Panama (Chiriqui and Veragua) Four adult males (J>. m. semicinereus) from Colombia One adult male (J>. m. semicinereus) from Venezuela Five adult males (D. m. andrei) from Trinidad One adult male (B. m. oberi) from Tobago One adult male (Z>. m. spodionotus) from British Guiana Two adult males (D. m. mentalis) from southern Brazil Ten adult males of D. affinis from southwestern Brazil FEMALES. Three adult females from Guatemala Ten adult females from Costa Rica Two adult females from western Panama (Veragua and Chiri- qui) Five adult females (D. ro. semicinereus) from Colombia One adult female (D. m. andrei) from Trinidad Six adult females of D. affinis from southwestern Brazil Wing. Tail. Cul- men. Tar- Myiarchusddle toe. 58.5 60.6 59.2 65.4 64 61 64.5 62.5 58.2 62.4 56.3 60.1 59.2 61.2 61.2 37.8 39.4 39.5 42.4 41 41 44 44.5 43.3 40.7 36.8 39.1 38.7 39.5 35.5 40.6 148 14.6 14.2 15 14.5 15 15 13.5 13 14.9 14.7 15 14.5 14.9 16 14.7 18.7 19.5 18.5 19.7 18.5 19 20 20.5 19 19.8 18.5 19.6 19 19.9 18 19.5 11.2 11.4 11.2 11.7 11.5 11.3 11.5 12.5 11 12.1 10.8 11.1 11.2 11.4 11.5 11.6 58 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL. MUSEUM. D[ysiihamnus] olivaceus semicinereiis Oberholsee, Proc. V. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xxv, no. 1281, Sept. 8, 1902, 129, in text (part). Dysithamnus mentalis septentrionalis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, Oct. 20, 1908, 193 (Choctdm, Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— Careiker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 606 (Caribbean slope, 2000-4000 ft., and foothills of s. w. Pacific slope, Costa Rica; habits). — Ferey, Pub. 146, Field Myiarchuss. N. H., orn. ser., i, no. 6, 1910, 271 (Guayabo, Costa Rica). DYSITHAMNUS PUNCTICEPS Salvia. SPOTTED-CROWNED ANTVIREO. Adult male. — Pileum and hindneck black and slate-gray, dotted with white, the black in the form of irregular ("herring-bone") mesial streaks, broader on occiput and hindneck, the white dots more transverse on forehead; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail- coverts slate color or deep slate-gray, usually tinged, more or less, with olive, especially on rump and upper tail-coverts; tail olive-slate or slaty olive; general color of wings similar to that of back, but concealed portion of feathers more dusky, the lesser coverts dotted with white, middle and greater coverts tipped, or terminally spotted, with white (forming two distinct narrow bands), primary coverts (usually at least) minutely marked at tip with white, and alula con- spicuously edged with white; auricular region slate-gray, tinged with olive and indistinctly streaked with whitish, the suborbital and malar regions white, or yellowish white, streaked and barred with dusky grayish; sides of neck and sides of chest plain slate-gray, passing posteriorly into a more buffy olive hue on flanks; median under parts (broadly) white, passing into pale buffy yellowish pos- teriorly, the chest (sometimes lower throat also) usually more or less streaked with dusky; under wing-coverts and broad edgings to inner webs of remiges yellowish white, the carpo-metacarpal region spotted with dusky; maxilla brownish black, mandible dull whitish (pale bluish gray in life ?) ; legs and feet horn color (bluish gray in life ?) ; length (skins), 108-113 (110); wing, 58-61 (59); tail, 34-38 (36); tarsus, 20-20.5 (20.2); middle toe, 11-12 (11.5)." Adult female. — Pileum light tawny-ochraceous, buffy cinnamon or wood brown, streaked, more or less broadly, with black, the streaks more or less cuneate or guttate and broader on occiput; back, scapu- lars, and rump plain light grayish olive or hair brown, the upper tail- coverts more brownish; tail dusky grayish brown with light olive- brown edgings, the lateral rectrices narrowly margined at tip with pale brownish buffy; anterior lesser wing-coverts concolor with back, but slightly darker centrally, the posterior ones and the middle coverts more dusky with a rather large terminal roundish spot of pale buffy; greater coverts dark brownish olive, edged with paler, the outer web with a roundish terminal spot of buffy; remiges olive- brown (more buffy on edges of primaries), their inner webs dusky a Two specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 59 grayish brown; supra-auricular region streaked or spotted with black and pale buff or buffy whitish; under parts buff, paler on throat and abdomen, more grayish or olivaceous on sides and flanks, the chest and throat (especially the former) narrowly streaked with black; bill, etc., as in adult male; length (skins), 103-107 (105); wing, 56.5-59 (57.7); tail, 36.5-40 (38.2); culmen, 15-17 (16); tarsus, 20-20.5 (20.2); middle toe, 12.5-13 (12.7).° Costa Rica (San Jos6; Pacuare; Rio Sicsola) and western Panama (Santiago de Veragua) . Dytithamnus puncticeps Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 72 (Santiago de Veragua, Panama; coll. Salvin and Godman) ; 1867, 144 (Santiago de Vera- gua). — Zeled<5n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, 1887, 115 (Pacuare, Costa Rica). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 223 (Veragua). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 207, pi. 50, figs. 2, 3.— Car- eiker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 599 (in key; considered extralimital to Costa Rica?). [Dytithamnus] puncticeps Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 71. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 19. DYSITHAMNUS STRIATICEPS Lawrence. STREAKED-CROWNED ANTVIREO. Adult male. — Pileum and hindneck slate-gray, broadly streaked with black, the streaks becoming obsolete on hindneck; back, scapu- lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain olive or grayish olive, the upper back sometimes inclining to slate-gray; tail russet-olive or olive-brown; lesser wing-coverts black, spotted with white, those along edge of wing mostly or wholly white; middle coverts black, tipped with a roundish spot of white or brownish white; greater coverts olive (darker on concealed portions), their outer webs tipped with brownish white (forming a narrow band across closed wing); remiges olive, with underlying portion dusky, paler on edge of primaries; alula black, the outermost feathers broadly edged with white; auricular region and sides of neck slate-gray, the former very indistinctly flecked with dusky; suborbital and malar regions paler gray, barred or flecked with dusky; chin, throat, and chest white, broadly streaked with slate-gray and with narrow blackish shaft- streaks; sides and flanks olive, more or less strongly suffused with buff; breast and abdomen white, or buffy white, passing into buff (more or less deep) on under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts mostly duU white; inner webs of remiges broadly edged with white; maxilla brownish black, mandible dull whitish (pale bluish gray, bluish horn color, or straw yellow in life) ; b iris brown, gray, grayish white, or bluish white; & legs and feet dusky or horn color (bluish gray or grayish blue in life); 6 length (skins), 94-112 (102); wing, 56.5-61 (59.2); tail, 31.5-35 (32.7); culmen, 15.5-17 (16.1); tarsus, 19-20.5 (19.8); middle toe, 11-12.5 (11.8). c a Two specimens. 6 M. A. Carriker, jr., on labels. « Ten specimens. 60 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female. — Pileum pale cinnamon to russet, more or less dis- tinctly streaked with dusky; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail coverts plain olive; tail brownish olive or olive-brown; general color of wings olive (paler on edges of primaries), the lesser and middle wing-coverts darker (sometimes blackish), each with a terminal spot of buff, the greater coverts with a buffy spot on tip of outer web; auricular region olive or buffy grayish, very narrowly streaked with whitish or buffy; suborbital and malar regions pale buffy, barred or flecked with dusky; chin and throat dull buffy whitish, usually with more or less distinct narrow streaks of dusky; rest of under parts buff (more or less deep) medially, this passing into olive on sides and flanks, the chest sometimes streaked with dusky; under wing-coverts mostly pale buff or dull buffy whitish, the inner webs of remiges broadly edged with the same; maxilla dusky brown, mandible dull whitish (in dried skins); legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 97-112 (103); wing, 56-60.5 (58.2); tail, 29-35.5 (32.2); culmen, 14.5-16.5 (15.4); tarsus, 18-21 (19.6); middle toe, 11-12.5 (11.9).° Iminature male. — Similar to the adult female but grayer above and more whitish beneath. Costa Rica (Angostura; Talamanca; San Carlos; La Balsa; Dos Novillos; Siquirres; Guacimo; Guapiles; El Hogar; Carillo; La Chris- tina; Rio Reventazon; Rio Sicsola; Myiarchusravalles; La Vijagua). Dysiihamnus striaticeps Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, Myiarchusy, 1867, 130 (Angostura, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); ix, 1868, 107 (do.).— Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 60 (San Carlos, Costa Rica).— Zeled6n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, 1887, 115 (Angostura, Costa Rica). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 223 ("Valza," i. e., La Balsa, Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., ii, 1892, 208.— Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 440 (Volcan de Myiarchusravalles, Costa Rica). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 606 (Caribbean foothills, 800-1,500 ft., Costa Rica; habits; descr. nest and eggs). [Dysithamnus] striaticeps Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 70. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 19. Genus MYRMOTHERULA Sclater. Myrmotherula Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 234. (Type, Myiarchusscicapa pygmsea Gmelin.) Myrmotherium (emendation) Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, July, 1859, 12, footnote. Very small FormicariidaB (length less than 100 mm.) with bill slender, nearly as long as head, tail less than two-thirds (sometimes less than half) as long as wing, and plumage either conspicuously streaked or else mostly uniform gray or slate color. Bill slender, depressed, nearly as long as head, its width at frontal antiae very much greater than its depth at same point, and equal to about half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla or less; culmea a Ten specimens. BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 61 distinctly but not sharply ridged, straight for about basal half then more and more decurved terminally, the tip of maxilla minutely but distinctly uncinate; maxillary tomium slightly but decidedly con- cave, minutely but distinctly notched subterminally; mandibular tomium nearly straight, minutely notched subterminally; gonys nearly straight terminally, gently convex basally. Nostril exposed, widely separated from feathering of frontal antias (the intervening space occupied by membrane), broadly (longitudinally) oval, the internal tubercle visible within the posterior half. Rictal bristles present but minute. Wing moderate, with longest primaries extend- ing decidedly beyond secondaries; sixth and seventh, fifth, sixth, and seventh, or sixth, seventh, and eighth, primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) more than half to about three-fifths as long as the longest, the ninth shorter than secondaries. Tail decidedly less than half as long as wing (M. pygmxa) to slightly more than half as long, very slightly to decidedly rounded, tbe rectrices (10 in M. pygmxa and M. cinereiventris? , a 12 in M. surinamensis and M. assimilis) rather narrow, rounded terminally. Tarsus much longer than exposed culmen, much shorter than tail and about one-third as long as wing in M. surinamensis, very much shorter than tail and decidedly less than one-third as long as wing in M. cinereiventris and M. assimilis, nearly as long as tail and much more than one-third as long as wing in M. pygmxa, distinctly scutellate, the plantar scutella in two longitudinal series; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; outer toe, without claw, reaching to beyond middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe decidedly shorter; hallux about as long as inner toe but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe wholly united to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe; claws moderate in size and curvature, that of the hallux much shorter than the digit. Plumage soft and full, that of the rump much developed and fluffy; pileum not crested. Coloration. — Adult males black above, conspicuously streaked with white, the wing with two broad white bands, or else plain gray or slate color above, with small white tips to wing-coverts, the tail with white terminal spots; the under parts white streaked with black (M. surinamensis) or immaculate pale yellow (M. pygmsea), or plain gray or slate color (M. cinereiventris and M. assimilis) ; adult females with head and neck tawny or cinnamomeous, streaked with black above, otherwise much like adult males, or else with under parts cinnamomeous. 6 Nidification. — Nest made of fine roots and grass and suspended in a fork; eggs white or greenish-white. " According to Dr. Sclater M. pygmxa has only 10 rectrices, and a specimen of M. cinereiventris apparently has only 10. 6 I have not seen females of M. cinereiventris nor of M. assimilis. 62 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Range. — Isthmus of Panama to Cayenne and Amazon Valley. (At least four species.)" KEY TO THE SPECIES OP MYRMOTHERULA. a. Under parts white, streaked with black. (Panama^ to Guiana and western Ecuad6r. ) Myrmotherula surinamensis, adult male (p. 62). aa. Under parts neither white nor streaked with black. 5. Under parts buffy, deepening into tawny on chest . Myrmotherula surinamensis, adult female (p. 62). bb. Under parts of body pale straw or primrose yellow. c. Pileum narrowly streaked with pale yellow or yellowish white; throat white. (Panama 1 to Cayenne and Peru). Myrmotherula pygmaea, adult male (p. 64). cc. Pileum streaked with pale rufous or tawny; throat buff or pale tawny. Myrmotherula pygmsea, adult female (p. 64). MYRMOTHERULA SURINAMENSIS (Gmelin). ST/MNAM ANTWHEN. Adult male. — Pileum, hindneck, back, and scapulars black, nar- rowly streaked with white, the feathers of back extensively white basally; rump plain gray (nearly no. 6), much paler posteriorly; upper tail-coverts dusky, indistinctly margined terminally with whitish; tail black, the rectrices tipped with white and edged on middle portion with the same; wings black, the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped with white (forming two very conspicuous bands across wing), the remiges edged (except on basal portion of distal secondaries and proximal primaries) with white; under parts white, the throat narrowly, the chest, breast, sides, and flanks broadly, streaked with black; under wing-coverts and broad edgings to inner webs of primaries white; maxilla dull black, mandible dull whitish (in dried skins) ; legs and feet pale yellowish gray (in dried skins); length (skins), 90-107 (96); wing, 49.5-52.5 (51); tail, 26-28.5 (26.9); culmen, 14-15.5 (15); tarsus, 16.5-18.5 (17.2); middle toe, 9.5-10.5 (9.9) . 6 Adult female. — Pileum bright tawny, the occiput and posterior part of crown streaked with black, the hindneck more buffy and with black streaks broader; back and scapulars black, streaked with a The following species, referred to Myrmotherula by Dr. Sclater, I have not seen and therefore have no very clear idea of the limits of the group: M. guttata (Vieillot), M. spodionota Sclater and Salvia, M . atrogularis Taczanowski, M. hxmatonota (Sclater) M. pyrrhonota Sclater and Salvia, M. erythrura Sclater, M. eryihronota (Hartlaub), M. hauxwelli (Sclater), M. longipennis Pelzeln, M. brevicauda (Swainson), M. urosticta (Sclater), M. inornata Salvia, M. unicolor (Mehe'tries), M. longicauda Ber- lepsch and Stolzmann, M. sororia Berlepsch and Stolzmann, M. guayabambx Sharpe, M. lafresnayeana (D'Orbigny), M. viduata Hartert, M. sanetxmartx Allen, M. behni Berlepsch and Leverkuhn, and M. boliviana BerlepBch. It is not unlikely that when all these species can be critically compared a further subdivision of the genus may be required. b Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 63 whitish, (sometimes intermixed with grayish) , the median interscapu- lars extensively white hasally, forming a conspicuous patch when feathers are parted; rump buffy grayish, the upper tail-coverts darker, indistinctly margined with whitish; tail black, the rectrices tipped with white and edged for middle portion with same; wings black, the* middle and greater coverts broadly tipped (mostly on outer webs) with white, the remiges edged (except on basal portion of distal secondaries and proximal primaries) with white ; under parts plain buffy white, deepening into buff on chest and tawny-buff on malar region, the sides and flanks tinged with pale buffy grayish and, sometimes, very indistinctly streaked with darker; bill, etc., as in adult male; length (skins), 87-95 (90.5); wing, 48-52 (49.8); tail, 25.5-27 (25.7) ; tarsus, 14-15.5 (14.8) ; middle toe, 10. a Young female. — Similar to the adult female but without any con- cealed white on interscapular region and under parts more deeply colored (buff deepening into tawny on chest and sides of head and neck) . Panama (Veragua; Panama; Lion Hill; San Pablo), through Colombia (Turbo; Rem6dios, Antioqula; Bogota), Venezuela (Myiarchusn- duapo; Myiarchusare; La Prici6n, Rio Caura; Rio Myiarchusto; Suapure), to British Guiana (Demerara; Camacusa; Takutu R.; Carimang R.) and western Ecuador (Esmeraldas; Chimbo; Gualaquiza; Gualea; Foreste del Rio Peripa; San Nicolas; San Javier; Pambilar; Intac), 5 Cayenne, and eastern Brazil. [Sitta] surinamensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 444 (Surinam; baaed on Surinam Nuthatch Latham, Gen. Hist., iv, 72, pi. 62). Myrmotherula surinamensis Sclatbr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 234, pi. 141, fig.l(monogr.); Oat. Am. Birds, 1862, 179 (Cayenne; Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 231, part— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 190 (Turbo, Colombia).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 293 (Lion Hill, Panama). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 356 (Lion Hill) ; 1879, 525 (RemeMyiarchusos, Antioqula, Colombia; habits; descr. nest and eggs). — Salvin, Ibis, 1874, 311 (Turbo, Colombia; Panama); 1885, 425 (Camacusa, British Guiana). — Beblepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 564 (Chimbo, w. Ecuad6r; crit.). — Salvin and God- ° Five specimens. 6 1 have seen specimens from Panama, Colombia, and British Guiana only. 64 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 209, part.— Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, no. 362, 1899, 29 (Gualaquiza, e. Ecuaddr; Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuad6r).— Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 23 (Loma del Le6n, Panama).— Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, 64 (San Nicolas and Gualea, w. Ecuador). — Berlepsch and Hakteet, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 73 (Myiarchusnduapo, etc., "Venezuela; crit.). — Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 612 (San Javier and Pambilar, n. w. Ecuad6r; crit.).— Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, 1906, 53 (Para, Brazil).— Berlepsch, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 154 (Cayenne). [Myrmotherula] surinamensis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 71. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 20. Myrmotherula surinamensis surinamensis Menegatjx and Hellmayr, Bull. Soc. Philom., ser. 9, viii, 1906, 48 (crit.). M[yrmotherium\ surinamense Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, July, 1859, 13, footnote. M[yrmotherula] surinamensis typica Sclatee, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 232, in list of specimens (Veragua, PanamA, and San Pablo Station, Panama^ Bogota and Remeclios, Colombia; Intac and Esmeraldas, w. Ecuad6r; Takutu River, Carimang River, and Camacusa, Brit. Guiana). Myioihera pusilla Pucheran (ex Cuvier, manuscript), Archiv. Myiarchuss. Paris, vii, 1855, 335, part (Cayenne; =adult male; see Menegaux and Hellmayr, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1906, 48). MYRMOTHERULA PYGM^EA (Gmelin). PTGMY ANTWREN. Adult male. — Pileum and hindneck black, narrowly streaked with pale yellowish buff or. buffy whitish; scapulars and interscapulars black, the former with outer web broadly edged with yellowish white, the latter with much less distinct whitish edgings; rump pale gray, slightly tinged with buffy yellowish; tail black, the rectrices nar- rowly edged with grayish; wings black, the middle and greater coverts broadly tipped (on outer webs) with yellowish white (forming two conspicuous wing-bands), the remiges narrowly edged (except on basal portion of distal secondaries and proximal primaries) with yellowish white; auricular and suborbital regions pale yellowish buffy, margined above and below by a rather broad postocular and a malar streak of black; chin and throat white; rest of under parts primrose or pale straw yellow, including under wing-coverts and broad edgings to inner webs of remiges; maxilla blackish brown with paler tomium, mandible dull yellowish or whitish in dried skins, gray in life;"* iris dark brown; legs and feet horn color in dried skins, olive-green in life; length (skin), 65; wing, 38.5; tail, 16; culmenj 13; tarsus, 15.5; middle toe, 8.5. 6 Adult female. — Similar to the adult male "but cap striped with pale rufous; throat fulvous." c a Cherrie; see Berlepsch and Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 73. 6 One specimen from Panama 1 . c Sclater, Cat. Birds. Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 230. I have not seen the female of this. species. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 65 Panama (Lion Hill; Panama) through Colombia (Rio Truando; Bogota), Venezuela (La Pricion, Rio Caura), British Guiana (Bartica Grove; Camacusa), Ecuad6r (Rio Napo; Sarayacu; Valle de Zamora) and Peru (Pebas ; Yurimaguas ; Chamicuros; Upper Ucayali ; Xeberos ; Chyavetas; Tarapata) to Cayenne and western Brazil (Borba and Humaytha, Rio Myiarchusdeira). [Myiarchusscicapa] pygmxa Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 933 (Cayenne; baaed on Petit Gobe-mouche tachete de Cayenne Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 831, fig. 2). Myiarchusscicapa pygmxa Latham, Index Om., i, 1790, 488.— Vieillot, Nouv. Diet, d' Hist. Nat., xxi, 1818, 484 (Cayenne). F[ormieivora] pygmxa Cabanis, Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturg., xiii, pt. i, 1847, 227. [Formicivora] pygmxa Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 200. Formicivora pygmxa Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 77.— Sclateh, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 147 (Bogota, Colombia); 1858, 67 (e. Ecuad6r). Myrmotherula pygmxa Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 234 (monogr.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 179 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuad6r); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss. xv, 1890, 230 (Bartica Grove and Camacusa, Brit. Guiana; Pebas, Yurimaguas, and Chamicuros, e. Peru; Rio Napo and Sarayacu, e. Ecuad6r; Bogota, Colombia).— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 190 (Rio Truando, Colombia).^— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 235 (Lion Hill, Pana- ma). — ScLATERand Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 185 (Upper Ucayali, e. Peru); 1867, 750 (Xeberos, Yurimaguas, and Chyavetas, e. Peru), 978 (Pebas, e. Peru); 1873, 274 (Upper Ucayali, Xeberos, Yurimaguas, Chyavetas, Chamicuros, and Pebas, e. Peru); 1879, 624 (Yuracares, Bolivia). — Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., ii, Abth., 1869, 80; iv, Abth., 1870, 417.— Salvin, Ibis, 1870, 311 (Rio Truando, Colombia); 1874, 311 (synonymy); 1885, 425 (Brit. Guiana).— Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 30 (Yurimaguas, e. Peru); Orn. du Perou, ii, 1884, 37. — Berlepsch, Journ. fur Orn., 1889, 304 (Tarapata, n. Peru); Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 154 (Cayenne). — Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, no. 362, 1899, 29 (Valle de Zamora, Ecua- dor). — Berlepsch and Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 73 (La Pricion, Rio Cuara, Venezuela). — Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiv, 1907, 382 (Borba and Humaytha, Rio Myiarchusdeira, Brazil; crit.). — Snethlege, Bol. Myiarchuss. Goeldi, v, 1908, 55 (Bom Lugar, Rio Purus, n. Brazil). f Myrmotherula] pygmxa Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 71. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 20. M[yrmophila] pygmxum Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, July, 1859, 13, footnote. Genus MYRMOPAGIS Ridgway. Myrmopagis b Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, Apr. 17, 1909, 69. (Type, Myrmothera axillaris Vieillot.) (?) Myrmophila c Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, July, 1859, 12. (Type, Formicivora brevicauda Swainson.) ° These two references, very strangely, are placed under M. surinamensis in the Biologia Centrali-Americana (Aves, ii, 209). I have seen the specimens on which they are based, and they are M, pygmxa, not M. surinamensis. & Myiarchusp/trji, an ant; Tcaj-k, a trap. « "Von /nip/we (Ameise) und tku> (lieben)." (Cabanis and Heine.) 81255°— Bull. 50—11 5 66 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Small Formicariidae resembling Myrmotherula but differing in relatively much, longer tail (much more than half to more than two- thirds as long as wing), much stouter and relatively shorter and less depressed bill, the adult males neither streaked nor plain gray or slaty. Bill decidedly shorter than head, rather stout, not depressed basally, its width at frontal antiae about equal to or very little greater than its depth at same point and equal to less to slightly more than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen distinctly and rather sharply ridged, straight or nearly so for most of its length, rather strongly and abruptly decurved terminally, the tip of maxilla minutely but distinctly uncinate; tomium nearly straight, that of maxilla distinctly, that of mandible slightly notched subterminally; gonys faintly convex (more decidedly so basally). Nostril exposed, posteriorly nearly (sometimes quite) in contact with feathering of latero-frontal antiae, roundish or broadly oval, margined for basal half by the membraneous cover of nasal fossae (this sometimes extend- ing along upper margin as a narrow "operculum"), and with a con- spicuous internal tubercle. Rictal bristles present but minute (practically obsolete); feathers of chin, malar antiae, and lores with slender terminal setae. Wing moderate, with longest primaries dis- tinctly longer than secondaries; sixth and seventh, or fifth, sixth, and seventh, primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) slightly more than one-half to nearly two-thirds as long as the longest, the ninth about as long as secondaries or a little shorter. Tail much more than half to more than two-thirds as long as wing, much rounded, the rectrices (12) moderately broad to rather narrow, rounded ter- minally. Tarsus decidedly longer than exposed culmen, less than one-third as long as wing (except in M. ornata), the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, the planta tarsi usually fused (at least in part) or with the scutella somewhat indefinite as to form and arrangement (with a general tendency toward two longitudinal series); middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; outer toe, without claw, reaching to beyond middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe slightly shorter; hallux about as long as inner toe but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe wholly united to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe; claws moderate in size and curvature, that of the hallux decidedly shorter than the digit. Plumage soft, lax, and blended, that of rump and flanks much elongated and fluffy; feathers of pileum not elongated. Coloration. 0, — Adult males plain gray or slate color above, the wings black, spotted with white, the tail black with white tip to o Not having been able to examine much the greater number of the species referred by Dr. Sclater to Myrmotherula (see note on page 62) I am not able to define the full range of variation as to coloration in this group. BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 67 lateral rectrices, the under parts black with flanks white or light gray; or, plain brown or olive above (sometimes with lower back and rump rufescent), the wing-coverts spotted with white, under parts paler brownish, the throat black spotted or streaked with white. Sexes very differently colored, adult females being brown or olive above, paler brownish, buffy, or whitish beneath." Range. — Honduras to Cayenne and Amazon Valley. (Several species.) 6 KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP MYEMOPAGIS. a. General color black, or black and slate color, and white (no brown). 6. Flanks white; under wing-coverts immaculate white, c. Upper parts black or slate-black. (Southern Honduras to Venezuela and western Ecuad6r.) Myrmopagis melsena, adult male (p. 68). cc. Upper parts slate-gray. (Guiana, Trinidad, and Amazon Valley.) Myrmopagis axillaris, adult male (extralimital).c 66. Flanks slate color, like back, etc.; under wing-coverts partly black, c. Tail shorter (about 28 mm.); lesser and middle wing-coverts partly slate color, with anterior portion of the area much more extensively white. (Bolivia to eastern Ecuad6r.) ■. .Myrmopagis menetriesii, adult male (extralimital).<* cc. Tail longer (33.5-38 mm.); lesser and middle wing-coverts black tipped with white, with anterior portion of the area much less extensively white. (Guate- mala to Colombia and Venezuela.) Myrmopagis schisticolor, adult male (p. 70). aa. General color olive-brownish (no black except, sometimes, on throat). 6. Throat black and white. (Southern Honduras to western Ecuad6r.) Myrmopagis fulviventris, adult male (p. 73). 66. Throat plain buff or buffy whitish. c. Myiarchusddle and greater wing-coverts distinctly tipped with ochraceous-buff . Myrmopagis fulviventris, adult female (p. 74). a Species examined are: Myrmopagis gutturalis (Sclater and Salvin), M. fulvi- ventris (Lawrence), Myrmopagis ornata (Sclater), M. menetriesii (D'Orbigny), M. Schisticolor (Lawrence), M. axillaris (Vieillot), and M. melsena (Sclater). b The range of the group and number of species composing it are matters of uncer- tainty owing to poor representation of the latter in the material examined. o Myrmothera axillaris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xii, 1817, 113 (Guiana). — Formicivora axillaris Cabanis, in Wiegm. Archiv fur Naturg., 1847, pt. 1, 226. — M\yrmophila] axillaris Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, July, 1859, 13. — Myr- motherula axillaris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 236, part; Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 238. — Myrmotherula axillaris axillaris Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiv, 1907, 22 (Itaituba, Brazil; ait.), 32 (Obidos, Brazil), 69 (Teffe, Brazil; crit.), 383 (Humaytha and Borba, Rio Myiarchusdeira, Brazil; crit.). — M[yiothera] fuliginosa Lichten- stein, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 45, part (Cayenne; Brazil). d Myrmothera menetriesii D'Orbigny, Voy. Am. Merid., Ois., 1839, 184 (Cocha- bamba, Bolivia). — Formicivora menetriesi Cabanis, in Wiegm. Archiv fur Naturg., 1847, pt. i, 226; Menegaux and Hellmayr, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1906, 51 (crit.; type from Yuracares, Bolivia, in Paris Myiarchuss.). — Myrmotherula menetriesi Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 237; Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 240, part. — M[yrmophila] mene- triesi Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, July, 1859, 13, footnote. — Myrmotherula boliviana Berlepsch, Journ. fur Orn., Jan., 1901, 96 (San Myiarchusteo, n. Bolivia; coll. Count von Berlepsch). (See footnote on p. 70 of present work.) 68 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL, MUSEUM. cc. Myiarchusddle and greater wing-coverts not distinctly, if at all, tipped with buffp. d. Pileum and hindneck dull slate-grayish; back, etc., more grayish olive; under parts paler buffy, the throat and flanks nearly white. Myrmopagis melsena, adult female, (p. 68). dd. Pileum and hindneck brown; back, etc., more brownish olive; under parts deeper (more ochraceous) buffy, the throat ochraceous-buff , the flanks buffy olive Myrmopagis schisticolor, adult female (p. 71). MYRMOPAGIS MELjENA (Sclater). BLACK ANTWB.EN. Adult male. — Above plain black or slate-black, the wing-coverts spotted or dotted with white (a roundish or subtriangular spot at tip of each feather), outer web of exterior row of scapulars broadly edged with white, and a large white patch covering inner-anterior portion of lesser wing-covert area; ° lateral rectrices (sometimes all but middle pair) tipped with white; under wing-coverts, broad edgings to inner web of remiges, and an extensive patch of soft elongated feathers covering sides and flanks, white; rest of under parts uniform black, or slate-black; bill black, the mandible sometimes more plumbeous; iris brown; legs and feet horn color (bluish gray or grayish blue in life); length (skins), 78-99 (91); wing, 50-56 (52.4); tail, 29.5-37 (32.4); culmen, 13-14.5 (13.6); tarsus, 15-17 (15.7); middle toe, 8.5-10 (9). 6 Immature male. — Similar to the adult male, but the black of upper parts replaced by blackish slate, that of the under parts by slate color, clouded, more or less extensively, with black, the chin and upper throat sometimes mostly pale gray or grayish white; younger individuals with terminal spots of greater wing-coverts buffy instead of white. Adult female. — Pileum and hindneck dark mouse gray or dull slate color, passing into olive on back and scapulars, this into brownish olive or olive-brown on rump and upper tail-coverts; tail dusky brown, the rectrices edged with russet-brown or sepia; general color of wings deep olive or olive-brown, the greater wing-coverts and secondaries more russet-brown on edges, the primaries edged with lighter and more buffy olive; middle and greater wing-coverts indis- tinctly tipped with russet-brown; auricular, suborbital, and malar regions, chin, and throat dull buffy whitish, the first suffused with grayish and with narrow shaft-streaks of whitish; rest of under parts, including under wing-coverts and broad edgings to inner webs of remiges, buff (more or less deep) ; maxilla blackish brown with paler tomia, mandible dull yellowish (bluish gray or grayish blue in life); iris brown; legs and feet horn color (bluish gray or grayish blue in «■ Usually there are also narrow and indistinct whitish edgings to some of the remigeB. 6 Fifteen specimens. BIRDS OF NOETH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 69 life); length (skins), 89-96 (90); wing, 47-54 (50.6); tail, 29-34 (31.5); culmen, 12.5-14 (13.3); tarsus, 15-16 (15.3); middle toe, 8.5-9 (8.9). a Southern Honduras (Rio Seg6via), Costa Rica (Angostura; Naranjo de Cartago; Rio Reventazon; Jimenez; Pacuare; Orosi; Sipurio; La Balsa; San Jos6; Rio Sicsola; El Hogar; Guapiles; La Junta; Carrillo; Las Trojas; Rio Frio; La Vijagua), and Panama (Pan- ama; Lion Hill; Chepo), through Colombia (Rio Truando; Turbo; Nechi, Antioquia; Bogota) and Ecuador (Sarayacu; Foreste del Rio Peripa; Santo Domingo) to Peru (Rio Huallaga; Lower Ucayali; Xeberos; Chyavetas; Chamicuros; Pebas; Moyabamba) and Venezuela (Myiarchusipures; Perico; Bichaco; Myiarchusnduapo). Formicivora axillaris ^not Myrmothera axillaris Vieillot) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 147 (Bogota). Myrmotherula axillaris Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., v, 1908, 8 (Rio Sicsola, Talamanca, Costa Rica; crif;.). Formicivora melssna Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 130 (Bogota, Colom- bia; coll. P. L. Sclater).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1863, 484 (Lion Hill, Panama). Myrmotherula melaena Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 237 (monogr.; Bogota); Cat. Am. B. 1862, 180 (do.).— Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 356 (Lion Hill; crit.); 1866, 186 (Rio Ucayali, e. Peru); 1867, 750 (Rio Huallaga, e. Peru); 1873, 274 (lower Ucayali, Xeberos, Chyavetas, Chamicuros, e. Peru); 1879, 525 (Nechi, Antioquia, Colombia). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 107 (Angostura and Pacuare, Costa Rica). — Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica). — Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., ii, Abth., 1869, 82.— Salvin, Ibis, 1874, 311 (Rio Truando, Co- lombia; Panama; Costa Rica; synonymy). — BouCard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 18,78, 61 (Costa Rica).— Taczanowski, Orn. du Perou, ii, 1884, 48.— Zeledc5n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, 1887, 115 (Pacuare, Naranjo de Cartago, and Las Trojas, Costa Rica). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 239 (Angostura, Costa Rica; Panama and Chepo, Isthmus Panama; Antioquia and Bogota, Colombia; Sarayacu, e. Ecuad6r; Xeberos, Yquitos, Pebas, and Chamicuros, e. Peru). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 211.— Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 501 (Rio Fifteen specimens. 70 Frio, Costa Rica).— Sal vadoki and Festa, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., xv, no. 362, 1899, 30 (Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuaddr).— Goodeellow, Ibis, 1902, 64 (Santo Domingo, w. Ecuad6r). — Berlepsch and Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 74 (Myiarchusipures, etc., Venezuela; crit.; descr. nest and eggs).— Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 608 (Caribbean lowlands up to 1,500 ft., Costa Rica; crit.; habits). [Myrmotherula] melxna Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., iv, Abth., 1870, 418.— Sclater and Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 72.— Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 22. M[yrmophila] melaena Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hem., ii, July, 1859, 13. Myrmotherula albigula Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, 1867, 131 (Panama Railway; coll. G. N. Lawrence;=$? ; see Salvin, Ibis, 1874, 317); ix, 1868, 108 (Angostura, Costa Rica). — Frantzitjs, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica). MYRMOPAGIS SCHISTICOLOR (Lawrence). SLATY ANTWB.EN. Similar to M. menetriesii D'Orbigny ( ?)° but tail much longer (both absolutely and relatively) ; adult male with wing-coverts much darker, the lesser and middle coverts being wholly black (except for the white terminal spots), instead of slate color with black subterminal area, and inner-anterior portion of lesser wing-covert area much less extensively white. Adult male. — Above mainly uniform slate color; wing-coverts, which are black, each tipped with a transversely subtriangular or subrounded spot of white; primary coverts and alula also black, the former with a small white mark at tip of outer web, the latter termi- nally margined with white; a white patch (mostly concealed) at junction of wing and body; chin, throat, and chest (sometimes breast also, at least medially) uniform black; malar region black, barred with slate-gray; sides of head and neck, together with lateral and posterior under parts, uniform slate color, except under tail-coverts, which are margined terminally with white and barred subterminally with black; under wing-coverts mixed white and blackish; inner webs of remiges broadly edged with brownish white; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet grayish, horn color, or dusky (bluish gray or grayish blue in life); length (skins), 90-105 (96.5); wing, 54-61 (56.8); tail, 33-38 (36); culmen, 12.5-14.5 (13.3); tarsus, 15.5-17 (16.3); middle toe, 9.5-10 (9.7). 6 a Never having seen a specimen from Bolivia (the type locality of Myrmothera mene- triesii) comparison of Colombian and Central American specimens has been made with one from Napo, eastern Bcuad6r, which may or may not represent the true M. mene- triesii. The specimen in question, while having the wing as long as the shortest- winged example of M. schisticolor (54 mm.) has the tail barely 28- mm., the shortest-tailed adult male of M. schisticolor having the tail 33.5 mm., while others range up to 38 mm. 6 Twenty-two specimens from Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 71 Adult female. — Pileum and hindneck plain buffy olive-brown or raw umber; the back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts lighter and less brownish olive; tail deep brown (sepia), the edges of the rectrices brighter, more russet brown; general color of wings olive, the tips of wing-coverts (broadly but indistinctly) more cinnamon- brownish; sides of head, chin, and throat buffy, the former more or less suffused with olive or olive-brown; rest of under parts tawny- buff or clay color, deeper and browner, or tinged with olivaceous, on sides and flanks; under wing-coverts deep buff or tawny-buff; inner webs of remiges broadly edged with paler buff; maxilla horn brown or dusky with paler tomium, mandible pale dull yellowish (grayish blue to flesh color in life) ; legs and feet light horn color (bluish gray or grayish blue in life); length (skins), 88-104 (96); wing, 51-56.5 (54.4); tail, 31-37.5 (34.6); culmen, 12-14 (13.1); tarsus, 15.5-17 (16.2); middle toe, 9-10 (9.7).° Immature male. — Precisely like the adult female in coloration. (Older specimens show more or less of black on the throat, the lateral portion of which, together with more or less of sides of head, are slate-gray.) Young male {first plumage) . — Similar to the adult female but back tinged with dark purplish brown, and under parts of body clouded with dark purplish brown (seal brown or dark chocolate), the chest nearly uniformly of this color. Young (nesiliyig) .—Above uniform vandyke brown, below uniform russet. Guatemala (Choctum and Samayoa, Vera Paz), Nicaragua (Myiarchusta- galpa), Costa Rica (Turrialba; Barranca; Dota; Naranjo de Cartago; Grecia; Guayabo; Carrillo; Pozo del Pital; Pozo Azul de Pirris; Boruca; Lagarto; Terraba; El General; La Vijagua; Ten6rio), Panama (Santiago, Santa F6, Chitra, and Calovevora, Veragua; Boquete, Divala, and Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui) and through 72 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Colombia (Los Tambos; Rio Conquita; Valparaiso; Bogota) to Venezuela (Puerto Cabello; San Esteban). Myrmotherula menetriesi (not Myrmothera menetriesii D'Orbigny) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 144 (Santiago de Veragua, Panama; crit.); 1869, 252 (San Esteban, Venezuela); 1870, 195 (Volcan de Chiriquf, Chitra, Calo- vevora, and Bugaba, Panama; crit.); Ibis, 1874, 310 (Veragua and Chiriqui, Panama; Costa Rica; Vera Paz, Guatemala; synonymy). — Sclatek and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 252 (Venezuela).— Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 61 (Naranjo de Cartago, Costa Rica).— Zeled<5n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 115 (Barranca and Pozo Azul de Pirrfs, Costa Rica).— Sclatek, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 240, part (Choctum and Samayoa, Vera Paz, Guatemala; Dota Mts., Costa Rica; Calovevora, Santa F6 de Veragua, Volcan de Chiriqui, and Bugaba, Panama; Bogota; Puerto Cabello and San Esteban, Venezuela). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 212, part (Myiarchustagalpa, Nicaragua; Grecia, etc., Costa Rica, and other Central American localities; Colombia; Venezuela). — Berlepsch, Zeitschr. Orn., 1887, 185 (Bogota, Colombia). — Cherkie, Anal. Inst. Pis.-Geog. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 19 (Pozo del Pital, Costa Rica).— Bangs, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 296 (Boruca and Pofco del Rio Grande, s. w. Costa Rica). [Myrmotherula] menetriesi Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 72, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 22, part (Guatemala to Panama; Colombia; Venezuela). Myrmotherula menetriesii Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 41 (Bo- quete and Volcan de Chiriqui, 3,000-7,800 ft.). Myrmotherula menetriesi Cherrie, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 41 (Lagarto, Boruca, and Terraba, s. w. Costa Rica). Formicivora schisticolor Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, 1867, 172 (Turrialba, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); ix, 1868, 108 (Turrialba and Barranca, Costa Rica). — Prantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica). Myrmotherula schisticolor Hellmayr, Verh. k. k. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, Jan., 1903, 211 (Guatemala to n. w. Venezuela and s. e. Peru). — Menegaux and Hellmayr, Bull. Soc. Philom., 9 ser., viii, 1906, 50 (crit.). Myrmotherula menetriesi schisticolor Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 609 (Costa Rica; crit.; habits). Myrmotherula modesta Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ix, 1870 (pub. Myiarchusrch, 1869), 108 (Grecia, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.;=female).— Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica). Myrmotherula nigrorufa Bottcard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n. s., xxv, 1878, 38 (Guatemala; coll. Myiarchuss. Paris;=young male; see Salvia, Ibis, 1879, 215 and Menegaux and Hellmayr, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1906, 50). ECUADOREAN AND PERUVIAN REFERENCES. Formicivora menetriesi (not Myrmothera menetriesii D'Orbigny?) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 67 (e. Ecuador). « While the only specimen from a locality south of Colombia seen by me is cer- tainly not the same as the Colombian and Central American form, Hellmayr says (Verh. k. k. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1903, 211) that the latter extends as far as soutli- eastern Peru. It would therefore appear that two forms occur in Ecuaddr and Peru. (See also Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 564, 565, where peculiarities of specimens from northern Peru are discussed.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 73 Myrmotherula menetriesi Sclavex., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 237, part(monogr.); 1860, 67 (Pallatanga, w. Ecuad6r), 89 (Nanegal, e. Ecuador; crit.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 180 (Nanegal and Rio Napo, e. Ecuad6r; Pallatanga, w. Ecuador); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 240, part (Pallatanga and Nanegal). — Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 530 (Amable Myiarchusria and Paltaypampa, centr. Peru); 1882,30 (Huambo, n. e. Peru); Orn. du Pe>ou, ii, 1884, 45. — Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 564 (Chimbo, w. Ecuad6r; crit.); 1884, 302 (Sarupata, Ecuad6r).— Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 101 (Myiarchuschay and Myiarchuspoto, Ecuad6r; crit.).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr. -Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 211, part (Ecuad6r; Peru).— Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, no. 362, 1899, 30 (Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuad6r; crit.).— Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, 65 (Gualea, w. Ecuad5r). [Myrmotherula] menetriesi Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 72, part — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 22, part (Ecuad6r; Peru).— Berlepsch and Stolzman, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, 58 (Amable Myiarchusria, centr. Peru). Myrmotherula menetriesi? Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 67 (Pallatanga, e. Ecuad6r). Myrmotherula menetriesii Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 68 (Chimbo, Myiarchuspoto, and Myiarchuschay, w. Ecuaddr). MYRMOPAGIS FULVTVENTRIS (Lawrence). LAWRENCE'S AMTWREN. Adult male. — Above plain olive (varying from grayish to brownish olive), becoming slightly grayer on pileum (where feathers are very indistinctly margined or flecked with dusky) and more brownish pos- teriorly; upper tail-coverts and tail much browner (sepia brown to prouts brown); more anterior lesser wing-coverts plain olive, the more posterior ones partly or wholly black, each with a terminal spot of buff; middle and greater coverts black with a terminal guttate or subtriangular spot of buff; remiges brownish olive to olive-brown (nearly prouts brown); auricular, suborbital, and malar regions dull grayish white, indistinctly streaked or necked with dusky grayish; chin white; throat black, each feather tipped with a large guttate spot of white; rest of under parts light buffy olive or olive-buffy, slightly clearer and more buffy on abdomen, grayer on chest, and more olivaceous on sides and flanks; under wing-coverts and broad edgings to inner webs of remiges pale brownish buffy; mandible dark horn color with paler tomium, mandible dull whitish (pale grayish blue or bluish gray in life) ; iris brown, reddish brown, or straw color; a legs and feet light horn color (bluish gray or grayish blue in life) ; length (skins), 86-104 (96); wing, 48.5-53.5 (50.8); tail, 30-37 (32.7); culmen, 14-15.5 (14.8); tarsus, 15.5-17 (16.1); middle toe, 10.5- 11.5 (ll). 6 °M. A. Caniker, jr., on labels. & Thirteen specimens. 74 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.— Similar to the adult male but whole throat plain buffy, and general color of wing-coverts dusky olive instead of blackish; length (skins), 86-107 (99); wing, 48-52.5 (50.5); tail, 31.5-36 (34.2); culmen, 14-15.5 (14.6); tarsus, 16-17 (16.6); middle toe, 10.5-11.5 (11).° Southern Honduras (Eio Seg6via) through Nicaragua (Rio Escon- dido; San Emilis, Lake Nicaragua), Costa Rica (Angostura; San Jose; San Carlos; Jimenez; Rio Reventaz6n; Rio Myiarchustina; Pacuare; Siquirres; Siptirio; Cuabre; Guapiles; Carrillo; El Hogar; Guacimo; La Vijagua; La Cristina), Panama (Lion Hill) and Colombia (Reme- dios, Antioquia; Naranjo, Bucaramanga; Rio Truando) to western Ecuador (Esmeraldas; Foreste del Rio Peripa). & Myrmotherula gularis (not Thamnophilus gularis Spix) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 294, part (Panama). Myrmotherula ornata (not Formicivora ornata Sclater) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1860, 191, part (Rio Truando, Colombia). Myrmotherula, sp. no. 216, Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 325 (Lion Hill, Panama). Myrmetherulafulviventris Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, Feb., 1862, 468 (Lion Hill, Panama; coll. 6. N. Lawrence). Myrmotherula fulviventris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 356 (Lion Hill; crit.); 1879, 525 (Remeclios, Antioquia, Colombia). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 108 (Angostura, Costa Rica). — Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica).— Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 331 (Naranjo, Colom- bia). — Salvin, Ibis, 1874, 311 (Rio Truando, Colombia; crit.). — Berlepsch, Journ. fur Orn. 1884, 318 (Naranjo, Bucaramanga, Columbia). — Rldgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 590 (Rio Seg6via, Honduras).— Zeled6n ; Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, 1887, 115 (Pacuare and Jimenez, Costa Rica). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 234 (Angostura, Costa Rica; Ver£- gua; Panama; Bogota^ Rem6dios, Antioquia; Esmeraldas, Ecuad6r). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 210. — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 501 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).— (?) Sal- vadori and Festa, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, no. 362, 29 (Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador; crit.). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 607 (Caribbean lowlands up to 1,500 ft., Costa Rica; babits; descr. nest and eggs). [Myrmotherula] fulviventris Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 71. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 21, part. o Thirteen specimens. Locality. Wing. Tail. Cul- men. Tar- sus. Myiarchusddle toe. MALES. Three adult males from Panama Ten adult males from Costa Rica FEMALES. Three adult females from Panama Ten adult males from Costa Rica (8), Nicaragua (1), and Hon- duras (1) 6 1 have not seen a specimen from Ecuad6r. 49.1 51 49.5 50.8 33 32.5 33.3 34.4 15.2 14.7 14 14.7 16.7 16.2 16.7 16.6 10.8 10.9 10.8 11.1 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 75 Genus MICRORHOPIAS Selater. Myiarchuscrorhopias Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds., 1862, 182. (Type, Thamnophilus quixen- sis Cornalia.) Small to very small Formicariidse (length, about 105-135 mm.) with long, graduated tail of 12 round-tipped rectrices (nearly as long as to longer than wing), tarsus much less than half as long as wing, nostril broadly oval (much broader than the narrow, sometimes nearly obsolete, operculum), the adult males with at least the chin, throat, chest, and median portion of breast black, and wing-coverts tipped with white. Bill shorter than head, moderately stout, not compressed, its width at frontal antise little if any greater than its depth at same point and equal to about half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen distinctly but not sharply ridged, nearly straight for basal half (more or less) more and more decurved terminally, the tip of maxilla slightly though distinctly uncinate; tomia straight or nearly so, distinctly notched subterminally, the notch near tip of mandibular tomium less distinct; gonys gently convex, less so terminally. Nostril exposed, longitudinally oval, nearly in contact with feathering of latero-frontal antise, the superior operculum very narrow or practically obsolete. Eictal bristles well developed in M. boucardi and M. consobrina, a very minute (practically obsolete) in M. intermedia, M. grisea, M. rufatra, and allies; feathers of chin and loral region with slender terminal setae. Wing moderate, with longest primaries extending, more or less decidedly, beyond secondaries; fifth and sixth, sixth and seventh, or fifth, sixth and seventh, primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) one-half to three-fifths as long as the longest, the ninth shorter than secondaries. Tail nearly as long as to longer than wing, graduated (graduation equal to length of tarsus or more), the rectrices (12) rather broad, rounded terminally. Tarsus longer than whole culmen, one-third (M. boucardi, M. consobrinus) to two-fifths as long as wing (M. grisea, M. intermedia, M. rufatra), distinctly scutellate, the plantar scutella in two longitudinal series but sometimes partly fused or obsolete; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; outer toe, without claw, reaching to slightly beyond middle of sub- terminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe slightly shorter; hallux about as long as inner toe but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe wholly united to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe; claws moderate in size and curvature, that of the hallux decidedly shorter than its digit. Plumage full, lax, and blended, that of the rump and flanks elongated and more fluffy; feathers of pileum not elongated. ° Probably also in the closely related M. quixensis and M. bicolor, which, however, I have not seen. 76 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Coloration. — (I.) Adult males black with white spots on wing- coverts, white tips to rectrices (or lateral rectrices mostly white), and interscapulars pure white basally; adult females slate color or blackish above, with white markings as in adult males, under parts cinnamon-rufous or chestnut. (II.) Adult males brownish gray, brown, or rufescent above, the wing-coverts black with terminal white spots, the lateral rectrices also tipped with white; chin, throat, chest, and median portion of breast (sometimes abdomen also) black, the sides and flanks whitish, grayish or fulvous; adult females similar but without black on under parts. Range. — Southern Mexico to Cayenne, southeastern Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru. (About seven species.)" KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF MICItORHOPIAS . a. Upper parts black, the feathers of back pure white basally. (Myiarchuscrorhopias bow- cardi.) 6. White tips to lateral rectrices smaller (5-7 mm. long on outermost rectrix). c. Flanks usually slate color. (Southeastern Mexico to Honduras.) Myiarchuscrorhopias boucardi boucardi, adult male (p. 78). cc. Planks usually black. (Nicaragua to Panama.) Myiarchuscrorhopias boucardi virgata, adult male (p. 79). 66. White tip to lateral rectrices larger (9-12 mm., or more, long on outermost pair). (Colombia to Cayenne and western Ecuad6r.) Myiarchuscrorhopias boucardi consobrina, adult male (p. 80). aa. Upper parts not black. 6. Feathers of back abruptly pure white basally; under parts wholly tawny or chestnut. (Myiarchuscrorhopias boucardi.) c. White tip to lateral rectrices smaller (about 5-7 mm. long on outermost rec- trix) ; under parts lighter than chestnut, upper parts more grayish slaty. d. Under parts tawny. . .Myiarchuscrorhopias boucardi boucardi, adult female (p. 78). dd. Under parts deep cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut. Myiarchuscrorhopias boucardi virgata, adult female (p. 80). cc. White tip to lateral rectrices larger (10-15 mm. long on outermost rectrix); under parts deep chestnut, upper parts more blackish slaty. Myiarchuscrorhopias boucardi consobrina, adult female (p. 80). 66. Feathers of back not white basally; under parts not tawny or chestnut. ( Myiarchuscro- rhopias grisea.) c. Sides of head, throat, chest, and breast uniform black. (Adult males.) d. General color of upper parts darker (deep grayish sepia or purplish brownish slate color). o I am very doubtful whether the group comprising Turdus griseus Boddaert, Formi- civora intermedia Cabanis, and Thamnophilus rufater Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny should be included in this genus, for apart from the very different style of coloration, these species differ from Myiarchuscrorhopias proper in obsolete instead of conspicuously developed rictal bristles, much longer tarsus, and some other less marked characters. BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 77 e. White superciliary stripe narrower; white tip to wing-coverts smaller. (Cayenne to eastern Brazil.) Myiarchuscrorhopias grisea grisea, adult male (extralimital). ee. White superciliary stripe broader; white tip to wing-coverts larger. /. Flanks and sides less extensively white, the black of abdomen relatively broader. (San Myiarchusguel Island, Bay of Panama.) Myiarchuscrorhopias grisea altioincta, adult male (p. 82). ff. Flanks and sides more extensively white, the black of abdomen rela- tively narrower. g. Larger (wing 59.5, tail 52.5, tarsus 22). (Tobago.) Myiarchuscrorhopias grisea tobagensis, adult male (extralimital). & gg. Smaller (wing 53-54.5, tail 46^49, tarsus 20-21). (Myiarchusrgarita Island, Venezuela.) Myiarchuscrorhopias grisea margaritensis, adult male (extralimital) .<= dd. General color of upper parts paler (hair brown or broccoli brown). (Myiarchusin- land of Venezuela and Colombia.) Myiarchuscrorhopias grisea intermedia, adult male (extralimital). <* cc. Sides of head (below eyes) and under parts buffy or whitish. (Adult females.) d. General color of upper parts darker (deep grayish brown) ; under parts dis- tinctly buffy. e. White tip to wing-coverts much smaller; under parts (except chin, upper throat, and under tail-coverts) deep buff or ochraceous-buff . Myiarchuscrorhopias grisea grisea, adult female (extralimital). ee. White tip to wing-coverts much larger; under parts paler buffy. Myiarchuscrorhopias grisea altioincta, adult female (p. 82). dd. General color of upper parts paler (light grayish brown); under parts dull white, tinged with buff on chest and sides. Myiarchuscrorhopias grisea intermedia, adult female (extralimital) . e « Turdus griseus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., 1783, 39 (based on Le grisin de Cayenne Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 643, fig. 1). — [Motacilla] grisea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789, 964. — Thamnophilus griseus Spix, Av. Bras., ii, 1825, 29, part, pi. 41, fig. 1 (Para). — F[ormitivora\ grisea Cabanis, in Wiegm. Archiv fiir Naturg., 1847, pt. i, 225. — Formicivora grisea Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 238; Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 249.— Ellipura grisea Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 67 — Drymophila grisea Richmond, Auk, xvi, Oct., 1899, 354, in text. — Formicivora nigri- collis Swainson, Zool. Journ., ii, no. vi, July, 1825, 147 (catinga woods of Humildez, Brazil; coll. W. Swainson). — M[yiothera] superciliaris Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 44 (Cayenne). — Formicivor[a] deluzae Mehetries, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., ser. 6, etc., i, 1835, 484, pi. 5, fig. 2 (Serra dos Orgaoes, near Bio de Janeiro, Brazil; coll. Acad. St. Petersb.). b Formicivora tobagensis Dalmas, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, xiii, 1900, 141 (Tobago; coll. Count Dalmas). — D[rymophila] grisea tobagensis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, Oct. 20, 1908, 194, in text. "Drymophila grisea margaritensis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, Oct. 20, 1908, 194 (Myiarchusrgarita I., Venezuela; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). d F[ormicivord\ intermedia Cabanis, in Wiegm. Archiv fur Naturg., xiii, Bd. 1, Heft 2, 1847, 225 (Cartagena, Colombia, and 4-ragua Valley, Venezuela; coll. Berlin Myiarchuss.). — Formicivora intermedia Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 250. — D[ry- mophila] intermedia Richmond, Auk, xvi, Oct., 1899, 354, in text. — Eriodora inter- media Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, June 3, 1898, 138 (Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia). e I have not seen adult females of M. g. tobagensis nor M. g. margaritensis. In addition to the forms mentioned in the key, two others (apparently conspecific) are autoptically unknown to me: Formicivora orenocensis Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xiv, Feb. 27, 1904, 54 (Altagracia, Orinoco R., Venezuela; coll. Tring Myiarchuss.), and Formicivora cano-fumosus Cherrie, Myiarchuss. Brookl. Inst. Arts and Sci., Science Bull., i, no. 16, June 30, 1909, 387 (Las Barrancas, Orinoco R., Venezuela; coll. Myiarchuss. Brooklyn Inst.). 78 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. MICRORHOPIAS BOUCARDI BOUCARDI (Sclater). BOUCAED'S ANTWREN. Adult male. — General color deep black, passing into slate color on sides and flanks; interscapulars extensively pure white beneath the surface (partly exposed) ; anterior portion of lesser wing-covert area (except on bend of wing) white, the other lesser coverts and middle coverts with a small roundish terminal spot of white; greater coverts broadly tipped with white, forming a very conspicuous band across wing; rectrices (except middle pair) broadly tipped with white (the white tips growing smaller toward middle rectrices); under wing- coverts (except along border of wing) and broad edgings to inner web of remiges white; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet blackish (grayish blue in life); length (skins), 98-111 (106); wing, 47-50.5 (48.6); tail, 43-49 (45.6); culmen, 13-14.5 (13.7); tarsus, 14.5-16 (15.5); middle toe, 8.5-9 (8.9).° Adult female. — Above marked with white as in adult male (that on interscapular region more restricted, however), but black of head, neck, back, and rump replaced by dark slate color or blackish slate (more or less intermixed with black on interscapular region) ; under parts (including malar region) plain rufous-tawny, deepest on throat and chest; under wing-coverts and edges of inner webs of remiges white, as in adult male; bill, etc., as in adult male, but the former usually more brownish; length (skins), 96-117 (107); wing, 46.5-49 (47.7); tail, 43.5-47.5 (45.6); culmen, 12.5-14.5 (13.3); tarsus, 14.5-16 (15.4); middle toe, 8.5-9.5 (8.8). 6 a Fourteen specimens. & Thirteen specimens. Locality. Wing. Tail. Cul- men. Myiarchusddle toe. MALES. Four adult males from southeastern Mexico Eight adult males from Guatemala Two adult males from Honduras and British Honduras Four adult males ( M. b. virginata) from Nicaragua Ten adult males ( M. b. virginata) from Costa Kica Seven adult males ( M. b. virginata) from Panama 1 FEMALES. Six adult females from southeastern Mexico Six adult females from Guatemala One adult female from British Honduras Ten adult females ( M. b. virginata) from Costa Rica Three adult females from western Panama (Divala, Chiriqui) One adult female from eastern Panami (line of railway) 48.9 48.2 49.3 49 49.7 49.4 47.5 47.9 47.5 48.3 48 47 45.2 45.8 46.7 43.6 44.3 45 44.9 46.3 45 42.5 43.8 42.5 14.1 13.4 14.3 14 13.7 13.7 13.3 13.2 14 13.4 14 13 15.5 15.5 15.3 15.9 15.7 15.6 15.4 15.4 15.5 15.6 16.2 16 9 8.9 9 8.9 9 8.9 8.8 8.7 9 9 9.5 9.5 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 79 Young male (nestling). — Above plain sooty blackish or blackish brown (nearly clove brown), rather lighter (dark sepia) on head, the wings and tail nearly black; greater wing-coverts rather broadly tipped with white but with a narrow terminal margin of dusky; rectrices (except middle pair) tipped with white, as in adults; under parts plain dark sooty brown, tinged with chestnut-brown or vandyke brown. Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Playa Vicente; Buena Vista), Oaxaca (Aca tepee) and Tabasco (Teapa) through Guatemala (Choctum; sources of Rio de la Pasi6n; Yzabal; Teleman; Los Amates; Uspantan, Quich6) to Honduras (Omoa; San Pedro; Rio Blanco) and British Honduras (near Myiarchusnatee Lagoon; Toledo District) . Formicivora boucardi Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 241, 300 (Acdtepec, Oaxaca; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1859, 383 (Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 183, pi. 16 (Oaxaca; Choctum, Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 254, part (Ac&tepec, Oaxaca; Choctum and sources of Rio de la Pasi6n, Guatemala). — Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 55 (Omoa, Honduras). — Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 119 (Omoa, Honduras; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 837 (San Pedro, Honduras). — Salvin and God- man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 216, part (Acatepec; Playa Vicente; Choctum, Yzabal, and Teleman, Guatemala; Omoa and San Pedro, Hon- duras).— Dearborn, Pub. 125, Field Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist., 1907, 109 (Los Amates, e. Guatemala). [Formicivora] boucardi Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 72, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 26, part. Formicivora boucardii Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 1878, 39 (Guatemala; Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz). D[rymophila] boucardi Richmond, Auk, xvi, Oct., 1899, 354, in text. MICRORHOPIAS BOUCARDI VTRGATA (Lawrence). PANAMA ANTWREN. Similar to M. b. boucardi but adult male more intensely and extensively black (even the sides and flanks usually black or slate- black), the adult female with color of under parts much darker (rufous-chestnut instead of rufous-tawny) and upper parts darker. Adult male.— Length (skins), 96-113 (106); wing, 47.5-51 (49.5); tail, 40-49 (45.9); culmen, 13-14.5 (13.8); tarsus, 15-16 (15.7); middle toe, 8.5-9.5 (8.9) . b o A few specimens from Nicaragua and Costa Rica have the flanks slate color, much as in northern examples [M. b. boucardi), but all of the females seen from Costa Rica belong unmistakably to the Panama form. (I have not seen any females from Nicaragua.) The white mesial streaks showing on the adult male described by Myiarchus. Lawrence (and on which the name virgata was based) are an individual peculiarity, which I do not find repeated in any other specimen examined, even from Panama. This form is distinctly intermediate in coloration between M. b. boucardi and M. b. consobrina of Colombia and Ecuad6r, 6 Twenty-one specimens. 80 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.— Length (skins), 96-109 (103); wing, 45-52 (48.2); tail, 40-46.5 (42.1); culmen, 12.5-14 (13.5); tarsus, 15-17 (15.8); middle toe, 8.5-10 (9.1). a Nicaragua (Chontales; Los Sabalos; Rio Escondido; San Emilis), Costa Rica (San Carlos; Peje; Pacuare; La Balsa; Talamanca; Sipiirio; Rio Sicsola; Jimenez; Angostura; Guapiles; Guacimo; Siquirres; La Cristina; Tuis; El Hogar; San Jos6; La Concepci6n; La Florida; Pozo Aztil de Pirrls; Pozo del Pital; Pozo del Rio Grande; Paso Real; Lagarto; Boruca; Buenos Aires; Palmar; El General; La Vijagua), and Panama (Divala and Bugaba, Chiriqui; Panama; Lion Hill). Formicivora boucardi (not of Sclater, 1858) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 356 (Panama; crit.).— Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 195 (Bugaba, Panama); Ibis, 1872, 318 (Chontales, Nicaragua). — Boucard. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 61 (San Carlos, Costa Kica). — Nutting, Proc, U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1884, 405 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; habits). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 254, part (Chontales, Nicaragua; Peje and Angostura, Costa Rica; Panama, Bugaba, and Chiriqui, Panama). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 216, part (Chontales and Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; Angostura, Pacuare, Pej6, San Carlos, Jimenez, La Balsa, and Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica; Chiriqui, Bugaba, and Lion Hill, Panama).— Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 501 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits). — Cherrie, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 43 (Palmar, Lagarto, Boruca, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica; habits). — Bangs, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 296 (Boruca, Paso Real, Pozo del Rio Grande, and Lagarto, s. w. Costa Rica). [Formicivora] boucardi Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 72, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 26, part. Formicivora boucardii Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 108 (Angostura, San Jos6, and Pacuare, Costa Rica). — Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica). — Zeledon, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 115 (Pozo Aztil, Pacuare, Jimenez, and La Balsa, Costa Rica). Formicivora boucardi Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 19 (Pozo del Pital, Costa Rica). Formicivora quixensis (not Thamnophilus quixensis Cornalia) Lawrence, Ann, Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 325 (Lion Hill Station, Panama). . Formicivora virgata Lawrence, Ibis, v, April, 1863, 182 (Lion Hill Station, Panama; coll. G. N. Lawrence); Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1863, 484 (Lion Hill). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 217 (Chon- tales, Nicaragua: Lion Hill, Panama). D[rymophild\ virgata Richmond, Auk, xvi, Oct., 1899, 354, in text. [Formicivora] virgata Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 26 (Panama to Nicaragua). Formicivora boucardi virgata Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 610 (Costa Rica; crit.; habits). MICRORHOPIAS BOUCARDI CONSOBRINA (Sclater). ECUADORIAN ANTWEEN. Similar to M. I. virgata, but adult male with rectrices more broadly tipped with white, the adult female with under parts deep chestnut ° Fourteen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 81 instead of rufous- or tawny-chestnut, the upper parts also slightly darker. Adult male. — Length (skin), 109; wing, 49.5; tail, 46; culmen, 12.5; tarsus, 16.° Adult female.— Length (skin), 116-121 (118); wing, 48.5-51.5 (50); tail, 45.5-52 (48.7); tarsus, 16.5; middle toe, 10. 6 Northwestern Colombia (Rio Truando) to western Ecuador (Babahoyo; Esmeraldas; Balzar Mts.; Sarayacu; Chimbo) and Cayenne. Formicivora consobrina Sclatbr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 279, 294 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuad6r; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 183 (Babahoyo); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 255 (Babahoyo, Esmeraldas, Balzar Mts., and Sarayacu, Ecuad6r; Pocune and Medellin, Antioqufa, and Bogota, Colom- bia; Cayenne). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 525 (Pocune, Antioquia, Colombia). — Bbrlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 565 (Chimbo, w. Ecuad6r). [Formicivora] consobrina Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 72. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 26. D[ry'mophila] consobrina Richmond, Auk, xvi, Oct., 1899, 354, in text. Formicivora quixensis (not Thamnophilus quixensis Cornalia) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 190 (Rio Truando, n. w. Colombia). Formicivora boucardi (not of Sclater) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 216, part (Rio Truando). MICRORHOPIAS GRISEA ALTICINCTA (Bangs). SAN MIGUEL ANTWREN. Similar to M. g. intermedia c of Colombia and Venezuela, but adult male much darker above (deep grayish sepia, purplish slate color, or deep brownish slate instead of hair brown or broccoli brown) and more extensively black beneath, the adult female darker brown above and much more strongly buffy beneath. a One specimen, from Rio Truando, Colombia. * Two specimens. Besides having a longer wing and, apparently, much longer tail than the Rio Truando specimen, that from Ecuad6r has the white tips to the rectrices much more extensive. The specimens examined, however, are all imperfect, and a much better series would be necessary to show whether the Colombian and Ecuadorian birds are really different or not. «Seep. 77. 81255°— Bull. 50—11 6 82 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male. — Above plain purplish slate color (between slate color and seal brown), deep grayish sepia or deep brownish slate; wings and tail black; anterior portion of lesser wing-covert area white, the remaining lesser coverts, together with middle coverts, with a small terminal roundish spot of white; greater coverts broadly tipped with white, forming a very conspicuous band across wing; remiges narrowly and indistinctly edged (except basally) with grayish brown, the edgings broader on tertials, where sometimes whitish terminally; three outermost rectrices (on each side) broadly tipped with white, this extending much farther on outer than on inner web, the extent of the white greatest (on both webs) on second rectrix; a broad superciliary stripe of white extending from sides of forehead to sides of nape, where confluent with a white area extending from sides of neck to flanks; loral, suborbital, auricular, and malar regions, chin, throat, chest, breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts uniform black, the sides and flanks immaculate white outwardly, streaked black and white along exterior margin of the black median area; under wing-coverts black (the under primary coverts white, tipped with black); inner web of remiges broadly edged with grayish white; bill black, paler on tomia; legs and feet grayish black (plumbeous in -life?); length (skin), 113-116 (115); wing, 54.5-59 (55.7); tail, 45-49 (46.5); culmen, 14-15 (14.5); tarsus, 20-21.5 (20.3); middle toe, 11-12 (11.5).° Adult female. — Above much as in adult male, but the general color decidedly more brownish (deep broccoli brown on back, etc., more grayish brown on pileum and bindneck), the remiges more distinctly edged with brown; sides of head (including superciliary stripe, which is less sharply denned than in adult male) pale grayish buffy or dull buffy whitish, interrupted by a narrow postocular streak of dusky, the suborbital region with very narrow and indis- tinct bars of dusky, the auricular region with fine shaft-streaks of whitish; chin and upper throat white, passing into buff on chest, this into paler buff on other lower parts, the under tail-coverts (some- s' Six specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 83 times flanks also) and center of abdomen nearly white; bill and feet as in adult male, but mandible pale grayish brown (bluish gray in life?); length (skin), 112-116 (114); wing, 50-52.5 (51.5); culmen, 43-45 (43.8); tarsus, 14-14.5 (14.1); middle toe, 11-11.5 (11.2). a Immature male. — Similar to the adult female, but whitish super- ciliary stripe more distinct, and with throat, chest, and breast inter- mixed with black. San Myiarchusguel Island, Bay of Panama. Drymophila intermedia (not Formicivora intermedia Cabanis) Bangs, Auk, xviii, Jan., 1901, 30 (San Myiarchusguel I.. Bay of Panama). Formicivora allicincta Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Myiarchusr. 31, 1902, 71 (San Myiarchusguel I., Bay of Panama; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). — Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1905, 150 (San Myiarchusguel I., crit.). Genus TERENURA Cabanis and Heine. Terenura & Oabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, July, 1859, 11. (Type, Myiothera maculata Myiarchusximilian.) Phyllobates c Bertoni, Aves Nuevas del Paraguay, 1901, 142. (Type, P. eryth- ronotus Bertoni= Myiothera maculata Myiarchusximilian.) Small Formicariidse (length about 90-100 mm.) with long tail, slender bill, no trace of rictal bristles, and bright coloration. "This little group leads away from Formicivora [i. e. Myiarchuscrorhopias] to Psilorhamphus and Khamphocsenus. The bill is hardly longer than in Formicivora, but smaller; the nostrils are more elongated, and have a slight membraneous operculum as in PsilorTiamphus. The tail is rather long, thin, and delicate; the tarsi are more like those of Formicivora, and show the divisions of the scutes." 1 * ' ' Terenura is a peculiar genus of doubtful affinities, but remarkable for the bright colours of its members. These colours (black, bright yellow, chestnut, and olive), it is true, are all to be found in different species of Formicariidse, but in Terenura alone are they associated in a single bird. "Cabanis and Heine, who founded the genus, placed it between BampJiocsenus and Ellipura (—Formicivora), and in this position it was left by Myiarchus. Sclater. We can not see that it has much in common with either of these forms, which, different as they are, both possess well-defined rictal bristles, not a trace of which can we see in Terenura. Myiarchus. Sclater speaks of the presence in the latter genus o'f a slightly membraneous nasal operculum such as is found in BhampJwcsenus, but the specimens of Terenura callinota before us have open nostrils without any overhanging membrane. a Three specimens. & "Von Tipijv (zart) und oBpa (Schwartz)." (Cabanis and Heine.) c 6AXov, a leaf; P&n)e, one who treads or covers; a climber. (Bertoni.) «■ Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss^ xv, 1890, 257. 84 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL. MUSEUM. "On the whole, and in the absence of any information as to the habits of any species of Terenura, we are inclined to place the genus near Myrmofherula, notwithstanding the difference of coloration and the much longer tail. "The bill is longer than that of Myrmotherula surinamensis, but is otherwise very similar. The wings are decidedly longer and less rounded. The tarsi are covered behind with large scutella, the sutures of which are, however, rather indefinite. "Four or five species constitute the genus Terenura, all more or less rare birds. These are distributed over a wide area of Tropical America — one or two in Southeastern Brazil, one in Guiana, one in Eastern Ecuador, and T. callinota, a western and northwestern bird the range of which is given below " a [Veragua to Peru]. TERENURA CALLINOTA (Sclater). RTJFOTJS-RirMPED ANTWREN. Adult male. — Above greenish olive; cap black; lores and sides of head whitish; lower back bright chestnut; wings and tail blackish, with olivaceous edgings; wing-coverts black, broadly tipped with white; bend of wing and adjoining coverts bright yellow; beneath pale greenish yellow; throat and breast pale cinereous; under wing- coverts sulphur-yellow; whole length 4 inches, wing 2.2, tail 1.7.* Western Panama (Calobre, Veragua) through Colombia (Bogota) and Ecuador (Nanegal; Pallatanga) to central Peru (Roypaybamba). Formidvora callinota Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 89, pi. 96 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. Brit. Myiarchuss.,) 147 (Bogota); 1858, 242 (Bogota). Terenura callinota Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 530 (Roypay- bamba, centr. Peru); Ora. du P6rou, ii, 1884, 52. — Taczanowski and Ber- lepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 118 (Pallatanga, Ecuad6r). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 257 (Calobre, Veragua; Bogota; Nanegal, Ecuador). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 213. — Ber- LEPSCHand Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, 58 (Ropaybamba, Peru). [Terenura] callinota Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 72. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 27. Genus RAMPHOC^NUS Vieillot. Ramphocxnus ° Vieillot, Nouv. DiGt. d'Hist. Nat., xxiv, 1818, 112 (diagnosis butn& type given). Ramphoccenus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxix, 1819, 5. (Type, R. melanurus Vieillot.) Rhamphocxnus (emendation) Strickland, Ann. Myiarchusg. N. H, vi, 1841, 421. AcontisUs Sundevall, Kgl. Vet.-Ak. Handl., 1835 (1836), 95. (Type, Rampko- cssnus melanurus Vieillot.) Scolopacinus Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 119. (Type, 5. rufiventris Bonaparte.) o Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 213. & Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 257, 258. cfajupdc, rostrum, xaevdc, novus. (Vieillot.) BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 85 Very small Formicariidae (length about 120-135 mm.) with long, slender bill (longer than head), long, slender tarsi (nearly as long as exposed culmen) and with tail four-fifths as long as wing. Bill very long (longer than head), straight, and slender, its width at frontal antise decidedly greater than its depth at same point and equal to about one-fourth the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen sharply ridged, straight, the extreme end abruptly and rather strongly decurved, the tip of maxilla very minutely uncinate; maxil- lary tomium faintly concave for anterior half or more, very faintly (obsoletely) notched sub terminally; mandibular tomium straight, faintly decurved terminally, without trace of subterminal notch, the tip of mandible very slightly decurved; gonys nearly straight, very slightly prominent basally. Nostril exposed, widely separated from feathering of latero-frontal antise, narrow, longitudinal, overhung by a broad, convex operculum. Bictal bristles distinct, but rather few and slender; feathers of chin without terminal seta?. Wing moderate or relatively rather large, with longest primaries extending slightly but decidedly beyond secondaries; fifth, sixth, and seventh primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) less than half as long as longest, the ninth much shorter than secondaries. Tail about four- fifths as long as wing, graduated (graduation less than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla), the rectrices (10) rather narrow, rounded terminally. Tarsus about as long as bill from frontal antise, two- fifths as long as wing, slender, the scutella of acrotarsium fairly distinct, those of the planta tarsi undivided; middle toe, with claw, about two-thirds as long as tarsus ; outer toe, without claw, reaching to beyond middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe decidedly shorter; hallux about as long as inner toe but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe wholly united to both outer and inner toes, the second phalanx partly united to outer toe; claws moderate in size and curvature, that of the hallux shorter than its digit. Plum- age full, soft, and blended, that of rump and flanks elongated, more lax or fluffy; feathers of pileum not elongated. Coloration. — Above plain brownish (back, etc., sometimes more grayish), the tail blackish, with or without whitish tip to rectrices; beneath whitish, more or less strongly buffy or rufescent laterally; sexes alike. Range. — Guatemala to southeastern Brazil. (Four species.) RAMPHOOENUS RUFIVENTRIS RUFIVENTRIS (Bonaparte). NORTHERN LONG-BILLED ANTWREN. Adults (sexes alike). — Pileum and hindneck plain olive-brown (be- tween prouts brown and raw umber); rest of upper parts (except tail) plain deep grayish olive or olive-slaty, the concealed portion of S6 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. wing-feathers darker; tail dull slate-black or blackish slate, the three outer rectrices (on each side) with an apical or subapical area of dull white, this most developed on inner web of two outermost, which have a narrow longitudinal area of dusky on terminal or subterminal portion of outer web; sides of head and neck plain cinnamon or russet, broken by an indistinct postocular streak of olive-brownish; chin and throat white, more or less broken by partly exposed dusky basal portion of feathers; rest of under parts plain buff, or pinkish buff, deepest (sometimes nearly ochraceous-buff) laterally, paler medially (sometimes nearly white on abdomen) ; thighs mostly dusky olive-gray; under wing-coverts pale cream buff or buffy white; inner webs of remiges edged with white or buffy white; maxilla horn brown (sometimes darker terminally), mandible much paler (pale bluish gray to flesh color in life); iris brown; legs and feet horn color (bluish gray or grayish blue in life). Adult male.— Length (skins), 109-127 (120); wing, 46-54.5 (51.2); tail, 36.5-43.5 (40.9); culmen, 22-26 (24); tarsus, 20-21.5 (20.9); middle toe, 10.5-12 (11.1).° Adult female.— Length (skins), 105-119 (113); wing, 45.5-53 (49.2); tail, 36-41 (38.6); culmen, 20-24.5 (23.1); tarsus, 20-22 (21.3); middle toe, 11-11.5 (11.2). 6 Young. — Essentially like adults, but back, rump, etc., soft grayish brown (nearly concolor with pileum and hindneck), and under parts pale grayish brown, approaching dull buffy whitish on throat and abdomen. Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Playa Vicente j'Buena Vista; San Andres Tuxtla), Oaxaca (mountains near Santo Domingo), ° Eighteen specimens. & Sixteen specimens. Locality. Myiarchusddle toe. MALES. Two adult males from southern Mexico Two adult males from Chiapas and Guatemala One adult male from Honduras One adult male from British Honduras Ten adult males from Nicaragua (4) and Costa Rica (6).. Two adult males from Panama (line of railway) Four adult males (JR. r. sanctz-martx) from Colombia . . . FEMALES. Two adult females from southern Mexico (Vera Cruz) One adult female from Chiapas Two adult females from British Honduras Ten adult females from Nicaragua (3) and Costa Rica (7) One adult female from Panama (Veragua) One adult female (B. r. sanctse-martie) from Colombia 10.7 11.2 11 10.5 11.3 10.7 11.4 11 11.5 11 11.2 11 12 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 87 and Chiapas (Palenque; San Benito) and southward through Guate- mala (Coban; Choctum; Chisec; Lanquin; Retalhuleu; Los Amates, Yzabal), British Honduras (Orange Walk; Cayo; near Soldiers Creek; near Myiarchusnatee Lagoon), Honduras (Truxillo), Salvad6r (La Libertad; Volcan de San Myiarchusguel), Nicaragua (Chinandega; Grey town; Los Saba- los; Sucuya; Rio Escondido), and Costa Rica (Orosi; Lagarto; Bebe- dero; Myiarchusravalles; Pozo Azul de Pirris; Pozo de Terraba; Pozo del Pital; Pozo del Rio Grande; Paso Real; Boruca; El Hogar; Carrillo; Guacimo; Cuabre; Laguaria; Santa Myiarchusria de Dota; Ten6rio; El General; Bols6n) to Panama (Santa Fe" de Veragua; Calobre; Bugaba; Lion Hill; Panama; Sabana de Panama). Scolopacinus rufiventris Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1837, 119 (Guatemala; coll. Velasquez). R[hamphocxnus] rufiventris Gray and Myiarchustchell, Gen. Birds, i, Myiarchusrch, 1847, 157, pi. 47, fig. 2. Rhamphocsenus rufiventris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 202 (San Andres Tuxtla, Vera Cruz) ; 1858, 244 (monogr.) ; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 184 (Choctum, Guatemala); Ibis, 1883, 95, part (Guatemala to Panama; descr.; crit.); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 261, part (Coban, Choctum, Chisec, Lanquin, and Retalhuleu, Guatemala; Bebedero, Costa Rica; Bugaba, Calobre, and Santa F6 de Veragua, Panama). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 356 (Panama; crit.).— Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 386 (Sucuya, Nicaragua), 405 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1888, 581 (Truxillo, Honduras). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 219, part (San Andres Tuxtla and Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; Orange Walk, Brit. Honduras; Choctum, Chisec, Lanquin, and Retalhuleu, Guatemala; Truxillo, Honduras; La Libertad and Volcan de San Myiarchusguel, Salvador; .Chinandega, Sucuya, Los Sabalos, and Greytown, Nicaragua; Bebedero, Costa Rica; Bugaba, Santa F6 de Verdgua, Calobre, and Lion Hill, Panama). — Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1906, 217 (Sabana de Panama). — Dearborn, Pub. 125, Field Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist., 1907, 109 (Los Amates, Guatemala). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 611 (Costa Rica; habits). [Rhamphocsenus] rufiventris Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 27, part (s. Mexico to Panama). [Rhamphocaenus] rufiventer Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Myiarchuss. Hein. Orn., 1890, 126, part (Coban, Guatemala). Ramphocssnus rufiventris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 383 (Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; crit.). — Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 399 (Choctum and ianquin, Guatemala). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1863, 484 (Lion Hill, Panama); viii, 1865, 182 (Greytown, Nicaragua). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 145 (Santa F6 de Veragua, Panama); 1870, 195 (Calobre and Bugaba, Panama); Ibis, 1869, 319 (Bebedero de Nicoya, Costa Rica). — Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 1878, 39 (Guatemala). — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 501 (Greytown and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits). — Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 440 (Volcan de Myiarchusravalles, Costa Rica). — Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 221 (Cayo, Brit. Honduras). [Ramphocaenus] rufiventris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 201. [Ramphocsenus] rufiventris Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 73. Rhamphocenus rufiventris Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 19 (Pozo del Pital, Costa Rica). 88 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus MICROBATES Selater and Salvin. Myiarchuscrohms a Sclateb and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 155. (Type, M. tor- qualus Selater and Salvin =Rhampkocsenus collaris Pelzeln.) Very small, long-billed, long-legged Formicariidse, similar in appear- ance to Ramphocsenus but with shorter and broader bill, longer tarsi, relatively longer toes (especially the hallux), narrower nostrils with differently shaped operculum, and much shorter tail (only about half, instead of four-fifths) as long as wing. Bill about as long as head, nearly straight, its width at latero- frontal antise much greater than its depth at same point and equal to much more than one-third the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen sharply ridged, straight for basal half (more or less), then very gradually decurved until near end, where more strongly decurved, the tip of maxilla minutely but distinctly uncinate; max- illary tomium faintly concave, minutely notched subterminally; mandibular tomium very faintly convex, at- least terminally, without trace of subterminal notch; gonys faintly convex basally, straight terminally. Nostril exposed, distinctly separated from feathering of latero-frontal antise, narrow, longitudinal (slit-like), overhung by a broad but not convex membraneous operculum. Eictal bristles distinct but rather few and slender; feathers of chin without terminal setse. Wing rather large, with longest primaries extending slightly beyond secondaries, much rounded ; fifth and sixth primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) less than half as long as the longest, the ninth very much shorter than, the eighth about equal to, secondaries. Tail slightly more than half as long as wing, rounded (graduation equal to much less than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla), the rectrices (10) rounded at tip. Tarsus very long (decidedly longer than whole culmen, nearly half as long as wing), slender, the acro- tarsium faintly scuteliate, the planta tarsi completely fused; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus (equal to or slightly longer than exposed culmen) ; outer toe, with claw, reaching to about middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe decidedly shorter; hallux much longer than inner toe (about as long as outer toe), much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe wholly united to both lateral toes; claws moderate in size and curvature, that of the hallux much shorter than its digit. Plumage full, soft, and blended, that of rump and flanks elongated, more lax or fluffy; feathers of pileum not elongated. Coloration. — Above plain brown; sides of head blackish and white, or tawny; beneath white passing into dusky on flanks and under tail- coverts, the chest crossed by a band of black (M. collaris) or under parts of body gray, chest streaked with black and white, and throat white bordered on each side by a black stripe; sexes alike. o "/uicpdc, parvus et Parfc, qui incedit." (Selater and Salvin.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 89 Range. — Southwestern Costa Rica to Cayenne and Ecuador. (Two species.)" MICROBATES CINEREIVENTRIS SEMITORQUATUS (Lawrence). HALF-COLLARED ANTWREN. Adults (mxes alike). — Pileum and hindneck plain warm-sepia brown; rest of upper parts plain sepia, the edges of greater wing- coverts and secondaries (especially the tertials) more rufescent, the rec trices decidedly darker terminally; sides of head (except lores) plain ochraceous-buff to deep tawny-buff, this color extending more or less over sides of neck; lores dull whitish broken by dusky bristle- like tips to feathers; anterior portion of malar region whitish; chin and throat white or grayish white, the latter bordered along each side by a broad but more or less broken streak of black; rest of under parts plain gray (no. 6 to mouse gray) passing into olive on flanks and under tail-coverts, the upper chest broadly streaked with black; maxilla brownish black with paler tomium, mandible dull whitish (horn color, flesh color, or straw yellowish in life) ; iris brown; legs and feet horn color (dark bluish gray in life) . Adult male.— Length (skins), 95-106 (100); wing, 51-57 (53.9); tail, 26.5-29.5 (27.7); culmen, 17.5-19 (18.1); tarsus, 22-24.5 (23.7); middle toe, 13-14.5 (13.6). 6 Adult jemale— Length (skins), 92-101 (96); wing, 50.5-53.5 (51.5); tail, 24-28 (26.3); culmen, 17-19 (18.1); tarsus, 20.5-24.5 (23.1); middle toe, 12.5-13.5 (12.9). c Costa Rica (Jimenez; San Carlos; La Balsa; Rio Sucio; Pacuare; Guapiles; Guacimo; Cuabre; El Hogar; Carrillo; La Vijagua) and Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui; Santiago de Veragua; Lion Hill; Panama) ; Colombia (Antioquia) ? Rampkocsenus semitorquatus Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. , vii, 1862, 469 ( (Lion Hill Station, Panama; coll. G. N. Lawrence); ix, 1868, 108 .(" Valza," i. e. La Balsa, Costa Rica; crit.). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 145 (San- tiago de Veragua, Panama; crit.); 1870, 195 (Calovevora, Panama). — Frant- zius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 61 (San Carlos, Costa Rica). — Zeled6n, Anal". Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 115 (Rio Sucio, Costa Rica). a I have not seen M. collaris (Pelzeln), the type of the genus, and the above generic description is drawm up from M. cinaneiventris and its subspecies semitorquatus. t> Thirteen specimens. « Ten specimens, from Costa Rica. 90 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [Ramphocxnus] semitorquatus Sclatee and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 73. Rhamphocxnus semitorquatus Sclatee, Ibis, 1883, 96 (Veragua, Panama; Antio- quia, Colombia; crit.); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 262 (Veragua; Antioquia). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 219 (La Balsa, Rio Sucio, and San Carlos, Costa Rica; Santiago de Veragua, Calovevora, and Lion Hill, Panama; Colombia). — Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 42 (Volcan de Chiriquf, Panama, 1,000-2,000 ft.).— Caheieee, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 612 (Caribbean lowlands to 1,500 ft., Costa Rica; habits). [Rhamphocssnus} semitorquatus Shaepe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 28. C?)Rhamphocaenus dnereiv'entris (not of Sclater?) Sclatee and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 525 (Antioquia, Colombia; crit.). Genus CERCOMACRA Selater. Cercomacra Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 244. (Type, Myrmoihera cxrulescens Vieillot.) Medium-sized Formicariidas (length about 120-135 mm.) with 10 rectrices, distinct rictal bristles, and color plain gray or blackish with concealed white dorsal patch and narrow white tips to wing- coverts (sometimes with broad white tips to lateral rectrices), the adult female of some species brown above, tawny or ochraceous below. Bill shorter than head, moderately stout, rather broad and de- pressed basally, its width at frontal antise much greater than its depth at same point and equal to at least half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen distinctly ridged, straight basally, gently decurved for about terminal half, the tip of maxilla distinctly but not conspicuously uncinate; maxillary tomium nearly straight, minutely notched subterminally; mandibular tomium nearly straight, minutely (very indistinctly) notched subterminally; gonys faintly convex (more decidedly so basally), moderately ascending terminally. Nostril exposed, posteriorly in contact with feathering of latero- frontal antiee, small, broadly oval, margined above and posteriorly by very narrow membrane, with an internal tubercle showing within posterior portion. Rictal bristles distinct; feathers of chin and malar apex with distinct terminal setae. Wing moderate, with longest primaries distinctly longer than secondaries; sixth, fifth and fourth, or fourth and fifth primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) one-half to nearly three-fifths as long as the longest, the eighth about as long as secondaries. Tail as long as wing or a little shorter, graduated (graduation about equal to length of tarsus), the rectrices (10) broad, rounded terminally. Tarsus much longer than whole culmen (a little more than one-third as long as wing), slender, the acrotarsium rather distinctly scutellate, the planta tarsi completely fused; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus (about as long as exposed culmen); outer toe, without claw, reaching to beyond middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe Slft&S OF NOBTfi AND MIDDLE AMERICA. §1 decidedly shorter; hallux about as long as inner toe but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe united to outer toe for most of its length, to inner toe by about half its length (or less); claws moderate or rather weak, that of the hallux decidedly shorter than its digit. Plumage full and blended, that of rump and flanks more elongated and lax; feathers of pileum not elongated. Coloration. — Plain gray, slate color, or blackish, the back with a concealed patch of white, the wing-coverts narrowly tipped with white (lateral rectrices sometimes broadly tipped with white) ; adult females of some species similar but throat streaked with white, of others brown above, tawny or ochraceous below. Nidification. — Nest (of C. nigricans) composed of dry grasses, placed in fork of a low bush. Eggs mahogany color, mottled with darker shades of the same color. a Range. — Southern Mexico to Cayenne, southeastern Brazil, and Peru. (About 10 species.) 6 KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CEECOMACEA. a. General color black or slaty. 6. Lateral rectrices broadly tipped with white. (Cercomacra nigricans.) c. General color deep black, the throat without white streaks. (Eastern Panama to Venezuela, Trinidad, and western Ecuad6r.) Cercomacra nigricans, adult male (p. 91). cc. General color blackish slate (more blackish beneath), the throat streaked with white Cercomacra nigricans, adult female (p. 92). 66. Lateral rectrices very narrowly if at all tipped with whitish. (Cercomacra tyrannina.) c. Paler (slate color above, slate-gray below). (Eastern Panama to British Guiana, western Ecuador, etc.) Cercomacra tyrannina tyrannina, adult male (p. 93). cc. Darker (slate-blackish above, slate color or blackish slate below). (Western Panama to southeastern Mexico.) Cercomacra tyrannina crepera, adult male (p. 95). aa. General color olive-brownish above, tawny below. 6. Paler Cercomacra tyrannina tyrannina, adult female (p. 93). 66. Darker Cercomacra tyrannina crepera, adult female (p. 96). CERCOMACRA NIGRICANS Sclater. BLACK TYRANNTNE ANTBIR.D. Adult male. — Uniform deep black, relieved by white tips to wing- coverts (anterior half of lesser covert area wholly white), broad white edging to outermost feather of alula, and broad white tips to rec- trices (except middle pair) ; feathers of back extensively white beneath surface; under wing-coverts uniform black for anterior half or more, white for posterior portion; inner webs of remiges broadly edged (except terminally) with white; bill black; iris dark brown; legs and o Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 526. *> Some of these doubtless only subspecies. 92 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. feet dusky (bluish gray or grayish blue in life) ; length (skins), 132-160 (148); wing, 61.5-71.5 (67.8); tail, 62.5-71 (67.1); culmen, 15.5-19 (17.4); tarsus, 22-24.5 (23.5); middle toe, 12-15 (13.4).° Immature male. — Similar to the adult male but black less intense (more or less tinged with slate color), throat broadly streaked with whitish, and (sometimes) chest and breast very narrowly streaked with white; mandible pale horn color (in dried skins). Adult female. — Above plain slate color, the wings and tail marked with white, as in adult male; chin and throat mixed black and white; chest (except laterally) slate-black; breast (except laterally) black, irregularly streaked or otherwise marked with white; rest of under- pays (including sides of chest and breast), plain slate-gray, tinged with olive posteriorly; maxilla brownish black with paler tomia; mandible dull whitish (in dried skin) ; legs and feet horn color (bluish gray in life?); length (skin), 132-145 (138); wing, 60.5-63 (61.6); tail, 52.5-64 (60); culmen, 16-17 (16.5); tarsus, 22-24 (22.8); middle toe, 12-14 (13.1). 6 Eastern Panama (Lion Hill; Paraiso Station; Panama; Sabana de Panama; San Myiarchusguel Island), through Colombia (Rem6dios, Antio- quia; Santa Myiarchusrta; Bucaramanga; Bogota; Rio Cauca) to western Ecuador (Babahoyo; Esmeraldas; Balzar Mountains; Pambilar; Chimbo), Venezuela (Altagracia) and Trinidad. Cercomacra nigricans Sclatbe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 245 (Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 184 (Bogota and Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia; Babahoyo, Ecuad6r); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 267 (Paraiso Station, Panama; Santa Myiarchusrta, Rem^dios, Bogota, and Bucara- manga, Colombia; Balzar Mts. Santa Rita, Babahoyo, and Esmeraldas, w. Ecuad6r). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 526 (Antioqufa, Colombia). — Berlepsch, Journ. fur Om., 1884, 308 (Bucara- manga, Colombia). — Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 100 (Ecuad6r). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 215 (Lion Hill and Paraiso Station, Panamd; Ecuad6r; Venezuela; Triniddd; etc.). — Berlepsch and Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1892, 76 (Altagracia, Venezuela; crit.), 612 (Pambilar, n. w. Ecuad6r). — Thayer and Bangs, BIRDS OP NORTH AKD MIDDLE AMERICA. 93 Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1905, 150 (San Myiarchusguel I., Bay of Panama); xlvi, 1906, 217 (Sabana de Panama). [Cercomacra] nigricans Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 73. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 29 (Panama to Ecuad6r). Pyriglena maculicaudis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 66, 247 (Trinid&d; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 185 (do.). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii,. 1862, 325 (Lion Hill, Panama). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 356 (Lion Hill; crit.). [Cercomacra] maculicaudis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 73. Cercomacra maculicaudis Sclater, Cat. B. Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 268 (Paraiso Station and Panama, Panaml; Bogota; Trinidad). — Hartert, Novit. Zool., v, 1898, 492 (Chimbo, 1,000 ft., n. w. Ecuad6r; crit.).— Bangs, Auk, xviii, 1901, 30 (San Myiarchusguel I., Bay of Panama). Cercomacra maculicauda Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 24 (Loma del Le6n, Panama). Cercomacra maculosa Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 279 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuad6r; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 184. CERCOMACRA TYRANNINA TYRANNINA (Sclater). TYB.ANNINE ANTBIRD. Adult male. — Above plain slate color, sometimes tinged, more or less, with olive on rump and upper tail-coverts, the feathers of inter- scapular region darker centrally and extensively white basally; anterior portion of lesser wing-covert area white, the remaining lesser coverts, together with middle and greater coverts, narrowly tipped or terminally margined with white, the alulae (sometimes outermost primaries also) edged with white; rectrices (except middle pair) usually narrowly tipped with white, this preceded by an indistinct bar or area of dusky; under parts plain slate-gray, sometimes tinged with olive posteriorly; under wing-coverts yellowish white, spotted or mottled with dusky on carpal region; inner webs of remiges broadly edged with yellowish white; bill brownish black or blackish brown; iris brown; legs and feet horn color or dusky (bluish gray or grayish blue in life); len^ 1 " (skins), 117-139 (132); wing, 59-64.5 (61.8); tail, 52.5-59 (56.2); culmen, 15.5-17.5 (16.4); tarsus, 21.5-23 (22.6); middle toe, 12.5-13 (12.9).° Adult female. — Above plain light olive to grayish olive, the tail browner (sepia), the wings also browner, with outer primaries edged with pale clay color or olive-buff, the wing-coverts (in part, at least) more or less distinctly margined terminally or narrowly tipped with the same or pale fulvous; under parts, including sides of head, plain ochraceous or tawny ochraceous, strongly tinged with olive on flanks, the auricular region also tinged or clouded with olive and with very narrow and indistinct shaft-streaks of paler ochraceous; maxilla dusky brown with paler tomium, mandible dull whitish (in dried skins) ; legs ° Nine specimens. 94 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and feet brownish or horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 125-141 (131); wing, 57-61 (59.2) tail, 50-60 (54.7); culmen, 15.5-17 (16.3); tarsus, 21.5-23 (21.9); middle toe, 11.5-13 (12.7). a Immature male. — Similar to the adult female but ochraceous of under parts more or less intermixed, especially on anterior portions, with slate-gray, and anterior upper parts more grayish. Eastern Panama (Lion Hill; Chepo; Panama; Sabana de Panama; Cascajal, Cocl6; Kio Lara), and southward through Colombia (Bogota; Rio Cauca: Remedios, Antioquia; Bucaramanga), Venezuela (Myiarchusn- duapo; Myiarchusripa; Suapur6; La Union, Caura; Bichaco), British Guiana (Roraima; Camacusa; Bartica Grove; Takutu River), Ecuad6r (Esme- raldas; Babahoyo; Chimbo; Yaguachi; San Javier; Pambilar; Foreste .del Rio Peripa), to Peru (Ropaybamba; Huambo; Chirimoto) and northern Brazil (Rio Negro; Para; Obidos). Pyriglena tyrannina Sclater, Proe. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1855, 90, 147, pi. 98 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. Brit. Myiarchuss.). Cercomacra tyrannina Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 245 (monogr.; Bogota); 1860, 294 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuad6r; crit.); Oat. Am. Birds, 1862, 184, part (Bogota, Colombia; Esmeraldas, w. Ecuad6r); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 184, part (Lion Hill, Paraiso, Chepo, and Panama, Panama; Esmeraldas, Ecuad6r; Roraima, Camacusa, Bartica Grove, and Takutu R., Brit. Guiana; Rio Negro and Para, Brazil). — Sclateb and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 356 (Panama; crit.); 1879, 526 (Remedios, Antioquia; Colombia; descr. nest and eggs). — Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., ii, Abth., 1869, 84. — Layard, Ibis, 1873, 387 (Para, Brazil; food).— Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 530 (Ropaybamba, centr. Peru); 1882, 31 (Huambo and Chirimoto, n. e. Peru); Orn. du Perou, ii, 1884, 54. — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 424 (Panama); 1885, 427 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa, and Roraima, 3,000 ft., Brit. Guiana). — Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 565 (Chimbo, w. Ecuad6r; crit.). — Berlepsch, Journ. fur Orn., 1884, 308 (Bucaramanga, Colombia; crit.). — Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 68 (Chimbo, w. Ecuad6r), 100 (Yaguachi, Ecuad6r). — Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, no. 339, 7 (Rio Lara, Panama; crit.); xv, 1899, no. 362, 30 (Foreste del Rio ° Eleven specimens. Locality. Myiarchusddle toe. MALES. Seven adult males from eastern Panama. Two adult males from Venezuela FEMALES. Five adult females from eastern Panama. Six adult females from Venezuela 12.'. 13 12.6 12.7 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 95 Peripa, w. Ecuador; crit.). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Oentr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 214, part (Lion Hill, Panama, and Chepo, Panama; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Guiana).— Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 23 (Loma del Leon, Panama). — Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 612 (San Javier and Pambilar, n. w. Ecuador; crit.). — Bbrlbpbch and Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 76 (Myiarchusnduapo, etc., Venezuela). — Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 286 (near Para, Brazil; crit.); xiii, 1906, 370 (Prata, near Para); xiv, 1907, 32 (Obidos, Brazil; crit.).— Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1906, 217 (Sabana de Panama). [Cercomacra] tyrannina Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., iv, Abth., 1870, 419.— Sclater and Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 73, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 28, part (Panama; "Colombia; Ecuador; Guiana; Amazonia). Hypocnemis schistacea (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 325 (Lion Hill, Panama). Disyihamnw rufiventris Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, 1867, 131 (Lion Hill, Panama; coll. G. N. Lawrence; =young male; see Salvin, Ibis, 1874, 316). CERCOMACRA TYRANNINA CREPERA (Bangs). DUSKY TTRANNINE ANTBIED. Similar to C. t. tyrannina but adult male with coloration averaging much darker, the general color of upper parts blackish slate to slate- black, under parts slate color to blackish slate; adult female and young male not always distinguishable from those of O. t. tyrannina, but usually with color of upper parts darker and more brownish olive, the under parts decidedly deeper tawny. Adult male.— Length (skins), 124-148 (137); wing, 60-67 (63.4); tail, 54.5-62.5 (57.2); culmen, 15-18 (16.6); tarsus, 21.5-24 (22.9); middle toe, 12.5-14 (13.5). b o There is much variation in intensity of coloration among specimens from Costa Eica and northward. As a rule, specimens from the Caribbean slope are much darker than those from the Pacific side, and were the differences strictly geographical two well-marked forms could easily be made out; but unfortunately both slate-colored and blackish examples sometimes occur in the same locality, as in eastern Nicaragua (Rio Escondido), Honduras (Rio Blanco and San Pedro Sula), while extreme dark specimens come from Bebedero, northwestern Costa Rica, and light colored ones from British Honduras. A large majority of the specimens from southwestern Costa Rica are so light colored that they could almost be referred to true C. tyrannina; but much darker ones occasionally occur there also. Specimens from Venezuela agree exactly with those from Bogotd and Panama; but two adult males from Reyes and Myiarchuspiri, Bolivia, respectively, are quite as dark as the darkest examples of C. t. crepera. On the whole, I consider our present understanding of this species, with reference to its geographic variations, far from satisfactory. & Forty-four specimens. 96 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.— Length, (skins), 123-148 (134); wing, 57-63 (60); tail, 51-64 (57.4); culmen, 14-17 (15.9); tarsus, 20.5-23.5 (22.4)5 middle toe, 12.5-14 (13.2). a Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Playa Vicente; Sochiapa; Santa Lucrecia; Buena Vista), Tabasco (Teapa), and Chiapas (Palenque), and southward through Guatemala (Coban; Choctiim; sources of Rio de la Pasion; Yzabal; Los Amates, Yzabal; Teleman; Chisec), British Honduras (Belize; near Myiarchusnatee Lagoon), Honduras (Omoa; San Pedro; San Pedro Sula; Rio Blanco; La Bomba), Nicaragua (Myiarchustagalpa; Los Sabalos; Gre'ytown; Rio Escon- dido; Sucuya; San Emilis; 4 leagues south of Lake Myiarchusnagua) and Costa Rica (Tucurriqui; Pacuare; San Carlos; Jimenez; El Hogar; Guacimo; Guapiles; Carrillo; Turrialba; Guayabo; Angostura; Juan Viiias; Rio Sicsola; Talamanca; Naranjo de Cartago; Pozo Azul de Pirrls; Pozo del Rio Grande; Pozo de Terraba; Teiraba; Buenos Aires; Boruca; Barranco, Boruca; Ten6rio; El General; Pigres; Lagarto; Bebedero; Myiarchusravalles; La Vijagua; Cerro Santa Myiarchusria) to western Panama (Santa Fe de Veragua; Divala; Bugjaba; Myiarchusna de Chorcha). Cercomacra tyrannina (not Pyriglena tyrannina Sclater) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 383 (Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 184, part (Choctum, Guatemala; Omoa, Honduras); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 265, part (Chisec, Choctum, and sources of Rio de la Pasion, Guate- mala; Omoa, Honduras; Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; Santa F6, Bugaba, and Myiarchusna de Chorcha, w. Panama). — Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 55 (Belize, Brit. Honduras; crit.). — Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 119 " Thirty-nine specimens. Locality. MALES. Three adult males from southeastern Mexico (Vera Cruz) Ten adult males from Guatemala Five adult males from Honduras Four adult males from eastern Nicaragua One adult male from western Nicaragua One adult male from British Honduras Ten adult males from eastern Costa Rica Ten adult males from western Costa Rica FEMALES. Two adult females from southeastern Mexico Nine adult females from Guatemala Three adult females from British Honduras Three adult females from Honduras One adult female from eastern Nicaragua One adult female from western Nicaragua Ten adult females from eastern Costa Rica Ten adult females from western Costa Rica BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 97 (Coban, Guatemala; Belize); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 837 (San Pedro, Honduras). — Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 36 (Yzabal, Guatemala). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 145 (Santa Fe de Vcragua, w. Panama^; 1870, 195 (Myiarchusna de Chorcha and Bugaba, w. Panama). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 109 (Angostura, Costa Rica). — Frantzitjs, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica).— Botjcard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 61 (San Carlos, Costa Rica); Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 1878, 39 (Guatemala). — Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 386 (Sucuya, Nicaragua), 405 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua). — Zeledon, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 115 (Pacuare, Jimenez, and Pozo Azul, Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 214, part (Playa Vicente and Sochiapa, Vera Cruz; Belize, Brit. Honduras; Chisec, etc., Guatemala; San Pedro, Honduras; Myiarchustagalpa, etc., Nicaragua; Tucurriqui, etc., Costa Rica; Bugaba, Myiarchusna de Chorcha, and Santa F6 de Veragua, Panama). — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 501 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits). — Cherrie, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 42 (Lagarto, Boruca, Tercaba, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica). — Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 440 (Volcan de Myiarchusravalles, Costa Rica). [Cercomaera] tyrannina Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 73, part. — Sharfe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 28, part. Cercomaera tyrannina tyrannina Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., v, no. 1, Oct. 1, 1908, 9, in text (s. w. Costa Rica). Cercomaera crepera Bangs, Auk, xviii, Oct., 1901, 365 (Divala, Chiriqui, Panamd; coll. B. A. and O. Bangs).— Dearborn, Pub. 125, Field Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist., 1907, 109 (Los Amates, e. Guatemala; crit.). Cercomaera tyrannina crepera Bangs, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 296 (Boruca, Paso Real, Pozo del Rio Grande, and Barranca, s. w. Costa Rica). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., v, 1908, 8 (e. Costa Rica; crit.); vi, 1910, 612 (Costa Rica; crit.; habits).— Ferry, Pub. 146, Field Myiarchuss. N. H., om. ser., i, no. 6, 1910, 271 (Guayabo, Costa Rica). Genus GYMNOCICHLA Sclater. Gymnocichla Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 274. (Type, Myioihera nudiceps Cassin.) Medium-sized Formicariidse (length about 140-160 mm.) resem- bling the larger and stouter species of Myrmeciza, but with bill weaker, less compressed anteriorly and less strongly uncinate, the culmen less distinctly ridged; nostril smaller; relatively shorter tarsus (only two-fifths as long as wing) , with acrotarsium distinctly scutel- late; tail shorter (not more than four-fifths as long as wing), the adult males with loral and suborbital regions (sometimes whole pileum) naked. Bill about as long as head, narrowly wedge-shaped in vertical profile (with nearly straight lateral outlines), its width at posterior end of nostrils about equal to its depth at same point and equal to a little less than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen slightly ridged, straight to near tip where abruptly decurved, the point of maxilla slightly or minutely uncinate; tomium straight, with small sub terminal notch, that of the mandible less distinct; gonys 81255°— Bull. 50— 11 7 98 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. strongly convex and prominent basally, faintly convex and ascending terminally. Nostril exposed, small, longitudinally broadly oval, mar- gined above by a narrow extension of the membraneous integument of nasal fossa, an internal tubercle showing conspicuously in posterior portion. No trace of rictal bristles, and feathers of chin without terminal setae. Wing moderate, very much rounded, but longest primaries extending decidedly beyond secondaries ; sixth and seventh, fifth and sixth, or fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) between one-half and three-fifths as long as the longest, the eighth slightly longer, the ninth decidedly shorter, than secondaries. Tail about four-fifths as long as wing, much rounded (graduation not greater than length of culmen), the rectrices (12) broad, rounded terminally. Tarsus about two-fifths as long as wing, rather slender, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, the planta fused (sometimes indistinctly scutellate on outer side); middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus, but decidedly longer than whole culmen; outer toe, without claw, reaching to or slightly beyond middle of subter- minal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe slightly shorter; hallux shorter than inner toe but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe wholly or for much the greater part united to outer toe, about half united to inner toe; claws moderate in size and curvature, that of the hallux decidedly shorter than the digit. Plumage full and blended, that of rump and flanks more lengthened and lax; loral, rictal, and orbital regions — sometimes forehead and crown also — naked, the crown with sparse hair-like feathers or bristles. Coloration. — Adult males uniform black, the wing-coverts (at least some of the lesser coverts) tipped with white, the back sometimes with a small concealed patch of white; adult females and young males brown above, tawny or rufescent below; bare skin of head light blue in life (in both sexes). Range. — Honduras to Colombia. (Two species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF GYMNOCICHLA. a. General color black. {Myiarchusles.) b. Forehead, lores, and more or less of crown nude. (Adult males.) c. Anterior margin of lesser wing-covert area mostly black; bill black. (Gymno- cichla nudiceps.) d. Deeper black, the posterior under parts black; smaller under wing-coverts mostly wholly black. e. Smaller (averaging: wing 76.4, tail 57.7, culmen 20.6, tarsus 29.4). (East- ern Panama and adjacent parts of northwestern Colombia.) Gymnoctchla nudiceps nudiceps, adult male (p. 99). ee. Larger (averaging: wing 78.9, tail 61.7, culmen, 20.9, tarsus 30). (North- western Panama and western Costa Rica.) Gymnocichla nudiceps errafflis, adult male (p. 101). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA^ 99 dd. Duller black, the posterior under parts blackish slate; smaller under wing- coverts broadly tipped with white. (Coast district of northeastern Colombia.) Gymnocichla nudiceps sancta-martae, adult male (extralimital). a cc. Anterior margin of lesser wing-covert area broadly white; bill whitish or light yellowish. (Eastern Costa Rica to eastern Guatemala.) Gymnocichla chiroleuca, adult male (p. 101). 65. Forehead, lores, and crown feathered. (.Immature males.) & aa. General color brown above, deep tawny below. (Adult females.) b. Wing-coverts brown, indistinctly tipped with rufous-tawny. (Gymnocichla nudiceps.) c. Slightly paler and smaller (wing averaging 73.6, tail 55.4, culmen 19.7, tarsus 29.2) Gymnocichla nudiceps nudiceps, adult female (p. 99) . cc. Slightly darker and larger (wing averaging 75.1, tail 59.3, culmen 19.9, tarsus 29.4 Gymnocichla nudiceps erratilis, adult female (p. 101). c 66. Wing-coverts blackish, broadly tipped with bright tawny. Gymnocichla chiroleuca, adult female (p. 102). GYMNOCICHLA NUDICEPS NUDICEPS (Cassin). BARE-CROWNED ANTBIRD. Adult male. — Uniform black, slightly duller on rump, upper tail- coverts, and posterior under parts, the latter inclining to slate-black; all the wing-coverts margined terminally with white, alulae and outer- most primary edged with white, and rectrices (except middle pair) narrowly tipped with white; smaller under wing-coverts uniform black, the under primary coverts slate color or slate-gray, broadly margined with white; inner webs of remiges broadly edged with pale gray or grayish white; naked skin of head bright light blue in life; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet horn color or dusky (bluish gray or grayish blue in life?); length (skins), 143-157 (152); wing, 73.5- 80.5 (76.1); tail, 54-60 (57.1); culmen, 19.5-21.5 (20.6); tarsus, 28.5-30.5 (29.6); middle toe, 18-20.5 (18.9).<* Immature male(= Myrmelaste.s corvinus Lawrence and M. ceterus Bangs). — Similar to the adult male but whole pileum feathered (only the loral and orbital regions being naked) and greater wing-coverts wholly dark sooty brown or sooty black (without white tips). Adult female. — Above plain olive-brown, russet-brown or mummy brown, the wings more rufescent (chestnut-brown), with tips of wing- coverts (rather broadly) deep cinnamon-rufous, rufous-chestnut or deep tawny; tail dark russet-brown or Vandyke brown, the rectrices (except middle pair) sometimes (usually ?) narrowly tipped with pale ° Gymnocichla nudiceps sancta-martx Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, Oct. 20, 1908, 194 (Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). & The different forms distinguished by same characters as those given for adult males (c to cc). c The adult female of G. nudiceps sancta-martx not seen by me. <* Eight specimens. 100 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. rusty or whitish; interscapulars extensively white basally; under parts plain deep tawny or rufous-tawny to nearly chestnut, the color deepest on chest, palest on abdomen, the flanks tinged with olive; maxilla blackish, becoming more horn colored terminally; mandible horn color, paler (sometimes whitish) terminally; iris brown; legs and feet horn color (bluish gray or grayish blue in life); length (skins), 148-152 (150); wing, 72-76 (73.6); tail, 53.5-57 (55.4); culmen, 19-20.5 (19.7); tarsus, 28-30 (29.2); middle toe, 18-19.5 (18.8)." Eastern Panama (Loma del Le6n; Panama) and adjacent portion of northwestern Colombia (Rio Atrato). Myiothera nudiceps Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, 106, pi. 6 (Isthmus Panama; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). Pyriglena nudiceps Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, 113, part (Isthmus Panama); 1857, 47, in text. Gymnocichla nudiceps Sclateb, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 274 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 272, part (Lion Hill; Panama). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 295 (Lion Hill; Panama). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 356 (Lion Hill, crit.; descr. female). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 223; part (Lion Hill, Panama). — Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 24 (Lion Hill, Panama). [Gymnocichla] nudiceps Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 73, part.— Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 32, part. G[ymnocichla] nudiceps nudiceps Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, 1908, 194, in text. Pithys rufigularis (not of Sclater, ex Turdus rufigula Boddaert) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 293 (Lion Hill, Panama; =adult female). Myrmeciza ferruginea Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 1862, 470 (Lion Hill, Panama; =adult female; see Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 356). Myrmelastes corvinus (not Thamnophilus corvinus Gould) Lawrence, Ibis, v, April, 1863, 182 (Lion Hill, Panama Railway; coll. G. N. LawTence); Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1863, 485 (Lion Hill). Myrmelastes lawrencii, part, Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 226, part (Lion Hill, Panama). a Six specimens. Locality. MALES. Bight adult males from eastern Panama Two adult males (G. ■». erratilisf) from western Panama (Divala) Ten adult males ((?. n. erratilis) from southwestern Costa Rica. One adult male (G. n. sanctse-martse) from Colombia FEMALES. Six adult females from eastern Panama Ten adult females (O. n. erratilis) from southwestern Costa Rica. One adult female ((?. n. sanctse-marlse) from Colombia Wing. 77.7 78.9 81 73.6 75.1 74 Tail. 60.5 61.7 60.5 55.4 59.3 58 Cul- men. 20.5 21.2 20.9 21.5 19.7 19.9 18.5 Tar- sus. 29.6 28.7 30 30 29.2 29.4 30.5 Myiarchusddle toe. 18.9 19 19.4 IS. 5 18.8 18.9 19.5 BIRDS OP NORTH AND MTDDL/E AMERICA. 101 Myrmelastes ceterus Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Sept. 20, 1900, 25 (Loma del Le6n, i. e., Lion Hill, Panama; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). [Myrmelastes] ceterus Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 32. GYMNOCICHLA NUDICEPS ERRATILIS Bangs. COSTA RICAN BARE-CROWNED ANTBIRD. Similar to O. n. nudiceps but averaging slightly larger, the adult female averaging more intense in coloration." Adult male.— Length (skins), 147-163.5 (153.5); wing, 75.5-83 (78.9); tail, 59.5-64.5 (61.7); exposed culmen, 20-22 (20.9); tarsus, 29.5-30.5 (30); middle toe, 19-20 (19A). b Adult female.— Length (skins), 137.5-153 (148); wing, 72.5-77.5 (75.1); tail, 56-62 (59.3); exposed culmen, 19-21 (19.9); tarsus, 29-30 (29.4); middle toe, 18-19.5 (18.9). 6 . Southwestern Costa Rica (Boruca; Pozo del Rio Grande, Boruca; Terraba; Paso Real de Terraba; Buenos Aires; El General; Pigres), and northwestern Panama (Divala; c Myiarchusna de Chorcha; Bugaba; Chitra) I (?) Cfymnocichla nudiceps (not Myiothera nudiceps Oassin?) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 195, part (Myiarchusna de Chorcha and Bugaba, Veragua, Panama; crit.). — Sclatee, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 272, part (Myiarchusna de Chorcha, Bugaba, Chiriqui, and Chitra, Panama). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 223, part (Chiriqui, Bugaba, Myiarchusnade Chorcha, and Chitra, Gymnocichla nudiceps (not Myiothera nudiceps Cassin) Chbrrie, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 42 (Boruca, Terraba, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica; crit.). Gymnocichla nudiceps erratilis Bangs, Auk, xxiv, no. 3, July, 1907, 297 (Boruca, s. W. Costa Rica; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 620 (Costa Rica; crit.; habits). GYMNOCICHLA CHIROLEUCA Sclater and Salvin. BARE-FRONTED ANTBIRD. Similar to G. nudiceps but adult male with bend of wing white and white tips to wing-coverts broader, much less of concealed white on back, and bill paler (plumbeous in life, whitish — at least termi- nally — in dried skins) ; adult female with wing-coverts very much darker, contrasting much more strongly with their tawny or rufescent tips. Adult male. — General color uniform black; bend of wing, broad tips to all the wing-coverts, and broad edging to outermost feather of alula and outermost primary, white; feathers of anterior portion ° The difference in coloration of iemales is by no means constant, but the average difference is very obvious. b Ten specimens. c Having only adult males from that locality, I am not able to determine whether specimens of this species from Divala belong to the present form or true G. nudiceps. No specimens from other localities in Chiriqui have been seen by me. 102 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of interscapular area with more or less of white at base; lateral rec- trices sometimes narrowly tipped with white; bare skin of head pale blue ( azure or campanula blue back of eyes) ; bill, tarsi, feet, and claws plumbeous; iris dark red;° length (skins), 147-170 (160); wing, 76.5-81.5 (79); tail, 58-64 (60.9) ; culmen 20-23 (21.7) ; tarsus, 29-32 (31.1); middle toe, 18.5-20.5 (19.4). 6 Immature male ( = Myrmelastes lawrencii Salvin and Godman) . — Similar to the adult male but entire pileum feathered (only the loral and orbital regions being naked) and greater wing-coverts wholly black. Adult female. — Pileum and hindneck rufescent brown (nearly mummy brown), somewhat more rufescent anteriorly and laterally; back, scapulars, and rump plain deep olive, the upper tail-coverts more rufescent; tail dark 'warm-sepia brown; lesser wing-coverts and margin of wing deep tawny-ochraceous, the former with concealed base of feathers dusky; middle coverts black, broadly and sharply tipped with tawny-ochraceous; greater coverts bistre brown, passing into black subterminally, their tips sharply and rather broadly tawny- ochraceous; remiges russet-brown or Vandyke brown, the edges of outermost primaries lighter (more russet) ; sides of head and neck and general color of under parts, including under wing-coverts, plain bright cinnamon-rufous or rufous-tawny, somewhat paler on abdomen and passing into olive- tawny on flanks and under tail-coverts; "naked skin of head pale blue (azure back of eye) ; bill, tarsi, feet, and claws plumbeous; iris dark red;" c length (skins), 151-163 (156); wing, 71-79 (75.9); tail, 59-60.5 (59.4); culmen, 19.5-21.5 (21.1); tarsus, 28.5-30.5 (29.6); middle toe, 19-19.5 (19.1). d Young male. — Similar to the adult female, but pileum and hind- neck duller and less rufescent brown, middle and greater wing-coverts without ochraceous or tawny tips, and the tawny-ochraceous which a C. W. Richmond. b Ten specimens . c C. W. Richmond, manuscript. d Six specimens. BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 103 covers solidly the exposed surface of lesser wing-covert area paler. (Older specimens showing admixture of black, according to age.) Immature female. — Similar to the immature male. Northwestern Panama (Myiarchusna de Chorcha, Chiriqui) ; eastern Costa Rica(Tucurriqui; Jimenez; "San Jose;" ElHogar; Cuabre; Guapiles; Rio Sicsola; LaCristina; Talamanca), through Nicaragua (Myiarchustagalpa; Rio Escondido ; San Emilis, Lake Nicaragua) and Honduras (Omoa; Santa Ana) to Guatemala (Los Amates, Yzabal). Gymnocichla nudiceps (not Myioihera nudiceps Cassin) Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 55 (Omoa, Honduras; habits). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 119 (Omoa). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 109 (Tucurrfqui, Costa Rica). — Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica). Gymnocichla chiroleuca Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 417 (Tucurrfqui, Costa Rica; coll. Salvin and Godman). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 272 (Tucurrfqui, Costa Rica; Honduras). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 469 (Santa Ana, Honduras; descr. female and young male). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 224. — Richmond, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 501 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits, notes, etc.). — Dearborn, Pub. 125, Field Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist., 1907, 109 (Los Amates, Guatemala). Gymnocichla] chiroleuca Salvin, Ibis, 1869, 314, 318. [Gymnocichla] chiroleuca Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 73. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 32. Gymnocichla cheiroleuca Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 621 (Caribbean lowlands to about 1,000 ft., Costa Rica; habits). Myrmelastes lawreneii Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, sig. 29, Myiarchusrch, 1892, 226 (Myiarchusna de Chorcha, Chiriquf, Panama; coll. Salvin and Godman). Myrmelastes lawrencei Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 502 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua). [Myrmelastes] lawrencei Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 32. Genus MYRMECIZA Gray. Myrmeciza Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 34. (Type, Myrmothera longipes Vieillot.) Myrmonax a Cabanis, in Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturg., xiii, pt. i, 1847, 210. (Type, Myrmothera longipes Vieillot.) Myrmelastes Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 274. (Type, M. plumbeus Sclater.) Medium-sized Formicariidae (length about 130-165 mm.) resem- bling GymnocicJda but loral and suborbital regions feathered (only the postocular and rictal regions naked), tail relatively shorter (two- thirds to three-fourths, instead of four-fifths, as long as wing), the adult males not black (or else without white tips to wing-coverts) . Bill shorter than head, rather slender to moderately stout, its width at frontal antise equal to or slightly greater than its depth at same point and equal to nearly if not quite half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen distinctly (sometimes rather sharply) aiiit>piu>£=(iupfjn]Z, Ameise; &af, Herrscher, tyrannus. (Cabanis.) 104 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ridged, straight or nearly so for basal half or more, then gradually more and more decurved to the distinctly uncinate tip of maxilla; tomia nearly straight, minutely but distinctly notched subter- minally (more slightly so on mandibular tomium) ; gonys distinctly convex and prominent basally, gently convex or nearly straight and ascending terminally, the tip of mandible forming a minute slightly recurved point. Nostril exposed, separated more or less widely from feathering of latero-frontal antise, longitudinally oval, with an internal tubercle showing distinctly within posterior portion, mar- gined above by a more or less broad extension of the membraneous integument of the nasal fossa. Rictal bristles absent; feathers of chin, etc., without distinct terminal setae, but their webs semi- decomposed, bristle-like. Wing moderate, much rounded, the longest primaries projecting very little (sometimes not at all) beyond second- aries; fourth, fifth and sixth, fifth, sixth and seventh, or fifth and sixth, primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) a little more than half (M. plumbea) to two- thirds (M. boucardi) as long as the longest, the eighth slightly shorter to decidedly longer than secondaries. Tail two-thirds to slightly more than three-fourths as long as wing, strongly rounded (graduation equal to less than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla), the rectrices (12) rather narrow to rather broad (M. plumbea), rounded terminally. Tarsus much longer than whole culmen, two-fifths as long as wing or a little more, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, the planta fused (nonscutellate) ; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; outer toe, without claw, not reaching to middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe slightly shorter; hallux about as long as inner toe, but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe united to outer toe for much the greater part, to inner toe for not more than basal half (for less than basal half in M. boucardi) ; claws moderate in size and curvature, much compressed, that of the hallux decidedly shorter than its digit. Plumage full and blended, that of rump (and to a less extent that of flanks also) much lengthened, more lax; feathers of pileum short and blended in M. plumbea, more elongated and distinctly outlined in other species; rictal and postocular regions naked, the loral and frontal regions more or less scantily feathered. Coloration. — (I) Adult males uniform black, including outer sur- face of wings; adult females brown, the head more dusky. (II) Adult male plain slate color, the wing-coverts spotted with white; adult female similar but under parts bright tawny. (Ill) Adult males brown above, the head and neck slate color or olive, the wing-coverts with or without white spots; under parts gray or slate color, darker (sometimes black) on throat, the flanks brownish; adult females duller, brownish or rufescent below, or (in M. Isemosticta) similar to the male but the black throat barred with white. (IV) Adult males BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 105 bright cinnamon-rufous, more grayish (sometimes wholly gray) on pileum and hindneck, the wing-coverts sometimes spotted with black; sides of head, throat, and chest black, rest of under parts white medially, grayish and fulvescent laterally; adult females similar but without black on under parts. Range. — Nicaragua to western Ecuad6r, Amazon Valley, and British Guiana. (About six species.)" KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MYRMECIZA. a. Under parts partly black. 6. Back, -wings, etc., brown or cinnamon-rufous, c. Abdomen white; back, wings, etc., cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut. {Myrmeciza boucardi.) d. Whole chest gray. e. Pileum and hindneck wholly gray; no black spots or bars on wing-coverts. (Central Colombia.) Myrmeciza boucardi boucardi, adult male (extralimital) . & ee. Pileum and hindneck mostly rufous-brown; wing-coverts with con- spicuous bars or transverse spots of black. (Central Venezuela.) Myrmeciza boucardi griseipectus, adult male (extralimital). c dd. Upper chest black, like throat, the lower chest white medially. ee. Sides of chest paler and less extensively gray. (Coast district of Vene- zuela; Trinidad.) Myrmeciza boucardi swainsoni, adult male (extralimital). <* ee. Sides of chest darker and more extensively gray. (Eastern Panama and Caribbean coast district of Colombia.) Myrmeciza boucardi panamensis, adult male (p. 107). ° I have not seen Thamnophilus leuconotus Spix, referred to Myrmelastes by recent authors. I am quite unable to appreciate any reasons for retaining a genus Myrmelastes as distinguished from Myrmeciza, unless the former is restricted to the type {M. plum- beus). The latter differs from other species in much greater development of the plumage of the lower back and rump, stouter bill, more rounded wing, and narrower, more broadly operculate nostrils. On the other hand, M. boucardi and its allies have a longer and more slender bill, longer tail, with relatively narrower rectrices, longer outermost primary, and very different style of coloration. While not so homogeneous as most genera, however, the group, after the elimination of the long- tailed and otherwise very different species constituting the genus Drymophila Swain- son (see page 15), may, on the whole, be considered a fairly natural group. & Myrmeciza boucardi Berlepsch, Ibis, 5th ser., vi, no. xxi, Jan., 1888, 129 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. Count von Berlepsch); Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 279, part (Bogota). — [Drymophila] boucardi Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 34. c Myrmeciza swainsoni griseipectus Berlepsch and Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, no. 1, April 10, 1902, 76 (Caicara, Orinoco R., Venezuela; coll. TringMyiarchuss.). <* Myrmeciza swainsoni Berlepsch, Ibis, 5th ser., vi, no. xxi, Jan., 1888, 130, in text (based on Myrmothera longipes Swainson, but not of Vieillot). — M[yrmeciza] boucardi swainsoni Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, Oct. 20, 1908, 194, in text. — Myrme- ciza longipes albiventris Chapman, Auk, x, no. 4, Oct., 1893, 343; Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., vi, Feb., 1894, 51 (Princestown, Trinidad; coll. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H.).— [Drymo- phila] albiventris Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 34 (Trinidad). — Myrmeciza longipes longipes (not Myrmothera longipes Swainson?) Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, 1906, 33 (Trinidad; crit.). 106 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. cc. Abdomen slate color or gray. d. Back with a large concealed patch of white; sexes nearly alike in color. e. Throat uniform black. (Costa Bica and western Panama.) Myrmeciza laeinosticta, adult male (p. 109). ee. Throat spotted or barred with white. Myrmeciza lsemosticta, adult female (p. 109). dd. Back without a concealed white patch; sexes very different in color. e. All the'wing-coverts with a white apical spot or dot; tail relatively shorter. /. Darker, the back, rump, etc., deep mummy or Vandyke brown, head (all round) black, chest, breast, and abdomen blackish slate. (North- western Ecuad6r). . .Myrmeciza maculifer, adult male (extralimital)." ff. Paler, the back, rump, etc., mars brown, head (all round) blackish slate, chest, breast, and abdomen slate-gray. (Eastern Panama and adja- cent portion of Colombia) Myrmeciza cassini, adult male (p. 110). ee. "Wing-coverts (except, sometimes, a few of the more anterior lesser coverts) without white spots or dots. {Myrmeciza exsul.) f. Slightly darRer or duller in general coloration, with slate color of under parts usually not paler on abdomen. (Caribbean slope of Panama, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua.) Myrmeciza exsul exsul, adult male (p. 111). ff. Slightly brighter in coloration, with slate color of under parts usually paler on abdomen. (Pacific slope of Costa Bica and western Panama). Myrmeciza exsul oocidentalis, adult male (p. 113). 56. Back, wings, etc. (whole upper parts), also entire under parts, uniform black, the anterior lesser wing-coverts white, c. Forehead and lores densely (normally) feathered; white area on anterior mar- gin of wing narrower; tarsus 31.5-32. (Central Colombia.) Myrmeciza immaculata, adult male (extralimital). 6 cc. Forehead and lores scantily feathered; white area on anterior margin of wing broader; tarsus 33.5-36. d. White area on anterior portion of wing smaller, involving only marginal lesser coverts; tarsus 33.5-34.5. (Costa Rica and western Panama.) Myrmeciza zeledoni, adult male (p. 114). dd. White area on anterior portion of wing much larger, involving nearly the whole of the lesser covert area; tarsus 36. (Western Ecuad6r to central Colombia.) Myrmeciza berlepschi, adult male (extralimital). aa. Under parts without any black. 6. Throat and chest buff or ochraceous-buff (the former sometimes whitish); abdo- men white. (Myrmeciza boucardi.) c. Wing-coverts distinctly spotted or barred with black. d. Spots or bars on wing-coverts larger, very conspicuous. Myrmeciza boucardi griseipectus, adult female (extralimital). dd. Spots or bars on wing-coverts smaller, inconspicuous. Myrmeciza boucardi panamensis, adult female (p. 108). a Myrmelastes exsul maculifer Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, no. 2, July 10, 1906, 340, 342 (Paramba, n. w. Ecuad6r, 3,500 ft.; coll. Tring Myiarchuss.). — M[yrmelaste$] maculifer Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, Oct. 20, 1908, 194, in text. & T[hamnophilus]immaculatus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., viii, Sept., 1845, 340 (Bogota, Colombia; types now in coll. Bost. Soc. N. H.). See Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, 1907, 74, under Myrmeciza berlepschi. c Myrmeciza berlepschi Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. , xii, April 17, 1909, 74 (Chimbo, n. w. Ecuad6r; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). This form (of which I have not seen Colombian specimens) may prove to be only subspecifically distinct from M. zeledoni. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 107 cc. Wing-coverts not distinctly, if at all, spotted or barred with black. Myrmeciza boucardi swainsoni, adult female and young (extralimital). Myrmeciza boucardi panamensis, young male (p. 108). a bb. Throat gray or dusky; chest and abdomen brown or tawny. c. Smaller (wing 62-71, tarsus 26-31); pileum slaty or blackish, in contrast with chestnut or chestnut-brown of back; tail brown. d. All the wing-coverts with a terminal spot or dot of white; under parts paler, becoming buffy on abdomen Myrmeciza cassini, adult female (p. 110). dd. Wing-coverts uniform brown (except, sometimes, a few small dots of white near bend of wing); under parts darker, the abdomen brown. (Myrme- ciza exsul.) e. General color of under parts much duller, the chest vandyke brown. Myrmeciza exsul exsul, adult female (p. 111). ee. General color of under parts much brighter, the chest bright chestnut or tawny-chestnut. . .Myrmeciza exsul occidentalis, adult female (p. 113). cc. Larger (wing 75-81, tarsus 32-35); tail blackish; pileum dark brown, like back, etc. d. Forehead and lores densely (normally) feathered; chin to auricular region grayish dusky; throat dull grayish, chest slaty olive; back chestnut- brown; tail blackish brown; culmen, 19.5. Myrmeciza immaculata, adult female (extralimital). dd. Forehead and lores scantily feathered; chin to auricular region dull black; lower throat, chest, and other under parts deep vandyke brown; back, etc., dark vandyke brown; tail black; culmen, 20.5-22. Myrmeciza zeledoni, adult female (p. 114). MYRMECIZA BOUCARDI PANAMENSIS Ridgway. WHITE-BELLIED ANTBIB.D. Adult male. — Pileum and hindneck gray or slate-gray ; at least anteriorly and laterally, the gray paler on sides of occiput (supra- auricular region), the crown, occiput, and hindneck usually more or less overlaid by chestnut-brown (burnt-umber or vandyke), some- times uniformly of this color; rest of upper parts plain bright cin- namon-rufous or chestnut-rufous, the color paler and more tawny on primaries; anterior margin of lesser wing-covert area white or pale buffy, immediately followed by more or less of black spotting; middle wing-coverts sometimes with an indistinct subterminal bar of dusky; loral, suborbital, auricular, and malar regions, chin, throat, and chest uniform black, the first mixed with gray anteriorly; lower chest and breast (except medially) and sides of upper chest plain gray (no. 6 or no. 7), passing posteriorly into tawny-buff or clay color on flanks; median portion of lower chest and breast, together with abdomen, white ; under tail-coverts tawny or tawny- ochraceous; smaller under wing-coverts white or buffy white, those on carpal region with more or less distinct central or mesial marks of dusky; inner webs of remiges broadly edged with vinaceous- cinnamon; bill black; legs and feet dull yellowish or pale yellowish a The distinctive characters of the several forms of this species are not very evident in females and immature birds. I have not seen the adult female of M. b. boucardi. 108 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. brown (in dried skins); length (skins), 145-152 (150); wing, 65.5- 71.5 (69.3); tail, 51-57.5 (53.8); culmen, 18.5-20.5 (19.6); tarsus, 28-31.5 (30.5); middle toe, 16.5-18.5 (17.5) . a Adult female. — Pileum and hindneck brown (nearly mummy brown), passing into grayish (more or less extensively) on forehead and into light buffy grayish on supra-auricular region; rest of upper parts plain cinnamon-rufous, somewhat darker and duller on tail, paler and more tawny or cinnamomeous on primaries; lesser wing- coverts mixed black and cinnamon-brown; middle coverts crossed by a broad subterminal bar of black, the tip lighter cinnamon- rufous than general color; the greater coverts and tertials similarly marked but black subterminal bar narrower; auricular region dark brown or dusky, with narrow shaft-streaks of buffy or whitish; malar region, throat, and chest plain ochraceous-buff, passing into white or buffy white on chin; sides and flanks paler ochraceous-buff, some- what tinged with grayish; breast and abdomen white; under tail- coverts tawny-ochraceous; maxilla dark horn color, mandible paler; legs and feet dull yellowish or light yellowish brown (in dried skins) ; length (skins), 133-154 (141); wing, 62-69.5 (64.8); tail, 49-58.5 (52.2); culmen, 18.5-20 (19.2); tarsus, 28.5-31 (30): middle toe, 16-18.5 (16.8). b Immature male. — Similar to the adult female, but without distinct, if any, black markings on wings. Panama (Lion Hill; Panama; Sabana de Panama; Veragua) to northeastern Colombia (Santa Myiarchusrta, Cacagualito, Don Diego, and Bonda, Santa Myiarchusrta; Cartagena). (1) Myrmeciza longipes (not Myrmothera longipes Vieillot) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 249, part ("New Granada"). Myrmeciza longipes Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 325 (Lion Hill, Pana- ma). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 357 (Lion Hill). Myrmeciza swainsoni (not of Berlepsch) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Avea, ii, 1892, 229, part (Veragua and Lion Hill, Panama). = Eleven specimens. b Nine specimens. Locality. MALES. Five adult males from eastern Panama Six adult males from Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia Two adult males (M . b. swainsoni) from Venezuela. . Ten adult males (M . b. swainsoni) from Trinidad FEMALES. Four adult females from eastern Panama Five adult females from Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia Four adult females (M. 6. swainsoni) from Venezuela Six adult females (M . b. swainsoni) from Trinidad. . . Wing. 68.5 70 66.7 66.6 63.9 65.5 66 66.3 Tail. 52.5 55.5 52.7 53.5 50.4 54 53.4 52.5 Cul- men. 19.7 19.5 18.5 19.4 18.9 19.4 17.3 18.7 Tar- sus. 30.7 30.2 29.5 29.2 29.5 30.4 Myiarchusddle toe. 17.2 17.7 16.7 16.9 16.4 17.1 16.4 16.5 BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 109 Drymophila swainsoni Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1906, 217 (Sabana de Panama). [Drymophila] swainsoni Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 33, part (Colombia; Panama). Myrmeeiza boucardi (not of Berlepsch) Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 279, part (Veragua; Panama). — Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 138 (Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia).— Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., xiii, 1900, 160 (Bonda, etc., Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia). Myrmeeiza boucardi panamensis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, Oct. 20, 1908, 144 (line of Panama Railway; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). MYRMECIZA L^EMOSTICTA Salvin. SALVIN'S ANTBIRD. Aduli male (= M. stictoptera Lawrence). — Head and neck plain slate-black or blackish slate, becoming black on chin and throat; upper back dark brownish olive, the feathers black centrally and extensively white basally; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dark chestnut or chestnut-brown, the tail similar but slightly darker; lesser and middle wing-coverts black, each with a roundish apical spot of white, some of the coverts along anterior border of wing with outer web wholly white; greater coverts and secondaries dark chest- nut-brown, some of the former with indistinct small apical spots of fulvous; alula and primary-coverts uniform dusky grayish brown; primaries prouts brown, the outermost without white edging; chest, breast, anterior portion of sides, and upper abdomen, deep slate-gray or slate color, the feathers blackish centrally; posterior portion of sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts plain Vandyke brown; maxilla black, mandible brownish (dark bluish horn color in life) ; ° iris car- mine red, scarlet, or crimson;" legs and feet horn brown (leaden bluish or dark purplish lead color in life);" length (skins), 120-141 (131); wing, 62-65.5 (64.3); tail, 44-49 (46.5) ; culmen, 17.5-20 (18.5); tarsus, 25.5-28 (26.7); middle toe, 16-18 (17.1). 5 Adult female (= M. Isemosticta Salvin). — Similar to the adult male, but throat conspicuously spotted with white, and pileum and hind- neck mostly dark sepia brown instead of wholly slate-black or blackish slate; length (skins), 121-145 (131); wing, 62.5-65 (63.3); tail, 42-49 (44.8); culmen, 17-18.5 (18); tarsus, 26-28 (26.8) ; middle toe, 17-18 (17.2). 6 Costa Rica (Tucurriqui; Angostura; San Carlos; La Florida; Turri- alba;Peralta; Guapiles; Cuabre; Carrillo; L,a Vijagua; Rio Sticio) and western Panama (Santa Fe" de Veragua). Myrmeeiza Ixmosticta Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864 (pub. Apr. 1, 1865) 582 (Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; coll. Salvin and Godman); 1867, 145 (Santa F6 de Veragua, Panama; crit.). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 109 a M. A. Carriker, jr., on labels. b Ten specimens, from Costa Rica. 110 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (Tucurriqui).— Feantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Bica).— Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 280. — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 230, pi. 51, fig. 1. — Caeriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 617 (Caribbean slope, 1,000-2,500 ft., Costa Bica; crit.; habits). [Myrmeciza] Ixmosticta Sclatbr and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 74. Myrmeciza Ixmosticta Ixmosticta Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, 1906, 343 (crit.). [Drymophila] Ixmosticta Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 34. Drymophila Ixmosticta Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., v, 1908, 9, in text. Myrmeciza stictoptera Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, 1867, 132 (Angostura, Costa Bica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); ix, 1868, 109 (do.). — Feant- zius, Journ. fifr Orn., 1869, 306 (Costa Rica). — Cherrie, Froc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 532 (San Carlos, Costa Rica; crit.). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 230. [Drymophila] stictoptera Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 34. Drymophila stictoptera Careikee, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., v, 1908, 9 (crit.). MYRMECIZA CASSINI (Ridgway). CASSIN'S ANTBIED. Adult male. — Head and neck, all round, uniform slate-black or blackish slate; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and secondaries plain bright mummy brown or mars brown; edge of wing white; lesser wing-coverts brownish black or blackish brown, each with a conspicuous apical spot of white; " alula dusky brown, the outermost feather broadly edged with white; primary-coverts uniform dusky brown; primaries grayish brown basally passing ter- minally into light olive-brown, the outermost edged with white; under parts, except chin, throat, and under tail-coverts, plain slate- gray, somewhat paler posteriorly, where slightly tinged with fulvous; under tail-coverts light mummy brown; bill black; legs and feet light yellowish gray (in dried skin); wing, 69; tail, 42; culmen (bill defective); tarsus, 29; middle toe, 18. 6 Adult female?. — Upper parts as in the adult male, but brown of back, etc., much deeper (chestnut-brown); chin and most of throat uniform slate color; median portion of lower throat, chest, and breast chestnut, the remaining under parts slightly paler and duller (more russet); wing, 64; tail, 39; culmen (bill defective); tarsus, 26; middle toe, 18." Immature male. 6, — Similar to the supposed adult female, as de- scribed above, but brown of upper parts lighter and less castaneous (deeper, however, than in the adult male described), and general color of under parts much lighter (dull cinnamon-rufous on chest a In the single specimen that I have been able to examine the middle and greater coverts are wanting. & One specimen (the type). c One specimen, from Turbo, Colombia. <» Described from no. 150,920, U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., Cascajal (Code), Panama; Heyde. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Ill passing into ochraceous-buff on abdomen), the sides and flanks more brownish (nearly raw umber), the slate-gray restricted to chin and upper throat; wing, 63; tail, 41; culmen, 19; tarsus, 27; middle toe, 17. Eastern Panama (Cascajal, Code.) and adjacent portion of north- western Colombia (Turbo). Myrmetiza exsul "■ (not of Sclater, 1858) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 191 (Turbo, Colombia). Myrmelastes cassini Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, Oct. 20, 1908, 194 (Turbo, n. w. Colombia; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). MYRMECIZA EXSUL EXSUL Sclater. SCLATER'S ANTBIH.D. Adult male. — Head and neck, all round, uniform slate-black; upper parts (except pileum and hindneck) plain deep chestnut; lesser wing- coverts at least partly black, those along anterior margin of wing more or less extensively white, and behind this white margin often a few small dots of white; the carpo-metacarpal region also streaked with white, and outermost feather of alula sometimes edged with white; under parts (except chin, throat, flanks, anal region and under tail-coverts), plain blackish slate color; flanks, anal region, and under tail-coverts plain mummy or Vandyke brown; bill black; iris brown; bare skin of postocular region and chin sky blue; legs and feet dusky (blackish horn color or dark bluish gray in life) ; length (skins), 126-148 (134); wing, 64-71 (67.4); tail, 44-49 (46.8); culmen, 18.5-21.5 (20.2); tarsus, 27-29.5 (28.2); middle toe, 17.5-19 (17.9). b Adult female. — Upper parts as in adult male, but slate-black of pileum and hindneck slightly duller; chin and throat slate-blackish, but usually duller than in adult male; rest of under parts plain van- dyke or mummy brown; bill, etc., as in adult male, but mandible a The following citations of Myrmetiza (or Myrmelastes) exsul refer to one or more allied forms: Myrmetiza exsul (not of Sclater, 1858) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 294 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuaddr; crit.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 187 (Esmer- aldas); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 279 (Esmeraldas and Intac, Ecuaddr; Nechi, Colombia).— Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 526 (Nechi, Antioquia, Colombia). — Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 566 (Chimbo, w. Ecuad6r; crit.). — Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, no. 362, p. 31 (Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuad6r). — Hartert, Novit. Zool., v, 1898, 493 (Cachavi, n. w. Ecua- dor). — Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, 65 (Santo Domingo and Guanacillo, n. w. Ecuad6r; habits, etc.). [Myrmetiza] exsul Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 74. [Myrmelastes] exsul Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 32 (Colombia to Ecuaddr). (The bird from Nechi, Colombia, may possibly be M. cassini.) * Sixteen specimens. 112 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. sometimes brownish; length (skins), 124-140 (132); wing, 64-69.5 (66.4); tail, 42.5-50 (45.2); culmen, 19-21 (20); tarsus, 27.5-31 (28.3); middle toe, 16.5-19 (17.9).° Caribbean slope of Panama (Lion Hill; Frijole station; Chepo; Panama; Cascajal, Code), Costa Rica (Jimenez; Sipiirio; Talamanca; Angostura; Rio Reventaz6n; Guacimo; Guapiles; Cuabre; Rio Sicsola; Siquirres; LaCristina; Carrillo; Lim6n; La Balsa; Turrialba; Volcan de Turrialba; El Hogar; Rio Banana; La Vijagua; Pacuare) and Nicaragua (Los Sabalos; Rio Escondido; Chontales; San Emilis, Lake Nicaragua). Myrmeeim exsul Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858 (pub. 1859), 540 (Panama; coll. Derby Myiarchuss.). — Cakeiker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 614 (Caribbean lowlands up to 2,000 ft., Costa Rica; crit.; habits; descr. nest and eggs). M[yrmedza] exsul Hellmayr, Verb., k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1903, 215 (diagnosis). Myrmelastes exsul exsul Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, 1906, 341 (Panama^ e. Costa Rica; Rio Escondido and Chontales, Nicaragua; crit.; synonymy). Myrmedza immaculate/, (not Thamnophilus immaculatus Lafresnaye) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Oct. 1, 1864, 357 (Lion Hill, Panama; coll. Salvin and Godman). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 109 (Pacuare and Angostura, Costa Rica; crit.). — Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica).— Nutting, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 405 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; habits). — Zeledon, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 115, part (Pacuare and Jimenez, Costa Rica). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 279, part (Panama and Chepo, Panama; " Valza," i. e. La Balsa, Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,ii, 1892, pi. 51, figs. 2, 3. [Myrmedza] immaculata Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 74. Myrmedza intermedia Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, no. 355, Sept. 4, 1891, 345 (Sipiirio, Talamanca, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). Myrmelastes intermedins Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 227, part (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; Pacuare, Angostura, La Balsa, Jimenez, and Carrillo, Costa Rica; Lion Hill and Chepo, Panama). — Richmond, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 502 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits). — Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 25 (Loma del Le6n, Panama). [Myrmelastes] intermedins Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 32. Myrmelastes occidentalis intermedins Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., v, no. 1, Oct. 1, 1908, 10, in text. - Fourteen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 113 MYRMECIZA EXSUL OCCIDENTALIS (Cherrie). CHERRIE'S ANTBIRD. Adult male. — Head and neck, all round, plain black or slate-black; rest of upper parts plain chestnut, the tail slightly darker; anterior lesser wing-coverts black (those along margin of wing white), the posterior ones more brownish; outermost feather of alula some- times edged with white; chest, breast, sides, and abdomen plain blackish slate (rather darker anteriorly, where usually shading grad- ually into the black of throat, slightly paler, or clearer slate color, posteriorly) ; flanks, anal region, and under tail-coverts plain chest- nut-brown or vandyke brown; bill black; iris brown; bare skin of postocular region and chin sky blue (in life) ; legs and feet dusky (blackish horn color or dark bluish gray in life); length (skins), 125-143 (133); wing, 65-71 (68.3); tail, 47-51.5 (48.1); culmen, 20-22 (20.7); tarsus, 27-29.5 (27.8); middle toe, 17.5-19.5 (18.2) . a Young male {nestling). — Myiarchusch like the adult male but coloration much duller, the chestnut of back mixed or tinged with sooty brown, the head, neck, and chest sooty blackish or brownish slate-black, and under parts of body mixed sooty brown and tawny brown. Adult female. — Upper parts as in adult male, but color of back, etc., usually rather lighter, more tawny, chestnut, and less sharply denned against the dusky slate color of pileum and hindneck, which are usually more or less tinged with brown; sides of head, chin, and upper throat slate color, the latter sometimes tinged with tawny brown; lower throat and chest bright tawny-chestnut or rufous- chestnut, passing into russet or tawny-russet on breast and abdo- men, the flanks, anal region, and under tail-coverts tawny-brown (between mars brown and russet) ; bill, etc., as in adult male; length (skins), 131-140 ( 135) ; wing, 62-69 (65.7) ; tail, 44.5-49 (46.8) ; culmen, 18.5-21.5 (20.1); tarsus, 27-29.5 (28.1); middle toe, 17-18 (17.7) . a Pacific slope of Costa Rica (Pozo del Pital, Rio Naranjo; Pozo Azul de Pirris; Pozo del Rio Grande; Pozo de Terraba; El General; Paso Real; Boruca; Buenos Aires; Barranca, Boruca; Las Trojas; Palmar; Lagarto; La Palma de Nicoya; Esparta; San Myiarchusteo; San Carlos), and western Panama (Divala; Bugaba). Myrmetiza immaculata (not of Sclater and Salvia) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 195 (Bugaba, Panama; crit.). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 61 (San Carloa and San Myiarchusteo, Costa Rica). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1882, 398 (La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; crit.).— Zeledon, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, 1887, 115, part (Las Trojas and Pozo Azul, w. Costa Rica). Myrmetiza immaculata occidentalis Cherrie, Auk, viii, April, 1891, 191 (Pozo Azul, s. w. Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). a Ten specimens, from Costa Rica, 81255°— Bull. 50—11 8 114 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Myrmeciza ocoidentalis Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 19 (Pozo del Pital, s. w. Costa Rica). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 616 (Pacific lowlands and foothills, Costa Rica; crit.; descr. nest and Myrmelastes ocddentalis Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 228 (Bebedero, etc., w. Costa Rica). — Cherrie, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 43 (Palmar, Lagarto, Boraca, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., v, 1908, 10 (crit.). {Myrmelastes] ocddentalis Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 32. Myrmelastes exsul ocddentalis Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, 1906, 341 (Pozo Azul, etc., s. w. Costa Rica; Bugaba, Panama; crit.). — Bangs, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 296 (Boruca, Paso Real, Pozo del Rio Grande, and Barranca, s. w. Costa Rica). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., v, 1908, 10, in text. M[yrmelastes] exsul ocddentalis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, 1908, 194, in text. Myrmelastes intermedius (not Myrmedza intermedia Cherrie) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 227, part (San Carlos and San Myiarchusteo, Costa Rica; Bugaba, Panama). MYRMECIZA ZELEDONI Ridgway. ZELEDON'S AKTBIRD. Adult male. — Uniform black, relieved only by a white patch on inner- anterior portion of lesser wing-covert area, a narrow white margin thence around bend of wing, and white edging to alulae; bill and feet black; iris chestnut; bare skin of lores and orbits blue, becoming white behind eye;° length (skins), 168-188 (178); wing, 78-86 (80.9); tail, 70-82 (76.8); culmen, 21-23 (22); tarsus, 33.5- 34.5 (34); middle toe, 20-22 (21.2). 6 Adult female. — Above plain dark chocolate brown (or between chocolate and seal brown), the tail blackish brown or brownish black; loral, orbital, and auricular regions, chin, and upper throat, blackish brown or brownish black; under parts lighter chocolate brown or Vandyke brown; maxilla blackish brown, mandible pale yellowish brown or dull yellowish (in dried skins); legs and feet dusky brown (in dried skins); length (skins), 166-193 (175); wing, 75-81 (78.6); tail, 71.5-78 (75); culmen, 20.5-22 (21.1); tarsus, 32-35 (33.6); middle toe, 20-22 (21.1). c Costa Rica (Naranjo de Cartago; Guayabo; Guapiles; Carrillo; La Hondura; Tucurriqui; Cariblanco de Sarapiqui) and western Panama (Boquete de Chitra; Calobre; Calovevora; Caribbean slope, Volcan de Chiriqui). Western Colombia. Thamnophilus immaculatus (not of Lafresnaye) Salvin, Ibis, 1870, 114 (Tucur- riqui, Costa Rica; crit.); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 194 (Volcan de Chiri- qui, Calovevora, and Calobre, Panama). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 189, part (Tucu riqui, Costa Rica; Boquete de Chitra, Calobre, Calove- vora, and Volcan de Chiriquf, Panama). a Zeled6n, manuscript. 6 Five specimens, from Costa Rica. <= Eight specimens from Costa Rica (7) and western Panama (1). BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 115 [ Thamnophilus] immaculatus Sclatee and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 69 part. Myrmelastes immaculatus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 225, part (Costa Rica and Panama localities and references). — Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 42 (Volcan de Chiriqui, 2,000 ft.). [Myrmelastes] immaculatus Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 32, part. Myrmeciza immaculata Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 618 (Caribbean slope Costa Rica, 1,000-4,000 ft.; crit.)«. Myrmeciza zeledoni Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, April 17, 1909, 74 (Guayabo, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). Genus FORMICARIUS Boddaert. Formicarius Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., 1783, 43. (Type, F. cayanensis Bod- daert=.F. colma Boddaert.) (?) Myrmecophaga Lacepede, Tableaux Oiseaux, 1799, 6. (Type undeterminable, no species being named; nomen nudum.) Myotthera Spix, Av. Sp. Nov. Brazil, i, 1824, 72. (Type, M. ruficeps Spix= Turdus colma Gmelin. Myothera D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye, Myiarchusg. de Zool., 1839 (Synopsis Avium, p. 14). (Type, M. analis D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye.) Myrmothera, part, Vieiilot, Analyse, 1816, 43, 70. (Type, none specified, and no species named; includes "Befroi, et quelques autres fourmilliers de Buffon"). Myocincla Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 230. (Type, Turdus colma Gme- \m= Formicarius colma Boddaert.) Kather large Formicariidse (length about 150-180 mm.) with very dense, compact plumage; bill much shorter than head, depressed basally; short, rounded tail (less than two-thirds as long as the short and concave, rather pointed wing) ; latero-frontal antise with feather- ing short and dense; scutellate tarsi, short anterior claws, and plain coloration. Bill shorter than head (exposed culmen about as long as distance from nostril to posterior angle of eye), with straight lateral outlines, slightly depressed basally, its width at latero-frontal antise greater than its depth at same point and equal to half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, or slightly less; culmen distinctly ridged, straight or nearly so for most of its length, decurved terminally, the tip of maxilla inconspicuously and rather obtusely uncinate; max- illary tomium slightly convex posteriorly, straight anteriorly, slightly notched subterminally; mandibular tomium faintly concave pos- teriorly, nearly straight or very faintly convex anteriorly, very indistinctly notched subterminally; gonys decidedly to rather a Myiarchus. Carriker erroneously concludes that because six skins of "Myrmeciza immacu- lata (Lafresnaye)" from western Colombia agree closely with Costa Rican specimens of M. zeledoni, the latter is not a tenable form. He quite overlooked the fact that the specimens from western Colombia, which he examined are not Thamno- philus immaculatus of Lafresnaye, which is so different that their confusion would be almost impossible if specimens are actually compared. His observations simply extend the range of M. zeledoni to western Colombia. 116 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL. MUSEUM. strongly convex basally, nearly straight and ascending terminally. Nostril exposed, broadly oval, margined above by narrow membrane, posteriorly in contact with the short and very dense feathering of latero-frontal antise. Rictal bristles present but small; feathers of chin, malar antise, etc., short, without trace of terminal setas. Wing rather short but pointed, very concave beneath, the outer primaries rather strongly arcuate, the longer ones projecting decidedly beyond secondaries; sixth, seventh, or eighth primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) nearly three-fourths as long as the longest, the ninth decidedly longer than secondaries. Tail about three-fifths as long as wing, rounded (graduation less than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla), the rectrices (12) rather broad and firm, rounded terminally. Tarsus about two and a half times as long as bill from nostril, decidedly less than two-fifths as long as wing, distinctly scutellate, the plantar scutella quadrate, in two longitudinal series; middle toe, with claw, a little more than two-thirds as long as tarsus (longer than commissure) ; outer toe, without claw, reaching to about middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe very slightly shorter; hallux much shorter than inner toe, slightly stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe united for more than half its length to outer toe, for less than half its length to inner toe; anterior claws very short, relatively broad, slightly curved; claw of hallux slightly curved, nearly as long as its digit. Plumage compact, dense, that of rump and flanks not elongated nor lax; feathers of pileum not elongated. Coloration. — General color uniform brown or blackish (the head sometimes rufescent) above, dusky, grayish, or brownish below, some- times with chest rufescent or tawny, the under tail-coverts usually rufescent and throat black (sometimes margined posteriorly with a narrow band of cinnamon or chestnut) ; inner webs of remiges with basal portion (abruptly) buff, ochraceous, or tawny, the under wing- coverts similar but tipped with black; sexes alike; young similar but throat usually more or less variegated with white. Range. — Southern Mexico to western Ecuad6r, Peru, Bolivia, southeastern Brazil, and Cayenne. (About fifteen species and subspecies.) This genus is very distinct from any other, its nearest relative being the genus Ghamxza Vigors," of South America, which differs in longer tail (more than two-thirds as long as wing), much greater development of plumage of lower back and rump, different char- acter of feathering of anterior portion of head, shorter and more depressed bill, variegated plumage, and other features. o See page 15. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEBIC A. 117 KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP FOBMICAKIUS. a. Pileum and hindneck rufescent or tawny, conspicuously different from color of back; outer web of exterior feather of alula light tawny or buff. 6. Forehead bright tawny or rufescent, like crown, etc. (Southeastern Brazil.) Formicarius colma (extralimital).® 66. Forehead black or dusky. (Amazon Valley to Cayenne and Colombia.) Formicarius nigrifrons (extralimital).* aa. Pileum dull brownish, not very different from color of back, or else black; outer web of exterior feather of alula grayish brown. 6. Chest black, brownish gray, or slaty. c. Sides of neck similar in color to hindneck, not rufescent or cinnamomeous. d. Pileum brown, like back, with only centers of feathers blackish; chest slate- gray in contrast with black of throat. (Bolivia to northeastern Peru.) Formicarius analis (extralimital). c dd. Pileum and chest black. (Costa Rica and western Panama.) Formicarius analis uigricapillus (p. 118). cc. Sides of neck rufescent or cinnamomeous. (Formicarius moniliger.) d. Under tail-coverts only partly, if at all, rusty, tawny, or cinnamomeous, the longer (posterior) ones being dusky margined with brown. «. A distinct rusty or cinnamomeous collar across foreneck. /. Darker, the back, etc., bright mummy brown to chestnut-brown, the chest sooty slate-gray. (Southeastern Mexico, except Yucatan, to Guatemala) Formicarius moniliger moniliger (p . 119) . ff. Paler, the back, etc., raw-umber to light olive-brown, the chest mouse gray to drab-gray. a Formicarius colma Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., 1783, 44 (=young; based on Le Colma, de Cayenne Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 703, fig. 1); Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 302.— [Turdus] colma Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789, 827.— Myrmothera colma Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. Meth., 1822, 681, 683. — Myiothera colma Cabanis, in Schom- burgk's Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 686. — Formicarius cayanensis Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., 1783, 50 (= adult; based on Le Tetima, de Cayenne Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 821); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 670 (monogr.).— Mfyrmornis] cayanensis Cabanis and Efeine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, 1859, 7. — Myiothera tetema Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 46. — Myioturdus tetema Myiarchusximilian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, 1831, 1030. — Myrmothera fuscicapilla Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat, xii, 1817, 112.— Myothera ruficeps Spix, Av. Bras., i, 1825, 72, pi. 72, fig. 1 (locality not given; coll. Myiarchusnich Myiarchuss.). — Formicarius ruficeps Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., ii Abth., 1869, 90, part. — Formicarius ruficeps ruficeps Hellmayr, Orn. Monats., x, Myiarchusrch, 1902, 35 (geog. range). b Formicarius nigrifrons Gould, Ann. and Myiarchusg. N. H., ser. 2, xv, Myiarchusy, 1855, 344 Chamicuros, e. Peru; coll. J. Gould); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855 (pub. Myiarchusy 16),) 68; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 303; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 672 (monogr.). — Formicarius colma nigrifrons Snethlege, Journ. fur Orn., Jan., 1908, 17 (Rio Purus, w. Brazil). — (?) Formicarius nigrifrons glaucopectus Ridg- way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, no. 961, Nov. 28, 1893, 673, in text (British Guiana; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). c M\yotherd\ analis D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye, Synop. Av., in Myiarchusg. de Zool., 1837, 14; cl. ii, pis. 77-79 (Yuracares and Chiquitos, Bolivia); D'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. M&id., Ois., 1839, pi. 6 bis, fig. 1.— Formicarius analis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 46; Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 304, part; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 673 (-monogr.). — Formicarius analis analis Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, Dec, 1902, 613 (Bolivia to e. Peru; diagnosis). — M[yrmornis] analis Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, 1859, 7. 118 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. g. Darker, the back, etc., raw-umber brown, the chest mouse gray. (British Honduras) Formicarius moniliger intermedius (p. 121). gg. Paler, the back, etc., light olive-brown (or between broccoli brown and isabella color), the chest drab-gray. (Yucatan.) Formicarius moniliger pallidus (p. 121). ee. No rusty or cinnamomeous collar across foreneck. (Eastern Costa Rica and eastern Nicaragua) Formicarius moniliger umbrosus (p. 122). dd. Under tail-coverts wholly, or for much the greater part, rusty, tawny, or cinnamomeous. e. Forehead lighter and more rufeBcent or cinnamomeous brown than crown. /. Larger (wing averaging 93.5 in adult male, 91 in adult female); color of under parts more slaty, the under tail-coverts darker rusty. (South- western Oosta Rica and western Panama.) Formicarius moniliger hoffmannl (p. 123). ff. Smaller (wing averaging 87 in adult male, 86.9 in adult female); color of under parts more brownish or more strongly suffused with olive or buffy, the under tail-coverts paler, more tawny. (Eastern Panama.) Formicarius moniliger panamensis (p. 124). ee. Forehead concolor with crown (not more rufescent or cinnamomeous). /. "White loral spot small, sometimes obsolete; under parts nearly uniform deep brownish gray; under tail-coverts rufous-tawny. (Trinidad, Venezuela, and adjacent coast district of Colombia.) Formicarius moniliger saturatus (extralimital).o ff. "White loral spot large, conspicuous; under parts clear brownish gray, fading into nearly white on lower abdomen; under tail-coverts clear tawny. (British Guiana.) Formicarius moniliger crissalis (extralimital).& 6&. Chest chestnut or rufous-tawny, c. Pileum rusty brown or chestnut. (Western Panama to eastern Costa Rica; northwestern Colombia?) Formicarius rufipectus (p. 125). cc. Pileum black. (Eastern Ecuad6r.)... Formicarius thoracious (extralimital).c FORMICARIUS ANALIS NIGRICAPILLUS (Ridgway). BLACK-HEADED ANTTHKUSH. Adult male. — Head, all round, and chest uniform sooty black, this gradually passing through sooty blackish slate on upper breast into brownish slate-gray on abdomen, where (in fresh plumage) the feathers are margined terminally with dull buffy whitish; sides and flanks similar in color to breast, but faintly tinged with olive; hind- neck, sides of neck and general color of upper parts plain dark van- = Formicarius saturatus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, no. 961, Nov. 28, 1893, 677 (Princestown, Trinidad; coll. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H.). — Formicarius artalis saturatus Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., vi, Feb. 16, 1894, 53 (Trinidad).— Formicarius hoff- manni saturatus Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, 1906, 33 (Trinidad; crit.). & Myrmornis crissalis Cabanis, Journ. fur Orn., Myiarchusr., 1861, 96, in text (Roraima, Brit. Guiana). — Formicarius crissalis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 576 (Para); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 676 (monogr.).— F[ormicarius] a[nalis] crissalis Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiv, Nov., 1907, 392 (geog. range). c Formicarius fhoracicus Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 101 (Myiarchuschay, e. Ecuad6r; coll. Branicki Myiarchuss.); Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 301, footnote; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 685 (monogr.). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 119 dyke brown, or approaching seal brown, the upper tail-coverts seal brown or dark chocolate; tail blackish brown or brownish black; shorter under tail-coverts light rufous-chestnut or chestnut-tawny, the longer ones sooty black; under wing-coverts blackish at tip (broadly) and base, ochraceous in middle portion, the axillars simi- larly marked, but middle portion buff instead of ochraceous; inner webs of remiges crossed near base by a broad but not sharply defined band of dull ochraceous; bill black; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skin), 168-175 (171); wing, 90.5-94 (92.3); tail, 49-51.5 (50.3); culmen, 23-24.5 (23.7); tarsus, 32; middle toe, 20.5-21 (20.7).° Adult female. — Similar to the adult male, and probably not always distinguishable, but usually (?) with color of under parts of body slightly tinged with olive, the sides and flanks strongly olivaceous; length (skins), 163.5-164 (163.7); wing, 90-93.5 (91.7); tail, 48.5- 49.5 (49); culmen, 24-25.5 (24.7); tarsus, 30-31.5 (30.7); middle toe, 2\. a Costa Rica (Tucurriqui; Carrillo; Cariblanco de Sarapiqul; Cerro de Santa Myiarchusria; Buena Vista) and western Panama (Santiago de Veragua). Formicarius analis (not Myothera analis Lafresnaye) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 74, part (Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; Veragua, Panama); 1867, 145 (Santa Pe de Veragua, Panama; crit.). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 110 (Costa Rica; crit.).— Frantzitts, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 306 (Costa Rica). — Zeled<5n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 115 (Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 235, part (Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; Santiago de Veragua, Panama). [Formicarius] analis Sclateb and Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 75, part. Formicarius nigricapillus "Cherrie" Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, no. 961, Nov. 28, 1893, 675 (Buena Vista, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— Car- biker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 623 (Carrillo, Cariblanco de Sarapiqul, and Cerro de Santa Myiarchusria, Costa Rica). [Formicarius] nigricapillus Sharpb, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 38, part (Costa Rica; Panama). Formicarius analis nigricapillus Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, Dec, 1902, 614 (Cari- blanco de Sarapiqul, Costa Rica; crit.). FORMICARIUS MONILIGER MONILIGER Sclater. MEXICAN ANTTHRUSH. Adults (sexes alike). — Pileum dull black, the feathers broadly tipped or terminally margined with prouts brown, this often the prevailing color (the black being mostly concealed); rest of upper parts plain mummy brown, more castaneous (vandyke brown) on lower rump, upper tail-coverts, and bindneck; tail darker and duller brown basally, passing into dull slate-blackish terminally; loral and suborbital regions, anterior half of auricular region, malar region, a Two specimens, from Costa Rica. 120 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. chin, and throat uniform black, the first with a small central spot of white; band across foreneck and extending thence to hindneck and supra-auricular region and terminal portion of auricular region chestnut, duller laterally; under parts plain deep sooty grayish, darkest on chest (where sometimes strongly tinged with, olive), paler on abdomen (where sometimes inclining to buffy whitish), the sides and flanks olive or mixed sooty gray and olive; under tail- coverts light brown (nearly raw-umber), the longer ones mostly blackish, margined terminally with light brown; under wing-coverts buff, broadly tipped with dark sooty brown; inner webs of remiges crossed by a broad band of tawny-buff anterior to their middle por- tion; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet brownish (in dried skins). Young. — Essentially like adults but black of throat, etc., replaced by dark sooty brown; chestnut band across foreneck narrow and more or less broken, and general color of under parts more sooty. Adult male.— Length (skins), 150-181 (173); wing, 87.5-94 (90.6); tail, 50-55 (52.9); culmen, 20.5-22 (21.2); tarsus, 30.5-33 (31.7); middle toe, 19-21 (20) . a Adult female. — Length (skins), 155-175 (167); wing, 85.5-92.5 (89.2); tail, 51-56 (53.5); culmen, 20-21 (20.7); tarsus, 30-33 (31.3); middle toe, 20. b Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Cordova; Playa Vicente; Cerro de la Defensa; Atoyac; Motzorongo; Buena Vista), Oaxaca (mountains near Santo Domingo) and Tabasco (Teapa) and Guatemala (Choctum; Chisec; Coban; sources of Kio de la Pasion; Kampamac; Tactic; Nehaj, Quiche). Formicarius moniliger Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 294 (Cdrdova, Vera Cruz, Mexico ; coll . A . Salle 1 , now in coll . Brit. Myiarchuss. ) ; 1858, 278, part (Vera Cruz) ; 1859, 383 (Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 191 (Oaxaca); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 303, part (C6rdova, Vera Cruz; Oaxaca; sources Rio de la Pasi<5n and Choctum, Guatemala). — Salvin, Ibis, 1861, 353 (Chisec, centr. Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 75 (Mexico; Guatemala; monogr.). — Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N.H.,i, 1869, 556 (hot region Vera Cruz, up to 800 m.; habits; notes); La Naturaleza, v, 1881, 248(do.). — Sal- 's Nine specimens. Three specimens. BIBDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEBIC A. 121 vin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 233, part (C6rdova, Cerro de la Defensa, Atoyac, and Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; Vera Paz, Chisec, Kampamac, Choctum, and Tactic, Guatemala). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 683 (monogr.). [Formicarius] moniliger Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 47, in text — Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 75, part. — Sharps, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 39, part (s. Mexico; Guatemala). Myrmornis moniliger Cabanis, Journ. fur Orn., 1861, 96. [Myrmornis] moniliger Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Myiarchuss. Hein. Orn., 1890, 124 (Mexico). Formicarius moliniger Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 1878, 49 (Guatemala). FORMICARIUS MONILIGER INTERMEDIUS Ridgway. INTERMEDIATE ANTTHRTTSH. Myiarchusch paler and less rufescent above than F. m. moniliger, darker and more rufescent than F. m. -pallidus ;"■ under parts pale as in F. m. pallidus, but the color decidedly clearer (less buffy) gray. Adult male.— Length (skins), 163-180 (170); wing, 86-91 (88); tail, 51-58 (54); culmen, 19.5-22 (21); tarsus, 30-32 (31); middle toe, 19-20.5 (19.9). b Adult female.— Length (skin), 169.5; wing, 90; tail, 51.5; culmen, 20; tarsus, 30.5; middle toe, 19. c British Honduras (forest near Myiarchusnatee Lagoon; Myiarchusnatee Eiver; Toledo District; Cayo). Formicarius moniliger (not of Sclater, 1856) Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 303, part (Brit. Honduras).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 233, part (Cayo, Brit. Honduras). [Formicarius] moniliger Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 39, part (Brit. Honduras). Formicarius moniliger intermedius Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, Oct. 20, 1908, 194 (forest near Myiarchusnatee Lagoon, British Honduras; coll. Camegie Myiarchuss.). Formicarius monileger Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 221 (Cayo, Brit. Honduras). FORMICARIUS MONILIGER PALLIDUS (Lawrence). YUCATAN ANTTHRUSH. Similar to F. m. intermedius but coloration still paler, the general color of upper parts light olive-brown (between broccoli brown and isabella color, brightening into raw-umber on upper tail-coverts), the abdominal region (extensively) grayish white or very pale buffy gray. a In F. m. moniliger the color of the back varies from bright mummy brown to chestnut-brown; in F. m. intermedius it is deep raw-umber, while in F. m. pallidus it is light olive-brown or between broccoli brown and isabella color. In F. m. pallidus the color of the chest is drab-gray, in F. m. intermedius mouse gray. b Pour specimens. c One specimen. 122 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult (sex not determined). — Length (skin), 173.5; wing, 93; tail, 55; culmen, 22; tarsus, 31; middle toe, 20. Yucatan (Tizimin). Furnarius pallidus Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., ii, no. 9, Myiarchusy 29, 1882, 288 (Yucatan; coll. G. N. Lawrence). Formicarius pallidus Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., ii, no. 9, 1882 (index). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 450 (Tizimin, Yucatan; crit.). — Reichenow and Schalow, Journ. fur Om., 1884, 388 (reprint of orig. deacr.). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 684 (monogr.). [Formicarius] pallidus Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 39. F[ormicarius] m[oniliger] pallidus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, Oct. 20, 1908, 194, in text. [Myrmornis] pallidus Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Myiarchuss. Hein. Orn., 1890, 124. Formicarius moniliger (not of Sclater, 1856) Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 303, part (Tizimin, Yucatan). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 233, part (Tizimin). FORMICARIUS MONttlGER UMBROSUS (Ridgway). NICARAGUA!* ANTTHRTJSH. Similar to F. m. moniliger but without any chestnut across foreneck, the black of throat giving way, more or less abruptly, on chest to dull slate color or sooty gray; under tail-coverts darker, more castaneous, brown; terminal portion of auricular region, together with supra- auricular region (sides of occiput) and sides of neck, varying from chestnut to vinaceous-cinnamon. Young. — Myiarchusch like adults but malar region, chin, and throat dull whitish or buffy, transversely mottled or barred with dusky, or else uniform dull sooty blackish; whitish abdominal area transversely spotted or clouded with grayish dusky. Adult male.— Length (skins), 158-180 (164); wing, 86-93 (90.2); tail, 49.5-57 (53.7); culmen, 19-23.5 (21.4); tarsus, 31-36 (33.5); middle toe, 18-20.5 (19.1).° Adult female. — Length (skins), 146-170 (161); wing, 86-91.5 (88.3); tail, 48-55 (51.7); culmen, 19-22 (20.3); tarsus, 31.5-33.5 (32.3); middle toe, 17.5-20 (18.8). 5 a Fourteen specimens. 6 Twelve specimens. Locality. Myiarchusddle toe. MALES. Ten adult males from eastern Costa Rica.. Tour adult males Irom Nicaragua FEMALES. Ten adult females from eastern Costa Rica Two adult females from Nicaragua 19.2 18.9 18.7 19.3 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 123 Eastern and northern Costa Rica (Talamanca; Bonilla; Jimenez; Rio Myiarchustina; Cuabre; Guacimo; Guapiles; LaVijagua; La Florida; VolcandeMyiarchusravalles; Pacuare; San Carlos) and Nicaragua (Mosquito coast; Los Sabalos; Rio Escondido; San Emilis, Lake Nicaragua). Formicarius monittger (not of Sclater, 1856) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 278, part (Mosquito coast, Nicaragua). Formicarius koffmanni (not Myrmornis hoffmanni Cabanie) Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 62 (San Carlos, Costa Rica; habits). — Zeled6n, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., viii, 1885, 108 (Costa Rica); Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, 1887, 115, part (Jimenez, Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 234, part (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; San Carlos, Jimehez, and Pacuare, Costa Rica). — Richmond, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 502 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits). Formicarius hoffmani Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 405 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; habits; notes). [Formicarius] hoffmanni Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 75, part. Formicarius umbrosus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, no. 961, Nov. 28, 1893, 681 (Talamanca, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). — Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 441 (Volcan de Myiarchusravalles, Costa Rica; habits; notes). — Car- riker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 624 (Caribbean and northern Pacific lowlands of Costa Rica, up to 1,200 ft.; habits; descr. nest and eggs). [Formicarius] umbrosus Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 39. FORMICARIUS MONILIGER HOFFMANNI (Cabanis.) HOFFMANN'S ANTTHRTJSH. Similar to F. m. umbrosus, but under tail-coverts clear tawny or tawny-chestnut (as in F. m. panamensis), and black of throat usually more sharply denned and abruptly contrasted with the dark slate color of chest. Differing from F. m. panamensis in larger size and less brownish coloration." Adult male. — Length (skins), 153-173 (163); wing, 90-98.5 (93.5); tail, 51.5-56.5 (54.1); culmen, 19.5-23 (21.2); tarsus, 31.5-34 (33.5); middle toe, 19-21.5 (20.4). 6 Adult female.— Length (skins), 155-170 (161); wing, 88-95 (91); tail, 47-55 (51.1); culmen, 21-22.5 (21.7); tarsus, 31.5-34.5 (33.5); middle toe, 19-20.5 (19.9) . 6 As in the young of F. m. umbrosus, the young of this form fre- quently have the malar region, chin, and throat white barred or transversely spotted with black. a As in F. m. panamensis, there is in this form sometimes a more or less distinct indication of a chestnut or russet collar across the lower throat. Such specimens may be easily distinguished from F. m. moniliger by the very different color of the under tail-coverts (clear tawny or tawny-chestnut instead of light olive-brown and dusky), and much lighter, as well as more extended, color (deep vinaceous-cinnamon to cinnamon-rufous, instead of dull chestnut) of sides of neck and occiput and ter- minal portion of auricular region. & Ten specimens, from Costa Rica. 124 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES N/TIONAL MUSEUM. Southwestern Costa Rica (Pozo del Rio Grande, Paso Real, Lagarto, Boruca, and Barranca, Boruca; Buenos Aires; El General; Pozo del Pital, Rio Naranjo; Pozo de Terraba; Pozo Azul de Pirris; Las Trojas) and western Panama (Divala; Bugaba; Chiriqui). Myrmornis hoffmanni Cabanis, Journ. fur Orn., Myiarchusr., 1861, 95 (Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Myiarchuss.). Formicarius hoffmanni Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 110 (Costa Rica). — Prantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 306 (Costa Rica). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 75, part (Costa Rica); 1870, 195 (Bugaba, Panama).— Zeled6n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1878, 115, part (Las Trojas and Pozo Azul de Pirrfs, Costa Rica). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 304, part (Bugaba, Veragua, and Chiriqui, Panama). — Salvin and God- man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 234, part (Las Trojas, Costa Rica; Chiriqui and Bugaba, Panama). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 623 (s. w. Costa Rica, up to 1,500 ft.; crit.; habits). [Formicarius] hoffmanni Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 75, part (Costa Rica). — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 39, part (s. w. Costa Rica). Formicarius hoffmanni hoffmanni Bangs, Auk, xxiv, July, 1907, 298 (Boruca, Paso Real, Pozo del Rio Grande, Lagarto, and Barranca, s. w. Costa Rica; crit.). F[ormicarius'\ moniliger hoffmanni Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, Oct. 20, 1908, 195, in text. Formicarius wmbrosus (not of Ridgway) Bangs, Auk, xviii, 1901, 366 (Divala, Panama). FORMICARIUS MONILIGER PANAMENSIS Ridgway. PANAMA ANTTHRUSH. Similar to F. m. hoffmanni but averaging smaller, and coloration much lighter, the under parts more strongly suffused with olive and buffy, and color of under tail-coverts lighter, more tawny; black gular area more frequently(?) bordered posteriorly with a more or less distinct collar of deep vinaceous-cinnamon or dull cinnamon- rufous, or indication of one. Adult male.— Length (skins), 153-172 (162); wing, 86-88 (87); tail, 50-55 (52.4); culmen, 20.5-21.5 (20.7); tarsus, 30-32 (30.9); middle toe, 18-19.5 (1.8.9) . a Adult female.— Length (skins), 144-161 (154); wing, 84-88.5 (86.9); tail, 48-51.5 (49.7); culmen, 18.5-20.5 (19.9); tarsus, 30-32 (31); middle toe, 17-20 (18).° ' Eastern Panama (Lion Hill, Obispo, and Paraiso stations, Panama railway; Chepo; Laguna del Pita; Cascajal, Code); Colombia (Rem6- dios, Antioquia) ? Formicarius analis (not Myothera analis Lafresnaye) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 326 (Lion Hill station, Panama). Formicarius hoffmanni (not Myrmornis hoffmanni Cabanis) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 357 (Lion Hill, Panama);(?) 1879, 526 (Reme- a Four specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 125 dios, Antioquia, Colombia). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 75, part (Panama; monogr.). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 304, part (Panama and Chepo, Panama). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 234, part (Lion Hill, Obispo, and Paraiso stations, and Chepo, Panama; Colombia?).— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 679, part (monogr.). — Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, no. 339, 7 (Laguna del Pita, Panama). — Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 24 (Loma del Leon, Panama). [Formicarius] hoffmanni Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 75, part (Panama). — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 39, part (Panama; Colombia?). Formicarius moniliger panamensis Ridgway, Proc. Biol., Soc. Wash., xxi, Oct. 20, 1908, 195 (Lion Hill station, Panama; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). FORMICARIUS RUFIPECTUS Salvia. RUFOUS-BREASTED ANTTHRUSH. Adult male. 0, — Pileum and hindneck dark chestnut, the feathers dull black beneath the surface (partly exposed on crown); rest of upper parts dark olive or olive-sepia, passing into deep reddish chestnut or bay on upper tail-coverts; tail dull black, the rectrices edged (especially toward base) with olive-brown; remiges, primary coverts, and alula dark sooty brown; loral, orbital, auricular, sub- orbital and malar regions, chin, and throat uniform black; whole chest uniform chestnut, passing into tawny-chestnut on breast, this into tawny on abdomen, the chestnut of chest extended laterally as a narrow band behind auricular region to merge into the dark chest- nut of hindneck; sides and flanks olive, indistinctly streaked on inner portion with dull tawny or tawny-chestnut; under tail-coverts bright chestnut; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet dark horn color; length (skin), 182; wing, 90; tail, 56; culmen, 21; tarsus, 38.5; middle toe, 23 . b Adult female." — Similar to the adult male, as described above, but color of back, etc., less olivaceous (more slaty) sides and flanks dull slate color or dark mouse gray instead of olive, and chestnut of chest lighter (tawny-chestnut), passing through tawny or tawny-olivace- ous on lower breast into deep buff or clay color on abdomen; under tail-coverts also lighter chestnut; length (skin), 163.5; wing, 88.5; tail, 56.5; culmen, 23.5; tarsus, 38; middle toe, 23. Western Panama (Santiago de Veragua); Costa Rica (Juan Vifias); northwestern Colombia (San Antonio) ? » Description from no. 28,203, Carnegie Myiarchusseum; Juan Vifias, Costa Rica (Atlantic slope), Myiarchusy 7, 1907; M. A. Carriker, jr. (Type of Formicarius castaneiceps Carriker.) 6 One specimen (type of F. castaneiceps Carriker). c Described from no. 20,656, coll. E. A. and O. Bangs; San Antonio, Rio Cali, north- western Colombia; Nov. 8, 1907; Mervyn G. Palmer. (Possibly representing a dis- tinct subspecies). 126 BULLETIN 50, UNITED states national museum. Formiearius rufipectus a Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 73, pi. 8 (San- tiago de Veragua, Panama; coll. Salvin and Godman); 1867, 145 (Santiago de Veragua; habits).— Solatbe, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 306, part (Vera- gua, Panama). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 235, part (Santiago de Veragua).— Ridg way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 685 part (Santiago de Veragua; monogr.). — Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, 1908, 157 ([San Antonio], n. w. Colombia).— Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 625 (Juan Vinas, e. Costa Rica; crit.). F[ormicarius] rufipectus Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 74. [Formiearius] rufipectus Sclatek and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 75. — Shabpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 39, part (Panama). Formiearius castaneiceps Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., iv, April 1, 1908, 301 (Juan ViSas, Costa Rica; coll. Carnegie Myiarchuss.). Genus HYLOPHYLAX Ridgway. Hylophylaxb Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, Apr. 17, 1909, 70. (Type, Conopophaga nsevioides Lafresnaye.) Small Formicariidae (length about 100 mm.) with second phalanx of middle toe partly united to outer toe, outstretched feet reaching to beyond tip of tail, tail not more than three-fifths as long as wing, planta tarsi fused (nonscutellate) and acrotarsium indistinctly scutellate. Bill shorter than head (sometimes nearly as long), rather stout, rather broad and depressed basally, with straight or (in part) even slightly convex lateral outlines, its width at frontal antise much greater (sometimes twice as great) as its height at same point and equal to from a little less than half to a little more than two-thirds the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen distinctly ridged, nearly straight basally (sometimes for most of its length), gradually to rather abruptly decurved terminally, the tip of maxilla slightly but distinctly uncinate; maxillary tomium straight or slightly con- cave, minutely but distinctly notched sub terminally; mandibular tomium straight or faintly convex, minutely notched subterminally, the tip of mandible forming a short, more or less recurved, point; gonys more or less strongly convex and prominent basally, more gently convex and more or less decidedly ascending terminally. Nos- tril exposed, more or less widely separated from feathering of latero- frontal antise (nearly in contact with the latter in H. nsevioides), longitudinally ovate, more or less pointed anteriorly, margined above a The following citations of F. rufipectus refer to a different form: Formiearius rufipectus (not of Salvin) Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 306, part(Baisa, wM3cuad6r). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Ami., Aves, ii, 1892, 235 (Baisa, w. Ecuad6r).— Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, no. 362, 33 (Gualea, w. Ecuad6r). — Menegaux and Hellmayr, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1906, 52 (Esmeraldas, Pachijal, and Oyacachi, w. Ecuad6r; crit.). b"YXt), a wood, forest; $kk£, a watcher, guard, sentinel. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 127 (at least posteriorly) by an extension of the membraneous integu- ment of the nasal fossae, an internal tubercle or facet visible within the posterior portion. Kictal bristles present, but inconspicuous; feathers of chin, malar antise, and loral region with distinct terminal setae. "Wing moderate or rather large, with longest primaries extend- ing decidedly beyond secondaries; sixth and seventh, or seventh, primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) three-fifths as long as the longest, or slightly more, the ninth equal to or slightly longer than secondaries. Tail slightly more than one-half to three-fifths as long as wing, slightly rounded, the rectrices (12) rather broad, rounded terminally. Tarsus much longer than whole culmen, a little less than two-fifths as long as wing, the acrotarsium indistinctly scutellate (scutella sometimes obsolete except on lower portion), the planta fused, at least for greater part; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus; outer toe, without claw, reaching to about middle of sub terminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe decidedly shorter; hallux equal to or slightly longer than inner toe; basal phalanx of middle toe wholly united, the second phalanx partly united, to outer toe (the adhesion involving the first two phalanges of outer toe), united for half its length or more to inner toe; claws rather large, moderately curved, extremely compressed, that of the hallux shorter than the digit (but sometimes nearly as long). Plumage full, soft, and blended, that of rump and flanks more elongated and lax; feathers of pileum not elongated. Coloration. — Adult males gray and black above, the back with white spots or lunulate bars, the wing-coverts, tertials, and tail tipped with white; or back rufous or chestnut, with a concealed patch of white, the wing-coverts, tertials, and tail tipped with cinnamon- rufous; throat black, rest of under parts white, passing into gray or bufly on flanks, the chest spotted with black, or whole under parts plain gray. Adult females somewhat like males, but browner above with markings fulvous or bufly instead of white, the throat whitish, and black markings of chest replaced by brownish, or (in slate- colored species) head and under parts rufescent or the general color of under parts gray, with white throat and dusky flanks. 11 Range. — Costa Eica to western Ecuad6r, Amazon Valley, and Guiana. (Six species. ?) 5 a On account of insufficiency of material, I am not able to give the full range of color variation in this group. t> Of the species referred to the genus Hypocnemis by Dr. Sclater and other recent authors I have seen in this connection only H. cantator (type of the genus), H. paecilo- nota (Cuvier), H. lepidonota Sclater and Salvin, H. leucophrys (Tschudi), H. myio- therina (Spix), S. lugubris (Cabanis and Heine), H. nsevia (Gmelin), and H. nxvioides (Lafresnaye). The second, third, seventh, and eighth of these I have removed from Hypocnemis on account of the very different amount of adhesion of the anterior toes 128 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. HYLOPHYLAX N./EVIOIDES (Lafresnaye). SPOTTED ANTBIKD. Adult male. — Pileum and hindneck grayish brown or olive-brown, passing into gray laterally and on forehead, the feathers usually with darker shaft-streaks and terminal margins; back plain chestnut, the feathers extensively white basally; scapulars, rump, and upper tail- coverts plain russet-brown, the first tinged with chestnut; wing- coverts black, the lesser with terminal spots of white (those along anterior margin mostly white), the middle and greater coverts very broadly tipped with cinnamon-rufous, forming two very conspicuous bands; remiges dull black, the outer web and tip of tertials largely cinnamon (more or less deep) or dull cinnamon-rufous, the sec- ondaries and primaries with outer half or more of outer web light brown or grayish brown; tail grayish brown (deep drab or broccoli brown to sepia), the rectrices tipped with pale cinnamon (some- times whitish on outermost) and crossed by a band (more or less broad) of dull black; sides of head plain dull slate-gray or slate color, like superciliary region and forehead; malar region, chin, and throat uniform black; rest of lower parts white, passing into buffy gray on flanks and pale brownish buff on under tail-coverts, the latter sometimes brownish beneath surface; upper breast and anterior portion of sides heavily spotted with black, separating the immaculate white jugular and pectoral areas; bill black, the mandible sometimes more brownish; legs and feet light horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 96-113 (106); wing, 61-65.5 (63.1); tail, 32-36 (35); culmen, 16-17.5 (16.7); tarsus, 21.5-23 (22.4); middle toe, 13.5-16 (14.5).° Adult female. — Above much as in adult male, but pileum and hind- neck decidedly browner (deep broccoli brown to prouts brown), back duller chestnut, rump and upper tail-coverts more rufescent brown, and markings on larger wing-coverts and tertials tawny or ochraceous instead of cinnamon-rufous; under parts very different, however, the chin and throat white or buffy, like chest, upper breast spotted (less heavily) with olive or grayish instead of black, and whole sides and flanks olive or buffy olive; mandible dull whitish (in dried skins); length (skins), 98-114 (108); wing, 59.5-64.5 (62.1); tail, 30-35 and other excellent structural characters, while the fourth, fifth, and sixth I also remove as a distinct genus, Myrmoborus Cabanis and Heine. (See p. 14.) There is much difference in the form of the bill between the three species of Eylo- phylax which I now have before me, H. nxvia having this member very broad and very much depressed basally, while that of H. poecilonota is much narrower, less depressed, and with the base of the gonys more prominent, H. nxvioides being, however, inter- mediate between these extremes. "Seventeen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 129 (33.4); culmen, 16-17 (16.7); tarsus, 21.5-23 (22.4); middle toe, 14-15 (14.6). a Immature male. — Similar in coloration to adult female. Nicaragua (Rio Escondido; San Emilis, Lake Nicaragua), Costa Rica (Tucurriqui; Angostura; Pacuare; Jimenez; Rio Reventaz6n; Rio Sicsola; Sipurio; Orosi; San Carlos; Volcan de Turrialba; Volcan de Myiarchusravalles; Cuabre; Carrillo; Guacimo; Guapiles; La Concepci6n; La Cristina; La Vijagua; Ten6rio; Cerro Santa Myiarchusria; Panama (Lion Hill; Paraiso; Chepo; Panama; Sabana de Panama), Colombia (Rio Atrato; Rio Truando; Truando Falls) and western Ecuad6r (Esmeraldas; Chimbo; Foreste del Rio Peripa; San Javier). 6 Conopophaga nxvioides Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1847, 69 (type locality not given; Bolivia, Colombia,, and Panama; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.). C[onopophaga] naevioides Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 203. < Hypocnemis nxvioides Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 254 (monogr.); 1860, 294 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuad6r); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 189 (Esmer- aldas, w. Ecuad6r); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 293 (Tucurriqui and Angostura, Costa Rica; Paraiso Station, Chepo, and Panama, Panama; Esmeraldas, w. Ecuad6r).— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 190 (Rio Truando, Colombia).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 326 (Lion Hill, Panama); ix, 1868, 109 (Angostura and Turrialba, Costa Rica).— Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 357 (Lion Hill).— Ber- lepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 566 (Chimbo, w. Ecuad6r).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 231.— Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 502 (Rio Escondido, Nicara- gua). — Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 440 (Volcan de Myiarchusravalles, Costa Rica). — Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, no. 362, 32 (Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuaddr).— Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 24 (Loma del Le6n, Panama).— Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 613 (San Javier, n. w. Ecuad6r).— Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1906, 217 (Sabana de Panama). [Hypocnemis] nxvioides Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 74. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 37. "■ Fourteen specimens. 6 1 have not seen a specimen from Ecuad6r. 81255°— Bull. 50—11 9 130 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL. MUSEUM. Hypoenemis naevoides Feantzius, Jcmrn. fflr Orn., 1869, 306 (Costa Rica). Hypoenemis nxvoides Zelbd6n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 115 (Jime- nez, Pacuare, and Angostura, Costa Rica). Hylophylax nxvioides Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, "Aug. 29" (=Sept. 7), 1910, 619 (Costa Rica; crit.; habits). Hypoenemis nxvioides capnitis Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xix, July 30, 1906, 107 (Volcan de Myiarchusravalles, n. w. Costa Rica; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). Genus ANOPLOPS Cabanis and Heine. Gymnopithys "Schiff" Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. iv, i, 1854, 132. (Type not mentioned; nomen nudum.) Anoplops a Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, July, 1859, 9. (Type, Tardus rufigula Boddaert.) Medium-sized Formicariidse (length about 135-145 mm.) with second phalanx of middle toe partly united to outer toe, tail less than two-thirds (scarcely more than three-fifths) as long as wing, sub- orbital and postocular regions naked, outstretched feet reaching little if any beyond tip of tail, and plain coloration. Bill shorter than head, narrow, wedged shaped in vertical profile (lateral outlines nearly straight), its width at frontal antise equal to or greater than its depth at same point and equal to half the dis- tance from nostril to tip of maxilla, or less; culmen distinctly ridged, straight to near tip, where abruptly decurved, the tip of maxilla more or less distinctly (but not strongly) uncinate; tomia straight, slightly but distinctly notched sub terminally; gonys strongly convex and prominent basally, gently or faintly convex and ascending terminally. Nostril exposed, posteriorly in contact with feathering of loral antise, narrow and longitudinally ovate (slit-like in A. rufigula) overhung by a broad membraneous operculum. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing moderate or rather large, with longest primaries projecting decidedly beyond secondaries; sixth and seventh, or sixth, seventh and eighth, primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) about three-fifths as long as the longest, the ninth about as long (sometimes a little longer or shorter than) secondaries. Tail slightly more than three-fifths as long as wing, slightly rounded, the rectrices (12) rather narrow (A. rufigula) to rather broad (A. tricolor, etc.), rounded terminally. Tarsus about one-third as long as wing, booted (nonscutellate) or with scutella of acrotarsium very indis- tinct; middle toe, with claw, nearly as long as tarsus; outer toe, without claw, not reaching to middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe slightly shorter; hallux about as long as inner toe but much stouter; middle toe united for whole of basal and part of second phalanx to outer toe, for half or more of basal phalanx to inner toe; claws rather large and strongly curved, that of the hallux decidedly shorter than the digit. Plumage full and blended, that of rump and flanks more elongated and lax; feathers a "Von dvonXoc (unbewaffnet) und & (Gesicht)." (Cabanis and Heine.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 131 of pileum short; anteorbital and postocular regions (A. rufigula) or suborbital, postocular, and lower portion of loral regions {A. bicolor and allies) naked; latero-frontal feathers short and erect (denser, more plush-like in A. rufigula). Coloration. — Plain brown or olive, with throat tawny or rufescent, or with throat and median under parts white;" sexes alike or nearly so. Range. — Honduras to Amazon Valley and Cayenne. (Eleven or more species recognized. 6 ) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ANOPLOPS. a. Underparts brown (no white), becoming tawny or rufous on throat and auricular region. (British Guiana to lower Amazon Valley.) Anoplops rufigula (extralimital). c aa. Underparts broadly white medially, including throat; auricular region black or dusky. 6. Above bright tawny-chestnut, more rufescent on forehead, c. Sides and flanks chestnut or rufous-chestnut. (Colombia.) Anoplops ruflceps (extralimitaD. d cc. Sides and flanks olive-brown, becoming slate-grayish next to white of breast, etc. (Colombia and upper Amazon Valley.) Anoplops leucaspis (extralimital).« 66. Above vandyke brown, not more rufescent on forehead, c. Forehead and postauricular regions slate color. (Eastern Panama.) Anoplops bicolor (p. 132). cc. Forehead and postauricular region brown, like pileum, etc. (Western Pan- ama to eastern Honduras.) Anoplops olivascens (p. 132). a A. lunulata (Sclater and Salvin), a species which I have not seen, has black and ochraceous lunulations on the back, and whitish spots on inner webs of rectrices. b Of these I have not seen the following: A. lunulata (Sclater and Salvin), A. salvini (Berlepsch), A. griseiventris (Pelzeln), A. cristata (Pelzeln), A. berlepschi Sneth- Iage, A. hoffmannsi Hellmayr, A. pallidas Cherrie, and A. melanosticta (Sclater and Salvin). Anoplops lunulata differs from A. bicolor and its allies in more slender bill, much narrower and more broadly operculate nostrils, and very much denser as well as longer feathering of the loral region. The style of coloration is somewhat different, there being no white on the under parts, the chin and throat being rufous-tawny and the under parts of the body brown. The naked skin on sides of head, together with the legs and feet, are yellow, instead of blue and dusky horn color, respectively, as in A. bicolor, etc. c Turdus rufigula Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., 1783, 39 (based on Petit merle hrun a gorge rousse de Cayenne Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 644, fig. 2). — Anoplops rufigula Cabanis, Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturg., 1847, pt. i, 214. — Pithys rufigula Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 273. — Gymnopithys rufigula Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 297.— Turdus pectoralis Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 357. — Myothera pectoralis Temminck, Tabl. Meth., 183 — ?, 17. — Myrmothera pectoralis Lesson, Traits d'Orn., 1831, 396. d Gymnopithys ruflceps Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, sig. 28, Feb., 1892, 222, footnote (Cauca Valley, Colombia; coll. Brit. Myiarchuss.). « Myrmeeiza leucaspis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855 (pub. Apr. 11), 253, aves, pi. 70 (Chamicuros, e. Peru; coll. J. Gould). — Pithys leucaspis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 274; Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 295.— G[ymnopithys] leucaspis Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, sig. 28, Feb., 1892, 221, in text. 132 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ANOPLOPS BICOLOR (Lawrence). BICOLORED ANTBIRD. Adults {sexes alike). — Above plain chestnut-brown or Vandyke brown, the forehead, lores, and sides of occiput slate color or slate- gray, the hindneck partly the same color; malar, suborbital, and auricular regions black; sides of neck and thence to flanks (broadly) lighter brown (prouts brown to nearly sepia), sometimes with indis- tinct dusky spots or streaks along outer edge, especially on sides of neck ; chin, throat, chest, breast, and abdomen immaculate white; under tail-coverts brown (like flanks), tipped or margined with whitish or buffy; maxilla blackish, paler (sometimes dull whitish in dried skins) terminally and along tomium; mandible dull whitish or pale dull yellowish (in dried skins), darker basally; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins). Adult male.— Length (skins), 136-139 (138); wing, 74.5-79.5 (76.8); tail, 45.5-52 (47.8); culmen, 18.5-20.5 (19.5); tarsus, 27-28.5 (27.7); middle toe, 17.5-19 (18.2).° Adult female.— Length, (skins), 125-126 (125.5) ; b wing, 73-74 (73.5) ; b tail, 47-47.5 (47.2); 6 culmen, 18.5; c tarsus, 26.5; c middle toe, 17. c Panama (Lion Hill; Chepo; Paraiso; Panama; Cascajal, Code; Santa Fe de Veragua). Pithys leiicaspis (not Myrmeciza lewcaspis Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 326 (Lion Hill, Panama). Pithys bicolor Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 1862, 484 (Lion Hill Station, Panama Railway; coll. G. N. Lawrence); viii, 1867, 6 (Lion Hill). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 357 (Lion Hill). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 145 (Santa Fe de Veragua, Panama). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 296, part (Panama, Chepo, and Santa Fe de Veragua, Panama). [Pithys] bicolor Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 74, part (Panama). Gymnopithys bicolor Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 221 (Santa Fe' de Veragua, Lion Hill Station, Paraiso Station, and Chepo, Panam&). [Gymnopithys] bicolor Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 30, part (Panama). ANOPLOPS OLIVASCENS (Ridgway). OLIVE-SIDED ANTBIRD. Similar to A. bicolor, but pileum and hindneck wholly chestnut- brown; like rest of upper parts. Adults (sexes alike). — Above plain chestnut-brown (prouts brown to vandyke brown or even nearly burnt-umber), including entire pileum and hindneck; narrow line immediately above bare orbital region, sub- orbital region, auricular region, and malar region black; sides of neck and thence (broadly) to flanks plain brown (varying from olive-brown a Three specimens, b Two specimens. c One specimen. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 133 to vandyke brown), usually with more or less distinct spots or broad streaks of blackish or dusky along outer edge, some of the brown feathers sometimes margined with whitish; under tail-coverts brown, tipped or margined with whitish or buffy ; chin, throat, chest, breast, and abdomen immaculate white; maxilla brownish black, paler (sometimes whitish) terminally and along tomia; mandible dull whitish or pale dull yellowish (in dried skins), usually dusky basally; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins). Adult male.— Length (skins), 126-143 (135); wing, 71-78 (75.1); tail, 41.5-49.5 (45.9); culmen, 17-19 (18.2); tarsus, 25.5-27.5 (26.7); middle toe, 15.5-18.5 (17.4).° Adult female.— Length (skins), 126-138.5 (132); wing, 70-75.5 (72.9); tail, 43-46.5 (44.4); culmen, 17-19 (17.3); tarsus, 25.5-27.5 (26.6); middle toe, 16-18.5 (17.6). 6 Immature male.— Similar to adults but chest mostly light mummy brown, and white of breast, etc., more or less intermixed with the same. Honduras (Santa Ana; Chaloma), Nicaragua (Chontales; Rio Escondido; San Emilis, Lake Nicaragua), Costa Rica (Angostura; Navarro de Cartago; La Balsa; Jim6nez; San Jos6; Pacuare; San Carlos; Boruca; El General; Pozo del Rio Grande; Pozo Real de Terraba; Pozo Azul de Pirrls; Volcan de Turrialba; El Hogar; Guapiles; Cuabre; La Florida; La Cristina; La Vijagua) and western Panama (Divala; Volcan de Chiriqui; Boquete). Pithys bicolor (not of Lawrence, 1863) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1868, 109 (Angostura, Coata Rica). — Frantzitjs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 306 (Costa Rica). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 195 (Volcan de Chiriquf and and Bugaba, Panama; crit.). — Sclater, Ibis, 1873, 373 (Chontales, Nica- ragua); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 296, part (Bugaba and Volcan de Chiriquf, Panama; La Balsa, Costa Rica; Chontales, Nicaragua). — Bot/card, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 62 (San Carlos, Costa Rica). — Zeled6n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 115 (Navarro de Cartago, Costa Rica). — Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 221 (Chaloma, Honduras). ' a Nineteen specimens. b Thirteen specimens. 134 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [Gymnopithys] bicolor Shahpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 30, part (Nicaragua). Pithys bicolor olivascens Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, no. 868, Oct. 26, 1891, 469 (Santa Ana, Honduras; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). Gymnopithys olivascens Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 222 (Santa Ana, Honduras; Ohontales, Nicaragua; Angostura, La Balsa, Navarro de Cartago, and San Carlos, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriquf and Bugaba, Pan- ama).— Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 501 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua). — Cherrie, Expl. Zbol. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 42 (Boruca, Costa Rica; crit.). [Gymnopithys] olivascens Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 30 (Honduras). Gymnopithys bicolor olivascens Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30, 1902, 42 (Boquete, Panama, 4,000-6,000 ft.).— Cairriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 614 (Costa Rica; crit.; habits). Gymnopithys bicolor olivaceus Bangs, Auk, xviii, Oct., 1891, 366 (Divala, Pan- ama); xxiv, 1907, 296 (Boruca and Pozo del Rio Grande, s. w. Costa Rica). Genus PH^ENOSTICTUS Ridgway. Phxnostictus a Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, Apr. 17, 1909, 70. (Type, Phlogopsis mcleannani Lawrence.) Medium-sized or rather large Formicariidse (length about 190 mm.) with bill stout and about as long as head, tail nearly as long as wing, tarsal scutella fused, sides of head naked, and with back and under parts conspicuously spotted with black. Bill about as long as head, rather stout, moderately compressed terminally, its width at latero-frontal antise decidedly less than its depth at same point; culm en distinctly (almost sharply) ridged, nearly straight for most of its length, or very slightly convex sub- basally, decurved terminally, the tip of maxilla moderately uncinate; maxillary tomium nearly straight, slightly notched subterminally; mandibular tomium straight, minutely notched subterminally; gonys decidedly convex and prominent basally, faintly convex and ascending terminally. Nostril exposed, posteriorly in contact with thin feathering of latero-frontal antise, broadly oval, margined above by a rather broad extension of the membraneous integument of the nasal fossse, an internal tubercle showing distinctly within posterior portion. Rictal bristles absent, but feathers of loral region with stiffened, bristle-like shafts. Wing moderate or rather large, with longest primaries extending considerably beyond secondaries; sixth, or fifth, sixth and seventh, primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) nearly two-thirds as long as the longest, the ninth about as long as secondaries. Tail of 12 rectrices, nearly as long as wing, graduated (graduation equal to length of tarsus or for about two-fifths its length), the rectrices rather narrow, rounded terminally. Tarsus a little more than one-third as long as wing, stout, booted (nonscutellate) ; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; outer toe, without claw, reaching to about middle of subterminal phalanx of middle " Oalvo), I display, exhibit; anmbc, marked, spotted. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 135 toe, the inner toe slightly but decidedly shorter; hallux as long as inner toe, much stouter; basal phalanx and half of second phalanx of middle toe united to outer toe, the former united for a little more than half its length to inner toe; claws moderate in size and curva- ture, that of the hallux much shorter than the digit. Plumage full, the scapulars, interscapulars, and feathers of under parts broad, distinctly outlined, and compactly webbed, those of rump and flanks more elongated and lax; feathers of pileum short; loral, sub- orbital, and postocular regions naked, the ear quite exposed; a tuft or spot of short velvety feathers on upper eyelid. Coloration. — Pileum grayish brown; throat and chest black; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts olive-brown or tawny-brown with large roundish black spots, the under parts with similar but smaller spots on a more rufescent ground; tail black. Range. — Nicaragua to Panama. (Monotypic. a ) PH^NOSTICTUS MCLEANNANI MCLEANNANI (Lawrence). MC'LEANNAN'S ANTTHKTTSH. Adults (sexes alike). — Pileum plain grayish brown (sepia to dark broccoli brown) ; hindneck chestnut or rufous-chestnut; general color of upper parts light olive-brown (between raw-umber and broccoli brown), each feather of back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and tertials very conspicuously marked with a large roundish or transverse broadly elliptical subterminal spot of black, and broadly margined terminally with pale brownish buff or clay color; tail black or brownish black; loral, orbital, and auricular regions unfeathered, except for scattered bristly feathers on the first and a small patch of black feathers immediately above and another beneath eye, the naked skin azure blue in life; malar region, chin, throat, and upper chest uniform black; lower chest deep cinnamon-rufous, the lower chest similar but slightly paler or duller, each feather with a large roundish, subcordate, or broadly elliptical transverse spot of black; The genus Phlegopsis Reichenbach (type Myothera nigromaculata Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny), to which the type of Phxnostictus has hitherto been referred, differs conspicuously in shorter and slightly rounded tail (only two-thirds as long as wing, graduated for less than one-seventh its length) of, apparently, only 10 rectrices; very dense, plush-like, feathering of forehead and anterior half of loral region; wholly (and densely) feathered malar region; covered ears; weaker bill, with less sharply ridged culmen and less elevated as well as broadly rounded mesorhinium, and wide, smooth, naked space between nostril and loral feathering. The coloration, too, while somewhat similar is really very different, the head, neck, and under parts being uniform black, the remiges and tail chestnut, the feet black instead of yellow, and the naked skin on sides of head yellow instead of blue (in life). 1 have not seen Formicarius trivittatus Sclater nor F. erytbropterus Gould, both of which are referred by recent authors to Phlegopsis, but, according to descriptions, these are so different in their style of coloration that the matter of their structural characters should be carefully looked into. 136 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. breast and abdomen similarly spotted with black, but ground color less rufescent, the feathers broadly margined terminally with buff* or brownish buff; flanks and lower abdomen plain olive-brown; under tail-coverts olive-brown, with a large subterminal spot of blackish and terminally margined with buffy brown or brownish buff; bill black, horn color or brownish at tip; iris brown; legs and feet yellowish (in dried skins — probably pinkish in life). Young. — Pileum black, broadly barred with light gray; otherwise essentially like adults, but markings of back, etc., much less regular in form and less sharply contrasted, the feathers broadly tipped or terminally margined with tawny-buff, the under parts much darker, without any jugular area of cinnamon-rufous, the chest being black spotted with brownish tawny or cinnamon. Adult male.— Length, (skins), 174-200 (191); wing, 86-97 (92); tail, 80-92.5 (86.3); culmen, 21.5-22.5 (22.1); tarsus, 32-33.5 (32.7); middle toe, 19-21.5 (20.6). a Adult female.— Length, (skins), 184-203 (194); wing, 88-91 (89); tail, 82.5-88 (84.8); culmen, 22-23 (22.7); tarsus, 31-32.5 (31.8); middle toe, 20-21.5 (20.7). b Eastern Panama (Lion Hill; Panama; Cascajal, Code; Santiago de Veragua ?). c Phlogopsis rncleannani Lawbence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 1862 (pub. Myiarchusy, 1860), 285, 294 (Lion Hill Station, Panama Railway; coll. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). Phlogopsis macleannani Sclateb and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 357 (Lion Hill); Exotic Orn., pt. ii, pi. 9 (vol. ii, 1867, 17, pi. 15).— Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 145 (Santiago de Veragua). — Sclateb, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 300, part (Panama; Santiago de Veragua). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 236, part (Lion Hill, Panama; Santiago de Veragua). — Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 24 (Loma del Leon, Panama). [Phlogopsis] macleannani Sclateb and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 75. — Shakpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 37, part (Panama). (J)Phlegopsis macleannani Haetebt, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 613 (Bulun, Rio Bogota,' n. w. Ecuad6r; crit.). PKffiNOSTICTUS MCLEANNANI SATURATUS (Richmond). RICHMOND'S ANTTHRUSH. Similar to P m. rncleannani, but coloration decidedly brighter, the general color of upper parts more tawny brown, with margins to feathers of back, etc., tawny or light tawny-brown instead of buffy, a Five specimens. b Three specimens. <: I have not seen specimens from Veragua. They may be referable to P. m. saturatus. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 137 the under parts also much more tawny brown, with cinnamon-rufous of chest brighter. Adult male.— Length (skins), 183-202 (191); wing, 91.5-96 (93.4); tail, 81-88.5 (84.6); culmen, 21-23 (22.1); tarsus, 30.5-34 (32.9); middle toe, 20-21.5 (20.7). 6 Adult female.— Length (skins), 177-194 (184); wing, 86-90.5 (88.7); tail, 76.5-83 (79.1); culmen, 20.5-23 (21.8); tarsus, 29-33 (31.5); middle toe, 18.5-21 (20.2). 6 Costa Rica (Tucurriqui; Angostura; Rio Sucio; Rio Reventaz6n; El Hogar; Guapiles; La Cristina; San Carlos; Cariblanco de Sara- piqui; Cerro Santa Myiarchusria; Ten6rio; La Vijagua; Volcan de Myiarchusravalles) and Nicaragua (Chontales; Rio Escondido). Phlogopsis macUannani (not of Lawrence, 1862) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 109 (Angostura, CoBta Rica). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 313, 318 (Chontales, Nicaragua).— Ridg way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 415 (Rio Stick), Costa Rica). — Zeledon, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, 1887, 115 (Rio Sucio).— Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 300, part (Chontales, Nicaragua; Tucurriqui, Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 236, part (Chontales, Nicaragua; Tucurri- qui, Angostura, and Rio Sucio, Costa Rica). — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 502 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits, etc.). — Under- wood, Ibis, 1896, 441 (Volcan de Myiarchusravalles, Costa Rica). [Phlogopsis] macleannani Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 37, part (Nicaragua). Phlegopsis macleannani Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 306 (Costa Rica). Phlegopsis saturata Richmond, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xviii, Aug. 12, 1896, 625 (Rio Escondido, 50 m. from Bluefields, Nicaragua; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). [Phlogopsis] saturata Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 37 (Nicaragua). Phxnostietus macleannani saturatus Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 622 (Caribbean lowlands and foothills of Costa Rica, 600-1,500 ft.; crit.; habits). ° "Naked skin on head azure blue, around ears and along lower jaw campanula blue; bill black; tarsi, feet, and claws pinkish vinaceous." (C. W. Richmond.) & Eleven specimens. 138 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus RHOPOTERPE Cabanis. (?) Myrmornis Hermann, Tab. aff. Anim., 1783, 188, 235. (Type, Fourmillier Buffon.) a Formicivorus Temminck, Cat. Syst. Cab. Orn., 1807, 92. (Type, by tautonomy, Formicivorus palihour Temminck= Turdus formicivorus Gmelin= Formicarius torquatus Boddaert.) (?) TJrotomus Swainson, Zool. Journ., i, no. 3, Oct., 1824, 302, in text (nomen nudum); iii, no. 10, Sept., 1827, 166 (diagnosis, but no species named). Rhopoterpe & Cabanis, in Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturg., xiii, pt. i, 1847, 227, 337. (Type, Turdus formieivorus Gmelin= Formicarius torquatus Boddaert.) Medium-sized Formicariidse (length about 130-150 mm.) with planta tarsi broadly rounded (not ridged) behind; tarsus only one- fourth as long as wing; tail only two-fifths as long as wing, nearly even; bill as long as or longer than head (commissure longer than tarsus), with mesorhinium broad and flattened basally; coloration variegated, with a white or fulvous band across subbasal portion of remiges, and outer web of primaries crossed by an oblique sub- terminal band of buff or" fulvous. Bill as long as or longer than head, rather slender, rather broad and depressed basally, its width at loral antise greater than its depth at same point and equal to less than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen distinctly ridged (except extreme base, where broad and flattened), straight for most of its length, abruptly decurved terminally, the tip of maxilla moderately uncinate; tomia straight, slightly but distinctly notched subterminally; gonys slightly convex, rather prominent basally. Nostril exposed, separated rather widely from loral feathering, narrow, longitudinal (slit-like) overhung by a rather broad convex operculum. Rictal bristles obsolete, and feathers of chin, malar apex, loral antise, etc., short, without terminal setse. Wing large, very concave beneath, rather pointed, the longest primaries projecting considerably beyond secondaries; sixth and seventh, or sixth, seventh, and eighth primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) three-fourths as long as the longest, the ninth longer than secondaries. Tail very short (only two-fifths as long as wing), nearly even, the rectrices rather narrow, soft, with subacuminate tip. Tarsus shorter than commissure, only one-fourth as long as wing, rather stout, distinctly scutellate, the planta rather broadly rounded a The "Fourmillier" of Buffon comprises thirteen species, belonging to eleven recognized genera and four families (Formicariidse, Conopophagidse, Pittidse, and Troglodytidae). So far as I can determine no one has ever fixed a type, and to do so by any other method than the "process of elimination" would involve an amount of time and labor which is not at my disposal. Under the circumstances, I prefer to retain the generic name Rhopoterpe, notwithstanding the unquestioned priority and pertinence of Formicivorus, leaving the final solution of the question to some one who has both the time and taste for such investigation. 6 "/>ibil> Gestrauch; Tipxio, erquicken." (Cabanii.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 139 (not ridged) posteriorly, the plantar scutella forming a single series which bends around from the outer to the inner side, where separated from the inner edge of the acrotarsium by a distinct groove; middle toe, with claw, longer than tarsus; outer toe, without claw, not reaching to middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe very slightly shorter; hallux as long as outer toe, but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe wholly united to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe; claws moderate in size and curva- ture, that of the hallux shorter than the digit. Plumage rather thin, but feathers mostly broad and distinctly outlined, those of rump and flanks more elongated and lax; feathering of head very short (scale- like on superciliary region and sides of neck), the rictal and postocular regions naked. Coloration.— Above brownish, with a concealed white dorsal patch; wings black with two buffy or fulvous bands (tips of middle and greater coverts) and an oblique band of same across subterminal por- tion of primaries; a broad white band across inner webs of remiges near base; under parts of body gray, the throat and upper chest black in male, rufous-tawny in female. Range. — Nicaragua to Cayenne and Ecuador. (Two species.") KEY TO THE SPECIES OW EHOPOTEEPE. a. Inner webs of remiges crossed by a band of white; remiges without buff or tawny ter min al spots; upper tail-coverts and tail cinnamon-rufous. (Cayenne and British Guiana to eastern Ecuad6r.) Rhopoterpe torquata (extralimital).* aa. Inner webs of remiges crossed by a band of buff or tawny; remiges tipped with a buff or tawny spot; upper tail-coverts and tail brown. (Eastern Nicaragua.) Rhopoterpe stictoptera (p. 139). RHOPOTERPE STICTOPTERA Salvin. RICHARDSON'S ANTTHRTTSH. Allied to R. torquata and of the same size and for the most part similar in coloration; but top of head darker, rump and tail more fuscous, outer web of remiges with a distinct terminal spot of fawn "The above description is based entirely on the type of the genus, R. torquata (Gmelin). R. stictoptera Salvin, of Nicaragua, which I have not seen, is apparently very similar in coloration, but has the band across inner webs of remiges fulvous instead of white. t>Formicarius torquatus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., 1783, 43 (Cayenne; based on Le Fourmillier de Cayenne Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 700, fig. I) .—Rhopoterpe torquata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 275; Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 298 — [Turdus] formicivorus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 828 (based on Fourmillier de Cayenne Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 700, fig. 1). — Myrmotheraformicivora Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xii, 1817, 114, pi. D. 26.— Rhopoterpe formicivora Cabanis, Wieg- mann's Archiv fur Naturg., 1847, pt. i, 228. — Formicivorus palikour Temminck, Cat. Syst. Cabinet d'Orn., 1807, 93 (new name for Turdus formicivorus Gmelin).— Myio- turdus palikour Men&ries, Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, ser. vi (Sci. Nat.), 1 (Livr. 5), 1835, 470. 140 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. color, the inner webs with a spot of fawn color (not white), and greater wing-coverts tipped with clear fawn color." Nicaragua (Santo Domingo, Chontales). Ehopoterpe stictoptera Salvin, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. vi, Myiarchusrch 1, 1893, p. xxxii; Ibis, 6th ser. v, no. 18, April, 1893, 264 (Santo Domingo, Chontales, Nicaragua; coll. Salvin and Godman). [Ehopoterpe] stictoptera Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 31. Genus PITTASOMA Cassin. Pittasoma Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 189. (Type, P. michleri Cassin.) Pittisoma (emendation) ScxATERand Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 357. Calobamon & Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Myiarchuss. Hein. Orn., 1890, 123. (New name for Pittasoma Cassin, on grounds of purism.) Very large Formicariidse (length about 160-180 mm.) with exces- sively short tail (shorter than commissure, only one-third as long as the short, much-rounded wing), stout, distinctly uncinate, bill, very long tarsi (half as long as wing), and conspicuously variegated coloration. Bill nearly as long as head, stout, rather broad and slightly depressed basally, its width at loral antise much greater than its height at same point and equal to half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, or slightly more; culmen distinctly but not sharply ridged, slightly curved from near base to near tip, where more strongly decurved, the tip of maxilla strongly uncinate; maxillary tomium straight or very faintly concave, distinctly notched subterminally; mandibular tomium faintly convex, slightly but distinctly notched subterminally; gonys strongly convex and prominent basally, nearly straight for most of its length, ascending terminally, the tip of the mandible forming an obtuse, slightly recurved, point. Nostril exposed, poste- riorly in contact with loral feathering, longitudinally oval, with a thin, pointed, internal tubercle or splint in upper posterior portion. Bictal bristles present but short and inconspicuous. Wing rather short, much rounded, the longest primaries scarcely if at all extending beyond secondaries; fifth and sixth, or fourth, fifth, and sixth, pri- maries longest, the tenth (outermost) less than two-thirds as long as the longest, the ninth much shorter than secondaries. Tail exces- sively short, shorter than commissure, only one-third as long as wing, the rectrices relatively broad. Tarsus much longer than commissure, half as long as wing, stout, rounded posteriorly, distinctly scutellate, the plantar scutella indistinct (fused on upper half or more) ; middle toe, with claw, about three-fourths as long as tarsus ; outer toe, with- out claw, reaching to a little beyond subterminal articulation of mid- <* Free translation of the original Latin diagnosis. bKakdc, beautiful; frapa (fiijtia), a step, pace. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 141 die toe, the inner toe reaching about to the joint; hallux about as long as inner toe, but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe united to outer toe for greater part of its length, to inner toe for less than half its length; claws moderate in size and curvature, that of the hallux shorter than the digit. Plumage full, with feathers broad and distinctly outlined, those of rump and flanks more elongated, blended, and lax; feathers of pileum rather stiff, slightly elongated; an elongated, narrow, naked postocular space. Coloration. — Head black, with more or less of chestnut on lateral portion, the throat sometimes spotted with brown and whitish; above brown, the back streaked with black, wing-coverts with sub- apical spots of buff or light fulvous margined with black; under parts broadly barred or squamated with white and black. Range.— Eastern Costa Pica to northwestern Ecuador. (Two species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PITTASOMA. o. Pileum, including superciliary and supra-auricular regions, uniform black. 6. Smaller (wing 93-99.5 in adult male, 93.5-95.5 in adult female); auricular and suborbital regions wholly chestnut. (Panama\) Pittasoma michlerl michlerl (p. 141). 66. Larger (wing 99.5-115 in adult male, 97.5-100.5 in adult female) ; auriculars and suborbital regions black, or mostly so. (Costa Rica.) Pittasoma michleri zeledoni (p. 142). aa. Pileum rufous, bordered laterally by a black superciliary stripe. (Northwestern Ecuaddr.) Pittasoma rufopileatum (extralimital). PITTASOMA MICHLERI MICHLERI Cassin. MICHXER'S ANTPITTA. Adult male. — Pileum, including upper half of lores and whole of superciliary region, uniform black (slightly glossy) ; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive-brown to Vandyke brown, the first broadly but not sharply streaked with black (the feathers sometimes also narrowly squamately margined with the same), and with narrow buffy shaft-streaks; tail deep chestnut-brown; wings deep chestnut- brown, the middle and greater coverts with a small subterminal transverse spot of whitish or buffy, inclosed between a small black spot and a narrow terminal bar; 6 tertials with a more or less distinct apical spot of buff or tawny; outer webs of primaries lighter chestnut- brown than the general color; lower half of lores dull white, usually somewhat flecked with dusky; auricular and malar regions uniform deep chestnut, the latter, however, partly mixed with black, especially a Pittasoma rufopileatum. Hartert, Novit. Zool., viii, no. 3, Oct. 5, 1901, 370 (Salidero, BuMn, n. w. Ecuad6r; coll. Tring Myiarchuss.); ix, 1902, 615, pi. 8. This species I have not seen. t> Sometimes a few of the lesser coverts have similar but smaller markings. 142 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL. MUSEUM. the posterior portion; sides of neck mummy brown; chin and throat black (chin sometimes mostly white), broken, more or less, by nar- row shaft-streaks or small spots of white or chestnut, the feathers of lower throat sometimes tipped with chestnut; rest of under parts mostly white, heavily marked with broad U-shaped bars of black, the flanks light mummy or chestnut-brown, indistinctly barred with dusky, the under tail-coverts brownish white or pale tawny barred or lunulated with black; maxilla brownish black or blackish brown, paler on tomium; mandible pale yellowish (in dried skins); legs and feet pale yellowish horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 160-175 (167); wing, 93-99.5 (97.1); tail, 33-37.5 (35.5); culmen, 26.5-27.5 (27); tarsus, 47-52 (49.7); middle toe, 26-29.5 (27.6).° Adult female. — Above similar to the adult male; chin and throat mixed white and light chestnut irregularly spotted or barred with black; remaining under parts as in adult male, but black U-shaped markings narrower, and the white general color more or less suffused or tinged with buff, the chest sometimes washed with rusty; length (skins), 155-178 (164); wing, 93.5-95.5 (94.4); tail, 32-35 (33.1); culmen, 26; tarsus, 46.5-49 (48.1); middle toe, 27-29 (28). 6 Immature female. — Similar to the adult female, but lower throat tawny, chin and upper throat white, with a few narrow streaks of black. Panama (Lion Hill; Panama; Laguna del Pita; Santa F6 and Calovevora, Veragua? ) and adjacent portion of northwestern Colombia (Rio Truando). Pittasoma michleri Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 189 (Rio Truando, Colombia; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); 1864, 257, pi. 3. — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 326 (Lion Hill, Panama).— Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 146 (Santa F£ de Veragua, Panama); 1870, 196 (Calovevora, Panama). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 309. — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 237. — Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, no. 339, 7 (Laguna del Pita, Panama). [Pittasoma] michleri Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 75. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 40. Pittisoma michleri Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 357 (Panama; crit.). PITTASOMA MICHLERI ZELEDONI Ridgway. ZELEDOTTS ANTPITTA. Similar to P- m. michleri but decidedly larger; adult male with head entirely black, except for a tinge of chestnut on auricular region. a- Seven specimens. b Four specimens. ? I have not seen specimens from Veragua. They may be referable to P. m. zeledoni. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 143 Adult male.— Length (skins), 175-179 (177); wing, 99.5-115 (105.1); tail, 31.5-34 (33); culmen, 29-31 (30); tarsus, 50-51.5 (50.7); middle toe, 28.5-31 (30.2).° ' Adult female.— Length (skins), 166-181 (172); wing, 97.5-100.5 (98.7); tail, 33.5-36 (34.3); culmen, 27-30 (28.5); tarsus, 46-52 (48); middle toe, 29-31 (30).° Eastern Costa Rica (Rio Sticio; Rio Slcsola; Jimenez; Carrillo). Pittasoma michleri zeledoni Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, Apr. 11, 1884, 414 (Rio Sucio, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). — Zeled6n, Anal. Myiarchuss., Costa Rica, i, 1887, 115 (Jimenez, Costa Rica). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 626 (Caribbean foothills of Costa Rica, to about 2,500 ft.; habits). Pittasoma zeledoni Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 310. — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 238. [Pittasoma] zeledoni Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 40. Genus GRALLARICULA Sclater. Grallarimla Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 283. (Type, Grallaria flavirostris Sclater.) Small Formicariidse (length about 90-115 mm.) with very short, emarginate tail (only about one-third as long as wing), short and broad but rather thick bill, long and conspicuous rictal bristles, rather long, slender tarsi (about one-third as long as wing), the color plain brown or olive above, whitish or tawny below, usually more or less streaked or squamated with black or dusky — sometimes plain gray, with head and neck chestnut. Bill much shorter than head, rather stout, broadly wedge-shaped in vertical profile, its width at loral antise decidedly greater than its depth at same point and equal to about three-fifths the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen distinctly ridged, gradually and rather strongly decurved from near base, the tip of maxilla distinctly but rather minutely uncinate; maxillary tomium slightly concave, dis- tinctly but minutely notched subterminally; mandibular tomium faintly convex (at least distally), faintly notched subterminally; gonys faintly or gently convex, not prominent basally. Nostril partly ex- posed, partly hidden by antrorse feathering of loral antise, small, longi- tudinal, narrowly oval or elliptical, overhung by a rather broad exten- sion of the membraneous integument of the nasal fossae. Rictal bristles conspicuously developed, nearly (sometimes quite) as long as bill, the feathers of chin, malar antise, and loral region with distinct terminal setae. Wing rather long, with longest primaries much longer than secondaries; sixth and seventh primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) two-thirds as long as longest, or slightly more, the ninth decidedly longer than secondaries. Tail about one-third as long as « Three specimens. 144 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. wing, even, slightly double rounded, or slightly emarginate, the rectrices (10 ?) very narrow, rounded or minutely subacuminate ter- minally. Tarsus much longer than commissure, about one-third as long as wing, slender, distinctly scutellate, the plantar scutella in a single longitudinal series, bending around to the inner side, where separated from the inner edge of the acrotarsium by a rather broad shallow groove; middle toe, with claw, much shorter than tarsus, decidedly shorter than commissure; outer toe, without claw, reach- ing very nearly to middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe very slightly shorter; hallux about as long as inner toe but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe united for more than half its length to outer toe, for about half its length to inner toe; claws moderate in size and curvature, that of the hallux shorter than the digit, acute, much compressed. Plumage full, soft, and (mostly) blended, that of rump and flanks more elongated and fluffy or lax; feathers of pileum slightly elongated, distinctly outlined. Coloration. — (I) Above plain brown or olive; beneath white, or white and ochraceous, tawny, or rufescent, usually more or less streaked or squamated with black or dusky. (II) Head (all round) chestnut; rest of plumage plain brownish gray above, lighter and clearer gray beneath, with patch of white on lower abdomen and foreneck. Range. — Costa Rica to mountains of British Guiana and Ecuador. (Six species.") KEY TO THE SPECIES OP GRALLARICUlA. a. Under parts without streaks or other markings (tawny or tawny-ochraceous, the throat and abdomen sometimes white or whitish). (Santa Myiarchusrta district of Colombia to Venezuela.) Grallaricula ferrugineipectus (extralimital).* aa. Under parts more or less streaked or spotted with blackish or dusky. 6. Paler olive-brown above; under parts with less of ochraceous and with black streaks or squamations much heavier. (Colombia to eastern Ecuad6r.) Grallaricula fiavirostris (extralimital) .<= bo. Darker olive-brown above; under parts with more ochraceous or ochraceous- tawny (mostly so) with blackish streaks or squamations indistinct. (Costa Rica and western Panama.) Grallaricula costaricensis (p. 145). o Of these I have seen only G. flavirostris (Sclater), G. ferrugineipectus (Sclater), and G. costaricensis Lawrence. 6 Grallaria ferrugineipectus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857 (pub. Oct. 21), 129 (near Caracas, Venezuela; coll. Paris Myiarchuss.); Ann. and Myiarchusg. N. H. (2), xx, 1857, 462 (reprint). — Grallaricula ferrugineipectus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 284 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 326. — Conopophaga browni Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, Nov. 11, 1899, 100 (Chirua, Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia, 7,000 ft.; coll. E. A. and 0. Bangs). c Grallaria flavirostris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858 (pub. Apr. 26), 68 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuad6r; coll. Verreaux). — Grallaricula flavirostris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 283 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit, Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 326. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 145 GRALLARICULA COSTARICENSIS Lawrence. COSTA RICAN GRALLARICULA. Adults (sexes alike.) — Pileum and hindneck plain grayish olive, more brownish on forehead ; rest of upper parts plain brownish olive, the general color of wings, together with tail, decidedly browner (sometimes nearly prouts brown); outer web of exterior feather of alula buff or ochraceous-buff ; wing-coverts sometimes with an indis- tinct terminal spot or terminal margin of light tawny or rufescent brown; an indistinct orbital ring of tawny; lores buffy or ochraceous, suffused with black or dusky in middle portion; suborbital and auricular regions olive tinged with tawny, the latter with very indis- tinct narrow shaft-streaks of paler; malar region, chin, throat, chest, and sides ochraceous or tawny-ochraceous, usually somewhat paler on chin and throat, the chest usually more or less distinctly marked (irregularly) with black or dusky; abdomen and median lower part of breast white or buffy white, the latter, as well as sides of abdo- men, usually necked with black or dusky; under tail-coverts pale buff or buffy whitish; under wing-coverts clear ochraceous, those over carpo-metacarpal joint, more or less extensively, dusky; inner webs of remiges rather indistinctly edged with brownish buff or pale wood brown; maxilla horn brown (more or less dark), mandible pale dull yellowish (wax yellow in life); iris brown 6 or red;° legs and feet pale yellowish brown (yellowish olive in life) .° Adult male. — Length (skin), 97; wing, 66; tail, 26; culmen, 13.5; tarsus, 21.5; middle toe, 13.5. Adult female.— Length (skins), 86.5-100.5 (92); wing, 61.5-64 (62.8); tail, 18-24.5 (21.7); culmen, 13.5-14.5 (14); tarsus, 20.5-21 (20.7); middle toe, 13.5-14 (13.7).° Costa Rica (Navarro; Barranca; Buena Vista; Rio Sucio; Cari- blanco de Sarapiqui; base of Volcan de Turrialba, 2,000 ft.) and western Panama (Chitra; Calovevora; Calobre; Cordillera de Tole; Caribbean slope, Chiriqui) . Grallaricula costaricensis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, 1867, 346 (Barranca, Costa Rica; coll. IT. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); ix, 1868, 110 (Barranca).— Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 146 (Cordillera de Tole, Panama); a J. C. Zeled6n, on label. & F. Carmiol, on label. c Three specimens. «1255°— Bull. 50—11- -10 146 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1870, 196 (Ohitra and Calovevora, Panama). — Frantzitjs, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 306 (Oosta Rica).— Ridg way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 415 (Navarro, Costa Rica). Grallaricula flavirostris costaricensis Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 630 (Cariblanco de Sarapiquf and base of Volcan de Turrialba, 2,000 ft., Costa Rica). [Grallaricula] flavirostris (not Grallaria flavirostris Sclater, 1858) Sclatbh and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 76, part (Costa Rica; Veragua). — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 44, part (Costa Rica; Panama). Grallaricula flavirostris Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 326, part (Buena Vista, Costa Rica; Calovevora and Cordillera de Toll, Panama). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 245, part (Barranca, Buena Vista, and Rio Sucio, Costa Rica; Chitra, Cordillera de Toll, Calovevora, and Calobre, Panama). (?) Grallaricula vegeta Bangs," Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30, 1902, 42 (Caribbean slope of Volcan de Chiriqui, 4,000 ft., Panama; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). Genus GRALLARIA Vieillot. Grallaria Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 43. (Type, Roi des Fourmilliers Buffon=i ! 'or- micarius varius Boddaert.) Myioturdus Boie, Isis, 1826, 972. (Type, Formicarius varius Boddaert.) Myiotrichas Boie, Isis, 1831, 542. (Type, Formicarius varius Boddaert.) Colobathris & Gloger, Hand- und Hilfsb. der Naturg., 1842, 304. (New name for " Grallina" =Grallaria Vieillot.) Charnsebates « Bertoni, Aves Nuevas del Paraguay, 1901, 150. (Type, C. rufiven- tris Bertam= Myiothera grallaria Lichtenstein.) Very large terrestrial Formicariidae (length about 160-210 mm.) with the slender tarsus less than half as long as wing, tail less than half (usually only two-fifths) as long as wing, and plumage of upper parts more or less distinctly squamated with dusky. Bill shorter than head, stout, much deeper than broad at base, its width at loral antise decidedly less than its height at same point and equal to a little to considerably less than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen very indistinctly if at all ridged, gradually but rather strongly curved from base, the tip of maxilla distinctly but not abruptly uncinate; maxillary tomium very slightly concave, distinctly notched subterminally; mandibular tomium nearly straight or very faintly convex, with faint subterminal notch; gonys slightly to very faintly convex, very ascending terminally, not prominent basally. Nostril exposed, posteriorly in contact with loral feathering, obliquely broadly oval, with an internal tubercle or septum showing within upper posterior portion. Bictal bristles distinct but very slender; o I am not satisfied as to the distinctness of G. vegeta. The individual variation among Costa Rican specimens (of which, however, I have seen but few) is considerable, and I strongly suspect that a larger series of specimens would show the birds from western Panama to be inseparable. b See also Colobathris Cabinis, Wiegmann's Archiv, 1847, i, 216. cXapal, on the ground; /3tajf, one who treads or covers. (Bertoni.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 147 feathers of chin and upper throat with long, slender, terminal seta?. Wing moderate or rather large, with longest primaries projecting con- siderably beyond secondaries; sixth and seventh, or fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) about two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the longest, the ninth decidedly to much longer than secondaries. Tail two-fifths to nearly half as long as wing, even, or very slightly rounded, the rectrices (12) rounded terminally. Tarsus less than half as long as wing, slender, the planta fused (non-scutellate) or with scutella indistinct, its inner edge scarcely if at all convolute, the acrotarsium with 12-14 scutella; middle toe, with claw, about two-thirds as long as tarsus, longer than whole culmen; outer toe, without claw, reaching to a little beyond subterminal articulation of middle toe, the inner toe slightly shorter; hallux shorter than inner toe, not conspicuously stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe united for more than half its length to outer toe, for less than half to inner toe; claws short to moderately long, not strongly curved, moderately compressed, not grooved laterally, that of the hallux shorter than the digit. Plumage very full, that of rump and flanks (especially the former) elongated and more lax; a small naked postocular space (except in G. squami- gera a and allies). Coloration. — Above olive, the hindneck and part of pileum grayish, distinctly squamated with black (squamations indistinct in G. squamigera, which has the under parts conspicuously barred or lunulated with black); tail rufescent brown or russet (except in G. squamigera); under parts rufescent or tawny, sometimes more or less variegated, especially on throat, sometimes mixed olive and buffy with indistinct bars of darker. Range. — Southern Mexico to Cayenne, southeastern Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru. (About ten species, including subspecies.) KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF GRALLARIA GUATIMALENSIS. a. Coloration darker, the general color of under parts ochraceous to tawny; black squamations of upper parts much heavier; gray of hindneck and pileum much clearer (more bluish) much more extended, the forehead much less extensively (sometimes not at all) brownish; size averaging considerably smaller (maximum average measurements: wing 113.3, tail 41.8, culmen, 27.2, tarsus 49.6, middle toe 25.3). 6. Darker; under parts tawny to chestnut-tawny; larger (averaging: wing 111.7 or more, tarsus 48.2 or more, middle toe 24.4 or more), except tail and bill. c. Slightly paler, with black squamations of upper parts narrower; averaging slightly larger, except bill and middle toe (wing averaging 113.3, tail 41.5, culmen 25.8, tarsus 49.6, middle toe 24.4). (Chiapas to northern Nicaragua.) Grallaria guatimalensis guatimalensis (p. 148). a 0. squamigera also differs in having the planta tarsi partly scutellate, the tail nearly half instead of only two-fifths as long as wing, with firmer rectrices, relatively longer outermost primary, and other minor characters,, and may not be congeneric. 148 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. cc. Slightly darker, with black Bquamations of upper parts heavier; averaging slightly smaller, except bill and middle toe (wing averaging 111.7, tail 41, culmen 27.2, tarsus 48.2, middle toe 25.3). (Costa Rica and western Panama.) Grallaria guatimalensis princeps (p. 149). 66. Paler; under parts ochraceous, deepening into brownish tawny on chest; smaller, except tail and bill (averaging: wing 109.5, tarsus 40.4, middle toe 20.8). (Southeastern Mexico.) Grallaria guatimalensis mexicana (p. 150). aa. Coloration paler, the general color of under parts dull buff to clay color; black squamations of upper parts much narrower; gray of hindneck, etc., much duller, much more restricted, the whole forehead (sometimes crown also) light olive- brownish; size averaging larger (average measurements: wing 116.5, tail 48.3, culmen 27.3, tarsus 51.8, middle toe 26.5). (Southwestern Mexico.) Grallaria guatimalensis ochraceiventris (p. 151). GRALLARIA GUATIMALENSIS GUATIMALENSIS Prevost and Des Myiarchusrs. GUATEMALAN ANTPITTA. Adults (sexes alikeV). a — Pileum and hindneck slate color or slate- gray, the feathers margined with black, producing a squamate effect; back, scapulars, and rump olive, the feathers rather broadly mar- gined with black; upper tail-coverts and tail russet-brown to chest- nut; wings olive or olive-brown, the remiges more russet brown, lighter on primaries, the outer of which have their outer webs much paler (nearly wood brown) terminally; greater coverts edged with russet, sometimes (also occasionally the middle coverts) with more or less distinct terminal spots of tawny; lores dull whitish, some- times slightly intermixed with dusky or grayish; a narrow line of white on posterior half (more or less) of upper eyelid; the posterior portion of lower eyelid also whitish; suborbital and auricular regions dark olive with narrow but distinct shaft-streaks of whitish or pale tawny; malar region whitish, buffy or tawny; chin and upper throat olive-brown, suffused, more or less strongly, with tawny-ochraceous, sometimes mixed somewhat with dusky, the feathers with pale ochraceous or buffy shaft-streaks; lower throat tawny or tawny- ochraceous to ochraceous- white, usually immaculate but sometimes more or less broken by dusky spots or bars, usually bounded poste- riorly by a more or less distinct narrow semicircular line of dusky or sooty blackish spots; rest of under parts plain bright tawny or tawny-ochraceous, slightly paler on abdomen, deeper on sides and flanks; under wing-coverts immaculate tawny-ochraceous, the inner webs of remiges broadly edged with a paler tint of same or ochraceous- buff; maxilla dusky horn color, paler toward culmen; mandible pale brownish (in dried skins); legs and feet horn brownish (in dried skins). ° While considerable variations in color-pattern are observable among specimens of all the forms of this species, in none of them do I find any differences that can be corellated with difference of sex — provided, of course, the latter has in all cases been correctly determined. BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 149 Young. — Pileum and hindneck dull slate color, with narrow mesial guttate streaks of buff; chest and breast similar but ground color rather lighter brownish slate and streaks broader; otherwise like adults, but middle and greater wing-coverts with distinct (though not sharply defined) terminal or subterminal spots of tawny, and with a very narrow terminal margin of black. Adult maZe.— (No specimens with sex determined examined.) Adult jemale.— Length (skins), 163-175 (169); wing, 114-116.5 (115.3); tail, 42-44 (43); culmen, 25.5-26 (25.7); tarsus, 46-50.5 (48.3); middle toe, 24-25.5 (24.3).° Southern Mexico, in State of Chiapas (Tumbala), Guatemala (forests of northern Vera Paz; Coban; Choctum; Calderas; Yax- camnal; Savana Grande; Barranca Honda and Pajal Grande, Volcan de Fuego), Honduras (Santa Ana), and northern Nicaragua (Myiarchusta- galpa). Grallaria guatimalensis Prevost and Des Myiarchusrs, Zool. Voy. 'Venus,' Atlas, "1846"=1842, pi. 4 (Guatemala).— Laeresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1842, 334.— Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 280 (monogr.). Grallaria guatemalensis Prevost and Des Myiarchusrs, Zool. Voy. 'Venus,' "1855"= 1849, 199.— Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 119 (Coban, Guatemala).— Salvin, Ibis, 1861, 354, in text (Vera Paz, Guatemala) .—Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 191 (Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuse., xv, 1890, 313 (Choctum, Yaxcamnal, Savana Grande, Calderas, Volcan de Fuego, Barranca Honda, Volcan de Fuego, and Pajal Grande, Volcan de Fuego). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 240 (localities in Guatemala; Santa Ana, Honduras; Myiarchustagalpa, Nicaragua). [Grallaria] guatemalensis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 75. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 41 (Guatemala to Nicaragua). (?) Grallaria guatemalensis ? Ridgwat, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 470 (Santa Ana, Honduras; descr. young). [Chamaeza] guatimalensis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 204. Grallaria princeps (not of Sclater and Salvin) Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 1878, 39 (Guatemala). GRALLARIA GUATIMALENSIS PRINCEPS (Sclater and Salvin). COSTA RICAN ANTPITTA. Similar to G. g. guatimalensis but smaller and more deeply colored, the black squamations of upper parts broader, the general color of under parts bright tawny to rufous-tawny. Adult male.— Length (skins), 165-181 (172); wing, 110-115 (111.7); tail, 40-43 (41.3); culmen, 24.5-28.5 (27.4); tarsus, 44.5-52 (48); middle toe, 23-27 (25.2). 6 a Two specimens. Five specimens with sex undetermined measure as follows: Wing, 104-120 (112.6); tail, 37-44 (40.9); culmen, 24-28 (26); tarsus, 49-51.5 (50.1); middle toe, 24-25.5 (24.3). & Twelve specimens. 150 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.— Length (skins), 167-181 (172); wing, 106.5-113.5 (111.1); tail, 37.5-42.5 (40); culmen, 25-27.5 (26.7); tarsus, 46.5-50 (48.6); middle toe, 25-26 (25.4).° Costa Rica (La Estrella de Cartago; Faldas del Volcan de Barba; Volcan de Irazu; Turrialba; Juan Vinas; Carrillo; Escazu; Ten6rio) and western Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui; Boquete; Santa Fi de Veragua; Calov6vora). Grallaria guatemalensis (not of Prevost) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 146 (Santa F6 de Veragua, Panama; crit.)— Lawbence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix., 1868, 89 (Veragua). Grallaria princeps Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 418 (Calo- vevora, Veragua, Panama; coll. Salvin and Godman). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 196 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Calovevora).— Sclatee, Ibis, 1877, 441 (Veragua; Chiriqui; monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 314 (Irazu district, Costa Rica; Calovevora, Santa Fe, and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama). — Zeledon, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 115 (Turrialba, Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 241, pi. 52.— Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 42 (Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama, 7,000-11,000 ft.). [Grallaria] princeps Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 75. — Shaepe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 41. Grallaria guatemalensis princeps Carrikeb, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 627 (Costa Rica; crit.; habits). GRALLARIA GUATIMALENSIS MEXICANA (Sclater). MEXICAN ANTPITTA. Similar to G. g. guatimalensis but slightly larger and paler in color, the back, etc., less brownish olive, the general color of under parts ochraceous instead of tawny-ochraceous or tawny; slate color of pileum and hindneck, however, rather darker. Adult male.— Length (skins), 161-180 (170); wing, 104.5-111 (109.1); tail, 38-44.5 (42); culmen, 25.5-27 (26); tarsus, 43.5-49.5 (47.3); middle toe, 23-25 (24.3). b Adult female.— Length (skins), 160-175 (166); wing, 107-113 (110); tail, 40.5-43 (41.5); culmen, 26.5-27 (26.7); tarsus, 46.5^7.5 (47); middle toe, 24-24.5 (24.2). c Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (C6rdova; Potrero, near C6rdova; Uvero; San Andres Tuxtla; Omealca; Jalapa; Moyoa- pam;Playa Vicente ;Buena Vista ;Motzorongo), and Tabasco (Teapa). - Four specimens, from Costa Rica. b Four ipecimeni. c Three specimens. BIBJDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 151 Grallaria guatimalensis (not of Provost) Solater Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 294 (06rdova, Vera Cruz; crit.); 1858, 280, part (monogr.). Grallaria guatemalensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 366 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 383 (Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz).- — Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, v, 1881, 248 (Uvero, San Andr& Tuxtla, and Potrero, Vera Cruz). Grallaria guatemalensisl Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 556 (Uvero near San Andres Tuxtla, Potrero, and Omealca, Vera Cruz). [Myiotrichas] guatemalensis Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Myiarchuss. Hein. Orn., 1890, 123 (Mexico). Grallaria mexicana Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 381 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1864, 175 (near City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 191 (Jalapa); Ibis, 1877, 440 (tierra caliente of s. Mexico; monogr.; crit.); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 313, part (Jalapa). — Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, v, 1881, 248 (Omealca, Vera Cruz). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 241, part (Moyoapam, Cdrdova, Omealca, Uvero, San Andr& Tuxtla, Potrero, C6rdova, Playa Vicente, and Jalapa, Vera Cruz). Grallaria ? Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N H., i, 1869, 556 (Moyoapam, Vera Cruz, 2,500 m.; crit.). [Grallaria] mexicana Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 75. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 41. GRALLARIA GUATIMALENSIS OCHRACEIVENTRIS (Nelson). NELSON'S ANTPITTA. Most like G. g. mexicana but coloration decidedly paler and much duller, the blackish squamations of upper parts narrower and less distinct (especially on pileum and hindneck, where sometimes nearly obsolete), forehead more extensively olive, and general color of under parts dull tawny-ochraceous to dull buff or clay color. Adult male.— Length, (skins), 180-198 (189); wing, 111-119.5 (115.2); tail, 46-49.5 (47.7); culmen, 25.5-26.5 (26); tarsus, 48.5-51 (49.7); middle toe, 25.5-26 (25.7)." Adult female.— Length (skins), 178-199 (190); wing, 110.5-120 (115.7); tail, 45-52 (47.7); culmen, 27.5-29.5 (28.1); tarsus, 49-55 (52.1); middle toe, 25-28 (26.7). b 152 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Southwestern Mexico, in States of Jalisco (San Sebastian), Morelos (mountains) and Guerrero (Omilteme) ; Mexico (Valley of Mexico ; Chimalpa; Ajusco)? (?) Grallaria mericana (not of Sclater, 1861?) Sclatek, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 175 (Valley of Mexico); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 313, part (western Mexico). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 241, part (Valley of Mexico, Chimalpa, and Ajusco, Mexico). Grallaria mexieana Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 241, part (Omilteme, Guerrero). Grallaria ochraeeiventris Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, Myiarchusr. 24, 1898, 62 (San Sebastian, Jalisco; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). [Grallaria] ochraeeiventris Shaepe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 41. Genus HYLOPEZUS Ridgway. Hylopezus® Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, Apr. 17, 1909, 71. (Type, Grallaria perspicillata Lawrence.) Medium-sized terrestrial Formicariidse (length about 120-125 mm.) with very long, slender, booted (nonscutellate) tarsi (more than two-fifths as long as wing), very short tail (one-third to about two-fifths as long as wing), slender bill, no rictal bristles, and under parts partly white, with chest more or less streaked with black. Bill shorter than head, slender, rather broad and depressed basally, its width at loral antiae greater than its depth at same point and equal to half or more the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen distinctly but not sharply ridged, straight basally, then gradually decurved, the tip of maxilla slightly uncinate; tomia nearly straight, that of maxilla distinctly notched subterminally, the mandibular notch very indistinct or obsolete ; gonys convex and prominent basally, nearly straight and ascending terminally. Nostril exposed, horizontally oval, posteriorly nearly in contact with loral feathering, margined above by a narrow extension of the membra- nous integument of the nasal fossa?, an internal tubercle or septum showing within the upper posterior portion. Rictal bristles obsolete but feathers of malar and loral regions with bristly shafts. Wing moderate, with longest primaries projecting decidedly beyond sec- ondaries; sixth and seventh, fifth, sixth, and seventh, or fifth and sixth, primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) a little less than three-fifths to slightly more than two-thirds as long as the longest, the ninth much shorter than secondaries (H. dives) h or longer than secondaries (other species). Tail one-third (H. perspiriMyiarchustiLs) to about two-fifths (H. macularius) as long as wing, very slightly rounded, the rectrices (12) rather broad, rounded terminally. Tarsus slightly more than two-fifths to nearly half as long as wing, slender, "•"Fh), a wood, forest; netfe, walking. b In H. dives even the eighth primary (third from outside) is much shorter than the secondaries. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 153 booted (nonscutellate) or with scutella of acrotarsium faintly defined ; middle toe, with claw, slightly more than three-fifths as long as tarsus (as long as or slightly longer than whole culmen) ; outer toe, without claw, reaching to or slightly beyond subterminal articula- tion of middle toe, the inner toe slightly shorter; hallux shorter than inner toe, considerably but not conspicuously stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe united for about half its length to outer toe, for less than half to inner toe; claws rather short, slightly curved, that of hallux decidedly shorter than the digit. Plumage full, soft, and blended, that of rump and flanks (especially the former) more elongated and lax, that of pileum short, with feathers distinctly outlined ; a very small naked postocular space. Coloration. — Above olive (more grayish or dusky on pileum) the back sometimes streaked with buff, the wings sometimes varied with buff or tawny; a buff orbital ring (indistinct or obsolete in H. dives); under parts with at least throat and abdomen white, the chest, sides, and flanks more or less buffy, ochraceous, or tawny, the first (at least) more or less streaked with black; sexes alike. Range. — Nicaragua to Cayenne, southeastern Brazil, and western Ecuador. (About nine species.") KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP HYLOPEZUS. a. Wing-coverts unspotted; chest deep tawny-ochraceous, very narrowly streaked with black. (Caribbean slope of Nicaragua and Costa Rica.) Hylopezus dives (p. 154). aa. Wing-coverts conspicuously spotted with buff or ochraceous; chest white or buffy, very heavily streaked with black. &. Flanks light grayish buffy, streaked with dusky. (Hylopezus perspicillatus.) c. Back and scapulars conspicuously streaked with buff. (Eastern Panama.) Hylopezus perspicillatus perspicillatus (p. 155). cc. Back and scapulars inconspicuously or not at all streaked. (Western Panama and southwestern Costa Rica.)... Hylopezus perspicillatus lizanoi (p. 156). 66. Flanks bright buffy or tawny-buff, unstreaked. c. Chest more heavily and more extensively streaked with black; buffy spots on wing-coverts more sharply defined; outer web of primaries brownish tawny. (Caribbean slope of Costa Rica and Nicaragua.) Hylopezus perspicillatus intermedins (p. 156). cc. Chest less heavily and less extensively streaked with black; buffy spots on wing-coverts less sharply denned; outer web of primaries olive-brown. (Guiana and Amazon Valley.) Hylopezus macularius (extralimital).& o Of these I have examined only H. dives (Sclater), E. intermedins (Ridgway), H. lizanoi (Cherrie), H. perspicillatus (Lawrence) and S. macularius (Temminck). & Pitta macularia Temminck, PI. Col., ii, livr. 85, July, 1830, in text to Genus Pitta, sp. 11 (Brazil). — C[olobathris] macularia Cabanis, in Wiegm. Archiv fur Naturg., 1847, pt. i, 217. — Grallaria macularia Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1842, 334; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss„ xv, 1890, 324. 154 BULLETIN 50, UNITED states national museum. HYLOPEZUS DIVES (Salvia). DIVES ANTPITTA. Adults (sexes alike). — Pileum and hindneck dull slate color, indis- tinctly streaked or squamated with slate-blackish; rest of upper parts dull slate color anteriorly passing into olive posteriorly, the feathers (especially the scapulars) with very narrow and mostly indistinct shaft-streaks of pale buffy; upper tail-coverts and tail russet-brown or vandyke brown; general color of wings deep olive-brown, the outer webs of primaries paler and more ruf escent brown ; outermost feather of alula edged with buff or ochraceous-buff; loral, orbital, and suborbital regions buff, more or less necked with dusky, the lower-anterior portion of auricular region deeper buffy; upper-pos- terior portion of auricular region dull slate color, more or less tinged with olive; malar region, chin, and throat white or buffy white, the first more or less flecked with dusky; chest and sides of breast ochraceous, the feathers with median or central portion paler and edged with black, producing a streaked effect; sides, flanks, under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts plain ochraceous to rufous-tawny; inner webs of remiges passing into dull vinaceous-cinnamon on edges ; maxilla brownish, paler along tomia, darker (sometimes nearly black) on culmen; mandible pale dull yellowish (in dried skins), usually tinged with brownish laterally or terminally; legs and feet pale yel- lowish or yellowish brown (in dried skins). Adult male.— Length (skins), 118-129 (124); wing, 73.5-78 (75.8); tail, 29-31 (30); culmen, 19-19.5 (19.3); tarsus, 37; middle toe, 18-20.5 (19.2).° Adult female.— Length (skin), 119; wing, 75; tail, 30; culmen, 18; tarsus, 36; middle toe, 19. Caribbean slope of Costa Rica (Tucurriqui; Jimenez; Guacimo; La Vijagua) and Nicaragua (Chontales; Greytown; Rio Escondido; Los Sabalos). Gralltria dives Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864 (pub. April 1, 1865), 582 (Tucurriqui, e. Costa Rica; coll. Salvin and Godman); Ibis, 1872, 313 (Chon- tales, Nicaragua). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 182 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 110 (Tucurriqui, Costa Rica). — Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 306 (Costa Rica).— Sclater, Ibis, 1877, 450 (Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; Chontales, Nicaragua; monogr.; crit.); Cat. B. Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 323 (do.).— Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 406 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 406, footnote (crit.; Greytown and Los Sabalos). — Chbrrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 534 (Costa Rica; descr. young). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 243, pi. 53, fig. 1.— Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 504 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua). [Grallaria] dives Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 76.— Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 43. o Three specimens. BIKDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 155 Hylopezus dives Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 628 (Costa Rica). Grallaricula perspicillata (not Grallaria perspicillata Lawrence) Sclater, Ibis, 1873, 373 (Chontales, Nicaragua). HYLOPEZUS PERSPICILLATUS PERSPICILLATUS (Lawrence). LAWRENCE'S ANTPITTA. Adults (sexes alike). — Pileum and hindneck plain slate color, pass- ing into light olive on forehead, the feathers sometimes with very narrow and indistinct shaft-streaks of paler; rest of upper parts olive, the scapulars and interscapulars with more or less distinct mesial (usually guttate) streaks of buff, these sometimes margined with blackish; general color of wings rather browner olive than back, etc., the wing-coverts with terminal (usually triangular) spots of buff or ochraceous, outer web of exterior feather of alula buff, the outer webs of primaries with a basal area of dull ochraceous followed by a space of olive, the remaining portion pale ochraceous-brown; a broad and conspicuous orbital ring of buff or ochraceous-buff; lores buff, with middle portion (vertically) black or dusky; suborbital region and anterior portion of auricular region buff, the former barred or flecked with black; auricular region (except lower-anterior portion) olive, with narrow shaft-streaks of buff; malar region and under parts whice, the chest, breast (except median portion), and sides broadly streaked with black and tinged or suffused with buff, the flanks olive with indistinct broad streaks or flammulations of pale yellowish buff; under tail-coverts buff; under wing-coverts and broad edgings to inner web of remiges bright ochraceous or ochraceous- buff, the coverts near edge of wing more or less streaked with dusky; maxilla dark brown, usually paler terminally; mandible pale dull yellowish (in dried skins), brownish terminally; iris light brown;" legs and feet light brownish (in dried skins). Adult male. — Length (skins), 118-129 (125); wing, 77.5-82.5 (79.9); tail, 26.5-30 (28.7); culmen, 18-20 (18.8); tarsus, 34-37.5 (35.2); middle toe, 16-18.5 (17.1). & Adult female.— Length (skins), 125-126 (125.5); wing, 78-79.5 (78.7); tail, 28-30 (29); culmen, 19; tarsus, 34-36.5 (35.2); middle toe, 16.5-18 (17.4).° Panama (Lion Hill; Panama; Nata, Code; Divala; Santa F£ de Veragua; Santiago de Veragua; Mma de Chorcha; Volcan de Chiriqui). Grallaria perspicillata Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 1862, 303, 326 (Lion Hill, Panama; coll. G. N. Lawrence).— Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 357 (Lion Hill).— Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 146 (Santa Fe" and Santiago de Veragua, Panama); 1870, 196 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Myiarchusna de Chorcha, Panama). — Sclater, Ibis, 1877, ° Heyde, manuscript. 6 Five specimens. c Four specimens. 156 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 449 (Panama; monogr.; crit.); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 325, excl. syn. part (Panama; Santa F6, Myiarchusna de Chorcha, and Volcan de Chiriqui. Panama). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1884, 406, footnote (crit.).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 242, pi. 53, fig. 2. [Grallaria] perspicillata Sclatee and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 76, part (Panami). — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 44, part (Panamf). HYLOPEZUS PERSPICILLATUS LIZANOI (Cherrie). UZANO'S ANTPITTA. Similar to H. p. perspicillatus but back and scapulars plain olive (or with only a few very narrow streaks of buff on extreme upper back), the olive much more grayish, brown, or olive area on middle of primaries much less distinct (sometimes obsolete), and chest and sides usually more strongly suffused with yellowish buff. Adult male.— Length (skins), 120-135 (126); wing, 79-84.5 (81.7); tail, 26.5-32 (30.2); culmen, 19-20.5 (19.6); tarsus, 34-37.5 (35.8); middle toe, 16.5-18.5 (17.3).° Adult female— Length (skins), 115-132 (125); wing, 79-84.5 (82.4); tail, 27.5-32 (30.2); culmen, 19-21 (19.8); tarsus, 32.5-37 (34.8); middle toe, 16.5-18 (17.5).° Southwestern Costa Rica (Pozo Azul de Pirris; Pirrls; Pozo del Pital, Rio Naranjo; Pozo de Terraba; Terraba; Boruca, Paso Real and Pozo del Rio Grande, Boruca; Lagarto; Buenos Aires; Las Trojas; El General) and western Panama (Divala). Grallaria intermedia (not of Ridgway) Zeled6n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 115, part (Pozo Azul de Pirrls, s. w. Costa Rica). Grallaria lizanoi Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, no. 855, Sept. 4, 1891, 342 (Las Trojas, s. w. Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 19 (Pozo del Pital, s. w. Costa Rica); Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 44 (Lagarto, Boruca, Terraba, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 243. — Bangs, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 298 (Boruca, Paso Real, and Pozo del Rio Grande, s. w. Costa Rica). [Grallaria] lizanoi Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 44. Hylopezus lizanoi Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 629 (Pacific slope Costa Rica, up to 1,500 ft.). HYLOPEZUS INTERMEDIUS (Ridgway). TALAMANCA ANTPITTA. Similar to H. p. lizanoi but flanks and posterior portion of sides clear plain ochraceous or ochraceous-buff . Adult male.— Length (skins), 114-137 (128); wing, 78-83 (80.5); tail, 25.5-32 (29.4) ; culmen, 17-20 (19) ; tarsus, 34-37 (35.7) ; middle toe, 17-18.5 (17.3). a - "■ Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 157 Adult female.— Length (skins), 113-134 (123); wing, 77-82 (79.6); tail, 27-35 (29) ; culmen, 18-20 (19.2) ; tarsus, 35-38.5 (36.2) ; middle toe, 16.5-18 (17.2).° Caribbean slope of Costa Rica (Angostura; Talamanca; Santa Clara; Jimenez; San Carlos; La Balsa; El Hogar; Guapiles; Cuabre; Guacimo; Volcan de Turrialba; La Florida; La Cristina; La Vijagua) and Nicaragua (San Emilis, Lake Nicaragua). Orallaria perspicillata (not of Lawrence, 1861) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 110 (Angostura, Costa Rica).— Fbantzius, Journ. fur Om., 1869, 306 (Costa Rica). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 62 (San Carlos, Costa Rica). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 325, part (syn. part; " Valza," i. e., La Balsa, Costa Rica). [Grallaria] perspicillata Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 76, part (Costa Rica). — Sharps, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 44, part (Costa Rica). G[rallaria] intermedia Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, no. 26, April 11, 1884, 406, footnote (Talamanca, Costa Rica; coll. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). Grallaria intermedia Zeled<5n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 115, part (Jimenez, Costa Rica). — Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 534 (Jimenez; crit.). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1892, 243 (Angostura, La Balsa, Talamanca, Jimenez, and San Carlos, Costa Rica). [Grallaria] intermedia Sharps, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 44. Hylopezus intermedins Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 629 (Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica up to 800 or 900 ft.; crit.; habits). Family FURNARIID^. THE OVEN BIRDS. Tracheophone Mesomyodian Passeres, with the metasternum 2-notched, interorbital septum perforate, maxillo-palatines very long and slender (and continued backward to or beyond the level of the free end of the median descending plate of the palatine), tensor patagii brevis tendon normally passerine, nares schizorhinal, syrinx tracheal (with two pairs of short tracheo-bronchial muscles), palate schizognathous, mesorhinium normal, tarsal envelope endaspidean, outer toe much shorter than middle toe, hallux (without claw) not shorter than inner toe (without claw), and middle toe united to outer toe by less than the whole of its second phalanx (usually for more or less of first phalanx only) . ~>Anabatidx Cabanis, Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturg., 1847, pt. i, 230, 338 (includes Dendrocolaptidse). — Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, 1860, 22— Carus, Handb. Zool., 1868, 266. =Andbatidx Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 210. — Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 471, in text. =Andbatinse Cabanis, Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturg., 1847, pt. i, 338. . vi, Sci. Nat., i, 1835. 519. (Type, 0. scansor M6n6tri6s= Myioihera umbretta Lichtenstein.) Oxypiga Lesson, 1839. Geocecia Bertoni, Aves Nuevas del Paraguay, 1901, 79. (Type, G. orryctera Bertoni= Myioihera umbretta Lichtenstein.) Medium sized Furnariidse (length about 150-160 mm.) with long slender bill (as long as or longer than head), tail much shorter than wing, with rectrices broad and rounded terminally and with very rigid but not protruded shafts; hallux much longer than inner toe, the latter conspicuously shorter than outer toe, middle toe united to outer toe for whole of first and part of second phalanx, and plain brownish coloration. Bill about as long as head, or longer, slender, straight or slightly decurved, its width at loral antise equal to or greater than its depth at same point and equal to a little less than one-fourth to nearly one-third the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen dis- tinctly ridged, straight basally, gradually decurved terminally, or straight for most of its length and terminal portion rather abruptly decurved; maxillary tomium nearly straight to decidedly concave, minutely but distinctly notched subterminally; mandibular tomium more or less convex, at least terminally, without trace of notch; gonys faintly convex basally, faintly concave terminally (the tip of mandible slightly but distinctly decurved in 8. mexicanus) . Nostril exposed, posteriorly in contact with loral feathering, broadly oval, horizontal, margined above by narrow membrane, a conspicuous internal tubercle or septum occupying nearly the posterior half. Kictal bristles absent, and feathers of chin, etc., without distinct (if any) terminal setae. Wing rather large and pointed, the longest primaries considerably longer than secondaries; eighth, or sixth, seventh, and eighth, primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) two- thirds to three-fourths as long as the longest, the ninth equal to or longer (sometimes much longer) than secondaries. Tail between two-thirds and three-fourths as long as wing, strongly rounded, the rectrices (12) broad, rounded terminally, with very rigid shafts, which are denuded but not protruded terminally. Tarsus shorter than culmen, about one-fourth as long as wing, scutellate anteriorly (sometimes indistinctly so), the planta fused (nonscutellate) ; middle toe, with claw, a little longer than tarsus; outer toe, without claw, <* ofd acutus, twj-7] cauda. (Men6tri6s.) 164 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. reaching to beyond middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe conspicuously shorter, reaching (without claw) only to subterminal articulation of middle toe; hallux longer than inner but shorter than outer toe; claws moderate in size and curvature to rather large and strongly curved, much compressed, that of the hallux shorter than the digit. Coloration. — Plain brownish, the rump and upper tail-coverts usually more rufescent, sometimes bright or deep chestnut; under parts paler than upper, the throat sometimes gray or whitish or squamated. Sexes alike. Nidification. — Nest (of S. umbretta) composed of leaf-ribs placed in a rounded chamber at the end of a gallery in the ground. Eggs white. a Range. — Southern Mexico to Cayenne, Argentina, and Peru. (About twelve species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SCLESURUS. a. Lower rump and upper tail-coverts chestnut, distinctly different from color of back. b. Chin and throat whitish or grayish, distinctly different from color of chest, c. Chin and throat dull white or grayish white, the feathers margined or tipped with dusky. (Southern Brazil.) Sclerurus umbretta (extralimital).& cc. Chin dull white deepening into gray on throat, the feathers without distinct, if any, darker margin or tip. d. Back, etc., brown; chest tawny brown or dull rusty. (Sclerurus albigularis.) e. Back, etc., olive-brown; chest tawny brown; throat grayish white, deep- ening into pale gray on lower portion. (Venezuela; Tobago.) Sclerurus albigularis albigularis (extralimital).c ee. Back, etc., burnt-umber brown; chest dull rusty; throat smoke gray. (Northeastern Colombia.) Sclerurus albigularis propinquus (extralimital)."* a Goeldi, Ibis, 1896, 305. 6 M[yiothera] umbretta Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 43 (Bahia, Brazil). — Myioturdus umbretta Mehitries, Mem. de l'Acad. St. Petersb., ser. 6, Sci. Nat., i, 1835, 468 (Bahia). — F[orrnicarius] umbretta Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1840, 211. — Sclerurus umbretta Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 574 (lower Amazon Valley); Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 45; Ridgway, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, 1890, 22 (monogr.); Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 114.— Sclerurus cauda- cutus umbretta Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiv, 1907, 56 (crit.).— Oxypyga scansor Meh6- tries, Mem. de l'Acad. St. Petersb., ser. 6, Sci. Nat., i, 1835, 520, pi. 11 (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). — T[inactor] fuscm Myiarchusximilian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, 1831, 1106, part (female only). « Sclerurus albigularis "Swfainson] Braz. B. t. 78" Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 210 (nomen nudum); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, (pub. April, 1869), 630 (Venezuela; diagnosis); Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 114, part (excl. syn. S. canigularis). — Sclerurus albogularis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, 1889 (1890), 24 (monogr.; Venezuela; Tobago). <* Sclerurus albigularis propinquus BangB, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xiii, Nov. 11, 1899, 99 (Chirua, Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia, 7,000 ft.; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 165 dd. Back., etc., deep chestnut-brown or Vandyke brown; chest clear chestnut. (CoBta Rica and western Panama) Sclerurus canigularis (p. 166). 66. Chin and throat bright rusBet or rufous-tawny, like chest. (Sclerurus mexicanus.) c. Coloration lighter, the back, etc., warm-sepia brown, the lower rump and upper tail-coverts chestnut. (Southeastern Mexico to Amazon Valley.) Sclerurus mexlcanus mexicanus (p. 166). as. Coloration darker, the back, etc., dark sepia brown, the lower rump and upper tail-coverts deep vandyke to deep chocolate or walnut brown. (Caribbean slope of western Panamd, and eastern Costa Rica.) Sclerurus mexicanus pullus (p. 168). aa. Lower rump and upper tail-coverts similar in color to back or but slightly more rufescent. 5. Chin and throat tawny or russet, like chest. (Guiana and lower Amazon Valley.) Sclerurus caudacutus (extralimital).<* 66. Chin and upper throat with basal portion of feathers whitish or very pale brownish, the tip or terminal margin dark brown or dusky, c. General color umber or sepia brown. d. Throat brown, with, basal portion of feathers dull brownish white or very pale brownish. (Upper Amazon Valley.) Sclerurus fuscus (extralimital).* dd. Chin and upper throat white, the feathers tipped or margined with brown or duBky. e. Chest without spots or distinct streaks of tawny, and general coloration lighter brown. /. General color deep chocolate brown; smaller (wing 83 8-86.4, tail 53.3- 58.4). (Colombia.) Sclerurus brunneus (extralimital).< : ff. General color vandyke brown, more olive-brown on under parts, the sides of head and neck and upper chest brownish tawny; larger (wing 100.3, tail 78.7). (Southeastern Brazil.) Sclerurus lawrencei (extralimital). d ee. Chest with distinct streaks or spots of tawny, and general color much darker brown. (Southern Mexico to Panama^ western Ecuad6r?). Sclerurus guatemalensis (p. 169). cc. General color olivaceous. (Western Peru.) Sclerurus olivascens (extralimital). e " Thamnophilus caudacutus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 310 (Cayenne). — [Sclerurus] caudacutus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 210. — Sclerurus caudacutus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 573 (Capim R., lower Amazon Valley); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, 1889 (1890), 27 (monogr.); Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 116. — Sclerurus caudacutus caudacutus Hell- mayr, Novit. Zool., xiv, 1907, 56 (crit.). b T[inactor] fuscus Myiarchusximilian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, 1831, 1106, part (male; locality not Btated; type now in coll. Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist.). — Sclerurus fuscus Ridg- way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, 1889, no. 762 (pub. Feb. 5, 1890), 28 (monogr.). c Sclerurus brunneus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 17 (Bogotd, Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 116; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, 1889 (1890), 29 (monogr.). — Sclerurus caudacutus brunneus Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiv, 1907, 56, 58 (Teffg, Brazil; crit.; geog. range). d Sclerurus lawrencei Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, 1889, no. 762 (pub. Feb. 5, 1890), 29 ("Bahia" [Brazil], but locality probably erroneous; coll. Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist.). « Sclerurus olivascens Cabanis, Journ. fur Orn., Jan., 1873, 67 (Monterico, w. Peru); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xii, 1889 (1890), 31 (monogr.>. 166 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. SCLERURUS CANIGULARIS Ridgway. GRAY-THROATED SCLERURUS. Adults (sexes alike) . — Pileum deep to dark sepia (sometimes lighter and browner on forehead), the feathers sometimes indistincthymargined with dusky; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts plain deep warm-sepia or Vandyke brown, passing into chestnut on rump and upper tail- coverts, the wing-coverts mclining to chestnut or margined with that color; tail dark seal brown basally, passing into brownish black ter- minally; remiges dark sepia brown, the primary coverts more dusky; chin and throat light mouse gray, deeper on lower throat, paler (sometimes mclining to dull white) on chin; chest (broadly) dark dull cinnamon-rufous or tawny-chestnut; rest of under parts dark grayish brown or brownish slate color, tinged or suffused with tawny- chestnut, the under tail-coverts inclining to chestnut, with concealed portion dusky; maxilla brownish black, passing into horn color ter- minally; mandible dull pale yellowish or whitish (in dried skins), dusky along tomia; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins). Young. — Similar to adults but general color of upper parts more castaneous (less strongly contrasted with chestnut of rump and upper tail-coverts) and color of chest duller (between mummy brown and Vandyke). Adult male. — Length (skins), 151-168 (158); wing, 86-93 (89.2); tail, 58.5-62.5 (60.4) ; culmen, 21.5-22.5 (22.4) ; tarsus, 22-22.5 (22.2) ; middle toe, 18-19.5 (18.6). a Adult female.— Length (skins), 140-166 (155); wing, 85-89 (86.8); tail, 57-60.5 (58.6); culmen, 21.5-24 (22.2); tarsus, 21-22.5 (21.8); middle toe, 17.5-19 (18.6).° Costa Rica (Turrialba; Cariblanco de Sarapiqui; Ten6rio; Buena Vista; Cerro Santa Myiarchusria) and western Panama (Boquete). Sclerurus canigularis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xi, sig. 34, Sept. 20, 1889, 542 (Turrialba, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); xii, 1890, 24 (monogr.); xvi, 1893, 613 (Buena Vista, Costa Rica; crit.). — Zeledon, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 114. — Sclater, Ibis, 1889, 354 (crit.). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 166. — Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 45 (Boquete, Panama, 5,600-5,800 ft.).— Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 645 (Costa Rica; crit.). [Sclerurus] canigularis Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 72. Sclerurus albigularis (not S. albogularis Swainson) Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 114, part (in synonymy). SCLERURUS MEXICANUS MEXICANUS Sclater. MEXICAK SCLERTJRTJS. Adults (sexes alike). — Above plain deep warm-sepia brown (some- times approaching prouts or Vandyke brown), duller and rather ° Six specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEEICA. 167 darker on pileum, and passing into chestnut on lower rump and upper tail-coverts; tail darker sepia brown, passing into blackish brown terminally; chin and throat dull tawny-rufous or rufous-tawny (the chin sometimes decidedly paler, rarely dull whitish), passing into deeper tawny-rufous or tawny-chestnut on chest; rest of under parts plain brown (nearest mummy brown), sometimes tinged with more rufescent brown, especially on breast and under tail-coverts; under, wing-coverts mixed tawny and grayish brown; maxilla dusky horn color or blackish, mandible pale yellowish or dull whitish (in dried skins), dusky or horn colored terminally and along tomia; iris hazel ; a legs and feet horn color or dusky (in dried skins). Young. — Similar to adults, but colors rather duller, especially on throat and chest, which are dull tawny or tawny-brown, some of the feathers with very indistinct shaft-streaks of paler and (sometimes) with narrow and indistinct terminal margins of duller brown or dusky. Adult male.— Length (skins), 142-163 (154).; wing, 78-83 (80.5) tail, 51-62 (56.2); culmen, 23-27 (24.7) ; tarsus, 20-22 (21.2); middle toe, 16-17.5 (17). 6 Adult female. — Length (skin), 158; wing, 80; tail, 56.5; culmen, 24 tarsus, 20.5; middle toe, 17.5.° Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (C6rdova; Potrero near C6rdova; Jico; Jalapa; Orizaba), and Mexico (City of Mexico) Guatemala (Coban; Raxch6; Savana Grande; Volcan de Agua), Hon- duras (Volcan de Puca, Department of Copan), Costa Rica (Cari bianco de Sarapiqui), Panama (Lion HiU; Panama; CaloveVora Cordillera de Tole; Santiago de Veragua) and southward through Colombia (Bogota; Frontino) and Ecuador (Intaj; Sarayacu) to Peru (Yurimaguas; Chyavetas) and lower Amazon (Rio Capim). d (?) "Sclerurus ruficollis Swainson, Birds Brazil, ["1834^1"], pi. 79." Sclerurus mexicanus Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856 (pub. Jan. 26, 1857), 290 (C6rdova, Vera Cruz, Mexico; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1864, 175 (City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 145, pi. 12 ° W. W. Brown, jr., on label. & Seven specimens. c One specimen. , vultus. (Vieillot.) idv^KO), I reach up to; ^afx/ioc, beak. (Oberholser.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 171 tipped rectrices, and inner webs of remiges crossed by a broad oblique band of light tawny or ochraceous-buff. Bill decidedly shorter than head, stout, wedge-shaped, compressed, its width at loral antise much less than its depth at same point and equal to a little less than half to one-third the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen scarcely ridged, straight to extreme tip; maxillary tomium slightly convex, without trace of notch; mandibular tomium distinctly concave for terminal half, without trace of notch; gonys distinctly convex, strongly ascending ter- minally, the mandible strongly recurved terminally (falcate) with tip acute. Nostril exposed, posteriorly in contact with loral feath- ering, very small, longitudinally ovate or elliptical, slightly oper- culate. Eictal bristles absent. Wing moderate, rather pointed, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by length of culmen, or more; seventh and eighth primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) about four-fifths as long as longest and decidedly longer than secondaries. Tail a little more than two-thirds to four-fifths as long as wing, strongly rounded or moderately graduated (graduation not greater than length of tarsus), the rectrices (12) soft and rounded terminally. Tarsus as long as or slightly longer than culmen, one-fourth as long as wing or slightly less, distinctly scutellate; middle toe, with claw, about as long as tarsus; outer toe, without claw, reaching to middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe slightly but decidedly shorter; hallux as long as outer toe, decidedly stouter; middle toe united to outer toe by all of its first and half or more of its second phalanx, to inner toe by whole of its first phalanx; claws large, strongly curved, acute, that of the hallux much shorter than the digit. Coloration. — Plain brown or rufescent above, the head darker, sometimes streaked; tail cinnamon-rufous with much black on third and fourth, or second, third, and fourth rectrices; primaries blackish and dull cinnamon-rufous; inner webs of remiges crossed obliquely by a broad band of pale tawny or ochraceous ; under parts light olive, whitish on throat, the chest, etc., sometimes streaked with whitish. Sexes alike. Range. — Southern Mexico to Cayenne, Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru. (About five species.) ° ° The following I have not Been: X. littoralis Sclater; X. tenuirostris Pelzeln. 1*72 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. KEY TO THE SPECIES OP XENOPS. a. Breast plain brown, brownish gray, or grayish olive. (Xenops genibarbis.) b. Basal portion of rectrices more extensively black. (Tropical South America.) Xenops genibarbis genibarbis (extralimital).& 66. Basal portion of rectrices less extensively black. (Southern Mexico to Panama.) Xenops genibarbis mexicanus « (p. 172.) aa. Breast conspicuously streaked with whitish. {Xenops rutilus.) 5. Under parts more broadly streaked; back, etc., brighter rufous-brown. (Brazil, etc Xenops rutilus rutilus (extralimital).<* 65. Under parts more narrowly streaked; back, etc., duller rufous-brown. (Costa Rica to Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and Peru.) Xenops rutilus heterurus (p. 175). XENOPS GENIBARBIS MEXICANUS (Sclater). MEXICAN XENOPS. Similar to X. g. genibarbis e but with much less of black on basal portion of lateral rectrices. Adults (sexes alike). — Pileum brown (nearly bister), the feathers sometimes with very indistinct shaft-streaks of paler (these usually " Both species of Xenops almost certainly require further subdivision than is here made, but from want of sufficient material, especially of X. rutilus and South American representatives of X. genibarbis, I must leave a satisfactory treatment of the genus to some one who has both more material and time. (See, however, Hellmayr, in Novit. Zool., xiv, 1907, 54, 55, whose paper I did not, unfortunately, see in time to utilize it in this work.) & Xenops genibarbis IlMger, Prodromus Orn., 1811, 213 (Cameti, Brazil); Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 110. — Neops rufiamAus Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 68 (Guiana). — C!)Xenops littoralis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 379 (Esmeral- das, w. Ecuador; coll. P. L. Sclater). — (1)Xenops approximates Pelzeln, Siiz. Akad. Wien, xxxiv, 1859, 113. In the paper referred to above Hellmayr (than whom there is no better authority), divides X. genibarbis into three subspecies (besides X. g. mexicanus), as follows: (1) Xenops genibarbis genibarbis (Colombia to Cayenne and Amazon Valley); (2) Xenops genibarbis littoralis (western Ecuador); (3) Xenops genibarbis pelzelni (south- eastern Brazil, from Bahia to S. Paulo; new subspecies, described on p. 55, the type, in coll. Vienna Myiarchuss., being from Ypanema, S. Paulo). c This probably separable into about three subspecies. (See p. 174, footnote.) d X[enops] rutilus Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 17 (Bahia, Brazil; coll. Berlin Myiarchuss.); Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 111, part.— Xenops rutilus rutilus Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, 1906, 29 (Trinidad; crit.); xv, 1908, 62 (Goiaz, etc., Brazil; crit.). — Xenops rutilans Temminck, PI. Col., livr., 12, July, 1821, pi. 72, fig. 2.— Xenops affinis Swainson, Anim. in Menag., pt. iii, Jan. 1, 1838, 352 (Brazil; coll. W. Swainson).— Xenops argyobronchus Bertoni, Aves Nuevas del Paraguay, Jan , 1901, 75 (Djaguarasapd, lat. 26° 53', upper Rio Parana, Paraguay; coll. A. de W. Bertoni; see Arribalzaga, An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Buenos Aires, vii, 1902, 352, 358 and Iher- ing, Rev. Myiarchuss. Paulista, vi, 1904, 328). * See p. 172, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 173 obsolete); hindneck, back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts plain cinnamon-brown or between russet and raw-umber; lower rump, upper tail-coverts, and greater part of tail clear cinnamon-rufous; fourth and fifth rectrices (from outside), greater part of inner web of third rectrix, and basal portion of inner web of second, black, the inner web of outermost rectrix usually with a dusky spot at extreme base; wing-coverts russet-brown, the inner webs of greater coverts dusky; primary coverts dull black or dusky at base (narrowly) and tip (broadly), the middle portion (broadly) russet-brown; secondaries dull cinnamon-rufous with a large subterminal area of black (mostly concealed in the closed wing), the basal portion of inner web (exten- sively) ochraceo us-buff; proximal (shorter) primaries dull black, tipped (more or less broadly and distinctly) with cinnamon-brown, crossed obliquely on the middle portion by a broad band of clear cinnamon-rufous; distal (longer) primaries dusky, their inner webs with a broad median area of ochraceous-buff, except on two or three outermost quills, the outer webs of which are mostly light russet- brown; a narrow supra-auricular streak of brownish buff; loral region mostly dark brownish; malar, suborbital, and auricular regions dark brown (much like pileum), narrowly and indistinctly streaked with paler; a conspicuous subauricular streak of white; chin and throat pale brownish buffy (sometimes nearly buffy white on chin), the throat indistinctly flammulated with pale buffy brown, at least on lower portion; rest of under parts plain light brown (varying from buffy hair brown to isabella color), tinged, more or less strongly, with pale russet-brown posteriorly; under wing-coverts ochraceous-buff; maxilla dusky, the lower-basal portion paler; mandible pale horn color or dull whitish (in dried skins) becoming darker on upper or terminal portions; iris brown; legs and feet dark horn color (in dried skins). Young. — Similar in coloration to adults but dusky on basal por- tion of inner webs of lateral rectrices more extensive and texture of plumage different. Adult male.— Length (skins), 108-125 (117); wing, 58.5-67.5 (64.2); tail, 43.5-53 (48.9); culmen, 12-14.5 (13.1); tarsus, 14-15.5 (14.7); middle toe, 11.5-13 (12).° ° Twenty-four specimens. 174 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.— Length (skins), 104-120 (113); wing, 58-66 (61.2); tail, 43.5-48 (46); culmen, 11-14 (13.1); tarsus, 14-15 (14.1); middle toe, 11-13 (11.9).° Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Cordova; Playa Vicente; Uvero; Buena Vista), Oaxaca, Tabasco (Teapa), and Yuca- tan (La Vega), and southward through Guatemala (Choctum; sources of Eio de la Pasi6n), British Honduras (Orange Walk; Cayo; Toledo District; near Myiarchusnatee Lagoon), Honduras (San Pedro; Montafias; Santa Ana; Rio Blanco; Rio Segovia), Nicaragua (Castillo; Rio San Juan; San Emilis, Lake Nicaragua) and Costa Rica (Grecia; Angos- tura; San Jos6; Tucurriqui; Guapiles; Carrillo; Corallillo; Guayabal; Orosi; El Hogar; Guayabo; Jimenez; Pozo Azul de Pirris; Pozo del Pital; Pozo del Rio Grande; Lagarto; Boruca; Paso Real; El General; Ten6rio; Buenos Aires; ElPozodeTerraba; Pigres; Pacuare; JPalmar; Bebedero; Cerro Santa Myiarchusria; Myiarchusravalles; La Vijagua; Bols6n), to Panama (Santa FedeVeragua; Calovevora; Bugaba; Bibalaz; Volcan de Chiriqui; Boquete; Divala; Panama; Lion Hill). Xenops mexicanus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856 (pub. Jan. 26, 1857), 289 (C6rdova, Vera Cruz, Mexico; coll. A. Sall6); 1859, 382 (Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 159 (Oaxaca).— Salvin, Ibis, 1861, 353 » Eighteen specimens. Locality. Myiarchusddle toe. MALES. Two adult males from Vera Cruz, Mexico Three adult males from British Honduras Five adult males from Honduras :. Ten adult males from Nicaragua (1) and Costa Rica (9) Two adult males from western Panama (Divala, Chiriqui). . Two adult males from eastern Panama (line of railway) One adult male {X. g. genibarbis) from Surinam One adult male (-3T. g. genibarbis) from Brazil (Myiarchusribatanas). FEMALES. One adult female from Vera Cruz One adult female from Yucatan Two adult females from British Honduras One adult female from Honduras Ten adult females from Costa Eica Two adult females from western Panama One adult female from eastern Panama 12.5 12 11.8 12.1 12.2 12 12 11.5 12 11.5 11.2 11.5 12.2 11.7 12 Specimens from British Honduras are more buffy (less olivaceous) below and more rufescent above than those from Costa Rica, etc., the latter being much more olivaceous (less brownish) below as well as above, than those from Mexico. Those from the Santa Myiarchusrta district of Colombia are paler above, with middle rectrices cinnamomeous rather than rufescent, the under parts paler and grayer, wing shorter, and tail longer. The species almost certainly requires further subdivision. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 175 (Choctum, Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 143 (Santa Fe de Veragua); 1870, 192 (CaloveVora and Bugaba, Panama). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 320 (Lion Hill, Panama); ix, 1868, 106 (Angostura, San Jos6, Pacuare, and Gr6cia, Costa Rica). — Sclatee and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 354 (Lion Hill; crit.).— Frantzitjs, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 304 (Costa Rica).— Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 555 (hot region Vera Cruz); La Naturaleza, v, 1881, 247 (Uvero, Vera Cruz). — Sanchez, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Mexico, i, 1877, 97 (Vera Cruz). — Bot/card, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons, 1878, 37 (Guatemala). [Xenops] mexicanus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 174, no. 2356. X[enops] genibarbis mexicanus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, 375, in text.— Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiv, 1907, 55 (crit.). Xenops genibarbis mexicanus Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 643 (Costa Rica). Xenops genibarbis (not of Illiger), Zeled6n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 113 (Jimenez, Angostura, and Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1888, 590 (Rio Seg6via, Honduras). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 110, part (C6rdova, Vera Cruz; Oaxaca; sources Rio de la Pasi6n, and Choctum, Guatemala; Tucurrfqui and San Jos6, Costa Rica; Santa F6, CaloveVora, and Bugaba, Veragua; Panama). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 164, part (Teapa, Tabasco; Orange Walk and Cayo, Brit. Honduras; Angostura, Pacuare, and Gr6cia, Costa Rica; Bibalaz, Veragua; etc.). — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 497 (Castillo, Nicaragua).— Cherrie, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 39 (Palmar, Boruca, etc., Costa Rica); Anal. Inst. Fis.- Geog., vi, 1893, 17 (Pozo del Pital, Costa Rica).— Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 440 (Volcan Myiarchusravalles and Bebedero, Costa Rica). — Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 26 (Loma del Le6n, Panama); iii, 1902, 45 (Volcan de Chiriqui, 6,200 ft.).— Ferry, Pub. 146, Field Myiarchuss. N. H., orn. ser., i, no. 6, 1910, 270 (Guayabo, Costa Rica). [Xenops] genibarbis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 66, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 71, part (s. Mexico to Panama). XENOPS RUTILUS HETERURUS (Cabanis and Heine). STREAKED XENOPS. Adults (sexes alike). — Pileum dark sepia or sooty brown streaked with pale brownish buff or cinnamon; hindneck and back dull cinna- mon-brown (or between russet and raw-umber) the former broadly streaked with cinnamon-buff, the upper back sometimes with nar- rower and indistinct streaks of the same; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail clear deep cinnamon-rufous, the inner web of third and fourth rectrices (from outside) mostly black, that of second dusky basally; wing-coverts nearly concolor with back, the middle and greater series with terminal portion paler and more cinnamomeous or tawny; secondaries dull cinnamon-rufous with a large sub terminal area of black (concealed in the closed wing), the basal portion (exten- sively) of inner web clear ochraceous-buff; proximal (shorter) pri- maries black, tipped with dull cinnamon-rufous and crossed by a broad subbasal area of the same (lighter, more ochraceous-buff, on inner webs); distal (longer) primaries, except three outermost, similar 176 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. but with cinnamon-rufous area confined to inner web; three outer- most primaries with inner web wholly dusky, the outer web mostly dull cinnamon-rufous; a narrow but conspicuous superciliary streak of buffy white, indistinct anteriorly; lores mostly dull grayish or dusky; a broad postocular streak of brownish black or dark sooty brown; auricular region dusky, streaked with pale brownish buff or whitish, and bordered below by a conspicuous subauricular streak of white; chin and throat dull white or yellowish white, the lower throat sometimes streaked, more or less, with olive; rest of under parts light grayish brown (hair brown to light isabella color), passing into a more rufescent or cinnamomeous hue posteriorly, streaked with dull white, the streaks broadest on chest; under wing-coverts deep ochraceous-buff ; maxilla dusky horn color, paler on lower-basal portion; mandible dull pale yellowish or whitish (in dried skins), passing into dusky or horn color terminally; iris dark brown; legs and feet dusky horn color (dark bluish gray in life). Myiarchusle.— Length (skins) 112-121 (115); wing, 63-71.5 (67.6); tail, 43.5-50 (47.9); culmen, 12-13 (12.6); tarsus, 14.5; middle toe, 13-14 (13.3).° Costa Rica (Juan Vinas; Guayabo) and Panama (Boquete, 4,500- 5,000 ft.; Volcan de Chiriqui), and southward through Colombia (San Antonio, Rio Cali; Rio Chiquitos; Rio Lima; Bogota; Cauta; Medellin, Antioquia; Los Tambos; Santa Elena and Las Nubes, Santa Myiarchusrta) and Ecuad6r (Guayaquil; Myiarchuschay; Balzar Mountains; Sarayacu; Baeza; Vinces) to Peru (Chamicuros; Ropaybamba; Anquimarca; Tambillo; Guajango; Chirimoto; Cococho; Huambo; Nauta; Rio Ucayali; La Gloria; Borgofia; Garita del Sol; Idma; Santa Ana). 6 Xenops rutilans (not of Temminck) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 27 (Bogota, Colombia; crit.). Xenops rutilus (not of Lichtenstein) Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 331 (Cauta, Colombia). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 270 (Chamicuros, e. Peru; a Four specimens. Locality. Myiarchusddle toe. MALES. Two adult males from western Panama (Boquete, Chiriqui) . . Two adult males from northwestern Colombia (Rio Cali and Rio Lim6n) Eight adult males (.X". r. rutilus) from southwestern Brazil (Chapada) FEMALES. One adult female from Trinidad Four adult females (X. r. rutilus) from Brazil (3 from Chapada) 13 13.7 13.4 13 13 6 I have not seen specimens from Ecuad6r or Peru. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 177 habits). — Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 529 (Ropaybamba and Anquimarca, centr. Peru); 1879, 231 (Tambillo and Guajango, Peru); 1882, 26 (Chirimoto, Cococho, and Huambo, Peru); Orn. du Perou, ii, 1884, 160. — Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 562 (Guayaquil, w. Ecuad6r; crit.). — Beklepsch, Journ. fur Orn., 1884, 318 (Cauta, Colombia). — Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 97 (Myiarchuschay, Ecuad6r; crit.).— Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 111, part (Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriquf, Panamd; Medellin, Santa Elena, and Bogotd, Colombia; Balzar Mountains and Sarayacu, Ecuad6r; Nautaand Tambillo, Peru). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr. -Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 165, part (Volcan de Chiriqui; Colombia). — Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., xiii, 1900, 159 (Las Nubes, Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia). — Goodeellow, Ibis, 1902, 61 (Baeza, e. Ecuad6r).— Ferry, Pub. 146, Field Myiarchuss. N. H., orn. ser. i, no. 6, 1910, 270 (Guayabo, Costa Rica). [Xenops] rutilus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 66, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 71, part (Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia; Peru). X[enops] heterurus Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, Aug., 1859, 33 (Colombia; coll. Heine Myiarchuss.). Xenops heterurus Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 159 (Bogota^. — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 566 (Rio Ucayali, e. Peru). — Salvin, Ibis, 1869, 319 (Costa Rica); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 192 (Volcan de Chiriqui; crit.). — Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1899, no. 362, 23 (Vinces, w. Ecuad6r; crit.; synonymy). [Xenops] heterurus Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 71 (Ecuaddr; Peru). Xenops rutilus heterurus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, 375 (La Gloria, Borgofia, and Garita del Sol, centr. Peru); Ornis, 1906, 92 (Idma, Santa Ana, Peru). — Berlepsch, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 147 (Cayenne; crit.). Genus MARGARORNIS Reiehenbaeh. Myiarchusrgarornis Reichenbach, Handb. Spec. Orn., 1853, 119. (Type, Anapates squamigera Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny.) Anabasitta Lafresnaye, Rev. et Myiarchusg. de Zool., Nov., 1853, 492. (Type, Anabates squamigera Lafresnaye and D'Orbigny.) Small scansorial Furnariidse (length about 130-150 mm.) with small bill (much shorter than head) , long spine-tipped tail, very long hallux, middle toe united to outer toe by whole of its first phalanx (sometimes a small part of its second phalanx also), and color of upper parts (except, sometimes, pileum and hindneck) uniform bright cinnamon-rufous. Bill very much shorter than head, rather slender, moderately com- pressed, its width at loral antise about equal to its depth at same point and equal to about half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen rather sharply ridged, gradually but decidedly decurved from base; maxillary tomium nearly straight or slightly decurved (concave) terminally, without trace of subterminal notch; mandibular tomium slightly but decidedly decurved (convex) ter- minally, without trace of notch; gonys nearly straight, scarcely if at all ascending terminally, not prominent basally. Nostril exposed, posteriorly in contact with loral feathering, narrow, longitudinal, 81255°— Bull. 50—11 12 178 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. distinctly operculate. Rictal bristles absent, and feathers of chin, etc., without terminal setae. Wing long and pointed, the longer primaries exceeding secondaries by much more than length of exposed culmen; sixth, seventh, and eighth primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) two-thirds to nearly three-fourths as long as the longest, the ninth much longer than secondaries. Tail nearly as long as wing, graduated for more than one-fourth its length, the rectrices (12) abruptly and excessively acuminate terminally, with slender tip conspicuously protruded. Tarsus very much longer than culmen, at least one-fourth (but less than one-third) as long as wing, distinctly scutellate; middle toe, with claw, as long as tarsus; outer toe, without claw, reaching to much beyond middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe decidedly shorter; hallux as long as outer toe ; middle toe united to outer toe by the whole of its first and part of its second phalanx, to inner toe for greater part of its first phalanx; claws rather large, strongly curved, sharp, that of the hallux decidedly shorter than the digit. Coloration. — Upper parts (except, sometimes, pileum and hind- neck) uniform bright cinnamon-rufous or chestnut-rufous; under parts similar but paler, with whitish throat and spots or streaks on lower throat or chest, or else under parts of body with conspicuous guttate spots of buffy white margined with black. Sexes alike. Range. — Costa Rica to Venezuela, Bolivia, and Ecuador. (Four species. ) MARGARORNIS RUBIGINOSA Lawrence. COSTA RICAN MARGARORNIS. Adults (sexes alike). — Pileum plain chestnut-brown, usually paler and more buffy brown on forehead and passing into buffy brown or raw-umber on hindneck; rest of upper parts, including wings and tail, plain deep cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut, the outer webs of two or three outermost primaries and most of inner webs of all the remiges (except tertials) deep grayish brown; a superciliary stripe of buff, indistinct or obsolete above lores; auricular, suborbital, and malar regions plain wood brown or tawny-olive; chin and throat dull white or yellowish white ; rest of under parts light buffy cinna- mon medially deepening into rufous-cinnamon laterally and on under tail-coverts, the feathers of median portion of chest (sometimes of breast also) with more or less distinct small spots of pale buff, these usually margined posteriorly by a very narrow line of black, the extreme upper chest with ground color paler, and, together with extreme lower throat usually with more or less distinct narrow bars of grayish or dusky; under wing-coverts pale buffy, mottled or tinged with light cinnamon-brownish, and sometimes more or less o J have not seen M. stjuamigera (D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye), from Bolivia. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 179 barred with dusky; inner webs of remiges (except two or three outer primaries) edged with light ochraceous-buff and with a broad sub- basal area of the same extending entirely across the web; maxilla light brownish, mandible paler; iris brown; legs and feet light brownish (in dried skins) . Adult male.— Length (skins), 131-159 (149); wing, 71-81.5 (76.9); tail, 69.5-81 (75.5); culmen, 11-13 (12.5); tarsus, 19-20.5 (19.8); middle toe, 14-16 (15.2) .» Adult female.— Length (skins), 141-155 (149); wing, 71-79.5 (74.8); tail, 66-80 (73.2); culmen, 11-13 (12.1); tarsus, 19-20 (19.6); middle toe, 14-15.5 (14.8) . 6 Highlands of Costa Rica (Burgos and El Eoble, Volcan de Irazu; Quebrada Honda; San Jos6; La Palma de San JosS; Volcan de Turrialba; Coliblanco; La Estrella de Cartago; CachI, Cartago; Navarro deCartago; Carrillo; LaHondura; San Myiarchusteo; Los Reyes, Las Vueltas, and Laguaria, Santa Myiarchusria de Dota; Laguna Tapada de Birris; Ojuras de Terraba) and western Panama (Boquete, 5,000- 6,000 ft.; Volcan de Chiriqui, 7,500-11,000 ft.; Lomo Cheno, 7,000 ft.; Calobre). Myiarchusrgarornis rubiginosa Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, 1867, 128 (San Jose, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); ix, 1868, 106 (San Jose" and San Myiarchusteo, Costa Rica).— Frantzitjs, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 304 (Quebrada Honda, Costa Rica). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 60 (Navarro, Costa Rica). — Zeledon, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 113 (San Myiarchusteo, Costa Rica).— Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 122 (San Jos6 and Irazu distr., Costa Rica; Calobre, Panama). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 170, pi. 47, fig. 1.— Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 46 (Boquete and Volcan de Chiriquf, 5,000-11,000 ft., Panama).— Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 646 (Costa Rica; habits). — Ferry, Pub. 146, Field Myiarchuss. N. H., orn. ser., i, no. 6, 1910, 270 (Coliblanco and Volcan de Turrialba, Costa Rica). [Myiarchusrgarornis] rubiginosa Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 67. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 73. [Sittasomus] rubiginosus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 180, no. 2475. a Seventeen specimens. b Thirteen specimens. 180 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL. MUSEUM. Genus PREMNOPLEX Cherrie. Premnoplex <* Cherrie, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, no. 855, Sept. 4, 1891, 339. (Type, Myiarchusrgarornis brunnescens Lawrence.) Small scansorial Furnariidse (length about 135 mm.) with second phalanx of outer toe partly joined to middle toe, tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw, wing less than three and a half times as long as tarsus, exposed culmen as long as middle toe without claw, and inner webs of remiges without any buff or ochraceous area. Bill nearly as long as head, slender, its width at loral antise greater than its depth at same point and equal to decidedly less than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen distinctly ridged, slightly and gradually curved from near base, the tip of maxilla very slightly decurved, not uncinate; tomia nearly straight for terminal half or more but strongly deflected basally, without trace of sub- terminal notch; gonys nearly straight, slightly prominent basally, slightly ascending terminally. Nostril exposed, posteriorly in con- tact with loral feathering, very narrow (a horizontal slit), over- hung by a broad, convex, membraneous operculum. Rictal bristles absent, and feathers of chin, etc., without terminal setse. Wing rather short, excessively rounded, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by much less than length of exposed culmen; sixth, seventh, and eighth primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) about three-fifths as long as the longest, the ninth much longer than sec- ondaries. Tail about as long as wing, graduated for more than half its length, the rectrices (12) abruptly acuminate, with slender but barbed points conspicuously protruded (but less developed on lateral than on middle rectrices). Tarsus longer than whole culmen, one- third as long as wing, distinctly scutellate; middle toe, with claw, longer than tarsus; outer toe, without claw, reaching to about middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe distinctly shorter; hallux as long as outer toe, much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe wholly united to outer toe, for more than half to inner toe; claws rather large and strongly curved, very acute, that of the hallux much shorter than the digit. Coloration. — Above brown, the head darker and duller; throat buff or ochraceous; rest of under parts brown with broad guttate streaks of buff or ochraceous-buff; no buff or ochraceous on inner webs of remiges. Range. — Costa Rica to Peru and Bolivia. (Two species ? 6 ) o From npi/ivov, trunk of tree, and nUpaa, strike (erroneously xrfqoaaj in original). 6 I have not seen P. stictonota (Berlepsch), from western Bolivia. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 181 KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OP PKEMNOPLEX BRUNNESCENS. a. Throat more rufescent; general color darker, with black margins to feathers of under parts broader. 6. Throat paler (ochraceous to tawny-ochraceous). (Central to northwestern Colombia.) Premnoplex brunnescens brunnescens (extralimital.) 66. Throat darker (deep tawny-ochraceous to rufous-tawny.) (Santa Myiarchusrta dis- trict of Colombia.) Premnoplex brunnescens coloratus (extralimital).!" aa. Throat paler (buff to ochraceous-buff); general color paler, with black margin to feathers of under parts narrower. (Costa Rica and Panama.) Premnoplex brunnescens brunneicauda (p. 181). PREMNOPLEX BRUNNESCENS BRUNNEICAUDA (Lawrence). COSTA RICAN PREMNOPLEX. Adults (sexes alike). — Pileum olive or deep grayish olive, the feathers margined with dusky, those of the forehead with rather broad mesial streaks of buff; rest of upper parts mummy brown passing into Vandyke brown on rump and upper tail-coverts, the scapulars and interscapulars indistinctly margined- with dusky, the latter (especially on upper back) sometimes with narrow and mostly indistinct shaft-streaks of buff; tail darker or duller Vandyke brown than rump, sometimes nearly seal brown; loral, superciliary, and supra-auricular regions buff, the latter streaked with dusky; auricu- lar and suborbital regions dusky or dark sooty brown, streaked (the latter spotted or flecked) with buffy; malar region, chin, and throat deep buff, the feathers of throat usually indistinctly margined with blackish; rest of under parts olive, conspicuously variegated with large spots and streaks of light buff and black or dusky margins to the feathers, the former largest on chest, where occupying all of each feather except a broad black margin, narrower, more streak-like on sides, more indistinct on abdomen and flanks, indistinct or obsolete on under tail-coverts; maxilla black, mandible dull whitish or yellow- ish (in dried skins) with a sharply denned stripe of blackish along tomia; iris brown; legs and feet dusky or horn color (in dried skins). Young. — Similar to adults in coloration but under parts of body with margins to feathers rather broader and more blackish and mesial spots and streaks rather deeper buff. » Myiarchusrgarornis brunnescens Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., June 16, 1856, 27, pi. 116 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 123, part. — Premnoplex brunnescens brunnescens Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, July 27, 1908, 159 (centr. and w. Colombia to Peru; crit.). & Premnoplex coloratus Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Myiarchusr. 31, 1902, 84 (San Myiarchusguel, Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia, 7,500 ft.; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).— Premno- plex brunnescens coloratus Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, July 27, 1908, 159 (Sierra Nevada de Santa Myiarchusrta; crit.). 182 BULLETIN 50,. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.— Length (skins), 128-149 (137); wing, 59.5-70.5 (63.8); tail, 58.5-65 (61.6); culmen, 12-15.5 (13.9); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19.1); middle toe, 15-16 (15.7). ffl Adult female.— Length (skins), 125-144 (133); wing, 57.5-65.5 (61.2); tail, 55.5-65 (59.3); culmen, 13-15.5 (14.3); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.9); middle toe, 14.5-16 (15.5). 6 Highlands of Costa Eica (San Jos6; Rancho Redondo de San Jos6; San Myiarchusteo; Rio Sticio; Quebrada Honda; Birris, Azahar, and La Estrella, Cartago; LaHondura; Carrillo; Volcan de Irazti; Guayabo; Barranca; Coliblanco; Turrialba; Laguaria; Santa Myiarchusria de Dota) and western Panama (Cordillera de Tol6; Cordillera del Chucu; Volcan de Chiriqui, 7,000-7,700 ft.; Boquete; Chitra; Calobre; CaloveVora). Myiarchusrgarornis brunnescens (not of Sclater, 1856) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 143 (Cordillera de Tole, Veragua, Panama; crit.); 1870, 192 (Chitra and Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua, Panama^ crit.). — Lawkence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 106 (San Jos6, Rancho Redondo, Barranca, San Myiarchusteo, and Birria, Costa Rica). — Frantzios, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 304 (Costa Rica). — Rldgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1884, 415 (Rio Sucio, Costa Rica). — Zeled6n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 113 (Turrialba, Costa Rica). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 123, part (Rancho Redondo, Costa Rica; CaloveVora, Panama). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 170, pi. 47, fig. 2, part (San Jos6, Quebrada Honda, Rancho Redondo, Barranca, San Myiarchusteo, Birris, and Rio Sucio, Costa Rica; Chiriqui, Chitra, Tol6, Cordillera del Chucu, CaloveVora, and Calobre, Panamd). [Myiarchusrgarornis] brunnescens Sclatek and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 67, part. [Sittasomus] brunnescens Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 180, no. 2476. Premnoplex brunnescens Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 46 (Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui, 4,000-7,700 ft., Panama).— Fbrky, Pub. 146, Field .Myiarchuss. N. H., orn. ser., i, no. 6, 1910, 270 (Guayabo and Coliblanco, Costa Rica). - Fourteen specimens. Seventeen specimens. Locality. Myiarchusddle toe. MALES. Ten adult males from Costa Rica Four adult males from western Panama^ (Chiriqui) Three adult males (P. b. coloratus) from northeastern Colom- bia (Santa Myiarchusrta) FEMALES. Ten adult females from Costa Eiea Seven adult females from western Panami (Chiriqui) One adult female (P. b. brunnescens) from northwestern Co- lombia - Three adult females (P. b. coloratus) from northeastern Co- lombia 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.2 16 15.7 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 183 [Premnoplex] brunnescens Shabpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 74, part (Costa Rica; Panama). [Myiarchusrgarornis] brunneicauda Laweence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, 1867, 130, in text (Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). Premnoplex brunnescens brunneicauda Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, July 27, 1908, 159 (Costa Rica, Chiriquf and Veragua, Panama; crit.). — Caeeikee, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 647 (highlands of Costa Rica, 2,000 ft. to timber-line; crit.). Genus ACRORCHILUS Ridgway. AcrorcMlus a Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, April 17, 1909, 71. (Type Synallaxis erythrops Sclater.) Small wrenlike Furnariidse (length about 130-140 nun.) with tail about as long as wing (sometimes longer), graduated, the rectrices (12) usually acuminate at tip; tarsus much less than one-third as long as wing ; basal phalanx of middle toe not wholly united to outer toe, and tail and wings rufescent and plumage without streaks (ex- cept, sometimes, on pileum) . Bill much shorter than head, rather stout, slightly decurved, and moderately compressed, its width at loral antise slightly greater than its depth at same point and equal to about one-third the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen distinctly ridged, gradually and rather strongly decurved from near base, the tip of maxilla not uncinate; maxillary tomium more or less distinctly concave, man- dibular tomium similarly convex, both without trace of subterminal notch; gonys nearly to quite straight, not prominent basally. Nos- tril exposed, posteriorly in contact with loral feathering, narrow (a longitudinal slit), overhung by a broad, convex, membraneous oper- culum. Bictal bristles absent, and feathers of chin, etc., without terminal setae. Wing rather large and pointed, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by about distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; seventh and eighth, sixth, seventh, and eighth, or sixth and seventh primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) about two-thirds as long as the longest, the ninth longer than secondaries. Tail very nearly as long as wing to decidedly longer, graduated for nearly to more than half its length, the rectrices (12) usually abruptly attenuated termi- nally, sometimes with tips acute (but not denuded). Tarsus much longer than whole culmen, less than one-third as long as wing, stout, very distinctly scutellate; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus; outer toe, without claw, not reaching to middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe slightly shorter; hallux about as long as inner toe, but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe united for half or more (sometimes for nearly the whole) of its length to outer toe, for nearly as much to inner toe ; claws mod- a&npog, pointed; dpzUoc, wren. 184 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. erate to rather large, strongly curved, acute, that of the hallux decidedly shorter than the digit. Coloration. — Wings and tail (usually pileum also) cinnamon-rufous rest of upper parts plain brown; under parts plain pale brownish gray, light grayish brown, or dull buffy. Sexes alike. Range. — Costa Eica to Ecuad6r (at least)." (Myiarchusny species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ACHORCHILUS. a. Pileum, at least, rufous. (Adults.) 6. Loral, orbital, auricular, and malar regions rufous; crown without black streaks (Acrorchilus erythrops.) c. Myiarchusddle pair of rectrices russet-brown. (Ecuaddr.) Acrorchilus erythrops erythrops (extralimital).& cc. Myiarchusddle pair of rectrices bright cinnamon-rufous, like rest of tail. d. Rufous of head less extended, the occiput and nape brown, like back; chest and lower throat light buffy olive. (Costa Rica and Panamd.) Acrorchilus erythrops rufigenis, adults (p. 185). dd. Rufous of head more extended, involving occiput and nape; chest mouse gray fading into nearly ash gray on throat. (Northwestern Colombia.) Acrorchilus erythrops griseigularis (extralimital). 6 66. Loral, orbital, auricular, and malar regions buffy brownish, the superciliary region narrowly streaked with whitish; forehead and crown streaked with black. (Colombia to Ecuad6r.) Acrorchilus antisiensis (extralimital).*' aa. Pileum without rufous Acrorchilus erythrops rufigenis, young (p. 185). ACRORCHILUS ERYTHROPS RUFIGENIS (Lawrence). LAWRENCE'S SPINETAIL. Similar to A. e. erythrops Sclater, 6 of Ecuad6r, but middle pair of rectrices bright cinnamon-rufous (like other rectrices), instead of russet brown, cinnamon-rufous of head deeper and more extended (occupying whole of auricular and greater part of malar regions, as well as orbital, loral, superciliary, and supra-auricular regions as well as forehead and crown), general coloration darker, and size larger. a On account of the very poor representation of species referred to the genus Siptornis. by Dr. Sclater and other recent authorities, in the material which I have been able to examine, I can not give a very definite statement of the number of species or extent of the geographic range of this genus, which is so exceedingly distinct, structurally, from Siptornis that it is difficult to imagine why the fact has not sooner been realized. The only species examined by me in this connection are the following: A. erythrops (Sclater), A. hellmayri (Bangs), and A. pallida (Myiarchusximilian). bSynallaxis erythrops Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. xxviii, pt. i, Myiarchusy, 1860, 66 (Pallatanga, w. Ecuad6r; coll. P. L. Sclater). Siptornis erythrops Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 60, part. — A[erorchilus] erythrops erythrops Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, April 17, 1909, 72, in text. c Acrorchilus erythrops griseigularis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, April 17, 1909, 72 (San Antonio, Rio Cali, n. w. Colombia; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). dSynallaxis antisiensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 457 (Cuenca, Ecuador; coll. P. L. Sclater).— Siptornis antisiensis Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 59. « See Key to the Species, this page. BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEEICA. 185 Differing from A. e. griseigularis Ridgway a of northwestern Colombia in much less grayish underparts (especially throat and chest) , darker coloration of upper parts, and larger size. Adults {sexes alike) . — Forehead and crown, together with entire' loral, orbital, superciliary, supra-auricular, and auricular regions and anterior half or more of malar region bright cinnamon-rufous, the supra-auricular region sometimes paler, forming a more or less dis- tinct postocular streak; nape, hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain olive-brown (between sepia and raw umber), the nape and hindneck sometimes duller; tail and wings cinnamon- rufous, this passing into brown on terminal portion of remiges and on tertials, the primary coverts tipped with more grayish brown; under- parts light olive or buffy olive, passing into dull whitish on upper throat and chin, inclining to raw umber on flanks, the abdomen sometimes tinged with tawny; under wing-coverts deep ochraceous- buff, the inner webs of remiges broadly edged with deep pinkish buff; maxilla blackish brown, mandible pale brownish (in dried skins) darker terminally; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins). Young. — Pileum and hindneck olive-brown, nearly concolor with back, etc.; sides of head similar, relieved by a more dusky broad streak occupying upper portion of auricular region and a paler super- ciliary or supra-auricular streak, the latter sometimes rufous-tawny, the lower portion of auricular region, suborbital region, and malar region also sometimes rufous-tawny or suffused with that color; coloration otherwise essentially as in adults, but underparts tinged with ochraceous, or sometimes with indistinct narrow bars of dusky. Adult male.— Length (skins), 140-153 (146); wing, 64-72 (66.8); tail, 66.5-75.5 (71.5); culmen, 12-14.5 (13.4); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.6); middle toe, 13-14.5 (13.7) J> Adult female. —Length (skins), 136-162 (146); wing, 62-69.5 (65.8); tail, 63-75 (70); culmen, 12.5-14 (13.4); tarsus, 18-19 (18.6) ; middle toe, 13-14.5 (13.6) . c a See p. 184. Nineteen specimens. c Twelve specimens. 186 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Costa Rica (Navarro, Birds, Azahar, and La Estrella, Cartago; Volcan de Irazu; Escazti; Jimenez; Barranca; La Carpintera; Guayabo; LaHondura; JuanVifias; RioSucio; Copey; Dota; Dota Mts.; Santa Myiarchusria de Dota; Laguaria) and western Panama (Boquete; Volcan de Chiriqui, 7,500-10,300 ft.; Caribbean slope, Volcan de Cbiriqui) . Synallaxis erythrops (not of Sclater, 1860) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 105 (Barranca, Dota Mts., and Birris, Costa Rica). — Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 304 (Costa Rica).— Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Load., 1870, 191 (Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; crit.). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 59 (Volcan de Irazu and Navarro, Costa Rica). — Zeledon, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 113 (Rio Sucio, Costa Rica). — Salvin and God- man, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, pi. 45, fig. 1. [Synallaxis] erythrops Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 168, no. 2237. — Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 64, part. Siptornis erythrops Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 60, part (Irazu distr., Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui, Panamd). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 151, part (Barranca, Dota Mts., "Pirris," i. e., Birris, Irazu, and Navarro, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama). — Ferry, Pub. 146, Field Myiarchuss. N. H., om. ser., i, no. 6, 1910, 270 (Guayabo, Costa Rica). [Siptornis] erythrops Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901,' 59, part (Costa Rica; Panama^. Synallaxis rufigenis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ix, April, 1868, 105 (Costa Rica; coll. G. N. Lawrence;=young). — Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 304 (Costa Rica).— Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 191 (Costa Rica). — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 19 (monogr.; Costa Rica). [Synallaxis] rufigenis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 64. Siptornis rufigenis Sclater, Cat. Birds. Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 60 (Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 152, pi. 45, fig. 2. — Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 43 (Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui, 4,000-7,500 ft., Panama; crit.). [Siptornis] rufigenis Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 59. A[crorchilus] erythrops rufigenis Ridqway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, April 17, 1909, 72, in text. Acrorchilus erythrops rufigenis Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 636 (Costa Rica; crit.; habits). Genus SYNALLAXIS Vieillot. Synallaxis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xxiv, 1818, 117 (diagnosis, but no type indicated); xxxii, 1819, 309. (Type, S. ruficapilla Vieillot.) Anabates Temminck, Myiarchusn. d'Orn., i, 1820, p. lxxxii. (Type, "Rouge-queue de la Guiane Buffon= Motacilla guianensis Gmelin.) Parulus Spix, Av. Sp. Nov. Bras., i, 1824, 85. (Type, P. ruficeps S-piK=Synal- laxis spixi Sclater.) (?) Leptoxyura Reichenbach, Handb. Spec. Orn., 1853, 170. (Type, Certhia tinnamomea Gmelin.) Melanopareia Reichenbach, Handb. Spec. Orn., 1853, 164. (Type, Synallaxis maximiliani D'Orbigny.) (?) Certhiaxis a Lesson, Compl. CEuvres de Buffon (ed. LevSque), xx, Apr., 1847, 287. (Type, Certhia cinnamomea Gmelin.) a From Certhia (idpdtoc, a creeper) ;-^[Synall] axis. BIRDS -OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 187 Barnesiao Bertoni, Aves Nuevas del Paraguay, 1901, 77. (Type, Synallaxis cururuvi Bertom=/S l . ruficapilla Vieillot.) Small, wrenlike, long-tailed Furnariidae (length about 130-150 mm.) with only 10 rectrices, and with tail not more than one and a half times as long as wing. Bill much shorter than head, rather stout, moderately compressed, its width at loral antise about equal to its depth at same point and from one-third to one-half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen gradually decurved from near base, the tip of maxilla not uncinate; tomia slightly decurved terminally, without trace of sub- terminal notch; gonys nearly straight, ascending terminally, at base forming a slight angle with lower edge of mandibular rami. Nostril exposed, posteriorly in contact with loral feathering, narrow (a longi- tudinal slit) , overhung by a broad operculum. Rictal bristles want- ing, and feathers of ehin, etc., without terminal setae. Wing rather short, very concave beneath, much rounded, the longer primaries exceeding secondaries by less (usually very much less) than length of exposed culmen; sixth and seventh, fifth, sixth, and seventh, or sixth, seventh, and eighth, primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) about two-thirds as long as the longest, the ninth shorter than sec- ondaries (S. pudica, S. erythroihorax) or very much longer (S. rujica- piUa, S. albescens). Tail decidedly longer than wing to nearly one and a half times as long, graduated for more than half its length, the rectrices (10) usually acuminate, sometimes with webs thin or semi- decomposed. Tarsus nearly to much more than twice as long as bill from nostril, nearly to quite three-fifths as long as wing, stout, dis- tinctly scutellate; middle toe, with claw, very slightly to decidedly shorter than tarsus; outer toe, without claw, reaching to slightly beyond subterminal articulation of middle toe, the inner toe very slightly shorter; hallux about as long as inner toe, but much stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe united for a little more than basal half to outer toe, for slightly less to inner toe; claws moderate in size and curvature, acute, that of the hallux much shorter than the digit. Coloration. — Color partly cinnamon-rufous, this either on pileum, wings, or tail, sometimes on all three, occasionally on chest; other- wise plain olive, brown, gray, or sooty, usually paler (sometimes partly whitish) on under parts; no streaks, spots, nor bars. Sexes alike. Nidification. — Nest an extremely bulky retort-shaped structure composed outwardly of coarse sticks, built in bushes or low trees; eggs white, bluish-white, or pale bluish green. » Named for Carlos St. Barnes. (Bertoni.) 188 BULLETIN- 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Range. — Southeastern Mexico to southeastern Brazil. (Myiarchusny species. ) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND STJBSPECIES OP SYNALLAXIS. a. Pileum partly rufous, or else chest rufous. {Adults.) 6. Pileum dull brown; chest cinnamon-rufous or chestnut-rufous. (Southeastern Mexico to Honduras) Synallaxis erythrothorax, adults (p. 189). 66. Pileum partly cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut; chest grayish or white, c. Greater wing-coverts and basal portion of primaries cinnamon-rufous or chestnut-rufous; chest slate-gray to blackish slate. (Synallaxis pudica.) d. Paler, the back, etc., olive-brown, tail brown, chest dull slate color or slate- gray. (Eastern Panama to western Ecuaddr.) Synallaxis pudica pudica (p. 191). dd. Darker, the back, etc., dark sooty brown, tail blackish brown, chest dark slate to blackish slate. (Western Panama to southern Honduras.) Synallaxis pudica nigrifumosa, adult (p. 192). cc. Greater wing-coverts and basal portion of primaries light brown or broccoli brown; chest light gray to white. (Synallaxis albescens.) d. Chest distinctly gray; brown of back, etc., darker. e. Larger (wing averaging 54 or more in male, more than 53 in female; tail averaging more than 69 in male, more than 66 in female). /. Slightly paler and smaller (wing averaging 54 in male, 55 in female; tail 69.7 in male, 73.5 in female). (Myiarchusrgarita Island, Venezuela.) Synallaxis albescens nesiotis (extralimital).* ff. Slightly darker and larger (wing averaging 56 in male, 54.7 in female; tail averaging 73 in male, 70.4 in female). (Colombia to Cayenne and Amazon Valley.) Synallaxis albescens albigularis (extralimital). ee. Smaller (wing averaging 52.2 in male, 49.9 in female; tail averaging 658 - in male, 62.9 in female). (Southwestern Costa Rica and western Panama) Synallaxis albescens latitabunda (p. 194). a In Sharpe's Hand-List of the Genera and Species of Birds, Vol. Ill, pp. 53-58 (1901), forty-nine species are referred to this genus. Of these I have examined about one-half, but the above generic diagnosis and description are based on the three Central American species and S. ruficapilla (type of the genus) alone. I am nearly convinced that the group requires subdivision, but it should not be attempted with so poor a representation of the species, and I therefore leave the problem for others to work out. 6 Synallaxis albescens nesiotis Clark (A. H.), Auk, xrx, July, 1902, 264 (Myiarchusrgarita Island, Venezuela; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). c Synallaxis albigularis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 63 (eastern Ecuador; coll. Verreaux). — Synallaxis albescens albigularis Berlepsch and Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, April, 1902, 59 (CaicarfL, Altagracia, and Suapur6, Venezuela; descr. nest and eggs). — Synallaxis albescens (not of Temminck) Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 43, part. I am not able to examine a specimen of S. albescens albescens during preparation of this key; indeed, the material available is, for all the forms, exceedingly scanty and unsatisfactory. The synonymy of Dendrocolaptinse Cabanis, Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturg., 1847, pt. i, 339 (includes Sclerurus). — Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 206. — Sundevall, Met. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., ii, 1872, 56 (English translation, 1889, 123). =Dendrocolaptinse Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein.,- ii, 1860, 33. — Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 160.— Sclater and Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 66.— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 146, 176. ^>Dendrocolaptidse Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 206 (includes Sclerurus). — Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 146 (includes Fumariidse and Oxyrun- cidse!). — Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 66 (includes Furna- BIBDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 225 riidse).— Salvin and Godman, Bijl. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 145 (includes Furnariidse). =Dendrocolaptidse Gakeod, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 452. — Stejneger, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 478, in text. Tracheophone Mesomyodian Passeres with the metasternum 2- notched, interorbital septum imperforate, postorbital process small, maxillo-palatines short and broad (crossing posterior end of the olfactory fossa and terminating immediately in front of the descend- ing plate of the palatine), vomer short, tensor patagii brevis tendon typically passerine, nares usually holorhinal (but occasionally schizo- rhinal); syrinx tracheal, with two pairs of short tracheo-bronchal muscles, palate compound segithognathous or semi-desmognathous (the palatines fused at anterior end and with the internasal septum) ; mesorhinium normal; tarsal envelope endaspidean; outer toe about as long as middle toe (much longer than inner toe), the three anterior toes united for full length of the basal phalanx; the middle adherent to the outer by nearly, if not quite, the full length of the second phalanx also; hallux (without claw) shorter than inner toe (without claw). Like the allied Furnariidse the Dendrocolaptidae are peculiar to the continental portions of the Neotropical Kegion, but unlike the latter they belong almost exclusively to the intertropical portions, and are, proportionally, better developed in the Central American district. The family is far less numerous and varied, however, than the Furnariidse, consisting of only about 14 genera and 127 species, or considerably less than half as many as are contained in the allied family. The Dendrocolaptidae are more arboreal than the Furnariidse, all being distinctly "scansorial," while comparatively few of the Fur- nariidse are thus adapted. They represent and more or less resem- ble, superficially, the Woodpeckers (Picidse) and Tree-Creepers (Certhiidse), more especially the latter, most of the species having similarly curved and compressed bills, a more or less varied brownish coloration, and lengthened, graduated, and stiff-pointed tails. Like the Certhiidse and unlike the Picidse they have three toes in front and one behind, but the former, instead of being cleft to the base are united for the length of their first and second phalanges; and the middle toe, instead of being much longer than the outer one, barely, or not at all exceeds the latter in length. Like the Wood- peckers, however, and unlike the Creepers, the Woodhewers have the habit of loudly tapping or hammering on the trunks and branches of trees. Some genera have the bill enormously developed as to length and greatly curved, sometimes in the shape of a bow — a modification evidently adapted to the purpose of probing the burrows of wood- boring insects. In others the bill is straight and quite woodpecker- 81255°— Bull. 50—11 15 226 BTJLMJTIN 50, UUflTED STATES NATIONAL, MUSEUM. like in form, though without a chisel-shaped tip and well adapted to hammering or chipping the decayed wood, as in the case of the Woodpeckers. In size the Dendrocolaptidse vary from the dimensions of a true Creeper (Oerihia) to those of a Flicker (Colaptes). There is little range in the variety of their coloration, rufous or chestnut and olivaceous hues prevailing throughout the group, often unvaried but sometimes relieved by streaks or bars of darker and lighter hues. The family as properly restricted is equal to the "Subfamily DendrocolaptiTise" of Dr. Sclater,° minus the genera Myiarchusrgarornis and PygarrMyiarchusus, which belong to the Furnariidse, and plus the genera Glyphorhynchus and Dendrornis, which constitute Dr. Sclater's "Subfamily Glyphorhynchinse." KEY TO THE GENERA OP DENDROCOLAPTID^! b a. Nostril roundish, without distinct operculum. (Dendrocolaptinse.) b. Bill moderately elongated (much less than twice as long as tarsus) or rather short, c. Bill depressed (at least as broad as deep at nostril); maxillary tomium more or less distinctly notched subterminally. (Dendrocolaptese.) d. Bill relatively short and stout, the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla not greater than length of tarsus, its depth at nostril equal to one-third the length of exposed culmen and nearly half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla Dendrexetastes (extralimital).<= dd. Bill relatively longer and more slender, the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla greater than length of tarsus, its depth at nostril less than one-fourth the length of exposed culmen and less than one-third the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla Dendrocolaptes (p. 227). cc. Bill compressed (much deeper than broad at nostril); maxillary tomium without trace of subterminal notch. (Xiphocolaptex.) d. Bill straight Dendroplex (extralimital). d dd. Bill more or less decurved. e. Larger (wing 120-152 mm.); bill relatively shorter and deeper, with gonydeal angle more prominent and base of gonys with a narrow but distinct median ridge Xiphocolaptes (p. 235.) ee. Smaller (wing less — usually much less — than 120 mm.); bill relatively longer and less deep, with tip of maxilla more decidedly decurved, gonydeal angle less prominent, and base of gonys without median ridge. /. Bill nearly straight (only the tip of maxilla decidedly decurved), rela- tively much deeper (depth at nostril equal to nearly one-fourth to about one-third the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla). Xiphorhynchus (p. 239). " Catalogue of the Birds in the British Myiarchusseum, vol. xv, 1890, pp. 117-175. & The genus Hylexetastes Sclater (type, Dendrocolaptes perrotii Lafresnaye) I have not examined, and therefore is omitted. « Dendrexetastes Eyton, in Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1851, 76. (Type, D. capitoides Eyton=Dendrocolaptes temminchii Lafresnaye. — Cladoscopus Reichenbach, Handb. Spec. Orn., 1853, 192. Type, Dendrocolaptes temminchii Lafresnaye. (Cayenne and upper Amazon Valley; two species.) d Dendroplex Swainson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 354. Type, Oriolw picus Gmelin. (Colombia and Venezuela to Bolivia, southeastern Brazil, and lower Amazon Valley; two species.) BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 227 ff. Bill decidedly though slightly decurved throughout, relatively more slender (depth at nostril not more than one-third the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla) Picolaptes (p. 257). 66. Bill excessively elongated (more than twice as long as tarsus). e. Bill nearly straight, much stouter Nasica (extralimital).a cc. Bill strongly arched or decurved, slender Campylorhamphus (p. 268). aa. Nostril narrow, distinctly operculate. (Glyphorhynchinx.) 6. Bill long, slender, and distinctly (though not strongly) arched or decurved, conspicuously longer than head (about twice as long as tarsus); nasal oper- culum densely feathered; outer toe distinctly (though slightly) shorter than middle toe. {Drymornithes.) Drymornis (extralimital).b 66. Bill shorter than head or at least not distinctly longer, much less than twice as long as tarsus, not distinctly, if at all, decurved; nasal operculum naked; outer toe as long as middle toe. c. Bill much shorter than head, the exposed culmen only about two-thirds as long as tarsus; inner webs of remiges crossed by a broad sub-basal band of ochraceous-buff . d. Bill very stout, wedge-shaped, with tip of maxilla broad and flattened; nasal operculum very broad . (Glyphorhynchex.) . . Glyphorhynchus (p. 274) . dd. Bill slender, almost subulate, with tip of maxilla narrow, pointed, and slightly decurved; nasal operculum narrow. (Sittasomx.). Sittasomus (p. 277). cc. Bill nearly as long as head, the exposed culmen as long as (sometimes longer than) tarsus; inner webs of remiges without any cross-band, but uniform cinnamon-rufous (more or less deep) except terminally. (Dendrocinclx.) d. Tail as long as or longer than wing, graduated for half its length, the rectrices conspicuously acuminate and very strongly decurved subterminally (as in Glyphorhynehus and Sittasomus), the attenuated tips distinctly webbed throughout; bill more slender, relatively broader and more depressed basally Deconychura (p. 283). dd. Tail decidedly shorter than wing, graduated for only one-third its length, the rectrices inconspicuously acuminate and rTot strongly decurved terminally or subterminally, the attenuated tips with shaft denuded or the barbs very short; bill stouter, relatively narrower and deeper basally. Dendrocincla (p. 286). Genus DENDROCOLAPTES Hermann. Dendrocolaptes Hermann, Obs. Zool., 1804, 135. (Type, Picas certhia Boddaert.) Dendrocolaptes (emendation) Voigt, Thierreich, i, 1831, 624. Dendrocopus Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 45. (Type, Talapiot Buffon=Piots certhia Boddaert.) Dendrocops Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 314. (Type, Dendrocolaptes platy- rostris Spix^Dendrocolaptes picumnus Lichtenstein.) Orthocolaptes Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1840, 267. (Type, 0. communis Lesson= Dendrocolaptes picumnus Lichtenstein.) Premnocopus c Cabanis, in Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturg., xiii, pt. i, 1847, 339. (Type, Picus certhia Boddaert.) °> Nasica Lesson, Traits d'Om., 1831, 311. Type, N. nasalis Lesson=Dendrocopus longirostris Vieillot. (Guianas and Amazon Valley; monotypic.) & Drymornis Eyton, in Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1852, 23. Type, Nasica bridgesii Eyton. (Uruguay and northern Argentina; Bolivia?; monotypic.) ""■Kpkjivov, Stamm; k&cto), hacken." (Cabanis.) 228 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Large Dendrocolaptidae (length about 250-275 mm.) with, roundish, nonoperculate nostril, and nearly straight, depressed bill with dis- tance from nostril to tip of maxilla greater than length of tarsus, and more than three times its depth at nostril. Bill about as long as or slightly longer than head, nearly straight, broad and depressed basally, its width at frontal antise very slightly to much greater than its depth at same point and equal to less than one-third the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen very much longer than tarsus, distinctly (sometimes sharply) ridged, gradually (usually very slightly) curved to near tip, where abruptly decurved, the tip of maxilla distinctly uncinate; maxillary tomium nearly straight to slightly but distinctly concave, distinctly notched subterminally; mandibular tomium very faintly to rather distinctly convex, with faint trace of subterminal notch; gonys practically straight for most of its length but convex and slightly prominent basally, sometimes slightly decurved terminally. Nostril exposed, posteriorly in contact with latero-frontal feathering, roundish or broadly oval, nonoperculate. Bictal bristles absent, but feathers of chin and lores with loose, semidecomposed, setaceous webs. Wing large, pointed, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by nearly to quite the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; seventh, seventh and eighth, or sixth, seventh, and eighth primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) two-thirds or more as long as the longest, the ninth longer than fourth, sometimes longer than fifth. Tail nearly as long as wing, graduated for about the length of culmen, the rec- trices (12) conspicuously acuminate, with very strong and extremely rigid shafts, which are more or less strongly decurved terminally. Tarsus shorter than exposed culmen, a little more than one-fifth as long as wing, rather slender, distinctly scutellate (endaspidean) ; middle toe, with claw, slightly shorter than tarsus; outer toe (with or without claw) as long as middle toe or very slightly longer; inner toe (without claw) reaching to a little beyond subterminal articula- tion of middle toe, its claw reaching to base of middle claw (D. certhia) or f ailing far short (D. validus) ; hallux decidedly shorter than inner toe, little if any stouter; middle toe united to outer toe by whole of basal and part of second phalanx, to inner toe by at least half the basal phalanx; claws large, very strongly curved, very acute, that of the hallux less strongly curved, longer than the digit. Coloration. — Brown or olive, the tail, upper tail-coverts and remiges deep cinnamon-rufous or chestnut; pileum streaked, or spotted with paler brown or bufTy or barred with black; under parts paler brown, olive, or brownish buffy more or less distinctly barred with darker or blackish, the chest sometimes streaked, the throat usually mostly dull whitish or pale brownish buffy. Sexes alike. Nidification. — Nesting in holes of trees; eggs white. BIBDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 229 Range. — Southern Mexico to Cayenne, southeastern Brazil, Bolivia, and Ecuad6r. (About twelve species. ) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OP DENDROCOLAPTES. a. Pileum barred or transversely lunulated with black. (Dendrocolaptes sancti- ihom.%.) b. Pileum distinctly more rufescent or tawny than color of back; back more broadly or more distinctly barred; bars on under parts broader. (Southeastern Mexico to western Panamd.) Dendrocolaptes sancti-thomae sancti-thomse (p. 229). bb. Pileum nearly (sometimes quite) concolor with back; back more narrowly or less distinctly barred; bars on under parts narrower. (Southwestern Costa Rica and adjacent part of western Panama.) Dendrocolaptes sancti-thomse hesperius (p. 232). aa. Pileum streaked with buffy or whitish. 6. Pileum blackish, with narrow (and indistinct?) buffy streaks; chest with pale buffy or whitish predominating (the mesial streaks broader). (Guatemala.) Dendrocolaptes puncticollis (p. 232 6). 56. Pileum grayish brown, with broader and more distinct streaks; chest with brown predominating, the buffy mesial streaks narrower. (Dendrocolaptes validus.) c. Chest more distinctly and regularly streaked; under parts less extensively barred. (Colombia, etc.). ..Dendrocolaptes validus validus? (extralimital).c raba) and adjacent portion of western Panama (Divala). Dendrornis lacrymosa (not D. lachrymosus Lawrence) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 144, part (Santiago de Veragua, Panama); 1870, 193 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Bugaba, Panama). — Sclatee, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 133, part (Bugaba and Santiago de Veragua, Panama). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 182, part (Volcan de Chiriqui, Bugaba, Bibalaz, and Santiago de Veragua, Panama). Dendrornis lachrymosa Zeled6n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Pica, i, 1887, 114, part (Las Trojas, Costa Rica). Dendrornis lachrimosa Cheebie, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 40 (Palmar and Boruca, s. w. Costa Rica). Dendrornis lachrymosa eximia Hellmayb, Journ. fur Orn., Oct., 1903, 537 (Boruca, s. w. Costa Rica; coll. Vienna Myiarchuss.). — Bangs, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 299 (Pozo del Rio Grande, s. w. Costa Rica). Xiphorhynchus lacrymosus eximius Obeeholsee, Smithsonian Myiarchussc. Coll., xlviii, no. 1579, Myiarchusy 13, 1905, 63.— Caeeiker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 654, part (Pozo Azul de Pirris and El Pozo de T6rraba, s. w. Costa Rica). XIPHORHYNCHUS FLAVIGASTER FLAVIGASTER Swainson. SWAINSON'S WOODHEWEK. Adults {sexes alike). — Pileum and hindneck sooty black, each feather with a conspicuous mesial broad guttate streak or spot of buff or clay color; back and scapulars raw-umber brown, each feather with a conspicuous broad mesial streak of buff or clay color, inclosed within a narrower bordering streak of black; rump more tawny brown passing into dull tawny or tawny-ochraceous on upper tail-coverts, the longer feathers of which are tinged with cinnamon- rufous and with more or less distinct narrower mesial streaks of paler, sometimes margined with blackish; tail uniform deep cinna- mon-rufous or rufous-chestnut; lesser wing-coverts rufous-brown, with very indistinct mesial streaks of paler; middle coverts raw- umber brown (nearly like color of back), with mesial streaks of buff or clay color, margined laterally with black; greater and primary coverts plain raw-umber brown, slightly more rufescent than color of black; remiges plain dull cinnamon-rufous, becoming paler and more brownish (less rufescent) on outer primaries; superciliary region buff, the feathers narrowly margined with blackish; suborbital and auricular regions buff, the feathers of the former margined, those of the latter streaked, with black; malar region, chin, and throat clear buff, the feathers of extreme lower throat usually narrowly margined with dusky; a conspicuous but more or less interrupted broad submalar streak of sooty black; chest buff (usually slightly paler than color of throat, the feathers margined with dusky or blackish, producing a squamate effect; rest of under parts light buffy brown (nearly isabella color) broadly streaked with light buff, BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 245 these buffy streaks often margined laterally with a line of blackish or dusky; under wing-coverts uniform ochraceous-buff ; inner webs of remiges light tawny-ochraceous, the terminal portion (extensively) of five outer primaries grayish brown or dusky; bill pale yellowish horn color or dull buffy whitish, darker (more horn colored) on basal portion of maxilla; iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins). Young. — Similar to adults but general coloration darker, with blackish streaks on back and under parts heavier; feathers of chest more broadly and distinctly margined with black and texture of plumage more lax. Adult male.— Length (skins), 219-259 (237); wing, 100.5-120 (113.3); tail, 88-104.5 (95.2); culmen, 37-42.5 (39.9); tarsus, 21-25 (23.3); middle toe, 16.5-19 (18.3). a Adult female.— Length (skins), 208-255 (231); wing, 102.5-121.5 (110); tail, 84-102 (92.5); culmen, 35-43.5 (39.7); tarsus, 21.5-24.5 (22.9); middle toe, 16.5-19.5 (17.8). b Southeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Alta Myiarchusra; Tam- pico; Tamesi), Vera Cruz (Playa Vicente; Rivera; Jalapa; Orizaba; Myiarchusrad6r; C6rdova; San Lorenzo near C6rdova; Myiarchussantla; Colipa; Plan del Rio; Otatitlan; Santa Lucr^cia; Vega del Casadero; Ha- cienda Tortugas; Pasa Nueva; Buena Vista; Tolosa; Carrizal; Mot- o Thirty-eight specimens. b Twenty-five specimens. Locality. Myiarchusddle toe. MALES. Eight adult males from Tamaulipas Five adult males from Vera Cruz Four adult males from San Luis Potosi Three adult males from Puebla Four adult males from Oaxaca Two adult males from Guatemala Eight adult males from British Honduras Two adult males from Honduras Two adult males from Nicaragua FEMALES. Eight adult females from Tamaulipas Six adult females from Vera Cruz and Puebla Three adult females from Oaxaca One adult female from Tabasco One adult female from Chiapas One adult female from Guatemala Two adult females from British Honduras One adult female from Honduras One adult female from Salvador One adult female from Nicaragua 18 18.4 18.7 IS 18.4 19.7 18.1 19 17.2 18.2 17.1 18.8 17.5 18 17 17 16.5 18 18 246 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. zorongo; Llave), Puebla (Chietla; Metlaltoyuca), Mexico (Temfs- cal tepee), San Luis Potosi (Vallfe), Oaxaca .(Santa Efigenia; Te- huantepec; Tapana; Guichicovi; Cacoprieto; Chimalapa; Ishuatlan; Tixtepec; mountains near Santo Domingo), Guerrero (Papayo), Tabasco (Teapa; Frontera), Campeche (Apazote; Yohaltan; Cana- sayat), and Chiapas (San Benito), and through Guatemala (Choctum; sources of Rio de la Pasi6n; Sabana Grande; Volcan de Agua; Retal- huleu; Los Amates, Yzabal; Patulul, Solola; Teleman), British Hon- duras (Belize; Orange Walk; Cayo; Southern Pine Ridge; Toledo District; near Myiarchusnatee Lagoon), Honduras (San Pedro; Truxillo; Santa Ana) and Salvad6r (Acajutla; Volcan San Myiarchusguel; La Liber- tad) to Nicaragua (Realejo; Chinandega; Sucuya; Myiarchusnagua; San Juan del Sur). Xiphorhynchus flavigaster Sw ainson , Philos. Myiarchusg., new ser., i, 1827, 440 (Temis- caltepec, Mexico). X[iphorhynchus] flavigaster Bonaparte, Conep. Av., i, 1850, 208 (Realejo, Nica- ragua). Dryocopus flavigaster Des Myiarchusrs, Icon. Orn., livr. 9, July, 1847, text to pi. 52 (Mexico). Nasica flavigaster Lafkesnaye, Rev. et Myiarchusg. Zool., 1850, 383. Dendrornis flavigastra Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 289 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 381 (Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz). — Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 398 (Choctum, Guatemala).— Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, v, 1881, 248 (Cacoprieto, Tapana, and Sta. Efigenia, Oaxaca). — Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., x, 1898, 32 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).— Dearborn, Pub. 125, Field Myiarchuss. N. H., 1907, 108 (Los Amates and Patulul, Guatemala; crit.). Dendrornis flavigaster Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 156 (Chietla, Puebla). — Elliot, Auk, vii, 1890, 178, part (monogr.; excl. syn. D. mentalis Lawrence). — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xviii, 1896, 630 (Alta Myiarchusra, Tamaulipas). Xiphorhynchus flavigaster flavigaster Oberholser, Smithsonian Myiarchussc. Coll., xlviii, no. 1579, Myiarchusy 13, 1905, 63. Dryocopus eburneirostris "Lesson, Echo du Monde Savant, 1843" [Des Myiarchusrs, Icon. Orn., livr. 9, July, 1847, pi. 52 and in synonymy of Dryocopus flavi- gaster] (Realejo, Nicaragua). — Des Myiarchusrs, Icon. Orn., livr. 9, July, 1847, pi. 52. Dendrornis eburneirostris Etton, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1852, 23. — Bonaparte, Consp. Voluc. Anisod., 1854, 11. — Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, 1859, 37. — Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 164 (Guatemala; Mexico); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 130, part (Cacoprieto and Sta. Eugenia, Oaxaca; Belize, Brit. Honduras; sources Rio de la Pasi6n, Choctum, Sabana Grande, Volcan de Agua, and Retalhuleu, Guatemala; San Pedro, Honduras). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 834, 840 (San Pedro, Honduras).— Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., no. 4, 1876, 25 (Guichicovi, Ishuatlan, Tapana, and Sta. Efigenia, Oaxaca). — Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 1878, 38 (Guatemala).— Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 375,385 (San Juan del Sur and Sucuya, Nicaragua). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1887, 580 (Truxillo, Honduras). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 178, part (Alta Myiarchusra, Tamesi, and Tampico, Tamaulipas; and numerous other Mexican localities, etc.; excl. syn. D. mentalis Law- BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 247 rence). — Menegaux and Hellmayr, Mem. Soc. N. H. d'Autun, xix, 1906, 101, part (type, from Realejo, Nicaragua, in Paris Myiarchuss.; crit.). Xiphorhynchus flavigaster eburneirostris Oberholser, Smithsonian Myiarchussc. Coll., xlviii, no. 1579, Myiarchusy 13, 1905, 63. Premnocopus eburneirostris Reichenbach, Handb. Spec. Orn., 1853, 186, pi. 603, fig. 4059. Dendrocolaptes eburneirostris Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 177, no. 2403. [Dendrornis] eburneirostris Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 68, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 78, part. D[endrornis] eburneirostris Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, 1859, 37 (Mex- ico). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 839 (Mexico; Guatemala; Honduras). Pieolaptes validirostris Eyton, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1851, 75 (no locality given; coll. Knowsley Myiarchuss.). [Pieolaptes] validirostris Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 179, no. 2447. XIPHORHYNCHUS FLAVIGASTER MENTALIS (Lawrence). GRAYSON'S WOODHEWEK. Similar to X. f. flavigaster but decidedly paler throughout, the prevailing color of pileum and hindneck deep grayish brown instead of blackish, that of back, etc., light grayish buffy brown (nearly broccoli brown) instead of raw-umber, streaks paler buff, and feathers on middle of throat usually distinctly margined or edged with grayish brown, often producing a broken patch of that color. Adult male.— Length (skins), 222-243 (231); wing, 103-119 (114.4); tail, 81-100 (91); culmen, 38-42.5 (40.4); tarsus, 22-23.5 (22.9); middle toe, 17-19.5 (18.2).° Adult female.— Length, (skins), 200-220 (214); wing, 99.5-109.5 (106.1); tail, 75.5-90 (82.7); culmen, 38.5-42 (39.7); tarsus, 21-23 (22.3); middle toe, 17-18.5 (17.7). 6 Western Mexico, in States of Durango (Chacala), Jalisco (Las Palmas; Barranca Veltran; San Sebastian), Sinaloa (Myiarchuszatlan; Pre- sidio de Myiarchuszatlan; Juan Lisiarraga Mountains, 5,500 feet; Los Pieles; Arroyo de Limones, 3,500 feet; Quotla, near Rosario; Culiacan; Plomosas; Escuinapa; Rio Juan Gomez), Colima (Myiarchusnzanillo; Santi- ago; Sierra Myiarchusdre), Myiarchuschoacan (Cayaco), Guerrero (Papayo), Durango (Chacala), and Territory of Tepic (Santiago; Rio Santiago; San Diego; Tepic). Dendrornis mentalis Baird, MS. Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, Myiarchusy, 1867, 481 (Myiarchuszatlan, Sinaloa, w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 285 (Myiarchuszatlan; Tepic).— Sanchez, An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Mexico, i, 1877, 97 (Myiarchuszatlan). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 131 (Presidio, near Myiarchuszatlan). — Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 784 (Barranca Veltran, s. Jalisco). Dendrornis flavigaster mentalis Myiarchusller (W. De W.), Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., xxi, Nov. 24, 1905, 355 (Los Pieles, etc., s. Sinaloa; crit.). ° Twelve specimens. b Eight specimens. 248 BULLETIN- 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster mentalis Obbrholseh, Smithsonian Myiarchussc. Coll., xlviii, no. 1579, Myiarchusy 13, 1905, 63. [Dendrocolaptes] mentalis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 177, no. 2413. Dendrornis flavigaster (not Xiphorhynchus flavigaster Swainson) Elliot, Auk, vii, 1890, 178, part (Myiarchuszatlan; Myiarchusnzanillo; monogr.). Dendrornis eburneirostris (not Dryocopus eburneirostris "Lesson") Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 178, part (Myiarchuszatlan; Tepfc; San- tiago de Tepfc; Santiago de Colima; Tecolapa). [Dendrornis] eburneirostris Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 68, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 78, part. XIPHORHYNCHUS FLAVIGASTER MEGARHYNCHUS (Nelson). LARGE-BILLED WOODHEWER. Similar in coloration to X. f. mentalis but larger, especially the bill. Adult male— -Length (skins), 239-265 (249); wing, 114-123 (117.4); tail, 89.5-96 (92.3); culmen, 42-45.5 (43.2); tarsus, 23-25 (23.8); middle toe, 18.5-19 (18.8). a Adult female.— -Length (skins), 232-253 (242); wing, 110-111 (110.5); tail, 88-90 (89); culmen, 42^2.5 (42.2); tarsus, 22.5-23 (22.7); middle toe, 18-18.5 (18.2). 6 Dendrornis flavigaster megarhynchus Nelson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 265 (Puerto Angel, Oaxaca; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). [Dendrornis] megarhyncha Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 78. Xiphorhynchus flavigaster megarhynchus Oberholser, Smithsonian Myiarchussc. Coll., xlviii, no. 1579, Myiarchusy 13, 1905, 63. Southwestern Mexico, in States of Guerrero (El Naranjo; Aca- huitzotla; Sihuataenjo; La Union) and western Oaxaca (Puerto Angel). XIPHORHYNCHUS FLAVIGASTER YUCATANENSIS Ridgway. TTTCATAN WOODHEWER. Very similar in coloration to X. f. mentalis, but averaging very slightly smaller (with slightly larger bill and feet), and throat always immaculate pale buff; much paler and grayer than X. f. flavigaster. Adult male.— Length (skins), 228-248 (238); wing, 104-118 (110.2); tail, 84-100 (90.9); culmen, 40-42 (40.8); tarsus, 22.5-24 (23.2); middle toe, 17-18.5 (17.5). c Adult female.— Length (skins), 217-232 (226); wing, 100-111 (106.4); tail, 85-94.5 (89.4); culmen, 39-43 (40.6); tarsus, 21-23 (22.1); middle toe, 17." Yucatan (Chichen-Itza; Puerto Morelos; Izalam; La Vega; Temax; Merida; Tuloom; Peto; Buctzotz; Tabi; Meco Island)."* Dendrornis eburneirostris (not Dryocopus eburneirostris "Lesson") Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1869, 201 (n. Yucatan).— Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 450 (Yucatan; habits). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, o Five specimens. c Nine specimens. * Two specimens. d Specimens from Meco Island not seen by me. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 249 130, part (Tuloom and Meco I., Yucatan). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 178, part (Peto, Buctzotz, Tuloom, Tabi, Meco I., etc., Yucatan). — Menegaux and Hellmayr, Mem. Soc. N. H. d'Autun, xix, 1906, 101, part (Izamal, Yucatan). [Dendrornis] eburneirostris Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 68, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 78, part. Dendrornis flavigaster (not Xipkorhynchus flavigaster Swainson) Salvin, Ibis, 1889, 364 (Tuloom and Meco I., Yucatan).— Elliot, Auk, vii, 1890, 178, part (Temax and M6rida, Yucatan). — Cole, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 132 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan). Xiphorhynchus flavigaster yucatanensis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, Apr. 17, 1909, 73 (Temax, Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). XIPHORHYNCHUS STRIATIGULARIS (Richmond). STRIPED-THROATED WOODHEWER. Slightly resembling X. flavigaster but differing greatly in having the whole throat conspicuously streaked; buff streaks of chest, etc., margined laterally with a chain-like streak of blackish; wing-coverts conspicuously streaked with black and buff, and buff streaks of back much broader. Adult female." — Pileum and hindneck sooty black, each feather with a broad mesial guttate streak of buff or clay color; back and scapulars brown (between light olive and raw-umber) each feather with a broad mesial streak of brownish buff or clay color, broadly margined with black; lesser and middle wing-coverts similar, but buffy mesial streaks much narrower; greater coverts similar but with still narrower streaks; remiges plain deep cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut, the terminal portion of inner webs of primaries (except the innermost) grayish brown; rump plain light cinnamon- rufous or rufous tawny, the upper tail-coverts deeper cinnamon- rufous, with indistinct shaft-streaks of paler; tail (including shafts of rectrices) plain deep cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut; sides of head and neck broadly streaked with buff and sooty blackish; chin, throat, and foreneck similarly streaked, the streaks becoming gradu- ally broader and more sharply defined, and the feathers edged with light buffy grayish brown, on lower foreneck; chest, breast, etc., similarly streaked, but the blackish streaks narrower and more irregular and grayish brown edgings to the feathers broader, the streaks becoming gradually narrower and less distinct posteriorly; under wing-coverts mixed pale cinnamon-rufous and light buffy brownish (the latter prevailing along edge of wing, where streaked with buffy and blackish) ; inner webs of remiges pale cinnamon-rufous or vinaceous-cinnamon, the terminal portion (extensively) of outer primaries grayish brown; bill pale yellowish horn color, the maxilla more brownish basally; feet light horn brownish (in dried skins); o The adult male is unknown, but judging from the general rule in this group the sexes are probably alike in color. 250 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. length (skin), 230; wing, 105; tail, 87; exposed culmen, 37.5; tarsus, 23; middle toe, 17. Eastern Mexico, in southern part of State of Tamaulipas (Alta Myiarchusra). Dendrornis sfriatigularis Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xxii, no. 1200, Myiarchusy, 1900, 317 (Alta Myiarchusra, Tamaulipas; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). [Dendrornis] sfriatigularis Shabpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 78. Xiphorhynchus striatigularis Obeeholsee, Smithsonian Myiarchussc. Coll., xlviii, no. 1579, Myiarchusy 13, 1905, 63. XIPHORHYNCHUS NANUS NANUS (Lawrence). LAWRENCE'S WOODHEWEE. Adults (sexes alike). — Pileum and hindneck dark sooty brown or sooty blackish, each feather with a broad mesial guttate streak or mark of brownish buff; back and scapulars olive-brown (between raw-umber and mummy), the feathers of upper back with a broad mesial streak of brownish buff or pale tawny, margined with blackish; rump and upper tail-coverts plain cinnamon-rufous; tail, including shafts of rectrices, chestnut; remiges deep cinnamon-rufous, the primaries and distal secondaries edged (more or less distinctly) with grayish brown or olive; wing-coverts plain brown, nearly if not quite concolor with back; supra-auricular region pale brownish buff or dull buffy whitish, the feathers narrowly margined with dusky; auricular region streaked with light brown and dusky; suborbital region with feathers light buff margined with dusky, the malar region similar but with dusky margins to feathers much less distinct (partly obsolete); chin and throat plain light brownish buff or dull pinkish buff, the feathers of extreme lower throat narrowly margined with dusky; feathers of chest light brownish buff or dull pinkish buff centrally, those of upper chest wholly of this color except for a narrow but distinct margin of dusky, those of lower chest with a broad median ovate or elliptical stripe of buff margined laterally by a blackish line, the edges (more or less broadly) light buffy brown; rest of under parts light buffy brown (nearly wood brown or isabella color), the median portion of breast and abdomen usually with nar- row and indistinct streaks of paler; under wing-coverts ochraceous- buff, the inner webs of remiges deeper, inclining to cinnamon-rufous, the longer primaries with terminal portion dusky; maxilla blackish brown, mandible pale horn color or dull yellowish (in dried skins); feet horn color or dusky (in dried skins) . Young. — Similar to adults but markings of under parts rather more strongly contrasted; only to be distinguished with certainty, however, by the softer and more lax texture of the plumage. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 251 Adult male.— Length (skins), 211-226 (222); wing, 97-111 (105.7); tail, 77.5-92.5 (87.7); culmen, 34-39 (36.6); tarsus, 21.5-23.5 (22.6); middle toe, 17-19 (17.9) . a Adult female.— Length (skins), 210-227 (217); wing, 98-109 (104); tail, 81-91 (85); culmen, 34.5-39.5 (36.8); tarsus, 22-23.5 (22.9); middle toe, 17-18 (17.5). » Eastern Panama (Lion Hill; San Pablo Station; Col6n; Panama; Sabana de Panama; Nata, Code) and Colombia (Myiarchusnca, Don Diego, and Cacagualito, Santa Myiarchusrta; Rio Lima; Bogota?). Dendrornis guttatus (not Dendrocolaptes guttatus Lichtenstein) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 193 (Lion Hill, Panama).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 292 (Lion Hill). Dendrornis pardalotus (not Dendrocopus pardalotus Vieillot) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1863, 482 (Isth. Panama). Dendrornis nana Lawrence, Ibis, April, 1863, 181 (Lion Hill, Panama; coll. G. N. Lawrence); Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y, viii, 1863, 4, 482 (do.).— ScLATERand Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 355 (Lion Hill; crit.).— Elliot, Auk, vii, 1890, 174, part (Panama; monogr.).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 180, part (Lion Hill, San Pablo Station, and Panama, Isth. Panama).— Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 25 (Loma del Le6n, Panama). [Dendrornis'] nana Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 78, part (Panama). Dendrornis nana nana Bangs, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xxxix, no. 6, July, 1903, 151 (Panama; diagnosis). Xiphorhynchus nanus nanus Oberholser, Smithsonian Myiarchussc. Coll., xlviii, no. 1579, Myiarchusy 13, 1905, 63.— Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1906, 217 (Sabana de Panama). [Dendrocolaptes] nanus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 177, no. 2408. Dendrornis susurrans (not Dendrocolaptes susurrans Jardine) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 839, part (Panama^ crit..). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 424 (Panama).— Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 133, part (San Pablo and Paraiso stations and Panama City, Panama). [Dendrornis] susurrans Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 68, part. Dendrornis lawrencei Ridgway, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, sig. 32, Aug. 6, 1888, 509 (Panama; coll. U. S. Nat.Myiarchuss.).— Sclater, Ibis, 1889, 353 (crit.). a Twelve specimens. 6 Five specimens, from eastern Panama. 252 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. XIPHORHYNCHUS NANUS COSTARICENSIS (Ridgway). TUCTTRItfQTri WOODHEWEK. Similar to X. n. nanus, but coloration averaging slightly deeper. Adult male.— Length (skins), 200-243 (220); wing, 95.5-114.5 (105.8); tail, 83-104 (90.3); culmen, 34.5-39 (36.7); tarsus, 21.5-24 (22.8); middle toe, 17-19 (17.7).° Adult female.— Length (skins), 185-222 (205); wing, 94-102 (97.9); tail, 77-85.5 (81.8); culmen, 29.5-39 (36); tarsus, 21-23 (22); middle toe, 16-18 (17). b Western Panama (Calovevora; Bugaba; Divala), through Cos-ta Rica (Angostura; San Carlos; San Juan Valley; Tucurrlqui; Guayabo; Rio Reventazon; Rio Sicsola; Talamanca; Puerto Lim6n; Siquirres; Gu&cimo; Guapiles; Cuabre; ElHogar; Jimenez; Bonilla; Pacuare; Volcan de Turrialba; Volcan de Myiarchusravalles; Tenorio; Barranca de Puntarenas; Barranca de Boruca; Bebedero; Pozo del Rio Grande; Pozo Azul de Pirris; El Pozo de Terraba; Terraba; Buenos Aires; El General; Boruca, Paso Real, and Lagarto, Boruca), eastern Nica- ragua (Greytown; Rio Escondido), and southeastern Honduras (Rio Segovia). Dendrorrds pardalotus (not Dendrocopus pardalotus Vieillot) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1867, 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 107 (Tucurrlqui, Oosta Bica). — Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica). Dendrorrds nana (not of Lawrence) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 837 (Calovevora, Panama).— Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 193 (Calovevora and Bugaba, Panama^ crit.). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 180, part (Rio Seg6via, Honduras; Tucurrlqui and San Carlos, Costa Rica; Bugaba and CaloveVora, Panamd). — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi,' 1893, 498 (Greytown and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; crit.). — Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 440 (Volcan de Myiarchusravalles, Costa Rica). — Elliot, Auk, vii, 1890, 174, part. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 253 [Dendrornis] nana Sharps, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 78, part. Dendrornis susurrans (not Dendrocolaptes susurrans Jardine) Sclatbr and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 839, part (Veragua; Costa Rica; crit.). — Bou- oard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 60 (San Carlos, Costa Rica). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 133, part (Angostura, Costa Rica; Calovevora and Bugaba, Panama). [Dendrornis] susurrans Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 68, part. Dendrornis lawrencei costaricensis Ridqway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, sig. 32, Aug. 6, 1888, 510 (Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; coll. TJ. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— Zelbd6n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1888, 114. Dendrornis lawrencii costaricensis Sclater, Ibis, 1889, 353 (crit.). Dendrornis lawrenceii costaricensis Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 221, part (San Juan Valley, Costa Rica). Dendrornis nana costaricensis Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 532 (crit.). — Bangs, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1903, 151 (diagnosis); Auk, xxiv, 1907, 299 (Boruca, Paso Real, Pozo del Rio Grande, Barranca, Lagarto, and Barranca de Puntarenas, w. Costa Rica). — Perry, Pub. 146, Field Myiarchuss. N. H., orn. ser., i, no. 6, 1910, 270 (Guayabo, Costa Rica). Dendrornis nana (costaricensis?) Cherrie, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 40 (Palmar, Lagarto, Boruca, Terraba, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica). Xi phorhynchus nanus costiricensis Oberholser, Smithsonian Myiarchussc. Coll., xlviii, no. 1579, Myiarchusy 13, 1905, 63. Xipkorhynchus nanus costaricensis Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 652 (Costa Rica; habits). XIPHORHYNCHUS NANUS CONFINIS (Bangs). WHITE-THROATED WOODHEWER. Similar to X. n. nanus, but color of chin and throat very much paler dull buffy white or very pale buff. Adult maZe.— Length (skins), 217-232 (224); wing, 101.5-108 (104.7); tail, 86-94 (90) ; culmen, 35.5-37.5 (36.5); tarsus, 21.5-22.5 (22); middle toe, 17-17.5 (17.2).° Adult female. — Length (skin), 200; wing, 93.5; tail, 74; culmen, 36; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe, 16.5. b Honduras (Medina; C6iba) and Guatemala (Santo Tomas; Los Amates, Yzabal; Chapulco). Dendrornis susurrans (not Dendrocolaptes susurrans Jardine) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 839 (Honduras). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 133, part (Medina, Honduras). Dendrornis nana (not of Lawrence) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 180, part (Medina, Honduras). [Dendrornis] nana Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 78, part (Honduras). Dendrornis lawrenceii costaricensis (not of Ridgway) Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 221, part (Santo Tomas, Guatemala). Dendrornis nana confinis Bangs, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xxxix, no. 6, July, 1903, 150 (Ceiba, Honduras, sea-level; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). — Dear- born, Pub. 125, Field Myiarchuss. N. H., 1907, 108 (Los Amates, e. Guatemala; crit.). Xiphorhynchus nanus confinis Oberholser, Smithsonian Myiarchussc. Coll., xlviii, no. 1579, Myiarchusy 13, 1905, 63. "Two specimens, from Honduras. 6 One specimen, from Guatemala (Chapulco). 254 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. XIPHORHYNCHUS ERYTHROPYGIUS (Sclater). SPOTTED WOODHEWEB. Adults (sexes alike) . — Pileum and hindneck deep olive, the feathers margined, more or less distinctly, with dusky and with narrow mesial streaks of pale buffy; back and scapulars olive-brown (nearly raw-umber), the feathers (at least the more anterior ones) marked with a mesial guttate or broadly fusiform streak of pale buff; rump and upper tail-coverts deep cinnamon-rufous, the tail similar but slightly darker (chestnut); wing-coverts concolor with back but immaculate; secondaries chestnut, the primaries also mostly chestnut but outer webs edged with light olive-brown (those of the several more outer ones wholly or mostly of the latter color) and with ter- minal portion deep grayish brown or dusky; lores nearly uniform dusky; an indistinct superciliary stripe (obsolete anterior to eye) of pale yellowish buff, broken by dusky olive margins or edges to the feathers; auricular region streaked with dusky olive and light yellow- ish buff; suborbital and malar regions light yellowish buff, the feathers margined with dusky; chin and throat buff, or yellowish buff, the latter (sometimes chin also) with feathers narrowly tipped with olive; rest of under parts light olive or buffy olive, each feather with a large central guttate spot of light buff or yellowish buff, these markings smaller (sometimes obsolete) on flanks; shorter under tail- coverts light buff mesially broadly edged with light buffy brown, the longer ones nearly uniform cinnamon to cinnamon-rufous; under wing-coverts buff (more or less deep,) the inner webs of remiges cinnamon-rufous, with terminal portion of longer primaries grayish brown or dusky, that of outermost primary mostly of the latter color; maxilla blackish or dusky brown to nearly black, with a tomial stripe of pale dull yellowish or whitish; mandible pale dull yellowish or whitish (in dried skins); legs and feet horn color or dusky (in dried skins) . Adult male.— Length (skins), 204-241 (227); wing, 109.5-125 (119.5); tail, 91-102 (96); culmen, 31.5-37.5 (34.3); tarsus, 23-24 (23.5); middle toe, 17.5-18.5 (18)." Adult female. — Length (skin), 215; wing, 108; tail, 91.5; culmen, 30.5; tarsus, 21.5; middle toe, 17. b Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (C6rdova; Jalapa; Coatepec; Huatusco; Jico; Cofre de Perote), Oaxaca, Guerrero (Chilpancingo; Omilteme) and Chiapas (Tumbala), and through Guatemala (Chocttim; Coban; Chisec; Rio de la Pasi6n; El Rinc6n, San Myiarchusrcos; Las Nubes, Cerro Zunil) to Honduras (Yaruca). a Three specimens, from Vera Cruz and Guerrero. b One specimen, from Chiapas. An adult female from Yaruca, Honduras, meas- ures as follows: Length (skin), 195; wing, 104; tail, 82.5; culmen, 30.5; tarsus, 22; middle toe, 18. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 255 Dendrornis triangularis (not Dendrocolaptes triangularis Lafresnaye) Sclateh, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 289 (C6rdova, Vera Cruz). Dendrornis erythropygia Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 366 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico; coll. P. L. Sclater), 381 (Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862; 165 (Jalapa); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 131, part (Jalapa; sources Rio de la Pasi6n, Chisec, and Choctum, Guatemala). — Saltin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 35 (Coban, Guatemala). — Botjcard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons, 1878, 38 (Guatemala). — Elliot, Auk, vii, 1890, 187, part (Jalapa, Mexico, Guatemala; excl. syn. D. e. xquatorialis Berlepsch and Taczanowski). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 181, part (Jalapa, Coatepec, Huatusco, C6rdova, Cofre de Perote, Vera Cruz; Chilpancingo, Guerrero; Oaxaca; El Rinc6n, Las Nubes, Coban, Chisec, and Choctum, Guatemala). — Bangs, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1903, 151 (Yaruca, Honduras). D[endrornis] erythropygia Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 839, part (monogr.). [Dendrornis] erythropygia Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 68, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 78, part. [D[endrornis] triangularis erythropygia Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, 376, in text. [Dendrocolaptes] erythropygius Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 177, no. 2405. Xiphorhynchus erythropygius Oberholser, Smithsonian Myiarchussc. Coll., xlviii, no. 1579, Myiarchusy 13, 1905, 63. XIPHORHYNCHUS PUNCTIGULUS PUNCTIGDXUS (Ridgway). SPOTTED-THROATED WOODHEWER. Somewhat like X. erythropygius, but color of pileum, back, and under parts greenish or ocherous olive instead of olive-brown, back without streaks or with very narrow ones on anterior portion only, and throat spotted rather than barred with dusky. Adults (sexes alike). — Pileum deep olive, the feathers more or less broadly tipped or terminally margined with dusky, and usually (some of them at least) with a narrow shaft-streak of pale buff; hindneck, back, and scapulars deep ocherous olive, the more anterior scapulars and interscapulars sometimes with a very narrow mesial streak of light buff; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail chestnut, the shafts of rectrices darker; wing-coverts and most of outer webs of primaries olive, the secondaries chestnut, but outer webs of distal ones edged with olive; an indistinct superciliary stripe of light buff (obsolete anterior to eye) broken by dusky olive margins or edgings to the feathers; lores nearly uniform dusky; auricular region streaked with dusky olive and light buff or yellowish buff, the suborbital and malar regions dusky olive spotted or speckled with buffy; chin and throat buff, the latter with a triangular or diamond-shaped spot of deep olive on tip of each feather; rest of under parts clear, somewhat greenish, olive, each feather with a central cuneate, guttate or fusi- form spot of buff, these markings narrower (streak-like) on sides, less distinct on flanks; under tail-coverts buff mesially (broadly), edged with olive, the longer ones nearly uniform rusty; under wing-coverts 256 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. mostly ochraceous-buff, tinged or faintly mottled with pale brown, the marginal coverts light buff, spotted or blotched with pale brown or olive ; inner webs of remiges dull cinnamon-rufous, paler on edges, the longer primaries with terminal portion (extensively) deep grayish brown or dusky; maxilla horn color, blackish basally, pale horn color or dull whitish along tomia ; mandible pale horn color or dull whitish or yellowish (in dried skins) ; iris brown; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins). Adult male.— Length (skins), 200-233 (213); wing, 101-120 (112.1); tail, 75-100 (90.8); culmen, 29-36 (32.7); tarsus, 20-23.5 (22.5); middle toe, 17.5-19.5 (18.4).° Adult female.— -Length (skins), 194-233 (216); wing, 100-116 (108.6); tail, 82.5-96 (89.5); culmen, 29-35 (32.1); tarsus, 21-23 (22.1); middle toe, 18-19 (18.3). 6 Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte), Costa Rica (Naranjo de Cartago; Tucurriqui; Rio Reventaz6n; Bonilla; Guayabo; Tuis; Angostura; Carrillo; Rio Sucio; Pacuare; La Hondura; El Hogar; Juan Vinas; San Carlos; Candelaria; Barranca; Cariblanco de Sarapiqui; La Vijagua; Cerro Santa Myiarchusria; Laguaria, and Los Reyes, Dota; Ten6rio; El General), and Panama (Boquete, 4,000-4,500 feet; Boquete de Chitra; Bugaba; Castillo; Calovevora; Cordillera del Chucu; Volcan de Chiriqul; Santiago de Veragua; Lion Hill). Dendrornis eryihropygia (not of Sclater) Cabanis, Journ. fur Orn., 1861, 242 (Costa Eica). — Sclateb and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 355 Panama; crit.). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 144 (Santiago de Veragua, Panama); 1870, 193 (Calovevora, Boquete de Chitra, Cordillera del Chucu, Bugaba, and Volcan de Chiriquf, Panama). — Laweence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 107 (Angostura, Pacuare, and Barranca, Costa Rica). — Fbantzitjs, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica). — RmayrAT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 414 (Rio Sucio, Costa Rica). — Sclateb, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 131, part (Angostura, Costa Rica; Castillo, Santiago, Calove- vora, Volcan de Chiriqul, and Bugaba, Panama). — Elliot, Auk, vii, 1890, 187, part (Costa Rica; Veragua; Panama). [Dendrornis] erythropygia Sclater and Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 68, part. — Shakpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 78, part. BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 257 D[endrornis] erythropygia Sclateb and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 839, part. Dendrornis punctigula Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xi, sig. 34, Sept. 20, 1889, 544 (Naranjo, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— Sclateb, Ibis, 1889, 352 (crit.).— Elliot, Auk, vii, 1890, 188 (monogr.).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 182 (Angostura, Pacuare, Barranca, Rio Sucio, Naranjo, and Tucurrfqui, Costa Rica; Chiriquf, Bugaba, Castillo, Cordillera del Chucu, Boquete de Chitra, Calovevora, and Santiago, Panama). — Cheeeie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 17 (Pozo del Pital, Costa Rica) .—Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 48 (Boquete, Panama, 4,000-5,000 ft.). [Dendrornis] punctigula Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 79, part (Costa Rica; Panamd). Xiphorhynchus punctigulus Oberholser, Smithsonian Myiarchussc. Coll., xlviii, no. 1579, Myiarchusy 13, 1905, 63. Xiphorhynchus punctigula Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 653 (Costa Rica; habits). XIPHORHYNCHUS PUNCTIGULUS INSOLITUS Ridgway. TRUANDO WOODHEWER. Similar to X. p. punctigulus, but color of pileum and back much darker, the latter browner (nearly chestnut-brown), and general color of under parts much browner (brownish olive instead of greenish olive). Adult male. — Wing, 111; tail, 94; exposed culmen, 29; tarsus, 22; middle toe, 18. Adult female,. — Length (skin), 190; wing, 101; tail, 86; exposed eulmen, 30; tarsus, 22; middle toe, 18.5. Eastern Panama (Cascajal, CochS) and adjacent portion of north- western Colombia (Truando). Dendrornis triangularis (not Dendrocolaptes triangularis Lafresnaye) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 193 (Rio Truando, n. w: Colombia). Xiphorhynchus punctigula insolitus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, April 17, 1909, 73 (Cascajal, Cocle\ e. Panama; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). Genus PICOLAPTES Lesson. Picolaptes Lesson, Traite" d'Orn., 1831, 313. (Type, Dendrocolaptes tenuirostris Lichtenstein.) Lepidocolaptes Reichenbach, Handb. Spec. Orn., 1853, 183. (Type, Dendroco- laptes squamatus Lichtenstein.) Dacryophorus Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., s&. 4, Zool., i, 1854, 133. (Type, Dendrocolaptes lacrymiger Des Myiarchusrs.) Thripobrotus a Cabanis, in Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturg., xiii, pt. i, 1847, 339. (Type, Dendrocolaptes bivittatus Lichtenstein.) Medium-sized Dendrocolaptidae (length about 160-190 mm.) with roundish, nonoperculate nostrils, and rather long, decidedly (but not conspicuously) decurved, compressed bill. o "dplip, Holzwurm; [lippdicKco, Verzehren." (Cabanis.) 81255°— Bull. 50—11 17 258 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Bill as long as or longer than head (but much less than twice as long as tarsus), decidedly though not conspicuously decurved through- out, rather slender, much compressed, its width at latero-frontal antise slightly to decidedly less than depth at same point and con- tained from four and a half to seven times in distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen and tomia gradually decurved from base, the latter without trace of subterminal notch; gonys very faintly to rather strongly concave, sometimes slightly prominent basally. Nostril exposed, posteriorly in contact with latero-frontal feathering, longi- tudinally oval, nonoperculate, but margined above by a narrow mem- brane. Rictal bristles absent, and feathers of chin, etc., without terminal setse. Wing moderate or rather large, rather pointed, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by nearly to much more than length of tarsus; eighth, seventh and eighth, sixth, seventh, and eighth, or seventh, eighth, and ninth primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) nearly to a little more than three-fourths as long as the longest, the ninth longer than fifth, sometimes equal to the longest. Tail, three-fourths to (usually) decidedly more than three-fourths as long as wing, graduated for about one-fourth its length, the rectrices (12) acuminate, their strong and very rigid shafts decurved, some- times twisted, terminally: Tarsus much shorter to slightly longer (P. tenuirostris) than length of bill from nostril, one-fourth (P. tenuirostris) to much less than one-fourth as long as wing, distinctly scutellate (endaspidean) ; middle toe, with claw, equal to tarsus or decidedly longer; outer toe, without claw, equal to or slightly longer than middle toe; inner toe, without claw, reaching to subterminal articulation of middle toe; hallux decidedly shorter than inner toe, scarcely if at all stouter; middle toe united to outer toe for whole of first and part of second phalanx, to inner toe by greater part of first phalanx; anterior claws large, very strongly curved, acute, that of the hallux much less curved, equal to or shorter than the digit. Coloration. — Rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and at least part of remiges cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts olive-brown, russet, or cinnamon-rufous; pileum and hindneck brown or dusky, streaked or spotted with paler (sometimes the back also streaked), or feathers margined with dusky; chin and throat white or buffy (feathers of throat sometimes narrowly mar- gined with dusky), the rest of under parts more- or less distinctly streaked or striped. Nidification. — Nest in holes of trees or stumps; eggs plain white. Range. — Southern Mexico to Cayenne, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, and Peru. (About twenty species.)" ° Of these the following have not been examined in this connection: P . falcinellus (Cabanis and Heine), P. oltectus Allen, P. warscewiczi (Cabanis and Heine), P. par- virostris Sclater, P. puncticeps Sclater and Salvin, P. albolineatus (Lafresnaye), P. satwatior Underwood, and P . fuscicapillus Pelzeln. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 259 KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PICOLAPTES. a. Breast essentially bicolored, the very pale buff or buffy white median area on each feather very broad, the edges of the feathers mostly or wholly black; buffy or whitish streaks on pileum and hindneck broader; back more grayish brown. (Western and central Mexico.) Picolaptes leucogaster (p. 259). aa. Breast distinctly tricolored, the feathers broadly edged with brown, this much broader than the black line edging the narrower buffy mesial area; buffy streaks on pileum narrower; back more cinnamomeous brown. 6. Myiarchusrkings on pileum guttate or rhomboid (spot-like). (Picolaptes affinis.) c. Under parts with stripes narrower, less distinct posteriorly; throat paler buff (not deeper than color of stripes on breast, etc.). (Southern Mexico to Guatemala.) Picolaptes afflnis affinis (p. 261). cc. Under parts with stripes broader, more distinct posteriorly; throat deeper buff than color of stripes on breast, etc. (Costa Rica and western PanamA.) Picolaptes affinis neglectus (p. 263). 56. Myiarchusrkings on pileum linear (streak-like). (Picolaptes lineaticeps.) c. Pale buffy streaks on back and under parts narrower, the former more acicular; throat paler and less extensively buffy. d. Coloration paler, the ground color of pileum lighter sepia brown, back, etc., light cinnamon-brown; streaks on upper back smaller, without distinct blackish edges. (Eastern Panama^) Picolaptes lineaticeps lineaticeps (p. 264). dd. Coloration darker, the ground color of pileum dark sooty brown, back russet-brown; streaks on upper back larger, distinctly edged with black- ish. (Western Panamd to Nicaragua.) Picolaptes lineaticeps compressus (p. 265). cc. Pale buffy streaks on back and under parts broader, the former more cuneate; throat more deeply and extensively buff. (Northern Honduras to southern Mexico.) Picolaptes lineaticeps insignis (p. 266). PICOLAPTES LEUCOGASTER (Swainson). WHITE-STHIPED WOODHEWEB.. Adults (sexes alike). — Pileum and hindneck deep olive-brown or sepia, each feather with a broad guttate or elliptical streak of buff or buffy white, margined with blackish; back, scapulars, and wing- coverts buffy olive-brown (nearly broccoli brown), the upper back usually with a few streaks of buff (with or without blackish margins) ; rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and remiges deep cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut, the remiges, however, passing basally into brownish (like color of wing-coverts, etc.), and terminal portion of inner webs of primaries dusky; orbital ring and supra-auricular stripe white or buffy white, the feathers of the latter narrowly margined with black; a narrow postocular stripe of blackish or dusky, nar- rowly streaked with white or pale buff; the greater portion of auricular region buffy white or very pale buff, narrowly streaked with dusky; suborbital and malar regions, chin, and throat buffy white, the. lower throat margined on each side by one or more streaks of black or dusky; the feathers of extreme lower throat (sometimes those of suborbital region and posterior portion of 260 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. malar region also), narrowly margined with the same; foreneck and chest buffy white or very pale buff, the feathers broadly margined with black or dusky, producing a squamate effect; rest of under parts similar but with mesial buffy or whitish area on each feather narrower, the blackish lines submarginal instead of marginal, the feathers broadly edged with light grayish olive or grayish brown, this gradually increasing (at expense of the whitish or buffy mesial stripes and blackish lines) posteriorly, where, on flanks, lower abdo- men, and under tail-coverts the light grayish brown predominates; under wing-coverts ochraceous-buff, paler on margin of wing; inner webs of remiges light cinnamon-rufous, the longer primaries grayish brown terminally; maxilla deep horn brown, darker basally; mandi- ble paler, especially toward base; legs and feet horn color or dusky (in dried skins). Young. — Similar to adults but blackish margins and edgings to feathers of lower parts more irregular or broken, and color of back more olivaceous (less tawny) brown. Adult male.— Length (skins), 219-235 (226); wing, 108.5-123 (116.9); tail, 93-103.5 (97.4); culmen, 32-37.5 (35.4); tarsus, 20-21.5 (20.8); middle toe, 15.5-17 (16.5).° Adult female. — Length (skins), 219-225 (222); wing, 108.5-115.5 (112); tail, 90-98 (94.9); culmen, 29.5-37 (34.4); tarsus, 20-21 (20.6); middle toe, 16-16.5 (16.2). » Western and central Mexico, in States of Sonora (Nuri), Durango (Coyotes; El Salto; Ciudad Durango), Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi (Sierra de San Luis Potosi), Vera Cruz (alpine zone of Orizaba), Puebla (Tenango del Valle; Eio Frio; Ixtaccihuatl; San Salvad6r el Verde), Zacatecas (Plateado), Mexico (near City of Mexico; Temas- caltepec), Morelos (Huitzilac), Myiarchuschoacan (Mt. Tancitaro; Patzcu- aro; Quiroga, Lake Patzcuaro; Morelia; Nahuatzin), Jalisco (Sierra de Bolafios; Sierra de Nayarit; Zapotlari; Hacienda de San Myiarchusrcos; San Sebastian; Tonila), Colima (Sierra Nevada), Guerrero (Amula; Omilteme), and Oaxaca (La Parada; Cerro San Felipe), and Terri- tory of Tepic (Santa Teresa). Xiphorhynehus leucogaster Swainson, Philos. Myiarchusg., newser.,i, 1827,440 (Temae- caltepec, Mexico; coll. Bullock Myiarchuss.). X[iphorhynchus] leucogaster Bonapaete, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 208. Picolaptes leucogaster Lafrbsnaye, Rev. et Myiarchusg. Zool., Myiarchusrch, 1850, 150. — Sclatee, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 297 (La Parada, Oaxaca); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 166; Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 147 (near City of Mexico; La Parada, Oaxaca; Ciudad Durango). — Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, v, 1881, a Ten specimens. * Six specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 261 248 (alp. reg. Orizaba, Vera Cruz). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 185 (Nuri, Sonora; Ciud&d, Durango; Sierra de San Luis Potosi; Sierra de Bolafios and Sierra de Nayarit, Jalisco; Sierra Nevada de Colima; Tenango del Valle, Rio Frio, Ixtaccihuatl, and San Salvad6r el Verde, Puebla; Temfscaltepec; La Parada, Oaxaca; Omilteme and Amula, Guerrero). [Picolaptes] leucogaster Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 179, no. 2441. — Sclater and Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 68.— Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 83. T[hripobrotus] leucogaster Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, 1859, 37, foot- note. [Thripobrotus] leucogaster Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Myiarchuss. Hein. Orn., 1890, 137. Picolaptes atripes Eyton, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1851, 76 ("South America"). [Picolaptes] atripes Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 179, no. 2446. PICOLAPTES AFFINIS AFFINIS (Lafresnaye). ALLIED WOODHEWEE. Adults (sexes alike). — Pileum and hindneck brown (light sepia or dark raw-umber), each feather margined terminally with black or dusky and with a central guttate or diamond-shaped spot of dull buffy; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts plain raw-umber brown, the upper back sometimes with a few narrow streaks of pale buffy; rump and upper tail-coverts plain cinnamon-rufous; tail and remiges chestnut or rufous-chestnut, the primaries and distal secondaries edged, more or less distinctly, with brown, the exposed (terminal) portion of inner webs of longer primaries dusky grayish brown; sides of head and neck buff, streaked (the feathers edged or margined) with dusky; chin and throat immaculate buff, the extreme lower throat and upper chest also buff, but the feathers margined with black; rest of under parts light raw-umber brown, each feather with a broad central elliptical or obtusely cuneate streak of buff, margined with black, these markings becoming gradually less distinct posteriorly, the black marginal lines nearly obsolete on flanks and under tail- coverts, the general color of the latter more fulvescent or cinnamo- meous; under wing-coverts ochraceous-buff (passing into buff on margin of wing) slightly flecked with dusky; inner webs of remiges light cinnamon-rufous, with terminal portion (extensively) dusky brownish gray; bill pale grayish or yellowish horn color, usually somewhat darker or more brownish basally; iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins). 262 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.— Length (skins), 207-222 (212); wing, 100.5-116 (107.5); tail, 87-100 (93.9); culmen, 28-31.5 (29.6); tarsus, 19-22 (20.8); middle toe, 15-17 (15.6). a Adult female.— Length (skins), 193-219 (209); wing, 103-112 (106); tail, 82-97.5 (90); culmen, 29-32.5 (30.7); tarsus, 20-21.5 (20.7); middle toe, 15-17 (16.3). 6 Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Cordova; Potrero, near Cordova; Omealca; Cofre de Perote; Jalapa;. Pasa Nueva), Puebla (Hueytamalco; Teziutlan), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), Guerrero (Omilteme; mts. near Chilpancingo), Oaxaca (Mt. Zempoaltepec; Tot6ntepec; Villa Alta; 15 m. west of Oaxaca), and Chiapas (Tum- bala; San Cristobal; Pinabete), and Guatemala (Santa Barbara; Calderas, Volcan de Fuego; Volcan de Agua; Santa Myiarchusria and ChuipachS, Quezaltenango; Toliman; Tecpam; Santa Barbara de Vera Paz; Todos Santos; Sierra Santa Elena). Dendrocolaptes affirm Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1839, 100 (Mexico). P[icolaptes] affinis Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1847, 140. Picolaptes affinis Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., ser. 2, ii, Myiarchusy, 1850, 275 (monogr.). — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 289 (C6rdova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 381 (Tot6ntepec, Oaxaca); 1864, 175 (City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 166 (Jalapa) ; Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 149, part (Jalapa, Vera Cruz ; Sta. Barbara, Volcan de Fuego, and Volcan de Agua, Guatemala) . — Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 117 (Pacific side Guatemala) .— Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 35 (Calderas, Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala; crit.). — Striti- chrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 555, part (hot, temperate, and alpine regions, Vera Cruz); La Naturaleza, v, 1881, 248 (Omealca, Vera Cruz). — (?) Sanchez, An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Mexico, i, 1877, 97, part (Vera Cruz). — Ferrari- Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 156 (Hueytamalco, Teziutlan, Puebla; Jalapa, Vera Cruz). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, o Fifteen specimens. Eighteen specimens. Locality. Myiarchusddle toe. MALES. Three adult males from Vera Cruz Two adult males from Oaxaca Four adult males from Guerrero 'Two adult males from Chiapas Two adult males from Guatemala Ten adult males (P. a. tieglectus) from Costa Rica.: Ten adult males (P. a. negkctus) from western Panama. . . FEMALES. Four adult females from Vera Cruz Two adult females from Oaxaca Nine adult females from Guerrero Two adult females from Chiapas One adult female from Guatemala Ten adult females (P. a. neglectus) from Costa Rica Three adult females (P. o. negkctus from western Panama 16.7 15 15.9 15.2 16.2 16.7 16.5 15.7 16 16.2 15.7 16 16.6 16.2 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 263 185, part (Valley of Mexico; alpine reg., Omealca, Cofre de Perote, Jalapa, and C6rdova, Vera Cruz; Hueytamalco, Puebla; Villa Alta, and Tot6ntepec, Oaxaca; Omilteme, Guerrero; Santa Myiarchusria, Chuipache' in Quezaltenango, Tolim&n, Volc&n de Fuego, Volc&n de Agua, and Santa Barbara, Vera Paz, Guatemala). — Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., x, 1898, 32 (Jalapa). — Dear- born, Pub. 125, Field Myiarchuss. N. H., 1907, 108 (Tecpam, Guatemala, 9,500 ft.). Lepidocolaptes affinis Rbichenbach, Handb. der Spec. Orn., i, 1850, 184, pi. 603; fig. 4058. Daeryophorus affinis Bonaparte, Consp. Voluc. Anisod., 1854, 11. T[hripobrotus] affinis Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, 1859, 38 (Jalapa). [Thripobrotus] affinis Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Myiarchuss. Hein. Orn., 1890, 136 (Jalapa). [Picolaptes] affinis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 208. — Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 179, no. 2449 (Jalapa).— Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 68, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 83, part. PICOLAPTES AFFINIS NEGLECTUS Ridgway. SOUTHERN ALLIED WOODHEWEB. Similar to P- a. affinis, but stripes on under parts broader, more distinct on posterior portions; chin and throat more deeply buff, always more so than the stripes on under parts of body. Adult male.— Length (skins), 196-223 (208); wing, 102.5-116.5 (109.1); tail, 87-97.5 (92.7); culmen, 27-33 (30.8); tarsus,.. 20-2 1.5 (20.8); middle toe, 16-17.5 (16.8)." Adult female.— Length (skins), 197-215 (203); wing, 101.5-110 (105.6); tail, 85-94 (90.7); culmen, 29-32.5 (31); tarsus, 20-21.5 (20.6); middle toe, 16-17 (16.5). 6 Costa Rica (Volcan de Irazu; Volcan de Turrialba; Cartago, Azahar, and La Estrella, Cartago; Escazti; Tobosi; Juan Vinas; Coliblanco; Guayabo; Barranca; Dota Mts., Santa Myiarchusria, Cop6y, Las Vueltas, Los Reyes, and Laguaria, Dota; El General; Ojuras de Terraba) and western Panama {Boquete; Chiriqui). Thripobrotus affinis (not Dendrocolaptes affinis Lafresnaye) Cabanis, Journ. ,fur Orn., 1861, 242 (Costa Rica). Picolaptes affinis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 107 (San Jos6, Dota, and Barranca, Costa Rica). — Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 193 (Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v. 1882, 497 (Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica).— 264 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 149, part (San Jos6 and San.Fran- cisco, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriquf, Panama). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 185, part (Dota, Barranca, San Jose 1 , and San Francisco, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriquf, Panama). — Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 17 (San Myiarchusrcos and Rio Naranjo, Costa Rica). — Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 48 (Boquete, 4,000-6,000 ft., Panama).— Ferry, Pub. 146, Field, Myiarchuss. N. H., orn. ser., i, no. 6, 1910, 271 (Guayabo, Coliblanco, and Volcan de Turrialba, Costa Rica). [Picolaptes] affinis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 68, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 83, part. Picolaptes affinis neglectus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, April 17, 1909, 73 (Coliblanco, e. Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). — Carriker, Ann. Car- negie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 655 (highlands of Caribbean slope, Costa Rica, above 2,500 ft.; crit.). PICOLAPTES LINEATICEPS LINEATICEPS Lafresnaye. STREAKED-HEADED WOODHEWER. Adult {sexes alike). — Pileum brown (sepia or light sepia), passing into lighter and warmer brown (nearly prouts brown) on hindneck, each feather with a rather broad mesial streak of pale brownish buff; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts light cinnamon-brown (between cinnamon and raw-umber), the upper back usually (?) with a few narrow, pointed streaks of pale brownish buff or dull buffy whitish; rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and remiges plain cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut, the outer webs of primaries and distal secondaries indistinctly edged with grayish brown, the terminal portion of inner web of longer primaries deep grayish brown or dusky; sides of head and neck streaked with sepia brown and pale brownish buff; chin and throat pale dull buff, the feathers of extreme lower throat narrowly margined with dusky; rest of under parts pale buffy grayish brown (pale broccoli brown or isabella color), each feather with a broad mesial stripe of pale buff, margined laterally by a narrow streak of dusky — these markings becoming gradually narrower and less distinct (the dusky edgings obsolete) posteriorly; under wing-coverts ochrace- ous-buff, those near edge of wing pale buff with a few flecks of dusky; inner webs of remiges vinaceous-cinnamon, the outer primaries with terminal portion (extensively) grayish brown or dusky; bill pale brown or dull brownish buffy, the basal portion of maxilla slightly darker; iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color or dusky olive (in dried skins). Adult male.— Length (skins), 172-190 (181); wing, 90-98 (94); tail, 72-73 (72.5); culmen, 30; tarsus, 18-20 (19); middle toe, 16.° Eastern Panama (Lion Hill; Panama; Punta de Sabana). Picolaptes lineaticeps Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., ser. 2, ii, Myiarchusy, 1850, 277 (locality unknown; type now in coll. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.). — Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 25 (Loma del Le6n, Panama). o tfwo specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 265 Dendrornis tenuirostris (not Dendrocolaptes tenuirostris Lafresnaye) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 292 (Panama). Picolaptes compressics (not Thripobrotus compressus Cabanis) Salvadori and Fbsta, Boll. Myiarchuss. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, no. 339, 7 (Punta de Sabana, PICOLAPTES LINEATICEPS COMPRESSUS (Cabanis). THIN-BILLED WOODHEWER. Similar to P. I. lineaticeps but coloration decidedly darker, the ground color of pileum dark sooty brown, the back, etc., deeper, russet brown, with streaks on upper back larger, distinctly edged with blackish; ground color of under parts darker, more strongly con- trasted with the broader and conspicuously blackish-edged buffy stripes, and feathers of lower throat (sometimes of nearly whole throat) narrowly margined with dusky. Adult male.— Length (skins), 177-197 (190); wing, 89-101 (95.3); tail, 71.5-85 (80); culmen, 27-33.5 (29.1); tarsus, 18-20 (18.8); middle toe, 14-16 (15) . a Adult female.— Length (skins), 173-194 (185); wing, 84.5-95.5 (90.7); tail, 71.5-81.5 (77); culmen, 26-29.5 (28); tarsus, 17-19 (18); middle toe, 13.5-15 (14.5). 6 Western Panama (Bugaba; Myiarchusna de Chorcha; David; Divala; Boquete), Costa Rica (Puerto Lim6n; Navarro de Cartago; Juan Vinas; Turrialba; El Hogar; Guayabal; Guapiles; Guayabo; Orosi; Coralillo; Jimenez; Bonilla; Monte Redondo; Cobia de Salinas; Bol- son; Ten6rio; El General; Boca Barranca, Punta Arenas; Barranca, Boruca, and Paso Real, Boruca; Pozo Aztil de Pirris; Pozo del Rio 266 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Grande; El Pozo de Terraba; Buenos Aires; Pigres; La Palma de Nicoya; Bebedero; Volcan de Myiarchusravalles), and Nicaragua (San Car- los; Chinandega; San Geronimo). Picolaptes lineaticeps (not of Lafresnaye) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 107 (Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica). — Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Torino, iv, 1868, 179 (Costa Rica).— Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica). Thripobrotus compressus Cabanis, Journ. fur Orn., July, 1861, 243 (Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Myiarchuss.). Picolaptes compressus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 107 (Costa Rica). — Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica).— Sal vin, Ibis, 1869, 314, in text (crit.); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 193 (Bugaba and Myiarchusna de Chorcha, Panamd; crit.). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 60 (Na- varro, Costa Rica). — Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., v, 1882, 397 (La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; habits). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 153, part (Bebedero de Nicoya, Costa Rica; Bugaba and Myiarchusna de Chorcha, Panamd).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 186, part (Chinandega, Nicaragua; Navarro, La Palma de Nicoya, and Bebedero, Costa Rica; Bugaba and Myiarchusna de Chorcha, Panama). — Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 533 (Costa Rica; crit.); Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 40 (Boruca and Buenos Aires, Costa Rica). — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 498 (San Carlos, Nicaragua). — Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 440 (Volcan Myiarchusravalles, Costa Rica). — Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 48 (Boquete, Panama, 4,500 ft.).— Ferry, Pub. 146, Field Myiarchuss. N. H., orn. ser. i, no. 6, 1910, 271 (Guayabo and Puerto Lim6n, Costa Rica). [Picolaptes] compressus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 68, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 84, part. Picolaptes compressus compressus Bangs, Auk, xxiv, July, 1909, 299 (Boruca, Paso Real, Pozo del Rio Grande, Barranca, and Barranca de Puntarenas, w. Costa Rica). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 656 (lowlands of Costa Rica; crit.). Picolaptes gracilis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xi, sig. 34, Sept. 20, 1889, 542 (Monte Redondo, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.;=young female); xiv, 1891, 475 (Cobia de Salinas, Costa Rica; crit.). — Zeled6n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1888, 114.— Sclater, Ibis, 1889, 353 (crit.). [Picolaptes] gracilis Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 84. PICOLAPTES LINEATICEPS INSIGNIS (Nelson). northern streaked-headed woodhewer. Similar to P. I. compressus, but buffy streaks on back broader, more cuneate, tbose of under parts also broader, and throat more extensively buffy as well as (usually at least) deeper buff. Adult male.— Length (skins), 187-223 (199); wing, 92-104 (97.9); tail, 72.5-88 (82.8); culmen, 27-33.5 (28.8); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19.1); middle toe, 14-16.5 (14.8).° Adult female.— Length (skins), 187-209 (194); wing, 91.5-99 (93.1); tail, 74-86 (80.6); culmen, 27-31.5 (28.9); tarsus, 18-20 (18.9); middle toe, 13-15.5 (14.8). 6 a Thirteen specimens. 6 Twelve specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 267 Honduras (Puerto Cabello; Yaruca; C6iba; Santa Ana; Bio Seg6via), British Honduras (Belize; Cayo; Toledo District; Sabune District; Yacacos Lagoon; pine ridge near Myiarchusnatee Lagoon), Sal- vad6r (Volcan San Myiarchusguel), and through Guatemala (pine ridge of Poctun; Chisec; Choctum; sources of Rio de la Pasi6n; Retalhuleu; Volcan de Agua; Volcan de Fuego; El Baul, near Santa Lucia Cosa- malguapa; San Jos6; Gualan?; Naranjo; Patulul, Solola; Myiarchuszate- nango) to southern Mexico, in States of Chiapas (Palenque), Tabasco (Teapa), Oaxaca (mountains near Santo Domingo), Guerrero (Rin- c6n) and Vera Cruz (Playa Vicente; Alvarado; San Lorenzo, near C6rdova; Orizaba; Otatitlan; Motzorongo; Pasa Nueva)._ Picolaptes lineaticeps (not of Lafresnaye) Sclateh, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1860, 252 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 166 (Orizaba).— Salvin, Ibis, 1861, 353 (Pacific slope Guatemala). Picolaptes affinis (not Dendrocolaptes affinis Lafresnaye) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 117 (Guatemala). — (?) Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 555, part (hot, temperate, and alpine regions, Vera Cruz). Picolaptes compressus (not Thripobrotus compressus Cabanis) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 837 (Puerto Cabello, Honduras). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 153, part ("Mexico;" Belize, Brit. Hon- duras; pine ridge of Poctun, Chisec, sources of Rio de la Pasi6n, Retalhuleu, Volcan de Agua, Volcan de Puego, and Baul, Guatemala; Puerto Cabello, Honduras). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 186, part (Orizaba, San Lorenzo near C6rdova, Alvarado, and Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; Rinc6n, Guerrero; Teapa, Tabasco; Belize and Cayo, Brit. Honduras; pine ridge of Poctun, Chisec, Volcan de Agua, Volcan de Fuego, El Baul, near Santa Lucia Cosamalguapa, and Retalhuleu, Guatemala; Volcan San Myiarchusguel, Salvad6r; Puerto Cabello, Honduras). — Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 221 (Naranjo, Guatemala).— Bangs, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1903, 151 (Ceiba and Yaruca, Honduras crit.).— Dearborn, Pub. 125, Field Myiarchuss. N. H., 1907, 108 (Myiarchuszatenango, San Jos6, and Patulul, Guatemala; crit.). [Picolaptes] compressus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 68, part. — Sharps, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 84, part. Picolaptes compressus insignis Nelson, Auk, xiv, Jan., 1897, 54 (Otatitlan, \ Vera Cruz; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). P[icolaptes] compressus insignis Bangs, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1903, 151 (diagnosis). [Picolaptes] insignis Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 84. (?)Picolaptes saturatior Underwood, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vii, no. lv, June 30, 1898, p. lix (Gualan, Guatemala; coll. ?;=Young?); Ibis, 1898, 613 (reprint). ^[Picolaptes] saturatior Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 84. 268 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus CAMPYLORHAMPHUS Bertoni. Xiphorhynchus (not of Swainson, 1827 a ) Authors. Xiphorynchus (emendation) Myiarchusximilian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, pt. iii, 1831, 1139. Ziphorhynchus (emendation?) Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 313. Campylorhamphus & Bertoni, Aves Nuevas del Paraguay, 1901, 70. (Type, C. longirostris Hertom= Dendrocolaptes procurvus Temminck.) Xiphornis c Oberholser, Smithsonian Myiarchussc. Coll., Quart. Issue, xlviii, no. 1579, Myiarchusy 13, 1905, 64, in text. (Type, Dendrocolaptes procurvus Tem- minck.) Medium sized Dendrocolaptidae (length about 200-250 mm.) with excessively elongated, slender, compressed, and strongly arched bill and broadly oval nonoperculate nostrils. Bill very much longer than head, more than twice as long as tarsus, slender, compressed, conspicuously decurved or arched, its width at latero-frontal antise much less than its depth at same point and equal to less than one-twelfth the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen rounded (not ridged), very strongly decurved from base; tomia strongly decurved, without trace of subterminal notch; gonys deeply concave and decurved, though nearly straight terminally. Nostril exposed, posteriorly in contact with latero-frontal feather- ing, more or less broadly oval, nonoperculate. Eictal bristles absent, and feathers of chin, etc., without terminal setse. Wing moderate, rather rounded, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by much less than length of tarsus; seventh and eighth, or sixth, seventh, and eighth, primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) two-thirds to nearly three-fourths as long as the longest, the ninth intermediate between third and fourth (ft venezuelensis) or between fifth and sixth (ft pusiUus). Tail nearly as long as wing, graduated one- fourth to more than one-third its length, the rectrices (12) acumi- nate, with their very strong and rigid shafts decurved terminally. Tarsus about one-fourth as long as wing, distinctly scutellate (en- daspidean); middle toe, with claw, a little longer than tarsus; outer toe (with or without claw) as long as middle toe; inner toe, without claw, reaching to a little beyond subterminal articulation of middle toe; hallux decidedly shorter than inner toe, decidedly (but not conspicuously) stouter; middle toe united to outer toe for whole of its first and about half of its second phalanx (for first and second phalanges of outer toe), to inner toe for whole of its first phalanx; o As Myiarchus. Oberholser states (Smithsonian Myiarchussc. Coll., xlviii, 1905, 62) while "Swain- son evidently intended to make Dendrocolaptes procurvus Temminck the type of Xiphorhynchus, he defeated his purpose by allowing the previous publication of Xiphorhynchus in combination with the name of a species of another group, such publication being quite sufficient to fix the name of a genus." & Kaftn&Xoc, bent, curved; panfoc, bill. (Bertoni.) c f/^of, ensis, and Spvtc, avis. (Oberholser.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 269 anterior claws large, very strongly curved and acute, that of the hallux less strongly curved, shorter than the digit. Coloration. — Rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and greater part of wings chestnut; back and scapulars brown, olive, or rufescent, the former sometimes narrowly streaked with paler, under parts lighter brown, more or less distinctly streaked, at least on chest, with paler, the throat sometimes dull whitish or buffy. Nidification. — Nests in holes of trees; eggs plain white. Range. — Costa Rica to Cayenne, southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru. (About twelve species. a ) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CAMPYLORHAMPHUS. a. Bill light reddish brown. 6. Streaks on back and chest margined with black. (Western Ecuad6r.) Campylorhamphus thoracicus (extralimital).* 6&. Streaks on back and chest without black margins. c. Back cinnamon-rufous, under parts dull tawny or ochraceous. (Southwestern Brazil; Paraguay.) Campylorhamphus rufodorsalis (extralimital).c cc. Back olive-brown to cinnamon-brown; under parts light buffy brown to olive- brown. d. Streaks on pileum, hindneck, and chest much broader. e. Remiges and rectrices cinnamon-rufous; under parts paler, more buffy, brown. (Campylorhamphus trochilirostris.) f. Bill and tail much longer (culmen 69, tail 87 mm.); lower throat more broadly streaked. ("Brazil.") Campylorhamphus trochilirostris major (extralirnital).<* ff. Bill and tail much shorter (culmen 55-59, tail 77-83 mm.), the former much more slender; lower throat more narrowly streaked. (Bahia to lower Amazon Valley, eastern Brazil.) Campylorhamphus trochilirostris trochilirostris (extralimital).e ° The following have not been examined in this connection: C. thoracicus (Sclater), C. lafresnayeanus (D'Orbigny), and C. dorso-immaculatus (Chapman). b Xiphorhynchus thoracicus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Aug., 1860, 277 (Baba- hoyo, w. Ecuad6r; coll. P. L. Sclater); Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., ii, 1889, 160 (monogr.). — Xiphornis thoracicus Oberholser, Smithson. Myiarchussc. Coll., xlviii, no. 1579, Myiarchusy 13, 1905, 64. — Xiphorhynchus trochilirostris thoracicus Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, Dec, 1902, 616 (San Javier and Pambilar, n. w. Ecuad6r). c Xiphorhynchus rufodorsalis Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., ii, no. 3, July 5, 1889, 160 (Corumba, Myiarchustto Grosso, s. w. Brazil; Coll. Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist.). — Xiphornis rufodorsalis Oberholser, Smithson. Myiarchussc. Coll., xlviii, no. 1579, Myiarchusy 13, 1905, 64. <* Campylorhamphus trochilirostris major Ridgway, new subspecies. (Type, no. 32819, coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.; adult male; "Bresil;" from Myiarchusison Verreaux.) e D[endrocolaptes] trochilirostris Lichtenstein, Abh. Konigl. Akad. Wissensch. Ber- lin, for 1818-19 (1820), 207, pi. 3 (Brazil; coll. Berlin Myiarchuss.; type locality given as Bahia in next vol., p. 263). — X[iphorhynchus] trochilirostris Myiarchusximilian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, 1831, 1140 (excl. syn. part). — Xiphorhynchus trochilirostris Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 159, part; Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., ii, 1889, 155 (monogr.; excl. syn. Dendrocolaptes procurvus Temminck?); Menegaux and Hellmayr, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. d'Autun, xix, 1906, 117 (Bahia; crit.; synonymy).— Xiphornis trochilirostris: Oberholser, Smithson. Myiarchussc. Coll., xlviii, no. \S1&, Myiarchusy 13, 1905, 64. 270 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ee. Remiges and rectrices chestnut; under parts deeper, more olive, brown. (Venezuela to eastern Panama.) Campylorhamphus venezuelensis (p. 271). dd. Streaks on pileum, hindneck, and chest much narrower. e. Pileum, hindneck, back, and under parts more cinnamomeous or russet brown; throat mostly unstreaked; streaks on pileum, chest, etc., more distinct. (Eastern Brazil.) Campylorhamphus proeurvus? (extralimital).a ee. Pileum, hindneck, back, and under parts darker and more olive-brown; throat mostly streaked; streaks on pileum, chest, etc., less distinct. (Guianas.) Campylorhamphus procurvoides (extralimital).& aa. Bill horn brown or dusky. 6. Throat buff, streaked with dusky brown; pileum sooty (more or less dark) streaked with brownish buff; rump rufescent, like upper tail-coverts; bill paler horn brown, c. Coloration darker, the pileum blackish brown, remiges and rectrices dark chestnut; streaks on pileum, hindneck, and under parts narrower. d. Paler, with under parts less olivaceous and less extensively streaked, the back unstreaked. (Central Colombia.) Campylorhamphus pusillus (extralimital).c dd. Darker, with under parts more olivaceous and more extensively streaked, and back narrowly streaked. (Western Panamd; Costa Rica.) Campylorhamphus borealis (p. 272). cc. Coloration lighter, the pileum sepia brown, remiges and rectrices clear chest- nut; streaks on pileum, hindneck, and under parts 'broader. (Range unknown.) Campylorhamphus chapmani (extralimital).d 66. Throat immaculate dull white; pileum and hindneck black, streaked with brownish white or pale brownish buff; rump olive-brown, like back; bill darker brown. (Brazil.) Campylorhamphus falcularius (extrali"mital). e Note. — Until a much greater amount of material than has been available in the preparation of this key can be examined, it would be quite useless to more than guess at which of the above-defined forms are specifically and which only subspecif- ically distinct. ° (?) Dendrocolaptes proeurvus Temminck, PI. Col., iv, livr. 5, Aug., 1820, text to pi. 28 (Brazil). All specimens of this form that I have seen are from Bahia. & Xiphorhynchus procurvoides Lafresnaye, Rev. et Myiarchusg. de Zool. , 1850, 376 (Cayenne); Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., ii, 1889, 158 (monogr.). — Xiphorhynchus trochili- rostris (not Dendrocolaptes trochilirostris Lafresnaye) Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 159, part. — Xiphorhynchus subprocurvus Reichenbach, Handb. Spec. Orn., 1853, 183. — Xiphornis subprocurvus Oberholser, Smithson. Myiarchussc. Coll., xlviii, no. 1579, Myiarchusy 13, 1905, 64. c Xiphorhynchus pusillus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 278 (Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater); Oat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 160, part (Bogota and Concordia, Colombia; Ecuad6r?); Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 616 (Ventana, n. w. Ecuad6r; crit.). <* Campylorhamphus chapmani Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, April 17, 1909, 74 ("unknown locality in South America;" coll. Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist.). « Dendrocopus falcularius Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. Meth., 1822, 626 (Brazil).— X[ipho- rhynchus] falcularius Gray, Gen. Birds, i, Feb., 1847, 140. — Xiphorhynchus falcularius Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., ii, 1889, 161 (monogr.); Menegaux and Hellmayr, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. d'Autun, xix, 1906, 115 (crit.; synonymy). — Xiphornis falcula- rius Oberholser, Smithson. Myiarchussc. Coll., xlviii, no. 1579, Myiarchusy 13, 1905, 64. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 271 CAMPYLORHAMPHUS VENEZUELENSIS (Chapman). VENEZUELAN SICKLE BILL. Adults {sexes alike).. — Pileum deep sepia or bister brown, each feather with a mesial guttate streak of dull buff or clay color, the hindneck similar but the ground color slightly lighter brown; back and scapulars lighter, more fulvous or russet, brown (between raw- umber and russet or mars brown), the upper back usually with more or less distinct narrow mesial streaks of pale dull buffy; rump more rufescent brown than back, the upper tail-coverts still more strongly rufescent (nearly cinnamon-rufous); tail and remiges, including shafts, plain chestnut, the wing-coverts similar but duller (intermedi- ate between color of remiges and that of back) ; sides of head and neck rather broadly streaked with deep sepia brown and pale dull buffy; chin and throat pale dull buffy or dull buffy whitish, the feathers of throat rather broadly edged with sepia brown, producing distinct streaks; foreneck and chest light brown (between raw-umber and isabella color), with rather broad mesial linear streaks of pale buffy or dull buffy whitish, the breast similar but with the streaks narrower and less distinct; rest of under parts similar but slightly paler and with streaks obsolete (absent on flanks and thighs); under wing- coverts deep ochraceous-buff, paler and usually indistinctly necked with pale brownish along edge of wing; inner webs of remiges vina- ceous-cinnamon, the outer primaries passing into grayish brown ter- minally; bill light reddish brown (nearly cinnamon-rufous); iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color or olive (in dried skins). Adult male.— Length (skins), 226-252 (239); wing, 92-96.5 (94); tail, 72-81 (78); culmen (chord), 60-66 (62); tarsus, 21.5-22 (21.8); middle toe, 16.5-18 (17.5). a Adult female— "Length (skins), 224-227 (225); wing, 88-96 (91.3); tail, 73.5-82.5 (78.3); culmen (chord), 58-64 (60.7); tarsus, 21-22 (21.5); middle toe, 17-18 (17.5). 6 In all probability, comparison of good series of specimens will show that the Panama bird is separable from that of Venezuela. 272 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Venezuela (San Esteban; Caracas; Cumanacoa, Bermudez), Colombia (Bogota; Kem6dios, Antioquia), and eastern Panama (Lion Hill and Frijole stations; Panama). Xiphorhynchus lafremayanus (not Dendrocolaptes lafresnayanus D'Orbigny) Law- rence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 292 (Lion Hill, Panama). Xiphorhynchus trochilirostris (not Dendrocolaptes trochiliroslris Lichtenstein) Sclatee and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 524 (Rem6dios, Antio- quia, Colombia; descr. nest and eggs).' — Sclatee, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 159, part (Lion Hill, Panama; Remeclios and Bogota, Colombia; San Esteban and Caracas, Venezuela). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 188, excl. syn. part (Lion Hill; Colombia; Venezuela). — Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 26 (Loma del Le6n, Panama). [Xiphorhynchus'] trochilirostris Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 69, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 86, part. Xiphorhynchus venezuelensis Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., ii, no. 3, July, 1889, 156 (Venezuela?; type in coll. Boat. Soc. N. H.; ex Lafresnaye, MS., Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 178, no. 2423, and Giebel, Thes. Orn., 1877, 766=nomen nudum). Xiphornis venezuelensis Oberholser, Smithsonian Myiarchussc. Coll., xlviii, no. 1579, Myiarchusy 13, 1905, 64. Xiphorhynchus isabella "Verr.," Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 178, no. 2429 (nomen nudum; ex Verreaux, MS.; =isabelline or semi-albinistic variety; see Chap- man, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., ii, no. 3, 1889, 157). CAMPYLORHAMPHUS BOREALIS (Carriker). COSTA B.ICAN SICKLE BILL. Similar to O. venezuelensis, but coloration much darker, under parts much more olivaceous with streaks much narrower, and bill horn color instead of light reddish brown. Adults (sexes alilce) . — Pileuni dark sooty brown to sooty black, each feather with a narrow (usually guttate) streak of buff, the hindneck similar but with the ground color slightly less dark; back and scapulars deep brown (between raw-umber and mummy brown), with very narrow mesial streaks or shaft-streaks of light buff, at least on upper back; rump cinnamon-rufous, passing into rufous-chestnut on upper tail-coverts, the tail and remiges deep chestnut; wing-coverts similar in color to remiges but duller (tinged with color of back); sides of head and neck streaked with sooty brown or blackish and buff, the markings on malar region broader, more spot-like; chin and throat deep buff, the feathers of the latter edged (sometimes termi- nally margined also) with sooty brown or blackish, the streaks thus produced increasing in width posteriorly; rest of under parts deep raw-umber brown, slightly paler (sometimes slightly rufescent) posteriorly, the foreneck, chest, and breast with narrow mesial streaks of buff, the under tail-coverts (sometimes abdomen also) with much narrower and more indistinct streaks; under wing-coverts ochraceous or tawny-ochraceous, the inner webs of remiges light cinnamon-rufous, passing into dull grayish brown terminally (exten- BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 273 sively on outer primaries) ; bill horn brownish, darker on basal and terminal portions of maxilla, paler on mandible (at least on lower middle portion); iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color or dark olive (in dried skins). Young. — Similar to adults, but coloration darker, streaks darker buff or clay color (those on back broader), exposed surface of remiges (in closed wing) mostly olive-brown, and bill nearly black. Adult male.— Length (skins), 202-233 (223); wing, 89.5-103 (96.9); tail, 81-100.5 (89.6); culmen (chord), 48-57 (54.4); tarsus, 20-21.5 (21); middle toe, 17.5-19 (18.1).° Adult female.— Length (skins), 215-230 (223) ; wing, 90.5-99 (94.1) ; tail, 79-91 (84.6); culmen (chord), 55-61 (57.5); tarsus, 21-22.5 (21.6); middle toe, 17-19 (17.9). 6 Costa Rica (Naranjo, La Estrella, Azahar, and Birris, Cartago; Guapiles; Guacimo; La Hondura; El Hogar; Garrillo; Jim6nez; Guayabo; Gariblanco de Sarapiqui; El General; Cervantes; Rio Sucio) and western Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui, 700 feet, and Carib- bean slope; Chitra; Boquete de Chitra). Xiphorhynchus pusillus (not of Sclater, 1860?) Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 160, part (Boquete de Chitra, Chitra, and Chiriqui, Panama; Costa Rica). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 193 (Boquete de Chitra, Pan- ama; crit.). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 60 (Naranjo de Cartago, Costa Rica). — Zeled(3n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1888, 114 (Birris de Cartago and Jimenez, Costa Rica). — Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., ii, 1889, 157, part (monogr.). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 189, pi. 48, fig. 2. [Xiphorhynchus] pusillus Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 178, no. 2430. — Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 69, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 86 (Costa Rica; Panama). Xiphornis pusillus Oberholser, Smithsonian Myiarchussc. Coll., xlviii, no. 1579, Myiarchusy 13, 1905, 64. Xiphorhynchus grandis " Cherrie " Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30, 1902, 48 (Volcan de Chiriqui, 700 ft., Panama; =nomen nudum!). Campylorhamphus pusillus borealis Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, "Aug. 29" (=Sept. 7), 1910, 657 (El Hogar, e. Costa Rica; coll. Carnegie Myiarchuss.). 81255°— Bull. 50—11- -18 274 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus GLYPHORYNCHUS Myiarchusximilian. Glyphorynchus Myiarchusximilian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, pt. ii, 1831, 1149. (Type, G. ruficaudus Myiarchus,ximi\iaji=Dendrocolaptes cuneatus Lichtenstein.) Glyphorhynchus (emendation) Strickland, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1841, 28, in text. Sphenorhynchus Myiarchusximilian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, pt. ii, 1831, 1278. (Type, Glyphorynchus ruficaudus Myiarchusximilian=Dendrocolaptes cuneatus Lichtenstein.) Zenophasia Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 351. (Type, Z. platyryncha Swa.msoii.=Dendrocolaptes cuneatus Lichtenstein.) Sittacilla Lesson, Compl. de Buffon, ix, 1837, 135. (Type, Dendrocolaptes cune- atus Lichtenstein.) Small Dendrocolaptidse (length about 140 mm.) with bill much shorter than head, stout, wedge-shaped, with maxilla broad and flattened terminally; nostril narrow, broadly operculate, and tail (nearly as long as wing) with the very rigid rectrices very strongly decurved terminally. Bill much shorter than head, stout, wedge-shaped, its width at latero-frontal antise decidedly greater than its depth at same point and equal to about half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen broad and rounded (not ridged), straight basally, rather suddenly depressed terminally, the tip of maxilla broad and rounded in vertical profile but acute in lateral aspect; maxillary tomium nearly straight, but slightly incised or faintly notched terminally; man- dibular tomium straight or very faintly concave (the mandible very slightly recurved terminally); gonys strongly convex and rather prominent basally, nearly straight and strongly ascending terminally. Nostril exposed, posteriorly in contact with latero-frontal feathering, narrow (slit-like), longitudinal, overhung by a very broad and con- spicuous operculum .and. also margined below by the integument of the nasal fossa. Rictal bristles present but minute, and feathers of chin and lores with minute terminal setse. Wing moderate, rather pointed, the longer primaries exceeding secondaries by more than length of exposed culmen; seventh and eighth primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) about three-fourths as long as the longest, the ninth about equal to sixth. Tail nearly as long as wing, graduated for one-third, or more, of its length, the rectrices (12) acuminate, with the very strong and excessively rigid shafts very strongly decurved terminally. Tarsus much longer than culmen (from base) ; about one-fourth as long as wing, distinctly scutellate (endas- pidean) ; middle toe, with claw, decidedly shorter than tarsus ; outer toe, with or without claw, as long as middle toe; inner toe, without claw, reaching to middle of sub terminal phalanx of middle toe; hallux conspicuously shorter than inner toe, not stouter; middle toe united to outer toe for whole of first and part of second phalanx, to inner toe for whole of its first phalanx; anterior claws large, very strongly curved and acute, that of the hallux much less curved, about as long as the digit. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 275 Coloration. — Above plain olive-brown, the tail, upper tail-coverts, and secondaries chestnut; beneath light olive, the chest with cuneate spots of pale buff or whitish, the throat buff spotted or flecked with olive; inner webs of remiges crossed by a broad band of buff or ochraceous. Nidification. — Nests in holes ; eggs white. Range. — Southern Mexico to Cayenne, Brazil and Ecuadfir. (Two species. ) KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF GLYPHORYNCHUS CUNEATUS. a. Under parts paler, with chest indistinctly streaked or nearly uniform grayish brown, the chin and throat paler buffy. (Brazil, etc.) Glyphorynchus cuneatus cuneatus (extralimital). 6 era. Under parts darker, with chest more conspicuously marked with triangular or wedge-shaped spots or BtreakB of buffy; chin and throat deeper buff. (South- eastern Mexico to Panama.) Glyphorynchus cuneatus peotoralis (p. 275). GLYPHORYNCHUS CUNEATUS PECTORALIS (Sclater). NORTHERN' WEDGEBILX. Similar to G. c. cuneatus Lichtenstein, of Brazil, but under parts darker, chin and throat more deeply buffy and triangular or wedge- shaped markings on chest larger and more distinct. Adults (sexes alike). — Pileum sooty brown or sepia, the forehead usually indistinctly streaked or flecked with paler brown or dull buffy; back and scapulars plain raw-umber or russet-brown, passing into cinnamon-rufous on rump and upper tail-coverts; tail deeper cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut, the shafts of rectrices bright cinnamon-rufous or orange-rufous; wings similar in color to back but slightly more rufescent, the proximal secondaries (tertials) dull cinnamon-rufous; a narrow superciliary stripe of dull buff or buffy whitish, broken by small streaks of brown ; auricular region sooty brown, narrowly streaked with dull buff or buffy whitish, the sub- orbital region with small spots or flecks of the same ; chin and throat buff to tawny-buff, the feathers (except, sometimes, those of chin) ° I have not seen O. castelnaudi Des Myiarchusrs, which possibly is only a subspecies of G. cuneatus (Lichtenstein). (Glyphorhynchus castelnaudi Des Myiarchusrs, in Castelnau'a Exp&l., Ois., 1855, 47, pi. 15, fig. 2.) — Glyphorhynchus cuneatus castelnaudi Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 563 (Chimbo, n. w. Ecuador; crit.). b D[endrocolaptes] cuneatus Lichtenstein, Abh. Konigl. Ak. Wissensch, Berlin for 1818-19 (1820), 204, pi. 2, fig. 2 (locality not given, but in vol. for 1822, p. 266, given as Bahia, Brazil; coll. Berlin Myiarchuss.). — Glyphorhynchus cuneatus Strickland, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1841, 28, in text; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 124, part.— Glyphorhynchus cuneatus cuneatus Menegaux and Hellmayr, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. d'Autun, xix, 1906, 97 (crit.).— G[lyphorynchus] ruficaudus Myiarchusximilian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, pt. ii, 1831, 1150 (Brazil; type now in coll. Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist.; see Allen, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., ii, 1889, 248). —Zenophasia platyryncha Swainson, Anim. in Menag., pt. iii, Jan. 1, 1838, 352 (Brazil; coll. W. Swainson).— Sittasomus flammulatus Lesson, Traite" d'Orn., 1831, 315 (Brazil?; coll. Paris Myiarchuss.). 276 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL. MUSEUM. margined with sooty brown or dusky; rest of under parts light raw- umber or tawny-olive, darker on chest, where the feathers have a large and conspicuous mesial cuneate or broadly fusiform mark of light buff, the feathers of breast with more or less distinct narrow mesial streaks, or shaft-streaks, of the same; under tail-coverts cinnamomeous with narrow mesial streaks of paler; under wing- coverts mostly white or pale yellowish buff, the carpo-metacarpal area brown; inner webs of remiges (except three outer primaries) crossed obliquely, near middle portion, by a broad band of ochra- ceous-buff (usually passing into paler buff toward edge of the web); maxilla dusky brown, mandible paler brown or horn color; iris brown; legs and feet horn color or dusky (in dried skins). Adult male.— Length (skins), 133-156 (145); wing, 69.5-80.5 (75.5); tail, 65-76.5 (70); culmen, 11-13.5 (13); tarsus, 16-18 (17); middle toe, 9.5-11 (10.2). » Adult female.— Length, (skins), 130-151 (140.7); wing, 65-74 (70.3); tail, 57.5-67 (63); culmen, 11-13.5 (12.6); tarsus, 16-17 (16.6); middle toe, 9.5-10.5 (10.1). 6 Southeastern Mexico, in State of Vera Cruz (Tolosa; Buena Vista); Guatemala (Choctum; Yzabal; Los Amates, Yzabal; sources of Rio de la Pasi6n), British Honduras (forest near Myiarchusnatee Lagoon), Honduras (Rio Seg6via), Nicaragua (Greytown; Rio San Juan; Los Sabalos; Rio Escondido), Costa Rica (Tucurriqui; Naranjo de Cartago; Rio Reventaz6n; Rio Frio; Boca de Rio Myiarchustina; Rio Sicsola; Pacuare; Cuabre; Guapiles; Carrillo; La Cristina; La ° Nineteen specimens. Seventeen specimens. Locality. Myiarchusddle toe. MALES. Two adult males from Vera Cruz, Mexico Two adult males from southern Honduras Five adult males from Nicaragua Ten adult males from Costa Rica One adult male (O. c. 7) from northwestern Colombia. Four adult males (B. c. ?) from Venezuela Two adult males ((?. c. cuneatus) from Brazil FEMALES. Two adult females from Vera Cruz, Mexico One adult female from British Honduras Two adult females from Nicaragua Ten adult females from Costa Rica One adult female from western Panama One adult female from eastern PanamA One adult female (G. c. ?) from Venezuela Two adult females (O. c. cwneatus) from Brazil 10.5 10.3 10.3 10 10 10.5 10.5 10 10 10 9.5 10 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDIJE AMERICA. 277 Florida; El Hogar; La Hondura; Jimenez; Turrialba; Bonilla; El General; La Vijagua; Palmar; Pozo Aztil de Pirrls; Pozo del Kio Grande; Pozo del Pital; Buenos Aires), and Panama . (Bugaba; Myiarchusna de Chorcha; Volcan de Chiriqui, 7,000 feet; Chitra; Panama). Glyphorhynchus cuneatus (not Dendrocolaptes cuneatus Lichtenstein) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 63 (s. Mexico); Cat. B. Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 124, part (Yzabal, sources Rio de la Pasi6n, and Choctum, Guatemala; Tucur- rfqui, Costa Rica; Bugaba and Myiarchusna de Chorcha, Veragua; Panama). — Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 35 (Yzabal, Guatemala); Nom. Av. Neotr. 1873, 67, part.— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 320 (Lion Hill, Panama). — Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, v, 1881, 248 (Uvero, Vera Cruz). — Salvin, Ibis, 1866, 205 (Guatemala). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 60 (Naranjo, Costa Rica). — Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 404 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; habits). — Zeled6n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. CoBta Rica, i, 1888, 113 (Pacuare, Pozo Azul de Pirris, and Naranjo de Car- tago, Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 175, part (Mexican and Central American references and localities). — Cher- rie, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 40 (Palmar, Costa Rica); Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 17 (Pozo del Pital, Costa Rica).— Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 497 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; habits; descr. nest and eggs). — Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 46 (Volcan de Chiriqui, 7,000 ft., Panama); Auk, xxiv, 1907, 299 (Pozo del Rio Grande, Costa Rica). — Dearborn, Pub. 125, Field Myiarchuss. N. H., 1907, 107 (Los Amates, Guatemala; crit.). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 648 (Costa Rica; habits; descr. nest and eggs). Glyphorhynchus cuneatus"? Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 35 (Yzabal, Guate- mala) . [Glyphorhynchus] cuneatus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 67, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 74, part (Mexico to Panama). Glyphorhincus cuneatus Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 1878, 38 (Guatemala). Glyphorhynchus pectoralis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 299 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. Salvin and Godman); 1864, 354 (Lion Hill, Panama; crit.). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1867, 181 (Grey- town, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 106 (Costa Rica). — Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 305 (Costa Rica).— Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 192 (Bugaba, Myiarchusna de Chorcha, and Volcan de Chiriqui, Veragua). Glyphorhynchus major Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 161 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; coll. P. L. Sclater); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, 369 (s. Mexico). Glyphorynchus major Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 555 (hot zone, Vera Cruz). [Glyphorhynchus] major Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 181, no. 2481. Xiphorhynchus mayor Sanchez, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Mex., i, 1877, 97 (Vera Cruz). Genus SITTASOMUS Swainson. Sittasomus Swainson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 355. (Type, Dendrocolaptes syl- viellus Temminck=D. erithacus Lichtenstein.) Sittosomus (emendation) Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, Aug., 1859, 33. Acanthurusa (not Acanthwa Guilding, 1827) Bertoni, Aves Nuevas del Para- guay, 1901, 72. (Type, A. microrhynchus BeTtoni= Dendrocolaptes erithacus Lichtenstein.) Sylosella Lesson, Traite d'Orn., 1830, 314. (New name for Sittasomus SwainBon.) a "Axavda, thorn, prickle; odpa, tail. (Bertoni.) 278 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Small Dendrocolaptidse (length about 140-160 mm.) with small slender bill, long, graduated tail with acuminate tips of very rigid rectrices strongly decurved, and inner webs of remiges crossed by a broad band of buff or ochraceous. Bill much shorter than head, nearly subulate, rather broad and depressed basally, its width at latero-frontal antise much greater than its depth at same point and equal to half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla or a little less; culmen distinctly ridged, gently decurved from near base; maxillary tomium nearly straight for most of its length, distinctly but slightly decurved terminally, without trace of subterminal notch, the tip of maxilla forming a fine, more or less distinctly decurved, point; gonys nearly straight and slightly ascending terminally, faintly convex basally. Nostril exposed, pos- teriorly in contact with latero-frontal feathering, narrow, nearly horizontal, margined above by a rather broad membraneous oper- culum. Kictal bristles obvious but minute; feathers of chin and loral region with small terminal setse. Wing rather long and pointed, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by about length of tarsus ; eighth and ninth, or seventh and eighth, primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) about two-thirds as long as the longest. Tail equal to or longer than wing, graduated for one-third its length, or more, the rectrices (12) abruptly acuminate, with their very rigid shafts very strongly decurved and twisted subterminally. Tarsus much longer than culmen, slender, distinctly scutellate (endaspidean) ; middle toe, with claw, slightly shorter than tarsus; outer toe, with or without claw, as long as or very slightly longer than middle toe; inner toe, without claw, reaching to slightly beyond subterminal articulation of middle toe; hallux much shorter than inner toe, not stouter; middle toe united to outer toe by the whole of its first and about half its second phalanx, to inner toe by greater part of first phalanx; anterior claws large, very strongly curved and acute, that of the hallux much less curved, longer than the digit. Coloration. — Rump, tail-coverts, tail, and secondaries cinnamon- rufous, chestnut, or rufous-tawny; pileum and hindneck grayish olive to tawny brown, the back similar or browner; under parts plain grayish olive to olive-ochraceous; inner webs of remiges crossed obliquely by a broad band of ochraceous-buff, and secondaries with an extensive subterminal (mostly concealed) area of black. Sexes alike. Nidification. — Nests in holes; eggs white. Range. — Southern Mexico to Venezuela, Tobago, southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, and Ecuad6r. (About ten species and subspecies.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 279 KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SITTASOMUS. a. Pale band across inner web of remiges very sharply defined, very distinct on secondaries as well as on primaries, and in color distinctly yellowish. 6. Tail and secondaries rufous-chestnut or deep cinnamon-rufous. c. Under parts olive-yellowish. (Southeastern Brazil, etc.) Sittasomus erithacus (extralimital). a cc. Under parts grayish olive or olive-grayish. d. Back mixed rusty and olive. e. More olivaceous, with much smaller bill: under wing-coverts and band across inner web of remiges deeper yellowish. (Southwestern Brazil, etc.) : Sittasomus chapadensis (extralimital). 6 ee. More grayish, with much larger bill; under wing-coverts and band across inner webs of remiges paler yellowish. (Upper Amazon Valley.) Sittasomus amazonus (extralimital). « dd. Back uniform russet brown. (Sittasomus sylvioides.) e. Smaller (male averaging, wing, 77.1; tail, 73.5; exposed culmen, 14 mm.). (Southeastern Mexico to Costa Rica.) Sittasomus sylvioides sylvioides (p. 280). ee. Larger (male averaging, wing, 84; tail, 77.5 or more; exposed culmen, 15.4 or more). /. Tail and bill shorter (tail averaging 77.5, exposed culmen 15.4). (Pan- ama.) Sittasomus sylvioides levis (p. 282). ff. Tail and bill longer (tail averaging 81, exposed culmen 16.5). (Western Mexico.) Sittasomus sylvioides jaliscensis (p. 283). 66. Tail and secondaries clear tawny. (Western Ecuad6r.) Sittasomus asquatorialis (extralimital). d aa. Pale band across inner web of remiges not sharply defined, very indistinct on secondaries, in color white or yellowish white. (Tobago.) Sittasomus griseus (extralimital). < a D[endrocolaptes] erithacus Lichtenstein, Abh. Konigl. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, for 1820-21 (1822), 259, 266, pi. 1, fig. 2 (Province of Sao Paulo, s. Brazil; coll. Berlin Myiarchuss.). — [Sittasomus] erythacus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 209. — Sittasomus eri- thacus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1850, 589; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 119; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 508 (monogr.). — Sittasomus sylviellus Temminck, PI. Col., livr. 12, Sept. 27, 1823, text to pi. 72, fig. 1; Menegaux and Hellmayr, Mem. Soc. HiBt. Nat. d'Autun, xix, 1906, 95 (Goyaz, Brazil; crit.). — Sit- tasomus sylviellus sylviellus Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 63 (Goyaz and Faz. Esperanca, Brazil). — Acanthurus microrhynchus Bertoni, Aves Nueves del Paraguay, 1901, 72. — S[ittasomus] olivaceus Myiarchusximilian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, 1831, 1146. & Sittasomus chapadensis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, no. 877, Oct. 31, 1891, 509 (Chapada, Myiarchustto Grosso, s. w. Brazil; coll. Am. Myiarchuss. Nat. Hist.); Mene- gaux and Hellmayr, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. d'Autun, xix, 1906, 95 (Chiquitos, Bolivia; crit.). — Sittasomus sylviellus chapadensis Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 63 (Rio Thesouras, Brazil; crit.). c Sittasomus amazonus Lafresnaye, Rev. et Myiarchusg. de Zool., 1850, 509; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 509 (monogr.); Menegaux and Hellmayr, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. d'Autun, xix, 1906, 96 (Yungas, Bolivia; up. Amazon). — Sittasomus olivaceus amazonus Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. Senckenb., 1891, 110 (Bolivia). d Sittasomus sequatorialis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, no. 877, Oct. 31, 1891, 509 (Guayaquil, w. Ecuad6r; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). * Sittasomus griseus Jardine, Ann. and Myiarchusg. N. H., xix, 1847, 82 (Tobago); Ridg- way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 510 (monogr.). 280 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. SITTASOMUS SYLVIOmES SYLVIOIDES Lafresnaye. MEXICAN SITTASOMUS. » Adults {sexes alike).' — Pileum and hindneck plain grayish olive, the sides of head and under parts (except under tail-coverts) similar but lighter; back and scapulars uniform russet, sometimes slightly tinged with olive, passing on rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail into clear deep cinnamon-rufous; wing-coverts similar in color to back and scapulars, but with an indistinct central area of grayish olive; secon- daries deep cinnamon-rufous, with a large subterminal area (not cross- ing outer web) of dull black or dusky, this sharply denned anteriorly against a basal area of clear buff or ochraceous-buff on inner web ; proxi- mal (shorter) primaries similarly colored, but dusky subterminal area not so dark (more sooty brownish), cinnamon-rufous tip narrower and duller, and basal portion of outer web duller (dull ochraceous or cin- namon); distal (longer) primaries with outer web cinnamon, the three outermost with inner webs wholly dusky; alula and primary coverts grayish brown; axillars buff; under wing-coverts and broad oblique band across inner webs of remiges deep cream-buff or light ochraceous-buff; under tail-coverts cinnamon-rufous, the flanks sometimes tinged with the same; maxilla dusky horn color, paler along tomium; mandible paler with terminal portion dusky; iris brown; legs and feet horn color or dusky (in dried skins). a The utter impossibility of inventing English names for all of the thousands of species and subspecies of birds found in Tropical America necessitates the occasional UBe of the Greek or Latin generic name in cases where there is no native vernac- ular name to take the place of an English one. Unfortunately the native language is often very poor in bird-names, many diverse kinds being often grouped under one term, as c&me-maiz (corn-eater) for sparrowB in general, or else the names in general use are borrowed from extremely different European birds. In Costa Rica, for example, the Spanish name gorrifrn (sparrow) is universally applied and practically restricted to hummingbirds, that of caldndria (lark) to the three-caruncled bell-bird, and that of jilguSro (linnet) to the Myadestes of that country. The author is well aware that there are persons who imagine that the English language is equal to any emergency and resent the use of anything else; but the views of Buch would surely change were they to attempt the task of naiSiing in Eng- lish terms all of the American birds alone that are not already thus name\3-. BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 281 Adult male.— Length (skins), 145-160 (152); wing, 65.5-82 (77.1); tail, 65.5-78 (73.5); culmen, 13-15.5 (14); tarsus, 15-18 (16.9); middle toe, 11-13.5 (12.1).° Adult female.— Length (skins), 131-156 (142); wing, 66-80 (70.8); tail,' 61.5-75 (67.1); culmen, 13-15 (13.9); tarsus, 15-17.5 (16.2); middle toe, 10.5-13 (11.7). 6 Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (C6rdova; Potrero, nearC6rdova; Jalapa; Myiarchusrad6r; Coatepec; Cofre de Perote; Cuesta deMyiarchussantla; Sochiapa; Pasa Nueva), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), Mexico (near City of Mexico) ?, Oaxaca (Santa Efigenia), Tabasco (Teapa), Campeche (Apazote), and Yucatan (La Vega; Izalam; Chichen- Itza), and southward through Guatemala (Chisec; Choctdm; Savana Grande; Pie de la Cuesta in San Myiarchusrcos; Naranjo; Patulul, Solola; Myiarchuszatenango; Los Annates, Yzabal), British Honduras (Orange Walk; forest near Myiarchusnatee Lagoon; Ycacos Lagoon; forest near Quamius Creek), Honduras (Santa Ana), and Nicaragua (Sucuya) to Costa Rica (Naranjo de Cartago; Monte Redondo; La Cedral, Aserri; Coralillo; Bonilla; Guayabo; Mojica; Dota; Santa Myiarchusria de Dota; Cerro Santa Myiarchusria; Ten6rio; Bols6n; Volcan de Myiarchusravalles). Sittasomus sylvkrides Lakresnaye, Rev. et Myiarchusg. Zool., 1850, 590 (Mexico).— Reichenbach, Handb. Spec. Orn., 1853, 177. — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 290 (C6rdova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 365 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1864, 175 (near City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 160 (do.).— Saivin, Ibis, a Twenty-three specimens. ° Twenty-two specimens. Locality. Myiarchusddle toe. MALES. Four adult males from Vera Cruz (3) and Puebla (1). Two adult males from Guatemala One adult male (?) from British Honduras One adult male from Honduras Four adult males from Yucatan One adult male from Nicaragua Ten adult males from Costa Rica Six adult males (S. a. levis) from western Panama One adult male (S. s. jaliscensis) from Jalisco, Mexico FEMALES. Three adult females from Puebla Two adult females from Campeche Two adult females from Yucatan One adult female from Guatemala Four adult females from British Honduras Ten adult females (S. s. levis) from Costa Rica Three adult females (S. s. levis) from Panama 11.9 11.5 12 12.5 11.6 11.5 12.5 13 12 11.3 11 10.7 12.5 11.6 12.2 12.7 c Costa Rican examples are intermediate between S. s. sylvioides and 8. s. levis, agree- ing best with the former in measurements and with the latter in coloration. In fact, they may be as well referred to one form as to the other. 282 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1861, 353 (ChisSc, Guatemala).— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 106 (Dota Mts., Costa Rica). — Frantzius, Journ. fur Om., 1869, 304 (Costa Rica). — Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 555 (tierra caliente of Vera Cruz).— Sanchez, An. Myiarchuss. Nac. Mex., i, 1877, 97 (Vera Cruz). — Zeled<5n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1888, 113 (Dota and Monte Redondo, Costa Rica). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, 1891, 509 . (crit.). — Cole, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 131 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan; | crit.).— Dearborn, Pub. 125, Field Myiarchuss. N. H., 1907, 108 (Los Amates and Patulul, Guatemala). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 651 (Costa Rican range). [Sittasomus] sylvioides Lafresnaye, Rev. et Myiarchusg. Zool., 1849, 331 (nomen nudum). — Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 180, no. 2466. — Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 77, part. Sittasomus pectinicaudus Cabanps] Reichenbach, Handb. Spec. Orn., 1853, 177. S[ittosomus] pectinicaudus Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, Aug., 1859, 33 (Mexico; coll. Heine). [Sittosomus] pectinicaudus Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Myiarchuss. Hein. Orn., 1890, 135 (Mexico). Sittasomus olivaceus (not of Myiarchusximilian) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 363 (near City of Mexico). — Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, v, 1881, 247 (Potrero, Vera Cruz).— Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 385 (Sucuya, Nicaragua). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 450 (Yucatan). — Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., ix, 1886, 156 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). — Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 440 (Volcan deMyiarchusravalles, Costa Rica). [Sittasomus] olivaceus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 66, part. Sittosomus olivaceus Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 119, part (Jalapa; n. Yucatan; Savana Grande and Choctum, Guatemala; Tempate, Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 176, part (Coatepec, Cofre de Perote, Cuesta de Myiarchussantla, and C6rdova, Vera Cruz; Sochiapa; Teapa, Tabasco; Sta. Efigenia, Oaxaca; Orange Walk, Brit. Hon- duras; Pi6 de la Cuesta in San Myiarchusrcos, Choctum, and Savana Grande, Guate- mala; Sucuya, Nicaragua; Tempate de Nicoya and Dota Mts., Costa Rica). SITTASOMUS SYLVIOIDES LEVIS (Bangs). PANAMA SITTASOMUS. Similar to S. s. sylvioides, but larger and with cinnamon-rufous color of rump and under tail-coverts lighter. Adult male.— Length (skins), 156-165 (160); wing, 81.5-86 (84); tail, 75-81.5 (77.4); culmen, 15-16 (15.4); tarsus, 17-18 (17.7); middle toe, 12.5-13.5 (13).° Adult female.— Length (skins), 147-158 (152) ; wing, 73.5-83 (76.8); tail, 68-82.5 (73.5); culmen, 14-15.5 (14.7); tarsus, 17-17.5 (17.3); middle toe, 12.5-13 (12.7). 6 Panama (CaloveVora; Chitra; Volcan de Chiriqui; Boquete, 4,000 feet; Cascajal, CoclS). Sittasomus olivaceus (not of Myiarchusximilian) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 192 (CaloveVora and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama). [Sittasomus] olivaceus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 66, part. Sittosomus olivaceus Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 119, part (Calove- Vora, Chitra, and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. « Six specimens. & Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 283 Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 176, part (Chiriquf, Chitra, and Calovevora, Panama). [Sittasomus] sylvioides Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 77, part (Panama). Sittasomus levis Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30, 1902, 46 (Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama, alt. 4,000 ft.; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). SITTASOMUS SYLVIOIDES JALISCENSIS Nelson. JALISCO SITTASOMUS. Similar to 8. s. sylvioides but much larger, and color of under parts slightly darker. Adult male. — Length (skin), 167; wing, 84; tail, 81; culmen, 16.5; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe, 12. a Southwestern Mexico, in State of Jalisco (San Sebastian). Sittasomus sylvioides (not of Lafresnaye) Nelson, Auk, xv, 1898, 156 (San Sebas- tian, Jalisco). Sittasomus sylvioides jaliscensis Nelson, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 264 (San Sebas- tian, n. w. Jalisco; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). [Sittasomus] jaliscensis Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 77. Genus DECONYCHURA Cherrie. Deconychura b Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, no. 855, Sept. 4, 1891, 338. (Type, D. typica Cherrie.) Medium sized or rather small Dendrocolaptidse (length about 170 mm.) with narrow operculate nostrils, tail equal to or longer than wing, graduated for about half its length, with the very rigid shafts of rectrices strongly decurved subterminally, and with culmen (from base) longer than tarsus, and inner webs of remiges without any buffy or ochraceous cross-band. Bill nearly as long as head, straight, rather stout, broad and depressed basally, its width at latero-frontal antise much greater than its depth at same point and equal to a little less than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen distinctly ridged, straight for basal half or more, gradually but decidedly decurved terminally; tomia slightly but distinctly decurved terminally, with- out trace of notch; gonys faintly convex basally, straight or even very faintly concave distally. Nostril exposed, posteriorly in con- tact with latero-frontal feathering, narrowly ovate or elliptical, longitudinal, margined above by a rather narrow membraneous operculum. Kictal bristles obvious but very small, and feathers of chin and lores with minute terminal setae. Wing rather long and pointed, with longest primaries exceeding secondaries by less than length of exposed culmen; eighth primary longest, the seventh and sixth, successively, but little shorter, the tenth (outermost) nearly three-fourths as long as the longest, the ninth shorter than sixth. Tail equal to or slightly longer than wing, graduated for ° One specimen (the type). 6 Derived from dim ten, 3vuf claw, and olipb. tail. 284 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. about half its length, the rectrices (12°) abruptly and conspicuously acuminate, with their very rigid shafts twisted and strongly decurved subterminally. Tarsus about as long as exposed culmen, less than one-fourth as long as wing, slender, distinctly scutellate (enda- spidean); middle toe, with claw, shorter than tarsus; outer toe, with or without claw, equal to or very slightly longer than middle toe; inner toe, without claw, reaching to a little beyond subterminal articulation of middle toe; hallux much shorter than inner toe, not stouter; middle toe united to outer toe by whole of its first and about half of its second phalanx, to inner toe by greater part of its first phalanx; anterior claws rather large, very strongly curved and acute, that of the hallux slightly curved, as long as or longer than the digit. Coloration. — Tail-coverts, tail, and remiges chestnut or rufous- chestnut; pileum and back olive-brown, the former with narrow indistinct streaks of paler; beneath light olive-brown, throat brown- ish buff or clay color, the chest sometimes spotted with the same. Nidijlcation. — Nests in holes; eggs glossy white. Range. — Costa Rica to British Guiana and upper Amazon Valley. (Four species. b ) This genus is distinctly intermediate between Sittasomus and Dendrocincla, and I quite agree with Hellmayr that it is more nearly related to the latter than to the former; but I can not believe that it is "perhaps barely separable" from Dendrocincla (see Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xiv, 1904, 52), the difference in the character of the tips of the rectrices (in which character Deconychura is precisely like Glypho- rynchus and Sittasomus and very unlike Dendrocincla), even apart from the differ- ence in the form of the bill, being, in my opinion, quite sufficient to justify generic separation. I have not, however, seen Dendrocincla longicauda Pelzeln, which Hellmayr refers to Deconychura, and which may possibly bridge the gap apparently separating the two genera as understood by me. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DECONYCHURA." a. Rump brown like back (only the upper tail-coverts chestnut-rufous); bend of wing washed with cinnamon-rufous. 6. Smaller (wing 95-102 in male, 86-90 in female; bill, from rictus, 24-25.5); breast spotted or streaked with buff. (Southwestern Costa Rica and Panamd,.) Deconychura typica (p. 285). bb. Larger (wing 107-111 in male, 102 in female; bill, from rictus, 27-29 in male, 25 in female); breast plain, like abdomen. (British Guiana to Rio Negro and Rio Myiarchusdeira.) Deconychura longicauda (extralimital).<* ; — — o Hellmayr was the first to call attention to the fact that this genus possesses twelve rectrices, not ten, as stated by its describer. (See Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xiv, 1904, 52.) b According to Hellmayr (Novit. Zool., xiv, 1907, 368). I have, however, seen only D. typica, from which alone the above diagnosis and description are taken, c Adapted from Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiv, 1907, 368. <* Dendrocincla longicauda Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., i Abth., 1868, 42, 60 (Borba; Myiarchusra- bitanas; Barra do Rio Negro); Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 165. — Deco- nychura longicauda Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiv, no. 2, Nov., 1907, 367 (crit.). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 285 aa. Rump chestnut-rufous; bend of wing olive-brown. 6. Larger (wing of female 84.5, tail, 90, bill, from rictus, 20). (Eastern Ecuad6r.) Deconychura secunda (extralimital).<* 66. Smaller (wing of female 75, tail 72, bill, from rictus, 16). (Rio Myiarchusdeira, north- western Brazil to eastern Peru.) Deconychura stictolseina (extralimital).& DECONYCHURA TYPICA Cherrie. CHERRIE'S DECONYCHURA. Adults (sexes alike). — Pileum olive or brownish olive, indistinctly streaked with darker, and with indistinct narrow shaft-streaks of buffy (at least on forehead); back, scapulars, rump, and wing- coverts plain olive-brown or raw-umber, passing into chestnut on upper tail-coverts, tail, secondaries, and outer webs of proximal (inner) primaries, the outer webs of distal primaries lighter and less rufescent brown; shafts of rectrices dark chestnut, those of remiges black, or nearly so; a narrow superciliary stripe of buff; auricular and submalar regions streaked with dull buff and dusky, the latter predominating on upper portion of auricular region, forming an indistinct postocular streak; malar region, chin, and throat dull buff, the first indistinctly streaked with dusky; feathers of chest dark olive or dusky marked with a large central, more or less guttate spot of buff; rest of under parts light olive-brown or buffy grayish brown (nearest isabella color), the breast (sometimes abdomen and under tail-coverts also) more or less distinctly streaked with buff; under wing-coverts clear ochraceous-buff ; inner webs of remiges deep cinnamon-rufous passing into buffy on edge, the terminal portion, abruptly, dusky; maxilla dusky horn color or blackish, paler along tomia; mandible dull whitish or pale yellowish (plumbeous in life); iris brown;" legs and feet dusky (plumbeous in life). Adult male.— Length (skins), 183-194 (188); wing, 94-102 (97.2); tail, 89.5-96 (93.9); culmen, 19.5-23 (22.1); tarsus, 20.5-22 (21.1); middle toe, 13.5-15 (14.3). d Adult female.— Length (skins), 174-180 (176); wing, 86-90 (88); tail, 83.5-88 (86.5); culmen, 20-21.5 (20.6); tarsus, 19-20 (19.6); middle toe, 13-13.5 (13.2).« a Deconychura secunda Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xiv, no. civ, Feb. 27, 1904, 51 (Rio Coca, upper Rio Napo, e. Ecuador; coll. Tring Myiarchuss.). — D[econychura] secunda Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiv, 1907, 368 (diagnosis). b Sittasomus stictolsemus Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., i, Abth., 1868, 42, 59 (Borba, Rio Myiarchusdeira, w. Brazil; coll. Vienna Myiarchuss.). — Sittosomus stictolxmus Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 120. — D[econychura] stictolaemus Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiv, no. 2, Nov., 1907, 368 (Borba, Brazil; diagnosis). « Zeled6n, manuscript. d Six specimens. e Four specimens. 286 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Southwestern Costa Rica (Pozo Azul de Pirris; Pozo del Pital, Rio Naranjo; El Pozo de T6rraba; Tuis; Palmar; El General) and Panama (Lion Hill; Divala, Chiriqui). Deconychura typica Cheerie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xiv, no. 855, Sept. 4, 1891, 339 (Pozo Aztil de Pirris, s. w. Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.); Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 39 (Palmar, s. w. Costa Rica); Anal. Inst. Fis.- Geog. Costa Ripa, vi, 1893, 17 (Pozo del Pital, s. w. Costa Rica; descr. nest and eggs). — Bangs, Auk, xviii, 1901, 367 (Divala, Chiriqui, Panama). — Car- hiker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 652 (s. w. Costa Rica, up to 1,000 ft.). [Deconychura] typica Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 77 (Costa Rica; Panama). D[econychura] typica Hellmatr, Novit. Zool., xiv, 1907, 368 (Chiriqui; Pozo Azul, Costa Rica; diagnosis). Genus DENDROCINCLA Gray. Dryocopus (not of Boie, 1826) Myiarchusximilian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iii, pt. ii, 1831, 1111. (Type, Dendrocolaptes twdinus Lichtenstein.) Dendrocincla Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 23. (Type, Dendrocolaptes turdinus Lichtenstein.) Dendromanes Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 382. (Type, Dendrocincla . anabatina Sclater.) Medium-sized to rather large Dendrocolaptidse (length about 175-235 mm.), with narrow, conspicuously operculate nostril, bill as long as or longer than head, with distinctly recurved (almost uncinate) tip, and with tail shorter than wing, graduated for about one-third its length, the tips of rectrices inconspicuously acuminate and with the nearly denuded projecting tips of the very rigid shafts but slightly decurved. Bill about as long as, sometimes slightly shorter than, head, rather stout, nearly straight (but distinctly decurved, almost uncinate, at tip), its width at latero-frontal antise equal to or greater than its depth at same point, and contained from less than two and a half to a little more than three times in the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen more or less distinctly ridged, straight for most of its length, rather abruptly decurved terminally, the tip of maxilla almost uncinate; maxillary tomium straight for the most part, rather strongly concave (decurved) terminally, without trace of notch; gonys more or less strongly convex and prominent basally, straight and ascending terminally, the extreme tip sometimes slightly decurved. Nostril exposed, posteriorly in contact with feathering of latero-frontal antise, narrow (slit-like), longitudinal, overhung by a broad membranous operculum, this sometimes partly covered by feathers of the latero-frontal antise. Rictal bristles present but very small, and feathers of chin and lores with fine terminal setae. Wing moderate to rather long, rather pointed, the longest primaries exceed- ing secondaries by from less the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla to nearly length of exposed culmen ; sixth, seventh, and eighth, or sixth and seventh, primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) a little more BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 287 than two-thirds (D. tyrannina) to nearly four-fifths (D. Jiomochroa) as long as the longest, the ninth equal to or shorter than fifth. Tail a little more than two-thirds {D. Jiomochroa) to more than five-sixths (D. tyrannina) as long as wing, graduated for less than to considerably more than two-thirds its length, the rectrices (12) rather broad, rounded terminally, but with the very rigid shafts nearly denuded at tip, and forming projecting, more or less (sometimes rather strongly) decurved points. Tarsus shorter than exposed culmen to slightly longer, about one-fourth as long as wing (only one-fifth as long in D. tyrannina) rather slender (stouter in D. Twmochroa), distinctly scutellate (endaspidean) ; middle toe, with claw, shorter than tarsus (except in D. tyrannina) ; outer toe (with or without claw) as long as middle toe, or very slightly shorter; inner toe, without claw, reaching to subterminal articulation of middle toe; hallux decidedly shorter than inner toe, scarcely, if at all, stouter; middle toe united to outer toe for whole of its first and part of its second phalanx, to inner toe for about half its first phalanx; anterior claws large, very strongly curved and acute, that of hallux less strongly curved, about as long as the digit. Coloration. — Tail-coverts, tail, and secondaries chestnut or rufous- chestnut; rest of upper parts brown (nearly olive to tawny-brown or russet), the pileum sometimes narrowly and indistinctly streaked with paler; under parts lighter brown or olive-brown, sometimes paler and grayer, or even dull whitish, on chin and upper throat, the chest or foreneck sometimes narrowly streaked with paler. One species wholly rufous-chestnut, duller on back and under parts. Sexes alike. Range. — Southern Mexico to Cayenne, southeastern Brazil, Bolivia, and Ecuad6r. (About sixteen species. ) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF DENDROCINCLA. a. Secondaries mostly tawny or tawny-ochraceous, contrasting strongly with their dusky tips and the umber brown of wing-coverts. (Dendroeincla anabatina.) b. Nape suffused with tawny; rump lighter, or more tawny, brown; secondaries clearer tawny or tawny-ochraceous. c. Darker and browner. (Southeastern Mexico, except Campeche and Yucatan, to eastern Nicaragua) Dendroeincla anabatina anabatina (p. 288). cc. Lighter and more buffy. (Campeche and Yucatan.) Dendroeincla anabatina typhla (p. 290). 66. Nape not suffused with tawny; rump darker brown; secondaries darker and duller tawny. (Southwestern Costa Rica and western Panama\) Dendroeincla anabatina saturata (p. 290). aa. Secondaries brown or rufescent (not tawny or tawny-ochraceous), concolor with wing-coverts, or at least not contrasting strongly with them. b. Wing-coverts brown (not rufescent) ; throat dull light buffy grayish; pileum dull olive-brown. (Dendroeincla lafresnayei.) a The following have not been examined in this connection: D. macrorhyncha Sal va- dori and Pesta, D. fuliginosa (Vieillot), and D. minor Pelzeln. 288 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. c. Coloration lighter. (Colombia to eastern Ecuad6r.) Dendrocincla lafresnayei lafresnayei (extralirnital).a cc. Coloration darker. (Eastern Panama to southeastern Honduras.) Dendrocincla lafresnayei ridgwayi (p. 291). 66. Wing-coverts deep cinnamon-rufous or chestnut, like remiges; throat clear tawny-brown or dull tawny; pileum rufous-brown to rufous-chestnut. {Den- drocincla homochroa.) c. General color more rufescent, the pileum rufous-chestnut, back and under parts nearly chestnut or tawny-chestnut. (Southern Mexico to Guatemala and British Honduras) Dendrocincla homochroa homochroa (p. 293). cc. General color less rufescent, the pileum dull tawny-chestnut or burnt umber, back and under parts nearly mummy brown. d. Back and under parts deeper in color and more rufescent; slightly larger (male averaging: Wing, 104.7; tail, 78). (Southwestern Nicaragua to western Panama) Dendrocincla homochroa acedesta (p. 294). dd. Back and under parts lighter, more olivaceous; slightly smaller (male aver- aging: Wing, 101.7; tail, 73.4). (Panama.) Dendrocincla homochroa ruficeps (p. 295). DENDROCINCLA ANABATINA ANABATINA Sclater. NORTHERN DENDROCINCLA. Adults {sexes alike). — Pileum and hindneck sepia brown to nearly raw-umber, the feathers usually with very narrow and indistinct shaft-streaks of paler, those of the occiput and nape usually paler and more cinnamomeous centrally (sometimes conspicuously so); back, scapulars, and wing-coverts plain deep raw-umber (sometimes nearly mummy) brown, the rump lighter and more rufescent, passing into cinnamon-rufous on upper tail-coverts; tail deep cinnamon- rufous or rufous-chestnut, the shafts of rectrices darker; remiges dull tawny, or russet-tawny (the outer primaries with outer webs more brownish or isabella color), with terminal portion (broadly and on inner web abruptly) dusky; a more or less distinct but broken supra-auricular streak of pale tawny or buffy; auricular and sub- orbital regions sooty brown or sepia, with narrow shaft-streaks of paler, the malar region similar but speckled or flecked instead of streaked; lores dull grayish buffy, with bristly tips of feathers dusky; chin and throat buff, the lower throat more or less intermixed or barred with light brownish; rest of under parts light raw-umber brown, paler and more buffy or cinnamomeous on abdomen, slightly darker and more olivaceous on chest, where the feathers have narrow, usually indistinct, shaft-streaks of buff; under tail-coverts dull cin- namon-rufous; axillars and under wing-coverts tawny-ochraceous, the greater part of inner webs of remiges similar but slightly paler; a Dendrocincla lafresnayei Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, Jan. 6, 1888, 492 ("Upper Amazon?"; coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Oberholser, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, 457 (monogr.). — Dendrocincla olivacea anguina Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, June 3, 1898, 138 (Santa Myiarchusrta, Colombia, 5,000 ft.; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 289 maxilla deep horn color to nearly black; mandible pale horn color or dull pale yellowish or whitish (in dried skins), usually with a stripe (more or less distinct) of horn color along tomium; iris brown; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins) . Adult male.— Length (skins), 176-191 (184); wing, 95-100 (98.5); tail, 68-78 (73.7); culmen, 22.5-24.5 (23.8); tarsus, 23-24 (23.6); middle toe, 16-17 (16.5).° Adult female.— 166-193 (179); wing, 89-100.5 (94.1); tail, 63.5-81 (70.8); culmen, 21-25 (23.2); tarsus, 22-24 (23.4); middle toe, 15-16 (15.7) . & Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Playa Vicente; Myiarchusra- d6r; Potrero, near Cordova; Buena Vista), Oaxaca, and Tabasco (Teapa), and southward through Guatemala (Coban; Choctdm; Caja- b6n-Peten road; Rancho Tuilha; Samayoa; Los Amates, Yzabal), British Honduras (Orange Walk; Toledo District; near Myiarchusnatee Lagoon) and Honduras (Omoa; San Pedro; Santa Ana; Rio Seg6via; La Puerta) to Nicaragua (Los Sabalos; Rio Escondido). Dendrocincla anabatina Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 54, pi. 150 (Omoa, Honduras; coll. Derby Myiarchuss.); Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchusa., xv, 1890, 162 (Oaxaca; San Pedro, Honduras; Choctum, Samayoa, etc., Vera Paz, Guatemala). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 54 (Mexico; Guatemala). — Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 1878, 38 (Guatemala). — Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1883, 404 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua) .— Ridgway, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1888, 490 (syn.; crit.), 590 (Seg6via R., Honduras).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 172, part (Myiarchusrad6r, 81255°— Bull. 50—11- -19 290 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Potrero, and Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; Teapa, Tabasco; Orange Walk, Brit. Honduras; Rancho Tuilha, Cajab6n-Peten road, Choctum, and Coban, Guatemala; Omoa, San Pedro, and Seg6via E., Honduras; Los Sabalos, Nicaragua). — Richmond, Proc. V. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 498 (Rio Escon- dido, Nicaragua; habits; notes). — Dearborn, Pub. 125, Field Myiarchuss. N. H., 1907, 108 (Los Amates, e. Guatemala). D[endrotincla\ anabatina Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 54. [Dendrocincla] anabatina Gray, Hand -list, i, 1869, 180, no. 2459. — Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 67, part. — Sharpe, Hand -list, iii, 1901, 74, part. Dendrocincla anabatina anabatina Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., April, 1904, 452 (monogr.). Dendromanes anabatinus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 382 (Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; crit.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 161 (Oaxaca). — Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 35 (Coban, Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 837 (San Pedro, Honduras). Dendrocops anabatinus Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 118 (Omoa). DENDROCINCLA ANABATINA TYPHLA Oberholser. YUCATAN DENDROCINCLA. Similar to D. a. anabatina but slightly paler, especially the under parts. Adult male.— Length (skins), 190-193 (192); wing, 95.5-103.5 (99.2); tail, 70-78 (73.8); culmen, 22-24 (23); tarsus, 23.5-24 (23.8); middle toe, 15.5-17 (16.5). a Adujt jemale. — Length (skin), 179; wing, 95.5; tail, 71.5; culmen, 23; tarsus, 23; middle toe, 16.5. 6 Yucatan (Puerto Morelos; Calotmul; Chichen-Itza) and Campeche (Apazote; Canasayat). Dendrocincla anabatina (not of Sclater) Bottcard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 450 (Yucatan). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 162, part (n. Yucatan). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 172, part (n. Yucatan).— Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., viii, 1896, 284 (Chichen- Itza, Yucatan). Dendrocincla anabatina typhla Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., April, 1904, 452 (Puerto Morelos, Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). — Cole, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 131 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan). DENDROCINCLA ANABATINA SATURATA Carriker. carriker's dendrocincla. Similar to D. a. anabatina but general coloration (except remiges and rectrices) darker and more olivaceous brown. Adult male.— Length (skins), 175-193 (181); wing, 95-105 (99.8); tail, 68-80 (75.1); culmen, 22-25.5 (24.2); tarsus, 23-25 (23.9); middle toe, 15.5-17 (16.8). c a Three specimens (one from Campeche). b One specimen, from Campeche. c Thirteen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 291 Adult female.— Length, (skins), 162-186 (175); wing, 92.5-102 (97.1); tail, 63.5-80 (72.6); culmen, 21-25 (23.5); tarsus, 22-24 (23.2); middle toe, 15-17 (16). a Southwestern Costa Eica (Pozo Azlil de Pirrls; Pozo del Rio Grande; El Pozo de Terraba; Terraba; Paso Real; Boruca; Buenos Aires; Palmar; El General; Pigres) and western Panama (Divala; Bugaba; Chiriqui). Dendromanes anabatinus (not Dendroeincla anabatina Sclater) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 192 (Bugaba, Veragua, Panama). Dendroeincla anabatina (not of Sclater, 1859) Solateh, Cat. BirdB Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 162, part (Bugaba, Panama). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 172, part (Bugaba, Panama). — Cheeeib, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 39 (Palmar, Boruca, and Terraba, b. w. Costa Rica). [Dendroeincla] anabatina Sharpe, Hand -list, iii, 1901, 74, part (Panama). Dendroeincla anabatina saturata Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 649 (El Pozo de Terraba, s. w. Costa Rica; coll. Carnegie Myiarchuss.; habits). DENDROCINCLA LAFRESNAYEI RIDGWAYI (Oberholser). BROWN DENDROCINCLA. Adults (sexes alike) . — Above plain brown (between raw-umber and mummy to nearly russet-brown), duller (grayer or more olive) on pileum, passing into deep cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut on upper tail-coverts and tail, the latter with shafts of rectrices darker chestnut; wing-coverts usually concolor with back, or very nearly so, sometimes a little more rufescent; remiges decidedly more rufes- cent, especially on proximal primaries which are dull cinnamon- rufous; six or seven outer primaries with terminal portion grayish brown or dusky (abruptly so on inner web); supra-auricular region narrowly streaked with buffy; loral region pale grayish brown or buffy grayish, with indistinct shaft-streaks of paler; auricular and suborbital regions dull olive or dusky, narrowly streaked with buff; malar region nearly uniform dull olive; chin and upper throat pale brownish buffy, usually indistinctly barred or flecked with dusky or dull grayish, the lower throat more brownish, with narrow shaft- = Eleven specimens. 292 BULL/ETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL, MUSEUM. streaks of pale buffy; rest of under parts plain light olive-brown (nearly raw-umber) to nearly cinnamon-brown, usually slightly more cinnamomeous posteriorly, where passing into dull cinnamon- rufous on longer under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts clear light ochraceous or ochraceous-bufl; inner webs of remiges tawny-rufous or rufous-tawny, passing into ochraceous-buff on edges, the outer six or seven more or less extensively grayish brown or dusky ter- minally; bill dusky brown to brownish black, the under portion of mandible (broadly) whitish or pale dull yellowish (in dried skins); legs and feet horn brown or dusky (in dried skins). Adult male.— Length (skins), 191-222 (209); wing, 110-116 (113.2); tail, 87-94 (90.3); culmen, 28-30.5 (29.2): tarsus, 24-25.5 (25.1); middle toe, 17-18.5 (17.8). ffi Adult female.— Length (skins), 188-208 (199); wing, 100.5-109.5 (105.6); tail, 77-89 (83.9); culmen, 27-28.5 (27.6); tarsus, 23-24.5 (23.5); middle toe, 17-17.5 (17.2). 6 Panama (Lion Hill; Panama; Chitra, Veragua), eastern Costa Rica (Talamanca; Rio Sicsola; Pacuare; Rio Reventaz6n; Angos- tura; La Cristina; Carrillo; Guayabal; Cartago; La.Vijagua), eastern Nicaragua (Rio Escondido), and southeastern Honduras (Rio Segovia) . Dendrocincla fumigata (not Dendrocolaptes fumigatus Lichtenstein) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1862, 320 (Lion Hill, Panama). Dendromanes atrirostris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 355 (Panama). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 193 (Chitra, Veragua, Dendrocincla atrirostris (not Dendrocops atrirostris Lafresnaye) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 54, part (Panama). — Zeled6n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Eica, i, 1888, 114 (Pacuare and Cartago, Costa Rica). [Dendrocincla] atrirostris Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 67, part. Dendrocincla olivacea (not Dendrocops olivaceus Eyton c) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, Feb., 1862, 12 (Lion Hill, Panama; coll. G. N. Lawrence).— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1888, 492, part (Costa Rica; Panama; syn.; crit.), 592 (Seg6via R., Honduras). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 166, part (Angostura, Costa Rica; Chitra de Veragua, Panama). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 174, part (Seg6via R., Honduras; Talamanca, Cartago, Pacuare, and Angostura, Costa Rica; " =Dendrocincla tyrannina (Lafresnaye), fide Sclater; Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 164. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 293 Chitra and Lion Hill, Panamd). — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., xvi, 1893, 498 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua). [Dendrocincla] olivacea Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 75 (Honduras to Panama; Colombia). "Dendrocincla ridgwayi Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1904, 458 (Talamanca, Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.). Dendrocincla ridgwayi ridgwayi Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 651 (Caribbean lowlands, Costa Rica, up to 2,000 ft.; crit.; habits). Dendrocincla olivacea olivacea Oberholser, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1904, 456 (monogr.). DENDROCINCLA HOMOCHROA HOMOCHROA (Sclater). RUDDY DENDROCINCLA. Adults (sexes alike). — Above, including sides of head (except lores), plain clear chestnut or rufous-chestnut, the back and scapu- lars duller; lores light grayish; under parts plain dull tawny-ochra- ceous, darker (tawny-brown or deep brownish tawny) on chest, the under tail-coverts more rufescent; under wing-coverts clear tawny- ochraceous; inner webs of remiges vinaceous-cinnamon, the longer primaries dusky terminally; bill brownish horn color (more or less deep), paler on tomia and (sometimes) on mandible; legs and feet light browmsh (in dried skins). Adult male.— Length, (skins), 175-193 (185); wing, 93-102 (97.9); tail, 68.5-80 (71.9); culmen, 23-25.5 (24.5) ; tarsus, 24.5-26.5 (25.6); middle toe, 16-17 (16.4).° Adult female— -Length (skins), 185-191 (187); wing, 95-104 (100); tail, 75.5-80 (78.2); culmen, 24-26.5 (25) ; tarsus, 24-26.5 (25.3); middle toe, 15.5-17.5 (16.3). & Southern Mexico, in States of Oaxaca (Teotalcingo ; Chimalapa), Campeche (Apazote), and Yucatan (Izalam; Chichen-Itza; Puerto a Seven specimens. 6 Three specimens. Locality. MALES. One adult male from Campeche Two adult males from Yucatan Four adult males from British Honduras Ten adult males (D. ft. acedesta) from Costa Rica Two adult males (D. ft. acedesta) from western Panama Nine adult males (D. ft. ruflceps) from Panama FEMALES. One adult female from Campeche: Two adult females from British Honduras Nine adult females (D. ft. acedesta) from Costa Rica (8) and Nicaragua Two adult females (D. ft. ruflceps) from Panama Wing. 101.5 97.2 97 104.4 106 101 95 103 99.3 Tail. 73.5 71 72 77.9 78 73.4 75.5 79 71.1 76.3 Cul- men. 25.5 25 23.8 25.5 25.5 25.2 24 25.5 24.3 25.7 Tarsus. 25.5 25.2 25.7 26.3 26.5 25.8 24 26 25.8 Myiarchusddle toe. 16.5 16.2 16.4 17.2 17.3 17.6 15.5 16.7 17.2 17.7 294 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Morelos; Meco Island; Myiarchusgeres Island; Cozumel Island) and south- ward through Guatemala (Chisec; sources of Eio de la Pasi6n; Volcan de Agua; Savana Grande; Naranjo) to British Honduras (Orange Walk; Toledo District; near Myiarchusnatee Lagoon). Dendromanes komochrous Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1859, 382 (Teotal- cingo, Oaxaca, s. Mexico; coll. P. L. Sclater); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 162 (Oaxaca). — Salvin, Ibis, 1861, 353 (Chisec, Guatemala). — Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 221 (Naranjo, Guatemala). Dendrodncla homochroa Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 54 (Mexico; Guatemala); Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 67. — Boucahd, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 450 (Izalam, n. Yucatan). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, 1888, 491 (syn. crit.; Guatemala). — Salvin, Ibis, 1889, 365 (Myiarchusgeres I. and Meco I., Yucatan). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 163, part (Oaxaca; Cozumel I., Myiarchusgeres I. and Meco I.; n. Yucatan; Savana Grande, sources Bio de la Pasion, Choctum, and Volcan de Agua, Guate- mala). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 172, part (Chimalapa, Oaxaca; Orange Walk, Brit. Honduras, etc.). — Chapman, Bull. Am. Myiarchuss. N. H., viii, 1896, 284 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan).— Cole, Bull. Myiarchuss. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 131 (Chichen-Itza). [Dendrodncla] homochroa Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 180, no. 2460. — Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 67, part. — Sharfe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 75, part. D[endrodncla] homochroa Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 54. Dendrodncla homochroa homochroa Oberholser, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1904, 462 (monogr.). DENDROCINCLA HOMOCHROA ACEDESTA Oberholser. COSTA B.ICAN RUDDY DENDROCINCLA. Similar to D. h. "homochroa but larger and coloration darker throughout, the wings, tail, and pileum deep chestnut, the under parts deep russet brown, only slightly paler on throat and abdomen." Admit male.— Length (skins), 180-198 (188); wing, 101-108 (104.7); tail, 71.5-82 (78); culmen, 24-27 (25.5); tarsus, 25-27.5 (26.4); middle toe, 16.5-18 (17.2). & Adult female.— Length (skins), 173-190 (180); wing, 95.5-104.5 (99.6); tail, 68-75.5 (71.1); culmen, 22.5-26.5 (24.3); tarsus, 24.5-26.5 (25.8); middle toe, 16.5-18 (17.2). " Southwestern Nicaragua (Chinandega; Sucuya; San Emilis, Lake Nicaragua), western Costa Rica (Volcan de Myiarchusravalles; La Vijagua; Ten6rio; Bols6n; Boruca; Las Trojas; Navarro; Naranjo de Cartago) and western Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui). Dendromanes homochrous (not of Sclater) Salvin; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 193 (Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama). = I am somewhat doubtful whether this supposed form is really separable from D.h. ruficeps. b Twelve specimens, c Nine specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 295 Dendrotincla homochroa Nutting, Proc.U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1884, 385, (Sucuya, Nicaragua). — Ridgway, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., vi, 1884, 414 (Navarro, Costa Rica). — Sclater, Oat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 163, part (Nicara- gua; Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriquf, Panama). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 172, part (Chinandega, El Volcan, and Sucuya, Nicaragua; Navarro, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriquf). — Cherrie, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 40 (Boruca, Costa Rica). — Under- wood, Ibis, 1896, 440 (Volcan Myiarchusravalles, Costa Rica). [Dendrotincla] homochroa Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 75, part (Panama). Dendrotincla homochroa ruficeps (not Dendrotincla ruficeps Sclater and Salvin) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss., x, sig. 31, Jan. 6, 1888, 489, 491, excl. syn. part (Sucuya, Nicaragua; Navarro, Costa Rica; Chiriquf, Panama). — Zeled6n, Anal. Myiarchuss. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1888, 114 (Las Trojas, Costa Rica). Dendrotincla homochroa acedesta Oberholser, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Apr., 1904, 462 (Chiriquf, Panama; coll. U. S. Nat. Myiarchuss.).— Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Myiarchuss., vi, 1910, 650 (Nicoya peninsula, Guanacaste, and Boruca, w. Costa Rica). DENDROCINCLA HOMOCHROA RUFICEPS (Sclater and Salvin). PANAMA RUDDY DENDROCINCLA. Similar to D. h. acedesta but coloration slightly lighter throughout, especially the under parts, which are also slightly less rufescent, with the throat less different from the general color. Adult male.— Length (skins), 172-196 (188); wing, 97.5-107.5 (101.7); tail, 68.5-79 (73.4); culmen, 24-26.5 (25.2); tarsus, 24.5- 27.5 (25.8); middle toe, 17-19 (17.6).° Adult female.— -Length (skins), 188-207 (197); wing, 95-103.5 (99.3); tail, 68-84.5 (76.3); culmen, 25-26.5 (25.7); tarsus, 25-26 (25.5); middle toe, 17.5-18 (17.7). b Panama (Panama; El Banco and Boquete, Chiriqui). Dendrotincla ruficeps Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 54 (Panama City, Panama; coll. P. L. Sclater). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Myiarchuss., xv, 1890, 164, excl. syn. part (Panama). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1891, 173, excl. syn. part? (Panama). — Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 46 (Boquete, Panama, 4,000-4,500 ft.).— Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, 461 (monogr.). [Dendrotincla] ruficeps Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 180, no. 2463. — Sclater and Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 67.— Sharpe, Hand-list, iii, 1901, 75. Order C ORACH FORMES. CORACIINE BIRDS. X,Picx Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 96. (Includes Cuculiformes, Bupha- gidse, Corvidse, Oriolidse, Graculidse, Paradiseidse, Sittidse, and Certhiidae; excludes Striges.) XPicarix Nitzsch, Deutsch. Archivfur Physiol., vi, 1820, 255. (Includes Cuculi- formes; excludes Striges); Syst. Pterylog., 1840, 121. (Includes Cuculi- formes and Opisthocomus; excludes Striges.) a Nine specimens. b Two specimens. 296 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. XPicarix Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 444. (Includes Cuculidse; excludes Striges.) XPicarix Seebohm, Classif. Birds, 1890, pp. vii, xi, 19. (Excludes Striges, Tro- chilidse, Colii, and Alcedines.) Coracornithes Furbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1567. (Includes Cuculi.) XPico-Passeres Seebohm, Classif. Birds, 1890, 2. (Includes Passeriformes and Cuculi; excludes Striges, Coracise, Bucerotes, and Alcedines.) XCoradiformes Seebohm, Classif. Birds, 1890, 7, 19. (Includes Sarcorhamphi; excludes Myiarchuscrochires, Pici, Upupse, Trogones, Columbse, Cuculi, and Striges.) XPasseriformes Seebohm, Classif. Birds, 1890, vii, 1. (Includes Passeriformes, Columbse, and Cuculi; excludes Anisodactylse, Pamprodactylse, and Coracise.) Dendromithes Furbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. V6g., ii, 1888, 1567. (Includes Cuculi.) Upupinx Cabanis, in Wiegmann's Archiv fur Naturg., 1847, pt. i, 343 (includes genus Falculia, an oscinine form usually referred to Corvidse). — = Upupidse Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., ii, 1860, 127; Furbringer, Uebers. Syst. Morph. Vog., ii, 1888, 1364.— = Upupoidex Stejneger, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 408, in text.— >Bucerotes Furbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1567 (includes Bucero- tes).— = Upupse Seebohm, Classif. Birds, 1890, 7; Sharpe, Kev. Classif. Birds, 1891, 80; Hand-List, ii, 1900, 70. The Upupse comprise two families, Upupidse (Hoopoes) and Irrisoridae (Wood Hoopoes), the former common to the Palssarctic, Ethiopian, and Indian Regions, the latter confined to the Ethiopian Region. 298 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ee. Feet pamprodactylous Pamprodactylae (extialimital).o dd. Dorsal pteryla forked between shoulders. e. Feet syndactyle or eleutherodactyle, the flexor tendons of type Va, or outer toe reversible; spina externa sterni well developed; syrinx tracheo-bronchial; only one (the left) carotid artery; young gymno- psedic Coracise (extralimital) . 6 ee. Feet anisodactyle, the flexor tendons of type Va (as in Myiarchuscrochires), the outer toe n'e ver reversible; spina externa sterni vestigial; primaries 10; two carotid arteries, syrinx bronchial, and young ptilopasdic (as in Striges.) Nycticoraoise (to be included in Part VI). aa. Feet desmopelmous and raptorial, the flexor tendons of type I; coracoids con- nected; hypotarsus simple; myological formula A; two carotid arteries; caeca long; syrinx bronchial; aftershaft absent or (rarely) rudimentary; primaries 11; young ptilopsedic NycKharpages (to be included in Part VI). Suborder MACROCHIRES. HUMMING BIRDS AND SWIFTS. = Myiarchuscrochires Nitzsch, Obs. Av. art. carot. com., 1829, 15; Syst. Pterylog., 1840, 122.— Beddard, Struct, and Classif. Birds, 1898, 224. > Myiarchuscrochires Cabanis and Heine, Myiarchuss. Hein., iii, 1860, 3 (includes Capri- mulgidseand Steatornithidse). — Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862,278 (includes Caprimulgidse). — Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 463 (includes Capri- mulgidse and Steatornithidse). = Myiarchusbrochires (emendation) Furbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., 1888, 1567. ^Strisores Cabanis in Wiegmann's Archiv ftir Naturg., 1847, pt. i, 308, 345, 346 (includes Caprimulgidse, Opisthocomidse, and Myiarchussophagidse!). >Cypselomorphse Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 468 (includes Capri- mulgidse). = Cypseliformes Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 118. = Myiarchuscropodii Knowlton, Birds of the World, 1909, 50. = Myiarchuscropodoidese Stejneger, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 435, in text. = Myiarchuscropodoidei Cope, Am. Nat., xxiii, 1889, 871, 872, 873. = Cypseli (not of Ridgway, 1881) Gadow, Bronn's Thier-Beichs, Vog., iii, 1893, 245, 301; Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 37. a=Coliomorphx (not of Sundevall, 1856) Myiarchusrie, Ibis, July, 1872, 278. =Pamprodac- tylx Myiarchusrie, Ibis, iii, April, 1873, 190, foot-note. = Co Uoidese Stejneger, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 371, 393, in text. = Colii Fiirbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1567; Sharpe, Bev. Classif. Birds, 1891, 82; Hand-list, ii, 1900, 145; Gadow, in Bronn's Thier-Beichs, Vog., ii, 1893, 252, 301; Classif. Vertebr., 1898, pp. xv, 37.— Beddard, Struct, and Classif. Birds, 1898, 201; Knowlton, Birds of the World, 1909, 50.= Colioidei Cope, Am. Nat., xxiii, Oct., 1889, 871, 873. The Pamprodactylae comprise a single family, Coliidse (the Colies), represented by the genera Colius and TJrocolius only, and are peculiar to the Ethiopian Begion. t>