(^ 







iT 








CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS 

 AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS 



IN 

 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



INCLUDING ALL SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA, 



MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, THE WEST INDIES, AND 



ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA. THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO 



AND OTHER ISLANDS WHICH MAY BE INCLUDED ON 



ACCOUNT OF THEIR FAUNAL AFFINITIES 



BY ' 



CHARLES E. HELLMAYR 



ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS 

 AND 



BOARDMAN CONOVER 



RESEARCH ASSOCIATE, BIRDS 



PART I, NUMBER 1 



RhEIDAE - TiNAMIDAE - CrACIDAE - TETRAONIDAE - PHASIANIDAE 



NUMIDIDAE - Meleagrididae - Opisthocomidae - Gruidae 

 Aramidae - Psophiidae - Rallidae - Heliornithidae 



EURYPYGIDAE - CaRIAMIDAE - COLUMBIDAE 



/^^ of *^;>^ 



AS NATURAL ^\ 

 r^ HISTORY >\ 



v^Ay/CAGO- 



ZOOLOGICAL SERIES 



FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



VOLUME XIII, PART I, NUMBER 1 



APRIL 30, 1942 



PUBLICATION 614 



imvy.. 




PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

 BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS 




PREFACE TO PART I, NUMBER 1 



The present installment of Part I, which, according to the original 

 plan of the late Charles B. Cory, was to be published at the end of 

 the series, does not call for much comment in the way of explanation, 

 for in style and arrangement it closely follows the guiding principles 

 of the previous parts. 



It remains, however, to say a few words about the method of 

 collaboration, which resulted in the production of this volume. The 

 senior author, who, in the main, is responsible for the compilation 

 of the bibliographic references and for the outline of geographical 

 distribution, had the advantage of studying the material in European 

 collections, rich in types of the earlier writers. In many cases, where 

 the determination of local or individual variation was involved, the 

 long series, notably from Central America, in the British Museum 

 (Natural History) have been carefully worked over. The manuscript 

 was then submitted to Boardman Conover, who checked the con- 

 clusions on the basis of his own material and that in Field Museum, 

 and furthermore settled disputed points by the examination of 

 types and critical specimens in other American collections. The 

 copy thus corrected and completed was again forwarded to Charles E. 

 Hellmayr for final revision. In the case of North American and 

 certain Central American species, it was the junior author who 

 supplied the manuscript which subsequently underwent similar 

 treatment at the hands of the senior author. In this way an unusual 

 amount of material passed through the authors' hands, and more 

 type specimens have been critically examined than has been the case 

 in the preparation of any of the preceding parts. It is hoped that 

 the results thus obtained will prove to be fairly reliable, although 

 it must once more be emphasized that the authors did not intend 

 writing a monograph of the groups here treated. 



All references have been personally checked by one or both 

 authors except when otherwise stated. 



The lists of specimens in Field Museum and in the Conover Col- 

 lection have been compiled by the junior author. Literature has 

 been taken into account up to December 31, 1939. Some new forms, 

 described since that date, will be found mentioned in the footnotes. 



In the course of their studies, the authors had the benefit of 

 cordial co-operation either by the loan of material or the supply of 

 information from many institutions and individuals, to all of whom 



111 




they beg to express their grateful appreciation. Among those who 

 thus helped to facilitate their task, should especially be mentioned: 

 John W. Aldrich, formerly of the Cleveland Museum of Natural 

 History; Alfred M. Bailey, Colorado Musemn of Natural History, 

 Denver; J. Berlioz, Mus^ d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Pierce 

 Brodkorb, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; 

 Major Allan Brooks, Okanagan Landing, B.C.; the Chicago 

 Academy of Sciences; the late J. H. Fleming, Toronto, Ontario; 

 Herbert Friedmann, United States National Museum; Professor O. 

 Fuhrmann, University of Neuchatel; Major Edward A. Goldman, 

 United States Fish and Wildlife Service; the late Joseph Grinnell, 

 University of California; Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, Vetenskaps- 

 akademien, Stockholm; Captain N. B. Kinnear, British Museum 

 (Natural History), London; A. Laubmann, Zoological Museum, 

 Munich; James Moffitt, California Academy of Sciences, San 

 Francisco; H. C. Oberholser, formerly of the United States Fish 

 and Wildlife Service; James L. Peters, Museum of Comparative 

 Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; R. M. de Schauensee, Academy 

 of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Count Josef Seilem, Lukov; L. 

 L. Snyder, Royal Ontario Museiun, Toronto; E. Stresemann, 

 Zoological Museum, Berlin; P. A. Tavemer, National Museum of 

 Canada, Ottawa; W. E. Clyde Todd, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; 

 University of Toronto; A. J. van Rossem, formerly of the California 

 Institute of Technology, Pasadena; John T. Zimmer, American 

 Museum of Natural History, New York. 



Especial acknowledgment is made to Rudyerd Boulton and 

 Emmet R. Blake of the staff of Field Museum for continued 

 assistance. 



Charles E. Hellmayr 



boardman conover 



IV 




CONTENTS 

 Orders, Families, and Genera Included in Part I, Number 1 



Order Rheiformes 



Family Rheidae 

 (Rheas) 



Rhea Brisson . 



FACE 

 . 1 



PAGK 



Pterocnemia G. R. Gray 5 



Order Tinamiformes 



Family Tinamidae 

 (Tinamous) 



Tinamus Hermann 6 



Nothocercus Bonaparte 23 



Crypturellus Brabourne and Chubb . 28 



Rhynchotus Spix 81 



Nothoproda Sclater and Salvin 86 



Nothura Wagler 95 



Taoniscus Gloger 108 



Eudromia Is. Geoffrey 108 



Tinamotis Vigors 112 



Order Galliformes 



Suborder Galli 



Family Cracidae 



(Curassows, Guans, Chachalacas) 



Nothocrax Burmeister 114 



Mitu Lesson 115 



Pauxi Temminck 118 



Crax Linnaeus 120 



Penelope Merrem 133 



Ortalis Merrem 159 



Penelopina Reichenbach 183 



Chamaepetes Wagler 184 



Pipile Bonaparte 188 



Aburria Reichenbach 195 



Oreophasis G. R. Gray 196 



Family Tetraonidae 

 (Grouse, Ptarmigan) 



Dendragapus Elliot 197 



Lagopus Brisson 201 



Canachites Stejneger 211 



Bonasa Stephens 214 



Pedioecetes Baird 219 



Tympanuchus Gloger 222 



Centrocercus Swainson 224 



Family Phasianidae 

 (Partridges, Quails, Pheasants) 



Dendrortyx Gould 225 



Oreortyx Baird 228 



Callipepla Wagler 230 



Lophortyx Bonaparte 232 



Philortyx Gould 238 



Colinus Goldfuss 238 



Odontophorus Vieillot 260 



Dadylortyx Ogilvie-Grant 281 



Cyrtonyx Gould 284 



Rhynchortyx Ogilvie-Grant 288 



Perdix Brisson 290 



Phasianus Linnaeus 290 



Family Numididae 



(Guinea Fowl) 



Numida Linnaeus 291 



Family Meleagrididae 

 (Turkeys) 



Meleagris Linnaeus 292 



Agriocharis Chapman 294 



Suborder Opisthocomi 



Family Opisthocomidae 



(Hoatzins) 



Opisthocomus Illiger 295 




Order Gruiformes 



Family Psophiidab 



(Trumpeters) 



Psophia Linnaeus 308 



Family Rallidae 

 (Rails, Gallinules, Coots) 



Rallus Linnaeus 314 



Pardirallus Bonaparte 339 



Amaurolimnas Sharpe 342 



Cyanolimnas Barbour and Peters . . . 344 



Aramides Pucheran 345 



Crex Bechstein 360 



Anurolimnas Sharpe 360 



Porzana Vieillot 361 



iMterallus G. R. Gray 368 



PAGE 



Micropygia Bonaparte 386 



Coturnicops G. R. Gray 388 



Neocrex Sclater and Salvin 390 



Porphyriops Pucheran 392 



Gallinula Brisson 395 



Porphyrula Blyth 403 



Fulica Linnaeus 407 



Suborder Heliornithes 



Family Heliornithidae 



(Sun Grebes) 



Heliornis Bonnaterre 422 



Suborder Eurypygae 

 Family Eurypygidae 

 (Sun Bittern) 

 Eurypyga lUiger 424 



Suborder Cariamae 



Family Cariamidae 



(Cariamas) 



Cariama Brisson 427 



Chunga Hartlaub 429 



Order Columbiformes 



Family Columbidab 

 (Pigeons and Doves) 



Columba Linnaeus 430 



Ectopistes Swainson 475 



Zenaidura Bonaparte 476 



Zenaida Bonaparte 495 



Nesopelia Sundevall 503 



Spilopelia Sundevall 504 



Streptopelia Bonaparte 505 



Scardafella Bonaparte 505 



Gymnopelia Sclater and Salvin 510 



Columbigallina Boie 513 



Columbina Spix 544 



Eupelia Todd 548 



Leptophaps Reichenow 549 



Uropelia Bonaparte 551 



Oxypelia Salvadori 553 



Claravis Oberholser 553 



Metriopelia Bonaparte 561 



Leptotila Swainson 564 



Osculatia Bonaparte 595 



Geotrygon Gosse 597 



Oreopeleia Reichenbach 597 



Stamoenas Bonaparte 620 



NEW NAME PROPOSED IN PART I, NUMBER 1 

 Penelope dahbenei nom. nov 



.154 



VI 




CATALOGUE 



OF 



BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS 



PART I 



NO. 1 



BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR AND BOARDMAN CONOVER 



Order RHEIFORMES 



Family RHEIDAE. Rheas 



Genus RHEA Brisson 



Rhea Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 46; 5, p. 8, 1760 — type, by monotypy and tauto- 

 nymy, "WciesJ' =Strulhio americanus Linnaeus. 



Touyou Lacepede, Tabl. Meth. Mammif. Ois., p. 20, late in 1799; idem, in 

 Daudin, Traite Elem. Compl. Orn., 1, p. 438, 1800 — type not indicated, but, 

 according to generic characters, obviously Struthio americanus Linnaeus. 



Tuyus Rafinesque, Anal. Nat., p. 70, 1815 — new name for Rhea "L." 

 [=Brisson]. 



*Rhea americana americana (Linnaeus).^ American Rhea. 



Struthio americanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 155, 1758 — based 

 exclusively on "Nhanduguagu" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 190; 

 Sergipe and Rio Grande [do Norte], Brazil. 



Struthio Rhea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 266, 1766 — chiefly based 

 on "Nhanduguacu" Marcgrave. 



^ Two new races have been described recently: 



(a) Rhea americana araneipes Brodkorb, Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. 

 Mich., 367, pp. 1-2, April 5, 1938—192-200 kilometers west of Puerto Casado, 

 Paraguay (type in the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor). 

 This form is said to resemble Rhea americana albescens in coloration, but to be 

 of larger size, tarsus of males 351-354 and of females 344-370 mm. It is supposed 

 to range from southern Matto Grosso (Descalvados) to the northern part of the 

 Paraguayan Chaco. 



(b) Rhea americana nobilis Brodkorb, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 52, p. 138, Oct. 11, 

 1939 — 40 kilometers west-southwest of Capitan Bado, eastern Paraguay (type in 

 the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor). The characters 

 are designated as large size (tarsus 342-366 mm.), interscapular region dark 

 brown, lower half of neck jet black, upper half orange-cinnamon, flanks vinaceous 

 cinnamon to pinkish buff. 



The range is said to be Paraguay, east of the Rio Paraguay, 




\ 



2 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Rhea americana Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 187 (8vo ed., p. 186), 1821 — Fazenda 

 Valo, near the Minas border, Bahia; Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner 

 Mus., p. 69, 1823— Sao Paulo; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 559, 

 1833 — same locality; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 352, 

 1856 — part, Minas Geraes (Sabara, Santa Lucia, Lagoa Santa); Des Murs, 

 in Castelnau, Exp6d. Am6r. Sud, Zool., 1, Ois., p. 94, 1856 — Rio Mondego, 

 below Miranda, Matto Grosso; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. 

 Foren., 1870, p. 46 — Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa; Curvelho; Taboleiro 

 Grande; Andrequece, Rio Sao Francisco); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 295, 

 1870 — Sao Paulo (Itarar^) and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caigara); Allen, 

 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 152, 1893 — Chapada, Matto Grosso; Iher- 

 ing. Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 465, 1899 — between Piracicaba and Rio Claro, 

 Sao Paulo (crit.); idem. Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 1, 1907 — Sao Paulo (hab. 

 Brazil excl. of Rio Grande do Sul); Baer, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 14, 1908 — 

 Rio Uruhu, Goydz. 



Rhea nandua Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 40, text to pi. 237, fig. 2, 

 1823 — new name for Struthio americanus Linnaeus. 



Rhea nandu Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 208, June, 1828— new name for Struthio 

 rhea Linnaeus. 



Rhea macrorhyncha Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 207, 1860 — hab. 

 ign. (type now in the British Museum); idem, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 4, 

 p. 356, pi. 69, 1862 (fig. of type); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 360— Pernambuco 

 (Aguas Bellas; falls of the Sao Francisco River) and Parahyba (Pianeo); 

 Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 581, 1895 — Brazil; Reiser, Denks. 

 Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 98, 1910 — Joazeiro, Bahia. 1 



Rhea americana macrorhyncha Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. 



Wien, 76, p. 249, 1934 — Piauhy (Apertada Hora, Santo Antonio de 



Gilbues, Grotao). 

 Rhea americana subsp. Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 55, 1930- 



— Matto Grosso. 

 Rhea americana americana Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, 



p. 500, 1929— Piauhy; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 4, 1931 (range). 

 Rhea americana albescens (not of Arribdlzaga and Holmberg) Stone and 



Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 364, 1934— Descalvados, 



Matto Grosso. 



Range. — Campo region of Brazil, from Piauhy and Rio Grande 

 do Norte south to Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Brazil (Fazenda Capao Bonita, 

 Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 4). 



1 Two adults from Itarar6 (Sao Paulo) and Cuyab4 (Matto Grosso), while 

 approaching intermedia by their buffier lower neck, have the short middle toe and 

 claw (115-120 mm.), deep black crown, and dusky brown interscapular region of 

 northern specimens, and, considering the scanty available material, we are, at 

 present, not prepared to separate them. It will be noticed that Stone and Roberts 

 record much larger measurements for two adult females from Descalvados, which 

 they refer to the Argentine form. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Joazeiro, Bahia, 2; Pernambuco, 1; 

 Cuyabd, Matto Grosso, 1; Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, 2; Itarare, Sao Paulo, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 3 



*Rhea americana intermedia Rothschild and Chubb.^ Inter- 

 mediate Rhea. 



Rhea americana intermedia Rothschild and Chubb, Nov. Zool., 21, p. 223, 

 June, 1914 — Barra San Juan, Colonia, Uruguay (type in coll. of Duke of 

 Orleans, now in Paris Museum); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 4, p. 20, 1927 — 

 Uruguay; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 4, 1931 (range). 



Rhea americana (not Struthio americanus Linnaeus) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. 

 Th. Bras., 3, p. 352, 1856 — part, Montevideo; Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. 

 Phys. Soc. Edin., 6, p. 251, 1881 — Est. de la Tala, Durazno, Uruguay 

 (nest and eggs descr.); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 283 — Paysandu, Uruguay; 

 Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 214 — Santa Elena, Uruguay; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 27, p. 578, 1895 — part, Rio Grande do Sul; Ihering, Annuario 

 Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 154, 1899 — Pedras Brancas and Barra do 

 Rio Camaquam, Rio Grande do Sul; idem. Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 1, 1907 

 — part, Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay. 



Rhea americana rothschildi (not of Brabourne and Chubb) Tremoleras, El 

 Hornero, 2, p. 10, 1920 — Uruguay (San Jose, Flores, Minas, Maldonado, 

 Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo, Florida, Rocha). 



Range. — Extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) and 

 Uruguay, 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Uruguay (Passo Correntino, Rio 

 Negro, 1; San Vicente de Castillos, 1). 



*Rhea americana albescens Arribalzaga and Holmberg.^ Argen- 

 tine Rhea. 



Rhea albescens Arribalzaga and Holmberg, El Naturalista Argentine, 1, p. 

 101, April, 1878 — Carhue, Prov. Buenos Aires (descr. of albinistic speci- 

 mens; no type extant). 



Rhea americana (not Struthio americanus Linnaeus) Darwin, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 5, p. 35, 1837 — La Plata to Bahia Blanca (habits); idem, Zool. 

 Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 120, 1841— plains of La Plata, south to 42° and 43° 

 lat. south, west to Uspallata plain, Mendoza (habits) ; Burmeister, Journ. 

 Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860 — Buenos Aires to Mendoza; idem, Reise La Plata 

 St., 2, p. 500, 1861 — Argentina; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 4, p. 

 355, pi. 68, 1862 (crit.); Boecking, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 213, 1863— 

 Argentina (habits, hunting, etc.); Doering, Period. Zool., 1, p. 255, 1874 

 — Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 167 — Cape San 



1 Rhea americana intermedia Rothschild and Chubb: Similar to R. a. americana, 

 but crown more sooty, less black; interscapular region mostly gray, hardly streaked 

 with dusky, and lower foreneck strongly tinged with buffy. 



A single adult from Rio Grande do Sul (Pedras Brancas) examined. It is 

 quite possible that the range of this little-known race extends into the adjacent 

 parts of Argentina (Corrientes and Entre RIos), whence material has never been 

 critically studied. 



- Rhea americana albescens Arribalzaga and Holmberg: Differs from the two 

 preceding races by black interscapular region, greater extent of black on the 

 neck, and longer tarsus. 



The range, as given here, is purely tentative, series of adult birds from dif- 

 ferent parts having never been critically studied. 




4 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Antonio, Buenos Aires; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, ZooL, 

 p. 58, 1881 — Sierra de Currumulan, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, 

 p. 318, 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre RIos (semi-domesticated), 

 and Puan, Buenos Aires; Burmeister, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, 

 p. 245, 1888 — Arroyo Valcheta, Rio Negro; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. 

 Om., 2, p. 216, 1889 — Argentina (habits); Stempelmann and Schulz, 

 Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 404, 1890— Cordoba; Kerr, Ibis, 

 1892, p. 151— lower Pilcomayo; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 214— Est. Espar- 

 tillar, Buenos Aires (habits) ; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 578, 

 1895 — part, Bolivia, Argentina, and Paraguay; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 236 — 

 Chaco Paraguay (between Caray4 Vuelta and Riacho Verde); Lillo, Anal. 

 Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 219, 1902 — campos of Tucum4n; Lonnberg, 

 Ibis, 1903, p. 458 — Tataranda, Tarija, Bolivian Chaco; Scott and Sharpe, 

 Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patagonia, 2, (1), p. 2, 1904 — part, Argentina; 

 Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 248, 1904— Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. 

 Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 72, 1905— Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. 

 Buenos Aires, 18, p. 184, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, 

 p. 478 — Luiconia and Los Ynglases, Aj6, Buenos Aires; Reed, Av. Prov. 

 Mendoza, p. 16, 1916 — Mendoza; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 91 — Cape San 

 Antonio, Buenos Aires; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 23, 1926 

 — Paraguayan Chaco, Formosa (Riacho Pilaga), Buenos Aires (Bahia 

 Blanca), and Neuquen (Zapala); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, 

 p. 142, 1927— Entre Rios (Santa Elena), Cordoba (near Cordoba City), 

 Tucumdn (San Pablo), and Santa Fe (La Noria). 



[Rhea americana] var. albinea Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, 

 Zool., p. 58 (in text), 1881 — new name for Rhea albescens Arribalzaga 

 and Holmberg. 



Rhea rothschildi Braboume and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 8, p. 273, 

 Aug., 1911 — Los Ynglases, Ajo, Buenos Aires (type in British Museum). 



Rhea americana rothschildi Rothschild and Chubb, Nov. Zool., 21, p. 223, 

 1914 (char.); Marelli, El Homero, 1, p. 75, 1918— Curuzu-Cuatia, Cor- 

 rientes (domesticated); Sanzin, I.e., 1, p. 147, 1918 — Mendoza; Dabbene, 

 I.e., 2, p. 83, 1920 (range in Argentina); Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 259, 1922— 

 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 38, 1923 — Santa Elena, 

 Entre Rfos; Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 82, 1923 — La Rioja; Marelli, Mem. 

 Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 597, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; Wilson, 

 El Homero, 3, p. 350, 1926 — Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe; Marelli, I.e., 5, 

 p. 193, 1933 — Arroyo Pareja, Buenos Aires. 



Rhea americana albescens Hudson, El Homero, 4, p. 53, 1927 (habits); Laub- 

 mann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 43, 1930 — Mission 

 Tacaagle, Formosa; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 4, 1931 (range); Krieg, 

 Journ. Om., 82, p. 107, 1934— Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe (habits); 

 Steullet and Deautier, Obra Cine. Mus. La Plata, 1, p. 129, 1935— Monte 

 Veloz, Buenos Aires (bibliog., range). 



JBanfife.— Argentina, from the Andes and the Bolivian border 

 south to the Rio Negro, and western Paraguay (Chaco). 



Field Museum Collection. — 13: Paraguay (195 km. west of Puerto 

 Casado, 2); Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 1; Buenos Aires, 10). 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 5 



Genus PTEROCNEMIA G. R. Gray 



Pterocnemia G. R. Gray, Hand List Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 2, 1871 — type, by 

 monotypy, Rhea darwinii Gould= Rhea pennaia d'Orbigny. 



Pterocnemis Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., p. 154, 1873 

 (emendation). 



Pterocnemia pennata garleppi Chubb.^ Garlepp's Rhea. 



Pterocnemia tarapacensis garleppi Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 33, p. 79, Dec. 



23, 1913 — Esperanza [Oruro], Bolivia (type in Tring Collection); Dabbene, 



El Hornero, 1, p. 259, 1919 — Pasto Ventura, Cerro Nevado, puna of 



Catamarca; idem. I.e., 2, p. 84, 1920 (range); Boman, I.e., 2, p. 140, 1920 



— puna of Catamarca (display). 

 Rhea darwini (not of Gould) Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp. 64, 130, 



1906— Titiri (alt. 16,000 ft.), southern Puno, Peru. 

 Pterocnemia pennata garleppi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 5, 1931 (range); SteuUet 



and Deautier, Obr. Cine. Mus. La Plata, 1, p. 133, 1935 — Catamarca 



(Pasto Ventura) and Los Andes (Acai). 



Range. — Puna zone of extreme southeastern Peru (Titiri, Puno), 

 Bolivia (Esperanza and Sajama, Dept. Oruro), and northwestern 

 Argentina (Pasto Ventura, Cerro Nevado, Catamarca; Acai, Los 

 Andes). 



Pterocnemia pennata tarapacensis Chubb.^ TarapacA Rhea. 



Pterocnemia tarapacensis Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 33, p. 79, Dec. 23, 1913 

 — "Canchosa," TarapacA, Chile (type in the British Museum). 



Rhea americana (not Struthio am^ricanus Linnaeus) Tschudi, Faun. Peru., 

 Orn., p. 293, 1846 — "north of Arica" (from hearsay); Taczanowski, Orn. 

 Per., 3, p. 500, 1886 (ex Tschudi). 



Rhea darwini (not of Gould) Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 — Atacama; 

 Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1890, p. 412 — TarapacA; idem. I.e., 1891, 

 p. 137 — "Canchosa," Tarapaca; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, 

 p. 582, 1895 — part, spec, h-1, "Canchosa," Tarapaca; Reed, Anal. Univ. 

 Chile, 93, p. 213, 1896— part, Tarapacd; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 316— Can- 

 cosa, Tarapacd. 



Pterocnemia pennata tarapacensis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 5, 1931 (range). 



Pterocnemia tarapacensis tarapacensis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 

 Ser., 19, p. 428, 1932 — puna zone of northern Chile (crit.). 



* Pterocnemia pennata garleppi Chubb is said to differ from the next form by 

 isabelline-buff (instead of ashy-gray) head and neck, and grayish brown (not 

 rufous-brown) back, but its distinctness is doubtful in view of the considerable 

 individual variation observable in a series of nearly thirty specimens; but direct 

 comparison with tarapacensis could not be made. 



" Pterocnemia pennata tarapacensis Chubb, together with the preceding race, 

 may be distinguished from the Patagonian rhea by the smaller number of scutes 

 (eight to ten instead of sixteen to eighteen) on the lower portion of the tarsus. 

 Besides, the dorsal surface is much more brownish, with fewer, if any, white 

 feathers interspersed. 



Material examined. — Bolivia, Oruro: Sajama, 19; Esperanza, 6. 




6 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Range. — Puna zone of northern Chile, in provinces of Atacama, 

 Antofagasta, and Tarapaca. 



Pterocnemia pennata pennata (d'Orbigny). Darwin's Rhea. 



Rhea pennaia d'Orbigny, Voy. Am6r. M6rid., 2, pp. 67 (note), 212, 1834— 

 lower Rio Negro, southern Buenos Aires (no type in existence). 



Rhea darvnnii(i) Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 35, Nov. 21, 1837— 

 Port Desire, Patagonia (type formerly in coll. of Zoological Society of 

 London); idem, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 123, pi. 47, 1841 — 

 Rio Negro to the Straits of Magellan; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 4, 

 p. 357, pi. 70, 1862; PhiUppi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 270, 1868— "Men- 

 doza"; Hudson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, pp. 534, 535 — Rio Negro 

 (habits); Dumford, Ibis, 1877, p. 46— Chubut Valley; idem. Ibis, 1878, 

 p. 406 — Chubut Valley (nest and eggs descr.); Doering, in Roca, Inf. 

 Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 58, 1881 — Rio Negro and southward; 

 Burmeister, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, p. 319, 1889 — Rio Chico 

 del Chubut; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Cm., 2, p. 219, 1889 (habits); 

 Oustalet, Miss. Sclent. Cap Horn, 6, p. B.247, 1891 — Santa Cruz, Mis- 

 sioneres, and Cerro de la Picane, Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Salvadori, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 582, 1895 — part, Patagonia and Argentina; Scha- 

 low, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 646, 1898 — Punta Arenas; Scott and 

 Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patagonia, 2, (1), p. 8, 1904 — Coy 

 Inlet, Patagonia, and Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut; Dabbene, Anal. 

 Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 185, 1910 (range); Reed, Av. Prov. 

 Mendoza, p. 5, 1916 — Cerro Pelado and Puente del Inca, Mendoza. 



Pterocnemia pennata Chubb, Bull. Brit. Dm. CI., 33, p. 80, 1913 (crit.); 

 Dabbene, El Homero, 2, p. 84, 1920 (range); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., 65, p. 285, 1923 — Maquinchao and Huanuluan, Rio Negro (breed- 

 ing); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 27, 1926— Zapala, western 

 Neuquen; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 409, 1926— Rio Negro 

 (Arroyo Trineta, Arroyo Cumallo, Laguna Crockett) and Santa Cruz 

 (Lago San Martin). 



Pterocnemia pennaia pennata Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 5, 1931 (range); SteuUet 

 and Deautier, Obr. Cine. Mus. La Plata, 1, p. 132, 1935 (synon., range). 



Range. — Southern Argentina from the Rio Negro to the Straits 

 of Magellan (also recorded from Mendoza, but probably semi- 

 domesticated). 



Order TINAMIFORMES 



Family TINAMIDAE. Tinamous 



Genus TINAMUS Hermann 



Tinamus Hermann,' Tabl. Aff. Anim., pp. 164, 235, 1783 — based on "Les 

 Tinamous" Buffon (Hist. Nat. Gis., 4, p. 502, 1778); type, by subs, desig. 



^Tinamus, though universally credited to Latham (Ind. Cm., 2, p. 633, 

 1790), was already proposed by Hermann for Bixffon's "Les Tinamous," com- 

 prising the four species listed by Latham. Apstein appears to have been the first 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 7 



(Apstein, Sitzungsb, Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, 1915, p. 197), Tetrao 



major Gmelin [="Le Magoua" Buffon]. 

 Crypturus Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 244, 1811 — substitute name for 



Tinamus "Latham" (cf. Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, pp. 



73-74, 1922). 

 Cryptura Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 52, 1816 — type, by subs, desig. 



(Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 496, 1895), ["Tinamou Magoua" 



Bufifon=] Tetrao major Gmelin. 

 Pezus Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 61, 1825 — type, by present desig.,^ 



Pezus serratus Spix. 

 Trachypelmus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 



749, 1849— type, by subs, desig. (Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, 



p. 496, 1895), [Trachypelmus subcristatus Cabanis=] Tetrao major Gmelin. 

 Trachypelma Giebel, Thes. Orn., 3, p. 648, 1877 — emendation of Trachypelmus 



Cabanis. 



*Tinamus tao tao Temminck. Great Gray Tinamou. 



Tinamus tao Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 569, 749, 1815— "dans la 

 province de Pard, au Br^sil" (type in Berlin Museum) ;2 Pelzeln, Orn. 

 Bras., 3, p. 290, 1870 — Cidade de Matto Grosso, Rio Guapore, and Borba, 

 Rio Madeira, Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotr., p. 152, 

 1873 — part, Amazonia; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 163, 1891 — 

 Diamantina, near Santarem, Brazil; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, 

 p. 497, 1895 — part, Amazonas; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 4, 1907 — 

 part, Matto Grosso, Borba, "Pard," and Amazonia; Hellmayr, Nov. 

 ZooL, 17, p. 418, 1910 — Jamarysinho, Rio Machados; Snethlage, Bol. 

 Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 46, 1914 — Cussary, south bank of lower Amazon, 

 Brazil. 



Crypturus canus Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 746 — "in Brasiliae prov. Pard" (type 

 in Berlin Museum).' 



Tinamus tao tao Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 12, p. 577, 

 1913 (diag.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 57, 1930— Matto 

 Grosso (ex Pelzeln); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 12, 1931 (range). 



Range. — Brazil south of the Amazon, from the Rio Madeira east 

 to the Rio Tapajoz, south to western Matto Grosso (Villa Bella de 

 Matto Grosso, Rio Guapore).* 



to select a genotype for Tinamus Hermann. Fortunately, it is the same species 

 as the one designated by G. R. Gray (List Gen. Bds., p. 63, 1840) as genotype of 

 Tinamus Latham, viz., Tetrao major Gmelin. 



^ Salvadori (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 496, 1895) designates Tetrao major 

 Gmelin, a species originally not contained in the genus. 



^ Temminck's account is practically based upon the description communicated 

 by Illiger of the specimen received at Berlin from Count Hoflfmannsegg. The 

 type is still in the Berlin Museum (cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 8, 

 1880). Azara's "Mocoicogoe," doubtfully quoted by Temminck, refers, of course, 

 to T. solitarius. 



' Based on the very same specimen which served as type of T. tao. 



* Additional material examined. — Brazil: Rio Tapajoz, 4; Borba, Rio Madeira, 

 2; Jamarysinho, Rio Machados, 2; Villa Bella, Matto Grosso, 1. 




8 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Conover Collection. — 8: Brazil (Caxiricatuba, Rio Tapajoz, 4; 

 Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Pinhel, Rio Tapajoz, 3). 



♦Tinamus tao weddelli Bonaparte.^ Weddell's Tinamou. 



Tinamus weddelli Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, pp. 881, 954, 

 1856 — "forets vierges de La Paz en Bolivie"; idem, Tabl. Parall. Ordre 

 Gallin., p. 15, 1856 — "forets vierges de la valine de Tipuani,^ province 

 de la Paz en Bolivie" (full descr.; type in Paris Museum examined). 



Tinamus tao (not of Temminck) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 497, 

 1895 — part, Bolivia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 4, 1907 — part, 

 Bolivia. 



Tinamus tao weddelli Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 6 — San Ernesto,, upper Rio Beni, 

 Bolivia (crit.); Peters, Bds. Worid, 1, p. 12, 1931— Bolivia. 



/?awge.— Tropical zone of eastern Bolivia (Tipuani, La Paz; San 

 Ernesto, upper Rio Beni; Cerro Hosane and Cerro del Amberi, 



Santa Cruz). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Bolivia (Cerro Hosane, Santa Cruz, 1). 

 ♦Tinamus tao kleei (Tschudi).^ Klee's Tinamou. 



Crypturus kleei Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 387, 1843 — "apud fiumen 

 Chanchamayo et in Chunchotambo," Dept. Junin, Peru (type in NeuchS- 

 tel Museum); idem, I.e., 10, (1), p. 308, 1844 — Peru; idem, Unters. Faun, i^ 

 Peru., Orn., p. 284, pi. 32, 1846— Peru. 



^ Tinamus tao weddelli Bonaparte: Very similar to T. t. kleei, especially on the 

 lower surface; but upper parts grayer, less brownish and less heavily barred with 

 black, these differences being particularly noticeable on the wing coverts, and 

 lower neck and upper chest rather lighter and grayer, 



Bolivian birds are, in fact, somewhat intermediate to typical tao, though 

 nearer to T. t. kleei. 



Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Tipuani Valley, La Paz, 1 (the type); 

 San Ernesto, upper Rio Beni, 1; Cerro Hosane, 2; Cerro del Amberi, Santa Cruz, 1. 



2 Tipuani lies southeast of Mapiri in the tropical forests at the Amazonian 

 foot of the Cordillera of La Paz. 



' Tinamus tao kleei (Tschudi) differs from the nominate race by being above 

 and on the chest distinctly washed with dark brownish (instead of clear bluish 

 gray) and by the tendency to heavier, dusky barring on the lower abdomen and 

 flanks. 



The racial characters are most strongly pronounced in the birds from Pozuzo, 

 Hudnuco. Two skins from eastern Ecuador are like the Peruvian ones. 



Tinamus blasiusi Dubois (M6m. Soc. Zool. France, 7, p. 404, 1894), from 

 Peru, published as it is without any description, can at best be regarded as a new 

 name for C. kleei Tschudi. The bird mentioned by Dubois, however, most cer- 

 tainly was not the one described as Tinamus (without specific name) by Bonaparte 

 (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 573, 1856), and said to have been sent by 

 Martini from "Chili" to the Brussels Museum. 



Additional mxiterial examined. — Peru: Pozlizo, Hudnuco, 3; Chanchamayo, 

 JunIn, 2; La Gloria, Vitoc, Junln, 2; Rio San Miguel, Urubamba, 2; Rio Cosireni, 

 Urubamba, 1; Rio Comberciato, Urubamba, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 9 



Tinamus kleei Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 563 — Monterico, 

 Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 3 — Huambo, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 293, 

 1886 — Peru (Monterico, Huambo). 



Tinamus tao (not of Temminck) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 497, 

 1895 — part, Peru; idem and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, 

 p. 51, 1900 — San Jose, eastern Ecuador; Berlepseh and Stolzmann, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 46— La Gloria, Vitoc, Peru; Ihering, Cat. 

 Faun. Braz., 1, p. 4, 1907 — part, Peru; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 115, p. 42, 1921 — Rio Comberciato, Rio Cosireni, and Rio San Miguel, 

 Urubamba, Peru; idem. Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 145, 1926 — San 

 Jose, Ecuador (ex Salvadori and Festa). 



Tinamus tao kleei Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 12, p. 

 577, 1913 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 12, 1931— eastern Peru and 

 Ecuador, 



Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Peru (Urubamba region; 

 Monterico, Ayacucho; Chanchamayo and La Gloria, Vitoc, Junin; 

 Pozuzo, Huanuco; Huambo, San Martin) and eastern Ecuador 

 (San Jos6, Cutucu). 



Conover Collection.—'^: Peru (Rio Urubamba, 1); Ecuador (Cu- 

 tucu, 2). 



*Tinamus tao septentrionalis Brabourne and Chubb.' North- 

 ern Gray Tinamou. 



Tinamus tao septentrionalis Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 

 (8), 12, p. 578, Dec, 1913 — plains of.Cumana, northeastern Venezuela 

 (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural His- 

 tory, New York); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 2, 1916 — Aremu River; 

 Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 24, 1922— 

 La Azulita, M^rida, and Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela (crit.); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 1, p. 12, 1931 (range). 



Tinamus canus (not Crypturus canus Wagler) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 25, p. 20, 1857— Bogota. 



Trachypelmus canv^ Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 303, 

 1890 — Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. 



Tinamus tao (not of Temminck) Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotr., 

 p. 152, 1873 — part, Guiana, Venezuela, and Colombia; Schlegel, Mus. 

 Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 497, 1880 — part, Nouvelle Grenade; Salvadori, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 497, 1895— Venezuela (San Esteban) and 

 Bogota; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 71, 1909 — Guanoco, Orinoco 

 Delta, Venezuela; idem. Our Search for a Wilderness, pp. 321, 389, 1910 

 — Aremu River, British Guiana (seen); Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. 



^Tinamus tao septentrionalis Brabourne and Chubb: Similar to the nominate 

 race, but upper parts strongly tinged with olivaceous (instead of clear slate gray) 

 and less broadly banded with black, especially anteriorly; abdomen more buffy. 



A single Bogota skin appears to agree with one from San Esteban, Venezuela. 

 The status of the inhabitants of the west Colombian Andes, whence a single 

 example has been recorded from San Antonio, remains to be determined. 




10 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 166, 1912— San Esteban, Venezuela; (?)Chap- 

 man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 187, 1917 — San Antonio, western 

 Andes, Colombia. 



Range. — Tropical zone of British Guiana, northern Venezuela 

 (Cumand; Maracay, Aragua; San Esteban, Carabobo; La Azulita, 

 M^rida), and Colombia (native Bogota collections; (?)San Antonio, 

 western Andes). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Venezuela (La Azulita, M^rida, 1). 



♦Tinamus solitarius (Vieillot).' Soutary Tinamou. 



Cryptura solitaria Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 105, 1819 

 — based on "Mocoicogo^" Azara, No. 332; Paraguay. 



Tinamus brasiliensis (not of Latham) Wied, Reise Bras., 1, p. 256 (8vo ed., 

 p. 254), 1820— Morro d'Arara, Rio Mucurl; idem. I.e., 2, pp. 124, 135, 

 1821 — near Sao Pedro d'Alcantara, southern Bahia; idem, Beitr. Naturg. 

 Bras., 4, (2), p. 496, 1833 — southeastern Brazil; Euler, Journ. Om., 15, 

 pp. 190, 196, 198, 1867— Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro (breeding habits). 



Crypturus tao (not Tinamus tao Temminck) Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. 

 Berliner Mus., p. 67, 1823 — Sao Paulo (descr.); Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, foL 

 19, sp. 1, 1827 — Paraguay and Brazil (monog.). 



Traehypelmus tao Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 324, 1856 — Sao 

 Paulo, southern Minas, Santa Catharina, "Montevideo" (errore), and 

 Paraguay. 



Tinamus mxijor (not of Gmelin) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 

 1870, p. 50 — Minas Geraes. 



Tinamus solitarius Pelzeln, Om. Bras., 3, p. 290, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Cor- 

 covado) and Sao Paulo (Serra do Capivari, near Mattodentro; Ypanema, 

 Ytarare); Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotr., p. 152, 1873 — Brazil 

 and Paraguay; Berlepseh, Joum. Om., 22, p. 251, 1874 — Blumenau, 

 Santa Catharina; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 10, 1880 — Rio 

 de Janeiro, Itarare, and Sao Paulo (monog.); Berlepseh and Ihering, 

 Zeits. Ges. Om., 2, p. 182, 1885 — Arroio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul; 

 Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 501, pi. 7, 1895— Rio Parana, Sao 

 Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 

 16, p. 153, 1899— forest of the coast ranges of Rio Grande do Sul to 30° 

 south lat.; idem. Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 458, 1899 — Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 

 4, p. 164, 1900— Cantagallo; Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, p. 23, 1901 

 — Alto Parana, Paraguay; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 4, 1907 — Sao 

 Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Bauru, Santos) and Santa Catharina; Chubb, Ibis, 



^Tinamus solitarius (Vieillot) is probably conspecific with the T. major 

 complex. 



Miranda-Ribeiro (Rev. Mus. Paul., 23, p. 738, 1938) recently separated T. s. 

 farinosus (Serra de Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro) and T. s. organorum (Serra dos 

 Orgaos, Rio de Janeiro). A third name, T. s. nattereri, proposed by the same 

 author for a bird from Santa Catharina (Humboldt) seems to be synonymous with 

 T. solitarius. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 11 



1910, p. 55— Sapucay, Paraguay; Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 68, 

 1913 — Misiones; idem. Faun. Parag., p. 35,1914 — Paraguay and Misiones; 

 Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 250, 1914 — same localities; Hellmayr, 

 Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 159, 1915 — Brago do Sul, Espirito Santo; 

 Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 260, 1919 — Bonpland, Misiones; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 1, p. 12, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 709, 1932 

 — Valparaizo, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 19, p. 51, 1935 — Serra do Palhao, Rio 

 Jucurucu, and Cachoeira Grande, Bahia; Steullet and Deautier, Obr. 

 Cine. Mus. La Plata, 1, p. 134, 1935 — Puerto Gisella, Rio Parana, 

 Misiones. 

 Tinamus guttulaius G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 97, 1867 — 

 Brazil (cotypes in British Museum). 



Range. — Eastern Brazil, from at least Sergipe in the north to 

 Rio Grande do Sul in the south, and the adjacent parts of Paraguay 

 and Argentina (Misiones).^ 



Conover Collection. — 1: Brazil (Estado Santa Catharina, 1). 

 ♦Tinamus major robustus Sclater and Salvin. Robust Tinamou. 



Tinamus robustus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 253, 1860 — vicinity 

 of Orizaba, Mexico (nomen nudum); Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p. 355 — Yzabal, 

 Guatemala (eggs descr.); idem, Ibis, 1866, p. 195 (not found on the 

 Pacific slope of Guatemala); Sclater and Salvin, Exotic Orn., p. 87, pi. 44, 

 April, 1868 — part, southern Mexico, Guatemala, HonduTas"'(Dn^oa), and 

 Belize (orig. descr. ; type, from Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala, in Sal vin- 

 Godman Collection, now in British Museum; cf. Salvadori, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus,, 27, p. 500, 1895); Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 

 560, 1869 — Vera Cruz, Mexico; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 11, 

 1880 — part, spec. 1-4, Mexico (Vera Cruz) and Guatemala (Chimuy, 

 Vera Paz); Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, 5, p. 229, 1881 — State of Vera 

 Cruz; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 500, 1895 — Mexico, Guate- 

 mala (Choctum; sources of the Rio de La Pasion), and British Honduras; 

 Lantz, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 16, p. 218, 1899 — Santo Tomds, Guate- 

 mala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 448, 1904 — 

 Mexico (Potrero, Atriquehuite, near Orizaba, Playa Vicente), British 

 Honduras (Belize), Guatemala (Choctum, Rio de La Pasion, Yzabal; 

 Sierra de las Minas), Honduras (Omoa), and Nicaragua (San Emilio). 



Tinamus major{1) (not of Gmelin) Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 63, 

 1859 — Omoa, Honduras, and BeHze; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 226 

 —same localities (cf. Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 204). 



Trachypelmu^ robustus Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., 

 p. 303, 1890— Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz, Mexico. 



Tinamus fuscipennis Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 500, 1895 — part, 

 spec, b, San Rafael, Nicaragua; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 

 Aves, 3, p. 450, 1904 — part, descr. of adult and San Rafael del Norte, 

 Nicaragua. 



^Additional material examined.— Brazil: Corcovado, Rio de Janeiro, 1; Brago 

 do Sul, Espirito Santo, 1 ; Serra do Capivari, Mattodentro, Sao Paulo, 1 ; Ypanemd, 

 Sao Paulo, 1; Jaragud, Santa Catharina, 7. 




12 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Tinamus robusttis fuscipennis Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 142, 

 1903 — Yaruca, Honduras. 



Tinamus major robustus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 152, 1929 — 

 southern Mexico to northern Nicaragua (crit.); Austin, I.e., 69, p. 369, 

 1929 — Cayo District, British Honduras; Peters, I.e., 69, p. 401, 1929— 

 Lancetilla, Honduras; idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 13, 1931 (range); Stone, 

 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 296, 1932— Honduras (Omoa, Lance- 

 tilla, Yaruca); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 96, 1932— 

 Guatemala; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 11, p. 360, 1939— 

 Santa Rosa, Chiapas. 



Range. — Southeastern Mexico (in states of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca 

 [Tutla], Tabasco, and Chiapas) and south in the Caribbean lowlands 

 to Honduras and in the highlands to northern Nicaragua (San Rafael 

 del Norte, San Emilio). 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Nicaragua (San Emilio, Lake 

 Nicaragua, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 11: Mexico (Tutla, Oaxaca, 5); British Hon- 

 duras (Manatee Lagoon, 1; Belize, 1); Honduras (Ceguaca, Santa 

 Barbara, 2; La Leona, Copan, 1; Mirendon, Copan, 1). 



*Tinainus major percautus Van Tyne.^ Peten Tinamou. 



Tinamus major percauius Van Tyne, Misc. Publ., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, 

 p. 8, August 1, 1935 — Uaxactun, Peten, Guatemala (type in Museum of 

 Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor). 



{1)Tinamus robustus (not of Sclater and Salvin) Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 

 50, p. 144, 1906 — Yucatan (eggs descr.). 



Range. — Northern Guatemala (Pet^n District), Campeche (Pac- 

 aitun), and probably adjacent parts of Quintana Roo. 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Mexico (Campeche, Pacaitun, 4). 



♦Tinamus major fuscipennis Salvadori.^ Dusky-winged 

 Tinamou. 



1 Tinamus major percautus Van Tyne: Nearest to T. m. robu^tu^, but still paler 

 throughout, upper parts much grayer, less brownish, especially on neck and upper 

 back; below also paler, with more extensive white gular area; breast paler and 

 belly often white. 



Additional material examined. — Guatemala: Uaxactun, Peten, 3. 



^ Tinamus major fuscipennis Salvadori: Very close to T. m. robustus, with 

 which it agrees in sooty black crown and absence of occipital crest, but darker 

 and browner above, and more reddish below. 



Birds from Costa Rica agree with those from the lowlands of eastern Nicaragua 

 (Rio Escondido, etc.). According to Peters and Griscom, this form extends east 

 through the Caribbean lowlands of Panama to the Canal Zone. The coloration 

 of the primaries, which served as the principal point of distinction, is now known 

 to have no geographical significance, being due to the freshness of the plumage. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 13 



Tinamtis fuscipennis Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 500, 1895 — part, 

 spec, a, c, Escondido River, Nicaragua, and "Veragua" (type, from 

 Escondido River, in British Museum, as restricted by Peters, Bds. World, 

 1, p. 13, 1931); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 450, 

 1904 — Nicaragua (part, Rio Escondido), Costa Rica (part, San Jose, 

 San Carlos, Carrillo, Jimenez, Miravalles), and "Veragua"; Rendahl, 

 Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 10, 1919 — San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua. 



Tinamus robustus (not of Sclater and Salvin) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. 

 N. Y., 9, p. 140, 1868 — San Jose and San Carlos, Costa Rica; Frantzius, 

 Journ. Orn., 17, p. 374, 1869— Costa Rica; Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 329— 

 Veragua; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 11, 1880 — part, spec. 5, 

 Costa Rica; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 525, 1893— Rio 

 Escondido, Nicaragua; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 449 — Miravalles, Costa 

 Rica. 



Tinamus salvini Underwood, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 7, p. lix, June 30, 1898 — 

 Carrfllo, Costa Rica (descr. of young; type in Salvin-Godman Collection, 

 now in British Museum); idem. Ibis, 1898, p. 612 (reprint). 



Tinamus robustus robustus Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 375, 1910— 

 Cudbre, Costa Rica (crit.). 



Tinamus robustus fuscipennis Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 375, 1910 

 — Tenorio, La Vijagua, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, El Hogar, Rio Sicsola, 

 and Carrillo, Costa Rica (crit., habits). 



Tinamus major fuscipennis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 189 (in 

 text), 1917 — Nicaragua (in part) and Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama (crit.); 

 Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 446, 1928 — Almirante, 

 Panama (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 152, 1929 — 

 Caribbean lowlands of Nicaragua to the Canal Zone (crit.); Peters, I.e., 

 71, p. 296, 1931 — Boquete Trail and Cricamola, Almirante, Panama; 

 idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 13, 1931 (range); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 84, p. 206, 1932— Great Falls, Pis Pis River, Nicaragua (eggs 

 descr.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 290, 1935 — Caribbean 

 slope of western Panama (Almirante to Canal Zone). 



Range. — Caribbean lowlands of Nicaragua, and most of Costa 

 Rica south along the Caribbean slope of western Panama to the 

 Canal Zone. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Costa Rica (Orosi, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 14: Costa Rica (Volcan Turrialba, Limon, 

 4; Volcan Miravalles, Guanacaste, 2; Cerro Santa Maria, Guana- 

 caste, 1); Panama (Cricamola, Boca del Toro, 7). 



♦Tinamus major castaneiceps Salvadori.^ Chestnut-crowned 



TiNAMOU. 



1 Tinamus major castaneiceps Salvadori: Similar in general coloration to T. m. 

 fuscipennis, but crown chestnut, the feathers with narrow apical margins of black- 

 ish; only the forehead sometimes tinged with sooty; aurieulars darker chestnut. 



Additional material examined. — Panama: Volcan de Chiriqui, 2 (the cotypes); 

 Bugaba, 1; Lion Hill, 1. 




14 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Tinamus castaneiceps Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 507, pi. 6 (after 

 Sept. 6), 1895 — Volcan de Chiriqul, Panama (cotypes in British Museum 

 examined); Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 356, 1901 — Divala, Chiriqui; Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 451, 1904 — part, Costa Rica 

 (Pozo Azul) and Panama (Bugaba, Santiago de Veragua, Divala, Lion 

 Hill); Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 290, 1907— [El Pozo de Terraba], Costa Rica; 

 Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 376, 1910 — Pozo Azul de Pirris and 

 El Pozo de Terraba, Costa Rica. 



Tinamus rdbustus (not of Sclater and Salvin) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. 

 Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 477, 1862— Lion Hill, Panama; Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 371— Panama Railroad; Salvin, I.e., 1867, 

 p. 159 — Santiago de Veragua; Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 87, 1868 

 — part, Veragua and Panama; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 218 

 — Bugaba, Chiriqui; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 128, 

 1887 — Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geogr. 

 Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 196, 1894 — Palmar and Boruca, Costa Rica. 



Tinamus major castaneiceps Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 188 (in 

 text), 1917 — part. Canal Zone; Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., 65, p. 194, 1922— Jesusito, Darien; Griscom, I.e., 69, p. 152, 1929 

 — southwestern Costa Rica to the Canal Zone (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 

 1, p. 13, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 291, 1935 

 — Chiriqui to Rio Chiman, Cape Garachine, Panama. 



Tinamus ruficeps Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., pp. 152, 162, 

 1873 — part, Panama and Chiriqui. 



Range. — Pacific slope of southwestern Costa Rica from the Rio 

 Pirris southward through the forests of the Central Cordillera of 

 Panama to the Rio Chiman, Cape Garachin^, Darien. ^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Costa Rica (Palmar, 1; Boruca, 1; 

 El Pozo de Terraba, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 6: Costa Rica (El Pozo de Terraba, Pun- 

 tarenas, 1 ; Puerto Jimenez, Oso Peninsula, 1 ; San Joaquin de Dota, 

 2; Alto de Jabillo, Pirris, 1; El General, San Jos^, 1). 



Tinamus major brunneiventris Aldrich.^ Brown-breasted 



TiNAMOU. 



Tinamus mxijor brunneiventris Aldrich, Sci. Pub. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 7, p. 28, Aug. 31, 1937 — Paracote, 1 mile south of mouth of Angulo River, 



^ Specimens from the region around Garachine (Jesusito) are stated by Gris- 

 com to be intermediate, one being distinctly nearer saturatus, the other nearer 

 castaneiceps. 



^Tinamus major brunneiventris Aldrich: Nearest to T. m. castaneiceps from 

 which it differs by having the under parts olive brown (not grayish olive) and the 

 sides of the head darker. FYom T. m. saturatus it differs in the same manner and 

 by lacking the elongated crest. An occasional specimen of saturatus, however, has 

 the under parts almost as brown as brunneiventris. 



Material examined. — Paracote, Veraguas: Two females and a male. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 15 



Veraguas, Panama (type in Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 

 Cleveland, Ohio). 



Range. — The heavily forested region of southern Veraguas, 

 Panama (Camp Wilcox and Paracot^, region around Monti jo Bay). 



♦Tinamus major saturatus Griscom.^ Saturated Tinamou. 



Tinamus major saturatus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, pp. 150, 152, 



April, 1929 — Cana, eastern Panama (type in Museum of Comparative 



Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 13, 1931 — extreme 



eastern Panama and northern Colombia; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. 



Zool., 72, p. 307, 1932 — Perme, Obaldia, and Ranchon, eastern Panama; 



idem. I.e., 78, p. 291, 1935 (range). 

 Tinamus mxijor (not of Gmelin) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 



p. 195 — Rio Truando, Colombia. 

 Tinamus ruficeps (not of Sclater and Salvin, 1873) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 



Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 548 — Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia; Salva- 



dori. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 506, 1895— part, spec, e, Remedios (spec. 



examined by C. E. H.). 

 Tinamus castaneiceps (not of Salvadori) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 



Amer., Aves, 3, p. 451, 1904 — part, Colombia (Rio Truando). 

 Tinamus major ruficeps Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 187, 1917 



— part, Puerto Valdivia, lower Cauca, Colombia. 

 Tinamus mxijor castaneiceps Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, pp. 188, 



189, 1917— part, Darien (Tapaliza, Tacarcuna) and western Colombia 



(Rio Salaqul, Rio Atrato, Baudo, Andagueda) (crit.). 



Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Darien, from the Rio Tuyra 

 and its tributaries eastwards, and the adjacent districts of Colombia 

 south to Baudo and the sources of the Rio Atrato (Andagueda), east 

 to Antioquia (Puerto Valdivia, lower Cauca; Remedios, Rio It^). 



Conover Collection. — 15: Panama (Port Obaldia, Darien, 15). 

 ♦Tinamus major latifrons Salvadori.^ Ecuadorian Tinamou, 



^ Tinamus mxijor saturatus Griscom: Similar in color of crown to T. m. casta- 

 neiceps, but distinguished by much darker general coloration both above and 

 below, and by having a well-developed occipital crest. From T. m. zuliensis it may 

 be distinguished by much more brownish upper parts with heavier barring, on 

 average darker under surface, and full crest; from T. m. ruficeps by lighter brown 

 upper parts and conspicuous occipital crest. 



Six adults from Antioquia (Puerto Valdivia and "Medellin") agree fairly 

 well with the Obaldia series, though they are not quite so heavily barred above 

 and somewhat paler below, three of the Colombian specimens having rather 

 whitish bellies and being also devoid of the occipital crest. While slightly pointing 

 to T. TO. zuliensis, they seem to be much nearer to saturatus. The lengthening of 

 the crest-feathers increases in specimens from the Rio Atrato, which thus form the 

 transition to T. m. latifrons. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: Puerto Valdivia, lower Cauca, 5; 

 Remedios, Rio Ite, 1; "Medellin," 1. 



* Tinamus major latifrons Salvadori is nearest to T. m. saturatus, but the 

 occipital crest is more developed, and the auriculars are dusky. The pileum- is 




16 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Tinamus latifrons Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 506 (after Sept. 6), 

 1895 — Balzar, western Ecuador (cotypes in British Museum); idem and 

 Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 51, 1900--Rio Peripa, 

 Ecuador (crit.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 599, 1902 — Paramba, Bulun 

 and Lita, Ecuador (variation; eggs descr.); M6n6gaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. 

 Arm^e Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B3, 1911 — Santo Domingo de Los 

 Colorados, Ecuador; Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 

 12, p. 579, 1913 (crit.). 



Tinamus robustus inexpectatus Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 

 (8), 12, p. 578, Dec, 1913— Salidero, Prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador (type 

 in British Museum examined); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, 

 No. 25, p. 13, 1922 — near Gualea, Ecuador. 



Tinamus fuscipennis (not of Salvadori) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Amer., Aves, 3, p. 450, 1904 — part, northern Ecuador. 



Tinamus major latifrons Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 189, 1917 

 — Barbacoas (Narino), Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 145, 1926— Gualea, 

 Ecuador (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 13, 1931 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of southwestern Colombia and western 

 Ecuador (south to Balzar). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Ecuador (Rio Bogota, Esmeral- 

 das, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 8: Colombia, Cauca (La Costa, El Tambo, 3; 

 Rio Michengue, 2); Ecuador (Carondelet, 1; Cacao, Rio Verde, 1; 

 Achotal, Imbabura, 1). 



*Tinainus major zuliensis Osgood and Conover.* Zulia 



TiNAMOU. 



Tinamtis major zuliensis Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 

 Ser., 12, p. 24, August 28, 1922— Rio Cogollo, Perija, State of Zulia, 



exceedingly variable in coloration, being within the same locality "either wholly 

 chestnut, wholly slate-color, or one-half one of these colors and one-half the other," 

 as has been explained by Chapman. The type of T. latifrons represents the parti- 

 colored, that of T. r. inexpectatus the slate-crowned variety. 



Seven additional specimens, all from northwestern Ecuador, examined. 



1 Tinamus major zuliensis Osgood and Conover: Not unlike T. m. serratus, 

 but upper parts lighter, more yellowish or olivaceous, less brownish, and on 

 average more heavily barred; crown less intensely rufous; sides of head less reddish, 

 the auriculars duller; under parts not so whitish abdominally and generally more 

 thickly vermiculated. 



As in the allied races, there is some individual variation observable, although 

 the series examined is, as a whole, conspicuous for the decidedly yellowish olive 

 coloration of the upper parts. The type is the most yellowish in the lot, but it 

 is almost matched by a specimen from Santa Marta (Valparaiso). Three adults 

 from the tropical lowlands between Merida and Lake Maracaibo, studied by the 

 senior author in the British Museum, are again very yellowish olive, while a fourth 

 from the same region (Montaiia Limones) is much more reddish and can hardly 

 be separated from a Remedies specimen of T. m. saturatus. Three other Santa 

 Marta examples are more olivaceous. Birds from the Caura and Orinoco average 

 more brownish, but they vary considerably and two from the Rio Ocamo are very 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 17 



Venezuela (type in Conover Collection, Field Museum of Natural His- 

 tory); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 13, 1931 (range). 



Tinamus ruficeps (not of Sclater and Salvin) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 13, p. 124, 1900— Cacagualito, Santa Marta. 



Tinamus serratus serratus (not Pezus serratus Spix) Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, 

 p. 419, 1910 — part, Caura Valley, Venezuela; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 14, 

 1931 — part, southern Venezuela (upper Caura Valley). 



Tinamus major ruficeps Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 188, 1917, 

 — part, near foot of Mount Duida, Venezuela; Todd and Carriker, Ann. 

 Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 164, 1922 — Valparaiso, La Tigrera, Las Vegas, and 

 Pueblo Viejo, Colombia. 



Tinamus serratus ruficeps Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 14, 1931— part, northern 

 Colombia. 



Range. — Tropical zone of northeastern Colombia (Santa Marta 

 region) and most of Venezuela, south to the upper Orinoco, east to 

 the Caura Valley. 



Conover Collection. — 1: Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Perija, Zulia, 1). 



*Tinamus major ruficeps Sclater and Salvin. ^ Rufous-crowned 



TiNAMOU. 



Tinamus ruficeps Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., pp. 152, 162, 

 1873 — part, "Aequatoria occidentaJis" [error for "orien talis"] (type, from 

 Rio Napo, Ecuador, in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in the British 

 Museum, examined by C. E. H.);* Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, 

 p. 506, 1895 — part, spec, a-d, Ecuador (Rio Napo, Sarayacu) and Peru 

 (Iquitos); idem and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 51, 

 1900 — Rio Santiago, Ecuador; Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. 

 Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 701 (in text), 1906 — Sarayacu, Ecuador (crit.); Lonn- 

 berg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 13, 1922 — Rio Napo, Ecuador. 



nearly as yellowish olive as the type of zuliensis. While most of the birds united 

 here under zuliensis have no crest or but a short one, one from the foot of Mount 

 Duida has the occipital feathers fully as long as in T. m. major. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia, Santa Marta: Las Vegas, 1; Val- 

 paraiso, 1; La Tigrera, 1; Pueblo Viejo, 1. — Venezuela: Montaria Limones (alt. 

 50 meters), Merida, 3; Montana del Palmar (alt. 100 meters), Merida, 1; Caura 

 River, 1; upper Caura River, 2; upper Orinoco, 1; Boca de Sina, Cunucunuma 

 River, upper Orinoco, 1; foot of Mount Duida, 1; Boca del Rio Ocamo, upper 

 Orinoco, 2. 



'^ Tinamus major ruficeps Sclater and Salvin: Similar to T. m. serratus, but 

 upper parts darker, dusky olive brown, and much more heavily barred; crown 

 on average deeper rufous; under parts likewise darker, more strongly vermiculated, 

 particularly on the lower breast and flanks. 



While two Iquitos specimens are exactly like the Ecuadorian ones, a single 

 bird from La Morelia, Caqueta, combines above the reddish ground color of 

 serratus with the heavy barring of ruficeps. For geographical reasons it seems better 

 referred to the western form. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: La Morelia, Caquetd, 1.^ — Ecuador: 

 Rio Napo, 2; Sarayacu, 2. — Peru: Iquitos, 2. 



^ The specimen received from Bourcier (through Verreaux) is labeled "Rio 

 Napo," and marked by Salvin, one of the describers, as "type of T. ruficeps." 




18 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Tinamus major (not of Gmelin) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 13, 

 1880 — part, spec. 10, 11, Iquitos, Peru. 



Tinamus serr'atus ruficeps Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, 

 No. 3, p. 719, 1906 — part, Ecuador (Rio Napo, Sarayacu) and Peru (Iqui- 

 tos); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 14, 1931 — part, eastern Ecuador and 

 northern Peru. 



Tinamus major ruficeps Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, pp. 187, 188, 

 1917 — part. La Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia; idem. I.e., 55, p. 145, 1926 

 — Rio Simo and below San Jose, eastern Ecuador. 



Ratige. — Tropical zone of the east slope of the east Colombian 

 Andes (La Morelia, Caqueta)^ south through eastern Ecuador to the 

 north bank of the Rio Maraiion, Peru (Iquitos). 



Conover Collection. — 13: Ecuador (Concepcion, 4; Tio Yaco, 1; 

 Sara-Yaco, 1; Romos Urro, 1; headwaters of Rio Tigre, 1; San Jose, 

 1; Lagarto Yacu, 1; Raya Chigta, 1; Rio Suno, 2). 



♦Tinamus major peruvianus Bonaparte.- Peruvian Tinamou. 



Tinamus peruvianus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 573, 

 Sept., 1856 — Peru (type in Brussels Museiun); Dubois, Mem. Soc. Zool. 

 France, 7, p. 404, 1894 (crit.); Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. 

 Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 719, 1906 — Pozuzo, Dept. Hudnuco, Peru (crit.). 



Tinamus major (not of Gmelin) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 

 p. 563 — Monterico, Peru. 



Tinamus ruficeps (not of Sclater and Salvin) Taczanowski, Om. Per., 3, p. 

 292, 1886— Monterico, Peru; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, "1904," p. 452, 

 1905 — Rio Junia. 



Tinamus serratus serratus (not of Spix) Ihering, Cat. Faim. Braz., 1, p. 5, 

 1907— Rio Jurud. 



Tinamus major ruficeps Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 42, 1921 — 

 Rio Cosireni, Urubamba, Peru. 



1 Heine and Reichenow (Nomencl. Mus. Om. Hein., p. 303, 1890) list a 

 "Trachypelmus intermedius Cabanis," apparently a manuscript name, from 

 "BogotA" without any description. 



* Tinamus major perurianus Bonaparte: Exceedingly close to T. m. ruficeps, 

 but ground color of upper parts on average lighter brownish, and the crown 

 slightly paler. The barring above is about as variable as in the allied races, and 

 the junior author noticed considerable variation in the tone of the dorsal plumage, 

 which runs from decidedly brown to yeUowish olive, one Bolivian bird resembling 

 in that respect certain specimens of zidiensis. It seems rather doubtful if the race 

 is worthy of recognition. 



Bonaparte's diagnosis, "Minor: brunneo-rufus, dorso alisque maculis sparsis 

 nigris: subtus pallidior, olivascens, maculis nullis," might apply to any of the 

 upper Amazonian races; but as Dubois tells us that the type was secured by Baron 

 Popelaire de Terloo, whose collecting was principally, if not exclusively, done in 

 Peru south of the Maranon, the pertinence of Bonaparte's name can hardly be 

 questioned. 



Additional material examiTted. — Peru: Pozuzo, Hu&nuco, 2; Chuchurras, 

 Huanuco, 1. — Boli\ia: Rio Surutu, Santa Cruz, 2; Buena\'ista, Santa Cruz, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 19 



Tinamus serratus peruvianus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 14, 1931 — Pozuzo, 

 Peru. 



Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Peru south of the Maranon 

 River to northern Bolivia, east to the Rio Jurua, Brazil. 



Conover Collection. — 12: Brazil, Rio Jurua (Santo Antonio, 2; 

 Igarap^ do Gordao, 1 ; Igarape Grande, 2) ; Peru (Rio Urubamba, 2) ; 

 Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Buenavista, 1; Rio Ichilo, 1; Rio Surutu, 3). 



*Tinainus major olivascens Conover.^ Olivaceous Tinamou. 



Tinamus major olivascens Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 191, Oct. 28, 

 1937— Tome-assti, Rio Acar4, Para, Brazil (type in Conover Collection, 

 Field Museum of Natural History). 



Tinamus brasiliensis (not of Latham) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 291, 1870 — 

 part, [Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso on the Rio Guapore, Matto Grosso, 

 and Cachoeira da Bananeira and Borba, Rio Madeira, Brazil. 



Tinamus major (not of Gmelin) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 13, 



1880 — part, spec. 8, Borba, Rio Madeira. 

 Tinamus serratus (not of Spix) Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 



22, No. 3, p. 699, 1906— part, Borba and Matto Grosso (crit.). 

 Tinamus serratus serratus Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, 



No. 3, p. 719, 1906 — part, Rio Madeira to Matto Grosso; idem, Nov. 

 Zool., 14, p. 408, 1907— Humayta, Rio Madeira; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 

 17, p. 419, 1910 — Calama, Rio Madeira (range in part); Naumburg, Bull. 

 f Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 58, 1930— Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 1, 



p. 14, 1931 — part, Rio Madeira region. 



Tinamus ruficeps (not of Sclater and Salvin) Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 



23, 1908— Bom Lugar, Rio Purus; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 47, 1914 

 — Rio Purus. 



Range. — Brazil south of the Amazon, from the Rio Acara west 

 to the Rio Purus, south to northern Matto Grosso (Villa Bella). 



Conover Collection. — 11: Brazil (Tome-assti, Rio Acara, 1; Boim, 

 Rio Tapajoz, 1; Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, 1; Labrea, Rio Purus, 5; 

 Canutama, Rio Purus, 3). 



1 Tinamus major olivascens Conover: Differs from the other races by the 

 extreme olive greenish coloration of the upper parts, which are barred with rather 

 coarse black cross-marks; foreneck and chest decidedly grayish, rest of under 

 parts strongly vermiculated, vent in many specimens white; remiges distinctly 

 olivaceous, much less rufescent than in serratus and ruficeps, but not as much so 

 when compared to peruvianus. 



Specimens from the Rio Acara, Rio Tapajoz, Rio Madeira, and the right 

 bank of the Rio Purus are greenish above with practically no rufescent tinge. 

 Some examples from the left bank of the Purus, however, tend toward the colora- 

 tion of peruvianus, having more or less of a brownish shading to the upper parts, 

 especially on the lower back and secondaries. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Villa Braga, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Borba, 

 Rio Madeira, 2; Calama, Rio Madeira, 4; Humayta, Rio Madeira, 2; Nova Olinda, 

 Rio Purtis, 2; Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, 2. 




20 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 

 *Tinamus major serratus Spix.' Rio Negro Tinamou. 



Tinamus serratus Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 61, pi. 76, 1825 — "in 

 sylvis campestribus fl. Nigri"=Rio Negro, Brazil (type lost, formerly in 

 Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, 

 No. 3, p. 699, 1906). 



Crypturus serratus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 19, Crypturus, sp. 2, 1827 — part, 

 Brazil (descr. of type). 



Tinamus brasiliensis (not of Latham) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 291, 1870 — 

 part, "Rio Negro, Dec. 26, 1830" [=Sao Pedro] and Marabitanas, Brazil. 



Tinamus major (not of Gmelin) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 13, 



1880 — part, spec. 7, Marabitanas, Rio Negro; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. 



Mus., 27, p. 502, 1895 — Sao Joaquim and [Sao Pedro] Rio Negro, Brazil. 

 Tinamus serratus Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, 



p. 699, 1906 — part, Rio Negro [=Sao Pedro] and Marabitanas, Rio Negro 



(crit.). 



Tinamus serratus serratus Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, 

 No. 3, p. 719, 1906— part, valley of the Rio Negro; Peters, Bds. World, 

 1, p. 14, 1931^part, valley of the Rio Negro, 



Tinamus subcristatus (not Trachypelmus subcristatus Cabanis) Pelzeln, Orn. 

 Bras., 3, p. 291, 1870 — part, Sao Joaquim, Rio Negro (spec, in British 

 Museum examined by C. E. H.). 



Range. — Northwestern Brazil, from the Rio Negro south to the 

 north bank of the Rio SoHmoes (Manacapuru, Codajaz, Parana do 

 Jacar^, Tonantins, etc.), west to the vicinity of the lower Rio I^a. 



' Tinamus major serratus Spix differs from T. m. ruficeps by lighter (more 

 reddish) upper parts with usually little dark barring; on average lighter rufous 

 crown; paler, less heavily vermiculated under surface, especially on flanks and 

 lower breast. From T. m. olivascens it may be separated by distinctly reddish 

 brown, not greenish upper surface, with fewer blackish bars; strongly rufescent 

 secondaries; more brownish chest, and lighter, less vermiculated posterior under 

 parts, the lower breast and middle abdomen being frequently plain buffy white. 



Birds from the eastern stretches of the Rio Solimoes (Manacapuru, Codajaz, 

 Parana do Jacare) agree perfectly with Rio Negro specimens. Of two skins 

 from the lower Rio Ifa, one is typical serratus, while the other, in dull olive brown, 

 heavily barred dorsal surface, resembles ruficeps. A single individual from 

 Tonantins is conspicuous for its very bright reddish green coloration above. 

 Even more aberrant is an adult male obtained by J. Natterer on July 28, 1831, 

 at Sao Joaquim, at the junction of the Rio Vaupes and the Rio Negro. This bird 

 has the forehead tinged with grayish, the sides of the head dusky, and the occipital 

 feathers lengthened into a full crest as in major, but the upper parts are much 

 lighter and more yellowish than even in zuliensis, and the foreneck and chest 

 huffier than in any other race; middle of breast and abdomen are extensively 

 plain white as in various individuals of serratus. This is the specimen described 

 by Salvadori as the male of his T. major, but we are pretty certain that it is nothing 

 but an individual mutant of the Rio Negro form. T. m. serratus has no crest or 

 but a short one, while the sides of the head are bright tawny. Near the Venezuelan 

 border its range encroaches on the left bank of the Rio Negro, since two adults 

 from Sao Pedro are exactly like those from Marabitanas and Codajaz. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Tatu, Rio Negro, 2; Sao Pedro, Rio 

 Negro, 2; Marabitanas, Rio Negro, 1; Sao Joaquim, Rio Negro, 1; Codajaz, 

 Rio Solimoes, 2; Manacapuru, 1; Canabouca, Parana do Jacare, Rio SoHmoes, 1; 

 Tonantins, Rio Solimoes, 1. 



1 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 21 



Conover Collection. — 6: Brazil (Rio Caura, 1; Manacapuru, 3; 

 Paranei do Matintins, lower Rio If a, 1 ; Lago do Caroara, lower Rio 



Ica, 1). 



*Tinamus major major (Gmelin).* Guianan Tinamou. 



Tetrao major Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 767, 1789 — principally based on 

 "Le Magoua" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 507, pi. 24, 1778; Cayenne.^ 



Tinamus brasiliensis Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 633, 1790 — new name for Tetrao 

 major Gmelin. 



Tinamus brasilianus Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., livr. 51, p. 224, pi. 

 89, fig. 3, 1792— principally based on Buffon's "Le Magoua." 



Cryptura magoua Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 104, 1819 

 — new name for Tinamus brasiliensis Latham. 



Trachypelmus subcristatu^ Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, 

 "1848," p. 749, 1849— British Guiana (type in Berlin Museum); Brown, 

 Canoe and Camp Life Brit. Guiana, p. 48, 1876 — Puruni River. 



Tinamus subcristatus Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 291, 1870 — part, Barra do Rio 

 Negro [=Manaos], Brazil; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 181 — Bartica Grove, 

 Camacusa, Merume Mts., and Roraima, British Guiana; W. L. Sclater, 

 Ibis, 1887, p. 317 — Maccasseema, Pomeroon River, British Guiana; Sal- 

 vadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 504, 1895 — Cayenne, Camacusa, 

 Bartica Grove, Merume Mts., and Takutu River, British Guiana; M6ne- 

 gaux. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 184, 1904 — upper Oyapock, 



' Tinamus major major (Gmelin) is very close to T. m. serratus, but may be 

 distinguished by grayish or sooty forehead and anterior superciliary region; 

 dusky instead of tawny sides of the head, notably dusky auriculars; and a full 

 occipital crest. 



These characters are quite constant in more than fifty Guianan specimens 

 and eleven others from the north bank of the lower Amazon. Even young, half- 

 grown individuals show the dusky forehead and a suggestion of the crest, though 

 the posterior sides of the head, in particular the auriculars, are very nearly as 

 rufous as in T. m. serratus. The large series of British Guianan skins (in the British 

 Museum) show tremendous variation both in color of upper parts and in extent 

 of black barring. The color tone varies from a decided rufous brown (in a female 

 from Camacusa) through every imaginable shade of brownish and olivaceous to 

 a clear yellowish olive approaching that of T. m. zuliensis, while, as regards mark- 

 ings, every stage may be found between heavily barred and a few scattered trans- 

 verse spots here and there. Birds from Manaos, in the light of the long series now 

 on hand, prove to be identical with the Guianan ones, and those from Obidos are 

 not different either, although one, in the coloration of the dorsal surface, comes 

 close to T. m. olivascens. A single adult from eastern Venezuela (Rio Yuruan), 

 while rather light above, has the full crest and the grayish forehead and face of 

 the present form. 



Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 3. — Surinam, 1.^- 

 British Guiana (Camacusa, Tumatumari, Bartica, Merume Mts., Takutu River, 

 Supenaam, etc.), 50. — Venezuela: Rio Yuruan, 1. — Brazil: Manaos, 7; Obidos, 2; 

 Colonia do Veado, near Obidos, 1. 



' Though certain references of Gmelin's are not applicable, the principal 

 source of his account appears to have been "Le Magoua" of Buflfon, who clearly 

 describes the present form — the only one of the group occurring in the Guianas. 

 Buflfon remarked that the nude oroital space shown in Daubenton's PI. Enl., 

 pi. 476, was inaccurate. 




22 Field Museum of Natural History^Zoology, Vol. XIII 



French Guiana; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 47, 1914 — Obidos, 

 Brazil. 

 Tinamus major Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 13, 1880 — part, spec. 

 1-6, Surinam and Barra do Rio Negro (=Man&os], Brazil; Berlepsch, 

 Nov. Zool., 15, p. 298, 1908— Cayenne; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, 

 p. 4, 1916 (many localities); Beebe, Trop. Wild Life, 1, pp. 126, 258, 1917 

 — Bartica, British Guiana (breeding habits). 



Tinamus major major Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 188, 1917 — 

 Potaro River, British Guiana (crit.); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., 62, p. 40, 1918 — Lelydorp, Surinam; Peters, Bds. World, 1, 

 p. 13, 1931 (range). 



Range. — FYench, Dutch, and British Guiana, extreme eastern 

 Venezuela (Rio Yuruan, Roraima), and northern Brazil, south to 

 the north bank of the Amazon, from Obidos west to Manaos. 



Field Museum Collection. — 7: British Guiana (Georgetown, 1; 

 Oko Mountains, Essequibo, 3; Rockstone, Essequibo River, 1; 

 Coverden, Demerara River, 1; Middle Base Camp, Itabu Creek, 

 upper New River, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 7: British Guiana (Rockstone, Essequibo 

 River, 1 ; Oko Mountains, Essequibo, 3) ; French Guiana (Pied Saut, 

 Oyapock, 1); Brazil (Lago Cuipeua, near Obidos, 2). 



♦Tinamus guttatus Pelzeln. White-throated Tinamou. 



Tinamus guttatus (Natterer MS.) Pelzeln, Verb. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 13, 

 pp. 1126, 1128, 1863— Borba (Rio Madeira), Rio Vaupe, and Para, Bra- 

 zil, and San Carlos (Rio Negro), Venezuela (spec, in Vienna Museum 

 examined) ;i idem, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 292, 1870 — Borba, San Carlos, Rio 

 Vaupe (Sao Jeronimo), and Para; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1873, p. 310 — Chamicuros, Peru; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, 

 Tinami, p. 12, 1880 — Para (descr.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 295, 

 1886— Chamicuros, Peru; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 112, 1889 

 — falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 163, 

 1891— Santarem, Brazil; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 508, 1895 

 — Brazil (Para), Ecuador (Sarayacu), and Peru (Chamicuros); Ihering, 

 Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, "1904," p. 452, 1905— Rio Jurua, Brazil; Hellmayr, 

 Nov. Zool., 14, p. 409, 1907 — Humayta, Rio Madeira; Ihering, Cat. Faun. 

 Braz., 1, p. 5, 1907 — lower Amazon and Rio Jurufi; Snethlage, Journ. 

 Orn., 56, p. 23, 1908 — Cachoeira, Rio Purus; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, 

 p. 419, 1910 — Rio Madeira (Borba, Humayta); idem, Abhandl. Math.- 

 Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 82, 97, 1912— Peixe-Boi and 

 Rio Acard, Par4; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 47, 1914 — Rio Capim, 

 Rio Acar^, and Rio Purus (Cachoeira); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 

 14, No. 25, p. 13, 1922 — Rio Napo, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 55, p. 146, 1926 — below San Jose, Ecuador; Stone, Proc. 



1 Borba, Rio Madeira, designated as type locality by Hellmayr (Nov. Zool., 

 14, p. 409, 1907). 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 23 



Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 150, 1928— Pard; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 

 14, 1931 (range). 

 Tinamus solitarius (not Cryptura solitaria Vieillot) Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 499 

 — Rio Capim, Para. 



Range. — From eastern Ecuador and extreme southwest corner of 

 Venezuela south through eastern Peru (Chamicuros), to northeast- 

 ern BoHvia (falls of the Rio Madeira), and east through Amazonia 

 to the Para district.^ 



Conover Collection. — 26: Brazil (Murutucu, Para, 2; Murutucu- 

 Matta, Para, 1; Utinga-Matta, Para, 1; Villa Braga, Rio Tapajoz, 1; 

 Caxiricatuba, Rio Tapajoz, 3; Tauary, Rio Tapajoz, 3; Boim, Rio 

 Tapajoz, 3; Pinhel, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Serraria Cabral, Rio Acara, 1; 

 Villa Acara, Rio Acara, 2; Arima, Rio Purus, 1; Lago Grande, Rio 

 Jurua, 2; Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua, 1; Igarap^ do Gordao, Rio Jurua, 

 1); Ecuador (headwaters of Rio Tigre, 3). 



Genus NOTHOCERCUS Bonaparte 



Nothocercus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 881, 1856 — 

 type, by subs, desig. (Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 509, 1895), 

 Tinamus julius Bonaparte. 



*Nothocercus bonapartei plumbeiceps Lonnberg and Rendahl.^ 

 Gray-capped Tinamou. 



Nothocercus plumbeiceps Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 13, 



1922 — Baeza, road to Napo, eastern Ecuador (type in Stockholm Museum). 

 Nothocercus honaparlei{1) (not Tinamus bonapartei Gray) Taczanowski and 



Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 112 — Machay, Ecuador (crit.). 

 Nothocercus bonapartei plumbeiceps Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, 



p. 147, 1926 — below and above Baeza (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 15, 



1931 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Ecuador (Baeza, Machay, 

 Cerro Condeja, Huila). 



1 The specimen from "Marajo" mentioned by Hellmayr (Nov. Zool., 14, 

 p. 409, 1907) is from Magoary, on the Braganga Railroad, east of Para. 



While there is considerable variation in the amount of black markings and 

 bufify spotting above, we have not been able to correlate it with particular geo- 

 graphic areas. Birds from the upper Rio Negro appear to be inseparable from 

 those from south of the Amazon. No material from Peru or Bolivia has been 

 available. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Para, 2; Peixe-Boi, Para, 2; Rio Acard, 

 1; Borba, Rio Madeira, 2; Sao Jeronimo, Rio Vaupes, 1. — Venezuela: San Cdrlos, 

 Rio Guainia, 1. 



"^Nothocercus bonapartei plumbeiceps Lonnberg and Rendahl: Very similar to 

 N. b. bonapartei, but general coloration darker throughout, the upper parts being 

 noticeably less rufescent. The only Ecuadorian specimen examined by Hellmayr 

 has the throat less ochraceous, but this is probably individual, since Chapman 

 found three topotypes from Baeza similar, in that respect, to others from Colombia. 



Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Machay, 1. 




24 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Conover Collection. — 3: Ecuador (Cerro Condeja, Oriente, 1; 

 Huila, Oriente, 2). 



*Nothocercus bonapartei bonapartei (G. R. Gray). Bona- 

 parte's TiNAMOU. 



Tinamus bonapartei G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 97, 1867 — 

 valley of Aragua, Venezuela (type in British Museum examined). 



Nothocercus bonapartii Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., p. 152, 

 1873 — part, Colombia and Venezuela. 



Tinamus nigrieapillus (not of G. R. Gray) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, 

 p. 17, 1880 — part, spec. 1, Bogota. 



Nothocercus bonapartei Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 511, 1895 — 

 Venezuela (valley of Aragua) and Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. 

 N. H., 36, p. 190, 1917— La Palma, Andalucia, and Aguadita, Colombia. 



Nothocercus bonapartei bonapartei Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, 

 A, Heft 5, p. 162, 1912 — Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela 

 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 15, 1931 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of western Venezuela and of the 

 eastern and central Andes of Colombia.^ 



Conover Collection. — 1: Colombia (La Plata, Huila, 1). 

 ♦Nothocercus bonapartei intercedens Salvadori. ^ Antioquia 



TiNAMOU. 



Nothocercus intercedens Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 513, 1895 — 

 Frontino, Antioquia, Colombia (type in British Museum examined); 

 Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1208 — Pueblo Rico, Colombia. 



Nothocercus bonapartii (not Tinamus bonapartei Gray) Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 548 — Concordia and Frontino, Colombia 

 (egg descr.). 



Tinamus nigrieapillus (not of Gray) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, 

 p. 17, 1880— part, spec. 2, "Medellin." 



^ Bogota skins are rather darker above, more rufescent and less olive than the 

 type and another Venezuelan specimen, but the difference may possibly be due 

 to post-mortem change. 



Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Valley of Aragua, 1 (the type); 

 Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo, 1. — Colombia: Bogota, 6; Rio Naya, Cundina- 

 marca, 1. 



'Nothocercus bonapartei intercedens Salvadori differs from the nominate race 

 by paler throat (ochraceous-buff instead of tawny), less reddish, more olivaceous 

 wings, and much less rufescent under parts, the ochraceous-tawny of bonapartei 

 being replaced by dingy clay color deepening into cinnamon-brown or dull och- 

 raceous-tawny on chest and foreneck (deep tawny to auburn in bonapartei). In 

 coloration of under parts, N. b. intercedens is more like N. b. frantzii, but the latter 

 has the throat much darker, ochraceous-tawny to tawny, and the lower primary 

 coverts nearly or wholly uniform gray, not barred with rufescent as in bonapartei 

 and intercedens. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: Frontino, 1 (the type); Concordia, 

 2; Pueblo Rico, San Juan slopes, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 25 



Nothocercus bonapariei intercedens Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 15, 1931 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of the western Andes of Colombia 

 (Frontino, Concordia, Pueblo Rico, Munchique, San Antonio, 

 La Costa). 



Conover Collection. — 10: Colombia, Cauca (Munchique, El Tambo, 

 5; San Antonio, 1; La Costa, El Tambo, 2; Rio Munchique, El 

 Tambo, 1; Rio Michengue, El Tambo, 1). 



*Nothocercus bonapartei frantzii (Lawrence). Frantzius's 



TiNAMOU. 



Tinamus frantzii Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 140, 1868 — 



Cervantes, Costa Rica (type in U. S. National Museum); Frantzius, 



Journ. Orn., 17, p. 374, 1869— Cervdntes; Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 312— 



Costa Rica. 

 Nothocercus bonapartii (not Tinamus bonapartei Gray) Sclater and Salvin, 



Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., p. 152, 1873 — part, Costa Rica; Boucard, Proc. 



Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 41 — ^Rio Navarro, Costa Rica; Zeledon, Anal. 



Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 128, 1887 — Faldas del Irazu, Costa Rica; 



Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, pi. 78, 1904. 



Tinamus nigricapillus (not of Gray) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 

 17, 1880 — part, spec. 3, Costa Rica. 



Nothocercus frantzii Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 512, 1895 — Panama 

 and Costa Rica (Irazu); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, 

 p. 452, 1904 — Costa Rica (Cervdntes, Irazu, Faldas, Rio Navarro, "Aseni" 

 [=Asseri], Achiote de Poas, Estrella de Cartago) and Panama; Carriker, 

 Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 377, 1910 — Costa Rica (Asseri de Irazu, El 

 Achiote de Poas, La Estrella de Cartago, La Palma de San Jose, Volcan 

 Turrialba, Ujurrds de Terraba). 



Nothocercus bonapartei frantzii Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 15, 1931 (range); 

 Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 291, 1935— Volcan de Chiriqui. 



Range. — Highlands of Costa Rica and extreme western Panama 

 (Volcan de Chiriqui).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Panama (Boquete, Chiriqui, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Costa Rica (San Joaquin de Dota, 4). 



*Nothocercus Julius fuscipennis Chapman.^ Dusky-winged 



TiNAMOU. V 



1 A single adult from Chiriqui agrees with Costa Rican specimens. 



' Nothocercus julius fuscipennis Chapman: Similar to N.j.jvXius, but differs by 

 having the sides of the face, the nape, and the back of the neck more dusky, less 

 rufous; the upper parts darker, more olivaceous; and the under parts, on an 

 average, more extensively vermiculated with dusky. 



The character "back . . . finely vermiculated" as given in the original descrip- 

 tion, does not hold when a series is examined. Out of nine specimens, including 

 the type, examined by the junior author, five have the upper parts vermiculated 




26 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Nothocercus fuscipennis Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 1^ p. 1, Sept. 22, 1921 

 — Andes west of Popaydn, western Andes of Colombia (type in the Ameri- 

 can Museum of Natural History, New York, examined); Peters, Bds. 

 World, 1, p. 14, 1931 — western Andes of Colombia. 



Nothocercus julius (not Tinamus Julius Bonaparte) Chapman, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 36, p. 190, 1917 — part, Andes west of Popayan. 



Range. — Temperate zone of the western Andes of Colombia 

 (Andes west of Popayan, Munchique, San Antonio). 



Conover Collection.— 9 : Colombia (Munchique, El Tambo, Cauca, 

 6; Savaneta, El Tambo, Cauca, 2; San Antonio, Cauca, 1). 



♦Nothocercus julius julius (Bonaparte). Verreaux's Tinamou. 



Tinamus julius Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, p. 663 (note), 

 1854 — Colombia (type in coll. of J. Verreaux, now in the Academy of 

 Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 51, p. 12, 1899); idem. Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 93 (note), 1854— 

 Colombia (descr.); Hartlaub, Journ. Orn., 2, p. 410, 1854 — New Grenada 

 (descr.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 163, 1855 — Bogota and 

 Ecuador; idem. I.e., 26, p. 76, 1858 — Rio Napo, Ecuador; Gray, List Spec. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 98, 1867— Bogota; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, 

 Tinami, p. 18, 1880— Colombia (crit.). 



Nothocercus julius Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, pp. 881, 954, 

 957, 1856 (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., p. 152, 

 1873— Colombia and Ecuador; Pelzeln, Ibis, 1875, p. 331— "Spanish 

 Guiana" = Colombia (descr. of pullus; spec, examined); Taczanowski and 

 Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 112 — San Rafael, Ecuador; 

 Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 304, 1890— Bogotd; 

 Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 509, 1895— Colombia (Bogotd) and 

 Ecuador (Monji); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 

 368, p. 51, 1900— Pun, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, 

 p. 190, 1917 — part, Laguneta, central Andes, Colombia; Lonnberg and 

 Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 13, 1922 — below Lloa, Algonquinche, 

 and Maspa, Ecuador (crit.). 



Nothocercus bourcieri Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, pp. 881, 

 954, 1856 (stated to be the same as N. julius). 



Nothocercus salvadorii Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 33, p. 95, Jan. 29, 1914 — 

 "Ecuador" (type in the British Museum examined). 



Nothocercus julius salvadorii Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 7 — west side of Pichincha, 

 Ecuador (crit.). 



Nothocercus julius julius Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 146, 1926 

 — Mojanda Mountains, above Baeza, and Ambato, Ecuador (crit.) ; Peters, 

 Bds. World, 1, p. 15, 1931 (range). 



and four (San Antonio and Munchique) have them strongly barred. This difiference 

 does not seem to be due to sex, age, or locality, but is an individual characteristic. 



In coloration and barring of upper parts, one specimen from Munchique is 

 exactly like a series of typics^ julius from Ecuador. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: Andes west of Popayfin, 1 (the 

 type). 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 27 



Range. — Humid Temperate zone of Ecuador (from the Ambato- 

 Bafios region northward) and of the central and eastern Andes of 

 Colombia.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Colombia ("Bogota," 1). 



Conover Collection. — 5: Ecuador (Piganta, western side of Mo- 

 janda Mountains, 2; Montes de Alaspunga, Occidente, 1; Baeza, 

 Oriente, 1; Monte Pilalo, Rio Pilalo, Leon, 1). 



*Nothocercus Julius venezuelensis Cory.^ TamA Tinamou. 



Nothocercus julius venezuelensis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 

 283, May 31, 1913 — Paramo de Tama (near source of Tachira River), 

 western Venezuela (type in Field Museum of Natural History); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 1, p. 15, 1931 (range). 



Range. — Temperate zone of Paramo de Tama, Prov. Tachira, in 

 extreme western Venezuela. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Venezuela (Paramo de Tama, 1). 



Nothocercus nigrocapillus nigrocapillus (G. R. Gray). Hooded 

 Tinamou. 



Tinamus nigrocapillus G. R. Gray, List Spec. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 98, 1867 — 

 "Chili," errore (type in British Museum examined).' 



1 There seems to be no justifiable ground for further subdivision. While the 

 type of N. salvadorii, an Ecuadorian skin purchased of Verreaux, is above indeed 

 more broadly barred with the light markings paler, tawny olive rather than 

 Dresden brown as in three Bogota specimens, other birds from Ecuador very 

 nearly bridge the gap. One male from the west side of Pichincha is essentially 

 like those from Bogota; a female from Piganta (west side of Mojanda) is halfway 

 between the latter and the type of N. salvadorii; and a male from the same locality, 

 in width and color of the bars above, closely approaches Chubb's original example. 

 We have little doubt that Chapman is right in attributing the divergency to 

 individual variation. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: Bogota, 7; Laguneta, 1. — Ecuador: 

 west side of Pichincha, 1; Piganta, 2; unspecified, 3. 



^ Nothocercus Julius venezuelensis Cory needs substantiation by further material. 

 The unique type differs from julius by more reddish ground ct)lor of the upper 

 parts with finer barring, reduced to vermiculations on the mantle; more grayish 

 foreneck with fewer dusky markings; and paler, more ochraceous-tawny breast. 

 The other alleged characters do not hold, and several Bogota skins have the fore- 

 head and face even more uniform as well as brighter rufous than the type. ^ 



3 The type (Brit. Mus. Reg. No. 58.5.8.19) was purchased of Cuming in a 

 mixed lot of nineteen birds from all parts of the world. No locality whatever is 

 given in the registers, but somebody wrote "Chili" on the label. There is no clue 

 as to its place of origin, the indication "Chile" being obviously erroneous. Un- 

 fortunately, no other material of the group was available in the British Museum, 

 where the type has been carefully studied by the senior author. 



N. nigrocapillus, while no doubt closely related to N. julius, is better kept 

 as a separate species for the present pending the receipt of more adequate material. 

 It agrees with A'^. julius in white throat, plain grayish brown lower primary coverts, 

 and nearly unmarked dusky primaries, but has the top of the head and auriculars 

 sooty blackish instead of russet. 




28 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Noihocercus nigricapillus Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., p. 152, 

 1873— hab. ign.; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 511, pi. 8, 1895— 

 "Chili"; Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 18, p. 2 (in text), 1921— Locotal, 

 Bolivia. 



Noihocercus nigrocapillus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 14, 1931 — central Bolivia. 



Nothocercus nigricapillus nigri^xipillus Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 85, p. 2 (in text), 1933 — Peru (Santo Domingo, Puno; Huacapistana, 

 Junin) and Bolivia (Incachaca, Cochabamba). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of southern Peru (from Junin south- 

 wards) and Bolivia (Incachaca and Locotal, Cochabamba). 



Nothocercus nigrocapillus cadwaladeri Carriker.^ Cadwala- 

 der's Tinamou. 



Notliocercus nigri,capillus cadwaladeri Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 85, p. 2, March 24, 1933 — Leimabamba, Dept. Amazonas, Peru (type in 

 the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of northern Peru (only recorded from 

 Leimabamba, Dept. Amazonas). 



Genus CRYPTURELLUS Brabourne and Chubb 



Crypturellus Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 14, p. 322, 

 1914 — type, by orig. desig., "C. tataupa" Temm.=' Tinamus tataupa 

 Temminck. 



Microcrypturus Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 28, p. 30, Dec. 29, 1917— new 

 name for Crypturelltis Brabourne and Chubb (believed to be preoccupied 

 by Crypturella Silvestri). 



Crypturomis Oberholser, P^oc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 74, 1922 — type, by 

 orig. desig., Tetrao cinereus Gmelin. 



Orthocrypturus Miranda-Ribeiro, Rev. Mus. Paul., 23, p. 739, 1938 — type, by 

 orig. desig., Tetrao variegatu^ Gmelin. 



^Nothocercus nigrocapillus cadwaladeri Carriker: Similar to N. n. nigrocapillus 

 (from the Yungas of La Paz, Bolivia), but much more reddish brown above; 

 lower throat more brownish, less grayish; chest and breast bright reddish brown 

 instead of buffy brown, with an indistinct series of narrow broken lines of black 

 across extreme upper chest; abdomen more reddish buffy. Other characteristics 

 given by the describer seem unimportant. 



Two specimens from Leimabamba were compared by the junior author with five 

 nigrocapillus (Sandillani, Yungas of La Paz, 1; Hichuloma, Yungas of La Paz, 1; 

 Santo Domingo, Marcapata, Peru, 1; Huacapistana, Junin, Peru, 2). The type of 

 N. nigrocapillus being of decidedly reddish brown coloration, it is quite possible 

 that on comparison with the two races here distinguished it may prove to pertain 

 to cadwaladeri rather than to the southern form to which Gray's name has been 

 applied by Chapman and Carriker. 



Specimens from Junin (Huacapistana) were found by the junior author to 

 be similar to cadwaladeri on the upper, to the southern form on the lower parts, 

 being thus strictly intermediate. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 29 



*GrypturelIus cinereus cinereus (Gmelin)^ Cinereous 

 Tinamou. 



Tetrao cinereus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 768, 1789 — based on "Le Tinamou 

 cendre" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 510, 1778; Cayenne, 



Tinamus cinereus Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 574, 750, 1815 — 

 "Par4" and Guiana; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 292, 1870— Borba, Rio 

 Madeira, and Cayenne. 



Crypturus cinereus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 19, spec. 5, 1827 (ex Temminck); 

 Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 307, 1844— Peru; idem, Faun. Peru., 

 Aves, p. 46, 1845 — Peru; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 317, 

 1856 — Para, lower Amazon, Guiana, and Peru (descr.); Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 310 — Chamicuros and Santa Cruz, Peru; 

 Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 83, 1876 — Santarem; Schlegel, Mus. Pays- 

 Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 20, 1880 — Surinam, Peru (Chamicuros, Iquitos), and 

 Brazil (Borba, Rio Madeira) (crit.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 300, 

 1886 — Peru (Chamicuros, Santa Cruz) and Cayenne; Salvadori, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 517, 1895— Cayenne, British Guiana (Takutu 

 River), and Peru (Iquitos, Santa Cruz); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 

 9, p. 122, 1902 — Maipures, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela (crit.); Hellmayr, 

 Nov. Zool., 13, p. 385, 1906 — Santo Antonio do Prata and Marajo, Pard; 

 idem. I.e., 14, pp. 90, 409, 1907— Teffe, Rio Solimoes, and Humayta, Rio 

 Madeira; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 298, 1908 — Cayenne; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, 

 p. 410, 1910 — Calama and Jamarysinho, Rio Madeira; idem, Abhandl. 

 Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 97, 1912— Santo Antonio 

 do Prata, Para; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 48, 1914 — Para, Monte 

 Alegre, and Cachoeira, Rio Purus; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 9, pi. 1, 

 fig. 2, 1916 — Takutu River, British Guiana; Cherrie, Mus. Brookl. Inst., 

 Sci. Bull., 2, p. 360, 1916 — Maipures, Rio Orinoco; Chapman, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 36, p. 191, 1917 — Barrigon, eastern Colombia. 



[Crypturus] assimilis (Pelzeln MS.) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 

 20 (in text), 1880 — Borba, Rio Madeira (cotypes in Vienna Museum). 



Crypturus macconnelli Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 14, 

 p. 320, Oct., 1914— Bonasica, British Guiana (type in coll. of F. V. Mc- 

 Connell, now in the British Museum, examined) ; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 

 1, p. 8, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1916 — Ituribisei River, Bartica, Kamakabra Creek, 

 Bonasika, and Abary River; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 

 62, p. 40, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Chapman, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 55, p. 147, 1926— Rio Suno, Ecuador. 



Crypturus macconnelli fumosus Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 332, p. 1, Oct. 

 31, 1928 — junction of Rios Napo and Curaray, eastern Ecuador (type in 

 the American Museum of Natural History, New York). 



Crypturellus cinereus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 16, 1931 (range). 



Crypturellus berlepschi macconnelli Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 16, 1931 — 

 British and Dutch Guiana. 



Crypturellus berlepschi cinerascens Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, 

 p. 315, Oct. 10, 1935 — Chatarona (near Reyes), Dept. Beni, Bolivia (type 

 in collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia). 




30 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Crypturellus einereus rufescens Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 51, p. 125, May 

 19, 1938 — Miritituba, Rio Tapajoz, Brazil (type in Carnegie Museum, 

 Pittsburgh). 



Range. — The Guianas, west through the Orinoco region (Mai- 

 pures) to the eastern base of the east Colombian Andes (Barrigon) 

 and the whole of Amazonia from the Para district west to the base 

 of the Andes in Ecuador, Peru, and northern Bolivia.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: British Guiana (Middle Base Camp, 

 upper New River, 1; Coverden, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 26: Brazil (Utinga, Para, 1; Lago Baptista, 

 Amazonas, 1; Valde-Caes, Belem, Para, 1; Lago Taypayuna, Ama- 

 zonas, 1; Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Miritituba, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Boca do 

 Rio Itugu, near Santar^m, 1; Lago Cuipeua, near Obidos, 1; Labrea, 

 Rio Purus, 2; Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua, 7; Lago Grande, Rio Jurua, 

 2; Igarap^ do Gordao, Rio Jurua, 2); Ecuador (Sara-Yaco, Rio 

 Bobonaza, 1; headwaters of Rio Tigre, 4). 



^ This tinamou shows considerable variation in coloring. Generally speak- 

 ing, two varieties may be distinguished: one of decidedly brownish coloration 

 with auburn nape and crown, corresponding to pi. 1, fig. 2, in Chubb's "Birds of 

 British Guiana," to which Braboume and Chubb rather arbitrarily restricted the 

 name C. einereus (although Buffon's description, "d'un brun cendre uniforme sur 

 tout le corps, et cette couleur ne varie que sur la tete et le haut du cou, ou elle 

 prend une teinte de roux," hardly lends itself to such an interpretation), and another 

 darker form with fuscous upper, dark hair brown to nearly clove brown under 

 parts, and duller (mars brown) crown, which has been separated as C. macconnelli. 

 These two types of coloration have no ranges of their own, both being found in 

 French and British Guiana, Lower and Upper Amazonia, though in certain regions 

 one type may predominate even to the exclusion of the other. We have seen 

 only brownish birds from the Rio Purus and only sooty ones from the Rio Jurua. 

 In Lower Amazonia, the so-caUed "einereus" (sensu Braboume and Chubb) is 

 the ordinary form, though one from Santarem is an extremely dark-colored 

 "maeeonrteUi." In British Guiana, whence a fine series of nicely prepared skins 

 exists in the British Museum, the two varieties are completely bridged by inter- 

 mediates. The type of C. macconnelli from Bonasica is not an excessively dark 

 example, being tinged with Prout's brown or mummy brown on rump and tail 

 coverts, and shaded with drab on the posterior lower parts. However, a bird from 

 Ituribisci (August, 1909) is a good match for the type, even in the very dull 

 rufous of the crown. If two species were to be admitted, there is no question that 

 the type should go with the sooty variety. The Bonasica specimen differs a little 

 from No. 10767, Conover Collection (male, headwaters of Rio Tigre, Napo- 

 Pastaza, Feb. 10, 1933), by slightly lighter back and by being more brownish 

 posteriorly. Two adults from Supenaam, while agreeing with the average of 

 "macconnelli" below, are more brownish on the back and in that respect closely 

 approach certain "einereus." One has just a faint shade of dull rufous on the head. 

 Ajiother bird from Bartica is still browner above, matching a male of "einereus" 

 from Rio Takutu, but has hardly a trace of dull rufous on the crown, while 

 underneath it is intermediate between the two varieties, though nearer "mac- 

 eonnelU." Except for the duller crown, it comes very close to No. 12,004, Conover 

 Collection (male, Lago Taypayuna, across Amazon from Itacoatiara). Of the 

 so-called "einereus," a female from Rio Takutu is distinctly reddish brown 

 above, with bright rufous crown, but below it closely resembles the type of mac- 

 connelli. A male from the same locality is more decidedly brownish below, but 

 less so above, and can hardly be told from a Bartica bird. Of six specimens from 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 31 

 ♦Crypturellus cinereus berlepschi (Rothschild). ^ Berlepsch's 



TiNAMOU. 



Crypturus berlepschi Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 7, p. v, Oct. 31, 1897 — 

 Cachavf, Prdv. Esmeraldas, Ecuador (type in Tring Collection, now in 

 the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Hartert, Nov. 

 Zool., 5, p. 505, pi. 3, fig. 2, 1898— Cachavl; idem. I.e., 9, p. 600, 1900— 

 Lita, Bulun, and Carondelet, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 36, p. 191, 1917 — Baudo, Novita, and Barbacoas, Colombia; idem, I.e., 

 55, p. 148, 1926 — northwestern Ecuador. 



Crypturellus berlepschi berlepschi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 16, 1931 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of western Colombia and western Ecuador. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Ecuador (Rio Sapayo, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 3 : Ecuador (Bulun, 1 ; Mindo Milpe, Pichin- 

 cha, 2). 



♦Crypturellus soui meserythrus (Sclater).- Mexican Pileated 



TiNAMOU. 



French Guiana, three are typical "macconnelli," and two are just as distinctly 

 "cinereus," while the sixth (from Pied Saut) combines the sooty body coloration 

 of the former with the bright rufous crown of the latter. Two skins from Santa 

 Cruz, Peru, are "cinereus," whereas a female from Iquitos is "macconnelli" accord- 

 ing to sooty coloring, but with an extensive bright rufous crown. Birds from 

 Upper Amazonia (eastern Ecuador, northern Peru, and Rio Jurud) show perhaps 

 a tendency to be a little more rufous on the crown, and on the average less barred 

 on the flanks, but the divergency is too insignificant to warrant the recognition 

 of C. c. fumosus, with which C. c. cinerascens is evidently synonymous. The 

 study of our extensive material leads us to the conclusion that C. cinereus and C. 

 macconnelli are merely color-variants of the same bird. 



Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 5; Pied Saut, 1. — 

 Dutch Guiana: Paramaribo, 1; "Surinam," 2. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove, 4; 

 Mines District, 1; Rio Takutu, 3; Bonasica, 1; Camacabra Creek, 1; Abary 

 River, 1; Ituribisci River, 2; Supenaam, 3; unspecified, 3. — Brazil: Upper Rocana, 

 northern Para, 1 ; Benevides, Par&, 1 ; Magoary, Pari, 1 ; Santo Antonio do Prata, 

 Para, 1; Miritituba, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Villa Braga, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Borba, Rio 

 Madeira, 5; Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, 1; Arima, Rio Purus, 1; Teffe, Rio Solimoes, 

 1. — Peru: Iquitos, 1; Santa Cruz, 2. — Venezuela: Maipures, Orinoco, 1. — Colombia: 

 Barrigon, 1. 



1 Crypturellus cinereus berlepschi (Rothschild) is even blacker than the so- 

 called "C. m. fumosus," and differs, besides, by black instead of auburn to mars 

 brown pileum and by lacking the white streaks on the throat. 



Further research may indicate that this form should be called a full species. 

 While closely resembling cinereus in coloration, the toes are much longer in pro- 

 portion to the length of the tarsus, and the bill seems much heavier, also. It 

 would be interesting to know how the coloration of the eggs compares and whether 

 there is any difference in the voice. 



Additional material examined. — Northwestern Ecuador, 3. 



^ Crypturellus soui meserythrus (Sclater) is a richly colored race with marked 

 sexual difference. Female very slightly darker than C. s. modestus on the upper 

 parts, but becoming chestnut rufous on tail coverts; secondaries and tertials 

 broadly tipped and edged with rufous, recalling certain South American races; 

 below, bright ochraceous on abdomen, strongly cinnamomeous on chest, sides. 




32 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Tinamus meserythrus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 392, 1859 — Playa 

 Vicente, Oaxaca, Mexico (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in 

 British Museum); Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p. 356 — Guatemala (egg descr.). 



Crypturus meserythrus Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 93, pi. 47, 1868 — part, 

 Mexico (Playa Vicente) and Guatemala (Choctum); Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 453, 1904 — part, Mexico (Playa Vicente), 

 Guatemala (Choctum), and Nicaragua (Rio Escondido, San Emilio, Santo 

 Domingo, Chontales). 



Crypturus pileatv^ meserythrus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 25, 1880 

 — southern Mexico and Guatemala (Coban and Sacapulas) (crit.). 



Crypturus pileatus (not Tetrao pileatus Boddaert) Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., 16, p. 525, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 27, p. 522, 1895 — part, spec, e'-p', Nicaragua (Rio Escon- 

 dido; Santo Domingo, Chontales), Guatemala (Choctum), and Mexico 

 (Playa Vicente). 



Crypturus soui modestus (not of Cabanis) Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, 

 p. 142, 1903— Yaruca, Honduras. 



Crypturus soui meserythrus Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 

 76, 1907 — Los Amates, Guatemala; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 

 380, 1910— Vera Cruz (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, 

 p. 97, 1932 — Secanquim, Chipoc, and Finca Cham4, Guatemala (crit.). 



Crypturellus soui meserythrus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 402, 1929 

 — near Tela River, Honduras; idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 17, 1931 — Mexico 

 to Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 310, 1932 — Vera 

 Cruz to southeastern Nicaragua (crit.); Stone, Proc. Aca,d. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 84, p. 296, 1932 — Yaruca and Lancetilla, Honduras; Carriker and 

 Schauensee, I.e., 87, p. 413, 1935 — Quirigua, Guatemala; Van Tyne, Misc. 

 Publ., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 9, 1935 — Chuntuquf, Sacchich, and 

 Remate, Peten, Guatemala; Deignan, Auk, 53, p. 187, 1936 — La Ceiba, 

 Honduras. 



Range. — Tropical zone of the Caribbean side of southeastern 

 Mexico (Vera Cruz and northern Oaxaca) south through Guatemala 

 and Honduras to southeastern Nicaragua. 



Field Museum Collection. — 3 : Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal, 1 ; 

 Chemulco, Izabal, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 22: Mexico (Buenavista, Vera Cruz, 1; 

 Tutla, Oaxaca, 3); Honduras (La Ceiba, Atlantida, 3; Merendon, 

 Copan, 1; La Libertad, Copan, 1; San Jos^, Santa Barbara, 1; 

 Ceguaca, Santa Barbara, 6; San Marcos de Guaymaca, 2; Cata- 

 camas, Olancho, 4). 



and flanks, thus very different from mx)desttis, and nearer panamensis, but far 

 brighter and more rufescent. Male very close to panamensis, but brighter cinna- 

 mon ochraceous below. 



As correctly pointed out by Griscom, the female of this northernmost race 

 bears a remarkable likeness to the male of C. s. soui. 



Additional material examined. — Guatemala, 7. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 33 

 ♦Crypturellus soui modestus (Cabanis).' Cabanis's Pileated 



TiNAMOU. 



Crypturus modestus Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 212, 1869 — Costa Rica (type 

 in Berlin Museum); Frantzius, I.e., p. 374, 1869 — Costa Rica. 



Crypturus pileatus (not Tetrao pileatus Boddaert) Nutting, I*roc. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., 5, p. 409, 1882 — La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; Zeledon, Anal. 

 Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 128, 1887 — Las Trojas, Pozo Azul de Pirris, 

 and Naranjo de Cartago, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geogr. 

 Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 146, 1893 — Lagarto and Buenos Aires, Costa 

 Rica; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 522, 1895— part, spec, b', c', 

 "Bibala" [=Divald], Chiriquf. 



Crypturus meserythrus (not Tinamus meserythrus Sclater) Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 453, 1904 — part, Costa Rica (Las Trojas, 

 Pozo Azul de Pirris, Naranjo de Cartago, Jimenez, La Palma) and Chiriqui 

 (Divald). 



Crypturus soui modestus Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 356, 1901 — Divala, Chiriqui; idem, 

 Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 3, p. 21, 1902— Boquete, Chiriqui; idem. Auk, 

 24, p. 290, 1907— Boruca and El Pozo de Terraba, Costa Rica; Carriker, 

 Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, pp. 378, 380, 1910— Pirris, Pozo Azul, El General 

 de Terraba, Buenos Aires, Guapiles, Tucurriqui, and Cudbre, Costa Rica 

 (crit., nest and egg). 



Crypturellus soui modestus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 17, 1931 (range); Griscom, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 310, 1932 — Costa Rica and Pacific slope of 

 Chiriqui (crit.); idem. I.e., 78, p. 291, 1935 — Pacific slope of Chiriqui. 



Range. — Tropical zone of Costa Rica and Pacific slope of western 

 Chiriqui (Divala, Boquete). 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Costa Rica (Lagarto, 1; Buenos 

 Aires, 1; El Pozo, Rio Terraba, 1); Panama (Boquete, Chiriqui, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 18: Costa Rica (Las Canas, 5; Volcan Tur- 

 rialba, Limon, 1; Las Agujas, 1; Paquera, Nicoya, 1; Limon, 1; 

 Savanillas de Pirris, 1; San Jeronimo de Pirris, 4; San Carlos, Ala- 

 ju^la, 1); Panama (Boquete, Chiriqui, 2; El Banco, Chiriqui, 1). 



Crypturellus soui poliocephalus (Aldrich).- Gray-headed Pile- 

 ated TiNAMOU. 



' Crypturellus soui modestus (Cabanis) may be separated from the neighboring 

 races by the sexes being nearly alike. Nearest to C. s. panamensis, the male is 

 distinguishable by much more grayish upper surface and much paler, dingy 

 grayish brown, ochraceous- tinged under parts, while the female is seal brown above 

 instead of chestnut brown and more grayish below. 



Four skins from Chiriquf (Boquete) agree well with five from Costa Rica. 



2 Crypturellus soui poliocephalus (Aldrich) may be separated from the three 

 neighboring races, modestus, harterti, and panamensis by the more rufous colora- 

 tion of the female both above and below. The head is also browner, less blackish. 

 The males are, perhaps, more buffy on the lower breast and abdomen, and slightly 

 lighter above, but the coloration of the head seems very little different from a 

 series of modestus. 



Material examined. — Panama, Paracote, Veraguas: Males, 3; females, 2. - 




34 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Crypturornis soui poliocephalus Aldrich, Sci. Pub. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 7, p. 30, 1937 — Paracote, east shore Montijo Bay, 1 mile south of mouth 

 of Angulo River, Veraguas, Panama (type in Cleveland Museum of 

 Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio). 



Range. — Known only from the type locality, but probably 

 ranges throughout the Pacific slope of Veraguas, and possibly eastern 

 Chiriqui. 



♦Crypturellus soui panamensis (Carriker).i Panama Pileated 



TiNAMOU. 



Crypturus soui panamensis Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 379, 1910 — 

 Loma del Leon, Panama Railroad (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, 

 now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 153, 1930); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 13, No. 

 4, p. 21, 1920 — San Miguel Island; Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., 65, p. 195, 1922— Jesusito, Darien; Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 310, 1924 

 ^Sosa Hill, Panama Canal. 



Tinamus pileatus (not Tetrao pileatus Boddaert) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. 

 Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 334, 1861— Panama Railroad. 



Tinamus m^serythrus (not of Sclater) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1864, p. 371— Panama Railroad. 



Crypturus m£serythrus Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 93, 1868 — part, Vera- 

 guas and Panama (Panama Railroad, Chepo); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1870, p. 218 — Chitr4, Veraguas; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Amer., Aves, 3, p. 453, 1904 — part, Panama (Lion Hill, Santa Fe, Chitra, 

 Chepo, San Miguel Island). 



Crypturus pileatus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 522, 1895 — part, 

 spec, y-a', d'. Lion Hill, Chepo, Chitrd, and Santa Fe, Panama. 



Crypturus soui modestus (not of Cabanis) Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 

 2, p. 14, 1900 — Loma del Leon, Panama; Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 25, 1901 — 

 San Miguel Island; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 

 145, 1905 — San Miguel Island; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, 

 p. 241, 1918 — Tabernilla, Panama Canal Zone. 



Crypiurellus soui panamensis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 17, 1931 (range); 

 Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 309, 1932 — Pacific slope of Panama, 

 Veraguas to Cape Garachine, Darien; idem. I.e., 78, p. 291, 1935 (range). 



Range. — Pacific slope of Panama, from Veraguas to Cape Gara- 

 chin^ on the coast of eastern Darien, and Pearl Islands. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Panama (Old Panama City, 1). 



^Crypturellu^ soui panamensis (Carriker) is characterized by Griscom as 

 nearest to C. s. harterti, but paler and duller, with less contrast between the sexes, 

 and the pileum brown, not sooty. Female browner, less rufous above, paler and 

 duller below, with less contrast between center of abdomen and flanks; male 

 much paler, Ijrowner and less sooty above, and paler below, not so sooty on chest 

 and sides and darker in the middle, consequently more uniform. It is also close to 

 C. s. caucae, but paler and less rufescent throughout. 



Five specimens from the Panama Railroad conform to Griscom's character- 

 ization. According to Griscom, its range extends east to the Cape Garachine region. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 35 



*Crypturellus soui harterti (Brabourne and Chubb). ^ Hartert*s 

 Pileated Tinamou. 



Crypturus soui harterti Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 14, 

 p. 321, Oct., 1914 — Vaqueria, Prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador (type in Tring 

 Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New 

 York); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 148, 1926— Ecuador 

 (Esmeraldas, Chone, Rio Jubones, Rio de Oro, Nardnjo, Santa Rosa) 

 and Colombia (Dabeiba). 



Tinamus sp. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 289, 1860 — Babahoyo, 

 Ecuador. 



Crypturus sp. Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 577 

 — Chimbo, Ecuador. 



Crypturus pileatus (not Tetrao pileatus Boddaert) Taczanowski and Berlepsch, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 113 — Yaguachi, Ecuador; Salvadori, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 522, 1895 — part, spec, t, u, Balzar, Ecuador. 



Crypturus pileatus subsp. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 599, 1902 — Bulun, Vaque- 

 ria, and Rio Sapayo, Prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador. 



Crypturus soui modestus (not of Cabanis) Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 36, p. 192, 1917 — Dabeiba, Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 

 14, No. 25, p. 15, 1922— Gualea, Ecuador. 



Crypturellus soui modestus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 296, 1931 — 

 Zegla (near Almirante) and Guabo, Panama (crit.). 



Crypturellus soui harterti Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 18, 1931 (range); Griscom, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, pp. 307, 309, 1932— western Ecuador to 

 Panama (crit.); idem. I.e., 78, p. 291, 1935 (range in Palnama). 



Range. — Western Ecuador and Pacific Colombia to the Pacific 

 slope of extreme eastern Panama (Darien) and the whole of the 

 Caribbean slope to Almirante Bay. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Panama (Colon, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 29: Panama (Cricamola, Bocas del Toro, 2; 

 Port Obaldia, Darien, 13); Colombia (Jimenez, 1); Ecuador (Va- 

 queria, Esmeraldas, 1; San Mateo, Esmeraldas, 2; Puente de Chimbo, 

 2; Milagro, Guayas, 2; Rio San Antonio, Prov. de Los Rios, 6). 



*Crypturellus soui caucae (Chapman).'^ Cauca Pileated 

 Tinamou. 



1 Crypturellus soui harterti (Brabourne and Chubb), according to the exhaus- 

 tive investigations of Griscom, connects the browner or duskier Central American 

 races with the more rufous forms of Upper Amazonia, being nearest to C. s. caticae. 

 Female decidedly more grayish brown, less rufescent above, and much less rufes- 

 cent below, gray and less orange tawny on breast and chest; male much darker 

 throughout, especially less ochraceous underneath. The male rather approaches 

 C. s. caquetae in general coloration, but is grayer above, less brownish, with flanks 

 and thighs much less heavily barred. Males from eastern Panama (Darien) are 

 stated to average rather darker and sootier than those from western Ecuador. 



^ Crypturellus soui caucae (Chapman) is characterized by Griscom as "a 

 transitional form, connecting the pale rufous mustelinus with the darker, less 




36 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Crypturits soui catLcae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 31, p. 141, July 23, 

 1912 — San Antonio, western Andes, Colombia (type in the American 

 Museum of Natural History, New York); idem. I.e., 36, p. 191, 1917^ — 

 Las Lomitas and San Antonio (western Andes), Rio Frio and Puerto 

 Valdivia (Cauca Valley), and Malena (Magdalena Valley), Colombia. 



Crypturiis pileatus (not Tetrao pileatus Boddaert) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 548 — Cauca (egg descr.); Schlegel, Mus. Pays- 

 Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 24, 1880 — part, spec. 5, "Medellin," Colombia; Salvadori, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 522, 1895 — part, spec, x, Cauca. 



Crypturellus soui caucae Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 18, 1931 — Cauca and 

 Magdalena valleys; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 308, 1932 

 (crit.). 



Crypturus meserythrus (not Tinamus meserythrus Sclater) Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 453, 1904 — part, Cauca Valley. 



Range. — Tropical zone (and lower border of the Subtropical 

 zone) in the Magdalena and Cauca valleys, encroaching on the 

 western Andes (San Antonio, Las Lomitas). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Colombia (Jaraquiel, Dept. Bolivar, 1; 

 Guabas, El Tambo, Cauca, 3). 



Crypturellus soui caquetae (Chapman).' Caqueta Pileated 



TiNAMOU. 



Crypturus soui caquetae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 34, p. 635, Dec. 



30, 1915 — Florencia, Caqueta, Colombia (type in the American Museum 



of Natural History, New York); idem. I.e., 36, p. 193, 1917 — Florencia 



and La Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia. 

 Crypturellus soui caquetae Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 18, 1931 — southeastern 



Colombia; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 308, 1932 (crit.). 



Range. — Southeastern Colombia, south of the Rio Guaviare, in 

 Terr, of Caqueta (La Morelia, Florencia). 



rufous birds of eastern Panama and northwestern Colombia" (i.e., harterti). With 

 a small series at hand, we find the female — compared to soui, nigriceps, mu^telinus, 

 and harterti — darker on the upper parts, with grayer head and darker on chest 

 than soui and mu^telinus, duskier at base of throat than nigriceps, and much redder 

 below than harterti, while the males are darker above, with grayer head than 

 nigriceps, mu^telinus, and harterti. It may well be questioned whether the single 

 specimen from Malena, middle Magdalena, actually belongs here. A larger series 

 from both the Cauca and Magdalena valleys seems indispensable to determine 

 the value of C. s. causae. 



^ Crypturellus soui caquetae (Chapman) appears to be a transitional form 

 between mustelinus and nigriceps. Female darker and browner above than 

 mustelinus, pileum sooty, chest with a dusky band; below darker and richer in 

 tone; a little darker and browner than soui, with a dusky chest band; slightly 

 darker and browner than causae. Male much darker and browner above than 

 mustelinus, darker ochraceous, less tawny below; not certainly separable from 

 soui. Griscom, from whose paper the characterization has been taken, states that 

 caquetae might be described as two-thirds of the way from mustelinus to nigriceps, 

 while caucae is only one-third of the way from mustelinus to harterti. 



This rather questionable race is known only from one male and two females, 

 and additional material is badly needed. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 37 

 ♦Crypturellus soui nigriceps (Chapman).' Black-pileated 



TiNAMOU. 



Crypturus soui nigriceps Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 96, p. 1, Nov. 19, 1923 

 — upper Rio Suno, eastern Ecuador (type in the American Museum of 

 Natural History, New York, examined); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 55, p. 149, 1926 — eastern Ecuador (Rio Suno, below San Jose, Rio Napo, 

 Zamora). 



Tinamus parvirostris (not Crypturxis parvirostris Wagler) Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 754— Chyavetas, Peru. 



Crypturus parvirostris Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 298, 1886 — Chyavetas. 



Crypturus pileatus (not Tetrao pileatu^ Boddaert) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 310— Chyavetas; Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 27, p. 522, 1895 — part, spec, s, Chyavetas, Peru. 



Crypturellus soui nigriceps Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 18, 1931 — eastern Ecua- 

 dor; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 309, 1932 — Amazonian 

 Ecuador (crit.). ^ 



/?angfe.— Tropical zone of eastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru. 



Conover Collection. — 6: Ecuador (Sara-Yaco, Rio Bobonaza, 4; 

 Ouca Yaco, Loreto, 1; Chonta-Urco, near Archidona, 1), 



*Crypturellus soui mustelinus (Bangs). ^ Santa Marta Pile- 



ATED TiNAMOU. 



Crypturus soui mustelinus Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 151, June 9, 

 1905 — "mountains near Santa Marta," Colombia (type in coll. of E. A. 

 and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, 

 Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 153, 1930); Allen, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, pp. 277, 279, 1905— Don Amo, Santa Marta (syn., 

 nest and eggs); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 379, 1910 — Santa 

 Marta (crit.). 



* Crypturellus soui nigriceps (Chapman) : Female dark rufous, averaging 

 darker throughout than typical soui, but especially so on sides of face, lower 

 breast, and belly. The racial characters are much more pronounced in the male, 

 which differs from soui by being darker, more fuscous on lower parts and much 

 darker above, the head blacker and the rest of the dorsal surface deep fuscous 

 brown, not rusty brown. 



Two females from northern Peru (Moyobamba, San Martin, and Tamborapa, 

 Cajamarca) agree well with an Ecuadorian series. A single specimen, marked 

 "female," from Sao Paulo de Olivenca, south bank of Rio Solimoes, has the upper 

 parts of nigriceps, but the under surface is not at all rufescent, being fuscous as in 

 the male of that form. Perhaps it is wrongly sexed. 



Additional material examined. — Ecuador: above Avila, Rio Suno, 4; upper 

 Rio Suno, 1. — Peru: Moyobamba, San Martin, 1; Tamborapa, Cajamarca, 1. 



2 Crypturellus soui mustelinus (Bangs) : Male very close to C. s. soui, but 

 above less rufescent and below more bufty, less tawny; female with the crown 

 paler, brownish instead of sooty. 



The junior author found that a male from Santa Marta, when compared to 

 two others from northern Venezuela (C. s. andrei), differed by lighter gray head, 

 more reddish brown upper parts, and deeper rufous breast. 




38 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Crypturus pileatus (not Tetrao pileatus Boddaert) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. 



Mus., 27, p. 522, 1895 — part, spec, w, Pueblo Viejo, Santa Marta; Bangs, 



Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 132, 1898— Santa Marta (crit.). 

 Crypturus soui (not Tinamus soui Hermann) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 



13, p. 124, 1900 — Minca and Bonda; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 



Amer., Aves, 3, p. 454, 1904 — Pueblo Viejo, Santa Marta. 

 Crypturornis soui subsp. Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 



Ser., 12, p. 26, 1922 — Rio Cogollo, Sierra de Perija, Venezuela. 

 Crypturornis soui mustelinu^ Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 



165, 1922 — Don Amo, Don Diego, Cincinnati, and Minca, Santa Marta 



(crit.). 

 Crypturellus soui mustelinu^ Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 18, 1931 — Santa Marta 



region; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 369, 1931 — near Rio 



Frio, Magdalena, Colombia; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 308, 1932 — Santa Marta 



region (crit.). 



Range. — Santa Marta region of northeastern Colombia and 

 extreme northwestern Venezuela (Sierra de Perija). 



Conover Collection. — 3: Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Zulia, 1); Colom- 

 bia (Vista Nieve, Santa Marta, 1; Don Diego, Santa Marta, 1). 



♦Crypturellus soui andrei (Brabourne and Chubb).' Andre's 



PiLEATED TiNAMOU. 



Crypturus soui andrei Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 14, 



p. 321, Oct., 1914 — Trinidad (type, from Caparo, Trinidad, in Tring 



Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); 



Hartert, Nov. Zool., 34, p. 33, 1927 (note on type). 

 Tinamus sovi (not Tetrao sovi Gmelin) Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 385, 1866 — 



Trinidad. 

 Crypturus pileatus (not Tetrao pileatus Boddaert) Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. 



N. H., 6, p. 85, 1894— Princestown, Trinidad; Williams, Bull. Dept. 



Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 182, 1922— Maracas Valley, Trinidad (eggs descr.). 

 Crypturus soui (not Tinamus soui Hermann) Robinson and Richmond, Proc. 



U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 163, 1901 — San Julian, east of La Guaira, Venezuela. 

 Crypturus soui (subsp,?) Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 49, 1906 — Caparo and 



Chaguanas, Trinidad. 



' Crypturellus soui andrei (Brabourne and Chubb) : Very similar to C. s. soui, 

 but upper parts, sex for sex, less rufescent, bister to Prout's brown rather than 

 cinnamon brown to auburn; females very much like the nominate race under- 

 neath, but males not so bright, dull tawny olive rather than clay color; bill gener- 

 ally larger. 



Specimens from Las Quiguas, Carabobo, Venezuela, cannot be separated from 

 a topotypical series, and, if andrei be maintained, must undoubtedly go with that 

 form. C. s. andrei evidently is very close to, if not identical with, C. s. mustelinus, 

 from Santa Marta, with which direct comparison could not be made. While the 

 latter form is stated to be distinguished by the brownish pileum of the female, 

 Hellmayr noticed this character in one out of four from Trinidad (Caparo) and 

 in one of two females from Las Quiguas. 



Additumal material examined. — Trinidad: Caparo, 8. — Venezuela: Las Qui- 

 guas, Carabobo, 5. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 39 



Crypturus soui soui Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 

 163, 1912 — Las Quiguas, Carabobo, Venezuela (sexual difference). 



Crypturellus soui andrei Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 18, 1931 — Trinidad; Roberts, 

 Trop. Agric, 11, p. 88, 1934— Trinidad; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, 

 p. 576 — Trinidad (eggs descr.). 



Range. — Island of Trinidad and north coast of Venezuela west to 

 Carabobo. 



Conover Collection. — 2: Venezuela (El Trompillo, Carabobo, 1; 

 San Rafael, near Cumanacoa, 1). 



*Crypturellus soui soui (Hermann). ^ Pileated Tinamou. 



Tinamus soui Hermann, Tab. Aff. Anim., p. 165, 1783 — based on "Le Soui" 

 Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 512, and Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 829; 

 Cayenne. 



Tetrao pileatus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 51, Dec, 1783 — based on Dauben- 

 ton, PI. Enl., pi. 829; Cayenne. 



Tetrao sovi Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 768, 1789— based on "Le Soui" 

 Buffon and Daubenton; Cayenne. 



Crypturus sovi Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 748, 

 "1848" [=1849]— British Guiana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, 

 p. 316, 1856— part, Guiana. 



Tinamus pileatus Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 294, 1870 — part, Barra do Rio 

 Negro [=Manaos], Brazil. 



Crypturus pileatus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 24, 1880 — part, spec. 

 1, 2, Surinam and Cayenne; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 181 — Bartica Grove, 

 Merume Mts., and Roraima, British Guiana; Tristram, Cat. Coll. Tris- 

 tram, p. 2, 1889— ^Demerara; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 522, 

 1895 — part, spec, a-e, British Guiana (Bartica Grove, Roraima); Berlepsch 



' Crypturellus soui soui (Hermann) exhibits strongly pronounced sexual dif- 

 ferences. The males have the back and rump, in abrupt contrast to the dusky 

 head and hind neck, deep cinnamon brown to auburn, and the under parts, except- 

 ing the white throat and dull brownish foreneck, clay color passing into warm buff 

 to cinnamon buff in the middle of breast and abdomen. The females are darker 

 rufous brown above with the crown deeper sooty, while the under parts are deep 

 Sanford's brown on breast and sides, paling into ochraceous-buff or tawny in the 

 middle. 



Birds from the north bank of the Amazon are identical with topotypes from 

 Cayenne and specimens from British Guiana. Females from the north bank of 

 the Rio Solimoes (Manacapuru, Tonantins) are somewhat lighter and more 

 uniform underneath, the chest not being so dark as in birds from the east and 

 shading very gradually into the lighter color of the abdomen, while their upper 

 parts are rather brighter rufescent. They are, however, matched by occasional 

 specimens from British Guiana, Obidos, and Itacoatiara, and four males do not 

 differ from the Guianan ones. 



Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 4; Pied Saut, 2; 

 Mana, 1. — Surinam: near Paramaribo, 1; Wanaweg, 1; Overtoom, 1. — British 

 Guiana: Bartica Grove, 3; Roraima, 1; Merume Mts., 1; Canuku Mts., 1; unspe- 

 cified, 3.^ — Venezuela: Nericagua, Orinoco, 2; Arabupu, Roraima, 6. — Brazil: 

 Obidos, 3; Faro, Rio Jamunda, 1; Manaos, 4; Sao Gabriel, Rio Negro, 1; Mana- 

 capuru, Rio Solimoes, 4; Tonantins, Rio Solimoes, 1. 




40 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 122, 1902 — Nericagua, Orinoco, and La 

 Pricion, Caura, Venezuela. 

 Cryplurus soui Beriepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 298, 1908 — Cayenne; Ihering, 

 Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 6, 1907 — part, Rio Negro; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. 

 Goeldi, 8, p. 49, 1914 — part, Rio JamundS (Faro) and Obidos; Chubb, 

 Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 10, 1916 — Roraima, Mazaruni River, Ituribisci, 

 Supenaam, Bartica, Camacabra Creek, Anarica River, Tiger Creek, 

 Essequibo, Great Falls, and Demerara. 



Cryplurus soui soui Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 360, 1916 — 

 Nericagua, Orinoco, and La Pricion, Caura; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. 

 N. H., 36, p. 191, 1917— Villavicencio, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 40, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam. 



CryptureUus soui soui Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 18, 1931 (range); Griscom, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 308, 1932— Guiana and Surinam (crit.). 



Crypturornis soui soui Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 61, 1931 — 

 Arabupu, Roraima. 



Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana, south to the north 

 bank of the lower Amazon (Obidos; Faro; Manaos) and west through 

 southern Venezuela (Orinoco-Caura basin) to the eastern base of 

 the east Colombian Andes (Villavicencio) and to the north bank 

 of the Rio Solimoes (Manacapuru, Tonantins). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: British Guiana (Georgetown, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 7: French Guiana (Cayenne, 1); Brazil 

 (Itacoatiara, 1; Rio Manacapuru, 5). 



*CryptureIlus soui inconspicuus Carriker.* Bolivian Pileated 



TiNAMOU. 



Crypturellus soui inconspicua Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 

 315, Oct. 10, 1935 — Susi (near Rurrenabaque), Rio Beni, Bolivia (type 

 in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia). 



Cryplurus soui subsp. Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 43, 1921 — Rio 

 Comberciato and Rio Cosireni, Urubamba, Peru (crit.). 



Cryplurellus soui nigriceps (not of Chapman) Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 Zool. Ser., 17, p. 241, 1930 — Vista Alegre, Huanuco, and Chanchamayo, 

 Junin, Peru (crit.). 



' CryptureUus soui inconspicuus Carriker: Nearest to C. s. albigularis, but on 

 average darker on the crown, and darker, more fuscous on the rest of the upper 

 parts. The females are duller, more grayish below, lacking the bright clay color, 

 while the males vary from dark fuscous to grayish fuscous, contrasting strongly 

 with the bright clay-colored under parts of albigularis. 



A female from Vista Alegre and a male from Chanchamayo do not seem to be 

 separable from Bolivian specimens, the female having no rufescent tinge at all 

 either above or below, and a male from Shapaja, Rio Huallaga, likewise goes with 

 the series of inconspicua, being decidedly lighter than nigriceps. 



Additional malerial examined. — Peru: Shapaja, Rio Huallaga, 1; Rio Com- 

 berciato, Urubamba, 1; Rio Cosireni, Urubamba, 1. — Bolivia: Rio Surutu, Santa 

 Cruz, 4; Rio Yapacani, Santa Cruz, 1; Cerro Hosane, Santa Cruz, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 41 



Range. — Central and southern Peru (Shapaja, Rio Huallaga; 

 Vista Alegre, Huanuco; Chanchamayo, Junin; Rio Cosireni and 

 Rio Comberciato, Urubamba region) and eastern Bolivia. 



Conover Collection. — 12: Peru (Vista Alegre, Huanuco, 1; Chan- 

 chamayo, Junin, 1); Bolivia (Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 1; Rio Surutu, 

 Santa Cruz, 8; San Carlos, Santa Cruz, 1), 



*Crypturellus soui albigularis (Brabourne and Chubb).' White- 

 throated PiLEATED TiNAMOU. 



Crypturus soui albigularis Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 

 14, p. 320, Oct., 1914 — Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (type in British Museum 

 examined). 



Crypturus sovi (not Tetrao sovi Gmelin) Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner 

 Mus., p. 68, 1823— Bahia (descr.); Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 19, genus 

 Crypturus, sp. 10, 1827 — part, descr. of adult, Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. 

 Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 316, 1856 — part, Rio Belmonte, Bahia. 



Tinamus sovi Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 522, 1833 — Espirito Santo 

 (Rio Mueuri) and Bahia (Caravellas and Rio Belmonte). 



Tinamus pileatus (not Tetrao pileatus Boddaert) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 294, 

 1870 — part, Rio Madeira (Borba) and Matto Grosso (Engenho do Gama, 

 Villa Bella). 



Crypturus pileatus ll.ayard. Ibis, 1873, p. 396 — Nazare, Para; Cabanis, Journ. 

 Orn., 22, p. 230, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 



^ Crypturellus soui albigularis (Brabourne and Chubb), in opposition to C. s. 

 soui, presents few sexual differences, the female being merely on average more 

 uniformly clay color underneath. In coloration, this race closely resembles the 

 male of C. s. soui, but is less rufescent above, the color of the upper parts varying 

 from Brussels brown to Prout's brown, with the crown less dusky, more brownish. 

 Comparison of an extensive series from Amazonia, including the type of C. s. 

 hoffmannsi and a goodly number of topotypes of C. s. decolor, with the type of 

 C. s. albigularis and other specimens from eastern Brazil fails to disclose any 

 constant difference. Males from this wide area are absolutely the same, and 

 while Conover thought a single female from Bahia (Serra Palliao) to be separable 

 by its more uniform as well as darker clay-colored under parts, Hellmayr has 

 been unable to corroborate this trifling variation, females with uniform clay-colored 

 lower surface and others with a paler abdominal zone being found alike on the Rio 

 Guapore (Matto Grosso) and in Bahia. Furthermore, Conover notices that Rio 

 Madeira birds look more like the one from Bahia examined by him than the series 

 from the intervening country does, as the Bahia female and five from the Rio 

 Madeira are more rufous than females from the Tapajoz and Para region. In- 

 dividual variation in this form is just as considerable as in the other races, and 

 occasional specimens, for example, two males from Maranhao (Miritiba), by 

 reason of their pale tawny olive under, and dull brownish upper parts, can only with 

 difficulty be separated from certain individuals of C. s. andrei. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, 1; Caravellas, Bahia, 

 2; Serra Palliao, Bahia, 1; Bahia, 2; Sao Lourengo, Pernambuco, 1; Miritiba, 

 Maranhao, 2; Igarape-Assu, Para, 1; Benevides, Para, 1; Santarem, 4; Diamantina, 

 Santarem, 1; Miritituba, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 2; Taperinha, Rio 

 Tapajoz, 1 ; Villa Braga, Rio Tapajoz, 1 ; Cussary, south bank of lower Amazon, 

 1; Calama, Rio Madeira, 1; Santa Izabel, Rio Preto, Rio Madeira, 4; Humayta, 

 Rio Madeira, 1; falls of the Rio Madeira, 1; Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, 1; Engenho 

 do Gama, Rio Guapore, 2; Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, Matto Grosso, 3. 




42 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



8, Tinami, p. 24, 1880 — part, spec. 3, 4, Borba, Rio Madeira, and Rio Gua- 

 pore, Matto Grosso; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 112, 1889— Falls 

 of the Rio Madeira, Brazil; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 163, 1891 — 

 Diamantina, near Santarem; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 522, 

 1895 — part, spec, n-r, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and Matto Grosso (spec, 

 examined); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 164, 1900 — Cantagallo; Goeldi, 

 Ibis, 1903, p. 490— Rio Capim, Par4; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. 

 Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 100, 1910— Miritiba, Maranhao. 



Cry-pturus soui subsp. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 385, 1906 — Santo Antonio 

 do Prata and Igarape-Assu, Par^. 



Crypturus soui (not Tinamus soui Hermann) Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 6, 

 1907 — part, Matto Grosso, Borba, Rio de Janeiro, Cantagallo, Espirito 

 Santo, Bahia, and Par^; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 409, 1907 — Humayta, 

 Rio Madeira; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 49, 1914 — part. Para, 

 Magoary, Rio Guamd (Ourem), Rio Capim, Rio Tapajoz (Boim), and 

 Cussary; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 244^ 

 1924 — Miritiba, Maranhao; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, 

 No. 6, p. 69, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao. 



Crypturus soui soui Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 420, 1910 — Calama, Rio 

 . Madeira, and Sao Izabel, Rio Preto, Brazil; idem, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. 

 Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 97, 1912— Para region (Nazare, Iga- 

 rape-Assu, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Capim) ; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 80, p. 150, 1928— Par^. 



Crypturus soui hoffmannsi Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 

 14, p. 321, Oct., 1914 — Humayt4, Rio Madeira, Brazil (type in Tring 

 Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, 

 examined). 



Crypturomis soui soui Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 475, 

 1929 — Miritiba, Maranhao. 



Crypturelltis soui hoffmannsi Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 58, 

 1930 — Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 18, 

 1931— Rio Madeira. 



Crypturellus soui albigularis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 18, 1931 — Pernambuco 

 to Espirito Santo; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 53, 1935 — Serra do 

 Palhao and Rio Gongogy (Cajazeiras), Bahia; idem. I.e., 20, p. 29, 1936 

 — Jaragua, Rio das Almas, Goyaz. 



Crypturellus soui decolor Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 

 81, p. 417, May, 1937— Pinhy, right bank of Rio Tapajoz, Para, Brazil 

 (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). 



Crypturomis soui lyardi Miranda-Ribeiro, Rev. Mus. Paul., 23, p. 767, 1938 

 — Maranhao (Tury-assu), Para (Utinga), and Matto Grosso (Rio Jamary) 

 (no type specified). 



Range. — Brazil south of the Amazon, from northern Maranhao 

 west to the Rio Purus, south to northern Matto Grosso (Rio Guapor^) 

 and through Pernambuco (Sao Lourengo), Bahia (Serra PalHao, Rio 

 Belmonte, Caravellas), Goyaz (Rio das Almas), Minas Geraes, and 

 Espirito Santo to Rio de Janeiro (Cantagallo). 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover ^43 



Conover Collection. — 20: Brazil (Utinga, Para, 1; Murucutu, 

 Para, 1; Ipomonga, Rio Capim, 1; Resacca, Rio Capim, 2; Buenos 

 Aires, Rio Acara, 3; Tauary, Rio Tapajoz, 4; Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 2; 

 Gaxiricatuba, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Santar^m, 4; Ayapua, Rio Purus, 1). 



♦Crypturellus obsoletus obsoletus (Temminck).^ Brown 



TiNAMOU. 



Tinamus obsoletus Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 588, 751, 1815 — 

 Brazil;^ idem, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 33, pi. 196, 1823— Brazil and 

 Paraguay; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 292, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Mattodentro, 

 Ypanemd, Itarar^). 



Cryptura caerulescens Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 34, p. 101, 

 1819 — based on "Inambu azulado" Azara, No. 330; near 24° south lat. 

 in Paraguay. 



Crypturus obsoletus Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 68, 1823 — 

 Sao Paulo; Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 19, spec. 11, 1827— Brazil and Para- 

 guay; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 316, 1856 — Nova Friburgo, 

 Rio de Janeiro; Euler, Journ. Orn., 15, p. 418, 1867 — Cantagallo, Rio 

 (breeding habits); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, 

 p. 48 — Sao Paulo (Sao Bento de Araraquara) and Minas Geraes (Lagda 

 Santa, Lagoa dos Pitas, Sumidouro); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 230, 

 1874— Cantagallo; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 22, 1880— 

 part, spec. 1-6, 10-12, Brazil (Sao Paulo, Ypanema, Itarare; Laguna, 

 Santa Catharina); Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 184, 1885 

 — Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 

 519, 1895 — part, spec, a-i, Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Rio Parand); Ihering, 

 Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 153, 1899 — Rio Grande do Sul, 

 south to 30° south lat.; idem. Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 459, 1899— Sao 

 Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 164, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio de 

 Janeiro; Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 13, p. 180, 

 1906 — Morro Redondo, Serra do Itatiaya; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, 

 p. 5, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Osasco, Alto da Serra, Itapura), Minas Geraes 

 (Vargem Alegre), and Rio Grande do Sul (Sao Lourengo); Hartert and 

 Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 264, 1909 — Posadas, Misiones; Liiderwaldt, 

 Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 336, 1909— Serra do Itatiaya; Dabbene, Anal. 

 Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, pp. 185, 407, 1910 — Santa Ana, Misiones; 

 Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 458, 492, 1912 — 

 Vera Guarany, Parana; Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 67, 1913 — 

 Misiones; idem, Faun. Parag., p. 35, 1914 — Alto Parand, Paraguay; 

 "^A^ Menegaux, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 1918, p. 288— Villa Lutetia, near San 



1 Miranda-Ribeiro (Rev. Mus. Paul., 23, p. 763, 1938) has lately distinguished 

 two specimens from Matto Grosso (Vilhena and Rio Jamary) as Crypturornis 

 obsoleta hypochracea.^ 



^ Although Azara's "Ynambu azulado" is quoted in the text, the description 

 appears to have been made from the Brazilian specimen in the describer's private 

 collection. This individual evidently did not pass into the Leiden Museum, 

 because it is not listed by Schlegel in the catalogue of the tinamous belonging to 

 that institution. 




44 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Ignacio, Misiones; Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 



24, p. 253, 1923 — Morro Redondo, Serra do Itatiaya. 

 Tinamus rufus Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 7, p. 513, April, 1831 — new name 



for Tinamus obsoletus Temminck (quoted in synonymy). 

 Crypturus variegattis (not Tetrao variegatus Gmelin) Burmeister, Joum. Om., 



1, p. 176, 1856 — Nova Friburgo, Rio (eggs descr.). 

 Crypturus obsoUius obsoletus Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, 



p. 114, 1926 — Paran4 (Cara Pintada, Vermelho, Candido de Abreu, 



Salto de Ub&); Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 278. 1928— Monte 



Serrat up to Madeiras, Serra do Itatiaya; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, 



(2), pp. 709, 801, 1932— Valparaizo and Porto Tibirica, Sao Paulo. 

 Crypturellus obsoletus obsoletus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 17, 1931 (range); 



Steullet and Deautier, Obr. Cine. Mus. La Plata, 1, p. 135, 1935— 



Misiones. 

 Crypturellus obsoletus obsi^tus Neumann, Verb. Om. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 180, 



1933— Sao Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul (crit.). 

 Crypturellus obsoletus caerulescens Neumann, Verb. Om. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 181, 



1933 — Paraguay (Villa Rica) and Misiones (crit.). 

 Crypturellus obsoletus laubmanni Neimiann, Verb. Om. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 181, 



1933 — Victoria, Espirito Santo (type in Munich Museum examined). 



Range. — Southeastern Brazil, from southern Minas Geraes and 

 Espirito Santo south to Rio Grande do Sul, and the adjacent parts of 

 Argentina (Misiones) and Paraguay (Alto Parana and Villa Rica).' 



Field MuseumColledion. — 1 : Brazil (Fazenda Cayoa, Sao Paulo, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 14: Brazil (Fazenda Cayod, Sao Paulo, 4; 

 Rio Grande, 1; Fazenda Morungova, JaguariahjTa, Parana, 2); 

 Argentina (Santa Ana, Misiones, 1; Gisela, Misiones, 4; Eldorado, 

 Misiones, 1); Paraguay (Santa Barbara, 1). 



*Crypturellus obsoletus punensis (Chubb).^ I^UNO Brown 



TiNAMOU. 



^ Marelli's sight record (El Homero, 1, p. 75, 1918) from Curuzu Cuatia, 

 Corrientes, needs substantiation by specimens. 



We regret that we cannot endorse Neumann's subdi\Tsion of this species. 

 The type (and the only specimen known) of C. o. laubmanni, in the dark hue 

 of the dorsal surface and the intense Sanford's brown instead of tawny under 

 parts, is exactly matched by a male from Ypanema, Sao Paulo, this bird being even 

 a slight shade darker below, and we have no doubt whatever that the variation 

 is merely indi%idual. The development of a separable form at the northern end 

 of the distributional area is, furthermore, altogether unlikely. It is true that 

 birds from Misiones and Paraguay (caerulescens) generally have a more grajish 

 shade above, but the coloration of the under parts varies to the same extent as 

 in birds from southern Brazil. 



Additional material examined. — Espirito Santo: Victoria, 1; Lagoa Santa, 

 Minas Geraes, 2; Rio de Janeiro, 2; Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Itarare, Curu- 

 cutu), 8. — Misiones: Posadas, 1; Villa Lutetia, near San Ignacio, 1. — Paraguay: 

 Cambyret4, 1. 



^Crypturellus obsoletus punensis (Chubb): Similar to C. o. obsoletus, but 

 darker; crown fuscous black instead of fuscous; under parts brighter as well as 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 45 



Crypturus obsoletus punensis Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 28, p. 30, Dec. 29, 

 1917 — Oroya, Dept. Puno, Peru (type in British Museum examined); 

 idem, Ibis, 1919, p. 7 — Peru (Oroya) and Bolivia (Chulumani, Tilotilo). 



Crypturus obsoletus (not Tinamus obsoletus Temminck) Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 642— Tilotilo, Bolivia; Salvadori, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 521, 1895— part, spec, k, Tilotilo. 



Crypturellus obsoletus punensis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 17, 1931 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of Bolivia (depts. of La Paz, Cocha- 

 bamba and Santa Cruz)' and extreme southeastern Peru (Oroya, 

 Dept, Puno). 



Conover Collection. — 9: Bolivia (Incachaca, Cochabamba, 9). 



*Crypturellus obsoletus ochraceiventris (Sztolcman).^ Ochre- 

 bellied Brown Tinamou. 



Crypturus obsoletus ochraceiventris Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. 

 Nat., 5, p. 199, Dec. 31, 1926 — La Gloria, Chanchamayo, Dept. Junfn, 

 Peru (type in Warsaw Museum). 



more rufous; the chest, breast, and sides inclining to chestnut; the middle line 

 bright ochraceous-tawny rather than cinnamon; upper surface slightly more 

 rufescent. 



The senior author, on comparing two Incachaca birds with the type from 

 Oroya, noticed that they are very slightly darker (less brownish) and more 

 distinctly vermiculated with dusky above. On the under parts there is not the 

 least difference. Of two Chulumani birds, one resembles those from Incachaca, 

 the other is more like the type. 



Additional material examined. — Peru: Oroya, Puno, 1 (the type).— Bolivia: 

 Chulumani, 2; Tilotilo, 1; Samaipata, 3; Sandillani, 1; Calabatea, 1; San Jacinto, 1. 



1 While this Part was in press Bond and de Schauensee (Not. Nat. Acad. 

 Nat. Sci. Phila., No. 93, p. 1, Oct. 14, 1941) have described Crypturellus obsoletus 

 crucis from Samaipata (alt. 5,500 ft.), Santa Cruz, Bolivia (type in the Academy 

 of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia). Through the courtesy of the describers 

 the junior author has been able to examine the type and two other specimens from 

 Samaipata as well as two from La Paz (Calabatea and Sandillani) and one from 

 Cochabamba (San Jacinto). When these were compared with a series of nine 

 from Incachaca, Bolivia, the type and the specimen from Cochabamba were much 

 duller underneath, but the other four could be matched by specimens in the series 

 in Field Museum. No difference in size could be found. It would seem that more 

 specimens from Santa Cruz should be examined before this race is accepted. 



"^ Crypturellus obsoletus ochraceiventris (Sztolcman) : Similar to C. o. punensis, 

 but mu(^ brighter chestnut rufous above, also deeper rufous below than any 

 of the six specimens of the preceding race, with which the Chinchao bird was 

 directly compared. A single male from La Gloria examined soon afterwards 

 by the senior author, corresponds exactly to the notes made on the Chinchao 

 bird. Direct comparison, however, has not been made between the two individuals. 



From the Concepcion specimen oi -castaneus, the Chinchao bird differs by 

 darker (more blackish) upper part of the head and much redder, less brownish 

 general coloration both above and below, with the vent and under tail coverts 

 more ochraceous, less grayish. Wing, 154; bill, 22. ?)'■('_ 



Birds from Monterico, Ayacucho, are stated by Sztolcman to form the tran- 

 sition to C. 0. punensis. 




46 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Crypturtis obsoletus (not Tinamus ohsoletus Temminck) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 

 10, (1), p. 307, 1844— Peru; idem, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 46, 1845— Peru; 

 Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 563 — Monterico, Ayacucho, 

 Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 296, 1886 — part, Monterico; Salvadori, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 519, 1895 — part, first race, central Peru; Berlepsch 

 and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 46, 1902— Garita del 

 Sol, Vitoc, and La Gloria, Chanchamayo, Peru. 



Crypturellus obsoletus ochraceiventris Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 

 Ser., 17, p. 241, 1930— Chinchao, Huanuco, Peru (crit.); Peters, Bds. 

 World, 1, p. 17, 1931 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of central Peru, in depts. of Huanuco 

 (Chinchao), Junin (La Gloria, Garita del Sol), and (?)Ayachuco 

 (Monterico). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Peru (Chinchao, Huanuco, 1). 



♦Crypturellus obsoletus castaneus (Sclater).i Chestnut Brown 



TiNAMOU. 



Tinamus castaneus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, "1857," p. 277, pub. 



Jan. 28, 1858 — Bogota, Colombia (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in 



British Museum, examined). 

 Crypturus obsoletus (not Tinamus obsoletus Temminck) Schlegel, Mus. Pays- 



Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 22, 1880 — part, spec. 7, 9, "Bogota"; Taczanowski, 



Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 49 — Chirimoto, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 3, 



p. 296, 1886 — part, Huambo and Chirimoto,* Peru; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. 



Brit. Mus., 27, p. 519, 1895 — part, second race, northern Peru. 

 Crypturus castaneus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 521, pi. 9, 1895 — 



Bogota; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 148, 1926— Rio Suno, 



Ecuador. 

 Crypturus obsoletus chirim^tanus Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 



5, p. 198, Dec. 31, 1926 — Chirimoto, Valley of Huayabamba, Peru (type in 



Warsaw Museum). 

 Crypturellus castaneus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 16, 1931 (range). 

 Crypturellus obsoletus chirimotanus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 17, 1931 (range). 



1 Crypturellus obsoletus castaneus (Sclater) is the darkest member of the 

 group, the intensity of coloration being carried to the extreme. The crown is still 

 blacker than in punensis, the dorsal plumage bright chestnut with mere traces 

 of dusky wavy lines here and there, the edges to wing coverts and secondaries 

 are likewise brighter, more chestnut, and the whole under surface, below the gray 

 throat, is uniform rufous, lighter than the back (between Burnt Sienna and 

 Chestnut), only the flanks being dusky, barred with ochraceous, and the under 

 tail coverts blackish, largely tipped with ochraceous. 



A topotype of C. o. chirimotanus from Guayabamba in the British Museum 

 is in every respect identical with the type except that, being a female, it has a 

 few blackish cross-bars on foreneck and middle of chest, and on some of the 

 wing coverts and tertials small buffy apical spots preceded by blackish subterminal 

 bars or spots. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 1 (the type). — Peru: 

 Guayabamba, alt. 7,300 ft. (female, Oct. 18, 1894. O. T. Baron). 



* The locality "Chamicuros" quoted by Taczanowski appears to be erroneous, 

 since Bartlett did not obtain the species at all. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 47 



Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador 

 (Rio Suno; Concepcion, Loreto), and northern Peru (Huayabamba 

 Valley). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Ecuador (Concepcion, Loreto, 1). 



*Crypturellus obsoletus cerviniventris (Sclater and Salvin). 

 Cinnamon-bellied Brown Tinamou. 



Crypturus cerviniventris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 



512— Venezuela= vicinity of Caracas, Venezuela (type, now in British 



Museum, examined); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 520, 1895 — 



Venezuela. 

 Crypturornis cerviniventris Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 



Ser., 12, p. 25, 1922 — La Azulita, Merida (crit., nest). 



Crypturellus obsoletus cerviniventris Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 16, 1931 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of northern Venezuela (only known from 

 the vicinity of Caracas and La Azulita, Merida). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Venezuela (La Azulita, Merida, 1).^ 



*Crypturellus obsoletus griseiventris (Salvadori). ^ Gray-bel- 

 lied Brown Tinamou. 



Crypturus griseiventris Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 521, 1895 — 

 Santarem, Amazon, Brazil (type in British Museum examined). 



Crypturus obsoletus griseiventris Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 

 (8), 14, p. 319, 1914 (char.). 



Crypturellus obsoletus griseiventris Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 17, 1931 (range). 



Range. — Northern Brazil, on the banks of the Rio Tapajoz. 



Conover Collection. — 6: Brazil (Santarem, Para, 1; Caxiricatuba, 

 Rio Tapajoz, 1; Tauary, Rio Tapajoz, 4). 



♦Crypturellus undulatus undulatus (Temminck). Banded 

 Tinamou. 



Tinamus undulatus Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 582, 751, 1815 — 

 based on "Ynambu listado" Azara, No. 331; Paraguay (24° south lat.); 

 Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 21, 1847 — Paraguay (ex Azara); Pelzeln, 

 Orn. Bras., 3, p. 293, 1870— No. 1109, Cuyaba, Villa Maria, Barra do 



1 The type, on comparison with the AzuUta bird, agrees very well except 

 in being rather paler brown on back and wings, paler gray on throat and sides 

 of the head, and in having the foreneck and breast lighter, cinnamomeous rather 

 than rufous. In both specimens only the flanks and under tail coverts are barred 

 with blackish brown. The type being in rather poor condition and evidently 

 faded, the examination of fresh material from the type locality is imperative. 



2 Crypturellus obsoletus griseiventris (Salvadori) : Differs from typical obsoletus 

 by being much more rufous above (less brownish) and by having the whole posterior 

 under parts from breast to vent grayish, slightly washed with buffy. 




48 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Jauru, Caicara, Engenho do Gama, and (Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso, 

 Matto Grosso. 



Cryptura sylvicola Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 107, 1817 

 — based on Azara, No. 331; Paraguay. 



Nothocercus scolopax Bonaparte, Tabl. Parall. Gall., p. 18, 1856 — Santa Cruz, 

 Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined). 



Tinamus radiatiis G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 100, 1867 — 

 Bolivia (cotypes in British Museum examined). 



Crypturus undtdatus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 19, sp. 8, 1827 — Paraguay (ex 

 Azara); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 29, 1880— [Villa Bella de| 

 Matto Grosso; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 — Rio Pilcomayo; Allen, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 5, pp. 151, 158, 1893 — Chapada, Matto Grosso (eggs descr.); 

 Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 527, 1895 — lower Pilcomayo; Dabbene, 

 Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 185, 1910 — lower Pilcomayo; Chubb, 

 Ibis, 1910, p. 56 — Sapucay, Paraguay; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 477 — Mortero, 

 Paraguay; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 35, 1914 — Paraguay. 



Crypturus radiatus Selater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 642 — 

 Bolivia; Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 704, 

 1906 — Bolivia and Matto Grosso (crit.). 



Crypturus scolopax Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 528, pi. 12, 1895 — 

 Bolivia and Matto Grosso (Villa Maria, Chapada); idem, Boll. Mus. 

 Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 16, 1900 — Urucum, Matto Grosso; Ihering, 

 Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 7, 1907 — Bolivia and Matto Grosso; Lima, Rev. 

 Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 93, 1920— Matto Grosso. 



Crypturus undulatus undulatv^ and Crypturus undulatus scolopax Brabourne 

 and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 14, p. 319, 1914 (characters). 



Crypturellus undulatus undulatus Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, 

 p. 59, 1930 — Urucum, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran 

 Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 80, 1930 — Bolivia (San Jose, Canada Larga, and 

 Pozo del Tigre, Santa Cruz) and Formosa (San Jose) ; Peters, Bds. World, 

 1, p. 19, 1931 (range); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 86, p. 365, 1934 — Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Steullet and Deautier, 

 Obr. Cine. Mus. La Plata, 1, p. 136, 1935 (range). 



Range. — Eastern Bolivia, Matto Grosso, Paraguay (Molinas- 

 cue, Mortero, Sapucay, Cerro Amambay), and the adjoining section 

 of Argentina (lower Pilcomayo and San Jose, Terr, Formosa).' 



> There is no constant difiference, either in coloration or markings, between 

 birds from Paraguay (undulatus) and others from Bolivia (scolopax= radiatus). 

 Specimens from Matto Grosso, as a rule, differ by narrower, less regular and more 

 broken black barring on the back and rump, finely vermiculated upper wing coverts 

 (instead of broadly barred with ochraceous-tawny and black), and duller rufescent 

 foreneck, with narrower, less pronounced dusky cross-bars, while the forepart 

 of the crown has a tendency to be lighter, less blackish in tone. However, there 

 are many exceptions to this rule, one specimen from El Rosario, Paraguayan 

 Chaco, and two from Bolivia having the wing coverts just as closely vermiculated 

 as those from Matto Grosso, whereas four adults from western Matto Grosso 

 and one male from Chapada are just as broadly banded on the back and rump 

 as any from Parag^uay. The only constant feature of the Matto Grosso birds 

 is the duller rufescent, less regularly barred foreneck. According to the junior 

 author's studies, they form the transition to C. u. confusus, being very near to it 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 49 



Conover Collection. — 31: Bolivia (Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 12; 

 Rio Surutu, Santa Cruz, 1); Paraguay (Molinas-cu^, Carayao, 4; 

 Horqueta, 6; 40 km. west-southwest of Capitan Bado, Cerro Amam- 

 bay, 6; 235 km. west of the Riacho Negro, Chaco, 2). 



*Crypturellus undulatus confusus (Brabourne and Chubb). ^ 

 HuMAYTA Banded Tinamou. 



Crypinrus undulatus confusus Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 

 (8), 14, pp. 319, 321, Oct., 1914— Humayta, Rio Madeira, Brazil (type 

 in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, 

 New York, examined). 



Crypturus adspersus adspersus (not Tinamus adspersus Temminck) Hellmayr, 

 Nov. Zool., 14, p. 410, 1907— Humayta; idem. I.e., 17, p. 420, 1910— 

 part, Humayta. 



Crypturellus undulattis confusus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 19, 1931 — Humayta, 

 Rio Madeira, to the Rio Purus. 



Range. — Only known from Humayta (left bank of the Rio 

 Madeira) and Hyutanahan (Rio Purus), Brazil. 



Conober Collection. — 2 : Brazil (Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, 2) . 

 *Crypturellus undulatus vermiculatus (Temminck).- Ver- 



MICULATED TiNAMOU. 



on the lower parts, but closer to undulatus on the upper surface. Compared to 

 eight specimens of "C. u. confusus," from Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, Conover found 

 three from Descalvados, Matto Grosso, to be lighter, less reddish above with the 

 dark barring more conspicuous and the crown somewhat lighter, and the dusky 

 barring on the foreneck slightly heavier and more distinct. 



Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Santa Cruz, 2; unspecified, 3. — 

 Paraguay: Rio Pilcomayo, 1; El Rosario, Paraguayan Chaco, 1; Villa Rica, 1; 

 Sapucay, 1. — Matto Grosso: Chapada, 3; Serra da Chapada, 2; Villa Maria 

 [ = Sao Luiz de Caceres], 1; Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, 4; Engenho do Gama, 

 Rio Guapore, 2; Barra do Jauru, 1. 



' Crypturellus undulatus confusus (Brabourne and Chubb), based on a single 

 female, appeared to the senior author, when he examined the type several years ago, 

 to be an intergrade between C. u. adspersus and C. u. undulatus, especially in the 

 barring of the upper parts and foreneck. Mr. J. T. Zimmer writes that the type 

 differs very slightly from C. u. adspersus (from Borba, Rio Madeira, to the Rio 

 Tapajoz) by somewhat coarser barring above and somewhat huffier under parts, 

 but, as another individual from the left bank of the Rio Madeira (Santo Antonio 

 de Guajara) is not separable from the latter, he believes the type to be probably 

 only an extreme variant of adspersus. Conover is inclined to refer a series from 

 Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, to confusus, although he notices that the type (a female), 

 compared to the only available Purus specimen of the same sex, is a little darker 

 reddish above as well as on foreneck and sides of face, with the dark barring not 

 quite so distinct. Without an adequate series from the left bank of the Rio 

 Madeira it is utterly impossible to dispose of the name confusus with any degree 

 of finality, and its acceptance for the birds of Humayta and Hyutanahan must 

 be regarded as purely provisional. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Humayta, Rio Madeira, 1; Hyutana- 

 han, Rio Purus, 7. 



^ Crypturellus undulatus vermiculatus (Temminck) may be distinguished from 

 the nominate race by much less rufous upper parts with the black markings 




50 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Tinamus vermiculattis Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 62, pi. 369, Sept., 

 1825 — "Br^sil" (type in Paris Museum examined).* 



Tinamtis adspersus (not of Temminck) Lichtenstein, Vera. Doubl. Berliner 

 Mus., p. 68, 1823 — Sao Paulo (spec, examined). 



Crypturus vermiculatus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 19, sp. 4, 1827 — Brazil 

 (descr.) ; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 318, 1856 — Brazil (Goydz, 

 Sao Paulo); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 1870, p. 48— 

 Santa Anna dos Alegres, Minas Geraes. 



Tinamtis undulatus (not of Temminck) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 292, 1870 — 

 part, Rio Parand, Sao Paulo, and Rio Araguaya, Goyaz (spec, examined). 



Crypturus adspersus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 28, 1880 — part, 

 spec. 2, Rio Parand, Sao Paulo; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 

 529, 1895 — Rio Araguaya, Goy^z; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 460, 

 1899— Sao Paulo; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 

 76, p. 98, 1910 — Piauhy (Santa Philomena, Cachoeiras, Ilha Sao Martin, 

 Caissara). 



Crypturus adspersus vermiculatus Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. 

 Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 703, 1906 (crit., range); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, 

 p. 7, 1907 — Franca and Itapura, Sao Paulo; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, 

 p. 99, 1908 — Goyiz (Rio Araguaya) and western Minas Geraes (Rio 

 Jordao, Prov. Araguary); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 9, p. 464, 1914 — 

 Itapura, Sao Paulo (eggs descr.); Braboume and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. 

 Hist., (8), 14, p. 319, 1914 (char.). 



Crypturomis undulatus vermicuJatus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 

 Ser., 12, p. 476, 1929 — Tranqueira, Maranhao (crit.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. 

 Paul., 17, (2), p. 801, 1932— Ilha Cantagallo, Rio Parana, Sao Paulo. 



Crypturellus undulatus vermiculatus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 19, 1931 (range); 

 Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 29, 1936 — Jaragua and Faz. Formiga, Rio 

 das Almas, Goydz. 



Range. — Eastern Brazil, from southern Maranhao and Piauhy 

 south through Goyaz to western Minas Geraes (Santa Anna dos 

 Alegres; Rio Jordao, Prov. Araguary) and northern Sao Paulo 

 (Itapura; Franca; Rio Parana). 



Conover Collection. — 3: Brazil (Tranqueira, Maranhao, 1; Nova 

 Roma, Rio Parana, Goyaz, 1; Veadeiros, Goyaz, 1). 



reduced to vermiculations, and by lacking the strong rufous tone on sides of head, 

 hind neck, and foreneck, the latter without any, or with mere traces of, dusky 

 markings. 



Birds from Maranhao and Piauhy are similar to others from more southern 

 localities. 



Additional material examined. — Piauhy: Santa Philomena, 1; Ilha Sao Martin, 

 Rio Parnahyba, 1; Caissara, 1; Cachoeiras, 1. — Minas Geraes: Rio Jordao, Prov. 

 Araguary, 1. — Goy4z: Rio Araguaya, 6. — Sao Paulo (unspecified), 3. — "Brazil," 

 1 (the type). 



' The type was collected by the famous botanist Auguste de Saint-Hilaire 

 either in Minas Geraes or northern Sao Paulo. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 51 



*Crypturellus undulatus adspersus (Temminck).* Temminck's 

 Banded Tinamou. 



Tinamus adspersus Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 585, 751, 1815 — 

 "dans la province de Para," Brazil (type in Berlin Museum examined). 



Tinamus undulatus (not of Temminck) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 292, 1870 — 

 part, Borba, Rio Madeira (spec, examined). 



Crypturus adspersus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 28, 1880 — part, 

 spec. 1, Borba; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 529, 1895 (synon. 

 in part); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 7, 1907 — part, "Pard" to Borba, 

 Rio Madeira; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 517, 1908 — Goyana Island, 

 Rio Tapajoz; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 49, 1914 — part, Rio Tapajoz 

 (Goyana). 



Crypturus adspersus adspersus Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 

 22, No. 3, p. 702, 1906— part, "Para" to Borba, Rio Madeira (erit.); 

 idem, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 420, 1910 — part, Borba, Rio Madeira; Brabourne 

 and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 14, p. 319, 1914 (char.). 



Crypturus yapura (not Pezus yapura Spix) Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, 

 p. 50, 1914— Villa Braga, Rio Tapajoz. 



Crypturellus undulatus adspersus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 19, 1931 — part, 

 Rio Tapajoz to the Rio Madeira. 



Range. — South bank of lower Amazon, from the Rio Acara to 

 the right bank of the Rio Madeira (Borba), Brazil.- 



Conover Collection. — 13: Brazil (Apagy, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Tauary, 

 ^^Kio Tapajoz, 1 ; Caxiricatuba, Rio Tapajoz, 1 ; Santar^m, 1 ; Pinhel, Rio 

 tapajoz, 4; Lago do Baptista, Amazonas, 5). 



*Crypturenus undulatus simplex (Salvadori).^ Modest 

 Banded Tinamou. 



1 Crypturellus undulatus adspersus (Temminck) agrees with C. u. vermiculatus 

 in the fine dusky vermiculations of the upper parts, but is much more rufous 

 above (about the same tone as C. u. undulatus) ; the sides of the head and the fore- 

 neck are washed with dull rufescent, much less rufous, however, than in undulatus; 

 the foreneck is distinctly, though narrowly, banded with dusky, very much like 

 undulatus. 



Five specimens from the lower Rio Madeira (Borba) agree perfectly with 

 the type, which probably came from the Rio Tapajoz, and another specimen from 

 Goyana Island in this river. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Buenos Aires, Rio Acara, Para, 2. 



2 The bird sent by Fontanier from Santa Marta and mentioned s.n. Crypturus 

 adspersus by Bonaparte (Tabl. Parall. Gall., p. 16, 1856) can hardly belong here. 

 Cf. also Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 167, 1922. 



^ Crypturellus undulatus simplex (Salvadori) : Most nearly related to C u. 

 vermiculatus, but upper parts slightly more rufescent, with the dusky vermicula- 

 tions evanescent on the anterior back, and flanks decidedly paler, warm buff 

 instead of ochraceous-buff to ochraceous-tawny. 



On once more comparing two birds from the Rupununi River and one from 

 Forte Sao Joaquim, upper Rio Branco, the senior author finds this form separable 

 after all. Though widely separated geographically, it is in fact much nearer to 




52 Field Museum of Natural History— ^Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Crypturus simplex Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 531, 1895 — Rio 

 Rupununi, British Guiana (cotypes in British Museum examined) ; Chubb, 

 Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 16, pi. 2, fig. 2, 1916 — Supenaam, Great Savannas, 

 and Rupununi River. 



Tinamus undulattis (not of Temminck) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 292, 1870 — 



part. Forte do Rio Branco, Brazil (spec, examined). 

 Crypturus adspersus adspersus (not Tinamus adspersus Temminck) Hellmayr, 



Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 702, 720, 1906— part. 



Forte do Rio Branco, Brazil, and Rupununi River, British Guiana. 

 Crypturus adspersus Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 7, 1907 — part, Rio 



Branco and Guiana; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 49, 1914 — part, 



Rio Maecuru, Brazil. 



Crypturus adspersus simplex Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 

 14, p. 319, 1914 (char.). 



Crypturellus undulatus adspersus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 19, 1931 — part, 

 British Guiana and Rio Branco. 



Range. — British Guiana and the adjoining section of northern 

 Brazil, south to the north bank of the Amazon. 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Brazil (Itacoatiara, Rio Amazonas, 

 1; Serra da Lua, Rio Branco, 1; Conceigao, Rio Branco, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 5: Brazil (Lago do Canacary, Rio Amazonas, 

 2; Itacoatiara, Rio Amazonas, 1; Lago Cuipeua, Rio Amazonas, 1; 

 Boca de Channel Piava, Rio Amazonas, 1). 



*Crypturellus undulatus yapura (Spix).^ YapurA Banded 



TiNAMOU. 



C. u. vermiculatus than to its neighbor, C. u. adspersus, from the south bank of 

 the lower Amazon. From the latter it may be readily distinguished by duller, 

 less chestnut back with more reduced dusky markings, less rufescent wing coverts, 

 and particularly by lacking the cinnamon brown suffusion as well as the dusky 

 vermiculations on the foreneck. The color of the flanks is similar, though some- 

 what paler, less ochraceous. C. u. simplex is also closely related to C. u. yapura, 

 but may be separated by somewhat lighter upper parts; decidedly paler, less 

 brownish (drab rather than Dresden brown to Brussels brown) upper wing coverts 

 and secondaries; paler and huffier under parts, the foreneck being less washed with 

 brownish, the breast and upper abdomen without the light mouse gray tone; 

 lighter, clear buff flanks with strongly defined blackish cross-bars; and generally 

 lighter, ochraceous rather than tawny markings on under tail coverts. 



Additional material examined. — British Guiana: Rio Rupununi, 3; Ourumee, 

 1; Great Savanna, 1; unspecified, 2. — Brazil: Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, 1. 



^ Crypturellus undulatus yapura (Spix) differs from the other Amazonian races 

 by decidedly grayish (instead of buffy) ground color of breast and upper abdomen; 

 duskier foreneck; blacker crown and hind neck; darker, van-dyke brown back 

 with more closely set blackish vermiculations; and more rufescent as well as more 

 narrowly vermiculated upper wing coverts. 



Although exceedingly variable in coloration, this form is always recognizable 

 by the grayish tone of the anterior under parts, which is but rarely obscured here 

 and there by buffy apical edges to the feathers. The flanks are even less buffy 

 than in C. u. simplex, the interspaces between the narrower black bars being closely 

 vermiculated with dusky. The vermiculated foreneck is generally washed with 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 53 



Pezus yapura Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 62, pi. 78, 1825 — Rio Yapura 

 and Rio Solimoes, Brazil (type in Munich Museum examined).' 



Crypturus adspersus (not Tinamus adspersus Temminck) Wagler, Syst. Av., 

 1, fol. 19, spec. 3, 1827 — Brazil (descr. spec. typ. P. yapura Spix); Tschudi, 

 Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 307, 1844— Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., 

 Aves, p. 46, 1845 — Peru; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 319, 

 1856 (ex Spix); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 311 — 

 Santa Cruz, Peru. 



Tinamus undulatus (not of Temminck) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 292, 1870 — 

 part, Manaqueri, Rio Solimoes (spec, examined). 



Crypturus balstoni Bartlett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 374 — Elvira, 

 northeastern Peru (type in British Museum examined); Taczanowski, 

 Orn. Per., 3, p. 299, 1886— Elvira, Peru; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 27, p. 231, pi. 13, 1895— Peru (Elvira, Samiria, Santa Cruz); Ihering, Rev. 

 Mus. Paul., 6, "1904," p. 452, 1905— Rio Jurua, Brazil. 



Crypturus adspersus yapura Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 

 22, No. 3, pp. 702, 704, 1906 — northwestern Brazil and northeastern Peru 

 (crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 7, 1907 — Rio Jurua; Chapman, 

 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 193, 1917— La Morelia, Caquetd, and 

 "Bogota," Colombia; idem. I.e., 55, p. 149, 1926 — Rio Suno, Ecuador. 



Crypturus yapura Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 14, p. 319, 

 1914 (char.). 



Crypturellus undulatus yapura Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 19, 1931 (range). 



Range. — Upper Amazonia, from the eastern base of the eastern 

 Andes of Colombia south through eastern Ecuador to eastern Peru 

 and the adjacent parts of Brazil (from the Rio Negro to the Rio 

 Purus). 



Conover Collection. — 18: Brazil (Labrea, Rio Purus, 1; lower Rio 

 If a, Amazonas, 1; Santo Antonio, Rio Jurua, 1; Joao Pessoa, 

 Rio Jurua, 7) ; Ecuador (Concepcion, 1 ; Raya Yaco, 1 ; Suno, Loreto, 



dull brownish, much less rufescent than in C. u. adspersus. The back and rump 

 are more thickly marked with finer blackish cross-lines. 



Birds from northern Peru (balstoni) are absolutely identical with those from 

 the Rio Solimoes, while two from the Rio Purus are more buffy along the abdominal 

 line and more olivaceous on the flanks. 



Five specimens from the Rio Negro (Igarape Cagao Peirera) show decided 

 tendencies toward C. u. simplex by lighter upper parts and more distinctly banded 

 flanks, though foreneck and chest are dark (grayish) as in birds from the Rio 

 Solimoes and farther west. Birds from the Rio Purus diverge in the direction of 

 "C. u. confusus," but lack the heavy barring above, and, as a whole, are much 

 nearer to C. u. yapura. 



Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Boca, Rio Curary, 2; Rio Suno, 1; 

 Orosa, Rio Amazonas, 2; Puerto Indiana, 1. — Peru: Rio Samiria, 1; Elvira, 3; 

 Santa Cruz, 2; Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali, 2; Lagarto, Rio Ucayali; 1. — Brazil: Rio 

 Solimoes, 1; Lago Manaqueri, Rio Solimoes, 1; Codajdz, Rio Solimoes, 2; Caviana, 

 Rio Solimoes, 2; Manacapuru, Rio Solimoes, 2; Igarape Cagao Pereira, 5; Arima, 

 Rio Purus, 2; Jaburu, Rio Purus, 1. 



^ The type is similar to specimens from the Rio Solimoes. A second example 

 (female)— not mentioned in Spix's work — is intermediate to C. u. simplex. 




54 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



2; Sara-Yaco, Rio Bobonaza, 1; headwaters of Rio Tigre, 1; RioSuno, 

 Napo-Pastaza, 1; Rio Pucuno, Oriente, 1). 



*CryptureIlus brevirostris brevirostris (Pelzeln).i Short-billed 



TiNAMOU. 



Tinamns brevirostris Pelzeln, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 13, pp. 1128, 1130, 

 1863 — Barra do Rio Negro [= Mangos], Brazil (type in Vienna Museum 

 examined); idem, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 294, 1870 — Barra do Rio Negro. 



Crypturus brevirostris Salvadori, Cat.Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 538, 1895 — Barra 

 do Rio Negro (ex Pelzeln); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 8, 1907 (range); 

 Sassi, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 78, p. 101, 1928— Taracua, Rio Uaupes, 

 Brazil (crit., descr. of young). 



Crypturellus brevirostris Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 20, 1931 (range); Todd, 

 Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasb., 50, p. 177, 1937— part, Tamanoir, French Guiana 

 (crit.). 



Range. — Northern Brazil (Manaos; Taracua, Rio Uaupes) north 

 to PYench Guiana (Tamanoir, Mana River). 



Conover Collection. — 1: French Guiana (Tamanoir, Mana River, 1). 



♦Crypturellus brevirostris bartletti (Sclater and Salvin).^ Bart- 

 lett's Tinamou. 



Crypturus bartletti Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 311 — 

 "Santa Cruz de la Sierra" and Pebas, Peru (type, from Santa Cruz, Rio 

 Huallaga, in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in Britisb Museum, exam- 

 ined); Taczanowski, Om. Per., 3, p. 301, 1886 — Peru (Santa Cruz, Pebas, 

 Iquitos); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 538, pi. 11, 1895 — Santa 



> CryptureUus brevirostris brevirostris (Pelzeln), tbough superficially resembling 

 C. variegatus, differs at a glance by much smaller size; very much smaller bill 

 (only half as large); chestnut-tinged or chestnut-barred pileum; chestnut instead 

 of sooty sides of head; pure white inner under wing coverts; deeper rufous foreneck 

 and chest; much less barred, sometimes nearly immaculate flanks. Wing, 138-141 ; 

 bill, 21-23. 



The junior author found the same differences, on comparing two adults from 

 French Guiana (Tamanoir, Mana River) with a series of C. variegatus and, besides, 

 remarked on the strongly defined white abdominal area, which was also noticed 

 by Sassi in a bird from the Rio Uaupes, but is not present in the adult specimen 

 from Manaos described by Pelzeln. The color of the legs is given by Natterer as 

 yellowish gray, more ochraceous on the posterior side of the tarsus and more 

 olive gray on the toes. 



The range of this rare tinamou seems to be restricted to the country north of 

 the Amazon (Manaos to the Rio Uaupes), whence it extends into French Guiana. 

 The junior author is inclined to regard the female from Teffe, Rio Solimoes, once 

 referred by Hellmayr to the present species, as an erythristic example of C b. 

 bartletti. 



Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Tamanoir, Mana River, 1. — 

 Brazil: Manaos, 2. 



* CryptureUus brevirostris bartletti (Sclater and Salvin): Very similar to C. 6. 

 brevirostris and of the same proportions, but pileum sooty blackish, rarely obso- 

 letely barred with dull rufescent; the barring above slightly narrower; foreneck 

 and chest, sex for sex, lighter, ochraceous-buff to tawny rather than tawny to 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 55 



Cruz, Chamicuros, and Iquitos, Peru; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 410, 

 1907— Humayta, Rio Madeira (crit.); idem, I.e., 17, p. 421, 1910— 

 Humayta; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 23, 1908 — Cachoeira, Rio Purus; 

 idem, Bel. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 51, 1914 — same locality. 



{'i)Crypturus brevirostris (not of Pelzeln) Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 90, 

 1907— Teffe, Rio Solimoes (crit.). 



Crypturus bartletti caroli Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 

 14, p. 321, 1914 — Humayta, Rio Madeira (descr. of female; type in Tring 

 Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, 

 examined). 



Crypturellus bartletti bartletti Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 21, 1931 (range). 



Crypiurellus bartletti Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 178, 1937— Rio 

 Purus (crit.). 



Range. — Upper Amazonia, from eastern Peru through western 

 Brazil to the left bank of the Rio Madeira (Humayta), 



Conover Collection. — 9 : Brazil (Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, 1 ; Arima, 

 Rio Purus, 1; Canutama, Rio Purus, 2; Igarap^ do Gordao, Rio 

 Jurua, 4; Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua, 1). 



*CrypturelIus variegatus variegatus (Gmelin). Variegated 



TiNAMOU. 



Teirao variegatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 768, 1789 — based on "Le 

 Tinamou vari6" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 828; Cayenne. 



Tinamus variegatus Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 576, 750, 1815 — 

 Cayenne (descr.); Wied, Reise Bras., 1, p. 262 (8vo ed., p. 260), 1820— 

 Morro d'Ardra, Rio Mucurl, Espirito Santo; idem. I.e., 2, p. 124, 1821 

 — Sao Pedro de Alcantara, Rio Cachoeira, Bahia; idem, Beitr. Naturg. 

 Bras., 4, (2), p. 510, 1833— eastern Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 293, 

 1870 — Pard, Barra do Rio Negro [=Manaos], Marabitanas (Rio Negro), 

 and Borba (Rio Madeira), Brazil. 



Crypturus variegatus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 19, genus Crypturus, sp. 7, 1827 

 — Brazil, Guiana, and Cayenne (descr.) ; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen 



burnt Sienna; cheeks and auriculars more or less dusky, etc. Wing, 140-144; 

 bill, 21-23. 



This form is closely related to the preceding, and the characters as given 

 remain to be confirmed by fuller series. Individual variation and sexual differ- 

 ences render the proper appreciation of various color details rather difficult, 

 inasmuch as series from any locality are lacking. While birds from eastern Peru 

 and others from Humayta, Rio Madeira, are fairly distinguished from brevirostris 

 by their sooty crown, dusky sides of the head, and ochraceous rather than rufous 

 chest, a single female from the Rio Purus (Jaburu) is somewhat intermediate, 

 having the blackish crown feathers obsoletely barred with dull rufescent, the 

 sides of the head (excepting the brownish auriculars) rufous, and the breast very 

 nearly as bright tawny as in the immature stage of brevirostris. A young bird 

 from Iquitos also has the sides of the head rufous, while the hind crown is dull 

 chestnut barred with blackish, very much as in brevirostris. The segregation of 

 the two races and of their ranges, therefore, seems to be in need of further 

 investigation. 



Additional material examined. — Peru: Santa Cruz, 2; Chami euros, 1; Iquitos, 

 1. — Brazil: Jaburu, Rio Purfis, 1; Humaytd, Rio Madeira, 5; Teffe, Rio SolimSes, 1. 




56 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 748, 1849 — British Guiana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. 

 Th. Bras., 3, p. 321, 1856— Brazil and Guiana; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, 

 Tinami, p. 32, 1880— Borba and Cayenne; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 181— 

 Bartica Grove, Camacusa, and Merume Mts., British Guiana; Salvadori, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 535, 1895— British Guiana (Takutu River, 

 Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Roraima, Merume Mts.), Cayenne, and 

 Brazil (Par6 and Bahia); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 122, 

 1902— La Pricion, Caura, Venezuela; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 499— Capim 

 River, Par4; Menegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 184, 1904— 

 Charvin, Maroni, French Guiana; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 305, 

 1905 — Igarap6-Assu, Para; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 8, 1907 (range); 

 Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 298, 1908— Cayenne; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, 

 p. 421, 1910 — Calama, Rio Madeira, and Maroins, Rio Machados, Brazil; 

 idem, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 82, 

 97, 1912 — Rio Acara and Para localities; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 

 8, p. 50, 1914 — Para, Rio Capim (Resacca, Ig. Cauaxy-i), Rio Acara, 

 and Obidos; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 12, 1916 (many localities); 

 Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 360, 1916 — Nericagua, Orinoco 

 River, and La Pricion, Caura, Venezuela; Beebe, Trop. Wild Life, 1, 

 pp. 127, 268, 1917 — Bartica Grove (nesting habits); Lima, Rev. Mus. 

 Paul., 12, (2), p. 96, 1920— Ilheos to Belmonte [=Itabuna], Bahia; Beebe, 

 Zoologica, (N.Y.), 6, pp. 195-227, 1925 (life history). 



Tinamus bimaculaitis G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 101, 1867 

 — South America (descr. of young; type in British Museum examined). 



Crypturus tetrao ("Boddaert")i Mathews and Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec, 3, No. 

 2, p. 47, Nov., 1915 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 828; Cayenne. 



Crypturus variegatus variegatus Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 

 (8), 14, p. 320, 1914 (char.); Beebe, Zoologica, (N.Y.), 6, pp. 195-227, 

 1925 — British Guiana (anat., habits). 



CryptureUus variegatus variegatus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 20, 1931 (range); 

 Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 175, 1937 (crit.). 



Crypturus variegatus bimactdatus Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 

 (8), 14, p. 320, 1914 (char.). 



CryptureUus variegatus Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 54, 1935 — Rio Jucurucu 

 (Brago do Sul), Cachoeira Grande, and Itabuna, Bahia. 



Crypturus variegatus salvini (not C. salvini Salvadori) Chapman, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 36, p. 193, 1917— La Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia. 



CryptureUus variegatus transamazonicus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, 

 p. 176, Oct. 28, 1937 — Santarem, Brazil (type in the Carnegie Museum, 

 Pittsburgh). 



Orthocrypturus variegatus superciliosus Miranda-Ribeiro, Rev. Mus. Paul., 

 23, p. 741, 1938 — Pard (Sao Joaquim, Utinga), Manacapuru, and Rio 

 Jamary, Matto Grosso (no type sp)ecified). 



Orthocrypturus variegatus lakoi Miranda-Ribeiro, Rev. Mus. Paul., 23, p. 743, 

 1938 — Alto Jatoa (south of Serra do Imery, Venezuelan border) and Lago 

 Mapixi, Amazonas, Brazil (no type specified). 



1 "Tetrao" in Boddaert's Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 51, 1789, is not proposed as a 

 specific name, but indicates the genus to which the author would refer the "Tina- 

 mou vari6." 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 57 



Range. — The Guianas, west through the Orinoco basin to the 

 eastern base of the east Colombian Andes (La MoreHa, Caqueta); 

 Brazilian Amazonia from Para west to the Rio Solimoes and the 

 Rio Jurua, south to the Rio Machados on the confines of Matto 

 Grosso^ and the wooded region of southeastern Brazil, in states of 

 Bahia (Sao Pedro de Alcantara, Rio Cachoeira; Rio Jucurucu; 

 Cachoeira Grande; Itabuna), Minas Geraes (Sao Benedicto, Rio 

 Manhuassu), and Espirito Santo (Rio Mucuri; Baixo Guandu). 



Field Museum Collection. — 17: British Guiana (Mazaruni River, 

 1; Potaro, 1; Kaieteur Falls, 1; Essequibo, Oko Mountains, 1; 

 Boundary Camp, Itabu Creek, upper New River, 10; Middle Base 

 Camp, Itabu Creek, upper New River, 3). 



Conover Collection.— S5 : French Guiana (Tamanoir, Mana River, 

 1); British Guiana (unspecified, 1; Essequibo, Oko Mountains, 1); 

 Brazil (Villa Braga, Rio Tapajoz, 2; Caxiricatuba, Rio Tapajoz, 3; 

 Tauary, Rio Tapajoz, 3; Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 6; Lago Cuipeua, near 

 Obidos, 2; Labrea, Rio Purus, 5; Canutama, Rio Purus, 3; Joao 

 Pessoa, Rio Jurua, 1; Igarap^ do Gordao, Rio Jurua, 2; Igarap^ 

 Grande, Rio Jurua, 2; Rio Manacapuru, Amazonas, 3). 



*Crypturellus variegatus salvini (Salvadori).^ Salvin's Varie- 

 gated TiNAMOU. 



Crypturus salvini Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 537, 1895 — Sarayacu, 

 eastern Ecuador (cotypes in British Museum examined), 



1 Birds from Manaos and Venezuela agree well with Guianan skins. The 

 authors are unable to substantiate the claims of C. v. iransamazonicus to recog- 

 nition. Birds from south of the Amazon are perhaps on average a little more 

 broadly barred above, but a goodly number from British Guiana and two from 

 near Obidos are exactly alike, and it seems that the width of the barring varies 

 a great deal, irrespective of locality. As to the other alleged character of trans- 

 nmazonicus, we find Guianan birds to be on average more white on the abdomen 

 than those from south of the Amazon River, which is just the opposite of 

 Mr. Todd's statement. A single Bahia skin does not appreciably differ from north- 

 ern specimens. 



Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 3; Tamanoir, Mana 

 River, 4. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove, 4; Camacusa, 5; Caramang River, 1; 

 Takutu River, 1; Kamuni River, 2; Mazaruni River, 1; Moraballi Creek,^ 1; 

 Roraima, 1. — Venezuela: La Pricion, Caura, 3. — Brazil: Para district, 5; Manaos, 

 4; Borba, Rio Madeira, 1; Calama, Rio Madeira, 4; Maroins, Rio Machados, 1; 

 Bahia, 1. 



- Crypturellus variegatus salvini (Salvadori) : Very similar to the nominate 

 race, but differs by having the ochraceous bands broader and the dark ones deeper 

 black, giving the upper parts a darker appearance, while the dusky and buflfy 

 barring on the flanks is reduced to a few scattered markings. Single individuals 

 are, however, hard to separate, and the race is not very well marked. 



Additional material examined. — Eastern Ecuador: Sarayacu, 3; Rio Suno, 3; 

 Rio Curaray, 1. 




58 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Crypturus variegatus salvini Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 

 (8), 14, p. 320, 1914 (char.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, 

 p. 149, 1926— Rio Suno, Ecuador. 



Crypturellus variegatus salvini Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 20, 1931 (range); 

 Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 176, 1937 (crit.). 



Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Ecuador, 



Conover Collection. — 4: Ecuador (Concepcion, 1; Ouca Yaco, 

 Loreto, 1; headwaters of Rio Tigre, 2). 



Crypturellus rubripes (Taczanowski).^ Jelski's Tinamou. 



Crypturus rubripes Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 303, 1886 — Lechugal, Rio 

 Zurumilla, Dept. Tumbez, Peru (type in Raimondi Collection, now in 

 San Marco University, Lima); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 514, 

 1895 (ex Taczanowski). 



Crypturellus rubripes Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 20, 1931 (range). 



Range. — Northwestern Peru (Lechugal, Rio Zurumilla, Dept. 

 Tumbez). 



Crypturellus noctivagus atrocapillus (Tschudi).= Black- 

 capped Red-footed Tinamou. 



Crypturus atro-capillus Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 307, 1844 — Peru 



(type in Neuch&tel Museum). 

 Crypturus atrocapillus Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 284, 1846 — 



Peru. 

 Tinamus atrocapillus Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 294, 1886 — Peru. 

 Crypturus atricapillus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 532, 1895 — 



Peru (descr. of type); Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 



14, p. 320, 1914 (char.). 

 Crypturellus atrocapillus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 20, 1931 (range). 



Range. — Peru (region not definitely recorded). 



^ Crypturellus rubripes (Taczanowski), known only from the type, is of obscure 

 relationship, and although a detailed manuscript description drawn up by the 

 late Count Berlepsch from the specimen has been available to the senior author, 

 he is unable to say to what other species it may be related. The most striking 

 feature seems to be a wide superciliary stripe, grayish rufescent anteriorly and 

 distinctly buff from the eye to the sides of the hind crown. 



* Crypturellus noctivagus atrocapillus (Tschudi) is only known from a few speci- 

 mens secured by Tschudi in some part of central Peru, probably in the Department 

 of Junin. Judging from one of the cotypes in the British Museum, this seems 

 to be a typical Crypturellus, with the hind part of the tarsus smooth without 

 prominent edges to the scutes and the same proportions of the toes as in other 

 species. Compared with C. noctivagus erythropus, it differs by longer bill; wholly 

 coal-black pileum with the crown-feathers elongated into a distinct crest; much 

 darker, warm sepia upper parts, waved all over with narrow blackish bars; mars 

 brown instead of tawny auriculars (only lores and indistinct superciliaries deep 

 tawny); deep tawny throat; fuscous foreneck and chest (waved with dusky), 

 forming an extensive dark area and extending down over the sides of the breast; 

 deeper tawny middle line inclining to Burnt Sienna anteriorly. Wing, 174; 

 bill, 30. 




1942 Birds of the Americas^Hellmayr and Conover 59 



*Crypturellus noctivagus garleppi (Berlepsch).i Garlepp's 

 Red-footed Tinamou. 



Crypturus garleppi Berlepsch, Bericht 17. Jahresvers. AUg. Deuts. Orn. Ges., 

 1892, p. 13, Dec. 25, 1892— Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (type in coll. 

 of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum, examined); idem, Journ. 

 Orn., 40, p. 454, 1892 (reprint); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, 

 p. 533, 1895— Santa Cruz, Bolivia. 



Crypturus garleppi affinis Chubb, Ibis, (11), 1, p. 8, Jan., 1919 — Rio Blanco, 

 La Paz, Bolivia (type in British Museum examined). 



Crypiurellus garleppi garleppi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 20, 1931 — Santa Cruz. 



Crypturellus garleppi affinis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 20, 1931 — Rio Blanco. 



Range. — Tropical zone of Bolivia (Rio Blanco, eastern La Paz; 

 Santa Cruz de La Sierra; Rio Surutu and San Carlos, Santa Cruz). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Rio Surutu, 2; San 

 Carlos, 2). 



Crypturellus noctivagus noctivagus (Wied). Wied's Red-footed 

 Tinamou. 



Tinamus noctivagus Wied, Reise Bras., 1, p. 160 (8vo ed., p. 158), 1820 — 

 Muribecca, Rio Itabapuana, Espirito Santo, Brazil (type in coll. of 

 Prince Wied, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New 

 York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 272, 1889); idem, Beitr. 

 Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 504, 1833 — part, Rio de Janeiro to the Rio Espirito 

 Santo, Brazil. 



Crypturus noctivagus Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 320, 1856 — part, 

 Rio de Janeiro (ex Wied); Euler, Journ. Orn., 15, p. 418, 1867 — Canta- 

 gallo, Rio de Janeiro (eggs descr.); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. 

 Foren., 1870, p. 47 — Lagoa dos Pitos, near Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; 

 Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 230, 1874 — Cantagallo; Schlegel, Mus. Pays- 

 Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 33, 1880 — part, "Montevideo," errore,= southern Brazil; 

 Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 183, 1885 — Taquara and 

 Arroio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, 

 p. 539, 1895 — part, descr. of "adult male" and spec, c, "Lagoa dos Patos," 



1 Crypturellus noctivagus garleppi (Berlepsch) again is a little-known form 

 allied to C. noctivagus atrocapillus. The senior author has seen the type, but has 

 been unable to compare it with the Peruvian bird. We do not understand why 

 Chubb proposed a different name for the Rio Blanco specimen in the British Mu- 

 seum, since his description corresponds very well to the notes on Berlepsch's 

 type. Both are females. 



Since the above was written, four specimens of C. n. garleppi have been re- 

 ceived by the junior author, and two others in the Carnegie Museum have been 

 examined. On comparison with five specimens of C. n. erythropus (all males) 

 from the vicinity of Obidos, two males of garleppi differ by darker (more fuscous) 

 upper parts, waved with narrow blackish vermiculations; darker, less reddish auric- 

 ulars; darker foreneck and chest (with dusky vermiculations); darker, more 

 rufescent breast and belly. 



Additional material examined. — Santa Cruz: Rio Surutu, 2; Santa Cruz, 1. — 

 La Paz: Rio Blanco, 1. 




60 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Rio Grande do Sul; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 153, 

 1899— Mundo Novo; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 461, 1899— Peruhybe, 

 Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 164, 1900 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Hell- 

 mayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 720, 1906— part, 

 Sao Paulo (crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 8, 1907 — Sao Paulo 

 (Peruhybe), Santa Catharina (Colonia Hansa), and Espirito Santo. 

 Crypturellus noctivagus noctivagus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 22, 1931 (in part). 



Range. — Southeastern Brazil, from southern Minas Geraes and 

 Espirito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul.^ 



♦Crypturellus noctivagus zabele (Spix).- Zabele Red-footed 



TiNAMOU. 



Pezus zabele Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 62, pi. 77, 1825 — "in limite 

 sylvarum campestrium (Catingha)," Brazil; we suggest Oeiras, Piauhy 

 (type [male] in Munich Museum examined; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. 

 Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 701, 1906). 



' Birds from Sao Paulo (Iguape) and Santa Catharina (Jaragua) agree well 

 together, notably in the reduced light markings on remiges and wing coverts. 

 They are all marked "male" and correspond to Salvadori's description of the 

 "adult male" with the exception of having merely a number of cinnamomeous 

 freckles in the superciliary region instead of a broad stripe. Two males from the 

 Rio Doce, Espirito Santo, which may fairly be assumed to represent typically 

 T. noctivagus, are similar in coloration to the southern birds, but approach C. n. 

 zabele by the widely barred wing coverts and remiges, the light bands being, 

 however, neither as broad nor as pale as in the northern race. Tschudi's Peruvian 

 record (Arch. Naturg., 10, |1], p. 307, 1844; idem. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 46, 1845; 

 unde Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 302, 1886) has never been confirmed and may 

 refer to C. n. atrocapillus. 



Material examined. — Espirito Santo: Rio Doce, 2. — "Minas Geraes," 1. — 

 Sao Paulo: Iguape, 2. — Santa Catharina: Jaragua, 2. 



2 Crypturellus noctivagus zabele (Spix), in the light of more adequate material 

 recently examined by the senior author, seems to be separable as a paler northern 

 form. Compared to six adult males from Espirito Santo to Santa Catharina, four 

 from Bahia and Piauhy may be distinguished by lacking the dark neutral zone 

 on the mantle, the entire back from the hind neck onwards being auburn to chest- 

 nut with just a faint grayish tinge anteriorly; by having the remiges and upper 

 wing coverts much more broadly barred with pinkish buff; well-marked 

 superciliaries of light bufif to warm buff (merely suggested by cinnamomeous 

 freckles in the nominate race); less rufescent throat; decidedly paler foreneck 

 which, instead of deep neutral gray, is neutral gray, frequently with apical edges 

 of cinnamon to the feathers; cinnamon to orange cinnamon instead of deep tawny 

 breast; finally, unmarked warm bufif abdomen, only the sides being banded 

 with blackish. Spix's type is practically identical with a male from Piauhy, 

 while one from Bahia is very rufous above. Two specimens marked "female" 

 by the collectors dififer from the males by having the foreneck and chest deep 

 hazel regularly banded across with dusky, and the superciliaries remarkably wide. 

 We do not know whether this is the regular garb of the adult female, since one 

 shows signs of immaturity in the presence of buffy apical dots to the crown feathers. 

 An unsexed Bahia specimen is similar, but we have not yet seen this plumage 

 from the range of the nominate race. Salvadori's "sexes" of C. noctivagus evidently 

 refer to the two races, his description of the adult male having clearly been based 

 upon the male from Rio Grande do Sul, that of the female upon the Bahia skins. 



Additional material examined. — Piauhy: Serra do Parnagua, 1 (male); Saco 

 Gorge, road from Parnagua to Gilbues, 1 (male). — Bahia: Bahia, 3 (male, female. 

 ■ unsexed); Lamarao, 1 (female). — "Brazil:" 1 (the type, male). 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 61 



Tinamus noctivagus (not of Wied, 1820) Wied, Reise Bras., 2, pp. Ill, 145, 

 158, 1821 — Bahia (Rio Ilheos; Boqueirao, Rio Pardo; Serra do Mundo 

 Novo, Rio Pardo); idem, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 504, 1833— 

 part, Belmonte and Ilheos, Bahia; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 293 (note 1), 

 1870 — Bahia (spec, examined). 



Crypturus noctivagus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, folg. 19, sp. 6, 1827 (descr. of 

 spec. typ. P. zabele); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 320, 1856 

 (in part); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 33, 1880 — part, Bahia; 

 Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 360 — Garanhuns, Pernambuco; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 27, p. 539, 1895 — part, descr. of "female" and spec, a, b, 

 Bahia; Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 720, 

 1906 — part, Bahia (crit.); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. 

 Wien, 76, p. 98, 1910— Serra do Parnagua and Saco Gorge, Piauhy (spec, 

 examined); idem. I.e., p. 246, 1924 — Piauhy (habits). 



Crypturornis noctivagiis noctivagus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 

 12, p. 477, 1929— near Parnagua, Piauhy. 



Cr.ypturellus noctivagus noctivagus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 22, 1931 (range 

 in part); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 54, 1935 — Rio Gongogy and 

 Rio Jucurucu (Cachoeira Grande), Bahia. 



Range. — Northeastern Brazil, from Bahia north to Pernambuco 

 and southern Piauhy. 



Field Museum Collection.— 1: Brazil (Macaco Secco, near Anda- 

 rahy, Bahia, 1). 



*Crypturenus noctivagus erythropus (Pelzeln). ^ Red-footed 



TiNAMOU. 



• Crypturellus noctivagus erythropus (Pelzeln) : Adult male nearest to C. n. 

 zabele, but with markedly shorter wings and bill; no striking pale (light buff 

 to ochraceous-buflf) superciliary stripe, this region being tawny like the sides of 

 the head; middle and lower back nearly immaculate instead of alternately banded 

 with black and rufous; upper wing coverts and outer webs of secondaries with 

 mere traces of scattered black spots and buffy dots instead of being broadly barred 

 with black and ochraceous or buff; abdomen and flanks darker, ochraceous-buff 

 rather than warm buff. Females and immature males approach C. n. zabele by 

 barred lower back, rump, wing coverts, and outer webs of secondaries; however, 

 the foreneck and upper chest are mouse gray, more or less washed with brownish, 

 as in the males, and are by no means rufous barred with blackish as is the case in the 

 supposed females of zabele from Bahia. Wing, 162-170, (female) 155-165; bill, 

 26-28. 



Direct comparison of six British Guiana skins (dissimilis) with ten from 

 Mandos (including the type of T. erythropus) fails to disclose any constant differ- 

 ence. The color of the throat, said to be rufous in dissimilis and white in erythropus, 

 varies individually just as much as in the allied C. strigulosus. Among six males 

 from Manaos, it is pure white in one, tawny mixed with white along the middle 

 in two, ochraceous-tawny in two others, and tawny in the sixth. Two birds from 

 British Guiana (Ituribisci River and an unspecified locality) and an adult male 

 from Forte do Sao Joaquim, on the upper Rio Branco, have the throat pure 

 white, while it is entirely ochraceous-buff in three others, including two from 

 Quonga. In the coloration of the sides of the head there is not the least difference, 

 the two series varying, in the tone of the rufous, exactly within the same limits. 

 Several birds from Quonga, all in very fresh plumage, indeed have the mouse 

 gray prepectoral area clearer, less tinged with brownish, and consequently more 




62 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Tinamus eryihropus Pelzeln, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 13, pp. 1127, 1129, 

 1863 — Barra do Rio Negro [=Manaos], Brazil (cotypes in Vienna Museum 

 examined); idem, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 293, 1870 — Barra do Rio Negro and 

 Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco. 



Tinamus longirostris G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 101, 1867 — 

 locality unknown (type in British Museum examined). 



Crypturus noctivagus (not Tinamus nodivagus Wied) Cabanis, in Schomburgk, 

 Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 748, 1849— Britisb Guiana. 



Crypturus strigulostts (not Tinamus strigulosus Temminck) Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, pp. 252, 254— Cerro Azul of "Guiguc," 

 south of Lake Valencia, Venezuela (spec, examined). 



Crypturus eryihropus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 34, 1880 — Barra 

 do Rio Negro and "Amazonia"; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, 

 p. 534, pi. 10, 1895 — Barra do Rio Negro and Forte do Rio Branco, 

 Brazil (spec, examined); Ibering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 8, 1907 (range); 

 Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 39, 1907— Obidos, Brazil; Snetblage, Bol. 

 Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 50, 1914 — Rio Jamunda (Faro), Brazil; Braboume 

 and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 14, p. 320, 1914 (diag.). 



Crypturus dissimilis Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 541, 1895 — 

 Quonga and Corentyne River, British Guiana (cotypes, from Quonga, 

 in the British Museum examined); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 11, 

 pi. 2, fig. 1, 1916 — Kamani River, Ituribisci, Abary River, Quonga, and 

 Corentyne River; Braboume and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 

 14, p. 320, 1914 (diag.). 



Crypturus cinnamomeus (not Tinamus cinnamamea Lesson) Salvadori, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 541, 1895 — part, spec, k', 1', Venezuela and Cerro 

 Azul Guigua. 



distinctly defined from the ochraceous tawny of the breast, but other Guianan 

 specimens as well as the one from the Rio Branco, are indistinguishable from 

 Man4os birds. C. cinnamomeus spencei likewise proves to be identical with 

 eryihropus. This alleged race was based on an unsexed specimen sent by Spence. 

 from the vicinity of Caracas (the type) and a bird secured in November, 1868, 

 by Anton Goering on the Cerro Azul de Guigua, south of Lake Valencia, in northern 

 Venezuela. According to the extent of the barring above to the middle back, 

 and the regular alternate bars of bright buflf and black on the upper wing coverts 

 and outer webs of secondaries, there is no doubt that the type and also Goering's 

 example, though sexed as "male," are both females. Compared with females 

 from Manaos and Quonga, they agree in every particular except in having the 

 sides and flanks more extensively barred with black. However, an adult male 

 from San Esteban, Carabobo (Carnegie Museum, No. 35319), was found by 

 Conover and Hellmayr, who independently compared it with adequate material 

 from the lower Amazon, to be indistinguishable from Obidos specimens, and the 

 junior author, furthermore, could not discover any tangible difference, even in 

 the barring of the flanks, between three skins from the Paria Peninsula (Cariaquito) 

 and others from Lago Cuipeua. The birds from the north coast of Venezuela 

 perhaps have on average slightly longer wings (169-175, against 158-170 mm.), 

 but this trifling divergency seems hardly sufficient to justify the recognition of 

 spencei. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Manaos, 10; Obidos, 12; Forte do 

 Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, 1. — British Guiana: Quonga, 3; Ituribisci River, 1; 

 Abary River, 1; Cammooni Creek, 1; unspecified, 3. — Venezuela: San Esteban, 

 Carabobo, 1; Cerro Azul de Guigua, south of Lake Valencia, 1 ; vicinity of Caracas, 

 2; Cariaquito, Paria Peninsula, 3. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 63 



Crypturus cinnamomeus spencei Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 

 (8), 14, pp. 320, 322, Oct., 1914— Venezuela (type in British Museum 

 examined); Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 38, p. 29, Dec. 29, 1917— Caracas, 

 Venezuela (again described as new). 



Crypturus columbianus (not of Salvadori) Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 



65, p. 190, 1913 — Cariaquito, Paria Peninsula, Venezuela (spec, examined). 



Crypturellus cinnamomeus spencei Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 22, 1931 (range). 



Crypturellus noctivagus dissimilis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 22, 1931 — eastern 

 Venezuela and British Guiana south to Brazil (Obidos). 



Crypturellus erythropus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 22, 1931 (range). 



Range. — Northern Venezuela (San Esteban, Carabobo; Cerro 

 Azul de Guigua, south of Lake Valencia; vicinity of Caracas; Caria- 

 quito, Paria Peninsula) and British Guiana, south to the north bank 

 of the Amazon in Brazil, from Manaos east to Obidos. 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: British Guiana (Corentyne River, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 7: Brazil (Obidos, 1; Lago Cuipeua, near 

 Obidos, 4; Lago do Serpa, Rio Amazonas, Amazonas, 1; Igarap^ 

 Arriba, Rio Amazonas, Amazonas, 1). 



♦Crypturellus duidae Zimmer.^ Duida Tinamou. 



Crypturellus noctivagus duidae Zimmer, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 51, p. 48, 

 March 18, 1938 — Mount Duida, Venezuela (type in the American Museum 

 of Natural History, New York). 



Range. — Mount Duida, southern Venezuela. 



Conover Collection. — 1: Venezuela (Campamente del Medio, 

 Mount Duida, 1). 



♦Crypturellus strigulosus (Temminck).^ Brazilian Tinamou. 



Tinamus strigulosus Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 594, 752, 1815 — 

 "dans la province de Pard," Brazil (type lost, formerly in coll. of C. J. 



' Crypturellus duidae Zimmer: Distinguished from C. n. erythropus by dark 

 (grajash olive) feet; clear rufous chest without any grayish tinge; much more 

 intense rufous neck and head, and, in the female sex, by the narrow and paler bars 

 on a more blackish ground on rump, upper tail coverts, and outer surface of the 

 wings. 



Because of the very distinct difference in the coloration of the legs, it would 

 seem best, for the present at least, to consider duidae as distinct from noctivagus. 



'^Crypturellus strigulosus (Temminck), though nearly allied to C. noctivagus 

 erythropus (Pelzeln), nevertheless differs very markedly by dusky instead of 

 bright red feet and by lacking the ochraceous-tawny color underneath. The 

 duller and paler gray of the foreneck extends onto the breast, which is some- 

 times slightly washed with bufify ; the middle of lower breast and abdomen is whitish 

 or bufify white, occasionally vermiculated with dusky ; and the flanks are banded with 

 black and bufify. As in the allied species, the females are much more strongly 

 barred on rump and upper tail coverts, and have the wing coverts and outer webs 

 of remiges regularly banded with black and bufif, while the males show there 

 only a few scattered small markings of buflf and black. The color of the throat 

 varies, regardless of sex, from nearly white to bright rufous. The type of C. hell- 




64 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Temminck, subsequently in Leiden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays- 

 Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 28, 1880); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 293, 1870— Cidade 

 de Matto Grosso, Borba (Rio Madeira), and Para (spec, examined). 



Crypturus strigulosus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 19, genus Crypturus, sp. 9, 1827 

 — Brazil (descr. spec. typ. in Leiden Museum); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. 

 Th. Bras., 3, p. 322, 1856 — "between Bahia and Pernambuco," errore; 

 Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 27, 1880— "Nouvelle Grenade," 

 errore; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 533, 1895— Para and Matto 

 Grosso; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 499 — Resacca, Rio Capim, Pard; Ihering, 

 Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 7, 1907 (range); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 411, 

 1907— Humayt^, Rio Madeira; idem, I.e., 17, p. 420, 1910— Borba and 

 Humaytd, Rio Madeira; idem, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. 

 Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 97, 1912— Par4 and Rio Capim; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. 

 Goeldi, 8, p. 50, 1914 — Rio Guama (Ourem), Rio Capim (Resacca), and 

 Rio Acard, Para; Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 14, p. 

 320, 1914 (char.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 150, 1928— 

 Para. 



Crypiurellus strigulosus Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 59, 1930 

 — Villa Bella de Matto Grosso. 



Crypturelltis strigulosiLS strigulosus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 22, 1931 (range). 



Crypturus hellmayri Brabourne and Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 14, 

 p. 322, 1914 — Humayta, Rio Madeira (type in Tring Collection, now 

 in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined); 

 Hartert, Nov. Zool., 34, p. 33, 1927 (crit.). 



Crypturellus strigulosus hellmayri Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 22, 1931 (range). 



Range. — Brazil, south of the Amazon, from the Para district 

 west to eastern Peru (Rio Ucayali) and south to western Matto 

 Grosso (Villa Bella de Matto Grosso). 



Conover Collection. — 21: Brazil (Murutucu, Para, 1; Serraria 

 Cabral, Rio Acara, 4; Buenos Aires, Rio Acara, 2; Ipomonga, Rio 

 Capim, 1; Resacca, Rio Capim, 1; Santar^m, Para, 2; Tauary, Rio 

 Tapajoz, 3; Caxiricatuba, Rio Tapajoz, 3; Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 3; 

 Igarap^ do Gordao, Rio Jurua, 1). 



Crypturellus casiquiare (Chapman). ^ Cassiquiare Tinamou. 



mayri (an immature male) is much duller, less rufous, above with a slaty cast, 

 when compared to specimens from Borba and Para. However, another adult male 

 from Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, which geographically should belong to this 

 alleged form, does not differ in the least from lower Amazonian skins, and we 

 believe the Humayta bird to be an individual aberration. Wing of females, 

 160-167. 



The appearance on the Rio Cassiquiare of C. casiquiare, a probable repre- 

 sentative of the present species, induces us to regard C. strigulosus, at least pro- 

 visionally, as specifically distinct. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Para, 3; TaF)erinha, Rio Tapajoz, 2; 

 Borba, Rio Madeira, 2; Humayta, Rio Madeira, 1; Hyutanahan, Rio Purvis, 2; 

 Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, 1. 



^Crypturellus casiquiare (Chapman): "Crown, sides of head, and nape chest- 

 nut, the black bases of the feathers more or less exposed on the crown; hind neck 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 65 



Crypturornis casiquiare Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 380, p. 3, Oct. 21, 1929 

 — right bank of Rio Cassiquiare at its junction with the Rio Guainia, 

 Venezuela (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New 

 York, examined). 



Crypturellus casiquiare Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 23, 1921 (range). 



Range. — Only known from the Rio Cassiquiare at its junction 

 with the Rio Guainia in extreme southern Venezuela. 



♦Crypturellus idoneus (Todd).i Santa Marta Tinamou. 



Crypturus idoneus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32, p. 117, June 27, 1919 — 



Bonda, Colombia (type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, examined). 

 Crypturus columbianus (not of Salvadori) Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, 



p. 131, 1898— "Santa Marta"; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 124, 



1900— Bonda. 

 Crypturornis idoneus Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 166, 



1922— Bonda (crit.). 



hair-brown with a drab tinge passing into the broad, black and ochraceous bars 

 which extend from the foreback to upper tail coverts and tail; wings fuscous; 

 inner coverts and tertials barred like the back; throat snowy white, changing 

 quickly into the light neutral gray of the front and sides of the neck and sides of 

 the breast; the center of the breast narrowly white broadening posteriorly into the 

 white abdomen; flanks barred with cream and black; lower tail coverts ochraceous- 

 buff with some basal black markings; tibiae grayish; feet brownish black; maxilla 

 blackish, mandible yellowish horn with black tip. Wing (two females), 135-140; 

 tarsus, 46; bill, 25." (Chapman, I.e.) 



This species, which on casual examination appeared to be distinct from any- 

 thing known to the senior author, is evidently related to C. strigulosus^ but dif- 

 fers by smaller size, darker gray foreneck and chest, and especially by having the 

 entire back up to the border of the hind neck barred with black and ochraceous. 

 In the female of C. sirigulosus, these markings are confined to rump and tail 

 coverts, while the median and anterior portion of the back is uniform dark rufous 

 brown. It would be interesting to become acquainted with the yet unknown 

 male, which might be expected to have less barred upper parts, as is the case in 

 the corresponding sex of the allied C. strigulosus. 



Material examined. — Venezuela: junction Rios Cassiquiare and Guainia, 2 

 (including the type). 



' Crypturellus idoneus (Todd) : Nearest to C. cinnamomeus praepes, but much 

 paler below, the breast being cinnamon-bufif to wood brown (instead of ochraceous- 

 tawny) paling abdominally into light buflf; female, furthermore, distinguished by 

 grayish foreneck (instead of ochraceous buff with broad black bars), unbarred 

 hind neck and nape, and by having but a few bands along sides of breast and 

 abdomen. Wing, 170-173; bill, 27-29. 



Allowing the usual amount of individual variation, the three specimens from 

 the Rio Cogollo, sex for sex, agree well with three topotypes. From Venezuelan 

 examples of C. n. erythropus (so-called spencei), C. id})neus differs by much paler 

 under parts (breast cinnamon-buff to wood brown instead of ochraceous tawny, 

 passing into a much paler buff on the belly), while the females, in addition, may 

 be distinguished by more extensive grayish jugular zone and less rufescent back 

 with the light markings less ochraceous. 



While it is quite possible that further researches may show C. idoneus and C. 

 cinnamomeus to be conspecific with C. n. erythropus, we prefer to keep them for 

 the present as separate species. C. noctivagus is said to have pale blue, glossless 

 eggs, while those of C. cinnamomeus and C. idoneus are glossy vinous brown or 

 cinnamon brown. Those of C. erythropus appear to be unknown. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: Bonda, 2 (including the type). 




66 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Crypturornis nodivagus spencei (not Crypturus cinnamomeus spencei Brabourne 

 and Chubb) Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, 

 p. 26, 1922 — Rio Cogollo, Sierra de Perija, Venezuela. 



Crypturellus cinnamomeus idoneus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 21, 1931 (range); 

 Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 369, 1931— Rio Frio, Magda- 

 lena, Colombia. 



Range. — Tropical zone of northern Colombia (Rio Frio, Magda- 

 lena; Bonda, Santa Marta region) and the adjoining parts of Vene- 

 zuela (Rio Cogollo, Sierra de Perija, State of Zulia). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, 3); Colombia 

 (Bonda, Santa Marta, 1). 



♦Crypturellus cinnamomeus occidentalis (Salvadori).i Naya- 



RIT TiNAMOU. 



Crypturus occidentalis Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 546, 1895 — San 

 Bias, Tepic, Mexico (type in British Museum examined); Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 458, 1904 — San Bias and Mazat- 

 lan; Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 340, 1905 — Escuinapa, Los 

 Pieles, and Lavanillo, Sinaloa. 



Nothocercus sallaei (not of Bonaparte) Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, 

 p. 307, 1874— Mazatlan, Sinaloa. 



Crypturellus cinnaynomeus occidentalis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 21, 1931 — 

 Nayarit; Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 46, p. 114, 1933 (crit.); Griscom, 

 Ibis, 1935, p. 542 (crit.). 



Range. — Pacific coast of western Mexico, from southern Sinaloa 

 (Mazatlan, Cacalotan, Escuinapa, Los Pieles, Lavanillo) and Nayarit 

 (San Bias, Rio Las Cafias) to Guerrero (Acapulco, Papayo). 



Conover Collection.— \0: Mexico (Cacalotan, Sinaloa, 6; Rio Las 

 Cafias, Nayarit, 4). 



*Grypturellus cinnamomeus mexicanus (Salvadori). ^ Mexican 



TiNAMOU. 



' Crypturellus cinnamomeus occidentalis (Salvadori) differs from C. c. mexicanus 

 by having the foreneck and breast much paler gray (between mouse gray and light 

 mouse gray), slightly tinged with bufify on the edges, only the abdomen warm 

 buff and the flanks narrowly barred with blackish, while the upper parts of the 

 males are much less banded, there being but a few narrow black bars, widely 

 apart, on rump and tail coverts. Females are barred with blackish and buff 

 almost to the mantle. 



Additional material examined. — Tepic: San Bias, 1 (the type); Acaponeta, 2. — 

 Guerrero: Papayo, 6; Acapulco, 2. 



^ Crypturellus cinnamomeus mexicanus (Salvadori) : Nearest to C. c. sallaei 

 but much paler, more olivaceous above, and breast paler, between cinnamon- 

 buff and ochraceous-buff. The female seems to lack the dusky barring on foreneck 

 and sides of breast. The Atlixcos bird agrees perfectly with the series from 

 TamauHpas. 



Additional material examined. — TamauHpas: Tampico, 4; Monte Verde, 1 (the 

 lectotype); Sierra Madre, above Ciudad Victoria, 2; unspecified, 1. — San Luis 

 Potosi: Valle, 2. — Puebla: Hacienda de los Atlixcos, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 67 



Crypturus mexicanus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 545, 1895 — 

 Tampico, Sierra Madre (above Ciudad Victoria), Hacienda de los Atlixcos, 

 and Monte Verde, Tamaulipas, Mexico (lectotype, from Monte Verde, 

 in British Museum examined); Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 

 627, 1896 — Alta Mira, near Tampico, Tamaulipas; Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 457, pi. 79, fig. 1 (male), fig. 2 (female), 

 1904 — same localities; Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 74, 1911 — Rio Cruz and Santa 

 Leonor, Tamaulipas. 



Crypturellus cinnamomeus mexicanus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 21, 1931 — 

 southern Tamaulipas; Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 46, p. 114, 1933 

 (crit.); Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 542 — Tamaulipas (crit.); Brodkorb, Occ. 

 Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 401, p. 2, 1939 — San Luis Potosi, Tamau- 

 lipas, northern Vera Cruz (crit.). 



Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Mexico from the southern 

 parts of Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi (Valle), to northwestern 

 Puebla (Atlixcos), and northern Vera Cruz. 



Conover Collection. — 4: Mexico (Santa Leonor, Tamaulipas, 1; 

 Rio Cruz, Tamaulipas, 1; El Bonito, San Luis Potosi, 2). 



Crypturellus cinnamomeus sallaei (Bonaparte).^ Salle's 



TiNAMOU. 



Nothocernus [sic] sallaei Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 954, 

 May, 1856 — Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico (type in Vienna Museum 

 examined; cf. Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 293, note 1, 1870). 



Noihocercus sallaei Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 310, 1856 — Cordoba. 



Tinamus sallaei Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, pp. 369, 392, 1859 — 

 vicinity of Jalapa, Vera Cruz, and Playa Vicente, Oaxaca (descr. of male 

 and female); Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, 5, p. 229, 1881 — part. Vera Cruz 

 (Potrero, Omealca). 



Crypturus sallaei Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 89, pi. 45, 1868 — part, 

 Mexico (Cordoba, Jalapa, Playa Vicente) ; Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., 9, p. 180, 1886— Jalapa, Vera Cruz. 



Crypturus cinnamomeus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 541, 1895 — 

 part, spec, a-h, Mexico (Vera Cruz, Cordoba, Atoyac, Plan del Rio Jalapa, 

 Coatepec); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 10, p. 36, 1898 — Jalapa, 

 Vera Cruz; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 455, 1904 



^ Crypturellus cinnamomeus sallaei (Bonaparte) : Very close to the nominate 

 race, but somewhat larger and less heavily barred on the flanks; females with 

 dusky markings on foreneck and chest reduced to vermiculations. 



The type in the Vienna Museum received through Verreaux agrees with other 

 specimens from the Vera Cruz region. It corresponds minutely to Bonaparte's 

 description, and Hellmayr has no doubt whatever that it is the bird the Prince 

 had before him when naming N. sallaei. It is a female marked "Cordoba, Mexico." 

 The British Museum example (spec, a) does not seem to have any substantial 

 claim to be called "the type." Griscom has shown inornatus to be a pure synonym 

 of sallaei. 



Material examined. — Mexico: Metlaltoyuca, Puebla, 1; Cordoba, 2; Vera 

 Cruz, 2; Atoyac, Vera Cruz, 1; Orizaba, 3; Jalapa, 2; Buenavista, 1; Pasa Nueva, 

 1; Mirador, Vera Cruz, 1; Presidio, Vera Cruz, 1. 




68 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



— part, Vera Cruz (Cordoba, Playa Vicente, Atoy^c, Jalapa, Plan del Rio, 

 Coatepec, Potrero, Omealca). 



Crypturtis inornatus Nelson, Auk, 17, p. 253, 1900 — Metlaltoyuca, Puebla 

 (type in U. S. National Museum); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Amer., Aves, 3, p. 458, 1904 (ex Nelson). 



Crypturornis cinnamomeus cinnamomeus Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., 67, p. 471, 1927— Presidio, Vera Cruz. 



Crypturellus cinnamormus inornatus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 21, 1931 (range); 

 Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 46, p. 114, 1933— Puebla (Metlal- 

 toyuca) and Vera Cruz (Orizaba, Jalapa, Buenavista, Pasa Nueva, Mira- 

 dor) (crit.); Brodkorb, Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 401, p. 3, 

 1939— Metlaltoyuca, Puebla (crit.). 



Crypturellus cinnamomeus cinnamomeus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 21, 1931 — 

 part, southern Vera Cruz. 



Crypturellus cinnamomeus sallaei Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 46, p. 114, 

 1933— Omealca, Vera Cruz (crit.); Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 542— Vera 

 Cruz and Puebla (crit.); Brodkorb, Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 

 401, p. 3, 1939 — southern Vera Cruz and northern Oaxaca (crit.). 



Range. — Southeastern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz, Puebla, 

 and Oaxaca, on the Atlantic slope. 



♦Crypturellus cinnamomeus goldmani (Nelson). ^ Goldman's 



TiNAMOU. 



Crypturus sallaei goldmani Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, p. 169, 1901 — 

 Chichen Itz^, Yucatan (type in U. S. National Museum); Cole, Bull. 

 Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 115, 1906 — Chichen Itza, Yucatan (food). 



Crypturus sallaei (not Nothocernus sallaei Bonaparte) Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 

 328— Yucatan; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, pp. 434, 462— 

 Yucatan. 



Crypturus cinnanumieus (not Tinamus cinnamomea Lesson) Salvadori, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 541, 1895 — part, spec, i-p, Yucatan (Izamal, Peto, 

 Buctzotz). 



Crypturus goldmani Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 456, 

 1904 — Yucatan (Izamal, Peto, Buctzotz, Chichen Itzd). 



Crypturellus cinnamomeus goldmani Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 21, 1931 — 

 Yucatan Peninsula; Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 46, p. 115, 1933 — 

 Yucatan (Chichen Itz4, Temax) and Guatemala (Uaxactun, Peten) (crit.) ; 

 Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 542 — Yucatan and Peten (crit.); Van Tyne, Misc. 

 Publ., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 10, 1935 — Uaxactun and Chuntuqui, 

 Peten, Guatemala. 



' Crypturellus cinnamcmevs goldmani (Nelson): Nearest to the nominate race, 

 but very much paler throughout, especially above and on the chest. The females 

 are well distinguished from those of the allied races by the sharp contrast between 

 the dark reddish pectoral area and the very light (buffy white) posterior under 

 parts. Two females from Pet6n (Uaxactun) agree with others from Yucatan. A 

 single male from British Honduras is stated by Griscom to be intermediate between 

 goldmani and vicinior. 



Additional material examined. — Yucatan, 17; Pet^n, 2. 




I 



1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 69 



Range. — Yucatan Peninsula and Pet^n District, Guatemala.' 

 Field Museum Collection. — 2: Yucatan (Tilam, 1; unspecified, 1). 

 Conover Collection. — 3: Yucatan (Temax, 2; unspecified, 1). 



*Crypturellus cinnamomeus soconuscensis Brodkorb.- Chia- 



PAN TiNAMOU. 



Crypturellus cinnamomeus soconuscensis Brodkorb, Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool. 



Univ. Mich., 401, p. 1, 1939 — Colonia Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico, alt. 



30 meters (type in Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann 



Arbor). 

 Tinamus sallaei (not Nothocernus sallaei Bonaparte) Sumichrast, La Natu- 



raleza, 5, p. 229, 1881 — part, Oaxaca (Santa Efigenia, Tapanatepec, 



Cacoprieto) and Chiapas (Tonala). 

 Nothocercus sallaei Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 45, 1876 — Santa 



Efigenia (Tehuantepec), Oaxaca. 

 Crypturus cinnamomeus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, 



p. 455, 1904 — part, Oaxaca (Santa Efigenia, Tapanatepec, Cacoprieto) 



and Chiapas (Tonala). 

 Crypturellus cinnamomeus cinnamomeus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 21, 1931 



(range in part); Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 46, p. 113, 1933 — part, 



Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec (crit.); Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 542 — part, 



Chiapas and Tehuantepec, Mexico (crit.). 



Range. — Pacific slope of southwestern Mexico, in the states of 

 Oaxaca (Santa Efigenia, Tapanatepec, Cacoprieto) and Chiapas 

 (Tonala, Colonia Soconusco, Escuintla, Acacoyagua, Esperanza).^ 



Conover Collection. — 11: Mexico, Chiapas, Escuintla (La Grada, 

 5; Esperanza, 3; Acacoyagua, 1; Sal to de Agua, 2). 



*Cryptvrellus cinnamomeus cinnamomeus (Lesson). ClNNA- 



MOMEOUS TiNAMOU. 



Tinamus (Nothura) cinnamomea Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 210, 1842 — La 

 Union, "Centre Amerique" = El Salvador (type now in Paris Museum). 



Tinamus cinnamomeus Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 226 — La Union, El 

 Salvador (ex Lesson). 



Tinamus sallaei (not Nothocernus sallaei Bonaparte) Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 

 312 — near Aremecina, near Salvador boundary. Pacific Honduras; Salvin, 



1 Traylor (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 24, p. 199, 1941) has recently 

 described Crypturellus cinnamomeus intermedius from Pacaitun, Campeche, 

 Mexico (type in Field Museum of Natural History). It is said to resemble 

 soconuscensis above and goldmani below. 



^Crypturellus cinnamomeus soconuscensis Brodkorb: Very similar to typical 

 cinnamomeus but averaging darker throughout. This character is especially 

 noticeable on the foreneck and chest. Sides of head and sides of neck darker 

 reddish. The female has the chest barred. 



One additional specimen from Acacoyagua examined. 



^ Brodkorb includes the Pacific slope of Guatemala in the range, but this was 

 based on a single specimen from Naranjo. 




70 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Ibis, 1866, p. 206 — Pacific side of Cordillera, Guatemala; Lantz, Trans. 

 Kans. Acad. Sci., 16, p. 218, 1899 — Naranjo, Guatemala. 



Crypturus sallaei Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Om., p. 89, 1868 — part, below 

 Alotenango (south slope of the volcanoes of Agua and Fuego), Guatemala, 

 and [Aremecina] western Honduras. 



Crypturus cinnamomeus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 541, 1895 — 

 part, spec, q-y, Guatemala (Barr4nco Hondo, above San Diego; Medio 

 Monte; El Zapote, Costa Grande) and El Salvador (La Libertad; Vol can 

 de San Miguel); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 455, 

 1904 — part, Guatemala (Barranco Hondo, Medio Monte, Volcan de Agua, 

 Zapote),' and Salvador (La Union, La Libertad, Volcan de San Miguel). 



Crypturus cinnamomeus cinnamomeus Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, 

 p. 98, 1932 — western Guatemala (ex Salvin and Godman). 



Crypturellus cinnamomeus cinnamomeus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 21, 1931' 

 (range in part); Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 46, p. 113, 1933 — part. El 

 Salvador (crit.); Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 542 — Salvador, Pacific Guatemala 

 (crit.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, 

 p. 58, 1938 — Volcan de Conchagua, Lake Olomega, Colinas de Jucuaran, 

 Rio San Miguel, and Colima, El Salvador. 



Crypturellus cinnamomeus goldmani (not Crypturus sallaei goldmani Nelson) 

 Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 62, 

 1938 — Divisadero, Volcan de San Miguel, Mount Cacaguatique, Barra 

 de Santiago, and Chilata, El Salvador. 



Range. — Pacific slope of Central America, from the Gulf of Fon- 

 seca on the Honduran border (Aremecina, Sabana Grande, Dept. 

 Tegucigalpa) through El Salvador and Guatemala.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 5: El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, 3; 

 Mount Cacaguatique, 1; Volcan San Miguel, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 3: El Salvador (Rio San Miguel, Dept. San 

 Miguel, 1; Volcan Conchagua, Dept. La Union, 1); Honduras 

 (Sabana Grande, Dept. Tegucigalpa, 1). 



♦Crypturellus cinnamomeus vicinior Conover.^ Honduran 



TiNAMOU. 



Crypturellus cinnamomeus vicinior Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 46, p. 

 115, June 30, 1933 — La Flor, Dept. Tegucigalpa, Honduras (type in 



^ Chisec is, no doubt, inadvertently listed, for Salvin (Ibis, 1866, p. 206) had 

 shown the bird from that locality to be C. b. houcardi. 



- Ten spKBcimens from El Salvador (depts. of La Union and Cuscatan) exam- 

 ined by the junior author. 



^Crypturellus cinnamomeus vicinior Conover: Very close to the nominate 

 race, but upper parts lighter, more brownish, less reddish, this being particularly 

 noticeable on the nape, hind neck, and mantle; the light barring on tail, rump, 

 and upper tail coverts broader and whiter; chest, upper breast, and sides paler, 

 more ochraceous, and the lower foreneck lighter gray. Size somewhat larger 

 (average of wing in males, 167; in females, 171). From C. c. delattrii it may be 

 separated by lighter, less reddish under parts and heavier, whiter barring of the 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 71 



Conover Collection, Field Museum of Natural History); Griscom, Ibis, 

 1935, p. 543 — Honduras (crit.); Brodkorb, Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. 

 Mich., 401, p. 3, 1939 (crit.). 

 Crypturus cinnamomeus (not Tinamus cinnamomea Lesson) Salvadori, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 541, 1895 — part, spec, z, Honduras; Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 455, 1904 — part, Honduras 

 (Dyson). 



Range. — Highlands of Honduras, and probably those of Guate- 

 mala and adjacent Chiapas. 



Conover Collection. — 10: Honduras (Hatillo, 5; La Flor, 3; Monte 

 Redondo, 1; Cerro Cantoral, 1). 



*Grypturellus cinnamomeus delattrii (Bonaparte).' Nicara- 



GUAN TiNAMOU. 



Tinamtis delattrii Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, p. 663, April, 

 1854 — Nicaragua (type in Paris Museum). 



Crypturus cinnamomeus (not Tinamus cinnamomea Lesson) Salvadori, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 541, 1895 — part, spec, a'-g', Nicaragua (Leon, 

 Chinandega, El Volcan); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 

 3, p. 455, 1904 — part, Nicaragua (same localities); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 

 12, No. 8, p. 10, 1919 — Island Zapatera, Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua. 



Crypturellus cinnamomeus cinnamomeus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 21, 1931 — 

 part, Nicaragua. 



Crypturellus cinnamomeus dellattrii [sic] Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 46, 

 p. 116, 1933 — western Nicaragua (crit.); Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 543 (crit.). 



Range. — Pacific lowlands (up to 1,500 feet) of Nicaragua. 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Nicaragua (San Geronimo, Chinan- 

 dega, 4). 



Conover Collection.— 2: Nicaragua (Leon, Dept. Leon, 1; Volcan 

 Chinandega, Dept. Chinandega, 1). 



♦Crypturellus cinnamomeus praepes (Bangs and Peters). - 



BOLSON TiNAMOU. 



upper wing coverts; from C. c. praepes by more grayish dorsal surface, with more 

 pronounced as well as more whitish barring on the wing coverts, and paler under 

 parts with mere traces of dusky bars on foreneck and chest in the female sex. 



The junior author found two examples from Chiapas (Canjob) identical with 

 the Honduran series. 



^ Crypturellus cinnamomeus delattrii (Bonaparte) : Nearest to C. c. cinna- 

 momeus, but decidedly larger (average of wing in males, 169; in females, 166); 

 males much lighter, more brownish above and less reddish on breast; females 

 without any, or with very indistinct, barring on foreneck and chest, whereas 

 these parts are very conspicuously barred in the nominate race. 



Additional material examined. — Western Nicaragua, 24. 



^ Crypturellus cinnamomeus praepes (Bangs and Peters) : About the same size 

 as C. c. delattrii and very similarly colored in the male sex, but females much more 

 heavily barred with blackish on foreneck and chest. 



Two additional specimens from Bebed^ro examined by the senior author. 




72 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Crypturomis cinnamomeus praepes Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 

 67, p. 472, Jan., 1927 — Bolson, Costa Rica (type in Museum of Com- 

 parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). 



Crypturus sallaei (not Nothocernus sallaei Bonaparte) Sclater and Salvin, 

 Exot. Orn., p. 89, 1868 — part, Bebedero, Costa Rica; Lawrence, Ann. 

 Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 141, 1868— "San Jose," Costa Rica; Frantzius, 

 Joum. Orn., 17, p. 374, 1869— "Esparza" [ = Esparta], Pacific coast of 

 Costa Rica; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 409, 1882— La Palma 

 de Nicoya, Costa Rica. 



Crypturus cinnamomeus (not Tinamus cinnamomea Lesson) Salvadori, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 541, 1895 — part, spec, h', i', Bebedero, Costa Rica; 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 455, 1904 — part, 

 Costa Rica (Bebedero, "San Jose," Esparta, La Palma); Carriker, Ann. 

 Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 381, 1910— Bolson and Bebedero, Costa Rica. 



Crypturellus cinnamomeus praepes Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 21, 1931 (range); 

 Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 46, p. 117, 1933— Costa Rica (crit.); 

 , Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 543 (crit.). 



Range. — Tropical zone of northwestern Costa Rica south to the 

 Gulf of Nicoya (La Palma, Esparta).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Costa Rica (Bebedero, Alaju^la, 3). 



Conover Collection. — 9: Costa Rica (Las Canas, 5; Bebedero, 1; 

 Ballina, 1; Humo, 1; Paquera, 1). 



*Crypturellus transfasciatus (Sclater and Salvin). ^ Steere's 



TiNAMOU. 



Crypturus transfasciatus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 

 141, pi. 13 — Santa Rosa, Ecuador (type in coll. of Museum of Zoology, 

 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor); Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 

 1884, p. 312— Guayaquil, Ecuador; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, 

 p. 546, 1895 — Balzar, Ecuador (descr. of female); Salvadori and Festa, 

 Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 51, 1900— Guayaquil, Ecuador; 

 Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 9 — Guayaquil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 55, p. 150, 1926 — Ecuador (Chone, Chongocito, Santa Rosa, Arenillas, 

 Alamor) and Peru (Paletillas). 



Crypturellus transfasciatus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 22, 1931 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of western Ecuador (north to the Rio 

 Chone) and northwestern Peru (Paletillas, Dept. Tumbez). 



^ The locality "San Jose" attributed by Lawrence to Frantzius is probably 

 a pen-sHp, since the latter naturalist expressly states that he only once met with 

 the species at Esparta, near the Gulf of Nicoya. 



* Crypturellus transfasciatus (Sclater and Salvin) seems to be allied to C. 

 cinnamomeus, from the races of which the female differs by more rufescent brown 

 upper parts, and grayish buflfy white under surface without any rufescent tinge. 

 The male is more grayish olivaceous above, the barring on rump and upper wing 

 coverts much less distinct, and the under parts are grayish white on the chest 

 and upper breast, buffy white on the abdomen. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 73 



Conover Collection. — 8: Ecuador (Bajo Verde, Guayas, 3; Arenillas, 

 El Oro, 5). 



*Crypturellus boucardi boucardi (Sclater). Boucard's 



TiNAMOU. 



Tinamus boucardi (Salle MS.) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 391, 1859 

 — Playa Vicente and Teotalcingo, Oaxaca, Mexico (type, from Teotal- 

 cingo,' in British Museum examined); Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p. 356 — Guate- 

 mala (teste Owen); idem. Ibis, 1865, p. 195 (not found on the Pacific 

 coast of Guatemala); Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 100, 1867— 

 Guatemala; Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, 5, p. 229, 1881 — Uvero, Mexico. 



Tinamus sallaei (not Nothocernus sallaei Bonaparte) Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p. 

 356— Chisec, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala (cf. Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 206). 



Crypturus boucardi Sclater and Salvin, Exot.Orn., p. 91, pi. 46, 1868 — south- 

 ern Mexico and Guatemala (Choctum); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1870, p. 838— [San Pedro], Honduras; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, 

 p. 26, 1880 — southern Mexico and Guatemala (Coban, Vera Paz); Sal- 

 vadori. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 544, 1895 — part, spec, a-k, Mexico 

 (Teotalcingo, Chimalapa), British Honduras, and Guatemala (Choctum); 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 457, 1904 — part, 

 Mexico (Playa Vicente, Teotalcingo, Uvero, Chimalapa), British Hon- 

 duras, Guatemala (Chisec, Choctum), and Honduras (San Pedro). 



Crypturus boucardi boucardi Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 97, 1932 

 — Secanquim, Guatemala; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 11, 

 p. 360, 1939— Santa Rosa, Chiapas. 



Crypturellus boucardi boucardi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 19, 1931 (range); 

 Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 296, 1932— San Pedro, Hon- 

 duras; Van Tyne, Misc. Pub., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 10, 1935— 

 Uaxactun, Peten, Guatemala; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 

 II, p. 360, 1939— Santa Rosa, Chiapas. 



Crypturornis boucardi boucardi Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 369, 

 1929 — Cayo district, British Honduras. 



Crypturellus boucardi blancaneauxi Griscom, Ibis, (13), 5, p. 543, July, 1935 — 

 British Honduras (type in British Museum examined). 



Range. — Southeastern Mexico, from extreme southern Vera Cruz 

 south through Atlantic Guatemala and British Honduras to north- 

 western Honduras.'- 



1 Boucard (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 41) claims, however, that "the 

 type was obtained at Playa Vicente, a small village up the river Papaloapam, the 

 mouth of which is at Alvarado, on the Atlantic, between Vera Cruz and Minatit- 

 lan." This specimen is probably in the Paris Museum with Boucard's private 

 collection. 



2 Two adults from western Honduras (La Cumbre and Chamelicon) do not ap- 

 preciably differ from Guatemalan (Choctum) specimens. C. b. blancaneauxi, based 

 on two unsexed birds with banded wing coverts, lower back, and rump, is not distin- 

 guishable by any character from Mexican and Guatemalan females. The type is 

 a young bird with pointed primaries and the crown still covered with the dull 

 reddish brown juvenile feathering (a number of the new slaty black-tipped feathers 



.are just cropping out on the forehead), and the second example, while in more 




74 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Guatemala (unspecified, 1). 

 Conover Collection. — 8: Mexico (Tutla, Oaxaca, 8). 



♦Crypturellus boucardi costaricensis (Dwight and Griscom).^ 

 Costa Rica Tinamou. 



Crypturus boucardi costaricensis Dwight and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 142, 

 p. 1, Nov. 3, 1924 — Miravalles, Costa Rica (type in coll. of J. Dwight, 

 Jr., now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). 



Crypturus boucardi (not Tinamus boucardi Sclater) Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 115 

 — Costa Rica; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 41 — San Carlos, 

 Costa Rica; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 128, 1887— 

 Pacuare, Costa Rica; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 544, 1895 

 ^part, spec. 1, Costa Rica; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 449 — Miravalles, 

 Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 457, 

 1904 — part, Nicaragua (Rio Escondido, Rio Coco) and Costa Rica (San 

 Carlos, Pacuare, Miravalles); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 381, 

 1910 — Costa Rica (Cerro de Santa Maria, Tenorio, Guanacaste). 



Crypturus sp.(?) Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 526, 1893— Rio 

 Escondido, Nicaragua. 



Crypturellus boiicardi costaricensis Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 402, 

 1929— Lancetilla, Honduras (crit.); idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 19, 1931 

 (range). 



Kawge.— Caribbean lowlands of Honduras and Nicaragua and 

 both slopes of Costa Rica. 



Conover Collection. — 18: Honduras (Catacamas, Olancho, 14); 

 Costa Rica (Miravalles, Guanacaste, 2; Quebrada Azul de San 

 Carlos, Alaju^la, 1; San Carlos, Alaju^la, 1). 



Crypturellus columbianus (Salvadori). ^ Colombian Tinamou. 



advanced plumage, is not quite mature either. The type is slightly brighter, less 

 chestnut on the back, but the other specimen does not differ at all from Mexican 

 females. The alleged difference in the coloration of under parts is simply due to 

 the make of the skins. The black banding on the flanks is by no means wider nor 

 is the ochraceous of the belly any brighter than in certain females of boucardi. 



Additional material examined. — Mexico: Teotalcingo, 1 (the type); Chimalapa, 

 Oaxaca, 1; Santo Domingo, Oaxaca, 2; Teaba, Tabasco, 3; Catemaco, Vera Cruz, 

 1 ; unspecified, 3. — Guatemala: Choctum, 4; unspecified, 4. — Honduras: La Cumbre, 

 1; Chamelicon, 1. — British Honduras: unspecified, 2. 



1 Crypturellus boucardi costaricensis (Dwight and Griscom) : Very similar to 

 the nominate race, but slightly darker (more blackish, less chestnut) on middle and 

 lower back and slightly lighter on the abdomen, while the females appear to be 

 less barred on the flanks. 



The other characters claimed by the describers fail to hold. This race is 

 ill-defined, and we doubt if it can be made out from single specimens. A 

 series from Honduras (Catacamas, Olancho, altitude 1,500-2,000 feet) and two 

 adults from Rio Coco, Nicaragua, are identical with Costa Rican birds. 



Additional material examined. — Nicaragua: Rio Coco, 2. — Costa Rica: Mira- 

 valles, 3; unspecified, 2. 



2 Crypturellus columbianus (Salvadori) is known from the unique type, marked 

 as "male" by the collector, T. K. Salmon. Compared to females of C. boucardi, 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 75 



Cryplurus columhianus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 545, 1895 — 

 . Neche, Antioquia, Colombia (type in British Museum examined). 



Crypturus boucardi (not Tinamus boucardi Sclater) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 



Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 548 — Neche, Colombia. 

 Crypturellus columbianus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 22, 1931 (range). 



Range. — Northern Colombia (Neche, State of Antioquia). 

 Crypturellus kerriae (Chapman). ^ Mrs. Kerr's Tinamou. 



Crypturus kerriae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 34, p. 636, Dec. 30, 1915 

 — Baudo, Choco, Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural 

 History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 193, 1917— Baudo. 



Crypturellus kerriae Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 20, 1931 (range). 

 Range.— Tropical zone of Pacific Colombia (Baudo, Choco). 



♦Crypturellus parvirostris (Wagler).^ Small-billed Tinamou. 



with which it partakes of the slaty black crown, it differs principally by dull 

 rufescent (about orange-cinnamon) coloration of the lores, cheeks, and malar 

 region, and dull rufous brown instead of sooty hind neck. On the upper parts, it 

 otherwise closely agrees with certain Guatemalan females, notably in the dark 

 rufous brown ground color with black barring on middle and lower back, though 

 the ochraceous and black barring of the tail coverts is but faintly suggested by a 

 few buflfy transverse spots. The light and dark markings on the upper wing coverts 

 are much less numerous and less regular than in females of boucardi, but more 

 strongly developed than in males, which as a rule have only traces of such a pat- 

 tern. The throat is pure white, abruptly defined as in boucardi; the under sur- 

 face is very similar to a female from Guatemala (Brit. Mus. Reg. No. 61.7.16.50), 

 being dingy gray washed all over with tawny olive or sayal brown, though the 

 flanks are marked only with one or two black-and-buff bars. Wing, 170; bill, 26. 

 The bird, which gives the impression of being immature, belongs unquestion- 

 ably in the boucardi group, and has no relation to C cinnamomeus. More material 

 is urgently needed. 



1 Crypturellus kerriae (Chapman) : Most nearly related to C. boucardi, but 

 smaller; upper parts more barred and anteriorly browner; throat grayer, neck 

 and breast blackish rather than gray, rest of under parts deeper, the breast slightly, 

 the flanks conspicuously barred. Wing (adult female), 149; tail, 44; tarsus, 53; 

 bill, 29. 



This species, which is known only from the type, may prove to be an intensely 

 colored southern race of C. boucardi. Judging from the description, it appears to 

 be quite different from C. columbianus (Salvadori), of which the type has also re- 

 mained unique. 



^Crypturellus parvirostris (Wagler), in addition to its smaller size, shorter 

 (slenderer) bill, and less intense and lighter rufous upper parts, may be readily 

 separated from C. tataupa by weaker, shorter tarsus and (in life) bright red (instead 

 of chocolate brown to bluish violet) legs. 



Birds from eastern and central Brazil and those from Paraguay agree well 

 together, and so do the few available Bolivian examples. Specimens from Ama- 

 zonia (Santarem and Humayta) as well as a single male from Santa Ana, Uru- 

 bamba, Peru, while not constantly differing in coloration, are generally smaller, 

 and possibly with a larger series some subdivision might be feasible. 



Miranda-Ribeiro (Rev. Mus. Paul., 23, pp. 775, 776, 1938) separates C. p. 

 super ciliaris, from the northern slope of the Serra dos Parecis, Matto Grosso, and 

 C. p. fuscus, from the island of Marajo. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Pao d'Alho, Pernambuco, 1; Sao 

 Lourengo, Pernambuco, 1; Lamarao, Bahia, 1; Agua Suja, Minas Geraes, 1; Goy4z, 




76 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Crypturus parvirostris Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 19, genus Crypturus, sp. 13, 

 1827— Brazil (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. 

 Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 705, 1906); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. 

 Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 49 — Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes (crit.); Pel- 

 zeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 294, 1870— Sao Paulo (Ypanema), Goydz (Goyaz), 

 and Matto Grosso (Caigara, Pansecco, Engenho do Gama); Schlegel, 

 Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 22, 1880 — Engenho do Gama, Ypanem^, 

 and Bahia, Brazil; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 163, 1891 — Santarem, 

 Rio Tapajoz, Brazil; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, pp. 151, 158, 1893 

 — Chapada, Matto Grosso (egg descr.); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 27, p. 526, 1895 — Brazil (Bahia; Pansecco and Chapada, Matto Grosso); 

 Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 460, 1899 — Cachoeira, Sao Paulo; Salva- 

 dori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 16, 1900— Urucum, near 

 Corumbd, Matto Grosso; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 101, 

 1906 — Santa Ana, Urubamba, Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 6, 

 1907 — Sao Paulo (Cachoeira, Ypiranga, Rincao); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 

 14, p. 410, 1907— Humayta, Rio Madeira; idem. I.e., 15, p. 99, 1908— 

 Goy&z (Goyaz, Rio Araguaya), Bahia (Lamarao), and Pernambuco (Sao 

 Lourengo); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 264, 1909 — Mocovi, Santa 

 Fe (eggs only obtained); Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 420, 1910 — Humayta, 

 Rio Madeira; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 185, 

 1910 — Mocovi (ex Venturi); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. 

 Wiss., 76, p. 98, 1910 — Pao d'Alho, near Recife, Pernambuco; Snethlage, 

 Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 49, 1914 — Fazenda Teso Sao Jose, Marajo, Brazil; 

 Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 35, 1914 — Paraguay; (?)Arribalzaga, El Hornero, 

 2, p. 88, 1920— Chaco; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 43, 1921 

 — Santa Ana, Urubamba, Peru (crit.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 

 709, 1932 — Aquidauana, Matto Grosso. 



Pezus niambu Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 63, 1825 — "in campis districtus 

 adamantini et Bahiae" (part, descr. of "female")- 



Crypturus tataupa (not Tinamus tataupa Temminck) Menegaux, Rev. Frang. 

 d'Orn., 1917, p. 24 — Caceres and Pocone, Matto Grosso (fide Berlioz, 

 in litt.). 



Crypturellus parvirostris Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 10 — Rio Solocame (near Chulu- 

 manl), Dept. La Paz, Bolivia; Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 260, 1919 — 

 Santa Ana, Misiones; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 23, 1931 (range); Stone 

 and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 365, 1934 — Descalvados, 

 Matto Grosso; Steullet and Deautier, Obr. Cine. Mus. La Plata, 1, p. 

 136, 1935— Santa Ana, Misiones; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 55, 1935 

 — Rio Gongogy (Cajazeiras), Bahia; idem. I.e., 20, p. 29, 1936 — Rio das 

 Almas, Jaragua, and Inhumas, Goyaz. 



Microcrypturus parvirostris Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, 

 p. 478, 1929 — Maranhao (Fazenda Inhuma), Piauhy (Arara), and Ceara 

 (Jud, near Iguatu); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 58, 1930 

 — Matto Grosso. 



5; Caissara, Matto Grosso, 1; Ypanemd, Sao Paulo, 3; Victoria, Sao Paulo, 3; 

 Santarem, Rio Tapaj6z, 2; Humaytd, Rio Madeira, 6. — Paraguay: Nueva Ger- 

 mania, 2; Independencia, 1. — Peru: Santa Ana, Urubamba, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 77 



Range. — Brazil from the island of Marajo and the south bank 

 of the Amazon south to Matto Grosso and Sao Paulo, west to the 

 Rio Madeira (Humayta) ; southeastern Peru (Santa Ana, Urubamba 

 Valley); eastern Bolivia; Paraguay; northern Argentina (Santa Ana, 

 Misiones; (?)M6covi, Santa F^).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 5: Brazil (Alto Parnahyba, Maran- 

 hao, 1; Piraputanga, Matto Grosso, 1; Fazenda Capao Bonita, 

 Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 2; Aragatuba, Sao Paulo, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 32: Brazil (Alto Parnahyba, Maranhao, 1; 

 Santar^m, Para, 2; Arara, Piauhy, 1; Fazenda Capao Bonita, Vac- 

 caria, Matto Grosso, 4; Victoria, Sao Paulo, 2); Paraguay (Villa 

 Rica, 9; Horqueta, 6; 265 km. west of Puerto Casado, 1; 235 km, 

 west on the Riacho Negro, Chaco, 1); Bolivia (Buenavista, Santa 

 Cruz, 3; Rio Surutu, Province of Sara, 1; San Carlos, Santa Cruz, 1). 



*CrypturelIus tataupa lepidotus (Swainson).^ Northern 

 Tataupa Tinamou. 



{1)Pezus niambu Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 63, pi. 78a, 1825 — "in cam- 

 pis districtus adamantini et Bahiae" (part, descr. of male; type lost, 

 formerly in Munich Museum; of. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. 

 Wiss., 22,^ No. 3, p. 705, 1906).^ 



Crypturus lepidotus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 345, July 1, 1837 

 — based on Tinamus tataupa var. Swainson, Zool. Illust., 1, pi. 19, 1821; 



' No specimens from the Argentine Chaco appear to exist in collections, and 

 the record rests upon the identification of two eggs taken by the late Santiago 

 Venturi. 



2 Crypturellus tataupa lepidotus (Swainson) : Similar to the nominate race, but 

 bill slightly shorter; upper part of the head lighter, slate gray rather than blackish; 

 back, rump, and upper wing coverts decidedly duller and less rufescent, natal 

 brown rather than auburn to chestnut; gray color on sides of head and under sur- 

 face lighter in tone. 



Although single individuals are not always distinguishable, the characters of 

 this pale northern race are quite noticeable in a series. There can be no doubt 

 that lepidotus of Swainson is an earlier name. It was based on a bird obtained by 

 Swainson himself "in the interior of Bahia" (possibly at "Grope" [ = Orobe], a 

 village he mentions at various places in his writings), known to be tenanted by 

 C. t. septentrionalis, of which Mrs. Naumburg records specimens from "Iracem" 

 [ = Iracema] and from "Fequie" [=Jequie], near the Rio das Contas, in the south- 

 ern part of the state. 



Additional material examined. — Piauhy: Corrente, 7; Buriti, near Parnagua, 

 3. — Bahia: Santa Rita, Rio Preto, 1; unspecified, 2. 



* There is the possibility of P. nianthu being a still earlier name for C. t. lepi- 

 dotus. Unfortunately, the type is lost and the localities mentioned by Spix, viz., 

 Diamantina (Minas Geraes) and Bahia, are not conclusive either, as they might 

 just as well refer to C. parvirostris, which Spix erroneously took for the female of 

 his P. niambu. While no material is at hand from Diamantina, the inhabitants 

 of that region are more likely to pertain to tataupa, its fauna being essentially the 

 same as that of Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro. Under these circumstances 

 we are inclined to give preference to Swainson's term as one of unquestionable 

 applicability. 




78 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



interior of Bahia, Brazil (type in coll. of W. Swainson, now in University 

 Museum, Cambridge, Engl.). 



Tinamus tataupa (not of Temminck) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 

 515, 1833— sertao of Bahia. 



Crypturus tataupa Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 359 — Macuca and Garanhuns, 

 Pernambuco; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 525, 1895 — part, 

 northern Brazil; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, 

 p. 98, 1910— Buritf, near Parnagua, Piauhy; idem. I.e., p. 244, 1924— 

 Piauhy (habits); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 

 48, 1926— Ceara. 



Microcrypturus tataupa tataupa Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 

 12, p. 477, 1929 — Piauhy (Ibiapaba) and Ceard (Varzea Formosa; Jua, 

 near Iguatu).'* 



Crypturellus tataupa septentrionalis Naumburg, Amer. Mus. Nov., 554, p. 6, 

 Aug. 22, 1932 — Corrente, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy, Brazil (type in the 

 American Museum of Natural History, New York). 



Crypturellus tataupa tataupa Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 23, 1931 — part, Piauhy, 

 Cear4, and Pernambuco. 



Range. — Northeastern Brazil, from Maranhao, Piauhy, and 

 Ceara south to Pernambuco and Bahia. 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Brazil (Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara, 2; 

 Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, Bahia, 1; Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, 

 Bahia, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 2: Brazil (Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 1; Varzea 

 Formosa, Ceara, 1). 



*Crypturellus tataupa tataupa (Temminck). Tataupa 



TiNAMOU. 



Tinamus tataupa Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 590, 752, 1815 — 

 based on specimens from Brazil in the collections at Lisbon and Paris, as 

 well as on "Ynambu tataupa" Azara, No. 329, Paraguay; idem, Nouv. 

 Rec. PI. Col., livr. 70, pi. 415, 1826— Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. 

 Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 49 — Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, 

 p. 294, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Rio, Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Mattodentro, 

 Ypanemd), and Matto Grosso (Engenho do Gama). 



Tinamus plumbeus Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 7, p. 513, April, 1831 — new 

 name for Tinamus tataupa Temminck. 



Crypturus tataupa Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 68, 1823 — 

 Sao Paulo; Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 19, genus Crypturus, sp. 12, 1827 — 

 Brazil and Paraguay; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 176, 1853— ^Brazil 

 (egg descr.); idem, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 314, 1856 — Rio de 

 Janeiro (Nova Friburgo) and Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa); Euler, Journ. 

 Orn., 15, p. 417, 1867 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro (breeding habits); 

 Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 230, 1874— Cantagallo; Salvin, Ibis, 1880, 

 p. 364— Salta; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 21, 1880— Rio Grande, 

 Brazil, and "Cayenne" (errore); White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 79 



629 — Campo Colorado, Oran, Salta; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. 

 Orn., 2, p. 184, 1885 — Rio Grande do Sul; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, 

 p. 37, 1887 — Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 

 2, p. 208, 1889 — Oran and Salta; Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. 

 Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 403, 1890 — Cordoba; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 

 39, p. 123, 1891— Cordoba; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, pp. 151, 158, 

 1893 — Chapada, Matto Grosso (eggs descr.); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 27, p. 525, 1895 — Paraguay, Salta, and Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, 

 Chapada); idem. Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895— 

 Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem. I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 36, 1897 — Caiza, 

 Bolivia, and Tala, Salta; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, 

 p. 153, 1899— Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 459, 1899 

 —Sao Paulo; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 16, 1900 

 — Urucum, near Corumba, Matto Grosso; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos 

 Aires, 8, p. 218, 1902 — Taff Viejo and La Ramada, Tucumdn; Baer, Ornis, 

 12, p. 233, 1904— Santa Ana, Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, 

 p. 248, 1904— Oran, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 71, 

 1905 — TafI Viejo and La Ramada, Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 

 1, p. 6, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Bauru) and Espirito Santo; Dabbene, Anal. 

 Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 185, 1910 (range in Argentina); Chubb, 

 Ibis, 1910, p. 55 — Sapucay, Paraguay; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 477 — Riacho 

 Ancho, Terr. Chaco; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 285, 

 1912— Paso Yuvay, Paraguay; idem, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 250, 1913— 

 Misiones, Paraguay, and Santiago del Estero (crit., var.); Bertoni, Anal. 

 Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 67, 1913 — Misiones; idem. Faun. Parag., p. 35, 

 1914 — Alto Parana, Paraguay; Menegaux, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 1925, p. 

 222 — Icaiio, Santiago del Estero; Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio 

 de Janeiro, 24, p. 253, 1923 — Monte Serrat, Serra do Itatiaya, Brazil; 

 Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 114, 1926— Salto 

 Guayra, Parana; Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 28, 1927 — Cordoba. 



Crypturus cervinus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 954, 

 1856 — Chiquitos, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum). 



Crypturus cinereus (not Tetrao cinereus Gmelin) White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1882, p. 629— Oran, Salta. 



Crypturus kerberti Biittikofer, Not. Leyden Mus., 18, p. 1, July 15, 1896 — 

 Argentina (type, aviary bird, in the Leiden Museum); Salvadori, Boll. 

 Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 36, 1897— San Lorenzo, Jujuy (crit.). 



Crypturus tataupa subsp.(?) Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 264, 1909 

 — Tucuman (Santa Ana) and Salta (Metan) (crit.). 



Crypturus tataupa tataupa Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 278, 1928 — 

 below Ponte Maromba, Serra do Itatiaya. 



Crypturellus tataupa tataupa Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 58, 

 1930 — Rio Negro, Paraguay, and Urucum, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, 

 Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 81, 1930— Villa Montes, 

 Tarija, Bolivia; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 23, 1931 — part, southern Brazil, 

 Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina; Steullet and Deautier, Obr. Cine. Mus. 

 La Plata, 1, p. 137, 1935 (range in Argentina). 



Microcrypturus tataupa tataupa Hudson, El Hornero, 4, p. 175, 1928 (habits); 

 Dinelli, I.e., 4, p. 272, 1929— Tucuman (habits). 




80 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Range. — Southern Brazil, from Espirito Santo, Minas Geraes, 

 and Matto Grosso south to Rio Grande do Sul; Paraguay; eastern 

 BoHvia; northern Argentina, from Jujuy and Salta southward 

 through Tucuman and Santiago del Estero to Cordoba and Santa 

 F^, also Misiones.i 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Argentina (Tucuman, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 35: Brazil (Victoria, Sao Paulo, 1); Bolivia 

 (Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 2; San Isidro, Santa Cruz, 1; Samaipata, 

 Santa Cruz, 2; Rio Surutu, Santa Cruz, 3; San Carlos, Santa Cruz, 2) ; 

 Paraguay (Villa Rica, 4; Santa Barbara, 1; Molinasque, 1; Horqueta, 

 4; Capitan Bado, Cerro Amambay, 3; 265 km. west of Puerto 

 Casado, 1); Argentina (Vipos, Tucuman, 1; Sierra de Santa Barbara, 

 Jujuy, 1; Pozo Hondo, Santiago del Estero, 1; Concepcion, Tucu- 

 man, 3; El Dorado, Misiones, 1; Santa Ana, Misiones, 3). 



*Crypturellus tataupa peruviana (Cory).^ Peruvian Tataupa 



TiNAMOU. 



Crypturus tataupa peruviana Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 293, 

 Feb. 23, 1915 — San Ramon, Chanchamayo, Dept. Junin, Peru (type in 

 Field Museum of Natural History). 



Crypturus tataupa (not Tinamus tataupa Temminck) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 

 10, (1), p. 307, 1844— Peru; idem, Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 46, 1845— Peru; 

 Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 297, 1886— Peru (ex Tschudi); Salvadori, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 525, 1895 — part, Chanchamayo, Peru; Ber- 

 lepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 46 — La Mer- 

 ced, Chanchamayo, Peru (crit.). 



Crypturellus tataupa peruviana Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 23, 1931 — Peru. 



Range. — Tropical zone of central Peru (San Ramon and La 

 Merced, Chanchamayo Valley, Dept. Junin). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Peru (San Ramon, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Peru (San Ramon, 1). 



1 Birds from southern Brazil, including two from Espirito Santo and one from 

 Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, are fairly uniform and agree with Paraguayan skins. 

 Argentine and Bolivian specimens cannot satisfactorily be separated either, al- 

 though some incline to slightly paler upper parts. Dabbene has already observed 

 that there is no constant difference between birds from Misiones on one side and 

 those from Santiago del Estero on the other. C. kerberti Biittikofer, based on an 

 aviary bird in poor condition and said to lack the whitish color on throat and center 

 of abdomen, was no doubt a cage variety. According to J. Berlioz (in litt.), C. 

 cervinus is a synonym of T. tataupa. 



Twenty-two additional specimens examined. 



^ Crypturellus tataupa peruviana (Cory) : Exceedingly close to C. tataupa, but 

 with slightly longer bill and somewhat darker rufous brown back. Wing, 127-131 ; 

 tail, 45-47; bill, 23 ^-24^- 



Additional specimens examined. — Peru: La Merced, 2. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 81 



Crypturellus tataupa inops Bangs and Noble.^ Mara5j6n 

 Tataupa Tinamou. 



Crypturellus tataupa inops Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 445, Oct., 1918 — 

 Perico, northwestern Peru (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, 

 Cambridge, Mass.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 23, 1931 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of northern Peru (Perico and Bella Vista, 

 Rio Marafion, Dept. Cajamarca). 



Genus RHYNCHOTUS Spix 



Rhynchotus Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 60, 1825 — type, by monotypy, 

 Rhynchotus fasciatus Spix=Tinamus rufescens Temminck. 



Nothurus (not Nothura Wagler) Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 345, 

 July 1, 1837 — type, by subs, desig. (Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, 

 p. 547, 1895), Tinamus rufescens Temminck. 



Rhyncotus G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 63, 1840 — emendation of Rhyn- 

 chotus Spix. 



Rhynchotis Reichenbach, Syn. Av., Orn. Meth., Gallinaceae, No. 3, p. [1], 

 Feb., 1848 — emendation of Rhynchotus Spix. 



Rhinchotus Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 8, 1907 — emendation. 



♦Rhynchotus tufescens catingae Reiser.^ Catinga Tinamou. 



Rhynchotus rufescens catingae Reiser, Anzeiger Akad. Wiss. Wien, 42, No. 18, 

 p. 324, July, 1905 — Palmeirinhas and Corrientes (Rio Parnahyba), 

 Piauhy, Brazil (type, from Palmeirinhas, in Vienna Museum examined); 

 Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 411, 1907 — Humayta, Rio Madeira; idem. 

 I.e., 17, p. 421, 1910— Humayta; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. 

 Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 98, 1910 — Palmeirinhas and Corrientes, Piauhy; 

 Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 479, 1929— Maranhao 

 (Codo, Cocos) and Piauhy (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 23, 1931 

 (range). 



Rhinchotus rufescens catingae Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 9, 1907 — Piauhy. 



^Crypturellus tataupa inops Bangs and Noble: Differs, according to the de- 

 scribers, from C. t. tataupa by browner, less vinaceous upper parts and paler 

 under surface, the middle of breast and belly being pale grayish white; from C. t. 

 peruviana by smaller size, much less vinaceous upper, and much more whitish 

 under parts. Wing (males), 117-119; bill, 21-22. 



2 Rhynchotus rufescens catingae Reiser: Very similar to R. r. rufescens, but 

 ground color of upper parts more grayish brown with the light cross-bars less 

 buffy, and posterior under parts more grayish, especially on flanks and tail coverts. 



Two birds from the Rio Madeira (Humayta), when compared to Reiser's 

 original examples, are closely similar, but have the cross-barring above not quite 

 so whitish, though still less buffy than in the nominate race. A female from 

 Maranhao, however, is barely distinguishable from certain Sao Paulo and Para- 

 guayan specimens. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Humaytd, Rio Madeira, 2; Palmeirin- 

 has, Piauhy, 1 (the type); Corrientes, Piauhy, 1. 




82 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Range. — Northern Brazil, from the Rio Madeira (Humayta) east 

 to the interior of Piauhy (Palmeirinhas; Corrientes) and Maranhao 

 (Codo, Cocos). 



Conover Collection. — 3: Brazil (Codo, Cocos, Maranhao, 3). 



♦Rhynchotus rufescens rufescens (Temminck). Rufous 



TiNAMOU. 



Tinamus rufescens Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 552, 747, 1815 — 

 Brazil and Paraguay (ex Azara, No, 326); Sao Paulo, accepted as type 

 locality (type lost, formerly in Paris Museum) ;i idem, Nouv. Rec. PI. 

 Col., livr. 69, pi. 412, 1826— Paraguay and Brazil. 



Cryptera [sic] guazu Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 103, 

 1819 — based on "Ynambu-guazu" Azara, No. 326, Paraguay. 



Crypturus rufescens Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 67, 1823 — 

 Sao Paulo. 



Rhynchotiis fasdatu^ Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 60, pi. 76c, 1825 — Sao 

 Paulo and Minas Geraes (type in Munich Museum examined; cf. Hellmayr, 

 Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 698, 1906). 



Rhynchotus rufescens Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 19 [p. 14], 1827 (descr.); Dar- 

 win, Zool. Voy. Beagle, 3, p. 120, 1841 — part, Maldonado, Uruguay; 

 Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 21, 1847 — Paraguay (ex Azara); Bur- 

 meister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 327, 1856 — Congonhas, Minas 

 Geraes; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 259, 1860 — part, Banda Oriental; idem, 

 Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 498, 1861 — part, Banda Oriental; Reinhardt, 

 Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. FOTen., 1870, p. 51 — Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, 

 Orn. Bras., 3, p. 294, 1870 — SacrPaulo (Mattodentro, Tatutuba, Sao Jose, 

 Ypanema, Itarare); (?)Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 360 — Garanhuns, Pernam- 

 buco; Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. S^c. Edin., 6, p. 249, pi. 8, fig. 5 (egg), 

 1881 — Est. de la Tala, Prov. Durazno, Uruguay; idem. I.e., 10, p. 88, 

 1889 — Estancia YtaM, east of Asuncion, Paraguay; Allen, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 5, pp. 151, 158, 1894 — Chapada, Matto Grosso (egg descr.): 

 Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 212 — Uruguay (Santa Elena, Rio Perdido, Rio 

 Negro); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 548, 1895— part, spec, 

 e-h, q-t, Uruguay (near Paysandu, Maldonado, Montevideo) and Brazil 

 (Itarare, Chapada, Bahia); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 462, 1899 — 

 Sao Paulo; idem, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 153, 1899 — 

 Rio Grande do Sul (Pedras Brancas, Pelotas); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. 

 Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 19, 1900— Tebicuari, near Villa Rica, Paraguay; 

 Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 8, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Ypiranga) and Matto 

 Grosso (Porto da Faya); Liiderwaldt, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 27, p. 337, 

 1909 — Campo Itatiaya, Sao Paulo; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 57 — Sapucay, 

 Paraguay; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 459, 

 492, 1912— Vera Guarany, Parana; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 11, 1920 

 — Uruguay (San Jose, Flores, Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo). 



Rhynchotus rufescens alleni Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 38, p. 30, Dec. 29, 1917 

 — Chapada, Matto Grosso (type in British Museum). 



1 Cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 479 (note 3), 1929, 

 and Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 60, 1930. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 83 



Rhynckotus rufescens rufescens Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 279, 1928 

 — Alto Itatiaya, Sao Paulo; Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 59, 1930 — Vilhena, 

 Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, 

 p. 79 (in text), 1930 — Misiones and Santa Catharina (Oxford); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 1, p. 24, 1931 (range); Steullet and Deautier, Obra Cine. 

 Mus. La Plata, 1, p. 139, 1935 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 30, 

 1936 — Rio das Almas, Goyaz. 



Range. — Eastern Bolivia; southern Brazil, from Matto Grosso, 

 Goyaz, Minas Geraes, and Bahia (probably even Pernambuco) south 

 to Rio Grande do Sul; Uruguay; Paraguay (east of the Rio Parana); 

 and northeastern Argentina (Misiones).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 6: Brjazil (Descalvados, Matto Grosso, 

 1; Fazenda Capao Bonita, Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 5). 



Conover Collection. — 25: Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 4); 

 Brazil (near Cavalcante, Goyaz, 1 ; Fazenda Capao Bonita, Vaccaria, 

 Matto Grosso, 8); Paraguay (Ubocagali, 1; Molinasque, 1; Villa 

 Rica, 2; Mbocaiaty, 1; Horqueta, 6); Argentina (Santa Ana, 

 Misiones, 1). 



*Rhynchotus rufescens pallescens Kothe.^ Argentine Tinamou. 



Rhynckotus pallescens Kothe, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 164, 1907 — Tornquist, Prov. 

 Buenos Aires, Argentina (type in Berlin Museum examined), 



^ Birds from Matto Grosso (R. r. alleni) are identieal with a series from Sao 

 Paulo, and it is probable that the late Charles Chubb, when naming the Chapada 

 specimen, compared it with the Argentine form (R. r. pallescens). Certain Bra- 

 zilian individuals, by more grayish tone of the posterior under parts, exhibit some 

 approach to the latter race. The series from Villa Rica, Paraguay, does not seem 

 to be separable from Sao Paulo specimens, which may be regarded as topotypieal 

 rufescens. Two adults from Oxford, Santa Catharina, as well as three from Misiones, 

 are decidedly rufescens. We have not seen any material from Rio Grande do Sul 

 or Uruguay. Birds from that region need critical examination. 



Additional specimens examined. — Brazil: Bahia, 2; Lamarao, Bahia, 1; Ypa- 

 nema, Sao Paulo, 3; Mattodentro, Sao Paulo, 1; Itarare, Sao Paulo, 1; Oxford, 

 Santa Catharina, 2; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 2; Vilhena, Matto Grosso, 2; Porto 

 do Faya, Matto Grosso, 1. — Argentina: Misiones, 2. 



2 Rhynckotus rufescens pallescens Kothe: Similar to R. r. catingae and agreeing 

 in pale dorsal barring, as well as in decidedly grayish under parts, but distinguished 

 by having the neck above and below much paler oehraceous, this color being some- 

 times barely suggested. 



This form, which differs from the nominate race by much more grayish colora- 

 tion throughout, varies in the amount of oehraceous suffusion on the neck. Some 

 individuals have hardly less than the average rufescens, but others are much grayer, 

 and there is not one in the series that reaches the stage with bright ochraceous- 

 tawny neck and chest so frequently met with in southern Brazil. 



In R. arcanum, the type of which has been examined by the senior author, we 

 cannot see anything but an individual variant of R. r. pallescens. Birds from 

 the banks of the Rio Parana, in general coloration, are exactly like others from 

 9uenos Aires, and the chief character of R. arcanus, the presence of black bars 

 on greater wing coverts, alula, and outer web of the outer primaries, is not a con- 

 stant feature. Although a male from Mocovf, Santa F6, has the inner alula 

 feathers and the greater coverts more or less distinctly barred, and a few blackish 




84 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Rhynchotus rufeseens (not Tinamus rufescens Temminck) Darwin, Zool. Voy. 

 Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 120, 1841 — part, near Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires; 

 Burmeister, Joum. Orn., 8, p. 259, 1860 — part, ParanS; idem, Reise La 

 Plata St., 2, p. 498, 1861 — part, Parana and Rosario; Sclater and Hudson, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 546 — Buenos Aires to the Rio Colorado 

 (habits); Doering, Period. Zool., 1, p. 255, 1874 — Rio Guayquiraro, 

 Corrientes; Dumford, Ibis, 1876, p. 166 — Chivilcoy, Buenos Aires; idem, 

 Ibis, 1877, p. 203 — northern Buenos Aires Province; Doering, in Roca, 

 Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 51, 1881 — between Lavalle and Car- 

 hu6, Buenos Aires; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 86, 

 1884 — Tandfl, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 317, 1884 — Concepcion 

 del Uruguay, Entre Rlos; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 473 — Lomas de 

 Zamora, Buenos Aires; C. Burmeister, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, 

 p. 245, 1888— Bahia Blanca; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 209, 

 1889 — Buenos Aires to the Rio Colorado; FYenzel, Joum. Orn., 39, p. 

 123, 1891— Cordoba; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151— lower Pilcomayo; Holland, 

 Ibis, 1892, p. 214 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 27, p. 548, 1895 — part, spec, i, Buenos Aires; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, 

 p. 236 — between Caraya Vuelta and Riacho Verde, Gran Chaco; Dabbene, 

 Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 186, 1910 (range in Argentina); 

 Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 477 — Buenos Aires (Cape San Antonio; Tuyu, Ajo) 

 and Formosa (Colonia Mihanovitch) ; Marelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 75, 1918 

 — Curuzu CuatiS, Corrientes; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 88 — Cape San An- 

 tonio, Buenos Aires; Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 259, 1922 — Rosas, 

 Buenos Aires; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 174, 1923 — Conhello, Pampa; Wilson, 

 I.e., 3, p. 350, 1926 — Venado Tuerto, Dept. General Lopez, Santa Fe; 

 Hudson, I.e., 4, p. 176, 1928 — Buenos Aires to the Rio Colorado (habits). 



Rhynchotus rufescens rufescens Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 264, 

 1909 — Coronel Dorrego and San Vicente, Buenos Aires, and Mocovl, 

 Santa Fe. 



Rhynchotus arcanus Wetmore, Joum. Wash. Acad. Sci., 11, p. 434, Nov. 4, 

 1921 — Parana, Entre Rios, Argentina (type in U. S. National Museum 

 examined); Liebermann, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 37, p. 152, 1933 (crit.); 

 SteuUet and Deautier, Obra Cine. Mus. La Plata, 1, p. 141, 1935 — part, 

 Santa Fe. 



Rhynchotus rufescens pallescens Dabbene, El Homero, 3, p. 101, 1923 (range); 

 Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 39, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; Marelli, 

 Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 597, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; 

 Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 40, 1926— south of Cape San 



marks on the outer web of the second primary near the base, there is no trace of 

 dusky markings on either primaries or their coverts in an adult female from Rio 

 de Oro (Colonia Grande Vedia), Chaco. On the other hand, we noticed distinct 

 blackish cross-bars on the greater wing coverts in two adult rufescens from Brazil 

 (one from Chapada, Matto Grosso, and the other from Sao Paulo), which clearly 

 speaks for the individual nature of this variation. We have not been able to consult 

 Liebermann's paper cited above, and therefore do not know on what grounds 

 he proposes to maintain R. arcanus as distinct. 



Additional material examined. — Argentina: Tornquist, Buenos Aires, 1 (type 

 of R. pallescens) ; Coronel Dorrego, Bahia Blanca, 1 ; San Vicente, Buenos Aires, 1 ; 

 Buenos Aires, 1 ; Mocovi, Santa Fe, 1 ; San Jose, Formosa, 1 ; Rio de Oro, Colonia 

 Grande Vedia, Chaco, 1. 




1942 BiKDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 85 



Antonio, Buenos Aires, and Riacho Pilaga, Formosa (crit., habits); 

 Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 77, 1930 — 

 San Jose and Mission Taacagl6, Formosa (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, 

 p. 24, 1931 (range); Marelli, EI Hornero, 5, p. 193, 1933— Saldungaray, 

 southern Buenos Aires; SteuUet and Deautier, Obra Cine. Mus. La Plata, 

 1, p. 139, 1935 — Cristiano Muerto, Buenos Aires, and Concepcion del 

 Uruguay, Entre Rfos (range). 



Range. — Northeastern Argentina, from the Formosan Chaco and 

 Entre Rios south to southern Buenos Aires (Rio Colorado), west to 

 Cordoba. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Argentina (Henderson, Buenos 

 Aires, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 9: Argentina (Cambac^res, Buenos Aires, 8; 

 Pehuajo, Buenos Aires, 1). 



*Rhynchotus rufescens maculicollis G. R. Gray.^ Spotted- 

 necked TiNAMOU. 



Rhynchotus maculicollis G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 102, 

 1867 — Bolivia (type in British Museum); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 642— Bolivia; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, 

 p. 38, 1880— Bolivia (crit.); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 550, 

 pi. 14, 1895 — Tanampaya, Bolivia; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 

 13, p. 71, 1905 — San Pablo, Tucumdn; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos 

 Aires, 18, p. 186, 1910— San Pablo; idem, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 251, 

 1913 — San Pablo, Norco, and Villa Nougues, Tucumdn; DinelH, El 

 Hornero, 4, p. 272, 1929 — northwestern Argentina. 



Rhynchottis rufescens (not Tinamu^ rufescens Temminck) Burmeister, Journ. 

 Orn., 6, p. 161, 1858— "near Mendoza";' idem. I.e., 8, p. 259, 1860— part, 

 Tueuman; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 498, 1861 — part, Tueumdn; 

 Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 218, 1902— San Pablo, Tueu- 

 man; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 233, 1904 — La Criolla, Tueuman. 



Rhynchotus maculicollis subsp.(?) Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 

 265, 1909 — Villa Nougues, San Pablo, and Norco, Tueuman (crit.). 



Rhynchotus rufescens maculicollis Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco 

 Exp., Vogel, p. 79, 1930 — Tanampaya, Bolivia (crit.) ; Peters, Bds. World, 1 , 

 p. 24, 1931 (range); Steullet and Deautier, Obra Cine. Mus. La Plata, 

 1, p. 141, 1935 — Tueuman, Salta, and Jujuy. 



Range. — Western and southern BoHvia and northwestern Argen- 

 tina (provinces of Jujuy, Salta, and Tueuman). 



' Rhynchotus rufescens maculicollis G. R. Gray, as has been pointed out by 

 Laubmann, is merely a well-marked race, the dusky streaks on the foreneck being 

 occasionally suggested in individuals of the eastern forms. 



Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Iquico, La Paz, 2; San Antonio, 

 La Paz, 1; Tanampaya, 3.— Argentina: Norco, Tueuman, 2. 



- This record is most certainly a mistake. In his later papers Burmeister did 

 not include Mendoza among the localities where he met with the species. 




86 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Conover Collection. — 10: Bolivia (Lambate, La Paz, 1; Cerro San 

 Benito, Cochabamba, 4); Argentina (Sierra de Vipos, Tucuman, 2; 

 Sierra de Tucuman, Tucuman, 3). 



Genus NOTHOPROCTA Sclater and Salvin» 



Nothoprocta Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., pp. 153, 156, 1873 — 

 type, by orig. desig., Crypturus perdicarius Kittlitz. 



Nothoprocta taczanowskii Sclater and Salvin.^ Taczanowski's 



TiNAMOU. 



Nothoprocta taczanowskii Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 564 

 — Maraynioc, Junin, Peru (nomen nudum); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., pp. 

 678, 679, pi. 84 — Cchachupata, Dept. Cuzco, and Maraynioc, Junfn, Peru 

 (type, from Maraynioc, in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Doman- 

 iewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 97, 1927); Taczanowski, 

 Orn. P6r., 3, p. 304, 1886— Maraynioc; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 27, p. 551, 1895 — Maraynioc and Cchachupata, Peru; Berlepsch and 

 Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 47 — Maraynioc (Paria- 

 yacu); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 24, 1931 (range). 



(?) Nothoprocta godmani Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 305, 1886 — Cchachupata, 

 Dept. Cuzco, Peru (type in British Museum). 



Range. — Temperate zone of central Peru (Maraynioc, Junin) 

 and (?) southeastern Peru (Cchachupata, Cuzco). 



Nothoprocta kalinowskii Berlepsch and Stolzmann.^ Kalinow- 



SKI'S TiNAMOU.- 



Nothoprocta kalinowskii Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 11, p. 192, 1901 — 

 Licamachay, Dept. Cuzco, Peru (type in collection of Count Branicki, 

 now in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. 

 Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 97, 1927); idem. I.e., 13, p. 104, 1906— Lica- 



' A synopsis of the members of this genus expressing their natural affinities 

 seems hardly possible at this time owing to the lack of adequate series. Several 

 species are known only from one or two specimens, and the types scattered in 

 various institutions are not accessible for direct comparison, the difficulties being, 

 furthermore, increased by variation according to season and age. 



^Nothoprocta taczanowskii Sclater and Salvin, of which the senior author has 

 examined a single male from the type locality, seems to differ from the other 

 species by having the inner webs of the primaries conspicuously barred with buff, 

 aside from other characters. 



Whether the birds from the Cuzco region, described as N. godmani, are really 

 quite the same or merely represent the immature plumage, cannot be determined 

 without examination of adult individuals. 



^ Nothoprocta kalinowskii Berlepsch and Stolzmann, based on a single male, 

 is described as similar to N. branickii, but larger, the wings much longer; lower 

 breast and abdomen mostly gray, dotted and variegated with buffy; outer web 

 of secondaries paler ochraceous; upper parts slightly darker; wing coverts more 

 grayish, etc. Wing, 183; tail, 75; bill, 25; tarsus, 40. 



Probably a race of N. ornata. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 87 



machay, northern Cuzco; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 44, 

 1921 — Licamachay (ex Berlepsch and Stolzmann); Peters, Bds. World, 

 1, p. 24, 1931 (range). 



Range. — Temperate zone of southeastern Peru (Licamachay, 

 near Cuzco). 



Nothoprocta ornata branickii Taczanowski.^ Branicki's 



TiNAMOU. ^ 



Nothoprocta branickii Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 187/(, p. 563 — T' 

 Junin, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, 

 Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 97, 1927); idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 

 308, 1886— Junfn; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 558, 1895— 

 JunIn; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 47 

 — Banos and Tarma (Queta), JunIn; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 25, 1931 

 (range). 



Nothoprocta ornata branickii Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 460 — above Lircay ' 



(crit.). 



Range. — Temperate zone of central Peru (Banos and Tarma, 

 Dept. Junin; above Lircay, Dept. Huancavelica). 



♦Nothoprocta ornata ornata (G. R. Gray). Ornate Tinamou. 



Rhynchotus ornatiis G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 102, 1867 — 

 Bolivia (co types in British Museum). 



Nothoprocta ornata Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotr., p. 153, 1873 — 

 Bolivia; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 680 (crit.); idem, I.e., 1879, 

 p. 642— Bolivia; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 557, pl. 17, 1895 

 — Bolivia; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 130, 1906 — Pichacani 

 and, Pujuni, Puno, Peru; Menegaux, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, (10), 1, p. 

 217, 1909— Lake Poopo, Bolivia; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 12— Lake Pampa 

 Aullagas, Oruro, Bolivia. 



Nothoprocta ornata ornata Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 25, 1931 (range). 



Range. — Puna zone of extreme southern Peru (Pichacani and 

 Pujuni, Dept. Puno) and western Bolivia (depts. of La Paz, Cocha- 

 bamba, and Oruro). ^ 



Conover Collection. — 17: Bolivia (Guaqui, La Paz, 1; Tiraque, 

 Cochabamba, 1; Vacas, Cochabamba, 8); Peru (Chucuito, Puno, 2; 

 Yunguyo, Puno, 5). 



^Nothoprocta ornata branickii Taczanowski: Nearest to N. o. ornata, but 

 smaller; upper parts much darker, grayer, and lacking the broad buffy bars; 

 bars on secondaries tawny instead of pale buff; lower breast and abdomen more 

 rufescent. Wing, 160; bill, 26. 



Three specimens from Junin examined by Boardman Conover; one from above 

 Lircay, by C. E. Hellmayr. 



2 Additional specimens examined. — Bolivia: Oruro, 4. 




88 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 

 *Nothoprocta ornata rostrata Berlepsch.' Long-billed 



TiNAMOU. 



Nothoproda ornata rostrata Berlepsch, Ornis, 14, p. 371, Feb., 1907 — Cumbre 

 de Malamala, Tucumdn (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in 

 Frankfort Museum); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 265, 1909 

 — Las Ci6nagas, Tucuman; Lillo, Apunt. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 21, 1909 — 

 Cumbre de Malamala; Dinelli, El Hornero, 4, p. 273, 1929 — Cerros of 

 Tucuman (nest and eggs); Budin, I.e., 4, p. 402, 1931 — Sierras de Zenta, 

 Jujuy; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 25, 1931 — Jujuy and Tucumdn; Steullet 

 and Deautier, Obra Cine. Mus. La Plata, 1, p. 142, 1935 (range). 



Nothoprocta ornata (not Rhynchotus ornatus Gray) Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. 

 Buenos Aires, 8, p. 218, 1902 — Cuesta de Malamala and Cerro de la 

 Cienaga, Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 248, 1904 — Santa 

 Catalina, Jujuy; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 72, 1905 — 

 Cuesta de Malamala and Cerro de la Cienaga; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. 

 Buenos Aires, 18, p. 187, 1910 (range in Argentina). 



Range. — Puna zone of northwestern Argentina, in provinces of 

 Jujuy, Catamarca, and Tucuman. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Argentina (El Alisal, Catamarca, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 5: Argentina (Sierra de Zenta, Jujuy, 2; 

 Aconquija, Catamarca, 3). 



*Nothoprocta perdicaria perdicaria (Kittlitz). Chilean 



TiNAMOU. 



Crypturus perdicarius Kittlitz, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., sav. etr., 1, 

 livr. 1, p. "192" [recte 193], pi. 12, 1830— around Valparaiso (type in 

 Leningrad Museum; cf. Chrostowski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 

 1, p. 18, 1921); Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Curios., 

 16, Suppl., 1, p. 99, 1834 — Valparaiso; Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 150, 

 1858 — near Valparaiso. 



Rhynchotus perdix ("Molina") Gray (and Mitchell), Gen. Bds., 3, p. [525], 

 1844 — new name for Crypturus perdicarius Kittlitz; Pelzeln, Reise No vara, 

 1, Vogel, p. 113, 1865— Chile. 



Nothura punctulata Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 391, 

 1847 — central provinces of Chile (type in Paris Museum examined); 

 Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 331— Chile (ex Des Murs); 

 Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chili, 4, p. Ixxxviii, 1894 — Penaflor, 

 Santiago. 



Nothura perdicaria Darwin, Zool. Voy. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 119, 1841 — part, 

 Valley of "Guasco," Atacama; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 115, 

 1843— Chile (habits, egg); Yarrell, I.e., 15, p. 53, 1847— Chile (egg descr.); 

 Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 192, 1855 — Chile; Germain, Proc. 

 Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 312, 1860 — Santiago (nesting habits); Philippi, 

 Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 270, 1869— Chile (in part); Schlegel, Mus. Pays- 



^ Nothoprocta ornata rostrata Berlepsch dififers from the nominate race by 

 decidedly stronger bill and slightly paler, more bufify dorsal surface, while the 

 chest generally is less grayish. Wing, 202-205; tail, 100; bill, 35-40. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 89 



Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 40, 1880 — Chile; Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. 

 Chili, 4, p. clxxii, 1894 — San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso. 



Rhynchotus perdicarius G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 103, 



1867 — Valparaiso. 

 Rhynchotus punclulatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 339 — Chile 



(ex Des Murs). 

 Rhynchotus cinerascens (not Nothura cinerascens Burmeister) G. R. Gray, 



List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 103, 1867 — Coquimbo; Sclater, Proc. 



Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339— Coquimbo, Chile. 



Nothoprocta perdicaria Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 569, 1877 — Cauquenes, 

 Colchagua; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 18 — Coquimbo; 

 MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 202— Coquimbo; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 27, p. 553, 1895 — part, spec, d, h, Valparaiso, central Chile; Reed, 

 Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 212, 1896— Chile (in part); Schalow, Zool. 

 Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 647, 1898 — Santiago; Fuentes, Bol. Mus. Nac. Chile, 

 7, p. 290, 1914— Easter Island (introduced); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. 

 Nat., 25, p. 170, 1921— Cordillera of Aconcagua; Reed, I.e., 28, p. 57, 

 1924 — La Serena, Coquimbo (food); Housse, I.e., 29, p. 149, 1925 — San 

 Bernardo, Santiago; Barros, I.e., 20, p. 263, 1926 — part, Rio Blanco, 

 Aconcagua (food); Jaffuel and Pirion, I.e., 31, p. 112, 1927 — Marga- 

 Marga Valley, Valparaiso. 



Nothoprocta coquimbica Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 554, pi. 15, 

 1895 — Coquimbo, Chile (cotypes in British Museum examined). 



Nothoprocta perdicaria perdicaria Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 425, 

 1926 — Concon, Valparaiso; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 

 19, p. 424, 1932 — northern Chile (from Valley of Huasco, Atacama, to 

 the Rio Cachapoal, Colchagua) (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 26, 1931 

 (range). 



/2ange.— Northern and central Chile, from southern Atacama 

 (Huasco .Valley) to Colchagua (Rio Cachapoal). Introduced on 

 Easter Island. ^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Chile (Romero, Coquimbo, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 10: Chile (Paiguano, Coquimbo, 1; Romero, 

 Coquimbo, 1; Prov. Santiago, 1; Angostura de Paine, Santiago, 1; 

 Bafios de Cauquenes, Colchagua, 6). 



♦Nothoprocta perdicaria sanborni Conover.- Sanborn's 



TiNAMOU. 



1 The type of N. punctulata agrees with specimens from the type locality 

 (Valparaiso). Birds from Coquimbo {N. coquimbica) average slightly more gray- 

 ish on the upper parts, but the divergency is quite insignificant in our specimens, 

 and until some range can be assigned to this variety it seems best not to recognize 

 it for the present. 



Additional material examined. — Coquimbo, 2; Peiiaflor, Santiago, 1; Val- 

 paraiso, 1; "Chile" (unspecified), 6. 



^Nothoprocta perdicaria sanborni Conover: Differs from the nominate race 

 by more rufescent barring of the dorsal surface and deep clay color under parts 




90 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Nothoprocta perdicaria sanbomi Conover, Auk, 41, p. 334, April, 1924 — Mafil, 

 Valdivia, Chile (typ)e in Conover Collection, Field Museum of Natural 

 History); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 26, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field 

 Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 426, 1932— southern Chile, from 

 Curic6 to Llanquihue (crit.). 



Nothura perdicaria (not Crypturus perdicarius Kittlitz) Darwin, Zool. Voy. 

 Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 119, 1841 — Chile (in part); Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. 

 Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 392, 1847— Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, 

 p. 508— Roble, Valdivia; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 270, 1868— 

 Chile (in part). 



Rhynchotus perdicarius Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339 — • 

 Chile. 



Nothura punctulata (not of Des Murs) Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chili, 3, p. 

 cxvi, 1893 — Ninhue (Itata), Maule. 



Nothoprocta perdicaria Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 553, 1895 — part, 

 spec, e-g, Maquegua, Arauco, and Rio Bueno, Valdivia; Reed, Anal. 

 Univ. Chile, 93, p. 212, 1896— Chile (in part); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 314— 

 Maquegua (Arauco), Rio Bueno (Valdivia), Puerto Varas and Osomo 

 (Llanquihue); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 23, p. 15, 1919 — Nilahue, 

 Curico; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 431, 1922 — Coronel (habits, eggs); 

 Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 30, p. 263, 1926— Ranquil (Valley of 

 Nilahue), Curico (food); Bullock, I.e., 33, pp. 126, 194, 1929— Nahuelbuta 

 and Angol, Malleco; Barros, I.e., 34, p. 31, 1930 — Curico (breeding habits). 



Range. — Southern Chile, from Curico to Llanquihue, 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Chile (Mafil, Valdivia, 2; Riiiihue, 

 Valdivia, 1; Curacautin, Cautin, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 14: Chile (Mafil, Valdivia, 3; Quirihue, 

 Maule, 1; Angol, Bio Bio, 9; Puerto Montt, Llanquihue, 1). 



♦Nothoprocta cinerascens (Burmeister).^ Cinereous Tinamou. 



Nothura cinerascens Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 259, 1860 — Tucuman (type 

 in Halle Museum): idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 498, 1861 — near Cor- 

 doba and Tucumdn; Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 364 — Tucuman and neighbor- 

 hood of Mendoza; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 40 (note), 

 1880— Cordoba (crit.); White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 43— Cos- 

 quin, Cordoba; Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cor- 

 doba, 10, p. 403, 1890— Cordoba. 



passing into buff along the middle line, without any gray (or mere suggestion of 

 it) on the chest. 



Birds from Valdivia and Llanquihue have the racial characters most strongly 

 pronounced, while those from Malleco and Maule, by reason of their having the 

 chest underlaid with grayish and less intensely colored flanks, form the transition 

 to typical perdicaria. 



^ Nothoprocta cinerascens (Burmeister), although differing, in addition to 

 color characters, by larger reticulations on the posterior side of the tarsus, may 

 prove to be conspecific with N. perdicaria, which it obviously replaces east of 

 the Andean chain. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 91 



Nothoproda dnerascens Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 198, 1878 — Sierra de 

 Cordoba; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 210, 1889 — Cordoba and 

 Tucumdn; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 124, 1891 — same localities; Kos- 

 lowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 287, 1895— Chilecito, La Rioja; Sal- 

 vadori. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 552, 1895— Cordoba (Cosquin), 

 Mendoza, and Tucuman; idem. Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 

 24, 1895— Santa Rosa, Salta; idem. I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 36, 1897— Tala, 

 Salta; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 218, 1902 — Tapia and 

 Trancas, Tucuman; idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 72, 1905 — 

 Tucuman, Tapia, and Trancas, Tucuman; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. 

 Zool., 16, p. 265, pi. 3, fig. 12 (egg), 1909— Tapia, Tucumdn, and Arenal, 

 Salta; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 186, 1910 — Cor- 

 doba and La Rioja to Salta; Reed, Av. Prov. Mendoza, p. 5, 1916 — La 

 Paz and TunuySn, Mendoza; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 147, 1918 — 

 Mendoza; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 10 — El Carrizal, Sierra de Cordoba; 

 Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 82, 1923 — La Rioja; Menegaux, Rev. 

 Frang. d'Orn., 1925, p. 222 — near Icario, Santiago del Estero; Wetmore, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 39, 1926— near Tapia, Tucuman; Pereyra, 

 El Hornero, 4, p. 28, 1927— Conhelo (F.C.O.), Pampa Central; Dinelli, 

 I.e., 4, p. 273, 1929 — Tucuman (habits, nest, and eggs); Castellanos, I.e., 

 4, p. 364, 1931— Valle de los Reartes, Cordoba; Peters, Bds. World, 1, 

 p. 25, 1931 (range); Steullet and Deautier, Obr. Cine. Mus. La Plata, 1, 

 p. 143, 1935 (synon., range); Brodkorb, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 33, 

 1937 — 265 km. west of Puerto Casado, Paraguayan Chaco. 



Range. — W'Gstern Argentina, from La Pampa, Mendoza, San 

 Luis, and Cordoba north to the Bolivian boundary and the adjacent 

 parts of the Paraguayan Chaco. 



Conover Collection. — 20: Paraguay (Chaco, 265 km. west of Puerto 

 Casado, 5); Argentina (Dept. Oran, 1; Vipos, Tucuman, 2; Tapia, 

 Tucumdn, 1; Pinto, Santiago del Estero, 1; El Carrizal, Cordoba, 3; 

 Tunuydh, Mendoza, 7). 



*Nothoprocta pentlandii pentlandii (G. R. Gray). Pentland's 



TiNAMOU. 



Rhynchotus pentlandii G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 103, 1867 

 — Andes of Bolivia (type in British Museum examined). 



Nothoproda doeringi (Schulz MS.) Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 198, 1878 — 

 Sierra Chica, near Cordoba (type in Berlin Museum); Sclater, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 461— Sierra de Cordoba; White, I.e., 1883, p. 432— 

 Cosquin, Cordoba. 



Nothura doeringi Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 

 10, p. 403, 1890— Cordoba. 



Nothoproda pentlandi Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 642 

 — Sicasica and "Chiquitos," Bolivia; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, 

 p. 210, 1889— Cordoba (crit.); Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 124, 1891— 

 Sierra de Cordoba; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 555, pi. 16, 

 1895 — Bolivian Andes and Sierra de Cordoba; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. 




92 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Buenos Aires, 8, p. 218, 1902 — Cumbre de la Hoyada, Tucuman; Bruch, 

 Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 248, 1904— Rosario de Lerma, Salta; Lillo, 

 Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 72, 1905 — Cumbre de la Hoyada and 

 Tafl, Tucuman; Giacomelli, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 63, p. 301, 1907— Abra, 

 La Rioja; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 265, 1909 — Norco, 

 Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 186, 1910 

 (range in Argentina); Reed, Av. Prov. Mendoza, p. 5, 1916— Cerros 

 de Villavicencio, Mendoza; Sanzin, El Homero, 1, p. 147, 1917 — Cerro 

 Pelado, Mendoza; Reed, I.e., 1, p. 267, 1919— Quebrada de la Chilca, 

 Dept. Las Heras, Mendoza (nest and eggs descr.); Giacomelli, El Homero, 

 3, p. 82, 1923— La Rioja; Dinelli, I.e., 4, p. 274, 1929— Cerros of Tucu- 

 man (nest and eggs); Castellanos, I.e., 4, p. 365, 1931 — Valle de los Rear- 

 tes, Cordoba, and Sierra del Cajon, Alisal, Salta. 



Nothoprocta moehiusi Berlepsch, Bericht 17. Jahresvers. Allg. Deuts. Orn. 

 Ges., 1892, p. 13, Dec. 25, 1892— Valle Grande, western Santa Cruz, 

 Bolivia (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum); 

 idem, Journ. Orn., 40, p. 455, "1892" [=1893] (reprint). 



Nothoprocta pentlandii Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 10 — Chulumani (La Paz), Paro- 

 tani (Coehabamba), and El Cabrada (Chuquisaca), Bolivia (crit.). 



Nothoprocta pentlandii pentlandii Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 26, 1931 (range). 

 Nothoprocta pentlandi pentlandi SteuUet and Deautier, Obr. Cine. Mus. La 

 Plata, 1, p. 144, 1935 (synon., range). 



Range. — Temperate zone of western Argentina, south to Mendoza 

 and the Sierra of Cordoba, and Bohvia (depts. of Chuquisaca, 

 Santa Cruz, Coehabamba, and La Paz).* 



Conover Collection. — 18: Argentina (mountains west of Yala, 

 Jujuy, 2; Norco, Dept. Trancas, Tucuman, 1); Bolivia (Coehabamba, 

 1; Pocona, Coehabamba, 6; Valle de Coehabamba, Coehabamba, 1; 

 Colomi, Coehabamba, 2; Tutimajo, Coehabamba, 1; Totora, Coeha- 

 bamba, 1; Comparapa, Santa Cruz, 3). 



♦Nothoprocta pentlandii oustaleti Berlepsch and Stolzmann.- 

 Oustalet's Tinamou. 



' Birds from Argentina are identical with the Bolivian ones. 



Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Andes, 1 (the type); Chulimiani, 

 La Paz, 1; Parotani, Coehabamba, 1; El Cabrada, Chuquisaca, 1. — Argentina: 

 Sierra de Cordoba, 2. 



* Nothoprocta pentlandii oustaleti Berlepsch and Stolzmann: Similar to the 

 nominate race, but larger; forehead brown instead of grayish; superciliaries buflfy 

 instead of grayish; lateral portion of dorsal feathers beyond the much broader 

 and more conspicuous buffy white longitudinal stripes clear gray instead of pale 

 brown; sides of head more buffy; throat buffy instead of white or gray and with 

 dusky edges to the feathers of the lower throat; neutral gray jugular area densely 

 marked with much larger buffy spots (in pentlandii there are at best a few scattered, 

 tiny, nearly white spots) ; breast and sides deep ochraceous-buflfy instead of nearly 

 white to pinkish buff, etc. Wing, 153; bill, 23. 



The three birds from the Andes above Lima answer ver>' well the memorandum 

 about the type of oustaleti made by the senior author a number of years ago, 

 except for having buffy white instead of pure white mid-abdomen. The junior 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 93 



Nothoproda oustalefi Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Omis, 11, p. 191, 1901 — Cora 

 Cora, Dept. Ayacucho, Peru (type in coll. of X. Branicki, now in War- 

 saw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. 

 Hist. Nat., 6, p. 97, 1927); iidem. I.e., 13, p. 73, 1906— Cora Cora, San- 

 quibamba; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 25, 1931 — ^Cora Cora. 



Nothoproda ambigua Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 293, Feb. 23, 

 1915 — Hacienda Llagueda, northeast of Otuzco, Libertad, Peru (type in 

 Field Museum of Natural History). 



Nothoproda pentlandii simonsi Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 38, p. 30, Dec. 29, 

 1917 — San Pablo, Cajamarca, Peru (type in British Museum examined); 

 idem. Ibis, 1919, p. 11— San Pablo. 



Nothoprocta pentlandi simonsi Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 150, 

 1926 — Punta Santa Ana, Loja, Ecuador (spec, examined). 



Nothoproda pentlandii ambigua Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 25, 1931 — southern 

 Ecuador to northern Peru. 



Range. — Temperate zone of southern Ecuador (Punta Santa 

 Ana, Prov. del Oro; Malacatos, Prov. Loja) and western Peru 

 (San Pablo, Cajamarca; Hacienda Llagueda, northeast of Otuzco, 

 Libertad; Macate, Ancachs; San Mateo, Andes above Lima; Cora 

 Cora, Ayacucho). 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Peru (Hacienda Llagueda, north- 

 east of Otuzco„ Libertad, 1; Macate, Ancachs, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 12: Ecuador (Malacatos, Loja, 10); Peru 

 (San Mateo, Lima, 2). 



Nothoprocta (pentlandii?) fulvescens Berlepsch. ^ Fulvescent 



TiNAMOU. 



Nothoproda fulvescens Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Zool. Congr., p. 548, 1902 

 — Urcos, Dept. Cuzco, Peru (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in 



author has compared the two birds from San Mateo with the specimens listed 

 from southern Ecuador and northwestern Peru and cannot see any differences not 

 covered by individual variation excepting a tendency toward a purer white throat 

 in birds from Ecuador. 



Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Punta Santa Ana, Prov. del Oro, 1. — 

 Peru: San Pablo, Cajamarca, 1; Hacienda Tulpo, southeast of Huamachuco, 

 Libertad, 2; Andes above Lima, 1. 



^Nothoproda (pentlandii?) fulvescens Berlepsch is stated to be nearest to 

 N. p. oustaleli, but to differ by having the upper throat, middle abdomen, and 

 tibial feathers buff, somewhat paler than lower breast and flanks; the foreneck 

 duller grayish and more profusely spotted with buff; the edging to the dorsal 

 feathers more brownish; the marginal spots on the outer webs of the primaries 

 more buflfy (less whitish); the ochraceous bars on the secondaries broader, etc. 

 Wing, 163-165 i^i; tarsus, 42; bill, 26-28^. 



This little-known tinamou, which is autoptically unknown to the authors, 

 seems to be another representative of the N. pentlandii complex. It is extremely 

 questionable whether the immature specimens from Ollantaytambo are really 

 fulvescens. The junior author, who has inspected one of them, found it very 

 similar to N. c. peruviana. 




94 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Frankfort Museum); (?)Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 43, 1921 

 — Ollantaytambo, Urubamba, Peru; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 25, 1931 

 (range). 



Range. — Temperate zone of southeastern Peru (Urcos, Uru- 

 bamba Valley, Dept. Cuzco). 



*Nothoprocta curvirostris curvirostris Sclater and Sahin. 

 Curve-billed Tinamou. 



Nothoprocia curvirostris Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotr., p. 163, 1873 

 — Calacali and I*uellaro, Ecuador (type, from Calacali, in Salvin-Godman 

 Collection, British Museum); iidem, I*roc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 680 

 (crit.); Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1884, p. 312 — Cechce, Ecuador; 

 Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 556, 1895 — part, spec, a-c, Ecua- 

 dor (Calacali, Puellaro, Matagan); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. 

 Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 52, 1900— Chaupi (Illiniza), Paramo del Corazon, 

 Canar, and Sigsig, Ecuador (descr. of young, crit.); Goodfellow, Ibis, 

 1902, p. 232 — Pichincha; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. 

 Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B3, 1911— Pichincha; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 11 

 — Corazon, Ecuador (crit.); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 

 25, p. 14, 1922 — Singuna, above Quito, Fanlagua, and Cotopaxi, Ecuador 

 (eggs descr.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 151, 1926 — 

 Pichincha, El Corazon, and Bestion, Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. 

 Nat. Paris, 33, p. 353, 1927 — Cerro Mojanda, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 1, p. 25, 1931— part, Ecuador. 



Rhynchotis perdiz (not Rhynchotus perdix G. R. Gray) Sclater, Proc.Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 28, p. 97, 1860 — Calacali and Puellaro, Ecuador. 



Noihura curvirostris Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 41, 1880 (descr.). 



Range. — Paramo zone of Ecuador. 



Conover Collection. — 18: Ecuador (San Antonio Hills, Pichincha, 

 3; Paramo de Pichincha, 10; Corazon, 1; Cochaseca Range, 1; 

 Pichincha, 1; unspecified, 1; Lloa Hills, Pichincha, 1). 



*Nothoprocta curvirostris peruviana Taczanowski. ^ Peruvian 

 Tinamou. 



^ Nothoprocta currirostris peruviana Taczanowski: Very similar to the nominate 

 race, but decidedly smaller (wing, 150-155 agaicst 165-170 mm.), and coloration 

 above paler with a lesser amount of black. There seems to be considerable in- 

 dividual variation in this form, and with the limited material available for study 

 we have not been able to ascertain if it really differs in coloring from curvirostris. 

 Conover found two adults from Chachapoyas to be lighter, more reddish brown 

 above and more uniform as well as brighter fulvous below, with the barring on the 

 two outer primaries nearly obsolete. Hellmayr failed to see any difference in the 

 markings of the primaries or in the coloration of the under parts, but noticed that 

 in two birds from Cajabamba and near Cajamarca, respectively, the blackish area 

 of the dorsal feathers was less extensive, while the light-colored cross-bars were 

 duller, less rufescent, when compared to Ecuadorian examples. A male from 

 Chachapoyas, however, was indistinguishable from the latter. 



WTiatever its status may ultimately turn out to be, N. c. peruviana, at all 

 events, is quite distinct from N. p. ouslaleti (found in the same region) by much 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 95 



Nothoprocta curvirostris peruviana Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 307 (in text), 

 1886 — Cutervo, Peru (type, though not listed by Sztolcman and Doman- 

 iewski, doubtless in the Warsaw Museum). 



Nothoprocta curvirostris (not of Sclater and Salvin) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 213 — Cutervo; idem. I.e., 1882, p. 49 — Chachapoyas 

 (one downy chick); idem, Om. P6r., 3, p. 306, 1886 — Cutervo; Salvin, 

 Nov. Zool., 2, p. 22, 1895 — near Cajamarca, Peru; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 27, p. 556, 1895 — part, spec, d, e, Cajamarca and Cajabamba, 

 Peru; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 243, 1930— moun- 

 tains near Huanuco, Peru (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 25, 1931 — 

 part, Peru. 



Range. — Temperate zone of northern Peru (Cutervo; Cajamarca; 

 Cajabamba; mountains near Huanuco). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Peru (mountains near Huanuco, 1). 

 Genus NOTHURA Wagler^ 



Nothura Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 19, 1827 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List 

 Gen. Bds., p. 63, 1840), Tinamus boraquira Spix. 



Nothurus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Bds., 2, p. 345, 1837 — emendation of 

 Nothura Wagler. 



Nothura maculosa peruviana Berlepsch and Stolzmann.^ Peru- 

 vian Nothura. 



Nothura maculosa peruviana Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 101, 

 1906 — Santa Ana, Urubamba, Peru (type in coll. of Count Branicki, 



slenderer tarsi; strongly cinnamomeous under wing coverts; much darker, ochra- 

 ceous-tawny to tawny under parts; tawny, black-and-white-spotted foreneck and 

 chest (neutral gray spotted with buflf without any black in oustaleti) ; secondaries 

 on outer web bright tawny with black bars (not black barred with buff), etc. 



Additional material examined. — Peru: Cajabamba (alt. 10,000 ft.), 1 (male); 

 near Cajamarca (alt. 10,000 ft.), 1 (female); Chachapoyas (alt. 9,000 ft.), 3. 



1 Miranda-Ribeiro (Rev. Mus. Paul., 23, p. 702, pi. 2, 1938) has recently 

 named Nothura schreineri from Minas Geraes (the type is evidently in the Museo 

 Nacional, Rio de Janeiro). The author places it between N. minor and N. spixi 

 {=boraquira). Its dimensions (wing, 143; tarsus, 47; bill, 20) would seem to 

 exclude affinity to the former, however. From boraquira it is said to differ by 

 ochraceous under parts, by having all remiges (instead of only the three or four 

 external ones) barred with buff on the outer webs, and by having all the under 

 wing coverts (not only the larger ones) barred with buff and dusky. As boraquira 

 has all the remiges barred on the outer web, and the lesser (not the larger) under 

 wing coverts banded with buff and dusky, the other alleged characters would seem 

 not to be of specific value, so that schreineri is probably only a synonym of bora- 

 quira, whose type locality is supposed to be Minas Geraes. 



^Nothura maculosa peruviana Berlepsch and Stolzmann: Nearest to N. m. 

 boliviana, but bill larger and under parts on breast and middle of abdomen darker, 

 ochraceous rather than deep buff. Size about the same. Wing, 126 J^, (female) 

 130-133; bill, 18-20. 



Four specimens from the type locality (Santa Ana) examined by Hellmayr. 




96 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



now in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. 

 Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 97, 1927); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 117, p. 44, 1921— Santa Ana; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 26, 1931 (range); 

 Laubmann, Verb. Om. Ges. Bay., 20, pp. 280, 282, 1934— Santa Ana 

 (crit.). 



Range. — Southeastern Peru, in Dept. of Cuzco (only known from 

 Santa Ana in the Urubamba Valley). 



*Nothura maculosa agassizii Bangs.' Agassiz's Nothura. 



Nothura agassizii Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 23, p. 107, June 24, 1910 — 

 Moho, northern border of Lake Titicaca, Peru (type in Museum of Com- 

 parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). 



Nothoprocta hranickii (not of Taczanowski) Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, 

 p. 55, 1876 — no locality given [=Moho]. 



Nothura maculosa agassizii Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 153, 1930 

 (type listed); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 26, 1931 (range); Laubmann, 

 Verb. Om. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 280, 1934 (range). 



Nothura maculosa boliviana (not N. boliviano Salvadori) Berlepsch and Stolz- 

 mann, Omis, 13, pp. 105, 130, 1906— San Geronimo, Cuzco, and Puno, 

 Lake Titicaca, Peru. 



Range. — Extreme southeastern Peru, from the Cuzco region 

 (where it is said to intergrade with the preceding race) and the 

 Titicaca basin (Moho, Tirapata, Puno) south through western 

 Bolivia at least to Lake Poopo (Callipampa).- 



^ Nothura m/undosa agassizii Bangs: Nearest to N. m. boliviana, but darker 

 above with the pileum blacker and the black markings on the upF>er back more 

 extensive, producing a blacker appearance of the dorsal surface; dark pectoral 

 markings likewise blacker and wider, the lateral margins whiter, less buffy; lower 

 breast and abdomen lighter, less buffy. While evidently separable from boliviana 

 (as represented by specimens from Cuchacancha and Tiraque, Cochabamba), 

 this form could not be compared with N. m. peruviana, which does not appear to 

 exist in any American collection. 



Eighteen specimens from the Titicaca basin examined by the jimior author are 

 fairly uniform and differ from boliviana, as stated above, by their darker coloration 

 both above and below. According to Berlepsch and Stolzmann (Omis, 13, p. 105, 

 1906), a specimen from the Cuzco region (San Geronimo), in the color of the 

 posterior under parts, is intermediate between peruviana and an example from 

 Puno [=aga9sizii], but r^embles the latter in whitish borders to the pectoral 

 feathers. 



Additional material examined. — Pern: Tirapata, Titicaca basin^ 2; Lake 

 Titicaca, 1; Puno, Lake Titicaca, 1; Capachica, 2. — Bolivia: Callipampa, Oruro, 3. 



*As this Part goes to press Bond and de Schauensee (Not. Nat. Acad. 

 Nat. Sci. Phila., No. 93, p. 2, Oct. 14, 1941) have described Nothura maculosa 

 oruro from Callipampa (alt. 12,200 ft.). Lake Poopo, Oruro, Bolivia (type in 

 the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia). Through the kindness of 

 the describers the junior author has been able to examine the type (a male) 

 and the two females on which this form was based. There is great variation in 

 these specimens but the male and the darkest female can be matched very closely 

 by specimens in Field Museum from Puno, Peru. The second female is much grayer 

 and approaches specimens of boliviana from Tiraque, Cochabamba, Bolivia. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 97 



Conover Collection. — 12: Peru, Puno (Puno, 7; Chucuito, 1; 

 Totorani, 3; Sorapa, 1). 



*Nothura maculosa boliviana Salvadori.^ Bolivian Nothura. 



Nothura boliviana Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 561, 1895 — Bolivia 

 and Cinti [=Camargo] (cotypes from "Bolivia," in British Museum 

 examined); Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 452 — San Luis, Tarija, Bolivia. 



Nothura media (not Tinamus medius Spix) Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 



5, p. 104, 1867— Bolivia. 

 Nothura marmorata (not of G. R. Gray) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Sec. 



Lond., 1879, p. 642 — Cinti, Bolivia (spec, examined). 



Range. — Southern Bolivia, in depts. of Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, 

 and Tarija. 



Conover Collection. — 10: Bolivia (Tiraque, Cochabamba, 3; Poja, 

 Prov. Totora, Cochabamba, 1; Vacas, Cochabamba, 2; Coloni, 

 Cochabamba, 3; Tarija, 1). 



*Nothura maculosa salvadorii Hartert.- Salvadori's Nothura. 



Nothura salvadorii Hartert, in Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 266, 1909 

 — Arenal, Salta, Argentina (type in Tring Collection, now in the 

 American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined). 



Nothura maculosa (not Tinamus maculosus Temminck) Burmeister, Journ. 

 Orn., 6, p. 161, 1858 — Mendoza; Leybold, Escurs. Pampas Arjent., pp. 54, 

 57, 62, 1873 — near Las Chacayes and Vistaflores, Mendoza; Lillo, Anal. 

 Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 218, 1902 — environs of Tucuman; idem, 



^Nothura maculosa boliviana Salvador! : Not unlike N. m. maculosa, but on 

 average smaller; upper parts much more tawny, with a lesser amount of black; 

 lateral margins to feathers of foreneck and upper chest more decidedly rufescent; 

 under parts paler, less ochraceous, and without trace of blackish cross-bands on 

 the flanks. Wing, 124-132; bill, 16-18. 



Birds from Tiraque, Cochabamba, agree perfectly with the cotypes except 

 for having the white lateral edges to the interscapulars more pronounced, which 

 is doubtless due to their being in fresher plumage. 



Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Cinti [ = Camargo], 1; unspecified, 2 

 (the cotypes); Cuchacancha, Cochabamba, 2; Tiraque, Cochabamba, 2. 



^Nothura maculosa salvadorii Hartert: Similar to N. m. boliviana, but above 

 less rufescent, the light vermiculations being mikado brown rather than rusty; 

 the dusky markings on foreneck and chest narrower and more in the form of 

 streaks (instead of blotches) and their lateral margins less rufescent; the flanks 

 distinctly barred with black (practically immaculate in boliviana). Wing, 127, 

 (female) 130-135; bill, 18-20. 



We are unable to separate Mendoza skins (jnendozensis) from those of Salta 

 and Tucuman, although they possibly average slightly larger. Six birds from San 

 Juan are noticeably lighter on the upper parts with the light vermiculations paler 

 and more grayish under simultaneous reduction of the dark brown blotches. A 

 single bird from the Sierra de Cordoba and another from northern Neuquen seem 

 to verge in the direction of N. m. nigroguttata. 



Additional material examined. — Argentina: Tala, Salta, 1; Arenal, Salta, 2; 

 Rosario de Lerma, Salta, 3; Lavalle, Santiago del Estero, 3; near Tucum&n City, 

 Tucuman, 1; Angaco Sud, San Juan, 6; Cosquin, Sierra de Cordoba, 1; Mendoza, 4, 




98 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 72, 1905 — environs of Tucuman; 

 Giacomelli, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 63, p. 301, 1907 — La Rioja; Dabbene, 

 AnaL Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 187, 1910 — part, Cordoba and 

 Tucumdn; Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 82, 1923 — La Rioja; Castellanos, 

 I.e., 3, p. 199, 1923— Valle de los Reartes, Cordoba; idem. I.e., 4, p. 366, 

 1931 — same locality. 



Nothura marmorata (not of G. R. Gray) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, 

 p. 44, 1880 — "Bolivia," errore (spec, in Vienna Museum — said to be from 

 "Chile?"— examined). 



Nothura boraquira (not Tinamus boraquira Spix) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 27, p. 561, 1895 — Mendoza; idem, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 

 292, p. 36, 1897— Tala, Salta (crit.); Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 

 248, 1904— Salta;! Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 187, 

 1910 — Salta and Mendoza; Reed, Av. Prov. Mendoza, p. 6, 1916 — 

 Mendoza. 



Nothura darurini mendozensis Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 38, p. 31, Dec. 29, 

 1917 — Mendoza (type in British Museum examined); Wetmore, Bull. 

 . U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 39, 1926— Mendoza (Tunuyan) and Cordoba;'' 

 Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 28, 1927 — San Rafael, Mendoza; Steullet and 

 Deautier, Obr. Cine. Mus. La Plata, 1, p. 150, 1935 — Mendoza (San 

 Rafael, Tupungato, Paramillo de Uspallata), San Luis, and (?)Neuquen. 



Nothura maculosa salvadorii Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 243, 1913 — 

 Tucuman; Laubmann, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 282, 1934 — Tucuman. 



Nothura darvnni(i) salvadorii Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 13 — El Carrizal, Sierra de 

 Cordoba (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 27, 1931 (range). 



Nothura darwini salvadori Steullet and Deautier, Obr. Cine. Mus. La Plata, 

 1, p. 151, 1935— Tucuman. 



Nothura darwini (not of Gray) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 562, 

 1895 — part, spec, f, Cosquin, Cordoba (spec, examined). 



Range. — Western Argentina, from extreme southern Salta (Arenal, 

 Tala) through Tucuman, Catamarca, western Santiago del Estero 

 (Lavalle), La Rioja, and San Juan south to Mendoza, San Luis 

 and northern Neuquen, and east to the Sierra de Cordoba. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Argentina (Tucuman, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 11: Argentina (Tapia, Tucuman, 1; Tunuyan, 

 Mendoza, 8; Angaco Sud, San Juan, 1; Chos-Malal, Neuquen, 1. 



*Nothura maculosa chacoensis Conover.^ Chaco Nothura. 



1 A second specimen taken at Salta on the same day (Aug. 27, 1896) is referred 

 by Bruch to N. darwini, which can hardly be correct. 



2 The sight records from General Roca, Rio Negro, and Victorica, Pampa, 

 placed under the same species are, of course, open to doubt. 



^Nothura maculosa chacoensis Conover: Similar to N. m. boliviano, but upper 

 parts without the tawny tone, the cross-markings on back and scapulars varying 

 from tawny-olive to snuflf brown, and the buffy white longitudinal streaks being 

 laterally edged with grayish, the whole producing a grayish or brownish appear- 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 99 



Nothura maculosa chacoensis Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 227, Dec. 

 28, 1937 — 265 km. west of Puerto Casado, Paraguayan Chaco (type in 

 Conover Collection, Field Museum of Natural History). 



Nothura maculosa boliviana (not N. holiviana Salvadori) Peters, Bds. World, 

 1, p. 26, 1931 — part, western Paraguayan Chaco. 



Range. — Western Paraguayan Chaco. 



Conover Collection. — 18: Paraguay (265 km. west of Puerto 

 Casado, 10; 195 km. west of Puerto Casado, 7; 120 km. west of 

 Puerto Pinasco, 1). 



Nothura nractrfesa darwinii G. R. Gray.* Darwin's Nothura. 



Nothura darwinii{i) G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 104, 1867 — 

 Bahia Bjanca, southern Buenos Aires (type in British Museum examined); 

 Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 547 — Rio Negro, Patagonia; 

 Doering, in Roca, Inf. Of. Exp. Rio Negro, p. 58, 1881 — Rio Colorado 

 and Rio Negro; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 213, pi. 20, 1889— 

 Rio Negro (habits); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 562, pi. 19, 

 1895 — part, spec, a-e, Bahia Blanca and Rio Negro; Scott and Sharpe, 

 Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patag., 2, Orn., p. 26, 1904 — Patagonia; Hartert 

 and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 266, pi. 3, fig. 11 (egg), 1909— Santa Cruz, 

 Patagonia (eggs descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 

 187, 1910 — Patagonia (Chubut, Rio Negro) and Bahia Blanca (excl. of 



ance above; under parts dingier buflf, the suffusion on foreneck and upper chest 

 wood brown or avellaneous rather than tawny, and the flanks broadly barred with 

 black. Differs from typical maculosa by paler under parts with isabelline rather 

 than ochraceous or tawny tinge on foreneck and chest; much more grayish upper 

 parts, caused by the grayish brown instead of buffy brown lateral margins and much 

 less tawny vermiculations; rather smaller size. From N. m. salvadorii it may be 

 distinguished by more grayish dorsal surface and much deeper ochraceous buff 

 under parts, with more heavily barred flanks and more sharply defined, blackish 

 longitudinal streaks on foreneck and chest. Wing, 123-130; bill, 16-18. 



^Nothura maculosa darwinii G. R. Gray: Very close to N. m. salvadorii, but 

 the dusky barring of the flanks still more reduced, and the narrower transverse 

 bars of the dorsal feathers varying from grayish to pale brownish, never reddish. 

 The paleness of the under parts as well as the general proportions are about the 

 same. While agreeing with Laubmann that darwinii is a member of the maculosa 

 . complex, the connection between the eastern races and the Patagonian birds 

 being formed by the truly intermediate salvadorii, we are convinced that it has 

 no relationship whatever to N. boraquira, which occurs, in parts of its range, 

 side by side with representatives of N. maculosa. The northern limit of the breed- 

 ing range of A'^. m. danvinii remains to be determined. The type was obtained 

 by Darwin in the sand dunes near Bahia Blanca, in southern Buenos Aires. This 

 was probably an accidental occurrence, as no other example has ever been met 

 with in that region, which appears to be tenanted by N. m. nigroguttata. Doering 

 (1881, p. 58) reports having met with both N. "maculosa" [= nigroguttata] and N. 

 darwinii along the Rio Colorado, while only the last-named was found on the 

 Rio Negro. It is well to recall, however, that the type of N. m. nigroguttata 

 was secured at Choele-Choel, on the Rio Negro. Therefore, it seems that at times 

 the two races may be found together, probably outside the breeding season. More 

 detailed information about the breeding area of darwinii is much desired. 



Material examined. — Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, 1 (the type); Rio Negro, 

 Patagonia, 6. 



Jj^^cX.. ^i|f^ -5^ ''^'-^") 




100 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Bruch's Salta record); Hudson, El Hornero, 4, p. 180, 1928— Patagonia 

 (habits); Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 598, 1924— 

 Bahia Blanca. 



Nothura minor (not Tinamus minor Spix) Darwin, Zool. Voy. Beagle, 3, Birds, 

 p. 119, 1841 — Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires. 



Nothura maculosa (not Tinamtis maculosus Temminck) Dumford, Ibis, 1877, 

 p. 45— Chubut Valley; (?)Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 410, 

 1926 — Valcheta, Rio Negro. 



Nothura perdiearia (not Crypturus perdicarius Kittlitz) Dumford, Ibis, 1878, 

 p. 405 — valleys of the Chubut, Sengel, and Sengelen, Patagonia. 



Nothura darmini darwini Marelli, El Hornero, 5, p. 193, 1933 — Bahia Blanca, 

 Buenos Aires; SteuUet and Deautier, Obr. Cine. Mus. La Plata, 1, p. 149, 

 1935— Vidma, Rio Negro. 



Nothura darunnii darwinii Peters, Bds. World, I, p. 27, 1931 (range). 



Nothura maculosa darwini Laubmann, Verh. Om. Ges. Bay., 20, pp. 280, 282, 

 1934— Rio Negro (crit.). 



Range. — Eastern Patagonia from the Rio Negro south to the 

 Rio Santa Cruz; also found on the Rio Colorado; once secured (by 

 Darwin) at Bahia Blanca, southern Buenos Aires. 



♦Nothura maculosa nigroguttata Salvadori.^ Black-spotted 

 Nothura. 



N<dhura nigroguttata Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 560, 1895 — "Cen- 

 tral Pampas, Argentine Republic" (type, from Choele-Choel, Rio Negro, 



^Nothura maculosa nigroguttata Salvadori: Nearest to A', m. maculosa, and 

 about the same size, but upper parts less blackish, with paler, buffy to fulvous 

 brown instead of mikado brown cross-markings, and under parts more whitish, 

 less buffy, with bolder, more blackish markings on foreneck and sides. 



Birds from the plains of Cordoba, Buenos Aires Province, and Santa Fe, 

 allowing the usual amount of individual variation, agree fairly well together, 

 although those from Cordoba (Noetinger) tend to be somewhat grayer above and 

 average lighter buff below. Two specimens from southern Neuquen (CoUon Cura, 

 100 km. east of San Martin de los Andes) are even grayer above, with the lateral 

 edgings whiter (less buffy), and the under parts are still paler, with the dark mark- 

 ings on chest and flanks less extensive. Six specimens from Chimpay, Rio Negro 

 Territory, are lighter (yellower) above when compared to Buenos Aires and 

 Cordoba birds. 



It is with considerable reluctance that we adopt Salvadori's term nigroguttata 

 for the Nothura of the central plains of Argentina. The type came from Choele- 

 Choel, on the Rio Negro, and it might be argued that it is much more likely to be 

 the same as N. m. darwinii, the type of which was obtained by Darwin at Bahia 

 Blanca, near the southern border of Buenos Aires Province. Yet Salvadori, who 

 doubtless compared the two types directly, keeps them separate. On hasty exami- 

 nation and with only two specimens of the form here named nigroguttata for com- 

 parison, Hellmayr foimd Darwin's typical example, which is, however, not in ver>- 

 good condition, to be very similar to, if not identical with, the skins obtained by 

 H. W. Hudson on the Rio Negro. As observed under N. to. darwinii, the breeding 

 ranges of darwinii and nigroguttata require further study. The re-examination of 

 the type of N. nigroguttata seems likewise imperative. 



Additional material examined. — Argentina, Santa Fe: Estancia Ines, near 

 Hersilia, 2; Estancia Wildermuth, 1; La Geraldina, 1; Galvez, 1; Est. La Germania, 

 3; Mocovf, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 101 



in collection of Count Branicki, now in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman 

 and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 98, 1927). 



Nothura major (not Tinamus major Spix) Darwin, Zool. Voy. Beagle, 3, 

 Birds, p. 119, 1841— "north shores of the La Plata" [=Maldonado, 

 Uruguay]. 



Nothura maculosa (not Tinamus maculosus Temminck) Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 143 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Sternberg, 

 Journ. Orn., 17, p. 274, 1869 — Buenos Aires (habits); Durnford, Ibis, 

 1876, p. 165 — Buenos Aires; idem, Ibis, 1877, p. 203 — Buenos Aires; 

 Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 168 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (eggs descr.); 

 Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 58, 1881 — pampas 

 south to the vicinity of the Rio Colorado; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Cienc. 

 Cordoba, 5, p. 86, 1884 — Tandil, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 38, 

 1884 — part, Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires (eggs descr.); Withington, Ibis, 

 1888, p. 473 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. 

 Orn., 2, p. 211, 1889 — pampas south to the Rio Negro (habits); Frenzel, 

 Journ. Orn:, 39, p. 124, 1891— pampas of Cordoba; Holland, Ibis, 1892, 

 p. 214 — Estancia Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 27, p. 559, 1895— part, Buenos Aires; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. 

 Princet. Univ. Exp. Patag., 2, Orn., p. 20, 1904 — Buenos Aires and San 

 Luis; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 187, 1910 — part, 

 Buenos Aires (to the Rio Colorado), Chaco, and Cordoba; Grant, Ibis, 

 1911, p. 478— ^part. Cape San Antonio and Los Yngleses, Aj6, Buenos 

 Aires; ideip, Ibis, 1912, p. 274 (plumages); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 13— 

 PapJn, Bonifacio, Buenos Aires; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 90 — Cape San An- 

 tonio, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 11, 1920 — Uruguay 

 (Montevideo, Canelones, San Jose, Flores, Maldonado, Minas, Colonia, 

 Florida, Durazno, Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo, Rocha); Renard, I.e., 2, 

 p. 58, 1920 — Caiiuelas, Buenos Aires; Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 260, 1922 — 

 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 161, 1923 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires; 

 Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 1925, p. 223 — Icario, Santiago del Estero; 

 Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 350, 1926— Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe; Pozzi, 

 I.e., 4, p. 66, 1927 — Ajo, Buenos Aires (habits). 



Nothura maculosa nigroguttata Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 266, 

 1909 — part, Santa Fe (Mocovi) and Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud); 

 Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 597, 1924— Prov. Buenos 

 Aires; Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 101, 1923 Grange, habits); Wetmore, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 33, 1926— Buenos Aires (Dolores to Lavalle, 

 Carhue, Guaminl) and Corrientes (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 27, 

 1931 (range); Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, pp. 275, 280, 282, 

 1934 — Santa Fe (Est. La Germania, Wildermuth, Galvez, near Hersilia) 

 (crit.); Steullet and Deautier, Obr. Cine. Mus. La Plata, 1, p. 147, 1935 — 

 part, Buenos Aires (Pigue, Cristiano Muerto, La Plata, Bahia de San 

 Bias). 



Nothura nigriguttata Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 187, 1910 

 — central pampas. 



Nothura maculosa maculosa Marelli, El Hornero, 5, p. 193, 1933 — Sierra de la 

 Ventana and Saldungaray, Buenos Aires. 




102 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Nothura darwini salmdorii (not Nothura salvadorii Hartert) Laubmann, Wiss. 

 Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 74, 1930— part, Est. La Ger- 

 mania and Est. Wildermuth, Santa F6. 



Range. — Central Pampa region of Argentina, from southern 

 Santiago del Estero and the Chaco Santafecino south through the 

 plains of Cordoba and Buenos Aires to the Rio Negro, east to the 

 Rio Parana; (?)accidental at Mendoza.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Argentina (Henderson, Buenos 

 Aires, 1). 



Conover Collection.— SS: Argentina (Papin, Bonifacio, Buenos 

 Aires, 3; Los Ingleses, Buenos Aires, 1; Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 

 3; Torrecito, Buenos Aires, 1; Alvarez Yonte, Buenos Aires, 2; 

 Dorrego, Buenos Aires, 5; Noetinger, Cordoba, 9; Mendoza, 1; 

 Collon Cura, Neuqu^n, 2; Chimpay, Rio Negro, 6). 



*Nothura maculosa maculosa (Temminck). Spotted Nothura. 



Tinamus maculosus Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 557, 748, 1815 — 

 based on "Ynambui" Azara, No. 327, Paraguay,- and two specimens (of 

 unrecorded locality) in the Paris Museum (type locality restricted to 

 Bernalcue, near Asuncion, Paraguay; cf. Laubmann, Verb. Orn. Ges. 

 Bay., 20, p. 273, 1934); Wied, Reise Bras., 1, p. 116 (8vo ed., p. 114), 

 1820 — plains of Goaytacases, Rio de Janeiro; idem, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 

 4, (2), p. 519, 1833 — plains of Goaytacases [ = Campos], especially near 

 the Rio Barganza, not far from the Lagoa Feia, Rio de Janeiro. 



Cryptura fasciata Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 109, 1819 

 — based on "Ynambui" Azara, No. 327; Paraguay. 



Crypturus maculosns Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 68, 1823 — 

 Sao Paulo. 



Nothura major (not Tinamus major Spix) Pelzeln, Om. Bras., 3, p. 295, 1870 

 — Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Cimeterio [do Lambari], Pederneiras, Itarare) 

 and Parana (Jaguaraiba). 



Nothura maculosa Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 255, 1874 — Barrancas, 

 Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 42, 

 1880— Sao Paulo; Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 6, p. 249, pi. 8, 

 fig. 4 (egg), 1881 — Estancia Tala, Prov. Durazno, L^ruguay; White, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 629 — Concepcion, Misiones; Barrows, 



1 An adult male from Mendoza (alt. 800 meters), May, 1911, in the Munich 

 Museum (No. 14.113), mentioned by Laubmann (Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, pp. 

 280, 282, 1934), s. n. N. m. mendozensis, and a female in the Conover Collection, are 

 very different from other specimens taken at Mendoza, and cannot be separated 

 from various individuals of nigroguttata. Unless there is some confusion about the 

 locality of the skins received from a dealer, they must be accidental occurrences. 



* Azara comprised under his "Ynambui" the present form as well as N. m. 

 nigroguttata, as results from the assigned range stated to extend from Paraguay 

 to Buenos Aires and to Montevideo. Laubmann has restricted the type locality 

 to southern Paraguay, where the dark-backed form is known to occur. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 103 



Auk, 1, p. 38, 1884 — part, Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Gibson, 

 Ibis, 1885, p. 282 — Paysandu, Uruguay (nesting); Berlepsch, Journ. 

 Orn., 35, p. 37, 1887— Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 

 214 — Santa Elena, Soriano, Uruguay (nesting); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 27, p. 559, 1895 — part, Uruguay (Maldonado, Montevideo) and 

 Sao Paulo (Ypanema); Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, 

 p. 153, 1899 — Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. 

 Paul., 3, p. 463, 1899— Sao Paulo; Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. 

 Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 706, 1906— Paraguay (Bernalcue), Entre Rios (La 

 Soledad), and Sao Paulo (Victoria, Itarare, Cimeterio [do Lambari], 

 Ypanema); Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 13, pp. 172, 

 173, 1906 — Campos Itatiaya, Rio de Janeiro; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, 

 p. 9, 1907 — Ypiranga and Franca, Sao Paulo; Liiderwaldt, Zool. Jahrb. 

 (Syst.), 27, p. 337, 1909— Sierra do Itatiaya; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 58— 

 Sapucay, Paraguay (nesting); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 478 — part, spec, k, 

 Monte Alto, Paraguayan Chaco; Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 68, 

 1913 — Misiones; idem, Faun. Parag., p. 35, 1914 — Paraguay; Marelli, 

 El Hornero, 1, p. 75, 1918 — Curuzu-Cuatia, Corrientes; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, 

 p. 11, 1920 — Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, San Jose, Flores, Mal- 

 donado, Minas, Colonia, Florida, Durazno, Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo, 

 Rocha); Seri6 and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 39, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; 

 Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 253, 1923 — 

 Retiro do Ramos, Itatiaya. 



Nothura maculosa nigroguttata (not of Salvadori) Hartert and Venturi, Nov. 

 Zool., 16, p. 266, 1909— part, Entre Rfos (La Soledad); SteuUet and 

 Deautier, Obr. Cine. Mus. La Plata, 1, p. 147, 1935 — part, Chaco (Quitilipi, 

 Margarita Belen) and Entre Rios (Colonia Protestante, Diamante; 

 Concepcion del Uruguay). 



Nothura maculosa savannarum Wetmore, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., 11, p. 435, 

 Nov. 4, 1921 — San Vicente, Rocha, Uruguay (type in U. S. National 

 Museum examined); idem. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 35, 1926 — San 

 Vicente, Uruguay; Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, pp. 279, 281, 

 1934— Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (crit.). 



Nothura maculosa boliviana (not N. boliviana Salvadori) Wetmore, Bull. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., 133, p. 36, 1926 — Chaco (Las Palmas), Formosa (Riacho 

 Pilaga), and Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco) (crit.); Peters, Bds. 

 World, 1, p. 26, 1931 — Argentine Chaco; Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. 

 Bay., 20, pp. 279, 280, 282, 1934— northern Paraguay (San Luis de la 

 Sierra, Apa Hills; Colonia Nueva Germania; Puerto Casado) and Formosa 

 (San Jose, Tacaagle, Lapango) (crit.); Steullet and Deautier, Obr. Cine. 

 Mus. La Plata, 1, p. 146, 1935 — Chaco and Formosa. 



Nothura maculosa maculosa Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 142, 

 1927— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 

 279, 1928— campos of Itatiaya; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 27, 1931— 

 Paraguay, Misiones, and southern Brazil; Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. 

 Bay., 20, p. 281, 1934 — part, Paraguay (Bernalcue), Sao Paulo, and Rio 

 de Janeiro; Steullet and Deautier, Obr. Cine. Mus. La Plata, 1, p. 145, 

 1935 — Misiones. 




104 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Nothura darvnni salvadorii (not N. salvadorii Hartert) Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. 

 Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 74, 1930 — part, Formosa (San Jose, 

 Tacaagl6, Lapango). 



Range. — Southern Brazil, from Rio de Janeiro (Campos) and 

 southern Matto Grosso (Vaccaria) south to Rio Grande do Sul; 

 Uruguay; Paraguay (Apa Hills, Cerro Amambay, Bernalcu^, Villa 

 Rica, Sapucay, etc.); eastern Paraguayan Chaco (Puerto Pinasco, 

 Fort Wheeler, Riacho Negro, etc.); and northeastern Argentina (in 

 Corrientes, Entre Rios, Misiones, Formosa and the Chaco). ^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 8: Brazil (Fazenda Capao Bonita, 

 Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 3); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 2); Uruguay 

 (San Vicente, Rocha, 3). 



Conover Collection. — 38: Brazil (Fazenda Capao Bonita, Vaccaria, 

 Matto Grosso, 6); Paraguay (Capitan Bado, Cerro Amambay, 6; 

 Villa Rica, 13; Horqueta, 6); Argentina (Santa Ana, Misiones, 3); 

 Uruguay (Mercedes, Soriano, 4). . 



♦Nothura maculosa major (Spix).^ Spix's Nothura. 



^ Birds from southern Brazil and Misiones are identical with those from 

 southern Paraguay. Their characters are the large extent of the black area 

 occupying the greater part of the dorsal and uropygial feathers; the rufescent 

 (mikado brown) barring above; the ochraceous buflf under parts and the compara- 

 tively restricted dusky spotting on the foreneck. Specimens from west of the 

 Paraguay and Parana rivers, however, are not quite typical, having the upper 

 parts blacker, less rufescent, but seem better referred here than to any other race. 

 We are unable to recognize N. m. savannarum as distinct. The type and another 

 example from San Vicente have the light edgings to the dorsal plumage broader and 

 whiter and the dark centers less marked with light vermiculations, while the under 

 parts are paler with the dark spotting on the chest smaller, darker, more sharply 

 defined, and more rounded; also the barring on the flanks is more reduced. How- 

 ever, another adult from the same locality is darker, more like certain nigroguttata 

 from Buenos Aires, and a fourth is just as dark and rufescent as maculosa from 

 Villa Rica. Birds from western Uruguay (Soriano and Paysandu) cannot satis- 

 factorily be separated from Sapucay and Villa Rica specimens, although some 

 again approach nigroguttata, and the same remark applies to the inhabitants 

 of Entre RIos. All that can be said is that birds from tjruguay and Entre Rios 

 are more or less intermediate, but do not possess any character of their own. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Campos, Rio de Janeiro, 1; Jaguaraiba, 

 Parana, 1; Cimeterio do Lambari, Sao Paulo, 1; Pederneiras, Sao Paulo, 1; Victoria, 

 Sao Paulo, 1; Itarare, Sao Paulo, 2; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 4; Pedras Brancas, 

 Rio Grande do Sul, 1. — Argentina: Santa Ana, Misiones, 1; La Soledad, Entre 

 Rios, 4; Kilometer 182, Formosa, 2; San Jose, Formosa, 1; Lapango, Formosa, 1; 

 Riacho Pilaga, Formosa, 2; Las Palmas, Chaco, 1; General Pinedo, Chaco, 2. — 

 Tjruguay: San Vicente, Rocha, 1; Santa Elena, Soriano, 1; Maldonado, 1; Monte- 

 video, 1; Paysandu, 2. — Paraguay: San Luis de la Sierra, Apa Hills, 3; Nueva 

 Germania, 1; Bernalcue, near Asuncion, 2; Sapucay, 1; Villa Rica, 3; Rosario, 5; 

 Horqueta, 6; Capitan Bado, Cerro Amambay, 6; 40 km. west-southwest of 

 Capitan Bado, Cerro Amambay, 3; Riacho Negro, Chaco, 2; Puerto Pinasco, 

 Chaco, 3; Fort Wheeler, Chaco, 1; Puerto Casado, Chaco, 1; Monte Alto, Chaco, 1. 



* Nothura maculosa mxijor (Spix): Closely similar to N. m. maculosa, but less 

 blackish above, the rufous barring predominating over the black; upper wing 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 105 



Tinamus major Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 64, pi. 80, 1825 — "in cam pis 

 Minas Geraes, prope pagum Tejuco [=Diamantina] et Contendas," Bra- 

 zil (descr. of adult; type in Munich Museum examined). 



Tinamus m^dius Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 65, pi. 81, 1825 — "in campis 

 prope pagum Tejuco" [=Diamantina], Minas Geraes, Brazil (descr. of 

 immature; type in Munich Museum examined). 



Nothura maculosa (not Tinamus maculosus Temminck) Burmeister, Syst. 

 Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 330, 1856 — Congonhas, Minas Geraes; Reinhardt, 

 Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 51 — Lagoa Santa, Curvelo, 

 and Pindeibas, Minas Geraes; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 

 559, 1895 (in part); Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, 

 No. 3, p. 706, 1906 — part, Minas Geraes (notes on Spix's types); Ihering, 

 Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 9, 1907 — part, Minas Geraes and "Bahia"; Hell- 

 mayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 100, 1908 — Agua Suja, Minas Geraes. 



Nothura maculosa maculosa Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, pp. 279, 

 281, 1934 — part, Minas Geraes (Tejuco, Agua Suja, Focos de Caldas) ; Pinto, 

 Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 30, 1936 — Fazenda Boa Vista, Jaragua, Goyaz. 



Range. — Interior of Brazil, in states of Goyaz (Jaragua, Veadei- 

 ros), Minas Geraes (Diamantina, Contendas, Pocos de Caldas, 

 Lagoa Santa, Curvelo, Pindeibas, Agua Suja), and probably the 

 adjoining section of Bahia. 



Conover Collection. — 2: Brazil (Veadeiros, Goyaz, 2). 

 Nothura maculosa cearensis Naumburg.' Ceara Nothura. 



Nothura maculosa cearensis Naumburg, Amer. Mus. NoV., 554, p. 1, Aug. 22, 

 1932 — Lavras, Ceard, Brazil (type in the American Museum of Natural 

 History, New York, examined). 



Range. — Northeastern Brazil, in State of Ceara (Lavras). 



coverts on 'average lighter ochraceous; under parts Hkewise somewhat paler, with 

 the dusky markings on foreneck narrower (forming streaks rather than spots) 

 and the bars on the flanks more reduced. Wing, 126-134, (female) 140; bill, 

 183^-20. 



Seven specimens from western Minas Geraes and Goy&z seem to indicate 

 that, in spite of Hellmayr's former statement, T. major may be kept separate. 

 The birds vary somewhat in the coloration of the upper parts, two individuals, 

 one each from Agua Suja and Veadeiros, being decidedly more grayish than the 

 others, and much like N. m. nigroguttata on the dorsal surface. The reduced 

 dusky spotting on the foreneck leads to the little-known Ceara race. 



Additional material examined.— Mina.s Geraes: Diamantina, 2; Agua Suja, 

 near Bagagem, 4; Pocos de Caldas, 1. 



' Nothura maculosa cearensis Naumburg: Much like N. m. boliviana, but 

 wings considerably shorter; light bars on back somewhat paler rufescent; upper 

 wing coverts paler ochraceous; dusky markings on foreneck reduced to narrow 

 streaks. Wing (male), 114; bill, 18. 



Although direct comparison of the unique type with Minas specimens was 

 not possible, this race is probably even more nearly related to N. m. major, but 

 appears to differ by much shorter wings and even greater reduction of dusky 

 streaking on foreneck. Much more material of N. m. cearensis and A^. m. major 

 than exists in collections is required to establish their proper status, but for the 

 present they may be provisionally admitted. 




106 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 

 ♦Nothura minor (Spix).* Least Nothura. 



Tinamus minor Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 65, pi. 82, 1825 — "in campis 

 prope pagum Tejuco" [=Diamantina], Minas Geraes, Brazil (type in 

 Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, 

 No. 3, p. 707, 1906). 



Nothura assimilis G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 105, 1867 — 

 "South America" (type in British Museum examined). 



Nothura minor Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 19, Nothura, sp. 4, 1827 — Tejuco 

 (descr. of type, crit.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 331, 

 1856 (ex Spix); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 

 52 — Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. 

 Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 707, 1906 — Itarare, Irisanga, and Itatinga, Sao Paulo 

 (descr., var., meas.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 9, 1907 — Sao Paulo, 

 Minas Geraes, Matto Grosso, and "Bahia"; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 60, p. 61, 1930— Chapada, Matto Grosso (range); Peters, Bds. 

 World, 1, p. 27, 1931 (range); Laubmann, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 

 282, 1934 — Minas Geraes (Tejuco; Agua Suja). 



Nothura msdia (not Tinamus medius Spix) et minor Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 

 8, Tinami, p. 45, 1880 — southern Brazil (descr.). 



Nothura media Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 295, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Fazenda do 

 Rio Verde, Itarare, Irisanga); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 152, 

 1893 — Chapada, Matto Grosso; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 

 563, 1895 — Itarare and Chapada (spec, examined); Ihering, Rev. Mus. 

 Paul., 3, p. 463, 1899— Sao Paulo. 



Range. — Southern Brazil, in states of Minas Geraes (Diamantina; 

 Lagoa Santa; Agua Suja, near Bagagem), Sao Paulo (Itatinga, 

 Itapetininga, Itarar^, Irisanga), and Matto Grosso (Chapada) .- 



Conover Collection. — 1: Brazil (Itapetininga, Sao Paulo, 1). 

 *Nothura boraquira (Spix).^ Marbled Nothura. 



^Nothura minor (Spix), a very distinct species, differs from N. m. maculosa, 

 which is found in the same parts of Brazil, by much smaller size; much slenderer, 

 though not always shorter bill; deeper and more tawny-ochraceous under parts 

 with much more narrowly barred flanks; more rufescent as well as more closely 

 barred upper wing coverts; and by having the upper surface bright chestnut- 

 rufous vermiculated with black, whereas in the allied species these parts are black 

 with widely separated transverse bands of ochraceous brown or dull rufescent. 

 Wing, 108-118; bill, 16-18. 



The senior author has examined a good series of this rare tinamou in European 

 collections. 



Additional material examined. — Minas Geraes: Tejuco, 1 (the type); Agua 

 Suja, near Bagagem, 2. — Sao Paulo: Itarare, 5; Irisanga, 1; Itatinga, 1. — Matto 

 Grosso: Chapada, 2. — Brazil: unspecified, 1. 



2 No record exists from Bahia, which was included by Ihering in its range. 



^Nothura boraquira (Spix), aside from its white throat and posterior under 

 parts and wood brown to cinnamon-drab chest, is immediately distinguished from 

 the N. maculosa complex by the immaculate dusky inner webs of the remiges 

 and the buff-and-dusky-barred under wing coverts. 



Birds from Bolivia (marmorata) are not separable, though they average slightly 

 paler above. This divergency is, however, completely bridged by the individual 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 107 



Tinamus boraquira Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 63, pi. 79, 1825 — "in 

 campis petrosis districtus adamantini" = Minas Geraes, Brazil' (type in 

 Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, 

 No. 3, p. 705, 1906). 



Nothura boraquira Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 19, Nothura, sp. 1, 1827 — Brazil 

 (descr. of type); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 329, 1856 — 

 campos between Bahia and Pernambuco south to "northern Minas 

 Geraes" (ex Spix); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 295 (note 1), 1870— Brazil; 

 Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 44 (note 1), 1880— Brazil (crit.); 

 . Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 705, 1906— 

 Lamarao, Bahia (descr., crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 10, 1907 

 — Parnagua, Piauhy; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 

 76, p. 98, 1910 — Bahia (Fazenda da Serra and Boa Vista, Rio Grande; 

 opposite Cantinho, Lagoa Boca da Catinga de Cima, and Santa Rita, 

 Rio Preto); idem. I.e., p. 248, 1924 — Bahia and Piauhy (Parnagud, Ped- 

 rinha, Burity, Rio Fundu, Caitetu); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 Zool. Ser., 12, p. 478, 1929 — Quixada and Ju4, near Iguatu, Cear4; Laub- 

 mann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 72, 1930 — La Cre- 

 cencia, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 27, 1931 

 (range); Laubmann, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, pp. 281, 282, 1934— Puerto 

 Casado, Paraguayan Chaco; Brodkorb, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 33, 

 1937 — west of Puerto Casado, Paraguayan Chaco. 



Nothura marmorata G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 104, 1867 — 

 Bolivia (cotypes in British Museum examined) ; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 27, p. 561, pi. 18, 1895— Bolivia. 



Nothura spixi Miranda-Ribeiro, Rev. Mus. Paul., 23, p. 704, pis. 3 and 4a, 

 1938 — new name for Tinamus boraquira Spix on grounds of purism. 



Range. — Northeastern Brazil, from Piauhy and Ceara south to 

 Bahia; also in eastern Bolivia (Dept. Santa Cruz) and the adjacent 

 districts of the Paraguayan Chaco (west of Puerto Casado). 



Field Museum Gollection. — 1: Brazil (Quixada, Ceara, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 19: Brazil (Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara, 1); 

 Bolivia (Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 7; Santa Cruz, 2); Paraguay 

 (265 km. west of Puerto Casado, Chaco, 7; 120 km. west of Puerto 

 Pinasco, 2). 



variation observable in a series of Brazilian specimens. Paraguayan specimens are 

 slightly more grayish above, and more extensively buflfy below, with the dark 

 markings on chest and foreneck more prominent. The scutellation of the tarsus, 

 in this species, does not differ from the other members of the genus, as has been 

 correctly pointed out by Laubmann. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil, Bahia: Lamarao, 2; Fazenda da Serra, 

 Rio Grande, 1; Boa Vista, Rio Grande, 1; Lagoa Boca da Catinga de Cima, Rio 

 Preto, 1; Santa Rita, Rio Preto, 1; unspecified, 2. — Bolivia: La Crecencia, Santa 

 Cruz, 1 ; unspecified, 2. — Paraguay: Colonia Friedrichsruh, Puerto Casado, Chaco, 1 . 



1 The locality is probably erroneous, the occurrence in Minas Geraes being 

 denied by Reinhardt (Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 51), and it 

 is quite possible that the type actually came from Bahia or Piauhy. Errors of 

 this kind are not infrequent in Spix's work. 




108 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Genus TAONISCUS Gloger 



Taoniscus Gloger, Gemeinn. Hand- und Hilfsb., 1, Part 6, p. 404, 1842 — type, 

 by monotypy, Taoniscus pavoninus Gloger =Tinam'us nantis Temminck. 



Pavuncula Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 881, 1856 — 

 type, by monotypy, Tinamus nanus Temminck. 



*Taoniscus nanus (Temminck). Dwarf Tinamou. 



Tinamus nanus Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 600, 753, 1815 — 

 based on "Ynambu-carape" Azara, No. 328, Misiones; idem, Nouv. Rec. 

 PI. Col., livr. 53, pi. 316, 1824— Sao Paulo, Brazil (spec, in Paris Museum). 



Nothura nana Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 19, sp. 5, 1827— "Paraguay" [= Mi- 

 siones] and Brazil (descr.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 331, 

 1856— Sao Paulo and "Paraguay"; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 295, 1870— 

 Parana (Fazenda do [Coronel Luciano] Carneiro, Jaguaraiba) and Sao 

 Paulo (Itarare, Irisanga) ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 46 (note 

 1), 1880— Franca, Sao Paulo. 



Taoniscus pavoninus Gloger, Gemeinn. Hand- und Hilfsb., 1, Part 6, p. 404, 

 1842 — based on "Ynambu-carape" Azara, No. 328. 



Taoniscus nanus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 564, 1895 — Itarare, 

 Brazil; Anon., Ibis, 1901, p. 744 — Argentina; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 

 3, p. 464, 1899— Sao Paulo; idem. Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 10, 1907— Sao 

 Paulo; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 28, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. 

 Paul., 22, p. 14, 1937— Bartyra, Sao Paulo. 



Range. — Southeastern Brazil, in states of Sao Paulo (Franca, 

 Irisanga, Itarar^, Itapetininga, Bartyra) and Parana (Faz. do Coronel 

 Carneiro [=B6a Vista], Rio Jaguaraiba), and in the Argentine 

 Territory of Misiones,^ 



Conover Collection. — 1: Brazil (Itapetininga, Sao Paulo, 1). 

 Genus EUDROMIA Is. Geoffroy 



Eudromia Is. Geoffroy, Mag. Zool., 2, cl. 2, text to pi. 1, p. [1], 1832 — type, 

 by monotypy, Eudromia elegans Is. Geoffroy. 



Calodromas Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., pp. 153, 156, 1873 — 

 new name for Eudromia Is. Geoffroy (believed to be preoccupied by 

 Eudromias Boie, 1832). 



Calopezus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 2, p. 97, 1884 — new name for 

 Calodromas Sclater and Salvin (believed to be preoccupied by Calodromus 

 Gu6rin, 1832). 



1 The above appear to be the only exact localities whence this dwarf tinamou, 

 one of the rarest neotropical birds, has been secured. "Minas Geraes" — included 

 by certain authors in its range— goes back to Salvadori, who erroneously believed 

 Itarar6 to be in that state. Burmeister's supposition (Journ. Orn., 6, p. 161, 1858) 

 that Nothura nana might ultimately be found to occur in the vicinity of Mendoza 

 has not been confirmed. / 



Additional specimens examined. — Brazil: Franca, Sao Paulo, 2; Itarare, Sao 

 Paulo, 3; Irisanga, Sao Paulo, 1; Rio Jaguaraiba, Parana, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 109 

 *Eudromia mira Brodkorb.* Brodkorb's Martineta. 



Eudromia mira Brodkorb, Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 382, p. 1, June 

 20, 1938' — 120 km. west of Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay (type in Museum of 

 Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor). 



Range. — Northern Chaco of Paraguay (120 km. west of Puerto 

 Pinasco; 200 km. west of Puerto Casado). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Paraguay (Orloff, 120 miles west 

 of Puerto Casado, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 2: Paraguay (120 km. west of Puerto Casado, 

 1; 240 km. west of Puerto Casado, 1). 



*Eudromia elegans elegans Is. Geoffroy. Elegant Martineta. 



Eudromia elegans ("d'Orbigny and Is. Geoflfroy") Is. Geoffroy, Mag. Zool., 2, 

 cl.2, pi. 1, and text, p. [3], 1832 — between 38° and 46"" south lat., in eastern 

 Argentina (the type, preserved in the Paris Museum, was obtained at Bahia 

 de San Bias, southern Buenos Aires; cf. d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., 2, 

 p. 68, 1839 [or later]); d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., 2, pp. 68, 302, 1839 

 [or later] — Bahia de San Bias and Carmen de Patagones, Buenos Aires; 

 Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 8, p. 87, 1845 — Argentina (ex d'Orbigny); Hart- 

 laub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 21, 1847 — pampas of Buenos Aires (ex Azara's 

 "Perdiz martineta"); Hudson and Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 

 pp. 545, 549 — Buenos Aires plains, Rio Negro, and south of the Rio 

 Colorado (habits) ; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 58, 

 . 1881 — Salinas Chicas, Rio Negro, and Rio Colorado; C. Burmeister, Anal. 

 Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, p. 318, 1889 — Valcheta (Rio Negro) and 

 Chubut. 



Calodromas elegans Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., p. 153, 1873 — 

 Argentina (in part); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 45 — Chubut Valley; idem, 

 • Ibis, 1878, p. 406— Chubut; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 317, 1884— Bahia Blanca, 

 Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 214, 1889 — part, 

 northern Patagonia (habits); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 213 (not found in 

 Uruguay). 



Calopezus elegans Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 566, 1895 — part, 

 spec, i, Rio Negro; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patag., 2, 

 Orn., p. 28, 1904 — Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, and Colhue Huapi, 

 Chubut; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 267, 1909 — part, Buenos 

 Aires (Bahia Blanca, Coronel Dorrego) and Chubut (Colhue Huapi); 

 Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 188, 1910 — part, Chubut, 



^Eudromia mira Brodkorb appears to be specifically distinct from E. elegans, 

 from which it differs in shorter, narrower crest-feathers, which are hardly wider 

 at the base than at a short distance from the tip instead of being distinctly tapered; 

 decidedly drab, not gray, general coloration of the upper parts with dark brown 

 mottling and barring without the roundish buffy white spots found in elegans; 

 drab instead of gray foreneck and chest with sagittate dusky markings without 

 any cross-barring; nearly unbarred inner webs of the primaries, only the extreme 

 bases being slightly mottled with buffy; pale bluish instead of white feet, etc. 



Additional material examined. — Paraguayan Chaco: 120 km. west of Puerto 

 Pinasco, 2; 195 km. west of Puerto Casado, 1. 




110 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Rio Negro, and Buenos Aires; Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 260, 1922— 

 Rosas, Prov. Buenos Aires; Dabbene, I.e., 3, p. 195, 1923 — Aguada 

 Grande, Rio Santa Cruz; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, 

 p. 598, 1924— Bahia Blanca, Prov. Buenos Aires; Smyth, I.e., 4, p. 2, 1927 

 — Cacharf, Buenos Aires (eggs); Aravena, I.e., 4, p. 43, 1924 — Arano, 

 Buenos Aires (food); Hudson, I.e., 4, p. 180, 1928 (habits). 

 Calopezus elegans elegans Dabbene and Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 

 24, p. 194, 1913 — part, Buenos Aires and Patagonia; Peters, Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., 65, p. 286, 1923 — San Antonio, Maquinchao, and Huanuluan, 

 Rio Negro (erit.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 27, 1926— 

 near Carhue, Buenos Aires; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 410, 

 1926 — San Antonio Oeste and Valcheta, Rio Negro (erit.). 



Eudromia elegans elegans Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 29, 1931 (range); Marelli, 

 El Hornero, 5, p. 193, 1933 — Est. Sierra de Ventana, Saldungaray, Buenos 

 Aires; Steullet and Deautier, Obr. Cine. Mus. La Plata, 1, p. 153, 1935 — 

 Buenos Aires (Cristiano Muerto, Curumalan Chieo, Bahia Blanca), Rio 

 Negro (ten leguas south of Viedma), and Santa Cruz (Bahia del Fondo) 

 (synon., range). 



Eudromia elegans formosus (not Calopezus formosus Lillo) Chubb, Ibis, 1919, 

 p. 14 — Laguna Alsina, Bonifacio "de Cordoba" (spec, now in Conover 

 Collection). 



Range. — Patagonia from the Rio Santa Cruz northwards through 

 Chubut and Rio Negro to the Rio Colorado and the southern parts 

 of Province of Buenos Aires. 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Argentina (Rivadavia, Chubut, 2; 

 Rio Chico, Chubut, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 10: Argentina (Laguna Alsina, Bonifacio, 

 Buenos Aires, 1; Cambac^res, Buenos Aires, 2; Pichi Mahuida, Rio 

 Negro, 3; Rawson, Chubut, 3; Pampa Alta, Santa Cruz, 1). 



*Eudromia elegans morenoi (Chubb). ^ Moreno's Martineta. 



Calopezus elegans morenoi Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 38, p. 31, Dee. 29, 1917 

 — Neuquen, "western Patagonia" (type in the British Museum); Peters, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 287, 1923— Tunuyan, Mendoza (erit.); 

 Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 28, 1926— Rio Negro (General 

 Roca), Pampa (Vietorica), and Tunuyan, Mendoza (erit.). 



Eudromia elegans (not of GeofFroy) Eraser, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 116, 

 1843 — pampas near Mendoza; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 6, p. 161, 1858 — 



1 Eudromia elegans morenoi (Chubb) : Similar toE. e. elegans, but dorsal plumage 

 paler and grayer, and dusky barring below less heavy, with a tendency to becoming 

 evanescent on the abdomen. 



Birds from Mendoza are not quite typical, being not as plain-bellied as those 

 from Neuquen, which are practically unmarked. 



By the reduction of the barring on the under parts, this race forms the transi- 

 tion to E. e. intermedia. 



Additional material examined. — Neuquen: Lago Nahuel Huapi, 1; Casa Lata, 

 1. — Mendoza: Mendoza, 2. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 111 



near Mendoza; idem, I.e., 8, p. 259, 1860 — Mendoza and San Luis; idem, 

 Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 498, 1861 — same localities; Martens, Journ. Orn., 

 23, p. 443, 1875 — Vistaflores, Mendoza; Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. 

 Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 403, 1890— Cordoba. 



Tinamotis elegans Bridges, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 15, p. 28, 1847 — vicinity of 

 Mendoza. 



Calopezus elegans Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 124, 1891 — Prov. C6rdoba; 

 Salvadori, Cat. Eds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 566, 1895 — part, spec, a-h, Men- 

 doza; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 188, 1910 — part, 

 Cordoba and Mendoza; idem and Lillo, I.e., 24, p. 194, 1913 — part, 

 Mendoza, San Luis, and Cordoba; Reed, Av. Prov. Mendoza, p. 6, 1916 

 —Mendoza; Pereyra, El Hornero, 3, p. 174, 1923— Conhelo (F.C.O.), 

 central Pampa. 



Eudromia elegans morenoi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 28, 1931 (range); Pereyra, 

 El Hornero, 6, p. 74, 1935 — Conhelo, Pampa (habits, nest, eggs); Steullet 

 and Deautier, Obr. Cine. Mus. La Plata, 1, p. 155, 1935 (range, synon.). 



Range. — Western Argentina from Mendoza, San Luis, and 

 Cordoba south to Pampa and the upper Rio Negro and Rio Limay 

 in Neuqu^n. 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Argentina (Mendoza, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 14: Argentina (Tunuyan, Mendoza, 8; Las 

 Lajas, Rio Agrio, Neuqu^n, 2; Chos-Malal, Neuqu^n, 3; Collon 

 Cura, Neuqu^n, 1). 



♦Eudromia elegans albida (Wetmore).i Whitish Martineta. 



Calopezus elegans albidus Wetmore, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., 11, p. 437, 

 Nov. 4, 1921 — San Juan, Argentina (type in U. S. National Museum). 



Eudromia elegans albida Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 28, 1931 — San Juan; Steullet 

 and Deautier, Obr. Cine. Mus. La Plata, 1, p. 155, 1935 — San Juan. 



Range.— Flsdns of San Juan Province, western Argentina. 

 Conover Collection. — 2: Argentina (Canada Honda, San Juan, 2). 



♦Eudromia elegans intermedia (Dabbene and Lillo). ^ Inter- 

 mediate Martineta. 



Calopezus intermedius Dabbene and Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 24, 

 pp. 192, 194, pi. 12, July, 1913— Colalao del Valle, western Tucum^n 

 (type in coll. of M. Lillo). 



^Eudromia elegans albida (Wetmore): Similar toE. e. morenoi, but much paler; 

 white spots and broken bars of upper surface large, the light markings being more 

 extensive than the darker ones; feathers of lower hind neck extensively marked 

 with dull ivory yellow; light markings on under surface likewise more extensive. 

 Wing, 211; tail, 97 J^; tarsus, 40 H; bill, 25. 



The two specimens in the collection are very worn. 



^Eudromia elegans intermedia (Dabbene and Lillo): Agreeing in proportions 

 and in shape of dusky markings on foreneek and chest with E. e. morenoi, but 

 breast and abdomen, excepting a few bars on the sides and flanks, wholly immacu- 

 late. Wing, 230; tail, 120; bill, 28. 




112 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Colodromas [sic] elegans (not Etidromia elegans GeoflFroy) Koslowsky, Rev. 

 Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 287, 1895— Chilecito, La Rioja. 



Calopezus elegans Lillo, AnaL Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 219, 1902 — 

 Valles Calchaquies, Tucum&n; Giacomelli, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 63, 

 p. 301, 1907— La Rioja; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 267, 

 1909— part, La Rioja (cf. Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 15); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. 

 Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 188, 1910 — part, Chilecito, La Rioja. 



Calopezus elegans intermedius Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 82, 1923 — La Rioja. 



Etidromia elegans intermedia Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 28, 1931 (range). 



Etidromia formosa intermedia SteuUet and Deautier, Obr. Cine. Mus. La 

 Plata, 1, p. 157, 1935— La Rioja to western Tucuman, 



Range. — Northwestern Argentina, from western Tucuman (Co- 



lalao del Valle, Amaicha) to La Rioja (Chilecito). 



Cmiover Collection. — 2: Argentina (Colalao del Valle, Tucuman, 2). 



Eudromia «leg«ns formosa (Lillo). • LiLLO's Martineta. 



Calopezus formosus Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 72, July, 1905 — 

 eastern Tucuman near the confines of Santiago del Estero (type, from 

 between Las Cejas and Isca lacu, in coll. of M. Lillo); Dabbene, Anal. 

 Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 188, 1910 — eastern Tucuman; idem 

 and Lillo, I.e., 24, pp. 190, 194, pi. 11, 1913 — eastern Tucuman (Las 

 Cejas) and Santiago del Estero (Suncho Corral) (monog.). 



CalodroTnas elegans (not Etidromia elegans Geoffroy) Menegaux, Rev. Frang. 

 d'Orn., 1925, p. 224 — Rumi, near Icano, Santiago del Estero. 



Calodromas elegans formosus Dinelli, El Hornero, 4, p. 274, 1929 — eastern 

 Tucuman and Santiago del Estero (nest and eggs). 



Eudromia elegans formosa Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 28, 1931 (range). 



Eudromia formosa formosa Steullet and Deautier, Obr. Cine. Mus. La Plata, 

 1, p. 156, 1935 — Las Cejas and Suncho Corral (synon.). 



Range. — Plains of eastern Tucuman and northwestern Santiago 

 del Estero, northwestern Argentina. 



Genus TINAMOTIS Vigors 



Tinamotis Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 4, "1836," p. 79, pub. Jan. 16, 

 1837 — type, by monotypy, Tinamotis pentlandii Vigors. 



♦Tinamotis pentlandii Vigors. Pentland's Tinamotis. 



Tinamotis pentlandii- Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 4, "1836," p. 79, pub. 

 Jan. 16, 1837 — "on a high elevation in the Andes," probably Bolivia 



' Eudromia elegans formosa (Lillo) may be distinguished from the preceding 

 race by larger size; much heavier blaclash markings on foreneck and chest; different 

 pattern of the dorsal surface with large blotches of black on the wing coverts, etc. 

 The median and posterior under parts are immaculate as in E. e. intermedia. 

 Wing, 240-250; tail, 123-128; bill, 30-32. . 



Material examined. — Argentina: Suncho Corral, Santiago del Estero, 2. 



* Frequently spelled pentlandi. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 113 



(type in coll. of Zoological Society of London, now in British Museum); 

 Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [525], pi. cxxxvii, 1844; Tschudi, 

 Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 308, 1844— Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., 

 Aves, p. 286, 1846 — puna region of Peru (habits, eggs); Bridges, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 15, p. 28, 1847 — Pass of Tapaquilcha, east of Ascotan, 

 Potosi, Bolivia; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 393, 

 1847 — near Santiago (errore); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 989 — 

 Arequipa, Peru; idem, I.e., 1868, p. 570 — Arequipa; Taczanowski, I.e., 

 1874, p. 564 — Ninarupa, Junin, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, 

 p. 642 — near Potosi, Bolivia; Boeck, Mitt. Orn. Ver. Wien, 8, p. 165, 

 1884 — Cordillera of Cochabamba, Bolivia; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, 

 p. 310, 1886 — Peru (Ninarupa, Alaesayeo); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1886, p. 404— Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile; idem. I.e., 1891, p. 137— Saeaya 

 and "Canehosa," Tarapaca; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 568, 

 1895 — Bolivia, Chile (Huasco, Saeaya, "Canehosa"), and Peru (Arequipa); 

 Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 212, 1896— "Ataeama" and Tarapacd, 

 Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 647, 1898— "Concepcion, Chile" 

 (errore); Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 248, 1904 — Santa Catalina, 

 Jujuy; Berlepseh and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 130, 1906 — Puno and 

 Huaeochuyo, Puno, Peru; Menegaux, Bull. Soe. Philom. Paris, (10), 1, 

 p. 217, 1909 — Lake Poopo, Bolivia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos 

 Aires, 18, p. 188, 1910 — Santa Catalina, Jujuy, and (?)western San Juan 

 (ex Fontana); idem, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 251, 1913 — Santa Catalina, 

 Jujuy; Budin, El Hornero, 1, p. 101, 1918 — Quebrada de Huamahuaea, 

 Jujuy (habits); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 15 — Galera, JunIn, and Sumbay, 

 Arequipa, Peru; Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 402, 1931^ — puna of Jujuy; 

 Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 29, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. 

 Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 427, 1932 — Choquelimpie, Tacna, and Rio Ina- 

 ealiri, Antofagasta, Chile; Steullet and Deautier, Obra Cine. Mus. La 

 Plata, 1, p. 157, 1935 — Laguna Colorada, Maimar4, and Santa Catalina, 

 Jujuy (synon., range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 461 — Talahuarra, Huan- 

 cavelica, Peru. 

 Eudromia andecola d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., 2, p. 68, 1839 (or later) — 

 vicinity of La Paz, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum). 



Eudromia pentlandii Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 8, Tinami, p. 47, 1880 — 

 Bolivian Andes (descr.). 



Range. — Puna zone of southern Peru (north to Junin), Bolivia, 

 northern Chile (Tacna to Antofagasta), and northwestern Argentina 

 (Prov. Jujuy, Los Andes, and Catamarca).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Chile (Antofagasta, Rio Inacaliri, 

 2; Tacna, Choquelimpie, 1); Peru (San Antonio de Esquilache, 

 Puno, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Argentina (Terr, de los Andes, 1); Peru 

 (Crucero Alto, Puno, 3). 



1 No authentic records appear to exist either for Tucuman or San Juan. 

 Birds from Argentina (Jujuy), northern Chile, and Bolivia agree well. 




114 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



♦Tinamotis ingoufi Oustalet.' Ingouf's Tinamotis. 



Tinamotis ingoufi Oustalet, Ann. Sci. Nat., (7), Zool., 9, p. 18, 1890 — vicinity 

 of Santa Cruz, Patagonia (type in Paris Museum examined) ; idem. Miss. 

 Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B105, pi. 1, 1891— Santa Cruz; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 27, p. 569, 1895 — Santa Cruz; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. 

 Univ. Exp. Patag., 2, Orn., p. 31, 1904 — Santa Cruz; Dabbene, Anal. 

 Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 188, 1910 — Santa Cruz; idem. El Hornero, 

 2, p. 134, 1920 — San Julian, Santa Cruz, Patagonia (eggs descr.); Pozzi, 

 I.e., 3, p. 180, 1923 — Aguada Grande, Rio Santa Cruz (habits); Peters, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 287, 1923 — Huanuluan, western Rio Negro; 

 idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 29, 1931 (range); Steullet and Deautier, Obra 

 Cine. Mus. La Plata, 1, p. 158, 1935— Santa Cruz. 



Range. — Southern Argentina in Territory of 3anta Cruz, Pata- 

 gonia; casual in western Rio Negro (Huanuluan). 



Conover Collection. — 9: Argentina, Territory of Santa Cruz 

 (Aguada Grande, 1; Estacion Pampa Alta, 7; unspecified, 1). 



Order GALLIFORMES 



Suborder GALLI 



Family CRACIDAE. Curassows, Guans, Chachalacas 



Genus NOTHOCRAX Burmeister 



Nothocrax Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 347, 1856 — type, by 

 monotypy, Crax ururmUum Spix. 



♦Nothocrax urumutum (Spix). Nocturnal Curassow. 



Crax urumutum Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 49, pi. 62, 1825 — Rio Negro, 

 Brazil (type in Munich Museum examined; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. 

 Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 683, 1906); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, 

 Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 746, 1848 — "British Guiana (fide Swainson)," 

 probably=Rio Negro (cf. Hellmayr, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 14, pp. 273, 

 274, 1920); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 288, 1870— Cocuy and Sao Gabriel, 

 Rio Negro (habits). 



Urax urumutum Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 347, 1856 (ex Spix). 



Nothocrax urumutum Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 519 

 — Rio Negro, Rio Pastaza, and "British Guiana" (ex Schomburgk); idem, 

 I.e., 1873, p. 307 — Rio Pastaza and Nauta, Peru (nocturnal habits); 

 Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 282, pi. 50 (fig. falsa), 1875— 

 "British Guiana" (ex Schomburgk), Rio Negro, and Rio Pastaza; idem, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 681 (color of soft parts); idem, Trans. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 10, p. 545, pi. 94 (fig. accur.), 1879; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, 

 p, 174 — "British Guiana" (ex Schomburgk); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 



1 Tinamotis ingoufi Oustalet may be distinguished from T. pentlandii by the 

 different scutellation of the lower portion of the tarsus, as well as by numerous 

 color characters, notably the bright rufous remiges and primary coverts. 



Additional material examined. — Patagonia: Santa Cruz, 2 (including the type). 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 115 • 



3, p. 265, 1886 — Rio Pastaza and Iquitos, Peru; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 22, p. 484, 1893 — Ecuador (Sarayacu) and Brazil (Rio Negro); 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 213, 1897 (monog.); Chubb, Bds. Brit. . 

 Guiana, 2, p. 20, 1921 — "British Guiana" (ex Schomburgk); Lonnberg 

 and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 15, 1922 — near Curaray River, 

 Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 152, 1926 — Rio 

 Suno, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 9, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Upper Amazonia, from the Rio Negro (Sao Gabriel, 

 Cocuy) and the Rio Purus west to eastern Ecuador and northeastern 

 Peru (Rio Pastaza; Nauta and Iquitos, northern bank of the Rio 

 Maranon).! 



Conover Collection. — 7: Brazil (Rio Purus, Labrea, 1); Ecuador 

 (Concepcion, 1; Verde Yaco, 1; Loreto, Ouca Yaco, 1; headwaters 

 of Rio Tigre, Napo-Pastaza, 3). 



Genus MITU Lesson 



Mitu Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 7, p. 485, April, 1831 — type, by tautonymy, 

 Ourax mitu Temminck= Crax mitu Linnaeus. 



Mitua Strickland, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7, p. 36, 1841 — emendation. 



**Mitu mitu, (Linnaeus). Razor-billed CuRASSOW. 



Crax mitu Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., r2th ed., 1, p. 270, 1766 — based mainly on 

 "Mitu" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 194; northeastern Brazil.* 



Crax nudifrons Lichtenstein, Cat. Rer. Nat. Rariss., p. 37, 1793^Brazil. 



Pauxi mitu Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 8, 685, 1815 — Brazil 

 (part, excl. of supposed "young"). 



Ourax mitu Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 26, pi. 153, 1822 — Brazil; 

 Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 289, 1846 — Maynas and Montanas 

 of central Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 288, 1870 — Matto Grosso 

 (Engenho do Gama, Nas Laranjeiros, Villa Bella), Rio Madeira (Salto 

 Theotonio, Borba), Rio Solimoes (lakes Manaqueri and Joanacan), and 

 Para, Brazil. 



Crax tuberosa Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 51, pi. 67a, 1825 — Rio Solimoes, 

 Brazil (cotypes in Munich Museum examined; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. 

 Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 688, 1906). 



Ourax erythrorynchus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Bds., 2, p. 352, July, 1837 

 — new name for Ourax mitu Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., pi. 153. 



1 No definite record exists from British Guiana. B. Brown's note (Canoe and 

 Camp Life in British Guiana, p. 132, 1876), quoted by Chubb, appears to refer to 

 Mitu tomentosa. On the other hand, a notice of Andre's (Naturalist in the Guianas, 

 p. 158, 1904) indicates the occurrence of a curassow of nocturnal habits on the 

 Caura River, Venezuela. 



2 In Marcgrave's description no mention is made of the white tail-tipping. 

 While the species has not been found in the region explored by Marcgrave, its 

 most easterly recorded locality being the Para district, there is the possibility that 

 he might have seen a captive specimen with abraded tail in some Indian village. 




116 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Urax tuberosa Burmeister, Syst. Uebers, Th. Bras., 3, p. 348, 1856 — Rio 



Solimoes (ex Spix). 



Urax mitu Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 349, 1856 — "north of 

 Bahia, near Pernambuco, Para, and lower Amazon"; Taczanowski, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 558 — Monterico and Amable Maria, Peru. 



M[itu] brasiliensis Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 137, 1862 — Brazil 

 and Peru (based mainly on "Mitu" of Marcgrave). 



Mitua tuberosa Bates, Naturalist on the Amazon, 2, p. 112, 1863 — Rio Cupari, 

 easterly tributary of Rio Tapajoz, above Aveiros, Brazil (breeding habits); 

 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 520— "British Guiana" 

 (errore). Para, Rio Madeira, Matto Grosso, Rio Tapajoz, and Peru (Chami- 

 curos); Burmeister, I.e., 1871, p. 701 — Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; 

 Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1873, p. 307 — Chamicuros and Loreto, Rio Mara- 

 non, Peru; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 283, pi. 51, 1875 — Brazil 

 (Rio Madeira, Matto Grosso, Rio Tapajoz) and Peru (Chamicuros, Loreto) 

 (monog.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 266, 1886 — Peru (Maynas, Chami- 

 curos, Loreto, Monterico); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 106, 1889 

 —lower Beni, Bolivia. 



Mitua mitu Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 485, 1893 — Cosnipata, 

 Peru, and Lake Joanacan, Rio Solimoes, Brazil; idem, Handb. Game- 

 Bds., 2, p. 214, 1897 (monog., range excl. of British Guiana); Goeldi, Ibis, 

 1903, p. 499— Rio Capim, Parfi; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, "1904," 

 p. 451, 1905— Rio Jurua, Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, 'p. 54, 

 1914 — Capim and Rio Acara, Para. 



Mitu mitu Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 12, 1907 — Rio Jurua, Brazil (range); 

 Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 417, 1910 — Jamarysinho, Rio Machados, 

 Brazil; idem, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, 

 pp. 81, 97, 1912— Rio Acara and Para localities; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 15 

 — San Ernesto, upper Beni, Bolivia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 80, p. 150, 1928 — Rio Muraitaua, Para; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. 

 N. H., 60, p. 62, 1930— Morinho Lyra, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 10, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Amazonia, south of the Amazon, from the Para region 

 west to eastern Peru, and south to Matto Grosso and eastern Bolivia.^ 



Field Museum Collection.- — 1: Peru (between Moyobamba and 

 Balsapuerto, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 14: Brazil (Rio Capim, Resacca, 2; Rio 

 Tapajoz, Caxiricatuba, 3; Boim, 1; Pinhel, 3; Rio Purus, Labrea, 1); 

 Peru (Chuchurras, 1); BoHvia (Rio Ichilo, Santa Cruz, 2; Buena- 

 vista, Santa Cruz, 1). 



1 Birds from Para, the Rio Madeira, and Matto Grosso agree well together, 

 and four from Peru (Chuchurras, Dept. Hu4nuco) are not different. 



The reported occurrence in British Guiana is due to misidentification of 

 Swainson's Ourax erythrorhynchus, as characterized in "Animals in Menageries." 

 Cf. Hellmayr, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 14, p. 273, 1920. 



Nineteen additional specimens examined. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 117 

 *Mitu salvini (Reinhardt). Salvin's Razor-billed Curassow. 



Mitua salvini Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 31, p. 5, 1879 — 

 no locality = eastern Ecuador (type in Copenhagen Museum) ; Sclater, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 109 (crit.); idem, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 10, p. 545, pi. 95, 1879— "Brazil, prov. Bahia?" (fig. of type); Ogilvie- 

 Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 487, 1893 — Sarayacu, Ecuador; idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 215, 1897 — Sarayacu; Salvadori and Festa, 

 Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 37, 1900— Rio Zamora and Rio 

 Santiago, Ecuador. 



Mitu salvini Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 152, 1926 — Rio Suno, 

 Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 10, 1934 — eastern Ecuador. 



Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Ecuador (Sarayacu, Rio Suno, 

 Rio Zamora, Rio Santiago, etc.)- 



Conover Collection. — 9: Ecuador (Concepcion, 1; Raya-Yaco, 1; 

 Loreto, Montes del Suno, 2; Raya-Chigta, 1; headwaters of Rio 

 Tigre, Napo-Pastaza, 4). 



*Mitu tomentosa (Spix). Lesser Razor-billed Curassow. 



Crax tomentosa Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 49, pi. 63, 1825 — Barcellos, 

 Rio Negro, Brazil (type in Munich Museum examined; cf. Hellmayr, 

 Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 683, 1906); Schomburgk, 

 Reisen Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 418; 2, pp. 18, 31, 1848 — Nappi, Mahu, and 

 Rio Takutu. 



Pauxi mitu (not Crax mitu Linnaeus) Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, p. 

 8, 1815 — part, supposed "young." 



Ourax erythrorhynchus (not of Swainson, July, 1837) Swainson, Anim. Menag., 

 p. 187, Dec. 31, 1837— River "Tokoto" [sic], British Guiana (crit.).' 



Urax erythrorhynchus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 

 747, "1848" [ = 1849]— British Guiana (ex Swainson).' 



Urax tomentosa Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 746, 1848 — 

 Takutu and Mahu rivers; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 349, 

 1856 — Barcellos, Rio Negro (ex Spix). 



Ourax tomentosa Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 288, 1870 — Rio Negro (below Poia- 

 res, Marabitanas, Serra do Cocuy, Sao Isabel, San Carlos) and Rio Branco 

 (Forte do Sao Joaquim), Brazil. 



Mitua tomentosa Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1870, p. 520 — 

 British Guiana, Rio Negro, and Rio Branco; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 9, p. 284, pi. 52, 1875 (monog.); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 174— British 

 Guiana (ex Schomburgk); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 

 487, 1893 — British Guiana (Rio Rupununi) and Rio Negro (Marabitanas); 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 215, 1897 (monog.); Berlepsch and 

 Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 120, 1902 — Rio Orinoco (Altagracia, Quiribana 

 de Caicara) and Caura Valley (Nicar6), Venezuela; Andr6, Naturalist in 

 the Guianas, p. 156, 1904 — Caura River, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., 



1 Cf. Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 14, p. 273, 1930. 




118 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 355, 1916 — Orinoco Valley (Las Gaucas, San 



Feliz River, etc.; nest and eggs descr.). 

 Miiua tuberose (not Crax tuberosa Spix) Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 174 — British 



Guiana (ex Schomburgk, ex Swainson).* 

 Mitua mitu Beriepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 296, 1908 — part, British Guiana. 

 Milu mitu Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 22, 1921 — British Guiana (ex 



Schomburgk, ex Swainson); Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 138 — Rio Apure, 



Venezuela. 

 MUu tomentosa Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 22, 1921 — upper Takutu 



Mountains and Rupununi River; Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45, p. 210, 



1932 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 10, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Southern British Guiana, the adjacent parts of Brazil 

 (from the Rio Branco to the Rio Negro), and the Orinoco Valley 

 and its tributaries in Venezuela.^ 



Conover Collection. — 1: Brazil (Amazonas, Rio Catrimany, 1). 



Genus PAUXI Temminck 



Pauxi Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 2, pp. 456, 465, 1812; I.e., 3, 



pp. 1, 683, 1815 — type, by tautonymy, Crax pauxi "Latham et Gmelin" 



[= Linnaeus]. 

 Ourax Cuvier, Regne Anim., 1, p. 440, "1817" [=Dec. 7, 1816]— type, by 



subs, desig. (Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 519), 



Paujci gaUata=Crax pauxi Linnaeus. 

 Lophocerus (not Lophoceros Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833) Swainson, Nat. 



Hist. Class. Bds., 2, p. 353, July 1, 1837 — type, by monotypy, Crax 



galeata Latham = Crax patixi Linnaeus. 

 Urax ("Cuvier") Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xxvi, March 1, 1850 — type, 



by subs, desig. (Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 519), 



Pauxi galeata=Crax pauxi Linnaeus. 

 Paujcis Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 285, 1875 — emendation of Pauxi 



Temminck. 



♦Pauxi pauxi (Linnaeus). Helmeted Curassow. 



Crax pauxi Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 270, 1766 — based on "Gallina 

 indica alia" Aldrovandi, "Le Hocco du Mexique" Brisson, etc.; "Mexico," 

 errore, = Venezuela. 



Crax galeata Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 624, 1790 — based on "Crax vertice cono 

 corneo onusto" Brisson, Om., 1, p. 87, 1763; "in insula Curassao," errore. 



Pauxi galeata Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 1, 683, 1815 — "Mexico 

 and Curagao Island" (monog.); Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [487], 

 pi. 122 (female), Nov., 1846; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1870, p. 519 — "Cayenne" (Buffon), "Rio Cassiquiare and Orinoco" 

 (Natterer), Venezuela (near Caracas), and "Santa Marta" (monog.); 

 Summerhayes, I.e., 1874, p. 420 — sierra inland of Aroa, Venezuela. 



» Cf. Hellmayr, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 14, p. 273, 1930. 



* Twelve specimens, including one from British Guiana, examined. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 119 



Ourax pauxi Cuvier, Regne Anim., 1, p. 440, "1817" [=Dec. 7, 1816] (descr.). 



Ourax galeata Tschudi, Untersuch. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 289, 1846 — "Prov. 

 Maynas, Peru" (errore). 



Urax pauxi Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 350, 1856 (range 

 imaginary). 



Ourax (Crax) pauxi Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 289, 1870 — "banks of the Rio 

 Cassiquiare and Orinoco" (from hearsay). 



Pauxis galeata Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 285, pi. 53, fig. 1 (male), 

 1875 — Venezuela ("Rio Cassiquiare and upper Orinoco"; near Caracas, 

 and near Tucacas); Funck, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 566 — forests 

 of Venezuela (from San Esteban up to the Cumbre de Valencia, also in 

 the mountains of Noigua and Montalban); Rowley, I.e., 1877, p. 684 

 (coloration of female) ; Sclater, I.e., 1880, p. 648 (coloration of female); 

 Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 266, 1886— "Maynas, Peru" (ex Tschudi). 



Pauxis galeata var. rubra Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, pi. 53, fig. 2 

 (female), 1875; Funck, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 566 (crit.). 



Pauxis pauxi Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 488, 1893 (monog., 

 range imaginary); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 216, 1897 (monog.). 



Pauxi pauxi Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 29, 

 1922 — La Azulita, Rio Guachi, Merida, Venezuela; Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 10, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Tropical mountain forests of northwestern Venezuela, 

 from the vicinity of Caracas west to Merida. ^ 



Conover Collection.— 1: Venezuela (La Azulita, Merida, 1). 

 Pauxi unicornis Bond and de Schauensee.^ Bolivian Helmeted 



CURASSOW. 



Pauxi unicornis Bond and de Schauensee, Not. Nat. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 29, p. 1, Oct. 24, 1939— hills above Bolivar, near Palmar, alt, 



1 The reported occurrence in Cayenne, eastern Peru (Maynas), and Colombia 

 (Santa Marta), as well as in southern Venezuela (banks of the Rio Cassiquiare 

 and upper Orinoco) has never been corroborated. 



In addition to various specimens of doubtful origin, one of us has examined 

 three, collected by S. Briceno in the Montana del Capas (alt. 200 meters), below 

 the city of Merida. 



2 Pauxi unicornis Bond and de Schauensee : Differs from Pauxi pauxi by the 

 differently shaped casque which is roundly conical (almost cylindrical, with 

 rounded top) instead of fig-shaped. It would seem that there also may be a dif- 

 ference in coloration of the casque which in a specimen of unicornis examined by 

 the junior author is black (given as leaden blue in life), while in a specimen of 

 pauxi the casque is a light yellowish brown. Also the upper edge of the culmen is 

 sharper, less rounded. In the Bolivian bird the feathers of the center of the crown, 

 nape, and hind neck are tightly curled upwards in sharp contrast to the sides of the 

 face and neck, whereas in a Venezuelan specimen the feathers of these parts are 

 only slightly curled and are not in contrast with the sides of the face and neck (in 

 the specimen of pauxi examined a few feathers directly under the casque are 

 tightly curled). The color pattern of unicornis is similar to pauxi, but the plum- 

 age is greenish without any blue gloss and the dark fringes on the feathers of the 

 lower neck and mantle are much less strongly marked. 



Material examined. — Bolivia: Palmar, Yungas de Cochabamba, 1, 




120 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



2,500 ft., Yungas de Cochabamba, Bolivia (type in the Academy of 

 Natural Sciences of Philadelphia). 



Range. — Known only from near Palmar, Yungas de Cocha- 

 bamba, Bolivia. 



Genus CRAX Linnaeus 



Crax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 157, 1758 — type, by subs, desig. 

 (Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., ed. 2, p. 207, note 2, 1896), Crax rubra 

 Linnaeus. 



Aledor Merrem, Av. Rar. Icon, et Descr., fasc. 2, p. 40, 1786 — type, by 

 tautonymy, Crax aledor Linnaeus. 



Mitupordnga Reichenbach, VoUst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 136, 1862 — type, by 

 subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 474, 1893), Crax 

 globicera Linnaeus. 



Crassolaryngvs Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 136, 1862 — type, by 

 subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 136, 1893), Crax 

 globulosa Spix. 



Sphaerolaryngiis Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 136, 1862 — type, by 

 monotypy, Crax alherii Fraser. 



*Crax alector Linnaeus.^ Crested Curassow. 



Crax aledor Linnaeus,* Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 269, 1766 — based principally 

 on "Le Hocco de la Guiane" Brisson (Cm., 1, p. 298, pi. 29), "la Guiane" 

 (= Cayenne], "Bresil" et "la Jamaique" (errore); Temminck, Hist. Nat, 

 Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 27, 689, 1815 (in part); Vieillot (and Oudart), Gal. Ois., 

 ^ 2, p. 6, 1822; Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 31, 1848— Takut6 



River; Cabanis, I.e., 3, p. 746, "1848"— British Guiana (ecology); Sclater, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 19, 1857— "Bogota"; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 

 3, p. 286, 1870 — Rio Negro (Barra do Rio Negro, Cachoeira do Veado, 

 Sao Gabriel, foot of Serra do Cocuy, Marabitanas), Rio Vaup>e (Sao 

 Joaquim), and Rio Branco (Forte do Sao Joaquim), Brazil; Sclater and 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 514 — British Guiana, Rio Negro, 

 Rio Vaupe, and Rio Branco (descr.); Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, 

 p. 277, pi. 43 (male, female), 1875 (monog.); B. Brown, Canoe and Camp 



* Crax nigra Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 157, 1758) has been applied 

 to the present species by Chubb and others. Of the references quoted by Linnaeus, 

 Callus indicus Sloane (Voy. Jamaica, 2, p. 302, pi. 260), described and fig^ured as 

 "entirely black," rests on a bird brought to Jamaica from Curagao, where no 

 curassow occurs, and appears to be unidentifiable. Marcgrave's "Mitu" is the 

 basis of Mitu mitu (Linnaeus), whereas Aldrovandi's account refers to some species 

 with knob and wattles at the base of the bUl. Alone, Dodart's "Coq Indien," 

 while also including Pauxi pauxi, may possibly deal in part with what we call C. 

 aledor, although he speaks of the gloss of the plumage as being "verdatre," which 

 does not suit the purple-glossed Crested Curassow. We do not see, therefore, how 

 nigra can be accepted. Crax sloanei Reichenbach (Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 131, 

 1862), proposed for "Gallus indicus" of Sloane, is, of course, just as ambiguous as 

 its basis. 



' Although Linne's synonymy contains various inapplicable references such 

 as Sloane, Hernandez, and Marcgrave's "Mituporanga," his description, which 

 seems to have been taken largely from Brisson, is unmistakable. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 121 



Life Brit. Guiana, p. 345, 1877 — along the Corentyne River; Salvin, Ibis, 

 1886, p. 174— Camacusa, British Guiana; W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1887, p. 318 

 — Pomeroon River, British Guiana; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 22, p. 475, 1893— Colombia ("Bogota"), Brazil (Sao Gabriel, Manaos), 

 British Guiana (Camacusa, Demerara), and Surinam; idem, Handb. 

 Game-Bds., 2, p. 201, 1897 (monog.); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 



9, p. 120, 1902 — Nericagua, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Andre, A Naturalist 

 in the Guianas, p. 156, 1904 — Caura River, Venezuela; Beebe, Trop. 

 Wild Life, 1, p. 127, 1907— Bartica, British Guiana; Ihering, Cat. Faun. 

 Braz., 1, p. 10, 1907 (range); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 296, 1908— 

 Cayenne; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 1, p. 295, 1908 — Surinam; Stone, Proc. 

 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 190, 1913— Cano Vagre, Orinoco delta, 

 Venezuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 53, 1914 (range); Cherrie, 

 Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 356, 1916 — Maipures and beyond, Rio 

 Orinoco; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 194, 1917 — Buena- 

 vista, eastern Colombia. 



Crax mitu (not of Linnaeus) Vieillot et Oudart, Gal. Ois., 2, pi. 199, 1822 

 (male). 



Crax erythrognatha Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 22 — 

 "Bogota," Colombia (cotypes in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in 

 British Museum, examined); Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 10, p. 543, 

 pi, 90 (male, female), 1879 (monog.). 



Crax nigra (not of Linnaeus) Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 17, 1916 — 

 Bonasika, Mazaruni River, Taramu and Corentyne rivers, Camacusa, 

 Aremu, and Maccasseema, Pomeroon River; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 



10, 1934 (range). 



Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana, south through 

 northern Brazil to the north bank of the Amazon, west to the Rio 

 Negro; southern Venezuela (Orinoco Valley and tributaries) west 

 to the eastern base of the east Colombian Andes (Buenavista).i 



Field Museum Collection. — 7: British Guiana (unspecified, 1; 

 Oko Mountains, Essequibo, 5); Brazil (Rio Branco, Serra Grande, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 14: British Guiana (Berbice, 1; Rockstone, 

 Essequibo River, 1; Oko Mountains, Essequibo, 3); Brazil (Lago 

 Cuipeua, east of Obidos, 1; Rio Curicuriary, Amazonas, 1; Lago 

 Canacary, Amazonas, 1 ; Itacoatiara, 1 ; Igarap^ Arriba, Amazonas, 5) . 



1 Colombian specimens (C. erythrognatha) are nowise different from Guianan 

 ones. The only supposed character in the color of the basal portion of the bill 

 does not exist, since it varies, in Guianan and Brazilian examples, from chrome- 

 yellow to orange red. The sexes in this species are nearly alike, the female merely 

 differing by the presence of some white spots in the crest. The purplish gloss of 

 plumage, together with the bare loral and orbicular regions and the absence of 

 white at the tip of the rectrices, serves to distinguish this species from its allies. 



Additional specimens examined. — British Guiana: Camacusa, 1; unspecified, 

 3. — Venezuela: Nericagua, 1. — Colombia: "Bogota," 2. — Brazil: Forte do Sao 

 Joaquim, Rio Branco, 2; Sao Gabriel, Rio Negro, 1; Cachoeira do Veado, Rio 

 Negro, 1; foot of Serra do Cocuy, Rio Negro, 1. 




122 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 

 Crax blumenbachii Spix.' Blumenbach's Curassow. 



Crax blumenbachii Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 50, pi. 64 (female), 1825 

 — "in sylvis provinciae Rio de Janeiro" (cotypes in coll. of Munich and 

 Frankfort museums examined); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, 

 p. 345, 1856 — Rio da Pomba, Minas Geraes (descr. of male and female; 

 female in Halle Museum examined) ; Hartert, Kat. Vogels. Mus. Senckenb. 

 Naturh. Gesells., p. 200 (note 376), 1892 (crit. on cotypes); Hellmayr, 

 Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 684-688, 1906 (monog., 

 range); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., I, p. 11, 1907 (range); Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 12, 1934 (range); Pinto, Bol. Biol., (n.s.), 2, p. 74, 1935— 

 eastern Minas Geraes; idem. Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 96, 1937 — Mayrink, 

 Minas Geraes. 



Crax rubrirostris Spix, Av, Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 51, pi. 67 (male), 1825— 

 "inter Rio de Janeiro et Bahia," Brazil (type in Munich Museum exam- 

 ined); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 528, 1833— southern Bahia 

 (Alcoba^a, Belmonte) and Espirito Santo (Rio Doce, Rio Mucuri, Rio 

 Itapemirim, and Rio Itabapuana) (descr. male and female; female in 

 Vienna Museum examined); Burmeister, Reise Bras., p. 309, 1853 — 

 below Sao Caetano, Rio da Pomba, Minas Geraes; Euler, Journ. Orn., 

 16, p. 192, 1868 — forests of the Rio Parahyba, Rio de Janeiro (nesting in 

 captivity, eggs descr.). 



Crax alector (not of Linnaeus) Wied, Reise Bras., 1, pp. 262 (8vo ed., p. 260), 

 360 (8vo ed., p. 357), 371 (8vo ed., p. 368), 1820— Morro d'Arara (Rio 

 Mucuri), Espirito Santo, and Rio Belmonte (Ilha do Chave, below Quartal 

 dos Arcos), Bahia; idem. I.e., 2, p. 125, 1821 — Rio Salgado (affluent of 

 Rio Ilheos), Bahia; A. de Saint-Hilaire, Voy. Prov. Rio de Janeiro et 

 Minas Geraes, 2, p. 67, 1830 — Alto dos Bois, near Minas Novas, Minas 

 Geraes (descr. opt. of adult male) ; idem, Voy. Distr. des Diamants et Litt. 

 du Bresil, 2, p. 336, 1833 — shores of Lake Juparanan, near Linhares, Rio 

 Doce, Espirito Santo (common). 



' Crax blumenbachii Spix: Adult male similar to C. /. fasciolata in having the 

 plumage glossed with green, but loral and orbicular regions (except a very narrow 

 rim round the eye) feathered; rectrices without any trace of white apical margin; 

 legs and feet dusky; bill smaller and less elevated. Female nearest to that of C. 

 rubra rubra, but much smaller, especially bill and tarsi much shorter and slenderer; 

 crest-feathers with two to three white bands; sides of head uniform black; throat, 

 foreneck, and nape bronzy-black, not banded with black and white; lesser and 

 median wing coverts bronze-green with chestnut vermiculations instead of wholly 

 chestnut; rectrices nearly uniform bronze green, at best the two median ones with 

 some rufescent vermiculations at the extreme base. Wing, (male) 365, (female) 

 330-350; tail, 360, (female) 320; bill, 43 3-^, (female) 35-40. 



This species, by the absence of knob and wattles on the bill, resembles C. 

 alector and C. fasciolata, but has a weaker bill and no extensive bare area on the 

 sides of the head, there being just a narrow naked rim round the eye. The feet 

 appear to be decidedly darker than in the allied species, and the basal portion of 

 the bill is described by that careful observer, Prince of Wied-Neuwied, as "orange 

 red." The female, however, more nearly approaches that of C. rubra in coloration, 

 but may be distinguished by lesser dimensions and various other details. 



The species is said to be, at least locally, on the verge of extinction, and but 

 a few specimens are preserved in scientific collections. 



Material examined. — Brazil: "Rio de Janeiro," 2 (females); between Rio de 

 Janeiro and Bahia, 1 (male) ; Rio da Pomba, Minas Geraes, 1 (female) ; unspecified, 

 1 (female; collected by Maximilian Prince of Wied). 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 123 



Crax carunculata (not of Temminck) Euler, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 100, 1900 

 (nesting habits in captivity); Ihering, I.e., 4, p. 164, 1900 — Cantagallo. 



Range,— Forests of southeastern Brazil, in southern Bahia (north 

 to the Rio Ilh^os), Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro (valley of the Rio 

 Parahyba), and eastern Minas Geraes (Mayrink, Minas Novas, Rio 

 da Pomba). 



Crax fasciolata pinima Pelzeln.^ Natterer's Curassow. 



Crax pinima Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 287, 341, 1870 — Praia do Cajutuba, 

 near Para, Brazil (descr. of female; type in Vienna Museum examined); 

 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 518 (crit.); Sclater, 

 Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 281, 1875 (ex Pelzeln); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 477, 1893— part, hab. Para only; Hellmayr, 

 Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 682 (in text), 1906 

 (female descr.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 11, 1907 — Pard; Peters, 

 Bds. World, 2, p. 11, 1934— Par4; Pinto, Bol. Biol., (n.s.), 2, pp. 71, 73, 

 75, 1935 — Boa Vista and Primeira Cruz, Maranhao (crit., descr. of male). 



Crax fasciolata (not of Spix) Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, pp. 491, 499 — Rio Capim, 

 Par4, and Rio Guajahu, Maranhao (crit.); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 

 8, p. 53, 1914— Rio Capim. 



Crax sclateri pinima Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, 

 p. 97, 1912 — Cajutuba and Rio Capim, Para. 



Range. — Northeastern Brazil, from the Rio Tocantins (Cameta), 

 Para, east to northern Maranhao (Rio Guajahu, Boa Vista, Primeira 

 Cruz). 



*Crax fasciolata fasciolata Spix. Sclater's Curassow. 



Crax fasciolata Spix,* Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 48, pi. 62a, 1825 — "in sylvis 

 Parae" (type lost, formerly in Munich Museum); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 



> Crax fasciolata pinima Pelzeln : Similar to C. /. fasciolata, but with decidedly 

 smaller bill and shorter tail; female with pale markings on back, wing-coverts, 

 remiges, and rump reduced to narrow broken wavy lines of buffy white; rectrices 

 — aside from the buflfy- white apical margin — black, with mere traces of whitish 

 wavy cross-lines; whole breast and tibial feathers broadly banded with black and 

 buff; lower abdomen and under tail coverts much paler, buff instead of deep ochra- 

 ceous-buff; inner web of remiges with mere suggestions of whitish cross-bands. 

 Wing (female), 350; tail, 310. 



The characters of this scarce curassow in the female sex have recently been 

 corroborated by Pinto on the basis of specimens from Boa Vista, Maranhao. Two 

 males from the same region agree in coloration with C. /. fasciolata, but have 

 decidedly smaller bills. The Berlin Museum has both sexes collected by Sieber at 

 Cameta on the Rio Tocantins. 



^ In the revision of Spix's types, Hellmayr had rejected the name C. fasciolata, 

 on account of certain discrepancies in the coloration of the crest between Spix's 

 description and the female specimens of C. sclateri available for comparison at the 

 time. Several examples in a larger series of that sex from the Rio Araguaya, 

 Goyaz, subsequently examined show, however, the same amount of white barring 

 to the crest-feathers as depicted in Spix's plate, and since the range of the bird 

 called "sclateri" seems to extend to the Amazon Valley, we have no hesitation in 

 following Pinto's acceptance of fasciolata as the earliest name for the western 




124 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Brit. Mus., 22, p. 476, 1893— Rio do Cabagal, Brazil; idem, Handb. 

 Game-Bds., 2, p. 202, 1897— part, excL of Bolivia; Salvador!, Boll. Mus. 

 Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 15, 1900 — Urucum, Matto Grosso; Hellmayr, 

 Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 681, 1906 (crit.); Pinto, 

 Bol. Biol., (n.s.), 2, pp. 72, 73, 75, 1935— Matto Grosso (Corumbd, Coxim), 

 Goyaz (Pilar), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Sao Paulo (Ituverava, Rio 

 Grande), and "Obidos," Para (crit.); idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 31, 

 1936— Rio das Almas (Fazenda Thome Pinto) and Pilar, Goydz (crit.). 



Crax sclateri G. R. Gray, List Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 14, 1867 — part, spec, 

 a, b, "Mexico," errore (cotypes in British Museum examined); Sclater 

 and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 515 — Paraguay and Matto 

 Grosso (descr.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 287, 1870 — Rio dos Porrudos, 

 Villa Maria, Rio Cabagal, Rio de Sipotuba, Caigara, and Rio Guapore 

 below Tres Barras, Matto Grosso, Brazil; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 9, p. 278, pis. 44 (male, female), 45 (female), 1875— Paraguay and Matto 

 Grosso (monog.); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 34, 1887 — Rio Pilcomayo, 

 Paraguay; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 145, 1889 — Paraguay and 

 Argentina; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 147 — forests near the Rio Paraguay, 

 Chaco, Paraguay; Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 

 3, p. 682, 1906 (characters); Ihering, Gat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 10, 1907— 

 Sao Paulo (Itapura, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, Barretos); Hellmayr, Nov. 

 Zool., 15, p. 94, 1908 — Fazenda Esperanga and Rio Araguaya, Goyaz 

 (crit.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 189, 1910 — Chaco 

 and Misiones; idem, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 251, 1913 — Chaco Argen- 

 tino and Misiones; Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 68, 1913 — 

 Misiones; idem, Faun. Parag., p. 35, 1914 — Alto Parana, Paraguay; 

 Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 9, p. 24, 1917 — Pocone, Matto Grosso. 



Crax sulcirostris Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 409, 1899 — Sao Paulo (descr. 

 of female; type in Museu Paulista); idem, I.e., 6, p. 347, 1905 (crit.). 



Crax alector (not of Linnaeus) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 344, 

 1856 — part, descr. of female, interior of Brazil to Paraguay; idem, Journ. 

 Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860— Argentina; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 500, 1861 

 — Gran Chaco, Misiones, and supposedly also "north of Tucuman." 



Crax sclateri sclateri Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 62, 1930 — 

 Agua Verde, Matto Grosso; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 86, p. 374, 1934 — Descalvados, Matto Grosso. 



Crax fasdolata fasciolata Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 11, 1934 — "Para" south to 

 Matto Grosso and Goyaz. 



Crax fasciolata sclateri Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 11, 1934 — part, Paraguay, 

 Sao Paulo, Argentine Chaco, and Misiones; Krieg and Schuhmacher, Verh. 

 Orn. Ges. Bay., 21, p. 15, 1936 — northeastern Paraguay (habits). 



Range. — Interior of Brazil, from western Sao Paulo (Ituverava, 

 Itapura, Barretos, Rio Grande) through Matto Grosso, Goyaz, and 

 western Minas Geraes (Pirapora, Rio Sao PYancisco) north probably 



banded curassow. On the other hand, its occurrence in a wild state on the north 

 bank of the Amazon, at Obidos (whence we have several typical C. alector), 

 appears to us highly questionable, and we venture to suggest that the specimen 

 mentioned by Pinto is more likely to have come from the south side of the Amazon. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 125 



to the Amazon; Paraguay;^ and the adjacent districts of Misiones 

 and the Argentine Chaco.^ 



Field Museum Collection.— 2: Brazil (Fazenda Capao Bonita, 

 Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 10 : Brazil (Fazenda Capao Bonita, Vaccaria, 

 Matto Grosso, 4); Paraguay (Chaco side of the Paraguay River, 2; 

 Riacho Caballero, 45 km. west of Puerto Rosario, 2; 235 km. west 

 on the Riacho Negro, Chaco, 2). 



*Crax fasciolata grayi Ogilvie-Grant.^ Gray's Curassow. 



Crax grayi Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 480, 1893— "South 

 America" (descr. of female; cotypes in British Museum examined); idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 206, pi. 27, 1897 (monog.). 



Crax sclateri G. R. Gray, List Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 14, 1867 — part, spec, 

 c, d, "S. America, varieties"; Burmeister, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 

 p. 701 — Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. 

 Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 82, 1930 — Curiche de San Ramon, Chiquitos, 

 Bolivia. 



Crax fasciolata (not of Spix) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 476, 

 1893— part, Bolivia; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 202, 1897— part, 

 Bolivia. ' 



Crax fasciolata sclateri Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 11, 1934 — part, Bolivia. 



1 According to Aplin (Ibis, 1894, p. 203), "C. sclateri is found in small numbers 

 on the Rio Negro, Uruguay," but as no specimen was obtained, and no other 

 observer ever met with a curassow in Uruguay, the record is open to doubt and 

 probably refers to Penelope o. obscura. 



2 Females from Matto Grosso, Goyaz, and one each from the Argentine Chaco 

 (Rio de Oro) and Paraguay (near Concepcion) agree well together, notably in 

 having the lower back and rump blackish or dusky, regularly barred with whitish 

 or buff. There is some individual variation in the width of the Hght bands on the 

 upper wing and tail coverts as well as in the amount of white spotting on the 

 throat. The presence of a narrow groove on each side of the beak from the nasal 

 fossa to near its point, which gave rise to the description of C. sulcirostris, is a 

 purely individual feature (cf. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 95, 1908). 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya, 18; Rio 

 Cabacal, Matto Grosso, 3; Caicara, Matto Grosso, 1; Rio Guapore, below Tres 

 Barras, Matto Grosso, 2; "Amazonas," 1. — Paraguay: Island near Concepcion, 

 1; Villa Rica, 1. — Argentina: Rio de Oro, Chaco Austral, 1. 



^ Crax fasciolata grayi Ogilvie-Grant: Male apparently indistinguishable from 

 C. /. fasciolata; female with lower back and rump ochraceous-buff, either practically 

 uniform or narrowly banded with dusky; wing coverts more broadly barred with 

 ochraceous-buff, sometimes even nearly plain ochraceous-buff; buffy white bars on 

 rectrices much wider (10 against 2-5 mm.). 



This little-known form requires further investigation. It was described from 

 two females of unknown origin in the British Museum, which one of us has recently 

 examined. Three females from Buenavista, Bolivia, in the Conover Collection 

 seem to be referable to the same form, although direct comparison with the type 

 could not be made. A male from Chiquitos (Curiche de San Ramon) in the Munich 

 Museum is evidently not separable from Goyaz specimens (C. /. fasciolata). 




126 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Range. — Eastern Bolivia (Buenavista, Santa Cruz; Curiche de 

 San Ramon, Chiquitos; San Cdrlos, Santa Cruz). 



Conover Collection. — 6: Bolivia (Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 5; San 

 Carlos, Santa Cruz, 1). 



*Crax globulosa Spix. Wattled Curassow. 



{'!)Crax carunculata Temminck.i Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 44, 690, pi. 4, 

 fig. 3, 1815 — "Bresil" (type in the Lisbon Museum). 



Crax globulosa Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 50, pis. 65 (male), 66 (female), 

 1825 — "in sylvis fluminis Solimoens," Brazil (cotypes in Munich and 

 PYankfort museums examined; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. 

 Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 683, 1906); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1870, p. 515 — Upper Amazon, Pebas, and Rio Napo (descr.); Pelzeln, 

 Orn. Bras., 3, p. 288, 1870 — Rio Madeira (Borba, Cachoeira da Bananeira, 

 Piori, Salto Theotonio), Rio Guapore (Volta do Gentio), Barra do Rio 

 Negro, and Rio Amazonas, Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1873, p. 307 — Rio Maranon and Rio Ucayali, Peru; Sclater, Trans. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 279, pi. 46 (male, female), 1875— Rio Napo and 

 Pebas (descr.); (?)idem, I.e., 10, p. 544, pi. 91, 1879 (aviary bird); Tac- 

 zanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 264, 1886- — Peru (Pebas, Sarayacu); Ogilvie- 

 Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 482, 1893— Samiria, Peru; idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 208, 1897 — Upper Amazonia (monog.); Hellmayr, 

 Nov. Zool., 17, p. 417, 1910 — Rio Madeira; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. 

 N. H., 55, p. 152, 1926— Rio Napo, Ecuador; Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 62, 

 1930— Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 11, 1934 (monog.). 



Crax yarrellii E. T. Bennett, Gardens and Menag. Zool. Soc, 2, p. 227, 1831 

 — Rio Maranon, Peru (type lost, formerly in collection of Zoological 

 Society, London); Jardine and Selby, lUust. Orn., (n.s.). Part 1, pi. 6, 

 1837 (fig. of type; = adult male). 



Crax globosa (lapsu) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 346, 1856 (ex 

 Spix). 



Crax globicera (not of Linnaeus) Bates, Naturalist on the Amazon, 2, pp. 112, 

 282, 292, 1863— Island of Catud, near Ega, Rio Solimoes. 



Crax carunculata (not of Temminck?)^ Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1870, p. 517 (descr. of male and female; excl. of synon. C. rubri- 

 rostris and C. blumenbachii) ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 279, 

 pi. 47 (male, female), 1875 (monog.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, 

 p. 106, 1889— lower Beni, Bolivia; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 



1 This species, based on a single sj)ecimen — judging by the chestnut abdomen, 

 of female sex — from "Brazil" in the Lisbon Museum, may be the same as C. 

 globulosa. We hesitate, however, to employ Temminck's name, since not one of 

 the many females (with rufous belly) examined by us has any trace of the lappets 

 at the base of the lower mandible shown in his drawing. The type, if still extant, 

 should be re-examined. 



*Cra^ carunculata of Sclater, Salvin, and Ogilvie-Grant is unquestionably 

 the same as C globulosa, whatever Temminck's type might have been. The 

 series of males from the Rio Solimoes shows every gradation from birds without 

 any swelling on the bill to two with large swellings at the base of the culmen and 

 distinct wattles on the lower mandible. The color of the basal portion of the 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conovbr 127 



22, p. 481, 1893 — part (descr., excl. of range); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 

 2, p. 206, 1897 — part (descr., excl. of range). 



Range. — Upper Amazonia, from eastern Ecuador (Rio Napo) and 

 northeastern Peru east to Manaos and the Rio Madeira, south to 

 northern Matto Grosso (Rio Guapor^) and northeastern Bolivia 

 (lower Beni). 



Conover Collection. — 12: Brazil, Rio Solimoes (Ilha do Com- 

 prido, 12). 



*Crax alberti Fraser.' Prince Albert's Wattled Curassow. 



Crax alberti Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 18, "1850," p. 246, pi. 27 (=male), 

 pub. Jan. 24, 1852 — "types living in Lord Derby's aviaries at Knowsley," 

 origin unknown;'' Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 517 — New Granada 

 (monog.); Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 280, pl. 48 (male, female), 

 1875 — Santa Marta and "Bogotd," Colombia (descr.); Ogilvie-Grant, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 483, 1893— Bogota, Colombia; idem, Handb. 

 Game-Bds., 2, p. 211, 1897— Colombia; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 

 12, p. 132, 1898— Santa Marta; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 

 127, 1900 — Bonda and Naranjo, Santa Marta region; Chapman, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 194, 1917 — west of Honda, Magdalena Valley, 

 • Colombia; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 176, 1922 — 

 Don Diego and San Lorenzo, Santa Marta region (no spec, obtained); 

 Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 371, 1931 — Rio Frio and 

 Aracataca, Magdalena, Colombia. 



Crdx mikani Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 343, 1870 — "Brazil," errore (part, 

 descr. of female; spec, in Vienna Museum examined). 



Crax viridirostris Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 282, June, 1875 (based 

 on a living male of unknown origin in the Amsterdam Zoo; type now in 



bill is yellow in those with swellings, while the cere is practically red in the others. 

 Natterer, in his notes on freshly killed specimens, describes the cere and append- 

 ages as bright red. 



AdditioTial specimens examined. — Brazil: Rio Solimoes, 3; Manaos, 2; Volta 

 do Gentio, Rio Guapor6, Matto Grosso, 2. 



' Crax alberti Fraser appears to be specifically distinct from C. daubentoni. 

 The male not only differs by the total absence of any swelling at the base of the 

 maxilla and the coloration of the bill (basal half, including wattles of lower man- 

 dible, slaty blue or slate greenish instead of dark wax yellow; apical half ivory 

 yellow), but also by having merely a small bare postocular spot, whereas the 

 entire region between eye and cere is thickly beset with velvety plumes. The 

 female, in addition to the extensive feathering on the sides of the head, may be 

 distinguished from that of daubentoni by its very different coloration: the wings, 

 back, rump, and tail feathers being regularly banded with white; the six outer 

 primaries, primary coverts, alula, and edge of the wing bright rufous; under 

 wing coverts, breast, and sides likewise bright rufous, paling into ochraceous on 

 lower breast and to buff on vent and crissum. 



Among other material the senior author has examined two males and one 

 female from Bogota (G. Crowther) and a female from Puerto Valdivia, Antioquia 

 (A. E. Pratt), in the British Museum. 



2 The alleged "female," figured on pl. 28, belongs to another species, C. r. rubra. 




128 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



the Salvin-Godman Collection, British Museum); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1876, p. 463 — Cartagena, Colombia (male and female received 

 alive). 

 Crax alberti alberti Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 11, 1934 — Colombia (crit.). 



Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Colombia, from Cartagena 

 east to the Santa Marta region and south to Antioquia (Puerto 

 Valdivia) and the Magdalena Valley (Honda) ; also found in native 

 "Bogota" collections.' 



Conover Collection. — 1: Colombia (La Tigrera, Santa Marta, 1). 

 *Crax daubentoni G. R. Gray.^ Daubenton's Wattled 



CURASSOW. 



Crax daubentoni G. R. Gray, List Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, (Gallinae), p. 15, 1867 

 — "Central America?" = Venezuela (descr. of male and female; cotypes 

 in British Museum examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1870, p. 516 — near Caracas, Venezuela; Sclater, I.e., 1870, p. 671 — Tucacas, 

 Venezuela; idem. I.e., 1871, p. 624 — Tucacas; Summerhayes, I.e., 1874, p. 

 420 — littoral of Venezuela, near Aroa, to the foot of the mountains; Sclater, 

 Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 276, pis. 41 (male), 42 (female), 1875— 

 forest region of Venezuela (monog.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 22, p. 482, 1893— Venezuela; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 209, 1897— 

 Venezuela; Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 165, 

 1901 — five miles east of San Julian, near La Guaira; Osgood and Conover, 

 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 28, 1922— Rio Cogollo, above 

 Lake Maracaibo; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 138 — San Fernando and Apure, 

 Venezuela. 



Crax mikani Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 343, 1870 — ^"Brazil," errore (part, 

 descr. of "male" = female; type in Vienna Museum examined). 



Crax pinima (not of Pelzeln) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1870, p. 518 (crit.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 477, 1893 

 — part, spec, a, South America. 



Crax incommoda Sclater,' Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 690 — South America 

 (type in British Museum examined); idem, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, 

 p. 281, pi. 49, 1875 (fig. of type ; = female). 



1 In males of this species, the knob and wattles at the base of the bill vary 

 from pale bluish to greenish (viridirostris), but the divergency appears to be 

 purely individual. The female bird of C mikani Pelzeln is a normally colored 

 specimen of the present form. 



^Crax aldrovandi Reiehenbach (Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, pp. 134, 136, 1862) 

 appears to us undeterminable. Neither Aldrovandi's figure of a tailless bird nor 

 Daubenton's "Hoeco Faisan de la Guiane" (PI. Enl., pi. 86) can be identified 

 with certainty, whereas Willoughby's "Mituporanga" consists of various ambigu- 

 ous components. We see, therefore, no reason to give up Gray's name accom- 

 panied by adequate descriptions, the originals of which are still preserved in the 

 British Museum. 



' The type, a female, received from the Zoological Society's Gardens, where 

 it had lived from May 25, 1870, to July 22, 1873, turns out to be C. daubentani. 

 The naked orbital ring is very much narrower than in C. fasciolata (sclateri), and 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 129 



Craz alberti daubentoni Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 11, 1934 — northern Vene- 

 zuela, "British Guiana," and "Surinam." 



Range. — Tropical zone of northern Venezuela, from La Guaira 

 (below Caracas) west to Lake Maracaibo, south to the Rio Apure. 



Conover Collection. — 1 : Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, 1). 

 Crax annulata Todd.' Annulated Curassow. 



Crax annulata Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 170, Nov. 29, 1915— Don 

 Diego, Colombia (type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; descr. of female); 

 Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 175, 1922^Don Diego 

 (descr. of male and female); Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45, p. 210, 1932 

 (crit.). 



Crax incommoda (not of Sclater, 1872) Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 10, 

 p. 544, pi. 93, 1879— "South America." 



Crax pinima (not of Pelzeln) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 477, 

 1893 — part, spec, b, c. 



i^awge.— Tropical zone of northern Colombia (Don Diego, Santa 

 Marta region). 



*Crax rubra rubra Linnaeus. Mexican Curassow. 



Crax rubra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 157, 1758 — based on "The Red 

 Peruvian Hen" Albin, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 37, pi. 40, "in America" (descr. 



separated in front from the cere by a broad stripe of velvety feathers. It has 

 nothing whatever in common with C. pinima. From other females of daubentoni 

 the type merely differs by having distinct, narrow (M to % mm. wide), white 

 transverse bars on upper wing coverts, secondaries, and outer webs of primaries, 

 and similar, though not continuous, cross-markings on the upper tail coverts. 

 However, the female cotype of daubentoni (Brit. Mus. Reg. No. 58.4.27.2, ex coll. 

 Lidth de Jeude) has likewise white bars, though shorter and less distinct ones, 

 on the wing coverts, marginal spots or edges of white on the outer vane of the 

 primaries, and traces of apical fringes to some of the upper tail coverts. The type 

 of incommoda has hardly any swelling at the base of the culmen, which is more or 

 less suggested in all other females. Otherwise it is of typical coloration: throat 

 and foreneck plain black; breast and thighs black regularly barred with white; 

 flanks, vent, and crissum white; curled crest-feathers black with two white bars; 

 tail broadly tipped with white; bill black, apical half horn brown. Hellmayr could 

 not find the second specimen figured in Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 10, pi. 93, 1879. 

 The British Museum has an adult male of C. daubentoni from Montanas da 

 Limones (alt. 150 ft.), below Merida. 



^ Crax annulata Todd, a very imperfectly known species, needs further investiga- 

 tion. The male is described as being a miniature of C. alberti. Judging from a photo 

 of its head, which we owe to the kindness of Mr. R. M. de Schauensee, it resem- 

 bles alberti in the absence of wattles at the base of the maxilla, but has the bare 

 space round the eye much more extensive, this area being separated from the 

 cere by a row of small pin-like feathers, exactly as in C. daubentoni. The white 

 bars on the crest-feathers and the whitish margins to the lower breast and wing 

 coverts probably indicate immaturity. A female from "New Granada" (Brit. 

 Mus. Reg. No. 56.11.5.17), purchased of J. Verreaux, which seems to belong here, 

 is very much like C. /. fasciolata (sclateri) in general coloration, but differs in hav- 

 ing the rump nearly wholly blackish with merely some dot-hke light apical spots; 

 mere suggestions of narrow interrupted whitish cross-marks to the upper tail 




130 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



of female; type living in Richmond Park);' Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. 

 Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 301, 1861— Lion Hill, Panama. 



Crax globicera Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 270, 1766 — "Brasilia, 

 Curacao," errore (in part);* Sclater, I*roc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 253, 

 1860 — southeastern Mexico; Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 311 — Honduras (Tigre 

 Island, Lake of Yojoa, etc.); Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p. 143 — Vera Paz, Guate- 

 mala; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 12, 1863 — Panama 

 Railroad; idem. I.e., 9, p. 139, 1868 — San Jos6, Costa Rica; Frantzius, 

 Journ. Orn., 17, p. 373, 1869 — Rio Sarapiquf, Costa Rica; Sclater and 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 513 — Mexico (Tehuantepec, Vera 

 Cruz) to Panama (monog.); idem, I.e., 1870, p. 513 — Mexico (Tehuantepec, 

 Vera Cruz) to Panama (monog.); idem. I.e., 1870, p. 838 — Honduras; 

 Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, 2, p. 137, 1871 — Vera Cruz, Mexico; Sclater, 

 Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 274, pi. 40 (male, female), 1875 (monog.); 

 idem. I.e., 10, p. 543, pi. 89 (female), 1879 — Panama and Costa Rica 

 (crit.); Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 44, 1876 — Tehuantepec, 

 Mexico; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 42 — Costa Rica (San 

 C4rlos, Volcan de Irazu, Naranjo); idem. I.e., 1883, p. 459 — Yucatan; 

 Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 408, 1882— La Palma, Nicoya, 

 Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 6, p. 408, 1884 — Los Sibalos, Nicaragua; Ferrari- 

 Perez, I.e., 9, p. 175, 1886— Vera Cruz; Richmond, I.e., 16, p. 524, 1893— 

 Rio Frio, Costa Rica, and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 478, 1893 — part, spec, a-f, k-r, Mexico (Sierra 

 Madre above Victoria, Tamaulipas; Misantla, Vera Cruz; Chimalapa, 

 Tehuantepec; Yucatan) and Guatemala (Savanna Grande); Underwood, 

 Ibis, 1896, p. 448 — Miravalles, Costa Rica; Ogilvie-Grant, Handb. Game- 

 Bds., 2, p. 203, 189T (monog., exel. of Cozumel Island); Lantz, Trans. 

 Kans. Acad. Sci., 16, p. 219, 1899 — Naranjo and Santo Tomas, Guate- 

 mala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 271, 1902 — 

 Mexico (exel. of Cozumel) to Honduras; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 Orn. Ser., 1, p. 77, 1907 — Los Amates, Guatemala; PhilUps, Auk, 28, 



coverts; the light bands on the tail reduced in width and restricted to the middle 

 pair; and the seven external primaries, primary coverts, edge of wing, and under 

 wing coverts banded and variegated with cinnamon-buff, while the inner webs 

 of the remiges are broadly barred with cinnamon-rufous. The coloration of the 

 wings suggests C. alberii, though, of course, the rufeseence is much less pronounced. 

 Aside from the pattern of the outer primaries and adjoining parts, this bird answers 

 pretty well to Todd's description of the female and pi. 93 in Trans. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 10, 1879, whose original Hellmayr failed to find in the British Museum. 

 The bare orbital ring is about as extensive as in the female of C. /. fasciolaia, but 

 in accordance with a photo of the type of C. annulata, kindly supplied by Mr. 

 Todd, the space between eye and cere is beset with numerous small pin-like 

 plumules. Wing, (male, Don Diego) 350, (female, Don Diego) 348, (female. New 

 Granada) 350; tail, 319, 317, 320. 



From the scanty material available it is well-nigh impossible to pass any final 

 judgment on the merits of C. annulata, which may, however, prove to be the 

 Colombian representative of C. daubentoni. 



» Albin's figure, though pretty poor, seems to represent the female of the 

 present species. As type locality we may regard (western) Ecuador, which, at 

 Albin's time, formed part of Peru. 



* While some of the references quoted by Linnaeus appear to pertain here, 

 others are extremely ambiguous. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 131 



p. 74, 1911 — Guiaves, Tamaulipas, Mexico; Bangs and Barbour, Bull. 

 Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 195, 1922 — Jesusito, Darien, Panama; Chapman, 

 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 151, 1926— Chongon Hills, Ecuador; 

 Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 7, 1926 — Chunyaxche and Palmul, 

 Yucatan; idem. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 318, 1932 — Perm^ and 

 Obaldia, Panama (crit.). 



Crax albini Lesson, Traits d'Orn., p. 484, April, 1831 — based on "The Curas- 

 sow Hen" Albin, Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, pi. 32 (female), an aviary bird of 

 unknown origin. 



Crax temminckii Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 308, 1844 — based on "The 

 Red Peruvian Hen" Albin (Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 37, pi. 40) and Crax 

 rubra Temminck (Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 21, 687, 1815), etc.; idem, 

 Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 287, 1846 — western Mexico (descr. male and 

 female; crit.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 347, 1856 — "Peru 

 and eastern slope of the Cordilleras." 



(l)Crax pseudaledor Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 131, pi. 174, fig. 

 1516, 1862 (based probably on one of the references quoted by the author, 

 account fairly confused). 



{1)Crax edwardsii Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 134, 1862 — based 

 on "The Curasso-Bird" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 181, pi. 295, 

 fig. 1, an aviary bird of unknown origin. 



Crax alector (not of Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 223 — Central 

 America.; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 61, 1859 — Peten and ridges 

 of Chilomo, Guatemala. 



Crax sp. Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 371 — Panama 

 Railroad. 



Crax panamensis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 479, 1893 — 

 "southern Nicaragua and Costa Rica to the United States of Colombia" 

 (Valsa, Costa Rica, and Lion Hill, Panama; no type specified); idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 205, 1897 (monog.); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. 

 Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 9, 1899 — Rio Lara, Darien, Panama; 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 273, 1902 — ^Nicaragua 

 to Panama; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 601, 1902 — Paramba and Bulun, 

 Ecuador (crit.); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 3, p. 21, 1902— 

 Boquete, Chiriqui; idem, Auk, 24, p. 290, 1907— El Pozo de Rio T^rraba, 

 Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 382, 1910 — Guacimo, 

 Costa Rica; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 194, 1917 — Baudo 

 and Bagado, Choco, Colombia; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 10, 

 1919 — Costa Rica (Siquirres) and Nicaragua (Zapatera); Miller and 

 Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 25, p. 7, 1921 (crit.). 



Crax alberti Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 18, "1850," p. 246, pi. 28, 1852 

 (part, descr. of female). 



Crax hecki Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 42, p. 231, pi. 2, 1894 (based on a female 

 aviary bird in the Berlin Zoo, origin unknown; type now in Berlin Museum). 



Crax chapmani Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, p. 170, 1901 — Puerto 

 Morelos, Yucatan (type in U. S. National Museum ;= female); Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 273, 1902 (ex Nelson). 




132 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Crax globicera globieera Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 369, 1929 — 

 Augustine, British Honduras; Peters, I.e., p. 403, 1929 — Lancetilla, 

 Honduras; idem, I.e., 71, p. 297, 1931 — Almirante Bay, Panama; Griscom, 

 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 99, 1932— Guatemala; Stone, Proc. Aead. 

 Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 301, 1932 — Honduras; Dickey and van Rossem, 

 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 147, 1938— Puerto del Triunfo, 

 El Salvador. 



Crax rubra rubra Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 12, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. 

 Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 303, 1935— Panama; Van Tyne, Misc. Publ., 

 Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 10, 1935 — Uaxactun, Peten, Guatemala. 



Range. — From Mexico (southern Tamaulipas and the Isthmus of 

 Tehuantepec) south throughout Central America to Panama, 

 western Colombia (Baudo, Bagado), and western Ecuador (Buliin, 

 Prov. Esmeraldas; Paramba, Prov. Imbabura; Chongon Hills, Prov. 

 Guayas).* 



Field Museum Collection. — 7: Guatemala (Chapulco, 4); Nica- 

 ragua (San Geronimo, 2); Costa Rica (Orosi, 1). 



Conoper Collection. — 17: Mexico, Chiapas, Escuintla (Mt. Madre 

 Vieja, 2; Acacoyagua, 1); Guatemala (Dept. Izabal, Escobas, 1); 

 Honduras (Catacombas, Cortes, 1); Costa Rica (Guanacaste, Mira- 

 valles, 2; Volcan Turrialba, La Iberia, 2); Panama (Darien, Port 

 Obaldia, 8). 



Crax rubra griscomi Nelson.^ CozuMEL Island Curassow. 



Crax globieera griseomi Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 39, p. 106, Aug. 25, 

 1926 — Cozumel Island, off Yucatan (type in U. S. National Mioseum). 



Crax globieera (not of Linnaeus) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 581, 

 1885 — Cozimiel Island; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 378 — Coziimel; idem, 

 Ibis, 1890, p. 89— Cozumel; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, 

 p. 478, 1893 — part, spec, g-i, Cozumel; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, 

 p. 203, 1897 — part, Cozumel; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 

 Aves, 3, p. 271, 1902 — part, Cozumel. 



Crax rubra griseomi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 12, 1934 — Cozumel. 

 Range. — Cozumel Island, off the coast of Yucatan. 



* Both C. panamensis and C. chapmani, the latter based upon a single female, 

 turned out to be individual variants of the widespread Mexican Curassow, as has 

 been pointed out by Miller and Griscom. The interrelationship between C. rubra 

 and the South American species with basal knob and wattles (C. globidosa, C. 

 alberti) needs further investigation with the help of long series, and it is quite 

 possible that they will eventually prove to be merely geographical races of a 

 single specific entity. 



'Crax rubra griseomi Nelson: Similar to C. r. rubra, but smaller, females with 

 more white in the crest-feathers and with broader white bars on the inner pri- 

 maries and the secondaries. Wing, (male) 356, (female) 340; tail, 325. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 133 



Genus PENELOPE Merrem 



Penelope Merrem, Av. Rar. Icon, et Descr., fasc. 2, p. 39, 1786 — type, by subs. 



desig. (Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 214, 1828), Penelope marail "Linn." 



[=Gmelin] = Penelope jacupema MeTrem= Phasianus marail P. L. S. 



Muller. 

 Salpiza Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1226 — type, by subs, desig. (Sclater and Salvin, 



Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 521), Penelope pileata Wagler. 



Stegnolaema Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 521 — type, by 

 monotypy, Ortalida montagnii Bonaparte. 



Salpizusa Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn., p. 301, 1887 — 

 new name for Salpiza Wagler. 



♦Penelope marail (P. L. S. Muller). Cayenne Guan. 



Phasianus marail P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 125, 1776 — based on 

 "Le Marail" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 2, p. 390, 1771; Cayenne. 



Penelope jacupema Merrem, Av. Rar. Icon, et Descr., fasc. 2, p. 39, pi. 11, 

 1786 — "Guyana" (based on an aviary bird); idem, Beytr. Bes. Gesch. 

 Vogel, Heft 2, pi. 11, 1786.i 



Penelope marail Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 734, 1789 — based on "Faisan 

 verdatre, de Cayenne" Daubenton (PL Enl., pi. 338)^ and "Le Marail" 

 Buffon (Hist. Nat. Ois., 2, p. 390), Cayenne; Wagler, Isis, 1830, col. 1110 

 ^Cayenne and Guiana; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 297, 1908 — Cayenne 

 and Ipousin, Approuague River, French Guiana (crit.); Snethlage, Bol. 

 Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 55, 1914 — Rio Jamunda (Faro), Brazil; Beebe, Trop. 

 Wild Life, 1, p. 127, 1917 — Bartica, British Guiana; Bangs and Penard, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 40, 1918 — Lelydorp and Javaweg, Suri- 

 nam; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 175, 1922 — "Santa 

 Marta" (occurrence denied); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 13, 1934 — part, 

 eastern Venezuela, Guianas, and eastern Brazil. 



Penelope jacupeba Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 54, pi. 71, 1825 — "in 

 sylvis Parae," Brazil (type in Munich Museum examined; of. Hellmayr, 

 Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 689, 1906); Ogilvie-Grant, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 494, 1893— "Santa Marta" and British 

 Guiana (Quonga, Camacusa, Bartica Grove, Demerara); idem, Handb. 

 Game-Bds., 2, p. 223, 1897 (monog.); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 

 9, p. 120, 1902 — La Pricion, Caura River, Venezuela; Ihering, Cat. Faun. 

 Braz., 1, p. 13, 1907 (range); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, 

 p. 350, 1916— Caura River. 



Salpiza marail Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," 

 p. 745, 1849^ — coastal forests. 



' Though pretty poor, Merrem's plate in conjunction with the description, 

 which expressly mentions the whitish edges to the chest and the green gloss of 

 the plumage, cannot well refer to any other species. His failure to indicate the 

 rufescent belly is hardly of importance in view of the fact that description and 

 figure were made from a living specimen. 



2 Daubenton's plate is quite recognizable. 




134 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Penelope greeyi Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 206, pi. 22 (based on an 

 aviary bird said to be from "Santa Marta"; type, now in British Museum, 

 examined);! Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 523— "Santa Marta" (crit.); 

 Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 174 — British Guiana (Bartica Grove, Camacusa, 

 "Roraima, 3500 to 5000 ft.");* W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1887, p. 317— Maccas- 

 seema, Pomeroon River. 



Penelope marial [sic] Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 25, 1916 — many localities. 



Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana, west to eastern 

 Venezuela (La Pricion, Caura Valley), south to the north bank of 

 the lower Amazon, Brazil.' 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: British Guiana (Berbice, 1; unspeci- 

 fied, 1). 



Conover Collection.— S: British Guiana (Oko Mountains, Esse- 

 quibo, 1); Brazil (Lagoa Cuipeua, near Obidos, 4; Rio Counany, 

 Para, 1 ; Cavari Island, Uassa Swamp, Para, 1 ; Igarape Arriba, near 

 Itacoatiara, 1). 



*Penelope purpurascens* purpurascens Wagler. Purple Guan. 



Penelope purpurascens Wagler, Isis, 1830, col. 1110 — Mexico, probably State 

 of Vera Cruz (type in Munich Museum examined); Moore, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 27, p. 61, 1859— Honduras; Sclater, I.e., pp. 369, 391, 1859— 

 vicinity of Jalapa, Vera Cruz, and Rio Grande, Oaxaca, Mexico; Sclater 

 and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 223 — Central America; Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p. 

 145 — Vera Paz, Guatemala; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1870, p. 522 — Mexico (Mazatlan, Tonila, Oaxaca, Jalapa), Guatemala, and 

 Honduras (monog.); Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 306, 1874 — 

 Mazatlan and Tonila, Sinaloa; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 45, 1876 — 

 Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia), Oaxaca; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 



' The colored figure corresponds very well to Cayenne specimens. The locality 

 is doubtless erroneous. Hellmayr has lately examined the type and found it 

 perfectly typical of mar ail. 



* No Roraima specimens of Whitely's appear to be extant. 



' Specimens from French Guiana, British Guiana, and northern Brazil agree 

 well, and a single female from Venezuela (Caura River) is not appreciably different. 

 An excellent account of this species and its habits is given under the vernacular 

 caption "Le Maraye" by Bajon (Mem. Hist. Cayenne et Guiane Frang., 1, pp. 

 383-397, pis. 3, 4, 1777), and Sonnini de Manoncour (Observ. Phys. Hist. Nat. et 

 les Arts, 5, Part 4, pp. 345-350, April, 1775) also published some notes of interest. 

 Though the latter author errs in considering "L'Yacou" identical with the "Ma- 

 rail," his description of male and female (p. 347) plainly shows that he had P. 

 marail before him. 



Additional material examined. — Venezuela: La Pricion, Caura, 1. — British 

 Guiana: Waremia River, 5; Camacabra Creek, 3; Supenaam River, 2; Camacusa, 

 4; Bartica Grove, 4; Ituribisci River, 3; Quonga, 2; Great Savannas, 4; Moraballi, 

 Essequibo River, 2; Ourumee, 1. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 2; Ipousin, Approu- 

 ague River, 3.— Brazil: "Para," 1. 



* Penelope purpurascens is probably conspecific with P. jacquaqu. Cf. Hell- 

 mayr and Conover, Auk, 49, p. 334, 1932. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 135 



1883, p. 459 — Yak-Jonat, Yucatan; Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 9, p. 175, 1886— Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 22, p. 496, 1893 — Mexico (Sierra Madre, above Ciudad Victoria, Tamauli- 

 pas; Santa Anna River, Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Atlixcos, Mexico; Villa Alta, 

 Oaxaca; Chimalapa, Tehuantepec; Yalahau, Yucatan) and Guatemala 

 (Vera Paz, Retalhuleu, Savana Grande, Volcan de Fuego, Medio Monte); 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 224, 1897 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 276, 1902— Mexico to Honduras; Miller, 

 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 343, 1905 — Escuinapa and Arroyo de Limo- 

 nes, Sinaloa; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 77, 1907 — 

 Los Amates, Guatemala; Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 74, 1911 — Guiaves, Tamauli- 

 pas; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 403, 1929 — Lancetilla, Honduras; 

 Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 301, 1932— Lancetilla. 



Penelope cristata (not Meleagris cristata Linnaeus) Lantz, Trans. Kans. Acad. 

 Sci., 16, p. 219, 1899 — Nar^njo and Santo Tomas, Guatemala. 



Penelope purpurascens purpurascens Hellmayr and Conover, Auk, 49, p. 331, 

 1932 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 100, 1932— Finca 

 Sepacuite, Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 12, 1934 — Mexico to 

 Honduras; Van Tyne, Misc. Publ., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 10, 

 1935 — Uaxactun and Sacchich, Peten, Guatemala; Griscom, Auk, 54, p. 

 192, 1937 — Omilteme, Guerrero; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. 

 Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 146, 1938— Puerto del Triunfo, El Salvador. 



Range. — Tropical zone of Mexico from Sinaloa and Tamaulipas 

 southwards through Guatemala to Honduras. 



Field Museum Collection. — 9: Guatemala (Las Amates, Izabal, 7; 

 Concepcion del Mar, Escuintla, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 15: Mexico (Rancho Santa Barbara, Sinaloa, 

 1; Rio Las Canas, Nayarit, 3; Tutla, Oaxaca, 3; Mt. Madre Vieja, 

 Escuintla, Chiapas, 2); Guatemala (Capetillo, 1; Quebrada, Izabal, 

 1); Honduras, Tegucigalpa (San Marcos de Guaymaca, 1; Alto 

 Cantoral, 1; Cantoral, 2). 



*Penelope purpurascens aequatorialis Salvadori and Festa.^ 

 Equatorial Guan. 



Penelope aequatorialis Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 

 368, p. 38, 1900 — Rio Peripa, Ecuador (type in Turin Museum); Chubb, 

 Ibis, 1919, p. 16 — part, Colombia, Ecuador, etc. (crit.); Lonnberg and 

 Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 15, 1922 — Gualea and below Nanegal, 



' Penelope purpurascens aequatorialis Salvadori and Festa differs from the 

 nominate race by chestnut rump and upper tail coverts, rufous abdomen, and 

 the presence of white lateral edges on hind neck, mantle, and upper wing coverts, 

 not to mention several minor divergencies. 



There is no constant difference between birds from western Ecuador and 

 Colombia (Choco) on one side, and those from Panama and Costa Rica on the 

 other. Nicaraguan specimens, which we have not .seen, are stated to verge in 

 the direction of typical purpurascens. 



Additional material examined. — Costa Rica, 8; Panama, 6; Choco, Colombia, 

 1; Bulun, Prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 1; Rio Peripa, Ecuador, 1. 




136 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 153, 1926 — Gualea, 

 below Mindo, above Bucay, and El Chiral, Ecuador. 



Penelope jacucaca (not of Spix) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 72, 

 1860 — Pallatanga, Ecuador (one specimen examined by C. E. Hellmayr). 



Penelope purpurascens (not of Wagler) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 

 8, p. 12, 1863— Panama Railroad; idem. I.e., 9, p. 139, 1868— Barranca, 

 Angostura, and La Palma, Costa Rica; Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 317 — Costa 

 Rica and Panama (crit.); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 372, 1869 — 

 Costa Rica; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 42 — Volcan de 

 Irazu, Costa Rica. 



Penelope cristata (not Meleagris cristata Linnaeus)' Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 525 — part, Costa Rica and Panama (descr.); 

 Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 409, 1882— La Palma, Costa Rica; 

 idem. I.e., 6, p. 408, 1884 — Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; Berlepsch and Tac- 

 zanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 576 — Chimbo, Ecuador; Zeledon, 

 Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 128, 1887 — Jimenez and Naranjo de Car- 

 tago, Costa Rica; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 523, 1893 — 

 Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 

 498, 1893 — part, spec, g-1, n, Costa Rica (Valsa, La Palma), Panama (Lion 

 Hill), and Ecuador (Balzar); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 226, 1897— 

 part, Nicaragua to Panama and Ecuador; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 448 

 — Miravalles, Costa Rica; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 504, 1898 — Paramba, 

 Ecuador (crit.); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, 

 p. 10, 1899 — Laguna della Pita, Rio Lara, and Rio Cianati, Darien, 

 Panama; Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 356, 1901 — Divala, Chiriqui; Salvin and God- 

 man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 277, 1902 — Nicaragua to Panama and 

 Ecuador; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 3, p. 21, 1902 — Boquete and 

 "Caribbean slope of Volcan de Chiriqui"; idem. Auk, 24, p. 291, 1907— 

 El Pozo de Terraba, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 382, 

 1910 — Costa Rica (Bonilla, Pozo Azul, Rio Sicsola, Miravalles, El Pozo 

 de Terraba); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 195, 1917 — part, 

 Choco, Colombia, and Ecuador (Gualea, Nardnjo) (crit.); Rendahl, Ark. 

 Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 10, 1919 — Volcan Ometepe, Nicaragua; Bangs and 

 Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 195, 1922 — Jesusito, Darien. 



Penelope cristata cristata Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 

 446, 1928— Boquete Trail, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, 

 p. 297, 1931— Guabo, Panama. 



Penelope purpurascens aequatorialis Hellmayr and Conover, Auk, 49, p. 331, 

 1932 — Nicaragua to western Ecuador (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., 72, p. 318, 1932— Ranchon, Panama; idem. I.e., 78, p. 303, 1935— 

 Panama; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 13, 1934 (range). 



1 Meleagris cristata Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 269, 1766) is an inde- 

 terminable composite, based (1) on "Jacu-pema" Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., 

 p. 198), an indefinitely described species from northeastern Brazil (possibly P. 

 jacucaca Spix); (2) on "The Quan or Guan" Edwards (Nat. Hist. Bds., 1, p. 13, pi. 

 13) "from one of the Sugar Islands in the West Indies," an ambiguous bird which 

 seems to us unidentifiable. We agree, therefore, with Chubb (Ibis, 1919, pp. 

 16-17) that the name should be dropped altogether. The same fate is suffered by 

 Penelope Guan Reichenbach (Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 149, 1862), proposed for 

 Edwards's plate. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 137 



Range. — Tropical zone of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama 

 south along the Pacific coast of Colombia to western Ecuador. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Costa Rica (Orosi, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 12: Costa Rica (Bebed^ro, 1; Ballena, 1; 

 Cerro Santa Maria, 1; Las Cafias, 1; Villa Quesada, 1); Panama 

 (Port Obaldia, Darien, 4; Cricamola, Bocas del Toro, 1); Ecuador 

 (Santo Domingo, 1; Bajo Verde, Guayas, 1). 



*Penelope y uipupuaLeujj perspicax Bangs.' Cauca Guan. 



Penelope perspicax Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, p. 187, 1911 — San Luis, 

 Bitaco Valley, western Andes, Colombia (type in coll. of E. A. and 

 O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; 

 cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 154, 1930); Chapman, Bull, 

 Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 195, 1917 — San Antonio, western Andes; Mira- 

 fiores and Salento, central Andes, Colombia (crit.). 



Penelope purpurascens perspicax Hellmayr and Conover, Auk, 49, p. 332, 1932 

 —Cauca Valley (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 13, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of western Colombia in the western 

 Andes (Pavas; San Luis, Bitaco Valley; San Antonio; Munchique; 

 Clementina) and on the western slope of the central Andes (Salento, 

 West Quindio Andes; Miraflores, east of Palmira). 



Conover Collection. — 3 : Colombia, Cauca (Munchique, El Tambo, 

 2; Rio Michengue, El Tambo, 1). 



*Penelope purpurascens brunnescens Hellmayr and Conover.^ 

 Brownish Guan. 



Penelope purpurascens brunnescens Hellmayr and Conover, Auk, 49, p. 333, 

 July, 1932 — Rio Cogollo, Perija, Venezuela (type in Conover Collection, 

 Field Museum of Natural History); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 13, 1934 

 (range). 



' Penelope purpurascens perspicax Bangs: Similar to P. p. aequatorialis, but 

 smaller; inner remiges coppery auburn instead of bronze green; foreneck and 

 breast more brownish, less bronze green; scapulars and upper wing coverts nar- 

 rowly edged with grayish, these markings being but slightly suggested in some 

 individuals of P. p. aequatorialis. Wing, 310-320, (female) 295; tail, 330, (female) 

 300-315; bill, 31-35. 



P. p. perspicax is obviously a zonal representative of P. p. aequatorialis, and 

 replaces it in the Subtropical zone of the Cordilleras bordering the upper Cauca 

 Valley. 



Additional material examined. — Western Andes: San Antonio, 2; Clementina, 

 1. — Central Andes: Miraflores, east of Palmira, 1; Salento, West Quindio Andes, 2. 



- Penelope purpurascens brunnescens Hellmayr and Conover: Very similar to 

 P. p. aequatorialis, but pileum and upper back decidedly less greenish, about dull 

 medal bronze; central tail feathers reddish brown or coppery auburn as in P. p. 

 perspicax; foreneck and breast duller and more brownish with hardly any olive 

 green gloss, so conspicuous in P. p. aequatorialis. The present race is to a certain 

 extent intermediate between aequatorialis and perspicax, for it agrees with the 



/e ^ \/c.>-saJU,\mi4 i^u* 




138 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Penelope eristata (not Meleagris cristata Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 525 — part, New Granada [=Bogot4]; (?)idem, 

 I.e., 1879, p. 544 — Remedies, Antioquia; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 22, p. 498, 1893 — part, spec, m, Bogotd; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 

 2, p. 226, 1897— part, Colombia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 

 126, 1900 — Bonda, Santa Marta region, Colombia; Chapman, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 195, 1917 — part, La Candela, head of Magda- 

 lena Valley, Colombia; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 

 Ser., 12, p. 30, 1922— Rio CogoUo and Rio Guachi, Venezuela. 



Penelope aequatorialis (not of Salvadori and Festa) Todd and Carriker, Ann. 

 Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 174, 1922 — Las Tinajas, Bonda, Don Diego, and 

 Minca, Colombia; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 371, 1931 — 

 Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia. 



Penelope purpurascens aeqtuxtorialis Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45, p. 210, 

 1932 (crit.). 



/?ange.— Tropical zone of extreme western Venezuela, in State of 

 Zulia (Rio Guachi; Montaiias de Palmar; Rio Cogollo, P^rija), and 

 adjoining section of Colombia (Santa Marta region), extending up 

 the Magdalena Valley as far as La Candela, in the Subtropical zone. 



Conover Collection. — 3 : Venezuela (Rio Guachi, Zulia, 1 ; Montaiias 

 de Palmar, Zulia, 1; Rio Cogollo, P^rija, 1). 



*Penelope obscura bronzina Hellmayr.^ Bronze-green Guan. 



Penelope obscura bronzina Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 21, p. 178, Feb., 1914 — 

 southern Minas Geraes to Santa Catharina, Brazil (type, from Colonia 

 Hansa, Santa Catharina, in Munich Museum); Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. 

 N. H., 57, p. 280, 1928 — Serra do Itatiaya, Rio de Janeiro; Peters, Bds. 

 Worid, 2, p. 15, 1934 (range). 



Penelope jacupeba (not of Spix) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1870, p. 524 — Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo (descr. spec, ex Itarare). 



former in lacking the coppery auburn color on the inner remiges and the grayish 

 edges on mantle and upper wing coverts, but resembles the latter in the dull 

 brownish anterior under parts and the reddish or coppery middle rectrices. Wing, 

 350-360, (female) 340-355; tail, 310-340, (female) 315-340; bill, 32-35. 



Santa Marta birds agree with those from Venezuela, while three adult males 

 from La Candela in the Subtropical zone at the head of the Magdalena Valley 

 are larger (wing, 360-382; tail, 360-380; bill, 34-36). Though the distinctness of 

 this form was challenged by Todd, we do not see how it can be united to either P. 

 p. aequatorialis or P. p. perspicax. The specimen from Remedios, Rio Ite, being 

 lost, its subspecific identity remains in doubt. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: Santa Marta region (Bonda, Don 

 Diego, Minca), 6; "Bogota," 1; La Candela, 3. 



' Penelope obscura bronzina Hellmayr: Neafest to P. o. obscura, but with a 

 shallow lappet in the middle of the neck; upper parts and breast lighter bronze 

 green, the head and neck particularly much less blackish; crest and superciliary 

 region profusely edged with grayish white; rump more greenish; legs lighter brown. 



Material examined. — Minas Geraes: Estacao do Tunnel, 2. — Rio de Janeiro: 

 Rio de Janeiro, 4. — Sao Paulo: Itarare, 3; Piquete, 1. — Parana: Roga Nova, Serra 

 do Mar, 1. — Santa Catharina: Blumenau, 1; Colonia Hansa, 1; Jaragua, 6. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 139 



Penelope nigricapilla (not of Gray) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 281, 341, 1870 

 — Itarare, Sao Paulo (descr.). 



Penelope (Salpiza) jacquaqu (not Penelope jacquagu Spix) Cabanis, Journ. 

 Orn., 22, p. 230, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro. 



Penelope obscura (not of Temminck) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, 

 p. 497, 1893 — part, spec, d, e, Rio and Sao Paulo (spec, examined); idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 225, 1897 — part, southern Brazil (Rio to Sao 

 Paulo); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 410, 1899 — Sao Paulo; idem. Cat. 

 Faun. Braz., 1, p. 14, 1907 — Sao Paulo and Santa Catharina (Colonia 

 Hansa); Liiderwaldt, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 27, p. 337, 1909— Serra do 

 Itatiaya, Rio de Janeiro; Miranda- Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de 

 Janeiro, 24, p. 241, 1923 — Retiro do Ramos, Itatiaya. 



Penelope jacquagu Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 164, 1900 — Cantagallo. 

 Penelope jacu-OQU Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 13, p. 

 179, 1906 — Retiro do Ramos, Serra do Itatiaya. 



Penelope boliviana (not of Reichenbach) Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. 

 Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 253, 1923 — Retiro do Ramos, Itatiaya. 



Penelope obscura obscura Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 

 115, 1926 — Fazenda Concordia and Fazenda Firmiano, Parana. 



Range. — Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from southern 

 Minas Geraes (Estag ao do Tunnel) and Rio de Janeiro south through 

 Sao Paulo and Parana to Santa Catharina (Blumenau, Colonia 

 Hansa). 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Brazil (Morungava, Jaguariahyva, 

 Parana, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 3: Brazil (Morungava, Jaguariahyva, 

 Parana, 2; Jaragua, Santa Catharina, 1). 



Penelope obscura obscura Temminck. Dusky Guan. 



Penelope obscura (Illiger MS.) Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 68, 693, 

 1815 — based on "Yacuhu" Azara, No. 335; Paraguay to the La Plata 

 River; Wagler, Isis, 1830, col. 1111 — Paraguay (ex Azara); Burmeister, 

 Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 340, 1856 — Paraguay (ex Azara); Sclater 

 and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 525 — part, Rio Vermejo and 

 Rio Paraguay, Paraguay; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 275, 1884 — isles of the 

 Uruguay, near Concepcion, Entre Rlos; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 

 2, p. 146, 1889 — part, Rio Paraguay, Rio Vermejo, and Uruguay; Kerr, 

 Ibis, 1892, p. 147 — forests of Rio Bermejo and Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco 

 Argentino; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 497, 1893 — part, 

 spec, a, c, f, Uruguay, "Brazil," and "Paraguay" (spec, examined); idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 225, 1897 — part, Uruguay, Paraguay, and 

 northeastern Argentina; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, 

 p. 147, 1899 — Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Apunt. Hist. Nat., 

 1, p. 21, 1909 — part, Santa Fe and Chaco; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. 

 Buenos Aires, 18, p. 189, 1910 — part, Uruguay, Chaco (Mocovl), and 

 Rio Pilcomayo; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 35, 1914 — Paraguay; Tremole- 




140 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



ras, El Hornero, 2, p. 11, 1920 — Uruguay (Paysandu, Salto, Artigas, 

 Minas, Treinta y Tres); Arribalzaga, I.e., 2, p. 88, 1920 — Chaco. 



Penelope nigricapilla G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 269, 1860 — 

 "Brazil" (type in British Museum examined). 



Penelope obscura obscura Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 263, 1909 — 

 Mocovl, Chaco Santafecino; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 

 18, p. 408, 1910 — lower Pilcomayo, Chaco Santafecino, Rio Bermejo, 

 and islands of the Rio Uruguay; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool, 21, p. 177, 1914 

 — Rio Grande do Sul, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Chaco Santafecino (crit., 

 diag.); Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 4, p. 104, 1918; idem, El Hornero, 1, 

 p. 180, 1918 (range); Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., No. 112, p. 289, 

 1918 — Villa Lutetia, near San Ignacio, Misiones; Peters, Bds. World, 2, 

 p. 15, 1934 (range); Krieg and Schuhmacher, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 21, p. 

 13, 1936 — northeastern Paraguay (habits). 



{1)Penelope olivacea Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, (1), p. 20, 1901 — Alto 

 Parana, Paraguay (type in coll. of A. W. de Bertoni). ^ 



Range. — Extreme southern Brazil (State of Rio Grande do Sul); 

 Uruguay;- Paraguay; northeastern Argentina (Chaco south to Santa 

 F^; Entre Rios; Misiones).' 



♦Penelope obscura bridgesi G. R. Gray.^ Bridges's Guan. 



Penelope bridgesi G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 270, 1860— 

 Bolivia (type in British Museum examined). 



Penelope obscura (not of Temminck) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1870, p. 525— part, Bolivia; idem. I.e., 1879, p. 640— Bolivia; Sclater 

 and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 146, 1889 — part, Tucum4n and Catamarca; 

 Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 497, 1893— part, spec, g, 

 Bolivia; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 225, 1897 — part, Bolivia; Salva- 



1 The allocation of this name is doubtful. It was subsequently identified by 

 Bertoni (Faun. Parag., p. 36, 1914) with P. sdateri, which can hardly be correct, 

 as no representative of the P. montagnii group has ever been found outside of the 

 Andes. 



' "Crax sclateri" of Aplin (Ibis, 1894, p. 203 — Rio Negro, Perdido, and Arroyo 

 Grande, Uruguay) probably refers to the present species, no curassow being 

 found in Uruguay. 



' Birds from Rio Grande do Sul are identical with those from Uruguay and 

 the Chaco Santafecino. 



Material examined. — Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul: Rio Grande, 1; unspecified, 

 2. — Uruguay: Paysandu, 2. — Argentina: Rio Paraguay, 1; Mocovi, Santa Fe, 2. 



* Penelope obscura bridgesi Gray resembles P. o. obscura in shape of crest- 

 feathers, absence of gular lappet, dark brown legs, and in blackish olive coloration 

 of head and neck; but differs by distinct whitish margins to the forecrown; much 

 more conspicuous, pure white edges on the wing coverts; purplish bronze brown 

 (instead of dark olive green) upper parts and chest; more rufescent rump and 

 under parts. 



Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Villa Montes, 1; unspecified, 1 (the 

 type). — Argentina: Or4n, Salta, 1; Tafi Viejo, Tucum^n, 1; Tafi, Tucuman, 2; 

 San Pablo, Tucumdn, 1; Villa Nougues, Tucuman, 1; Vipos, Tucumdn, 1; un- 

 specified, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 141 



dori. Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 35, 1897— Caiza, Bolivia 

 (crit.); Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 458 — Tatarenda, Bolivia; Bruch, Rev. 

 Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 248, 1904— Oran, Salta; Lillo, Apunt. Hist. Nat., 1, 

 p. 21, 1909 — part, Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 

 18, p. 189, 1910— part, Ordn, Salta. 



Penelope pileata (not of Wagler) White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 627 

 — Sierras de Totoral, Catamarca. 



Pipile cumanensis (not Crax cumanensis Jacquin) Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. 

 Buenos Aires, 8, p. 217, 1902 — San Pablo and La Hoyada, Tucumdn; 

 idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 71, 1905 — same localities; Baer, 

 Ornis, 12, p. 233, 1904— La Criolla, Tucuman. 



Penelope obscura bridgesi Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 263, 1909 — 

 Tafi, San Pablo, Villa Nougues, and Norco, Tucuman (crit.); Menegaux, 

 Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, (10), 1, p. 218, 1909— Jujuy; Dabbene, Anal. 

 Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 409, 1910 — Tucuman, Catamarca, and 

 Salta; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 21, p. 177, 1914 — southeastern Bolivia and 

 northwestern Argentina (diag.); Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 4, p. 104, 

 1918; idem. El Hornero, 1, p. 181, 1918 (range); Dinelli, El Hornero, 4, 

 p. 275, 1929 — Tucuman; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., 

 Vogel, p. 82, 1930— Villa Montes, Tarija, Bolivia; Peters, Bds. World, 2, 

 p. 15, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Southeastern Bolivia, in depts. of Tarija (Caiza, Tata- 

 renda, MelocQton, Villa Montes) and Cochabamba (Tin-Tin), and 

 northwestern Argentina, from Jujuy south to Catamarca (Sierras 

 de Totoral). 



Conover Collection. — 10: Bolivia (Melocoton, Tarija, 1; Tin-Tin, 

 Cochabamba, 3); Argentina (Sierra de Santa Barbara, Jujuy, 2; 

 Sierra de Vipos, Tucumdn, 4). 



*Penelope jacquagu speciosa Todd.^ Bolivian Guan. 



1 Penelope jacquagu speciosa Todd: Nearest to P.j.jacquagu, but crest-feathers 

 narrower, apically less rounded, and on both webs conspicuously edged with gray- 

 ish white, these edges nearly confluent at the tip, and superciliaries more profusely 

 margined with whitish. The malar stripe varies somewhat, but is generally also 

 more strongly variegated with grayish white, while the posterior under parts are 

 lighter as well as brighter rufescent. The other differences claimed for this race 

 do not hold in the specimens before us. Wing, 320, (female) 305-315; tail, 335, 

 (female) 320-330; bill, 32-35. 



This form seems to represent P. j. jacquagu on the northern and eastern base 

 of the Bolivian Andes, in the northern section of Cochabamba along the Rio 

 Chimore, whence specimens have been recorded by Chapman, and in the region 

 around Santa Cruz de la Sierra. In the extreme northwestern corner of the 

 country, on the lower Rio Beni, however, Spix's Guan is found, according to 

 Chapman. 



Aside from many color characters, P. j. speciosa differs so markedly from P. 

 obscura bridgesi by slenderer, longer bill, shorter toes, shorter and practically 

 unfeathered tarsus, dark brown (instead of crimson) legs, and longer crest-feathers, 

 that for the present we consider it inexpedient to merge P. jacquagu and P. obscura 

 into a single specific entity, as has been proposed by Peters. 



Additional material examined. — Bolivia : Rio Surutu,l (the type); Buenavista, 1. 




142 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Penelope speciosa Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 82, April, 1915 — Rio 

 Surutu, Prov. del Sara, Bolivia (type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, 

 examined); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 44 (in text), 1921 — 

 Rio Chimore, Cochabamba, Bolivia (crit.). 



Penelope boliviano (not of Reichenbach) Burmeister, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1871, p. 701— Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (crit.) (cf. Dabbene, Bol. 

 Soc. Physis, 4, p. 104 [in text], 1918; idem. El Homero, 1, p. 180 [in text], 

 1918 [crit.]); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 499, 1893— part, 

 spec, g, Bolivia; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 227, 1897 — part, Bolivia. 



Penelope jacquaqu boliviana Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 19 — Bolivia (crit.). 



Penelope obscura speciosa Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 15, 1934 — Bolivia. 



Penelope jacquoQU speciosa Hellmayr and Conover, Auk, 49, p. 335, 1932 — 

 eastern Bolivia (crit.). 



Range.— Tropica] zone of eastern Bolivia, in depts. of Cocha- 

 bamba (Rio Chimor^) and Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz de la Sierra; 

 Buenavista, Rio Ichilo, and Rio Surutu, Prov. del Sara). 



Conover Collection. — 6: Bolivia (Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 5; Rio 

 Ichilo, Santa Cruz, 1). 



*Penelope jacquagu jacqua^^u Spix. Spix's Guan. 



Penelope jacquaqu Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 52, pi. 68 ("P. jacuagu"), 

 1825 — Rio Solimoes, Brazil (type in Munich Museum examined; cf. 

 Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 688, 1906); 

 Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 319, 1889 — Shanusi, near Yurimaguas, Peru 

 (crit.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 408, 1907 — Humayta, Rio Madeira, 

 Brazil; idem. I.e., 17, p. 418, 1910 — Jamarysinho, Rio Machados, Brazil; 

 Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 196, 1917 — Villavicencio and 

 Florencia, eastern Colombia. 



Penelope boliviana Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 877, 1856 

 (nomen nudum); Reichenbach, VoUst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 151, pi. 271, 

 figs. 2493-4, 1862 — "Bolivia" (type lost, formerly in Dresden Museum);* 

 Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 282, 339, 1870— Brazil (Salto do Girao, Rio 

 Madeira; Lagoa Manaqueri, Rio Solimoes) and Peru ("Juan-juy"= 

 Juanfue, Rio Huallaga) (descr.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1870, p. 526 — Brazil (Rio Solimoes, Rio Madeira, Lake Manaqueri) 

 and Peru (Yurimaguas, Rio Huallaga) (monog.); idem. I.e., 1873, p. 307 

 — Yurimaguas, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 558 — Monterico and 

 Amable Maria, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 48 — Yurimaguas, Peru; idem, 

 Orn. Per., 3, p. 268, 1886 — Peru (Monterico, Amable Maria, Yurimaguas, 

 Huambo, Chirimoto); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 106, 1889— 



1 We suggest Coaiy, on the south bank of the Solimoes, one of Spix's collecting 

 stations, as type locality. 



2 Reichenbach's figures, poor as they are, clearly represent P. jacquoQU, and 

 do not show the characteristics of P. j. speciosa. The type, which has disappeared, 

 was collected by the Polish traveler Warscewicz and probably came from northern 

 Peru, not from Bolivia. A similar confusion of localities was committed by 

 Reichenbach with other sf)ecies obtained by Warscewicz, notably in the case of 

 Diphogena warscemczi [=0. aurora]. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 143 



lower Beni, Bolivia; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 499, 1893 

 — part, spec, a-f, Rio Solimoes (Lake Manaqueri), Peru (Iquitos, Yuri- 

 maguas), and Ecuador (Sarayacu); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 227, 

 1897 — part (excl. Bolivia); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1902, (2), p. 44 — La Gloria and Chanchamayo, Peru; Snethlage, 

 Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 55, 1914 (aviary spec). 



Penelope jacuagu Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, 

 p. 38, 1900 — Rio Zamora, Ecuador. 



Penelope jacquassu Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 451, 1905 — Rio Juru4, 

 Brazil; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 14, 1907 — Rio Jurud. 



Penelope jacquaqu jacquaqu Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 18 — Rio Peren6, Peru; Chap- 

 man, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 44, 1921— Rio Comberciato, Rio 

 Cosireni, and San Fernando, Urubamba, Peru; Lonnberg and Rendahl, 

 Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 15, 1922 — along Rio Curaray, Ecuador; Chap- 

 man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 155, 1926 — Rio Suno and Rio Cura- 

 ray, Ecuador; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 249, 

 1930— Vista Alegre, Peru; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, 

 p. 236, 1932 — Sarayacu, Ecuador; Hellmayr and Conover, Auk, 49, p. 

 335, 1932 (crit.). 



Penelope obscura jacquagu Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 14, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Upper Amazonia, from eastern Colombia south througli 

 eastern Ecuador and Peru to extreme northern Bolivia (lower Beni)^ 

 and the adjacent parts of western Brazil (from the south bank of the 

 Rio Solimoes east to the Rio Madeira). ^ 



Conover Collection. — 21: Ecuador (Lagarto Yacu, 1; Montes Rio 

 Guataraco, Loreto, 1; Raya-Chigta, Loreto, 2; Ouca-Yaco, Loreto, 

 2; Montes del Suno, Loreto, 3); Peru (Chanchamayo, 1; Vista 

 Alegre, Huanuco, 1; Calleria, Rio Ucayali, 2; Yurimaguas, Loreto, 

 2); Brazil (Canutana, Rio Purus, 3; Labrea, Rio Purus, 1; Santo 

 Antonio, Rio Jurua, 2). 



Penelope jacquagu orienticola Todd.^ Rio Negro Guan. 



1 According to Chapman (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 44, 1921), a single 

 adult from the lower Beni resembles others from Peru. 



^ Additional specimens examined. — Brazil : Rio Solimoes, 1 (the type) ; Rio 

 Jurua, 1; Salto do Girao, Rio Madeira, 2; Jamarysinho, Rio Machados, 3. — Peru: 

 Chanchamayo, 1; Pozuzo, Hudnuco, 3. — Ecuador: Rio Zamora, 1. 



' Penelope jacquagu orienticola Todd: Similar to P. j. jacquagu, but larger; 

 upper parts darker green without any brownish suffusion on lower back and rump; 

 grayish edging to crest-feathers less developed; green of breast darker; posterior 

 under parts much less rufescent, being dark brown with narrow vermiculations 

 of dull rufescent. Wing (male), 330; tail, 349. 



The only specimen, an adult male from Ayrao, Rio Negro, which one of us 

 has examined, agrees with Todd's description, based on a single bird from Mana- 

 capuru, in every particular except for having the primaries pale hair brown. By 

 this character, whatever it may be worth, it seems to verge to P. granti, which, as 

 has been intimated by Chapman, might prove to be conspecific with the P. jac- 

 quagu group. Perhaps the specimens from the Rio Cassiquiare and the base of 




144 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Penelope jacquacu orieniicola Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45, p. 211, Nov. 26, 

 1932 — Manacapuru, Rio Solimoes, Brazil (type in Carnegie Museum, 

 Pittsburgh). 



Penelope cristate (not Meleagris cristata Linnaeus) Pelzeln, Cm. Bras., 3, p. 

 280, 1870 — Rio Negro, near Ayrao (spec, examined). 



Penelope obscura orieniicola Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 14, 1934 — Manacapuru. 



Range. — Northern Brazil, from the north bank of the Rio SoH- 

 moes (Manacapuru) to the lower Rio Negro (Ayrao). 



♦Penelope granti Berlepsch.^ Ogilvie-Grant's Guan. 



' Penelope granti Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 297, 1908 — new name for Pene- 

 lope marail (not Phasianus marail P. L. S. Muller) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 495, 1893; Takutu River, British Guiana (cotypes 

 in British Museum examined); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 24, 1916 — 

 Supenaam River, Bartica, Ituribisci, Bonasika, Arawai, Essequibo, Great 

 Savannahs, and Annai; Beebe, Trop. Wild Life, 1, p. 127, 1917 — Bartica 

 Grove; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 61, 1931 — Arabupu, 

 Roraima (crit.). 



Salpiza cristata (not Meleagris cristata Linnaeus) Cabanis, in Schomburgk, 

 Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 745, 1849 — coastal forests and vicinity 

 of Roraima. 



Penelope marail (not Phasianus marail P. L. S. Muller) Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 522 — British Guiana (monog.); Ogilvie- 

 Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 495, 1893— Takutu River, British 

 Guiana; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 223, 1897 — British Guiana and 

 "Cayenne"; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 13, 1934 (part). 



Mount Duida mentioned by Chapman as being very near P. granti are actually 

 referable to P. j. orienticola, which we have already traced up to the lower Rio 

 Negro. 



Material examined. — Brazil: near Ayrao, Rio Negro, 1. 



• Penelope granti Berlepsch, although united to P. marail by Peters, is quite 

 distinct, differing from it by much larger size with stronger bill and much heavier, 

 longer tarsi; deep bluish green upper parts and chest; dusky or dusky brown 

 lower breast and abdomen without any rufescent tone (instead of light rufescent 

 barred and variegated with dusky); blackish cheek-stripe less extensively edged 

 with gray. Wing, 315-340; tail, 337-360. 



From a study of the large series of British Guianan skins in the British Museum 

 by the senior author it clearly results that P. granti and P. marail are specifically 

 different. There are seventeen specimens of the former and twenty-nine of the 

 latter in that collection, various localities (Waremia River, Supenaam, Great 

 Savannahs, Camacabra Creek, Ituribisci River, Bartica Grove) being represented 

 by both species. While the characters given above hold in every one of the numer- 

 ous specimens examined, the pale (hair brown) coloration of the outer primaries 

 does not seem to be of any consequence. Though we have not been able to make 

 direct comparison, P. granti apparently differs from P. j. orienticola by bluish 

 green upper parts and chest, longer as well as narrower crest-feathers, and by 

 lacking every trace of the rufescence on the posterior lower parts so conspicuous 

 in orienticola. 



Additional material examined. — British Guiana: Waremia River, 3; Annai, 1; 

 Supenaam, 1; Bonasika River, 1; Great Savannahs, 3; Takutu River, 3; Arawai 

 River, 1; Camacabra Creek, 3; Ituribisci River, 1; Bartica Grove, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 145 



Penelope cristata Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 175 — British Guiana (ex Schomburgk) ; 

 W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1887, p. 317— Corentyne River and "Orinoco Country." 



Penelope purpurascens (not of Wagler) J. E. Gray, Knowsley Menag., 2, pi. 

 11, 1846. 



Range. — British Guiana.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: British Guiana (Demerara River, 1; 

 Rockstone, Essequibo River, 3). 



Conover Collection. — 5 : British Guiana ( Wismar, Demerara River, 

 1; Rockstone, Essequibo River, 2; Oko Mountains, Essequibo 

 River, 2). 



♦Penelope ortoni Salvin.^ Orton's Guan. 



Penelope ortoni Salvin, Ibis, (3), 4, p. 325, 1874 — Mindo, "western slope of 

 Pichincha, 6,000 to 7,000 ft.,"' Ecuador (type in Museum of Vassar 

 College, Poughkeepsie, N.Y.); Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 576 — Chimbo, Ecuador; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 22, p. 496, 1893 — western Ecuador; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 

 2, p. 224, 1897— Mindo (ex Salvin); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 504, 1898 

 — Cachavi (alt. 500 ft.) and Paramba (alt. 3,500 ft.), Ecuador; Salvadori 

 and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 37, 1900— Naranjal, 

 Ecuador; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 600, 1902 — Rio Bogota, Ecuador; 

 Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 228 — Santo Domingo, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 194, 1917 — Baudo, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 

 153, 1926 — above Bucay and below Mindo, Ecuador; Hellmayr and 

 Conover, Auk, 49, p. 336, 1932 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 13, 1934 

 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of western Colombia and western Ecuador, 

 from C)ioc6 south to Chimbo. 



Conover Collection. — 19: Ecuador (Gualea, 1; Santo Domingo de 

 los Colorados, 1 ; Milpe Mindo, Pichincha, 5 ; Achotal, Imbabura, 3) ; 



1 The supposed occurrence in "Cayenne" and the "Orinoco Country" requires 

 confirmation. 



* Penelope ortoni is rather an isolated species, characterized by the complete 

 absence of any rufescent tone on the lower parts (the abdomen being sepia brown 

 like the tibial feathers and under tail coverts and very little different from the 

 slightly more bronzy breast) as well as by the conspicuous white lateral edges on 

 the under surface, extending down to the belly. The small size, the uniform dark 

 brown pileum, malar region, and sides of neck, as well as the lack of grayish edges 

 to mantle and wing coverts, are other striking features. The throat and foreneck 

 are entirely bare, only the gonydeal angle being covered with blackish feathers. 

 Wing, 255-270; tail, 245-255. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: Rio Dagua, San Jose, 1. — Ecuador: 

 Paramba, 1; Santo Domingo, 2; Chimbo, 1. 



' Mindo being only a little over 4,000 feet above sea level, the altitude indicated 

 by Salvin cannot be correct. The species appears to be confined to the lower 

 Tropical zone, the highest station whence it has yet been recorded being Paramba, 

 at 3,500 feet elevation. 




146 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Colombia (La Costa, El Tambo, Cauca, 7; Rio Michengue, El 

 Tambo, Cauca, 2). 



Penelope albipennis Taczanowski.^ White-winged Guan. 



Penelope albipennis Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 746 — Santa 

 Lucia, Tumbez, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Doma- 

 niewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 100, 1927); idem. Cm. Per., 

 3, p. 271, 1886 — Tumbez and Hacienda de Pabur, Piura; Ogilvie-Grant, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 502, 1893— vicinity of Tumbez; idem, Handb. 

 Game-Bds., 2, p. 230, 1897 (monog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 55, p. 154, 1926 — Tumbez; Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 

 318 (in text), 1934 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 13, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of northwestern Peru, from Tumbez to 

 Piura (possibly to the Chicama Valley, near Trujillo).^ 



♦Penelope superciliaris superciliaris Temminck. Suferciliated 

 Guan. 



Penelope superciliaris (Illiger MS.) Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 

 72, 693, 1815 — "Bresil, et plus particulierement dans le district de Para" 

 (type lost, formerly in collection of C. J. Temminck);' Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 491, 1893 — part, spec, a, b. Para and Rio Capim; 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 220, 1897— part, Para; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, 

 p. 500— Rio Capim, Para; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 55, 1914 — 

 Santa Isabel, Rio Capim, Rio Acara, Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua), and 

 Rio Tapajoz (Boim). 



• Penelope albipennis Taczanowski is still known only from two specimens, 

 the type taken by Sztolcman at Santa Lucia, near Tumbez, in the Warsaw Museum, 

 and a female from Hacienda de Pabur (vicinity of Piura) in the Raimondi Collection, 

 now in San Marco University at Lima. It has been suggested that the species 

 might have been based on partial albinos of P. ortoni. Against this supposition, 

 however, speak not only Sztolcman's observations, but also Taczanowski's meas- 

 urements (wing, 325-336; tail, 325), which are much too large for P. ortoni, and 

 various details in coloration (crest-feathers edged with whitish gray; rump, tail 

 coverts, and abdomen vermiculated with rufescent, etc.). It is to be hoped that 

 precise information on this puzzling bird may soon be forthcoming. 



* According to Sztolcman, as recorded by Taczanowski (Orn. Per., 3, p. 271, 

 1886). 



' Neumann has recently tried to shift the name superciliaris to the form of 

 eastern Brazil, his principal reason for the change being that a specimen in the 

 Berlin Museum was collected by Gomez in the vicinity of Bahia. His whole 

 argument is based on the supposition that this example is Temminck's type. How- 

 ever, he not only failed to prove his point, but even the published evidence tends 

 to demonstrate its fallacy. At the end of the original account (pp. 74-75), Tem- 

 minck, in fact, states: "Je dois a M. le Comte de Hoffmannsegg I'individu qui fait 

 partie de mon cabinet; les deux individus adultes et le jeune oiseau qui font partie du 

 Museum de Berlin, sont aussi le produit des voyages que ce savant a fait faire a 

 ses fraix [sic] dans le Bresil." This statement at once disposes of Neumann's 

 surmise that there was only a "unique" specimen, and, furthermore, supplies two 

 important facts: (1) that the type was in Temminck's private collection, and (2) 

 that three additional examples were in the Berlin Museum. The bird examined 

 by Neumann is evidently one of those mentioned by Temminck as being at the 

 time in that collection, and has no claim whatever to be regarded as the type. 

 The circumstance that the type, like several others of his, has disappeared from 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 147 



Penelope superciliaris var. Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 283, 1870 — Rio Guapore 



(Forte do Principe) and Rio Madeira (Borba). 

 Penelope superciliaris superciliaris Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 408, 1907 — 



Borba, Rio Madeira; idem. I.e., 17, p. 418, 1910 — Borba; idem, Abhandl. 



Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 81, 97, 1912— Peixe- 



Boi and Rio Acara, Pard (Para localities); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 15, 



1934 (range). 

 Penelope superciliaris pseudonyma Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 53, p. 93, 



Jan., 1933 — Rio de "Cumana" [=Canuma], Rio Madeira, Brazil (type 



in Conover Collection, Field Museum of Natural History); idem, Verh. 



Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 184, 1933 (crit.). 



Range. ^Northern Brazil, south of the Amazon, from Para west 

 to the Rio Madeira and its tributary, the Rio Guapor^ (Forte do 

 Principe da Beira), on the northern confines of Matto Grosso.^ 



Conover Collection. — 15: Brazil (Villa Acara, Rio Acara, 1; 

 Serraria Cabrol, Rio Acara, 1; Buenos Aires, Rio Acara, 1; Ipomongo, 

 Rio Capim, 1; Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Pinhel, Rio Tapajoz, 3; Caxi- 

 ricatuba, Rio Tapajoz, 4; Tauary, Rio Tapajoz, 2; Rio Canuma, 



Amazonas, 1). ^^ J,,,AmM.4^ ^x/uw.,/ng 



*Penelope superciliaris mirjQfiiitra-Neomann.^ Buffy-browed 



GUAN. . 



Temminck's private collection, which was subsequently incorporated in the 

 Leiden Museum, cannot by any means be used as a pretext for arbitrarily sub- 

 stituting another so-called type specimen. It is quite probable that Hoffmannsegg 

 had received specimens of this penelope through both of his collectors, one through 

 Sieber from the Para region, which was given to Temminck, and others through 

 Gomez from Bahia, which were retained in the Berlin Museum. The slight dif- 

 ferences separating the two races would not have been regarded as of importance 

 in the beginning of the nineteenth century. 



As to Temminck's description, it contains nothing that contradicts the 

 characters of the Lower Amazonian form. In many specimens, it is true, there is 

 hardly a trace of a superciliary line, but in others this marking is present and 

 extends well to some distance above the lores, so that Temminck's expression 

 ("part de la racine du bee") would not seem to be far-fetched. Besides, Temminck 

 specifically mentions the Para district as particular habitat, and this fixes the name 

 unequivocally. 



^Additional material examined. — Para: Peixe-Boi, 1; Igarape-Assu, 1; Rio 

 Acara, 2.— Amazonas: Borba, Rio Madeira, 3; Forte do Principe, Rio Guapore, 1. 



2 Penelope superciliaris ochromitra Neumann: Exactly similar to P. s. jacu- 

 pemba, but superciliaries more strongly tinged with buffy, sometimes even wholly 

 ochraceous-buflf to ochraceous-tawny. 



When describing this form, Neumann had only three specimens from near 

 Parnagua, and evidently overlooked Hellmayr's remarks on the variability in 

 the series at Field Museum. In fact, only three of our nine birds (two from Tran- 

 queira, one from Fazenda Inhuma) have the superciliaries as deeply tawny- 

 ochraceous and connected by a distinct frontal band as the three individuals from 

 near Parnagua, which formed the basis of P. s. ochromitra. In all the others, the 

 superciliaries are much less rufescent with frontal bar either present or lacking. 

 Several individuals, notably one from Deserto, Piauhy, and another from Santo 

 Antonio, Goy4z, closely approach Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes examples, the 




148 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Penelope superciliaris ochromUra Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 53, p. 94, 

 Jan., 1933 — Lagda do Missao, near Parnagu^, Piauhy (type in Vienna 

 Museum examined); idem. Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 186, 1933 — 

 Piauhy (crit.). 



Penelope superciliaris jacupemba (not of Spix) Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. 

 Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 690, 1906— part, Piauhy (crit.); Reiser, 

 Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 88, 1910— Lagoa 

 do Missao, Piauhy; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 472, 

 1912 — Maranhao (Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba; Tranqueira; Boa 

 Vista), Piauhy (Deserto; Lagoa do Missao), and Goydz (Boa Vista, 

 lower Tocantins) (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 15, 1934 (part). 



Range. — Northeastern Brazil, in states of Maranhao, Piauhy, 

 and the adjacent section of northern Goyaz (Boa Vista, lower 

 Tocantins).* 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Brazil (Tranqueira, Maranhao, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 9: Brazil (Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, 

 Maranhao, 2; Tranqueira, Maranhao, 1; Boa Vista, Maranhao, 1; 

 Deserto, Piauhy, 4; Santo Antonio, Boa Vista, lower Tocantins, 

 Goyaz, 1). 



*Penelope superciliaris jacupemba Spix.- Spix's Guan. 



Penelope jacupemba Spix, Av. Nov. Spec. Bras., 2, p. 55, pi. 77, 1825 — Presidio 

 do Sao Joao, near Rio de Janeiro (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, 

 Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 690, 1906). 



superciliaries being just a slight shade more buffy. Another specimen from 

 Deserto can hardly be distinguished from the type of P. jacupemba, once more 

 casting doubt on the correctness of the latter's type locality, Presidio de Sao Joao, 

 near Rio de Janeiro. The general coloration of the present form is even paler than 

 in the next race. 



Additional material examined. — Piauhy: Lagoa do Missao, near Parnagua, 3. 



1 Possibly Penelope supercciliaris (sic) Snethlage (Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de 

 Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 48, 1926 — Ceara) belongs here. The author simply says: 

 "Paler than Par^ specimens." 



2 Penelope superciliaris jacupemba Spix: Similar to P. s. superciliaris, but 

 general coloration with a more grayish cast; the edgings to wing and upper tail 

 coverts wider and lighter rufous; the superciliaries broader, hoary gray or very 

 slightly tinged with buffy, and as a rule extended forward to the base of the bill. 



Neumann has attempted to divide this form into three, but the much more 

 satisfactory material at our command fails to substantiate his conclusions. There 

 is no doubt that birds from Bahia, southern Goyaz, Minas Geraes, and Rio de 

 Janeiro, are the same. Of four Bahia skins, one has broad, hoary gray super- 

 ciliaries reaching to the base of the bill and forming a distinct band across the 

 forehead, exactly as in an adult from Rio das Almas, Goyaz (argyromiira); in two 

 others, the narrower grayish, dusky-mottled eyebrow starts a little in front of the 

 eye; and the fourth has just a few grayish fringes in the superciliary region, as is 

 the case in certain individuals of typical superciliaris from Lower Amazonia. 

 Two adults from Rio de Janeiro again have broad superciliaries, likewise four 

 from Sao Paulo and two from Minas Geraes, the tone varying from whitish gray 

 to buffy gray, with or without any light coloring across the forehead. Birds from 

 Sao Paulo are slightly darker green above, but have the heavy rufous edges to 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 149 



Penelope marail (not Phasianus marail P. L. S. Muller) Wied, Reise Bras., 1, 

 pp. 69 (8vo ed., p. 67), 197 (8vo ed., p. 194), 262 (8vo ed., p. 260), 326 

 (SVo ed., p. 323), 1820 — Rio de Janeiro (Fazenda Pitanga, near Saqua- 

 rama), Espirito Santo (Aldea Velha= Santa Cruz), and Bahia (Morro 

 d'Arara, Rio Mucuri; Timicui, Rio Belmonte). 



Penelope superciliaris (not of Temminck) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), 

 p. 539, 1833 — southeastern Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 

 3, p. 337, 1856 — Rio de Janeiro (Nova Friburgo) and Minas Geraes 

 (Lagoa Santa); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 53 

 — Minas Geraes (Olhos d'Agua, Soumidouro, Lagoa dos Pitos, Lagoa 

 Santa, Curvelho); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 282, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro 

 (Sapitiba) and Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Mattodentro, Itarare); Sclater and 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 527 — Bahia to Sao Paulo (monog.); 

 Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 357 — Panellas, near Quipapa, Pernambuco; Allen, 

 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso; 

 Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 491, 1893 — part, spec, e-m, 

 Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo (Ypanemd, Rio Parana), and Matto 

 Grosso; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 220, 1894 — part, Bahia, Sao Paulo, 

 and Matto Grosso; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 409, 1899 — Iguape, 

 Sao Paulo; idem. I.e., 4, p. 164, 1900 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; idem. 

 Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 13, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Pogo Grande, 

 Jaboticabal, Franca) and Espirito Santo (Rio Doce); Sztolcman, Ann. 

 Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 115, 1926— Porto Xavier da Silva and 

 Salto Guayra, Parana. 



Penelope superciliaris jacupemba Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. 

 Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 690, 1906 — part, Presidio do Sao Joao; Naumburg, 

 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 62, 1930 — Tapirapoan, Matto Grosso; 

 Neumann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 185, 1933 (note on type); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 2, p. 15, 1934 (part); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 

 801, 1932— Porto Tibiriga, Rio Parana, Sao Paulo; idem. I.e., 19, p. 56, 

 1935 — Rio Jueurucu and Cachoeira Grande, Bahia (erit.); idem. I.e., 20, 

 p. 35, 1936 — Rio das Almas, Goyaz. 



scapulars and secondaries of the present form. Those from Matto Grosso are even 

 nearer the Paraguayan race in general coloration, though they have very bright 

 rufous rumps, and differ, furthermore, by the still greater extent of the rufous wing 

 edgings. The applicability of P. jacupemba to the birds of eastern Brazil is some- 

 what questionable. Spix, who mentions as only locality "Presidio do Sao Joao" 

 near Rio de Janeiro, appears to have had two examples, since he states "mas a 

 femina vix diversus," and calls the superciliary streak "rufescens vel canescens." 

 In the initial diagnosis we read "rufescens," which corresponds well to the only 

 specimen now preserved in the Munich Museum. While the plate evidently 

 represents a gray-browed bird, Spix's example, as we have stated under P. s. 

 ochromitra, seems to be indistinguishable from certain pale-browed individuals 

 from Piauhy, and it is quite possible that the locality is wrong, and that it actually 

 came from Piauhy or Maranhao, in which case jacupemba would supersede P. s. 

 ochromitra, while the present form would become P. s. argyromitra. However, 

 birds with slightly buflfy-tinged superciliaries are not infrequent in Bahia and far- 

 ther south, and as other helpful characters are not discernible in the soiled, faded 

 type specimen, we deem it best not to disturb nomenclature at present. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Bahia, 4; Rio das Almas, Goyaz, 1; 

 Agua Suja, near Bagagem, Minas Geraes, 1; Rio Jordao, Minas Geraes, 1; Rio de 

 Janeiro, 3; Rio Doce, Espirito Santo, 1; Victoria, Sao Paulo, 2; Ypanema, Sao 

 Paulo, 4; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 5; Tapirapoan, Matto Grosso, 1. 




150 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



i'^ Penelope superciliaris argyromitra Neumann, Bull. Brit. Om. CI., 53, p. 94, 

 Jan., j^933 — Veadeiros, northwest of Forte, Goydz (type in coll. of O. 

 Neumann); idem, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 185, 1933 — Goydz to Minas 

 Geraes (crit.). 



Penelope superciliaris superciliaris Neumann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 

 184, 1933— Bahia (crit.). 



Range. — Eastern and central Brazil, from Pernambuco south to 

 Sao Paulo and Parana, west through Minas Geraes and southern 

 Goyaz to Matto Grosso. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Brazil (Victoria, Sao Paulo, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Brazil (Victoria, Sao Paulo, 1). 



♦Penelope superciliaris major Bertoni.^ Paraguayan Guan. 



Penelope purpurescens (not P. purpurascens Wagler, 1830) Bertoni, Anal. 

 Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 16, Jan., 1901 — Alto Parana, between lat. 25° 

 and 26° south, Paraguay (type in coll. of A. W. de Bertoni). 



Penelope purpurescens major Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 19, 

 Jan., 1901 — [Alto Parana], lat. 25° 43' south, Paraguay (type in coll. 

 of A. W. de Bertoni). 



Penelope superciliaris (not of Temminck) Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. 

 Orn., 2, p. 178, 1885— Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 491, 1893— part, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Handb. 

 Game-Bds., 2, p. 220, 1897 — part, Rio Grande do Sul; Ihering, Annuario 

 Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 147, 1899 — Taquara and Barra do Cama- 

 quam, Rio Grande do Sul; Arribalzaga, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 

 7, p. 336, 1902— Paraguay (crit.); Dabbene, I.e., 18, p. 189, 1910— Alto 

 Parana (ex Bertoni); idem, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, pp. 247, 252, 1913— Santa 

 Ana, Misiones; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 36, 1914 — Paraguay; Dabbene, 

 El Hornero, 1, p. 181, 1918 — Bonpland and Santa Ana, Misiones. 



Penelope superciliaris major Neumann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 187, 

 1933 — part, Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do Sul (crit.); Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 15, 1934 — Paraguay and northeastern Argentina. 



Range. — Eastern Paraguay, northeastern Argentina (Misiones), 

 and extreme southern Brazil (states of Santa Catharina and Rio 

 Grande do Sul).^ 



1 Penelope superciliaris major Bertoni: Similar to P. s. jacupemba, but darker, 

 more olive green, on upper parts and breast; rufous edges to scapulars and second- 

 aries much reduced, sometimes practically obsolete. 



Seven specimens are fairly uniform in their characters. In one specimen each 

 from Horqueta and Puerto Segundo the rufous wing-edging is merely suggested 

 by traces. A single bird from Rio Grande do Sul is decidedly referable to major, 

 while two from Santa Catharina (Jaragud), by slightly wider wing margins, form 

 the transition to P. s. jacupemba. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul, 1; Jara- 

 gud, Santa Catharina, 2. 



* "Buenos Aires" mentioned by Neumann among the localities of this form is 

 undoubtedly incorrect. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 151 



Conover Collection.— ^11: Paraguay (Horqueta, 4; 40 km. west- 

 southwest of Capitan Bado, Cerro Amambay, 4) ; Argentina (Puerto 

 Segundo, Misiones, 3). 



*Penelope montagnii montagnii (Bonaparte). Montagne's 



GUAN. 



Ortalida montagnii Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 875, 

 1856 — "Nouvelle Grenade" = native Bogot4 collections^ (type in Paris 

 Museum examined); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 19, 1857 — 

 "Bogota." 



Stegnolaema montagnii Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 521 

 — part. New Granada; idem, I.e., 1875, p. 235 — Merida, Venezuela. 



Penelope montagnii Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 492, 1893 — 

 part, spec, a-e, i, Venezuela (Merida) and Colombia (Bogotd, Pasto); 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 221, 1897 — part, Venezuela and Colombia. 



Penelope montagni Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 194, 1917 — 

 Colombia (Valle de las Pappas; Almaguer; Santa Isabel; above Subia; El 

 Piiion); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 

 30, 1922 — Colombia (Pdramo de Tama) and Venezuela (Rio Mucujon). 



Penelope montagnii montagnii Hellmayr and Conover, Auk, 49, p. 326, 1932 — 

 Colombia and Venezuela (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 14, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Temperate zone of the Andes of Colombia and western 

 Venezuela (Cordillera of Merida). ^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Colombia (Paramo de Tama, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 12: Venezuela (La Cuchilla, Merida, 2; Rio 

 Mucujon, Merida, 3); Colombia (Palatera, Coconuco, Cauca, 5; La 

 Plata, Huila, 2). 



*Peneldpe montagnii atrogularis Hellmayr and Conover.'' 

 Black-throated Guan. 



1 The type is a native Bogota specimen presented by Mr. Lewy in 1850. 

 Chapman (I.e., p. 194, 1917) suggests as type locality El Piiion, above Fusugasugfi, 

 eastern Andes of Colombia. 



"^ Venezuelan birds are identical with a topotypical series from the east 

 Colombian Andes. Birds from the central and western Andes of Colombia are 

 more or less intermediate in their characters between montagnii and atrogularis, 

 though some are practically indistinguishable from Bogota skins, while one or 

 two can be closely matched by west Ecuadorian specimens (cf. Hellmayr and 

 Conover, I.e., p. 327). 



Delaeour's record (Ibis, 1923, p. 138) of P. montagnii from the "southern part 

 of the llanos" of Guarico, Venezuela, cannot possibly refer to the present species. 



Additional specimens examined. — Colombia: Bogota, 4; Subia, Cundinamarca, 

 3; El Piiion, above Fusugasugd, 1; Santa Isabel, Quindio Andes, 6; Almaguer, 

 central Andes, Cauca, 1; Valle de las Pappas, central Andes, Huila, 1; Sancudo, 

 western Andes, Caldas, 3; La Leonera, western Andes, Caldas, 2. — Venezuela: 

 Valle, Merida, 2. 



3 Penelope montagnii atrogularis Hellmayr and Conover: Nearest to the 

 nominate race, but on average smaller; only chin and upper throat with scant. 




152 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Penelope moniagnii atrogularis Hellmayr and Conover, Auk, 49, p. 328, July, 

 1932 — Alaspungo, western Ecuador (type in Conover Collection, Field 

 Museiun of Natural History); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 14, 1934— 

 western Ecuador. 



Ortalida montagnii (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Froc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, pp. 

 72, 97, 1860 — Chillanes, Nanegal, and above Puellaro. 



Stegndlaema moniagnii Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 521 

 — part, western Ecuador (Chillanes, Nanegal, Puellaro). 



Penelope moniagnii Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 

 312— La Union; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 229— western side of Pichincha. 



Penelope montagnei Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 15, 

 1922 — Piganta, Mojanda, and below Nono, Ecuador. 



Penelope moniagnii montagnii Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 152, 

 1926 — Piganta (Mojanda Mountains), Nono, Pichincha, and Rio Pita, 

 Ecuador. 



Penelope nunUagnii hrooki (not of Chubb) Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 

 Paris, (2), 4, p. 621, 1932— El Portete de TarquI, Prov. Azuay. 



Range. — Subtropical and humid Temperate zones of western 

 Ecuador. 



Conover Collection. — 12: Ecuador (Alaspungo, 3; Chaloya, Pichin- 

 cha, 3; Pucara, Pichincha, 1; Lloa-Urabuco, Pichincha, 1; Paramba, 

 2; Montes de Anagumba, Imbabura, 2). 



♦Penelope montagnii brooki Chubb.^ Brook's Guan. 



Penelope brooki Chubb, Bull. Brit. Om. CI., 38, p. 5, Oct., 1917— [above] 



Baeza, eastern Ecuador (type in British Museum examined); idem. Ibis, 



1919, p. 15— "Baeza" (crit.). 

 Ortalida montagnii (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, pp. 



76, 556, 1858 — Rio Napo and Matos, Ecuador. 

 Stegnolaema moniagnii Sclater and Salvin, I*roc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 521 



— part, Matos, Ecuador. 



bristle-like black feathering without any gray; malar region, auriculars, and 

 superciliary region with mere traces of gray edges, forehead only with faint lateral 

 fringes of gray; posterior under parts less tawny; apical half of upper mandible 

 (beyond nasal fossa) horn brown, not reddish. Wing, 225-245; tail, 210-220, 

 once 235; bill, 27-30. 



Additional material examined. — Ecuador: "Nanegal," 1; Aluguincho, 2; 

 Huila, 1 ; La Uni6n, 2. 



' Penelope montagnii hrooki Chubb: Similar to P. m. atrogularis in scant, 

 bristle-like, uniform black feathering of chin and upper throat, but differing by 

 duller (about auburn) rump; somewhat more bronzy, greenish rather than brown- 

 ish back, and particularly by ha\ing, like typical montagnii, wide ashy gray 

 edges on sides of head and neck. The feathers of the pileum are broadly mar- 

 gined laterally with whitish gray down to the upper back, and the whitish edges 

 on foreneck and breast are even more prominent than in montagnii. Besides, 

 the apical half of the maxilla is chrome-yellow abruptly contrasted with the 

 blackish basal portion. Wing, 230-235; tail, 210-225; biU, 28-32. 



Additional material examined. — Ecuador: "Baeza," 2; Yimguilla, 2. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 153 



Penelope montagnii Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 

 p. 112— San Rafael; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 492, 1893 

 — part, spec, f-h, San Jose, Ecuador; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 221, 

 1897 — part, Ecuador; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, 

 No. 368, p. 37, 1900— Pun, eastern Ecuador. 



Penelope montagnii brooki Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 153, 

 1926 — below Papallacta, below Oyacachi, above Baeza, upper Sumaco, 

 and above Banos, Ecuador (crit.); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris, 

 (2), 4, p. 236, 1932— Yunguilla; Hellmayr and Conover, Auk, 49, p. 329, 

 1932— Cuyuja and "Baeza," Ecuador (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 14, 

 1934 — eastern Ecuador. 



Range. — Humid Temperate zone of eastern Ecuador. 



Conover Collection. — 5: Ecuador (Cuyuja, 3; Mt. Tungurahua, 1; 

 Huagropamba, 1). 



*Penelope montagnii plumosa Berlepsch and Stolzmann.^ Peru- 

 vian GUAN. 



Penelope sclateri plumosa Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 



1902, (2), p. 45 — Maraynioc, Junin, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. 



Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 100, 



1927); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 44, 1921— Torontoy, 



. Urubamba, Peru. 



Penelope sclateri (not of Gray) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 780 — 

 Huasampilla, Cuzco; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 558 — Chilpes; Sclater 

 and Salvin, I.e., 1874, pp. 678, 679 — Paucartambo, Cuzco (crit.); Tac- 

 zanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 269, 1886 — part, Chilpes, Pumamarca, and 

 Paucartambo, Peru; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 493, 



1 Penelope montagnii plumosa Berlepsch and Stolzmann is about halfway 

 between the northern races and P. m. sclateri, of Bolivia. It differs from mon- 

 tagnii and the two Ecuadorian forms by wholly blackish maxilla, much more 

 prominent, silvery white instead of grayish edges on pileum, hind neck, and super- 

 ciliary region; the possession of very distinct, silvery white lateral margins on 

 the mantle and upper wing coverts, and more conspicuous, silvery white rather 

 than grayish white markings on foreneck and breast, which, moreover, do not 

 meet at the tip, thus producing a more streaked effect. The rufous of the belly 

 is brighter than in montagnii, though not so intense as in sclateri. From the 

 latter, P. m. plumosa may be separated by having the chin and throat densely 

 covered with soft, fully developed, ashy-gray, centrally dusky-streaked feathers 

 as in montagnii, whereas the Bolivian form shows only scant blackish "bristles" 

 on the upper portion of the otherwise bare throat. The bare space round the 

 eye is less extensive, and the consequently broader feathered malar stripe is 

 edged with ashy gray as in montagnii, not with silvery white as in sclateri. Fore- 

 head, crown and superciliary region are as profusely margined with silvery white 

 as in sclateri, but these markings also extend over nape, hind neck, and upper 

 back, whereas in the Bolivian form the posterior part of the crown and hind neck 

 are uniform bronze green. On foreneck and breast the white lateral margins 

 are likewise much wider as well as more numerous, and the abdomen is decidedly 

 duller rufescent. The general coloration of the body plumage is brownish bronze 

 as in montagnii, much less greenish than in sclateri. Wing, 240-245, (female) 

 235; tail, 240-245; bill, 26-28. 



The above characterization is based on birds from northern Peru, no material 

 from the type locality being available. 




154 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



1893 — part, spec, a, Huasampilla; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 222, 

 1897— part, Peru; Menegaux, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 1, p. 319, 1910— Cum- 

 pang (east of Tayabamba), Prov. Pataz, Peru. 

 Penelope montagnii plumosa Hellmayr and Conover, Auk, 49, p. 329, 1932— 

 east of Molinopampa and Balsas (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 14, 

 1934 (range). 



Range. — Humid Temperate zone of eastern Peru, from Dept. of 

 Libertad south to the Urubamba region, Dept. of Cuzco. 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Peru (ten miles east of Molino- 

 pampa, 3; mountains east of Balsas, 1). 



*Penelope montagnii sclateri G. R. Gray. Sclater's Guan. 



Penelope sclateri G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 270, 1860 — Bolivia 

 (type in British Museum examined); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 527 

 — Bolivia (monog.); idem. I.e., 1879, p. 640 — Tilotilo, Bolivia; Ogilvie- 

 Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 493, 1893— part, spec, b-g, Tilotilo, 

 Bolivia; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 222, 1897 — part, Bolivia. 



Penelope montagnii sclateri Hellmayr and Conover, Auk, 49, p. 330, 1932 — 

 Bolivia (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 14, 1934— Bolivia. 



Range.- — Subtropical and humid Temperate zones of western and 

 central Bolivia.^ 



Conover Collection. — 6: Bolivia (Yungas de Cochabamba, 2; 

 Incachaca, Cochabamba, 4). 



*Penelope dabbenei nom. nov.^ Dabbene's Guan. 



Penelope nigrifrons (not of Lesson, 1831) Dabbene, Physis, 4, No. 16, p. 

 102, May, 1918 — Cerro de Calilegua, Ledesma, Prov. Jujuy, Argentina 

 (type in Museo Naeional de Historia Natural, Buenos Aires); idem, El 

 Hornero, 1, p. 178, Oct., 1918 (reprint); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 14, 

 1934 — southeastern Bolivia (Tarija) and Jujuy. 



^Additional material examined. — Bolivia: San Antonio, 1; Coeapata, 2; 

 unspecified, 1 (the type). 



^ Penelope dabbenei Hellmayr and Conover, judging from the slender, pale brown 

 legs and the presence of a shallow gular lappet, is allied to P. m. sclateri, but differs 

 by larger size, more extensively feathered tarsus, much less rufescent rump and 

 posterior under parts, narrower crest-feathers, and much less gray suffusion in 

 the malar stripe. From P. obscura bridgesi, which is found in the same parts of 

 Bolivia and Argentina, Dabbene's Guan is evidently quite distinct specifically. 

 Aside from its shorter wings and tail and slightly shorter bill, it may be distin- 

 guished by much slenderer, pale brown legs with much more extensive feathering 

 on the inner side of the tarsus; broader and apically bluntly rounded crest-feathers 

 with conspicuous grayish white lateral edges; mainly hoary whitish (instead of 

 blackish bronze) superciliary region; grayish suffusion of the malar stripe; much 

 lighter, brownish bronze instead of blackish, coloration of upper parts, neck, and 

 breast; much narrower, grayish instead of pure white margins to the upper wing 

 coverts; more rufescent rump and posterior under parts with mere traces of dusky 

 vermiculations, etc. Wing (male), 285; tail, 300; tarsus, 70; bill, 28. 



Additional material examined. — Argentina: Cerro de Calilegua, Jujuy, 1 

 (Munich Museum). 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 155 



Range. — Subtropical zone of southeastern Bolivia (Pinos, Dept. 

 Tarija) and northwestern Argentina (Cerro de Calilegua, Prov. 

 Jujuy). 



Conover Collection. — 2: Bolivia (Pinos, Tarija, 2). 

 ♦Penelope jacu-caca Spix.^ Brown Guan. 



Penelope jacu-caca Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 53, pi. 69, 1825 — near 

 Pogoens Encima, Bahia, Brazil (type in Munich Museum examined; cf. 

 Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 689, 1906); 

 Wagler, Isis, 1830, col. 1110 (descr. spec, typ.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. 

 Th. Bras., 3, p. 338, 1856— Bahia (ex Spix) and "British Guiana" (ex 

 Schomburgk), errore; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 

 p. 523 (descr. ex Wagler; Bahia and "British Guiana," errore); Ogilvie- 

 Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 501, 1893— Bahia and "British Gui- 

 ana"; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 229, 1897— Bahia and "British 

 Guiana" (monog.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 14, 1907 (range); 

 Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 88, 1910— 

 Lagoa do Missao, near Parnagua, Piauhy, Brazil (spec, examined); 

 Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 474, 1929— Deserto, 

 Piauhy (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 16, 1934— Bahia and Piauhy. 



Penelope superciliaris (not of Temminck, 1815) J. E. Gray, Knowsley's Menag., 

 2, pi. 8, 1846 (type in Liverpool Museum; cf. Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc' Lond., 1870, p. 523). 



Penelope superciliosa (Cuvier MS.) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 

 42, p. 877, 1856 — new name for Penelope jacu-caca Spix. 



Penelope iacucaca Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 56, 1914 (aviary spec). 



Range. — Wooded region of northeastern Brazil, in states of 

 Bahia (Lamarao; Pogoens Encima) and Piauhy (Lagoa Missao; 

 Deserto). 2 



Conover Collection. — 1: Brazil (Deserto, Piauhy, 1). 



1 Penelope jacu-caca Spix, P. ochrogaster Pelzeln, and P. pileata Wagler form 

 a natural group characterized by the narrow black streak separating the white 

 superciliaries from the denuded sides of the head, and though exhibiting well- 

 marked differences may eventually prove to be conspecific. Their ranges are 

 yet incompletely known. 



2 The occurrence of the species in British Guiana reported by Cabanis (in 

 Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 745, "1848") as Salpiza jacu-caca, upon 

 which all subsequent Guianan records (such as Penelope jacucaca Salvin, Ibis, 

 1886, p. 175, and Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 26, 1916) are based, has never 

 been confirmed, and Schomburgk's bird, which is not in the Berlin Museum, 

 continues to remain a puzzle. Nor does the Brown Penelope occur anjrwhere in 

 Lower Amazonia, whence Ihering (Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 14, 1907) lists an ex- 

 ample as being in the Museu Paulista. Taczanowski's identification (Orn. Per., 

 3, p. 267, 1886) of Tschudi's Penelope cristata with the present species is likewise 

 erroneous. All specimens obtained by field collectors are from Bahia or Piauhy. 



Additional material examined. — Bahia: Pogoens Encima, 1 (the type); La- 

 marao, 3. — Piauhy: Lagoa Missao, near Parnagua, 3. 




156 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 

 Penelope ochrogaster Pelzeln. Chestnut-bellied Guan. 



Penelope ochrogaster Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 282, 337, 1870 — Rio das 

 Frechas and Engenho do Pari, near Cuyab4, Matto Grosso {type, from 

 Rio das Frechas, in Vienna Museum examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lend., 1870, p. 527 — near CuyabS (monog.); Ogilvie-Grant, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 501, 1893— Engenho do Pari, Matto Grosso; 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 229, pi. 38, 1897— near Cuyabd; Ihering, 

 Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 14, 1907 — Matto Grosso; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 



15, p. 99, 1908 — Rio Araguaya, Goydz; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. 

 N. H., 60, p. 63, pi. 13, 1930— Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 16, 1934— Matto Grosso and Goydz; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 

 20, p. 35 (note 1), 1936 — Barra do Rio Sao Domingos, Rio Parana, Goyaz, 

 and Pirapora, Rio Sao Francisco, Minas Geraes. 



Range. — Interior of Brazil, from western Minas Geraes (Pira- 

 pora, Rio Sao Francisco) through southern Gk)yaz (Barra do Rio Sao 

 Domingos, Rio Parana; Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya) to Matto Grosso 

 (Engenho do Pari and Rio das Frechas, near Guyaba; Descalvados).^ 



*Penelope pileata Wagler. White-headed Guan. 



Penelope pileata Wagler, Isis, 1830, col. 1109 — State of Para, Brazil (type in 

 Berlin Museum); Des Murs, Icon. Omith., livr. 4, pi. 23, 1845— "Para"; 

 Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 338, 1856— "Para" (ex Wagler); 

 Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 282, 340, 1870— Rio Madeira and Rio Vauta 

 (=Rio Autaz], Amazonas (descr.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lend., 1870, p. 527— "Para," Rio Madeira, and Rio Vauta (monog.); 

 Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 500, 1893 (same localities); 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 228, 1897 (monog.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. 

 Braz., 1, p. 14, 1907 — "Matto Grosso" (errore), Rio Amazonas, and 

 "Par^"; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 418, 1910— Rio Madeira; Sneth- 

 lage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 56, 1914 (descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 



16, 1934 — lower Amazon Valley from "Man4os" and the Rio Madeira 

 to "Pari." 



Salpiza pUeaia Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1226. 



Pipile pileata Reichenbach, VoUst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 153, pi. 271, fig. 2495, 



1862— "Pard." 

 Penelope leucothrix (Natterer) and P. comata (Lichtenstein) Pelzeln, Cm. 



Bras., 3, p. 340, 1870 (quoted in the text from labels). 



Range. — Lx)wer Amazonia, south of the Amazon, from the Tapa- 

 joz west to the Rio Madeira region. 



Conover Collection. — 9: Brazil, Rio Tapajoz (Caxiricatuba, 2; 

 Tauary, 3; Boim, 2; Pinhel, 2). 



Penelope argyrotis olivaceiceps Todd.- Olive-crested Guan. 



^Material examined. — Brazil: Rio das Frechas, 2; Engenho do Pari, 1; Des- 

 calvados, 1; Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, 1. 



* Penelope argyrotis olivaeeieeps Todd: Nearest to the nominate race, but 

 feathers of crest much darker and less brownish, olivaceous black not raw umber. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 157 



Penelope argyrotis olivaceiceps Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45, p. 210, Nov. 

 26, 1932 — San Rafael (near Cumanacoa), Sucre, Venezuela (type in 

 Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 16, 1934 (range). 



Penelope argyrotis subsp. Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 191, p. 6, 1926 — 

 Neverl, Sucre, Venezuela. 



Range. — Subtropical zone of northeastern Venezuela, in State 

 of Sucr^ (San Rafael, Neveri). 



*Penelope argyrotis argyrotis (Bonaparte). Bar-tailed Guan. 



Pipile argyrotis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 875, 1856 — 

 Caracas, Venezuela (cotypes, collected by Levraud, in Paris Museum 

 examined by C. E. Hellmayr). 



Penelope lichtensteinii G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 269, 1860 — 

 Venezuela (type in British Museum).- 



Penelope montana (Lichtenstein MS.) Reichenbach,' Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, 

 p. 151, 1862 — Venezuela (type in Berlin Museum). 



Penelope argyrotis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 528 — 

 part, Caracas and "Bogota"; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, 

 p. 601, 1893 — part, spec, a, b, Venezuela and Bogotd; idem, Handb. 

 Game-Bds., 2, p. 230, 1897— part, Venezuela; Hellmayr and Seilern, 

 Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 161, 1912— Cumbre de Valencia, Cara- 

 bobo; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 214 (in text), 1912 — La Quiguas 

 and La Cumbre de Valencia; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 Zool. Ser., 12, p. 31, 1922— La Azulita, Merida. 



Penelope argyrotis argyrotis Hellmayr and Conover, Auk, 49, p. 324, 1932 — 

 northern Venezuela to eastern Colombia (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, 

 p. 16, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of northern Venezuela, from the 

 vicinity of Caracas west to M^rida,^ and eastern Andes of Colombia.' 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Venezuela (Capas, Merida, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 3: Venezuela (La Azulita, Merida, 3).* 



♦Penelope argyrotis colombiana Todd.^ Santa Marta Guan. 



1 Penelope montana (Licht.) Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, 

 p. 877, 1856) is a nomen nudum. 



* Penelope argyrotis Beebe (Zoologica, N.Y., 1, p. 72, 1909) from Cano Colo- 

 rado, Orinoco delta, can hardly pertain here, and is more likely to be P. marail, 

 although the two species are very dissimilar. 



' We have no Colombian material and it is on Mr. Todd's authority that the 

 east Colombian Andes are included in the range of typical argyrotis. 



^Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Caracas, 2 (the cotypes); Gali- 

 pdn, Cerro del Avila, 2; La Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo, 1. 



^Penelope argyrotis colombiana Todd: Closely similar to P. a. argyrotis, but 

 feathers of pileum narrower, apically slightly attenuated (instead of broad and 

 bluntly rounded), dull grayish bronze (not raw umber), and for their whole length 

 on both sides conspicuously edged with grayish white, while in the nominate 




158 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Penelope colombiana Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 213, 1912 — La Taguas, 

 Santa Marta, Colombia (type in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh); 

 idem and Carriker, I.e., 14, p. 173, pi. 2, 1922 — Chirua, Valparaiso, Cin- 

 cinnati, Las Taguas, Las Vegas, San Lorenzo, and San Miguel (habits) 



Penelope argyrotis (not Pipile argyrotis Bonaparte) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 528 — part, Santa Marta; Bangs, Proc. Biol. 

 Soc. Wash., 12, p. 132, 1898— "Santa Marta"; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. 

 N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900— El Libano. 



Penelope argyrotis colombiana Hellmayr and Conover, Auk, 49, p. 325, 1932 — 

 Santa Marta region (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 16, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical (and upper Tropical) zone of the Santa 

 Marta region in northern Colombia. 



Conover Collection. — 2: Colombia (Vista Nieve, Santa Marta, 2). 

 *Penelope argyrotis barbata Chapman.^ Bearded Guan. 



Penelope barbata Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 18, p. 3, Sept., 1921 — Tara- 

 guacocha, Zaruma-Zaraguro Trail, Cordillera de Chilla, Prov. del Oro, 

 Ecuador (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, 

 examined by Boardman Conover); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 

 154, 1926 — Taraguacocha and San Lucas, Ecuador. 



{1)Penelope sclateri (not of Gray) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 

 p. 243 — Tambillo, Peru; idem. I.e., 1882, p. 48 — Tamiapampa; idem, 

 Orn. Per., 3, p. 269, 1886— part, Tambillo and Tamiapampa, Peru.^ 



race only forehead and anterior crown show white margins. The silvery white 

 superciliaries of argyrotis are replaced by grayish edges; the feathered malar 

 stripe — strikingly silvery white in the typical form — is dull brownish, the feathers 

 being but obsoletely edged with ashy grayish; hind neck and mantle more pro- 

 fusely marked with buffy white (instead of pure white) lateral edges; the cin- 

 namomeous tail-tips slightly more extensive and darker in tone. 



^Penelope argyrotis barbata Chapman: Nearest to P. a. argyrotis, but much 

 darker throughout; chin and upper throat feathered; pale margins to both upper 

 and under parts much reduced and grayish rather than white, becoming evanescent 

 on the wing coverts; rump, tail coverts, and flanks brighter, more cinnamon-brown; 

 lower breast and abdomen mottled or vermiculated with blackish. 



On comparing three specimens of P. inexpectata with the type of P. barbata, 

 the junior author noticed that they differ only by slightly more grayish sides 

 of the face and less densely feathered throat, but these trifling variations are prob- 

 ably individual rather than racial. This conclusion is supported by the fact that 

 two specimens from San Lucas are not quite alike in color or extent of feathering. 

 The describer of P. inexpectata evidently was unaware of the existence of an Ecua- 

 dorian form, to which no reference is made in his original account. 



Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Taraguacocha, 1 (the type); San 

 Lucas, 2. — Peru: Porculla Pass, 1; Palambla, 2. 



2 According to Taczanowski (I.e., p. 270), the north Peruvian birds differ 

 from those of central Peru (Chilpes, Pumamarca;=P. "sclateri" plumosa) by 

 having long rufous tail-ends, and the white edgings restricted to the forehead, 

 whereas pileum and hind neck exhibit but narrow grayish fringes. This charac- 

 terization shows the birds from Tambillo and Tamiapampa to belong to the P. 

 argyrotis group, but whether they are the same as P. a. barbata or a separable 

 form with more denuded throat can only be determined by actual comparison. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 159 



Penelope argyrotis (not Pipile argyrotis Bonaparte) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 22, p. 502, 1893 — part, spec, c, d, San Lucas, Ecuador; idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 230, 1897— part, Ecuador. 



Penelope inexpectata Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 317, June 

 25, 1934 — Porculla Pass, Lambayeque, Peru (type in the Academy of 

 Natural Sciences of Philadelphia). 



Penelope argyrotis barbata Hellmayr and Conover, Auk, 49, p. 326, 1932 — 

 Ecuador (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 16, 1934— Ecuador. 



Range. — Subtropical and humid Temperate zones of south- 

 western Ecuador (San Lucas; Taraguacocha, Prov. El Oro; Mala- 

 catos, Loja) and northwestern Peru (Porculla Pass, Lambayeque; 

 Palambla). 



Conover Collection. — 5: Ecuador (Malacatos, Loja, 4; Huaico, 

 Loja, 1). 



Genus ORTALIS Merrem^ 



Ortalida [accusative case]=Ortoiis [nominative] Merrem, Av. Rar. Icon. Descr., 

 fasc. 2, p. 40 (in text), 1786 — type, by monotypy, Phasianus motmot 

 Linnaeus. 



Ortalida "Merrem" Cuvier, Regne Anim., 1, p. 442, "1817" [=Dec. 7, 1816] 

 — type, by monotypy, Phasianus motmot Linnaeus. 



Ortaldia Fleiping, Phil. Zool., 2, p. 230, 1822 — type, by monotypy, Phasianus 

 motmot Linnaeus. 



Penelops (not of Kaup, 1829) Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xxvi, 1852 — 

 type, by monotypy, "Penelope albiventris Gould" = Penelope albiventer 

 Lesson. 



Penelopsis Reichenbach, VoUst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 147, 1862 — type, by 

 present desig., Penelope adspersa Tschudi. 



9 



*Ortalis motmot motmot (Linnaeus). Guiana Chachalaca. 



Phasianus motmot Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 271, 1766 — chiefly 

 based on "Le Faisan de la Guiane" Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 270, pi. 26, fig. 

 2; Guiana= Cayenne (type in coll. of M. Reaumur). 



Phasianus katraca Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 9, Dec, 1783 — based on 

 "Faisan, de la Guiane" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 146. 



Phasianus Parraka Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 740, 1789 — based on Buffon, 

 Bajon (Mem. Hist. Cayenne et Guiane Frang., 1, pp. 374-382, pis. 1, 2, 

 1777, "Le Parraqua"), etc.; French Guiana. 



Phasianus Parraqua Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 632, 1790 — based on Buflfon, 

 etc.; Cayenne. 



Penelope parrakoua Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 85, 695, 1815 — 



part, descr. and hab. Cayenne. 

 Penelope motmot Wagler, Isis, 1830, col. 1111— Cayenne and Guiana. 



^Ganix Rafinesque (Anal. Nat., p. 69, 1815), introduced without characteri- 

 zation for "Guan" Lac [epede], has been quoted as a synonym. 




160 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Ortalida motmot Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," 

 p. 744, 1849 — British Guiana; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1870, p. 532 — Cayenne, British Guiana, Rio Negro, and Rio Branco 

 (monog.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 285, 1870 — Rio Negro (Manaos, 

 below Castanheiro, Marabitanas) and Rio Branco (Forte do Sao Joa- 

 quim, Serra Arimani); idem. Ibis, 1873, p. 119 — Cayenne; C. B. Brown, 

 Canoe and Camp Life Brit. Guiana, p. 373, 1876 — Wahmarra Mountains, 

 upper Demerara; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 161 — Amapd, Brazil. 



Penelope Paraca Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 31, 1848 — Takutu 

 River. 



Penelope Parrakua Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 341, 1856 — 

 Guiana and "Colombia," errore (part, adult). 



Ortalis motmot Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 175 — Bartica Grove and Roraima, British 

 Guiana; W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1887, p. 317 — Maccasseema, Rio Pome- 

 roon, British Guiana; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 505, 

 1893 — British Guiana (Demerara, Roraima, Bartica Grove) and Brazil 

 (Rio Negro); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 235, 1897 (monog.); Goeldi, 

 Ibis, 1897, p. 156 — Counany, Brazil; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 

 9, p. 120, 1902 — Nericagua, Orinoco, and La Pricion, Caura, Venezuela; 

 Hellmayr, I.e., 14, p. 39, 1907— Obidos, Brazil; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 297, 

 1908 — Cayenne, Approuague River, and Ipousin, French Guiana; Sneth- 

 lage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 56, 1914^Rio Maecuru and Monte Alegre, 

 Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 356, 1916 — upper 

 Orinoco above Atures, San Feliz River, and La Pricion, Caura, Vene- 

 zuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 27, 1916 — Abary River, upper 

 Takutu Mountains, Supenaam, Kamakabra Creek, etc.; Beebe, Trop. 

 Wild Life, 1, p. 127, 1917— Bartica; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., 62, p. 40, 1918 — Paramaribo, Surinam; Chapman, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 63, p. 61, 1931 — Arabupu, Roraima. 



Ortalis katraca Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 15, 1907 (range). 



Ortalis motmot motmot Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 17, 1934 (range). 



Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana, southern Venezuela 

 (Orinoco-Caura basin), and northern Brazil, south to the north bank 

 of the Amazon, west to the Rio Negro. ^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 15: Venezuela (Piacoa, Amacuro, 2); 

 British Guiana (Mahacai, 2; Rockstone, Essequibo River, 5; Middle 

 Base Camp, upper New River, 1); Surinam (Paramaribo, 1); Brazil 

 (Serra da Lua, near Boa Vista, Rio Branco, 4). 



Conover Collection. — 13: British Guiana (Kartabo, 3; Rockstone, 

 Essequibo River, 3; Oko Mountains, Essequibo, 1); Brazil (Lago 

 Cuipeua, near Obidos, 4; Boca de Channel Piava, 2). 



1 Specimens from the Rio Negro and Obidos appear to be identical with a 

 Guianan series, though a few individuals have some bronzy olive at the base of 

 the outer web of the outermost rectrix, much as in O. m. ruficeps. 



Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 4; Approuague 

 River, 1; Ipousin, 1. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove, 3. — Venezuela; Nericagua, 

 Orinoco, 1; La Pricion, Caura, 1. — Brazil: Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, 1; 

 Obidos, 5; Mandos, Rio Negro, 4. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 161 



♦Ortalis motmot ruficeps (Wagler).^ Rufous-headed 

 Chachalaca. 



Penelope ruficeps Wagler, Isis, 1830, col. 1111 — Brazil (type in Berlin Museum). 

 Ortalida ruficeps Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 533 — 



Brazil (crit.); Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876 — no locality given, 



but probably Santarem. 



Ortalis motmot (not Phasianus motmot Linnaeus) Chapman and Riker, Auk, 

 8, p. 162, 1891— Santarem. 



Ortalis ruficeps Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 506, 1893 (ex 

 Wagler); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 236, 1897 (ex Wagler); Ihering, 

 Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 15, 1907— "Pard." 



Ortalis motmot ruficeps Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45, p. 212, 1932 — 

 Santarem and Conceigao do Araguaya, Pard (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 17, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Northern Brazil, on the banks of the Rio Tapajoz south 

 to Conceigao do Araguaya (8° south lat.), State of Pard. 



Conover Collection. — 8: Brazil, Rio Tapajoz (Caxiricatuba, 2; 

 Santarem, 1; Tauary, 2; Pinhel, 3). 



♦Ortalis superciliaris (Gray).^ Superciliated Chachalaca. 



Penelope araucuan Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 56, pi. 74, 1825 — part, 

 descr. of female and hab. "in locis aquosis provinciae Maranhao ad flumen 

 Itapicuru"; Wagler, Isis, 1830, col. 1112 — "Brasilia, versus flumen Ama- 

 zonum," errore (descr. spec, in Munich Museum). 



Ortalida superciliaris G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 10, 1867 — 

 "South America" (type, an aviary bird, in the British Museum exam- 

 ined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 537 (crit.); 

 Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 285, 1870— Para, Rio Muria, and Praia do 

 Cajutuba, Para. 



1 Ortalis motmot ruficeps (Wagler) : Similar to the nominate race, but decidedly 

 smaller; rufous of head and neck brighter, chestnut rather than bay; tail paler, 

 the outer web of the outermost rectrix always more or less bronzy olive at the 

 base. Wing, 175-190 (against 200-220); tail, 190-210 (against 240-260); bill, 

 22-24 (against 24-29). 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Santarem, 2. 



2 Recent comparison by the senior author with a good series of skins from the 

 Para region shows O. superciliaris to be an earlier name for O. spixi. The type 

 (Brit. Mus. Reg. No. 55.12.19.314), an adult bird in good condition save that the 

 tips of the rectrices are somewhat abraded owing to its having been kept in con- 

 finement, agrees particularly well with an adult male collected by Natterer on 

 the Rio Muria, east of Para, in having very conspicuous buffy white superciliaries 

 and whitish edges to the feathers of the forehead, while the plumage on foreneck 

 and chest, in both, is apically faintly edged with grayish white. The three lateral 

 rectrices are for the greater part rufous, and the fourth pair has a large rufous 

 apical spot, exactly as in a male from Para (Nov. 2, 1834). The series from the 

 Para district proves beyond doubt that the light markings on the forepart and 

 sides of the head are subject to considerable individual variation, there being 

 specimens with well-defined whitish or buflfy superciliaries sometimes united in 

 front, and others with mere traces of them. In justice to Ogilvie-Grant it may 




K^ 



162 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Ortalida araucuan (not Penelope araucuan Spix) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 533 — Maranhao and Para (descr.). 



Ortalis araucuan Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 506, 1893 — Pard; 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 236, 1897 (monog.); Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, 

 p. 500 — Rio Capim, Pard; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. 

 Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 88, 1910 — Riacho da Raiz, Maranhao, and Barra do 

 Cocal, Piauhy; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 57, 1914 — Mazagao 

 (Rio Tocantins) and Rio Capim, Para. 



Ortalis superciliaris Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 511, 1893; 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 244, 1897; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 18, 1934. 



Range. — Northern Brazil south of the Amazon, from the Tocan- 

 tins (Mazagao) east through Maranhao to the Rio Parnahyba and 

 south to the extreme northern section of Goyaz (Santo Antonio). 



Conover Collection. — 7: Brazil (Codo, Cocos, Maranhao, 1; Santo 

 Antonio, Rio Tocantins, Goyaz, 1; Buenos Aires, Rio Acara, 1; 

 Serraria Cabrol, Rio Acara, 1; Resacca, Rio Capim, 2; Ipomonga, 

 Rio Capim, 1). 



♦Ortalis guttata araucuan (Spix). White-bellied Chachalaca. 



Penelope araucuan Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 56, 1825 — part, descr. of 

 male; "ad pagum St. Domingo districtus Minas Novas," Minas Geraes, 

 Brazil (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. 

 Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 693, 1906). 



Penelope albiventris Wagler, Isis, 1830, col. 1111 — "Brasilia, versus flumen 

 Amazonum," errore (type in Munich Museum).' 



Ortalis spixi Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 695, 

 May 20, 1906 — Rio Itapicuru, Maranhao (type in Munich Museum); 

 Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 15, 1907 — Maranhao and Pard; Hellmayr, 

 Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 81, 97, 1912 

 — Peixe-Boi, E.F.B., and Ipitinga, Rio Acara (Para locaUties); Reiser, 

 Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 196, 1925— Riacho 

 da Raiz, below Uniao, Maranhao, and Barra do Cocal, lower Parnahyba, 

 Piauhy; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 150, 1928— Castanhal, 

 Para; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 474, 1929— 

 Maranhao (Codo, Cocos) and Goyaz (Santo Antonio, lower Tocantins) ; 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 17, 1934 (range). 



be mentioned that the two examples of "O. araucuan" from Pard, which at the 

 time of his writing were in the British Museum, happen to be devoid of distinct 

 superciliaries. The pale tipping to the feathers of foreneck and chest is likewise 

 of no consequence and may be indicated to a varying degree or even altogether 

 absent. Birds from Maranhao and Piauhy, on average, have the mid-belly slightly 

 lighter, more whitish (less grayish or buffy). 



Additional material examined. — Para: Pard, 5; Peixe-Boi, 1; Rio Muria, 2; 

 Cajutubd, 1; Ipitinga, Rio Acara, 1. — Maranhao: Rio Itapicuru, 2; Miritiba, 2; 

 Boa Vista, 3; Riacho da Raiz, Rio Parnahyba, 1. — Piauhy: Barra do Cocal, Rio 

 Parnahyba, 1. 



1 The type is the same specimen that served as basis for Spix's description of 

 the male of his P. araucuan. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 163 



Penelope Aracuan Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 549, 1833 — south to 

 the Rio Doce [Espirito Santo], thence north on the Mucurl, at Alcobaga, 

 and in the Sertao of Bahia and [eastern] Minas Geraes; Burmeister, Syst, 

 Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 340, 1856 — part, adult; northern Minas Geraes, 

 Bahia, and Pernambuco. 



Ortalida Aracuan Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 285, 1870 — Bahia (spec, examined). 



Ortalida araucuan Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 54 

 — Minas Geraes (not in the southern section). 



Ortalida albiventris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 535 — 

 Bahia and Minas Geraes (descr.). 



Ortalis albiventris Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 357 — Macuca and Garanhuns, Per- 

 nambuco; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 508, 1893 — Pernam- 

 buco to Minas Geraes; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 239, 1897 (monog.); 

 Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 15, 1907 (range). 



Ortalis araucuan Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, 

 p. 693, 1906 — Minas Geraes and Bahia (monog.). 



Ortalis aracuan Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 57, 1935 — Rio Gongogy 

 (Fazenda Santa Maria) and Corupeba, Bahia (habits). 



Ortalis araucuan araucuan Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 17, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Eastern Brazil, from Pernambuco south through Bahia 

 and adjacent parts of eastern Minas Geraes to Espirito Santo (Rio 

 Doce).i 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Brazil (Macaco Secco, near Anda- 

 rahy, Bahia, 1). 



^Ortalis guttata squama tatLesson).^ Scaly Chachalaca. 



lA doubtful synonym is Ortalida caracco Wagler (Isis, 1832, col. 1227 [note] — 

 ex Penelope sp. Poeppig, in Froriep's Notiz. Geb. Natur- und Heilk., 31, No. 681, 

 Beilage, p. 8, Oct., 1831; type in Leipzig Museum examined; cf. Bonaparte, Compt, 

 Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 571, 1856; and Ortalis caracco Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. 

 Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 694, 1906). The type, said to have been 

 collected at Pampayaco, near the sources of the Rio Huallaga, Dept. Hudnuco, 

 Peru, is closely similar to Bahia specimens, and merely differs by the rump being 

 only laterally rufous, but medially dark brown like the upper back. Nothing 

 similar has ever been taken again in Peru, the type being very different from 

 O. g. guttata, well known as an inhabitant of Hu4nuco Province, and it seems 

 almost incredible that a second species of Ortalis should occur in that region. 

 Besides, the extent of rufous on the rump is individually variable in allied species, 

 e.g., O. superciliaris, and this rather insignificant divergency might disappear, 

 if a more satisfactory series of araucuan from eastern Brazil were available for 

 comparison. We cannot but seriously question the Peruvian origin of the type 

 specimen, and as Poeppig, on his South American trip, also stopped at various 

 Brazilian ports, a transposition of labels does not seem to be wholly beyond 

 possibility. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Pernambuco, 1; Lamarao, Bahia, 1; 

 Bahia, 3. 



^ Ortalis guttata squamata (Lesson) is easily distinguished from O. g. araucuan 

 by lacking the plain white area on breast and abdomen, these parts being wood 

 brown with grayish white apical edges; by brown or rufescent instead of whitish 

 to buffy tibial feathers; much darker, nearly chestnut under tail coverts; duller 




164 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Ortalida squamata Lesson, Diet. Sci. Nat., 59, p. 195, 1829 — "rAmerique 

 meridionale" (type, from Santa Catharina, Brazil, in Paris Museum 

 examined); idem, Traite d'Orn., livr. 7, p. 481, Apr., 1831— "Bresil"; 

 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 535— Santa Catharina 

 (descr.); Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 179, 1885 — Taquara, 

 Arroio Grande, and Linha Piraj&, Rio Grande do Sul (crit.). 



Ortalis squamata Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 509, 1893 — Rio 

 Grande do Sul and Santa Catharina; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 240, 

 1897 (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 411, 1899— Sao Paulo 

 (occurrence doubtful); idem, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 

 147, 1899 — Mundo Novo and Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do Sul; 

 Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 350, 1906 — Santa Catharina and Rio Grande 

 do Sul (crit., note on type); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 16, 1907 — 

 Sao Lourengo, Rio Grande do Sul. 



Ortalis araucuan squamata Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 17, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Extreme southeastern Brazil, in states of Santa Catha- 

 rina and Rio Grande do Sul. 



Conover Collection.— 1: Brazil (Rolante, Rio Grande do Sul, 1). 

 *^ *Ortalis guttata subaffinis Todd.^ Bolivian Chachalaca. 



Ortalis guttata subaffinis Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45, p. 211, Nov. 26, 

 1932 — Buenavista, [Santa Cruz], Bolivia (type in Carnegie Museum, 

 Pittsburgh); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 18, 1934 — eastern Bolivia. 



Ortalida guttata (not Penelope guttata Spix) Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 5, p. 11, 1867— Bolivia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 

 p. 536 — part, Bolivia; Burmeister, I.e., 1871, p. 701 — Santa Cruz de la 

 Sierra, Bolivia; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 640 — Tilotilo, Yungas. 



Ortalis guttata Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 107, 1889— "lower Beni," 

 Bolivia; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 510, 1893— part, 



rufescent pileum, etc. It much more resembles O. g. guttata, of Upper Amazonia, 

 but may be separated by unspotted lower throat; the shape of the light apical 

 markings on foreneck and chest, which are more in the form of scaly edgings than 

 spots; uniform rufescent brown upper part of the head, which in the nominate 

 race is dusky or blackish brown with grayish spots on forehead and superciliary 

 region, etc. If we are to express natural affinities by nomenclature, O. araucuan, 

 O. squamata, and O. guttata may well be united in one specific entity, but it will 

 not do to group the two first-named together and keep the third one separate. 



Additional material examined. — Santa Catharina: unspecified, 1 (the type); 

 Blumenau, 1; Jaragu^, 1. — Rio Grande do Sul: Taquara do Mundo Novo, 2; 

 Llnja Piraja, 1.— "Brazil," 2. 



^Ortalis guttata subaffinis Todd: "Similar to O. g. guttata, but general color 

 of upper parts paler, averaging more olivaceous, less brownish, and pileum and 

 hind neck decidedly paler, more grayish, less sooty." 



There seems to be great variation in this bird due to wear and fading. In 

 general, a series of seven from Bolivia seem to average lighter on the upper parts, 

 especially on hind neck and pileum. They are also lighter below, this being most 

 noticeable on the foreneck and chest, where the white markings are less distinct, 

 because of the lighter, more olivaceous background. 



Additional material examined. — Bolivia: San Antonio, La Paz, 1; San Mateo, 

 Yungas de Cochabamba, 1 . 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 165 



spec, e, Tilotilo, Bolivia; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 241, 1897 — 

 part, Bolivia. 



Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Bolivia. 



Conover Collection.—!: Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Buenavista, 5; Rio 

 Yapacani, 2). 



^*0r talis guttata guttata (Spix). Spotted Chachalaca. 



Penelope guttata Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 55, pi. 73, 1825 — Rio Soli- 

 moes, Brazil (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. 

 Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 691, 1906); Wagler, Isis, 1830, col. 1112— Rio 

 Amazonas (descr. spec, typ.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 

 341, 1856 (ex Wagler). 



Ortalida guttata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 76, 1858 — Rio Napo, 

 Ecuador; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1869, p. 598 — Cosnipata, Cuzco, Peru; 

 idem, I.e., 1870, p. 536 — part, Ecuador (Rio Napo), Peru (Cosnipata), 

 and Brazil (Matto Grosso and Rio Madeira); Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, 

 p. 558 — Monterico, Peru; idem. I.e., 1882, p. 56 — Chirimoto, Peru; idem, 

 Orn. Per., 3, p. 278, 1886— Peru (Monterico, Chirimoto) (crit.) ; Salvadori 

 and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 38, 1900— Gualaquiza, 

 Ecuador. 



Ortalis guttata Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 510, 1893 — part, 

 spec, b-d, 1, Ecuador (Sarayacu), Peru (Iquitos), and Brazil (Matto 

 Grosso); i(Jem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 241, 1897 — part, Ecuador, Peru, 

 and Brazil; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 229 — upper Napo and tributaries, 

 Ecuador; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 451, 1905 — Rio Jurua, Brazil; 

 idem. Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 16, 1907 — Rio Jurua (range); Snethlage, 

 Journ. Orn., 56, p. 23, 1908 — Bom Lugar and Canacury, Rio Purus, 

 Brazil; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 418, 1910 — Calama, Rio Madeira, 

 and Jamarysinho, Rio Machados, Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, 

 p. '57, 1914— Rio Purus; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 19— San Ramon, Rio 

 Perene, Junin, Peru; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 44, 1921— 

 Rio Cosireni, Urubamba, Peru. 



Penelope adspersa Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 386, 1843 — Peru (type in 

 Neuchatel Museum); idem. I.e., 10, (1), p. 309, 1844 — Peru; idem, Unters. 

 Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 290, 1846 — montanas of Peru. 



Ortalis guttata adspersa Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1902, (2), p. 45 — La Merced and Garita del Sol, Junin, Peru (crit.); idem, 

 Ornis, 13, p. 100, 1906— Idma, Urubamba, Peru; Peters, Bds. World, 2, 

 p. 18, 1934 (range). . 



Ortalis guttata guttata Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 155, 1926 — 

 Rio Napo, Macas region, Rio Suno, and below San Jose, Ecuador; Naum- 

 burg. I.e., 60, p. 64, 1930 — Matto Grosso; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 Zool. Ser., 17, p. 250, 1930 — Vista Alegre and Chinchao, Hudnuco, Peru 

 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 18, 1934 (range). 



Ortalida albiventris (not Penelope albiventris Wagler) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, 

 p. 286, 1870 — Matto Grosso (Engenho do Gama, Sao Vicente, Forte do 

 Principe) and Rio Madeira (Salto do Girao, Borba). 




166 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Range. —Amazonian Ecuador and Peru south to the Urubamba 

 region, and east through western Brazil to the Rio Tapajoz, south 

 along the Rio Madeira to northwestern Matto Grosso.^ 



Conover Collection. — 22: Ecuador (Rio Catapino, 1; Concepcion, 

 6; Cerro Quataraca, Loreto, 1; Ouca Yaco, Loreto, 1; Suno, Loreto, 

 1); Peru (Vista Alegre, 1; Chinchao, 1; Rio Ucayali, 1); Brazil (Joao 

 Pessoa, Rio Jurua, 3; Labrea, Rio Purus, 3; Canutama, Rio Purus, 3). 



*Ortalis guttata-ea qu c tac G hdpm^n.^ Caqueta Chachalaca. 



Ortalis guttata caquetae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 96, p. 2, Nov. 19, 1923 

 — La Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia (type in the American Museum of 

 Natural History, New York); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 18, 1934 (range). 



Ortalida guttata (not Penelope guttata Spix) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 536— part, Bogota. 



Ortalis guttata Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 510, 1893— part, 

 spec, a, Bogota; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 241, 1897 — part, Colom- 

 bia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 197, 1917 — La Morelia, 

 Caqueta, Colombia. 



Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Colombia (La Morelia, 

 Caqueta; also in native Bogota collections). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Colombia (Bogota, 1). 



Ortalis guttata columbiana Hellmayr.^ Colombian 

 Chachalaca. 



' After examining a fair series from Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru, we cannot 

 see our way clear of separating a Peruvian race (adspersa). Birds from the Rio 

 Madeira and Matto Grosso seem to be exactly like others from the Amazon, the 

 amount of gray on forehead and superciliary region as well as the intensity of 

 the brown color on pileum, foreneck, and chest varying individually within the 

 same locality. East Ecuadorian birds, for instance, are matched in the blackish 

 ground color of the chest by others from the Rio Arapiuns, Brazil, and those 

 from Peru are in no way distinguishable from Amazonian specimens picked at 

 random. 



Additional material examined. — Peru: Rio Samiria, 1; La Merced, Chan- 

 chamayo, 1; Occobamba, Cuzco, 1; Callanga, Cuzco, 1. — Brazil: Rio Solimoes, 1; 

 Casa Nova, Rio Arapiuns (Rio Tapajoz), 2; Borba, Rio Madeira, 3; Calama, 

 Rio Madeira, 1; Forte do Principe, Rio Guapore, 2; Sao Vicente, Matto Grosso, 1; 

 Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso, 1. 



^Ortalis guttata caquetae Chapman: Similar to O. g. guttata, but perhaps dis- 

 tinguishable by browner (less olivaceous) upper parts and slightly paler ground 

 color of forehead and breast. 



Judging from two native "Bogota" skins — the only ones we have seen — this 

 is rather an unsatisfactory race. 



^Ortalis guttata columbiana Hellmayr, though readily distinguished by larger 

 size, wholly ashy gray pileum passing into a paler tone anteriorly, and narrower, 

 marginal rather than spot-like pale markings on foreneck and chest, is clearly 

 the Magdalena Valley representative of 0. guttata. 



Material examined. — Colombia: Bogota, 4; El Chicoral, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 167 



Ortalis columbiana Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, 

 p. 694, May 20, 1906 — Colombia= Bogota (type in Vienna Museum). 



Ortalida caracco (not of Wagler) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 285 (note 3), 1870 — 

 Bogota and "Panama" (lapsu); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1870, p. 536— Bogota (monog.). 



Ortalis caracco Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 509, 1893 — part, 

 spec, b, "U. S. of Colombia" = Bogota; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 

 241, 1897— Colombia (part); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, 

 p. 302, 1899— Magdalena River. 



Ortalis columbiana columbiana Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 196, 

 1917 — Colombia (La Candela, near San Agustin, Andalucia; Chicoral, 

 near Honda; El Alto de la Paz, near Bogota); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 

 18, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of the upper Magdalena 

 Valley, eastern Colombia. 



Ortalis guttata -ea ucae Cliapiiiaii. ^ Cauca Chachalaca. 



Ortalis columbiana caucae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 168, 

 March 19, 1&14 — Guengue, Cauca River, twenty miles south of Cali, 

 Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New 

 York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 196, 1917 — Guengue, La Manuelita, and San 

 Antonio, Cauca, Colombia; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 18, 1934 (range). 



Ortalida guttatti (not Penelope guttata Spix) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 544 — Concordia and Santa Elena, Cauca, Colombia. 



Ortalis caracco (not Ortalida caracco Wagler) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 22, p. 509, 1893 — part, spec, c, Concordia; idem, Handb. Game- 

 Bds., 2, p. 24, 1897— Colombia (part). 



Range. — Tropical and lower Subtropical zones of the Cauca 

 Valley, western Colombia. 



*Ortalis wagleri griseiceps van Rossem.- Sonora Chachalaca. 



Ortalis wagleri griseiceps van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 431, 



Dec, 1934 — Alamos, Sonora, Mexico (type in Museum of Comparative 



Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). 

 Ortalis wagleri (not of Gray) van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 



244, 1931 — Guirocoba and Chinobampo, Sonora; Peters, Bds. World, 2, 



p. 18, 1934 — part, southern Sonora. 



^Ortalis guttata caucae Chapman: Very similar to O. g. columbiana, but with 

 forehead little, if any paler than the crown; lower back, rump, flanks, and under 

 tail coverts more strongly rufescent; feet horn color instead of red. 



Material examined. — Colombia: Concordia, Cauca, 1. 



^Ortalis wagleri griseiceps van Rossem: Similar to the nominate race, but 

 head and neck slightly paler and grayer; feathers of crown uniform pale slate 

 gray, instead of dark slate gray on the inner, and slate gray on the outer webs; 

 mantle slightly grayer in fresh, and decidedly so in worn plumage (van Rossem, 

 I.e.). 



The racial characters are hardly evident in our specimens, which are, however, 

 very worn. 




168 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Range. — Extreme southern Sonora, south for an undetermined 

 distance into northern Sinaloa, western Mexico. 



Conover Collection. — 10: Mexico (Guirocoba, Sonora, 6; El 

 Molino, Sinaloa, 4). 



♦Ortalis wagleri wagleri (G. R. Gray). Wagler's Chachalaca. 



Ortalida wagleri G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 12, 1867 — "Cali- 

 fornia" and Mexico (cotypes, from western Mexico,^ in British Museum); 

 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. ZooL Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 534 — near Mazatlan, 

 Mexico (monog.); Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N, H., 2, p. 306, 1874 — 

 Mazatlan. 



Ortalis wagleri Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 607, 1893 — Presi- 

 dio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa, and San Bias and Santiago, Tepic; idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 237, pi. 39, 1897— Sinaloa and Tepic; Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 279, pi. 72, 1902— Sinaloa 

 (Mazatlan, Presidio) and Tepic (San Bias, Santiago); Miller, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 21, p. 343, 1905 — southern Sinaloa (Escuinapa, Juanna 

 Gomez River, Los Pieles, Papachal, Jalpa, Arroyo de Limones); idem. 

 I.e., 22, p. 163, 1906— Sayupa, Durango; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. 

 Sci., (4), 16, p. 6, 1927— Labrados, Sinaloa; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 18, 

 1934 (part). 



Ortalis vetula maccalli (not Ortalida maccalli Baird) Bailey, Auk, 23, p. 385, 

 1906 — near San Bias, Nayarit. 



Range. — Western Mexico, from southern Sinaloa (Escuinapa, 

 etc.) and the adjacent parts of Durango (Saynpa) south to Nayarit 

 (Tepic, Santiago, San Bias). 



Conover Collection. — 2: Mexico (Mazatlan, Sinaloa, 2). 



♦Ortalis v«tula poliocephala (Wagler).^ Gray-headed 

 Chachalaca. 



Penelope poliocephala Wagler, Isis, 1830, col. 1112 — Mexico (part, descr. of 

 adult; type in Berlin Museum). 



Ortalida poliocephala Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 364 

 — "vicinity of Mexico City" (crit.); idem. I.e., 1870, p. 537 — tableland of 

 Mexico (Real Arriba; vicinity of Mexico City) and Colima (Rio Armeria, 

 Rio Tupila); Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 306, 1874— Rio 

 Tupila, Colima; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 45, 1876— southern 

 Oaxaca (Tapana, Barrio, Tehuantepec City). 



Ortalida leucogastra (not Penelope leucogastra Gould) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 27, p. 391, 1859 — Rio Grande, Pacific coast region of Oaxaca. 



1 San Bias, Nayarit, suggested as type locality by Van Rossem (Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., 77, p. 431, 1934). 



^ Penelope vociferans Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, [2], p. 735, 1789), exclusively 

 based on "Chachalacametl" of Hernandez, is unidentifiable. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 169 



Ortalis poliocephala Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 175, 1886 — 

 Chachapa, Puebia; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 511, 1893 

 — Tehuantepec and Salina Cruz, Oaxaca; idem, Handb. Game-Eds., 2, 

 p. 244, 1897 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 

 3, p. 279, 1902 — Mexico (Real Arriba, Chachapa, Puebia; Rio Armeria 

 and Rio Tupila, Colima; Rio Grande, Tapana, Barrio, Tehuantepec City, 

 ToruUo, Tapantepec, and Salina Cruz, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas); Bangs 

 and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 386, 1928— Chivela, Oaxaca. 



Ortalis vetula poliocephala Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 372, 1934 

 — Coyuca, Guerrero (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 19, 1934 — Colima 

 to western Chiapas. 



Ortalis poliocephala subsp. longicauda Lampe, Jahrb. Nassau Ver. Naturk., 

 59, p. 232, 1906— "Mexico" (type in Wiesbaden Museum).i 



Range. — Pacific side of southwestern Mexico, from Colima south 

 through Guerrero and Oaxaca to western Chiapas (Tonala), north 

 to the southern part of Puebia (Real Arriba, Chachapa). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Mexico (San Geronimo, Oaxaca, 1). 

 *OrtaIis vetula mccalli (Baird). Texan Chachalaca. 



Ortalida McCalli Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. Surv. 

 Pac. R. R., 9, p. 611, 1858 — Boquilla, Nuevo Leon, Mexico (type in U. S. 

 National Museum). 



Ortalida vetula (not Penelope vetula Wagler) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. 

 N. Y., 5, p. 116, 1851 — Rio Grande, Texas (descr.); Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 364 — road to Tampico, Tamaulipas; idem. 

 I.e., 1870, p. 538— part, Rio Grande, Texas. 



Ortalida poliocephala (not Penelope poliocephala Wagler) Cassin, lUust. Bds. 

 Calif., Texas, etc., p. 267, pi. 44, 1855 — Texas and Nuevo Leon. 



Ortdlis maccalli Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 24 — Matamoros and Brownsville, 

 Texas (habits). 



Ortalis vetula Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 512, 1893 — part, 

 spec, a-n, Texas (Brownsville), Tamaulipas (above Ciudad Victoria, 

 Aldama, Tampico), and San Luis Potosi (Valles); idem, Handb. Game- 

 Bds., 2, p. 245, 1897 (part); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 

 Aves, 3, p. 280, 1902 — part, southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. 



Ortalis vetula maccalli Bendire, Life Hist. N. Amer. Bds., p. 119, 1892 — lower 

 Rio Grande, Texas (habits). 



Ortalis vetula mccalli Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 74, 1911 — Rio Cruz, Rio Martinez, 

 and Santa Leonor, Tamaulipas; Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 42, p. 533 — 

 Brownsville, Texas; Friedmann, I.e., 42, p. 543, 1925 — Brownsville, Texas 

 (habits). 



Ortalis vetula vetula Miller and Griscom, Auk, 38, p. 46, 1921 — southern Texas 

 to extreme northern Vera Cruz (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 19, 1934 

 (range). 



' Based on a single mounted specimen with an extraordinarily long tail 

 (340 mm.). The author had no material for comparison. 




170 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and south through 

 Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas to eastern San Luis Potosi (Valles) 

 and extreme northern Vera Cruz, northeastern Mexico.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 8: Texas (Hidalgo, 1; unspecified, 1); 

 Mexico (Presas, Tamaulipas, 1; Valles, San Luis Potosi, 5). 



Conover Collection. — 6: Texas (Brownsville, 4); Mexico (Rio 

 Verde, San Luis Potosi, 1; El Bonito, San Luis Potosi, 1). 



♦Ortalis vetula vetula (Wagler). Lesser Gray-headed 

 Chachalaca. 



Penelope vetula Wagler, Isis, 1830, col. 1112 — Mexico (type in Munich Museum 

 examined); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 349, 1934 

 (crit.).» 



Ortalida poliocephala (not Penelope poliocephala Wagler) Sclater, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 24, p. 310, 1856 — Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico. 



Ortalida vetula Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, pp. 369, 391, 1859— vicinity 

 of Jalapa and Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 

 538 — part. Vera Cruz, Mexico; Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, 2, p. 37, 1871 

 — Vera Cruz,'Mexico; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 45, 1876 — 

 Guichicovi, Oaxaca. 



Ortalis vetula maccalli (not Ortalida McCalli Baird) Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., 9, p. 176, 1886 — San Jose Acateno, Puebla; Chapman, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. N. H., 10, p. 36, 1898— Jalapa, Vera Cruz. 



Ortalis vetula Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 512, 1893 — part, 

 spec, o-d', Mexico (Vera Cruz, Misantla, Jalapa, Plan del Rio, Vega 

 del Casadero, La Antigua; Atlixcos, Puebla; Teapa, Tabasco); idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 245, 1897 (part); Salvin and Godman, Biol. 



* The subspecific identity of the birds recorded by Duges (La Naturaleza, 1, 

 p. 141, 1869) from Guadalajara s. n. Ortalida maccalli remains to be determined. 



2 In a letter to the late Mr. W. deWitt Miller (cf. Auk, 38, p. 455, 1921), one 

 of us pointed out that the designation of Tampico, Tamaulipas, as type locality 

 of P. vetula was inadmissible, since the collector of the type specimen, a man by 

 the name of Keerl, did not visit that region at all, but merely worked from Vera 

 Cruz up to Mexico City. Since that time, Mr. van Rossem has independently 

 studied Wagler 's type (which, by the way, was always in the Munich Museum, 

 the expression "Mus. Monac." used by Wagler being merely the latinized form 

 of that institution's name), and correctly stated that it precisely resembles jala- 

 pensis save for its pure white instead of buflfy tail-tips. However, on examining 

 a series from central Vera Cruz, we find considerable variation in that respect, 

 and one specimen from Papantla has the tips to the lateral rectrices very nearly 

 as white as Wagler's type, while they are more or less tinged with buffy in others 

 from the same locality. From the available material it appears that a gradual 

 decrease in the intensity of the tail-tips takes place, as one advances north through 

 Vera Cruz, and that some individuals are just as white-tipped as the Texan 

 Chachalaca. There is no room, however, for recognizing another intermediate 

 race, and as Wagler's type almost certainly came from within the range of 

 jalapensis, we have no hesitation in accepting vetula as an earlier name, while the 

 Texas form, which is readily separable by its paler body coloration and grayish 

 brown or ashy belly, becomes O. p. mccalii, as pointed out by van Rossem. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 171 



Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 280, 1902 — part, Mexico (localities in Vera 

 Cruz and Tabasco). 



Ortalis vetula jalapensis Miller and Griscom, Auk, 38, p. 46, Jan., 1921 — 

 Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico (type in the American Museum of Natural 

 History, New York); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 19, 1934— part, Vera 

 Cruz to Tabasco and western Chiapas. 



Ortalis vetula fulvicauda Miller and Griscom,' Auk, 38, p. 47, Jan., 1921 — 

 Tolosa, [northern] Oaxaca, Mexico (type in the American Museum of 

 Natural History, New York). 



Range. — Southeastern Mexico, from Vera Cruz, Puebla, and 

 northern Oaxaca south on the Caribbean slope to Tabasco and 

 western Chiapas.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Mexico (Achotal, Vera Cruz, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 5: Mexico (Tutla, Oaxaca, 5). 



♦Ortalis vetula intermedia Peters.^ Intermediate Chachalaca. 



Ortalis vetula intermedia Peters, Auk, 30, p. 371, July, 1913 — Camp Mengel, 

 Hondo River, Quintana Roo, Mexico (type in Museum of Comparative 

 Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Miller and Griscom, Auk, 38, p. 48, 1921 

 (crit.); Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 7, 1926 — Chunyaxche, Palmul, 

 and Acomal, Quintana Roo; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 19, 1934 (range); 

 Van Tyhe, Misc. Publ, Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 11, 1935— 

 Uaxactun and Chuntuqui, Peten, Guatemala (crit.), 



Ortalis vetula (not Penelope vetula Wagler) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 22, p. 512, 1893 — part, spec, v', Belize, British Honduras; Salvin 

 and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 280, 1902 — part, Belize. 



Range. — Southern Campeche and the southern part of the 

 Territory of Quintana Roo south on the Atlantic slope of eastern 

 Chiapas and adjacent western Guatemala to the Sierra Madre, 

 northern Guatemala (Peten) and northern British Honduras. 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Mexico, Campeche (Matamoros, 4). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Mexico, Chiapas (Chicomuselo, Moriscal, 

 2; Malpaso, Siltepec, 2). 



1 0. V. fulvicauda has been shown by Griscom to be inseparable. 



2 In addition to the type of 0. vetula, Hellmayr has examined seven specimens 

 from Vera Cruz (Papantla, Jalapa, etc.). 



' Ortalis vetula intermedia Peters seems to connect O. v. pallidiventris with 0. v. 

 plumbiceps, but is smaller than either. From the Yucatan race it is evidently 

 distinguished by darker upper parts, neck, and breast; deeper isabelline abdomen; 

 darker fulvous flanks and under tail coverts; from O. v. plumbiceps by isabelline 

 instead of fulvous brown abdomen and more uniform tail- tips. Wing, 172-184; 

 tail, 215-240; tarsus, 59-623^; bill, 22-26. 



According to Van Tyne, birds from northern Pet6n agree with those from 

 Quintana Roo. 



^ IUl VowvU^Wt^" 




172 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



♦Ortalis vetula pallidiventris Ridgway.^ Pale-bellied 

 Chachalaca. 



Ortalis vetula pallidiventris Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., p. 209, 1887 — 

 Yucatan (type in U. S. National Museum); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. 

 N. H., 8, p. 288, 1896— Chichen Itza, Yucatan (habits); Cole, Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., 50, p. 115, 1906 — Chichen Itza; Miller and Griscom, Auk, 

 38, p. 48, 1921 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 19, 1934 (range). 



Ortalida maccalli (not of Baird) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, 

 p. 209, 1869— Merida, Yucatan (crit.). 



Ortalida vetula (not Penelope vetula Wagler) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 538 — part, Merida, Yucatan. 



Ortalis vetula Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 460 — Yucatan; Salvin, 

 Ibis, 1889, p. 378 — Meco and Holbox Islands, Yucatan; idem, Ibis, 1890, 

 p. 89 — same localities; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 512, 

 1893 — part, spec, e'-t', Yucatan, Holbox, Mugeres, Meco, and Cozumel 

 Islands; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 245, 1897 (part); Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 280, 1902 — part, Yucatan 

 (Merida) and Meco, Holbox, Cozumel, and Mugeres Islands. 



Range. — Northern parts of Yucatan Peninsula, and Holbox, 

 Mugeres, Meco, and Cozumel Islands, in eastern Mexico. 



Field Museum Collection. — 12: Yucatan (San Felipe, 1; Rio 

 Lagartos, 1; unspecified, 1; Chichen Itza, 6); Quintana Roo (El 

 Meco, 3). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Yucatan (Temax, 1). 



♦Ortalis vetula f^mbieeps (G. K. Gray).^ Plumbeous-headed 

 Chachalaca. 



Ortalida plumbiceps G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 11, 1867 — 

 Honduras [=Omoa] and Guatemala (cotypes in British Museum). 



Ortalida vetula (not Penelope vetula Wagler) Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 27, p. 62, 1859 — near Omoa, Honduras; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859? 

 p. 224 — Atlantic slope of Guatemala; Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 311 — Atlantic 

 slope of Honduras; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 

 p. 538 — part, Vera Paz, Guatemala, and Honduras. 



Ortalis vetula Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 512, 1893 — part, 

 spec, u', w'-a", "British" Honduras [ = Omoa] and Guatemala (Coban); 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 245, 1897 (part); Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 280, 1902 — part, Guatemala (Coban) and 

 Honduras (Omoa, San Pedro). 



^Ortalis vetula pallidiventris Ridgway is the palest and grayest race of the 

 group, the light grayish olive back being its most distinctive feature. 



^ Ortalis vetula plumbiceps (G. R. Gray) : Except for a tendency toward darker, 

 more rufous and more bicolored tail-tips, there seems to be very little difference 

 between this race and typical vetula. If it were not for the fact that a much lighter- 

 bellied race, O. v. intermedia, separates the two groups, it would not appear to 

 be worth recognition. 



Additional specimens examined. — Guatemala: Coban, 4. — Honduras: Chame- 

 licon, 3. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 173 



Ortalis vetula plumbeiceps Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, 

 p. 78, 1907 — Los Amates, Guatemala. 



Ortalis vetula plumbiceps Miller and Griscom, Auk, 38, p. 47, 1921 — Guate- 

 mala to central Nicaragua (crit.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, 

 p. 403, 1929 — Progreso and Lancetilla, Honduras; Stone, Proc. Acad. 

 Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 301, 1932 — Honduras (Omoa, Chiloma, Lance- 

 tilla, Progreso); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 101, 1932— 

 near Puerto Barrios, Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 19, 1934 

 (range); Carriker and Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 413, 

 1935 — Gualan (Motagua Valley) and Quirigua (near Puerto Barrios), 

 Guatemala; Deignan, Auk, 53, p. 188, 1936 — La Ceiba, Honduras. 



Ortalis vetula jalapensis Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 370, 1928 — 

 Mountain Cow Water Hole, Cayo District, British Honduras (crit.); 

 Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 101, 1932 — Sepacuite, Secanquim, 

 Finca Chama, and east of Coban, Caribbean Guatemala (crit.); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 2, p. 19, 1934 — part, Caribbean slope of Guatemala and 

 adjacent British Honduras. 



Ortalis vetula vetula Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 810 — north slope of Sierra de los 

 Minas, Guatemala. 



Range. — From central British Honduras and southern Peten 

 south on the Atlantic slope of Guatemala through Honduras to 

 central Nicaragua. 



Field Museum Collection. — 8: British Honduras (Middlesex, 

 Stann Creek, 1; 22 Mile Station, Stann Creek, 1); Guatemala (Los 

 Amates, 3; Bobos, Izabal, 2); Honduras (Chamelicon River, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 7: Guatemala (Secanquim, Alta Verapaz, 1); 

 Honduras (La Ceiba, Atlantida, 1; El Jaral, Lake Yojoa, 1; Monte 

 Redondo, Tegucigalpa, 2; La Flor, Tegucigalpa, 1; Cantoral, 

 Tegucigalpa, 1). 



*Ortalis vetula deschauenseei Bond.^ Utilla Island 

 Chachalaca. 



Ortalis vetula deschauenseei Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 88, p. 356, 

 1936 — Utilla Island, off Honduras (type in the Academy of Natural 

 Sciences of Philadelphia). 



Range. — Utilla Island, off the coast of northern Honduras. 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Honduras (Utilla Island, 2). 



*Ortalis vetula leucogastra (Gould). White-vented 

 Chachalaca. 



Penelope albiventer (not Penelope albiventris Wagler) Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, 

 p. 174, 1842 — Realejo, Nicaragua (type in collection of R. P. Lesson, 



^Ortalis vetula deschauenseei Bond: Differs from O. v. plumbiceps in being 

 larger and paler, less brown, both above and below, the under parts much less 

 richly colored, with feathers of foreneck and chest grayer; gray of pileum and 

 hind neck not distinctly defined. Wing (male), 208; tail, 225; tarsus, 58; bill, 251^. 



l/mU*^ 




174 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



present location unknown); Gould, Voy. Sulphur, Zool., p. 48, pi. 31, 

 1844. 



Penelope leucogastra Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 105, Dec, 1843 — 

 locality unknown (type lost, formerly in collection of Zoological Society 

 of London). 



Ortalida leucogastra Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 224 — Pacific coast of 

 Guatemala (nest and eggs descr.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 

 p. 539 — Realejo, Nicaragua, and Costa Grande, Guatemala (crit.); Lantz, 

 Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 16, p. 219, 1899 — Naranjo, Guatemala. 



Ortalis leucogastra Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 514, 1893 — 

 Guatemala (Retalhuleu, Costa Grande), El Salvador (La Libertad), and 

 Nicaragua (Momotombo); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 247, 1897 

 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 281, 1902 — 

 Pacific coast of Guatemala to Nicaragua; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. 

 Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 78, 1907 — San Jose, Guatemala; Dickey and van 

 Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 140, 1938— Lake 

 Olomega, Puerto del Triunfo, San Sebastian, Rio San Miguel, Lake 

 Chanmico, Lake Guija, Hacienda Zapotitdn, and Barra de Santiago, El 

 Salvador. 



Ortalis vetula leucogastra Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 103, 1932 — 

 Hacienda California, Finca Cipres, and Espina, Guatemala; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 19, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of the Pacific slope of southeastern Chiapas 

 (Escuintla), Guatemala, El Salvador, and northern Nicaragua (Rea- 

 lejo, Momotombo). 



Field Museum Collection. — 15: Guatemala (Concepcion del Mar, 

 Escuintla, 10; Tiquisate, Escuintla, 1; Volcan Tajumulco, San 

 Marcos, 2; San Jos^, Escuintla, 1) and Nicaragua (San Geronimo, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 8 : Mexico, Chiapas, Escuintla (Acacoyagua, 

 5; La Grada, 1) and Guatemala (Tiquisate, Escuintla, 2). 



Ortalis ruficrissa' ruficrissa (Sclater and Salvin). Rufous- 

 vented Chachalaca. 



Ortalida ruficrissa Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 538 

 (footnote) — Valle "Dupar" [=de Upar], south side of Sierra Nevada de 

 Santa Marta, Colombia (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in the 

 British Museum, examined). 



1 Ortalis ruficrissa, of which only two specimens are in existence, is certainly 

 closely related to 0. vetula, but as has been pointed out by Miller and Griscom, 

 dijBfers by bright rufous-chestnut crissum; the greater extent of the pure white 

 tail- tips; black instead of gray forehead and malar region; light rufous flanks; 

 browner rump and upper tail coverts; proportionately shorter and less graduated 

 tail. The occurrence of a form belonging to the O. vetula complex in the Santa 

 Marta region, where it clearly replaces O. g. garrula east and south of the Sierra 

 Nevada, raises the question whether the relationship between the tw^o groups 

 may not be closer than was hitherto suspected. The problem will require careful 

 investigation with the help of extensive series from certain parts of Nicaragua, 

 where the range of 0. garrula frantzii may possibly clash with that of 0. vetula 

 plumbiceps. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 175 



Ortalis vetula (not Penelope vetula Wagler) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 22, p. 512, 1893 — part, spec, b", Valle de Upar; idem, Handb. Game- 

 Eds., 2, p. 245, 1897— part, Colombia. 



Ortalis ruficrissa Miller and Griscom, Auk, 38, p. 49, 1921 — Dibulla, Santa 

 Marta region (crit.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 172, 

 1922— Dibulla (range). 



Ortalis ruficrissa ruficrissa Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 20, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of the Santa Marta region, on the eastern 

 and southern side of the mountains, in northern Colombia.^ 



*Ortalis ruficrissa baliolus Osgood and Conover.^ Zulia 

 Chachalaca. 



Ortalis ruficrissa baliolus Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 

 Ser., 12, p. 31, Aug. 28, 1922— Orope, Zulia, Venezuela (type in Field 

 Museum of Natural History); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 20, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of Venezuela in State of Zulia south of 

 Lake Maracaibo (Orope, Rio Cogollo, Rio Guachi, Lagunillas). 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Venezuela (Orope, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, P^rija, 1). 



♦Ortalis garrula frantzii (Cabanis).'^ Frantzius's Chachalaca. 



Ortalida frantzii Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 211, 1869 — Costa Rica (type in 

 Berlin Museum). 



Ortalida poliocephala (not Penelope poliocephala Wagler) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. 

 Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 139, 1868— Costa Rica (San Jose, Turrialba, La 

 Palma); Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 318— Costa Rica (crit.). 



^Material examined. — Colombia: Valle de Upar, 1 (the type); Dibulla, 1. 



^Ortalis ruficrissa baliolus Osgood and Conover: Very similar to the nominate 

 race, but general coloration darker and more rufescent, especially on the posterior 

 lower parts; the gray of the head deeper in tone; the lower breast, abdomen, 

 flanks, and thighs darker olive, heavily washed with rufous; crissum and under 

 tail coverts decidedly darker rufous chestnut. Wing (male), 220 ; tail, 263; tarsus, 

 71M;bill,27. 



While two of the specimens, both from Orope, differ by the above characters 

 from the only available skin from Dibulla, the third individual is somewhat inter- 

 mediate and suggests the desirability of comparing additional material of both 

 races to establish their distinctness beyond doubt. 



^Ortalis garrula frantzii (Cabanis), though very close to O. g. cinereiceps, 

 may be separated by darker, deep mouse gray rather than deep neutral gray 

 pileum; darker, more olive brown upper parts; darker brownish breast; more 

 brownish, less whitish abdomen; tail-ends possibly more cinnamomeous. 



Birds from eastern Nicaragua are exactly like others from Costa Rica. While 

 distinguishable in a series, this form is not a strongly marked one. Certain in- 

 dividuals from Panama, notably one from Paraiso Station, Panama Railroad, 

 and one from Veraguas, have the breast very nearly as dark brownish as frantzii, 

 and approach it also in the coloration of the dorsal parts. They differ by lighter 

 gray head and paler abdomen. 



Additional material examined. — Nicaragua: Rio Escondido, 2; Rio Rama, 1. — 

 Costa Rica: San Jose, 2; Jimenez, 1; unspecified, 3. 




176 Field Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Ortalida einereiceps (not of Gray) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 

 1870, p. 540 — part, Costa Rica; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 408, 

 1884 — Los Sibalos, Nicaragua. 



Ortalis einereiceps Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 597, 1887 — 

 Jimenez and Cartago, Costa Rica; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, 

 p. 523, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 22, p. 515, 1893 — part, spec, a-c, San Jos6, Costa Rica; idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 249, 1897 — part, Costa Rica; Underwood, Ibis, 

 1896, p. 448 — Miravalles, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Amer., Aves, 3, p. 282, 1902 — part, Nicaragua (Los S4balos, Rio Escon- 

 dido) and Costa Rica (Turrialba, San Jose, La Palma, Jimenez, Cartago, 

 Irazu, Miravalles); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 383, 1910 — Costa 

 Rica (part, Guayabo, Miravalles, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, Juan Vinas); 

 Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Om. Ser., 1, p. 260, 1910— Guayabo, Costa 

 Rica. 



Ortalis einereiceps saturatus Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 25, p. 1, 

 Dec. 9, 1921 — near Matagalpa, Nicaragua (type in the American Museum 

 of Natural History, New York). 



Ortalis einereiceps franizii Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 297 (in text), 

 1931 (crit.); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 206, 1932— Santa 

 Rosita and Eden, Nicaragua. 



Ortalis garrtda frantzii Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 20, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of Nicaragua and Costa Rica (excepting 

 the southwestern section). 



Field Museum Collection. — 5: Costa Rica (Guayabo, 4; Limon, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 8: Costa Rica (Gudpiles, 2; Atalanta, Estrella 

 Valley, 1; Guacimo, Llanurus, 2; Jimenez, 3). 



*Ortalis garrula einereiceps (G. R. Gray). Gray-headed 

 Chachalaca. 



Ortalida einereiceps G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 12, 1867^ 

 "northwest coast of [South] America" (the type, collected by Kellett and 

 Wood, and examined by C. E. Hellmayr in the British Museum came either 

 from the Pearl Islands or from Panama);' Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1870, p. 217— Castillo, Veraguas; Sclater and Salvin, Lc, 1870, p. 540— 

 part, Veraguas and Panama. 



Ortalida poliocephala (not Penelope poliocephala Wagler) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. 

 Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 333, 1861— Lion Hill, Panama Railroad; Sclater 

 and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 371 — Panama Railroad; 

 Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 161 — Santiago and Cordillera de Tole, Veraguas. 



Ortalis einereiceps Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, 

 p. 146, 1893 — Buenos Aires, Terraba Valley, Costa Rica; Ogilvie-Grant, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 515, 1893 — part, spec, d-1, Veraguas (Cor- 

 dillera de Tol6, Castillo) and Panama (Paraiso Station); idem, Handb. 



* San Miguel Island, Pearl Archipelago, suggested as type locality by Aldrich 

 (Sci. Pub. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 7, p. 55, 1937). 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 177 



Game-Bds., 2, p. 249, 1897 — part, Veragua and Panama; Salvador! and 

 Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 10, 1899— Laguna della 

 Pita, Darien; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 2, p. 14, 1900— Loma del 

 Leon, Panama; idem. Auk, 18, pp. 25, 356, 1901 — San Miguel and Pedro 

 Gonzales Islands, Pearl Islands, and Dival^, Chiriqui; Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 282, 1902 — part, Panama (Divala, Paraiso 

 Station) and Veraguas (Santiago, Cordillera de Tole) ; Thayer and Bangs, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 145, 1905 — San Miguel and Pedro Gon- 

 zales Islands, Pearl Archipelago (crit.); idem. I.e., 46, p. 214, 1906 — 

 Savanna of Panama; Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 291, 1907 — Boruca, Terraba, 

 Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 383, 1910 — Costa Rica 

 (part, Pozo Azul, Cuabre); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 242, 

 1918— near Gatun, Panama; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 13, No. 4, p. 22, 1920 

 — San Miguel Island. 



Ortalis struthopus Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 2, p. 61, 1901 — San 

 Miguel Island, Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama (type in collection of E. A. 

 and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, 

 Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 154, 1930); Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 283, 1902 (ex Bangs). 



Ortalis cinereiceps cinereiceps Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, 

 p. 446, 1928 — Boquete Trail, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 

 71, p. 297, 1931 — Guabo and Cricamola, Panama (crit.). 



Ortalis garrula cinereiceps Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 20, 1934 (range); Griscom, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 303, 1935— Panama. 



Range. — Tropical zone of southwestern Costa Rica (Terraba 

 Valley) 1 and Panama south and east to Darien, including the Pearl 

 Islands. 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Costa Rica (Buenos Aires, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 7: Panama (Cricamola, Bocas del Toro, 7). 



Ortalis garrula olivacea Aldrich.^ Azuero Chachalaca. 



Ortalis garrula olivacea Aldrich, Sci. Pub. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 7, p. 53, 

 1937 — Paracote, eastern shore of Montijo Bay, 1 mile south of mouth of 



1 Peters also includes in the range of this form the Talamanca Valley, whence 

 we have no material. There is no authentic record of the present race from any 

 part of Colombia. 



2 Ortalis garrula olivacea Aldrich is said to differ from O. g. cinereiceps by 

 being larger, distinctly darker olive brown on back, wings, upper tail coverts, 

 and chest; by having the primaries more deeply rufescent, and the tail darker, 

 greenish black. In comparison to O. g. frantzii it is said to be distinctly larger, 

 much paler throughout, and more olive (less reddish) brown. Wing, 212-227, 

 (female) 205; tail, 222-240. 



While we have not seen this form, we may mention that there is considerable 

 variation in coloring among specimens from Veraguas and the Panama Railroad. 

 Some of the darker individuals, particularly one from Paraiso Station and another 

 from Veraguas (Cordillera del Tole), answer pretty well to Aldrich 's description 

 except for their smaller size (wing, 185-210; tail, 205-230), and it would seem 

 that O. g. olivacea is in need of corroboration by further material. The type of 

 O. cinereiceps, it may be stated, agrees well with the average from Panama, nota- 

 bly an adult from Lion Hill. 




178 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Angulo River, Veraguas, Panama (type in Cleveland Museum of Natural 

 History, Cleveland, Ohio). 



Range. — Known only from the type locality, but probably ranges 

 throughout the Azuero Peninsula, Veraguas, Panama. 



♦Ortalis garrula mira Griscom.' Griscom's Chachalaca. 



Ortxilis garrula mira Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 318, 1932 — 

 Ranchon, Caribbean slope of extreme eastern Panama (type in Museum 

 of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); idem. I.e., 78, p. 303, 1935 

 — Caribbean slope of eastern Darien; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 20, 1934 

 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of the Caribbean slope of extreme eastern 

 Darien. 



Conover Collection.— 6: Panama (Port Obaldia, Darien, 6). 



Ortalis garrula garrula (Humboldt). ^ Chestnut-winged 

 Chachalaca. 



Phasianus garrulus Humboldt, Obs. Zool. Anat. Comp., 1, livr. 1, p. 4, pi. 1, 

 No. iii, figs. 1-6, 1805 — part, descr. and hab. "Riviere de la Madeleine" 

 = Magdalena River, Colombia (type lost); idem, Beob. Zool., 1, p. 7, pi. 

 1, No. iii, figs. 1-6, 1806 — part, descr. and hab. "Neu Granada."' 



Penelope garrula Wagler, Isis, 1830, col. 1111 — Carthagena, "Mexico"= 

 Colombia (good descr.). 



Ortalida garrula Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 539 — 

 Colombia (Magdalena River, Cartagena, Santa Marta) (descr.). 



^Ortalis garrula mira Griscom: Very similar to O. g. cinereiceps, but dorsal 

 surface and upper breast more olive, less brownish; the abdomen more whitish; 

 the tail-tips slightly paler. 



Except by the two last-named characters, which seem to indicate some slight 

 tendency toward the Colombian form, we do not see that O. g. mira is any nearer 

 to O. g. garrula than is O. g. cinereiceps. 



^ Ortalis garrula garrula (Humboldt) differs from all the Central American 

 races by Argus brown instead of gray pileum and hind neck; reddish instead of 

 dusky auriculars; purer white lower breast and abdomen; whitish to buffy (in- 

 stead of buffy brown) under tail coverts, nearly white tail-ends. A very distinct 

 form. 



Material examined.^Colomhia.: Cartagena, 2; Santa Marta, 2; Bonda, 1; 

 Fundacion, 1. 



' Humboldt evidently did not realize that he had met with two distinct 

 species on the north coast of South America, the localities Caracas, Cuman4, and 

 Nueva Barcelona pertaining unquestionably to O. ruficauda, the only chachalaca 

 found in those regions. However, certain details in his description ("abdomen, 

 cruribus et crisso niveis" and "rectricibus apice albidiore"), which utterly dis- 

 agree with the Venezuelan bird, clearly indicate that he had a specimen of the 

 Colombian species before him, although the rusty brown pileum is not mentioned, 

 and the remiges are called "fusci." We may, therefore, regard the Magdalena 

 River as type locality, inasmuch as Humboldt's original specimen has disappeared. 

 The measurements of tail and wing, disfigured in the French text by the omission 

 of several words, are correctly given in the German version. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 179 



Ortalis garrula Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 515, 1893— Car- 

 tagena and Santa Marta; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 248, 1897 — 

 coast region of Colombia (monog.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, 

 p. 126, 1900— Bonda, Santa Marta; Chapman, I.e., 36, p. 197, 1917— 

 Boca de Chimi and below Banco, lower Magdalena; Todd and Carriker, 

 Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 171, 1922 — Donjaca, Mamatoco, Fundaci6n, 

 and Trojas de Cataca, Colombia (habits, eggs); Darlington, Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., 71, p. 370, 1931 — Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia. 



Ortalis garrula garrula Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 20, 1934 (range). ^--^ 



Range. — Northern Colombia, in the lower Magdalena Valley 

 and eastwards to the western base of the Santa Marta Mountains. 



*OrtaIis erythroptera (Sclater and Salvin).* Ecuadorian 

 Chachalaca. 



Ortalida erythroptera (Natterer MS.)^ Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1870, p. 540 — Babahoyo and Guayaquil, Ecuador (type, from 

 Babahoyo, in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum); Tac- 

 zanowski. I.e., 1877, p. 333 — Palmal, distr. Santa Rosa, Ecuador; idem 

 and Berlepsch, I.e., 1885, p. 119 — Babahoyo and Guayaquil; Salvadori 

 and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 38, 1900— Rio Peripa, 

 Ecuador. 



Ortalida ruficeps (not Penelope ruficeps Wagler) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 28, p. 2^9, 1860— Babahoyo, Ecuador. 



Ortalis erythroptera Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 516, 1893 — 

 Babahoyo and Balzar, Ecuador; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 249, 

 1897 (monog.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 505, 1898 — Chimbo, Ecuador; 

 Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 155, 1926 — Ecuador (Esmeral- 

 das, Chone, Rio de Oro, Santa Rosa, Alamor) and Peru (Paletillas) ; Peters, 

 Bds. World, 2, p. 21, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of extreme northwestern Peru (Paletillas, 

 Dept. Tumbez) and western Ecuador north to Esmeraldas.^ 



Conover Collection. — 5: Ecuador (Puente de Chimbo, 1; Isla 

 Silva, Province de los Rios, 1; San Mateo, Esmeraldas, 1; Piedras, 

 El Oro, 2). 



' Ortalis erythroptera (Sclater and Salvin) differs from 0. g. garrula by larger 

 size (wing, 235 against 205-220; tail, 175 against 145-155); much longer russet 

 (instead of buffy white) tail-ends; ochraceous-tawny instead of buffy white to 

 warm buff under tail coverts; russet rather than buffy brown axillaries and under 

 wing coverts; and especially by having not only the upper part of the head, but 

 also the sides of the neck and the lower neck rufous, this color being, besides, 

 much brighter and redder, chestnut rather than Argus brown. The lower breast 

 and abdomen are creamy white in both. 



* First published as a nomen nudum by Lichtenstein (Nomencl. Av. Mus. 

 Berol., p. 87, 1854) with the erroneous locality "Cumana" (cf. Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 540). 



^Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Rio Peripa, 3; Chimbo, 1; Baba- 

 hoyo, 1. 




180 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 

 *Or talis ruficauda (Jardine). Jardine's Chachalaca. 



Ortalida ruficauda Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 374, 1847 — Tobago 

 (type in collection of Sir W. Jardine, present location unknown); idem, 

 Contr. Orn., 1848, p. 16, pi. (anatomy); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 534 — Tobago and Venezuela (crit.); Sclater, I.e., 

 1870, p. 796— Tobago. 



Ortalida bronzina G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 11, 1867 — 

 Venezuela (type in British Museum examined). 



Ortalis ruficauda Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 440 — Rio Apure, Venezuela; Cory, 

 Auk, 10, p. 220, 1893— Tobago; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, 

 p. 507, 1893 — Venezuela, Tobago, and Becquia, Grenadines; idem, Handb. 

 Game-Bds., 2, p. 237, 1897 (monog.); Robinson and Richmond, Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 658, 1896— El Valle, Margarita Island; idem. I.e., 24, 

 p. 165, 1901— La Guaira, Venezuela; Clark, Auk, 19, p. 261, 1902— Mar- 

 garita Island; idem, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, pp. 245, 305, 1905— 

 Becquia and Union Islands, Grenadines (introduced); Lowe, Ibis, 1909, 

 p. 322 — Cariaco Peninsula, Venezuela; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. 

 Ser„ 1, p. 239, 1909— Margarita Island; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. BrookL 

 Inst., 2, p. 356, 1916 — Rio Apure (ex Berlepsch); Cherrie and Reichen- 

 berger, Amer. Mus. Nov., 27, p. 3 (in text), 1921 — Cristobal Colon, Paria 

 Peninsula, and Tucacas, Falcon, Venezuela; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 138 

 — San Fernando de Apure, Venezuela; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 20, 1934 

 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 279 — Tobago (eggs descr.). 



Phasianus garrulus Humboldt, Obs. Zool. Anat. Comp., 1, livr. 1, p. 4, 1805 — 

 part, "prov. de Caracas et Nouvelle Andalousie"; idem, Beob. Zool., 1, 

 p. 7, 1886 — part, Prov. Caracas, Cumana, and Neu Barcellona, Venezuela. 



Ortalis rufficauda [sic] Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 96, 1892 — Union Island 

 and Grenadines. 



Range. — Northern Venezuela,^ from Falcon (Tucacas) east to 

 the Paria peninsula,- south to San Fernando, Apure; island of 

 Tobago. Introduced on the islands of Becquia and Union, Lesser 

 Antilles.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Tobago, 1; Venezuela (Margarita 

 Island, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Venezuela (El Trompillo, Carabobo, 1). 



^Ortalida rufoterminata "Cab[anis]," listed as a nomen nudum from Porto 

 Cabello, Venezuela, by Heine and Reichenow (Nomencl. Mus. Hein., p. 301, 

 1887), may possibly refer to O. ruficauda. We have not succeeded in finding 

 whether and where Cabanis has published a description of it. 



* There is a sight record by Beebe (Zoologica, N.Y., 1, p. 73, 1909) from 

 Guanoco, Orinoco Delta. 



' The species does not occur on the island of Trinidad. Venezuelan speci- 

 mens do not appreciably differ from those of Tobago. 



Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Cristobal Colon, Paria, 4; Cariaco, 

 Paria, 1; Puerto Cabello, Carabobo, 1; Tucacas, Falcon, 2; Rio Apure, 1. — Tobago: 

 Man o' War Bay, 3; unspecified, 2. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 181 



*OrtaIis canicollis canicollis (Wagler). Gray-headed 

 Chachalaca. 



Penelope canicollis Wagler, Isis, 1830, col. 1112 — based on "Yacu-caraguata" 

 Azara, No. 336, Paraguay; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 341, 

 1856 — Paraguay (ex Azara); idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 259, 1860 — Tucu- 

 man; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 499, 1861 — foot of the Sierra, Tucuman. 



Ortalida canicollis Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 22, 1847 — Paraguay (ex 

 Azara); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 534 — part, 

 Paraguay, Rio Parang, and Rio Vermejo; Burmeister, I.e., 1871, p. 701 

 — near Invernada, Tucuman; Stempelmann and Schuiz, Bol. Acad. Cienc. 

 Cordoba, 10, p. 403, 1890— C6rdoba (breeding). 



Ortalis canicollis Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 363 — Salta and Tucumdn; Berlepsch, 

 Journ. Orn., 35, p. 125, 1887 — Paraguay; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 

 2, p. 147, 1889— Tucumdn, Rio Parana, and Rio Vermejo; Kerr, Ibis, 

 1892, p. 148— lower Pilcomayo (habits); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 22, p. 508, 1893 — part, Paraguay and Argentina (Tucuman, Salta); 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 238, 1897 — part, Paraguay and Argentina; 

 Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 34, 1897— Caiza, 

 Tarija, Bolivia; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 234 — Paraguay (Villa Concepcion 

 and near Caraya Vuelte); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 217, 

 1902 — Tapia, Vipos, Tranquitas, and La Ramada, Tucumdn; idem. Rev. 

 Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 71, 1905 — same localities; Lonnberg, Ibis, 

 1903, p. 458 — Tatarenda, near Caiza, Tarija, Bolivia; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 

 233, 1904— Tapia, Tucuman (habits); Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, 

 p. 248, 1904— Oran, Salta; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool, 16, p. 263, 

 1909 — Mocovl (Chaco Santafecino), Tafi and Tapia (Tucuman), Arenal 

 and Metan (Salta); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 190, 

 1910 — Tucuman, Cordoba, Santiago del Estero, Salta, and Rio Pilcomayo; 

 Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 461 — Paraguay (Monte Alto, Puerto San Juan); 

 Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 68, 1913 — Chaco; idem. Faun. 

 Parag., p. 35, 1914 — Paraguay; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 

 116, 1926 — Riacho Pilaga, Formosa, and west of Puerto Pinasco, Para- 

 guay (habits, anatomy); Dinelli, El Hornero, 4, p. 274, 1929 — Tucuman 

 and Santiago del Estero (eggs descr.); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. 

 Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 84, 1930 — Formosa (Tacaagle, La Urbana) 

 and Bolivia (Villa Montes, Tarija). 



Ortalida guttata (not Penelope guttata Spix) White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1882, p. 627— Sauce Redondo, Salta. 



Ortalis guttata Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 133, 1887 — Salta (ex White); 

 Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 68, 1913; idem. Faun. Parag., p. 35, 

 1914— Salta (ex White). 



Ortalis canicollis grisea Cherrie and Reichenberger, Amer. Mus. Nov., 27, p. 2, 

 1921 — Suncho Corral, Santiago del Estero (type in the American Museum 

 of Natural History, New York, examined). 



Ortalis canicollis canicollis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 21, 1934 (range); 

 Krieg and Schumacher, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 21, p. 12, 1936 — Paraguay 

 (habits). 




182 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol, XIII 



Range. — Southeastern Bolivia (Tatarenda, Caiza, and Villa 

 Montes, Dept. Tarija), Paraguay, and northern Argentina south to 

 Santa F^ and Cordoba.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Argentina (Alto de las Salinas, 

 Tucuman, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 10: Paraguay (235 km. west on the Riacho 

 Negro, Chaco, 2; Chaco side of Rio Paraguay, 6); Argentina (Rio 

 Hondo, Santiago del Estero, 2). 



*Ortalis canicoUis pantanalensis Cherrie and Reichenberger.^ 

 Pantanal Chachalaca. 



Ortalis canicoUis pantanalensis Cherrie and Reichenberger, Amer. Mus. Nov., 

 27, p. 2, 1921 — near mouth of Rio Sao Lourengo, Matto Grosso, Brazil 

 (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined) ; 

 Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 63, 1930— Palmiras (Rio 

 Taquary) and Rio Sao Lourengo, Matto Grosso; Stone and Roberts, Proc. 

 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 374, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso; 

 Peters, Bds. Worid, 2, p. 21, 1934— Matto Grosso. 



Ortalida canicoUis (not Penelope canicoUis Wagler) Pelzeln, Om. Bras., 3, p. 

 286, 1870 — Villa Maria and Caigara, Matto Grosso; Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 534— part. Villa Maria. 



Ortalis canicoUis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 508, 1893 — part, 

 Villa Maria; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 238, 1897— part, Villa Maria, 

 Brazil; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 15, 1907 — Matto Grosso. 



Range. — Southwestern Matto Grosso, from the upper Paraguay 

 to the Rio Taquary. 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Brazil (Descalvados, Matto Grosso, 

 4). 



^ Birds from western Argentina agree with those from Paraguay in tail- 

 markings and general coloration. The type of 0. c. grisea is an individual mutant 

 with more grayish head and sides of face, less brownish back and wings, bluish 

 green median rectrices, olive grayish breast and abdomen, and hardly any rufescent 

 tinge on the flanks. The bird gives an abnormal impression, and other specimens 

 from northwestern Argentina differ no wise from Paraguayan topotypes. 



Additional material examined. — Paraguay: Fort Wheeler, 2; Concepcion, 2. — 

 Argentina: Colonia Grande Vedia, Rio de Oro, Chaco Austral, 2; Suncho Corral, 

 Santiago del Estero, 1; Metan, Salta, 1; Tafi, Tucuman, 3. — Bolivia: Villa Montes, 

 Tarija, 2. 



^Ortalis canicoUis pantanalensis Cherrie and Reichenberger: In every respect 

 similar to the nominate race, but three to four lateral pairs of rectrices tipped 

 with rufous. 



While the series at hand seems to indicate the constancy of this character, 

 the examination of more adequate material is desirable. In typical canicoUis 

 only the two outermost pairs of rectrices are tipped with rufous. However, one 

 specimen from Concepcion, Paraguay, shows also a small spot on the third rectrix 

 at the tip of the outer web, thus verging to pantanalensis. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil, Matto Grosso: Villa Maria, 3; Cai^ara, 

 1; Sao Lourengo River, 1 (the type); Palmiras, Rio Taquary, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 183 



Genus PENELOPINA Reichenbachi 



Penelopina Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 152, 1862 — type, by 

 monotypy, Penelope niger Fraser. 



*Penelopina nigra nigra (Fraser). Guatemalan Black 

 Chachalaca. 



Penelope niger Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 10, "1850," p. 246, pi. 29 (male, 

 female), pub. Jan. 24, 1852 — locality unknown^ (cotypes in the coll. of 

 Lord Derby, now in the Liverpool Museum); Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 194 — 

 Coban, Guatemala. 



Penelope nigra Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 224 — Guatemala; Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 160 (in text) — Volcan de Agua, Guatemala 

 (sound). 



Penelopina nigra Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 152, 1862 (descr.); 

 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 528 — Vera Paz, Volcan 

 de Fuego, and Volcan de Agua, Guatemala (descr.); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. 

 Coll., p. 560, 1882— Guatemala; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, 

 p. 503, 1893 — Guatemala (Vera Paz, Coban; El Rincon, San Marcos; 

 Volcan de Agua; Volcan de Fuego); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 233, 

 1897 — Guatemala (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 

 Aves, 3, p. 277, 1902 — part, Chiapas (Santa Rita) and Guatemala (Coban; 

 Volcan de Agua, Volcan de Fuego, San Marcos); Griscom, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N.'H., 64, p. 100, 1932— Chimoxan, Guatemala (local distr.); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 21, 1934 — part, Chiapas and Guatemala; Berlioz, 

 Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 11, p. 361, 1939— Santa Rosa, Chiapas. 



Penelopina nigra nigra van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 364, 

 1934 — Chiapas, Guatemala, and southwestern El Salvador (crit.); Dickey 

 and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 143, 1938 — Cerro 

 del Aguila, El Salvador. 



Range. — Humid Upper Tropical zone of the mountains of ex- 

 treme southern Mexico (Santa Rita, Escuintla, and Santa Rosa, 

 Chiapas), Guatemala, and extreme southwestern El Salvador (Volcan 

 de Santa Ana).' 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Guatemala (Volcan Tajumulco, 

 San Marcos, S;* Alta Verapaz, Coban, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Mexico, Chiapas, Escuintla (Mt. Madre 

 Vieja, 1; Rio Chicol, 1; Mt. Ovando, 1); Guatemala (unspecified, 1). 



' As we did not have adequate material for study, we have taken the account 

 of the Black Chachalaca from van Rossem's recent review. 



* Van Rossem (Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 364, 1934) suggests Guatemala. 



' Four additional specimens from Guatemala (presumably Coban region) 

 examined. 



* Of the San Marcos males, one is blue, the other very green, while the female 

 is much browner underneath than those from Honduras. 




184 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



*Penelopina nigra dickeyi van Rossem.^ El Salvador Black 

 Chachalaca. 



Penelopina nigra dickeyi van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 364, 

 1934 — Los Esesmiles, Chalatenango, El Salvador (type in the California 

 Institute of Technology, Pasadena) ; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. 

 Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 144, 1938— Los Esesmiles, El Salvador. 



Range. — Humid Upper Tropical zone in the interior Cordillera 

 of El Salvador and in the mountains of Honduras. 



Conover Collection. — 8: Honduras (Tegucigalpa, Cantoral, 8). 



*Penelopina nigra rufescens van Rossem.^ Nicaraguan Black 

 Chachalaca. 



Penelopina nigra rufescens van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 365, 

 1934 — Ocot^l, Nicaragua (type in the American Museum of Natural 

 History, New York). 



Penelopina nigra (not Penelope niger Eraser) Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1892, 

 p. 328 — Matagalpa, Nicaragua; idem, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 

 277, 1902 — part, Matagalpa, Nicaragua; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 21, 

 1934 — part, Nicaragua. 



Range. — Humid Upper Tropical zone of the mountains of Nica- 

 ragua (Ocotal, Matagalpa, San Rafael del Norte). 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte, 3). 



Genus CHAMAEPETES Wagler 



Chamaepetes Wagler, Isis, 1832, Heft 11, col. 1227 — type, by monotypy, 

 Ortalida goudotii Lesson. 



♦Chamaepetes unicolor Salvin. Black Sickle-winged Guan. 



Chamaepetes unicolor Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 159, 160— 

 "Veragua" [=Calovevora], Panama (cotypes in Salvin-Godman Collection, 

 now in British Museum); Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 139, 



1 Penelopina nigra dickeyi van Rossem: "Similar to the nominate race, but 

 adult males with semi-nude area about eye dull brownish red in life, the lower 

 eyelid paler and more orange; plumage distinctly glossed with bluish on upper 

 parts, greenish only on outer webs of flight-quills; female with area about eye 

 dusky and lower eyelid dull pink." (Van Rossem, I.e.) Years ago, one of us 

 examined a couple of adults collected by Wittkugel at La Pita and La Sapote, 

 western Honduras, but no other material was available for comparison. 



'^ Penelopina nigra rufescens van Rossem: "Adult males bluish, rather than 

 greenish, in tone and thus not distinguishable from P. n. dickeyi as dried skins; 

 females lighter and more reddish (less sandy) brown than either nigra or dickeyi, 

 particularly on the upper parts, wings, and tail; with light bars everywhere wider 

 and dark bars correspondingly narrower. Color of soft parts unknown." (Van 

 Rossem, I.e.) 



Of the three Nicaraguan males, one is very blue, the two others are distinctly 

 greenish and a good match for the bluer bird from San Marcos, Guatemala. 

 There seems thus to be much variation in the coloration of the males irrespective 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 185 



1868 — La Palma and Rancho Redondo, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Joum. 

 Orn., 17, p. 372, 1869 — same localities; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. 

 See. Lond., 1870, p. 531 — Veragua and Costa Rica (descr.); Boucard, 

 I.e., 1878, p. 42 — Vol can de Irazu, Costa Rica; Zeled6n, Anal. Mus. Nac. 

 Costa Rica, 1, p. 128, 1887— Rancho Redondo; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 22, p. 522, 1893— Costa Rica ("San Jos6," Irazu) and Veragua 

 (Calovevora, Cordillera de Tol6); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 257, 

 1897 (monog.) ; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. ZooL CI., 3, p. 22, 1902— Boquete, 

 Chiriqui; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 278, pi. 71, 

 1902 — Costa Rica and Veragua; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 384, 

 1910 — Costa Rica (Cariblanco de Sarapiquf, Vol can de Turrialba, 

 Ujurrds de T^rraba); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 260, 

 1910 — Volcan de Turrialba; Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 

 38, p. 446, 1928— Boquete Trail, Panama; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 22, 

 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 303, 1935— Costa 

 Rica and western Panama. 



Range. — Subtropical zone of Costa Rica and western Panama 

 (Veraguas). 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Costa Rica (Volcan de Turrialba, 

 3); Panama (Chiriqui, Boquete, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 5: Costa Rica (Volcan de Turrialba, 3; 

 Guanacaste, Cerro Santa Maria, 1); Panama (Chiriqui, Boquete, 1). 



♦Chamaepetes goudotii sanctae-marthae Chapman.^ Santa 

 Marta Sickle-winged Guan. 



Chamaepetes sanctae-marthae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 31, p. 141, 

 1912 — El Libano, Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, CoTombia (type in 

 the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Todd and Car- 

 riker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 170, 1922 — El Libano, Las Taguas, 

 • Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Las Vegas, Cincinnati, San Lorenzo, 

 Cerro de Caracas, Paramo de Mamarongo, San Miguel, and Heights 

 of Chirua, Colombia (descr. of young). 



Chamaepetes goudoti (not Ortalida goudotii Lesson) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. 

 N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900— El Libano and Valparaiso. 



Chamaepetes goudotii sanctae-marthae Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 21, 1934 

 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of the Santa Marta Mountains, north- 

 ern Colombia. 



Conover Collection. — 4: Colombia, Santa Marta (Vista Nieve, 4). 



of locality. We must confess that the distinctness of the three races, in our minds, 

 is not quite established, inasmuch as the significance of the supposed divergency 

 in the color of the denuded circumocular region needs elucidation. 



^Chamaepetes gotuiotii sanctae-marthae Chapman: Nearest to the nominate 

 race, but upper parts more brownish, and throat — excepting a dusky chin-spot — 

 rufous, though somewhat duller and darker (near mars brown) than the rufous- 

 chestnut remainder of the under surface. 



Four additional specimens examined. 




186 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



♦Chamaepetes goudotii goudotii (Lesson). Goudot's Sickle- 

 winged GUAN. 



Ortalida goudotii Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 217, 1828 — "dans les montagnes 

 du Quindiu" = Quindio region, Colombia (location of type not stated);' 

 idem, Traite d'Orn., p. 481, 1831 — from the Quindiu Mountains to Santa 

 Fe de Bogota. 



Chamaepetes goudoti Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 30, 1856 — Bogota; 

 Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 531 — part, mountains of Quindiu, Colom- 

 bia; Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 318 — part, Colombia (crit.); Sclater and 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 544 — Retire, Colombia (eggs 

 descr.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 521, 1893— part, 

 spec, a-h, Colombia (Bogota, Antioquia, Retiro); idem, Handb. Game- 

 Bds., 2, p. 256, 1897— part, Colombia; Piguet, Mem. Soc. Neu. Sol. Nat., 

 5, p. 805, 1914 — Angelopolis, near Medellin. 



Chamaepetes goudotii goudotii Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1207 — 

 Tatam^ Mountains, western Andes, Colombia; Chubb, Ibis, (11), 1, 

 p. 21, 1919— Bogota (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 22, 1934 (range). 



Chamaepetes goudotii antioquiana Chubb, Ibis, (11), I, p. 22, 1919 — "Valdi- 

 vla," Antioquia, Colombia (type in British Museum). 



Chamaepetes goudoti goudoti Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 197, 

 1916 — Colombia (Salencio, San Antonio, Almaguer, Laguneta, La Palma, 

 Andalucia, Choachi; crit.); idem, Lc, 55, p. 158 (in key), 1916 (crit.). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of all three ranges of the Andes of 

 Colombia.2 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Colombia (Huila, La Palma, 1; 

 Los Jambos, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 10: Colombia (El Tambo, Munchique, 5; 

 El Tambo, Savaneta, 1; La Plata, Huila, 4). 



*Chamaepetes goudotii fagani Chubb.^ Pagan's Sickle- 

 winged GUAN. 



1 Men^gaux (Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 1, p. 319, 1910) claims the type to be in the 

 Paris Museum, but gives "Santa Fe de Bogot4" as its locality, which is in opposition 

 to the original description. It seems, therefore, questionable whether the Parisian 

 specimen is the actual type. It is well to remember that Lesson did not see the 

 bird himself, but merely published the description communicated by Goudot, 

 the discoverer of the species. 



" The type locality of O. goudotii is the Quindio region in the central Andes, 

 C. g. antioquiana being thus a synonym. We are unable to discover any constant 

 difference between birds from the three ranges. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: Bogota, 6; Antioquia, 3; Tatama 

 Mountain, Rio San Juan, 1. 



^Chamaepetes goudotii fagani Chubb: Similar to the nominate race, but 

 smaller, with disproportionately shorter tail; upper parts darker as well as greener; 

 throat and chest as a rule duskier. Wing, 210-235; tail, 200-220. 



Chubb figures the type as having the bare space round the eye bright red, 

 but other specimens from western Ecuador have this part bluish. 



Additional material examined. — Western Ecuador: Nanegal, Gualea, Cayan^ 

 deled, 6. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 187 



Chamaepetes fagani Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 38, p. 4, Oct., 1917 — Mindo, 

 western Ecuador (type in British Museum); idem. Ibis, (11), 1, p. 24, 

 pi. 1, 1919— Mindo. 



Ortalida rufiventris (not Penelope rufiventris Tschudi) Sclater, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 27, p. 147, 1859 — Pallatanga, Ecuador. 



Chamaepetes goudoti (not Ortalida goudotii Lesson) Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 318 

 — part, Pallatanga; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 

 531 — part, Ecuador (Pallatanga); Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1884, 

 p. 312— Cayandeled; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 521, 

 1893 — part, spec, i-1, "vicinity of Quito" and Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 256, 1897 — part, western Ecuador; Menegaux, 

 Miss. Serv. Geog. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B4, 1911 — Gualea, 

 Ecuador. 



Chamaepetes goudoti goudoti Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 22, 

 p. 15, 1922 — road to Gualea and Piganta (Mojanda), Ecuador; Berlioz, 

 Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 621, 1932— El Portete de Tarqui, 

 near Jiron, Ecuador. 



Chamaepetes goudoti fagani Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 157, 

 1926 — near Chunchi, Chiguancay, Mojanda Mountains, Gualea, El 

 Chiral, Zaruma, and Salvias, western Ecuador (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 22, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of western Ecuador, from the Andes 

 west of Quita south to El Tambo, Loja. 



Conover Collection. — 8: Ecuador (Tandipi, 1; Piganta, 1; Pichin- 

 cha, Nanegal Chico, 1; Montes de St. Lucia, 1; Saloya, 1; Imbabura, 

 Montes de Paramba, 1; El Tambo, Loja, 2). 



♦Chamaepetes goudotii tschudii Taczanowski.^ Tschudi's 

 Sickle-winged Guan. 



Chamaepetes tschudii Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 275, 1886— Moyobamba 

 and Tamiapampa, Peru (type, from Tamiapampa, in Warsaw Museum; 

 cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 

 100, 1921); Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 112 

 — Runacocha, eastern Ecuador. 



Penelope rufiventris (not of Tschudi) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1882, p. 48 — Tamiapampa, Peru. 



Chamaepetes goudotii tschudii Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 23 — Baeza, eastern Ecua- 

 dor (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 22, 1934 (range). 



Chamaepetes goudoti tschudii Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 

 25, p. 15, 1922 — Baeza, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, 



1 Chamaepetes goudotii tschudii Taczanowski differs from the two preceding 

 races by having the brighter rufous color below extended up to the foreneck and 

 more sharply defined against the brownish throat. Size about the same as C. g. 

 goudotii. 



Additional specimens examined. — Peru: Tamiapampa, 1. — Ecuador: Baeza, 2; 

 Ambato, 2; La Victoria, Rio Pastaza, 1. 




188 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



p. 157, 1926 — Baeza, below Oyacachi, Sumaco, and Zamora, eastern 

 Ecuador (crit.). 

 {'i)Chamaepete8 goudoti (not Ortalida gotidotii Lesson) Menegaux, Rev. Frang. 

 d'Om., 1, p. 319, 1910 — Nuevo Loreto, east of Tayabamba, Peru. 



Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Ecuador and northeastern 

 Peru (Moyobamba, Tamiapampa; ?Nuevo Loreto). 



Conover Collection. — 2: Ecuador (Guamayacu, 1; Baeza, 1). 



♦Chamaepetes goudotii rufiventris (Tschudi).^ Rufous-bellied 

 Sickle-winged Guan. 



Penelope rufiventris Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 386, 1843 — "in sylvis 

 Antium elevatis prope Chilpes," Peru (cotypes in Neuchatel Museum); 

 idem. I.e., 10, (1), p. 309, 1844 — Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, 

 p. 291, pi. 31, 1846— central Peru (up to 7,200 ft.). 



Chamaepetes gotidoti (not Ortalida goudotii Lesson) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 531— part, Peru; Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 318— 

 part, Peru; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 558 — Auqui- 

 marqua and Chilpes, Peru; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, 

 p. 521, 1893 — part, spec, p, central Peru; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 

 256, 1897— part, Peru. 



Chamaepetes rufiventris Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 273, 1886 — Chilpes, 

 Auquimarqua, and San Bartolome, Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 46— Garita del Sol, Junin. 



Chamaepetes goudotii rufiventris Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 22, 1934 — central 

 Peru. 



Range. — Subtropical zone of central Peru, in depts. of Huanuco 

 (Cushi Libertad) and Junin (Chilpes, Garita del Sol, Auquimarqua, 

 San Bartolom^). 



Field Museum Collection.— 1: Peru (Cushi Libertad, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 2: Peru (Cushi Libertad, 2). 



Genus PIPILE Bonaparte 



Pipile Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 877, 1856 — type, by 

 tautonymy, Crax pipile Jacquin. 



Cumana Coues, Auk, 17, p. 65, 1900 — new name for Pipile Bonaparte (con- 

 sidered to be possibly invalidated by Pipilo Vieillot). 



Pipile pipile (Jacquin).'^ Trinidad Piping Guan. 



A 



1 Chamxiepetes goudotii rufiventris (Tschudi) : Nearest to C. g. tschudii, but 

 head all round, throat, and chest conspicuously margined with ashy gray; rufous 

 color, while about the same bright tone, not extending beyond the lower breast. 



Material examined. — Peru: Cushi Libertad (alt. 6,000 ft.), Dept. Huanuco, 10. 



2 Pipile pipile (Jacquin) is most closely related to P. cujubi, but differs by 

 having the white edges to the crest-feathers much narrower; the median upper 

 wing coverts pure white excepting the blackish brown extreme bases and the 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 189 



Crax (pipile) Jacquin, Beytr. Gesch. Vogel, p. 26, pi. 11, 1784 — "am Orinoko- 

 flusse bei Kumana," errore (the type, brought alive to Martinique, was 

 kept in the Imperial Menagerie at Vienna). 



Pipile jacquini Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 154, 1862 (new 

 name for Crax pipile Jacquin). 



Penelope cumanensis (not Crax cumanensis Jacquin) L^otaud, Ois. Trinidad, 

 p. 383, 1866— Trinidad (descr.). 



Pipile cumanensis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 529 — 

 part, Trinidad (ex Leotaud); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, 

 p. 517, 1893— part, Trinidad; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 251, 1897— 

 part, Trinidad. 



Pipile pipile Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 74, 1894 — Princestown, 

 Trinidad (crit.); Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 14, p. 59, 1904— Caparo, 

 Trinidad (crit.); idem, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 48, 1906— Caparo (crit.); Sal- 

 vadori, Riv. Ital. Orn., 3, p. 56, 1914 — Trinidad (monog.); Roberts, 

 Trop. Agric, 11, p. 90, 1934— Trinidad; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, 

 p. 280 — northern range and extreme south of Trinidad. 



Crax alector (not of Linnaeus) Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 95 — Trinidad (from 

 hearsay). 



Pipile pipile pipile Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 22, 1934 — Trinidad. 

 Range. — Island of Trinidad. / (^ 



C X 



♦Pipile cujubi (Pelzeln). Amazonian Piping Guan. 



Penelope cujubi Pelzeln, Sitzungsber. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 

 31, p. 328, 1858 — Para, Brazil (type in Vienna Museum examined); 

 Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 284, 1870— Para. 



Pipile cujubi Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 153, 1862 — Para 

 (ex Pelzeln); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 530 — 

 Pard (monog.); Chapman and Riker, Auk, 8, p. 162, 1891 — Diamantina, 

 ■near Santarem; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 519, 1893— 

 Para; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 253, 1897 — lower Amazonas; Goeldi, 

 Ibis, 1903, pp. 486, 487, 499— Rio Capim, Pard; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 

 12, p. 304, 1905— Igarape-Assu, Pard; idem. I.e., 13, p. 49, 1906 (char.); 

 idem, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 97, 

 1912 — Para, Igarape-Assu, and Capim, ParS; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. 

 Goeldi, 8, p. 58, 1914— Rio Capim, Rio Acara, and "Monte Alegre," 

 Brazil; Salvadori, Riv. Ital. Orn., 3, p. 55, 1914 (monog.). 



tips; the outer web of the greater series white nearly to the shaft; the denuded 

 skin on chin and throat entirely cobalt blue, not reddish on the lower portion. 

 Wing, (male) 350, 355, (female) 345; tail, 310, 325, (female) 300; tarsus, 64; bill, 

 33-34. 



This rare guan, which together with P. cujubi and P. jacutinga forms a natural 

 (probably conspecific) group within the genus, is known only from Trinidad, 

 where it is mainly confined to the northern range and the extreme south of the 

 island. It was originally based upon a live bird of doubtful origin, but specimens 

 recently collected in Trinidad agree perfectly with Jacquin's description and 

 plate. S. M. Klages notes the color of the chin and throat as "cobalt blue" in 

 fresh specimens. 



Material examined. — Trinidad: Caparo, 1; Rio Claro Railway, seven miles 

 from Tabaquite, 1; Aripo, summit north of Guacharo Cave (alt. 2,400 ft.), 1. 




190 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Cumana cujubi Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 17, 1907 (range). 

 Pipile pipile cujubi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 22, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Northeastern Brazil, south of the Amazon, from Para 

 west to the Rio Tapajoz.^ 



Conover Collection. — 11: Brazil (Rio Capim, Resacca, 3; Villa 

 Acara, Rio Acard, 2; Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 2; Caxiricatuba, Rio Tapa- 

 joz, 4). 



*Pipile jacutinga (Spix). Black-fronted Piping Guan. 



Penelope jacutinga Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 53, pi. 70, 1825 — "inter 

 Bahiam et Rio de Janeiro" (type in Munich Museum examined; cf. 

 Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 689, 1906); 

 Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 283, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Itarare) and 

 Bahia; Berlepsch, Journ. Om., 22, p. 249, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa 

 Catharina. 



Penelope leiLCoptera Wied, Reise Bras., 1, p. 139 [8vo ed., p. 136], 1820 — Sao 

 Fidelis, Rio Parahyba do Sul, Prov. Rio de Janeiro (nomen nudum) ;- 

 idem, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 544, 1833 — southeastern Brazil 

 (descr. orig.; cotypes in collection of P*rince Wied, now in the American 

 Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. 

 N. H., 2, p. 270, 1889). 



Penelope nigrifrons ("Temminck") Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 7, p. 482, 

 April, 1831 — "Pard, duBresil" errore, = Rio de Janeiro (type, collected by 

 Quoy and Gaimard, in the Paris Museum).' 



Penelope pipile (not Crax pipile Jacquin) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 

 3, p. 336, 1856— "from Colombia to Paraguay" (descr.); Pelzeln, Sit- 

 zungsber. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 31, p. 329, 1858— 

 Ypanemd and Sao Paulo (descr., soft parts). 



Pipile leucolophos (not Penelope leucolophos Merrem) Reichenbach, Vollst. 

 Naturg. Tauben, p. 152, 1862— part, Brazil. 



Pipile jacutinga Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 530 — 

 wooded region of southeastern Brazil and Paraguay (monog.); Berlepsch 

 and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 178, 1885 — Arroio Grande, Rio Grande 

 do Sul; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 518, 1893— Brazil and 

 Paraguay; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 23, 1895— 

 Paraguay (Caguazu, General Caballero); Ogilvie-Grant, Handb. Game- 



• The locality "Monte Alegre" is probably due to confusion with Cussary 

 on the opposite (southern) bank of the Amazon. The bird does not seem to occur 

 north of that river. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil, Para: Para (the type), 1; Igarape- 

 Assu, 1. 



* Wied O-c, 2, p. 110, 1821) also records the species under the vernacular 

 name "Jacutinga" from the Rio Ilheos in southern Bahia. 



' The characters "front et face noirs" and "un large miroir blanc, ponctue 

 de noir, sur I'aile" clearly point to P. jacutinga. The locality "Para" is evidently 

 a mistake, since Quoy and Gaimard, naturalists of "L'Uranie," did not visit that 

 place, but are known to have collected in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 191 



Bds., 2, p. 251, 1897 (monog.); Holmberg, Seg. Censo Rep. Arg., p. 555, 

 1898 — Misiones; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 147, 

 1899 — Rio Grande do Sul south to Porto Alegre and Rio Camaquam; 

 idem. Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 411, 1899 — Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 164, 

 1900 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, p. 21, 

 1901 — Rio Monday, Rio Acaray, etc., Paraguay; Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. 

 Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 13, p. 179, 1906 — foot of Serra do Itatiaya, 

 Rio de Janeiro; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 49, 1906 (char.); Dab- 

 bene. Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 190, 1910 — Misiones; Salva- 

 dori, Riv. Ital. Orn., 3, p. 53, 1914 (monog.); Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. 

 Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 114, 1926— Rio Ivahy, Salto de Uba, Parand; Holt, 

 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 280, 1928— Serra do Itatiaya (ex Miranda); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 23, 1934 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, 

 p. 60, 1935— Rio Jucurugu, Bahia. 



Cumana jacutinga Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 17, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Ita- 

 pura) and Santa Catharina; Liiderwaldt, Zool. Jahrb., (Syst.), 27, p. 338, 

 1909 — Serra do Itatiaya (ex Miranda); Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 

 252, 1913 — Santa Ana, Misiones; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 35, 1914 — 

 Alto Parana, Paraguay; Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de 

 Janeiro, 24, p. 253, 1923 — Mont-Serrat, Serra do Itatiaya. 



Range. — Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from southern 

 Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul, and the adjacent parts of Argentina 

 (Misiones) and Paraguay (Caguazu; General Caballero, near Villa- 

 rica; Alto Parana).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Brazil (Sao Paulo, 1). 



Conover Collection.—!: Brazil (Rio das Linga, 2); Paraguay 

 (Capitan Bado, Cerro Amambay, 5). 



*Pipile c timanonoia cumanensis (Jacquin). White-headed 

 ' Piping Guan. 



Crax (cumanensis) Jacquin, Beytr. Gesch. Vogel, p. 25, pi. 10, 1784 — Orinoco 

 River region near Cumani, Venezuela (based on a live bird in the impe- 

 rial Menageries at Vienna). 



Penelope leucolophos Merrem, Av. Icon, et Descr., fasc. 2, p. 43, pi. 12, 1786 

 — "Guiana"^ (based on a live bird in the aviaries of Mr. Ickens at Bremen); 

 idem, Beytr. Gesch. Vogel, livr. 2, pi. 12, 1786.^ 



Penelope pipile (not Crax pipile Jacquin) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), 

 p. 309, 1844 — Peru; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 



^Additional material examined. — Brazil: Between Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, 

 1 (the type); Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 1; Itarare, Sao Paulo, 2; Jaragua, Santa 

 Catharina, 6. 



^ Merrem identifies his bird with C. cumanensis Jacquin and "L'Yacou" 

 Bajon (Mem. Hist. Cayenne et Guiane Frang., 1, pp. 398-405, pi. 5, 1777), a 

 good description of the present species, and quotes from these authors the locali- 

 ties Cayenne, Oyapock, Orinoco River, etc. 



' In the text of the German version the bird figures only under the vernacular 

 name "Weisshaubigter Yaku." 




192 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



745, 1849 — coastal forests of British Guiana; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 23, p. 163, 1855— Bogotd; idem. I.e., 26, p. 76, 1858— Rio Napo, 

 Ecuador; Bates, Natur. Amaz., p. 295, 1863 — north bank of Amazon 

 opposite Catud, near Ega, Brazil; B. Brown, Canoe and Camp Life Brit. 

 Guiana, pp. 180, 345, 1877^Burroburro and Corentyne rivers. 



Penelope cumanensis Pelzeln, Sitzungsber. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. 

 Wien, 31, p. 330, 1858 — part, Rio Negro and Rio Branco; Sclater and 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 598 — Cosnipata, Dept. Cuzco, 

 Peru. 



Pipile natereri [sic] (not P. nattereri Reichenbach, I.e., p. 154) Reichenbaeh, 

 Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, 2, p. 189, 1862— Santa Fe de Bogota. 



Penelope nattereri Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 283, 1870 — part, Marabitanas, Rio 

 Negro, Brazil and Maynas, Peru (spec, examined). 



Pipile cumanensis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 529 — 

 part, British Guiana, Venezuela, "Bogota," Rio Negro, and eastern Peru 

 (Cosnipata); idem. I.e., 1873, p. 307 — Santa Cruz, Rio Huallaga, Peru; 

 Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 558 — Monterico, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 

 276, 1886— Peru (Santa Cruz, Monterico); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 175— 

 British Guiana (ex Schomburgk); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 22, p. 517, 1893 — part, spec, a-h, k, British Guiana (Takutu River), 

 Colombia ("Bogota"), Ecuador (Sarayacu), and Peru (Cosnipata); idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 250, 1897 — part, British Guiana, Venezuela, 

 Colombia, Rio Negro, and Ecuador (Rio Napo); Salvadori and Festa, 

 Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 38, 1900— Rio Zampra and Rio 

 Santiago, eastern Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 229 — Rio Napo; 

 Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 121, 1902 — Rio Orinoco (Mun- 

 duapo, Nericagua) and Caura Valley (La Pricion, Nicare), Venezuela; 

 Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 125, 1906 — Rio Cadena, Marca- 

 pata, Peru; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 297, 1908 — Cayenne (ex Merrem, 

 ex Bajon); Menegaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 1, p. 319, 1910 — Pisana, Rio 

 Huallaga, Peru; Salvadori, Riv. Ital. Orn., 3, p. 50, 1914 (monog.); 

 Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 357, 1916 — upper Orinoco 

 from Maipures onwards; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 197, 

 1916 — La Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 20 — part, 

 Rio Perene, Junfn, Peru (crit.); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, 

 p. 45, 1921 — Rio Comberciato, Urubamba, Peru; Lonnberg and Rendahl, 

 Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 15, 1922 — Curaray River, Ecuador; Berlioz, 

 Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 33, p. 355, 1927— Rio Suno, Ecuador. 



Pipile cumanensis cumanensis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 97, 1908 (char., 

 range); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 155, 1926 — Rio Suno 

 and below San Jose, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 23, 1934 (range). 



Cumxina cumanensis Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 451, 1905 — Rio Jurud, 

 Brazil; idem. Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 16, 1907 — Rio Jurua; Chubb, Bds. 

 Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 29, 1916 — Pomeroon, Takutu, and Burroburro rivers. 



Range. — French Guiana (Oyapock [fide Bajon]); British Guiana; 

 southern Venezuela (Orinoco-Caura basin); northern Brazil (Rio 

 Branco and Rio Negro south to the north bank of the Rio Solimoes) ; 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 193 



eastern Colombia (La Morelia, Caqueta); eastern Ecuador; eastern 

 Peru south to Marcapata.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: British Guiana (Corentyne, 1; 

 unspecified, 1; Pairima Camp, New River, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 11: Brazil (Amazonas, Rio Carataramani, 

 Serra do Pacu, 1); Ecuador (Concepcion, 5; San Jos^, 1; Lagarto 

 Yacu, 1 ; Raya-Yaco, 1) ; Peru (Rio Ucayali, Calleria, 1 ; unspecified, 1). 



*Pipile cumancnai s nattereri Keichenbach.^ Natterer's Piping 



GUAN. 



Pipile nattereri Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 154, Novit., pi. 9, 

 fig. 5060,' 1862 — based on Penelope cumanensis Pelzeln, Sitzungsber. 

 Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 31, p. 330, 1858; Rio das Frechas 

 [Flechas], near Cuyabd, Matto Grosso, Brazil (type lost, formerly in 

 Vienna Museum);* Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 14, p. 60, 1904— Para- 



1 We are unable to perceive any constant differences between birds from the 

 Orinoco Valley (topotypical) and others from British Guiana, Brazil, and Upper 

 Amazonia. 



Additional material examined. — British Guiana: Takutu River, 4; unspecified, 

 1. — Venezuela: Nericagua, Orinoco, 2; Munduapo, Orinoco, 3; La Pricion, 

 Caura, 5; Nicare, Caura, 1. — Colombia: "Bogota," 2. — Ecuador: Sarayacu, 2; 

 Coca, Rio Napo, 1. — Peru: Maynas, 1; Loretoyacu, 1; Tocache, 1; Chuchurras, 

 Huanuco, 1; Cospipata, 1. — Brazil: Marabitanas, Rio Negro, 1. 



* Pipile cum^inensis nattereri Reichenbach: Similar to the nominate race, but 

 lower throat more extensively denuded and, together with the wattle, flesh red 

 in life instead of cobalt or slate blue; upper parts generally darker, steel-green 

 rather than bronze-green. 



The differences between nattereri and grayi do not seem to be racial, and 

 while we cannot make out the nature of the variations, they are certainly not 

 geographic. The color of the denuded lower throat, which is bright red in con- 

 trast to the dark indigo or cobalt blue (slaty blackish in dried skins) of the upper 

 throat and chin, evidently is the best character. It is quite noticeable in a series 

 from Goy4z (Rio Araguaya) and several specimens from Matto Grosso. An 

 adult male from the south bank of the Rio Solimoes, which should pertain to P. c. 

 naumburgae, is exactly the same, and we fail to understand why Mr. Todd has 

 described the Rio Purus bird as new, its differentiating characters being just 

 those that separate nattereri from cumanensis. As to the so-called P. grayi, with 

 more pronounced white stripes on the hind neck, more hirsute, dusky-streaked 

 crest-feathers, and a long, slender, pendulous caruncle on the lower throat, most 

 of the individuals examined are either females or immature. They are from parts 

 of Matto Grosso where normal specimens of nattereri also occur. Pinto records 

 nattereri from Sao Luiz de Caceres and grayi from the Rio Piquiri, both places 

 being in western Matto Grosso. An adult male from the Paraguayan Chaco and 

 another from Carandasinho, near Corumba, Matto Grosso, are again aberrant, 

 having the lower throat not reddish flesh color, but merely paler gray (in dried 

 skins) than the chin. 



Additional material examined. — Paraguay: island near Concepcion, 1. — Brazil: 

 Matto Grosso, Carandasinho, 1; Sangrador, 1; Ilha do Carvalho, Rio Guapore, 1; 

 "River journey of Matto Grosso," 1; Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, 5; Lago Manaqueri, 

 Rio Solimoes, 1. — Bolivia: Santa Cruz, 1; Curiche de San Ramon, Chiquitos, 1. 



' The plate is wrong as to the color of the lower throat, which is described by 

 Natterer in his notes on the freshly killed specimen as "varnish red." 



* The type, exchanged to Prince Sulkowsky, has disappeared. 




194 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



guay (crit.); Salvadori, Riv. Ital. Orn., 3, p. 51, 1914 — Carandasinho, 

 Matto Grosso (monog.). 



Penelope jacquinii (not Pipile jacquini Reichenbach) G. R. Gray, List Spec. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, Gallinae, p. 8, 1867 — "Peru," errore (type in British 

 ^ Museum examined). 



Penelo pe grayi Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 284, 1870 — Sangrador and "River 

 journey of Matto Grosso," Matto Grosso (new name for P. jacquinii 

 Gray; spec, in Vienna Museum examined). 



Penelope nattereri Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 283, 1870 — part, Matto Grosso 

 (Nas Frechas; Villa Maria; Ilho do Carvalho, Rio Guapor6) and Rio 

 Solimoes (Lago do Manaqueri), Brazil (spec, examined). 



Pipile cumanensis (not Crax cumanensis Jacquin) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 529 — part, Bolivia; Burmeister, I.e., 1871, 

 p. 701 — Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 2, p. 107, 1889 — falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 517, 1893— part, spec, i, "Peru," and hab. Bolivia 

 and Matto Grosso; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 250, 1897 — part, 

 Matto Grosso and Bolivia; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, 

 p. 15, 1900 — Carandasinho, Matto Grosso; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 461 — 

 Paraguay (Concurrencia, Alto Paraguay, below the confluence of the 

 Rio Apa) and Matto Grosso (Pao de Azucar); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 20 — 

 part, Charuplaya, Dept. La Paz, Bolivia. 



Cumana nattereri Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 17, 1907 — Matto Grosso, 

 Bolivia, and "Peru" (errore); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 35, 1914 — Para- 

 guay. 



Pipile cumanensis nattereri Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 96, 97, 1908— Rio 

 Araguaya, Goydz (char., range); Lima, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 93, 

 1920 — western Matto Grosso; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 60, p. 64, 1930 — Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, 

 p. 35, 1936— Rio das Almas, Goy4z; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 23, 1934 

 (range). 



Pipile cumanensis grayi Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 98, 1908 — Paraguay 

 and Matto Grosso (crit.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, 

 pp. 190, 409, 1910— Chaco, "Tucuman," and Bolivia (Santa Cruz de la 

 Sierra); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 83, 

 1930 — Curiche de San Ramon, Chiquitos, Bolivia; Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 23, 1934 (range); Krieg and Schuhmacher, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 21, 

 p. 14, 1936 — northeastern Paraguay, Rio Apa (habits). 



Pipile cumanensis subsp. Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 65, 

 1930 — Rio Roosevelt, Matto Grosso. 



Pipile cumanensis naumburgae Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 85, p. 213, 

 Nov. 26, 1932 — Arima, Rio Purus, Brazil (type in the Carnegie Museum, 

 Pittsburgh); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 23, 1934— from the Purus to the 

 Teodoro River, Brazil. 



Range. — Interior of Brazil, from the south bank of the Rio 

 Solimoes (Lago do Manaqueri) and (?) the Rio Tapajoz^ south 



» Pipile cumanensis Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876 — Santarem; Riker 

 and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 162, 1891 — Santarem (ex Allen); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 195 



through Goyaz to southern Matto Grosso; eastern Bolivia; Para- 

 guay, and the adjacent section of the Argentine Chaco.^ y\^ , 



Conover Collection.— {5: Bolivia (Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 4) ; Para- 

 guay (40 km. west-southwest of Capitan Bado, Cerro Amambay, I)."],. 2' P 



Genus ABURRIA Reichenbach 



Aburria Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xxvi, 1852 — type, by monotypy, 

 Aburria carunculata Reichenbach;^ idem, Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 141, 

 1862 — same type. 



Opetioptila Sundevall, Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tentamen, p. 118, 1872 — new 

 name for Aburria Reichenbach. 



* Aburria aburri (Lesson). Black Wattled Guan. 



Penelope aburri (Goudot MS.) Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 215, 1828 — 

 mountains of New Granada (environs of Muzo and Bogota, and in the 

 Quindiu Range between Ibague and Carthago) (location of type not 

 stated); idem. Diet. Sci. Nat., 59, p. 191, 1829 — same locaHties; idem, 

 Traite d'Orn., livr. 7, p. 482, Apr., 1831— Colombia. 



Aburria carunculata Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xxvi, 1852;^ Sclater, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 19, 1857 — near Bogotd; idem. I.e., 26, p. 76, 

 1858 — Rip Napo, Ecuador; Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 141, 

 1862 — Colombia (new name for Penelope aburri Lesson); Sclater and 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 530— Colombia (Cauca Valley 

 and Mountains of Quindiu) and Rio Napo, Ecuador (descr.); Taczanow- 

 ski. I.e., 1874, p. 558 — Amable Maria and Ropaybamba, Junfn, Peru; 

 idem, I.e., 1879, p. 243— Tambillo, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, 

 p. 544 — Cauca and Frontino, Colombia (eggs descr.); Taczanowski, 

 Orn. Per., 3, p. 277, 1886— Peru (Amable Maria, Ropaybamba, Tam- 

 billo); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 39, 

 1900 — Valle del Rio Zamora, Ecuador. 



Aburria aburri Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 520, 1893 — 

 Colombia (Antioquia, Bogota) and Ecuador (Chiquinda); idem, Handb. 

 Game-Bds., 2, p. 254, 1897 (monog.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 46 — Garita del Sol, Peru; idem, Ornis, 13, 

 p. 100, 1906 — Idma, Urubamba, Peru; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. 

 N. H., 36, p. 197, 1917 — Colombia (Gallera; near San Agustin; La Can- 

 dela; Andalucia); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 21 — Mirador (Banos), Prov. 

 Azuay, and Baeza, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 45, 



Goeldi, 8, p. 57, 1914 — Santa Elena, Rio Jamauchim. These references are more 

 likely to belong to P. c. nattereri than to typical P. c. cumanensis, but material 

 is lacking. 



1 Burmeister (Journ. Orn., 8, p. 259, 1860; Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 499, 1861) 

 records "Penelope pipile" from Tucuman, where no representative of the genus 

 has been found since, but does not seem to have secured specimens. 



2 Reichenbach gives no description, but quotes "Ic. Av., pi. 269, fig. 1500," 

 supposedly published on June 16, 1848. 




196 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



1921 — Rio Cosireni and Rio San Miguel, Urubamba, Peru; Osgood and 

 Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 32, 1922— La Azulita, 

 M^rida; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 156, 1926 — eastern 

 Ecuador (Rio Napo, Rio Sardinas, below Gyacachi, Baeza, lower Su- 

 maco, Macas, Sabanilla, Zamora; descr. of young); Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 23, 1934— Venezuela to Peru. 



Rowge,— Subtropical zone of the Andes from western Venezuela 

 (Cordillera of M^rida) and Colombia (all three ranges) through 

 eastern Ecuador and Peru south to the Urubamba Valley, Dept. 

 of Cuzco.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Colombia ("Bogota," 1). 



Conover Collection. — 13: Venezuela (Merida, Azulita, 1) ; Colombia 

 (La Costa, El Tambo, Cauca, 2; La Plata, Huila, 3; Rio Michinque, 

 El Tambo, Cauca, 1); Ecuador (Tamia Urco, 1; Rio Bermejo, 1; 

 Cerro Chiniplayas, 1; Cerro Tutapisco, 1; Baeza, 1); Peru (Cushi 

 Libertad, 1). 



Genus OREOPHASIS G. R. Gray 



Oreophasis G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [485], July, 1844 — type, by monotypy, 

 Oreophasis derbianus G. R. Gray. 



♦Oreophasis derbianus G. R. Gray. Derby's Mountain 

 Pheasant. 



Oreophasis derbianus G. R. Gray [and Mitchell], Gen. Bds., 3, p. [485], pis. 

 121, fig. 3, and cxxi, July, 1844 — Guatemala (type in collection of Lord 

 Derby, now in Liverpool Museum); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 224 — 

 Vol can de Fuego, Guatemala; Salvin, Ibis, 1860, pp. 43, 248 — Volcan de 

 Fuego (habits, altitudinal range, descr. of female); Sclater and Sal- 

 \'in, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 541 — Volcan de Fuego (monog.); 

 Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 188 — above Chicaman, left bank of Rio Negro, 

 Guatemala; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 489, 1893— 

 Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 218, 1897 

 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 274, 1902 — 

 Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, Chicaman, Cerro Zunil); Griscom, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 99, 1932 — Volcan San Lucas, Guatemala; 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 24, 1934 (range); Carriker and Schauensee, 

 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 413, 1935— Chichoy^ Guatemala. 



"Penelope fronticomis van der Hoeven, Handb. Zool., 2, (2), p. 435, 1856 — 

 Guatemala."* 



• While Merida birds agree well with those from Colombia, a series from Peru 

 averages somewhat smaller. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: Bogota, 3. — Ecuador: Baeza, 2; 

 Rio Napo, 2. — Peru, Dept. Hu4nuco: Pozuzo (alt. 800 meters), 2; Cushi Libertad 

 (alt. 1,820 meters), 10. 



* We have not been able to verify the above reference, the second part of 

 volume 2 being missing in the two copies consulted. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 197 



Oreophasis derbyana Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 155, 1862 — 

 Guatemala. 



Range. — Temperate mountain forests of Guatemala. 



Field Museum Collection. — 14: Guatemala (Capetillo, 1; San 

 Marcos, Volcan Tajumulco, 12; Santa Elena, near Tecpan, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Guatemala (Coban, Alta Verapaz, 1). 



Family TETRAONIDAE. Grouse and Ptarmigan 

 Genus DENDRAGAPUS Elliot^ 



Dendragapm Elliot, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 16, p. 23, Apr. 23, 1864— 

 type, by subs, desig. (Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Bds., 

 Land Birds, 3, p. 415, 1874), Tetrao obscurus Say. 



*Dendragapus obscurus flemingi Taverner.^ Fleming's Grouse. 



Dendragapus obscurus flemingi Taverner, Auk, 31, p. 385, 1914 — near Teslin 

 Lake, Yukon Territory (type in Museum of the Geological Survey, De- 

 partment of Mines, Canada); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 24, p. 203, 

 1922 (tax., Stikine region); idem. I.e., 30, p. 73, 1926 (crit.); Bent, Bull. 

 U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 102, 1932 (life history). 



Dendragapus obscurus richardsonii (not Tetrao richardsonii Douglas) Peters, 

 Bds. World, 2, p. 29, 1934 — part, southern Yukon and northern British 

 Columbia. 



Range. — Southwestern Mackenzie, southern Yukon Territory, 

 and northern British Columbia. 



Conover Collection.— A: Yukon Territory (Lake La Barge, 1; 

 Carcros^, 2; Livingston, 1). 



1 It has been thought best, as suggested by Brooks and Swarth, to divide 

 this genus into two species, so as to show better the relationships between the 

 different forms. The obscurus group is differentiated from the fuUginosus group 

 by having twenty tail feathers instead of eighteen; and in the adults by having 

 the tips to the rectrices almost square, giving a truncated appearance to the tail; 

 whereas in the races of fuliginosus the adults have the tips of the rectrices rounded 

 and the tail has a somewhat graduated appearance (cf. Swarth, Univ. Calif. 

 Publ. Zool., 30, p. 73, 1926). In addition, the downy young of the two groups 

 differ widely in coloration. Newly hatched chicks of the races of obscurus are 

 grayish, while those of the subspecies of fuliginosus are yellowish (cf. Moffitt, 

 Auk, 55, p. 589, pi. 19, 1938). In life there are other differences such as the voice 

 and the color and structure of the gular sacs in males in the spring. 



It should be stated here that in the young birds (until a year old) the tail 

 feathers are much narrower than in the adults, and in both groups the tips are 

 rounded. 



* Dendragapus obscurus flemingi: Males like richardsonii, without light band 

 at tip of tail, but much darker both above and below, much less vermiculated 

 with light brown and gray on upper wing coverts, scapulars, and upper tail co- 

 verts. Females, perhaps, slightly grayer (less brownish) dorsally, tip of tail 

 vermiculated with gray. When large series of adults in fresh fall plumage are 

 compared this race may prove to be not very different from richardsonii. 




198 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



*Dendragapus obscurus richardsonii (Douglas). ^ Richardson's 

 Grouse. 



Tetrao richardsonii Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 16, (1), p. 141, 1829 — sub- 

 alpine regions of the Rocky Mountains in lat. 52° N., long. 115° W . . . . the 

 mountainous districts of the Columbia in lat. 48° N., long. 118° W.,= 

 Jasper House, Alberta (type apparently lost). 



Dendragapus richardsonii Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pi. 8, text unpaged, 1865. 



Dendragapus richardsoni Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 76, 

 1893; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 61, 1896 (monog.). 



Dendragapus obscurus richardsoni Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 143, 1900 (molt); 

 Anthony, Auk, 20, p. 24, 1903 (migration); Brooks, Auk, 24, p. 167, 1907 

 (hybrid with Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianu^); idem. Auk, 43, p. 281, 

 1926 (display); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 96, 1932 (life history); 

 MofRtt, Auk, 55, p. 589, pi. 19, fig. 2, 1938 (downy young). 



Dendragapus obscurus richardsonii Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 29, 1934 — part, 

 except southern Yukon and northern British Columbia. 



Range. — Rocky Mountains from western Alberta and central 

 British Columbia south to southern Montana and south-central 

 Idaho. 



Field Museum Collection. — 11: Alberta (Calgary, 2; Canadian 

 National Park, 1); Montana (Columbia Falls, 4); British Columbia 

 (Kootenay Range, White Swan Lake, 4). 



♦Dendragapus obscurus obscurus (Say). Dusky Grouse. 



Tetrao obscurus Say, in Long's Exped., 2, p. 14, 1823, note — "Defile Creek"= 

 about twenty miles north of Colorado Springs, Colorado (type lost). 



Dendragapus obscurus Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pi. 7, text unpaged, 1865 — part; 

 Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 74, 1893; idem. Handbook 

 Game-Bds., 1, p. 58, 1896 (monog.); Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 143, 1900 (molt). 



Dendragapus obscurus obscurus Brooks, Auk, 46, p. Ill, 1929 (crit.); Bent, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 91, 1932 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 29, 1934 (range); Mofiitt, Auk, 55, p. 589, pi. 19, fig. 1, 1938 (downy 

 young). 



Range.— Rocky Mountain region from northern Wyoming and 

 southeastern Idaho, south to central New Mexico and central 

 Arizona. 



Field Museum Collection. — 15: Utah (Wasatch County, 2); Colo- 

 rado (Rio Blanco County, 2; Hot Sulphur Springs, 2; Coulter, 4; 

 Williams Range, 2; Boulder, 1; Buford, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 16: Wyoming (Dubois, 2; Laramie, 1); Utah 

 (Iron County, Avon, 2); Colorado (Routt County, Pinnacle, 11). 



' Additional material examined. — Montana: Deer Lodge County, 2. — British 

 Columbia: Creston, 3; Kitchener, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 199 



*Dendragapus obscurus pallidus Swarth.^ Oregon Dusky 

 Grouse. 



Dendragapus obscurus pallidus Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 20, p. 4, 

 May 22, 1931 — Cornucopia, Baker County, Oregon (type in Mailliard 

 Collection, California Academy of Science, San Francisco, examined); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 29, 1934 (range). 



Range. — South-central British Columbia south over eastern 

 Washington to northeastern Oregon. 



Conover Collection. — 2: British Columbia (Okanagan, 1; Okanagan 

 Landing, 1). 



♦Dendragapus fuliginosus sitkensis Swarth.^ Sitka Grouse. 



Dendragapus obscurus sitkensis Swarth, Condor, 23, p. 59, 1921 — Kupreanof 

 Island, southeastern Alaska (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 

 Berkeley, Calif.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 28, 1934 (range). 



Dendragapus obscurus munroi Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 71, p. 1, 1923 — 

 Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia (type in L. C. Sanford Collec- 

 tion, the American Museum of Natural History, New York). 



Dendragapus fuliginosus sitkensis A. O. U. Check List N. Amer. Bds., 4th ed., 

 p. 79, 1931; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 119, 1932 (life hist.); 

 Moffitt, Auk, 55, p. 589, pi. 19, fig. 5, 1938 (downy young). 



Range. — Coastal mountains from Skagway, Alaska, south to 

 about the Gardner Canal, British Columbia; islands of the Alexander 

 Archipelago, and Queen Charlotte Islands. 



Field Museum Collection. — 10: Alaska (Juneau, 1); British Colum- 

 bia (Graham Island, 9). 



Conover Collection. — 10: British Columbia (Graham Island, 1; 

 Graham Island, Masset, 9). 



*Dendragapus fuliginosus fuliginosus (Ridgway). Sooty 

 Grouse. 



Canace obscura var. fuliginosa Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, No. 12, p. 199, 

 Dec, 1873 — Cascade Mountains (at foot of Mount Hood, Oregon) and 

 Chiloweyuck Depot, Washington (type in U. S. National Museum). 



^Dendragapus obscurus pallidus Swarth: Like obscurus in coloration, but 

 without gray band at end of tail. Resembles richardsonii in lacking pale tip 

 to tail, but of a generally paler coloration. Comparison of large series in fresh 

 fall plumage is necessary before this race can definitely be said to differ from 

 richardsonii. 



Additional material examined. — British Columbia: Barriere, 2. — Oregon: 

 Cornucopia, 5. 



^Dendragapus fuliginosus sitkensis Swarth: Males similar to fuliginosus, but 

 in the extreme north, at least, somewhat darker. Females much redder than 




200 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Dendragapus ohscurus (not Tetrao obscurus Say) Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pi. 7, text 

 unpaged, 1865 — part. 



Dendragapus fuliginosus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 75, 1893; 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 60, 1896 (monog.). 



Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus Anthony, Auk, 16, p. 180, 1899 (hybrid 

 with Phasianus torquatus); Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 143, 1900 (molt); Grin- 

 nell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 552, 1918 — range in Cali- 

 fornia; Jewett, Condor, 34, p. 191, 1932 (hybrid with Phasianus colchicus); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 28, 1934 (range). 



Dendragapus fuliginosus fuliginosus Johnson, Auk, 46, p. 291, 1929 (habits. 

 Mount Rainier); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 103, 1932 (life 

 history); Moffitt, Auk, 55, p. 589, pi. 19^ fig. 6, 1938 (downy young). 



Range. — Coastal mountains on the North American mainland 

 from about the Gardner Canal, British Columbia, south to north- 

 western California; Vancouver Island,' 



Field Museum Collection. — 6: British Columbia (Vancouver 

 Island, Comox, 1; Vancouver, 1); Washington (Puyallup, 2); 

 Oregon (Wilbur, 1; Lx)gan, 1). 



Conover Collection.— 2S: British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 

 Comox, 8; Bella Coola District, Stuie, 7); Washington (Whatcom 

 County, 2); Oregon (Scio, 3; Jackson County, Gold Hill, 2); Cali- 

 fornia (Mendocino County, Yorkville, 1). 



Dendragapus fuliginosus sierrae Chapman.^ Sierra Grouse. 



Tetrao californica (not T. californicus Shaw and Nodder) May, California 

 Game "Marked Down," p. 41, 1896 — Lake Tahoe region, Eldorado County 

 (no type extant; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 268, 1932). 



Dendragapus obscurus sierrae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 20, 

 p. 159, Apr. 25, 1904 — Echo, El Dorado County, California (type in the 

 American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined); Grinnell, 

 Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 544, 1918 — part, except Mount 

 Pinos; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 29, 1934 (range). 



Dendragapus fuliginosus sierrae, A. O. U. Check List N. Amer. Bds., 4th ed., 

 p. 79, 1931; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 114, 1932 (life history); 

 Moffitt, Auk, 55, p. 589, pi. 19, fig. 4, 1938 (downy young). 



any other race of either fuliginosus or obscurus; chest more heavily marked with 

 reddish buff and bordered below by distinct white band. 



Additional material examined. — Alaska: Baranof Island, Rodman Bay, 1. — 

 British Columbia: Graham Island, 4; Porcher Island, Refuge Bay, 1. 



' Additiorml material examined. — Vancouver Island: Comox, 2; Merville, 2. 



* Dendragapus fuliginosus sierrae Chapman: lAke fuliginosus, but much lighter 

 in color. Males with upper surface much more heavily vermiculated, throat 

 whiter, under parts paler gray. Females much lighter and grayer. 



Material examined. — California: Echo, 4; Mount Tallac, 1; Sierra Madre 

 Mountains, Walker Pass, 1. — Nevada: Tuscarora, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 201 



Range. — From southern Oregon south in the Sierra Nevada to 

 about lat. 36° N. and in the inner coast ranges to Mount Sanhedrin, 

 California; probably western Nevada. 



Dendragapus fuliginosus howardi Dickey and van Rossem.^ 

 Mount Pinos Grouse. 



Dendragapus obscurus howardi Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, 25, p. 168, 

 Oct., 1923 — Mount Pinos, 7,500 feet, Kern County, California (type 

 in collection of Donald R. Dickey, now in the University of California at 

 Los Angeles); Pemberton, Condor, 30, p. 347, 1928 (nesting); Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 29, 1934 (range). 



Dendragapus obscurus sierrae (not of Chapman) Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, 

 Game Bds. Calif., p. 544, 1918 — part. Mount Pinos. 



Dendragapus fuliginosus howardi A. O. U. Check List N. Amer. Bds., 4th ed., 

 p. 79, 1931; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 117, 1932 (life history); 

 MofRtt, Auk, 55, p. 589, pi. 19, fig. 3, 1938 (downy young). 



jRawgie.— California, from about lat. 36° N., south in the Sierra 

 Nevada to the Tehachapi Range, and west in those mountains to 

 Mount Pinos. 



Genus LAGOPUS Brisson 



Lagopus Brisson, Orn., 1, pp. 26, 181, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Lagopus" 

 Brisson =T'€<rao lagopus Linnaeus. 



♦Lagopus lagopus lagopus (Linnaeus). Willow Ptarmigan. 



Tetrao Lagopus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 159, 1758 — "in Europae 

 alpinis," restricted type locality, Swedish Lapland, apud Hartert (Vog. 

 I^al. Fauna, 3, p. 1859, 1921). 



Tetrao albus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 750, 1789— North America, 

 Europe, Asia= Hudson Bay, restricted to the western side by Riley, Proc. 

 Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, p. 233, 1911. 



Lagopus albus Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pis. 17, 18, text unpaged, 1865. 

 Lagopus lagopus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 40, 1893 — part; 

 /idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 36, 1896 — part (monog.); Dwight, Auk, 



17, p. 147, 1900 (molt). 

 Lagopus lagopus ungavus Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, p. 233, 1911 — 



Fort Chimo, Ungava (type in U. S. National Museum); Bent, Bull. U. S. 



Nat. Mus., 162, p. 197, 1932 (life history). 

 Lagopus lagopus alascensis Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 30, p. 87, 1926 — 



Kowak River Delta, Alaska (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 



Berkeley, California); Dixon, Condor, 29, p. 213, 1927 (life history); 



Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 200, 1932 (life history). 



1 Dendragapus fuliginosus howardi Dickey and van Rossem : Said to be nearest 

 to sierrae, but to be paler dorsally, with coarser vermiculations and barring; under 

 parts darker, a brownish suffusion replacing the clearer gray of sierrae; tail de- 

 cidedly longer and much more graduated. 




202 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Lagopus lagopus albus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 178, 1932 (life 

 history); Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 38, p. 54, 1911 fdist. char.). 



Lagopus lagopus lagopus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 30, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Circumpolar. In the western hemisphere breeds from 

 west coast of central Greenland, mainland of North America south 

 of the Arctic Archipelago, and northern Alaska south to southern 

 Ungava, James Bay, northern Manitoba, central Mackenzie, north- 

 ern Alberta, central British Columbia, and the eastern Aleutian 

 Islands. In northern Europe and Asia from Scandinavia to the 

 Chukchi Peninsula, south in Europe to about lat. 60°; in Siberia 

 south to the lower Yenisei, Transbaikalia, Kamchatka, and the 

 lower Amur. 



Field Museum Collection. — Summer plumage, 7: Quebec (Ungava, 

 1); Alaska (St. Michael, 3; Kenai Peninsula, 3). Winter plumage, 2: 

 Labrador (Bowdoin Bay, 1); Alaska (Nulato, 1). 



Conover Collection. — Summer plumage, 50: Labrador (Straits of 

 Belle Isle, 3); Manitoba (Churchill, 9); Yukon Territory (Big Sal- 

 mon River, 3; McConnell River, 2; Rose River, 3; Wolf Lake, 2); 

 British Columbia, Bella Coola District (Stuie, 10; Rainbow Mts., 

 Mt. Brilliant, 5) ; Alaska (Hooper Bay, 9; Point Barrow, 4). Winter 

 plumage, 5: Yukon Territory (Watson River, 2; Carcross, 1); Alaska 

 (Ophir, 1; Mountain Village, 1). 



Lagopus lagopus leucopterus Taverner.^ White-shafted 

 Ptarmigan. 



Lagopus lagopus leucopterus Taverner, Ann. Rep. Nat. Mus. Canada for 1930, 

 p. 87, 1932 — Camp Kungovik, western coast of Baffin Island, lat. 65° 35' 

 N. (type in National Museum of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario); Sutton, 

 Mem. Carnegie Mus., 12, (2), sect. 2, p. 94, 1932 (status); Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 31, 1934 (range). 



Lagopus lagopus (not Tetrao lagopus Linnaeus) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 22, p. 40, 1893— part; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 36, 1896— part 

 (monog.). 



Range. — Arctic islands north of the American continent from 

 Baffin Island, Southampton Island, Victoria Island (and adjacent 

 mainland at Dolphin and Union Strait) and Banks Island northward. 



^ Lagopus lagopus leu^^opterus Taverner: Resembles L. I. lagopus (Linnaeus), 

 except in having the shafts of the primaries pure or nearly pure white instead 

 of black. The first (outermost) primary shaft almost always immaculate, the 

 second often more or less clouded; the remainder have the black color entirely 

 absent or greatly reduced. This race may prove to be the same as L. I. birulai 

 Serebrowsky (Joum. Orn., 74, p. 513, 1926) from the New Siberian Islands. 



Material examined. — Baffin Island: West Coast, 2. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 203 

 ♦Lagopus lagopus alleni Stejneger.^ Allen's Ptarmigan. 



Lagopus alba alleni Stejneger, Auk, 1, p. 369, 1884 — Newfoundland (type 

 in U. S. National Museum). 



Lagopus alleni Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 44, 1893; idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 38, 1896 (note only). 



Lagopus lagopus alleni Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 147, 1900 (molt); Bent, Bull. 

 U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 191, 1932 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 2, 

 p. 32, 1934 (range). 



Lagopus lagopus albus Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 38, p. 54, 1911 (dist., 

 char.; in part). 



Range. — Newfoundland. 



Field Museum Collection. — Summer plumage, 3: Newfoundland 

 (Bay St. George, 2; unspecified, 1). Winter plumage, 2: Newfound- 

 land (Bay St. George, 1; Codray, 1). 



Conover Collection. — Summer plumage, 2: Newfoundland (Ran- 

 tem, 1; unspecified, 1). 



♦Lagopus lagopus alexandrae Grinnell.'^ Alexander's 

 Ptarmigan. 



Lagopus alexandrae Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 5, p. 204, 1909 — 

 Mountain at Bear Bay, Baranof Island, Alaska (type in Museum of 

 Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, California). 



Lagopus lagopus alexandrae Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 38, p. 51, 1911 

 (dist. char.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 194, 1932 (life history); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 31, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Islands off the south and southeast coasts of Alaska 

 from the Prince of Wales Archipelago west and north to the Shumagin 

 Islands, and possibly a narrow strip on the mainland coast from 

 Ketchikan north to Glacier Bay. 



Field Museum Collection. — Summer plumage, 1: Kodiak Island, 1. 



Conover Collection. — Summer plumage, 2: Prince of Wales 

 Island, 2. 



^Lagopus lagopus alleni Stejneger: Differs from all other races of L. lagopus 

 by having the shafts of the primaries more heavily marked with black, which 

 extends, towards the tips, onto the webs. This characteristic is sometimes found 

 on mainland birds to a slight extent, and is sometimes not very evident in New- 

 foundland birds, but generally is well marked. The race alleni also often has 

 the shafts of the secondaries black, but sometimes this is lacking. 



^Lagopus lagopus alexandrae Grinnell: Similar to L. I. lagopus, but coloration 

 darker throughout, especially dorsally. 



Additional material examined. — Alaska: Chichagof Island, 1; Prince of Wales 

 Island, 1; Glacier Bay, 1; Kodiak Island, 2; Pavloff Bay, 1. 




204 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



♦Lagopus mutus captus Peters.^ East Greenland Rock 

 Ptarmigan. 



Lagopus mutus groenlandicus (not LagopusGronlandiais Brehra, 1855) Schi0ler, 

 Dansk Dm. Foren. Tidskr., 19, pp. Ill, 115, 1925 — eastern Greenland= 

 Germania Land, fide Salomonsen, Medd. om Gr0nland, 118, nr. 2, p. 29, 

 1936 (lectotype in Zoological Museum, Copenhagen); R. M. Anderson, 

 Canad. Field Nat., 43, p. 14, footnote, 1929 (char.). 



Lagopus mutus captus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 35, 1934 (nom. nov. forL. m. 

 groenlandicus Schi0ler, preoccupied); Salomonsen, Medd. om Gr0nland, 

 118, nr. 2, p. 33, 1936. 



Range. — Eastern Greenland (south to Blosseville Coast). 



Field Museum Collection. — Summer plumage, 9: Greenland (Ymer 

 Islands, 1; Angmagsalik, 8). 



Conover Collection. — Winter plumage, 1: Greenland (Liverpool 

 Coast, Lille Fjord, 1). 



♦Lagopus mutus reinhardi C. L. Brehm.^ Reinhard's Rock 

 Ptarmigan. 



Teirao reinhardi C. L. Brehm, Lehrb. Nat. Eur. Vog., 2, p. 986, 1824— Green- 

 land, restricted to west coast of Greenland south of lat. 66° by Schi0ler, 

 Dansk Om. Foren. Tidskr., 19, p. 114, 1925 — Julianehaab, fide Salomon- 

 sen, Medd. om Gr0nland, 118, nr. 2, footnote, p. 24, 1936.' 



Lagopus rupestris var. occidentalis Sundevall, Oefv. Vet. Akad. Forh., No. 3, 

 p. 20, 1874 — Greenland=W. Greenland, about Fiskemaes (teste Salo- 

 monsen, Medd. om Gr0nland, 118, p. 30, 1936) (type in Stockholm 

 Museum; of. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19 A, No. 1, p. 112, 1926). 



Lagopus gronlandunis Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 264 (footnote), 1855 — Greenland. 



Lagopus rupestris reinhardi Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 160, 1900 (molt); Taverner, 

 Ann. Rep. Nat. Mus. Canada for 1928, p. 37, 1929 (dist. char, and range); 

 Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 213, 1932 (life history). 



^Lagopus mutus captus Peters: Differs from L. m. reinhardi in being lighter, 

 more sandy grayish, and in having the vermiculations and barrings much finer. 



Additional material examined. — Summer plumage, 1 : Greenland (Ca|)e Frank- 

 lin, 1). 



* Lagopus mutus reinhardi C. L. Brehm: Very close to L. m. americanus, but 

 more light sandy in appearance. When larger series are available, the birds from 

 southwestern Greenland may not prove to be separable from those from the 

 northwestern coast. 



Lagopus dispar Ross (Voy. Discovery, 2nd ed., 2, p. 168, 1819), being a nomen 

 nudum, has no nomenclatural standing. 



Additional material examined. — Summer plumage, 1: Greenland (Sukker- 

 toppen, 1). 



' Although not listed as such by Hartert (Nov. Zool., 25, pp. 4-63, 1918), 

 the female from Greenland June 4, 1822, in the Brehm collection is probably the 

 type (cf. Schi0ler, Dansk Om. Foren. Tidskr., 19, p. 114, 1925). 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 205 



Lagopus rupestris reinhardtii Hantzsch, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 367, 1908 (supposed 

 range in Labrador); M. B. and R. M. Anderson, Canad. Field Nat., 43, 

 p. 13, 1929 (English translation of above), also footnote, p. 14 (range). 



Lagopus mulus reinhardi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 35, 1934 (range). 



Lagopus mutus rupestris (not Tetrao rupestris Gmelin) Salomonsen, Medd. om 

 Gr0nland, 118, nr. 2, p. 32, 1936 — part, southwestern Greenland. 



Range. — West coast of Greenland south of Disko Island. 



Field Museum Collection. — Summer plumage, 6: Greenland 

 (Sukkertoppen, 4; Egedesminde, 1; Holstenborg, 1). 



*Lagopus mutus atnericanus Audubon. ^ American Rock 

 Ptarmigan. 



Lagopus americanus Audubon, Syn. Bds. N.America, p. 207, 1839 — Melville 

 Island; idem, Bds. America, 5, p. 119, pi. 300, 1842. 



Lagopus rupestris (not Tetrao rupestris Gmelin) Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pi. 23, text 

 unpaged, 1865— part; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 48, 1893 

 — part; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 42, 1896 — part (monog.). 



Lagopus rupestris nelsoni'^ Stejneger, Auk, 1, p. 226, 1884 — Unalaska Island 

 (type in U. S. National Museum); Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 160, 1900 (molt). 



Lagopus dixoni^ Grinnell, Univ. CaHf. Publ. Zool., 5, p. 207, 1909— near 

 Port Frederick, 2,700 feet, Chichagof Island, Alaska (type in Museum of 

 Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, California). 



^Lagopus mutv^ americanus Audubon: This name seems to have priority for 

 the northern form of American Rock Ptarmigan. In his original description 

 Audubon gives the range as "Melville Island, Churchill River." These two 

 localities represent areas inhabited by two different forms as now understood. 

 Three years later, however, in his "Birds of America," he quotes Dr. Richardson 

 as authority for the locality "Churchill River," but further states that Richardson 

 had never been able to trace the specimen supposed to have come from that 

 locality. Therefore, it is evident that Audubon himself never saw birds from 

 Churchill River. In the second description and account, however, he plainly 

 states that he has seen three specimens in the Museum of the Andersonian Insti- 

 tution of Glasgow, "which were purchased from Captain Sabine" and he gives 

 their locality as Melville Island, where Sabine is known to have wintered in 1819- 

 20. Melville Island, therefore, should be accepted as Audubon's type locality. 

 The specimen figured by Audubon with his second account was collected by 

 Sabine, but evidence of its exact locality is lacking. In the original account, 

 where the name was proposed, there was no figure. 



This form is distinguished from rupestris by being much browner (more ruddy) 

 in the male, and more yellowish in the female. It is the darkest of North American 

 Rock Ptarmigan except for the form evermanni of Attu Island. 



Additional material examined. — Summer plumage, 26. Greenland: Umanak, 1: 

 Disko Island, 2. — Victoria Land: Taylor Island, 2. — Mackenzie: Coronation 

 Gulf, 3.— Banks' Island: Cape Kellett, 3.— Melville Island: Griffith's Point, 2.— 

 Alaska: Unalaska Island, 4; Zaikof Bay, Montague Island, 1; Canoe Passage, 

 Hawkins' Island, 2; Hinchinbrook Island, 2; Port Snettisham, 1; Port Frederick, 

 1 ; mountains near Eagle, 2. 



2 Specimens of nelsoni, kelloggae, and dixoni from their "terra typica" have 

 been compared with birds from Melville Island. The differences, if any, are so 

 slight that, considering the individual variations in these Ptarmigan, it seems 

 best to consider these names as synonyms of americanus Audubon. 




206 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Lagopus rupestris kelloggae^ Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 5, p. 383, 1910 — 

 Zaikof Bay, 1,600 feet, Montague Island, Prince William Sound, Alaska 

 (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, California, examined); 

 Taverner, Ann. Rep. Nat. Mus. Canada for 1928, p. 37, 1929 (descr. and 

 range). 



Lagopus rupestris nelsoni, dixoni, and kelloggae Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 162, pp. 215, 223, 227, 1932 (life history). 



Lagopus mutus nelsoni, dixoni, and kelloggae Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 34, 

 1934 (range). 



Lagopus mutus rupestris Salomonsen, Medd. om Gr0nland, 118, nr. 2, p. 32, 

 1936 — part, northwestern Greenland. 



Lagopus mutus kelloggae Salomonsen, Medd. om Gr0nland, 118, nr. 2, p. 34, 

 1936 — part. North America only. 



Range. — Western Greenland north of Disko Island, the Arctic 

 Islands, except southern Baffin Island, and northwestern North 

 America from about Coronation Gulf west to Unimak, Unalaska, 

 and Amaknak Islands in the Aleutian chain, and south to southern 

 Yukon and the islands and adjacent mainland about Glacier Bay, 

 Alaska. 



Field Museum Collection. — Summer plumage, 6: Alaska (Nome, 

 1; Alaska Peninsula, 3; Kodiak Island, 1; Unalaska Island, 1). Win- 

 ter plumage, 1: Alaska (Nome, 1). 



Conover Collection.— Summer plumage, 18: Alaska (Igiak Bay, 

 Bering Sea, 7); Yukon (head of Big Salmon River, 4; head of Rose 

 River, 6); British Columbia (Sheep Mountains, near Atlin, 1). 

 Winter plumage, 5: Alaska (Ophir, 4); Yukon (head of Watson 

 River, 1). 



*Lagopus mutus rupestris (Gmelin).- Canadian Rock 

 Ptarmigan. 



Tetrao rupestris Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 751, 1789 — based on "Rock 

 Grouse" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 312; Hudson Bay. 



Lagopus rupestris Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pi. 23, text unpaged, 1865 — part; Ogilvie- 

 Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 48, 1893 — part; idem, Handb. Game- 

 Bds., 1, p. 42, 1896— part; Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 160, 1900 (molt). 



Lagopus welchi Brewster, Auk, 2, p. 194, 1885 — Newfoundland (type in 

 Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Dwight, Auk, 17, 



1 See footnote 2, page 205. 



^Lagopus mutus rupestris (Gmelin): This is the grayest of the North American 

 forms of the Rock Ptarmigan. In coloration it most nearly resembles typical L. m. 

 mutus of Sweden. 



Additional material examined. — Summer plumage, 10: Labrador: McLellan 

 Strait, 3; Ungava, Fort Chimo, 2; Ungava, Mastapoka River, 1. — Newfoundland: 

 Codray, 2; Lecois Hills, 2. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 207 



p. 163, 1900 (molt); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 155, 1930 



(disc, types). 

 Lagopus rupestris rupestris Hantzsch, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 366, 1908 — Labrador; 



M. B. and R. M. Anderson, Canad. Field Nat., 43, p. 13, 1929 (Eng. 



translation of above), also footnote p. 14 (range); Taverner, Ann. Rep. 



Nat. Mus. Canada for 1928, p. 37, 1929 (dist. char, and range); Bent, 



Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 202, 1932 (life history); Sutton, Mem. 



Carnegie Mus., 12, (2), sect. 2, p. 94, 1932 — Southampton Island. 

 Lagopus mutus rupestris and L. m. welchi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 34, 1934 



(range). 

 Lagopus mutus rupestris Salomonsen, Medd. om Gr^nland, 118, nr. 2, p. 32, 



1936 — part. North American mainland. 



Range. — Southern Baffin Island and northern North America 

 east of Coronation Gulf south to Belle Isle Strait, Newfoundland, 

 Great Whale River, Great Slave Lake, and the mountains of British 

 Columbia. 



Field Museum Collection. — Summer plumage, 6: Baffin Island 

 (Bishop's Island, Frobisher Bay, 3); Newfoundland (Codray, 2; 

 Bay St. George, 1). Winter plumage, 3: Labrador (Lance au Loup, 

 1); Newfoundland (Codray, 1; Bay St. George, 1). 



Lagopus mutus atkhensis Turner.' Turner's Rock Ptarmigan. 



Lagopus mutus atkhensis Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, pp. 227, 230, 

 1882 — Atka Island (type in U. S. National Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 34, 1934 (range). 



Lagopus rupestris atkhensis Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 160, 1900 (molt); Bent, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 218, 1932 (life history). 



Range. — Aleutian Islands, Atka Island. 



♦Lagopus mutus chamberlaini Clark.^ Chamberlain's Rock 

 Ptarmigan. 



Lagopus rupestris chamberlaini Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 32, p. 469, 1907 — 

 Adak Island (type in U. S. National Museum); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat, 

 Mus., 162, p. 221, 1932 (life history). 



Lagopus mutus chamberlaini Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 33, 1934 (range). 



^Lagopus mutus atkhensis Turner: The easternmost of the four light yellowish 

 races of Rock Ptarmigan inhabiting the central islands of the Aleutian chain. 

 Differs, like the following three subspecies, by being much more yellowish buff 

 than any other American forms. From chamberlaini and townsendi it differs by 

 its much finer barring, in which respect it resembles sanfordi, but is darker than 

 the latter, especially on the breast. 



Material examined. — Summer plumage, 4: Aleutian Islands: Atka Island, 4. 



^Lagopus mutus chamberlaini Clark: Another race of the light yellowish 

 group. Most nearly like L. m. townsendi, but not so heavily barred, and of a more 

 grayish appearance. Intermediate between L. m. atkhensis and L. m. townsendi. 



Additional material examined. — Summer plumage, 5: Aleutian Islands: Adak 

 Island, 5. 




208 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Range. — Aleutian Islands, Adak Island. 



Conover Collection. — Summer plumage, 1 : Aleutian Islands (Adak 

 Island, 1). 



♦Lagopus mutus sanfordi Bent.' Sanford's Rock Ptarmigan. 



Lagopus rupestris sanfordi Bent, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 56, No. 30, p. 1, 1912 — 

 Tanaga Island (type in U. S. National Museum); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., 162, p. 225, 1932 (life history). 



Lagopus mutus sanfordi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 33, 1934 (range). 



jRanfife.— Aleutian Islands, Tanaga Island. 



Conover Collection. — Summer plumage, 1: Aleutian Islands 

 (Tanaga Island, 1). 



Lagopus mutus townsendi Elliot.^ Townsend's Rock 

 Ptarmigan. 



Lagopus rupestris townsendi Elliot, Auk, 13, p. 26, 1896 — Kiska Island (type 

 in U. S. National Museum); Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 160, 1900 (molt); Bent, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 220, 1932 (life history). 



Lagopus mutus tovmsendi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 33, 1934 (range). 

 Range. — Aleutian Islands, Kiska Island. 



Lagopus mutus evermanni Elliot.^ Evermann's Rock 

 Ptarmigan. 



Lagopus evermanni Elliot, Auk, 13, p. 25, pi. 3, 1896 — Attu Island (type 

 in U. S. National Museum); Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 163, 1900 (molt). 



Lagopus rupestris evermanni Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 230, 1932 



(life history). 



Lagopus mutus evermanni Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 33, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Aleutian Islands, Attu Island. 



^Lagopus mutu^ sanfordi Bent: The palest of the light yellowish races. Very 

 like L. m. chamberlaini, but lighter, more whitish gray in appearance. The barring 

 is very fine. 



Additional material examined.— Summer plumage, 6. Aleutian Islands: Tanaga 

 Island, 6. 



^Lagopus mutu^ tovmsendi Elliot: The westernmost of the light yellowish races 

 found on the central Aleutians. Distinguished from the other three by being 

 more thickly and heavily barred both above and below, and therefore the darkest 

 of the four forms. 



Material examined. — Summer plumage, 4. Aleutian Islands: Kiska Island, 4. 



^Lagopus mutus evermanni Elliot: This is the darkest of all known forms of 

 the Rock Ptarmigan, being almost blackish in coloration. The male in summer 

 dress has a black and white appearance, while the female is much darker than 

 the same sex in any other race. 



Material examined. — Summer plumage, 3. Aleutian Islands: Attu Island, 3. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 209 



*Lagopus leucurus peninsularis Chapman. ^ Alaskan White- 

 tailed Ptarmigan. 



Lagopus leucurus peninsularis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 16, 

 p. 236, 1902 — Kenai Mountains, Alaska (type in the American Museum 

 of Natural History, New York, examined); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 162, p. 234, 1932 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 35, 1934 (range). 



Range. — From northwestern Mackenzie, northern Yukon, and 

 central Alaska, south to British Columbia and the Kenai Peninsula. 



Conover Collection. — Summer plumage, 7: Yukon (head of Mc- 

 Connell River, 7). Winter plumage, 3: Yukon (head of Watson 

 River, 3). 



*Lagopus leucurus leucurus Richardson.^ Canadian White- 

 tailed Ptarmigan. 



Tetrao (Lagopus) leucurus Richardson, in Wilson and Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., 

 Jameson ed., 4, p. 330, 1831 — Rocky Mountains, lat. 54° N. (type in the 

 Royal Scottish Museum at Edinburgh; cf. Stoneham, Nov. ZooL, 35, 

 p. 276, 1930). 



Lagopus leucurus Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pi. 25, text unpaged, 1865; Ogilvie-Grant, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 52, 1893— part; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 

 1, p. 44, 1896— part (monog.); Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 163, 1900 (molt). 



Lagopus leupurus leucurus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 232, 1932 

 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 35, 1934 (range, except Vancouver 

 Island). 



Range. — Rocky Mountain region from central Alberta and north- 

 ern British Columbia south to the northern border of the United 



States. 



Field Museum Collection. — Summer plumage, 1: Alberta (Cana- 

 dian National Park, 1). Winter plumage, 2: Alberta (Canadian 

 National Park, 2). 



Conover Collection. — Summer plumage, 8: Alberta (Siffleur Valley, 

 1); British Columbia, Bella Coola District (Stuie, 1; Rainbow Moun- 

 tains, 6). 



Lagopus leucurus rainierensis Taylor.^ Rainier White- 

 tailed Ptarmigan. 



^Lagopus leucurus peninsularis Chapman: This race is distinguished by its 

 grayer, less buflf, coloration, both above and below. 



Additional material examined. — Alaska: Kenai Mountains, 4. 



^Additional material examined. — Alberta: Henry House, 1; Moose Pass, 3; 

 Moose Branch of Smoky River, 6. — British Columbia: Mount Mumm, 1; Moose 

 Pass, 4; Similkameen, 1. 



^Lagopus leucurus rainierensis Taylor: In describing this race the author 

 states that he has not seen examples of L. I. peninsularis. The specimens listed 

 below from Mount Rainier do not seem to differ in color from specimens in similar 




210 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Lagopus leucurus rainierensis Taylor, Condor, 22, p. 146, 1920 — Pinnacle 

 Peak, 6,200 feet. Mount Rainier, Washington (type in U. S. National 

 Museum, Biological Survey Collection); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 162, p. 240, 1932 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 35, 1934 (range). 



Lagopus leiicurris (not of Richardson) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, 

 p. 52, 1893— part; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 44, 1896— part. 



Range. — Alpine summits of Mount Rainier, and perhaps also in 

 the Cascade Range to Oregon. 



♦Lagopus leucurus altipetens Osgood.^ Southern White-tailed 

 Ptarmigan. 



Lagopus leucurus altipetens Osgood, Auk, 18, p. 180, 1901 — Mount Blaine, 

 Colorado (type in U. S. National Museum); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 162, p. 234, 1932 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 35, 1934 (range). 



Lagopus leucurus (not of Richardson) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 22, p. 52, 1893— part; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 44, 1896— part 

 (monog.); Bradbury, Condor, 17, p. 214, 1915 (nesting, Colorado). 



Range. — Rocky Mountain region of the United States from 

 Montana to northern New Mexico. 



Field Museum Collection. — Summer plumage, 1 : Colorado (Bald 

 Mountain, 1). Winter plumage, 1: Colorado (Webster, Park 

 County, 1). 



Lagopus leucurus saxatilis Cowan.^ Vancouver Island White- 

 tailed Ptarmigan. 



Lagopus leucurus saxatilis Cowan, Condor, 41, p. 82, 1939 — Mount Arrow- 

 smith, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, alt. 6,000 feet (type in 



plumage taken on the Kenai Peninsula and in southern Yukon. Possibly there 

 may be a difference in size, but more specimens are needed before this race can 

 be considered established. 



The Camp Skagit birds do not seem to be typical of rainierensis. 



Material exammed.— Washington: Berron, 1; Bald Mountain, 1; Mount 

 Rainier, 2; Puget Sound, Camp Skagit, 4. 



^Lagopus leucurus altipetens Osgood: This race has the buffy coloration of 

 typical L. /. leucurus, but perhaps slightly more intense. The barring appears 

 to be heavier. When large series are available, it may not prove to be worthy of 

 recognition. 



Additional material examined. — Colorado: James Peak, 1; Buffalo Peak, 2. 



^Lagopus leucurus saxatilis Cowan: The junior author has examined ten 

 specimens of this newly described race, including the type. Five were adult males, 

 one was an adult female and the remaining four were young of the year. All were 

 taken on September 11. On comparison with mainland birds in comparative 

 plumage, all seemed more buffy on the upper parts, and the heads and necks 

 were more distinctly black and white, instead of brownish gray. This latter 

 feature was especially distinctive in the young of the year. 



Material examined. — Vancouver Island: Mount Arrowsmith, 10. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 211 



the British Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria, British Columbia, 

 examined). 

 Lagopus leucurus leucurus (not of Richardson) Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 

 10, p. 23, 1912 — Mount Saunders and Delia Lake, Vancouver Island; 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 35, 1934 (range, Vancouver Island only). 



Range.— CoJihned to Vancouver Island. 



Genus GANACHITES Stejneger 



Canace (not of Curtis, 1838) Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xxix, 1862 



— type, by tautonymy, Tetrao canace Linnaeus. 

 Canachites Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 410, 1885 — substitute name 



for Canace Reichenbach, 1852, preoccupied. 



*Canachites canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus). Hudsonian 

 Spruce Grouse. 



Tetrao canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, p. 159, 1758 — based on 

 "The Black and Spotted Heath-cock" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, pi. 118 

 (=male); Hudson Bay. 



Canace canadensis Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pi. 9, text unpaged, 1865 — part. 



Canachites canadensis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 69, 1893 — 

 part; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 54, 1896 — part (monog.); Taverner, 

 Ann. Rep. Canada Nat. Mus., p. 89, pi., 1930 (hybrid with Lagopus 

 lagopus). 



Canachites canadensis labradorius Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 1, p. 47, 

 1899 — Rigoulette, Hamilton Inlet, Labrador (type in Museum of Com- 

 parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Allen, Auk, 16, p. 340, 1899 (descr.); 

 Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 155, 1930 (=C. c. canadensis). 



Dendragapus canadensis Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 144, 1900 (molt). 



Canachites canadensis canadensis Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 120, 

 1932 (life history); Peters, Bds. Worid, 2, p. 36, 1934 (range); Uttal, 

 Auk, 56, p. 460, 1939 — part, except Alaska and central British Columbia 

 (diag.). 



Range. — From the Labrador Peninsula through the boreal forest 



region to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains west of Edmonton, 



Alberta. 1 



Field Museum Collection. — 6: Labrador (Bowdoin Harbor, 1; 

 Lance au Loupe, 2; Anatalok Bay, 1; Okak, 1; Mingan, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 2: Alberta (Fawcett, 2). 



*Canachites canadensis canace (Linnaeus).- Canada Spruce 

 Grouse. 



^Additional material examined. — Quebec: Great Whale River, 3; Ungava, 2. 



^Canachites canadensis canace (Linnaeus): This race is very close to typical 

 C. c. canadensis, but the upper parts of the males are browner, especially on the 

 wing coverts and scapulars. In the material examined the females seem nearly 




212 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Tetrao canace Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 275, 1766 — based on "La 

 G^linote de Canada," Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 203, pi. 20, figs. 1, 2; Canada. 



Canace canadensis (not Tetrao canadensis Linnaeus) Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pi. 9, 

 text unpaged, 1865 — part. 



Canachites canadensis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 69, 1893 — 

 part; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 54, 1896 — part (monog.). 



Canachites canadensis canace Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 131, 1932 

 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 36, 1934 (range); Uttal, Auk, 

 56, p. 462, 1939 (disc). 



Range. — From Nova Scotia, ^ New Brunswick, west to southern 

 Ontario and Manitoba, south to Maine, New Hampshire, and New 

 York (formerly northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota). 



Field Museum Collection. — 7: New Brunswick (St. Andrews, 1); 

 Quebec (unspecified, 2); Maine (Eastport, 1); Ontario (Toronto, 2); 

 Minnesota (Aitkin, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 14: Maine (Five Finger Brook, 2; Passa- 

 dunkeag, 1); Michigan (Diana, 1); Ontario (Rossport, 4; Oscar, 4); 

 Minnesota (Duluth, 2). 



*Canachites canadensis osgoodi Bishop.- Alaskan Spruce 

 Grouse. 



Canachites canadensis osgoodi Bishop, Auk, 17, p. 114, 1900 — Lake Marsh, 

 Yukon Territory (type in L. B. Bishop Collection, Field Museum of 



alike, with a tendency in specimens from about Hudson Bay (C. c. canadensis) to 

 be less rusty, more blackish. With more material Alberta birds may prove to 

 belong to this race. 



Additional material examined. — Maine: Aroostook County, 1; La Grange, 1; 

 Madawaska, 1; unspecified, 1. 



* Uttal (Auk, 56, p. 462, 1939) has recently separated the birds from the Gaspe 

 Peninsula, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia as Canachites canadensis torridtis, 

 using as a type specimen a bird in the American Museum of Natural History 

 taken at Kejimkujik (Kedgemakoogie on label) Lake, known also as Fairy Lake, 

 on the boundary between Annapolis and Queens counties, Nova Scotia. In 

 this race the females are supposed to be similar to canace, but with the brown areas 

 everywhere intensified and black areas deeper-toned ; tips of unworn back feathers 

 gray suffused with brown, tannish in general appearance rather than neutral 

 gray as in canace. The males are also closest to canace but with the plumage 

 much more suffused with brown, especially on the upper wing covertsi upper 

 dorsals, scapulars, and flanks. Birds from eastern Maine are thought to be 

 assignable to this race. 



Only one specimen of this supposed race has been examined, a summer male 

 from New Brunswick. In the brownness of the upper parts it is matched by two 

 males from Aroostook County, Maine; one each from Michigan and Minnesota; 

 and three out of four from Rossport, Ontario. Two males from Eastport and 

 Passadunkeag, Maine, are lighter, however, as is the fourth male from Rossport, 

 Ontario. 



^Canachites canadensis osgoodi Bishop: In this race the males differ from 

 those of C. c. canadensis in being more olivaceous on the upper parts. From C. c. 

 canace they differ by being grayer above. The females are much grayer (less 

 buffy) both above and below than those of the other races. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 213 



Natural History, examined); Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 24, p. 64, 1904 

 — Alaska Peninsula; Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 205 — Stikine 

 region; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 129, 1932 (life history); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 36, 1934 (range). 



Canachites canadensis atratus Grinnell,* Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 5, p. 380, 

 1910 — Cedar Bay and Canoe Passage, Hawkins Island, Prince William 

 Sound, Alaska (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of 

 California, Berkeley); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 135, 1932 (life 

 history); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 36, 1934 (range); Uttal, Auk, 56, p. 

 461, 1939 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula, Kelly River, Homer, Point Graham, 

 and Seldovia). 



Canachites canadensis canadensis Uttal, Auk, 56, p. 460, 1939 — part, Alaska 

 to central British Columbia (crit.). 



Range.— From Athabaska and Great Slave lakes west through 

 northern British Columbia and the Yukon Region of Alaska at 

 least to the headwaters of the Kowak River, Russian Mission, the 

 base of the Alaskan Peninsula, and the islands of Prince William 

 Sound. 



Field Museum Collection. — 7: Alaska (Kenai River, 2; Kelly River, 

 2; upper Matanuska River, 1; Matanuska Valley, Loon Lake, 1); 

 Yukon Territory (Lake Marsh, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 22: Yukon Territory (Winter Crossing, 4; 

 Livingston, 3; head of McConnell River, 4; head of Big Salmon 

 River, 1); British Columbia (Sheep Mountains, 1); Alaska (Kan- 

 tishna River, 1; East Fork of Kuskokwim River, 2; McGrath, 1; 

 Ophir, 2; Russian Mission, 1; Flat, 2). 



*Cana^hites franklinii (Douglas). Franklin's Grouse. 



Tetrao franklinii Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 16, (1), p. 139, 1829 — 

 Rocky Mountains from lat. 50°-54° N., near the sources of Columbia 

 River (also bases of Mount Hood, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Baker).^ 



1 Canachites canadensis atratus Grinnell: This name has been put into synonymy 

 because the form seems very slight and its range, if any, confined to Prince William 

 Sound, a very limited area. Evidently these birds do not represent a wide-ranging 

 coast form, but only an extension of range to the coast where conditions favor it, 

 as is the case in a number of other inland forms. It was described from specimens 

 in worn breeding plumage, and many of the diagnostic characters can be attributed 

 to that fact. Fall specimens from the mainland at Seward on the west side of 

 Prince William Sound, as well as others from the Kenai Peninsula are typical 

 osgoodi. As stated by Grinnell, Kowak River birds are grayer than Yukon Valley 

 specimens, but the recognition of a slight form in this region is no more justified 

 than elsewhere. 



Additional material examined. — Yukon Territory: Forty-mile, 2. — Alaska: 

 Knight Island, Prince William Sound, 1 ; Hawkins Island, Prince William Sound, 

 3; Seward, 4; Kowak River, 3. — British Columbia: Flood Glacier, 1. 



2 In the A. 0. U. Check List, 4th ed., p. 139, there is added to the above "= 

 Okanagan Landing." However, Major Allan Brooks states in a letter to the 

 junior author that Franklin's Grouse is not found at Okanagan. 




214 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Canace franklinii Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pi. 10, text unpaged, 1865. 



Canachites franklinii Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 71, 1893; 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 56, 1896 (monog.); Riley, Canad. Alpine 

 Jour., special number, p. 55, 1912 (British Columbia); Bergtold, Auk, 31, 

 p. 246, 1914 (rec. Colorado); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 136, 

 1932 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 36, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Southeastern Alaska (Prince of Wales, Dall, and Za- 

 rembo Islands), central British Columbia (except extreme coastal 

 strip), and southwestern Alberta, south to northern Oregon, and 

 western Montana. 



Field Museum Collection. — 9: Alberta (National Park, 2; north of 

 Lake Louise, 1); British Columbia (Kootenay range, 2); Montana 

 (Essex, 3; Columbia Falls, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 23: Alberta (Laggan, Siffleur Valley, 1); 

 British Columbia (Cascade Mountains, near Clinton, 1 ; North Fork 

 of Moose River, 1; Lone Butte, 2; Stuie, Bella Coola District, 7; 

 Rainbow Mountains, Bella Coola District, 11). 



Genus BONASA Stephens^ 



Bonasa Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 9, (2), p. 298, 1819 — type, by subs. 



desig. (A. O. U. Committee, 1886), Tetrao umbellus Linnaeus. 

 Hylobrontes Stone, Auk, 24, p. 198, 1907— type, by orig. desig., Tetrao umbelliLS 



Linnaeus. New name to replace Bonasa Stephens, thought to apply to 



Tetrao cupido Linnaeus under the "first species" rule; cf. A. O. U. Check 



List, ed. 4, pp. 81-82, 1931. 



*Bonasa umbellus togata (Linnaeus) .^ Canadian Ruffed 

 Grouse. 



Tetrad togatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 275, 1766 — based on "La 

 grosse G^linote de Canada" Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 207, pi. 21, fig. 1; Canada, 

 i.e., the region between Montreal and Quebec. 



^ Since this volume has gone to press W. E. Clyde Todd has described in the 

 Auk for July, 1940, the following new races of Ruffed Grouse: 



Bonasa umbellus monticola (p. 392). — Two and one-half miles east of Cheat 

 Bridge, Randolph County, West Virginia, alt. 4,000 feet (type in collection of 

 Karl W. Haller). 



Bonasa umbellus medianus (p. 394). — Excelsior, Minnesota (type in the Car- 

 negie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). 



Bonasa umbellus canescens (p. 395). — Abitibi River, lat. 50° 53' N., northern 

 Ontario (type in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). 



^Bonasa umbellus togata (Linnaeus): Differs from B. u. umbellus by having 

 in general a darker and more grayish (less brownish) appearance. On the upper 

 parts the dark brown markings are more conspicuous, and on the under side the 

 brown barrings on the breast and flanks are darker and in general broader and 

 more heavily edged with darker brown. The blackish bars on the tail are wider 

 and closer together. 



Additional material examined. — Ontario: Arden, Muskoka, 3. 




b 



1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 215 



Bonasa umbelliis (not Tetrao umbellus Linnaeus) Elliot, Men. Tetr., pi. 1, text 

 unpaged, 1865— part; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 85, 1893 

 — part; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 71, 1896 — part (monog.). 



Bonasa umbellus togata Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 145, 1900 — part (molt); Bent, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 166, 1932 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 39, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Northern Quebec and northern Ontario south and west 

 to Maine, New Hampshire, northern New York, central Michigan, 

 northern Wisconsin and northern Minnesota. 



Field Museum Collection. — 6: Quebec (Levis, 1) ; Michigan (Diana, 

 2); Wisconsin (Solon Springs, 1; Grandview, 1; unspecified, 1). 



Conover Collection.— S5: Quebec (Ste. Louise, 3; Atalante, 1); 

 Maine (Aroostook County, 1 ; Penobscot County, 2) ; Michigan (Sault 

 Ste. Marie, 2; Antrim County, 3); Ontario (Rossport, 6; Coppermine 

 Point, 7; Lake Nipigon, 3; Oscar, 3); Wisconsin (Drummond, 3); 

 Minnesota (Grand Marais, 1). 



♦Bonasa umbellus thayeri Bangs. ^ Nova Scotian Ruffed 

 Grouse. 



Bonasa umbellus thayeri Bangs, Auk, 29, p. 378, 1912 — Digby, Nova Scotia 

 (type in. Bangs Collection, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- 

 bridge, Mass.); idem. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 156, 1930 (descr. 

 type); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 177, 1932 (life history); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 2, p. 40, 1934 (range). 



Bonasa umbellus (not Tetrao umbellus Linnaeus) Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pi. 1, text 

 unpaged, 1865— part; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 85,1893 

 ■ — part; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 71, 1896 — part (monog.). 



Bonasa umbellus togata (not Tetrao togatus Linnaeus) Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 145, 

 1900— part (molt). 



Range. — Nova Scotia peninsula and eastern New Brunswick. 



Field Museum Collection.- — 2: Nova Scotia (Hahfax, 1); New 

 Brunswick (St. Stephens, 1). 



*Bonasa umbellus umbellus (Linnaeus). Eastern Ruffed 

 Grouse. 



Tetrao umbellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 275, 1766 — based on "The 

 RuflFed Heath-cock or Grous" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 79, pi. 248; 

 [eastern] Pennsylvania. 



Tetrao tympanus Bartram, Trav. Florida, p. 288, 1792 — Pennsylvania. 



^Bonasa umbellus thayeri Bangs: This is a very local race restricted to the 

 Nova Scotia peninsula and probably eastern New Brunswick. It is closest to B. u. 

 togata, but the color of the upper parts gives the general appearance of being 

 darker, less grayish, but more dusky, in this respect tending toward typical B. u. 

 umbellus. The under parts are apt to be more heavily banded with dusky. 



Additional material examined. — Nova Scotia: Digby, Dartmouth, 6. 



k 




216 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Bonasa umbellus Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pi. 1, text unpaged, 1865 — part; Ogilvie- 

 Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 85, 1893— part; idem, Handb. Game- 

 Eds., 1, p. 71, 1896— part; Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 145, 1900 (molt); Tuttle, 

 Auk, 36, p. 325, 1919 (drumming); Gross, Auk, 42, p. 423, 1925 (disease). 



BoTiasa jobsii Jaycox, Cornell Era, Dec. 8, 1871, and Jan. 19, 1872 — vicinity 

 of Ithaca, New York(?). 



Bonasa umbellus umbellus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 141, 1932 Oife 

 history); Towers, Auk, 51, p. 516, 1934 (plumage); Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 40, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Massachusetts, central New York, southern Ontario, 

 southern Michigan, central Wisconsin, and central Minnesota south 

 to northern North Carolina, Tennessee, northern Arkansas, and 

 eastern Kansas, in the mountains to northern Georgia.* 



Field Museum Collection. — 14: Massachusetts (Concord, 1; Wake- 

 field, 1; Dedham, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 2); New York 

 (Manorville, 2; Dryden, 2; Auburn, 1); Ontario (Toronto, 2); Wis- 

 consin (Beaver Dam, 1); Illinois (Warsaw, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Massachusetts (Mashpee, 2); Connecticut 

 (Plainfield, 1); Michigan (Waterloo, l).^ 



♦Bonasa umbellus umbelloides (Douglas),^ Gray Ruffed 

 Grouse. 



Tetrao umi>elloides Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 16, (1), p. 148 (in text), 

 1829 — valleys of the Rocky Mountains, lat. 54" N., and near the sources of 

 the Columbia east of the Coast and Cascade ranges (type apparently lost). 



Bonasa umbelloides Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pi. 2, text unpaged, 1865 — part. 



Bonasa umbellus (not Tetrao umbellus Linnaeus) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 22, p. 85, 1893 — part; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 71, 

 1896 — part (monog.). 



iWetmore (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 407, 1937) refers the population of 

 the southeastern United States to B. u. iogata. 



'Additional material examined. — Pennsylvania: Bryn Mawr, Moscow, Tioga 

 County, Lycoming, Driftwood, Clinton, McKean, and Cameron counties, 14. — 

 Tennessee: Mount Leconte, 1. — North Carolina: Weaverville, 2. — Indiana: Rose 

 Lawn, 1. — Illinois: Evanston, 1; Kane County, 1. — Michigan: Ann Arbor, Jackson 

 and Washtenaw counties, Kalamazoo, Darry, Livingston, and Oakland counties, 

 12. — Ontario: St. Clair Flats, Niagara Falls, Liewry, Norfolk County, Middlesex, 

 Brant, Wentworth, York, and Semcoe counties, 15. 



^Bonasa umbellus umbelloides (Douglas): Differs from B. u. umbellus and 

 B. u. togata in being lighter (grayer). Most nearly resembles iogata, but the darker 

 markings are less numerous and the dark barrings on the tail are not so wide nor 

 so closely spaced. 



Additional material examined. — British Columbia: Similkameen River, Okana- 

 gan Landing, Okanagan, Vernon, Coldstream, Lumby, Mabel Lake, Cottonwood, 

 Willow River, Cariboo, Fort St. James, 19. — Washington: Danville, Curlew, 

 Blue Mountains, Calispel Lake, Sullivan Lake, Tunk Mountains, Oroville, Ma- 

 zama, Gifford, Colville, Loomis, Entiat, Mount Stewart, 15. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 217 



Bonasa umbellus umbelloides Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 145, 1900 — part (molt); 

 Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 171, 1932 (life history); Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 39, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Central Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan, Alberta, 

 north-central British Columbia (east of the Cascade Range), south 

 to South Dakota, northern Colorado, northern Utah, and eastern 

 Oregon. 



Field Museum Collection.— IS : Manitoba (Carman, 2) ; Saskatche- 

 wan (Prince Albert, 1); Alberta (Edmonton, 7); British Columbia 

 (Kootenai Range, 2); Dakota (unspecified, 1). 



Conover Collection.— 20: Saskatchewan (Buffalo Lake, 1); Alberta 

 (Edmonton, 2; Big Hay Lake, 2; Fawcett, 1); British Columbia 

 (Hagensborg, Bella Coola District, 2); North Dakota (Grafton, 4); 

 Utah (Brigham, 6; Middle Fork Canyon, 2). 



*Bonasa umbellus yukonensis Grinnell.^ Yukon Ruffed 

 Grouse. 



Bonasa umbellits yukonensis Grinnell, Condor, 18, p. 166, 1916 — Forty-mile, 

 Yukon Territory, Yukon River near Alaskan boundary (type in Museum 

 of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, California); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 162, p. 177, 1932 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 39, 1934 (range). 



Bonasa umbelloides (not Tetrao umbelloides Douglas) Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pi. 2, 



text unpaged, 1865 — part. 

 Bonasa umbellus (not Tetrao umbellus Linnaeus) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 



Brit. Mus., 22, p. 85, 1893— part; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 71, 



1896 — part (monog.). 

 Bonasa umbellus umbelloides Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 145,. 1900 — part (molt). 



Range. — Southern Mackenzie and interior of Yukon Territory 

 and Alaska, south to northwestern Saskatchewan, northern Alberta, 

 and northern British Columbia. 



Conover Collection. — 4 : Yukon Territory (Winter Crossing, Teslin 

 River, 2; Lake La Barge, 1); Alaska (Russian Mission, 1). 



♦Bonasa umbellus brunnescens Conover.^ Vancouver Island 

 Ruffed Grouse. 



Bonasa umbellus brunnescens Conover, Condor, 37, p. 204, July 15, 1935 — 

 Comox, Comox District, Vancouver Island (type in Conover Collection, 

 Field Museum of Natural History). 



^Bonasa umbellus yukonensis Grinnell: Palest and grayest of all the races 

 of Bonasa umbellus. Nearest to B. u. umbelloides, but grayer (more ashy), the 

 dark markings not so numerous, and the pattern much finer. 



^Bonasa umbellus brunnescens Conover: In both the red and the gray phases 

 differs from B. u. sabini by much browner (less reddish) upper parts except the 

 tail. In the red phase, brunnescens has the tail dull ochraceous umber instead of 



I 




218 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Bonasa sabinei (not Tetrao sabini Douglas) Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pi. 3, text 

 unpaged, 1865 — part, Vancouver Island. 



Bonasa umbelltis (not Tetrao umbellus Linnaeus) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 22, p. 85, 1893 — part, Vancouver Island; idem, Handb. 

 Game-Bds., 1, p. 71, 1896 — part (monog.). 



Bonasa umbellus sabini Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 145, 1900 — part (molt); Bent, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 174, 1932— part (life history); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 2, p. 39, 1934 — part, Vancouver Island. 



Range. — Vancouver Island and small islands adjacent. 

 Conover Collection. — 9: Vancouver Island (Comox, 9). 



♦Bonasa umbellus sabini (Douglas).^ Sabine's Ruffed Grouse. 



Tetrao sabini Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 16, (1), p. 137, 1829 — 

 "coast of Northwest America, between the parallels of 40° and 49° from 

 Cape Mendocino on the south, to the Straits of Juan de Fuca, Quadra, 

 and Vancouver's Island on the north" = vicinity of Vancouver, Washing- 

 ton (cf. Conover, Condor, 37, p. 204, 1935). 



Bonasa sabinei Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pi. 3, text unpaged, 1865— part. 



Bonasa umbellus (not Tetrao umbelhis Linnaeus) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 22, p. 85, 1893— part; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 71, 1896 

 — part (monog.). 



Bonasa umbellus sabini Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 145, 1900 — part (molt); Grinnell, 

 Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 552, 1918 — California (habits); 

 Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 174, 1932— part (life history); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 2, p. 39, 1934 (range — except Vancouver Island). 



Range. — Pacific Coast region of North America (west of the Cas- 

 cade Range) from southern British Columbia south to Humboldt 

 County, California. 



Field Museum Collection. — 7: Washington (Clallam Bay, 1; 

 unspecified, 1); Oregon (Logan, 3; Tillamook, 1; unspecified, 1). 



ferruginous as in sabini. In the gray phase, the tail of brunnescens is gray with 

 no reddish coloration and lacks the double cross-barring of sabini. 



Differs from B. u. umbelloides and B. u. yukonensis in much darker (browner) 

 upper surface and much more buffy and more heavily barred (with brown) under 

 surface. 



Additional material examined. — Saturna Island, 3. 



^Bonasa umbelhis sabini (Douglas): Differs from all other races of B. umbellus 

 in having the upper parts of a rich rufescent color. In this race the gray phase 

 seems to be almost unknown except along the border of its range (northern 

 Washington, southern British Columbia, and the eastern Cascades) where it inter- 

 grades with B. u. umbelloides. 



Additional material examined. — British Columbia: Howe Sound, New West- 

 minster, Lund, Vancouver, Port Simpson, Agassiz, Sumas, Chilliwack, 16. — 

 Washington: White Salmon, Shoalwater Bay, Mount Rainier, Cedarville, Nis- 

 qually River, Darrington, Olympic Mountains, Puget Sound, Rockport, Bellingham, 

 Whatcom County, Whidby Island, Neah Bay, 21. — Oregon: Cascade Mountains, 

 Fort Steilacoom, Parkdale, Willamette Valley, Portland, Beaverton, 11. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 219 



Conover Collection. — 12: British Columbia (upper Pitt River, 1); 

 Washington (Glacier, 1; Kirkland, 1); Oregon (Blaine, 5; Scio, 4). 



Genus PEDIOECETES Baird 



Pedioecetes Baird, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac, 9, pp. xxi, xliv, 1858 — 

 type, by monotypy, Pedioecetes phasianellus Linnaeus =Te<rao phasia- 

 nellus Linnaeus. 



Pediocaetes Baird, I.e., pp. 619, 625 — same type. 



♦Pedioecetes phasianellus phasianellus (Linnaeus). Northern 

 Sharp-tailed Grouse. 



Tetrao phasianellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 160, 1758 — Canada= 

 Hudson Bay, ex Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 117= probably York 

 Factory (cf. Snyder, Univ. Toronto Studies, Biol. Ser., 40, (2), p. 38, 

 1935). 



Pediaecaetes phasianellus Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pi. 15, text unpaged, 1865, 



Pediocaetes phasianellus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 82, 1893. 



Pedioecetes phasianellus Ogilvie-Grant, Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 68, 1896 

 (monog.); Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 164, 1900 (molt). 



Pedioecetes phasianellus phasianellus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 285, 

 1932 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 40, 1934 (range); Snyder, 

 Univ. Toronto Studies, Biol. Ser., 40, (1), p. 7, 1935 (migr.); (2), p. 

 43, 1935 (disc); idem, Occ. Papers, Roy. Ont. Mus. Zool., 2, p. 3, 1935 

 (disc). 



Range. — From central-western Quebec (Ungava) and northeast- 

 ern Manitoba south to southern Ontario and Lake Superior. 



Conover Collection. — 7: Ontario (Moose Factory, 2; Oscar, 5).^ 



♦Pedioecetes phasianellus campestris Ridgway.^ Prairie 

 Sharp-tailed Grouse. 



Pedioecetes phasianellus campestris Ridgway, Proc Biol. Soc Wash., 2, p. 93, 

 April 10, 1884— Illinois and Rosebud Creek, Montana (type in U. S. 

 National Museum examined); Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 164, 1900 (molt); 



^Additional material examined. — Ontario: Moose River, 1; James Bay, Part- 

 ridge Creek, 1; James Bay, Fort George, 2. 



2 Pedioecetes phasianellus campestris Ridgway: Palest and most ochraceous 

 of all the races. General color of upper parts ochraceous buff, predominating 

 over the blackish markings. Compared with P. p. phasianellus, under side much 

 whiter on lower breast and abdomen, with dark markings on chest and flanks 

 paler (fresh fall plumage). 



Additional material examined. — Wisconsin: Port Wing, 10; Solon Springs, 1. — 

 Illinois: Andalusia, 1; unspecified, 1. — North Dakota: Grinnell, 1; Tappen, 1; 

 Lac aux Morts, 2; Fish Lake, 3; Goodall, 3; Valley City, 2; Elbowoods, 3. — South 

 Dakota: Elk Mountain, 1; Fort Pierre, 1; Spearfish, 1. — Montana: Rosebud 

 Creek, 1; Clydepark, 1; Fort Custer, 3. — Wyoming: Crook County, 1. — Colorado: 

 Castle Rock, 7; Sedalia, 1; Elbert, 1; unspecified, 1. 




220 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Rowan, Auk, 43, p. 333, pi., 1926 (hybrid with T. americanvis); Bent, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 291, 1932 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 41, 1934 (range); Snyder, Univ. Toronto Studies, Biol. Ser., 40, 

 (2), p. 55, 1935 (disc); idem, Occ. Papers, Roy. Ont. Mus. Zool., 2, p. 5, 

 1935 (disc). 



Pediaecaetes columbianus (not Phasianus columbianits Ord) Elliot, Mon. Tetr., 

 pi. 14, text unpaged, 1865 — part, east of Rocky Mountains. 



Pediocaetes columbianus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 83, 1893 

 — part, except west of the Rockies and Alaska. 



Pedioecetes columbianiLS Ogilvie-Grant, Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 69, 1896 — 

 part, except west of Rockies and Alaska. 



Pedioecetes phasianellus jamesi Lincoln, > Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p. 84, 

 1917 — Castle Rock, Douglas County, Colorado (type in Colorado Museum 

 of Natural History examined); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 40, 1934 (range); 

 Snyder, Univ. Toronto Studies, Biol. Ser., 40, (2), p. 56, 1935 (disc)'; 

 idem, Occ. Papers, Roy. Ont. Mus. Zool., 2, p. 6, 1935 (disc). 



Pedioecetes phasianellus campisylvicola Snyder, Occ. Papers, Roy. Ont. Mus. 

 Zool., 2, p. 4, 1935 — St. Charles (near Winnipeg), Manitoba (type in 

 Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology, Toronto); idem. Auk, 56, p. 184 (in 

 text), 1939 (=P. p. campestris). 



Range. — From central Manitoba and central Alberta south to 

 northwestern Wisconsin (formerly to northern Illinois), Minnesota, 

 Kansas, and eastern Colorado.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 15: Manitoba (Giroux, 3; Winnipeg, 

 1); Saskatchewan (Prince Albert, 1); Alberta (Edmonton, 2; Red 

 Deer, 2); Minnesota (Madison, 1); North Dakota (Dickinson, 3; 

 Bismarck, 1); South Dakota (Pine Ridge Agency, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 32: Alberta (Edmonton, 2; Tofield, 2; 

 Beaverhill Lake, 1); Saskatchewan (Imperial, 7); North Dakota 

 (Grafton, 2; Brantford, 2); South Dakota (Peever, 2); Nebraska 



* The series of five birds (including the type) used in the naming of jamesi 

 has been examined. This series does seem lighter than birds from Illinois, but 

 unfortunately all of them were taken in February and March and are somewhat 

 faded. Two other fall specimens (October and November) taken within thirty 

 miles of the type locality (Sedalia and Elbert) prove to be similar to campestris. 

 It should be emphasized here, that birds in fresh fall plumage are the only ones 

 of any value for taxonomic purposes. 



2 There is great variation in the birds inhabiting the range of campestris as 

 given. The palest specimens, which are light buffy, come from the southern 

 edge of its range in north-central Nebraska. Extending west, north, and east 

 from this area the birds become progressively darker. Unfortunately it is to 

 these darker, or intermediate birds, on the eastern, western, and northern bound- 

 aries of the prairie form, that the three names campestris, jamesi, and campisyl- 

 vicola have been given. Fall specimens from near the type localities of all three 

 of these proposed races have been examined, and the conclusion has been reached 

 that to all practical purposes they are one and the same bird. The paler bird from 

 Nebraska has not been thought worthy of a name, as its range seems very limited. 

 In South Dakota, immediately to the north, both light and dark specimens have 

 been taken from the same locality. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 221 



(Wood Lake, 10); Montana (Stillwater County, 1); Wyoming (Nio- 

 brara, 2; Platte County, 1). 



*Pedioecetes phasianellus kennicottii Suckley.^ Northwest- 

 ern Sharp-tailed Grouse. 



Pediocaetes kennicottii Suckley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 14, p. 362, 1861 — 

 Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories (type formerly in U. S. National 

 Museum, now lost). 



Pedioecetes phasianellus kennicottii Du Mont, Auk, 50, p. 432, 1933 (name 

 revived); Snyder, Univ. Toronto Studies, Biol. Ser., 40, (2), p. 48, 1935 

 (descr.); idem, Occ. Papers, Roy. Ont. Mus. Zool., 2, p. 2, 1935 (descr. 

 and range). 



Range.— From the Mackenzie region and central Alaska south 

 through the Yukon Territory to northern Alberta and British 

 Columbia. 



Conover Collection.— 5: Alaska (Diamond, 2; Teklanika River, 2); 

 Alberta (Fort Smith, 1). 



*Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus (Ord).^ Columbian 

 Sharp-tailed Grouse. 



Phasianus columbianus Ord, in Guthrie's Geogr., 2nd Amer. ed., 2, p. 317, 

 1815 — Great Plains of the Columbia River, based on the "grouse or 

 prairie hen" of Lewis and Clark Exped., 2, p. 180. 



Tetrao urophasianellus Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 16, (1), p. 136, 

 1829 — Columbia River and northern California (type lost). 



Pediaecaetes columbianus Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pi. 14, text unpaged, 1865 — 

 part, west of the Rocky Mountains. 



Pediocaetes columbianus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 83, 1893 

 — part, west of Rockies, only. 



Pedioecetes columbianus Ogilvie-Grant, Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 69, 1896 — 

 part, west of Rockies, only. 



Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 164, 1900 (molt); 

 Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. CaUf., p. 558, 1918 — California 

 (habits); F. M. Bailey, Bds. New Mexico, p. 209, 1928 — Johnson Mesa, 

 east of Raton; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 288, 1932 (life history); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 40, 1934 (range); Snyder, Univ. Toronto Studies, 



1 Pedioecetes phasianellus kennicottii Suckley: A dark bird like typical phasia- 

 nellus, but with the black markings on the upper parts predominating, giving a 

 darker appearance; dark V-shaped markings on the under sides much more 

 restricted; lower breast and abdomen immaculate. 



Additional material examined. — Alaska: Fairbanks, 4; Sperry, 1. 



" Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus (Ord) : Smallest and grayest of all the 

 races. Darker (more brownish) on the upper parts than P. ph. campestris, but 

 lighter (grayer) than P. ph. phasianellus. Dark markings of the breast and flanks 

 more extensive and blacker, resembling typical phasianellus. 




222 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Biol. Ser., 40, (2), p. 53, 1935 (disc); idem, Occ. Papers, Roy. Ont. Mus. 

 Zool., 2, p. 2, 1935 (disc). 



Range. — Interior lowlands west of the Continental Divide from 

 northern British Columbia south to Utah, western Colorado, north- 

 em New Mexico, and northern California. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Montana (Flathead County, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 9: British Columbia (Lone Butte, 2); Utah 

 (Tremonton, 5); Colorado (Pinnacle, 2). 



Genus TYMPANUCHUS Gloger 



Tympanuchus Gloger, Hand- und Hilfsb. Naturg., p. 396, "1842"= 1841— 

 type, by monotypy, Tetrao cupido Linnaeus. 



Cupidonia Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xxix, after Oct. 1, 1852 — type, by 

 monotypy, Cupidonia americana Reichenbach =Te<rao cupido Linnaeus. 



♦Tympanuchus cupido cupido (Linnaeus). Heath Hen. 



Tetrao cupido Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 160, 1758 — based on "Cocq 

 de bois d'Amerique" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 2, App., p. 1, pi. 1; 

 "Virginia" = Pennsylvania. 



Cupidonia americana Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xxix, after Oct. 1, 1852 — 

 based on "Attagen americana" Brisson (Orn., 1, p. 212), which in its 

 turn rests exclusively on Catesby's "Cocq de bois d'Amerique." 



Cupidonia cupido Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pi. 16, 1865 (text unpaged) — part; 

 Brewster, Auk, 2, p. 80, 1885 (descr. and diff. with C. pinnata). 



Cupidonia cupido brewsteri Coues, Key N. Amer. Bds., App., p. 884, 1887 — 

 Martha's Vineyard, Mass. (based on Cupidonia cupido Brewster, Auk, 2, 

 p. 80, 1885). 



Tympanuchus cupido Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 77, 1893; 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 65, 1896 (monog.); Dwight, Auk, 17, 

 p. 163, 1900 (molt); Field, 42nd Ann. Rep. Mass. Comm. Fisheries and 

 Game, 1907 (status). 



Tympanuchus cupido cupido Gross, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, No. 4, 

 1928 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 264, 1932 (life history); 

 Canad. Field Nat., 46, p. 207, 1932 (total ext.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, 

 p. 41, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Extinct; formerly occurred from southern New England 

 to the Potomac River. From 1830 to about 1932 confined to the 

 island of Martha's Vineyard. 



Field Museum Collection.—^: Massachusetts (Martha's Vine- 

 yard, 8). 



Conover Collection. — 6: Massachusetts (Martha's Vineyard, 5; 

 unspecified, 1). 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 223 



*Tyinpanuchus cupido pinnatus (Brewster), Greater Prairie 

 Hen. 



Cupidonia pinnata Brewster, Auk, 2, p. 82, 1885 — Vermillion, South Dakota 

 (cotypes now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. 

 Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 155, 1930). 



Cupidonia cupido (not Tetrao cupido Linnaeus) Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pi. 16, 

 1865 (text unpaged)— part; Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI., 2, p. 66, 1877 

 (hybrid with Pedioecetes phasianellus) . 



Tympanuchus americanus (not Cupidonia americana Reichenbach) Ridgway, 

 Auk, 3, p. 132, 1886 (disc, nomencl.); Brewster, Auk, 12, p. 99, pL, 1895 

 (red variety); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 78, 1893; idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 62, 1896 (monog.); Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 163, 

 1900 (molt); Rowan, Auk, 43, p. 333, pi., 1926 (hybrid with Pedioecetes 

 phasianellus). 



Tympanuchus cupido americanus Breckenridge, Auk, 46, p. 540, 1929 (dis- 

 play); Gross, Prog. Report Wise. Prairie Ch. Invest., 1930 — Wisconsin 

 (life history); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 242, 1932 (life history). 



Tympanuchus cupido pinnata Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 155, 1930 

 (disc, of type of Cupidonia pinnata Brewster). 



Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 41, 1934 (range). 



Range. — From about Edmonton, ^ central Alberta, southern 

 Saskatchewajn and southern Manitoba, south through northern 

 Minnesota, the northern peninsula of Michigan to south central 

 Indiana, Arkansas, northeastern Texas, and eastern Colorado. 



Field Museum Collection. — 17: Manitoba (Portage Plains, 1; 

 Shoal Lake, 1; Carman, 2); Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 1); North 

 Dakota (Grand Harbor, 2); South Dakota (Harrison, 2); Michigan 

 (Mackinaw County, 2) ; Minnesota (Madison, 2) ; Wisconsin (Beaver 

 Dam, 2; Jefferson County, 1; Wausau, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 22: Alberta (Chauvin, 1; Sullivan Lake, 1); 

 North Dakota (Grafton, 6); South Dakota (Eden, 4); Nebraska 

 (Wood Lake, 10). 



♦Tympanuchus cupido attwateri Bendire.- Attwater's 

 Prairie Hen. 



Tympanuchus attwateri Bendire, Forest and Stream, 40, p. 425, 1893 — Re- 

 fugio and Aransas counties, Texas (type in U. S. National Museum). 



1 Casual as far north as Lac la Biche, Alberta, according to Professor William 

 Rowan (in litt.). 



2 Tympanuchus cupido attwateri Bendire: Differs from T. c. americanus in 

 being smaller, less brownish above, and with more pronounced chestnut on the 

 foreneck. Can always be told from all other races of T. cupido and T. pallidi- 

 cinctus by having the tarsus feathered in front for not more than two-thirds of 

 its length, never to the base of the toes. 




224 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Tympanuchus americanus attwateri Bendire, Auk, 11, p. 130, 1894 (range, 

 fuller descr. adult and puUus); Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 163, 1900 (molt). 



Tympanuchiis cupido attwateri Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p, 263, 1932 

 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 41, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Coast region of Texas and southwestern Louisiana. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Texas (Jefferson County, 1). 



♦Tympanuchus palUdicinctus (Ridgway). Lesser Prairie Hen. 



Cupidonia cupido var. pallidicincta Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, p. 199, 

 1873 — prairies of Texas near lat. 32° N. (type in U. S. National Museum). 



Tympanuchus palUdicinctus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 80, 

 1893; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 1, p. 65, 1896 (monog.); Dwight, Auk, 

 17, p. 163, 1900 (molt); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 280, 1932 

 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 41, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Great Plains, from Kansas to New Mexico and west- 

 central Texas. 



Field Museum Collection. — 5: Texas, 1; locality unspecified, 4. 



Conover Collection. — 4: New Mexico (Bluit, 4). 



Genus CENTROCERCUS Swainson 



Centrocerctis Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., 

 2, pp. 358, 496, Feb., 1832 — type, by orig. desig., Tetrao urophasianus 

 Bonaparte. 



♦Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonaparte). Sage Grouse, 



Tetrao urophasianus Bonaparte, Zool. Joum., 3, No. 10, p. 213, April-Sept., 

 1827 — "Northwestern countries beyond the Mississippi, especially on the 

 Missouri" = North Dakota (type in Leadbeater Collection, probably lost). 



Centrocercus urophasianus Elliot, Mon. Tetr., pi. 13, 1865 (text unpaged); 

 Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 81, 1893; idem, Handb. Game- 

 Bds., 1, p. 66, pi. 6, 1896 (monog.); Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 165, 1900 (molt); 

 Bond, Auk, 17, p. 325, pi., 1900 (nupt. perf.); Grinnell, Bryant, and 

 Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 564, 1918 — California (habits); Brooks, 

 Condor, 32, p. 205, 1930 (plumage); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, 

 p. 300, 1932 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 42, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Sagebrush plains of western North America from south- 

 ern British Columbia, southern Saskatchewan, and northwestern 

 North Dakota, south to middle-eastern California, northwestern New 

 Mexico, and northwestern Nebraska. 



Field Museum Collection. — 6: Colorado (Maybell, 1; Gunnison, 1; 

 Cross Mountain, 1); Wyoming (Albany County, 1; Cody, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 24: Wyoming (Du Bois, 6; Laramie, 1; Point 

 of Rocks, 1); Utah (Tremonton, 13; 15 miles east of Brigham, 3). 




b 



1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 225 



Family PHASIANIDAE. Partridges, Quails, and Pheasants 



Genus DENDRORTYX Gould 



Dendrortyx Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., 1, pi. [3] and text, 1844 (=pl. 20 of 

 bound volume) — type, by monotypy, Ortyx macroura Jardine and Selby. 



Dendrortyx barbatus Gould. Bearded Partridge. 



Dendrortyx barbatus ("Lichtenstein" MS.) Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., 2, 

 pi. [2] and text, 1846 (=pl. 22 of bound volume) — Jalapa, Vera Cruz (type 

 in Berlin Museum); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 393, 1893 

 — Jalapa, Vera Cruz; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 113, 1897 (monog.); 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 289, 1903 — Jalapa, 

 Orizaba; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 42, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Mountain forests of the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.^ 



Dendrortyx macroura macroura (Jardine and Selby). Eastern 

 Long-tailed Partridge. 



Ortyx macroura Jardine and Selby, 111. Orn., 1, text to pis. 38 (in "Ortyx 

 synopsis specierum") and 49 and text, 1828 — Mexico [= mountains about 

 valley of Mexico; fide Nelson, Auk, 14, p. 44, 1897] (present location of 

 type unknown). 



Tetrao marmorata La Llave, Reg. Trim., 1, p. 144, 1831.^ 



Dendrortyx jnacrourus Gould, Monog. Odontoph., pi. 20, text unpaged, 1850; 

 Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 392, 1893 (descr. only). 



Dendrortyx macrurus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 287, 

 1903— part, Vera Cruz. 



Dendrortyx macroura macroura Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 42, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Mountains about the Valley of Mexico and highlands 

 in the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.^ 



Dendrortyx macroura griseipectus Nelson.^ Gray-breasted 

 Long-tailed Partridge. 



1 Material examined. — Vera Cruz: Jico, 10. 



2 Not seen by the authors. 



^Material examined. — Mexico: Salazar, Sierra de la Cruz, alt. 10,000 feet, 2; 

 Amecameca, 1; Vera Cruz, Mount Orizaba, 1. 



* Dendrortyx macroura griseipectus Nelson: Similar to typical macroura but 

 rufous shaft streaks of the breast feathers confined to the basal half or two-thirds 

 of each feather and almost entirely concealed, giving a nearly uniform dingy gray 

 appearance to the breast; upper parts slightly more olivaceous. 



Although San Sebastian, Jalisco, is widely separated from Huitzilac, Morelos, 

 and the range of D. m. striatus in Michoacan would seem to intervene somewhat, 

 the Jalisco specimens are so nearly like griseipectus from Morelos and so different 

 from striatus that no other way is left than to place them in the same race. 



Future specimens from other localities may prove that the range of grisei- 

 pectus extends along the edge of the tableland (east and north of the range of 

 striatus) between San Sebastian, Jalisco and Huitzilac, Morelos. 



Material examined. — Morelos: Huitzilac, 2. — Jalisco: San Sebastian, 3. 




226 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Dendrertyx macrourus griseipectus Nelson, Auk, 14, p. 44, 1897 — Huitzilac, 

 Morelos, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey 

 Collection, examined). 



Dendrortyx macrurus (not Ortyx macroura Jardine and Selby) Salvin and God- 

 man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 287, 1903 — part, Morelos. 



Dendrortyx macroura griseipectus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 42, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Known only from two widely separated localities, 

 Huitzilac, Morelos, and San Sebastidn (northwest of Mascota), 

 Jalisco, Mexico. 



Dendrortyx macroura striatus Nelson.^ Guerreran Long- 

 tailed Partridge. 



Dendrortyx macrourus striatus Nelson, Auk, 14, p. 44, 1897 — Chilpancingo, 



Guerrero, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey 



Collection, examined). 

 Dendrortyx macrourus (not Ortyx macroura Jardine and Selby) Ogilvie-Grant, 



Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 392, 1893— part, Guerrero, Colima. 

 Dendrortyx macrorus Ogilvie-Grant, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 112, 1897^ 



part, Guerrero, Colima. 

 Dendrortyx macrourus diltUu^ Nelson, Auk, 17, p. 254, 1900 — Patzcuaro, 



Michoacan, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey 



Collection, examined). 

 Dendrortyx macrurus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 287, 



1903 — part, Guerrero, Michoacan. 

 Dendrortyx macroura dilutus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 42, 1934 (range). 

 Dendrortyx macroura striatus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 42, 1934 (range); 



Griscom, Auk, 54, p. 192, 1937^0milteme, Guerrero (dist. char.). 



Range. — Mexico in the Sierra Madre of Michoacan and the Cor- 

 dillera of Guerrero above 8,000 feet. 



Dendrortyx macroura oaxacae Nelson.- Oaxacan Long-tailed 

 Partridge. 



^Dendrortyx macroura striatus Nelson: Similar to D. m. macroura, but has 

 heavy rufous shaft lines on the feathers of the entire flanks; the upper parts are 

 more olivaceous and the white markings of the back and tail are almost obsolete; 

 crown of head blackish, lacking the rufous spots to the tips of the feathers found 

 in typical macroura. 



A series of nineteen specimens, including tyf)e, of D. m. striatus from Guerrero, 

 and eleven specimens, including type, of D. m. dilutus from Michoacan show no 

 constant difference. 



Material examined. — Michoacan: Mount Tancitaro, 8; Patamban, 2; Patz- 

 cuaro, 1. — Guerrero: Omilteme, 18; Chilpancingo, 1. 



* Dendrortyx macroura oaxacae Nelson: Top of head black as in D. m. striatus; 

 white borders to the feathers on the back of the neck, present in other known 

 races, absent; white cheek and superciliary stripes very indistinct; feathers of 

 the chest and upper breast dark chestnut with very narrow ashy borders along 

 sides, giving an almost uniform chestnut appearance to this area. Entire bird 

 darker than typical macroura, with a suppression of the lighter markings. 



Material examined. — Oaxaca: Mount 2iempoaltepec, 1; Mount Totontepec, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 227 



Dendrortyx oaxacae Nelson, Auk, 14, p. 43, 1897 — Totontepec, Oaxaca, Mex- 

 ico (type in U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, 

 examined). 



Dendrortyx macrourus (not Ortyx macroura Jardine and Selby) Ogilvie-Grant, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 392, 1893— part, Oaxaca. 



Dendrortyx macrorus Ogilvie-Grant, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 112, 1897 — 

 part, Oaxaca. 



Dendrortyx macrurus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 287, 

 1903 — part, Oaxaca. 



Dendrortyx macroura oaxacae Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 43, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Mountains of eastern Oaxaca from the Cerro San Felipe 

 to Mount Zempoaltepec. 



*Dendrortyx leucophrys leucophrys (Gould). Guatemalan 

 Long-tailed Partridge. 



Ortyx leucophrys Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, "1843," p. 132, pub. 

 March, 1844 — Coban, Guatemala (type in collection of Earl of Derby, 

 now in Liverpool Museum). 



Dendrortyx leucophrys Gould, Monog. Odontoph., pi. 21, text unpaged, 1850; 

 Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 394, 1893 — part, Guatemala; 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 114, 1897 — part, Guatemala; Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 289, 1903 — part, Guatemala. 



Dendrortyx leucophrys leucophrys Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, 

 p. 105, 1932 — Sepacuite, Guatemala (habits); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 43, 

 1934 (range). 



Dendrortyx leucophrys nicaraguae Miller and Griscom,^ Amer. Mus. Nov., 

 183, p. 1, 1925 — Jalapa, Nicaragua, alt. 4,000 feet (type in the American 

 Museum of Natural History, New York, examined); Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 43, 1934 (range); Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 549 — Panajachel, Solola, 

 Pacific Cordillera of Guatemala (crit.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field 

 Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 156, 1938— Volcan de San Miguel, 

 Mount Cacaguatique, and Los Esesmiles, El Salvador. 



Range. — Highlands of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and 

 northwestern Nicaragua. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1 : El Salvador (Los Esesmiles, Chala- 

 tenango, 1). 



1 The characters given for this supposed race are: smaller; generally darker; 

 rufous centers to feathers of nape, back, and chest darker; auricular regions sooty 

 black with a few dark chestnut shaft streaks in contrast with sides of neck, whereas 

 D. I. leucophrys has auriculars rufous and dusky, uniform with sides of the neck; 

 tail above and under tail coverts darker. A series of 15 adults (Guatemala, 2; 

 Honduras, 8; Nicaragua, 5) has been examined. At first glance the Nicaraguan 

 specimens appear darker, but one of the Guatemalan birds is equally dark, and 

 the type of nicaraguae, which is the lightest of the series, is very little darker than 

 the other Guatemalan specimen. Of the eight birds from Honduras, three are 

 dark, and five are light. The other characters seem of no value. 



Additional material examined. — Guatemala: Finca Sepacuite, 1; Santa Elena, 

 1. — Nicaragua: Jalapa, 5. 




228 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Conover Collection. — 16: Honduras, Dept. Tegucigalpa (Cerro 

 Cantoral, 2; Cantoral, 5; El Derrumbe, 2; Alto Cantoral, 2; La 

 Flor, near Archaga, 5). 



♦Dendrortyx leucophrys hypospodius Salvin.^ Costa Rican 

 Long-tailed Partridge. 



Dendrortyx hypospodius Salvin, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 6, p. 5, 1896 — "Azalias" 

 [=Azahar] de Cartago, Costa Rica (type in British Museum [Natural 

 History]); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 289, 1903 — 

 Costa Rica (Azahar de Cartago, Alaju^la, Estrella, La Palma de San 

 Jos6); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 385, 1910 (range in Costa 

 Rica); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 43, 1934 (range). 



Dendrortyx leucophrys (not Ortyx leucophrys Gould) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 22, p. 394, 1893 — Costa Rica (range only); idem, Handb. 

 Game-Bds., 2, p. 114, 1897 — Costa Rica (range only); Salvin and God- 

 man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 289, 1903 — part, Costa Rica. 



Range. — Highlands of Costa Rica. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Costa Rica (Irazu, 1). 



Conover Collection.— 4 : Costa Rica (San Joaquin de Dota, 1 ; San 

 Jeronimo, Pirris, 1; Alaju^la, Zarcero, 2). 



Genus OREORTYX Baird 



Oreoriyx Baird, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pac, 9, pp. xlv, 638, 642, 1858— 

 type, by monotypy, Ortyx picta Douglas. 



*Oreortyx picta picta (Douglas). Plumed Quail. 



Ortyx picta Douglas, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 5, p. 74, Jan., 1829 — interior of New 

 Calif ornia= headwaters of the Umpqua River near the Calapooia Moun- 

 tains, Oregon; fide Oberholser, Auk, 40, p. 82, 1923 (type lost). 



Ortyx plumifera Gould, Icon. Av., Part 1, pi. [9] and text, August, 1837 — 

 California = lower Willamette Valley, Oregon, fide Oberholser, Auk, 

 40, p. 83, 1923 (type now in British Museum ex collection of Zoological 

 Society of London; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 318, 1932). 



Callipepla picta Gould, Monog. Odontoph., pi. 15, text unpaged, 1850. 



Oreortyx pictus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 397, 1893; idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 118, 1897. 



Oreortyx pictus plumiferus Ridgway, Auk, 11, p. 195, pi. 6, 1894 (dist. char.); 

 Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 46, 1900 (molt); Peck, Condor, 13, p. 149, 1911 

 (hybrid with Lophortyx calif ornicus). 



^Dendrortyx leucophrys hypospodius Salvin: Similar to D. I. leucophrys, but 

 with the shaft streaks of the breast sooty blackish, not chestnut, and greatly 

 reduced in width, being hardly wider than the shafts on the lower breast; on the 

 sides the shaft streaks are also narrower and sooty, becoming tinged with chestnut 

 on the lower flanks; appearance of bird as a whole somewhat darker. Size as in 

 typical leucophrys. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 229 



Oreortyx pida plumifera Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., 

 p. 504, 1918 (range and habits in California). 



Oreortyx picta pida Oberholser, Auk, 40, p. 84, 1923 (range); Bent, Bull. 

 U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 43, 1932 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 2, 

 p. 43, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Condor, 39, p. 22, 1937 (dist. char, and 

 range). 



Oreortyx pida eremophila van Rossem,' Condor, 39, p. 22, Jan. 15, 1937 — Lang 

 Spring, Mountain Spring Canyon, Argus Mountains, Inyo County, Cali- 

 fornia, 6,000 feet (type in San Diego Museum of Natural History, San 

 Diego, California). 



Range. — Mountain regions from extreme western Nevada west 

 to the west side of the Cascade Range in southern Washington and 

 south through the Sierra Nevada and inner Coast ranges of Cali- 

 fornia nearly to the Mexican line. 



Field Museum Collection. — 11: Oregon (Prospect, 4); California 

 (San Bernardino County, Little Creek Canyon, 4; Butte County, 

 Chaparal, 2; JuHan, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 16: Washington (Snake River Canyon, 40 

 miles above Lewiston, Idaho, 2) ; California (San Diego County, San 

 Francisquita Pass, 1; San Bernardino County, Lone Pine Canyon, 

 1; Little Creek Canyon, 6; Baldwin Lake, 1; Victorville, 1; Kern 

 County, Mount Pinos, 2; Pasadena, 1; Mojave Desert, l).^ 



*Oreortyx picta palmeri Oberholser.^ Mountain Quail. 



Oreortyx pida palmeri Oberholser, Auk, 40, p. 84, Jan. 10, 1923 — Yaquina, 

 Oregon (type in U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, 

 examined); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 40, 1932 (life history); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 43, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Condor, 39, 

 p. 21, 1937 (dist. char, and range). 



Oreortyx pidus (not Ortyx pida Douglas) Ridgway, Auk, 11, p. 195, pi. 6, 

 1894 (dist. char.); Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 46, 1900 (molt). 



Oreortyx pida pida Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 513, 

 1918 (range and habits in California). 



1 This name has been recently proposed for birds from the southern part of 

 California. As many birds from that region seem to be simply intergrades be- 

 tween O. p. picta and O. p. confinis it has been thought best not to recognize this 

 race. 



^Additional material examined. — Nevada: Silver Peak Mountains, 1; Jackson 

 Mountain, 4. — California: San Jacinto Mountains, 3; San Bernardino Mountains, 

 1; Cajon Pass, 1. 



^Oreortyx pida palmeri Oberholser: Similar to O. p. pida, but upper parts 

 "bister" instead of olive brown, this color generally extending higher on the hind 

 neck; white stripes on edges of scapulars more strongly marked with buflf or pale 

 brown. 



Additional material examined. — Washington: Cedarville, 1; San Juan Island, 

 1. — Oregon: Yaquina, 1. — California: Brownell, 1; Donner, 1. 




230 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Range. — Humid coastal strip of the Pacific coast from southwest- 

 em Washington south to Monterey County, CaHfornia; introduced 

 on Vancouver Island. 



Field MiLseum Collection. — 8: Oregon (Logan, 7); California 

 (Monterey County, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Oregon (Tillamook County, Blaine, 1; 

 Linn County, Scio, 3). 



Oreortyx picta confinis Anthony.^ San Pedro Mountain Quail. 



Oreortyx pidus confinis Anthony, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 2, p. 74, Oct. 11, 

 1889 — San Pedro Martir Range, alt. 8,500 feet, Lower California (type 

 in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh); Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 46, 1900 (molt). 



Oreortyx picta confinis Oberholser, Auk, 40, p. 84, 1923 (range); Grinnell, 

 Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 100, 1928— Lower California; Bent, Bull. 

 U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 51, 1932 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 2, 

 p. 43, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Condor, 39, p. 22, 1937 (review of 

 characters and range). 



Range. — Lower California in the Sierra Juarez and Sierra San 

 Pedro Martir. 



Genus CALLIPEPLA Wagler 



Callipepla Wagler, Isis, p. 277, 1832 — type, by monotypy, Callipepla strenua 

 'WagleT=Ortyx squamatus Vigors. 



♦Callipepla squamata castanogastris Brewster. Chestnut- 

 bellied Scaled Quail. 



Callipepla squamata castanogastris Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI., 8, p. 34, 

 1883 — Rio Grande City, Texas (co types now in Museum of Comparative 

 Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 159, 

 1930); Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 47, 1900 (molt); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 74, 1911 

 — San Fernando, Aguas Calientes, Tamaulipas; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. 

 Zool. CI., 4, p. 100, 1914 (dist. char, and range); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 162, p. 58, 1932 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 44, 1934 (range). 



Callipepla castaneiventer Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 396, 1893; 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 117, 1897 (monog.). 



Range. — Southern Texas from Eagle Pass and San Antonio south 

 through Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, and eastern Coahuila, Mexico. 



Field Museum Collection. — 12: Texas (Laredo, 2; Crystal City, 1; 

 Lomita Ranch, 1; La Salle County, 1; Carriza, 1; Sulphur, 1; 

 Uvalde, 1); Coahuila (Sabinas, 4). 



^Oreortyx picta confinis Anthony: Like 0. p. picta, but upper parts grayer, 

 less brownish, being only washed with olive brown; white margins to scapulars 

 purer white; gray of chest slightly darker. 



Material examined. — Lower California: Vallecitos, 1; Santo Tomas, 3. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 231 



Conover Collection. — 6: Texas (Lacoma, Hidalgo County, 2; Ray- 

 mondsville, Willacy County, 3; Crystal City, Zavalla County, 1). 



*Callipepla squamata pallida Brewster. ^ Arizona Scaled 

 Quail. 



Callipepla squamata pallida Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI., 6, p. 72, 1881— 

 Rio San Pedro, Arizona, cotypes from San Pedro River [male] and Fort 

 Bowie [female] (cotypes now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- 

 bridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 158, 1930); Bangs, 

 Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 4, p. 100, 1914 (dist. char, and range); Bailey, 

 Auk, 45, p. 216, 1928 (hybrid withL. gambelii); F. M. Bailey, Birds New 

 Mexico, p. 215, pi. 18, 1928 (range, habits in New Mexico); Bent, Bull. 

 U. S. Nat. Mas., 162, p. 51, 1932 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 44, 1934 (range). 



Callipepla squamata (not Ortyx squamatus Vigors) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 22, p. 395, 1893— part; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 115, 

 1897 — part (monog.). 



Range.— Western Texas, southern Colorado, and central Arizona 

 south to northwestern Coahuila, northern Chihuahua, and northern 

 Sonora. 



Field Museum Collection. — 28: Texas (Uvalde, 1; Davis Moun- 

 tains, 1); Colorado (Otero County, 5); New Mexico (Deming, 11); 

 Arizona (Huachuca Plains, 6; Huachuca Mountains, Carr Canyon, 

 2; Fort Grant, 1; Greaterville, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 6: Texas (Pecos, Reeves County, 2); Arizona 

 (Tombstone, Cochise County, 1 ; Catalina Mountains, Pima County, 

 2; Portal, 1). 



Callipepla squamata squamata (Vigors). Mexican Scaled 

 Quail. 



Ortyx squamxitus Vigors, Zool. Journ., 5, p. 275, 1830 — Mexico (type lost, 

 formerly in collection of Zoological Society of London). 



Tetrao cristata La Llave, Reg. Trim., 1, p. 144, 1831.^ 



Callipepla strenua Wagler, Isis, p. 278, 1832 — Mexico (type lost, formerly 

 in WiJrzburg Museum).' 



Callipepla squamata Gould, Monog. Odontoph., pi. 19, text unpaged, 1850; 

 Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 395, 1893— part; idem, Handb. 

 Game-Bds., 2, p. 115, 1897 — part (monog.); Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 47, 

 1900 (molt); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 290, 



1 Callipepla squamata pallida Brewster: Similar to C. s. squamata but much 

 paler throughout; upper parts lighter, more sandy; upper breast and chest much 

 lighter blue; abdomen more buflfy, less whitish; vent and under tail coverts lighter. 



2 We have been unable to consult this work. 



' According to information received from Dr. A. Laubmann. 




232 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



1903 — Mexico (part, Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango, San Luis Potosi, 

 Jalisco, Federal District). 

 Callipepla squamata squamaia Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 162, 

 1906— Rancho Baillon, Durango; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 4, 

 p. 99, 1914 (dist. char, and range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 44, 1934 

 (range). 



Range. — Mexico from southern Coahuila, southern Chihuahua, 

 and southern Sonora to Mexico, Guanajuato, and Jahsco.^ 



Genus LOPHORTYX Bonaparte 



Lophortyx Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, p. 42, 1838 — type, by subs, 

 desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 61, 1840), Tetrao calif ornicus Shaw. 



♦Lophortyx calif ornica calif ornica (Shaw). Valley Quail. 



Tetrao califomicus Shaw, Nat. Misc., 9, pi. 345, text unpaged, 1798 — Cali- 

 fornia= Monterey (type lost, once in the British Museum); Grinnell, 

 Condor, 33, p. 37, 1931 (type locality). 



Lophortyx californianus Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., Part 3, Gall., p. 

 44, 1844. 



Callipepla californica Gould, Monog. Odontoph., pi. 16, text unpaged, 1850; 

 Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 48, 1900 (molt). 



Callipepla californica vallicola Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 355, 

 Sept. 2, 1885 — interior valleys of California (type, from Baird, Shasta 

 County, California, in U. S. National Museum); Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 

 48, 1900 (molt); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 269, 1932 (note 

 on type). 



Lophortyx calif ornicus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 400, 1893 — 

 part; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 121, 1897 — part (monog.). 



Lophortyx califomicus califomicus Peck, Condor, 13, p. 149, 1911 (hybrid 

 with Oreortyx pictus) . 



Lophortyx californica vallicola Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., 

 p. 514, 1918 (range and habits, California); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. 

 Zool., 32, p. 101, 1928— Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 162, p. 62, 1932 (life history). 



Lophortyx californica plumbea Grinnell, Condor, 28, p. 128, May 15, 1926 — 

 San Jose, alt. 2,500 feet, 45 miles northeast of San Quintin, Lower Cali- 

 fornia (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, California); 

 idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 101, 1928 — northwestern Lower 

 California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 71, 1932 (life history). 



Lophortyx californica californica Gander, Condor, 33, p. 85, 1931 (habits 

 and develop, of young); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 44, 1934 (range). 



Lophortyx californica orecta Oberholser, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 4, p. 2, 1932 — mouth of Twenty Mile Creek, Warner Valley, 9 miles 

 south of Adel, Oregon (type in Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 

 Cleveland, Ohio). 



1 Material examined. — Mexico: San Luis Potosi, Hacienda La Parada, 1; Ahua- 

 lulco, 1; Hidalgo, San Augustin, 1; Irolo, 1; Queretaro, Tequisquiapan, 2. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 233 



Lophortyx californica Sumner, Calif. Fish and Game, 21, pp. 167, 277, 1935 

 (life history and conservation). 



Range. — Subarid interior region of the western United States 

 from Klamath Lake, Oregon, south into Lower California to about 

 lat. 30° N. 



Field Museum Collection. — 41: Oregon (Redmond, 4); California 

 (Mariposa, 1; North Pomona, 2; Pasadena, 1; Palcines, 2; Eagle 

 Rock, 1; San Diego County, 1; Monterey, 4; Claremont, 6; Clipper 

 Gap, 17; Piedra, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 11: Oregon (Prineville, 1; Salem, 1); Cali- 

 fornia (Cardiff, 2; Buena Vista Lake, 1; Pismo, 1; Carpenteria, 1; 

 San Ardo, 1; Topanga Canyon, 1; Salinas, 2). 



*Lophortyx californica brunnescens Ridgway.^ California 

 Quail. 



Lophortyx californicus brunnescens Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 2, p. 94, 

 Apr. 10, 1884 — "Santa Barbara," California, errore,=San Francisco (type 

 in United States National Museum); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 

 38, p. 269, 1932 (note on type and type locality). 



Lophortyx californica californica Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. 

 Calif., p. 537, 1918 (range); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 59, 1932 

 (life history). 



Lophortyx californica brunnescens Grinnell, Condor, 33, p. 38, 1931 (on type 

 locality); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 423, 1932— 

 Chile (introduced); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 44, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Humid Pacific coast region from southwestern Oregon 

 south to Santa Cruz County, California. Introduced into several 

 places in western North America and into Hawaii, New Zealand, 

 and Chile. 



Field Museum Collection. — 20: Utah (Ogden, 2); California 

 (Mountain View, 1; San Jos^, 3; Hayward, 1; Oakland, 2; St. Helena, 

 2; San Geronimo, 1; Santa Clara County, 1; Palo Alto, 2; Olema, 1; 

 Berryessa, 1; Los Gatos, 1; San Bruno, 1); Chile (Tambillos, 

 Coquimbo, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 12: California (Nicasio, 2; San Francisco, 1; 

 Glen wood, 2; Hayward, 1; Ornbaun, 1; Berkeley, 1; Yorkville, 1); 

 Chile (Prov. Colchagua, Baiios de Cauquenes, 1; Prov. Coquimbo, 

 Tambillos, 2). 



^Lophortyx californica brunnescens Ridgway: The males are darker, more 

 brownish dorsally, than typical L. c. californica. The females are darker and 

 more brownish, both above and below. 




234 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Lophortyx californica catalinensis Grinnell,^ Catalina Island 

 Quail. 



Lophortyx catalinensis Grinnell, Auk, 23, p. 262, July, 1906 — Avalon, Santa 

 Catalina Island, California (type now in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 

 Berkeley, Calif.; cf. idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 270, 1932). 



Lophortyx californica catalinensis Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. 

 Calif., p. 537, 1918 (range, disc); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 70, 

 1932 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 45, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Santa Catalina Island, Los Coronados Islands, California. 

 ♦Lophortyx californica achrustera Peters.^ San Lucas Quail. 



Lophortyx californica achrustera Peters, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 8, p. 79, 

 May 16, 1923 — La Paz, Lower California (type in Museum of Compara- 

 tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, 

 p. 103, 1928— Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 72, 

 1932 (life history); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 45, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Lower California from lat. 30° N., southward. 



Field Museum Collection. — 2 : Lower California, 2. 



Conover Collection. — 9: Lower California (San Jos^ del Cabo, 2; 

 La Paz, 5; Todos Santos, 2). 



Lophortyx californica canfieldae van Rossem.^ Canfield's 

 Quail. 



Lophortyx californica canfieldae van Rossem, Auk, 56, p. 68, Jan., 1939 — Lone 

 Pine, Inyo County, California (type in the Dickey Collection, now in the 

 University of California at Los Angeles). 



Range. — Owen's Valley in east-central California. 

 Lophortyx gambelii sana Meams.^ Olathe Quail. 



1 Lophortyx californica catalinensis Grinnell : Said to be similar to L. c. californica, 

 but about 9 per cent larger and coloration somewhat darker: similar to L. c. brun- 

 nescens, but larger and much less deeply brownish dorsally. 



^Lophortyx californica achrustera Peters: Most similar to L. c. californica, but 

 paler, less olivaceous above, chest lighter gray, the buflfy patch on lower breast 

 of the male much paler, and the chestnut patch on the abdomen much smaller. 



^Lophortyx californica canfieldae van Rossem: Stated by the describer to be 

 very similar to L. c. achrustera and distinguishable only by the even paler and 

 more purely bluish or grayish (less brownish) chest, paler and less brownish flanks 

 and under tail coverts. 



* Lophortyx gambelii sana Meams: Males have upper parts neutral gray 

 unwashed with olive; crown darker chestnut than typical gambelii, and chest 

 patch lighter buflf. Females have upper parts as in the male; crown of head 

 darker, chin and throat darker and more grayish, and chest and abdomen pale 

 olive-buff (almost a dirty white) instead of cream color. 



Material examined. — Colorado: Grand Junction, 3; Olathe, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 235 



Lophortyx gambelii samis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 27, p. 113, 1914 — 

 Olathe, Montrose County, Colorado (type in U. S. National Museum 

 examined); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 84, 1932 (life history); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 45, 1934 (range and disc, in footnote). 



Range. — Western Colorado in the drainage areas of the Uncom- 

 pagre and Gunnison rivers and the portion of the Rio Grande Valley 

 lying in Colorado. 



*Lophortyx gambelii gambelii Gambel. Gambel's Quail. 



Lophortyx gambelii "Nutt." Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 260, 

 May 19, 1843 — "Some distance west [i.e. east] of California" = southern 

 Nevada, fide A. O. U. Committee, 1910 (type in Philadelphia Academy of 

 Sciences of Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 20, 

 1899). 



Callipepla venusta Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 14, p. 70, Oct., 1846 — 

 California (type lost, formerly in Neuchatel Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. 

 Calif. Pub. Zool, 38, p. 316, 1932). 



Callipepla gambelii Gould, Monog. Odontoph., pi. 17, text unpaged, 1850. 



Lophortyx gambeli Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 403, 1893; 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 124, 1897 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 292, 1903; Gilman, Condor, 9, p. 148, 

 1907 (range in California); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. 

 Calif., P..538, 1918 (range and habits, California). 



Lophortyx gambeli deserticola Stephens, Auk, 12, p. 371, Oct., 1895 — Palm 

 Springs, Riverside County, California (type in collection of F. Stephens, 

 now in collection of San Diego Society of Natural History; cf. Grinnell, 

 Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 270, 1932). 



Callipepla gambeli fulvipectus Nelson,^ Auk, 16, p. 26, 1899 — Camoa, Rio 

 Mayo, Sonora, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum, Biological 

 Survey Collection, examined). 



Callipepla gambeli Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 49, 1900 (molt). 



Lophortyx gambeli gambeli F. M. Bailey, Bds. New Mexico, p. 218, pi. 19, 

 1928 (range and habits. New Mexico); Bailey, Auk, 45, p. 210, 1928 

 (hybrid with Callipepla squamata pallida); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 162, p. 73, 1932 (life history); Gorsuch, Bull. Univ. Arizona, 5, No. 4, 

 p. 1, pis. 1-5, 1935 (life history, Arizona). 



Lophortyx gambelii gambelii Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 103, 1928 — 

 Lower California; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, 

 p. 245, 1931 — Sonora (El Doctor, Pesquiera, Tecoripa, Saric, Guaymas, 

 Magdalena, Sasabe Valley); idem. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 431, 

 1934 — Mexico (Bacuachi, San Pedro, Oposura, Granados); Peters, Bds. 

 Worid, 2, p. 45, 1934 (range). 



1 The type and a series of eighteen topotypes of this supposed race have been 

 compared with birds from Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. When 

 a series of fall specimens was compared with a series in like plumage from the 

 United States, some specimens of the Sonoran birds were slightly more buflfy 

 on the breast; but the series did not show any differences great or constant enough 

 to warrant subspecific separation. 




236 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Lophortyx gambelii fuMpedus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 



6, p. 245, 1931 — Sonora (Obregon, Tesia, Tobari Bay, Agiabampo); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 46, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Southwestern Utah and southern Nevada south to ex- 

 treme western Texas, southwestern New Mexico, southern Sonora, 

 and extreme northeastern Lower Cahfornia.' 



Field Museum Collection. — 46: New Mexico (Mimbres, 4; Rincon, 

 3); Arizona (Phoenix, 21; Tucson, 9; Pomerene, 1; Fort Lowell, 1; 

 Calabasas, 2; Tempe, 1); Sonora (Cerro Blanco, 4). 



Conover Collection. — 46: Utah (St. George, 4); New Mexico (Fort 

 Bayard, 1); Arizona (Tucson, 2; Prescott, 6; Paradise, 1); California 

 (Blythe, 2; Yermo, 3; Indio, 2); Sonora (Rancho Carrizo, 9; Mayto- 

 rena, 3; Pesquiera, 2; Tecoripa, 5; Camoa, 6). 



Lophortyx gambelii pembertoni van Rossem. ^ Tiburon Island 

 Quail. 



Lophortyx gambelii pembertoni van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 



7, p. 132, July 28, 1932 — Petrel Bay, just south of Narragansett Point, 

 east side of Tibur6n Island, Sonora, Mexico (type in California Institute 

 of Technology); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 46, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Confined to Tiburon Island, Gulf of California. 



♦Lophortyx douglasii bensoni (Ridgway).^ Benson's Quail. 



Callipepla elegans bensoni Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 148, 1887 — 

 Campos, Sonora=18 miles north of Cumpas, Sonora; cf. van Rossem, 

 Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, p. 246, 1931 (type in U. S. National 

 Museum). 



Lophortyx douglasi Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 404, 1893 — 

 part, Sonora; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 126, 1897 — part, Sonora; 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 293, 1903— part, 

 Mexico (Sonora). 



Lophortyx douglasii bensoni van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 

 6, p. 246, 1931 — Sonora (Pesqueira, Tecoripa, San Javier, Guaymas, and 

 90 miles southeast of Nogales; also characters of race); idem, Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. ZooL, 77, p. 431, 1934 (disc, races in Sonora); Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 46, 1934 (range). 



^ Additional material examined. — Utah: St. George, 5; Toquesville, 1. — 

 New Mexico: Fort Bayard, 1; Garfield, 1; Santa Rita Mountains, 1; Frisco, 1. 

 — Sonora: Camoa, 13. 



^ Lophortyx gambelii pembertoni van Rossem : Dorsal plumage said to be 

 remarkably paler and grayer than that of any other known race. 



" Lophortyx douglasii bensoni (Ridgway) : The males of this race are more 

 grayish, less olivaceous on the back and rump than typical L. d. douglasii; the 

 females are paler and grayer, less brownish. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 237 



Lophortyx douglasii douglasii van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 

 6, p. 245, 1931 — Sonora (Tesia, Chinobampo, Guirocoba). 



Range. — State of Sonora, northwestern Mexico. 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Sonora (Soyopa, 1; Tecoripa, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 33: Sonora (Tecoripa, 16; Soyopa, 5; Guiro- 

 coba, 4; Camoa, 8). 



♦Lophortyx douglasii douglasii (Vigors). Douglas's Quail. 



Ortyx douglasii Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 15, p. 354, Jan., 1829 — Monterey, 

 errore,= Mazatlan, Sinaloa (type now in British Museum; cf. Grinnell, 

 Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 316, 1932); Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc, 

 Lond., 16, p. 145, 1829. 



Ortyx elegans Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 189, pi. 61, March, 1831 — California 

 (type in the Rivoli Collection, actual location unknown). 



Ortyx spilogaster Vigors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 2, "1832," 

 p. 4, pub. May 14, 1834 — Mexico (type in coll. of H. Cuming). 



Callipepla douglasii Gould, Monog. Odont., Introduction, p. 19, 1850 (disc). 



Callipepla elegans Gould, Monog. Odont., pi. 18, text unpaged, 1850. 



Lophortyx douglasi Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 404, 1893 — 

 part, Sinaloa, Jalisco; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 126, 1897 — part, 

 Sinaloa, Jalisco; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 293, 

 1903 — part, Mexico (Sinaloa, Tepic, Jalisco, and Colima). 



Lophortyx douglasi douglasi Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 342, 1905 — 

 Escuinapa, Arroyo de Limones, Juanna Gomez River, and Cosala, southern 

 Sinaloa; idem. I.e., 22, p. 162, 1906 — Casa Blanca, northwestern Durango. 



Lophortyx douglasii douglasii McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 7, 

 .1927— Labrados, Sinaloa; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 46, 1934 (range). 



Range.- — Western Mexico, from north-central Sinaloa and north- 

 western Durango south to Colima. 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Sinaloa (Escuinapa, 1; unspeci- 

 fied, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 9: Sinaloa (Escuinapa, 2; El Molino, 1; 

 Culiacan, 1); Nayarit (Rio Las Canas, 4); Jalisco (Las Peiias, 1). 



Lophortyx leucoprosopon Reichenow. 



1 



Lophortyx leucoprosopon Reichenow, Orn. Monatsber., 3, p. 11, figured op. 

 cit., p. 97, 1895— origin unknown; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 46, 1934 

 (disc). 



Range. — Unknown. 



^Lophortyx leucoprosopon Reichenow: Described from a living pair in a 

 private aviary, believed to have been bought in Hamburg, Germany, from a 

 sailor. Probably a hybrid, perhaps of L. gambelii and L. douglasii. 




238 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Genus PHILORTYX Gould 



Philortyx Gould, Monog. Odont., Part 2, pi. 6 and text, 1846 (=pl. 14 of 

 bound volume and Introduction, p. 17, 1850) — type, by monotypy, Ortyx 

 fasciatiis Gould. 



♦Philortyx fasciatus (Gould). Barred Quail. 



Ortyx fasciatus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, "1843," p. 133, pub. March, 

 1844 — California, errore,= Mexico (cotypes in Brussels Museum and in 

 coll. of Prince Massena).' 



Ortyx perrotiana Des Murs, Rev. Zool., 8, p. 207, 1845 — Mexico (type in coll. 

 of M. Perrot, Paris). 



Philortyx fasciatus Gould, Monog. Odont., Part 2, pi. 14, text unpaged, 1846; 

 Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 406, 1893; idem, Handb. Game- 

 Bds., 2, p. 127, 1897 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 

 Aves, 3, p. 294, 1903— Mexico (Colima, Puebla); Peters, Bds. World, 2, 

 p. 46, 1934 (range). 



Philortyx personatus Ridgway, Auk, 3, p. 333, 1886 — Chietla, Puebla, Mexico 

 (type in National Museum of Mexico). 



Range. — Colima, Michoacan, Guerrero, and Puebla, Mexico. 



Field Museum Collection. — 11: Colima (Colima, 5); Guerrero 

 (Iguala, 4; Apipiluluca, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 5 : Colima (Colima, 2) ; Michoacan (Apatzin- 

 gan, 3). 



Genus COLINUS Goldfuss 



Ortyx (not of Oken, 1816) Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 11, (2), p. 376, 



1819 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 107, 1855), 



Tetrao virginianus Linnaeus. 

 Colimis Goldfuss, Handb. Zool., 2, p. 220, 1820 — type, by monotypy, "Perdix 



mexicana, Caille de la Louisiane, PI. Enl. No. 149" = T'e<rao virginianus 



Linnaeus. 

 Ortygia Boie, Isis, 1828, col. 326 — type, by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. 



Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 414, 1893), Tetrao virginianus Linnaeus. 

 Colinia Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. & Canada, 1, p. 646, 1832 — new name for 



Ortyx Stephens. 

 Eupsychortyx Gould, Monog. Odont., Part 1, pi. 10, 1844 — type, by monotypy, 



Ortyx leucotis Gould. 



*Colinus virginianus virginianus (Linnaeus). Eastern Bob 

 White. 



Tetrao virginianus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 161, 1758 — based on 

 "The American Partridge" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 2, App., p. 12, 

 pi. 12; "in America" = South Carolina. 



» The species does not figure in the list of types of the Philadelphia Academy 

 of Natural Sciences, which acquired the Massena Collection (cf. Stone, Proc. 

 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, pp. 5-62, 1899; cf. also Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. 

 Zool., 38, p. 317, 1932). 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 239 



Tetrao marilandicus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 161, 1758 — based on 

 "Perdix Novae Angliae" Albin, Nat. Hist. Bds., 1, p. 26, pi. 28; New 

 England. 



Tetrao mexicanits Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 277, 1766 — "Habitat in 

 Mexico, Ludovicia" (principally based upon "La Caille de la Louisiane" 

 Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 258, pi. 22, fig. 2; type, from Louisiana, in Reaumur 

 Collection). 



Tetrao marilandus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 761, 1789 — habitat in America 

 from Acadia to Florida (principally based on "La Perdrix de la Nouvelle 

 Angleterre" Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 229). 



Perdix borealis Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. & Gall., 3, pp. 436, 735, 1815 — 

 part, temperate North America. 



Ortyx virginianus Gould, Monog. Odont., pi. 1, text unpaged, 1850; Ogilvie- 

 Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 415, 1893; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, 

 p. 135, 1897 (monog.). 



Colinus virginianus Cory, Auk, 4, p. 224, 1887 — part, Haiti, San Domingo, 

 Jamaica, St. Croix; Dwight, I.e., 17, p. 43, 1900 (molt). 



Colinus virginianus taylori Lincoln, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 103, 1915 — 

 Laird, Yuma County, Colorado (type in Colorado Museum of Natural 

 History, Denver). 



Colinus virginianus virginianus Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 80, p. 493, 

 1928— Fourcy, Lake Miragoane, Haiti; Stoddard, "The Bob White Quail" 



1931 (conserv., prop., life hist.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 9, 



1932 (Hfe hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 47, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Southwestern Maine, southern Ontario, southern Min- 

 nesota and South Dakota, south to northern Florida, the Gulf Coast, 

 eastern and northern Texas and eastern Colorado. Introduced into 

 several of the western states, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, St. Croix, and 

 St. Kitts. Introduction of Mexican and Texan stock into all parts 

 of the United States has made pure bred C. v. virginianus a rare 

 bird. 



Field MtLseum Collection. — 57: Massachusetts (Cohasset, 1; West 

 Yarmouth, 2; Boston, 3; Walliston Heights, 1; unspecified, 2); 

 Pennsylvania (Bucks County, 1); West Virginia (unspecified, 5); 

 North Carolina (unspecified, 1); South Carolina (unspecified, 2); 

 Florida (East Pass, 2); Wisconsin (Milton, 1; Beaver Dam, 2; Neills- 

 ville, 1); Illinois (Grand Tower, 2; Du Bois, 1; McNab, Putnam 

 County, 3; Farina, 3; Chicago, 2; Grand Chain, 1; Olive Branch, 7; 

 Lewiston, 1); Arkansas (White River Prairie, 1; Stuttgart, 6; Fair- 

 mont, 1; Crockett's Bluff, 1) ; Alabama (Atella, 1); Mississippi (Holly 

 P Springs, 1); Haiti (Le Coup, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 17: Massachusetts (West Medway, Norfolk 

 W County, 2); Michigan (Waterloo, Jackson County, 1); Illinois 




240 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



(Benton, 8; Putnam, 1); Arkansas (Fayetteville, Washington 

 County, 4); Tennessee (Grand Junction, Hardeman County, 1).^ 



*Colinus virginianus fioridanus (Coues). Florida Bob White. 



Ortyx virginianus var. fioridanus Coues, Key N. Amer. Bds., p. 237, 1872 — 

 Florida (type, from Enterprise, Volusia County, in Museum of Com- 

 parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). 



Colinus virginianus (not Tetrao virginianus Linnaeus) Cory, Auk, 4, p. 224, 

 1887 — part, Bahamas, Antigua. 



Ortyx fioridanus Ogil vie- Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 418, 1893; idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 138, 1897 — Florida, introduced in Cuba (not 0. 

 cubanensis). 



Colinus bahamensis Maynard, App. to Cat. Bds. W. Ind., p. 33, 1899 — Island 

 of New Providence, Bahama Islands (cotypes in Museum of Comparative 

 Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 159, 

 1930 [crit.]). 



Colinus virginianus fioridanus Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 45, 1900 (molt); Todd, 

 Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 412, 1911 — New Providence, Bahamas (crit.); 

 Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 32, 1932 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. 

 Worid, 2, p. 47, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Florida peninsula; Bahama Islands (introduced?). Also 

 introduced into Antigua.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 40: Florida (Lake Okeechobee, 2; 

 Gainesville, 4; New Found Harbor, 2; Fort Myers, 5; Jupiter, 6; La 

 Fayette County, 1; Hastings, 2; Tarpon Springs, 2; Rosewood, 1; 

 Banana River, 2; Dunedin, 1; Lake Worth, 1; Coral Gables, 1; 

 Goulds, 1; Grove City, 1; Blue Springs, 1; Mary Esther, 1); Bahamas 

 (Nassau, 3); West Indies (Antigua, 3). 



Conover Collection. — 18: Florida (Bronson, 1; Charlotte Harbor, 

 4; Nassau County, 2; Dade County, 2; Homosassa Springs, 9). 



Colinus virginianus insulanus Howe.^ Key West Bob White. 



Colinus virginianus insulanus Howe, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 17, p. 168, 1904 — 

 Key West, Florida (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, 

 Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 160, 1930); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 2, p. 47, 1934 (range). 



1 This specimen belongs to the erythristic variety which has lately become 

 fairly common in this section of Tennessee. 



* The three specimens from Antigua (2 males, 1 female) are not typical fiori- 

 danus, being much grayer dorsally, and lighter on the chest. It may be that 

 they are crossed with typical virginianus. Dorsally, however, they more closely 

 resemble texanus, but this faded coloration may be due to the time of year (May, 

 1890) that the specimens were collected. 



'Colinus virginianvs insulanus Howe: Like C. v. fioridanus but crown uni- 

 form dark fuscous and forehead showing more white. Size decidedly smaller. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 241 



Range. — Known only from the type. Supposed to have inhabited 

 Key West, and perhaps other islands of the Florida keys. Now 

 extinct. 



*Colinus virginianus cubanensis (G. R. Gray). Cuban Bob 

 White. 



Ortyx cubanensis "Gould" G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [514], 1846— Cuba 



(new name for bird described as Ortyx virginianus in La Sagra's Hist. Nat. 



Cuba, p. 182, 1839); Gould, Monog. Odont., pi. 2, text unpaged, 1850; 



Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 421, 1893; idem, Handb. Game- 



Bds., 2, p. 140, 1897 (monog.). 

 Colinus cubanensis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 199, 1916 — Bibijagua, 



Los Indios, and Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines (crit.); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. 



Orn. CI, 6, p. 51, 1922— Cuba and Isle of Pines (habits). 

 Colinus virginianus cubanensis Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 



155, p. 124, 1931 (introd. Dominican Rep.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 47, 



1934 (range). 



Range. — Cuba and the Isle of Pines. Introduced into the 

 Dominican Republic. The original race probably now contaminated 

 by introductions of C. v. virginianus or C. v. floridanus. 



Field Museum Collection. — 6: Cuba (Palacios, 2; Havana, 1; 

 unspecified, 2)j Dominican Republic (San Domingo City, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 11: Cuba (Guantanamo, 2; San Jos^ de las 

 Lajas, 1; Prov. Havana, Duran, 1; Minas, 2; Santa Cruz de los Anos, 

 1; Prov. Pinar del Rio, Artemisia, 3); Isle of Pines (La Vega, 1). 



♦Colinus virginianus texanus (Lawrence). Texas Bob White. 



Ortyx texanus Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 6, p. 1, 1853 — near Ring- 

 gold Barracks, Texas (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in American 

 Museum of Natural History, New York) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 22, p. 419, 1893; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 139, 1897— part 

 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 298, 1903 — 

 Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. 



Colinus virginianus texanus Nelson, Auk, 15, p. 121, 1898 (range in Mexico); 

 Dwight, I.e., 17, p. 46, 1900 (molt); Nelson, I.e., 19, p. 388, pi. 14, 1902 

 (dist. char.); Phillips, I.e., 28, p. 74, 1911 — Matamoros and San Fernando, 

 Tamaulipas; F. M. Bailey, Birds New Mexico, p. 213, 1928 (habits, range, 

 in New Mexico); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 34, 1932 (life hist.); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 47, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Southeastern New Mexico to southern Texas and south 

 to northeastern Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and central Tamaulipas (sea 

 level to 2,500 feet). 



Field Museum Collection. — 12: Texas (Corpus Christi, 1; Seadrift, 

 1; Fort Worth, 1; Cameron County, 1; Ingram, Kerr County, 1; 

 Laredo, 1; unspecified, 1); Mexico (Sabinas, Coahuila, 5). 




242 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Conover Collection. — 31: Texas (Lacoma, Hidalgo County, 3; 

 Raymondsville, Willacy County, 14; Cameron County, 1); Mexico, 

 Tamaulipas (Cruz, 13). 



*Colinu8 virginianus ridgwayi Brewster. Masked Bob White. 



Colinus ridgwayi Brewster, Auk, 2, p. 199, 1885 — 18 miles southwest of 

 Sasabe, Sonera, Mexico (type in British Museum); J. A. Allen, I.e., 3, 

 p. 275, 1886 — Barboquivari Mountains, Arizona (first U. S. record) ; idem, 

 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1, pp. 276, 279, pi. 23, 1886 (char, and life 

 hist, in Arizona); idem. Auk, 6, p. 189, 1889 (first plumage); Nelson, 

 I.e., 15, p. 121, 1898 (range); Dwight, I.e., 17, p. 46, 1900 (molt); H. Brown, 

 I.e., 21, p. 209, 1904 (hist, in Arizona); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, 

 p. 36, 1932 (life hist.); Cottam and Knappen, Auk, 56, p. 152, 1939 (food). 



Ortyx ridgwayi Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 422, 1893; idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 143, 1897 — Arizona and Sonora; Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 302, 1903 — Sasabe, Campos, and 

 Bacuachi, Sonora. 



Colinus virginianus ridgwayi van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soe. Nat. Hist., 

 6, p. 245, 1931 — Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico; idem. Bull. Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., 77, p. 431, 1934 — Cumpas and Bacuachi, Sonora; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 49, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Middle part of southern Arizona boundary south to 

 south-central Sonora, Mexico (1,000 to 2,500 ft.). 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Arizona (southern Arizona, 1); 

 Mexico, Sonora (Tecoripa, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 29: Mexico, Sonora (Rancho Carrizo, 10; 

 Tecoripa, 19). 



*Colinus virginianus maculatus Nelson. ^ Mottled Bob White. 



Colinus virginianus nmculatus Nelson, Auk, 16, p. 26, 1899 — Altamira, Tamau- 

 lipas, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collec- 

 tion, examined); idem. I.e., 19, p. 389, pi. 14, 1902 (disc); Phillips, I.e., 28, 

 p. 74, 1911 — Guiaves, Rio Santa, Santa Leonor, Rio Cruz, Montelunga, 

 Victoria, and Altamira, Tamaulipas; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 48, 1934 

 (range). 



Ortyx graysoni panucensis Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 23, p. 18, 1908 — Valley 

 of Panuco River, near Tampico, Mexico (type in British Museum). 



1 Colinus virginianus maculatus Nelson: Dorsal plumage slightly darker than 

 C. V. texanus, with some specimens having much more gray in the mantle. In the 

 males, the black band below the white throat is generally much wider; the breast, 

 flanks, and abdomen are chestnut mottled with black and white spots, which 

 vary in intensity in different specimens. In some males the spotting is very 

 slight, in others very dense, especially in the center of the abdomen. The under 

 surface of the females is slightly more heavily marked with black. 



Additional material examined. — Tamaulipas: Jaumave, 2; Altamira, 1; Forlon, 

 3; Manuel, 1; Aldamana, 1.^ — San Luis Potosi: Tancanhuitz, 3; Chyol, 2. — Vera 

 Cruz: Ozuluama, 1; Buena Vista, 1; Joscal, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 243 



Range. — Central Tamaulipas south to northern Vera Cruz 

 (Ozuluama) and west to eastern San Luis Potosi (Tancanhuitz). 



Field Museum Collection. — 5: Mexico (San Luis Potosi, 5). 



Conover Collection. — 12: Mexico, TamauHpas (Tampico, 2; 

 Hacienda de Naranjo, 30 miles north of Velasco, 9); San Luis Potosi 

 (El Bonito, 1). 



*Golinus virginianus graysoni (Lawrence). Grayson's Bob 

 White. 



Oriyx graysoni Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 476, 1867 — Guada- 

 lajara, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 422, 1893; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 142, 

 pi. 32, 1897 — Jalisco, western Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Amer., Aves, 3, p. 300, 1903 — Guadalajara, Jalisco, and San Luis Potosi. 



Coliniis graysoni Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1, pp. 276, 289, 1886 

 (dist. char,); Nelson, Auk, 15, p. 121, 1898 (range). 



Colinus virginianus graysoni Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 48, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Southern part of the Mexican tableland from central 

 southern San Luis Potosi west to southeastern Nayarit and south 

 to southern Hidalgo, the Valley of Mexico, and southern Jalisco 

 (3,000 to 7,500 ft.). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Mexico, Jalisco (Tuxpan, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 2: Mexico (Nayarit, Rio Ameca, near 

 ^ Amatlan de Caiias, 1; Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 1).^ 



Colinus virginianus pectoralis (Gould). Black-breasted Bob 

 White. 



Ortyx pectoralis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 10, "1842," p. 182, pub. Feb., 



1843 — Mexico (type in coll. of Earl of Derby, now in Liverpool Museum); 



idem, Monog. Odont., pi. 5, text unpaged, 1850; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 



Brit. Mus., 22, p. 421, 1893; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 142, 1897— 



Vera Cruz; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 299, 1903 — 



part. Vera Cruz, Jalapa. 

 Colinus pectoralis Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1, pp. 276, 289, 1886 



(dist. char.); Nelson, Auk, 15, pp. 117, 121, 1898 (range); idem. I.e., 19, 



p. 389 (footnote), pi. 14, 1902 (dist. char.). 



Colinus virginianus pectoralis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 48, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Eastern base of the Cordillera in the central part of the 

 State of Vera Cruz (500 to 5,000 ft.).^ 



^Additional material examined. — San Luis Potosi: Rio Verde, 2. — Hidalgo: 

 Pachuca, 1. — Guanajuato: Celaya, 1. — Jalisco: Guadalajara, 1; La Barca, 1; 

 Lagos, 1; Etzatlan, 1; Ocotlan, 9; Ameca, 3; Tuxpan, 3. — Nayarit: Rio Ameca, 

 near Amatlan de Canas, 2. 



2 Material examined. — Vera Cruz: Carrizal, 3; Jico, 2. 




244 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 

 *Colinus virginianus nigripectus Nelson.' PuEBLA Bob White. 



Colinus graysoni nigripectus Nelson, Auk, 14, p. 47, 1897 — Atlixco, Puebla, 

 Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, 

 examined); idem, I.e., 15, pp. 116, 121, 1898 (range); idem, I.e., 19, p. 

 389, pi. 14, 1902 (dist. char.). 



Colinus virginianu^ nigripectus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 48, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Tableland of the southern half of the states of Puebla 

 and Morelos, Mexico. 



Conover Collection. — 2: Morelos (Cuernavaca, 2). 



Colinus virginianus godmani Nelson.^ Godman's Bob White. 



Colinus godmani Nelson, Auk, 14, p. 45, 1897 — Jaltipan, Vera Cruz, Mexico 



(type in U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, examined) ; 



idem. I.e., 15, pp. 115, 121, pi. 2, 1898 (range); Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1902, p. 



240 (crit.); Nelson, Auk, 19, p. 388, pi. 14, 1902 (dist. char.). 

 Ortyx godmani Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 301, 1903 — 



Jaltipan, Minatitlan, and Lake Catemaco, Vera Cruz. 

 Colinus virginianus godmani Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 48, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Lowlands of southern Vera Cruz, Mexico, and probably 

 ranging into Tabasco (sea level to 1,500 ft.). 



Colinus virginianus minor Nelson.' Least Bob White. 



Colinus minor Nelson, Auk, 18, p. 47, 1901 — Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico (type 

 in U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, examined); 

 idem, I.e., 19, p. 389, pi. 14, 1902 (dist. char.). 



Colinus virginianus minor Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 48, 1934 (range). 



1 Colinus virginianus nigripectus Nelson: The male is nearest to C. v. graysoni, 

 but the rufous of the under parts is generally paler and the black band below the 

 white throat extends onto the chest and sides of the neck. Somewhat resembles 

 C. V. pectoralis but the rufous of under parts is lighter, the black of the chest not 

 so extensive and with less concealed spots of white. The upper parts are lighter 

 than either graysoni or pectoralis. 



Additional material examined. — Morelos: Puente de Ixtla, 13; Cuernavaca, 1. — 

 Puebla: Atlixco, 8. 



"^ Colinus virginianus godmani Nelson: The male has the throat white; the 

 chest and middle of abdomen almost to vent black; sides of chest and flanks 

 chestnut, each feather edged with black; the lower flank feathers mottled with 

 black and white; middle of crown and nape blackish; the red on mantle chestnut. 

 The female is very dark with no rufous in plumage, resembling female of salvini, 

 but under parts more buffy. 



Material examined. — Vera Cruz: Catemaco, 1; Jaltipan, 3. 



3 Colinus virginianus minor Nelson: The smallest of the known races of vir- 

 ginianus, wing 93 mm. The male has the throat white with a narrow black collar 

 between it and the chestnut of the chest; entire chest and breast chestnut with 

 each feather narrowly edged with black; under tail coverts and lower flanks 

 spotted with black and white; red of mantle rufous chestnut. Somewhat resem- 

 bles maculatus, but much darker and the chest and breast are rufous and black 

 with practically no white. The female is much darker than the same sex in macu- 

 latus, but is paler and more distinctly barred on under parts than godmani. 



Material examined. — Chiapas: Palenque, 6. 




1942 Birds of the Americas^Hellmayr and Conover 245 



Range. — Grassy plains in northeastern Chiapas and adjacent 

 portion of Tabasco, Mexico; probably also neighboring sections of 

 Guatemala. 



*Colinus virginianus thayeri Bangs and Peters.' Thayer's Bob 

 White. 



Colinus virginianus thayeri Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, 

 p. 386, 1928 — Chivela, Oaxaca, Mexico (type in Museum of Comparative 

 Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 49, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Northeastern part of the State of Oaxaca, probably 

 intergrading with pectoralis and nigripectus in the north-central 

 section of the state. 



Conover Collection.— 1: Oaxaca (Tutla, 1). 



Colinus virginianus atriceps (Ogilvie-Grant). Black-headed 

 Bob White. 



Ortyx atriceps Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 415 (in key), p. 424, 

 1893 — Putla, Oaxaca, Mexico (cotypes in British Museum); idem, Handb. 

 Game-Bds., 2, p. 144, pi. 33, 1897 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 303, 1903 -Putla. 



Colinus atriceps Nelson, Auk, 15, p. 122, 1898 (range). 



Colinus virginianus atriceps Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 49, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Known only from the type locality in western Oaxaca, 

 probably ranging into Guerrero. 



*Colinus virginianus insignis Nelson. ^ Guatemalan Bob White. 



Colinus insignis Nelson, Auk, 14, p. 46, 1897 — Nenton, Guatemala (type in 

 U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, examined); idem, 



1 Colinus virginianus thayeri Bangs and Peters: The male is nearest to C. v. 

 pectoralis, but the black chest band is broader and with few if any concealed 

 white spots on the shafts of the feathers; lower edge of black chest ill-defined; 

 rest of under parts chestnut rufous, darker than in either nigripectus or pectoralis, 

 with slight black and white specklings about vent and lower flanks; throat white, 

 sometimes with slight black markings; upper parts slightly more reddish than 

 pectoralis and darker than nigripectus. The females are similar to females of C. v. 

 coyolcos. 



Additional material examined.— Oaxaca.: Guichicovi, 2. 



2 Colinus virginianus insignis Nelson: The male is nearest to C. v. ridgwayi, 

 but darker, with the forehead and forepart of crown blackish; throat and sides 

 of face black, speckled in some individuals with more or less white; rest of under 

 parts hazel with a few black and white spots on lower flanks; upper parts much 

 brighter red and blacker than in ridgwayi. The female is darker than that sex in 

 ridgwayi with upper parts much grayer (less sandy) ; under parts much less reddish 

 on chest (more brownish) ; center of breast and belly huffier. 



Additional material examined. — Chiapas: Ocozacoautla, 6; Jiquipilas, 1; Comi- 

 tan, 5; Tuxtla Gutierrez, 4; San Bartolome, 11; San Vicente, 2; Valley of Jiquipilas, 

 1; Chiapa, 1; Petapa, 2; Hda. La Razon, Valle de Zintalapa, 1. — Guatemala: Nen- 

 ton, 1. 




246 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



I.e., 15, pp. 119, 121, 1898 (range); Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1902, p. 241 

 (crit.). 



Ortyx insignis Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 302, 1903 — 

 Valley of Comitan, Chiapas, Mexico, and Nenton, Guatemala. 



Colinus virginianus insignis Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 64, p. 106, 

 1932 (range in Guatemala); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 48,1934 (range); 

 Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 11, p. 361, 1939— Juncana, 

 Chiapas (crit.). 



Range. — The valley of the Rio Chiapas from Nenton, Guatemala, 

 to the western boundary of the State of Chiapas, Mexico (3,000 to 

 6,000 ft.). 



Conover Collection. — 8: Mexico, Chiapas (Chicomuselo, Moriscal, 

 8). 



Colinus virginianus coyolcos (P. L. S. Muller).! Coyolcos Bob 

 White. 



Tetrao Coyoleos [sic] P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 129, 1776 — Mexico, 

 based on "Le Coyolcos" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois.,2, p. 486 (ex"Coyolcozque" 

 Hernandez, Hist. Anim. Nov. Hisp., p. 19); Mexico.^ 



Ortyx coyolcos Gould, Monog. Odont., pi. 6, text unpaged, 1850; Ogilvie- 

 Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 423, 1893; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, 

 p. 144, 1897 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, 

 p. 303, 1903 — Tehuantepec, Juchitan, Tapana, Santa Efigenia, Caco- 

 prieto, Tonala, Chiapas. 



Colinus coyolcos Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1, pp. 276, 289, 1886 (dist. 

 char.); Nelson, Auk, 15, pp. 117, 121, 1898 (range). 



Colinus virginianus coyolcos Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, 

 p. 386, 1928— Tapanatepec, Oaxaca; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 49, 1934 

 (range). 



Range. — Pacific coast of Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico, from the 

 City of Tehuantepec to Tonala (sea level to 3,000 ft.). 



Colinus virginianus salvini Nelson.^ Salvin's Bob White. 



1 This race seems to vary a great deal. Two male specimens (Tehuantepec, 

 San Mateo del Mar) have practically no black on the chest, which is cinnamon. 



Material examined. — Oaxaca: San Mateo del Mar, 2; Huilotepec, 4; San 

 Geronimo, 2; La Venta, 1; Tapana, 2; City of Tehuantepec, 2. — Chiapas: Tonala, 3. 



* The application of the name coyolcos to the present form is wholly arbitrary. 

 Certain features in Hernandez's cursory description rather point to C. v. pectoralis, 

 of Vera Cruz. 



' Colinus virginianus salvini Nelson: Darkest of all the known races of C. vir- 

 ginianus. The male has the throat, sides of face, including superciliaries, and 

 entire chest black; remainder of under parts dark rufous, the feathers faintly 

 edged or washed with blackish; vent and under tail coverts rufous mottled with 

 black and white; forehead and forepart of crown dull black, hind part of crown 

 dark spotted with white; remainder of upper parts very dark. The females are 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 247 



Colinus salvini Nelson, Auk, 14, p. 45, 1897 — Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico 

 (type in U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, examined) ; 

 idem, I.e., 15, p. 122, 1898 (range); Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1902, p. 241 

 (crit.). 



Ortyx salvini Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 304, 1903 — 

 Chiapas, Tapachula, San Benito. 



Colinus virginianus salvini Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 48, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Coastal plains of southern Chiapas, Mexico, near the 

 Guatemalan border. 



Colinus virginianus castaneus (Gould). Gould's Bob White. 



Ortyx castanea Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 10, "1842," p. 182, pub. Feb., 

 1843 — type locality unknown (type in coll. of J. Gould, now in British 

 Museum). 



Ortyx castaneus Gould, Monog. Odont., pi. 3, text unpaged, 1850 — habitat 

 unknown; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 424, 1893 (desc. 

 and disc); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 145, 1897 (monog.). 



Colinus virginianus castaneus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 49 and footnote, 1934 

 (disc, of possible range). 



Range. — Unknown. Described from aviary specimen whose 

 plumage may 'have been unnatural. There is a possibility that it 

 may have come from some part of Guerrero or Michoacan from 

 which no Colinus has ever been reported. 



♦Colinus nigrogularis nigrogularis (Gould). Black-throated 

 Quail. 



Ortyx nigrogularis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 10, "1842," p. 181, Feb., 

 1843 — Mexi CO = Yucatan (type in coll. of Lord Derby, now in Liverpool 

 Museum);' Cabot, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 4, p. 460, 1844 — Yucatan; 

 Gould, Monog. Odont., Part 2, pi. 4, 1846 — part, Yucatan; Gray and 

 Mitchell, Gen. Bds., p. 514, pi. cxxxii, 1846; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. 

 Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 209, 1869— Merida, Yucatan; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1883, p. 461— Chable, Yucatan. 



very dark with practically no rufous in plumage, except for a slight mottling of 

 very dull rufous on the crown. 



Comparison of specimens of this race with specimens of atriceps which it 

 seems to resemble closely would be interesting. 



Material examined. — Chiapas: Tapachula, 10. 



1 Since the volume has been put in press. Van Tyne and Trautmann (Occ. 

 Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 439, pp. 2-6, July 1, 1941) have stated that the 

 type came from Honduras and not Yucatan, which would make segoviensis Ridg- 

 way a synonym. In this same paper they have named Colinus nigrogularis persiccus 

 (p. 4) from 5 kilometers south of Progreso, Yucatan, and Colinus nigrogularis 

 caboti (p. 5) from Chichen Itzd, Yucatan. Both types are in the Museum of 

 Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. These new races are said to be 

 paler than the typical race, but caboti is darker than persiccus. 




248 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Ortyx nigrigularis Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 225 — part, Yucatan. 



Colinus nigrogularis Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., p. 190, 1887 — Yucatan; 

 Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 204 — south of Izamal, Yuca- 

 tan; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 8, p. 289, 1896— Chichen-Itza, 

 Yucatan; Nelson, Auk, 15, p. 122, 1898 — Yucatan; Griscom, Amer. Mus. 

 Nov., 235, p. 5, 1926— Yucatan. 

 Eupsychortyx nigrogularis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 412, 

 1893 — part, spec, d-q, Yucatan (Tizimin, Buctzotz, Chable, Peto, Merida); 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 133, 1897 — part, Yucatan; Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 297, 1903 — part, Yucatan; Cole, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 115, 1906 — Chichen-Itzd and Progreso, 

 Yucatan. 



Colintis nigrogularis nigrogularis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 49, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. 



Field Museum Collection. — 7: Yucatan (Merida, 2; San Felipe, 1; 

 unspecified, 4). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Yucatan (Temax, 4). 



Colinus nigrogularis segoviensis Ridgway.^ Honduran Black- 

 throated Quail. 



Colinus nigrogularis segoviensis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 593, 



1888 — Segovia River, Honduras (type in U. S. National Museum); Stone, 



Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 302, 1932— Segovia River; Peters, Bds. 



World, 2, p. 50, 1934 — Caribbean lowlands of Honduras; Van Tyne, 



Misc. Pub., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 12, 1935 — Pacomon and La 



Libertad, Peten, Guatemala (crit.). 

 Ortyx nigrogularis (not of Gould, 1843) Gould, Monog. Odont., Part 2, text to 



pi. 4, 1846— part, Honduras; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 27, p. 63, 



1859 — pine ridges of Belize. 

 Ortyx nigrigularis Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 225 — part, pine ridges of 



Belize. 

 Eupsychortyx nigrogularis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 412, 



1893 — part, spec, a-c, Honduras and British Honduras; idem, Handb. 



Game-Bds., 2, p. 133, 1897 — part, Honduras and British Honduras; 



Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 297, 1903 — part, 



British Honduras and Honduras (Segovia River). 

 Colinus nigrogularis coffini Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45, p. 170, 1932 — 



La Libertad, Peten, Guatemala (type in U. S. National Museum); Peters, 



Bds. World, 2, p. 49, 1934— British Honduras and Peten district. 



Range. — Pine-forested parts of British Honduras, the Peten 

 district of northern Guatemala, and through the Caribbean low- 

 lands of Honduras east to the Segovia River. 



* Colinus nigrogularis segoviensis Ridgway: Similar to the nominate race, but 

 smaller and considerably darker, more brownish, in coloration. Van Tyne has 

 shown C. n. coffini to be identical with C. n. segoviensis. Comparison of a single 

 adult from Peten with another from Honduras by the senior author fails to reveal 

 any noticeable difference. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 249 

 *CoIinus cristatus hypoleucus (Gould). White-breasted Quail. 



Eupsychortyx hypoleucus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 62, 1860-r- 

 Acajutla "in Mexico"=El Salvador (type in coll. of J. Verreaux, now in 

 the British Museum) ;i Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 413, 

 1893 — Guatemala (Vera Paz, San Geronimo); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 

 2, p. 134, 1897 — Guatemala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 

 Aves, 3, p. 297, 1903 — San Ger6nimo, Vera Paz. 



Eupsychortyx leucopogon (not Ortyx leucopogon Lesson) Sclater and Salvin, 

 Ibis, 1860, p. 277 — San Geronimo, Guatemala. 



Colinus hypoleucus Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 379, p. 2, 1929 (crit.). 



Colinus leucopogon hypoleucus Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, 32, p. 73, 1930 

 — El Salvador, west of the Lempa River, and Guatemala (crit.) ; Griscom, 

 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 106, 1932 — Progreso, Guatemala; Conover, 

 Condor, 34, p. 175 (in text), 1932 — El Salvador (depts. La Paz, Sonsonate, 

 La Libertad, and Santa Ana) ; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 50, 1934 (range) ; 

 Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 151, 1938 

 — El Salvador (Colima, San Salvador, Mirafiores, Sonsonate, Lake 

 Chanmico, Hacienda Zapotitdn, Hacienda Chilata, Volcan de Santa Ana, 

 and Lake Guija). 



Range. — El Salvador, west of the Rio Lempa, and adjacent parts 

 of Guatemala (Progreso, upper Motagua Valley, Dept. Jalapa; 

 Salamd and San Geronimo, Baja Verapaz).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 16: Guatemala (Salamd, 7); El Salva- 

 dor (Sitio del Nino, San Salvador, 1; El Tablon, Santa Ana, 4; 

 Colima, Cuscatlan, 3; Sonsonate, 1). , 



Conover Collection. — 3: El Salvador (El Tablon, Santa Ana, 1; 

 Colima, Cuscatlan, 1; San Salvador, 1). 



*Colinus cristatus leucopogon (Lesson). White-throated 

 Quail. 



Ortyx leucopogon Lesson,^ Rev. Zool., 5, p. 175, June, 1842 — San Cdrlos, 

 Central America = La Union, El Salvador (type in Paris Museum); Des 

 Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 6, pi. 6, Feb., 1847 — San Carlos (descr. and fig. of 

 type);* Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, 32, p. 72, 1930 — El Salvador, 

 east of the Rio Lempa (crit.). 



1 The specimen g, purchased of M. Verreaux, though not indicated as such, 

 is doubtless the type. 



"^ Additional material examined. — El Salvador: Hacienda Mirafiores, Dept. La 

 Paz, 1; Volcan Santa Ana, Dept. Sonsonate, 1; Hacienda Zapotitan, Dept. La 

 Libertad, 1; Sitio del Nino, Dept. La Libertad, 1; El Tablon, Dept. Santa Ana, 5. 



^ Ortyx albifrons Lesson (Rev. Zool., 5, p. 130, April, 1842) from "San Cdrlos," 

 which no doubt refers to the same species, has no nomenclatural standing, 

 being a pure nomen nudum. 



* The discrepancies between Des Murs's and Gould's figures have been dis- 

 cussed by Dickey and van Rossem, who justly remark that the form of eastern 

 Salvador has a short crest like the neighboring races. C. c. leucopogon is nearest 




250 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Eupsychortyx leucopogon Gould, Monog. Odont., Part 3, pi. 13, 1850 — San 

 Carlos. 



Colinus leucopogon leucopogon Conover, Condor, 34, p. 175 (in text), 1932 — 

 eastern Salvador (depts. of Morazan and La Union) ; Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 50, 1934 (range); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 Zool. Ser., 23, p. 148, 1938— El Salvador (Lake Olomega, Rio Goascoran, 

 and Divisadero). 



Range. — El Salvador, east of the Rio Lempa (in depts. of Mora- 

 zan and La Union). ^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 6: El Salvador (Divisadero, Morazan, 

 5; Olomega, La Union, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 2 : Salvador (Divisadero, Dept. Morazan, 1 ; 

 Rio Goascoran, La Union, 1). 



♦Colinus cristatus sclateri (Bonaparte). ^ Sclater's Quail. 



Eupsychortyx sclateri Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, No. 19, 

 p. 883, May 12, 1856; I.e., No. 20, p. 954, May 19, 1856— no locality 

 indicated = western Nicaragua (type in Paris Museum); van Rossem, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 486, 1934 (crit). 



Ortyx leylandi Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 62, 1859 — "Flores' on the 

 road from Omoa to Comayagua," Honduras (type in coll. of Lord Derby, 

 now in Liverpool Museum); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 226— same 

 locality; Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 312 — near Comayagua, Honduras. 



Eupsychortyx leucofrenatus Elliot, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 106, pi. 3, 

 1860 — Honduras (type lost, originally in collection of D. G. Elliot). 



to the one from Honduras, but more reddish throughout, with the throat white 

 instead of black. Birds from Colima, Dept. Cuscatlan, El Salvador, are inter- 

 mediate with C. c. hypoleucus. 



1 Additipnal material examined. — El Salvador: Divisadero, Dept. Morazan, 6; 

 Rio Goascoran, La Union, 2. 



2 Colinus cristatus sclateri (Bonaparte) differs from C. c. leucopogon mainly in 

 darker, more brownish (less reddish) coloration and black (instead of white) 

 throat and by the more extensive (unspotted) white area in the middle of the 

 breast. As pointed out by van Rossem, who examined the type in the Paris 

 Museum, Bonaparte's name, based on a specimen taken by Delattre somewhere 

 in western Nicaragua, has priority over Moore's leylandi. 



' There are two Flores in Honduras, one in the Dept. Gracias (east of Santa 

 Rosa) and another just south of San Antonio, Dept. Comayagua. Which one of 

 the two is the place referred to by Moore cannot be determined without knowing 

 more about Leyland's route, if such information be still obtainable. However, as 

 the present race does not occur anywhere in the Atlantic lowlands of Honduras, 

 where it is clearly replaced by C. nigrogularis segoviensis, birds from the high- 

 land region round Tegucigalpa may with fair probability be taken to represent 

 what Moore called leylandi, although his description, in various respects, is not 

 at all conclusive. 



The specimens from Sabana Grande, Tegucigalpa, are intermediate between 

 leucopogon and sclateri. It is possible that a similar specimen formed the basis 

 for Elliot's Eupsychortyx leucofrenatus. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 251 



Eupsychortyx leylandi Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 411, 1893 — 

 part, spec, h-n, Chinandega, Nicaragua; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, 

 p. 132, 1897 — part, Honduras and Nicaragua; Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 295, 1903 — part, descr. and hab. Honduras and 

 Nicaragua (Ocotal, Matagalpa, Chinandega); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 

 12, No. 8, p. 10, 1919 — Granada, western shore of Lake Nicaragua, 

 Nicaragua. 



Eupsychortyx lelendi [sic] Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 302, 1932 

 — between Omoa and Comayagua. 



Colinus leucopogon leylandi Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, 32, p. 73, 1930 — 

 part, western Nicaragua. 



Colinus leucopogon leylandi Conover, Condor, 34, p. 175 (in text), 1932 — 

 Honduras (Tegucigalpa, Monte Redondo, Comayaguela) ; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 50, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Plateau region and Pacific slope of Honduras and 

 Nicaragua. 



Field Museum Collection. — 14: Nicaragua (San Geronimo, Chi- 

 nandega, 14). 



Conover Collection. — 27: Honduras (Monte Redondo, Teguci- 

 galpa, 16; Comayaguela, 1; El Caliche, Orica, Tegucigalpa, 5; 

 Catacamas, Olancho, 1; Sabana Grande, Tegucigalpa, 4). 



♦Colinus cristatus dickeyi Conover.^ Dickey's Quail. 



Colinus leucopogon dickeyi Conover, Condor, 34, p. 174, July, 1932 — Las 

 Cafias, Guanacaste, western Costa Rica (type in Conover Collection, Field 

 Museum of Natural History); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 50, 1934 (range). 



Ortyx leylandi (not of Moore) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 139, 

 1868 — San Jose and Barranca, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, 

 p. 373, 1869 — Heredia and Barba, Costa Rica; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1878, p. 42 — valley of San Jose. 



Colinus leylandi Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 128, 1887 — San 

 Jose and Alajuela; Cherrie, Auk, 9, p. 329, 1892 — San Jose. 



Eupsychortyx leylandi Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 411, 1893 — 

 part, spec, a-g, Costa Rica (San Jose, Irazti); Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 

 p. 449— Miravalles; Ogilvie-Grant, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 132, 1897 



1 Colinus cristatus dickeyi Conover: Nearest to C. c. sclateri, but differs by 

 having the feathers of the throat white with black edges instead of uniform black; 

 more reddish (less grayish) ground color of the chest; more extensive unspotted 

 area on chest and breast; huffier superciliaries and sides of face; and more heavily 

 marked mantle and inner remiges. 



How far this form extends to the north remains to be determined by material 

 from the southwestern section of Nicaragua. We do not see any reason for sepa- 

 rating specifically C. c. dickeyi and its northern allies from the South American 

 forms, since the characters between these groups are merely differences of degree. 

 Griscom (Amer. Mus. Nov., 379, p. 3, 1929), it will be remembered, already 

 has called attention to certain similarities and the practical identity in the female 

 sex between C. c. hypoleucus and C. c. leucotis. 




252 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



— part, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, 

 p. 295, 1903 — part, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 386, 

 1910 — Costa Rica (Santo Domingo de San Mateo, Alajuela, San Jose, 

 Tenorio, Cachf, Miravalles). 



Colinus leiicopogon leylandi Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, 32, p. 73, 1930 — 

 part, Costa Rica. 



Range. — Plateau region and Pacific slope of Costa Rica and 

 possibly extreme southwestern Nicaragua. 



Field Museum Collection. — 8: Costa Rica (Las Canas, 2; San 

 Jos^, 2; Orosi, 4). 



Conover Collection. — 13: Costa Rica (Miravalles, Guanacaste, 2; 

 Turrucares, 1; Las Caiias, 5; Volcan Irazu, Cartago, 5). 



*Colinus cristatus panamensis Dickey and van Rossem.' Panama 

 Crested Quail. 



Colinus leticotis pariamensis Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, 32, p. 73, 1930 — 

 Agua Dulce, Code, western Panama (type in coll. of D. R. Dickey, now 

 in University of California at Los Angeles, examined). 



Eupsychortyx leucotis (not Ortyx leiccotis Gould) Salvin, Ibis, 1876, p. 379 — 

 Veragua (Calobre?) (crit.). 



Eupsychortyx leucopogon (not Ortyx leucopogon Lesson) Gould, Monog. Odont., 

 Part 3, pi. 13, 1850 (fig. spec, in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye); Ogilvie-Grant, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 408, 1893 — part, spec, p-r, Veragua; idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 130, 1897 — part, Veragua; Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 295, 1903— part, "Calobre," Veraguas. 



Eupsychortyx leucopogon Todd, Auk, 37, p. 203, pi. 5, fig. 4, 1920 — western 

 Panama (monog.). 



Colinus cristatus panamensis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 50, 1934 (range) ; Gris- 

 com, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 303, 1935 (range). 



Range. — Pacific lowlands of western Panama in depts. of Cocl^, 

 Veraguas, and Chiriqui. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Panama (El Frances, Chiriqui, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Panama (El Frances, Chiriqui, 1). 



* Colinus cristatus panamensis Dickey and van Rossem: Nearest to, and agree- 

 ing with, C. c. leucotis in having nearly uniform amber brown superciliaries, but 

 darker throughout; under parts much more reddish, with the light markings 

 reduced to roundish spots; males with more white about the head, the chin and 

 upper throat in particular being soiled white. 



C. c. panamensis is much like C. c. decoratus above, but differs by having, in 

 the male sex, a much greater expanse of white on the upper throat, much less 

 black-and-white spotting on the chest, and the rufescent buff abdominal patch 

 lighter, while females may be separated by darker, less buffy dorsal surface and 

 much darker under parts with more heavily pronounced barring, particularly on 

 flanks and abdomen. 



Additional material examined. — Panama: Agua Dulce, Code, 7; La Marca, 

 Veraguas, 2; La Colorada, Santiago, Veraguas, 1; Santa Fe, Veraguas, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 253 



Colinus cristatus decora tus (Todd).^ Magdalena Crested 

 Quail. 



Eupsychortyx decoratus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p. 6, 1917 — Calamar, 

 Bolfvar, Colombia (type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, examined). 



Eupsychortyx parvicristatus (not of Gould) Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. 

 Mus. Hein., p. 294, 1887 — part, Barranquilla. 



Eupsychortyx leucotis (not Ortyx leucotis Gould) Robinson, Flying Trip to 

 Tropics, p. 153, 1895 — part, Barranquilla. 



Colinics cristatus decoratus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 198, 

 1917 — Calamar and Turbaco, Colombia (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, 

 p. 50, 1934 (range). 



Eupsychortyx leucopogon decoratus Todd, Auk, 37, p. 210, pi. 5, fig. 6, 1920 — 

 northern Colombia (monog.); idem and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, 

 p. 169, 1922 — Fundacion, Santa Marta region (spec, examined). 



Range. — Northern Colombia from the Rio Sinu east to the delta 

 region of the Magdalena River; (?)accidental at the west foot of the 

 Santa Marta Mountains (Fundacion). 



*Colinus cristatus badius Conover.^ Cauca Valley Crested 

 Quail. 



Colinus cristatus hadius Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 51, p. 53, March 18, 

 1938 — El' Tambo, Cauca, Colombia (type in Conover Collection, Field 

 Museum of Natural History). 



Eupsychortyx leucotis (not Ortyx leucotis Gould) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 



Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 544 — Medellin, Colombia (eggs descr.). 

 Eupsychortyx leucopogon (not Ortyx leucopogon Lesson) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. 



Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 408, 1893 — part, spec, l-o, Medellin; Salvin and 



Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 295, 1903 — part, Colombia 



(Antioquia). 



Colinus cristatus leucotis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 199, 1917 — 

 part, Caldas (Rio Dagua), Call (Cauca), and La Sierra (Cauca), Colombia; 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 50, 1934 (range in part). 



' Colinus cristatus decoratus (Todd) : Very similar to C. c. leucotis, but more 

 richly colored throughout; superciliary streak of males heavily variegated with 

 black, as also the malar stripe; throat darker, rich chestnut; the breast very 

 nearly as dark as the throat, with the white spots smaller; sides and flanks heavily 

 marked with chestnut; female more heavily marked below, the throat more 

 decidedly tinged with buffy, and more heavily streaked with blackish. A single 

 male from Fundacion is typical of the race. 



Material examined. — Colombia: Barranquilla, 2; Cartagena, 1; Calamar, 

 Bolivar, 8; Fundacion, 1. 



2 Colinus cristatus badius Conover: Nearest to C. c. leucotis, but much darker 

 above, even more deeply colored than panamensis; males with throat slightly 

 lighter, chest darker, and abdominal patch lighter, as well as less extensive; under 

 parts of females having a more black and white appearance, with the buffy abdomi- 

 nal patch very, light, almost obsolete. Compared to decoratus and panamensis, 

 the males are much less reddish on throat and chest. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: Caldas, Rio Dagua, 1; Call, Cauca, 

 1; Medellin, Cauca, 1. 




254 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Eupsychortyx leucopogon leucotis Todd, Auk, 37, p. 207, 1920 — part, Cauca 

 VaUey. 



Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of the Cauca Valley, 

 western Colombia. 



Conover Collection. — 22: Colombia (El Tambo, Cauca, 21; Popa- 

 yan, Cauca, 1). 



♦Colinus cristatus leucotis (Gould). White-eared Crested 

 Quail. 



Ortyx leucotis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, "1843," p. 133, pub. March, 

 1844 — "Santa Fe de Bogot4,"i Colombia (type probably in the British 

 Museum);' G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 5, p. 77, 1867— Bogota. 



Eupsychortyx leucotis Gould, Monog. Odont., Part 1, pi. 10, 1844 — "Santa Fe 

 de Bogota"; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 163, 1855— "Bogota"; 

 Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, pp. 101, 153, pi., 1895 — part, Guaduas 

 and Honda, Magdalena Valley, Colombia. 



Eupsychortyx leucopogon (not Ortyx leucopogon Lesson) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 408, 1893— part, spec, a-k, Colombia ("Bogota"); 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 130, 1897 — part, Colombia; Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 295, 1903 — part, Colombia 

 ("Bogota"). 



Colinus cristatus leucotis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 199, 1917 — 

 part, El Eden (central Andes), Chicoral, Honda, and Purificacion (upper 

 Magdalena), Fusugasugd, Anolaima, El Carmen, and El Alto de la Paz 

 (eastern Andes), Colombia; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 50, 1934 (range in 

 part). 



Eupsychortyx leucopogon leucotis Todd, Auk, 37, p. 207, pi. 5, fig. 5, 1920 — 

 part, Magdalena VaUey, Colombia. 



Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of the middle and 

 upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Colombia (Honda, Magdalena 

 River, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 2: Colombia (Aguachica, Dept. Magdalena, 

 1; Pena Blanca, Santander, 1). 



♦Colinus cristatus littoralis (Todd).* Littoral Crested Quail. 



1 Honda, upper Magdalena River, suggested as type locality by Chapman 

 (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 199, 1917). 



* Though not indicated as such, one of the specimens from the Gould Collec- 

 tion (e-g, of E. leucopogon) is probably the type. 



' Birds from the Magdalena Valley agree with native "Bogota" skins. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: El Eden, East Quindio Andes, 1; 

 Chicoral, Coello River, Tolima, 2; Honda, 5; Aguachica, Magdalena, 1; Anolaima, 

 1; Fusugasuga, 1; El Alto de la Paz, Cvmdinamarca, 5. 



* Colinvis cristaius littoralis (Todd) : Very close to C. c. decoratus, but males 

 paler, with the throat less chestnut, ochraceous-tawny to amber brown, and 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 255 



Eupsychortyx littoralis Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p. 6, 1917 — Mama- 

 toco, Santa Marta, Colombia (type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, 

 examined). 



Eupsychortyx leucopogon (not Ortyx leucopogon Lesson) Allen, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 13, p. 127, 1900— Bonda, Colombia. 



Eupsychortyx leucopogon littoralis Todd, Auk, 37, p. 211, pi. 5, fig. 7, 1920 — 

 Santa Marta region (monog.); idem and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 

 14, p. 168, 1922 — Bonda, Cacagualito, Mamatoco, Gaira, and Santa 

 Marta. 



Colinus sonninii decoratus {not Eupsychortyx decoratus Todd) Darlington, Bull. 

 Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 370, 1931 — Rio Frio, Donjaca, Sevillano, and 

 Aracataca, Magdalena, Colombia. 



Colinus cristatus littoralis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 51, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone at the north and west foot of the Santa 

 Marta Mountains, northern Colombia. 



Conover Collection. — 4: Colombia, Santa Marta (Rio Frio, 2; 

 Cacagualito, 1; Mamatoco, 1). 



♦Colinus cristatus cristatus (Linnaeus). Crested Quail. 



Tetrao cristatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 277, 1766 — based on "La 

 Caille hupee du Mexique" Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 260, pi. 25, fig. 2; "Guiana" 

 (type in coll. of Mr. Aubry).i 



Ortyx Temminckii Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 11, (2), p. 381, 1819 — new 

 name for Tetrao cristatus Linnaeus. 



Ortyx neoxenus Vigors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, "1830," 

 p. 3, pub. Jan. 6, 1831 — "northern parts of America" (type living in the 

 Zoological Society Gardens, now lost; cf. Gould, Monog. Odont., Part 2, 

 text to pi. 9, 1846). 



the breast also paler, less russet; female likewise slightly paler and less spotted 

 below. 



There is some individual variation in this form. An adult male from Bonda 

 approaches decoratus in chestnut throat and more reddish chest, while another 

 from the same locality is a typically pale littoralis. Two male specimens from Rio 

 Frio, Magdalena, also show all the characteristics of the littoral race; curiously 

 enough, a single male from Fundacion is typical of decoratus. 



C. c. littoralis comes very close to C. c. leucotis, but is paler above, especially 

 in the female sex. While females of the two races are about the same underneath, 

 males have the abdominal patch darker rufescent, the reddish gular area somewhat 

 lighter as well as less extensive, and the superciliary stripe mottled with black. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: Mamatoco, 7; Bonda, 3. 



1 As has been explained at length by Berlepsch (Journ. Orn., 40, p. 100, 1892), 

 Brisson's description, while not very definite, seems to correspond much better 

 to the present form than to C. c. sonnini, since the upper part of the head, the 

 crest, and the throat are called "fauve," although no mention is made, either in 

 the text or in the figure, of the rufous abdominal patch, so characteristic a feature 

 in the quail which naturalists have been designating by the name cristatus. If 

 we are right in our identification of "La Caille hupee du Mexique," the locality 

 Guiana attached to Aubry's specimen forming the basis of Brisson's account 

 must have been erroneous — C. c. sonnini being the only representative of the 

 group in French and British Guiana — and Mr. Peters (Bds. World, 2, p. 51, 1934) 

 has, accordingly, suggested the island of Curasao as an appropriate type locality. 




256 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Eupsychortyx cristatus Gould, Monog. Odont., Part 2, pi. 9, 1846 — "Mexico" 



(errore) ; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 40, p. 98, 1892 — Savonet, Curasao (crit.) ; 



Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 407, 1893— Curasao and 



Aruba; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 305, 325 — Aruba and Curagao (crit.); 



Ogilvie-Grant, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 128, 1897 (monog.); Hartert, 



Nov. Zool., 9, p. 306, 1902— Aruba and Curagao; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. 



Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 198, 204, 253, 1909— Aruba and Curacao. 

 Eupsychortyx gouldi Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 40, p. 100 (in text), 1892 — Savonet, 



Curagao (provisional new name). 

 Eupsychortyx cristatus continentis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Cm. Ser., 1, 



p. 283, May 31, 1913 — El Panorama, Rio Aurare (about fifteen miles 



east of Maracaibo), Zulia, Venezuela (type in Field Museum of Natural 



History). 

 Eupsychortyx cristatus cristatus Todd, Auk, 37, p. 214, pi. 5, fig. 8, 1920 — 



Venezuela, Curasao, and Aruba (monog.); idem and Carriker, Ann. 



Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 168, 1922 — Rio Hacha and Fonseca, Colombia. 

 Colinus (Eupsychortyx) cristatus Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 



Zool. Ser., 12, p. 32, 1922 — Maracaibo, Altagracia, Rio Aurare, Rio 



Cogollo, and Valera, Zulia, Venezuela (crit.). 

 Colinus cristatus cristatus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 51, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of northeastern Colombia (La Goajira 

 and Rio Rancheria Valley, on the east side of the Santa Marta 

 Mountains) and northwestern Venezuela (in states of Falcon, Lara, 

 and Zulia) ; islands of Aruba and Curagao.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 20: Venezuela (Rio Aurare, Zulia, 4); 

 Aruba, 11; Curasao, 5. 



Conover Collection. — 9: Venezuela (Maracaibo, 2; Altagracia, 

 Zulia, 2; Rio Cogollo, Zulia, 3; Valera, 2). 



*Colinus cristatus horvathi (Madarasz).^ Horvath's Quail. 



Eupsychortyx horvathi Madarasz, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., 2, p. 116, pi. 12, 

 1904 — "Perigosa" [=Pedregosa], near M^rida, Venezuela (type in Hun- 

 garian National Museum, Budapest). 



Eupsychortyx cristatus horvathi Todd, Auk, 37, p. 219, 1920 — Merida (monog.). 



Colintis (Eupsychortyx) horvathi Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 Zool. Ser., 12, p. 33, 1922— Rio Chamd and Merida (crit.). 



Colinus cristatus horvathi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 51, 1934 (range). 



1 Birds from continental Venezuela (continentis) do not seem to be distin- 

 guishable by any constant characters from those of the Dutch West Indies. 

 Specimens from Valera approach C. c. horvathi in the paler coloration of the upper 

 surface, while those from La Goajira form the passage to C. c. liitoralis. 



* Colinus cristatus horvathi (Madarasz): Nearest to C. c. cristatus, but with 

 decidedly heavier bill; dorsal surface much grayer, with hardly any rufescent 

 tinge; under parts much paler, with the shaft-stripes on sides and flanks darker; 

 throat of females heavily streaked with black. 



Additional specimens examined. — Venezuela, M6rida: Pedregosa, 1; Alto de 

 Estanques (alt. 800 meters), 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 257 



Range. — Subtropical zone of the Andes of M^rida, western 

 Venezuela. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1 : Venezuela (M^rida, 1) . 



Conover Collection. — 5: Venezuela (Rio Cham^, near M^rida, 4; 

 M^rida, 1). 



*Colinus cristatus sonnini (Temminck). Sonnini's Crested 

 Quail. 



Perdix sonnini Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, p. 451, 1815 — no locality 

 stated, but evidently French Guiana (cotypes in coll. of J. C. Temminck, 

 now probably in Leiden Museum). 



Perdix sonninii Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, p. 737, 1815 — French 

 Guiana; idem, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 13, pi. 75, 1821. 



(l)Ortyx affinis Vigors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, "1830," 

 p. 3, pub. Jan. 6, 1831 — "northern parts of America" (descr. of female; 

 type lost, formerly in coll. of Zoological Society of London; cf. Gould, 

 Monog. Odont., Part 3, p. 16, 1850).i 



Perdix cristata (not Tetrao cristatus Linnaeus) Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. 

 Guiana, 1, p. 394, 1847— Pirara. 



Ortyx cristatus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," 

 p. 747, 1849 — savannas of British Guiana; C. B. Brown, Canoe and Camp 

 Life Brit! Guiana, p. 268, 1876 — savanna near Quatata (Pirara). 



Eupsychortyx cristatus Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 175 — British Guiana (ex Schom- 

 burgk). 



Eupsychortyx sonninii{i) Gould, Monog. Odont., 3, pi. 11, 1850 — Guiana, 

 Caracas, Rio Branco, and "the southern parts of Mexico"; Cassin, Proc. 

 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 378— St. Thomas (introduced); Newton, 

 Ibis, 1860, p. 308 — St. Thomas; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1869, p. 252— plain of Valencia, Venezuela; Cory, Auk, 4, p. 225, 1887— 

 St. Thomas (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 224, 1889— St. Thomas; idem. 

 Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 96, 1892— St. Thomas; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 22, p. 409, 1893— Brazil (Forte do Rio Branco), British 

 Guiana (Quonga), Venezuela (Caracas), and Mustique Island; idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 130, 1897 (monog.); Berlepsch and Hartert, 

 Nov. Zool., 9, p. 121, 1902 — Altagracia, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Hartert, 

 Lc, p. 275, 1902— St. Thomas; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, pp. 246, 

 305, 1905 — Mustique Island, Grenadines (introduced); Ihering, Cat. 

 Faun. Braz., 1, p. 17, 1907 — Venezuela, Guiana, Rio Branco, and "Rio 

 Negro" (errore); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 296, 1908— "Cayenne," 

 French Guiana (ex Sonnini) ;* Penard, Vog. Guyana, 1, p. 310, 1908 — 



_' The type has disappeared. Gould, who had examined it in the Zoological 

 Society's Collection, considered it very close to C. c. sonninii, from which he 

 found it to differ by smaller size, notably shorter tail, paler coloration, and by 

 having some black marks on the throat. Its habitat is said to be "Mexico." 



2 "La Caille de Cayenne" J. J. Virey, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. G6n. et Part., ed. 

 Sonnini, 43, pp. 133-136, and ix, where a good description of the bird is given 

 from Sonnini's observations in various parts of French Guiana. 




258 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Dutch Guiana; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 357, 1916— 

 lower and middle Orinoco, Venezuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 31, 

 1916 — Takutu Mountains, Abary River, Great Savannas, Quonga, Co- 

 tinga River, and Rupununi Savannas. 



Ortyx sonninii Reinhardt, in Newton, Ibis, 1861, p. 114 — St. Thomas (crit.); 

 Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 290, 1870 — Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, 

 Brazil. 



Eupsychortyx sonnini sonnini Todd, Auk, 37, p. 194, pi. 5, figs. 1, 2, 1920 — 

 part, Venezuela (Caracas, Naguanagua, El Trompillo; Agua Salada de 

 Ciudad Bolivar, Altagracia, and San Mateo de Caicara, Orinoco River; 

 Maripa, Caura; San German de Upata), British Guiana, Surinam (Para- 

 maribo), Brazil (Serra da Lua), and St. Thomas (monog.); Wetmore, Sci. 

 Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Is., 9, p. 331, 1927— St. Thomas. 



Colinus cristatus sonnini Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 51, 1934 (range, in part). 



Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and the adjacent 

 section of northern Brazil (upper Rio Branco), west through Vene- 

 zuela in the Orinoco basin and north to Caracas and Carabobo 

 in the coast region; introduced on Mustique Island, Grenadines, 

 and in St. Thomas, Virgin Islands.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 7: Brazil (Serra da Lua, 3; Boa Vista, 

 Rio Branco, 1); British Guiana (Corentyne River, 2); Venezuela 

 (Caracas, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 3: Brazil (Serra da Lua, Rio Branco, 1); 

 Venezuela (El Trompillo, Carabobo, 2). 



♦Colinus cristatus parvicristatus (Gould). ^ Short-crested 

 Quail. 



Ortyx parvicristatus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 106, 1843 — Santa-Fe- 

 de-Bogotd, Colombia (tyj)e in coll. of J. Gould, now probably in the British 

 Museum). 



Eupsychortyx parvicristatus Gould, Monog. Odont., Part 2, pi. 12, 1846 — 

 Colombia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 163, 1855 — Bogotd; 

 Pelzeln, Ibis, 1875, p. 331 — "Spanish Guiana" = Bogota (spec, examined); 

 Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein., p. 294, 1887 — part, Bogotd; 

 Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 410, 1893— Bogot^; idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 131, 1897— Bogoti. 



1 Additional material examined. — French Guiana: unspecified, 1. — British 

 Guiana: Quonga, 4. — Brazil: Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, 8. — Venezuela; 

 Altagracia, Orinoco, 6; plain of Valencia, 4; Galipdn, Cerro del Avila, above 

 Caracas, 1. 



* Colinus cristatus parvicristatus (Gould), though rejected by Todd, seems to 

 be after all maintainable by reason of its larger size, shorter and darker crest, 

 darker auriculars and upper parts, as well as heavier black markings both above 

 and below. 



The characters hold in a series of nine native Bogota skins, when compared 

 to an ample series of sonnini, excepting one male from Altagracia, Orinoco, 

 which is almost indistinguishable from the Colombian individuals. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 259 



Colinus cristatus parvicristattis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 199, 



1917 — Fomeque and Quetame, Colombia (crit.). 

 Eupsychortyx sonnini sonnini (not Perdix sonnini Temminck) Todd, Auk, 37, 



p. 174, 1920 — part, Colombia (Bogota; Fomeque; Palmar, Boyaca). 

 Colinus cristatics sonnini Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 51, 1934 — part, Colombia. 



Range. — Tropical zone at the eastern base of the eastern Andes 

 of Colombia (Palmar, Boyaca; Fomeque and Quetame, east of 

 Bogota; Villavicencio). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Colombia ("Bogota," 1). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Colombia (Villavicencio, Meta, 1). 



♦Colinus cristatus mocquerysi (Hartert).i Mocquerys's Quail. 



Eupsychortyx mocquerysi Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 3, p. xxxvii, 1894 — 



CumanS [Dept. Sucre], Venezuela (type in Tring Collection, now in the 



American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined); idem, 



, Nov. ZooL, 1, p. 675, pi. 15, fig. 2, 1894 — vicinity of Cumand; Ogilvie- 



Grant, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 131, 1897— Cumana. 



Eupsychortyx pallidus Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 657, 1896 — 

 Margarita Island, Venezuela (type in U. S. National Museum); Clark, 

 Auk, 19, p. 260, 1902— Margarita Island; Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 551— 

 Margarita Island; idem, Ibis, 1909, p. 322 — Cariaco Peninsula, Venezuela; 

 Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 238, 1909— Margarita Island 

 (crit.). 



Eupsychortyx sonninii (not Perdix sonnini Temminck) Cassin, Proc. Acad. 

 Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 378— part, Cumana; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 367, 

 1897 — Cumanacoa and San Antonio [Bermudez], Venezuela; Ogilvie- 

 Grant, Ibis, 1902, p. 239 — part, Margarita Island. 



Eupsychortyx sonnini mocquerysi Todd, Auk, 37, p. 201, pi. 5, fig. 3, 1920 — 

 Margarita Island and Cariaco, Venezuela (monog.). 



Colinus cristatus mocquerysi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 51, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Northeastern Venezuela, in State of Sucre, and Mar- 

 garita Island. 



Field Museum Collection. — 8: Venezuela (Cocollar, Sucr^, 2; 

 Margarita Island, 6). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Venezuela (Margarita Island, 1). 



1 Colinus cristatus mocquerysi (Hartert) : Very close to C. c. sonnini, but 

 crest paler and longer; breast of males brighter (vinaceous to chestnut) and abdo- 

 men with less rufous; females rather whiter, less buffy below. 



This is rather an unsatisfactory race, though the decidedly longer crest in 

 both sexes would seem to distinguish it. The other characters are not very pro- 

 nounced, and we cannot confirm the supposedly paler coloration of the upper 

 parts. As pointed out by Cory, the strikingly pale coloration of the type of E. pal- 

 lidum, taken in July, is due to its worn, faded condition, since February and March 

 specimens obtained by Ferry on Margarita Island are very much darker. Birds 

 from northeastern Venezuela and Margarita seem to be alike. 



Additional specimens examined. — Venezuela: near Cumana, 2; Cumanacoa, 1; 

 Cariaco Peninsula, 1; Margarita Island, 4. 




260 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Genus ODONTOPHORUS Vieillot 



Odoniophoriis Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. E16m., p. 51, April, 1816 — type, by 



monotypy, "Tocro" Buffon=T'e<rao gujanensis Gmelin; idem, Nouv. 



Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 34, p. 177, 1819 (full characterization). 

 Dentophorus "Vieillot" Boie, Isis, 21, col. 326, 1828 (evidently lapsus for 



Odontophorus). 

 Strophiortyx Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 883, 1856 — type, 



by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 430, 1893), 



Odontophorus columbianus Gould. 



♦Odontophorus gujanensis castigatus Bangs.^ Chiriqu! 

 Partridge. 



Odontophorus castigatus Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 356, 1901 — DivalS, Chiriquf, 

 Panama (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in the Museum of Com- 

 parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 

 70, p. 160, 1930); idem, Proc. New Eng. Zool. CI., 3, p. 22, 1902— Bugaba, 

 Chiriqui; idem. Auk, 24, p. 291, 1907— Boruca and El Pozo de Terraba, 

 Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 386, 1910 — Sabanilla, 

 El Pozo de Terraba, and Boruca, Costa Rica (crit.). 



Odontophorus marmoratus (not of Gould) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 

 p. 218 — Bugaba, Chiriqui; Zeled6n, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 128, 

 1887 — Las Trojas and Pozo Az61 de Pirrls, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Anal. 

 Inst. Fis.-Geogr. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 146, 1893 — Boruca and 

 Buenos Aires, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 

 3, p. 309, 1903 — part, Costa Rica and Chiriquf (Bugaba). 



[Odontophorus guianensis] subsp. a. O. marmoratus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 22, p. 433, 1893 — part, spec, b, c, Bugaba, Chiriquf. 



Odontophorus gujanensis castigatus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 51, 1934 (range); 

 Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 303, 1935 — western Chiriqui. 



Range. — Tropical zone of southwestern Costa Rica and extreme 

 western Panama (Bugaba and Divala, Chiriqui). 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Costa Rica (Buenos Aires, 1; 

 Boruca, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 10: Costa Rica (Buenos Aires, 1; Volcan 

 de Oso, 3; El General, 1; San Geronimo, 3; Savanillas de Pirris, 1; 

 Alto de Javillo, 1). 



♦Odontophorus gujanensis marmoratus (Gould). Marbled 

 Partridge. 



Ortyx (Odontophorus) marmoratus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 107, 

 1843 — Santa-F6-de-Bogotd, Colombia (type in the British Museum). 



Odontophorus guianensis (not Tetrao gujanensis Gmelin) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. 

 Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 301, 1861— Panama Railroad. 



1 Odontophorus gujanensis castigatus Bangs: Similar to 0. g. marmoratus, but 

 much darker, more olivaceous throughout; crest and pileum dark brown instead 

 of light chestnut; throat and chest much darker and less grayish; hind neck and 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 261 



Odontophonts marmoratus Gould, Monog. Odont., p. 22, 1850 — Bogot&; Sclater, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 163, 1855 — Bogotd; idem and Salvin, I.e., 

 1864, p. 371 — Lion Hill, Panama; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 545 — Remedios, 

 Antioquia, Colombia (eggs deser.) ; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. 

 Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 10, 1899 — Rio Lara, Darien; Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 309, 1903— part, Panama (Chepo, Lion 

 Hill); Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 214, 1906— 

 savanna of Panama. 



[Odontophorus guianensis] subsp. a. O. marmoratus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 22, p. 433, 1893— part, spee. a, d-o, Panama (Chepo, Lion 

 Hill) and Colombia (Remedios, Bogotd); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, 

 p. 153, 1897 — part, Panama and Colombia. 



Odontophorus guianensis marmoratus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, 

 p. 200, 1917 — part, Puerto Valdivia, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 70, p. 242, 1918— Gatun, Panama; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 26— 

 Colombia (crit.); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 

 12, pi. 1 (upper fig.), 1922; Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 380, p. 3, 1929— 

 Venezuela (Santa Elena, head of Maraeaibo), Colombia (El Tambor, 

 Santander; Palmar, Boyaea; Puerto Valdivia and Murindo, Antioquia; 

 Saotata, Rio Atrato), and Panama (crit.); Griseom, Bull. Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., 72, p. 319, 1932 — Obaldia, Perm6, and Ranchon, eastern Panama 

 (crit.); idem, I.e., 78, p. 313, 1935 — Panama. 



Odontophorus guianensis panamensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 34, 

 p. 363, ^^ay 27, 1915 — Panama Railroad line (type in the American 

 Museum of Natural History, New York); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 26 — 

 Lion Hill, Panama (cotypes in British Museum); Bangs and Barbour, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 195, 1922 — Mount Sapo and Jesusito, 

 Darien. 



Odontophorus guianensis canescens (not 0. parambae canescens Chapman, 

 1921) Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 27, 

 pi, 1 (lower fig.), 1922 — Rio CogoUo, Perija, Zulia, Venezuela (type in 

 Conover Collection, Field Museum of Natural History). 



Odontophorus guianensis polionotus Osgood and Conover, Auk, 44, p. 561, 

 1927 — new name for 0. guianensis canescens Osgood and Conover, pre- 

 occupied. 



Odontophorus guianensis chapmani Griseom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, 

 p. 153, April, 1929 — Cana, eastern Panama (type in Museum of Compara- 

 tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). 



Odontophorus gujanensis marmoratus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 52, 1934 — 

 Canal Zone of Panama to Colombia. 



Odontophorus gujanensis polionotus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 52, 1934 — Vene- 

 zuela. 



Range. — Tropical zone of Panama, from the Canal Zone east- 

 wards, and south through Antioquia to the Magdalena Valley and 



upper back dark olivaceous rather than grayish and nearly coneolor with the rest 

 of the upper parts. 



Three specimens from Chiriqul (Bugaba) and five additional ones from south- 

 western Costa Rica (T6rraba Valley) examined. 




262 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



the adjacent parts of northwestern Venezuela (Rio Cogollo and 

 Santa Elena, south of Lake Maracaibo, State of Zulia).^ 



Conover Collection. — 13: Panama, Darien (Port Obaldia, 11; 

 Perm^, 1); Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Zulia, 1). 



*Odontophorus gujanensis gujanensis (Gmelin). Guianan 

 Partridge. 



Tetrao gujanensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 767, 1789 — based principally 

 on "Guiana Partridge" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 2, (2), p. 776; Cayenne 

 or Guiana.2 



Perdix dentata Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 419, 734, 1815— 

 French Guiana (two specimens) and "Brazil" [= lower Amazon] (one spec.) 

 (cotypes in coll. of C. J. Temminck). 



Odoniophorus rufus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 178, 

 1819 — part, descr. and hab. Guiana; idem and Oudart, Galerie Ois., 2, 

 p. 38, pi. 211, 1825. 



Perdix rufina Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 60, pi. 76b, 1825 — "in sylvis 

 fl. Amazonum" (type in Munich Museum examined; cf. Hellmayr, 

 Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 698, 1906). 



Odoniophorus guianensis Gould, Monog. Odont., Part 1, pi. 23, 1844 — Cayenne, 

 Guiana, Surinam, and "Trinidad" (errore); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, 

 Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 747, 1848 — British Guiana; Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 591 — Capim River, Para, Brazil; Pelzeln, 

 Orn. Bras., 3, p. 289, 1870— part, Borba (Rio Madeira), Para, Barra do 

 Rio Negro [=Manaos], Sao Pedro (Rio Negro), and western Matto Grosso 

 (Forte do Principe da Beira and Sao Vicente, Rio Guapore); Allen, Bull. 

 Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1875 — Santarem, Brazil; C. B. Brown, Canoe and 

 Camp Life British Guiana, p. 373, 1876 — Wahmarra Mountains, upper 

 Demerara River (nest descr.); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 175 — Bartica Grove, 

 Merume Mountains, and Camacusa, British Guiana; Riker and Chap- 

 man, Auk, 8, p. 162, 1891 — Santarem, Brazil; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 22, p. 432, 1893 — British Guiana (Demerara, Bartica Grove, 



' Dr. Chapman has shown that there is but one race inhabiting Colombia 

 (excepting the Caquetd region) and the Maracaibo basin of Venezuela, its 

 earliest name being marmoratus of Gould. Panama specimens, which have been 

 described by three different authors, cannot satisfactorily be separated either, 

 although their strange local variability has not yet been fully explained. For a 

 statement of the rather complicated case the reader is referred to Chapman's 

 enlightening account (Amer. Mus. Nov., 380, pp. 4-6, 1929). 



Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Santa Elena, Zulia, 1. — Colombia: 

 Bogota, 4; Remedios, 1. — Panama: Rio Lara, 1; Chepo, 2; Lion Hill, 6. 



^ Gmelin's diagnosis is compiled from Latham's description, which, aside 

 from the "red warty excrescences round the eyes" and the "yellow brown legs," 

 corresponds very well to the characters of the Guianan Partridge. Of the two 

 other references quoted by Gmelin, "Le Tocro ou Perdrix de la Guyane" of Buffon 

 (Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 518, 1778) is not identifiable with certainty from the short 

 account (". . . un peu plus gros que notre perdrix grise, et son plumage est d'un 

 brun plus fonce; du reste il lui ressemble . . ."), whereas "The Patridge in Guiana" 

 of Bancroft (Essay Nat. Hist. Guiana, p. 177, 1769), described as being "near 

 twice as large" as the European Partridge, can hardly refer to the present species. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 263 



Camacusa, Merume Mountains) and Brazil (Manaos, Capim River); 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 152, 1897 (monog.); Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, 

 p. 499— Capim River, Brazil; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 296, 1908— 

 Cayenne; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 33, 1916 — many localities; 

 Beebe, Trop. Wild Life, 1, p. 127, 1917— Bartica, British Guiana. 



Odontophorus gujanensis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 304, 1905 — Igarape- 

 Assu, Para; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 17, 1907 (range). 



Odontophorus marmoratus (not of Gould) Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 516, 

 1908— Villa Braga, Rio Tapajoz; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 59, 1914— 

 Rio Tocantins (Mazagao), Rio Tapajoz (Villa Braga, Boim), and Rio 

 Jamauchim (Santa Elena), Brazil. 



Odontophorus gujanensis gujanensis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 417, 1910 — 

 Santa Isabel, Rio Preto, Brazil; idem, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. KI. 

 Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 80, 97, 1912— Ipitinga (Rio Acard) 

 and Peixe-Boi, Pard (crit., Par4 localities); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 52, 

 1934 (range). 



Odontophorus guianensis rufinus Chubb, Ibis, 1919, pp. 25, 28 — lower Amazons 

 (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 65, 1930 — western 

 Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 52, 1934 (range). 



Odontophorus guianensis guianensis Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., 62, p. 40, 1918 — Javaweg, Surinam; Osgood and Conover, Field 

 Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, pi. 1 (middle fig.), 1922. 



Range. — FrSnch, Dutch and British Guiana, and northern 

 Brazil, from the Para region on both sides of the Amazon west to 

 the Rio Negro, the Rio Manacapuru, and Rio Madeira, south to 

 northwestern Matto Grosso.^ 



1 Further subdivision appears to be impracticable. Chubb revived Spix's 

 name rufina for the birds of Lower Amazonia, said to be distinguishable by paler, 

 grayish rather than "dark rufous brown," lower back and rump, and referred to 

 this supposed form an adult male from the Capim River, Pard, and a female from 

 "Barra do Rio Negro" [=Man&osJ. To start with, we will say that in none of the 

 numerous specimens from Guiana and Amazonia which we have examined can 

 the lower back and rump be called "dark rufous brown." The tone of these parts 

 varies from Isabella color or tawny olive to Brussels brown frequently more or 

 less suffused with grayish, this area being either plain or spotted with black to a 

 variable degree. Birds from French Guiana and Manaos are quite alike in this 

 respect, and there is no possible doubt about the inhabitants of the north bank 

 of the Amazon being typical gujanensis. There remains only the question of 

 whether those from south of the Amazon can be differentiated. With five skins 

 from the Par4 district before him, the senior author is unable to find any constant 

 character by which to tell them from the northern series with the possible excep- 

 tion that they average slightly darker on the rump. With the available material 

 we do not see how rufinus can be maintained. 



Of particular interest is an adult male from Sao Pedro (right bank of upper 

 Rio Negro) in the Vienna Museum. This bird has more rufous on the head 

 than any other specimen, the whole throat down to the foreneck and the entire 

 sides of the head being bright rufous chestnut. In the extent of rufous on the 

 throat it is approached by two British Guianan birds and one from Para, but 

 no other specimen lacks the buff patch on the upper auriculars. The Sao Pedro 

 male thus diverges widely from 0. g. buckleyi in the coloration of the head, but, 

 besides being more heavily spotted on the rump, has the black barring below 

 strongly pronounced, more like the Ecuadorian form. Two skins from Manaca- 




264 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Field Museum Collection. — 7: British Guiana (above Kaieteur 

 Falls, 3; Mazaruni River, 2; Potaro, 1; Middle Base Camp, Itabu 

 Creek, upper New River, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 25: British Guiana (Rockstone, Essequibo 

 River, 2; Oko Mountains, Essequibo, 2); Brazil (Obidos, 1; Lago 

 Cuipeua, Pard, 5; Caxiricatuba, Rio Tapajoz, 4; Tauary, Rio Tapa- 

 joz, 1; Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 3; Buenos Aires, Rio Acara, 1; Tom^- 

 assu, Rio Acard, 4; Resacca, Rio Capim, 1; Rio Manacapuru, 

 Amazonas, 1).^ 



Odontophorus gujanensis medius Chapman.^ Duida 

 Partridge. 



Odontophorus gujanensis medius Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 380, p. 3, 

 1929 — Caiio Secco, Mount Duida, Venezuela (type in the American Mu- 

 seum of Natural History, New York); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 52, 1934 — 

 southern Venezuela. 



Odontophorus guianensis (not Tetrao gujanensis Gmelin) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 

 3, p. 289, 1870 — part, Cocuy, Rio Negro, and Rio Uaupes, Brazil (spec, 

 examined). 



Odontophorus gujanensis{1) Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 121, 

 1902— Suapure, Caura River, Venezuela (crit.); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. 

 Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 357, 1916— Suapure. 



puru examined by the junior author have the same amount of rufous about the 

 head but otherwise resemble typical gujanensis. 



Additional material examined. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove, 1; Camacusa, 

 1; Demerara, 2. — French Guiana: Saint Laurent du Maroni, 1; Cayenne, 3. — 

 Brazil: Manacapurd, 1; Sao Pedro, Rio Negro, 1; Mandos, 6; Pard, 1; Rio Capim, 

 1; Peixe-Boi, 2; Ipitinga, Rio Acard, 2; Santa Isabel, Rio Preto, 1; Forte do 

 Principe, Rio Guapore, Matto Grosso, 1. 



1 Pinto (Rev. Mus. Paul., 23, p. 542, 1938) has recently separated birds from 

 Manacapurd (and Rio Tapajoz: Santarem, Aveiro) as 0. g. snethlagei (type in 

 Museu Paulista). The principal difference is said to be the brighter red throat. 

 As this, at least in birds from the Rio Tapajoz, appears to be an individual vari- 

 ation, the race would not seem to be good. 



^Odontophorus gujanensis medius Chapman: Somewhat intermediate between 

 gujanensis and bu^kleyi, combining the bright ochraceous-tawny under parts of 

 the former with the grajdsh throat and sides of the head of the latter. 



Two specimens from the uppermost stretches of the Rio Negro, near the 

 Venezuelan boundary, are evidently referable to this recently separated race. 

 Both have the throat gray, the cheeks and auriculars more buffy grayish, the 

 whole being indistinctly barred with dusky, less conspicuously than in marmoratus. 

 The female from Cocuy is bright ochraceous-tawny below with mere traces of 

 obsolete wavy lines, exactly as in numerous specimens from Guiana and Manaos; 

 whereas the male from the Rio Uaup6s is dull Dresden brown coarsely banded 

 with black, closely resembling buckleyi. While we have not been able to re-examine 

 the Suapure (Caura) specimen, Hellmayr's notes on its color characters, notably 

 grayish, dusky-mottled sides of face and throat, render its pertinence to the 

 present form more than probable. This surmise has since been confirmed by Mr. 

 J. T. Zimmer (in litt.). 



Material examined. — Brazil: Cocuy, Rio Negro, 1; Rio Uaup6s, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 265 



Range. — Southern Venezuela (Suapur^, Caura Valley; Esmeralda 

 and Mount Duida, upper Orinoco) and the adjacent parts of extreme 

 northwestern Brazil (Cocuy, upper Rio Negro; Rio Uaup^s). 



♦Odontophorus gujanensis buckleyi Chubb. ^ Buckley's 

 Partridge. 



Odontophorusguianensis buckleyi Chuhh, This, (11), 1, p. 27, Jan., 1919 — Sara- 

 yacu, Ecuador (cotypes in the British Museum); Chapman, Amer. Mus. 

 Nov., 380, p. 4 (in text), 1921 — eastern Colombia (Buena Vista, La Morelia), 

 eastern Ecuador (Rio Suno, below San Jose), Peru (Puerto Indiana), 

 and Brazil (Tonantins, Rio Solimoes); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 55, p. 159, 1926 — upper Rio Suno, Ecuador (crit.); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. 

 Hist. Nat. Paris, 33, p. 355, 1927— Rio Suno, Ecuador. 



[Odontophorus guianensis] subsp. a. O. marmoratus (not of Gould) Ogilvie- 

 Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 433, 1893 — part, spec, p, q, Sarayacu, 

 Ecuador; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 153, 1897 — part, Ecuador. 



Odontophorus marmoratus Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, 

 No. 368, p. 39, 1900— Rio Zamora, Ecuador. 



Odontophorus guianensis marmoratus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 36, p. 200, 1917 — part, La Morelia (Caquet^) and Buena Vista, Colombia. 



Odontophorus gujanensis buckleyi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 52, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Colombia (eastern base 

 of eastern Andes) south through eastern Ecuador to the north bank 

 of the Rio Maranon (Puerto Indiana) and Rio Solimoes (Tonantins) 

 in northern Peru and northwestern Brazil. 



Conover Collection. — 20: Ecuador (Concepcion, 5; Lagarto Yacu, 

 2; Ouca Yaco, Loreto, 3; Sara-Yaco, Rio Bobonaza, 4; headwaters of 

 RioTigre,6). 



*Odontophorus gujanensis pachyrhynchus Tschudi.^ Thick- 

 billed Partridge. 



Odontophorus pachyrhynchus Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 306, 1844 — 

 Peru (type in Neuchatel Museum); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, 

 p. 282, 1846— eastern slope of the Peruvian Andes from 4,000 to 7,000 

 feet; Gould, Monog. Odont., Part 3, pi. 24, 1850 — Peru (fig. of cotype); 



^Odontophorus gujanensis buckleyi Chubb: Similar to O. g. gujanensis, but 

 sides of head and throat grayish or grayish buff without any rufous, and under 

 parts duller, less ochraceous, ranging from gray to Dresden brown, with the 

 dusky cross-marks more heavily pronounced. 



Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Sarayacu, 1; Rio Zamora, 1; Rio 

 Suno, 2. — Brazil: Tonantins, Rio Solimoes, 3. 



^Odontophorus gujanensis pachyrhynchus Tschudi: Similar to O. g. gujanensis 

 in having the chin, cheeks, and upper throat rufous chestnut, but slightly darker 

 above; darker and more barred below; and bill decidedly deeper. 



The single specimen examined has the rufous of the throat just as extended 

 as the male from Sao Pedro, Rio Negro, discussed under O. g. gujanensis. 




266 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc Lond., 1874, p. 558 — Monterico; idem, 

 Orn. Per., 3, p. 287, 1886— Monterico. 



[OdoTiiophorns ffuianensis] subsp. a. O. marmoratus (not of Gould) Ogilvie- 

 Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mu^., 22, p. 433, 1893 — part, spec, r, Peru (one 

 of Tschudi's cotypes); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 153, 1897— part, 

 Peru. 



Odoniophorus guianensis pachyrhynchus Chubb, Ibis, 1919, pp. 27, 29 — Peru 

 (crit.); Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 380, p. 4 (in text), 1921 — Chancha- 

 mayo, Peru (crit.). 



Odojitophorus gx^anensis pachyrhynchus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 53, 1934 

 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of central eastern Peru, in depts. of Junin 

 (Chanchamayo) and Ayacucho (Monterico). 



Field Mtiseum Collection. — 1: Peru (Chanchamayo, 1). 



*Odontophorus gujanensis simonsi Chubb.^ SiMONS's 

 Partridge. 



Odoniophorus guianensis simonsi Chubb, Ibis, (11), 1, p. 26, Jan., 1919 — San 

 Ernesto, near Mapiri, Bolivia (type in the British Museum). 



Odoniophorus marmoraius (not of Gould) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1879, p. 641 — Yuyo, Yvmgas of La Paz, Bolivia. 



[Odoniophorus guianensis] subsp. a. O. marmoratus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 22, p. 433, 1893 — part, spec, s, Yuyo; idem, Handb. Game 

 Bds., 2, p. 153, 1897— part, Bolivia. 



Odoniophorus gujanejisis simonsi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 53, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Bolivia (Yuyo, La Paz; San 

 Ernesto, Mapiri, Beni; Buenavista, Rio Surutu and San Carlos, 

 Santa Cruz). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Buenavista, 1; 

 Rio Surutu, 1; San Carlos, 2). 



♦Odoniophorus capueira capueira (Spix). Capueira Partridge. 



Perdix capueira Spix, Av. Nov. Spec. Bras., 2, p. 59, pi. 76a, 1825 — "in sylvis 

 Rio de Janeiro et Minas Geraes proximis" (type in Mvmich Museum 

 examined; cf. Hellroayr, Abhandl. 2. K\. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, 

 p. 698, 1906). 



Perdix guianensis (not Tetrao gujanensis Gmelin) Wied, Reise Bras., 1, pp. 251 

 (8vo ed., p. 249), 326 (8vo ed., p. 323), 1820— Rio Mucuri (near Lagoa 

 d'Arara) and Rio Belmonte, Bahia; idem. I.e., 2, p. 125, 1821 — Rio Sal- 

 gado, affluent of the Dheos, Bahia. 



^Odoniophorus gujanensis simonsi Chubb differs from the other races by 

 lighter and more grayish coloration; the upper parts gray mottled with buff; 

 auriculars dusky; sides of face reddish. 



Two additional specimens from Buenavista examined. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 267 



Ortyx capistrata Jardine and Selby, lUust. Orn., 1, pi. 38, April, 1828 — "South 

 America" (type in coll. of W. Jardine, present whereabouts unknown). 



Perdix dentata (not of Temminck) Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., 

 p. 63, 1823— Sao Paulo; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 486, 1833 

 — southern Bahia (Rio Mucurf, Alcobaga, Rio Belmonte, Rio Ilheos). 



Odontophorus dentatus Gould, Monog. Odont., Part 2, pi. 26, 1846— Brazil 

 (monog.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 333, 1856 — Nova 

 Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, and Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. 

 Bras., 3, p. 289, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, road from Sapitiba 

 to Piehy), Sao Paulo (Casa Pintada, Ypanemd), and Parand (Curytiba); 

 Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 52 — Minas Geraes 

 (Lagoa Santa, Sumidouro, Lagoa dos Pitos, Curvelho); Berlepsch, Journ. 

 Orn., 21, p. 251, 1873 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Cabanis, I.e., 22, 

 p. 230, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. 

 Orn., 2, p. 179, 1885 — Taquara and Arroio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul. 



Odontophorus capueira Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 154, 1893 — 

 Bahia, "Rio Claro (Goyaz)," Sao Paulo, Casa Pintada, and Rio Grande 

 , do Sul; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 154, 1897 (monog.); Salvadori, 

 Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 23, 1895— San Joaquin, Paraguay; 

 Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 147, 1899 — Mundo Novo, 

 Rio Grande do Sul; idem. Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 407, 1899— Sao Paulo; 

 idem. I.e., 4, p. 163, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro; 

 idem. Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 18, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Ypiranga) and Rio 

 Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo); Liiderwaldt, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 27, 

 p. 338, 1909 — Serra do Itatiaya, Rio de Janeiro; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. 

 Nac. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 286, 1912 — Villa Rica, Paraguay; idem, Bol. Soc. 

 Physis, 1, p. 252, 1913 — Santa Ana and Bonpland, Misiones; Bertoni, 

 Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 68, 1913 — Alto Parana; idem. Faun. Parag., 

 p. 36, 1914— Alto Parand; Menegaux, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 112, p. 289, 1918 

 — Villa Lutetia, near San Ignacio, Misiones; Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. 

 Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 253, 1923 — Mont-Serrat, Serra do Itati- 

 aya; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 115, 1926 — Fazenda 

 Durski, Vermelho, and Candido de Abreu, Parana; Holt, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 57, p. 281, 1928— Serra do Itatiaya, Rio de Janeiro; Pinto, 

 Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 709, 1932— Santa Anna do Paranahyba, 

 Matto Grosso. 



Odontophorus capueira capueira Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 53, 1934 (range); 

 Krieg and Schuhmacher, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 21, p. 10, 1936— Nueva 

 Germania and Villarica, Paraguay. 



Range. — Eastern Brazil, from southern Bahia south to Rio 

 Grande do Sul, and the adjacent parts of Argentina (Misiones) and 

 Paraguay,' west to Matto Grosso (Santa Anna do Paranahyba). 



^ No authentic record exists for Uruguay, though Tremoleras (El Hornero, 4, 

 p. 17, 1927) lists O. capueira as probably occurring in the Dept. of Tacuarembo 

 (hearsay report). 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Rio Jordao, Prov. Araguary, Minas 

 Geraes, 3; Brago do Sul, near Victoria, Espirito Santo, 2; Rio de Janeiro, 2; Sapitiba, 

 Rio de Janeiro, 1; Ypanem4, Sao Paulo, 3; Curucutu, Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, 1; 

 Jaragua, Santa Catharina, 4. 




268 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Argentina (Santa Ana, Misiones, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 14: Brazil (Fazenda Cayoa, Rio Paranapa- 

 nema, Sao Paulo, 3; Desterro, Santa Catharina, 2; Ararangua, Santa 

 Catharina, 2); Argentina (Santa Ana, Misiones, 5); Paraguay 

 (Santa Barbara, 2). 



*Odontophorus capueira plumbeicollis Cory.^ CearA 

 Partridge. 



Odoniophorus plumbeicollis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 294, 



1915 — Serra de Baturite, Ceara, Brazil (type in Yield Museum of Natural 



History). 

 Odoniophorus capueira plunU)eicollis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 



Ser., 12, p. 474, 1929— Serra de Baturite (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, 



p. 53, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Northeastern Brazil, in State of Ceara (Serra de 

 Baturite). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Brazil (Serra de Baturite, Ceara). 



Odontophorus erythrops verecundus Peters.^ Honduran 

 Partridge. 



Odoniophorus melanotis verecundus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 404, 

 Oct., 1929 — Lancetilla, Honduras (type in the Museum of Comparative 

 Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 301, 

 1932— Lancetilla. 



Odoniophorus erythrops verecundus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 53, 1934 — Lance- 

 tiUa. 



Range. — Caribbean slope of Honduras (Lancetilla). 



*Odontophorus erythrops melanotis Salvin.' Black-eared 

 Partridge. 



> Odoniophorus capueira plumbeicollis Cory: Exceedingly close to the nominate 

 race, but differs by having the foreneck and throat vermiculated with blackish 

 (instead of plain gray), the breast tinged with pale buffy brownish, the rufous 

 frontal band and superciliaries somewhat narrower, and the hind neck almost 

 devoid of light markiiigs. 



The imique type is in rather poor condition. Though we cannot match it in 

 the large series of typical capueira, the validity of the form needs corroboration 

 by additional material. 



* Odoniophorus erythrops verecundus Peters: "Similar to O. c. vtelanotis, but 

 slightly grayer above, especially the upper back; black markings on scapulars 

 and interscapulars less pronounced; less freckling on wing coverts; below, the 

 dark bars on the tibiae obsolete, the light interspaces wider and paler." (Peters, I.e.) 



Known from a single female, the type. 



* Odontophorus erythrops melanotis Salvin differs from the nominate race 

 chiefly by ha\ing the entire pileum and crest (not only the forehead and super- 

 ciliaries) rufous, this area being also darker, chestnut rather than Sanford's brown; 

 the cheeks and auriculars fuscous instead of Sanford's brown; the throat duller, 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 269 



Odontophorus melanotis Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 586 — Tucurri- 

 qui, Costa Rica (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Mu- 

 seum, examined); Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 140, 1868 — 

 Tucurrlqui; Frantzius, Joum. Orn., 17, p. 374, 1869 — Costa Rica; Salvin, 

 Ibis, 1872, pp. 313, 323 — Chontales, Nicaragua; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. 

 Costa Rica, 1, p. 128, 1887 — Jimenez, Costa Rica; Richmond, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., 16, p. 524, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Ogilvie-Grant, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 435, 1893 — part, spec, a-d, Nicaragua (Chon- 

 tales) and Costa Rica (Tucurrlqui); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 155, 

 1897 — part, Nicaragua and Costa Rica; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 449 — 

 Miravalles, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, 

 p. 310, pi. 73, 1903 — part, Nicaragua and Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. 

 Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 387, 1910 — Costa Rica (Bonilla, (?)Talamanca, 

 Jimenez, Carrfllo, Tenorio, Guapiles, Gudcimo, Cuabre, Rio Sicsola, El 

 Hogar). 



Odontophorus melanotis melanotis Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, 

 p. 207, 1932— Great Falls (Pis Pis River) and between Eden and Miranda, 

 Nicaragua (descr. of young). 



Odontophorus erythrops melanotis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 53, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of Nicaragua, northern and eastern Costa 

 Rica. 



Conover Collection. — 5: Costa Rica (Volcan Miravalles, 3; Cerro 

 Santa Maria, C^uanacaste, 1; Villa Quesada, Alajuela, 1). 



♦Odontophorus erythrops coloratus Griscom.^ Veraguan 

 Partridge. 



more of a brownish black; the under parts decidedly lighter rufous inclining to 

 tawny; and by lacking the white, black-tipped jugular band. The crest-feathers 

 are frequently, though not always, tipped with dusky brown. 



Of two sexed females, one (from Miravalles) has the throat just as brownish 

 black as the males, while in another (from Rio Coco) the throat is browner, nearest 

 to chestnut brown, and the cheeks and auriculars are rufous like the crown. 



Additional material examined.— Nicaragua: Chontales, 1; Rio Escondido, 2; 

 Santa Cruz, 1; Rio Coco, 3. — Costa Rica: Tucurrlqui, 1; Miravalles, 1; unspeci- 

 fied, 1. 



1 Odontophorus erythrops coloratus Griscom: Similar to 0. e. melanotis, but 

 pileum decidedly brighter (wholly uniform) rufous (Burnt Sienna); upper parts 

 much darker, sepia brown; under surface deeper rufous. Otherwise like melanotis, 

 viz., cheeks and auriculars fuscous with some chestnut mottling; throat dull black- 

 ish, and no trace of white-and-black-tipped jugular band. 



A single adult male collected by E. Arc6 in Veraguas is below fully as deeply 

 Burnt Sienna (inclining to chestnut) as O. e. parambae, and its upper parts, in 

 intensity of coloration, match the darkest specimens from Paramba. The Obaldia 

 bird is also dark rufous underneath and, like the Veraguan skin, has no brownish 

 tips to the crest-feathers. The westward extension of its range remains to be 

 determined. According to Carriker, a single female from Talamanca differs from 

 all other Costa Rican birds by much brighter rufous pileum, one of the supposed 

 characteristics of the Veraguan form. Whether birds from southeastern Costa 

 Rica are actually referable to O. e. coloratus or merely intergrades can only be 

 decided by the study of an adequate series. 



From the specimens in the Conover Collection this does not seem to be a very 

 distinctly marked race. 




270 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Odontophorus melanotis coloratus Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 280, p. 3, 1927 — 

 Guaval, Rio Calov6vora, western Veragua (type in the American Museum 

 of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 303, 

 1935 — Caribbean slope of western Panama. 



Odontophorus Tnelanotis (not of Salvin, 1864) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1870, p. 161— "Santiago" de Veragua; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 22, p. 435, 1893 — part, spec, e, Veragua; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, 

 p. 155, 1897 — part, Veragua; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 

 Aves, 3, p. 310, 1903 — part, "Santiago," Veraguas; (?)Carriker, Ann. 

 Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 387, 1910 — part, Talamanca, Costa Rica. 



Odontophorus melanotus coloratus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 297, 

 1931 — Boquete Trail, Gudbo, and Cricamola, Almirante Bay, Panama 

 (crit.). 



Odontophorus erythrops coloratus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 53, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of Panama (Almirante Bay region; Rio 

 Calov^vora and Santa F6, Veraguas; Obaldia, Darien) and probably 

 southeastern Costa Rica (Talamanca), 



Conover Collection. — 3: Panama (Cricamola, Bocas del Toro, 2; 

 Port Obaldia, Darien, 1). 



*Odontophorus erythrops paratnbae Rothschild,^ Paramba 

 Partridge, 



Odontophorus parambae Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 7, p. vi, 1897 — Pa- 

 ramba, Prov. Imbabura, Ecuador (type in Tring Collection, now in the 

 American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined); Hartert, 

 Nov. Zool., 5, p. 505, pi. 3, fig. 1, 1898 — Paramba (eggs descr.); Salvadori 

 and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 39, 1900— Rio Peripa, 

 Ecuador; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 600, 1902 — Rio Verde, Paramba, Lita, 

 and Pambil4r, Ecuador; Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1902, p. 244 — Paramba, 

 Ecuador, and Antioquia, Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 



1 Odontophorus erythrops parambae Rothschild: Very close to 0. e. erythrops, 

 but ground color of upper parts decidedly darker, rich brown instead of grayish 

 brown, with the light markings on wing coverts and inner secondaries darker, 

 ochraceous rather than buflf; bill generally slightly smaller; size on average less. 

 Wing, 132-145; tail, 45-55; bill, 18-19; depth at base, 101^12. 



As pointed out by Chapman, there is no constant difference between Colom- 

 bian specimens (baliolus) and others from northern Ecuador. The amount of light 

 mottling on the upper parts as well as the intensity of the chestnut rufous color 

 underneath are subject to considerable individual variation. A single specimen 

 from Puerto Valdivia, Antioquia, is a good average example of parambae, and can 

 be matched by numerous Ecuadorian skins. It shows no trace of white on the 

 sides of the throat, whereas in two females from northern Ecuador (Paramba and 

 San Javier) a white malar streak is suggested by small dots. Birds from Manabi 

 (Rio Peripa) and Pichincha appear to be inseparable from a series collected at 

 Paramba. It is very curious that the present form has never been compared by 

 anyone with O. erythrops, from which it merely differs by slight color characters 

 and generally smaller bill. 



Additional material examtned.— Colombia: Puerto Valdivia, Antioquia, 1. — 

 Ecuador: Paramba, Prov. Imbabura, 8; San Javier, Prov. Esmeraldas, 2; Rio 

 Peripa, Prov. Manabi, 6; Gualea, Prov. Pichincha, 4; Monji, 2. 




1942 Birds op the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 271 



36, p. 200, 1917 — Bagado, Baudo Mountains, and Barbacoas, Colombia 

 (crit.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 29 — Gualea, Ecuador (crit.); Lonnberg and 

 Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 15, 1922 — Gualea, below Mindo, and 

 Santo Domingo de los Coronados, Ecuador (descr. of young). 



Odontophorus baliolus Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 23, p. 71, 1910 — Naran- 

 jito, Rio Dagua, western Colombia (type in coll. of E. A. and 0. Bangs, 

 now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 161, 1930). 



Odontophortis parambae parambae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 

 160, 1926 — part, Esmeraldas, below Gualea, below Mindo, and Pato de 

 Pajaro, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 54, 1934 (range in part). 



Range. — Tropical and lower Subtropical zones of Pacific Colom- 

 bia (east to the lower Cauca) and Ecuador from the headwaters 

 of the Rio Atrato south to Manavi (Cerro de Pato de Pajaro, Rio 

 Guaque; Rio Peripa) and Pichincha (Mindo, Gualea, Santo Domingo 

 de los Colorados). 



Conover Collection. — 18: Colombia (La Costa, El Tambo, Cauca, 

 5; Rio Michenque, El Tambo, 2); Ecuador (Bulun, 2; Paramba, 1; 

 Rio Durango, 1; Santo Domingo, 1; Pacto, 3; Milpe Mindo, Pi- 

 chincha, 3). 



Odontophorus erythrops erythrops Gould. ^ Chestnut-eared 

 Partridge. 



Odontophorus erythrops Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 99, 1859 — Pal- 

 latanga, Ecuador (type in coll. of J. Gould, now in British Museum, exam- 



1 Odontophorus erythrops erythrops Gould appears to be the southern race 

 named 0. parambae canescens by Chapman. Three of Eraser's orig^inal specimens 

 from Pallatanga (two in the British Museum, the third in the Heine Collection) 

 and a male each from Balzar and Chimbo show all the specific characters of O. 

 parambae, but may be separated from a topotypical series of the latter by paler, 

 grayish brown rather than rich (rufescent) brown ground color of the upper parts, 

 with lighter, buffy instead of ochraceous markings to wing coverts and inner 

 secondaries, and somewhat stouter bills, hence exactly in the way that canescens 

 is said to differ from North Ecuadorian birds. We are at a loss to understand 

 why neither Rothschild nor Ogilvie-Grant nor Chubb, all of whom had access to 

 the type, ever referred to O. erythrops, when dealing with 0. parambae. We are 

 fully aware that Chapman assigns other limits to the two races found in western 

 Ecuador, and restricts canescens to the extreme southwestern section (El Oro and 

 Loja). In thus disposing of the case, he was probably influenced by the propor- 

 tions of his specimens, which indicate a much greater difference in size between the 

 two forms than actually exists. A series of nine skins from Paramba gives the 

 latitude of variation in the length of the wing as ranging from 132 to 145, while 

 five from Pallatanga, Balzar, and Chimbo measure from 144 to 150 mm. From a 

 combination of Chapman's measurements with our own figures it results that the 

 actual difference in size amounts to very little, and if we are to continue to dis- 

 tinguish two races in western Ecuador, their limits should be regulated by color 

 characters rather than by the exceedingly variable proportions. Birds of the 

 Chimbo Valley being fairly separable by paler coloration from those of farther 

 north, we are adopting for them Gould's term erythrops and, while the inhabitants 

 of southwestern Ecuador may have developed the racial characters to a higher 

 degree, it seems hardly justifiable to admit a third form under Chapman's name. 



Material examined. — Ecuador: Pallatanga, 3; Chimbo, 1; Balzar, 1. 




272 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



ined);i Sclater, I.e., p. 147, 1859— Pallatanga; idem, I.e., 28, p. 72, 1860— 

 Pallatanga (deser. "female"); idem, I.e., p. 298, 1860 — Esmeraldas; 

 Berlepsch and Taezanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 576 — Chimbo; Ogilvie-Grant, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 435, 1893— Eeuador (Pallatanga, Balzar, 

 Monji); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 156, 1897 — Eeuador; Chapman, 

 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 159, 1926 — western Eeuador. 



Strophiortyx erythrops Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein., p. 295, 

 1890— Pallatanga. 



Odontophorus parambae canescens Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 18, p. 4, 1921 — 

 Alamor, Prov. Loja, Ecuador (type in the American Museum of Natural 

 History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 160, 1926— 

 El Chiral, Zaruma, and Alamor, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 54, 

 1934 (range). 



Odontophorus parambae parambae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, 

 p. 160, 1926 — part, Nar&njo and Chimbo, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 2, 

 p. 54, 1934 (range in part). 



Odontophorus erythrops erythrops Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 53, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of southwestern Ecuador, from Balzar, 

 the Rio Chimbo, and its tributaries (Rio Coco) south to El Oro and 

 Loja. 



*Odontophorus atrifrons atrifrons Allen.^ Black-fronted 

 Partridge. 



Odontophorus atrifrons Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 127, 1900 — 

 Valparaiso, Santa Marta region, Colombia (type in the American Museum 

 of Natural History, New York); Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1902, p. 244— Val- 

 paraiso (crit.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 169, 1922 — 

 Cincinnati, Cerro de Caracas, and Heights of Chirua, Colombia (crit.). 



Odontophorus atrifrons atrifrons Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 54, 1934 (range). 



1 Eraser's original examples are in very poor condition. The type lacks most 

 of the feathering on the lower throat, and it is impossible to say whether it had 

 any white or not. The second Pallatanga specimen also has the throat bare, but 

 the few feathers present (the lowest series of those forming the jugular band) are 

 extensively white at the base and tipped with black (as in specimens of parambae). 

 The Balzar bird has the jugular band as distinct as in those from Gualea and 

 Paramba, while there are merely traces of white at the base of some of the jugular 

 feathers in one of the Monji examples. The individual nature of the variation in 

 the width of the white collar is thus established beyond doubt. 



^Odontophorus atrifrons atrifrons Allen: "Forehead, chin, throat, cheeks, and 

 ear-coverts deep black; top of head and crest dark chestnut brown, passing into 

 rufous on the sides of the ear-coverts; mantle olivaceous gray vermiculated with 

 black; scapulars with the inner vanes black broadly barred and edged with chest- 

 nut, with light shaft-stripes, and central portion of outer vane gray, lower back 

 olivaceous brown; the rump and upper tail coverts similar, but darker, with a 

 few blotches of black at the tips of some of the feathers; tail dark brown; the 

 secondaries freckled and indistinctly barred with rusty, the primaries with broad 

 distinct bars of pale rufous on the outer vanes; upper breast similar to the mantle, 

 but varied slightly with bufify white, which takes the form of ill-defined apical 

 spots on the lower border of this area; lower breast ochraceous rufous with indis- 

 tinct crossbars and shaft-stripes of black; flanks buffy olivaceous brown, with 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 273 



Range. — Subtropical zone of the Santa Marta Mountains, in 

 northern Colombia. 



Conover Collection. — 3: Colombia, Santa Marta (Vista Nieve, 1; 

 San Lorenzo, 2). 



*Odontophorus atrifrons variegatus Todd.^ Variegated 

 Partridge. 



Odontophorus variegatus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32, p. 116, 1919 — La 

 Pica, Santander, Colombia (type in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh). 



Odontophorus atrifrons variegatus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 55, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of the eastern Andes of Colombia 

 (La Pica and Ramirez, Santander). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Colombia (Ramirez, Santander, 1). 



♦Odontophorus melanonotus Gould.^ Black-backed 

 Partridge. 



Odontophorus melanonotus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 382, 1860 — 

 Ecuador (type in coll. of J. Gould, now in British Museum); Ogilvie- 

 Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 438, 1893— Ecuador ("Rio Napo," 

 errore); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 157, 1897 (monog.); Menegaux, 

 Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B4, pi. 2, 1911 — 

 Gualea and Pachijal, Ecuador (descr. female); Lonnberg and Rendahl, 

 Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 15, 1922 — Gualea and Nanegal, Ecuador; Chap- 

 man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 160, 1926 — Gualea and below 

 Mindo; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 54, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of western Ecuador. 



Conover Collection. — 7: Ecuador (Gualea, 1; Pacto, 1; Montes 

 de Saloya, 1; Mindo, 1; San Tadeo, Pichincha, 3). 



black crossbars; lower tail coverts black barred and tipped with rufous; bill 

 black; feet dusky horn color. Wing (male), 130; tail, 87; bill, 17." (Allen, I.e.) 

 Females are smaller and much more rufescent below. 



^ Odontophorus atrifrons variegatus Todd: Similar to the nominate race, but 

 black of forehead extended over the crown, only the nape being Argus brown; 

 upper parts more buffy, less grayish, especially the mantle; lower breast and 

 abdomen more grayish with the light shaft-spots white or nearly so, instead of 

 deep buflfy. 



^ Odontophorus melanonotus Gould, though allied to O. hyperythrus, seems to 

 be quite distinct. The upper parts, from forehead to tail coverts, including wing 

 coverts and secondaries, are very dark, being closely and finely vermiculated with 

 blackish and auburn, and wholly lack the large black blotches, ochraceous-tawny 

 spots, and buffy streaks, so conspicuous in the related species. The sides of the 

 head are fully as dark as the crown. Below, throat and chest are bright Sanford's 

 brown as in O. hyperythrus, sharply defined posteriorly; breast and abdomen between 

 Dresden brown and Brussels brown closely vermiculated with blackish, these 

 markings becoming evanescent abdominally. Bill quite as large as in Bogota 

 skins of O. hyperythrus. 



Additional material examined. — Ecuador: "Rio Napo," 1. 




274 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



*Odontophorus hyperythrus Gould.' Chestnut-throated 

 Partridge. 



Odontophorus hyperythrus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, "1857," p. 223, 

 pub. Jan. 12, 1858 — Santa-F^de-Bogot^, Colombia (type in coll. of J. 

 Gould, now in the British Museum, examined); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 

 1879, p. 545 — Santa Elena, Antioquia, Colombia (crit.); Ogilvie-Grant, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 436, 1893— Santa-F6-de-Bogotd, Santa Elena, 

 and Concordia, Colombia; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 156, 1897 — 

 Colombia (monog.); Piguet, Mem. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 805, 

 1914 — Angelopolis, near Medellin; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 36, p. 200, 1917 — Las Lomitas, San Antonio, Cocal, Laguneta, La Candela, 

 and Andalucia, Colombia; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 54, 1934 (range). 



Odontophorus hypospodius Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., p. 162, 

 1873 — Antioquia, Colombia (descr. of female; type, from Concordia, in 

 Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum, examined). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of Colombia (western, central, and 

 eastern Andes). 



Conover Collection. — 11: Colombia (Munchique, El Tambo, 

 Cauca, 10; La Plata, Huila, 1). 



♦Odontophorus speciosus soderstromii Lonnberg and Rendahl.^ 

 Soderstrom's Partridge. 



1 Odontophorus hyperythrus Gould may prove to be a geographical represent- 

 ative of 0. speciosus, as has been suggested to us by Mr. J. T. Zimmer (in litt.), 

 since the broad rufous superciliaries — forming such a striking character in the 

 adults of the Colombian species — are absent in the immature plumage of both 

 sexes. The adult female, furthermore, is very similar to the same sex of O. s. 

 soderstromii, though it has the sides of the head and throat bright Sanford's brown 

 and broad supercUiaries of the same color, whereas the available specimens from 

 eastern Ecuador have the cheeks and auriculars fuscous spotted with white, the 

 throat black, and the much narrower superciliaries white, margined and tipped 

 with black. 



Birds from Bogota have considerably larger bills than those from Antioquia. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 2; Santa Elena, Antio- 

 quia, 3; Concordia, Antioquia, 1. 



^ Odontophorus speciosus soderstromii Lonnberg and Rendahl: Adult male 

 similar to the nominate race, but upper part of the head darker, more chestnut 

 brown; white streaks of the dorsal feathers less distinct, sometimes obsolete; 

 sides of the head including auriculars auburn to chestnut vermiculated or mottled 

 with blackish; throat varying from auburn narrowly barred with black to wholly 

 black. Wing, 140-155, (female) 135; tail, 58-60, (female) 55; bill, 20. 



This partridge, of which the senior author has been enabled by Count Gylden- 

 stolpe's courtesy to examine the type, appears to connect the Peruvian speciosus 

 with the Colombian hyperythrus. The type and a male from Granadillas differ 

 from one of Tschudi's original specimens from Chanchamayo in the British Mu- 

 seum by having the sides of the head and the throat dark rufous (auburn to chest- 

 nut, darker than the deep tawny breast) barred or mottled with blackish (instead 

 of uniform dull black). 



According to notes supplied by Mr. J. T. Zimmer on the material in the 

 American Museum of Natural History, there is, however, considerable variation 

 in the color of the throat, "which is practically black [as in speciosus] in one male, 

 shows merely a touch of rufous in three, and is barred or tipped with rufous in 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 275 



Odontophorus soderstromii Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, 

 p. 16, 1922— near Napo River (alt. 3,000 to 4,000 ft.), eastern Ecuador 

 (type in Stockholm Museum examined); Gyldenstolpe, I.e., 19, A, No. 1, 

 p. 110, 1926— near Napo River (type listed); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 55, 

 1934— Napo River. 



Odontophorus speciosus (not of Tschudi) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 22, p. 437, 1893 — part, descr. of immature male, female, and spec, b, c, 

 Granadillas, Ecuador (spec, examined); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, 

 p. 157, 1897 — part, Ecuador; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 

 15, No. 368, p. 39, 1900— San Jos6, Ecuador (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 55, p. 159, 1926 — eastern Ecuador (Sabanilla, near Archi- 

 dona, San Jos6, lower Sumaco); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 54, 1934 — part, 

 Ecuador. 



Odontopliorus soderstromi Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 161, 

 1926 — Rio Napo (ex Lonnberg and Rendahl). 



Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Ecuador (Rio Napo, Cerro 

 Condeja, Granadillas, near Archidona, San Jos^, lower Sumaco, etc.). 



Conover Collection. — 8: Ecuador (Cerro Condeja, Oriente, 2; 

 Colimba, west of Macas, 4; Cututcu, east of Macas, 2). 



Odontophorus speciosus speciosus Tschudi.^ Rufous-breasted 

 Partridge. 



Odontophorus speciosus Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 387, 1843 — "in 

 sylvis apud flumina Aynamayo et Chanchomayo" [sic], Dept. Junin, Peru 

 (descr. of male; co types in Neuch&tel Museum and in British Museum); 

 idem, I.e., 10, (1), p. 306, 1844 — Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, 

 p. 281, pi. 33 (male), 1846 — eastern slope of Peru; Gould, Monog. Odont., 

 Part 3, pi. 25 (male), 1850^Peru (monog.);'' Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 558 — between Chilpes and San Bartolome, Peru; 

 idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 288, 1886— Chilpes; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 22, p. 437, 1893 — part, descr. of adult male and spec, a, Chan- 

 three others," while "the auriculars are always more or less rufescent, and never 

 wholly black." The Granadillas male shows the black-and-white superciliaries 

 just as well marked, though somewhat more narrowed in the postocular portion, 

 as in the Chanchamayo bird of O. speciosus, whereas in the type of O. soderstromii 

 there are but a few tiny streaks along the upper margin of the auriculars to be seen. 

 The Granadillas female has likewise conspicuous black-and-white superciliaries, 

 and the throat, contrary to what obtains in the male sex, is just as distinctly 

 black as in speciosus. 



Additional material examined. — Ecuador: near Napo River, 1 (the type); 

 Granadillas, 2. 



1 Odontophorus speciosus speciosus Tschudi, in the plumage of the adult male, 

 has the throat and sides of the head, including the auriculars, uniform black, 

 while the superciliaries are mottled black and white. The top of the head down 

 to the base of the bill is mars brown. The female is unknown. 



Two males from Garita del Sol and one from Chanchamayo, JunIn, examined. 



* The Derby Museum specimen from Peru [?= Bolivia], without white in the 

 superciliary region, mentioned by Gould, may be loricatus, but his figure was no 

 doubt drawn from Tschudi's cotype. 




276 Field Museum op Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



chamayo, Peru; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 157, 1897 — part, Peru; 

 Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 46 — Garita 

 del Sol, Junin, Peru; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1929, p. 263 — Roque, near Moyo- 

 bamba, Peru (descr. nestling); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 54, 1934 — part, 

 Peru. , 



Range. — Tropical zone of Peru (only recorded from Roque, 

 near Moyobamba, and various localities in Dept. Junin). 



Odontophorus speciosus loricatus Todd.^ Bolivian Partridge. 



Odontophorus capistratus (not Ortyx capistrata Jardine and Selby) Todd, Proc. 

 Biol. Soc. Wash., 45, p. 215, 1932 — Cerro Hosane, Dept. Santa Cruz, 

 Bolivia (descr. of male; type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh). 



Odontophorus loricatus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45, p. 237, 1932 — new 

 name for O. capistratus Todd, preoccupied; Seilern, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. 

 Wien, 47, p. 39, 1934 — San Gaban, Sierra of Carabaya, Peru (descr. female) ; 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 54, 1934 — Cerro Hosane. 



Range. — Tropical zone of extreme southeastern Peru (San Gaban, 

 Carabaya) and eastern Bolivia (Bueyes and Cerro Hosane, Dept. 

 Santa Cruz). 



♦Odontophorus strophium (Gould). Gorgeted Partridge. 



Ortyx (Odontophorus) strophium Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, "1843," 

 p. 134, pub. March, 1844 — "the southern countries of Mexico," errore,= 

 Bogota, Colombia (type in coll. of J. Gould, now in British Museum). 



Odontophorus strophium Gould, Monog. Odont., Part 1, pi. 31, 1844 — "Spanish 

 Main"; Pelzeln, Ibis, 1875, p. 331 — "Spanish Guiana" = Bogota (spec, 

 examined); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 442, 1893— Bogotd; 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 161, 1897 — Colombia (monog.); Chapman, 

 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 201, 1917— Subia, near Bogotd; Peters, 

 Bds. World, 2, p. 54, 1934— Bogota region. 



Strophiortyx strophium Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein., p. 295, 

 1890— Bogotd. 



Range. — Subtropical zone of the eastern Andes of Colombia 

 (Bogota region). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Colombia ("Bogotd," 1). 



1 Odontophorus speciosus loricatus Todd: Adult male similar to the nominate 

 race, but with a black frontal edge and uniform black super ciliaries, there being 

 but a few tiny white streaks above the auriculars; crown of head paler, between raw 

 umber and sepia. Wing (male), 140; tail, 66; bill, 19. 



The auriculars, which are stated by the describer to be brown like the crown 

 in his three specimens from Cerro Hosane, are black in the only male, from Bueyes, 

 Dept. Santa Cruz, that we have been able to examine. A female from San Gaban, 

 Sierra de Carabaya, Peru, which we refer to the present form on account of its 

 having a black frontal band, has the under parts dingy slate gray, the feathers 

 with dull cinnamon-brown edges and tips; the foreneck extensively rufous, form- 

 ing a distinct patch; the flanks and under tail coverts brown barred with blackish 

 and apically edged with buff. The narrow superciliaries are entirely black. Its 

 dimensions are: wing, 135; tail, 63; bill, (about) 18. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 277 

 ♦Odontophorus columbianus Gould. ^ Venezuelan Partridge. 



Odontophorus columbianus Gould, Monog. Odont., Part 1, pi. 30, 1850 — 

 Caracas, Venezuela (type in the Leiden Museum); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 18, "1850," p. 94, pub. Mar. 14, 1851— Caracas; Ogilvie-Grant, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 442, 1893 — Venezuela; Hellmayr and Seilern, 

 Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 161, 1912— Cumbre de Valencia, Cara- 

 bobo, Venezuela (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 55, 1934 — Venezuela. 



Odontophorus colombianus Ogilvie-Grant, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 161, 1897 — 

 Venezuela (monog.). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of northern Venezuela (La Cumbre de 

 Valencia, Carabobo; Silla de Caracas, Dept. Federal). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Venezuela (La Cumbre de Valencia, 1). 



♦Odontophorus leucolaemus Salvin. Black-breasted 

 Partridge. 



Odontophorus leucolaemus Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 161 — Cor- 

 dillera de Tole, Veraguas, Panama (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, 

 now in British Museum) ; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 140, 

 1868 — San Jose, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 374, 1869 — 

 Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 217 — Calovevora, 

 Veraguas; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 128, 1887 — Nardnjo 

 de Cartago, Costa Rica; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 438, 

 1893 — Costa Rica (Dota) and Veraguas (Cordillera de Tole, Calovevora, 

 Chitra); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 158, 1897 (monog.); Bangs, Proc. 

 New Engl. Zool. CI., 3, p. 22, 1902— Boquete and Caribbean slope of 

 Chiriqui, Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, 

 p. 311, pi. 74, 1903 — Costa Rica and Veraguas; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie 

 Mus., 6, p. 388, 1910 — Costa Rica (La Estrella, Volcan de Irazti, Cari- 

 blanco, Azahar de Cartago, Tenorio, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, La Hon- 

 dura); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 55, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., 78, p. 304, 1935 (range). 



Odontophorus smithianus Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45, p. 39, 1932 — 

 San Joaquin de Dota, Pacific water-shed, Costa Rica (type in coll. of H. O. 

 Havemeyer, Mahwah, New Jersey). 



Odontophorus smithsians [sic] Griscom, Auk, 50, p. 298, 1933 (crit.). 



Range. — Highlands of Costa Rica and western Panama, east to 

 Veraguas.2 



1 Odontophorus columbianus Gould is almost certainly conspecific with O. 

 strophium, its chief characteristics being the white, laterally black-barred throat 

 and the duller, less reddish under parts with much larger white spots. 



With only three Bogota skins and two from Venezuela for comparison, we 

 are, however, not in a position to speak confidently on their affinities. 



Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo, 1; 

 Caracas, 1. 



2 Specimens with some black on the throat, reduced white bars on the breast, 

 etc., which have been described as O. smithianus, occur in Veragua and Costa Rica 

 alike, and as they are connected by intermediate stages with the white-throated 

 variety they doubtless represent merely an exceedingly dark, melanistic mutation. 



Additional material examined. — Panama: Boquete, 2; Veragua, 1. 




278 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Conover Collection. — 2: Costa Rica (Volcan Irazu, 1; Santa Cruz 

 de Turrialba, 1). 



*Odontophorus balliviani Gould. Ballivian's Partridge. 



Odonlophorus balliviani Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 14, p. 69, 1846 — the 

 forests of Cocapata, Dept. of Cochabamba, Bolivia (type in British Mu- 

 seum); idem, Monog. Odont., Part 3, pi. 29, 1850 — Cocapata; Sclater and 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, pp. 780, 784— Huasampilla, Dept. 

 Cuzco, Peru; Taczanowski, Cm. P6r., 3, p. 290, 1886 — Huasampilla; 

 Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 441, 1893— Cocapata and 

 Huasampilla; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 160, 1897 (monog.); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 2, p. 55, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Highlands of southeastern Peru (Huasampilla, Dept. 

 Cuzco) and Bolivia (Cocapata, Dept. Cochabamba). 



Conover Collection. — 2: Bolivia, Cochabamba (Incachaca, 1; 

 Aduana, Incachaca, 1). 



♦Odontophorus stellatus (Gould). Starred Partridge. 



Ortyx (Odontophorus) stellatus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 10, "1842," 

 p. 183, pub. Feb., 1843 — "Brazil" (cotypes in British Museum). 



Odontophorus stellatus Gould, Monog. Odont., Part 2, pi. 27, 1846 — Rio Ma- 

 deira, Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 753 — 

 Chyavetas, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 290, 1870— Rio Madeira 

 (Cachoeira da Bananeira, Borba) and Rio Solimoes (Lagoa do Manaqueri), 

 Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 307 — Chyavetas 

 and Chamicuros, Peru; Taczanowski, Om. P6r., 3, p. 289, 1886 — Peru 

 (Chyavetas, Chamicuros, Moyobamba, Montana del Pangoa); Ogilvie- 

 Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 439, 1893— Rio Madeira (Borba), 

 Ecuador (Rio Napo), and Peru (Chyavetas); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, 

 p. 158, 1897 (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 451, 1905— Rio 

 Juru4, Brazil; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 18, 1907 — Rio Jurua; Sneth- 

 lage, Joum. Om., 56, p. 23, 1908 — Uby and Cachoeira, Rio Purus, Brazil; 

 Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 417, 1910 — Calama, Rio Madeira, and Ja- 

 marysinho, Rio Machados, Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 60, 

 1914— Rio Purus; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 45, 1921— Rio 

 Cosireni, Urubamba, Peru; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 161, 

 1926 — Rio Napo, Ecuador; Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 66, 1930 — northern 

 Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 55, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Upper Amazonia, from eastern Ecuador through 

 eastern Peru south to the Urubamba region (Rio Cosireni), and 

 south of the Amazon east to the Rio Madeira, extending in the 

 south to the northern confines of Matto Grosso.^ 



1 Additional specimens examined. — Brazil: Lagoa do Manaqueri, Rio Solimoes, 

 3; Borba, Rio Madeira, 4; Calama, Rio Madeira, 3; Cachoeira da Bananeira, Rio 

 Mamor6, Matto Grosso, 1; Jamarysinho, Rio Machados, Matto Grosso, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 279 



Conover Collection.— lA: Ecuador (Sara-Yaco, Rio Bobonaza, 1; 

 Valladolid, Loja, 2); Brazil (Hyntanahan, Rio Purus, 1; Arima, Rio 

 Purus, 1 ; Canutama, Rio Purus, 4 ; Labrea, Rio Purus, 1 ; Igarap^ do 

 Gordao, Rio Jurua, 2; Joao Pessoa, 1); Peru (Calleria Ravine, 

 Loreto, 1). 



*Odontophorus guttatus guttatus (Gould). Spotted 

 Partridge. 



Ortyx guttata Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, "1837," p. 79, pub. Feb. 13, 

 1838 — "Bay of Honduras" (descr. of female; co types in coll. of Zoological 

 Society of London, now in British Museum). 



Odontophorus guttatus Gould, Monog. Odont., Part 2, pi. 28, 1846 — Redondo 

 River, Honduras (descr. of male); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, 

 p. 309, 1856— C6rdoba, Vera Cruz; idem. I.e., 27, p. 391, 1859— Teotal- 

 cingo, Oaxaca; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 226 — "Coban" [= Gaboon] 

 palm ridges, Honduras, and "Yucatan"; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. 

 N. Y., 9, p. 140, 1868— Dota, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, 

 p. 374, 1869 — Dota and Candelaria, Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1870, p. 218 — Volcan de Chiriqul, Panama; Sumichrast, La 

 Naturaleza, 2, p. 37, 1870 — Vera Cruz; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1878, p. 42 — Curriadabat, near San Jose, Costa Rica; Zeledon, Anal. 

 Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 128, 1887— Costa Rica (Sarchi de Alajuela, 

 El Zdrzero de Alajuela, Alajuela); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 22, p. 439, 1893 — Mexico (C6rdoba; Chimalapa, Oaxaca), Guatemala 

 (Vera Paz, Dueiias, Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Agua), British Honduras 

 (San Felipe, Belize), Honduras, Costa Rica (Barr4nca, Dota), and Chiriqui; 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 159, 1897 (monog.); idem. Ibis, 1902, 

 p. 244 (crit.); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 3, p. 22, 1902— Boquete 

 and Volcan de Chiriqul, Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 

 Aves, 3, p. 311, 1903 — Mexico (Vera Cruz) to Chiriqui; Carriker, Ann. 

 Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 389, 1910 — Costa Rica (La Estrella de Cartago, 

 Iraz\i, Azahar de Cartago); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 109, 

 1932 — Secanquim, Guatemala (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 55, 1934 

 (range, crit.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 304, 1935 — Volcan 

 de Chiriqul; Van Tyne, Misc. Publ., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 12, 

 1935— Uaxactun, Peten, Guatemala; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 

 Paris, (2), 11, p. 361, 1939— Santa Rosa, Chiapas. 



Odontophorus veraguensis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 107, 1856 — 

 "Veragua" = Boquete, near David, Chiriqui (cotypes in coll. of J. Gould, 

 now in British Museum) ;i Sclater, I.e., p. 143, 1856 — Boquete, Chiriqui; 

 Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 161— "Panama" and "David"; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. 

 Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 140, 1868— Costa Rica (Dota, Barranca, Las 

 Cruees de Candelaria); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 374, 1869— Costa 

 Rica; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 128, 1887 — Las Cruees 



1 Gould, when describing O. veraguensis, had several specimens, one collected 

 by a certain Dr. Seemann at "Panama," and others secured by T. Bridges from 

 "near David, in Veragua," that is, at Boquete, Chiriqui (ef. Sclater, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 24, p. 143, 1856), which we may, therefore, accept as type locality. 




280 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



de Candelaria, Costa Rica; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, 

 p. 441, 1893 — Costa Rica (Dota), Chiriqul, and "Veragua"; idem, Handb. 

 Game-Bds., 2, p. 160, 1897 (monog.); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 

 3, p. 22, 1902 — Boquete, Chiriqul (crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 312, 1903 — Costa Rica and Chiriquf (Boquete, 

 near David); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 389, 1910 — Costa Rica 

 (Volcan de Irazu, Ujurrds de Terraba) ; Griscom, Auk, 50, p. 298, 1933 — 

 El Copey de Dota, Costa Rica (crit.). 



Odontophorus consobrinus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 469, 1893— 

 Hacienda Mirador, near Huatusco, Vera Cruz, Mexico (descr. of female; 

 type in U. S. National Museum). 



Odontophorus guttatus guttatus Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 370, 

 1929 — south of El Cayo and Augustine, British Honduras (crit.). 



Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of southeastern Mexico 

 from Vera Cruz and Oaxaca south through Guatemala, British 

 Honduras, Honduras, and Costa Rica to extreme western Panama 

 (slopes of Volcan de Chiriqui).^ 



Field Museum Collection.— 2'. Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte, 

 1); Costa Rica (Limon, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 25: Honduras (Alto Cantoral, Tegucigalpa, 

 1; Cantoral, Tegucigalpa, 3; Alto Guaymaca, Tegucigalpa, 2; San 

 Jos^, Santa Barbara, 2; Catacamas, Olancho, 2); Costa Rica (Irazu, 

 4; La Estrella de Cartago, 3; El Copey, 5); Panama (Boquete, 

 Chiriqul, 3). 



♦Odontophorus guttatus matudae Brodkorb.- Matudas' 

 Spotted Partridge. 



^ Although some authors include Veragua in its range, there is no authentic 

 record from that province, the most easterly locality whence specimens haye 

 been procured being the Volcan de Chiriqul. It is now well established that O. 

 veraguensis is merely a local erythristic variety of O. guttatus, and not a distinct 

 species, while O. consobrinus was based on a female. Birds from Chiriqul (normal 

 coloration) do not seem to be separable from those of more northern origin. 

 Hellmayr, among others, has examined a female and young male collected by 

 Wittkugel on La Cumbre, near Chamelicon, Honduras, on November 1, 1887, 

 and February 17, 1888, respectively. The species does not seem to have been 

 previously recorded from that republic. 



^Odontophorus guttatus matudae Brodkorb: Differs from typical guttatus in 

 having the white streaks on the throat broader and the spots on the breast long 

 and tear-shaped instead of nearly round. 



This supposed race has been recently described from two specimens, a male 

 and a female. The female has been examined by the junior author, and also 

 two recently acquired specimens in his own collection. On comparing them with 

 twenty-five specimens of guttatus from Honduras, Costa Rica, and Panama, no 

 color differences could be found that are not covered by individual variation. The 

 striping on the throat, however, is broader and the spotting of the breast tear- 

 shaped. There is such variation in these characters, however, among the above- 

 mentioned twenty-five specimens that more examples from Chiapas may prove 

 these differences to be of no value. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 281 



Odontophorus guttatus matudae Brodkorb, Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. 

 Mich., 401, p. 4, 1939 — Mount Madre Vieja, Chiapas, Mexico, alt. 750 

 meters (type in the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan). 



Range. — Known only from the vicinity of Escuintla, Chiapas, 

 Mexico. 



Conover Collection. — 2: Mexico, Chiapas (Salta de Agua, Escuin- 

 tla, 2). 



Genus DACTYLORTYX Ogilvie-Grant 



Dadylortyx Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, pp. xiv, 99 (in key), 

 429, 1893 — type, by monotypy, Ortyx thoracicus Gambel. 



Dactylortyx thoracicus thoracicus (Gambel).^ Vera Cruz 

 Long-toed Partridge. 



Ortyx thoracicus Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 4, p. 77, 1848^ — Jalapa, 

 Vera Cruz, Mexico (type in Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; 

 cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 20, 1899). 



Dactylortyx thoracicus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 429, 1893— 

 part, eastern Mexico; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 150, 1897 (monog.); 

 Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 65, 1898 (descr. type); Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 308, 1903— part, Jalapa. 



Dactylortyx thoracicus thoracicus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 56, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Mountain slopes of eastern Mexico, from southern 

 Tamaulipas to Puebla. 



Dactylortyx thoracicus devius Nelson.^ Jaliscan Long-toed 

 Partridge. 



Dactylortyx devius Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, pp. 65, 68, 1898 — San 

 Sebastidn, Jalisco, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum, Biological 

 Survey Collection, examined). 



Dactylortyx thoracicus (not Ortyx thoracicus Gambel) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 22, p. 429, 1893— part, Guerrero; idem, Ibis, p. 242, 1902 

 (crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 308, 1903— 

 part, Jalisco. 



Dactylortyx thoracicus devius Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 56, 1934 (range). 



Range.— Western Mexico from the State of Jalisco south to 

 Guerrero. 



^ Material examined. — Vera Cruz: Rio Seco, 1; Jalapa, 1. — Puebla: Metlal- 

 toyuca, 1. 



2 Dactylortyx thoracicus devius Nelson: Compared to typical thoracicus, the males 

 are darker and huffier on center of abdomen, and the chest is slightly darker; the 

 females on the upper parts are lighter throughout and have the mantle more rufous, 

 while on the under parts the sides of the throat are lighter gray and the breast 

 and abdomen are brighter rufous. The toes appear to be much longer. 



Material examined. — Jalisco: San Sebastian, 1. — Guerrero: Omilteme, 13. 




282 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Dactylort5T[ thoracicus lineolatus (Gould). ^ Oaxacan Long- 

 toed Partridge. 



Odontophorus lineolatus Gould, Monog. Odont., Part 3, pi. 5, and text, 1850 

 (=pl. 32 of bound volume) — Mexico (cotypes in Berlin Museum). 



Dactylortyx thoracicus (not Ortyx thoracicus Gambel) Ggilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1902, 

 p. 242 (crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 308, 

 1903 — part, Tehuantepec, Chiapas. 



Dactylortyx thoracicus lineolatus Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, pp. 64, 

 66, 1898 — Mount Gineta, near Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 56, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Mountain slopes of southeastern Oaxaca and adjacent 

 parts of western Chiapas. 



Dactylort3^ thoracicus sharpei Nelson.^ Yucatan Long-toed 

 Partridge. 



Dactylortyx thoracicus sharpei Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, p. 152, 

 1903 — Apazote, Campeche, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum, 

 Biological Survey Collection, examined); Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 

 50, p. 116, 1906— Chichen-ItzS; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 56, 1934 (range). 



Dactylortyx thoracicus (not Ortyx thoracicus Gambel) Ggilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 22, p. 429, 1893 — part, Yucatan; Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 308, 1903 — part, Yucatan. 



Range. — Yucatan Peninsula. 



*DactyIortyx thoracicus chiapensis Nelson.' Chiapan Long-toed 

 Partridge. 



1 Dactylortyx thoracicus lineolatus (Gould) : Birds of this race appear to differ 

 from true thoracicus by having the white shaft stripes on the feathers of the breast 

 and flanks much wider. The single male examined also has the abdomen whiter 

 and the chest paler. 



Material examined. — Oaxaca: Mount Gineta, near Santa Efigenia, 1. 



^Dactylortyx thoracicus sharpei Nelson: Compared to any known Mexican 

 race, the males have the cheeks and superciliary stripes deeper and richer cinna- 

 mon rufous, the top of the head brighter chestnut brown, the white area of the 

 abdomen larger, the breast and mantle lighter (more grayish), the upper wing 

 coverts, secondaries, and tertials paler. The females, compared with typical 

 thoracicus, have the throat white, sides of face lightly washed with gray, lower 

 breast and abdomen almost white, the upper breast slightly lighter, and the upper 

 parts distinctly paler. 



Material examined. — Campeche: Apazote, near Yohaltun, 3. — Yucatan: Chi- 

 chen-ltz^, 1. 



^Dactylortyx thoracicus chiapensis Nelson: More material is needed before 

 this race can definitely be deemed worthy of recognition. Two females examined 

 are slightly lighter on the sides of the throat and more reddish on the mantle 

 than a female from Vera Cruz. Two males show no color difference from a male 

 from Metlaltoyuca, Puebla. The toes of the specimens examined, however, 

 appear much longer than in the skins of typical thoracicus mentioned above. 



Additional material examined. — Chiapas: San Cristobal, 3. — Guatemala: 

 Quezaltenango, Vol can Santa Maria, 1; Quezaltenango, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 283 



Dactylortyx chiapensis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, pp. 65, 66, 1898 — 

 San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum, Biological 

 Survey Collection, examined). 



Dactylortyx thoracicus (not Ortyx thoracicus Gambel) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 



Brit. Mus., 22, p. 429, 1893— part, Guatemala; idem. Ibis, 1902, p. 242 



(crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 308, 1903 



— part, Chiapas, Guatemala. 

 Dactylortyx thoracicus chiapensis Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 64, 



p. 107, 1932 — Tecpam and Quetzal tenango, Guatemala (habits); Peters, 



Bds. World, 2, p. 56, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Central Chiapas south to western Guatemala. 



Conover Collection. — 12: Mexico, Chiapas (Mount Ovando, 

 Escuintla, 2; Santa Rosa, Escuintla, 2; Siltepec, Moriscal, 5; Male, 

 Moriscal, 1; Pico de Loro, Sierra Madre Moriscal, 2). 



Dactylortyx thoracicus salvadoranus Dickey and van Rossem.^ 

 Salvadorean Long-toed Partridge. 



Dactylortyx thoracicus salvadoranus Dickey and van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. 

 Wash., 41, p. 129, 1928— Volcan San Miguel, alt. 4,000 ft., Dept. San 

 Miguel, El Salvador (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, now in the 

 University of California at Los Angeles, examined) ; Peters, Bds. World, 2, 

 p. 56, 1934 (range); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 Zool. Ser., 23, p. 153, 1938— El Salvador (Volcan de San Miguel). 



Dactylortyx thoracicus (not Ortyx thoracicus Gambel) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 22, p. 429, 1893— part, Volcan de San Miguel, Salvador; Sal- 

 vin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 308, 1903 — part, 

 Volcan de San Miguel, Salvador. 



Range. — Confined to the Volcan San Miguel, El Salvador. 



*Dactylortyx thoracicus taylori van Rossem.^ Taylor's Long- 

 toed Partridge. 



Dactylortyx thoracicus taylori van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 

 7, No. 13, p. 151, 1932— Mount Cacaguatique, alt. 3,500 ft., Dept. San 

 Miguel, El Salvador (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, now in the 



^Dactylortyx thoracicus salvadoranus Dickey and van Rossem: The male most 

 closely resembles D. t. chiapensis, but has the breast and flanks much paler, more 

 ashy colored; upper parts grayer, especially on the mantle, rump, upper wing 

 coverts, and secondaries. The female differs from the corresponding sex of 

 chiapensis by being slightly paler on the breast, and grayer (less reddish) on the 

 upper wing coverts and secondaries. Feet and tarsus shorter. 



Material examined. — El Salvador: Volcan San Miguel, 3. 



^Dactylortyx thoracicus taylori van Rossem: The males have the ventral 

 coloration grayer than D. t. chiapensis, but browner than D. t. salvadoranus, being 

 closest to the latter; on the upper parts they resemble salvadoranus. The females 

 resemble chiapensis, being slightly grayer on the upper wing coverts and second- 

 aries. Feet and tarsus shorter than chiapensis, about equal to salvadoranus. 



Additional material examined. — El Salvador: Mount Cacaguatique, 6. 




284 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



University of California at Los Angeles, examined); Peters, Bds. World, 2, 

 p. 66, 1934 (range. Mount Cacaguatique only); Dickey and van Rossem, 

 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 154, 1938— El Salvador (Mount 

 Cacaguatique). 



Range. — Confined to the arid upper Tropical zone of Mount 

 Cacaguatique, El Salvador. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: El Salvador (San Miguel, Mount 

 Cacaguatique, 1). 



*Dactylortyx thoracicus fuscus Conover.^ Honduran Long- 

 toed Partridge. 



Daetylortyx thoracicus fuscus Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 73, 

 1937 — Alto Cantoral, Dept. Tegucigalpa, Honduras (type in Conover 

 Collection, Field Museum of Natural History, examined). 



Daetylortyx thoracicus taylori van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 

 7, No. 13, p. 152, 1932 — part (southern Honduras, range only); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 2, p. 56, 1934 — part, range in Honduras. 



Daetylortyx thoracicus salvadoranus (not of Dickey and van Rossem) Stone, 

 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 302, 1932 — San Juancito, Honduras. 



Range. — Honduras. 



Conover Collection. — 9: Honduras (Alto Cantoral, Tegucigalpa, 2; 



Cantoral, Tegucigalpa, 1; Catacamas, Olancho, 6). 



Genus CYRTONYX Gould 



Cyrtonyx Gould, Monog. Odont., Part 1, 1844, pi. [2] and text (=pl. 7 of bound 

 volume) — type, by monotypy, Ortyx massena Lesson=Ortyx montezumae 

 Vigors. 



*Cyrtonyx montezumae mearnsi Nelson.^ Mearns's Quail. 



1 Daetylortyx thoracicus fuscus Conover: Closest to D. t. chiapensis. Males 

 are darker on the breast, flanks, crown of head, lower back, rump, upper wing 

 coverts, and secondaries. Females are slightly brighter red on the breast, the 

 ^bdomen is more bufify, and the mantle redder; the lower back, rump, upper wing 

 coverts, and secondaries have a rich golden ochraceous tinge, instead of a grayish 

 buflf one. Differs from D. t. taylori in the same manner, but to a greater degree, 

 as taylori is lighter than chiapensis. Males from Catacamas are lighter than the 

 type and one other specimen from southern Honduras and may not belong to 

 this race. 



Additional material examined. — Honduras: Rancho Quemado, 1; San Juan- 

 cito, 2. 



^Cyrtonyx montezumae mearnsi Nelson: In the males the upper parts are 

 lighter (bufRer) than in typical montezumae, the rear part of the crest is lighter 

 brown, the gray of the sides of the body is slightly lighter and covered more 

 thickly and more numerously with white spots. The females are lighter (grayer) 

 on the upper parts and have the light shaft streaks broader and whiter (less buffy) ; 

 under parts paler. 



Additional material examined. — Texas: Chisos Mountains, 2. — -New Mexico": 

 Sierra County, 2; Animas Mountains, 2; Socorro County, 1. — Arizona: Fort 

 Huachuca, 1. — Chihuahua: San Luis Mountains, 1; Colonia Garcia, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 285 



Cyrtonyx montezumae mearnsi Nelson, Auk, 17, p. 255, 1900 — Fort Huachuca, 

 Arizona (type in U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, 

 examined); idem, Auk, 19, p. 390, pi. 15, 1902 (dist. char.); Fuertes, 

 Condor, 5, p. 113, 1903 (habits in Texas); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 22, p. 162, 1906 — Paraje de las Mujeres, Arroyo del Buey, San Juan, 

 and San Jos6, northwest Durango (crit.); Swarth, Condor, 26, p. 39, 

 1909 (range in U. S. and molt); F. M. Bailey, Birds New Mexico, p. 223, 

 pi. 20, 1928 (range and habits. New Mexico); van Rossem, Trans. San 

 Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, p. 247, 1931— Saric, Sonora; Bent, Bull. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., 162, p. 84, 1932 (life hist.); van Rossem, Bull. Mus, Comp. 

 Zool., 77, p. 432, 1934 (range in Sonora); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 57, 

 1934 (range). 



Cyrtonyx montezumae (not Ortyx montezumae Vigors) Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 50, 

 1900 (molt); Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1902, p. 241 (crit.); Sal vin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 305, 1903 — part, Sonora, Chihuahua. 



Cyrtonyx montezumae montezumae van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 

 6, p. 246, 1931 — Guirocoba, Sonora. 



Range.— West-central Texas, central New Mexico, central 

 Arizona south to northern Coahuila, Chihuahua, and Sonora. 



Field Museum Collection. — -7: Texas (Bandera, 1); New Mexico 

 (Fort Cummings, 1); Arizona (Huachuca Mountains, 2; Catalina 

 Mountains, 1); Mexico, Chihuahua (Sierra Tarahu, Samachique, 

 1; Babicora, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 12: New Mexico (Grant County, Fort Bay- 

 ard, 2; Socorro County, 1); Arizona, Cochise County (Huachuca 

 Mountains, 2; Whetstone Mountains, 1; Chiricahua Mountains, 1); 

 Mexico, Sonora (Cibuta, 5). 



*Cyrtonyx montezumae montezumae (Vigors).^ Montezuma's 

 Quail. 



Ortyx montezumae Vigors, Zool. Journ., 5, No. 18, p. 275, June, 1830 — Mexico 

 (type in coll. of Zoological Society of London, present location unknown) ; 

 idem, Jardine and Selby, 111. Orn., text to pi. 107, Dec, 1830. 



Ortyx massena Lesson, 111. Zool., pi. 52, text [p. 3], 18i35 — Mexico (type in 

 Rivoli Collection,^ now probably in the Academy of Natural Sciences 

 of Philadelphia).' 



^ A specimen from Chalchicomula, Puebla, shows a tendency toward merriami. 

 It has golden buff spots on the lower flanks, a tendency toward chestnut on the 

 shaft stripes of the secondaries, and the gray of the sides of the breast is slightly 

 lighter than in typical montezumae. This specimen has the white collar below the 

 black throat, however. 



Additional material examined. — Mexico: Mexico City, 1. — Hidalgo: lolo, 1. — 

 Puebla: Chalchicomula, 1. — Jalisco: Talpa, 1; Florencio, 2. 



2 Cf. Lesson, Cent, Zool., p. 189 (in text), March, 1831, where the name is a 

 nomen nudum. 



» Not listed by Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, pp. 1-62, 1899. 




286 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Tetrao guttata La Llave, Reg. Trim., 1, p. 144, 1831.* 



Odontophorus meleagris Wagler, Isis von Oken, col. 277, 1832 — Mexico (type 

 formeriy in the Wtirtzburg Museum, apparently lost). 



Perdix perspicillata Lichtenstein, fide Gould, Monog. Odont., Part 1, text to 

 pi. 7, 1844. 



Cyrtonyx massena Gould, Monog. Odont., pi. 7, text unpaged, 1850. 



Cyrtonyx montezumae Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 425, 1893 — 

 part; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 146, 1897 (monog.); Nelson, Auk, 

 19, p. 389, pi. 15, 1902 (dist. char.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Amer., Aves, 3, p. 305, 1903 — part, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Tepic, Puebla. 



Cyrtonyx montezumae montezumae Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 342, 

 1905 — Juan Lisiarraga Mountains, Sinaloa; Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 74, 1911 

 — Mexico, Tamaulipas (Yerba Buena, Rampahuila, Carricitos); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 2, p. 57, 1934 (range). 



Cyrtonyx montezumue meleagris Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 57, 1934. 



Range. — Mexico from west-central Tamaulipas, Durango, and 

 Sinaloa south to Puebla, Valley of Mexico, and Michoacan. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Mexico, Durango (Coyotes, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Mexico (Dui'ango, 29 miles southwest of 

 city of Durango, 1; Sinaloa, Pinos Gordo, 2; Michoacan, Tanci- 

 taro, 1). 



Cyrtonyx montezumae merriami Nelson.- Merriam's Quail. 



Cyrtonyx merriami Nelson, Auk, 14, p. 48, 1897 — Mount Orizaba, Vera 

 Cruz, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collec- 

 tion, examined); idem, Auk, 19, p. 391, pi. 15, 1902 (disc, of char.). 



Cyrtonyx sallaei (not of J. Verreaux) Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1902, p. 242 (disc); 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 306, 1903 — part, 

 Volcan de Orizaba. 



Cyrtonyx montezumae merriami Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 57, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Known only from the type, taken on the eastern slope 

 of Mount Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico. 



' Not seen by the authors. 



^Cyrtonyx montezumae merriami Nelson: Similar to C. m. montezumae, but 

 crown darker, light shaft streaks on back of head buffy white, and black of 

 throat extending down to chestnut of chest so that white collar is lacking; sides 

 of breast much lighter gray (more slaty) with white spots about one-half as large; 

 on the posterior portion of the flanks the spotting is golden buff instead of white, 

 becoming almost chestnut on the tips of the feathers; chestnut of breast slightly 

 lighter; upper parts with the gray portions of the feathers more slaty, the light 

 shaft streaks buffy on mantle, gradually darkening until they are chestnut on 

 the longer scapulars, tertials, and upper tail coverts; spots on wing coverts light 

 golden. 



Material examined. — Vera Cruz: Mount Orizaba, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 287 

 Cyrtonyx sallei J. Verreaux.' Salle's Quail. 



Cyrtonyx sallei J. Verreaux in Thomson's Arc. Nat., 1, p. 35, pi. 4, 1859 — 

 Mexico= State of Guerrero (type in British Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 57, 1934 (range); Griscom, Auk, 54, p. 193, 1937— Isguagilite, 

 Guerrero (char, of female). 



Cyrtonyx sallaei Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1889, p. 242 — Amulo, Guerrero; 

 Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 427, 1893— Amulo, Guerrero; 

 idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 148, 1897 (monog.); Nelson, Auk, 19, p. 

 389, pi. 15, 1902 (disc, of char.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 

 Aves, 3, p. 306, 1903 — part, Guerrero. 



Range. — Mexico, from Michoacan south through Guerrero to 

 east-central Oaxaca. 



*Cyrtonyx ocellatus (Gould). Ocellated Quail. 



Ortyx ocellatus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 4, "1836," p. 75, pub. Jan. 16, 

 1837 — Guatemala (type in coll. of Zoological Society of London, present 

 location unknown). 



Cyrtonyx ocellatus Gould, Monog. Odont., pi. 8, text unpaged, 1850; Ogilvie- 

 Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 428, 1893; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 



2, p. 149, 1897 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 



3, p. 307, 1903 — Mexico (Tehuantepec, Santa Efigenia), Guatemala 

 (Quezaltenango, Duefias, Tollman), and Honduras (Danli, Jalapa); 

 Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 77, 1907 — Tecpam, 

 Guatemala; Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 387, 1928 

 — Tapanatepec, Oaxaca; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 107, 

 1932 — Antigua, Nebaj, San Antonio, Panajachel, and San Lucas, Guate- 

 mala (habits, range). 



Cyrtonyx sumichrasti Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1, p. 51, 1877 — 

 Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). 



Cyrtonyx ocellatus differens Griscom,^ Proc. New Eng. Zool. CI., 13, p. 56, 

 1932 — Hatillo, Honduras (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, 

 Cambridge, Mass.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 57, 1934 (range); Dickey 

 and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 155, 1938— 

 El Salvador (Los Esesmiles). 



Cyrtonyx ocellatus ocellatus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 57, 1934 (range). 



' The female of C. sallei resembles that of C. m. montezumae, but is darker, 

 more reddish brown, and the black vermiculations on the upper parts are heavier 

 (coarser). In the one specimen examined the black markings on the breast are 

 more numerous. 



Material examined. — Michoacan: Los Rupes, 1. — Guerrero: Omilteme, 1. — 

 Oaxaca: Cerro San Felipe, 1; Ozolotepec, 1. 



* Specimens from Nicaragua and Honduras appear to be the same as speci- 

 mens from Guatemala and Mexico. 



Additional material examined. — Mexico: Teopisca, Chiapas, 3. — Guatemala: 

 Nebaj, 1; San Antonio, 1; Nenton, 1; San Marcos, 1; Toyabay, Quiche, 2; 

 unspecified, 1. — Nicaragua: San Rafael del Norte, 1. 




288 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Range. — From the eastern part of the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, 

 south in the highlands to northwestern Nicaragua. 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Guatemala (Tecpam, 2); El 

 Salvador (Los Esesmiles, Chalatenango, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 12: Honduras (Alto Cantoral, Tegucigalpa, 

 1; Cantoral, 3; Laguna Cantoral, 2; Alto Guaymaca, 1; Ceguaca, 

 Santa Barbara, 1 ; Santa Barbara, 1 ; La Flor, near Archaga, Teguci- 

 galpa, 3). 



Genus RHYNCHORTYX Ogilvie-Grant 



Rhynchortyx Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, pp. 100, 443, 1893— 

 type, by monotypy, Odontophorus spodiostethus Salvin (=male) and 

 Odontophorus cinctiis Salvin (= female). 



Rhynchortyx cinctus pudibundus Peters.^ Honduran Long- 

 legged Colin. 



Rhynchortyx cinctus pudibundus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 405, 

 Oct., 1929 — Lancetilla, Honduras (type in Museum of Comparative 

 Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, 

 p. 302, 1932— Lancetilla; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 58, 1934— Lancetilla. 



Range. — Tropical zone of Honduras (known only from Lancetilla, 

 the type locality). 



♦Rhynchortyx cinctus cinctus (Salvin). ^ Long-legged Colin. 



Odontophorus cinctus Salvin, Ibis, (3), 6, p. 377, 1876 — Veragua (descr. of 

 female; cotypes in the Salvin-Godman Collection, now in the British 

 Museum); Rowley, Orn. Misc., 3, p. 39, pi. 86, 1878 (fig. of type); Salvin 

 and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, pi. 75 (= female), 1903. 



Odontophorus spodiostethus Salvin, Ibis, (4), 2, p. 447, 1878 — Veragua (descr. 

 of male; type in the Salvin-Godman Collection, now in the British Mu- 

 seum) ; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 524, 1893 — Rio Escondido, 

 Nicaragua (descr. of male); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 

 Aves, 3, pi. 76 (=male), 1903. 



Odontophorus rubigenis (Lawrence MS.) Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 16, p. 525 (in text), 1893 — Panama (type in the American Museum of 

 Natural History, New York). 



Rhynchortyx spodiostethus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 443, 

 1893 — Veragua and Panama (Agua Dulce); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 



^Rhynchortyx cinctus pudibundiLs Peters: Similar to R. c. cinctus, but general 

 tone of upper parts slightly grayer, abdomen more extensively white, and pos- 

 terior portion of flanks less washed with buffy (Peters, I.e.). 



Known only from three specimens taken at Lancetilla, in northern Honduras. 



* The two names proposed by Salvin are now known to refer to male and 

 female of the same species. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 289 



2, p. 162, pi. 34 (male), 1897 — Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Amer., Aves, 3, p. 313, 1903 — Nicaragua (Rio Escondido, Ojoche) and 

 Panama. 



Rhynchortyx cindus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 444, 1893 — 

 Veragua; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 162, 1897 — Veragua; Salvin 

 and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 313, 1903— Veragua. 



Rhynchortyx cindus cindus Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 

 65, p. 196, 1922 — Mount Sapo, Darien; Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 84, p. 207, 1932— Eden, Nicaragua (variation); Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 58, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, 

 p. 304, 1935 — Pacific slope of Panama (Veraguas, Darien). 



i^angfe.— Tropical zone of Nicaragua south to the Pacific slope 



of eastern Panama (Darien).^ 



Conover Collection. — 1: Costa Rica (Villa Quesada, 1), 



*Rhynchortyx cinctus hypopius Griscom. ^ Caribbean Long- 

 , LEGGED Colin. 



Rhynchortyx cinctus hypopius Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 320, 

 1932 — Obaldia, Caribbean slope, Darien, eastern Panama (type in Mu- 

 seum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); idem, I.e., 78, p. 304, 

 1935— Caribbean slope of eastern Darien; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 58, 

 1934 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone on the Caribbean slope of eastern Darien, 

 Panama. 



Conover Collection.— 2: Panama (Obaldia, Darien, 2). 



*Rhynchortyx cinctus australis Chapman.^ Southern Long- 

 legged Colin. 



Rhynchortyx cinctus australis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 34, p. 365, 

 1915 — Barbacoas, Narino, Colombia (type in the American Museum of 

 Natural History, New York); idem. I.e., 36, p. 202, 1917— Choco, Anda- 



1 Huber notices certain differences between specimens from various parts of 

 Nicaragua, while Chapman pronounces a single Panama male (rubigenis) to be 

 identical with Nicaraguan birds. 



^Rhynchortyx cinctus hypopius Griscom: Nearest to R. c. pudihundus, but 

 even paler ochraceous below, with far more pure white in the center of the abdomen; 

 thighs whitish, only faintly barred; rump and upper tail coverts grayer; female 

 paler, with much less barring below, under tail coverts more whitish with broader 

 bars, and pileum rusty — apparently more like R. c. australis — and auriculars rusty 

 instead of sooty (Griscom, I.e.). 



^Rhynchortyx cinctus australis Chapman; Nearest to R. c. cindv^, but darker 

 throughout; male with the breast slightly darker gray, and the posterior under 

 parts, especially flanks and crissum, deeper ochraceous-buff; crown, margins to 

 dorsal feathers, and tertials richer chestnut; bars on outer webs of secondaries 

 likewise darker, hazel rather than ochraceous-buff; female also more deeply 

 colored. Wing, 116-120; tail, 44-45; bill, 17. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: Sipi, Choco, 3. — Ecuador, Prov. 

 Esmeraldas: Bulun, 2; Rio Bogota, 1; Pambildr, 1. 




290 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



gueda, Bagado, Baudo, and Barbacoas, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 161, 

 1926— western Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 58, 1934 (range). 

 Rhynchortyx cinctus (not Odontophorus cinctus Salvin) Hartert, Nov. Zool., 

 9, p. 600, 1902 — Bulun, Rio Bogotd, and Pambil^r, Prov. Esmeraldas, 

 Ecuador (crit., plumages); Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 

 1206 — Sipi, Choc6, Colombia (sexual differences). 



Range. — Tropical zone of the Pacific slope of Colombia and 

 Ecuador, from the upper Atrato River to Province of Esmeraldas. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Ecuador (Bulun, 1). 



Genus PERDIX Brisson 



Perdix Brisson, Om., 1, pp. 26, 219, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, Tetrao 

 perdix Linnaeus. 



♦Perdix perdix perdix (Linnaeus). Hungarian Partridge. 



Tetrao perdix hinnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 160, 1758 — Europe, restricted 



type locality Sweden, ex Fn. Svec. No. 172. 

 Perdix perdix Phillips, U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bull., 61, p. 34, 1928 (hist. 



of introd.); Spiker, Wilson Bull., 41, p. 24, 1929 (range in northwestern 



Iowa); Taverner, Bds. Canada, p. 163, 1934 (range and introd. Canada). 

 Perdix perdix perdix Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 1, 1932 (introd. 



and hist, in N. Amer.). 



Range. — Introductions have been most successful in western 

 Canada where the bird has established itself from central Manitoba 

 west to central Alberta and south to the border, and in British 

 Columbia in the Okanagan District and Vancouver Island. In the 

 United States it is found from southeastern Wisconsin to north- 

 eastern Illinois, in northwestern Iowa, extreme northwestern Kansas, 

 northwestern North Dakota, extreme northern Montana, and in 

 Washington and Oregon, east of the Cascade Mountains. 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Illinois (Palatine, 1); Indiana 

 (Bluffton, 1). 



Genus PHASIANUS Linnaeus 



Phasianu^ Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 158, 1758 — type, by tautonymy, 

 Phasianus colchiats Linnaeus. 



*Phasianus colchicus torquatus Gmelin. RiNG-NECKED 

 Pheasant. 



Phasianus colchicus /3. torquatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 742, 1789 — 

 China; restricted type locality, southeastern China. 



Phasianus torquatus Shaw, The China or Denny Pheasant in Oregon, 1908 

 (hist, of first successful introd. in N. Amer.); Grinnell, Bryant, and 

 Storelf, Game Bds. Calif., p. 572, 1918 (introd., habits, California). 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 291 



Phasianus colchicus torquatus F. M. Bailey, Bds. New Mexico, p. 229, 1928 

 (introd. failure New Mexico); Cottam, Condor, 31, p. 117, 1929 (status 

 and food, Utah); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 310, 1932 (introd. 

 and hist. N. Amer.). 



Phasianus torquatus colchicus Phillips, U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bull., 61, 

 p. 42, 1928 (hist, of introd.). 



Phasianus colchicus Taverner, Bds. Canada, p. 165, 1934 (British Columbia, 

 Ontario, Vancouver Island). 



Phasianus colchicus colchicus and torquatus Peters, Bds. World, 2, pp. 121, 

 126, 1934 (introd. N. Amer.). 



Range. — Introduced and fairly well established in approximately 

 the northern half of the United States and extreme southern Canada. 

 From southwestern Maine, central New Hampshire, central Vermont, 

 central New York, southern Ontario, southern Manitoba, south- 

 ern Alberta, and southern British Columbia south to Maryland, 

 Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, and 

 California.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Massachusetts (Great Island, 3). 



family NUMIDIDAE. Guinea Fowl 

 Genus NUMIDA Linnaeus 



Numida Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 273, 1766 — type, by monotypy, 

 Numida meleagris 'Linna,eus= Phasianus meleagris Linnaeus. 



Numida meleagris galeata Pallas. Common Guinea Fowl. 



Numida galeata Pallas, Spic. Zool., 1, fasc. 4, pp. 13, 15, 1767 — no locality; 

 Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 125, 1935— hist. 

 Haiti, Dominican Republic. 



Numida meleagris Cory, Birds West Indies, p. 222, 1889 — Cuba, San Domingo, 

 Jamaica, Porto Rico, Barbuda; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 326, 

 p. 34, 1916— status Porto Rico; Phillips, U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bull., 

 61, p. 11, 1928 — Jamaica, Cuba, Porto Rico, Dominican Republic, and 

 Barbados. 



Numida meleagris galeata Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 134, 1934 — introduced 

 in Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola, and Porto Rico. 



Range. — Introduced into Barbuda, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, 

 Cuba, Jamaica, and Barbados. 



1 The Ring-necked Pheasant was introduced, in 1886 or 1887, at Coquimbo, 

 Chile, where it appears to have survived for some time. Cf. Lataste, Act. Soc. 

 Scient. Chili, 6, p. Ixiii, 1896; Chauvelet, I.e., p. Ixxxv; Hellmayr, Field Mus. 

 Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 424, 1932. 




292 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Family MELEAGRIDIDAE. Turkeys 

 Genus MELEAGRIS Linnaeus 



Meleagris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 156, 1758 — type, by tautonymy, 

 "Meleagris" = Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus. 



♦Meleagris gallopavo silvestris Vieillot. Eastern Turkey. 



Meleagris silvestris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 9, p. 447, 



1817 — based on the "Dindon d'Amerique" Bartram, Trav. (French ed.), 



1, p. 467; country of the Illinois to Panama = Pennsylvania, ex Bartram. 

 Meleagris americana Bartram, Trav., p. 290, 1791 — Pennsylvania (nomen 



nudum); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 389, 1893; idem, 



Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 106, 1897 (monog.). 

 Meleagris palawa Barton, Med. & Phys. Journ., 2, Part 1, pp. 163-164, 



1805 — United States (nomen nudum). 

 Meleagris fera Vieillot, Gal. Ois., 2, p. 10, pi. 201, 1825— United States. 

 Meleagris gallopavo Elliot, Monog. Phas., 1, pi. 31, text unpaged, 1872. 

 Meleagris gallopavo var. ocddentalis Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI., 1, p. 55, 1876 



(extinct in New Eng.). 

 Meleagris gallopavo silvestris Cooke, Condor, 15, p. 104, 1913 (range); F. M. 



Bailey, Bds. New Mexico, p. 230, 1928 (supposed range on North Fork 



Canadian River, now extinct); Sutton, Auk, 46, p. 326, 1929 (nest. Penn.); 



Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 326, 1932 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. 



World, 2, p. 140, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Central Pennsylvania, eastern Kentucky, southeastern 

 Missouri, and western Oklahoma south to northern Florida, the Gulf 

 Coast, and eastern Texas. Formerly extending north to southern 

 Maine, southwestern Ontario, and South Dakota. 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Virginia (unspecified, 1); Georgia 

 (Grady County, 1; Thomasville, 1); Oklahoma (unspecified, 1). 



♦Meleagris gallopavo osceola Scott. Florida Turkey. 



Meleagris gallopavo osceola Scott, Auk, 7, p. 376, Oct., 1890 — Tarpon Springs, 

 Florida (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; 

 cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 70, p. 158, 1930); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 390, 1893; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 108, 

 1897 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 340, 1932 (life hist.); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 140, 1934 (range). 



Meleagris ocddentalis Bartram, Trav., p. 83, 1791 — near Pincolata, Florida 

 (nomen nudum). 



Range. — Florida Peninsula from Gainesville southward. 



Field Museum Collection. — 3 : Florida (Fort Myers, 1 ; Tampa, 1 ; 



La Fayette County, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 2: Florida (Charlotte Harbor, 1; Taylor 

 County, Dead Man's Bay, 1). 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 293 

 *Meleagris gallopavo intermedia Sennett. Rio Grande Turkey. 



Meleagris gallopavo var. intermedia Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. 

 Terr., 5, p. 428, Nov. 30, 1879— Lomita Ranch, Hidalgo County, Texas 

 (cotypes in American Museum of Natural History and U. S. National 

 Museum); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 74, 1911 — Rio Cruz, Tamaulipas; Bent, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 342, 1932 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, 

 p. 140, 1934 (range). 



Meleagris gallopavo ellioti Sennett, Auk, 9, p. 167, pi. 3, 1892 — Lomita Ranch, 

 Hidalgo County, Texas (cotypes in American Museum of Natural History). 



Meleagris ellioti Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 388, 1893; idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 105, 1897 (life hist.). 



Meleagris gallopavo Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 284, 

 1903 — part (southern Texas and Tamaulipas only). 



Range. — Middle-northern Texas south to northeastern Coahuila, 

 Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, and extreme southeastern San Luis 

 Potosi, Mexico. 



Field Museum Collection. — 7: Texas (Kerrville, Kerr County, 3); 

 Coahuila (Sabinas, 4). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Texas (Kennedy County, Norias, 1); 

 Tamaulipas (Cruz, 2); San Luis Potosi (Micos, 1). 



*Meleagris gallopavo merriami Nelson.^ Merriam's Turkey. 



Meleagris gallopavo merriami Nelson, Auk, 17, p. 120, April, 1900 — Winslow, 

 Arizona (type in U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection); 

 idem. Auk, 19, p. 388, 1902 (disc); Cooke, Condor, 15, p. 104, 1913 

 (range); F. M. Bailey, Bds. New Mexico, p. 231, pi. 21, 1928 (range, 

 habits New Mexico); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 323, 1932 (life 

 hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 140, 1934 (range). 



Meleagris mexicana (not of Gould) Elliot, Monog. Phas., 1, pi. 32, text 

 unpaged, 1872 — part, Arizona. 



Meleagris gallopavo (not of Linnaeus) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 22, p. 387, 1893 — part, western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona; idem, 

 Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 103, 1897 — part, western Texas, New Mexico, 

 Arizona; Howard, Condor, 2, p. 55, 1900 (nest. Arizona); Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 284, 1903 — part, Texas to Arizona. 



Range. — Mountains of southern Colorado, western Texas, New 

 Mexico, and Arizona to northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico. 



Field Museum Collection. — 5: New Mexico (Mogollon Moun- 

 tains, 3; Black Mountains, Socorro County, 1); Arizona (White 

 Mountains, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Arizona (White Mountains, 1). 



^Meleagris gallopavo merriami Nelson: Distinguished by having the lower 

 back black as in M. g. gallopavo, but differing from that race in the tips of the 

 feathers of the lower rump, upper tail coverts and tail being pale buflf or buffy 

 white instead of white; the middle tail feathers also are distinctly barred with 

 chestnut and black, not vermiculated. 




294 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 

 Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo Linnaeus. Mexican Turkey. 



Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 156, 1758 — North 

 America= Mexico;! Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 387, 1893— 

 part, Ciudad Durango and Mexico; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 103, 

 1897 — part, Ciudad Durango and Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 284, 1903 — part, Durango, Jalisco. 



Meleagris mexicana Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 61, June 30, 1856— 

 Mexico^ (type now in British Museum); Elliot, Monog. Phas., 1, pi. 32, 

 text unpaged, 1872 — part, Mexico. 



Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 140, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Central Mexico from the eastern slope of the Cordillera 

 in Vera Cruz (Mirador and Zacuapan)^ west to central Durango 

 (ElSalto). 



Meleagris gallopavo onusta Moore.^ Moore's Mexican Turkey. 



Meleagris gallopavo onusta Moore, Auk, 55, p. 112, Jan., 1938 — two miles south- 

 east of Guayachi, Chihuahua, twenty miles northeast of junction of Rios 

 Chinipas and Fuerte, western slope of the Sierra Madre (type in coll. 

 of Robert T. Moore). 



Range. — Transition and Lower Canadian zone of the western 

 slope of the Sierra Madre of the Sonoran-Chihuahuan border. North 

 and south limits unknown. 



Genus AGRIOCHARIS Chapman 



Agriocharis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 8, pp. 287, 288, 1896 — type, 

 by monotypy, Meleagris ocellata Temminck=M. ocellata Cuvier. 



♦Agriocharis ocellata (Cuvier). Ocellated Turkey. 



Meleagris ocellata Cuvier, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., 6, pp. 1, 4, pi. 1, 1820 — 

 Gulf of Honduras (type in Paris Museum); ElHot, Monog. Phas., 1, pi. 33, 

 1872 — Yucatan, Peten, Guatemala, and British Honduras; Ogilvie-Grant, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 391, 1893; idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 2, p. 110, 

 pi. 31, 1897 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, 

 p. 285, 1903 — Yucatan (Buctzotz, Merida, Espita, Valladolid), British 

 Honduras (Belize, Western District), and Guatemala (Yashd, Peten). 



1 Moore (Auk, 55, p. 113, 1938) suggests Mirador, Vera Cruz, as type locality. 



2 Nelson (Auk, 17, p. 122, 1900) sets forth his belief that Gould's specimen 

 was obtained by Mr. Floresi at Bolaiios, Jalisco, Mexico. We prefer to follow the 

 indirect assumption of the original description that the type locality is the Real 

 del Monte Mines, Hidalgo, Mexico. 



« Cf. Moore, Auk, 55, p. 113, 1938. 



* Meleagris gallopavo onusta Moore is said to be nearest to M. g. merriami, 

 but to have the tips of the rectrices and upper tail coverts white, instead of light 

 buff. From M. g. gallopavo it is supposed to differ by having the median rectrices 

 barred, instead of mottled or vermiculated, and by having the rump pure black 

 without greenish iridescence. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 295 



Meleagris aureus Vieillot, Tabl. Encycl. Meth., 1, livr. 89, p. 361, 1820— Bay 

 of Honduras (type in Paris Museum). 



Agriocharis ocellata Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 8, p. 287, 1896 — 

 Chichen-Itzd, Yucatan; Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 50, p. 115, 1906— 

 Chichen-Itza; Shufeldt, Auk, 30, p. 432, 1913 (unusual plumage); idem, 

 Aquila, 21, p. 1, 1914 (osteology); Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 7, 

 1926— Acomal, Yucatan; idem. Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 104, 1932 

 — Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 141, 1934 (range); Van Tyne, Misc. 

 Pub., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 11, 1935 — Uaxactun, Pacamon, and 

 Dos Arroyos, Peten, Guatemala (nest and eggs descr.). 



Range. — Yucatan Peninsula and adjacent parts of Guatemala 

 and British Honduras. 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Yucatan (Rio Lagartos, 2; un- 

 specified, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Yucatan (unspecified, 1). 



Suborder OPISTHOCOMI 



Family OPISTHOCOMIDAE. Hoatzins 



Genus OPISTHOCOMUS Illiger 



Opisthocomus ("Hoffmannsegg") Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 239, 



1811 — type, by monotypy, Phasianus cristatus "Lin. Gme\." = Phasianus 



hoazin P. L. S. Muller. 

 Orthocorys Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 49, 1816 — type, by monotypy, 



"Hoazin" BuSon= Phasianus hoazin P. L. S. Muller. 

 Sasa ("Sonnini") Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. M., 30, p. 216, 1819— 



type, by monotypy, Phasianus cristatus "hsith." = Phasianus hoazin 



P. L. S. Muller. 



♦Opisthocomus hoazin (P. L. S. Muller). Hoatzin. 



Phasianus hoazin P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., SuppL, p. 125, 1776 — based on 

 "Faisan hupp6 de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 337; Cayenne. 



Phasianus cristatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 741, 1789 — synon. in part, 

 mainly based on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 337. 



Opisthocomus hoatzin Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 11, (1), p. 193, 1819 — 

 Guiana. 



Opisthocomus cristatus Martius, Reise Bras., 2, p. 829, 1828 — Rio Itapicuru, 

 Maranhao, Brazil; Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Bds., 2, p. 396, pi. xcviii, 1845; 

 Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 26, 1848 — Rio Takutu; Deville, 

 Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 4, p. 217, pi. 9, 1852— Goy^z (near Rio de Crixas, 

 banks of the Rio Araguaya and Rio Tocantins), Matto Grosso (Rio Para- 

 guay), Peru (Rio Ucayali), and Amazon down to Para (anat., habits); 

 Des Murs, in Castelnau, Exp6d. Am6r. Sud, Ois., p. 70, 1856 (anat.); 

 Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 342, 1856 — Amazon and Guiana; 

 Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 19, 1857— "Bogota," Colombia; 

 Bates, Natur. Amazon, p. 179, 1863 — Vista Alegre, above Camet4, Rio 

 Tocantins; Huxley, I.e., 1867, pp. 435, 460 (anatomy); idem, I.e., 1868, 




296 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



p. 304 (anat., affin.); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 18, p. 318, pi. 1, fig. 3, 

 1870 (eggs descr.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 280, 1870— Matto 

 Grosso (Engenho do Gama, Cidade de Matto Grosso) and Mandos, Brazil; 

 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 308 — Cashiboya, Peru; 

 Perrin, I.e., p. 685 — Maroni River, Surinam; idem, Trans. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 9, p. 353, pis. 63-66, 1875 (myology); B. Brown, Canoe and Camp 

 Life Brit. Guiana, pp. 270, 371, 1876 — mouth of the Cotinga and estuary 

 of the Berbice River; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 109 (anat- 

 omy); Sclater, I.e., 1881, p. 259 — Obidos, Brazil (eggs descr.); Berlepsch, 

 Ibis, 1884, p. 440 — Angostura, Rio Orinoco, and Iquitos, Peru; Brigham, 

 I.e., 1885, p. 118 — Anabiju River, Marajo, Brazil (embryology); Tacza- 

 nowski, Orn. P6r., 3, p. 262, 1886— Cashiboya, Peru; Harting, Ibis, 1886, 

 p. 98 (embryology); W. L. Sclater, I.e., 1887, p. 319— Canje Creek, Berbice 

 River, British Guiana; Quel eh. I.e., 1888, p. 378 — same locality; Young, 

 Not. Leyden Mus., 10, p. 169, pi. 8, 1888 (nesting habits, anatomy); 

 Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 107, 1889— lower Beni, Bolivia; 

 Beddard, Ibis, 1889, p. 283 (anatomy); Quelch, Ibis, 1890, p. 327— Abary 

 River, British Guiana (habits); Parker, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 13, p. 43, 

 pis. 7-10, 1891 (anatomy); Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 162, 1891— 

 near Santarem, Rio Tapajoz; Gadow, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., (3), 2, p. 147, 

 pis. 7, 8, 1892 (crop, sternum); Goeldi, Orn. Monatsber., 3, p. 67, 1895 

 (young); idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 1, p. 167, 1895 (young); Austen, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 773 — Parand de Bayassu, lower Amazon, Brazil; 

 Loat, Ibis, 1898, p. 566— Berbice River; Goeldi, I.e., 1903, pp. 497, 500— 

 Rio Capim, Para; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 451, 1905 — Rio Jurud, 

 Brazil; idem. Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 26, 1907 — Rio Jurud; Reiser, Denks. 

 Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 88, 1910— below Colonia 

 Floriano, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. 



Opisthocomus hoazin Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 22, p. 524, 1893 — 

 Para, Cayenne, British Guiana (Berbice River), Colombia ("Bogota"), 

 Peru (Iquitos), and Ecuador (Rio Copataza); idem, Handb. Game-Bds., 

 2, p. 259, 1897 (monog.); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 122, 

 1902 — Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Hellmayr, I.e., 15, p. 99, 1908 — Rio 

 Araguaya, Goyaz; Berlepsch, I.e., p. 297, 1908 — Approuague River, 

 French Guiana; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 45, 1909 (ecology); idem. 

 I.e., 1, p. 73, 1909 — Guarapiche River, Orinoco Delta; Hellmayr, Abhandl. 

 Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 97, 1912— Pard and Rio 

 Capim; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 65, p. 19, 1913 — Guinipa 

 River, Orinoco Delta; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 69, 1914 — 

 Para, Ilha das Ongas, Santo Antonio do Prata, and Marajo, Brazil; 

 Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 357, 1916 — Orinoco region 

 (habits, eggs descr.); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 51, 1916 — Abary 

 and Berbice rivers; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 216, 1917 

 — Florencia, Villavieeneio, and Barrigon, Colombia; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, 

 p. 139 — Rio Portuguesa and Rio Apure, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, pp. 174, 736, 1926 — Rio Curaray, eastern Ecuador; 

 Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 80, p. 151, 1928 — Rio Inhangapy and 

 Pard, Pard; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 475, 

 1929 — Tury-assu, Maranhao; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, 

 p. 71, 1930 — Rio Solimoes and Rio Madeira (Calama); Berlioz, Bull. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 297 



Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 236, 1932— Sarayacu, Ecuador; Peters, 

 Bds. World, 2, p. 141, 1934 (range); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, 

 p. 189, 1939 — Rio Guarico, Guarico, Venezuela. 



Range. — Amazonian forest from eastern Colombia, the Orinoco 

 basin, and the Guianas through eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, 

 and northern Brazil to central Bolivia, Matto Grosso, and Goyaz 

 (sources of the Rio Araguaya), east to the Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 31 : British Guiana (New Amsterdam, 

 13; unspecified, 1); Brazil (Murutucti, Rio Guama, Pard, 4; Obidos, 

 Pard, 1; Tury-assti, Maranhao, 1); Peru (Lagunas, Loreto, 1); 

 Ecuador (Concepcion, Oriente, 8) ; Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Rio Surutu, 

 1; Buenavista, 1). 



Order GRUIFORMES. Cranes, Rails, and Allies 



Suborder GRUES. Cranes, Rails, and Limpkins 



Family GRUIDAE. Cranes 



Subfamily GRUINAE. Cranes 



Genus GRUS Pallas 



Grus Pallas, Misc. Zool., p. 66, 1766 — type, by tautonymy, Ardea grus Linnaeus 

 (cf. Opinions Intern. Comm. Zool. Nomencl., No. 103). 



Megalornis G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 85, 1841 — type, by orig. 

 desig., Ardea grus Linnaeus. 



Limnogeranus Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 1, p. xxxvii, March, 1893 — type, 

 by orig. desig., Ardea americana Linnaeus. 



*Grus canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus). Little Brown Crane. 



Ardea canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 141, 1758 — based on 

 "The Brown and Ash-colour'd Crane" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, 

 p. 133, pi. 133; Hudson's Bay. 



Grus fusca Vieillot," Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 13, p. 558, 1817 — 

 new name for Ardea canadensis Latham (Ind. Orn., 2, p. 675, 1790)= 

 Ardea canadensis Linnaeus. 



Grus poliophaea Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 14, sp. 7, 1827 — new name for 

 Ardea canadensis Linnaeus. 



1 Holmberg's sight record from Misiones (cf. Holmberg, Seg. Censo Republ. 

 Arg., p. 555, 1898; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 195, 1910) 

 needs corroboration by specimens. 



- Though Vieillot also includes the Florida Crane, his name, proposed as a 

 substitute for Ardea canadensis Latham, which refers exclusively to the Little 

 Brown Crane, becomes a pure synonym of Linnaeus's term. 




298 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Grus cinerea longirostris Temminck and Schlegel, in Siebold, Faun. Jap., 

 Aves, p. 117, pi. 72, 1849 — Japan (type in Leiden Museum). ' 



Grus fraterculus Cassin, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. Surv. 

 Pacif., 9, pp. "553" [=653], 656, 1858— Albuquerque, New Mexico (type 

 in U. S. National Museum; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, 

 p. 28, 1899;=young). 



Grus schlegelii Blyth, Field, 42, p. 419, 1873 — new name for Grus cinerea 

 longirostris Temminck and Schlegel. 



Grus niediecki Reichenow, Orn. Monatsber., 14, p. 190, 1906 — Anadyr Bay, 

 coast of eastern Siberia (type in Berlin Museum). 



Gru^ canadensis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 256, 1894 — Hudson's 

 Bay, Alaska (St. Michaels), and Texas (San Antonio, Corpus Christi); 

 Blaauw, Monog. Cranes, p. 21, pi. 6, 1897 (includes all races); Salvin 

 and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 336, 1903 (in part); Cooke, 

 Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 128, p. 7, 1914 (distr., migr.); Brooks, Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., 59, p. 388, 1915 — Providence Bay, Siberia (June), and St. 

 Lawrence Island, Alaska (June 27); Mailliard, Condor, 23, p. 30, 1921— 

 Los Baiios, Merced County, California (meas.) ; Swarth, Pac. Coast Avif ., 

 22, p. 26, 1934 — Nunivak Island (August, September). 



Grus canadensis canadensis Brasil, in Wytsman, Gen. Avium, 19, pp. 3, 4, 

 1913 (range); Friedmann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 80, art. 12, p. 16, 1932 

 — St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 151, 1934 

 (range). 



Grus spec.(?) Thayer and Bangs, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. CI., 5, p. 25, 1914— 

 east of Cape Bolshaja Baranov (July 18), Balagan (July 19), and Sebddij 

 Sound, Siberia. 



Megalornis canadensis canadensis Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1817, 1921 

 (monog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 86, 1928— northern 

 Lower California (winter visitant). 



Range. — Breeds on the Arctic coast of eastern Siberia (Chukchi 

 Peninsula and Anadyr), on St. Lawrence Island, and from northern 

 and western Alaska, Melville and Baffin Islands south to the southern 

 mainland of Alaska, southern Mackenzie, and Hudson Bay; winters 

 from California and Texas south to northern Lower California and 

 central Mexico; accidental in Japan. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Alaska (unspecified, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 6: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 6). 



♦Grus canadensis tabida (Peters). ^ Sandhill Crane, 



1 Sharpe (Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 1, p. xliii, 1893) claims the type to be a speci- 

 men of "G. mexicana" [=G. c. pratensis], which can hardly be correct. 



* Grus canadensis tabida (Peters) : Similar to G. c. pratensis, but paler through- 

 out, especially on the occiput and back of neck, which are pallid mouse gray to 

 pale mouse gray instead of light mouse gray to mouse gray; the posterior under 

 parts appreciably grayer. 



1 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 299 



Megalornis canadensis iabida Peters, Auk, 42, p. 122, 1925 — Valley of the 

 South Fork of the Humboldt River, Nevada (type in Museum of Compara- 

 tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). 



Megalornis c.-woodi H. H. Bailey, Bailey Mus. Libr. Nat. Hist., Bull., 4, 

 p. [2], April 1, 1930 — Peninsula of Michigan (type in coll. of H. H. Bailey, 

 Bailey Museum and Library of Natural History, Miami, Florida). 



Grus mexicana (not Ardea mexicana Muller)i Sharpe, Cat. Eds. Brit. Mus., 

 23, p. 254, 1893 — part, spec, c, Orcas Island, Vancouver; Cooke, Bull. 

 U. S. Dept. Agr., 128, p. 10, 1914 (part, distr., migr.); Oberholser, Auk, 

 38, p. 80, 1921 (crit.); Mailliard, Condor, 23, p. 30, 1921— Merced County, 

 California (meas.). 



Grus canadensis mexicana Brasil, in Wytsman, Gen. Avium, 19, p. 4, 1918 

 (in part). 



Megalornis canadensis pratensis (not Grus pratensis Meyer) Hartert, Vog. Pal. 

 Fauna, 3, p. 1818, 1921 — part, British Columbia to Ohio and California. 



Grus canadensis tabida Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 151, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Formerly bred from British Columbia east to western 

 Ontario and south to northern California, Colorado, Nebraska, and 

 Ohio; now breeds chiefly from British Columbia to Manitoba and 

 south to northern California, Wisconsin, and Michigan; winters 

 from California, Texas, and Louisiana south to Mexico. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Texas (Padry Island, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 6: Alberta (Fawcett, 1); Oregon (Adel, 

 Lake County, 2); Texas (Raymondsville, Willacy County, 3). 



*Grus canadensis pratensis F. A. A. Meyer. Florida Crane. 



Grus pratensis F. A. A. Meyer, Zool. Annalen, 1, pp. 286, 296, 1794 — based 

 on "Grus pratensis corpore cinereo, vertice papilloso, the great Savanna 

 Crane" Bartram, Travels, p. 293; "Alachua Savanna"=Clay County, 

 Florida. 



Grus mexicana (not of P. L. S. Muller) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 

 254, 1894 — part, spec, d-1, Tarpon Springs and De Soto County, Florida; 

 Cooke, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 128, p. 10, 1914 (in part; distr., migr.). 



Megalornis canadensis pratensis Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1118, 1921 — 

 part, Louisiana and Florida; Peters, Auk, 42, p. 121, 1925— Florida 

 (crit., meas.). 



Megalornis canadensis mexicana Howell, Bds. Alabama, p. 84, 1924— Alabama 

 (Foley and Perdido Bay, Baldwin County). 



Grus canadensis pratensis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 152, 1934 (range); 

 Oberholser, Bird Life Louisiana, p. 196, 1938 — Cameron Parish (breeding); 



^ Ardea (Grus) mexicana P. L. S. Muller (Natursyst., Suppl., p. 110, 1776 — 

 "Mexico") cannot be identified with certainty from the rather vague description 

 ("aschgrau, obenher am Kopf rot und hat schwarze Ruderfedem"), since both 

 G. c. canadensis and G. c. iabida occur, at least on migration, in the area occupied 

 by Mexico at Muller's time (cf. Peters, Auk, 42, p. 121, 1925). 




300 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Mcllhenny, Auk, 55, p. 598, pis. 21, 22, 1939 — near Fontainebleau Farm, 

 Mississippi (breeding). 



Range. Southern Georgia (Okefinokee Swamp) and peninsular 

 Florida; also southern Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Florida (Palm Beach, 1; unspeci- 

 fied, 3). 



Grus canadensis nesiotes Bangs and Zappey.^ Insular Crane. 



Grus nesiotes Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 193, 1905— La Vega, 

 Isle of Pines, near Cuba, Greater Antilles (type in coll. of E. A. and 

 O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; 

 cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 178, 1930). 



Grus poUophaea (not of Wagler) Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 80, 1850 — Cuba. 



Grus canadensis (not Ardea canadensis Linnaeus) Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 



4, p. 339, 1856— Cuba; idem. Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 347, 1866— 



Cuba; idem, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 293, 1875 — Cuba (Cienaga de Zapata, 



etc.) and Isle of Pines (habits, nest, eggs). 

 Grus mexicana (not Ardea mexicana P. L. S. Muller) Cory, Auk, 5, p. 50, 



1888— Cuba; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 251, 1889— Cuba; idem. Cat. W. 



Ind. Bds., p. 90, 1892— Cuba and Isle of Pines; Cooke, Bull. U. S. Dept. 



Agr., 128, p. 10, 1914 — part, Cuba and Isle of Pines. 

 Grtis mexicana nesiotis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 205, 1916 — Los 



Indios, Isle of Pines, and Puerto Principe, Cuba (crit.). 



Grus mexicanus nesiotes Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. CI., 6, p. 58, 1923 — 

 Isle of Pines and Cuba (Pinar del Rio, Matanzas Province, etc.). 



Megalornis canadensis nesiotis Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1818, 1921 — 

 Isle of Pines and Cuba. 



Gru^ canadensis nesiotes Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 152, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Resident on the Isle of Pines and in western Cuba, 

 Greater Antilles. 



*Grus americanus (Linnaeus). Whooping Crane. 



Ardea americana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 142, 1758 — based on 

 "The Hooping Crane" Catesby, Nat. Hist. CaroHna, 1, p. 75, pi. 75, and 

 "The Hooping-Crane from Hudson's Bay" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 

 3, p. 132, pi. 132; Hudson's Bay (ex Edwards) regarded as type locality. 



1 Cranes from Louisiana and Alabama have never been critically studied, 

 but for geographical reasons they may be expected to pertain to the Florida race. 



* Grus canadensis nesiotes Bangs and Zappey: Similar to G. c. praterisis, but 

 slightly darker and less purely gray above; smaller, with shorter tarsus; bill some- 

 what stouter and heavier. Wing, 460-474, (female) 425-432; tail, 171-187, 

 (female) 165-171; tarsus, 204-209, (female) 187-198; bill, 123-125, (female) 

 100-110. 



A single Cuban adult "female" was found by Todd to be somewhat larger in 

 all proportions than birds from the Isle of Pines, but it may have been wrongly 

 sexed. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 301 



Grus struthio Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 14, spec. 6, 1827 — new name for Ardea 

 americana Linnaeus. 



Grtis hoyianus Dudley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, p. 64, 1854 — Sugar 

 River, Dane County, Wisconsin (type in coll. of Wisconsin Natural His- 

 tory Association); Hartlaub, Journ. Orn., 3, p. 336, 1855 (crit.;= young). 



Limnogeranus americanus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 259, 1894 

 (monog.); Brasil, in Wytsman, Gen. Avium, 19, p. 5, pi. 1, fig. 5, 1913 

 (range). 



Grus americana Blaauw, Monog. Cranes, p. 17, pi. 5, 1897 (monog.); Salvin 

 and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 337, 1903 — North America 

 to Mexico; Cooke, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 128, p. 4, 1914 (distr.; migr.); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 152, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Bred, formerly, from Mackenzie east to Hudson Bay 

 and south to Nebraska and Iowa; now breeds only in a few localities 

 in southern Mackenzie and northern Saskatchewan; wintered, 

 formerly, from the Gulf states to central Mexico; now winters 

 exclusively in southeastern Texas. 



Field Museum Collection. — 9: North Dakota (Rolette County, 1); 

 Kansas (Blue Rapids, 1); Texas (Padry Island, 1); unspecified, 6. 



Conover Collection. — 4: Manitoba (Whitewater Lake, 1); Illinois 

 (Old Apple River, Jo Daviess County, 2) ; Nebraska (Red Deer Lake, 

 Cherry County, 1). 



Family ARAMIDAE. Limpkins 

 Genus ARAMUS Vieillot 



Aramus Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. El^m., p. 58, April, 1816 — type, by mono- 

 typy, "Courliri" Buffon=Ardea scolopacea Gme\m= Scolopax guarauna 

 Linnaeus. 



Notherodius Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 10, [p. 3], 1827 — type, by monotypy, 

 Notherodius guarauna Wagler = Ardea scolopacea Gmelin. 



*Arainus guarauna guarauna (Linnaeus). Southern Limfkin. 



Scolopax guarauna Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 242, 1766 — based 

 on "Le Courly brun d'Ameriqlie" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 330, and "Guarauna" 

 Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 204; "in America australi" (type, from 

 Cayenne, in Reaimiur Collection) .^ 



1 There is no doubt that Scolopax guarauna has been wrongly identified by 

 authors. Schneider (Journ. Orn., 86, p. 85, 1938) recently found Marcgrave's 

 original drawing of "Guarauna" to represent the Southern Limpkin, but his 

 contention that Brisson's description referred to the White-faced Ibis, which has 

 never been met with, even as a straggler, in South America north of the Amazon, 

 cannot be maintained. Brisson's description is not altogether satisfactory in 

 every detail. However, when comparing color terms and dimensions with his 

 account of "Le Courly verd" (Orn., 5, p. 326, pi. 27, fig. 2; — Plegadis falcinellu^ 

 in winter plumage), it becomes quite evident that the bird sent from Cayenne 

 by Mr. des Essars to the Reaumur Collection cannot have been anything but a 

 limpkin. 




302 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Ardea scolopacea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 647, 1789 — based on "Le 

 Courliri ou Courlan" Buffon, Hist. Nat, Ois., 7, p. 442, and Daubenton, 

 PI. Enl., pi. 848, Cayenne; Des Murs, Mag. Zool., (2), 6, pi. 46, 1844 

 (aff., egg descr.). 



Aramus carau Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. M., 8, p. 300, 1817 — 

 based on "Carau" Azara, No. 366; Paraguay. 



Rallus gigas Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 79, 1823 — 

 based on Ardea scolopacea Gmelin and Azara, No. 366; Montevideo and 

 Sao Paulo. 



Rallus ardeoides Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 72, pi. 91, 1825 — "prope 

 pagum Contendas vel Riachao in provincia Minas Geraes," Brazil (type 

 in Munich Musexun; of. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 

 22, p. 711, 1906). 



Noiherodius guarauna Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 10, [p. 5], 1827 (descr.). 



Numenius Carauna [sic] Wied, Reise Bras., 1, p. 320 (8vo ed., p. 317), 1820; 

 I.e., 2, p. 340 (8vo ed., p. 338), 1821— Belmonte, Bahia. 



Numenius guarauna Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 777, 1833 — south- 

 eastern Brazil. 



Notherodius scolopaceus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, 

 "1848," p. 759, 1849 — coast district of British Guiana. 



Aramus scolopaceus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 8, p. 301, 

 1817— Cayenne; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 380, 1856— 

 Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860 — Rio Parana, Argentina; idem, 

 Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 504, 1861— Rio Parana; Sclater, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860 — Babahoyo, Ecuador; Schlegel, Mus. Pays- 

 Bas, Ralli, p. 7, 1865 — Cayenne and Surinam; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 160 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Pelzeln, Om. 

 Bras., 3, p. 314, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Porto do Rio Parana), Goyaz (Porto 

 do Rio Araguay), Matto Grosso (Caigara), and Rio Branco (Forte do 

 Sao Joaquim), Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 

 1870, p. 46 (not observed in Minas Geraes); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 308 — Rio Ucayali, Peru; Berlepsch, Joum. 

 Om., 22, p. 273, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Doering, Period. 

 Zool. Arg., 1, p. 256, 1874 — Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes; Hudson, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 102 — Buenos Aires (habits); Dumford, Ibis, 

 1877, p. 196 — Buenos Aires (breeding habits); Gibson, I.e., 1880, p. 160 

 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (nesting habits); Barrows, Auk, 1, 

 p. 277, 1884— Coneepcion del Uruguay, Entre RIos; Berlepsch, Ibis, 

 1884, p. 440 — Angostura, Orinoco, Venezuela; idem and Ihering, Zeits. 

 Ges. Om., 2, p. 181, 1885— Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Salvin, Ibis, 

 1886, p. 177 — British Guiana (ex Schomburgk); Taczanowski, Om. Per., 

 3, p. 387, 1886 — Ucayali River, Peru; Berlepsch, Joum. Om., 35, p. 35, 

 1887 — Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Om., 2, 

 p. 159, 1889 (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425— Est. Espartillar, Buenos 

 Aires; Kerr, I.e., 1891, p. 270— lower Pilcomayo; idem. I.e., 1892, p. 149— 

 Fortin Nueve and Fortin Page, Rio Pilcomayo; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 210 

 —Est. Espartillar; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 80, 1894— 

 Trinidad; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 237, 1894— British Guiana 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 303 



and Matto Grosso (Caigara); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, 

 No. 208, p. 24, 1895— Corumba, Matto Grosso; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 160 

 — Counany, Para, Brazil; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, 

 p. 148, 1899 — Mundo Novo and Barra do Rio Camaquam, Rio Grande 

 do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 420, 1899 — Sao Paulo; Salvadori 

 and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 41, 1900— Balzar, 

 Ecuador, and Laguna della Pita, Darien, Panama; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 234 — 

 Paraguayan Chaco; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 128, 1902 — 

 Altagracia, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 

 8, p. 212, 1902 — Rio Salf, Lules, and Famailld, Tucumdn; Lonnberg, 

 Ibis, 1903, p. 460— Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 230, 

 1904 — Santa Ana and Tapia, Tucumdn; Andre, Natur. Guianas, p. 274, 

 1904 — above Para Falls, Caura, Venezuela; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 

 3, No. 13, p. 67, 1905— Tucumdn; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb., (Syst.), 26, 

 p. 43, 1907— Mexiana, Brazil; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 58, 1907 

 — Sao Paulo (Itapura, Ubatuba) and Santa Catharina (Colonia Hansa); 

 Penard, Vog. Guyana, 1, p. 218, 1908 — Surinam; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 

 15, p. 300, 1908— Cayenne; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 75, 1909— 

 Orinoco Delta; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 222, 1910 

 (range in Argentina); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. 

 Wien, 76, p. 93, 1910— Parnagua, Piauhy; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 463— 

 Pao de Aaucar, Matto Grosso; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. 

 Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 83, 97, 122, 1912— Rio Acara and 

 Mexiana, Pard; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 96, 1914 — Para and 

 Marajo; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39, 1914 — Mondaih and Iguassu, 

 Paraguay; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 141, 1916 — upper Takutu 

 Mountains, Supenaam, Bonasika, Kamakabra Creek, and Abary River; 

 Hussey, Auk, 33, p. 388, 1916— La Plata; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. 

 Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 367, 1916 — Altagracia, Rio Orinoco; Gibson, Ibis, 

 1920, p. 50 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (habits, nest, and eggs); 

 Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 43, 1922— 

 Lagunillas, Merida, and Catatumbo, Zulia, Venezuela; Dabbene, El 

 Hornero, 2, p. 227, 1921 — Rosas, Buenos Aires (foster of Heteronetta 

 atricapilla); Serie, I.e., 3, p. 191, 1923 — Pradero (F.C.O.), Argentina; 

 Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 140 — Apure and Portuguesa rivers, Venezuela; 

 Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 153, 1928— Par4. 



Aramus guarauna Des Murs, in Castelnau, Exp6d. Amer. Sud, Zool., 1, 

 Ois., p. 87, 1856 (aff., eggs descr.); L6otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 489, 1866— 

 Trinidad. 



Aranms scolopaceus scolopaceus Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 249, 

 1909— Buenos Aires (Est. de San Martino Monte, Barracas al Sud) and 

 Santa Fe (San Vicente); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 

 62, p. 42, 1918 — Paramaribo, Surinam; Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 91, 

 1918 — Isla San Martfn Garcia, Buenos Aires; Todd and Carriker, Ann. 

 Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 177, 1922 — Bonda, Fundacion, Gaira, and Trojas 

 de Cataca, Santa Marta, Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 55, p. 202, 1926 — Ecuador (west of Yaguachi; head of Santa Rosa River; 

 Pund Island); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 37, 1931— 

 Cienaga, Orihueca, Tucurinca, Sevilla, Aracataca, and Rio Frio, Magda- 

 lena, Colombia; Roberts, Trop. Agr., 11, p. 90, 1934— Trinidad; Peters, 




304 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Bds. World, 2, p. 155, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, 

 p. 280 — Trinidad (eggs descr.). 



Aramtis scolopaceus carau Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, 

 p. 42, 1918 — Paraguay and Entre Rios (crit.); Tremoleras, El Homero, 

 2, p. 14, 1920 — Uruguay (Canelones, Florida, Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo) ; 

 Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 263, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires; Serie and Smyth, 

 I.e., 3, p. 41, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rlos; Giacomelli, I.e., p. 80, 1923 

 — La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., p. 163, 1923 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Marelli, 

 Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 617, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; 

 Peters, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 142, 1925 (crit., range); Wetmore, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 126, 1926— Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco), 

 Argentina (Formosa; Lavalle, Buenos Aires), and Uruguay (San Vicente, 

 near Lazcano, Rio Negro); Wilson, El Homero, 3, p. 353, 1926 — General 

 Lopez, Santa Fe; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 162, 1927— 

 La Noria, Santa Fe; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 402, 

 1930 — Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., 

 Vogel, p. 70, 1930 — Lapango, Formosa (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, 

 p. 155, 1934 (range); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 86, p. 374, 1934 — Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Verb. Orn. 

 Ges. Bay., 20, p. 273, 1934— Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe; Pinto, Rev. 

 Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 715, 1932 — Aquidauana, Matto Grosso; idem, 

 I.e., 20, p. 44, 1936— Inhumas, Goy4z. 



Aramiis scolopaceiis subsp. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, 

 p. 484, 1929— Pamagua, Piauhy. 



Range. — Tropical South America from eastern Panama (Laguna 

 della Pita, Darien) and northern Colombia east through Venezuela, 

 Trinidad, and the Guianas, south through eastern Peru (Ucayali 

 River), Ecuador, and Brazil to Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and 

 northern Argentina (south to Buenos Aires, Santa F^, and La Rioja).^ 



1 Further subdivision of the Southern Limpkin appears to be impracticable. 

 There is no difference in coloration between northern and southern specimens 

 and, while dimensions run rather larger in the south, the proportion of the indi- 

 viduals distinguishable by size is too small to warrant recognition of A. g. carau. 

 We append the measurements (wing and bUl) of twenty sexed adults. 



Measurements 



Males Wing Bill 



Two from Cayenne 315, 320 105, 110 



One from British Guiana 320 100 



One from Rio Branco 320 107 



One from Pamagua, Piauhy 320 117 



Two from Cai^ara, Matto Grosso 330, 340 110, 117 



One from Sao Paulo 330 104 



One from Santa Catharina 340 110 



Three from Paraguay 328, 330, 336 108, 110, 116 



Females 



One from Rio Branco 295 100 



One from Rio Acar4, Para 315 93 



Three from Pamagu4, Piauhy 310, 315, 325 98, 100 



One from Goyaz 315 93 



Two from Santa Catharina 310, 315 100, 108 



Forty-five additional specimens examined. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 305 



Field Museum Collection. — 9: Venezuela (Catatumbo, 2; Maracay, 

 Aragua, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, E. C, Demerara, 3; unspecified, 

 1); Brazil (Descalvados, 1); Argentina (Concepcion, Tucumdn, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 6: Venezuela (Lagunillas, Zulia, 1); Ecuador 

 (Montes del Suno, Prov. Loreto, 2) ; Brazil (Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 

 1); Bolivia (Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 2). 



*Arainus guarauna dolosus Peters.^ White-winged Limpkin. 



Aramus pictus dolosus Peters, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 144, 1925 — 

 Bolson, Costa Rica (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, 

 Mass.); idem. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 409, 1929 — Martinez Creek, 

 Honduras; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 302, 1932 — Laguna 

 Toloa and west of Tela, Honduras; Van Tyne, Misc. Publ., Mus. Zool. 

 Univ. Mich., 27, p. 15, 1935 — Uaxactun, Peten, Guatemala. 



Aramus scolopaceus (not Ardea scolopacea Gmelin) Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 27, p. 64, 1859 — Belize River, British Honduras, and about Omoa, 

 Honduras; Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, 5, p. 229, 1888 — Vera Cruz 

 (Alvarado, Uvero) and Oaxaca (Santa Efigenia, Cacoprieto), Mexico. 



Aramus scolopaceus var. giganteus (not Rallus giganteus Bonaparte) Lawrence, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 49, 1876— Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca. 



Aramus giganteus Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 177, 1886 — 

 Santa Ana, Vera Cruz, Mexico; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 378; 1890, p. 89— 

 Cozumel Island; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 528, 1893 — Rio 

 Frio, Costa Rica. 



Aramus hxylostictus (not Notherodius holostictus Cabanis) Sclater and Salvin, 

 Ibis, 1859, p. 227— Belize and Omoa; Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 115— Costa 

 Rica. 



Aramus pictus (not Tantalus pictus Meyer) Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 •5, p. 409, 1882 — La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 6, pp. 389, 

 396, 1883 — Sucuya and Omet^pe, Nicaragua; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 23, p. 238, 1893 — part, spec, u-w, Mexico (Tlacotalpam; Vera 

 Cruz; Cozumel) and Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 

 Aves, 3, p. 333, 1903 — part, Mexico (Vera Cruz) to Costa Rica. 



Aramus vociferus (not Numenius vociferics Latham) Carriker, Ann. Carnegie 

 Mus., 6, p. 425, 1910 — Bolson and Bebedero, Costa Rica; Rendahl, Ark. 

 Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 11, 1919 — Laguna de Santa Rosa, Island of Omet^pe, 

 Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua; Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 42, p. 527, 1925 — 

 Brownsville, Texas. 



Aramus vociferus holostictus Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 25, p. 13, 

 1921 — part, eastern Mexico to Panama and (accidental) Brownsville, 

 Texas. 



1 Aramus guarauna dolosus Peters: Similar to A. g. pictus, but white area at 

 the base of the secondaries more developed and extending along the outer web 

 next to the shaft for a considerable distance toward the tip. This character is 

 exceedingly well-marked in six specimens taken by M. Sassi at Bebedero, Guana- 

 caste, Costa Rica (Vienna Museum). 



I 




306 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Aramus vociferus subsp. Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 8, 1926 — near 



Chunyaxche, Yucatan. 

 Aramus scolopaceus dolosus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 155, 1934 (range); 



Deignan, Auk, 53, p. 188, 1936 — La Ceiba, Honduras; Dickey and van 



Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 158, 1938— Barra de 



Santiago, El Salvador. 



Range. — Central America from southern Mexico (states of Vera 

 Cruz and Oaxaca) south through British Honduras (Belize River), 

 Guatemala (Uaxactun, Pet^n), El Salvador (Barra de Santiago), 

 Honduras, and Nicaragua to Costa Rica (Guanacaste and Rio Frio) 

 and western Panama (Bocas del Toro) ; accidental in Texas (Browns- 

 ville, May 29, 1889).i 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Costa Rica (Limon, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Honduras (La Ceiba, Atlantida, 1); 

 Costa Rica (Bebed^ro, Guanacaste, 2); Panama (Cricamola, Bocas 

 del Toro, 1). 



♦Aramus guarauna elucus Peters.^ Hispaniolan Limpkin. 



Aramtis pictus elucus Peters, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 143, 1925 — 

 Sosua, Dominican Republic (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, 

 Cambridge, Mass.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Islands, 

 9, p. 333, 1927— Porto Rico; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, 

 p. 494, 1928— Haiti, Gonave, and Tortue; Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 362, 

 1929 — Bonao and VUla Alta Gracia, Hispaniola; Wetmore and Swales, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 128, 1931— Hispaniola; Wetmore, Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. Mus., 81, art. 2, p. 15, 1932 — Montet, near Port-au-Prince, 

 Haiti; idem and Lincoln, I.e., 82, art. 25, p. 22,- 1933 — Damien, Haiti. 



Aramus scolopaceus (not Ardea scolopacea Gmelin) Salle, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 25, p. 236, 1857— San Domingo. 



Aramus giganteus (not Rallus giganieus Bonaparte) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. 

 N. H., 10, p. 257, 1866 — Porto Rico; idem. I.e., 11, p. 97, 1867— Dominican 

 Republic; Sundevall, Oefv. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 26, p. 601, 1869— 

 Puerto Rico; Gundlach, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 387, 1878— 

 Puerto Rico (habits); idem, Joum. Om., 26, pp. 162, 189, 1878 — Lares, 

 Quebradillas, and Utuado, Porto Rico; Cory, Auk, 5, p. 50, 1888 — part, 

 Porto Rico and Haiti; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 251, 1889 — part, Porto 

 Rico and Haiti; Tristram, Cat. Coll. Tristram, p. 267, 1889 — Almercen, 

 Hispaniola; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 90, 1892 — part, Haiti and Porto 

 Rico; Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 61, p. 356, 1909— Dominican 

 Republic; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 326, p. 37, 1916— northern 



1 The Brownsville specimen was found by Peters (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, 

 p. 409, 1929) to be the Central American race. 



'Aramus guarauna elucus Peters: Similar to A. g. pictus, but on average 

 smaller, and with the white markings less extensive in the interscapular region, 

 and absent or reduced to narrow shaft-streaks on the upper wing coverts. 



No material seen from Puerto Rico. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 307 



slope of El Yunque, between Adjuntas and Maricao, and near Utuado, 

 Porto Rioo. 

 Aramus scolopaceus giganieua Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI., 6, p. 155, 1881 — 

 Haiti. 



Aramus pictus (not Tantaltis pictus Meyer) Cory, Bds. Haiti and San Domingo, 

 p. 157, 1884 — Gantier and near Samand, Hispaniola; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 23, p. 238, 1894— part, spec, y, Haiti. 



Aramus pictus pictus Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 311, 1929 — 

 Rio Yuna and Bonao, Haiti. 



Aramus vociferus (not Numenius vociferus Latham) Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., 61, p. 403, 1917 — Sostia, Dominican Republic. 



Aramus vociferus holostictus (not Notherodius holostictus Cabanis) Miller and 

 Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 25, p. 12, 1921 — part, Haiti. 



Aramus scolopaceus elucus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 155, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Islands of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, Greater Antilles. 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Dominican Republic (Santo Do- 

 mingo, Samana, 1; Almercen, 1); Haiti (Le Coup, 1). 



♦Aramus guarauna pictus (F. A. A. Meyer). Limpkin. 



Tantalus pictus "Bartram" F. A. A. Meyer, Zool. Annalen, 1, p. 287, 1794 — 

 based on "Tantalus pictus, the crying bird" Bartram, Travels, pp. 147, 

 293; St.' Johns River, Florida. 



Numenius vociferus Latham, Ind. Orn., Suppl., p. Ixv, 1801 — based on "Epous- 

 kyca" Bartram, Travels, p. 145, 1791; Florida and Georgia. 



Rallus giganteus Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, p. 31, 1825 — 

 "South America" and Long Branch, New Jersey.* 



Aramus scolopaceus (not Ardea scolopacea Gmelin) Vigors, Zool. Journ., 3, 

 p. 447, 1827 — Cuba; Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 355, 1847 — Jamaica (habits); 

 Maynard, Bds. East. N. Amer., p. 425, 1879— Florida (habits). 



Notherodius scolopaceus Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 426, 1856 — Cuba; idem. 

 I.e., 10, p. 89, 1862— Cuba (crit.). 



Notherodius giuirauna (not of Wagler, 1827) Wagler, Isis, 1829, col. 657 — 

 Cuba. 



Aramus guarauna d'Orbigny, in Sagra, Hist. He de Cuba, Orn., p. 256, 1839 — 

 Cuba. 



Notherodius holostictus Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 426, 1856 — Cuba (type in 

 Berlin Museum). 



Aramus giganteus Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. Pac. R. R., 9, p. 657, 1858 — Indian 

 Key, Florida (crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 81 — Jamaica; 

 Taylor, Ibis, 1862, p. 129— Florida; Cory, Auk, 5, p. 50, 1888— part, 

 Jamaica and Cuba; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 251, 1889 — part, Jamaica and 



1 Bonaparte's name was based on two specimens in "the New York Museum," 

 one of which was "brought alive from South America," while "the other was shot 

 at Long Branch, New Jersey." The description, however, seems better to fit the 

 North American Limpkin. 




308 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Cuba; Scott, Auk, 6, p. 152, 1889 — Gulf coast of Florida; idem. I.e., 9, pp. 



11, 212, 1892 — Westmoreland, Jamaica, and Caloosachatchie, Florida; 



Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 90, 1892 — part, Cuba, Isle of Pines, and Jamaica; 



Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 288, 1892— San Pablo, Cuba; 



Field, Auk, 11, p. 122, 1894 — about Port Henderson, Jamaica; Riley, in 



Shattuck, The Bahama Islands, p. 360, 1905 — Cay Lobos, Bahamas. 

 Aramus pidus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875, p. 354 (nomencl.); 



Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 238, 1894 — part, spec, a-t, x, Florida 



and Jamaica. 

 Aramits giganteus holostictus Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 194, 



1905 — Cienaga, Isle of Pines (crit.). 

 Aramus vociferus Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 204, 1916 — Nueva Gerona 



and Pasadita, Isle of Pines (crit.); Howell, Auk, 38, p. 254, 1921 — Royal 



Palm Hammock, Florida; Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. CI., 6, p. 57, 1923 



—Cuba; Bent and Copeland, Auk, 44, p. 377, 1927— Wekiva and Waeki- 



wachee rivers, Florida. 

 Aramus vociferus vociferus Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 25, p. 13, 



1921— southern Florida and Georgia; Christy, Auk, 45, p. 287, 1928— 



Everglades, Florida. 

 Aramus pictus pictus Peters, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 142, 1925 — 



Florida, Cuba, Isle of Pines, and Jamaica (crit.); idem, Bds. World, 2, 



p. 155, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Southern Georgia (Okefinokee Swamp) and peninsular 

 Florida west to the Wakulla River; Cuba, Isle of Pines, and Jamaica; 

 casual in South Carolina and the Bahamas (Cay Lobos). 



Field Museum Collection. — 9: Florida (New River, 1; Palm Beach, 

 3; Loxahachee Swamp, 1; Tarpon Springs, 1; Lake Jessup, 1; Kissim- 

 mee River, 1; unspecified, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Florida (Brevard County, 1). 



Family PSOPHIIDAE. Trumpeters 



Genus PSOPHIA Linnaeus 



Psophia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 154, 1758 — type, by monotypy, 

 Psophia crepitans Linnaeus. 



*Psophia crepitans crepitans Linnaeus. Common Trumpeter. 



Psophia crepitans Linnaeus,^ Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 154, 1758 — based 

 exclusively on "Psophia" Barrere, Orn. Spec. Nov., p. 62, 1745; French 



' The generic characters are taken from Barrere's account quoted above, while 

 in the same author's "Essai sur I'Histoire naturelle de la France Equinoxiale," 

 1741, p. 132, the bird is simply mentioned as "Gallina sylvatica, crepitans, pec- 

 tore columbine." What Barrere and Linnaeus tell us about its coloration ("nigra, 

 pectore columbino") is altogether insufficient to recognize the species. However, 

 the morphological features, together with the locality and the note on the curious 

 sound uttered by the bird, permit its identification. The "Macucagua" of 

 Marcgrave, quoted by Barrere (1741) and Linnaeus in synonymy, refers to 

 Tinamus solitarius. 



i 




I 



1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 309 



Guiana; Richard and Bernard, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1, (1), p. 118, 

 1792— Cayenne; Trail, Mem. Werner. Soc, 5, (2), p. 523, pi. 17, 1826 (anat., 

 larynx); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 751, 

 1849 — British Guiana; Wallace, Travels Amaz. Rio Negro, pp. 170, 473, 

 1853 — three days' journey above Mandos (hab. part, Guiana to the Rio 

 Negro); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 592 — British 

 Guiana to the Rio Negro; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 298, 1870 — Rio Negro 

 (Mangos, Marabitanas, road to Serra do Cocuy) and Rio Branco (Forte 

 do Sao Joaquim, Serra Caraumdn), Brazil; idem. I.e., 4, p. 455, 1870 — 

 part, Guiana to the Rio Negro; Blasius, Journ. Orn., 32, pp. 204, 205, 

 1884 (descr., range); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 177 — Camacusa and Rio 

 Atapurau, British Guiana; W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1887, p. 317 — Maccasseema, 

 Rio Pomeroon; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 279, 1894— British 

 Guiana (Camacusa, Rio Atapurau, Rio Takutu) and Rio Negro; Goeldi, 

 Ibis, 1897, p. 154 — Counany, Braz. Guiana; Loat, Ibis, 1898, p. 563 — 

 British Guiana; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 128, 1902 — 

 Suapur6, lower Caura, Venezuela; Menegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 

 10, p. 184, 1904 — Maroni River and Rivifere Lunier (Haut Carsevenne), 

 French Guiana; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 58, 1907 (range); Penard, 

 Vog. Guyana, 1, p. 222, 1908— Surinam; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 301, 

 1908— French Guiana; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 76, 1909— Guanoco, 

 Orinoco Delta; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 97, 1914 (range); 

 Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 368, 1916 — Las Barr&ncas 

 and Guanoco, Orinoco Delta, and Suapur6, Caura, Venezuela; Chubb, 

 Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 144, 1916 — Ituribisci River, Supenaam, Bartica, 

 Kamakabra Creek, Bonasika, Mazaruni River, Camacusa, Caramang 

 River, Takutu River, Maccasseema, Matope, and Aremu; Chapman, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 227 (in text), 1917 — near Mount Duida, upper 

 Orinoco, Venezuela; Beebe, Trop. Wild Life, 1, pp. 128, 247, figs. 77-79 

 (pullus), 1917 — Bartica, British Guiana (descr. of pull., habits). 



Gnisi crepitans Pallas, Misc. Zool., p. 66, Nov., 1766 (descr., anat.). 



Grus psophia Pallas, Spec. Zool., fasc. 4, p. 3, pi. 1, 1767 (descr., anat.). 



Ardea (Grus) buccinaix)r P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 110, 1776 — 

 based on "L'Agami" Buflfon (Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 487, pi. 23), Daubenton 

 (PI. Enl., pi. 169), and Boddaert; Cayenne. 



Psophia crepitans crepitans Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 156, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Southern Venezuela (Orinoco Valley and its tributaries) ; 

 British, Dutch, and French Guiana; northern Brazil north of the 

 Amazon, west to the Rio Negro.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: British Guiana (Essequibo River, 1; 

 Oko Mountains, Essequibo, 3). 



* We do not find any constant differences between specimens from the Guianas 

 and others from the Rio Negro. 



Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Maroni River, 1; unspecified, 

 1. — British Guiana: Camacusa, 2. — Venezuela: Suapur^, Caura River, 2. — 

 Brazil: Serra Carauman, Rio Branco, 2; Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, 1; 

 Mandos, 1; Marabitanas, Rio Negro, 1. 




310 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Conover Collection. — 12: Brazil (Monte Alegre, Para, 3; Lago 

 Cuipeua, Pard, 4; Igarap^ Arriba, Amazonas, 3); British Guiana 

 (Essequibo River, 1; Oko Mountains, Essequibo, 1). 



*Psophia crepitans napensis Sclater and Salvin. Napo 

 Trumpeter. 



Psophia napensis Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., p. 162, 1873 — 

 "Aequatoria orientalis, in ripis fl. Napo" (type in British Museum) ;i 

 Blasius, Journ. Orn., 32, pp. 204, 205, 1884 (diag., range); Berlepsch, I.e., 

 37, p. 100, 1889— Tonantins, Rio Solimoes, Brazil; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., ,23, p. 280, 1894 — Rio Napo and Sarayacu, Ecuador; Salvadori and 

 Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 42, 1900— Rio Santiago, 

 Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 231^Rio Napo, Ecuador; Ihering, 

 Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 59, 1907 (range); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, 

 p. 98, 1914 (range); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 227, 1917— 

 La Morelia, Caquetd, Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, 

 No. 25, p. 25, 1922 — Rio Curaray, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. 

 N. H., 55, p. 203, 1926— Rio Suno and below San Jose, Ecuador. 



"Le Trompeteiro (Agami) Ordinaire . . . Psophia" Des Murs, in Castelnau, 

 Exp6d. Amer. Sud, Zool., 1, Ois., p. 84, 1856 — Tabatinga, Rio Solimoes, 

 Brazil. 



Psophia{1) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 76, 1858 — Rio Napo, Ecuador. 



Psophia crepitans (not of Linnaeus) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 4, p. 455, 1870 — part, 

 left bank of upper Amazons; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 385, 1886 — 

 Iquitos, Peru. 



Psophia crepitans napensis Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris, 33, p. 355, 

 1927— Rio Suno, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 156, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Upper Amazonia, from the eastern base of the eastern 

 Andes of Colombia (La Morelia, Caquetd) through eastern Ecuador 

 south to the north bank of the Rio Maraiion (Iquitos) and Rio 

 Solim5es (Tabatinga, Tonantins) in northeastern Peru and north- 

 western Brazil.^ 



Conover Collection. — 8: Ecuador (Guamayacu, 1; Morada Pamba, 

 2; Verde Yaco, 2; Montes del Suno, Loreto, 1; Ouca Yaco, Loreto, 2). 



♦Psophia leucoptera leucoptera Spix. White-winged 

 Trumpeter. 



Psophia leucoptera Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 67, pi. 84, 1825 — "in 

 sylvis campestribus fl. Rio Negro," errore,=left bank of the Rio Madeira, 

 Brazil (cotypes in Munich Museimi examined; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. 



1 Though not designated as such by Sharpe, spec, a, of the British Museum 

 Collection, is no doubt the type. 



* A single female from Tonantins, Rio Solimoes, does not appreciably diflFer 

 from "Bogotd" specimens, with which it was directly compared. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 2. — Ecuador: Rio Napo, 

 2; Rio Santiago, 2. — Brazil: Tonantins, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 311 



Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 705, 1906); Gray and Mitchell, Gen. 

 Bds., 3, p. 550, pi. cxlviii, 1846; Wallace, Travels Amaz. Rio Negro, p. 473, 

 1853 — south bank of Rio Solimoes (Sao Paulo de Olivenga, Ega, Coari); 

 Pelzeln, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. KL, 24, p. 373, 

 1857 — Cachoeira das Pederneiras, left bank of Rio Madeira, and Lago do 

 Manaqueri, south bank of Rio Solimoes, Brazil (spec, examined); Sclater 

 and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 592 — south or right bank of 

 the Amazon above the Madeira (Ega, Coari, Sao Paulo); Pelzeln, Orn. 

 Braz., pp. 299, 455, 1870 — Cachoeira das Pederneiras and Lago do Mana- 

 queri (range); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 308 

 — Chamicuros, Peru; Blasius, Journ. Orn., 32, pp. 204, 206, 1884 (diag., 

 range); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 385, 1886— Peru ("Iquitos,"' Cha- 

 micuros); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus, N. H., 2, p. 107, 1889 — lower Beni, 

 Bolivia; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 320, 1889 — Shanusi (near Yuri- 

 maguas), Peru; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 280, 1894 — Cosnipata, 

 Dept. Cuzco, Peru; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, "1904," p. 451, 1905— 

 Rio Jurua, Brazil; idem. Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 59, 1907 — Rio Jurua 

 (range); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 412, 1907 — Humaytd, left bank of 

 Rio Madeira; idem. I.e., 17, p. 422, 1910 — left bank of Rio Madeira (Peder- 

 neiras, Humayta); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 98, 1914 (descr.); 

 Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 270 — San Ernesto, Beni, Bolivia. 



"Trompeteiro a couvertures blanches" Des Murs, in Castelanu, Exped. Am6r. 

 Sud, Zool., 1, Ois., p. 84, 1856 — right bank of the Rio Maraiion, Peru. 



Psophia cantatrix (Boeck MS.) W. Blasius, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 208, 1884 — hot 

 districts on the Mamore and Beni rivers, northern Bolivia (type, from Rio 

 Secure [=Sicur6], tributary of the Rio Mamore, Dept. Beni, Bolivia, in 

 Brunswick Museum; cf. Blasius, Journ. Orn., 33, p. 416, 1885). 



Psophia leucoptera leucoptera Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 83, 

 1930 (range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 156, 1934 (range). 



Psophia crepitans leucoptera Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, 

 p. 250, 1930 — Puerto Berm^dez, Junin, Peru (crit.). 



Range. — Western Brazil and eastern Peru, from the south bank 

 of the Rio Marafion and Rio Solimoes (Sao Paulo de Olivenga, Ega 

 [=Teff^], Coary) south to Bolivia (Santa Cruz) and east to the left 

 bank of the Rio Madeira.^ 



Conover Collection. — 13: Brazil, Amazonas (Parand de Tacar^, 5; 

 Ayaguiei, Rio Purtis, 1; Canutama, Rio Purus, 3); Peru (Puerto 



' The specimen in the Raimondi Collection was doubtless incorrectly labeled. 



^ In spite of Spix giving "Rio Negro" as habitat, his two original examples 

 are exactly similar to birds from the left bank of the Rio Madeira, with which 

 they have been directly compared by the senior author. They were probably 

 tame birds bought by Spix at some village on the Rio Negro. A single individual 

 from Bolivia (P. cantatrix) and three from eastern Peru do not seem to differ from 

 an Amazonian series except by somewhat heavier bills. 



Additional material examined. — Peru: Shanusi, near Yurimaguas, 1; Juanfue, 

 Rio Huallaga, 1. — Brazil: "Rio Negro," 2; Lago Manaqueri, Rio Solimoes, 1; 

 Humayta, Rio Madeira, 3; Pederneiras, Rio Madeira, 1.— Bolivia: lower Beni, 1. 




312 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Bermudez, Junin, 1; Orosa, Rio Amazonas, 1); Bolivia (Buenavista, 

 Santa Cruz, 1; Rio Ichilo, Santa Cruz, 1). 



♦Psophia leucoptera ochroptera Pelzeln.^ Ochre-winged 

 Trumpeter. 



Psophia ochroptera Pelzeln, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. 

 Kl., 24, p. 371, 1857— Barcellos, right bank of the Rio Negro, Brazil (co- 

 types in Vienna Museum examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1867, p. 592— Barcellos; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., pp. 298, 455, 1870— 

 Barcellos; Blasius, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 205, 1884 (diag., range); Sharpe, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 281, 1894— Rio Negro; Ihering, Cat. Faun. 

 Braz., 1, p. 59, 1907 (range); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 98, 1914— 

 Rio Negro. 



Psophia leucoptera ochroptera Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 156, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Northwestern Brazil, from the right bank of the Rio 

 Negro (Barcellos) south to the north bank of the Rio Solimoes 

 (Manacapuru). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Brazil (Manacapuru, 1). 

 ♦Psophia viridis viridis Spix. Green-winged Trumpeter. 



Psophia viridis Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 66, pi. 83, 1825 — "in campis 

 sylvestris ad pagum Villa Nuova" [sic]=Parintins, llha de Tupinamba- 

 ranas, south bank of Lower Amazon, Brazil (type in Munich Museum 

 examined; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss,, 22, No. 3, 

 p. 709, 1906); Wallace, Travels Amaz. Rio Negro, p. 473, 1853— part, 

 Borba, right bank of Rio Madeira, and Villa Nova; Pelzeln, Sitzungsber. 

 Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., 24, p. 375, 1857— Rio Mamor6 

 (Cachoeira da Guajara-guagu) and Salto Theotonio, Rio Madeira (soft 

 parts); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 592 — south 

 bank of lower Amazon and Rio Madeira; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., pp. 299, 455, 

 1870 — Cachoeira da Guajard-guagu, Rio Mamore, and Salto Theotonio, 

 Rio Madeira (range); Blasius, Journ. Orn., 32, pp. 204, 216, 1884 (diag., 

 range); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 281, 1894 — part, Rio Madeira 



^Psophia leucoptera ochroptera Pelzeln: Differs from the nominate race by 

 markedly slenderer, less elevated, mainly dusky brown bill, and the coloration of 

 the foreneck, upper wing coverts, and secondaries. The upper wing coverts lack 

 the extensive bright violet blue and golden green gloss, so conspicuous a feature 

 in typical leucoptera, there being but comparatively restricted apical edges of 

 coppery reddish or coppery brass-green to the median and greater series in ochrop- 

 tera. The outer secondaries are drab brown, somewhat paler on the outer webs 

 (though still much browner than in leucoptera), the inner ones and the elongated 

 scapulars brownish buff, inclining to Isabella color towards the mantle; the upper 

 back is dull black without purplish reflections, while the foreneck is much less 

 purplish. Bill, 35-36 mm. 



While Mr. Zimmer is probably right in considering the P. leucoptera complex as 

 conspecific with P. crepitans, we would like to have more definite information 

 about the ranges of the two trumpeters found on the Rio Negro, P. c. crepitans 

 and P. I. ochroptera, before accepting his dictum. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Barcellos, Rio Negro, 4; Manacapuru, 1 . 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 313 



to Rio Mamor6; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 59, 1907 — Matto Grosso; 

 Hellmayr, Nov. ZooL, 17, p. 422, 1910 — Maroins, Rio Machados, easterly 

 tributary of Rio Madeira; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 99, 1914 — 

 Rio Madeira. 

 Psophia viridis viridis Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 84, 1930 

 (range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 156, 1934 (range); Conover, Proc. Biol. 

 Soc. Wash., 47, p. 120, 1934 — Rio Madeira (Igarap6 Auard; "Lago Sam- 

 paio, Rosarinho") and Rio Tapaj6z (Boim). 



Range. — Northern Brazil, south of the Amazon, from the right 

 bank^ of the Rio Madeira east to the left bank of the Rio Tapajoz 

 (Boim), south to the Rio Mamor^, Matto Grosso.^ 



Conover Collection. — 5: Brazil (Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 5). 

 *Psophia viridis dextralis Conover.^ Intermediate Trumpeter. 



Psophia viridis dextralis Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 47, p. 119, 1934 — 

 Tauary, right bank of Rio Tapajoz, Brazil (type in Conover Collection, 

 Field Museum of Natural History). 



Range. — Northern Brazil south of the Amazon, from the right 

 bank of the Rio Tapajoz (Tauary, Caxiricatuba) east probably to 

 the Rio Xingu. 



Conover Collection. — 5: Brazil, Rio Tapajoz (Tauary, 3; Caxiri- 

 catuba, 2). , 



*Psophia viridis interjecta Griscom and Greenway.* Cameta 

 Trumpeter. 



1 We cannot help casting doubt on the correctness of the locality "Lago 

 Sampaio, Rosarinho" (left bank of the Rio Madeira!) attached to a specimen in 

 the American Museum of Natural History. From the left bank of that river 

 we have otherwise seen only P. I. leucoptera, while all other specimens of the 

 Green-winged Trumpeter examined by the authors are from places on the right 

 bank. 



^Additional material examined.— Brazil: Parintins, 1 (the type); Salto Theo- 

 tonio, Rio Madeira, 1; Igarape Auara, near Borba, 6; "Lago Sampaio, Rosarinho," 

 1; Maroins, Rio Machados, 6; Cachoeira da Guajara-guagii, 1. 



' Psophia viridis dextralis Conover: Similar to, and agreeing with, P. v. obscura 

 in dark-colored bill and feet, but shape and proportions of the bill as in P. v. 

 viridis (longer, with upper mandible less elevated and culmen less arched than in 

 obscura); upper back rather darker brown (clove brown) without any violaceous 

 shade; tertials and elongated scapulars paler, about Saccardo's olive, and vermicu- 

 lated with dusky (dark brown edged with bluish green and with mere traces of 

 obsolete "watermark" like markings in obscura); apical spots to greater upper wing 

 coverts golden green instead of blue. Wing (male), 275-286; tail, 120-140; bill, 

 35-37. 



Six adults from the right bank of the Tapajoz are very constant in their 

 characters. 



* Psophia viridis interjecta Griscom and Greenway: Very close to P. v. dextralis, 

 but tertials and elongated scapulars lacking the dusky vermiculations, and apical 

 spots to greater upper wing coverts blue instead of golden green. 



This recently described form is known only from the type and an adult bird 

 in the Conover Collection from the Rio Cumarapy (Camaraipi), which enters the 




314 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Psophia viridis interjeda Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 81, 

 p. 419, 1937 — Cameta, left bank of the Rio Tocantlns, Para, Brazil (type 

 in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). 



Range. — Northern Brazil south of the Amazon, from the left 

 bank of the Tocantins (Cameta) west probably to the Rio Xingu. 

 Conover Collection. — 1: Brazil (Rio Cumarapy, Para, 1). 



♦Psophia viridis obscura Pelzeln.i Dusky Trumpeter. 



Psophia obscura Pelzeln, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., 

 24, p. 373, 1857 — Pard, Brazil (type in Vienna Museum examined); Sclater 

 and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 592 — near Para; Pelzeln, Orn. 

 Bras., pp. 299, 455, 1870— Pard; Blasius, Journ. Orn., 32, pp. 205, 207, 

 1884 (diag., range) ; Finsch, Not. Leyd. Mus., 20, p. 81, 1898— Para (crit.); 

 Sclater, Ibis, 1898, p. 520, pi. 11 — waterfall of Acary Ussana, Rio Capim, 

 Pard (crit.); Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 499— Rio Capim, Para; Ihering, Cat. 

 Faun. Braz., 1, p. 59, 1907 (range); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 423 (in 

 text), 1910— Para (crit.); idem, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. 

 Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 83, 97, 1912— Para, Rio Acara, and Rio Capim (crit.). 



Psophia viridis (not of Spix) Wallace, Travels Amaz. Rio Negro, p. 473, 1853 — 

 part. Para; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 281, 1894— part, descr. 

 and hab. Pard. 



Psophia obcura [sic] Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 98, 1914 — Rio Acara. 



Psophia viridis obscura Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 156, 1934 — Para region. 



Range. — Northern Brazil, south of the Amazon in the Para 

 region, west probably to the Rio Tocantins. 



Conover Collection. — 1: Brazil (Utinga, Para, 1). 



Family RALLIDAE. Rails, Gallinules, Coots 



Genus RALLUS Linnaeus 



Rallits Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 153, 1758 — type, by subs, desi'g. 



(Fleming, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc, 3, p. 176, 1821), Rallus aquaticus 



Linnaeus. 

 Ortygonax Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 321, 



1890— type, by subs, desig. (Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 27, 1894), 



RaUus rytirhynchos "Vieillot." 



Amazon halfway between the rivers Xingu and Tocantins. A series is, of course, 

 required to prove that these individuals are anything more than intergrades to 

 P. V. obscura. 



^Psophia viridis obscura Pelzeln: Differs from P. v. viridis by shorter, dusky 

 brown bill with more elevated, strongly arched upper mandible; dusky instead 

 of light greenish legs; brown upper back, inner secondaries, and elongated scapu- 

 lars with hardly any green; apical edges to wing coverts much narrower and duller; 

 the foreneck faintly glossed with dull purple instead of brilliant violet-blue, etc. 

 Wing, 265-285; tail, 115-128; bill, 32-33. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil, Para: Para, 3 (including the type); 

 Rio Acara, 2. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 315 

 ♦Rallus sanguinolentus tschudii (Chubb). ^ Tschudi's Rail. 



Pardirallus rityrhynchus tschudii Chubb, Ibis, (11), 1, p. 50, Jan., 1919 — 

 Junln, Peru (type in British Museum examined). 



Rallus rythirhynchus (not Rallus rytirhynchos Vieillot) Taczanowski, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 559 — part, Junln; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 22, 

 1895 — Malca (Cajabamba) and Succha (Huamachuco), Peru; Berlepsch 

 and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 48 — Ingapirca, Peru. 



Rallus caesius (not Gallinula caesia Spix) Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., 

 p. 300, 1846 — part, wooded region of Peru; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 213— Cutervo; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 316, 1886— 

 part, Cutervo. 



Limnopardalus rytirhynchus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 29, 1893 — 

 part, spec. 1, Junfn. 



Pardirallus rytirhynchus rytirhynchus Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 446, 

 1918 — Huancabamba, Dept. Piura, Peru; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., 117, p. 48, 1921 — La Raya and Calca, Urubamba, Peru (crit.). 



Pardirallus sanguinolentus tschudii Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 

 Ser., 17, p. 251, 1930— Hudnuco, Peru (crit.). 



Ortygonax rytirhynchus tschudii Lowe, Bull. Brit. Om. CI., 46, p. 37, 1925 

 (crit.). 



Ortygonax rytirhynchos tschudii Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 168, 1934 — Peru. 



Range. — Temperate zone of Peru, from the upper Maranon 

 south to the hake Titicaca region.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 5: Peru (Cajamarca, 3; Hudnuco, 2). 

 Conover Collection. — 8: Peru (Huanuco, 5; Calca, Cuzco, 1; 

 Chucuito, Puno, 2). 



*Rallus sanguinolentus simonsi (Chubb). ^ SiMONS's Rail. 



PaMirallus rityrhynchus simonsi Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 38, p. 33, 1917 — 

 Eten, Lambayeque, Peru (type in British Museum). 



1 Rallus sanguinolentus tschudii (Chubb) : Very similar to R. s. sanguinolentus, 

 but somewhat larger, and the upper parts more reddish brown. With one excep- 

 tion, all specimens examined of this form have the feathers of the mantle and 

 rump, as well as the scapulars, coarsely centered with black. Wing, 130 (female) 

 to 146 (male); bill, 48 (female) to 58 (male). 



Additional material examined. — Peru: Succha (Huamachuco), 1; Junin, 1 

 (the type) ; Ingapirca, 1 . 



Recent study of the material in the British Museum strongly suggests the 

 identity of tschudii and simonsi. There is evidently no constant difference in 

 coloring, and the supposedly larger size of the highland birds does not hold in a 

 good many individuals. 



2 It probably ranges into Bolivia. Oustalet (Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, 6, p. 

 B.131, 1891) mentions a specimen collected by d'Orbigny at Sicasica which is 

 more likely to be R. s. tschudii than any other race. 



2 Rallus sanguinolentus simonsi (Chubb) : Somewhat intermediate between 

 R. s. tschudii and R. s. landbecki, but decidedly smaller than either. Differs from 

 the latter by olivaceous rather than rufescent brown, posteriorly more or less 

 spotted upper parts; from the former, which it resembles in the black-marked 



■•%. 




316 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Rallus caesius (not Gallinula caesia Spix) Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., 

 p. 300, 1846— part, coast of Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. P6r., 3, p. 316, 1886 

 — part, Lima. 



Rallus rythirhynchus (not Rallus rytirhynchos Vieillot) Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 446 — part, western Peru [=Arequipa]; 

 iidem, I.e., 1868, p. 990 — Arequipa, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 559 — 

 part, Lima; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, I.e., 1892, p. 394 — Lima. 



Rallus ryiorhynchus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 136 — Pica, Tara- 



pac4, Chile. 

 [Limnopardalus rytirhynchus] subsp. a. Limnopardalus sanguinolenius (not 



Rallus sanguinolenius Swainson) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 30, 



1894 — part, Tarapacd and Arequipa. 



Rallus sanguinolenius Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 299 — part, Pica, Tarapaca. 



Rallus sanguinolenius landbecki Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 

 19, pp. 351, 356, 1932— part. Pica, Tarapacd. 



Pardirallus sanguinolenius simonsi Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 85, p. 2, 1933 — Arequipa (Tambo Valley), lea (Nazca, Muchica), Lima 

 (Huacho), and Ancash (Yuramarca), western Peru (crit.). 



Oriygonax rytirhynchus simonsi Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 46, p. 37, 1925. 



Oriygonax ryiirhynchos simonsi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 168, 1934 — Peru. 



(l)Rallus nigricans (not of Vieillot) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1879, p. 244 — Pacasmayo, Peru (two young). 



Range. — Arid Pacific slope of Peru, from Lambayeque (Eten) 

 southwards, and extreme northern Chile (Pica, Tarapaca). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Peru (Yura, Arequipa, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Peru (Yura, Arequipa, 1). 



*Rallus sanguinolentus landbecki Hellmayr.' Landbeck's Rail. 



Rallus sanguinolenius landbecki Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 

 19, p. 351, 1932— Concepcion, Chile (type in Field Museum of Natural 



mantle, scapulars, and inner secondaries, by much paler, less rufescent dorsal 

 surface. Wing, 130-135; bill, 43 (female) to 53 (male). 



Mr. Carriker has shown that simonsi extends south to Arequipa, and renewed 

 comparison of the single bird from Tarapaca (Pica) with two from the latter 

 locality, leads to the conclusion that, in spite of its nearly plain (unmarked) 

 upper parts, it seems more properly referable to R. s. simonsi. It is considerably 

 smaller than any specimen from the more southern parts of Chile, but agrees 

 closely in dimensions with one of the Arequipa birds. 



^Rallus sanguinolenius landbecki Hellmayr: Very similar to R. s. luridus, but 

 with slenderer, though not constantly shorter bill and weaker feet; upper parts 

 decidedly paler, less rufous brown. The red spot at the base of the bill is rather 

 obsolete, or even absent as in R. s. luridus. 



Additional material examined. — Chile: Vicuna, Coquimbo, 1; Santiago, 5; 

 Rancagua, O'Higgins, 1; Teno, Curico, 1; Vegas de Talgahuano, Concepcion, 1; 

 Peuco, Concepcion, 1; Cabrero, Concepcion, 1; Junquillos (San Carlos de Chilian), 

 Nuble, 1; Maquegua, Arauco, 2; Malleco, 1; Maquehue, Cautin, 4; Pelal, Temuco, 

 2; Chapod, Temuco, 1; Rio Bueno, Valdivia, 1; Valdivia, 3; Desagtie, near Puerto 

 Montt, Llanquihue, 1; unspecified, 5. — Argentina: Puesto Burro, Chubut, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 317 



History); idem, I.e., p. 356, 1932 — part, Atacama to Llanquihue and 

 adjacent districts of Argentina; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 244, 

 1935 — Isla la Mocha, Chile (breeding). 



Rallus sanguinolentus Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 335, Dec. 31, 1837 — part, 

 Chile; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 133, 1841 — Valparaiso; Fraser, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843— Chile; Yarrell, I.e., 15, p. 54, 

 1847— Chile (egg descr.); Sclater, I.e., 1867, pp. 333, 339— Chile; Lane, 

 Ibis, 1897, p. 299 — part, central and southern Chile and Chiloe Island. 



Rallus bicolor (not of Lesson, 1831) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. FIs. Pol. Chile, 

 Zool., 1, p. 434, pi. 10, 1847— Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 510— 

 Valdivia; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 314, 1860 — Santiago 

 (breeding habits); Frauenfeld, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 10, Abh., p. 

 639, 1860 — Lake Aculeo, Santiago; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 

 278, 1868— "the whole" of Chile; Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chili, 3, 

 "1893," p. exv, 1894— Bureo (Chilian), Nuble; Waugh and Lataste, I.e., 

 4, pp. Ixxxix, clxxiii, 1894 — Penafior, Santiago, and San Alfonso, Val- 

 paraiso; Lataste, I.e., 5, pp. xxxiv, Ixiii, 1895 — Caillihue (Viehuquen), 

 Curieo, and Junquillos, Nuble. 



Ralltis caesius {not Gallinula caesia Spix) Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astron. Exp., 

 2, p. 195, 1855 — interior of Chile; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 8, 

 1865— Santiago. 



Aramides bicolor Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 133, 1865 — Chile 

 (spec, examined ;= young). 



Aramides sa'hguinolentus Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 134, 1865 — 

 Chile (spec, examined ;= adult). 



RaUus rytirhynchus (not of Vieillot) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1868, p. 446— part, Chile; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 52, 1924— 

 Isla La Mocha; idem, I.e., 29, p. 150, 1925 — San Bernardo, Santiago; 

 Jafluel and Pirion, I.e., 31, p. 113, 1927 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; 

 Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 203, 1929— Angol, Malleco (breeding). 



Rallus rythrhynchus [sic] Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 565, 1877 — Cauquenes, 

 Colehagua; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 83, 1924— Caldera, 

 Atacama. 



Rallus erythyrhynchus [sic] Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896 — Chile. 



[Limnopardalus rytirhynchus] subsp. a. Limnopardalus sanguinolentus Sharpe, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 30, 1894 — part, central Chile, Santiago, 

 and Valparaiso. 



Limnopardalus rytirhynchus sanguinolentus Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 

 Suppl., 4, p. 669, 1898 — Punta Teatina, Coquimbo; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 

 70, p. 438, 1922— Coronel, Chile (breeding habits). 



Pardirallus rityrhynchus sanguinolentus Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 51 — Maquehue 

 and Pelal, Temuco, Chile (erit.); Bullock, El Hornero, 3, p. 91, 1923— 

 Chile (nest). 



Pardirallus rytirhynchus subsp. sanguinolentus Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 

 23, p. 16, 1919— Nilahue, Curieo. 



Pardirallus rytirhynchus sanguinolentus Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 

 171, 1921 — Cordillera of Aconcagua. 




318 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Pardirallus rytirhynchos sanguinolentus Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, 

 p. 424, 1926— Caracoles, Santa Cruz. 



Ortygonax sanguinolentus sanguinolentus Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 46, p. 37, 



1925. 

 Ortygonax rytirhynchos landbecki Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 169, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Chile, from Atacama south to Llanquihue (Rio Aisen), 

 and the adjacent districts of southwestern Argentina (western Chubut 

 and western Santa Cruz). 



Field Museum Collection. — 6: Chile (Concepcion, 1; Rio Lolen, 

 Cautin, 2; Mafil, Valdivia, 1; Quellon, Chilo^ Island, 1; Rio Inio, 

 Chilo^ Island, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 14: Chile (Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, 

 Atacama, 1; La Sehesa, Santiago, 1; Quidico, Concepcion, 1; Angol, 

 Bio Bio, 2; Galvarino, Cautin, 1; Mafil, Valdivia, 2; Quellon, Chiloe 

 Island, 1; Rio Inio, Chilo^ Island, 2; Casa de Richards, Rio 

 Nirehuau, Llanquihue, 2; Balseo, junction of Rios Simpson and 

 Maniuales, near Puerto Aisen, Llanquihue, 1). 



Rallus sanguinolentus luridus Peale.^ Magellanic Rail. 



Rallus luridus Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 223, 1848 — Orange Harbour, 

 Tierra del Fuego (type in U. S. National Museum examined). 



Rallus antarcticus (not of King) Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 14 — 

 Tom Bay and Mayne Harbor (spec, in British Museum examined). 



[Limnopardalus rytirhynchtis] subsp. 0. Limnopardalus vigilantis Sharpe, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 31, pi. 4, 1894 — Straits of Magellan (type, from 

 Tom Bay, in British Museum, examined). 



Rallus rhythirhynchus (not Rallus rytirhynchos Vieillot) Oustalet, Miss. Sci. 



Cap Horn, 6, p. B.131, pi. 2, 1891— Port Churrucha, Otarie Islet (Wol- 



laston Island), and Maxwell Island (crit.). 

 (l)Limnopardalus vigilantis Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, (2), 



20, p. 626, 1900— Keppel Island, Falklands. 



Limnopardalus rytirhynchus subsp. vigilantis Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. 

 Buenos Aires, 8, p. 372, 1902 — Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego; idem. I.e., 18, 

 p. 195, 1910— Tierra del Fuego. 



Limnopardalus vigilantis Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Pata- 

 gonia, 2, Orn., p. 46, 1904 — Straits of Magellan. 



^Rallus sanguinolentus luridus Peale: Agreeing with R. s. landbecki in plain 

 (unspotted) lower back, rump and secondaries; but larger, with heavier bill, feet 

 and toes, and upper parts more saturated and more rufous brown. The red basal 

 spot to the bill is obsolete or even absent (though sometimes hardly less conspicuous 

 than in the Chilean form), but apparently always lacking on the upper mandible. 

 Wing, 150-163 (in one case 140); bill, 61-69. 



Material examined. — Magellanes: Tom Bay, Madre de Dios Island, Trinidad 

 Channel, 1; Mayne Harbor, 1; Puerto Bueno, West Smyth's Channel, 1; Port 

 Fleury, 1. — Tierra del Fuego: Orange Bay, 1; Isla Aiio Nuevo, 1. — Cape Horn: 

 Hermit Island, 1; Bay Gretton, Wollaston Island, 3; Maxwell Island, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 319 



Rallus vigilantis Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 46 — Puerto Bueno, Magellan Straits. 



Rallus sanguinolentus luridiis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 

 19, p. 355, 1932 — Straits of Magellan to Cape Horn region (crit.); Rey- 

 nolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 85 — islands of Cape Horn and Barnevelt Island 

 (nest descr.). 



Ortygonax sanguinolentus vigilantis Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 46, p. 37, 1925. 



Ortygonax rytirhynchos luridu^ Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 169, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Straits of Magellan, Tierra del Fuego, and Cape Horn 

 region; (?)accidental in the Falkland Islands (one doubtful record 

 from Keppel Island). 



*Rallus sanguinolentus sanguinolentus Swainson.^ Argentine 

 Rail. 



Rallus sanguinolentus Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 335, Dec. 31, 1837 — part, 

 "Brazil" (type now in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.; cf. Hellmayr, 

 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, pp. 352-353, 1932). 



Aramides rythirhynchvs (not Rallus rytirhynchos Vieillot) Burmeister, Journ. 

 Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860— Parand, Entre Rfos; idem, Reise La Plata St.. 2, 

 p. 504, 1861— Parana. 



Rallus rhytirhynchus^ Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 145 — 

 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1868, p. 446 — part, Paraguay and 

 Argentina; Hudson, I.e., 1876, p. 104 — Buenos Aires (habits); Durnford, 

 Ibis, 187^, p. 65 — Belgrano and Lujan Bridge, Buenos Aires (eggs descr.); 

 Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 55, 1881 — Rio Colo- 

 rado and Rio Negro west to Neuquen; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 

 p. 42 — Cosquin, Cordoba; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 276, 1884 — Concepcion del 

 Uruguay, Entre Rfos (nest and eggs); Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nae. Ciene. 

 Cordoba, 5, p. 88, 1884 — mouth of the Arroyo Tandll, Buenos Aires; 

 Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Sclater 

 and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 149, 1889 — part, Argentina (habits); Stem- 

 pelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nae. Ciene. Cordoba, 10, p. 406, 1890 — 

 Cordoba; Oustalet, Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, 6, p. B.131, 1891 — part, 

 banks of the Rio Uruguay; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 203 — Rio Sauce, Uruguay; 

 Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 34, 1897— Tala, Salta; 

 Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 27, 1907 — part, Rio Grande do Sul (Novo 

 Hamburgo) and Argentina (La Plata); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 462 — Cape 

 San Antonio and Los Ynglases, Aj6, Buenos Aires; idem. I.e., 1912, p. 275 

 (young descr.); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 39 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires 

 (habits). 



^ Peters (Bds. World, 2, p. 168, 1934) adopts for this species Rallus rytir- 

 hynchos Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 28, p. 549, 1819 — based on 

 "Ypacahd pardo" Azara, No. 372, Paraguay). Azara's description refers to three 

 immature birds and is of very doubtful applicability (cf. Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. 

 Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 251, 1930, and Hellmayr, I.e., 19, p. 352, 1932). In view 

 of the uncertainty surrounding Vieillot's name, which might just as well have 

 been based on immature individuals of R. nigricans likewise found in Paraguay, 

 it is preferable to use Swainson's term, whose type still exists and leaves no pos- 

 sible doubt as to its pertinence. 



^ Variously spelled rhytirhynchus, rytirhynchus, rytyrhynchus, or rythirhynchus. 




320 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Aramides nigricans (not Rallus nigricans Vieillot) Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, 

 p. 261, 1860 — Mendoza, Parana, Tucumdn; idem, Reise La Plata St., 

 2, p. 504, 1861— "Argentina." 



Rallus nigricans Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 193 — Belgrano, Buenos Aires (eggs 

 descr.; spec, in British Museum examined); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 

 2, p. 150, 1889— "Buenos Aires" (ex Burmeister). 



Limnopardalus rytirhynchus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 29, 1894 — 

 part, spec, a-k, "Brazil," Uruguay (Montevideo), Argentina (Belgrano, 

 Alvear, Conchitas, Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Cosquin, Cordoba; 

 Mendoza); Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 147, 1899 — 

 Sao Lourengo, Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 

 8, p. 214, 1902 — Lules, Tucumdn; idem. Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, 

 p. 69, 1905 — Lules; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 65 — Sapucay, Paraguay (spec, 

 examined); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 195, 1910 — 

 part, Cordoba, Tucum4n, Salta, Buenos Aires. 



Limnopardalus rytirhynchus rytirhynchus Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, 

 p. 256, 1909 — Entre Rlos (La Soledad) and Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud). 



Pardirallus rityrhynchus rityrhynchus Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 48 — El Carrizal, 

 Sierra de Cordoba, and Isla Ella, Delta del Parana (young descr.). 



Pardirallus rytirhynchus rytirhynchus Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 33, 1917 — 

 Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 

 1922-23, p. 600, 1924— Buenos Aires Province. 



Pardirallus rytirhynchus Marelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 76, 1918 — Curuzu-Cuatifi, 

 Corrientes; Sanzin, I.e., 1, p. 148, 1918 — La Paz, Mendoza; Tremoleras, 

 I.e., 2, p. 11, 1920 — Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Maldonado, Co- 

 lonia, Rocha, Treinta y Tres); Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 260, 1922 — Rosas, 

 Buenos Aires; Seri6 and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 39, 1823 — Santa Elena, Entre 

 Rios; Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 81, 1923 — La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 161, 

 1923 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Wilson, I.e., 3, p. 351, 1926 — General Lopez, 

 Santa Fe; Budin, I.e., 4, p. 403, 1931 — La Quebrada, Jujuy; Pereyra, I.e., 

 5, p. 215, 1933— Isla Demarchi, Delta del Parand. 



Pardirallus rytirhynchos rytirhynchos Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, 

 p. 122, 1926 — Uruguay (Lazcano, Rio Negro), Rio Negro (General Roca), 

 and Mendoza (Tunuyan) (crit., habits). 



Ortygonax rytirhynchus (os) rytirhynchus (os) Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 46, p. 37, 

 1925; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 168, 1934 (range). 



Rallus sanguinolentus sanguinolentus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 

 Ser., 19, p. 354, 1932 (crit.). 



Range. — Extreme southeastern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), 

 Uruguay, Paraguay, and northern Argentina south to the Rio 

 Negro.^ 



1 Swainson's type of R. sanguinolentus is a thoroughly typical example of this 

 form, which is readily recognizable by the blackish central markings to the dorsal 

 feathers and inner secondaries and the prominent red spot at the base of the bill. 

 An adult male from Rio Grande do Sul does not differ from an Argentine series. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: unspecified, 1 (the type); Rio Grande, 

 Rio Grande do Sul, 1.^ — Uruguay: Montevideo, 1; Santa Elena, Soriano, 1. — 

 Argentina: La Soledad, Entre Rios, 1; Isla Ella, Delta del Parana, 1; Barracas al 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 321 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Argentina (Rio Colorado, Tucu- 

 mdn, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 7: Argentina (San Felipe, Tucuman, 1; 

 Burruyain, Tucuman, 1; Tunuydn, Mendoza, 2); Paraguay (Itap^, 

 l;Horqueta, 2). 



Rallus sanguinolentus zelebori (Pelzeln).i Zelebor's Rail. 



Aramides zelebori Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 133, 1865 — Lake 

 Paratininga and Sapitiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (type, from Lake Para- 

 tininga, in Vienna Museum examined); idem, Orn. Bras., pp. 315, 458, 

 1870 — Sapitiba, Rio de Janeiro. 



Rallus rythirhynchus (not Ralltis rytirhynchos Vieillot) Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 446 — part, "southern Brazil (Zelebor)"; 

 (?)Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 27, 1907 — part, Ypiranga, Sao Paulo. 



(l)Limnopardalus rytirhynchus Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 414, 1899 — • 



Ypiranga, Sao Paulo. 

 ■Rallus sanguinolentus zelebori Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, 



p. 355, 1932 — State of Rio de Janeiro (crit.). 



Ortygonax rytirhynchos zelebori Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 168, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Southeastern Brazil, in State of Rio de Janeiro (Lake 

 Paratininga; Sapitiba) and probably also in the neighboring prov- 

 inces (Sao Paulo, etc.).^ 



♦Rallus nigricans Vieillot.^ Blackish Rail. 



Rallus nigricans Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 28, p. 560, 1819 — 

 based on "Ypacaha obscuro" Azara, No. 371, Paraguay and La Plata 



Sud, Buenos Aires, 4; Belgrano, 1; Alvear, 1; Lomas de Zamora, 1; Ajo, Buenos 

 Aires, 6; Conchitas, 1; Del Carril, Dept. Saladillo, Buenos Aires, 1; Cosquin, 

 Cordoba, 1. — Paraguay: Sapucay, 1. 



1 Rallus sanguinolentus zelebori (Pelzeln): Nearest to, and agreeing with, R. s. 

 sanguinolentus in heavily black-marked dorsal feathers, scapulars, and inner 

 secondaries, but much smaller, with much slenderer, paler (yellowish green) bill; 

 upper parts darker, more rufescent, and under surface (from chin to abdomen) 

 deeper slaty. The two only known specimens have a very conspicuous bright 

 red basal spot to the bill encroaching on the lower half of the maxilla, and are, of 

 course, very different from R. nigricans, which is likewise found at Rio de Janeiro. 

 Wing, 110, 114; tarsus, 55; bill, 41, 45. 



2 Rallus setosus King (Zool. Journ., 4, p. 94, 1828) cannot be identified for 

 certain in absence of the type. Cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 

 19, p. 352, 1932. 



^ Rallus nigricans Vieillot, in spite of its superficial resemblance, evidently is 

 specifically distinct from R. sanguinolentus, since its range in Paraguay and parts 

 of southeastern Brazil coincides with representatives of the latter group. For 

 instance, we have examined specimens of both from Paraguay (Sapucay, Hor- 

 queta) and Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba). Its principal character is the straighter, 

 greenish, apically more yellowish bill without any trace of the red basal spot. 

 The upper parts are generally lighter, more olivaceous, and are wholly devoid of 

 dusky spotting. The coloration of the throat varies individually from white to 




322 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



River; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 782, 1833— Rio de Janeiro 

 (plumages); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 8, 1865— Ypanemd, Sao 

 Paulo, and Rio do Boraxudo, Parand; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1868, p. 446 — Brazil (Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, Bahia) and Para- 

 guay (monog.); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 45 

 — Rio de Janeiro (Nova Friburgo), Sao Paulo (Pertininga), and Minas 

 Geraes (Fazenda Engenho, Fazenda Soumidoro, Lagoa Santa); Pelzeln, 

 Orn. Bras., 3, p. 315, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Ilha de Marambaya, Sapi- 

 tiba), Sao Paulo (Mattodentro, Ypanemd), and Parana (Rio do Boraxudo); 

 Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 274, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; 

 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 545 — Medellin, Colom- 

 bia (nesting); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 358 — Quipapd, Pernambuco; Tac- 

 zanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 49 — Huambo, Peru; idem, Orn. 

 Per., 3, p. 317, 1886— Huambo; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. 

 Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 40, 1900— Gualaquiza, Ecuador. 



RallVrS immaculatus Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 79, 

 1823 — based on Azara, No. 371; Bahia and Sao Paulo. 



Gallinula caesia Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 73, pi. 95, 1825 — Contendas, 

 Minas Geraes, Brazil (type in Munich Museum examined; cf. Hellmayr, 

 Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 712, 1906). 



Ralltis bicolor (Cuvler MS.) Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 7, p. 536, April, 1831 

 — new name for Gallinula caesia Spix; Blackwall, Edinb. Journ. Sci., 

 (n.s.), 6, No. 11, p. 78, 1832 — supposed to be Brazil (type in coll. of Robert 

 Wood, Manchester). 



Aramides nigricans Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 385, 1856 — 

 southeastern Brazil; Euler, Journ. Orn., 15, p. 418, 1867 — Cantagallo, 

 Rio de Janeiro (eggs descr.). 



Limnopardalus nigricans Sharpe, Not. Leyd. Mus., 15, p. 267, 1893 — "Suri- 

 nam"; idem. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 31, 1894— Brazil ("Pelotas, Rio 

 Grande do Sul"; Santa Fe, Minas Geraes; Bahia), (?)Peru (Pacasmayo), 

 and Colombia (Medellin); Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, 

 p. 147, 1899 (not found in Rio Grande do Sul); idem. Rev. Mus. Paul., 

 3, p. 414, 1899 — Sao Paulo (Ribeirao Pires, Cachoeira, Sao Paulo, Ypi- 

 ranga); idem. I.e., 4, p. 164, 1900— Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio de 

 Janeiro; idem. Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 27, 1907 — Rio de Janeiro (Ilha 



slate gray. This variation is well shown by the series from Villa Rica, Paraguay, 

 and another from Sao Paulo. On comparing the type of R. n. humilis, we fail to 

 discern a single color character that is not found in various individuals from Brazil. 

 Its supposedly smaller size does not hold either, several birds from eastern Brazil 

 having the wings equally short, and one from Pernambuco (Sao Lourengo) the 

 bill even shorter (40 mm.). Specimens from Colombia, which vary in the color 

 of the throat to the same extent as those from Paraguay and Brazil, seem to 

 average slightly paler gray underneath, but the divergency is insignificant and 

 needs corroboration by larger series. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: Medellin, 3; Popaydn, 1; "Bogota," 

 1. — Peru: La Merced, Chanchamayo, 1. — Brazil: Sao Lourengo, Pernambuco, 2; 

 Bahia, 6; Brago do Sul, Espirito Santo, 1; Engenheiro Reeve, Espirito Santo, 1; 

 Agua Suja (Bagagem), Minas Geraes, 1; Santa Fe, Minas Geraes, 1; Rio de Janeiro, 

 4; Sapitiba, Rio de Janeiro, 1; Cruzeiro, Sao Paulo, 1; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 4; 

 Borda do Matto, Sao Paulo, 1; Piquete, Sao Paulo, 1; Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo, 1; 

 Fazenda Cayod, Sao Paulo, 1; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 3. — Argentina: Posadas, 

 Misiones, 1. — Paraguay: Sapucay, 2. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 323 



Grande), Sao Paulo (Cachoeira, Ribeirao Pires, Jaboticabal, Ubatuba, 

 Itarare), and Parand (Ourinho); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, 

 p. 257, 1909 — Posadas, Misiones; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos 

 Aires, 18, p. 195, 1910 — "Catamarca" (errore), "Chaco," and Misiones; 

 Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 65 — Sapucay, Paraguay; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., 

 p. 37, 1914 — Paraguay. 



Rallus maculaius (not of Boddaert) Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 230 — near the 

 Cauca River, Popayan, Colombia (spec, examined). 



Rallies nigricans humilis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1902, (2), p. 48 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru (type in Warsaw 

 Museum examined; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. 

 Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 102, 1927). 



Pardirallus nigricans nigricans Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 216, 

 1917 — La Manuelita and Rio Frio, Cauca Valley, Colombia; idem. I.e., 

 55, p. 175, 1926— Mirador, Ecuador; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 71, 

 1935 — Bahia (Aratuhype, Engenho da Ponte, Rio Gongogy). 



Pardirallus nigricans macropus Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 

 5, p. 117, 1926 — Vermelho, Parand, Brazil (type in Warsaw Museum). 



Rallus nigricans nigricans Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 40, 1936 — Inhumas, 

 Goydz, Brazil. 



Ortygonax nigricans nigricans Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 46, p. 37, 1925; 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 169, 1934 (range). 



Ortygonax nigricans humilis Lowe, Bull. Brit. Om. CI., 46, p. 37, 1925; Peters, 

 Bds. World, 2, p. 169, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Eastern Brazil, from Pernambuco and Bahia south 

 through Minas Geraes, Goyaz (Inhumas), Espirito Santo, Rio de 

 Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and Parana to Rio Grande do Sul; Paraguay 

 (Sapucay, Villa Rica, Horqueta); northeastern Argentina (Posadas, 

 Misiones);^ also in Colombia (Cauca Valley; native "Bogotd" collec- 

 tions), eastern Ecuador (Gualaquiza, Mirador), and eastern Peru 

 (Huambo; La Merced, Chanchamayo). ^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Brazil (Therezopolis, 2); Paraguay 

 (Villa Rica, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 26: Colombia (Timba Valle, Cauca, 1; El 

 Tambo, Cauca, 4; Munchique, Cauca, 1); Brazil (Fazenda Cayoa, 



^ The adult male secured by S. Venturi on Sept. 13, 1899, at Posadas, Misiones, 

 seems to be the only authenticated Argentine record. Dabbene includes in its 

 range Catamarca (ex Fontana, a notoriously unreliable writer) and Chaco, on 

 the authority of Venturi, who, however, did not obtain any specimens. The bird 

 listed by Durnford s. n. Rallus nigricans from Belgrano, Buenos Aires, is R. s. 

 sanguinolentus, as shown by his specimen in the British Museum, and Burmeister's 

 record is doubtless due to confusion with the same species. 



* We cannot help thinking that the young birds from Pacasmayo doubtfully 

 referred to'jR. nigricans by Taczanowski, were wrongly identified. They are much 

 more likely to be R. s. simonsi. The locality "Surinam" attached to a specimen 

 in the Leiden Museum appears to be likewise open to doubt. 




324 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Sao Paulo, 1; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 1; Rolante, Rio Grande 

 do Sul, 1); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 10; Horqueta, 7). 



Rallus longirostris pelodratnus Oberholser.^ Trinidad Clap- 

 per Rail. 



^Rallus longirostris pelodratnus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 323, 

 1937 — Caroni Swamp, Island of Trinidad (type in coll. of J. H. Fleming, 

 Toronto, Ontario). 



Rallus longirostris (not of Boddaert) Leotaud, Gis. Trinidad, p. 491, 1866 — 

 Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 444 — 

 part, Trinidad. 



Rallus longirostris longirostris Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 52, 1906 — Caroni 

 Swamp, Trinidad (crit., range); Peters, Bds. Worid, 2, p. 159, 1934 — 

 part, Trinidad; Roberts, Trop. Agric, 11, p. 90, 1934 — Trinidad; Belcher 

 and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 281 — Caroni Swamp, Trinidad (nest and 

 eggs descr.). 



Range. — Island of Trinidad. 

 *Rallus longirostris longirostris Boddaert. Long-billed Rail. 



Rallus longirostris Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 52, Dec, 1789 — based on "Rale a 

 long bee, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pl. 849, Cayenne; Richard and 

 Bernard, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1, (1), p. 118, 1792 — Cayenne; Bona- 

 parte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 40, 1857 — Cayenne; Schlegel, Mus. 

 Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 11, 1865 — part, spec, b, c, Surinam and Cayenne; 

 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 444 — part, Guiana 

 and Cayenne; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 176 — British Guiana (ex Schomburgk); 

 Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 10, 1894 — part, spec, a, Berbice, 

 Guiana; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 299, 1908 — Cayenne; Penard, Vog. 

 Guyana, 1, p. 197, 1908 — Surinam (eggs descr.); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 

 1, p. 66, 1916— Lamaha. 



Rallus longirostris longirostris Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 159, 1934 — part, 

 Guianas; Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 320, 1937 (monog., 

 in part). 



[Rallus longirostris] a. longirostris Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. 

 N. Amer., 1, p. 358, 1884 — part, Cayenne. 



Limnopardalis longirostris Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., 

 p. 320, 1890— Guiana. 



Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana.^ 



1 Rallus longirostris pelodramus Oberholser: Merely differs from the nominate 

 race by being more heavily marked above with blackish, thus approaching crassi- 

 rostris, from which it may, however, be separated by the darker, more rufescent 

 tone of the lateral margins to the dorsal plumage. 



Material examined. — Trinidad: Caroni Swamp, 3; Caroni, 3. 



2 Wetmore (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 54, p. 203, Dec. 8, 1941) has very recently 

 described R. I. phelpsi from the Laguna de Tucacas at Puerto Lopez, La Guajira, 

 Colombia (type in the U. S. National Museum). Said to be similar to R. I. pallidus 

 but darker above and brighter brown below. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 325 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: British Guiana (Buxton, E. C, 

 Demerara, 1). 



*Rallus longirostris crassirostris Lawrence.^ Large-billed Rail. 



Rallus crassirostris Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 10, pp. 19, 20, 

 1871 — Bahia, Brazil (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the 

 American Museum of Natural History, New York); Ihering, Rev. Mus. 

 Paul., 5, "1901," p. 285, 1902— Iguape, Sao Paulo. 



Rallus longirostris (not of Boddaert) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 

 3, p. 381, 1856— Bahia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 

 p. 444 — part, Bahia (ex Burmeister); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 4, p. 458, 1870 

 — Bahia; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 358 — Recife, Pernambuco. 



[Rallus longirostris] a. Rallus longirostris Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water 

 Bds. N. Amer., 1, p. 360, 1884— part, Bahia. 



Rallus longirostris subsp. a. Rallus crassirostris Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 23, p. 11, 1894— Bahia. 



Rallus longirostris crassirostris Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 52, 1906 — Pernam- 

 buco to Sao Paulo (crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 26, 1907 — 

 Iguape, Sao Paulo; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 70, 1914 — Marajo, 

 Brazil; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 480, 1929— 

 Mangunca Island, Maranhao; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 159, 1934 — 

 Maranhao to Sao Paulo; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 70, 1935 — Bahia 

 (Rio Aratuhype, Cahype, Caravellas), Rio de Janeiro (Ilha Grande, Ata- 

 foua), and Sao Paulo (Franca, Ituverava, Itarare, Jaboti cabal) ; Oberholser, 

 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 321, 1937— Bahia (crit.). 



Range.— Eastern Brazil, from the estuary of the Amazon (island 

 of Marajo) through Maranhao (Mangunga Island), Pernambuco 

 (Recife), and Bahia to Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, 

 and Santa Catharina (Joinville). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Brazil (Mangunga Island, Maran- 

 hao, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Brazil (Mangunga Island, Maranhao, 1). 



1 Rallus longirostris crassirostris Lawrence: Closely similar to the nominate 

 race, but perhaps separable by more sooty (less brownish) sides of the head and 

 by having the upper parts more coarsely spotted with blackish, causing a con- 

 siderable reduction in the olivaceous lateral margins. 



Owing to the absence of adequate comparative material from French Guiana 

 it is impossible to speak with confidence on the claims of this form to recognition. 

 Comparison of single birds from eastern Brazil at various times with specimens 

 of the nominate race failed to corroborate the differences in stoutness of bill or in 

 color of legs. All that can be said is that those from Brazil are more heavily 

 marked with black above. Pinto's measurements, together with those taken by 

 ourselves, would, besides, seem to indicate a slightly longer bill, which, in Brazilian 

 males, ranges from 51-59 (against 47-55 in longirostris). 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Bahia, 3; Espirito Santo, 1; Iguape, 

 Sao Paulo, 2; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 1. 




326 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 

 Rallus longirostris cypereti Taczanowski.^ Cyperus Rail. 



Rallus cypereti Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., "1877," p. 747, pub. 

 early in 1878 — Santa Lucia, delta of the Rio Tumbez, Peru (type in Warsaw 

 Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. 

 Nat., 6, p. 102, 1927); idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 315, 1886— Rio Tumbez. 



Rallus longirostris (not of Boddaert) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 10, 

 1894 — part, spec, b, Santa Lucia, Peru. 



Rallus longirostris cypereti Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 52, 1906 — Vacqueria, 

 Ecuador, and Tumbez, Peru (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 55, p. 174, 1926— western Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 159, 1934 

 (range); Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 321, 1937 (monog.). 



Range. — Marshes along the coast of Ecuador (Vacqueria, Prov. 

 Esmeraldas) and northwestern Peru (delta of the Rio Tumbez, Dept. 

 Tumbez). 



♦Rallus longirostris crepitans Gmelin. Eastern Clapper Rail. 



Rallus crepitans Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 713, 1789 — "In Noveboraco"= 

 Hempstead, Long Island, New York;'' Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, 

 p. 12, 1894 — part, except Georgia and Corpus Christi, Texas. 



Rallus longirostris crepitans Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI., 5, p. 140, 1880 

 (dist. char.); Lawrence, Auk, 2, p. 274, 1885 (wintering Long Island); 

 Browne, I.e., 4, p. 344, 1887 (winter spec. Mass.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., 135, p. 277, 1926 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 157, 1934 

 (range); Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 351, 1937 (disc). 



Rallus crepitans crepitans Cooke, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 128, p. 19, 1914 

 (distr., migr.). 



Range. — Breeds in the salt marshes from Connecticut to North 

 Carolina. Winters from New Jersey to northeastern Florida (Amelia 

 Island). 



Field Museum Collection. — 6: Connecticut (Litchfield, 1); New 

 York (Mount Sinai Harbor, Long Island, 1) ; North Carolina (North- 



' Rallus longirostris cypereti Taczanowski differs from the two eastern races 

 by decidedly paler and more grayish (less olivaceous) edges to the dorsal plumage, 

 and much paler, olive grayish brown instead of dusky brown barring on the flanks. 

 Wing, (male) 132, (female) 121; tail, 52, (female) 48; bill, 52, (female) 50. 



Recorded only from the two localities listed above, but doubtless also occur- 

 ring in other suitable places on the coast of Ecuador. 



Material examined. — Ecuador: Vacqueria (sea level), Prov. Esmeraldas, 2. — 

 Peru: Santa Lucia, Tumbez, 1. 



2 According to Oberholser (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, pp. 351-352, 1937), 

 Hempstead should be considered the type locality, because Gmelin based his 

 description on the "Clapper Rail" of Pennant (Arc. Zool., 2, p. 490, 1785 

 ["New York"]) and on the "Clapper Rail" of Latham (Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, 

 (1), p. 229, No. 2, 1785 ["New York"]), who in turn cited as the basis of their 

 descriptions some New York specimens in Mrs. Blackburn's Museum, which 

 had been sent to the museum by a correspondent who lived at Hempstead, Long 

 Island, N.Y. 



i 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 327 



hampton County, 1); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 2); Georgia 

 (Mcintosh County, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 1: New Jersey (Avalon, 1). 

 ♦Rallus longirostris waynei Brewster. ^ Wayne's Clapper Rail. 



Rallus crepitans waynei Brewster, Proc. New Eng. Zool. CI., 1, p. 50, 1899 — 

 St. Mary's, Camden County, Georgia (type in Brewster Collection, 

 Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Allen, Auk, 16, 

 p. 339, 1899 (republication orig. descr.); Cooke, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 

 128, p. 21, 1914 (range). 



Rallus crepitans (not of Gmelin) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 12, 1894 

 — part, Georgia. 



Rallus longirostris waynei Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 290, 1926 (life 

 hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 157, 1934 (range); Oberholser, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., 84, p. 349, 1937 (disc). 



Range. — Resident on the salt marshes of Atlantic coast from 

 southeastern North Carolina to about lat. 29° N. on the east coast 

 of Florida. 



Field Museum Collection. — 5: Georgia (Sapelo Island, 1); Florida 

 (Pilot-town, 4). 



Conover Collection. — 6: Georgia (Cumberland Island, 1); Florida 

 (Nassau County, 2; New Berlin, Duval County, 3). 



♦Rallus longirostris scottii Sennett.^ Scott's Clapper Rail. 



Rallus longirostris scottii Sennett, Auk, 5, p. 305, 1888 — Tarpon Springs, 



Florida (cotypes in the American Museum of Natural History, New York) ; 



Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 287, 1926 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. 



"World, 2, p. 157, 1934 (range) ; Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 346, 



1937 (disc). 

 Rallus saturatus (not of Ridgway) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 13, 



1894 — part. Tarpon Springs, Florida. 

 Rallus crepitans scotti Cooke, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 128, p. 20, 1914 (range). 



Range. — Salt marshes of the Gulf coast of Florida and on the 

 east coast from Jupiter Inlet south. Wanders as far west as Perdido 

 Bay, Alabama. 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Florida (Hernando County, 1; 

 Tarpon Springs, 2; Grove City, 1). 



1 Rallus longirostris waynei Brewster: Similar to R. I. crepitans, but grayer 

 (more ashy, less cinnamomeous) on the under parts, and darker on the upper sur- 

 face. From R. I. insularum it differs by being much darker throughout. 



''Rallus longirostris scottii Sennett: Much darker than waynei on the upper 

 surface, the centers to the feathers having a blackish appearance and the gray 

 edgings a darker, more buffy one. On the under side it is much more cinnamomeous 

 on the breast and neck, and darker on the flanks. From saturatus it differs by 

 being less olive brownish (more blackish) above, and darker below. 




328 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Conover Collection. — 8: Florida (Charlotte Harbor, Charlotte 

 County, 6; Homosassa Springs, Citrus County, 2). 



♦Rallus longirostris insularum Brooks.^ Key West Clapper 

 Rail. 



Rallus longirostris insularum Brooks, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 7, p. 53, 

 June 24, 1920 — Big Pine Key, Florida (type in Museum of Comparative 

 Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 157, 1934 (range); 

 Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 348, 1937— Key West, Key 

 Largo, Big Pine Key, Sixth Key in the Newfound Harbor Group, Raccoon 

 Key, and Torch Key, Florida (disc). 



Rallus longirostris Jielius Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 33, p. 33, July 

 24, 1920 — Sixth Key in the Newfound Harbor Group, southwest of Big 

 Key, Florida (type in U. S. National Museum). 



Range. — Florida keys and possibly adjacent mainland. 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Florida (Key West, 1; Pigeon 

 Key, Monroe County, 3). 



♦Rallus longirostris corrius Maynard.^ Cory's Clapper Rail. 



Rallus corrius Anonymous =Maynard, Amer. Exch. and Mart, 3, No. 3, 

 Jan. 15, 1887 — island off the south shore of Andros (type in Field Museum 

 of Natural History examined);' I.e., No. 6, Feb. 5, 1887 (corrected to 

 read Rallus coryi). 



Rallus caribaeus (not of Ridgway) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 13, 

 1894 — part, Bahama Islands. 



Rallus crepitans coryi Cooke, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 128, p. 22, 1914 (range). 



Rallus longirostris coryi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 158, 1934 (range). 



Rallus longirostris corrius Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 329, 

 1937 — key south of Andros Island, South Andros Island, Southern Ragged 

 Island, Abaco Island, Andros Island, New Providence Island, Watlings 

 Island (disc). 



Range. — Mangrove swamps of the Bahama Islands. 



1 Rallus longirostris insularum Brooks: Very like R. I. corrius, but the feathers 

 of the upper parts have the brown centers darker, and the gray edges of a more 

 bluish cast. The color of the breast is less intense (whiter). 



^Rallus longirostris corrius Maynard: A very pale bird approached in this 

 respect only by R. I. insularum. Much paler throughout than scottii, waynei, and 

 cubanus. Centers of feathers of upper parts pale olive brown, the edges pale 

 gray; breast very pale buff tinged with olive gray on chest. 



Additional material examined. — Bahama Islands: San Salvador or Watlings 

 Island, 1; Lake Isabella, San Salvador, 1; Southern Wells, Andros Island, 1; 

 southern Andros Island, 1; New Providence, 1. 



' The type specimen differs quite radically from the other ten specimens 

 examined. It has the dark centers to the feathers of the upper parts paler (huf- 

 fier, less olivaceous) and the primaries are also a much paler brown. It has a 

 faded appearance, and may be slightly albinistic. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 329 



Field Museum Collection. — 6: Bahama Islands (Berry Islands, 4; 

 near Nassau, 1; island off the south shore of Andros, 1). 



*Rallus longirostris cubanus Chapman. ^ Greater Antillean 

 Clapper Rail. 



Rallus longirostris cubanus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 4, p. 288, 

 1892 — Casilda, coast of southern Cuba (type in American Museum of 

 Natural History, New York); Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, 

 p. 331, 1937 — Mariel, Manzanillo, Casilda, Preston, Guantanamo, Cuba 

 (disc). 



Rallus longirostris caribaeus (not of Ridgway) Cooke, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 

 128, p. 22, 1914 — part, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola (distr.); Wetmore, 

 Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Is., 9, p. 335, 1927— Puerto Rico, Vieques, 

 Culebra, St. Thomas, and St. Croix (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 158, 

 1934 — part, Cuba, Hispaniola, Gonave, Puerto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, 

 and Virgin Islands. 



Rallus longirostris leucophaeus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 26, p. 174, 1913— 

 Majagua River, Isle of Pines (type in Carnegie Museum); Todd, Ann. 

 Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 201, 1916 — Los Indios and Majagua River, Isle 

 of Pines (full descr., meas.); Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 

 332, 1937 — Los Indios, Majagua River, Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines 

 (descr.). 



Rallus longirostris vafer Wetmore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 41, p. 121, 1928— 

 Etroite' Gonave Island, Haiti (type in U. S. National Museum examined); 

 Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 362, 1929 — Monte Christi, Les Salines, Gonave 

 Island, Hispaniola; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, 

 p. 130, 1931— Hispaniola (crit.); Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, 

 p. 328, 1937 — Haiti (Caracol, Gonave Island, Petite Gonave, Fort Liberte, 

 Petit Trou de Nippes, Grande Cayemite), Dominican Republic (Monte 

 Christi). 



RaUus longirostris limnetis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 326, 

 1937 — Punta Picua, Mameyes, Puerto Rico (type in U. S. National 

 Museum, Biological Survey Collection, examined). 



1 Rallus longirostris cubanus Chapman : Upper parts very like those of R. I. 

 waynei, but dark centers to the feathers slightly lighter; sides of head and neck 

 lighter gray; foreneck less grayish, and breast much more buffy. 



There appears to be no constant difference between birds from Cuba, Isle of 

 Pines, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. When the great individual variation and the 

 several color phases are taken into consideration, it seems impossible to give 

 any satisfactory characters by which to distinguish the birds from the different 

 islands. 



In this respect, it may be stated that the junior author has examined the 

 series from the Isle of Pines, presumably used by Todd in describing leucophaeus, 

 and it seems to him that the characters given in the original description are based 

 on immaturity. Adult specimens are quite indistinguishable, not paler and whiter 

 below than corrius. 



Additional material examined. — Cuba: Guantanamo, 4; Trinidad, 4; Preston, 

 3; Matanzas, 2; Mariel, 1; Manzanillo, 2; Santiago Bay, 2. — Isle of Pines: Nueva 

 Gerona, 13; Los Indios, 6; Majagua, 1. — Haiti: Fort Liberty, 3; Petite Gonave, 1; 

 Pikmi, Gonave Island, 1; Etroite, Gonave Island, 2; Caracol, 1; Grande Cayamite, 

 1. — Santo Domingo: Monte Christi, 1. — Puerto Rico: Manati, 1; Salinas, 3; 

 Culebra Island, 1; Mameyes, 1; unspecified, 1. 




330 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Range. — Mangrove swamps of Cuba, Hispaniola, Gonave, 

 Puerto Rico, Vieques, and the Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, St. Croix). 



Conover Collection. — 10: Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 6; Tortola, 2); 

 Puerto Rico (Boqueron, 1; Puerto Real, 1). 



Rallus longirostris caribaeus Ridgway.' Jamaican Clapper 

 Rail. 



Ralliis longirostris var. caribaeus Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI., 5, p. 140, 

 1880 — West Indies (type from near Spanish Town, Jamaica, in U. S. 

 National Museum examined). 



Rallus longirostris caribaeus Field, Auk, 11, p. 122, 1894 (nesting, Jamaica); 

 Cooke, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 128, p. 22, 1914— part, Jamaica; Peters, 

 Bds. World, 2, p. 158, 1934— part, Jamaica; Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., 84, p. 334, 1937 — Spanish Town, Great Salt Pond, Jamaica (disc). 



Rallus caribaeus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 13, 1894 — part, Jamaica. 



Range. — Island of Jamaica. 



Rallus longirostris manglecola Danforth.^ Antigua Clapper 

 Rail. 



Rallus longirostris manglecola Danforth', Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 47, p. 19, 1934 

 — Five Islands, Antigua, British West Indies (type, now in U. S. National 

 Museum, examined); Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 324, 

 1937 — Antigua Island, Guadeloupe Island (disc). 



Range. — Resident on the West Indian Islands of Antigua and 

 perhaps Guadeloupe. 



*Rallus longirostris saturatus Ridgway.' Louisiana Clapper 

 Rail. 



^Rallus longirostris caribaeus Ridgway: Most nearly related to R. I. cubanus, 

 from which it appears to differ by being lighter and more rufescent above, while 

 below it is lighter and more uniform, with the flanks less distinctly barred. 



Of the four specimens examined, the most recent was taken in 1906, while 

 the others were secured before 1880. It may be, therefore, that their lighter colora- 

 tion, when compared to cubanus, is due to fading. FYesh material may show that 

 the two should not be separated. 



Material examined. — Jamaica: near Spanish Town, 2; Great Salt Pond, 1; 

 Trelawny, 1. 



^Rallus longirostris manglecola Danforth: Said to differ from the forms 

 of longirostris inhabiting the Greater Antilles by its much longer bill and shorter 

 tarsus. Culmen, 73.9; tarsus, 52.1. The describer had only two specimens, and 

 more material is needed before this race can be established beyond question. 



Material examined. — Antigua (Five Islands, 1); Guadeloupe (unspecified, 

 1 immature). 



^ Ralltis longirostris saturatus Ridgway: Compared with R. I. scottii, this race 

 is lighter, more olivaceous above, and lighter, less cinnamomeous below. According 

 to Oberholser, there is great individual variation in this subspecies, some speci- 

 mens having the breast almost as cinnamomeous as Rallus elegans, and others 

 much paler. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 331 



Rallus longirostris var. saturatus Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Om. CI., 5, p. 140, 

 July 6, 1880 — Louisiana (type from Rigolets, Lake Borgue, in U. S. 

 National Museum). 



Rallus longirostris saturatus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 283, 1926 

 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 158, 1934 (range); Oberholser, Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 344, 1937 (disc). 



Rallus crepitans (not of Gmelin) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 12, 1894 — 

 part, Corpus Christi, Texas. 



Rallus saturatus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 13, 1894 — part. Lake 

 Borgue, Louisiana. 



Rallus crepitans saturatus Cooke, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 128, p. 20, 1914 

 (range); Simmons, Auk, 31, p. 363, 1914 (life hist.); idem. Condor, 17, 

 p. 3, 1915 — Texas (nesting). 



Range. — Salt marshes on the Gulf of Mexico from Alabama to 

 Texas. 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Louisiana (Tymbalin Island, 1; 

 Raccoon Pass, 1). 



♦Rallus longirostris pallidus Nelson.^ Yucatan Clapper Rail. 



Rallus pallidus Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 141, 1905 — Rio Lagartos, 

 Yucatan, Mexico (type in Field Museum of Natural History examined). 



Rallus longirostris pallidus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 158, 1934 (range); Ober- 

 holser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 335, 1937 (disc). 



Range. — Coast of Yucatan and perhaps Quintana Roo, Mexico. 

 Field Museum Collection. — 1: Yucatan (Rio Lagartos, 1). 



Rallus longirostris belizensis Oberholser.^ Belize Clapper 

 Rail. 



Rallus longirostris belizensis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 335, 

 1937 — Ycacos Lagoon, British Honduras (type in coll. of E. A. and O. 

 Bangs, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). 



Rallus pallidus (not of Nelson) Bangs and Peck, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 21, 

 p. 43, 1908 — Ycacos Lagoon, British Honduras; Cooke, Bull. U. S. Dept. 

 Agr., 128, p. 22, 1914 (range). 



Range. — Known only from the type locality (Ycacos Lagoon, 

 British Honduras). 



1 Rallus longirostris pallidus Nelson : Similar to R. I. cubanus, but upper parts 

 lighter, more rufescent, and the cinnamon of the breast brighter. 



^Rallus longirostris belizensis Oberholser: Said to be similar to R. I. pallidus, 

 but upper surface, including the crown, very much darker, the dark centers of 

 the feathers blackish instead of olive brown, with the edgings of the feathers lighter, 

 more purely gray. Described from one specimen. 




332 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 

 ♦Rallus elegans elegans Audubon. King Rail. 



Ralltis elegans Audubon, Bds. Amer., folio ed., 3, pi. 203, 1834 — Kentucky, 

 South Carolina, Louisiana, and north to Camden, New Jersey, and Phila- 

 delphia= Charleston, South Carolina; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, 

 p. 8, 1894— part, except Cuba; Cooke, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 128, p. 14, 

 1914 (dist. and migr.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 260, 1926 

 Gife hist.). 



Rallus elegans var. elegans Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Om. CI., 5, p. 139, 1880 

 (dist. char.). 



Rallus elegans elegans Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 160, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Breeds from New York, southwestern Ontario, southern 

 Minnesota, and Nebraska, south to Florida and the Gulf coast west 

 to Texas. Winters in the southern part of the above range. 



Field Museum Collection. — 35: Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 7); 

 IlHnois (Diamond Lake, 1; Chicago, 8; Pinkham, 1; Worth, 11; 

 Homewood, 2; Deerfield, 1); Indiana (Koutes, 1); North Carohna 

 (Raleigh, 2); Florida (near Enterprise, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 13: Wisconsin (Big Muskego Lake, 1); Illi- 

 nois (Wheaton, 5; Warrenville, 3; San Jose, Mason County, 1); Texas 

 (Port O'Connor, Calhoun County, 1; Tivoli, Refugio County, 2). 



♦Rallus elegans ramsdeni Riley.^ Cuban King Rail. 



Rallus elegans ramsdeni Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 26, p. 83, 1913 — 

 Guantanamo, Cuba (type in U. S. National Museum) ; Todd, Ann. Carnegie 

 Mus., 10, p. 200, 1916 — Siguanea, Isle of Pines (crit., meas.); Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 160, 1934 (range). 



Rallv^ elegans (not of Audubon) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 8, 1894 

 — part, Cuba (San Cristobal). 



Range. — Cuba and the Isle of Pines. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Cuba (Palacios, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 3: Cuba (Arango, Havana, 2; Mordaza, 



Santa Clara, 1). 



♦Rallus elegans obsoletus Ridgway.^ California King Rail. 



Rallus elegans var. obsoletus Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, p. Ill, 1874 — San Fran- 

 cisco, California (type in U. S. National Museum). 



^ Rallus elegans ramsdeni Riley: Differs from typical elegans, of North America, 

 in its slightly smaller dimensions, paler under parts, and especially in having a 

 patch of gray behind the eye. Some North American specimens are slightly 

 grayish behind the eye, but never have the patch as light or as extensive as do 

 the Cuban birds. 



* Rallus elegans obsoletus Ridgway: Differs from R. e. elegans in being much 

 grayer above, with the centers to the feathers browner, less blackish, and much 

 less evident; breast cinnamon, much paler and less rufous; flanks dull brown (not 

 black), with white bars much narrower. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 333 



Rallus obsoleius Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI., 5, p. 139, 1880 (dist. char.); 

 Cooke, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 128, p. 18, 1914 (dist. and migr.); Silliman, 

 Condor, 17, p. 201, 1915 — Monterey Bay, Calif.; Grinnell, Bryant, and 

 Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 283, 1918 (life hist.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., 135, p. 267, 1926 (life hist.); De Groot, Condor, 29, p. 259, 1927 

 (nesting and enemies); Williams, Condor, 31, p. 52, 1929 (feeding habits, 

 photos). 



Rallus longirostris subsp. obsoletus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 15, 

 1894 — part, California. 



Rallus obsoletus obsoletus van Rossem, Condor, 31, p. 214, 1929 (descr. and 

 char.). 



Rallus elegans obsoletus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 159, 1934 (range). 



Rallus longirostris obsoletus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 340, 1937 

 (descr.). 



Range. — Salt-water marshes of California from Humboldt Bay- 

 south to Monterey Bay. 



Field Museum Collection. — 11: California (Palo Alto, 6; Alameda, 

 2; San Rafael, Marin County, 3). 



Conover Collection. — 5: California (Redwood City, San Mateo 

 County, 3; Palo Alto, Santa Clara County, 2). 



*Rallus elegans levipes Bangs. ^ Light-footed Rail. 



Rallus levipes Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, 1, p. 45, 1899 — Newport 

 Landing, Los Angeles County (now in Orange County), California (type 

 in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Allen, Auk, 16, 

 p. 339, 1899 (republication orig. descr.); Willett, Condor, 8, p. 151, 1906 

 (breeding in fresh-water marsh); Cooke, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 128, p. 18, 

 1914 (distr. and migr.); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., 

 p. 289, 1918 (life hist.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 272, 1926 

 ' (Hfe hist.). 



Rallus obsoletus levipes van Rossem, Condor, 31, p. 214, 1929 (dist. char.), 



Rallus elegans levipes Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 159, 1934 (range). 



Rallus longirostris levipes Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 388, 1937 

 (descr.). 



/2awge.— Salt-water marshes of California from Santa Barbara 

 south to San Diego Bay. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: California (San Diego County, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 3: California (Anaheim Landing, Orange 

 County, 1; Playa del Rey, Los Angeles County, 1; Pacific Beach, 

 San Diego County, 1). 



1 Rallus elegans levipes Bangs: Tarsus and middle toe shorter than in obsoletus, 

 from which it also differs in having the upper parts darker, more olive, less gray- 

 ish brown; the breast, front and sides of neck cinnamon rufous, instead of dull 

 cinnamon; ground color of flanks darker. From beldingi it differs in having the 

 upper parts more olivaceous with the dark centers to the feathers less conspicuous; 

 the breast less reddish, more cinnamon; flanks lighter, with the white bars wider. 




334 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 

 Rallus elegans yumanensis Dickey.* Yuma King Rail. 



Ralltis yumanensis Dickey, Auk, 40, p. 90, 1923 — Bard, Imperial County, 

 California (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, now in the University of 

 California at Los Angeles); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 275, 1926 

 (life hist.). 



Rallus obsoletus yumanensis van Rossem, Condor, 31, p. 215, 1929 (dist. char.). 



Rallus elegans yumanensis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 159, 1934 (range). 



Rallus longirostris yumanensis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 341, 

 1937 (descr.). 



Range. — Marshes along the Colorado River from Laguna Dam 

 south to Yuma. 



♦Rallus elegans beldingi Ridgway. Belding's Rail. 



Rallus beldingi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 345, 1882 — Espiritu 

 Santo Island, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum) ; Sharpe, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 10, 1894 (descr.); Cooke, Bull. U. S. Dept. 

 Agr., 128, p. 17, 1914 (distr. and migr.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 

 266, 1926 (life hist.). 



Rallus obsoletus beldingi van Rossem, Condor, 31, p. 214, 1929 (dist. char.). 



Rallus elegans beldingi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 159, 1934 (range). 



Rallus longirostris beldingi Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 338, 

 1937 — La Paz, San Jorge, San Jos6 Island, Santa Margarita Island, 

 Espiritu Santo Island (descr.). 



Range. — Marshes of the coasts of Lower California (and some of 

 the adjacent islands) from San Jos^ Island on the east and San 

 Quentin Bay on the west, southward. 



Conover Collection. — 4: Lower California (La Paz, 4). 

 Rallus elegans rhizophorae Dickey.^ Sonoran King Rail. 



Rallus obsoletus rhizophorae Dickey, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, 

 p. 235, 1930 — Tobari Bay, Sonora, Mexico (type in coll. of D. R. Dickey, 

 now in the University of California at Los Angeles). 



1 Rallus elegans yumanensis Dickey: Said to differ from levipes by duller and 

 more olivaceous outer superior wing coverts and alula, by paler coloration of 

 under parts, and more slender tarsus and bill; from obsoletus by having a brighter, 

 more pinkish, foreneck and breast, smaller foot, shorter and much more slender 

 tarsus and bill; from saturatus by brighter and more pinkish under parts, more 

 whitish abdomen, generally narrower white barrings on sides and flanks, straighter, 

 more slender, much shorter bill, and more slender tarsus. 



^ Rallus elegans rhizophorae Dickey: Said to differ from yumanensis in having 

 decidedly darker and very much grayer upper parts and grayer flanks. This 

 grayness distinguishes it from all other western races with the possible exception 

 of nayaritensis. 



It is said to be like nayaritensis on the upper parts, but in nayaritensis the 

 avellaneous color of the breast is reduced in area until it has the appearance of a 

 broad, ill-defined, pectoral band with foreneck and rest of under parts much paler. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 335 



{l)Rallus tenuirostris (not of Ridgway?) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 



Amer., Aves, 3, p. 316, 1903 — part, Mazatlan. 

 Rallus elegans rhizophorae Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 159, 1934 (range). 



Rallus longirostris rhizophorae Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 342, 

 1937 — Tobari Bay, Guaymas, Viejo Yaqui Lagoon (descr.). 



Range. — Coast of Sonora, Mexico, from Guaymas south to the 

 northern boundary of Sinaloa. 



Rallus elegans tenuirostris Ridgway. Mexican King Rail. 



Rallus elegans var. tenuirostris "Lawrence" Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, p. Ill, 

 1874 — City of Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. CI., 5, p. 139, 1880 (dist. char.). 



Rallus tenuirostris Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 10, 1894 (descr.); 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 316, 1903 — part. 

 Valley of Mexico, Laguna del Rosario, and Tlaxcala; Cooke, Bull. U. S. 

 Dept. Agr., 128, p. 17, 1914 (distr. and migr.). 



Rallus elegans tenuirostris Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 160, 1934 (range). 



Rallus longirostris tenuirostris Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 336, 

 1937 — Valley of Mexico; Lerma, Tlaxcala (descr.). 



Range. — Mexican states of Mexico and Tlaxcala, chiefly in the 

 Valley of Mexico. 



Rallus elegans nayaritensis McLellan.^ Nayarit King Rail. 



Rallus nayaritensis McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 9, 1927 — 

 San Bias, Nayarit, Mexico (type in California Academy of Sciences). 



Rallus elegans nayaritensis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 160, 1934 (range). 



Rallus longirostris nayaritensis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 343, 

 1937 (descr.). 



Range. — Known only from the type locality (San Bias, Nayarit, 

 Mexico). 



*Rallus limicola limicola Vieillot. Virginia Rail. 



Rallus limicola Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 28, p. 558, 1819 — 

 based on "The American Water-Rail" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 

 144, pi. 279; Pennsylvania. 



Rallus virginianus (not of Linnaeus) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 16, 

 1894— part, except Pacific coast west of Rocky Mountains; Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 316, 1903 — part, Mexico 

 (Matamoros, Jalapa, Tizimin), Guatemala (Duenas, Ciudad Vieja, 



1 Rallus elegans nayaritensis McLellan: Said to be nearest to yumanensis, but 

 darker on the upper parts, with narrower white flank bars and shorter culmen and 

 toes. From pallidus it is supposed to differ in its darker upper parts, paler breast, 

 and longer culmen, and from levipes in being not so highly colored, with propor- 

 tionately longer culmen, tarsus, and toes. 



Described from one unsexed, immature specimen. 




336 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Antigua) and "Cuba"; Goldman, Condor, 10, p. 181, 1908— breeding in 

 Mexico; Cooke, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 128, p. 22, 1914— part, except 

 Pacific coast (distr., migr.); Cahn, Auk, 32, p. 91, 1915 (food habits in 

 captivity); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 292, 1926— part, except 

 Pacific coast (life hist.). 



Rallus limicola limicola Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 160, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Breeds from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern 

 Quebec, southern Ontario, southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan, 

 south to North Carolina, Ohio, southern Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, 

 and Colorado; also in the Valley of Mexico. Winters from North 

 Carolina to Florida, the lower Mississippi Valley, and from eastern 

 Mexico south to Guatemala. 



Field Museum Collection. — 24: Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 5; Fox 

 Lake, 5); Illinois (Worth, 3; Beach, 1; Woodlawn, Chicago, 1; War- 

 saw, 1; Chicago, 3; Deerfield, 1; Fox Lake, 1); Indiana (English 

 Lake, 1); Ohio (Columbus, 1); Massachusetts (unspecified, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 3: Illinois (Warren ville, 2; Roby, Christian 

 County, 1). 



♦Rallus limicola zetarius Peters.^ Western Virginia Rail. 



Rallus virginianus pacificus (not Rallus pacifiais Gmelin, 1789) Dickey, 

 Condor, 30, p. 322, 1928 — five miles west of Corona, Riverside County, 

 California (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, now in the University 

 of California at Los Angeles). 



Rallus limicola zetarius Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 160, 1934 — new name for 

 Rallus virginianus pacificus Dickey, preoccupied. - 



Rallus virginianus (not of Linnaeus) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 16, 

 1894 — part, west of Rocky Mountains only; Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 316, 1903 — part, Mazatlan; Cooke, Bull. U. S. 

 Dept. Agr., 128, p. 22, 1914 — part. Pacific coast only (distr., migr.); 

 Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. CaUf., p. 291, 1918 (habits, 

 range Calif.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 292, 1926— part. 

 Pacific coast (life hist.). 



Range. — Pacific coast of North America from British Columbia 

 to northern Lower California. Winters south to Cape San Lucas 

 and northwestern Mexico. 



Field Museum Collection. — 2 : California (Quincy, 1 ; San Mateo, 1) . 



Conover Collection. — ^4: California (Yermo, San Bernardino 

 County, 1; Point Reyes, Marin County, 3). 



^Rallus limicola zetarius Peters: This race has been separated from typical 

 limicola because of its larger size. However, in the original description by Dickey, 

 it is shown that this difference in size is only average, as there is an overlapping 

 of measurements. There seem to be no color differences. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 337 

 *Rallus limicola aequatorialis Sharpe.^ Equatorial Rail. 



Rallus aequatorialis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 8, pi. 2, fig. 1, 1894 — 

 "Bogotd" (errore); San Lucas and Intag, Ecuador; Lima, Peru (no type 

 designated; the type, examined in the British Museum, is from San 

 Lucas, Ecuador); Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 230 — Santa Catalina Marshes, 

 near Quito, Ecuador; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 47^Canar (alt. 2,600 meters) 

 and "Antisara (1,200 ft.)" [=Antisana, 12,000 ft.], Ecuador. 



Rallus virginianus (not of Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 

 p. 523 (note) — Lima, Peru (spec, examined) ; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, 

 I.e., 1884, p. 313 — Yoacsi, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1885, p. 112 — Riobamba, 

 Ecuador; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 314, 1886 — Lima, Peru. 



Rallus virginianus aequatorialis Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 

 25, p. 19, 1922— Yaguarcocha, near Ibarra (8,000 ft.), and Illiniza (crit.); 

 Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 174, 1926 — Hacienda Garzon, 

 La Carolina, Yaguarcocha, and near Guaillabamba, Ecuador (crit.). 



Rallus limicola aequatorialis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 160, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Temperate zone of Ecuador and (?)Peru (one record 

 from Lima). 



Conover Collection. — 12: Ecuador (Quito, Pichincha, 1; Laguna 

 Totoral, 8; Laguna Yaguarcocha, Imbabura, 1; Laguna San Pablo, 

 Imbabura, 1; Cienega del Chimborazo, 1). 



Rallus limicola antarcticus King.^ Antarctic Rail. 



Rallus antarcticus King, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 95, 1828 — Straits of Magellan 

 (location of type unknown); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 333, 

 339— Chile (crit.); idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 445— Chile (monog.); 



1 Rallus limicola aequatorialis Sharpe, in spite of its widely separated habitat, 

 is so close to the Virginia Rail that with the available material we are not 

 able to indicate any character that holds in every single specimen. As a rule, 

 however, the coloration of the upper parts is paler brownish, and the lateral under 

 tail coverts sometimes have more white. A single, though not very good example 

 obtained by the late Professor Nation near Lima seems to agree with seven from 

 Ecuador (San Lucas, Intag, Caiiar, etc.). The so-called "Bogota" skin in the 

 British Museum, according to Chapman, probably came from Ecuador. The 

 length of the wing, in this form, ranges from 100 to 107; only in one case did we 

 find it as short as 95. 



^ Rallus limicola antarcticus King: Very near to R. I. aequatorialis, but generally 

 smaller and distinguished by paler, sandy (buffy) instead of brownish edges to 

 the dorsal plumage; dark gray throat, breast, and upper abdomen (instead of 

 isabelline passing into white along middle of throat, as in aequatorialis); flanks 

 much more broadly, as well as more regularly, barred with black and white. 

 Wing, 89-95; bill, 29-32. 



The distribution of this rail is very imperfectly known, and its breeding area 

 remains to be ascertained. Venturi claims to have found its nest and eggs near 

 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, but the parent birds were not secured, and as no 

 other naturalist appears to have met with the species in that district during the 

 nesting period, the identification of the eggs may well be questioned. 



Material examined. — Argentina: Punta Arenas, 2; Valle del Lago Blanco, 

 Chubut, 1; Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires, 1. — Chile: Prov. Santiago, 1; "Central 

 Chile," 3; unspecified, 2. 




338 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



iidem, Exot. Orn., p. 163, pi. 82, 1869— Chile to Patagonia (crit.); Reed, 

 Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 565, 1877 — Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; 

 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 437 — Sandy Point, 

 Magellan Strait; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 276, 1884 — Carhue, Buenos Aires; 

 Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires (spec, 

 examined); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 148, 1889 — Argentina 

 (Carhue, Lomas de Zamora); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, Ois., p. 

 B.133, 1891— Punta Arenas; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 19, 1893 

 — Chile (Santiago, Punta Arenas) and Argentina (Lomas de Zamora); 

 Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Mus. 

 Nac. Chile, 15, p. 70, pi. 28, 1902— Santiago, Chile; Scott and Sharpe, 

 Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 43, 1904— lower Rio Chico, 

 Patagonia; (?)Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 257, pi. 3, fig. 20 

 (egg), 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (nest and eggs); Dabbene, 

 Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 195, 1910 — Patagonia and Buenos 

 Aires (Barracas al Sud, Carhue, Lomas de Zamora); Gibson, Ibis, 1920, 

 p. 38 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (July 24, 1899); Marelli, Mem. 

 Min. Obr. Publ. fot 1922-23, p. 599, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires. 



Rallus uliginosiLs Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 14, (1), p. 83, 1858 — plain of San- 

 tiago, Chile (cotypes in Museo Nacional, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux 

 and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 26, 1930); idem. Anal. Univ. 

 Chile, 31, p. 278, 1868— Santiago. 



Rallus Umicola antarcticus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, 

 p. 351, 1932— Santiago Province, Chile (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 

 161, 1932 (range). 



Range. — Central Chile and Argentina, from Buenos Aires Prov- 

 ince (Lomas de Zamora, June 19; Cape San Antonio, July 24; Carhu^; 

 ?Barracas al Sud) to Patagonia (lower Rio Chico, March 30; Valle 

 del Lago Blanco, Chubut, Nov. 27) and the Straits of Magellan 

 (Punta Arenas).^ 



*Rallus semiplumbeus Sclater.^ BogotA Rail. 



Rallus semiplumbeus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 31, 1856 — Bogotd, 

 Colombia (type in British Museum); idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 445— 

 Bogota (monog.); iidem, Exot. Orn., p. 165, pi. 83, 1869 — Bogota; Pelzeln, 

 Ibis, 1875, p. 332 — "Spanish Guiana" = Bogota; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 

 3, p. 314, 1886— Bogotd; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 19, pi. 3, 



^ Quite doubtful is Rallus peruviamis Taczanowski (Orn. P6r., 3, p. 313, 1886) 

 which rests on a single unsexed bird from an unknown locality in the Raimondi 

 Collection, at the University of Lima. From the description it would seem to 

 resemble R. I. antarcticus in coloration (under parts gray with black-and-white 

 banded flanks), but the length of the wing is stated to be 112 mm., which con- 

 siderably exceeds the measurements of the Antarctic Rail. 



* Rallus semiplumbeus Sclater, judging from a few Bogota skins, can hardly 

 be more than a geographical race of R. Umicola. However, Salvadori and Festa 

 claim an immature male from the vicinity of Sigsig, hence in the range of R. I. 

 aequatorialis, to be referable to the Bogotd Rail, as it shows some gray feathering 

 below. The inter-relationship of the two birds therefore seems to require thorough 

 investigation with the help of adequate material. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 339 



1894— Bogota; (?)Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 

 368, p. 39, 1900 — Laguna di Kingora (Sigsig), Ecuador (one immature); 

 Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 216, 1917 — Savanna at Bogotd; 

 (?)idem. I.e., 55, p. 175, 1926 — Ecuador (ex Salvadori and Festa); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 2, p. 161, 1934 (range). 



Limnopardalis semiplumbea Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., 

 p. 321, 1890— Bogota. 



Range. — ^Temperate zone of Colombia (Bogota Savanna) and 

 (?) Ecuador (Laguna Kingora, Sigsig). 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Colombia ("Bogota," 3). 



Rallus aquaticus hibernans Salomonsen.^ Icelandic Water 

 Rail. 



Rallus aquaticus hibernans Salomonsen, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 90, 

 p. 360, 1931 — Husavik, Iceland (type in coll. of L. Schiller, now in Copen- 

 hagen Museum). 



Rallus aquaticus (not of Linnaeus) Schi0ler, Dansk Orn. Foren. Tidskr., 2, 

 p. 46, 1906 — Julianehaab, Greenland; Helms, I.e., 3, p. 7, 1908 — Angmag- 

 salik (Jan. 7, 1903). 



Rallv^ aquaticus aquaticus Helms, Medd. Gr0nl., 58, p. 241, 1926 — Cape 

 Dan, Angmagsalik. 



Range. — Resident on Iceland, Accidental in the Faroes, in 

 Greenland (Julianehaab, Angmagsalik) and probably Jan Mayen 

 (Oct. 15) .2 



Genus PARDIRALLUS Bonaparte^ 



■ 



Pardirallus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, No. 12, p. 599, 



1856 — type, by monotypy, Rallus variegatus Gmelin= i2aWtts maculatus 

 Boddaert. 



Limnopardalus Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, No. 24, p. 428, 1856 — type, by 

 monotypy, Rallus variegatus Gme\m= Rallus maculatus Boddaert. 



Limnopardalis Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein,, p. 320, 

 1890 — emendation of Limnopardalus Cabanis. 



^Rallus aquaticus hibernans Salomonsen: Similar to R. aquaticus aquaticus 

 Linnaeus, of Europe, but paler grayish-blue or brownish gray underneath, and 

 more purely brown, less olivaceous, above. According to Salomonsen, the speci- 

 mens taken in Greenland are of the Icelandic race. 



* The single specimen ever recorded from Jan Mayen (by Fischer and Pelzeln, 

 Vog. Saug. Jan Mayen, p. 7, in Die Internationale Polarforschung 1882-83. Die 

 Oesterreichische Polarstation Jan Mayen, 3, 1886) cannot now be found in the 

 Vienna Museum. 



' It is with reluctance that this genus is maintained. The structural divergencies 

 are not very striking. 




340 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Pardirallus maculatus insolitus (Bangs and Peck).^ YcACOS 

 Lagoon Rail. 



Limnopardalus maculatus insolitus Bangs and Peck, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 

 21, p. 43, 1908— Ycacos Lagoon, British Honduras (type in coll. of E. A. 

 and 0. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, 

 Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 168, 1930). 



Pardirallus maculatus insolitus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 169, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Ycacos Lagoon, British Honduras. 

 ♦Pardirallus maculatus inoptatus (Bangs). ^ Cuban Rail. 



Limnopardalis maculatus inoptatus Bangs, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. CI., 4, p. 90, 

 1913 — Jaruco, Province of Havana, Cuba, Greater Antilles (type in 

 Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). 



Rallus variegatus (not of Gmelin) d'Orbigny, in Sagra, Hist. He de Cuba, Ois., 

 p. 261, 1839— Cuba. 



Limnopardalus variegatus Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 428, 1856 — Cuba; 



idem. Rep. Fls.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 361, 1866 — Cuba; idem, Journ. Orn., 23, 



p. 357, 1875— Cuba (habits, egg descr.); idem, Orn. Cub., p. 299, 1876 



—Cuba. 

 Rallus maculatus (not of Boddaert) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 



1868, p. 444— part, Cuba; Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 253, 1889— Cuba; 



idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 91, 1892— Cuba. 



Limnopardalus maculatus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 28, 1894 — 



part, Cuba. 

 Pardirallus maculatus inoptatus Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. CI., 6, p. 54, 1923 



— provinces of Havana and Matanzas, Cuba; Peters, Bds. World, 2, 



p. 170, 1934— Cuba. 



Range. — Provinces of Havana and Matanzas, island of Cuba, 

 Greater Antilles.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Cuba (unspecified, 2). 



♦Pardirallus maculatus maculatus (Boddaert). Spotted Rail. 



Rallus maculatus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 48, Dec, 1783 — based on "Le 

 Rale tachet6, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 775, Cayenne; 



1 Pardirallus maculatus insolitus (Bangs and Peck): "Similar to P. m. macula- 

 tus, but slightly smaller, with smaller bill and feet; wings much less marked with 

 white; the brown portions of plumage (wings, back, rump, etc.) much darker, 

 seal brown instead of mummy brown. Wing (unsexed type), 121; tail, 43; tarsus, 

 40; middle toe without claw, 393^; bill, 48." (Bangs and Peck, I.e.) 



This form is known only from the unique type. 



" Pardirallus maculatus inoptatus (Bangs) : Similar to P. m, maculatus, but 

 much darker, the black markings being much larger and the white spots correspond- 

 ingly smaller; rump unspotted; wings much less spotted, etc. Throat white as in 

 the nominate race. 



' A spotted rail also occurred in Jamaica, but became extinct before any 

 specimens were preserved. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 341 



Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 13, 1865 — Cayenne; Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 444 — part, Cayenne, Brazil (Para), Para- 

 guay, and "New Granada" (monog.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 315 (note), 

 1870— Cayenne; idem. Ibis, 1873, p. 122— Cayenne; Durnford, I.e., 1878, 

 p. 65 — Rivadavia, northwest of Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 276, 

 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios (captive bird); Withington, 

 Ibis, 1888, p. 471 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, 

 Arg. Orn., 2, p. 148, pi. 19, 1889 — Argentina (Buenos Aires); Dalgleish, 

 Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 10, p. 86, 1889— Est. Ytaiiu, Paraguay 

 (nesting habits, eggs); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 209 — Est. Espartillar, 

 Buenos Aires; Bertoni, Faun, Parag., p. 37, 1914 — Paraguay; Gibson, 

 Ibis, 1920, p. 37 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. 



Rallus variegatus GmeHn, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 718, 1789 — based on "Le 

 RMe tachete, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 775; Jardine, Ann. 

 Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 376, 1847 — Tobago; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. 

 Th. Bras., 3, p. 382, 1856— Paraguay to Guiana. 



Rallus nivosus Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 361, Dec. 31, 1837 — no locality 

 given (type in coll. of W. Swainson, now in University Museum, Cam- 

 bridge, Engl.). 



Aramides maculatus Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 23, 1847 — Paraguay (ex 

 Azara, No. 370); Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 559, 1866— Trinidad. 



Limnopardalus maculatus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 28, 1894 — part, 

 spec, a-i, Buenos Aires (Lomas de Zamora), Brazil (Pernambuco), Rio 

 Amazon, Surinam, Tobago, Trinidad, and "Bogota"; Ihering, Annuario 

 Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 147, 1899— Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul; 

 Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 69, 1905 — Lagunas de Malvinas, 

 Tucuman; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 52, 1906 — Caroni Swamp, Trini- 

 dad; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 27, 1907 — Buenos Aires (range); 

 Penard, Vog. Guyana, 1, p. 200, 1908 — Surinam; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 

 15, p. 299, 1908— Cayenne; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 257, 1909— 

 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 

 18, p. 195, 1910 (range in Argentina); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, 

 p. 71, 1914— Para, Brazil; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 151, 

 1928— Para. 



Pardirallus maculatus Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 48 — Trujillo, Libertad, and Eten, 

 Lambayeque, Peru; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 

 Ser., 12, p. 39, 1922 — Lagunillas, Merida, Venezuela; Tremoleras, El 

 Hornero, 2, p. 11, 1920 — Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Maldonado, 

 Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo); Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 260, 1922 — Rosas, 

 Buenos Aires; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 161, 1923— Escobar, Buenos Aires; 

 Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 600, 1924— Buenos Aires 

 Province; Smyth, El Hornero, 4, p. 5, 1927 — Argentina (egg descr.). 



Pardirallus maculatus maculatus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 

 12, p. 480, 1929— Quixada, Ceara, Brazil; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 170, 

 1934 (range); Roberts, Trop. Agric, 11, p. 90, 1934— Trinidad; Belcher 

 and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 281 — Caroni Marshes, Trinidad (nest and 

 eggs); Brodkorb, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 33, 1937 — Horqueta, 

 Paraguay. 




342 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Range. — Locally in the greater part of tropical South America 

 from the islands of Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela south to 

 Tucumdn, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Buenos Aires; also recorded 

 from western Peru (Eten and Trujillo).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 6: Venezuela (Lagunillas, M^rida, 2; 

 Lake Valencia, Aragua, 1; Maracay, Aragua, 1); Brazil (Quixada, 

 Ceard, 1; Joinville, St. Catharina, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 7: Paraguay (Horqueta, 5; Villa Rica, 2). 



Genus AMAUROLIMNAS Sharpe 



Amaurolimnas Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 1, p. xxviii, 1893 — type, by orig. 

 desig., Rallus concolor Gosse. 



Amaurolimnas concolor concolor (Gosse). Jamaican Uniform 

 Crake. 



Rallus concolor Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 369, 1847 — Basin Spring and Black 

 River (St. Elizabeth's), Jamaica (cotypes in British Museum); idem, 

 must. Bd. Jam., pi. 102, 1849; Albrecht, Journ. Orn., 10, p. 206, 1862— 

 Jamaica (ex Gosse); March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 69 — 

 ponds and streams in the hills of Jamaica (egg descr.). 



Porzana concolor Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 452 — 

 part, Jamaica; Cory, Auk, 5, p. 54, 1888 — Jamaica (descr.); idem, Bds. W. 

 Ind., p. 255, 1889— Jamaica; idem. Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 91, 1892— 

 Jamaica; Scott, Auk, 9, p. 11, 1892 — Jamaica (not found by author). 



Amaurolimnas concolor Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.; 23, p. 87, 1894 — part, 

 spec, a, b, i, Jamaica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, 

 p. 321, 1903 — part, Jamaica. 



Amaurolimnas concolor concolor Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 171, 1934 — Jamaica. 



Range. — Formerly island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles (now 

 extinct). 



* Amaurolimnas concolor castaneus (Pucheran).^ Continental 

 Uniform Crake. 



* Additional material examined. — Venezuela: El Valle, M^rida, 1; Merida, 1. — 

 French Guiana: Cayenne, 1. — Trinidad: Caroni, 2. — Brazil: Sao Lourengo, 

 Pernambuco, 1; Bahia, 1; Sao Lourengo, Rio Grande do Sul, 1; Rio Grande, 2; 

 Pelotas, 1. 



* Amaurolimnas concolor castaneus (Pucheran) : Similar to the nominate race, 

 but more olivaceous above and deeper rufous below. 



The single available Jamaican bird is indeed darker brown above and paler 

 underneath than any of the nine continental specimens with which it was com- 

 pared. While birds from northern Central America seem to run smaller than 

 those from extreme southern Brazil, specimens as yet are too few to make it at 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 343 



Rallus castaneus Pucheran/ Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 279, 1851— "Br^sil" 



(type in Paris Museum). 

 Rufirallus boecki Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 599, Sept., 



1856 — no locality stated =BraziP (type in Berlin Museum). 



Corethrura cayennensisCi) (not Rallus cayennensis Gmelin) Moore, Proc. 



Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 64, 1859 — Omoa, Honduras; Sclater and Salvin, 



Ibis, 1859, p. 230— Omoa (ex Moore). 

 Corethrura Gautemalensis [sic] Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 15, 



p. 106, 1863 — Guatemala (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the 



American Museum of Natural History, New York). 



Rallina castanea Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 17, 1865— Bolivia (d'Or- 

 bigny) and Brazil (descr.). 



Porzana concolor (not Rallus concolor Gosse) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 452 — part, Guatemala, Honduras (Omoa), and Brazil 

 (Bahia); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 316, 1870 — Engenho do Gama, Matto 

 Grosso, and Bahia, Brazil; Salvin, Ibis, 1873, p. 373 — Chontales, Nicara- 

 gua; idem, Ibis, 1886, p. 176 — Merum6 Mountains, British Guiana. 



all certain that the race guatemalensis should be recognized. Measurements of 

 our specimens are as follows: 



Measurements 



Wing Tarsus Bill 



One adult male 118 40 27 



Peralta, Costa Rica 

 One adult male ., 117 40 25 



Alajuela, San Cdrlos, Costa Rica (damaged) 



One adult 124 37 27.5 



Panama 

 One adult 123 36 27 



"Bogota" 

 One adult male 122 39 26 



Sara-Yaco, Ecuador 

 One adult female 127 43 27 



Sara-Yaco, Ecuador 

 One immature male 125 42 25 



San Mateo, Esmeraldas, Ecuador 

 One adult male 120 40 25 



Raya Yaco, Ecuador 

 One adult female 123 41 23 



Raya Yaco, Ecuador 

 One adult female 120 41 27 



Villa Acara, Pard, Brazil 

 One adult 135 45 29 



Bahia 

 Two adults 125, 130 42, — 28, 29 



Eastern Brazil 

 One adult male 130 39 26 



Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso, Brazil 

 Two adult males 125, 130 40, 43 28 



Iguape, Sao Paulo, Brazil 



Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 217, 1936) gives decidedly smaller 

 dimensions for specimens (females and immature males) from Guatemala to 

 Barbacoas. 



1 Rallus castaneus Lesson (Traite d'Orn., p. 537, 1831) is a nomen nudum. 



2 Cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 17, 1865. 




344 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Erythrolimnas boecki Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein., p. 320, 

 1890— Bolivia. 



Amaurolimnas concolor Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 87, 1894 — part, 

 spec, c-g, Guatemala, Nicaragua (Chontales), British Guiana (Merum6 

 Mountains), and Brazil (Bahia); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 604, 1902— 

 San Javier, Prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, 

 "1901," p. 286, 1902— Iguape, Sao Paulo; Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 321, 1903 — part, Guatemala to Brazil; Ihering, 

 Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 29, 1907 — Iguape and Ubatuba, coast of Sao Paulo; 

 Penard, Vog. Guyana, 1, p. 205, 1908— Surinam(?); Chubb, Bds. Brit. 

 Guiana, 1, p. 69, 1916 — Supenaam River, Arawai River, and Merum6 

 Mountains; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 10, 1919 — San Juan del 

 Norte, Nicaragua; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 72, 1930 — 

 Matto Grosso. 



Amaurolimnas concolor gtiatemalensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, 

 p. 217, 1917 — Barbacoas, Narino, Colombia (crit.); idem, I.e., 55, p. 177, 

 1926— Ecuador; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 301, 1931— Almi- 

 rante, Panama; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 302, 1932— 

 Omoa, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 121, 1932 — 

 Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 171, 1934 — Guatemala to Ecuador 

 and Sao Paulo; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 304, 1935 — 

 ChiriquI and Almirante, Panama. 



Range. — Recorded from Mexico (Oaxaca), Guatemala, Honduras 

 (Omoa), Nicaragua (Chontales; San Juan del Norte), Costa Rica 

 (Peralta; Alaju^la), Panama (Chiriqui; Almirante), Colombia 

 ("Bogota;" Barbacoas, Narino), Ecuador (San Javier and San 

 Mateo, Prov. Esmeraldas; Raya Yaco; Sara-Yaco), British Guiana 

 (Supenaam River; Arawai River; Menmi^ Mountains), Brazil (Rio 

 Acara; Aveiros, Rio Tapajoz;^ vicinity of Bahia; Engenho do Gama, 

 Rio Guapor^, Matto Grosso; Ubatuba and Iguap^, Sao Paulo), 

 and eastern Bolivia.^ 



Conover Collection. — 11: Mexico (Tutla, Oaxaca, 3); Costa Rica 

 (Peralta, 1; Alaju^la, San Carlos, 1); Ecuador (Sara-Yaco, Rio 

 Bobonaza, 2; San Mateo, Esmeraldas, 1; Raya Yaco, 2); Brazil, 

 Para (Villa Acara, Rio Acara, 1). 



Genus CYANOLIMNAS Barbour and Peters^ 



Cyanolimnas Barbour and Peters, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 9, p. 95, 1927 — 

 type, by monotypy, Cyanolimnas cerverai Barbour and Peters. 



* A young male in the Stockholm Museum examined. 



* This species appears to be of very local occurrence, there being but a few 

 records from each of the various coimtries. The three Mexican specimens listed 

 above have just been received as we go to press. Measurements of the wings 

 run from 116 to 117 mm. 



* Cyanolimnas Barbour and Peters: "Bill moderate, somewhat longer than 

 head, swollen basally; nostril situated about midway in nasal groove, which is 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 345 

 Cyanolimnas cerverai Barbour and Peters.^ Zapata Rail. 



Cyanolimnas cerverai Barbour and Peters, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 9, p. 95, 

 1927 — Santo Tomas, Zapata Peninsula, Cuba, Greater Antilles (type in 

 Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Barbour, Auk, 

 45, p. 31, pi. 4, 1928— Zapata Swamp, Cuba; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 174, 

 1934— Cuba. 



Range. — Zapata Peninsula, Cuba, Greater Antilles. 

 Genus ARAMIDES Pucheran 



Aramides Pucheran, Rev. Zool., 8, p. 277, 1845 — type, by subs, desig.* (Sclater 

 and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 446), Fulica cayennensis 

 GTne\in=Fulica cajanea P. L. S. Muller. 



Ortygarchus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 759, 

 1849 — new name for Aramides Pucheran. 



*Aramides mangle (Spix). SPix's Wood Rail. 



Gallinula mangle Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 74, pi. 97, 1825 — "ad litora 

 maris in locis paludosis, arbustis mangliferis obsitis" = coast of Bahia, 

 Brazil' (co types in Munich Museum examined; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 

 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 713, 1906). 



Aramides mangle Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 385, 1856 — 

 northern Brazil to "Guiana" (errore) ; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1"S68, p. 449— Bahia (monog.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 316, 1870— 

 Sapitiba (sea coast near Piehy), Rio de Janeiro; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 . Mus., 23, p. 54, 1894— Bahia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 28, 1907— 

 Rio de Janeiro to Bahia; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. 

 Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910 — [Aramagao], coast of Piauhy; Lima, Rev. Mus. 

 Paul., 12, (2), p. 96, 1920— Ilheos, Bahia; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. 

 Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 229, 1924— Amaragao; Hellmayr, Field Mus. 



only half as long as bill; culmen ending in a point in the frontal feathering; wing 

 rounded, third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest, the second equal to the seventh; 

 tail very short, about two-fifths as long as wing, the feathers sparsely barbed; 

 tarsus short, less than half the length of the wing and about as long as bill; toes 

 fairly stout, the middle one about the length of the tarsus." (Barbour and 

 Peters, I.e.) 



1 Cyanolimnas cerverai Barbour and Peters: "Forehead and anterior part of 

 crown gray, shading into dark brown on the crown; back and wing coverts brown- 

 ish olive, becoming brown on rump and upper tail coverts; wings and tail blackish; 

 throat white; rest of under parts slate gray, becoming olive brown on the flanks, 

 which are narrowly edged with white; under tail coverts white; bill yellowish 

 green terminally, greenish medially, red at the base; legs and feet red. Wing, 

 (male) 110, (female) 99; tail, 46, (female) 40; tarsus, 49, (female) 43; bill, 48, 

 (female) 45." (Barbour and Peters, I.e.) 



In coloration, this remarkable rail closely resembles Rallus sanguinolentus. 



* Gray (Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 120, 1855) — probably by inadvertence — 

 designated as type Rallus cayanensis Gmelin, a species not originally included in 

 the genus, his action being therefore invalid. 



' Suggested as type locality by Hellmayr (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 

 12, p. 481, 1929). 




346 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 481, 1929— Arara, Piauhy; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 174, 1934 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 72, 1935— 

 Bahia (Corupeba, Madre de Deus; Bomfim; Ilheos) and Maranhao (Pri- 

 meira Cruz). 



Range. — Eastern Brazil, from Maranhao to Rio de Janeiro.^ 



Conover Collection. — 1: Brazil (Ardra, Piauhy, 1). 



♦Aramides axillaris Lawrence.^ Rufous-crowned Wood Rail. 



Aramides axillaris Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 13, p. 107, 1863 — 

 Barranquilla, Colombia (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the 

 American Museum of Natural History, New York); Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 449 — Colombia (Barranquilla), British 

 Guiana, and Belize (monog.); Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 327 — Las Bocas de Silan, 

 northern Yucatan; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 311, 1874 — 

 Mazatlan, Sinaloa, and San Bias, Nayarit, Mexico; Salvin, in Boucard, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 462 — Las Bocas de Silan, Yucatan; Sal- 

 vin, Ibis, 1886, p. 176— British Guiana (ex Cabanis); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 23, p. 56, 1894 — Venezuela (range); Chapman, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 6, p. 79, 1894 — Moruga River, Trinidad; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. 

 Wash., 13, p. 92, 1899 — Chirua, Santa Marta, Colombia; Salvin and God- 

 man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 318, pi. 77, 1903 — Mexico (Mazatlan, 

 San Bias, Las Bocas de Silan), British Honduras (Belize), Colombia, 

 Venezuela, Trinidad, and British Guiana; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 52, 

 1906 — Caroni River and Chaguaramas, Trinidad; Bangs, Amer. Natur., 

 41, p. 178, 1907 — Colombia (Barranquilla, Chirua), Yucatan (Mugeres 

 Island), Mexico (Acapulco, Guerrero; San Bias, Tepic; Mazatlan), Costa 

 Rica, and British Guiana (monog.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, 

 p. 408, 1910— Costa Rica (Lepanto; ?Carrillo); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 

 1, p. 67, 1916 — Bartica Grove; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 

 14, p. 178, 1922 — Chirua, Colombia (ex Bangs); Chapman, Bull. Amer, 

 Mus. N. H., 55, p. 176, 1926— Puna Viejo, Jambeli, and La Chonta, 

 Ecuador; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 11, 1927— San 

 Bias, Nayarit, Mexico; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 300, 1931 — 

 Quebrada Nigua, Almirante Bay, Panama (crit.); idem, Bds. World, 2, 

 p. 176, 1934 (range); Roberts, Trop. Agric, 11, p. 90, 1934— Trinidad; 

 Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 304, 1935 — Almirante, Panama; 

 Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 283 — Caroni River, Trinidad (descr. 

 nest and eggs); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 88, p. 357, 1936— 

 Bonacca Island, Bay of Honduras. 



1 The species, though preferring the mangrove swamps along the sea-coast, is 

 not exclusively confined to the tidal areas, there being also a few records from the 

 interior (Ar^ra, Piauhy; Bomfin [= Villa Nova da Rainha], Bahia). 



Additional material examined. — Piauhy: Amaragao, 1; Ar4ra, 1. — Bahia, 2. — 

 Sapitiba, Rio de Janeiro, 1. — "Brazil," 2. 



* Aramides axillaris Lawrence seems to be more nearly related to A. mangle 

 than to any other species, and may prove to be its northern representative. Accord- 

 ing to Bangs, birds from Central America are not separable from those of Colombia. 



Additional material examined. — Trinidad: Caroni River, 3; Chaguaramas, 1. — 

 Venezuela: Puerto Cabello, 1; Merida, 1. 



I 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 347 



Ortygarchus mangle (not Gallinula mangle Spix) Cabanis, in Schomburgk, 

 Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 760, 1849— coastal forests. 



Aramides ruficollis (not Fulica ruficollis Gmelin) L^otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 

 498, 1866— Trinidad. 



Ortygarchus axillaris Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein., p. 320, 

 1890 — Guiana and Venezuela (Puerto Cabello). 



Range. — Caribbean coastal region from British Guiana and 

 Trinidad west to northern Colombia (Cartagena, Barranquilla) 

 and Panama (Almirante Bay) and Pacific coast of Ecuador; also 

 recorded from scattered points in Central America (Lepanto, Costa 

 Rica; Bonacca Island, Honduras; Belize, British Honduras; Mugeres 

 Island and Las Bocas de Silan, Yucatan; Acapulco, Guerrero; San 

 Bias, Nayarit; Mazatlan and Mescales, Sinaloa). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Colombia (Cartagena, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 9: Mexico (Estero Mescales, Sinaloa, 9). 



♦Aramides cajanea mexicana Bangs.^ Mexican Wood Rail. 



Aramides albiventris Tnexicanus Bangs, Amer. Natur., 41, No. 483, p. 185, 

 1907 — Buena Vista, Vera Cruz, Mexico (type in coll. of E. A. and O. 

 Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; of. 

 Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 168, 1930). 



Aramides cayenensis (not Fulica cayennensis Gmelin) Sclater, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 25, p. 206, 1857— San Andres Tuxtla, Vera Cruz. 



Aramides cayennensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 393, 1859 — [north- 

 ern] Oaxaca [Prov. Villa Alta]. 



Aramides albiventris (not of Lawrence) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1868, p. 447 — part, southern Mexico; Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., 9, p. 177, 1886 — Actopam and Vega de Alatorre, Vera Cruz; 

 Richmond, I.e., 18, p. 627, 1896 — Alta Mira, Tamaulipas; Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 319, 1903 — part, TamauHpas 

 (Alta Mira, Tampico), Vera Cruz (San Andres Tuxtla, Actopam, Vega 

 de Alatorre, Playa Vicente, Vega del Casadero, Laguna Verde), Valley of 

 Mexico, and [northern] Oaxaca. 



Aramides cayanea subsp. 0. Aramides albiventris Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 23, p. 59, 1894 — part, spec, a-g, Tampico, Playa Vicente, Vega del Casa- 

 dero, and Laguna Verde, Mexico. 



Aramides mexicanus Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 25, p. 10, 1921 

 (crit.). 



Aramides cajanea mexicana Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 174, 1934 (range). 



^Aramides cajanea mexicana Bangs: Similar to A. c. albiventris, but darker 

 throughout; the scapulars less sufifused with ochraceous; the pale crescentic mark- 

 ing surrounding the black abdominal patch much less extensive and decidedly 

 buffy instead of white. 



Four additional specimens from Vera Cruz (Amatlan, Tlacotalpam, Playa 

 Vicente) examined. 




348 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Range. — Caribbean slope of eastern Mexico, in states of Tamau- 

 lipas (Tampico, Alta Mira), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), Vera Cruz, 

 Oaxaca (Guichicovi, Tutla), Tabasco, and Chiapas. 



Conover Collection. — 4: Mexico (Tutla, Oaxaca, 4). 



*Arainides cajanea albiventris Lawrence. White-bellied Wood 

 Rail. 



Aramides albiventris Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 234 — 

 British Honduras (type in colL of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American 

 Museum of Natural History, New York); Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 328 — Las 

 Bocas de Silan, Yucatan; idem, in Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 

 462 — same locaHty; idem, Ibis, 1889, p. 378 — Cozumel Island; idem, Ibis, 

 1890, p. 89 — Cozumel; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 

 319, 1903 — part, Yucatan (Las Bocas de Silan), Cozumel, British Hon- 

 duras (Belize), and Guatemala (Choctum); Miller and Griscom, Amer. 

 Mus. Nov., 25, p. 10, 1921 (crit.). 



Aramides cayanea subsp. /3. Aramides albiventris Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 23, p. 59, 1894 — part, spec, l-o, Choctum, Cozumel, and Belize. 



Aramides albiventris albiventris Bangs, Amer. Natur., 41, p. 183, 1907 — part, 

 Belize, British Honduras, and Rio Lagartos, Yucatan (monog.); Austin, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 371, 1929— Belize River and Mountain 

 Cow, British Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 120, 

 1932 — Caribbean Guatemala; Carriker and Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 87, p. 415, 1935 — Quirigua (70 miles from Puerto Barrios), 

 Guatemala; Van Tyne, Misc. Publ., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 13, 

 1935 — Uaxactun and Chuntuqui, Peten, Guatemala (crit.). 



Aramides cajanea albiventris Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 174, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Yucatan Peninsula, Cozumel Island, British Honduras, 

 and Caribbean Guatemala (depts. of Pet^n, Alta Verapaz, and 

 Izabal). 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Yucatan (unspecified, 3). 



Aramides cajanea vanrossemi Dickey.^ Van Rossem's Wood 

 Rail. 



Aramides vanrossemi Dickey, Condor, 31, p. 33, col. pi., 1929 — Barra de 

 Santiago, Ahuachapan, El Salvador (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, 

 now in the University of California at Los Angeles). 



Aramides albiventris (not of Lawrence) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1868, p. 447 — part, Pacific coast of Guatemala; Lantz, Trans. 



1 Aramides cajanea vanrossemi Dickey: Similar to A. c. albiventris, but larger, 

 with much stouter bill, and coloration slightly paler throughout. Bill (in male), 

 72 mm. 



With only a single (not very good) specimen from the Pacific coast of Guate- 

 mala, we are not in a position to throw any further light on this form, which 

 appears to be very close indeed to albiventris. Van Tyne has pointed out that the 

 color of the soft parts does not furnish any base for its discrimination, but believes 

 it to be separable by slightly paler coloration and larger size. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 349 



Kans. Acad. Sci., 16, p. 219, 1899 — San Jos6, Guatemala; Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 319, 1903 — part, Pacific Guate- 

 mala (mouth of Rio Samald and Retalhuleu). 



[Aramides cayanea] subsp. /3. Aramides albiventris Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 23, p. 59, 1894 — part, spec, i, k, Retalhuleu and mouth of Rio Samald, 

 Guatemala. 



Aramides albiventris albiventris Bangs, Amer. Natur., 41, p. 183, 1907 — part, 

 Chiapam, Pacific Guatemala (crit.). 



Aramides albiventris vanrossemi Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 120, 

 1932 — Ocos, Guatemala; Van Tyne, Misc. Publ., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 

 27, p. 12 (in text), 1935 (crit.). 



Aramides cajanea vanrossemi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 174, 1934 (range); 

 Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 159, 

 1938 — Barra de Santiago, El Salvador. 



Range. — Pacific coast of western Salvador, Guatemala, and 

 Chiapas, Mexico. 



♦Aramides cajanea pacifica Miller and Griscom.^ Pacific Wood 

 Rail. 



Aramides plumbeicollis pacifica Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 25, 

 p. 11, 1^21 — Tipitapa, Lake Managua, Nicaragua (type in the American 

 Museum of Natural History, New York, examined). 



Aramides cayanensis (not Fulica cayennensis Gmelin) Moore, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 27, p. 64, 1859 — Omoa, Honduras. 



Aramides cayennensis Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 230 — Omoa (ex Moore); 

 idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 280 — Blewfields River, Nicaragua; 

 Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 594, 1888 — Segovia River, Honduras. 



[Aramides cayanea] subsp. y. A. plumbeicollis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 23, p. 332, 1894 — Nicaragua (Rio Escondido, Chontales). 



Aramides ruficollis (not Fulica ruficollis Gmelin) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. 

 Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 185, 1865— Greytown, Nicaragua. 



1 Aramides cajanea pacifica Miller and Griscom: Nearest to A. c. plumbeicollis, 

 but anterior mantle much less rufescent and the posterior mantle and scapulars a 

 duller, more grayish olive. 



The other characters given in the original description do not seem to be good, 

 when a series is examined. The coloration of the primaries and the presence or 

 lack of buflfy feathers surrounding the abdominal patch appear to be individual 

 characteristics. In fact, some Costa Rican specimens of plumbeicollis show traces 

 of light buffy feathers on the abdomen. As to the narrow black barring of the 

 axillars and under wing coverts, this also seems to be quite variable, a specimen 

 from S4balos, Nicaragua, agreeing very closely with the type of pacifica, while 

 another specimen from Matagalpa, which is nearer the type locality, has very 

 broad black barring. 



Additional material examined. — Nicaragua: Los Sdbalos, San Juan River, 1; 

 Rio Coco, 5; Jalapa, 2; Matagalpa, 1; Tipitapa, Managua, 1. 




350 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Aramides albiventris (not of Lawrence) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1868, p. 477 — part, Honduras (Omoa); idem. I.e., 1870, p. 838 — 

 [San Pedro], Honduras; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 

 3, p. 319, 1903 — part, Honduras (Omoa, San Pedro). 



Aramides plumbeicollis (not of Zeledon) Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, 

 p. 528, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua (crit.); Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 320, 1903 — part, Honduras (Segovia 

 River) and Nicaragua (Blewfields, Greytown, Escondido River); Rendahl, 

 Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 10, 1919 — San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua. 



Aramides albiventris plumbeicollis Bangs, Amer. Natur., 41, p. 186, 1907 — 

 part, Nicaragua to the Segovia River, Honduras (monog.). 



Aramides plumbeicollis plumbeicollis Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 

 25, p. 11 (in text), 1921 — Honduras (Roman River) and Nicaragua (Rio 

 Coco, Jalapa, Matagalpa, Los Sabalos). 



Aramides cayennensis subsp. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 303, 

 1932 — Honduras (Segovia River, San Pedro). 



Aramides cajanea pacifica Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 175, 1934 — Lake Managua. 



Range. — Caribbean drainage of Honduras and all of Nicaragua. ^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Honduras (Lake Ticamaya, 2; 

 Trujillo, Colon, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 6: Honduras (El Boqueron, Catacamas, 

 Olancho, 6). 



♦Aramides cajanea plumbeicollis Zeledon,- Plumbeous-necked 

 Wood Rail. 



Aramides plumbeicollis Zeledon,' Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 2, p. 3, 1888 — 

 Jimenez, Costa Rica (type now in U. S. National Museum; cf. Bangs, 

 Amer. Natur., 41, p. 186, 1907); Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 450— Mira- 

 valles, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 

 320, 1903 — part, Costa Rica (part, Carrfllo, Jimenez). 



Ortygarchus cayennensis (not Fulica cayennensis Gmelin) Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 

 17, p. 212, 1869— Costa Rica (crit.). 



^ No specimens from southern Nicaragua have been examined. They may 

 prove to be referable to plumbeicollis instead of to pacifica. 



* Aramides cajanea plumbeicollis Zeledon is the connecting link to the South 

 American A. c. cajanea, combining the intensely colored breast of the latter with 

 the bright rufous nuchal patch of the northern races, while the narrow buffy 

 margin to the black abdominal area places it in an intermediate position between 

 the two sections. Differs also from cajanea by having the anterior mantle bright 

 rufescent, in sharp contrast to the olive posterior mantle and scapulars. 



The two specimens from Miravalles, Guanacaste, have the mantle somewhat 

 less rufescent than birds from eastern Costa Rica, in this respect tending toward 

 pacifi4:a. 



' First published as a nomen nudum by Zeledon (Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 

 1, p. 131, 1887). 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 351 



Aramides albiventris (not of Lawrence) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Amer., Aves, 3, p. 319, 1903 — part, Costa Rica. 



Aramides cayennensis Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 375, 1869 — Costa Rica. 



Aramides albiventris plumbeicollis Bangs, Amer. Natur., 41, p. 186, 1907 — 

 eastern Costa Rica (Jimenez, Cariblanco de SarapiquI, Carrfllo) (monog.); 

 Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 409, 1910 — eastern Costa Rica (El 

 Hogar, Gudpiles, Volcan de Turrialba); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 Orn. Ser., 1, p. 260, 1910— Guaydbo, Costa Rica. 



Aramides cajanea plumbeicollis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 175, 1934 — north- 

 eastern Costa Rica. 



Range. — Costa Rica (excepting the southern section). 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Costa Rica (Guaydbo, 1; "El Pozo 

 deT^rraba,"U). 



Conover Collection.- — 5: Costa Rica (La Iberia Farm, Volcan 

 Turrialba, 1; Quebrada Azul, Alaju^la, 2; Miravalles, Guanacaste, 2). 



*Aramides cajanea cajanea (P. L. S. Muller). Cayenne Wood 

 Rail. 



Fulica cajanea P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 119, 1776 — based on 

 "Poule d'eau, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 352; Cayenne. 



Fulica major Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 21, Dec, 1783 — based on Daubenton, 

 PI. Enl., pi. 352; Cayenne. 



Fulica cayennensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 700, 1789 — based on Buffon 

 and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 352; Cayenne. 



Fulica ruficollis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 700, 1789— based on "Black- 

 bellied Gallinule" Latham, Gen. Syn. Av., 3, (1), p. 253, 1785; Cayenne.^ 



Rallus chiricote Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 28, p. 551, 1819 — 

 based on "Chiricote" Azara, No. 368; Paraguay. 



Rallus maximus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 28, p. 555, 1819 — 

 principally based on "Cayenne Gallinule" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, 

 ~(1), p. 252, 1785; Guiana and Cayenne (=young). 



Gallinula ruficeps Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 74, pi. 96, 1825 — Rio de 

 Janeiro, Brazil (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. 

 Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 712, 1906). 



Rallus hydrogallina Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 7, p. 536, April, 1831 — new 

 name for Fulica cayennensis Gmelin; part, adult, Cayenne. 



1 We cannot help questioning the correctness of this locality. 



^ The Vienna Museum has a Cayenne specimen acquired from the Leverian 

 Museum, which, according to Pelzeln (Orn. Bras., 3, p. 316, 1870), is probably 

 the original of Latham's and Gmelin's descriptions. It agrees very well with their 

 account except that neither of these authors mentions the gray area on the fore- 

 neck, and differs from the ordinary color-type of cajanea by decidedly darker, 

 deep tawny instead of ochraceous-tawny, under parts. We have examined similar 

 individuals from Costa Rica (Golfo Dulce), Borba (Rio Madeira), Rio Curicuriari 

 (on the Rio Negro, above Barcellos), and Para (type of A. c. grahami), but as they 

 are associated with normally colored birds, we cannot see in them anything but 

 individual variants. 




352 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Gallinula cayennensis Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 798, 1833 — Brazil. 



Ortygarchus cayennensis Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, 

 "1848," p. 759, 1849 — British Guiana; Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. 

 Mus. Hein., p. 320, 1890 — Brazil, Santa Marta, Puerto Cabello, and 

 Paraguay. 



Aramides cayennensis Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 384, 1856 — 

 Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 143, 

 1856 — on the banks of the Rio David, Panama; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 196 — Turbo, Colombia; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1867, p. 161— David, Panama; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 447— 

 Panama to Paraguay (monog.); iidem, I.e., 1868, p. 629 — San Esteban, 

 Venezuela; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 143, 1868 — Santa 

 Ana [de Escazti], Costa Rica; Pelzeln, Om. Bras., 3, p. 315, 1870 — Paran4 

 (Rio do Boraxudo, Paranagu4), Goydz (Rio Araguay), Matto Grosso 

 (Cuyab&, Villa Bella), Barra do Rio Negro, and Cajutuba, Par^, Brazil; 

 Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 44 — Lagoa dos 

 Pitos and Simiidouro, near Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Ibis, 

 1873, p. 122— Cayenne; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 

 p. 308 — lower Ucayali, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 558 — Amable 

 Maria, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 545 — Remedios, Antioquia, 

 Colombia; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 358 — Quipapd, Pernambuco; Berlepsch, 

 I.e., 1884, p. 440 — Angostura, Orinoco, Venezuela; Berlepsch and Ihering, 

 Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 180, 1885 — Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Salvin, 

 Ibis, 1886, p. 176 — Bartica Grove and Camacusa, British Guiana; Tac- 

 zanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 318, 1886 — Peru Gower Ucayali, Amable Maria, 

 Yurimaguas); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 131, 1887 — 

 Alajuela, Costa Rica; Berlepsch, Joum. Cm., 35, p. 35, 1887 — Rio Pil- 

 comayo; Chapman and Riker, Auk, 8, p. 163, 1891 — Santarem, Rio 

 Tapajoz, Brazil; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 528, 1893— 

 Talamanea and Pacific side of Costa Rica; Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.- 

 Geogr. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 147, 1893 — Terraba and Buenos Aires, 

 Costa Rica; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893 — Chapada, 

 Matto Grosso; Chapman, I.e., 6, p. 79, 1894 — Princestown, Trinidad. 



Aramides ruficollis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 179, 1865^ 

 Davfd, Chiriqui; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 316, 1870 — Cayenne, Borba 

 (Rio Madeira), and Rio Curicuriari (Rio Negro), Brazil. 



Aramides sp. Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 200 — lower 

 Ucayali, Peru. 



Aramides mangle (not Cfallinida mangle Spix) Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 

 1876 — Santarem, Rio Tapajoz, Brazil. 



Aramides chiricote Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 23, 1847 — Paraguay; Leo- 

 taud, Gis. Trinidad, p. 496, 1866— Trinidad; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. 

 Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895 — Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem. I.e., 12, 

 No. 292, p. 34, 1897— San Lorenzo, Jujuy; idem and Festa, I.e., 14, No. 339, 

 p. 12, 1899 — Laguna de Pita, Darien; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 444 — 

 Laguna del Sauzal, near Quinta, Jujuy; Goeldi, I.e., 1903, p. 500 — Rio 

 Capim, Pard; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 318, 

 1903 — Costa Rica (Pacific slope, Talamanea, Santa Ana) and Panama 

 (David, Lion Hill, Laguna de Pita); Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 353 



p. 249, 1904— Oran, Salta; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 42, 

 1907 — Mexiana Island, Brazil; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, 

 p. 257, 1909 — Argentine Chaco; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 65 — Sapucay, 

 Paraguay; Grant, I.e., 1911, p. 462 — Colonia Risso, Paraguay, and Pao 

 de Azucar, Matto Grosso; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 255, 1913 — 

 Jujuy (San Lorenzo), Salta (Ordn), Chaco Austral, and Misiones (Santa 

 Ana); idem, El Hornero, 1, p. 33, 1917 — Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos 

 Aires; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 11, 1920 — Canelones, Uruguay; Marelli, 

 Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 600, 1924— Isla Martin Garcia, 

 Buenos Aires. 

 Aramides cayanea Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, pp. 57, 332, 1894 — 

 Colombia (Remedios), Surinam (Maroni River), British Guiana (Bartica 

 Grove), and Brazil (Rio do Boraxudo); Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande 

 do Sul, 16, p. 148, 1899 — Taquara do Mundo Novo and Pedras Brancas, 

 Rio Grande do Sul; idem. Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 415, 1899 — Sao Paulo; 

 Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910— 

 below Colonia Floriano and Caissara, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy. 



Aramides cajanus Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 125, 1900 — Minca, 

 Santa Marta, Colombia. 



Aramides cajanea Berlepseh and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 128, 1902 — Alta- 

 gracia and Quiribana de Caieara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Andre, Natur. 

 Guianas, p. 217, 1904 — Caura River, above Achaba, Venezuela; Hell- 

 mayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 52, 1906 — Caroni Swamp and Savannah Grande, 

 Trinidad; idem. I.e., pp. 90, 412, 1907 — Teffe, Rio Solimoes, and Humaytd, 

 Rio Madeira; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 28, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Franca, 

 Barretos, Itapura, Ubatuba) and Espirito Santo; Bangs, Amer. Natur,, 

 41, p. 180, 1907 (monog.); idem, Auk, 24, p. 291, 1907— Boruea, Costa 

 Rica; Berlepseh, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 299, 1908 — Cayenne; Hellmayr, I.e., 

 17, p. 421, 1910 — Allianea, Rio Madeira; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 

 6, p. 408, 1910— Costa Rica (El General de Terraba, Pozo Azul, Buenos 

 Aires, Rio SIcsola); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 65, p. 191, 1913 — 

 Cariaquito, Paria Peninsula, and Cano Vagre, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; 

 Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 71, 1914 — Pard, Marajo (Pacoval), and 

 Mexiana; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 68, 1916 — Ituribisci River, 

 Bartica, Abary River, Anarika River, and Camacusa; Cherrie, Sei. Bull., 

 Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 367, 1916 — along the Orinoco River; Beebe, 

 Trop. Wild Life, 1, p. 127, 1917 — Bartica, British Guiana; Stone, Proc. 

 Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 70, p. 243, 1918— Chagres River, Gatun, and Toro 

 Point, Panama; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 

 12, p. 39, 1922 — Rio Guachi, Empelado Savanna, and Encontrados, 

 Zulia, Venezuela (crit.). 



[Aramides cayanea] subsp. a. Aramides chiricote Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 23, p. 58, 1894 — Brazil (Bahia, Pard, Chapada), Peru (Iquitos), Colombia, 

 and Panama (Lion Hill, Veragua). 



Aramides cayanea chiricote Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 2, p. 14, 1900— 

 Loma del Le6n, Panama; idem, Auk, 18, p. 358, 1901 — Divala, Chiriqui. 



Aramides cajanea cajanea Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. 

 Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 97, 122, 1912— Rio Capim and Mexiana, Brazil; 

 Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 217, 1917 — Rio Atrato, Salaqui, 




354 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Rio Frio (Cauca), Honda, Buenavista, and Plorencia, Colombia; Bangs 

 and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 41, 1918 — Paramaribo, 

 Surinam; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 52 — Guianas and Venezuela (crit.); 

 Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 196, 1922 — Jesusito, 

 Darien, Panama (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 176, 

 1926 — Rio Suno, eastern Ecuador; Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. 

 N. H., 38, p. 447, 1928— ChiriquI Creek, Panama (crit.); Stone, Proc. 

 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 151, 1928— Par^; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. 

 Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 481, 1929— Maranhao (Boa Vista; Codo, Cocos) 

 and Ceara (Jua, near Iguatu); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 

 154, 1929— Cana, Darien; Peters, I.e., 71, p. 301, 1931— Almirante Bay, 

 Panama; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 321, 1932 — Perme, Panama; Pinto, Rev. 

 Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 801, 1932— Rio Parana, Sao Paulo; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 175, 1934 (range); Roberts, Trop. Agric, 11, p. 90, 1934— 

 Trinidad; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 282 — Trinidad; Griscom, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 304, 1935 — Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. 

 Paul., 19, p. 72, 1935 — Bahia (Rio Aratuhype, Rio Gongogy, Corupeba, 

 Rio Jucurucu); idem, I.e., 20, p. 40, 1936 — Rio das Almas, Goyaz. 



Aramides cajaneus cajaneus Darlington, BuU. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 371, 

 1931 — Aracataca to Santa Marta, Colombia. 



Aramides cajanea venezudensis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Om. Ser., 1, p. 

 296, 1917 — Encontrados, Zulia, Venezuela {type in Reld Museum of 

 Natural History). 



Aramides cajanea peruviana Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Om. Ser., 1, p. 296, 

 1917 — Moyobamba, Peru (type in Field Museum of Natural History). 



Aramides eayanea chiricote Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1902, (2), p. 49 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru; Sztolcman, Ann. 

 Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 118, 1906— Porto Mendes, Rio Parana, 

 Parani. 



Aramides cajanea chiricote Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 28, 1907 (range); 

 Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 196, 1910 (range in 

 Argentina); Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 69, 1913 — Misiones; 

 idem. Faun. Parag., p. 37, 1914 — Paraguay; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 53 — 

 Charuplaya, Bolivia (crit., range); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, 

 p. 48, 1921— Rio Comberciato, Urubamba, Peru; Todd and Carriker, 

 Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 177, 1922 — Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Trojas de 

 Cataea, and Fundaeion, Colombia; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, 

 p. 125, 1926 — Paraguay (Rio Paraguay) and Uruguay (La Paloma, near 

 Rocha; San Vicente; Arroyo Sarandi; Rio Cebollati below Lazcano); 

 Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 71, 1930 — Urueum, Matto 

 Grosso; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 374, 1934 — 

 Desealvados, Matto Grosso. 



Aramides cajanea salmoni Chubb, Bull. Brit. Om. CI., 38, p. 48, 1918 — Reme- 

 dios, Antioquia, Colombia (type in British Museum); idem. Ibis, 1919, 

 p. 53 — western Venezuela (Merida) and Colombia to Panama. 



Aramides cajanea grahami Chubb, Ibis, (11), 1, p. 53, 1919 — Para, Brazil 

 (type in British Museum examined). 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 355 



Range. — Greater part of tropical America from southern Costa 

 Rica^ through Panama to Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, the 

 Guianas, and south through Brazil, eastern Ecuador (Rio Suno), 

 eastern Peru, and Bolivia (Charuplaya) to Uruguay, Paraguay, and 

 northern Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Chaco, and Isla Martin Garcia, 

 Buenos Aires). 2 



Field Museum Collection. — 15: Costa Rica (Buenos Aires, 2; 

 El Pozo de T^rraba, 1); Colombia (unspecified, 1); Venezuela (Em- 

 palado Savanna, 1; Encontrados, Zulia, 1); British Guiana (Berbice, 

 1; Georgetown, 1; Rockstone, Essequibo River, 1); Brazil (Des- 

 calvados, 1; Jua, Ceara, 1; Sao Marcello, Bahia, 1; Gahiba Mirim, 1); 

 Uruguay (Minas, Polanco, 1); Peru (Moyobamba, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 61 : Costa Rica (Puerto Jimenez, Oso Penin- 

 sula, 1); Panama, Darien (Bocas del Toro, 1; Port Obaldia, 7; Perm^, 

 3); Colombia (Cali, 1; Remedios, Antioquia, 1); Venezuela (Rio 

 Gu^chi, Zulia, 2); Ecuador (Concepcion, 1; Raya-Yaco, 1); British 

 Guiana (Rockstone, Essequibo River, 2) ; Brazil (Boa Vista, Maran- 

 hao, 1; Codo, Cocos, Maranhao, 1; Murutucu, Para, 1; Tauary, Rio 

 Tapajoz, 3; Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Santarem, 2; Pinhel, Rio Tapajoz, 

 2; Lago Cuipeua, near Obidos, 6; Ipomonga, Rio Capim, 1; Serraria 

 Cabral, Rio Acara, 2; Buenos Aires, Rio Acara, 1; Canutama, Rio 

 Purus, 1; Labrea, Rio Purus, 1; Rio Manacapuru, Amazonas, 2; 

 Cavalcanti, Rio Sao Miguel, Goyaz, 3); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 5; 

 Santa Barbara, 1; Itap^, 1; Horqueta, 3); Argentina (Rio Lavallen, 

 Jujuy, 2; Rio Bermejo, Salta, 1). 



Aramides cajanea latens Bangs and Penard.^ San Miguel Wood 

 Rail. 



1 Specimens from southwestern Costa Rica (Terraba Valley and Rio Nueve, 

 near Puerto Jimenez, Golfo Dulce) are unquestionably cajanea, one from the 

 last-named locality representing the dark-bellied variation ruficollis. 



^ Subdivision of this wide-ranging form seems to be impossible in view of the 

 amount of individual and seasonal variation noticeable in the large series examined. 

 Birds from Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela ivenezuelensis=salmoni) are in no 

 wise distinguishable from Guianan specimens, as has already been stated by Bangs, 

 Peters, Osgood and Conover. The type of A, c. peruviana also can be matched by 

 individuals from other localities. The only uncertainty exists about the possible 

 distinctness of the inhabitants of extreme southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argen- 

 tina, which are sometimes of rather dull grayish green coloration above, as has 

 been remarked by Hellmayr and Bangs. This distinction, however, holds only 

 in a certain percentage of specimens, and until a fuller series becomes available, 

 chiricote may provisionally be included in synonymy. 



Nearly eighty specimens from the entire range examined. 



^Aramides cajanea latens Bangs and Penard: Very similar to A. c. cajanea, 

 but slightly smaller and paler throughout, especially on the under parts. Wing, 

 163-170; tail, 58-64; bill, 52-53. 




356 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Aramides cajanea latens Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 41, 



1918 — San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama (type in coll. of E. A. and 0. 



Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. 



Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 168, 1930); Peters, Bds. Worid, 2, 



p. 175, 1934 — San Miguel Island; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, 



p. 304, 1935— Peari Islands. 

 Aramides cajanea chiricote (not Rallus chiricote Vieillot) Thayer and Bangs, 



Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 145, 1905 — San Miguel Island. 

 Aramides cajanea (not Fulica cajanea P. L. S. Muller) Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 



13, No. 4, p. 22, 1920 — Viveros Island. 



Range. — San Miguel and Viveros Islands, Pearl Islands, Bay of 

 Panama. 



♦Aramides wolfi Berlepsch and Taczanowski.^ Wolf's Wood 

 Rail. 



Aramides wolfi Beriepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 

 p. 576 — Chimbo, Ecuador (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and 

 Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 102, 1927); Sharpe, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 55, 1894 — Balzar, Ecuador; Salvadori and 

 Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 40, 1900— Rio Peripa, 

 Ecuador (crit.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 604, 1902— Pambilar and 

 Carondelet, Prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador; Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1911, p. 1208— Novita, Choco, Colombia (crit.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 51 

 — Mindo, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 175, 1926 — 

 below Mindo, Manglar Alto, Rio del Oro, Nardnjo, and La Chonta, 

 Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 175, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Humid tropical zone of western Ecuador and western 

 Colombia (Novita, Choco). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Ecuador (Carondelet, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 3: Ecuador (Santo Domingo, 1; Puente de 

 Chimbo, 1; Rio Blanco, Esmeraldas, 1). 



Aramides gutturalis Sharpe.- Red-throated Wood Rail. 



Aramides gvMuralis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 57, pi. 5, 1894 — 

 South America (type in British Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 175, 

 1935 (crit.). 



Aramides ruficoUis (not Fulica ruficollis Gmelin) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 448— "Lima" (crit.). 



1 Aramides wolfi Berlepsch and Taczanowski, a strongly marked form, bears 

 some likeness to A. mangle. It is, however, hard to believe that this superficial 

 similarity denotes genetic relationship. As intimated by Chapman, A. wolfi, in 

 spite of its striking characters, may after all prove to be akin to A. cajanea, which 

 it evidently replaces on the Pacific coast of northwestern South America. 



Additional maUrial examined. — Colombia: Novita, Choco, 1. — Ecuador, Prov. 

 Esmeraldas: Carondelet, 2; Buliin, 3. 



- Aramides gutturalis Sharpe, known only from a single specimen of doubtful 

 origin, seems to be related to A. wolfi. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 357 



Range. — Unknown (the unique type is supposed to have come 

 from Lima). 



*Aramides ypecaha (Vieillot). Ypecaha Wood Rail. 



Rallus ypecaha Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 28, p. 568, 1819 — 

 based on "Ypacaha" Azara, No. 367; Paraguay and Buenos Aires; Gould, 

 in Darwin, Zool. Voy. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 133, 1841 — Buenos Aires. 



Crex melampyga Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 79, 1823 — 

 based on "Ypacaha" Azara, No. 367. 



Gallinula gigas Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 75, pi. 99, 1825 — Contendas, 

 Minas Geraes (type in Munich Museum examined; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 

 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 714, 1906). 



Aramides gigas Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 383, 1856 — Minas 

 Geraes; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860 — Rio Parana, Entre Rios; 

 idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 504, 1861 — near Parana, Entre Rfos; 

 Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 14, 1865 — Brazil; Reiser, Denks. Math.- 

 Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 96, 1910— Bahia (island in the Rio 

 Sao Francisco near Sambaiba) and Piauhy (Parnagua), Brazil. 



Aramus gigas Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 256, 1874 — Barrancas, Rio 

 Guayquiraro, Corrientes. 



Aramides ypecaha Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 23, 1847 — Paraguay (ex 

 Azara) ; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 144 — Conchitas, 

 Buenos Aires; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 316 (note 2), 1870 — Buenos Aires; 

 Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 194 — Baradero, Buenos Aires; White, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 433 — La Plata, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 276, 

 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre RIos; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 

 34, 1887— Rio Pilcomayo; Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 10, p. 87, 

 1889 — Est. Ytanu, Paraguay (nest and eggs); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. 

 Orn., 2, p. 150, 1889— borders of the La Plata to 35° S. Lat. (habits); 

 Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 148 — Fortin Nueve, Rio Pilcomayo (habits); Aplin, 

 Ibis, 1894, p. 204— Rio Perdido, Uruguay; Hussey, Auk, 33, p. 386, 1916 

 —La Plata (habits); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 126, 1926— 

 Uruguay (Lazcano), Chaco (Las Palmas), Formosa (Riacho Pilaga), 

 Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco), and Buenos Aires (Lavalle); Friedmann, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 161, 1927— Bovril Islands, Santa Fe; 

 Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 481, 1929— Piauhy (ex 

 Reiser); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 71, 

 1930— Lapango, Formosa; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 176, 1934 (range). 



Aramides ypacaha Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 448 

 (monog.); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 45 — 

 Contendas, Minas Geraes (ex Spix); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, 

 p. 60, 1894— Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 

 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895— Paraguarf, Paraguay; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 234— 

 Concepcion and Chaco, Paraguay; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 29, 

 1907 — Buenos Aires (range); SordeUi, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 47, p. 14, 

 1908 — Est. Luis Chico, Buenos Aires; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 

 16, p. 257, 1909— Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud), Santa Fe (Mocovl), 

 and Entre RIos (La Soledad); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 




358 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



18, p. 196, 1910 (range in Argentina); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 37, 1914 

 — Paraguay; Marelli, El Homero, 1, p. 76, 1918 — Curuzu Cuatia, Corri- 

 entes; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 12, 1920 — Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, 

 Colonia); Arribdlzaga, I.e., 2, p. 90, 1920 — Chaeo; Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 

 260, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires; Seri6 and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 39, 1923— 

 Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 161, 1923 — Zelaya, Buenos 

 Aires. 



Aramides ipecaha Hudson, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1876, p. 105 — Buenos 



Aires (habits). 

 Aramides ipacaha Marelli, Mem, Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 600, 1924— 



Prov. Buenos Aires. 

 Aramides ypacaha {=gigas) Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. 



Wien, 76, p. 230, 1924 — Piauhy (Lagoa near Fazenda do Sao Antonio, 



Lake Parnagud, Brejao). 



Range. — Eastern Brazil, in states of Piauhy, Bahia, and Minas 

 Geraes (Contendas), and Paraguay, Uruguay, and northeastern 

 Argentina, in provinces of Formosa, Chaco, Santa F6, Corrientes, 

 Entre Rios, and Buenos Aires (south to about 36° S. lat.).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Uruguay (Arazati, San Jos^, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 11: Paraguay (Villa Rica, 6; Horqueta, 4); 

 Uruguay (Soriano, 1). 



♦Aramides saracura (Spix). Saracura Wood Rail. 



Gallinula saracura Spix, Av. Spee. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 78, pi. 98, 1825 — Brazil 

 (type in Munieh Museum examined; ef. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. 

 Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 714, 1906). 



Rallus nigricans (not of Vieillot, 1819) Bonaparte, Journ. Aead. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 4, p. 386, May, 1825 — South America (type received by Bonaparte 

 from Paul Goddard, its present location unknown); Burmeister, Journ. 

 Orn., 1, p. 176, 1853 — Nova Friburgo, Rio (egg deser.). 



Ralltis melanurus Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, (1), p. 139", 

 November, 1825 — new name for Rallus nigricans Bonaparte, 1825. 



Rallus hydrogallina Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 7, p. 536, April, 1831 — part, 

 "jeune Sge," Brazil (cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 569, 1851). 



Gallinula plumbea (not of Vieillot, 1817) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), 

 p. 795, 1833 — southeastern Brazil. 



1 In spite of the apparently existing gap in distribution, we fail to perceive 

 any noticeable difference between five Brazilian skins and a series from Argentina. 



Schlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 14, 1865) refers a specimen said to be from 

 the island of St. Thomas to A. ypecaha. The description indicates quite a different 

 bird. Sclater and Salvin (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 448) suggest it might 

 be one of the Central American races allied to A. cajanea albiventris. The locality, 

 anyhow, is erroneous, as no representative of the genus is found in the West Indies. 



Additional material examined.— Brazil: Parnagu^, Piauhy, 1; near Sambaiba, 

 Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia, 3; Contendas, Minas Geraes, 1. — Argentina: Rio de 

 Oro, Chaco Austral, 1; La Soledad, Entre Rios, 1; Mocovi, Santa F6, 2; Buenos 

 Aires, 7. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 359 



Aramides plumbeus Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 23, 1847 — Paraguay (ex 

 Azara, No. 369); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 383, 1856— 

 Nova Friburgo, Rio; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 15, 1865 — Brazil; 

 Euler, Journ. Orn., 15, p. 418, 1867 — Cantagallo, Rio (breeding habits, 

 eggs). 



Aramides saracura Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 449 — 

 Paraguay and southeastern Brazil (monog.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 

 316, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba) and Sao Paulo (Ypanemd); Rein- 

 hardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 44 — Minas Geraes 

 (Lagoa Santa) and Rio de Janeiro (Sumidouro) ; Hamilton, Ibis, 1871, 

 p. 309 — Itapetininga, Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 275, 1874 

 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 

 2, p. 180, 1885 — Taquara and Arroio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul; Sharpe, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 61, 1894— Minas Geraes (Santa F6), Rio 

 Grande do Sul (Pelotas), and Sao Paulo (Ypanemd); Ihering, Annuario 

 Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 148, 1899 — Mundo Novo; idem. Rev. Mus. 

 Paul., 3, p. 416, 1899— Tiet6, Sao Paulo; idem. I.e., 4, p. 164, 1900— 

 Nova Friburgo and Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 

 1, p. 29, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Tiete, Conceigao dos Guarulhos, Itarare, Alto 

 da Serra); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 196, 1910 — 

 Misiones, Argentina; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 

 5, pp. 462, 492, 1912— Vera Guarany, Parand; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 

 1, p. 255, 1913 — Santa Ana, Misiones; Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Scient. Arg., 75, 

 p. 69, 1913— Alto Parana; idem. Faun. Parag., p. 37, 1914— Alto Paran4, 

 Paraguay; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 118, 1926 — 

 Vermelho, Parana; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 176, 1934 (range). 



Ortygarchus plumbeus Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 231, 1874 — Cantagallo, 

 Rio de Janeiro. 



Range. — Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Minas 

 Geraes south to Rio Grande do Sul, and the adjacent districts of 

 Argentina (Misiones) and Paraguay (Alto Parana).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 1 : Brazil (Candido de Abreu, Parana, 

 !)• 



Conover Collection. — 5: Brazil (Rolante, Rio Grande do Sul, 1; 

 Jaguariahyva, Parana, 1); Argentina, Misiones (Santa Ana, 1; 

 Gisela, 2). 



*Araniides calopterus Sclater and Salvin.^ Ecuadorian Wood 

 Rail. 



' The occurrence in Peru claimed by Tschudi, s. n. Gallinula plumbea (Arch. 

 Naturg., 10, (1), p. 313; Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 302, 1846), upon which Aramides 

 saracura Taczanowski (Orn. Per., 3, p. 319, 1886) is based, has not been confirmed, 

 and deserves no credit. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 4; Mattodentro, 

 Sao Paulo, 1; Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul, 3.— "Brazil," 1. 



' Aramides calopterus Sclater and Salvin, though related to A. saracura, is a 

 very distinct species. 



Two additional adults from Rio Suno examined. 




360 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Aramides calopterus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 439, 

 pi. 28 — Sarayacu, Ecuador (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in 

 British Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 176, 1934 (range). 



Aramides calloptertis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 62, 1894 — Sarayacu; 

 Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 176, 1926 — Rio Suno and 

 below San Jose, Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 33, p. 355, 

 1927— Rio Suno. 



Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Ecuador. 

 Conover Collection. — 7: Ecuador (Concepcion, 3; Guamayacu, 1; 

 Sara-Yaco, Rio Bobonaza, 2; Rio Tigre, 1). 



Genus CREX Bechstein 



Crex Bechstein, Om. Taschenb. Deutschl., 2, p. 336, 1803 — type, by mono- 

 typy, Crex pratensis Bechstem= Rallus crex Linnaeus. ' 



Crex crex (Linnaeus). Corn Crake. 



Rallus Crex Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 153, 1758 — Europe, restricted 



type locality, Sweden. 

 Crex pratensis Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 1, p. 381, 



1874 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 145, 1899— Greenland (Godt- 



haab, Egedesminde, Sukkertoppen, Julianehaab) ; Helms, Vidensk. Medd. 



Naturhist. Foren., 56, p. 98, 1904 — Angmagsalik, Greenland (Sept. 8, 



1901); Helms and Schi0ler, Dansk Orn. Foren. Tidskr., 11, p. 172, 1917 



—Angmagsalik (Oct. 25, 1912). 

 Crex crex Helms, Medd. Gr0nl., 58, p. 241, 1926— Angmagsalik (Sept. 19, 



1901; Oct. 25, 1912); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. 



N. H., 39, p. 313, 1931— Bermudas (Oct. 25, 1847). 



Range. — Breeds in Europe and Asia, winters chiefly in northern 

 and tropical Africa; accidental in Greenland (various records), 

 Baffin Island, Nova Scotia, eastern United States (various records 

 from Maine to Maryland), and in Bermuda (Oct. 25, 1847). 



Genus ANUROLIMNAS Sharpe 



Anurolimnas Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 1, p. xxviii, 1893 — type, by orig. 

 desig., Porzana castaneiceps Sclater and Salvin. 



* Anurolimnas castaneiceps (Sclater and Salvin).' Chestnut- 

 headed Crake. 



Porzana castaneiceps Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 453 

 — Rio Nape, eastern Ecuador (type in British Museum); idem, Exot. 



* Micropygia verreatixi Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 599, 

 1856) is stated by Salvin (Ibis, 1874, p. 320) and Stone (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 51, p. 12, 1899) to be the same as Anurolimnas castaneiceps, but its charac- 

 terization consisting of the word "major" does not take it out of the class of 

 nomina nuda. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 361 



Orn., p. 155, pi. 78, 1869— Rio Napo; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 230— 

 Archidona, Ecuador. 



AnuroUmnas castaneiceps Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 88, 1894 — Rio 

 Napo and Sarayacu, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 

 217, 1917 — La Morelia, Caquetd, Colombia; idem. I.e., 55, p. 177, 1926 

 — Rio Suno, Zamora, and below San Jose, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 181, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Colombia (La Morelia, 

 Caquetd) and eastern Ecuador.^ 



Conover Collection. — 10: Ecuador (Sara-Yaco, Rio Bobonaza, 5; 

 Raya-Yaco, 1; Hd. Rio Tigre, Napo-Pastaza, 3; Concepcion, 1). 



Genus PORZANA Vieillot 



Porzana Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 61, April, 1816 — type, by mono- 

 typy (and tautonymy), "Marouette" BuSon= Rallus porzana Linnaeus. 



' Mustelirallus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 599, 1856 — 

 type, by monotypy, Rallus albicollis Vieillot. 



Galeolimnas Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., 

 p. 320, 1890 — new name for Mustelirallus Bonaparte. 



Hapalocrex Ridgway, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 72, No. 4, p. 3, 1920 — type, by 

 orig. desjg., Rallus flavivenier Boddaert. 



Porzana porzana (Linnaeus). Spotted Rail. 



Rallus porzana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 262, 1766 — based prin- 

 cipally on "Le petit Rasle d'eau ou la Marouette" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 

 155, pi. 13, fig. 1; Europe, restricted type locality, France (ex Brisson). 



Porzana maruetta Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 1, p. 

 3'68, 1874 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 145, 1899— Greenland 

 (Godthaab, Sept. 28, 1841; Nanortalik; Julianehaab) ; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 184, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Breeds in Europe and western Asia, from the British 

 Isles and Norway to western Siberia and south to the islands in the 

 Mediterranean and to northwestern Kashmir; winters in southern 

 Europe, Africa, and India. Accidental in Greenland (Frederiks- 

 haab, Godthaab, Nanortalik, and Julianehaab). 



♦Porzana Carolina (Linnaeus). SoRA Rail. 



Rallus carolinus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 153, 1758 — based on 

 "The Little American Water Hen" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 144, 

 pi. 144, Hudson's Bay; and "Gallinula americana" Catesby, Nat. Hist. 

 Carolina, 1, p. 70, pi. 70, Virginia. 



1 A single specimen from Colombia (La Morelia), according to Chapman, 

 differs by slenderer, brownish flesh-color instead of black feet and tarsi. 




362 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Rallus virginiamLS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 263, 1766 — based on 

 "Gallinula americana" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 70, pi. 70; 

 Virginia.' 



Rallus stolidiis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 28, p. 567, 1819 — 

 new name for Rallies carolinus Linnaeus. 



Ortygometra Carolina L6otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 493, 1866 — Trinidad. 



Porzana Carolina Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 450 

 (monog.); Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 1, p. 370, 

 1874 (monog.); Taczanowski, Om. Per., 3, p. 320, 1886— Tumbez, Peru; 

 Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 97, 1894 (monog.); Winge, Medd. 

 Gr0nl., 21, p. 146, 1899— Greenland (Sukkertoppen, Oct. ^5, 1823; 

 Umanak, Sept. 30, 1882; Frederikshaab) ; Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 321, 1903 (range); Riley, in Shattuck, The 

 Bahama Islands, p. 360, 1905 — Bahamas (New Providence, Little Abaco, 

 Andros, Cay Lobos, Cay Sal, Bird Rock); Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. 

 Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 75, 1907 — lakes Atitlan and Amatitlan, Guatemala; 

 Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 409, 1910 — Costa Rica (San Jose, 

 Alajuela, San Pedro, Turrucares); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 71, 

 1916 — Bartica Grove; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 218, 

 1917 — Bogotd Savanna, Colombia (Feb. 21, 1913); Osgood and Conover, 

 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 40, 1922— Venezuela (Rio Aurare, 

 Zulia; Culata and M^rida, Merida); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie 

 Mus., 14, p. 179, 1922 — Fundacion, Santa Marta, Colombia; Chapman, 

 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 177, 1926 — Chone and Yaguarcocha, 

 western Ecuador (Feb., Mar.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 303, 

 1926 (habits, breeding and winter range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. 

 Zool., 32, p. 87, 1928 — Lower California; Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, 

 Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 312, 1931 — Bermudas (transient); Peters, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 301, 1931 — Almirante and Changuinola, 

 Panama; Darlington, I.e., p. 372, 1931 — Cienaga, Magdalena, Colombia; 

 Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 304, 1935 — Panama (winter); Peters, Bds. World, 2, 

 p. 184, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 283 — Caroni, 

 Trinidad. 



Range. — Breeds in North America from central British Columbia, 

 southern Mackenzie, Manitoba, lower St. Lawrence Valley, and 

 Nova Scotia, south to northern Lower California, Utah, northern 

 Missouri, southern Ohio, and Maryland; winters from California, 

 Arizona, Texas, and Florida through Central America and the West 

 Indies to northwestern Peru (Santa Lucia, Tumbez), Ecuador, 

 Venezuela, Trinidad,- and British Guiana; occasional in Labrador 

 and Newfoundland; accidental in Greenland (several records) and 

 the British Isles. 



1 Cf. Stone, Auk, 47, p. 560, 1930. 



* The eggs from the Caroni Marshes, Trinidad, ascribed to this species by 

 Belcher and Smooker (Ibis, 1935, p. 283), must belong to some other rail, since 

 the breeding of the Sora in that region is utterly excluded. The authors admit 

 that they were unable to secure a bird. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 363 



Field Museum Collection. — 80: Canada (Prince Edward Island, 

 1); Maine (Bar Harbor, 1); Massachusetts (Chatham, 3; Cambridge, 

 2); Connecticut (Hartford, 14); New York (Brockport, 1); Wiscon- 

 sin (Beaver Dam, 6; Fox Lake, 3); Illinois (Chicago, 16; Fox Lake, 

 2; Lake George, 1; Beach, 1; Roby, 1; Lake Forest, 1; Worth, 2); 

 Indiana (Bluffton, 1); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 2; Troublesome, 1); 

 Florida (Palm Beach, 1 ; Pilot-town, 2; East Pass, 1); Louisiana (New 

 Orleans, 1); Bahama Islands (Andros Island, 1; Abaco, 1); Cuba 

 (Palacios, 1); Mexico (Jaral, Coahuila, 2; Yucatan, 1); Guatemala 

 (Lake Amatitlan, 4); Venezuela (Rio Aurare, 1; Culata, 2; M^rida, 

 2; Maracay, Aragua, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 14: New York (Seneca County, 1; Suffolk 

 County, 1); Indiana (Hessville, 1); Illinois (Wheaton, 3; Roby, 1); 

 California (Newberry Springs, 1; Yermo, 1; Point Magie, 1; Corona, 

 1); Panama (Port Obaldia, Darien, 1); Ecuador (Quito, 2). 



♦Porzana albicollis albicollis (Vieillot). White-throated Rail. 



Rallus albicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 28, p. 561, 1819 — 

 based on "Ypacah4 aplomado y pardo" Azara, No. 374; Villa Curuguatf, 

 Paraguay. 



Crex mustelina Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 79, Sept., 1823 

 — Brazil' (type in Berlin Museum). 



Crex gularis Jardine and Selby, lUust. Orn., 1, (3), pi. 39, 1828— "Brazils" 

 (type in coll. of Dr. Such, present location unknown). 



Ortygometra albicollis Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 374, 1847 — Paraguay (ex 

 Azara, No. 374); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 387, 1856— 

 southern Brazil, from Sao Paulo to "Montevideo," errore; Euler, Journ. 

 Qrn., 15, p. 419, 1867 — Cantagallo (nesting habits). 



Porzana albicollis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 451 — 

 part, Paraguay and Sao Paulo; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 316, 1870 — Sao 

 Paulo (Ypanemd, Irisanga); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. 

 Foren., 1870, p. 43 — Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, and Lagoa Santa, 

 Minas Geraes; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 231, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio 

 de Janeiro; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 102, 1894 — part, spec. 

 b-1, Brazil (Sao Paulo; Santa F6, Minas Geraes; Bahia; Pernambuco); 

 Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 416, 1899 — Sao Paulo (Piquete, Iguape); 

 idem, I.e., 4, p. 164, 1900 — Nova Friburgo and Cantagallo, Rio; Lillo, 

 Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 214, 1902 — Famaill4, Tucuman; 

 idem. Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 69, 1905 — same locality; 

 Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 30, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Piquete, 

 Cachoeira, Avanhandava) ; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 258, 

 1909 — San Felipe and Famailla, Tucumdn; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. 

 Buenos Aires, 18, p. 196, 1910 — Famaill4, Tucum4n; idem, Bol. Soc. 

 Physis, 1, p. 255, 1913— Tucum4n; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 37, 1914— 

 Paraguay; Pinto, Rev. Mus, Paul., 19, p. 74, 1935 — Madre de Deus and 

 Corup6ba, Bahia. 



-lb 




364 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Ponona attncollis aWieollis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 185, 1934 (range); Pinto, 

 Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 41, 1936 — Rio das Almas, Goydz. 



Range. — Eastern Brazil, from Pernambuco and Bahia south 

 through Minas Geraes, Rio de Janeiro, and Goyaz to Sao Paulo; 

 Paraguay; eastern Bolivia; northwestern Argentina (Tucuman 

 Province). ^ 



Conover Collection. — 10: Bolivia (Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 1); 

 Paraguay (Villa Rica, 4; Horqueta, 5). 



♦Porzana albicollis typhoeca Peters.' Northern White- 

 throated Rail. 



Porzana albicollis typhoeca Peters, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 13, p. 66, 1932 — 

 Rio Frio, Santa Marta, Colombia (type in Museum of Comparative 

 Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); idem, Bds. World, 2, p. 185, 1934 — northern 

 Colombia east to Trinidad and Guiana; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, 

 p. 284 — Caroni Marshes and Nelson's Elstate, Trinidad (nest and eggs 

 descr.). 



Crex mustelina (not of Lichtenstein) Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. 

 Guiana, 3, p. 760, 1848 [= 1849]— coast region. 



Crex olivaceus (not Rallus divaceus Vieillot)* Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 96 — 

 Trinidad (spec, in British Museum examined). 



Coretiurura olivacea Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 499, 1866 — Trinidad. 



Porzana albieoUis Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 34, 1865 — Surinam; 

 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 451 — part, Surinam, 

 Cayenne, and Trinidad; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 176 — Roraima, British 

 Guiana; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 102, 1894 — part, spec, n-p, 

 Surinam (Maroni River) and British Guiana (Georgetown, Roraima); 

 Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. 2kx>l., 9, p. 127, 1902 — Quiribana de Caicara, 

 Orinoco, Venezuela; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 299, 1908 — Cayenne; Penard, 

 Vog. Guyana, 1, p. 206, 1908 — Surinam; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, 

 p. 72, 1916 — Ituribisci River, Bartica, Bonasika, Abary River, Essequibo, 

 Roraima, Annai, and Georgetown; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. 

 Inst., 2, p. 367, 1916 — Quiribana de Caicara, Venezuela; Beebe, Trop. 



^Additional material examined. — Brazil: Bahia, 2; Ypiranga, Sao Paulo, 1; 

 YpanemS, Sao Paulo, 1; Irisanga, Sao Paulo, 1. — Argentina, Tucuman: San Felipe, 

 3; FamaiUa, 1. 



* Porzana albicollis typhoeca Peters: Similar to the nominate race, but decidedly 

 smaller, edgings of upper parts paler, olivaceous rather than brownish, and under 

 surface paler gray. Wing, 98-103 (against 108-114); bill, 26-28. 



We have not seen any material from the type locality, but a single Venezuelan 

 example agrees with others from Trinidad and the Guianas. 



Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 1. — British Gui- 

 ana: Roraima, 1. — Trinidad: imspecified, 1. — Venezuela: Quiribana de Caicara, 

 Orinoco, 1. 



* Rallus olivaceus Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 28, p. 561, 1819 

 — Saint-Domingue) certainly does not belong to the above species, the description 

 of the under parts as "gris fauve," as well as the measurements, being in utter 

 disagreement with the bird's characters. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 365 



Wild Life, 1, pp. 127, 215, fig. 63, 1917— Bartica Grove, British Guiana 

 (nest and eggs); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 41, 

 1918 — Paramaribo, Surinam; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 Zool. Ser., 12, p. 40, 1922 — near Encontrados, Catatumbo River, Zulia, 

 Venezuela; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 372, 1931 — Rio 

 Frio, Magdalena, Colombia; Roberts, Trop. Agric, 11, p. 90, 1934 — 

 Trinidad. 



Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana; island of Trinidad; 

 Venezuela (Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco; Encontrados, Zulia); 

 northern Colombia (Rio Frio, Magdalena). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Venezuela (Catatumbo, Zulia, 1). 

 *Porzana flaviventer gossii (Bonaparte).^ Gosse's Rail. 



Laterirallus gossii Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 599, 



Sept., 1856 — based on Rallus minutus /3. Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 719, 



1789) and Ortygometra minuta Gosse (Bds. Jamaica, p. 372, 1847); Jamaica 



(type in British Museum). 

 Ortygometra minuta (not Rallus minutus Gmelin) Gosse, Illust. Bds. Jam., 



pi. 104, 1849— Jamaica. 

 Rallus minutus Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 109, 1850— Cuba. 

 Crex minuta Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 81 — Jamaica. 

 Porzana minuta March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 69 — Jamaica. 

 Crybastus goSsii Gundlach and Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 428, 1856 — Cuba; 



Gundlach, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 361, 1866 — Cuba; idem, Journ. 



Orn., 23, p. 358, 1875— Cuba (habits). 

 Porzana flaviventris (not Rallus flaviventer Boddaert) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 



Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 455 — part, Jamaica and Cuba; Cory, Auk, 5, p. 



54, 1888— Cuba and Jamaica (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 255, 1889— 



same localities; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 91, 1892 — same localities; 



Stott, Auk, 9, p. 11, 1892 — Passage Fort, Jamaica; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. 



Brit. Mus., 23, p. 110, 1894 — part, Cuba and Jamaica. 

 Porzana flaviventer gossii Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. CI., 6, p. 55, 1923 — 



Cuba (crit.); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 373, 1931— 



Jamaica and Cuba; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 184, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Islands of Cuba and Jamaica, Greater Antilles. 



Conover Collection. — 5: Cuba (San Cristobal, Pinar del Rio, 1; 

 Minas, Havana, 1; Havana, 3). 



Porzana flaviventer hendersoni Bartsch.^ Henderson's Rail. 



' Porzana flaviventer gossii (Bonaparte) : Similar to P. /. flaviventer, but upper 

 parts browner, less blackish and less variegated with white; the breast decidedly 

 paler, buff ratlaer than ochraceous-buff. Wing, 65-72; bill, 163^-18. 



Two specimens from Jamaica examined. Cuban birds are stated by authors 

 to be identical. 



^ Porzana flaviventer hendersoni Bartsch, autoptically unknown to the authors, 

 is stated by Wetmore to be exactly like P. f. gossii, but slightly smaller. Wing, 




366 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Porzana flaviventris hendersoni Bartsch, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p. 131, 

 1917 — Trou Caiman, Haiti (type in U. S. National Museum). 



Cryhastus gossei (not Lateriralltts gossii Bonaparte) Gundlach, Joum. Dm., 

 26, pp. 162, 189, 1878 — Arecibo River, Puerto Rico; idem, Anal. Soc. 

 Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 391, 1878— Arecibo River. 



LateriraUus gossei Stahl, Faim. Puerto Rico, p. 63, 1883 — Puerto Rico; idem, 

 Omis, 3, p. 452, 1887— Puerto Rico. 



Porzana flamventris (not Rallus flaviventer Boddaert) Wetmore, Bull. U. S. 

 Dept. Agr., 326, p. 36, 1916 — Laguna de Gudnica and Bayamon River, 

 Puerto Rico; Danforth, Joum. Dept. Agr. Porto Rico, 10, p. 55, 1926 — 

 Cartagena Lagoon, Puerto Rico. 



Porzana flaviventer hendersoni Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin 

 Islands, 9, p. 338, 1927— Puerto Rico (crit.); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 80, p. 495, 1928 — Trou Caiman, Haiti; Wetmore and Swales, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 133, 1931— Haiti (crit.); Danforth, Joum. 

 Dept. Agr. Porto Rico, 15, p. 50, 1931 — Cartagena and Anegada Lagoons, 

 Puerto Rico; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 184, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Islands of Hispaniola (Haiti) and Puerto Rico. 

 Porzana flaviventer woodi van Rossem.^ Wood's Rail. 



Porzana flaviventer woodi van Rossem, Condor, 36, p. 243, 1934 — Lake Olo- 

 mega, Dept. San Miguel, El Salvador (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, 

 now in University of California at Los Angeles) ; Dickey and van Rossem, 

 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 160, 1938— Lake Olomega, El 

 Salvador (habits). 



Range. — Kjiown only from Lake Olomega, Dept. San Miguel, 

 in El Salvador. 



♦Porzana flaviventer bangsi Darlington.- Bangs's Rail. 



Porzana flaviventer bangsi Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 372, 

 1931 — Cienaga, Magdalena, Colombia (type in Museum of Comparative 

 Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 185, 1934 (range). 



61-63 J^; bill, 14J^16. As only a few specimens exist in collections, the slight 

 difference needs corroboration by additional material before the claims of the form 

 to recognition can be regarded as established. 



> Porzana flaviventer tooodi van Rossem: Nearest to P. f. hendersoni, which it 

 resembles in proportions, but pectoral region even more whitish; white dorsal 

 markings still more reduced on an even browner groimd; crown paler; black 

 loral streak only half as wide as in all other races. Wing, (male) 60^; bill, 15.8 

 (van Rossem, I.e.). 



* Porzana flaviventer bangsi Darlington: "Similar to the nominate race, but 

 breast and sides of neck much paler buff, thereby resembling P. f. gossii, from 

 which it may, however, be separated by having the upper wing coverts, rump, 

 and interscapular region markedly blacker and more variegated with white." 

 In other words, this race combines the coloration of the upper parts of flaviventer 

 with the pale pectoral region of the West Indian forms. Proportions the same as 

 in P. /. flaviventer. Wing, 63-65; bill, 16. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 367 



/Jawge.— Tropical zone of northern Colombia (Ci^naga and 

 Gamarra, Magdalena). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Colombia (Gamarra, Magdalena, 1). 



*Porzana flaviventer flaviventer (Boddaert). Yellow-breasted 

 Rail. 



Rallus flaviventer Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 52, Dec, 1783 — based on 

 "Petit Raie, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PL EnL, pL 847; Cayenne. 



Rallus minutus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 719, 1789 — based on Daubenton, 

 PL EnL, pL 847; Cayenne.^ 



Rallus superciliaris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 28, p. 565, 

 1819 — based on "Ypacahd ceja blanca" Azara, No. 377; Paraguay. 



Ortygometra flaviventris Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 24, 1847 — Paraguay 

 (ex Azara). 



Ortygometra minuta Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 388, 1856 — 

 Guiana to Paraguay. 



Pqrzana flaviventer Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 31, 1865 — Cayenne; 

 Ihering, Faun. Braz., 1, p. 30, 1907 (range); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. 

 Buenos Aires, 18, p. 197, 1910 — Tigre, Buenos Aires; idem, Bol. Soc. 

 Physis, 1, p. 255, 1913 — Buenos Aires (Tigre) and Santa Fe; Bertoni, Faun. 

 Parag., p. 37, 1914— Paraguay; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922- 

 23, p. 600, 1924— Tigre, Buenos Aires; Zotta, El Hornero, 5, p. 377, 1934 

 — Buenos- Aires (food). 



Porzana flaviventris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 455— 

 part, Cayenne, Venezuela (Caracas), Brazil, and Paraguay; Reinhardt, 

 Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 43 — Lagoa Santa, Minas 

 Geraes; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 110, 1894 — part, spec, b, c, 

 Oyapock (French Guiana) and Brazil; Berlepsch, Nov. ZooL, 15, p. 299, 

 1908 — Oyapock River, French Guiana; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, 

 p., 72, 1914— Para and Rio Guam4 (Ourem), Brazil; Chubb, Bds. Brit. 

 Guiana, 1, p. 73, 1916 — Abary River, Perth, and Essequibo River; Chap- 

 man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 218, 1917 — Juanchito Marshes, near 

 Cali, Cauca, Colombia. 



Porzana flaviventer flaviventer Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 62, 

 p. 41, 1918 — Paramaribo and Altonaweg, Surinam; Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 185, 1934 (range). 



Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana; Venezuela (north 

 coast region near Caracas and San Esteban; Lake Valencia; Culata 

 and Nevados, M^rida); Colombia (Cali, Cauca); eastern Brazil 

 (Pard; Our^m, Rio Guama; Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes); Paraguay 

 (including the Paraguayan Chaco); northern Argentina (Santa F^; 

 Tigre, Buenos Aires). ^ 



1 Gmelin's var. /3, based on Buffon's "Bidi-bidi," refers to the Jamaican race, 

 P. f. gossii. 



^ This little rail has been recorded from widely scattered localities between 

 the north coast of South America and Buenos Aires Province. A single adult 




368 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Venezuela (Lake Valencia, 3); 

 British Guiana (Buxton, E. C, Demerara, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 7: Paraguay (170 km. west of Puerto 

 Casado, 6; 235 km. west on the Riacho Negro, 1). 



Genus LATERALLUS G. R. Gray 



Lateralltis^ G. R. Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 120, 1855 — type, by orig. 



desig., Rallus melanophaius Vieillot. 

 Rufirallus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, No. 12, p. 599, 



Sept., 1856 — type, by subs, desig. (Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 



Lond., 1868, p. 450), Rallus cayanensis "L"[innaeus] [=Boddaert]=/2aHMs 



viridis P. L. S. Muller. 

 Laterirallus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, No. 12, p. 599, 



Sept., 1856 — type, by subs, desig. (Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 



Lond., 1868, p. 450), Rallus melanophaius Vieillot. 

 Cryhastus Cabanis, Joum. Orn., 4, No. 24, "November, 1856," p. 428, pub. 



after Feb. 16, 1857* — new name for Laterirallus Bonaparte. 

 Crecisais Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, No. 24, "November, 1856," p. 428, pub. 



after Feb. 16, 1857* — type, by orig. desig., Rallus jamaicensis Gmelin. 

 Erythrolimnas Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., 



p. 320, 1890 — new name for Rufirallus Bonaparte. 

 Limnocrex Ridgway, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 72, No. 4, p. 3, 1920 — type, by orig. 



desig., Porzana cinereiceps Lawrence. 

 Thryocrex Ridgway, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 72, No. 4, p. 4, 1920 — type, by 



orig. desig., Corethrura rubra Sclater and Salvin. 



*Laterallus jamaicensis pygmaeus (Blackwall).^ Eastern Black 

 Crake. 



male from Lagoa Santa, southern Brazil, does not materially differ from northern 

 individuals, while one from Argentina in the American Museum of Natural History, 

 according to Mr. J. T. Zimmer (in litt.), is much grayer on the sides of the neck 

 and scapulars and has very little buff on throat and sides of the breast, suggesting 

 the existence of a southern race, for which Vieillot's name Rallus superciliaris 

 would be available. The junior author, however, does not find these characters 

 present in seven specimens from the Paraguayan Chaco, which he has recently 

 acquired. Mr. Zimmer also writes that two Cali skins agree fairly well with two 

 others from the M6rida region, Venezuela, and do not correspond to the characters 

 of P. f. bangsi. 



Additional material examined. — Guiana: Oyapock River, 1; Demerara, 1. — 

 Venezuela: near Caracas, 1; unspecified, 1. — Brazil: Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, 1. 



> Laterally^ Bonaparte (Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (4), 1, p. 150, 1854) is a nomen 

 nudum. 



» Cf. Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45, pp. 119-120, 1932. 



' Laterallus jamaicensis pygmaeus (Blackwall) : Equal to typica.\ jamaicensis in 

 size, but with the bill shorter and slenderer; chestnut brown of the nape and 

 mantle duller. 



Additional material examined. — Florida (Key West, 1). 



Sharpe (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 135, 1894) quotes a Crex pygmaea Bech- 

 stein, but there seems to be no such thing. The earliest use of that name for a 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 369 



Crex pygmaea Blackwall, Edinb. Journ. Sci. (conducted by David Brewster), 

 (n.s.), 6, p. 77, Oct., 1832 — Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (type in coll. of 

 Robert Wood, Manchester). 

 ~ Cresciscus [sic] jamaicensis stoddardi Coale, Auk, 40, p. 89, 1923 — Hyde Lake, 

 South Chicago, Illinois (type in Field Museum of Natural History 

 examined). 



Creciscus jamaicensis (not Rallus jamaicensis Gmelin) Sharpe, Cat. Eds. 

 Brit. Mus., 23, p. 135, 1894 — part, eastern North America, Guatemala; 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 323, 1903 — part. 

 Lake of Duenas, Guatemala; Cooke, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 128, p. 33, 

 1914 — part, except Jamaica (distr., migr.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 135, p. 326, 1926 (life hist.)- 



Porzana jamaicensis Allen, Auk, 17, p. 1, pi. 1, 1900 — part, except Jamaica 

 (lit., life hist.); Stone, Auk, 17, p. 171, 1900 (breeding Raleigh, North 

 Carolina); Brewster, Auk, 24, p. 208, 1907 — part, except Jamaica (descr., 

 dist. char.). 



Creciscus jamaicensis stoddardi Wayne, Auk, 40, p. 319, 1923 (crit., reject.). 



Lateralliis jamaicensis stoddardi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 189, 1934 (range). 



i^awgfe.— Breeds from Massachusetts, southern Ontario(?) and 

 Minnesota south to Kansas, Illinois, and Florida. Winters mainly 

 south of the United States. 



Field Museum Collection. — 8: Illinois (Hyde Lake, Cook County, 

 1); Indiana ("Windfall, Tipton County, 1); South Carolina (Mount 

 Pleasant, Charleston, 1); Florida (St. Marks, Wakulla County, 5). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Florida (Warrington, Escambia County, 1). 



*Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus (Ridgway).i Farallon 

 Black Crake. 



Porzana jamaicensis var. coturniculus "Baird" Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, p. 

 Ill, 1874 — Farallon Islands, Coast of California (type in U. S. National 

 Museum). 



Creciscus jamaicensis (not Rallus jamaicensis Gmelin) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 23, p. 135, 1894 — part, California. 



Creciscus coturniculus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 137 (footnote), 

 1894; Ingersoll, Condor, 11, p. 123, 1909 (nesting); Cooke, Bull. U. S. 

 Dept. Agr., 128, p. 35, 1914 (distr., migr.); Huey, Condor, 18, p. 58, 1916 

 (life hist.); Oberholser, Auk, 35, p. 63, 1918 (crit.); Grinnell, Bryant, 

 and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 304, 1918 (habits, range); Bent, Bull. 

 U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 332, 1926 (life hist.). 



European Rail dates from Naumann (Naturg. Vog. Deuts., 9, p. 567, 1838), 

 therefore Crex pygmaea Blackwall takes precedence over Crescescus jamaicensis 

 stoddardi Coale. 



^ Later alius jamaicensis coturniculus (Ridgway): Differs from typical jamaicen- 

 sis from Jamaica in being smaller (wing 63-68 against 69-72) and in having a 

 slenderer bill; also the tarsus and middle toe are shorter (19-21 against 22-24). 

 The white markings of the upper parts are more plentiful and average larger. 




370 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Porzana jamaieensis cotumiculxis Brewster, Auk, 24, p. 208, 1907 (dist. char.), 

 Creciscus jamaieensis coturniculus Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 87, 



1928 — Lower California. 

 Laterallus jamaieensis coturniculus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 189, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Known to breed only in the vicinity of San Diego, 

 California. Occurs in summer in central California (Suisun, Farallon 

 Islands) with casual records from Oregon (Malheur Lake) and, per- 

 haps, Washington (Tacoma). Range extends south along the coast 

 of California to northwestern Lower California (San Quintin; San 

 Ramon). 



Field Museum Collection. — 11: California (Point Reyes, 5; Mar- 

 shall, 1; Marin County, 2; San Francisco, 1; Redwood City, 1; 

 unspecified, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 9: California (Point Reyes, Marin County, 

 8; Mount Eden, Alameda County, 1). 



*Laterallus jamaieensis jamaieensis (Gmelin). Jamaican Black 

 Crake. 



Rallus jamaieensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 718, 1789 — based on "The 

 Least Water-Hen" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 142, pi. 278 (lower 

 fig.); Jamaica. 



Creciscus jamaieensis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 135, 1894 — part, 

 Jamaica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 323, 1903 — 

 part, Jamaica; Cooke, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 128, p. 33, 1914 — part, 

 Jamaica. 



Porzana jamaieensis Allen, Auk, 17, p. 1, pi. 1 — part, Jamaica (lit., life hist.); 

 Brewster, Auk, 24, p. 208, 1907 — part, Jamaica (descr., dist. char.). 



Later allUrS jamaieensis jamaieensis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 189, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Island of Jamaica.^ 



Conover Collection. — 1: Jamaica (Spanish Town, 1). 



Laterallus jamaieensis murivagans (Riley).- Peruvian Black 

 Crake. 



Creciscus murivagans Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29, p. 104, 1916 — Lima, 

 Peru (type in U. S. National Museum examined). 



^ Addiiional mxiterial examined. — Jamaica (near Spanish Town, 2; unspeci- 

 fied, 3). 



* Laterallus jamaieensis murivagans (Riley) : Very similar to L. j. salinasi, 

 but distinguished by having the ground color of the back paler, decidedly fuscous 

 brown (less blackish) with the white markings forming regular transverse bars 

 across the whole width of the feathers instead of being broken up into separate 

 marginal spots, and the abdominal line as well as the under tail coverts nearly 

 uniform light pinkish cinnamon (not barred with slate color and white). Wing, 

 76-79; tail, 32-37; bill, 13-15. 



Seven specimens from Lima examined. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 371 



Porzana jamaicensis (not Rallus jamaicensis Gmelin) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1867, p. 343 — Lima; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 455 — part, 

 Lima; Taczanowski, Orn. P6r., 3, p. 321, 1886 — Lima; Berlepsch and 

 Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 394 — Lima. 



Creciscus salinazi (not Rallus salinasi Philippi) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 



23, p. 136, 1894 — part, spec, a, b, Lima. 

 Creciscus jamaicensis murivagans Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 

 19, p. 359 (in text), 1932— littoral of Peru (crit.). 



Laterallus jamaicensis murivagans Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 190, 1934 — littoral 

 of Peru. 



Range. — Littoral of Peru (Lima). 



♦Laterallus jamaicensis salinasi (Philippi).^ Chilean Black 

 Crake. 



Rallus salinasi Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 14, p. 180, 1857 — Chile (probable 

 type, from Paine, Prov. Santiago, in Museo Nacional, Santiago de Chile; 

 cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 25, 1930); idem, 



' Arch. Naturg., 23, (1), p. 262, 1857— Chile. 



Porzana jamaicensis (not Rallus jamaicensis Gmelin) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1867, pp. 333, 339— Chile (crit.); idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 455 

 — part, Chile; Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 1, 

 p. 377, 1884— part, Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 565, 1877— 

 Colchagua(?), Chile; idem, I.e., 93, p. 209, 1896— Chile. 



Gallinula salinasi PhiHppi, Anal. (Jniv. Chile, 31, p. 278, 1868 — Province of 

 Santiago, Chile. 



Creciscus salinazi [sic] Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 136, 1894 — part, 

 spec, e-g, Santiago Province, Chile. 



Rallus (Porzana) salinasi Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nae. Chile, 15, p. 69, pi. 23, 

 fig. 2, 1902— Chile. 



Creciscus jamaicensis salinasi Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, 

 p. 358, 1932 — vicinity of Santiago, Chile (crit.); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. 

 Nat., 37, p. 65, 1933 — ^Limache (Valparaiso) and Fundo Romeral (San 

 Francisco de Mostazal), Chile (egg descr.). 



Laterallus jamaicensis salinasi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 190, 1934 — Chile. 



Range. — Central Chile from Aconcagua to Colchagua.^ 

 Field Museum Collection. — 1: Chile (unspecified, 1). 



^ Laterallus jamaicensis salinasi (Philippi) is closely related to the Black Rail 

 of North America, but may be separated by the much more extensive, as well as 

 brighter (russet instead of carob or chestnut brown) nuchal area, broader and 

 more numerous white bars on the flanks, and longer toes. The blackish ground 

 color of the back with the reduced spot-like white markings is about the same as 

 in the North American bird. Wing, 76-78; tail, 33-37; bill, 14-16. 



Additional material examined. — Chile: vicinity of Santiago, 5; unspecified, 2. 



* What Porzana jamaicensis Schlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 36, 1865), 

 from "Nouvelle Grenade," might be, remains in doubt. No representative of 

 this group has been obtained of late in any part of Colombia. 




372 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 

 Laterallus spilopterus (Durnford).* Spotted- winged Crake. 



Porzana spiloptera (Burmeister MS.) Dumford, Ibis, (4), 1, p. 194, pi. 3, 1877 

 — Belgrano, Prov. Buenos Aires (type in British Museum); [Sclater and 

 Saunders], Ibis, 1888, p. 285 — near Buenos Aires; Sharp)e, Cat. Bds. Brk. 

 Mus., 23, p. 109, 1894 — Belgrano; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, 

 p. 258, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Giacomelli, El Homero, 3, 

 p. 81, 1923— Paso del Recreo, La Rioja; Serie, I.e., 3, p. 191, 1923— Pradere 

 (F.C.O.), about 440 km. west of Buenos Aires; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. 

 Publ. for 1922-23, p. 600, 1924— Buenos Aires Province; Dabbene, El 

 Homero, 3, p. 422, 1926 — Barra de Pando, Dept. Canelones, Uruguay; 

 Pereyra, I.e., 4, p. 23, 1927 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Peters, Bds. World, 2, 

 p. 184, 1934— Argentina. 



Porzana salinasi (not Rallus salinasi Philippi) Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 

 2, p. 155, 1889 — Belgrano, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. 

 Buenos Aires, 18, p. 196, 1910 — Prov. Buenos Aires and San Juan; Gibson, 

 Ibis, 1920, p. 40 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. 



Range. — Uruguay (Barra de Pando, Dept. Canelones) and 

 Argentina (from Buenos Aires west to Paso del Recreo, La Rioja, 

 and San Juan). 



♦Laterallus xenopterus Conover.- Horqueta Crake, 



Laterallus xenopterus Conover, Auk, 51, p. 365, 1934 — Horqueta, 40 km. east 

 of Paraguay River, Paraguay (type in Conover Collection, Field Museum 

 of Natural History). 



Range. — Paraguay (Horqueta, 40 km. east ol Paraguay River, 

 long. 57° 10' W., lat. 23° 24' S.). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Paraguay (Horqueta, V). 



^ Laterallus spilopterus (Dumford), though unquestionably congeneric, dif- 

 fers so widely in coloration from L. j. salinasi that it may provisionally be accorded 

 specific rank. -It differs from its western ally by having the upper part of the 

 head, back, and rump rufescent olive brown coarsely spotted with black without 

 trace of white, and by the great reduction of the white markings on the wings. The 

 smaller upper wing coverts are chiefly pale brown with only a few black and 

 white subapical spots, and the larger ones as well as the tertials are externally 

 broadly edged with pale brown and have but a limited number of broader white 

 bars, whereas in L. j. salinasi all these parts are closely barred with black and 

 white without any brown edges. The white spots and bars on primaries and 

 secondaries, so conspicuous in salinasi, are wholly absent in the Argentine bird, 

 and the tail feathers are uniform blackish brown, exteriorly margined with olive 

 brown. Wing, 74-77; bUl, 13-14. 



Material examined. — Argentina: Buenos Aires, 1; Barracas al Sud, Buenos 

 Aires, 2; Santa F6, Prov. Santa F6, 1. 



* LateraUus xenopterus Conover: Top of head, sides of face to below auriculars, 

 upper part of the neck, and mantle dark rufous (nearest to chestnut of Ridgway) ; 

 lores brownish gray; back and rump brown; upper wing coverts and scapulars 

 brownish black, broadly barred with white; primaries and secondaries brown; 

 bend of the wing white; throat cream color; front and sides of the neck, chest, and 

 upper breast buffy ochraceous (clay color of Ridgway); lower breast, belly, and 

 vent white; sides of body and flanks white, broadly barred with brownish black; 

 under wing coverts white, slightly mottled with dusky; axillaries brown, apically 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 373 

 Laterallus spilonotus (Gould). Galapagos Crake. 



Zapornia spilonota Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, Part 15, p. 132, 

 pi. 49, 1841^ — Galdpagos Archipelago = James Island (type formerly in coll. 

 of Zoological Society of London, apparently lost). 



Porzana spilonota Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 456 — 

 Galapagos (monog.); idem. I.e., 1870, p. 323 — Indefatigable; Salvin, Trans. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 500, 1876 — James and Indefatigable (descr.); Ridg- 

 way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, "1896," p. 618, 1897— Indefatigable and 

 James (ex Sharpe) ; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 256, 

 1904— James. 



Creciscus spilonotus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 137, 1894 — Inde- 

 fatigable; Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 184, 1899 — James 

 Island (crit.); Giflford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 12, 1913— Abingdon, 

 Albemarle, Indefatigable, James, Narborough, and Seymour Islands 

 (crit., habits); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 52, 1931 — same 

 localities (crit.). 



Porzana galapagoensis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 113, 1894 — Gala- 

 pagos Islands (type in British Museum) ; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 ' 19, "1896," p. 619, 1897 (ex Sharpe). 



Creciscus sharpei Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 185, 1899 — Inde- 

 fatigable Island (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum 

 of Natural History; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 34, p. 24, 1927); iidem, I.e., 

 9, p. 412, 1902 — Indefatigable and Narborough (crit.). 



Porzana sharpei Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 256, 1904 — 

 Narborough. 



Lateralltis spilonotus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 190, 1934 — Galdpagos. 



Range. — Galapagos Archipelago (recorded from Abingdon, James, 

 Seymour, Indefatigable, Albemarle, and Narborough Islands).^ 



♦Laterallus exilis (Temminck).^ Temminck's Crake. 



Rallus exilis Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PL Col., livr. 87, pi. 523, Jan. 22, 1831— 

 "envoye au Musee de Paris par M. Martin" (the type examined in the 

 Paris Museum is from Cayenne). 



white. Bill dusky, with tip of lower mandible light horn; feet dark brown. Wing 

 (adult female), 89; tarsus, 27.5; middle toe with claw, 30.5; bill, 16. 



This very distinct species, of which a single adult female (without tail) was 

 secured at Horqueta on November 17, 1933, by Alberto Schulze, resembles L. 

 spilopterus in having the upper wing coverts broadly barred with white, but 

 differs at a glance by the buffy ochraceous foreneck, chest, and breast, while the 

 rufous coloration of the head and mantle recalls L. leucopyrrhus. 



1 From the study by Gifford and Swarth of the large series in the collection of 

 the California Academy of Sciences it results that there is no local variation in the 

 Galapagos Crake, and that C. sharpei, of Indefatigable and Narborough, cannot be 

 separated from the birds found on James and other islands. 



Six specimens examined. 



2 It is quite possible that Rallus cinereus Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., 

 nouv. ed., 28, p. 556, 1819), from Cayenne, is the same bird, though in the descrip- 

 tion no mention is made of the striking rufous nuchal area. Hellmayr could not 

 find in the French National Collection any specimen bearing Vieillot's name, 

 although the type is credited by the describer to the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. 




374 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Gallinula ruficollis Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 349, Dec. 31, 1837 — "America" 

 (type in the Andersonian Museum of Glasgow). . 



Ortygometra cinerea (not Rallus cinereus Vieillot) L^otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 495, 

 1866— Trinidad. 



Porzana exilis Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 35, 1865 — Guiana; Sclater 

 and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 567 — lower Ucayali, Peru, 



Porzana cinerea Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 456 — 

 Cayenne, Peru (Ucayali), Par4, and Trinidad (monog.); Pelzeln, Orn. 

 Bras., 3, p. 317, 1870 — Marabitanas, Rio Negro, Brazil; Sclater and 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 308— lower Ucayali, Peru; Tac- 

 zanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 322, 1886 — lower Ucayali. 



Porzana exilis vagans Ridgway,* Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, "1887," p. 595, 

 1888 — Segovia River, Honduras (type in U. S. National Museum ex- 

 amined); Richmond, I.e., 16, p. 530, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua. 



Creciscus exilis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 138, 1894 — Trinidad, 

 Cayenne, Surinam (Maroni River), and Peru (Nauta) ; Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 323, 1903 — Honduras (Segovia River), 

 Nicaragua (Rio Escondido), Guiana, Amazons, and Trinidad; Ihering, 

 Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 30, 1907 (range); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 299, 

 1908— Cayenne; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 1, p. 209, 1908— Surinam; Sneth- 

 lage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 72, 1914— Pard; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, 

 p. 76, 1916 — Bonasika and Abary rivers. 



[Creciscus exilis] subsp. a. Creciscus vagans Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, 

 p. 139, 1894 — Segovia River (ex Ridgway). 



Creciscus exilis exilis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 90, 1907 — Teff6, Rio 

 Solimoes, Brazil; idem, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 

 26, No. 2, pp. 82, 97, 1912— Peixe-Boi, Par§; Chapman, Bull. Amer. 



' Comparison of the type of L. e. vagans Ridgway and another specimen from 

 the Escondido River in Nicaragua with eight examples of exilis from Brazil shows 

 that no difference in size exists between these two groups. There is no difference 

 in color either. The name vagans has therefore been reduced to synonymy. 

 Below are the measurements of the ten specimens. 



Toe 

 Wing Tarsus (Without nail) Bill. 



One male (type) 73 26 26 17 



Segovia River, Honduras 

 One male 70.5 22.5 26 16 



Escondido River, Nicaragua 

 One male 70 23 26 15 



Par4 

 One male 76 25 29 16.5 



Sao Paulo de Olivenga, Solimoes 

 One male 77 23 26 16.5 



Sao Paulo de Olivenga, Solimoes 

 One male 68 24 26 17 



Lago Cuipeua 

 One male 73 23 28 15.5 



Lago Cuipeua 

 One female 71 23 25.5 15.5 



Lago Cuipeua 

 One female 73 23 25.5 15 



Lago Cuipeua 

 One immature female 73 22.5 26 14 



Tom6-assu, Rio Acar4 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 375 



Mus. N. H., 55, p. 177, 1926 — Esmeraldas, western Ecuador; Stone, Proc. 

 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 152, 1928— Pard; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 60, p. 73, 1930 — Rio Solimoes, above mouth of Rio Negro, 

 Brazil; Roberts, Trop. Agric, 11, p. 90, 1934— Trinidad. 



Credseas exilis vagans Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 303, 1932 — 

 Segovia River (ex Ridgway). 



Lateralliis exilis vagans Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 190, 1934 (range). 



Laterallus exilis exilis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 190, 1934 (range); Belcher 



and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 284 — Caroni Marshes, Trinidad (nest and 



eggs descr.). 



Range. — Honduras (Segovia River) ; Nicaragua (Rio Escondido) ; 

 Island of Trinidad; Venezuela (Hechisera, M^rida); French, Dutch, 

 and British Guiana; northern Brazil (from Para to the Rio Negro 

 and the Rio Solim5es); eastern Peru (lower Ucayali; Nauta); western 

 Ecuador (one record from Esmeraldas).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Brazil (Itacoatiard, 3). 



Conover Collection.— S: Brazil (Lago Cuipeua, Para, 4; Tom^- 

 assu, Rio Acara, 1; Pard, 1; Sao Paulo de Olivenga, Rio Solimoes, 2). 



*Laterallus melanophaius cinereiceps (Lawrence).^ Law- 

 rence's Crake. 



Porzana ciiiereiceps Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 11, p. 90, 1875— 

 Talamanca, Costa Rica (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, 

 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 409 (note), 1883— Talamanca (crit.); idem, 

 Lc, 10, p. Ill, 1887— Talamanca (crit.); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa 

 Rica, 1, p. 131, 1887 — Pacuare, Costa Rica; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., 16, p. 528, 1893 — Costa Rica (Rio Frio) and Nicaragua (Greytown, 

 Escondido River, Los Sabalos) (crit., variation); idem. Auk, 12, pp. 19, 

 32, 1895 (life history, crit., synon.). 



Porzana albigularis (not Corethrura albigularis Lawrence) Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 280 — Blewfields River, Nicaragua; iidem. 

 I.e., 1868, p. 454— part, "Mosquitia"; iidem, Exot. Orn., p. 109, 1868— 

 part, Bluefields River, Nicaragua. 



Porzana leucogastra Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 408, 1884 — Los 

 Sdbalos, Nicaragua (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, I.e., 10, p. 

 Ill, 1887— Los Sdbalos (crit.). 



Credscus albigularis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 140, 1894 — part, 

 Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 324, 

 1903 — part, Nicaragua (Greytown, Bluefields, Rio Escondido, Los Sdba- 



1 Additional material examined. — Honduras: Segovia River, 1 (type of vagans). 

 — Nicaragua: Escondido River. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 2. — Surinam, 1. — 

 Venezuela: Hechisera, Merida, 2. — Brazil: Peixe-Boi, Pard, 1; Marabitanas, Rio 

 Negro, 5; Teflfe, Rio Solimoes, 2. 



^ The Central American representatives are clearly conspecific with L. melano- 

 phaiiis. Certain specimens of the nominate race can hardly be told apart from 

 cinereiceps except by their rufous (instead of gray) auriculars. 




376 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



los) and eastern Costa Rica (Talamanca, Pacuarito, Desamporados, 

 Jimenez, Reventazon, Sipurio, Juan Vinas, Azahar de Cartago, Carrlllo); 

 Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 410, 1910 — Caribbean Costa Rica 

 (Juan Vinas, Reventazon, Carrlllo, Cariblanco, Cachf, Guapiles, Bonilla); 

 Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 447, 1928— Chiriqui- 

 cito, Almirante Bay, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 301, 

 1931 — Almirante, Changuinola, and Gudbo, Almirante Bay, Panama. 



Credscus cinereiceps Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 337, 1894 — Rio 



Escondido, Nicaragua. 

 Credscus dnereiceps leucogaster Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 



209, 1932 — Eden, Nicaragua (crit., nest and eggs). 



Laierallus albigularis dnereiceps Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 190, 1934 (range); 

 Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 304, 1935 — Caribbean slope of 

 Panama to Rio Calovevora, Veraguas. 



Range. — Caribbean slope of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, south 

 to the Almirante Bay region and, according to Griscom, even to the 

 Rio Calovevora, Veraguas, in western Panama.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Costa Rica (Talamanca, 1; Limon, 

 1; Jimenez, 1). - 



Conover Collection. — ^11: Costa Rica (Peralta, 3; Limon, 1); 

 Panama (Cricamola, Bocas del Toro, 7). 



*Laterallus melanophaius albigularis (Lawrence). White- 

 throated Crake. 



Corethrura albigularis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 302, 1861 — 

 "Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama along the line of the Panama 

 Railroad" (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Mu- 

 seum of Natural History, New York); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 372— Panama Railroad. 



Porzana albigularis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 454 — 

 part, Panama and Costa Rica [=Barrdnca, Gulf of Nicoya]; iidem, Exot.. 

 Orn., p. 109, pi. 55, 1868 — part. Isthmus of Panama and Costa Rica 

 (Barranca, Gulf of Nicoya); iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 546 — 

 Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia (nest and egg descr.); Ridgway, Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. Ill, 1887 — Isthmus of Panama (crit.); Richmond, 

 Auk, 12, p. 31, 1895 (synon.); Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, pp. 157, 

 172, 1898 — Pueblo Viejo and Palomina, Colombia; idem, Proc. New 

 Engl. Zool. CI., 2, p. 14, 1900 — Loma del Leon, Panama. 



Porzana alfari Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. Ill, 1887 — Las Trojas, 

 Pacific coast of Costa Rica" (type formerly in Museo Nacional de Costa 

 Rica, now in U. S. National Museum ;'= immature). 



1 As has been shown by Richmond, P. leucogastra was based on individual 

 variation of L. cinereiceps. 



* Near San Mateo, in the neighborhood of the Gulf of Nicoya (fide Geo. K. 

 Cherrie, in Richmond, Auk, 12, p. 31, 1895). 



* Cf. Bangs, in Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 410, 1910. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 377 



Creciscus alfara [sic] Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 241, 1894 (ex 

 Ridgway). 



Creciscus albigularis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 140, 1894 — Costa 

 Rica (Barrdnca, Nicoya), Veragua, Panama (Lion Hill), and Colombia 

 (Remedies); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, 

 p. 12, 1899— Laguna de Pita, Darien; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 604, 1902 

 — San Javier, Prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador (crit.); Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 324, 1903 — Costa Rica (Las Trojas), 

 Panama (Lion Hill, Veragua, Laguna de Pita), and Colombia; Carriker, 

 Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 410, 1910 — Costa Rica (Las Trojas, Barrdnca); 

 Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1208— Sipi, Rio Sipi, Pacific 

 Colombia; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 

 9, p. B. 8, 1911 — Santo Domingo de los Coronados, Ecuador; Chapman, 

 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 218, 1917 — San Antonio and Barbacoas 

 (Nariiio), Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 244, 1918 

 — Gattin, Panama; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 179, 

 1922 — La Concepcion, Mamatoco, and Fundacion, Santa Marta, Colom- 

 bia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 178, 1926 — Esmeraldas 

 and Rio de Oro, Ecuador; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 155, 

 1929— Cana, Darien; Darlington, I.e., 71, p. 373, 1931— Cienaga, Magda- 

 lena, Colombia; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 321, 1932 — Perme, eastern Panama. 



Creciscus cinereiceps (not Porzana cinereiceps Lawrence) Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 325, 1902 — part. La Barranca, Nicoya, 

 Costa Rica. 



Laterallus albigularis albigularis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 190, 1934 (range); 

 Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 304, 1935 — Panama (range). 



Range. — Pacific lowlands of Costa Rica (two records from Bar- 

 rdnca and Las Trojas, Gulf of Nicoya) south through Panama and 

 northern and western Colombia (Santa Marta region; Remedies, 

 Rio It4; Pacific slope) to western Ecuador (south to Rio de Oro).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Panama (Colon, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 15: Panama (Port Obaldia, Darien, 8; 

 Perm^, 1); Colombia (Fundacion, Santa Marta, 1; Munchique, El 

 Tambo, Cauca, 1); Ecuador (San Mateo, Esmeraldas, 2; Santo 

 Domingo, 1; Gualea, 1). 



*Laterallus melanophaius oenops (Sclater and Salvin). ^ Ecua- 

 dorian Crake. 



^ Specimens from western Ecuador (San Javier, three) and Colombia (Reme- 

 dies, two; Sipi, one) seem to be inseparable from Panama (Lion Hill) birds. The 

 proper identification of the inhabitants of the lowlands along the Gulf of Nicoya 

 in Costa Rica is perhaps somewhat doubtful owing to the unsatisfactory condition 

 of the two existing examples. The one obtained by E. Arce being in juvenile 

 plumage is practically useless for comparative purposes. The type of P. alfari 

 shows slight traces of gray on the lores, auriculars, and under the eyes (cf. Rich- 

 mond, Auk, 12, p. 31, 1905), but the late Outram Bangs (as quoted by Carriker, 

 Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p, 410, 1910) considered it a slightly immature example 

 of albigularis. 



^ Laterallus melanophaius oenops (Sclater and Salvin) differs from the nominate 

 race by lighter, more olivaceous (less dusky) upper parts and by having the fore- 




378 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Porzana oenops Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 161 — 

 Sarayacu, eastern Ecuador (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in 

 British Museum). 



Creciscus aenops Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 140, 1894 — Sarayacu; 

 Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 218, 1917 — La Morelia, Caqueta, 

 Colombia. 



Creciscus oenops Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 178, 1926 — 

 Sarayacu. 



Creciscus melanophaeus (not Rallus melanophaius Vieillot) Berlepsch and 

 Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 49 — La Merced, Chan- 

 chamayo, Peru. 



Lateralliis melanophaius oenops Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 191, 1934 — eastern 

 Colombia and Ecuador. 



Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Colombia (La Morelia, 

 Caqueta), eastern Ecuador (Sarayacu), eastern Peru (La Merced, 

 Chanchamayo, Dept. Junin), and western Brazil (Rio Purus). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Brazil, Amazonas (Labrea, Rio Purus, 4). 



♦Laterallus melanophaius melanophaius (Vieillot). Brazilian 

 Crake. 



Rallus melanophaius Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 28, p. 549, 

 1819 — based on "Ypacaha pardo obscuro" Azara, No. 376; Paraguay. 



Crex lateralis Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 79, 1823 — 

 "Brazil" =Bahia (cf. idem, Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., p. 96, 1854; type 

 in Berlin Museum); Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 132, 1841 — 

 Maldonado and Rio de la Plata. 



Gallinula albifrons Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 338, Dec. 31, 1837 — "Brazil" 

 (type in coll. of W. Swainson, now in University Museum, Cambridge, 

 Engl.). 



Gallinula lateralis Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 805, 1833 — eastern. 

 Brazil. 



Ortygometra lateralis Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 387, 1856 — 

 middle Brazil to Paraguay. 



Porzana melanophaia Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 35, 1865 — Brazil. 



head, the supraloral, and postocular regions strongly tinged with rufous. Wing 

 (male), 85; tail, 45; bill, 19. 



A single male from La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru, examined by the senior 

 author, dififers from a good series of m-elanophaius (Paraguay to Guiana) as stated 

 above, and although direct comparison with topotypical material could not be 

 effected it answers so well the original description of oenops that its pertinence to 

 that form seems hardly in doubt. 



Four specimens from the Rio Purus in the Conover Collection are somewhat 

 smaller (wing of adult males, 76-80; bill, 18) than the Peruvian bird. They also 

 show the reddish forehead and differ, besides, from melanophaius by slenderer 

 tarsus and toes, shorter and basally heavier bill, distinctly black-and-white barred 

 under wing coverts, and narrower white barring to the axillaries. L. w. oenops 

 would thus seem to be widely distributed in Upper Amazonia. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 379 



Porzana melanophaea Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 453 

 —southern Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia (Chiquitos), and Venezuela (Cumand, 

 Caracas) (monog.); iidem, Exot. Orn., p. 107, pi. 54, 1868 (monog.); 

 Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 317, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro; Reinhardt, Vidensk. 

 Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 43 — Minas Geraes; Layard, Ibis, 1873, 

 p. 396— Rio Guama, Par^; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 231, 1874— 

 Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1879, p. 641— Chiquitos, Bolivia. 



Creciscus melanophaeus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, pp. 139, 337, 1894 — 

 Pard, Pernambuco, Minas Geraes (Santa Fe), Rio Grande do Sul, and 

 Surinam; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 148, 1899 — 

 Rio Grande do Sul; idem. Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 417, 1899 — Cachoeira, 

 Sao Paulo; idem. I.e., 4, p. 164, 1900— Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Sneth- 

 lage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 73, 1914 — Par^ and Rio Guamd, Brazil; 

 Arribdlzaga, El Hornero, 2, p. 90, 1920 — Argentine Chaco. 



Creciscus melanophaitis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 304, 1905 — Igarape- 

 Assti, Pari; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 30, 1907 — Espirito Santo and 

 Sao Paulo (Iguape, Ubatuba, Cachoeira, Jaboticabal) ; Hartert and Ven- 

 turi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 258, pi. 3, fig. 16 (egg), 1909— Barracas al Sud, 

 Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 197, 1910 — 

 Chaco, Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud), and La Rioja (Cochangasta) ; 

 idem, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 256, 1913 — Barracas al Sud and Chaco; 

 Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 69, 1913 — Chaco; Hellmayr, Ab- 

 handl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 97, 1912— Igarape- 

 Assu and Rio Guamd, Para; Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 81, 1923 — 

 Cochangasta, La Rioja; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 601, 

 1924 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 133, p. 124, 1926 — Riacho Pilaga, Formosa; Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, 

 p. 422, 1926— Montevideo, Uruguay; Pereyra, I.e., 4, p. 414, 1931— San 

 Isidro, Buenos Aires (breeding); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, 

 ji. 152, 1928— Par4. 



Ortygometra (Creciscus) melanophaea Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. 

 Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 96, 1910— Santa Philomena, Piauhy. 



Crecisciis melanophaeus macconnelli Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 75, pi. 3, 

 fig. 1, 1916 — Bonasica River, British Guiana (type in British Museum). 



Creciscus melanophaius lateralis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 

 12, p. 483, 1929— Santa Philomena, Piauhy (crit.). 



Creciscus melanophaius melanophaius Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 75, 1935 — 

 Aratuhype and Corup^ba, Bahia (crit.). 



Laterallus melanophaius lateralis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 191, 1934 — British 

 Guiana to Bahia. 



Laterallus melanophaius melanophaius Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 191, 1934 — 

 Rio de Janeiro to Uruguay and Argentina. 



J^anfife.— Venezuela and British Guiana south through eastern 

 Brazil to Rio Grande do Sul; Uruguay; Paraguay; northern 

 Argentina (terr. of Chaco and Formosa; Barracas al Sud and San 




380 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Isidro, Buenos Aires; Cochangasta, La Rioja); eastern Bolivia 

 (Chiquitos).* 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Brazil (Sao Sebastiao, Sao 

 Paulo, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 8: Brazil (Villa Braga, Rio Tapajoz, 1); 

 Paraguay (Villa Rica, 5; Horqueta, 2). 



♦Laterallus ruber tamaulipensis (Nelson).^ Tamaulipas Crake. 



Creeiscus ruber tamaulipensis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 39, p. 105, 1926 — 

 Alta Mira, Tamaulipas (type in U. S. National Museiun). 



LateraUus ruber tamaulipensis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 191, 1934 — near the 

 Tamesi River, Tamaulipas; Van Tyne, Misc. Pub., Univ. Mich. Mus. 

 Zool., 27, p. 14, 1935 — Pacamon and Laguna del Zotz, Peten, Guatemala 

 (crit.). 



Range. — Eastern Mexico (marshes near the Tamesi River at 

 Alta Mira, Tamaulipas; Tutla, Oaxaca) south to the Peten district, 

 Guatemala. 



Conover Collection. — 4: Mexico (Tutla, Oaxaca, 4).' 

 ♦Laterallus ruber ruber (Sclater and Salvin). RuDDY Crake. 



Coretitrura rubra Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 300 — 

 "in provincia Verae Pads," Guatemala (type, from Coban, in Salvin- 



^ After examining additional material we think it hardly worth while to main- 

 tain the distinction of L. m. lateralis, from Bahia north to Guiana. It cannot be 

 denied that a good many of the northern specimens have the loral and auricular 

 regions somewhat paler and more buffy (Less gray), but exceptions are frequent, 

 and even one (out of two) from Supenaam has these parts just as decidedly gray 

 as others from Paraguay. Pinto, who had a good series from Bahia to Sao Paulo, 

 likewise considers further subdivision unwarranted. In any case, C. m. maccon- 

 neUi is synonymous with C. lateralis, specimens from the two type localities being 

 indistinguishable. 



Addiiional material examined. — Paraguay: Bemalcue, east of Asxmcion, 1. — 

 Argentina: Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, 1; Santa Barbara, 1. — Brazil: Igarape- 

 Assu, Para, 1 ; Santa Philomena, Piauhy, 1; Bahia, 10; Rio de Janeiro, 2; Cachoeira, 

 Sao Paulo, 1; Paran4, 1; Santa Catharina, 1. — British Guiana: Supenaam, 2. 



* LateraUus ruber tamaulipensis (Nelson) : Similar to L. r. ruber, but with longer, 

 distinctly heavier bill; color duller, less rufous, and chestnut area above restricted 

 to a collar of varying width. Wing (male), 75; tail, 33; bUl, 21. 



This form is stated by Van Tyne to range into the Peten region of Guate- 

 mala. A male from Laguna del Zotz, this author explains, is clearly referable to 

 tamaulipensis, while a female from the same locality is not distinguishable from 

 typical ruber. Two other males from Pacamon are intermediate between the 

 two races. More information about these birds seems badly needed. 



' Of these four specimens (received after the volume has gone to press) three, 

 sexed as males, have the chestnut area of the upper parts restricted to the mantle, 

 while the fourth, sexed as a female, has the chestnut area above brighter and 

 extending over the whole back and the upper wing and tail coverts. It would 

 seem, therefore, that there is probably a sexual difference in color which should 

 be taken into account when distinguishing the different races. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 381 



Godman Collection, now in British Museum); idem, Ibis, 1860, p. 277 — 

 Coban, Vera Paz. 

 Porzana rubra Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 31, pi. 16, 1867 — Coban and 

 Choctum, Vera Paz; iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 452 — Guate- 

 mala (monog.); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 378; 1890, p. 89— Cozumel Island. 



Creciscus ruber Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 143, 1894 — Cozumel 

 Island, British Honduras, and Guatemala (Coban, Choctum, Lake Due- 

 fias); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 326, 1903 — 

 same localities; Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 145, 1906 — Xbac, 

 Yucatan. 



Creciscus ruber ruber Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 407, 1929 — 

 Lancetilla, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 122, 1932 

 — Secanquim, Guatemala; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 302, 

 1932 — Lancetilla and "Omoa," Honduras. 



Laterallus ruber ruber Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 191, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Yucatan Peninsula (Xbac), British Honduras (Belize), 

 Guatemala (except Pet^n), northern Honduras (Lancetilla), and 

 Cozumel Island.^ 



Conover Collection. — 1: Guatemala (Bobos, Dept. Izabal, 1). 



Laterallus ruber ruberrimus (Miller and Griscom). ^ Nicara- 

 GUAN Crake. 



Creciscus ruberrimus Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 25, p. 2, 1921 

 — Jinotega, Nicaragua (type in the American Museum of Natural History, 

 New York). 



Laterallus ruber ruberrimus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 191, 1934 (range); Dickey 

 and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 161, 1938— San 

 Sebastian, El Salvador. 



Range. — Known from Jinotega in north-central Nicaragua and 

 San Sebastian, El Salvador. 



Laterallus fasciatus (Sclater and Salvin). ^ Hauxwell's Crake. 



Porzana fasdata Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 981, pub. 

 early in 1868 — Pebas, Chami euros, and Ucayali River, Peru (type, from 

 Pebas, in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum). 



' Two additional specimens from Coban, Verapaz, examined. 



"^ Laterallus ruber ruberrimus (Miller and Griscom) : Similar to L. r. ruber, 

 but with shorter, relatively stouter bill; the rufous of the mantle extended 

 over the whole upper parts including the wing coverts, and considerably deeper 

 chestnut in tone; primaries and tail blackish instead of fuscous. Wing (adult 

 female), 79; tail, 36; bill, 18 mm. 



^ Micropygia sclateri Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 599, 

 1856) described as "media," cannot be regarded as anything but a nomen nudum. 

 The original specimen from Peru, which is now in the collection of the Academy 

 of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, belongs to the above species (cf. Salvin, Ibis, 

 1874, p. 320; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 12, 1899). 




382 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Porzana hauxwelli Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 105, pi. 53, July 1, 

 1868 — new name for Porzana fasciata Sclater and Salvin^ (monog.); iidem, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 453 — Ucayali, Chamicuros, and Pebas, 

 Peru (monog.); iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 308 — Sarayacu, Pebas, and Chami- 

 curos; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 324, 1886 — Peru (Sarayacu, Pebas, 

 Chamicuros); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 89, 1907— Teffe, Rio Solimoes, 

 Brazil. 



Corethrura sp. Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 200 — Sara- 

 yacu, Rio Ucayali, Peru. 



Anurolimnas hauxwelli Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 88, 1894 — Chami- 

 curos, Pebas, Iquitos, and Sarayacu, Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, 

 p. 29, 1907— Pebas and "Obidos," errore; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 

 8, p. 71, 1914 — Bom Lugar, Rio Purus, Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 36, p. 218, 1917 — La Morelia, Caquetd, Colombia; idem, 

 Lc, 55, p. 177, 1926 (not yet recorded from eastern Ecuador). 



Creciscus hauxwelli Snethlage, Joum. Orn., 56, p. 23, 1908 — Bom Lugar, Rio 

 Purvis, Brazil. 



Laterallu^ hauj;welli Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 192, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of Upper Amazonia from the base of the 

 east Colombian Andes south to northeastern Peru and northwestern 

 Brazil (Teff^, Rio Solimoes; Bom Lugar, Rio Purus). ^ 



♦Laterallus levraudi (Sclater and Salvin).^ Levraud's Crake. 



Porzana levraudi Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 452, 

 pi. 35 — vicinity of Caracas, Venezuela (type in Paris Museum); iidem. 

 I.e., 1873, p. 512 — near Caracas. 



Creciscus levraudi Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 142, 1894 — Venezuela. 



Laterallus levraudi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 191, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Northern Venezuela (around Caracas and Lake Valencia). 

 Field Museum Collection. — 1: Venezuela (Lake Valencia, 1). 



Laterallus viridis brunnescens Todd.^ Brownish-backed 

 Crake. 



1 Porzana hauxwelli was proposed as a substitute name for Porzana fasciata 

 Sclater and Salvin, considered, without reason, to be preoccupied by Rallina 

 fasciata Raffles, 1822, member of a different genus. 



* Specimens from various localities agree well together. 



Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 1. — Peru: Pebas, 2; Juanjui, lower 

 Huallaga, 1. — Brazil: Teffe, Rio Solimoes, 1; Bom Lugar, Rio Purus, 1. 



' Laterallus levraudi (Sclater and Salvin) : Closest to L. m. melanophaius, but 

 sides of body and flanks vinous chestnut instead of barred with black and white. 

 Upper parts olive brown, under tail coverts, sides of face and of the body vinous 

 chestnut; middle of throat, breast, and belly white. Differs from L. ruber by hav- 

 ing the mantle olive brown, not chestnut, and the middle of throat, breast, and 

 belly white. Wing, 81; tarsus, 31; bill, 20. 



* Laterallus viridis brunnescens Todd: Very similar to L. v. viridis, but the 

 general color of the upper parts decidedly more brownish, less olive; pileum 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 383 



Laterallus viridis brunnescens Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45, p. 216, 1932 — 

 El Tambor, Santander, Colombia (type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, 

 examined); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 191, 1934 — Colombia west of the 

 eastern Andes. 



Porzana cayennensis (not Rallus cayennensis Gmelin) Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 545 — Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia 

 (nest and eggs descr.). 



Creciscus cayanensis (not Ralltis cayanensis Boddaert) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 23, p. 143, 1894 — part, spec, i-1, Remedios and Bogota, Colombia. 



Range. — Tropical zone of Colombia west of the eastern Andes 

 (Magdalena Valley and its affluent, Rio It^ [Remedios], etc.). 



♦Laterallus viridis viridis (P. L. S. Muller). Cayenne Crake. 



Rallus viridis P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 120, 1776 — based on 

 "Rale, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 368; Cayenne. 



Rallus cayanensis Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 22, Dec, 1783 — based on 

 Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 368; Cayenne. 



Rallus cayennensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 718, 1789 — based on "RSle, 

 de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 368, and "Rale a ventre roux, de 

 Cayenne" Daubenton, I.e., pi. 753; Cayenne. 



Rallus kiolo, VieiWot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 28, p. 556, 1819 — 

 based on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pis. 368, 753; Cayenne. 



Crex aurita J. E. Gray, Zool. Misc., 1, p. 13, 1831 — "South America" (co- 

 types in British Museum). 



Gallinula pileata Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 802, 1833 — Rio Espirito 

 Santo, eastern Brazil (cotypes in Wied Collection in the American 

 Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. 

 H., 2, p. 271, 1889); Tschudi, Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 302, 1846— Peru. 



Gallinula ecaudata Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 348, Dec. 31, 1837 — no locality 

 stated (type in coll. of W. Swainson). 



Rallus poliotis Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., Tabl. m6th., p. 98, 1839 — 

 based on "Rale a ventre roux, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 753; 

 Cayenne. 



Crex facialis Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 388, 1844 — "in sylvis Peruanis 

 calidis" (descr. of young; type in Neuchatel Museum; cf. Berlepsch and 

 Hellmayr, Journ. Orn., 53, p. 19, 1905); idem. I.e., 10, (1), p. 313, 1844— 

 Peru; idem. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 301, 1846 — montanas of central Peru. 



not so dark; sides of head Isabella color rather than gray; under parts lighter 

 rufous. 



After examining the type and three (fairly fresh) "Bogota" skins, the senior 

 author cannot but recognize the Colombian form, although it varies individually 

 just as much as the nominate race does. But taken as a whole, the four speci- 

 mens may be separated by the above characters from a large series of typical 

 viridis. An old "Bogota" skin in Field Museum can be matched by numerous 

 individuals from Amazonia, and we presume it came from the eastern base of the 

 east Colombian Andes, where L. v. viridis may be expected to occur. 




384 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Corethrura cayennensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, p. 115, 1854 — 

 Quixos, Ecuador. 



Ortygometra cayennensis Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 386, 1856 

 — middle Brazil and Guiana. 



Porzana cayennensis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 592 

 — Par4; iidem. I.e., 1868, p. 451 — Cayenne, Pari, and eastern Brazil 

 (monog.); iidem. I.e., 1873, p. 308 — Xeberos, Peru; Taczanowski, Cm. 

 P6r., 3, p. 323, 1886— Peru (Monterico; Xeberos, "Ucayali"); Salvin, 

 Ibis, 1886, p. 176 — Merume Mountains and Roraima, British Guiana; 

 Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 163, 1891 — Santarem, Brazil, 



Porzana cayanensis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 2kK)l. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 754 

 — Xeberos, Peru; Pelzeln, Om. Bras., 3, p. 316, 1870 — Barra do Rio 

 Negro [=Man4os], Pari, and Engenho do Gama (Matto Grosso), Brazil. 



Porzana viridis Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 559 — Amable 

 Maria, Peru. 



Porzana facialis Taczanowski, Om. Per., 3, p. 324, 1886 (descr. of type). 



RufiraUns cayanensis Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893 — Chapada, 

 Matto Grosso. 



Creciscus cayanensis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 143, 1894 — part, 

 spec, a-h, m, Pari, Merume Mountains, Roraima, and Xeberos; M6ne- 

 gaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 184, 1904 — Saint Georges d'Oya- 

 pock, French Guiana; Salvadori, Riv. Ital. Om., 4, p. 3, 1918 (crit.). 



Creciscus facialis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 145, 1894 — Peru (descr. 

 of type). 



Creciscus viridis subrufeseens Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1902, (2), p. 49 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru (type in Mus. 

 Branicki, now in Warsaw Museimi; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. 

 Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 103, 1927). 



Creciscus viridis facialis Berlepsch and Hellmayr, Joum. Dm., 53, p. 19, 1905 

 (crit.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Omis, 13, p. 102, 1906— Santa Ana, 

 Urubamba, Peru; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 48, 1921— 

 Santa Ana. 



Creciscus viridis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 304, 1905 — Igarape-Assu, Para; 

 Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 31, 1907 — Hha Grande, Rio de Janeiro 

 (spec, examined); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 300, 1908 — Cayenne and 

 Roche-Marie, French Guiana; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 73, 1914 

 — Para, Benevides, Rio Guami (Ourem), Cussary, and Rio Tapajoz 

 (Boim), Brazil; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 74, 1916 — Ituribisci, 

 Kamakabra Creek, Bonasika, Makauria, Abary, Anarica, lower Mazaruni, 

 Georgetown, Merume Mountains, and Roraima; Beebe, Trop. WUd Life, 

 1, pp. 127, 216 (fig. 64), 1917— Bartica Grove, British Guiana (nest and 

 eggs descr.); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 42, 1918 

 — Paramaribo and Rijsdijkweg, Surinam; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 Zool. Ser., 17, p. 252, 1930 — Huachipa and Buena Vista (Rio Chinchao), 

 Huinuco, Peru (crit.). 



Creciscus viridis viridis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 385, 1906 — Santo Antonio 

 do Prata, Pari; idem. I.e., 14, p. 412, 1907 — Humayti, Rio Madeira; 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 385 



idem, I.e., 17, p. 422, 1910 — Humayta; idem, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. 

 Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 97, 1912— Par4 (Pard, Igarape-Assu, Santo 

 Antonio); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 152, 1928— Par&; 

 Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 483, 1929— Maranhao 

 (Ponto, Canella; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba); Naumburg, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. N. H,, 60, p. 73, 1930— Uruc6m, Matto Grosso. 



Creciscus pileatus Salvadori, Riv. Ital. Orn., 4, p. 6, 1918 — Bahia to Rio de 

 Janeiro (crit.). 



Laterallus viridis viridis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 192, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Eastern Ecuador (Quijos) and eastern Peru; Venezuela 

 (Roraima); the Guianas south over the whole of Brazil to Matto 

 Grosso and Rio de Janeiro (Ilha Grande).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Peru (Huachipa, 1); Brazil (Ponto, 

 Canella, Maranhao, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 31: Peru (Huachipa, 1; Buena Vista, Rio 

 Chinchao, 1); British Guiana (River Caramang, 2); Brazil (Mana- 

 capuru, Amazonas, 4; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, Maranhao, 

 2; Buenos Aires, Rio Acard, 4; Resacca, Rio Capim, 1; Lago Cuipeua, 

 Pard, 6; Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 4; Tauary, Rio Tapajoz, 3; Caxiri- 

 catuba, Rio Tapajoz, 3). 



♦Laterallus leucopyrrhus (Vieillot). Red-and-White Crake. 



Rallus leucopyrrhus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 28, p. 550, 

 1819— based on "Ypaeaha pardo-aeanelado y blaneo" Azara, No. 375; 

 Paraguay. 



Corethrura leucopyrrha Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 24, 1847 — Paraguay. 



Cofethura leucopyrrha Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 262, 1860 — near Tueuman 

 (merely seen); idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 505, 1861 — Manantial de 

 Marlopa, near Tucumdn. 



1 After once more comparing five adults from Peru with a dozen Guianan 

 skins we are bound to agree with Zimmer's contention that C. v. facialis cannot 

 satisfactorily be separated. While the type of C. v. subrufescens and an adult 

 specimen from Huayabamba have the crown remarkably pale rufous and differ, 

 besides, by duller, more grayish olive dorsal surface and lighter rufous under 

 parts, other Peruvian examples are much browner above, with the cap darker, 

 and deeper rufous underneath, and do not diverge from various Guianan indi- 

 viduals picked at random. The few Amazonian specimens at hand do not seem 

 to be distinguishable either. Birds from eastern Brazil (Maranhao to Bahia), as 

 a rule, have the crown of a somewhat darker rufous, and there is a similar tend- 

 ency in the tone of the under parts. However, there is much individual variation, 

 and a female from Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro, is again a good match for the 

 Guianan average. We do not, therefore, advocate the recognition of an eastern 

 race (C. viridis pileatus). 



Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Oyapock River, 2; Cayenne, 

 4. — Dutch Guiana: near Paramaribo, 4; Kwata, 1. — British Guiana: Demerara, 

 1. — Brazil: Pard, 3; Mandos, 2; Humayta, Rio Madeira, 1; Engenho do Gama, 

 Rio Guapor6, Matto Grosso, 1; Sao Lourengo, Pernambuco, 2; Bahia, 8; Ilha 

 Grande, Rio de Janeiro, 1. — Peru: Huayabamba, 1; La Merced, Chanchamayo, 1. 




386 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Porzana leticopyrrha Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 454 

 —Paraguay, southern Brazil, and Tucumdn (ex Burmeister) (monog.); 

 iidem, Exot. Orn., p. Ill, pi. 56, 1868 — Paraguay, Brazil (Minas Geraes? 

 and Rio Grande do Sul), and Tucuman; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. 

 Ges. Om., 2, p. 109, 1885 — Taquara do Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; 

 Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 35, 1887 — Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Sclater 

 and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 154, 1889 — Tucumdn. 



Creciscus leucopyrrhus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 142, 1894; Ihering, 

 Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 148, 1899 — Mundo Novo, Rio 

 Grande do Sul; idem. Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, "1901," p. 286, 1902— Iguape, 

 Sao Paulo; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 215, 1902 — Manan- 

 tial de Marlopa, Tucumdn (ex Burmeister); idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 

 3, No. 13, p. 69, 1905 — Lagunas de Malvinas, Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. 

 Faun. Braz., 1, pp. 31, 406, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape, Ypiranga); Hartert 

 and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 258, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires 

 (breeding; eggs descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 

 197, 1910 — Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud) and Tucuman; Bertoni, Faun. 

 Parag., p. 37, 1914— Paraguay; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922- 

 23, p. 601, 1924— Barracas al Sud; Pereyra, El Homero, 4, p. 414, 1931—- 

 San Isidro, Buenos Aires (breeding, nest, and eggs descr.). 



Laterallus leucopyrrhus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 192, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Southeastern Brazil, ^ in states of Rio de Janeiro 

 (Therezopolis), Sao Paulo (Iguap^), and Rio Grande do Sul (Taquara 

 do Mundo Novo); Paraguay (Villa Rica; Rio Pilcomayo); northern 

 Argentina (Manantial de Marlopa and Lagunas de Malvinas, 

 Tucuman; Barracas al Sud and San Isidro, Buenos Aires) .^ 



Field Miiseum Collection. — 1: Brazil (Therezopolis, Rio de 

 Janeiro, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 3: Paraguay (Villa Rica, 3). 

 Genus MICROPYGIA Bonaparte 



Micropygia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 599, Sept., 

 1856 — type, by virtual monotypy,' Micropygia schomburgi "Cabanis" 

 (=Crex schomburgkii Schomburgk). 



Thyrorhina Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 458 — type, 

 by monotypy, Crex schomburgkii "Cabanis" [= Schomburgk]. 



* The locality "Minas Greraes" attached to a specimen in the Berlin Museum 

 is oi)en to doubt. 



* Six specimens from Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud) and three from Rio 

 Grande do Sul (Taquara do Mundo Novo) agree with a single adult from Paraguay 

 (Rio Pilcomayo). This is a very scarce species in collections, although it is stated 

 to breed commonly in the vicinity of Buenos Aires. 



' The other two included species, M. verreauxi Bonaparte and M. sclateri 

 Bonaparte, are nomina nuda. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 387 



Micropygia schomburgkii schomburgkii (Schomburgk). Schom- 

 burgk's Crake. 



Crex schomburgkii (Cabanis MS.) Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 245, 

 1848 — Our Village, on the upper Kukenaam River, Terr. Yuruari, Vene- 

 zuela (type in Berlin Museum); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, I.e., 3, "1848," 

 p. 760, 1849 (listed without description or locality); Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 169 — Caripe [Bermudez], Venezuela. 



Ortygometra schomburgki Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 40, 

 1857— Cayenne. 



Thyrorhina schomburgki Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 

 458 — British Guiana and Venezuela (Carip6, Caracas) (monog.); Salvin, 

 Ibis, 1886, p. 176— Merume Mountains and Roraima, British Guiana; 

 Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 125, 1894 — British Guiana (Roraima, 

 Merum6 Mountains) and Venezuela (Caripe); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 

 1, p. 30, 1907— part, Guiana and Venezuela; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, 

 p. 299, 1908— Cayenne; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 70, 1916— Mount 

 Roraima, Abary River, Ireng River, and Merume Mountains. 



Micropygia schomburgkii schomburgkii Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 192, 1934 

 (range). 



Range. — Venezuela (vicinity of Caracas; Carip^, Sucre; upper 

 Kukenaam River, Terr. Yuruari); British Guiana (Abary River, 

 Ireng River, Merum^ Mountains, Roraima); French Guiana 

 (Cayenne).^ ' 



Micropygia schomburgkii chapmani (Naumburg).^ Chap- 

 man's Crake. 



Thyrorhina schomburgkii chapmani Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, 

 p. 72, 1930 — Morinho de Lyra, Matto Grosso, Brazil (type in the Ameri- 

 .can Museum of Natural History, New York). 



Thyrorhina schomburgki (not Crex schomburgkii Schomburgk) Pelzeln, Orn. 

 Bras., 3, pp. 317, 459, 1870— Goy&z (Borda do Matto do Paranahyba), 



^Material examined. — British Guiana: Roraima, 3. — Venezuela: vicinity of 

 Caracas, 1. 



" Micropygia schomburgkii chapmani (Naumburg) : Similar to the nominate 

 race, but with slightly longer wings; dorsal surface paler, Saccardo's umber rather 

 than sepia, with hardly any black and white spots on the upper tail coverts. Wing 

 (three specimens), 79-82; bill, 13-14. 



Most of the differences mentioned by the describer, such as the longer bill, 

 the smaller size of the spotting above, and the absence of spots on lower back and 

 rump, are not corroborated by the three Brazilian specimens before us. They 

 have the bills by no means longer than in three from Roraima, and the rump is 

 just as profusely spotted with black and white as in the latter. Size and shape of 

 the white dorsal spots and the amount of their black edging vary a good deal 

 individually. The Borda do Matto bird has even more white on the throat than 

 Roraima specimens, whereas the Bahia examples have merely a large white chin 

 spot. The study of larger series of this scarce crake is desirable. 



Material examined. — Brazil: Borda do Matto, Rio Paranahyba, Goyaz, 1; 

 Bahia, 2. 




388 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Matto Grosso (river journey from "Portofeliz" to Cuyabd), and Bahia, 

 Brazil (spec, examined); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 30, 1907 — part, 

 Goy^ and Matto Grosso. 



Micropygia schomburgkii chapmani Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 192, 1934 — 

 Brazil. 



Range. — Brazil, from Bahia west through Goydz (Borda do 

 Matto do Rio Paranahyba) to Matto Grosso (Morinho Lyra; be- 

 tween Porto Feliz and Cuyabd). 



Genus COTURNICOPS G. R. Gray 



.Cotumieops G. R. Gray,^ Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 120, 1855 — type, by 

 orig. desig., "Rallus" [=Fulica] noveboracensis Gmelin. 



Ortygops Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Om. Hein., p. 320, 

 1890 — new name for Cotumieops "Bonaparte" [=G. R. Gray], 



*Coturnicops noveboracensis noveboracensis (Gmelin). Yel- 

 low Rail. 



Fulica noveboracensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 701, 1789 — based on "Yel- 

 low-breasted Gallinule" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 491; New York. 



Ortygops noveboracensis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 126, 1894. 



Porzana noveboracensis Seton, Auk, 25, p. 71, 1908 — Great Slave Lake. 



Cotumieops noveboracensis Wood, Auk, 26, p. 1, 1909 (status in Michigan); 

 Cooke, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 128, p. 31, 1914 (distr., migr.); Grinnell, 

 Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 301, 1918 (habits, range, Calif.); 

 Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 316, 1926 (life hist.); Walkinshaw, 

 Auk, 56, p. 227, pi. 9, 1939 (full account of habits, distr. etc. in Mich- 

 igan); Devitt, Auk, 56, p. 238, pi. 10, 1939— Ontario (breeding). 



Cotumieops noveboracensis noveboracensis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 193, 1934 

 (range). 



Cotumieops noveboracensis richi H. H. Bailey,* Bull. Bailey Mus. and Library 

 Nat. Hist., Miami, Fla., 10, p. 1, 1935 — Canton, Ohio (type in Bailey Collec- 

 tion, Bailey Museum and Library of Natural History, Miami, Fla.). 



Cotumieops noveboracensis emersoni H. H. Bailey,- Bull. Bailey Mus. and 

 Library Nat. Hist., Miami, Fla., 10, p. 3, 1935 — Shandon, California (type 

 in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, Calif.). 



Range. — Known to breed in Ontario, Michigan, North Dakota, 

 and California. Occurs in breeding season from Nova Scotia, central 



1 First published as a nomen nudum by Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., (4), 2k)ol., 

 1, p. 150, 1854. 



^ The characters given for these proposed races do not seem to hold on exam- 

 ination of the material in Field Museum. The color characters appear to be due 

 to age or seasonal and individual variation. According to the describer, California 

 birds are the smallest, but the largest birds examined were two males from 

 that state. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 389 



Quebec, and southern Mackenzie south to Massachusetts, Ohio, 

 Illinois, and Minnesota. Winters in California and the Gulf states. 



Field Museum Collection. — 6: Illinois (Lewiston, 1; Cicero, Cook 

 County, 1; Mallard, 2); Massachusetts (Canton Meadow, 1); Cali- 

 fornia (Point Reyes, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 5: South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 1); 

 Illinois (Putnam, Putnam County, 1; Mallard, Hancock County, 1); 

 California (Point Reyes, Marin County, 2). 



Coturnicops noveboracensis goldmani (Nelson). ^ Mexican 

 Yellow Rail. 



Porzana goldmani Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 17, p. 151, 1904 — Lerma, 

 Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection); 

 Cooke, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 128, p. 31, 1914 (distr.). 



Coturnicops noveboracensis goldmani Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 193, 1934 (range). 



Range.— Known only from the type locality (Lerma, Valley of 

 Toluca, Mexico). 



Coturnicops notata notata (Gould). Marked Rail. 



Zapornia notata Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Voy. Beagle, Birds, Part 15, p. 132, 

 pi. 48, ^March, 1841 — Rio de la Plata, Argentina (shot on board the 

 "Beagle"; type now in British Museum). 



Porzana notata Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 456 — 

 Argentina and Patagonia (monog.); Sclater, I.e., 1876, p. 255 — at sea oflf 

 Cape Santa Maria, Uruguay; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 155, 

 1889 — Argentina and Uruguay; Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. 

 Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 406, 1890— Cordoba. 



Ortygops notata Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 128, 1894 — Rio de la 

 Plata and oflf Cape Santa Maria, Uruguay; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. 

 Univ. Exp. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 49,1904 — same localities; Dabbene, Anal. 

 Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 197, 1910 — Patagonia, Cordoba, and La 

 Plata; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920 — Durazno, Uruguay; (?) Ben- 

 nett, Ibis, 1926, p. 309— near Stanley, Falkland Islands (April 25, 1921). 



Ortigops notata Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 601, 1924— 

 La Plata, Buenos Aires. 



Coturnicops notata notata Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 193, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Uruguay (Durazno and off Cape Santa Maria) and 

 northern Argentina (Rio de la Plata; Cordoba; Rio Negro, Pata- 

 gonia); (?)accidental in the Falkland Islands (near Port Stanley, 

 April 25, 1921). 2 



1 Coturnicops noveboracensis goldmani (Nelson) : Said to be generally similar 

 to typical noveboracensis but darker, the wings, flanks, and rump being slaty 

 blackish; white markings on back in the form of transverse spots; bill slenderer. 



^ The Marked Rail is one of the rarest neotropical birds. The type was shot 

 on board the "Beagle" in the La Plata River, and an immature specimen was 




390 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 

 Coturnicops notata duncani (Chubb). ^ Euncan's Rail. 



Ortygops notata duncani Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 74, pi. 3, fig. 2, 1916 



— Abary River, British Guiana (type in British Museum). 

 Coturnicops notata duncani Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 193, 1934 — Abary River. 



Range. — British Guiana (Abary River). 



Genus NEOCREX Sclater and Salvin 



Neocrex Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 457 — type, by 

 monotypy, Porzana erythrops Sclater. 



Neocrex erythrops erythrops (Sclater). Western Red-Faced 

 Crake. 



Porzana erythrops Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 343, pi. 21 — Lima, 

 Peru (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum); 

 Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 457 — Lima (monog.); Sclater, I.e., 1869, 

 p. 148 — Lima; Taczanowski, I.e., 1877, p. 330 — Lima; idem, Orn. Per., 

 3, p. 325, 1886 — Lima; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1892, p. 395— Lima. 



Neocrex erythrops Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 163, 1894 — part, spec, 

 a, b, Lima; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 31, 1907 — part, Peru; Chubb, 

 Ibis, 1919, p. 54 — Eten, Lambayeque. 



Neocrex erythrops erythrops Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 194, 1934 — part, Peru. 



Range. — Pacific coast region of Peru from Lima to Lambayeque 

 (Eten). 2 



*Neocrex erythrops olivascens Chubb.^ Eastern Red-Faced 

 Crake. 



caught alive at sea oflf Cape Santa Maria, Uruguay. A single example is recorded 

 from Cordoba, while Tremoleras lists one from Durazno, Uruguay. D'Orbigny 

 secured one in 1829 in "Patagonia," probably near Carmen de Patagonia, not far 

 from the mouth of the Rio Negro. The Vienna Museum possesses an adult indi- 

 vidual from an unknown locality. As the bird recorded by Bennett from near 

 Port Stanley, Falkland Islands, was not preserved, its identity is perhaps open 

 to doubt. 



1 Coturnicops notata duncani (Chubb), based on a single specimen from the 

 Abary River (September, 1907), appears to differ by blacker coloration and pure 

 white throat, the latter being streaked with black in the two skins of the nominate 

 race examined by the authors. 



* Nine specimens from Lima examined. A single adult in the Vienna Museum 

 acquired from a dealer (Tucker in London), which agrees with Peruvian birds 

 except in having whitish marginal edges to the lower breast feathers, probably is 

 incorrectly labeled "Chile." 



' Neocrex erythrops olivascens Chubb: Similar to the nominate race, but under 

 parts much darker, more slaty, with the throat not nearly so white, and dorsal 

 surface somewhat darker brown. 



The junior author, on comparing five Brazilian skins with four from Vene- 

 zuela, fails to find any appreciable difference between the two sets. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Bahia, 1; Sao Vicente, Matto Grosso, 3; 

 unspecified, 1. — Venezuela: El Valle, M6rida, 1. — Argentina: Tapia, Tucumdn, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 391 



Neocrex erythrops olivascens Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn, CI., 38, p. 33, 1917 — 

 "Venezuela" = vicinity of Caracas (type in British Museum); Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 194, 1934— Venezuela. 



Porzana schomburgkii (not Crex schomburgkii Schomburgk) Schlegel, Mus. 

 Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 37, 1865— "Guyana." 



Porzana erythrops (not of Sclater) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 317, 1870 — Sao 

 Vicente, Matto Grosso, Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1873, p. 512 — Caracas, Venezuela. 



Neocrex erythrops Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 163, 1894 — part, spec, 

 c, d, Valencia, Venezuela; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 8, p. 369 (in text), 1901 

 — M^rida, Venezuela (crit.); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 

 215, 1902 — vicinity of Tucumdn; idem. Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, 

 p. 69, 190& — near Tucumdn City; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 31, 

 1907 — part, Matto Grosso, "Argentina," and Venezuela; Dabbene, Anal. 

 Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 197, 1910 — Tucumdn; Snethlage, Bol.' 

 Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 73, 1914 — Pard and Rio Jamundd (Faro), Brazil; 

 Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 40, 1922— 

 Valle, Rio Mucujon, Merida, Venezuela; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 133, p. 125, 1926— Tapia, Tucumdn. 



Neocrex erythrops erythrops Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 73, 

 1930 — Sao Vicente, Matto Grosso (range excl. of Peru); Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 194, 1934— part, Brazil and Tucumdn. 



Range. — Venezuela (El Valle, Rio Mucujon, Merida; Lake of 

 Valencia, Carabobo; vicinity of Caracas), Guiana (fide Schlegel), 

 Brazil (Rio Jamunda, Faro; Para; Rio Capim; Bahia; Sao Vicente, 

 Matto Grosso), Paraguay (Horqueta), and northwestern Argentina 

 (Tucumdn).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Venezuela (Merida, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 3: Venezuela (El Valle, Merida, 1); Brazil, 

 Para (Resacca, Rio Capim, 1); Paraguay (Horqueta, 1). 



*Neocrex erythrops colombianus Bangs.^ Colombian Crake. 



Neocrex colonibixinus Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 171, 1898 — Palo- 

 mina, Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia (type in coll. of E. A. and O. 

 Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. 



1 Hudson (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 105) records Porzana erythrops as, 

 breeding and abundant near Buenos Aires. Though he says the bird is known 

 vernacularly as "Gallinetita," the species is not mentioned in "Argentine Orni- 

 thology" and has never been found again by anybody in the vicinity of Buenos 

 Aires. Hudson's entry is no doubt due to misidentification and probably refers 

 to some species of Laterallus {leucopyrrhiis or melanophaius). 



2 Neocrex erythrops colombianiis Bangs: Nearest to N. e, olivascens, but differs 

 by lacking the blackish bars on axillars and under wing coverts; by having plain 

 cinnamon under tail coverts and brownish flanks (instead of both being barred 

 with sooty and white) ; and by having the red base of the bill merely suggested. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: San Antonio, western Andes, 1. — 

 Ecuador: Pambil4r, 1. 




392 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 170, 1930); idem. I.e., 21, p. 158, 

 1908 — San Antonio, western Andes, Colombia (crit.); Todd and Carriker, 

 Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 178, 1922 — Heights of Chirua, Colombia; 

 Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 178, 1926 — western Ecuador. 



Neocrex uniformis Hartert, Nov. Zool., 8, p. 369, 1901 — Pambilar and San 

 Javier, Prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador (type, from Pambilar, in the Tring 

 Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, 

 examined). 



Neocrex columbiantis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 219, 1917 — 

 Barbacoas, Nariiio, Colombia. 



Neocrex erythrops coluvibianus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 194, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Santa Marta region of northern Colombia, and Pacific 

 slope of Colombia and Ecuador south to the Rio Chimbo. 



Conover Collection. — 3: Ecuador (Santo Domingo de los Coro- 

 nados, 2; Puente de Chimbo, 1). 



Genus PORPHYRIOPS Pucheran 



Porphyriops Pucheran, Rev. Zool., 8, p. 278, 1845 — type, by orig. desig., Fu- 

 lica crassirostris Gray. 



Hydrocicca Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 13, (1), p. 351, 1847 — type, by orig. 

 desig., RalliLS melanops Vieillot. 



*Porphyriops melanops crassirostris (J. E. Gray).^ Chilean 

 Little Waterhen. 



Fulica crassirostris J. E. Gray, in Griffith's Anim. Kingd., Birds, 3, p. 542 

 and plate,^ 1829 — "South America" = Chile (type in British Museum 

 examined). 



Gallinula crassirostris Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 133, 1841 — part, Valparaiso, 

 Chile; Eraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843 — Chile (egg descr.); 

 Yarrell, I.e., 15, p. 54, 1847 — Chile (egg descr.); Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. 

 Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 436, pi. 9, 1847— Chile (monog.); Boeck, 

 Naumannia, 1855, p. 510 — Valdivia; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astron. Exp., 

 2, p. 196, 1855— Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 314, 1860— 

 Santiago (breeding habits); Frauenfeld, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 10, 

 Abhandl., p. 639, 1860 — Lake Aculeo, Santiago; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, 

 Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 135, 1865 — Chile (egg descr.); Schlegel, Mus. Pays- 

 Bas, Ralli, p. 49, 1865 — Santiago and Valdivia, Chile; Philippi, Anal. 



^ Porphyriops melanops crassirostris (J. E. Gray) merely differs from the 

 nominate race by slightly larger size and generally thicker, though not longer 

 bill. Wing (male), 126-136; tail, 57-64; bill, 28-32. 



Additional material examined. — Chile: Coquimbo, 1; Penafior, Santiago, 1; 

 Santiago, 1; San Carlos de Chilian (Junquillos), Nuble, 1; Finfin, Temuco, Cautin, 

 3; Maquehue, Temuco, Cautin, 1; Rio Contra, Valdivia, 1; Desague, Llanquihue, 

 2; unspecified, 8. 



* The binomial name occurs on the plate, while in the text the species is called 

 "Thick-bUled Coot." 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr AhfD Conover 393 



Univ. Chile, 31, p. 278, 1868— Chile; Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. 

 Scient. Chili, 4, p. Ixxxviii, 1894 — Peiiaflor, Santiago; Lataste, I.e., 5, 

 p. Ixii, 1895 — San Cdrlos (Junquillos), Nuble; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. 

 Nat., 29, p. 150, 1925 — San Bernardo, Santiago. 



Ortygometra femoralis (not Crex femoralis Tschudi) Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, 

 p. 216, 1853— Valdivia. 



Hydrocicca melanops (not Rallus melanops Vieillot) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1867, pp. 333, 339— Santiago. 



Porphyriops crassirostris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 

 461 — Chile (monog.). 



Porphyriops melanops Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 565, 1877 — Cauquenes, 

 Colchagua; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 428 — Coquimbo 

 Lagoon; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 183, 1894 — part, spec, h-t, 

 Chile (Santiago, Coquimbo); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896 

 — Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 300 — Valdivia; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 

 4, p. 668, 1898— Villarica; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 23, p. 17, 1919— 

 Nilahue, Curico; Housse, I.e., 28, p. 52, 1924 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco; 

 Jaffuel and Pirion, I.e., 31, p. 113, 1927 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; 

 Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 203, 1929— Angol, Malleco; Kuroda, Tori, 8, p. 147, 

 1933 — San Bornonol Perquenco, Chile, 



Porphyriops melanops melanops Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 

 169 (in text), 1914 — Temuco, Cautin (crit.); Paessler, Joum. Om., 70, 

 p. 434, 1922— Coronel (breeding habits); (?)Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. 

 Zool., 24, p. 424, 1926 — Arroyo Las Bayas, Rio Negro, and Rio Epuyen, 

 Chubut, Argentina. 



Porphyriops melanops crassirostris Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 

 Ser., 19, p. 359, 1932 — Coquimbo to Llanquihue, Chile (crit., meas.); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 199, 1934 (range); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. 

 Nat., 39, p. 245, 1935— Isla La Mocha. 



Range. — Central Chile, from Coquimbo south to Llanquihue; 

 (?) and adjacent parts of Argentina (western Rio Negro and western 

 Chubut). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Chile (Laguna de Pudahuel, Santi- 

 ago, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 6: Chile (Los Nifios, 1; Huaquen, Acon- 

 cagua, 1; Rio Petorca, Aconcagua, 2; Angol, Bio Bio, 1; Lantaro, 

 Cautin, 1). 



♦Porphyriops melanops melanops (Vieillot). Little Watermen. 



Ralliis melanops Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 28, p. 553, 1819 

 — based on "Ypacaha cara negra" Azara, No. 373; Paraguay. 



Gallinula crassirostris (not Fulica crassirostris Gray) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, 

 p. 133, 1841 — part, on the banks of the La Plata. 



Ortygometra melanops Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860 — Rio Uruguay; 

 idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 505, 1861 — Rio Uruguay; Doering, Period. 

 Zool. Arg., 1, p. 256, 1874 — Barrancas, Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes. 




394 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Porphyriops leucopterixs Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 8, p. 382, 1865 — 

 Argentina, probably Buenos Aires (type in Turin Museum examined). 



Porphyriops melanops Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 

 461 — part, Paraguay and Bolivia; idem, I.e., 1869, p. 634 — Conchitas, 

 Buenos Aires (crit.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 318 (note 1), 1870 — part, 

 Montevideo and Brazil; Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 163 — 100 miles south 

 of Buenos Aires; idem. I.e., 1877, p. 195 — Prov. Buenos Aires; Sclater and 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 641— Bolivia (d'Orbigny); Sclater 

 and Hudson, Arg. Om., 2, p. 156, 1889^ — marshes of the La Plata; Kerr, 

 Ibis, 1892, p. 149 — near Rio Pilcomayo; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 23, p. 182, 1894 — part, spec, d-g, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 

 and Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 

 16, p. 148, 1899 — Sao Lourengo, Rio Grande do Sul; Lonnberg, Ibis, 

 1903, p. 459— Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia (crit.); Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. 

 Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 69, 1905 — Lagunas de Malvinas, Tucuman; Ihering, 

 Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 32, 1907 — Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo, and Piratiny, 

 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, 

 p. 197, 1910 — Cordoba, Tucuman, and Buenos Aires; Reiser, Denks. 

 Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 96, 1910— Joazeiro, Bahia, 

 Brazil; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 37, 1914— Paraguay; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, 

 p. 41 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (habits) ; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 

 2, p. 12, 1920— Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Maldonado, Rocha); 

 Arribalzaga, I.e., 2, p. 90, 1920— Chaco; Dabbene, I.e., 2, p. 133, 1920— 

 Rosas, Buenos Aires (pull, deser.); Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 260, 1922 — Rosas; 

 Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 39, 1923 — Santa Elena, Entre RIos; Giacomelli, 

 I.e., 3, p. 81, 1923— La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 161, 1923— Moreno, 

 F.C.O., and Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 

 1922-23, p. 601, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 351, 

 1926 — General Lopez, southern Santa Fe; Smyth, I.e., 4, p. 5, 1927 — 

 Caehari, Buenos Aires, and Santa Elena, Entre RIos (egg deser.). 



Ortigometra melanops Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cor- 

 doba, 10, p. 406, 1890— Cordoba (breeding). 



P[orphyriops] gutlatus (Liehtenstein MS.) Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. 

 Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 231, 1924 — substitute name for P. melanops 

 (Vieillot). 



Porphyriops melanops melanops Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 199, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Eastern Bolivia (Chiquitos; Tatarenda, Tarija); north- 

 ern Argentina south to La Rioja, Cordoba, and Buenos Aires; Para- 

 guay; Uruguay; eastern Brazil (Sao Lourengo, Piratiny, and Asylo 

 Pella, Rio Grande do Sul; Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo; Joazeiro, 

 Bahia). 1 



Conover Collection. — 5: Paraguay (240 km. west of Puerto Casado, 

 3); Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 1; Lagunas, Tucuman, 1). 



1 The few Brazilian specimens examined are not separable from an Argentine 

 series. The presence of white margins or spots to the outer web of the inner 

 remiges, which induced Salvadori to describe P. leucopterus, is a purely individual 

 character without geographical significance. We noticed it in a specimen from 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 395 



♦Porphyriops melanops bogotensis Chapman. ^ Bogota Little 

 Waterhen. 



Porphyriops melanops bogotensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 

 169, March 19, 1914 — Savanna of Bogota, Colombia (type in the Ameri- 

 can Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 219, 

 1917 — Savanna of Bogota and Anolaima, Colombia; Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 199, 1934 (range). 



Porphyriops leiicopterus (not of Salvadori) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. 



Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 175— Bogota (crit.). 

 Porphyriops melanops (not Rallies melanops Vieillot) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 



Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 461 — part, descr. and hab. Bogota; (?)Tacza- 



nowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 326, 1886 — part, Peru (ex Tschudi); Sharpe, Cat. 



Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 182, 1894 — part, spec, a-c, Bogota. 



{1)Crex femoralis Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 388, 1843— Rio TuUumayo, 

 Dept. Junin, Peru (type in NeuchStel Museum); idem. I.e., 10, (1), p. 

 313, 1844— Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 301, 1846— Peru. 



Range. — Savanna of the Bogota region in the eastern Andes of 

 Colombia; (?)eastern Peru (Rio Tullumayo, Dept. Junin). 



Conover Collection. — Colombia: 5 (Savanna of Bogota, 5). 



Genus GALLINULA Brisson 



Gallinula Biisson, Orn., 1, p. 60; 6, p. 2, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Galli- 

 nula" Bnsson=Fulica cMoropus Linnaeus. 



*GallinuIa chloropus cachinnans Bangs.^ Florida Gallinule. 



Joazeiro, Bahia, in two from Buenos Aires, and developed to the highest degree in 

 a "Bogota" skin. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Joazeiro, Bahia, 1; Sao Lourengo, Rio 

 Grande do Sul, 1; Asylo Pella, Rio Grande do Sul, 1. — Argentina: Buenos Aires, 

 1; Aj6, Buenos Aires, 4; Espartillar, Buenos Aires, 1; Carril, Dept. Saladillo, 

 Buenos Aires, 1; oflf Colonia, Rio de la Plata, 2. — Uruguay: Montevideo, 1. 



^Porphyriops melanops bogotensis Chapman: Similar to P. m.. melanops, but 

 axillars either wholly white or dusky at the base, never regularly barred, and 

 interscapular region more or less suffused with chestnut. Wing (adult), 122-130; 

 tail, 53-57; bill, 26. 



While the lack of black bars on the axillars holds in the eight specimens 

 examined, the coloration of the back is subject to considerable variation, only 

 two having the interscapulars largely chestnut like the wing coverts, while the 

 others are olive brown with very little rufous suffusion laterally, much as in P. 

 m. melanops. 



It is possible that C. femoralis Tschudi may prove to be an earlier name, for 

 it seems much more likely that Peruvian birds are more nearly related to those 

 from Colombia than to the Brazilian ones. Tschudi's description — vague as usual 

 — might have been based upon an olive-backed example such as we have seen from 

 Bogota. It is really strange that the species has never been found again in Peru 

 since Tschudi's time. 



Additional m/iterial examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 3. 



' Gallinula chloropus cachinnans Bangs is easily distinguished from G. c. 

 galeata by having the middle of the back and the rump extensively rufescent 




396 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



GaUinula ehloropus eachinnans Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 5, p. 96, 

 1915 — Arbuckle Creek, De Soto County, Florida (type in the Museum 

 of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 24, 

 p. 269, 1917 — part. North and Central America (crit.); Kennard and 

 Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 447, 1928— Ahnirante, Panama; 

 Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 88, 1928— Lower California 

 (breeding in the Cape district and in the Colorado delta); Swarth, Occ. 

 Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 57, 1931 — Albemarle and Chatham Islands, 

 Galfipagos (crit.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 301, 1931— 

 Changuinola, Almirante Bay, Panama; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 64, p. 123, 1932— Guatemala; Peters, Bds. Worid, 2, p. 204, 1934 (range); 

 Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 305, 1935 — Almirante and Canal 

 Zone, Panama; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 

 Ser., 23, p. 164, 1938— Colima, El Salvador. 



GaUinula galeata eachinnans Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 

 39, p. 314, 1931— Bermudas (breeding). 



GaUinula galeata (not Crex galeata Lichtenstein) Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 314 — 

 Lake Yojoa, Honduras; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 185, 

 1865 — Greytown, Nicaragua; idem, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 312, 

 1874 — Mazatlan and Tepic, Mexico; idem. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 

 50, 1876 — Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 198— Lake 

 Duenas, Guatemala; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 

 p. 462 — part, southern United States, Honduras, and Guatemala; Salvin, 

 Ibis, 1870, p. 115— Costa Rica; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 409, 

 1884 — Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. 

 N. Amer., 1, p. 388, 1884 — part, North and Middle America; Salvin, 

 Ibis, 1889, p. 378 — Cozumel Island; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 1890, p. 203 — Shkolak, Yucatan; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 

 177, 1894 — part, a-y'. United States, Bermuda,- City of Mexico, Peto 

 (Yucatan), Cozumel Island, Guatemala (Lake of Duenas), and Costa 

 Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 326, 1903 — 

 part. North America to Costa Rica; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 Om. Ser., 1, p. 75, 1907 — Lake Amatitlan, Guatemala; Carriker, Ann. 

 Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 411, 1910 — Costa Rica. 



GaUinula cMoropus centralis Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 25, p. 3, 

 1921 — Metapa, Nicaragua (type in the American Museum of Natural 

 History, New York). 



Range. — Breeds from central California, Arizona, Nebraska, 

 Minnesota, southern Ontario, New York, and Vermont south to 

 southern Lower California, Mexico, and (locally) to Panama, the 

 Gulf Coast, and Florida; Bermudas and Galapagos Islands;^ casual 



brown (raw umber to argus brown), the brown color invading, in most cases, also 

 the wing coverts and secondaries. 



Two adults from Lake Managua, Nicaragua (centTalis) are in no wise distin- 

 guishable from North American and Mexican examples. 



1 Galapagos birds are pronounced by Swarth to be inseparable from Cali- 

 fomian specimens. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 397 



in the Dakotas, Colorado, Greenland, southern Quebec, New Bruns- 

 wick, Nova Scotia, and Maine. Migratory in the north. 



Field Museum Collection. — 31: New York (Caynga Lake, 1) 

 South Carolina (McPhersonville, 1); Florida (St. John's River, 1 

 Enterprise, 1; Lake Okeechobee, 1; Gainesville, 1; Kissimmee River 

 1; New River, 1; Sanford, 1); Indiana (Bluff ton, 1; Kouts, 1) 

 Wisconsin (Green Lake, 1; Beaver Dam, 10); Illinois (Chicago, 1 

 Grass Lake, 1; Worth, Cook County, 5); Texas (Brownsville, 1) 

 Guatemala (Lake Amatitlan, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 2: Illinois (Henry, 1; Pistakee Lake, Lake 

 County, 1). 



*Gallinula chloropus cerceris Bangs. ^ Antillean Gallinule. 



Gallinula chloroptis cerceris Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 4, p. 81, 1910 — 

 Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, 

 Cambridge, Mass.); idem. I.e., 5, p. 98, 1915 — Santa Lucia (crit.); Hartert, 

 Nov. Zool., 24, p. 270, 1917— Santa Lucia (crit.); Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. 

 Sci. Nat., 68, p. 312, 1929— Bonao (Rio Juna), Haiti; Bond, Auk, 49, 

 p. 494, 1932 — Bois d'Orange Swamp, Santa Lucia (crit.); Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 205, 1934 (range); Danforth, Mon. Univ. Porto Rico, Phys. 

 Biol. Sci., Ser. B, No. 3, p. 29, 1935— Santa Lucia (crit.). 



Gallinula gaieata (not Crex galeata Lichtenstein) Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. 

 Hist., 20, p. 376, 1847— Tobago; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 428, 1856— 

 Cuba (breeding); Salle, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 237, 1857 — mouth of 

 Rio Haina, Hispaniola; Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 260 — St. Croix; Bryant, 

 Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 122, 1859 — Bahamas; Cassin, Proc. Acad. 

 Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 378— St. Thomas; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1861, p. 81 — Jamaica; March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 

 p. 69— Jamaica; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 10, p. 257, 1866— Porto 

 Rico; idem, I.e., 11, p. 97, 1867 — Dominican Republic; Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 462 — part, Cuba, Jamaica, Santo Domingo, 

 and St. Croix; Sundevall, Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Handl., 26, p. 601, 1869— 

 Porto Rico; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, pp. 162, 190, 1878— Porto Rico; 

 idem. Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 39, 1878 — Porto Rico (breeding); 

 Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, pp. 276, 461, 487, 1879— Grenada and 



^Gallinula chloropus cerceris Bangs: Exceedingly similar to G. c. cachinnans, 

 but perhaps distinguishable by the lesser extent of the brown color on the upper 

 parts, which, as a rule, is restricted to the back, rump, and secondaries, and does 

 not invade the wing coverts. It is with considerable reluctance that we maintain 

 this form in view of the fact that nearly 50 per cent of the Antillean gallinules are 

 practically identical with North American birds. Wetmore, however, is inclined 

 to admit its validity. It is now an established fact that the type was an abnormally 

 colored individual, since other specimens from Santa Lucia, examined by Hartert, 

 Bond, and the writers, do not in the least differ from the inhabitants of other 

 Antillean islands, thus making portoricensis a synonym of cerceris. 



Two adults from Tobago (Sandy Point and Lecito) are perfectly typical of 

 this form, agreeing with specimens from the Lesser Antilles, and differing from 

 those of Trinidad and the South American continent by the wholly dark raw umber 

 middle back and rump. 




398 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Guadeloupe; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 765 — Montserrat; 

 Cory, Bds. Bahamas, p. 177, 1880— Bahamas (ex Bryant); Allen, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. CI., 5, p. 169, 1880— Santa Lucia; Cory, I.e., 6, p. 155, 1881— 

 Lake Enriquills, near Gantier, Hispaniola; idem, Bds. Haiti, San Dom., 

 p. 161, 1885 — near Gantier; idem. Auk, 3, p. 502, 1886 — Grand Cayman; 

 idem. Ibis, 1886, p. 474— Marie Galante; Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, 

 p. 629, 1887— Grenada and Isle de Rhonde; Fielden, Ibis, 1889, p. 499— 

 Barbados (resident); Cory, Auk, 8, pp. 46, 47, 294, 1891— St. Croix, 

 Anguilla, Antigua, and New Providence; Scott, Auk, 9, p. 12, 1892 — near 

 Boston, Jamaica; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 91, 1892 — Bahamas (New 

 Providence, Great Inagua), Cuba, Isle of Pines, Grand Cajmian, Jamaica, 

 Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Croix, Anguilla, Barbuda, An- 

 tigua, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Marie Galante, Santa Lucia, Grenada, 

 and Barbados; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 500 — Anguilla; 

 Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 289, 1892 — San Juan, Cuba; 

 Field, Auk, 11, p. 122, 1894 — Port Henderson, Jamaica; Sharpe, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 177, 1894 — part, spec, z'-r', Jamaica, Haiti, An- 

 guilla, St. Croix, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Grenada, and Mustique; 

 Wells, Auk, 19, p. 244, 1902— Carriacou (breeding); Bowdish, I.e., p. 359, 

 1902 — Aguadilla and Mayagiiez, Porto Rico; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 309 — 

 Nassau, New Providence; Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 280, 1904— 

 Barbuda and Antigua; idem, in Shattuck, The Bahama Islands, p. 360, 

 1905 — Bahamas (New Providence and Inagua); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 586 — 

 Grand Cayman; Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 192, 1905 — 

 Santa Rosalia Lagoon, Isle of Pines; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, 

 p. 247, 1905 — Barbados, St. Vincent (Calliaqua), Grenada, and Grena- 

 dines (Bequia, Mustique, Canouan, Mayreau, Tobago Keys, Union, 

 Carriacou, Isle de Rhonde); Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 61, 

 p. 356, 1909— Dominican Republic; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 339— Grand 

 Cayman; idem. I.e., 1911, p. 146 — Grand Cayman. 



Gallinula galeata galeata Todd and Worthington, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, 

 pp. 413, 447, 1911 — Great Inagua and Watlings Islands, Bahamas; Wet- 

 more, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 326, p. 35, 1916— Porto Rico (habits, food); 

 idem. Auk, 33, p. 411, 1916 — Vieques; idem. Auk, 34, p. 58, 1917 — Cule- 

 bra; Struthers, Auk, 40, p. 472, 1923 — Anegado and Cartagena Lagoons, 

 Porto Rico. 



Gallinula chloropiis eachinnans Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 5, p. 96, 1915 

 — part. West Indies; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 203, 1916 — Isle of 

 Pines; Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 305, 1916 — Grand Cayman; 

 Noble, I.e., p. 366, 1916 — Grand Etang, Cluny, near Sainte Rose, Guade- 

 loupe; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 24, p. 269, 1917 — part. West Indies; Peters, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 402, 1917 — El Batey, Dominican Republic; 

 Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. CI., 6, p. 56, 1923 — Cuba; Peters, Auk, 44, 

 p. 534, 1927— Anguilla (crit.). 



Gallinula chloropus portoricensis Danforth, Auk, 42, p. 560, 1925 — Cartagena 

 Lagoon, Porto Rico (type in coll. of Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.); 

 idem, Joum. Dept. Agr. Porto Rico, 10, p. 59, 1926 — Cartagena Lagoon 

 (habits); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Islands, 9, p. 343, 1927— 

 Porto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, St. Croix, and St. Thomas (monog.); Bond, 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 399 



Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 495, 1928— Port de Paix and Trou 

 Cayman, Haiti; Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 362, 1929 — Hispaniola; Moltoni, 

 Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 31, 1929— Guerra, Haiti; Danforth, Journ. 

 Dept. Agr. Porto Rico, 14, p. 115, 1930 — Virgin Gorda, Virgin Islands; 

 Beatty, I.e., p. 139, 1930— St. Croix; Danforth, I.e., 15, pp. 22, 51, 1931— 

 Guanica Lagoon and other localities, Porto Rico; Wetmore and Swales, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 136, 1931 — Hispaniola (monog.); Wetmore, 

 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 81, art. 2, p. 16, 1932— Montet, Petit Trou de 

 Nippes, and He a Vache, Hispaniola; Danforth, Auk, 51, p. 358, 1934 — 

 Antigua (crit.); idem, Journ. Agr. Univ. Porto Rico, 19, pp. 447, 477, 1935 

 — Virgin Islands (Cayo Norte, St. Thomas, Jost van Dyke, Tortola, Beef 

 Island, St. Croix) and Barbuda; idem, Trop. Agric, 13, p. 214, 1936 — 

 St. Kitts. 



GalUnula chloropus subsp. Danforth, Auk, 45, p. 482, 1928 — near Hodges and 

 Black River, Jamaica; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 495, 

 1928 — Vieux Fort, Santa Lucia. 



Range. — Bahamas (New Providence, Great Inagua, Watlings 

 Island); Grand Cayman Island; Greater and Lesser Antilles; island 

 of Tobago. 



Field Museum Collection. — 36: Bahamas (Great Inagua, 3); Cuba 

 (Habana, 1); Grand Cayman, 18; Jamaica (unspecified, 1); Hispani- 

 ola (Le Coup, 4; Port-au-Prince, 1; Port-de-Paix, Haiti, 1); Puerto 

 Rico (unspecified, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles 

 (Anguilla, 2; Antigua, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 8: Puerto Rico (Laguna Cartagena, 2); Virgin 

 Islands (St. Croix, 6). 



*Gallinula chloropus galeata (Lichtenstein). Brazilian 

 Gallinule. 



Crex galeata Lichtenstein,^ Verz. Saug. Vogel Berliner Mus., p. 36, 1818 — 

 based on "Yahand" Azara, No. 379, Paraguay; idem, Verz. Doubl. Zool. 

 Mus. Berlin, p. 80, 1823— Sao Paulo. 



GalUnula galeata Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 807, 1833 — southeastern 

 Brazil; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 760, 1848— 

 coast of British Guiana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 389, 

 1856— Brazil (habits); idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 262, 1860— Parana, Entre 

 Rios; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 505, 1861 — Rio Parana; Leotaud, 

 Ois. Trinidad, p. 503, 1866— Trinidad; Euler, Journ. Orn., 15, p. 419, 

 1867 — Brazil (nesting habits); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1868 — part, Guiana, Brazil, and Paraguay; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. 

 Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 40 — Lagoa de Defunto, south of Curvelo, 



1 Lichtenstein 's entry reads; "No. 526. Crex galeata n. Fulica chlorop[us], 

 Amer. merid. Gmel.; Gall, chlor. Amer. merid. Lath.; Yahana proprement dit 

 Azara. Brasilien." The only identifiable basis is Azara's "Yahana," since Gmelin 

 and Latham did not distinguish the inhabitants of South America from the Euro- 

 pean Moorhen, and Paraguay automatically becomes the type locality. 




400 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Cm. Bras., 3, p. 318, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Ipanemd) 

 and Matto Grosso (Caigara); Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 256, 1874 

 — Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 

 p. 627 — Salto, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 277, 1884 — Concepcion 

 del Uruguay, Entre Rfos; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Om., 2, p. 

 181, 1885— Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 177— 

 British Guiana (ex Schomburgk); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Om., 2, p. 

 156, 1889 — Argentina; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 204 — Monzon River, Uruguay; 

 Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 78, 1894 — Trinidad; Sharpe, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 177, 1894— part, spec, q', r', t'-w', f, Trini- 

 dad, Brazil (Caigara), and Buenos Aires (Lujan); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. 

 Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 34, 1897 — San Lorenzo, Jujuy; Ihering, 

 Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 148, 1899 — Taquara do Mundo 

 Novo and Sao Lourengo, Rio Grande do Sul; idem. Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, 

 p. 417, 1899 — Iguape and Piracicaba, Sao Paulo; idem. I.e., 4, p. 164, 

 1900 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 

 8, p. 215, 1902 — Manantial, Tucimidn; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, pp. 444, 

 459 — La Quinta, eastern Jujuy, and Tatarenda, Bolivian Chaco; Lillo, 

 Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 69, 1905 — Manantial, Tucumin; 

 Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 31, 1907 — Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul 

 (Novo Hamburgo), and Espirito Santo; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 1, p. 217, 

 1908— Surinam (breeding, eggs); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool,, 15, p. 300, 1908 

 (not yet recorded from French Guiana); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 

 258, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and Ocampo, Santa Fe; Dab- 

 bene. Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 197, 1910 (range in Argentina); 

 Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 96, 1910— 

 Joazeiro, Bahia; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 37, 1914 — Paraguay; Snethlage, 

 Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 74, 1914— Pard, Brazil; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 

 1, p. 77, 1916— Bartica and Abary River; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 42— 

 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (habits); Arribalzaga, El Homero, 2, 

 p. 90, 1920 — Chaco; Daguerre, i.e., 2, p. 260, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires; 

 Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 601, 1924— Prov. Buenos 

 Aires; Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 181, 1922— Oropuche 

 Lagoon, Trinidad; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Natiuw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 

 76, p. 231, 1924 — Bahia (Joazeiro, Petrolina, Barra, island near Sam- 

 baiba) and Piauhy (Rio Taquarussu); Smjrth, El Hornero, 4, p. 4, 1927 — 

 Argentina (eggs descr.); Pereyra, I.e., 4, p. 23, 1927 — Zelaya, Buenos 

 Aires. 



GaUinula galeata galeata Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 53, 1906 — Caroni, 

 Trinidad. 



Gallinula chloropus galeata Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 5, p. 95, 1915— 

 Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rlos, and Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, 

 Brazil (crit., range); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 24, p. 269, 1917 (crit., range); 

 Tremoleras, El Homero, 2, p. 12, 1920 — Uruguay (Canelones, San Jose, 

 Colonia); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 

 40, 1922 — Lagimillas, Merida, and Rio Aurare, Zulia, Venezuela (crit.); 

 Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 121, 1926— Rio Pilaga (Formosa), 

 Rio Negro (Uruguay), and Mendoza (near Timuy&n) (crit.); Hellmayr, 

 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 483, 1929— Rio Taquarussu, 

 Piauhy; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 74, 1930— Matto 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 401 



Grosso; Roberts, Trop. Agric, 11, p. 90, 1934 — Trinidad; Peters, Bds. 

 Worid, 2, p. 205, 1934 (range); Laubmann, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, 

 p. 273, 1934 — Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 

 1935, p. 284 — Caroni Marshes, Trinidad (nest and eggs descr.). 



Range. — Island of Trinidad; Venezuela west to Zulia and M^rida; 

 the Guianas; Brazil (locally) from Pard south to Rio Grande do Sul 

 and Matto Grosso; eastern Bolivia (Chiquitos; Tarija; Santa Cruz); 

 Argentina from the eastern foot of the Andes in Jujuy and Tucumdn 

 south to Mendoza and east to the Rio Parana, Entre Rios, and 

 Buenos Aires; Paraguay; Uruguay.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 16: Venezuela (Lake Valencia, Cara- 

 bobo, 10; Rio Aurare, 1); Uruguay (Minas, Polanco, 1; Panco, 

 Canelones, 1); Argentina (Isla Ella, Delta del Parana, 2; Quilmes, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 7: Venezuela (Lagunillas, Zulia, 1); Para- 

 guay (265 km. west of Puerto Casado, 4); Bolivia (Buenavista, 

 Santa Cruz, 2). 



*Gallinula chloropus pauxilla Bangs.^ Lesser Gallinule. 



Gallinula qhloropus pauxilla Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 5, p. 96, 1915 

 — Guabinas, Rio Cauca, Colombia (type in Bangs Collection, Museum 

 of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 24, p. 

 269, 1917 — western Colombia (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 



1 It has already been pointed out by Osgood and Conover that Venezuelan 

 specimens are not separable from galeata, and independent comparison by the 

 senior author tends to confirm this conclusion. An adult male from Trinidad 

 (Caroni swamp) and another from British Guiana (Abary River) are likewise 

 similar to southern examples, agreeing in size and coloration. Characteristic of 

 this form, in comparison to G. c. cachinnans and G. c. cerceris, are the deep plum- 

 beous coloration of the upper parts, at best with a slight suffusion of dull olive 

 brown or deep olive on middle back and rump, and the widely expanded, pos- 

 teriorly truncate frontal shield. 



The Brazilian Gallinule does not occur anywhere in Chile (cf. Philippi, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 532; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, 

 p. 362, 1932), and the records by Des Murs and PYauenfeld refer without question 

 to some species of Fulica. 



Additional material examined. — Trinidad: Caroni swamp, 1 (wing, 175; bill, 

 48). — British Guiana: Abary River, 1 (165; 50). — Brazil: Joazeiro, Bahia, 1 (180; 

 45); Iguape, Sao Paulo, 1 (170; 47); Ipanemd, Sao Paulo, 1 (190; 49); Rio Grande 

 do Sul, 2 (180, 185; 46, 50); Caigara, Matto Grosso, 3 (180, 180, 185; 45, 45, 47). 

 — Bolivia: Chiquitos, 1 (178; 42). — Argentina: opposite Rosario, Santa F6, 1 

 (182; 45); Isla Ella, Delta del Parana, 1 (183; 46); Los Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos 

 Aires, 2 (170, 175; 44, 48); Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, 2 (165, 185; 42 1^, 43). 



^Gallinula chloropus pauxilla Bangs: Similar in coloration to G. c, galeata, 

 but with shorter and slenderer tarsus and toes. 



With the limited material at our command we cannot be sure that the birds 

 occurring in the area circumscribed above really pertain to one and the same 

 form. Specimens from northern and western Colombia seem to have shorter 




402 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



36, p. 217, 1917— Cali, Cauca, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 178, 1926— 

 Chone and Lago San Pablo, western Ecuador (crit.); Darlington, Bull. 

 Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 374, 1931 — Cienaga, Magdalena, Colombia; 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 205, 1934 (range). 



Gallinula galeata (not Crex galeata Lichtenstein) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 559 — part, Chorillos, near Lima, Peru; Sclater and 

 Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 546— Antioquia, Colombia (nest descr.); Salvin, I.e., 

 1883, p. 428— Callao, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 327, 1886— 

 part, Lima and Callao; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 177, 1894— 

 part, spec, s', y', Antioquia and Callao; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. 

 Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 40, 1900— Vinees, Ecuador; Chubb, Ibis, 

 1919, p. 54 — Eten and Reque (Lambayeque), and Trujillo (Libertad), 

 Peru; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 19, 1922— La 

 Carolina (Quito) and Lake San Pablo (Imbabura), Ecuador. 



Range. — Northern and western Colombia (Cienaga, west foot 

 of Santa Marta Mountains; Cali and Guabinas, Cauca Valley), 

 western Ecuador, and Pacific coast region of Peru south to Lima 

 (Chorillos). 



Conover Collection. — 7: Colombia (Timba, Valle, 1); Ecuador 

 (Laguna Yaguarcocha, Imbabura, 1; Cienaga del Chimborazo, 1; 

 Lago San Pablo, Imbabura, 3; Arenillas, El Oro, 1). 



♦Gallinula chloropus garmani Allen.i Carman's Gallinule. 



Gallinula garmani Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 357, 1876 — Lake 

 Titicaea, Peru (cotypes in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, 

 Mass.; ef. Bangs, I.e., 70, p. 171, 1930); Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, 

 Water Bds. N. Amer., 1, p. 388, 1884— Lake Titieaea (diag.); Allen, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 107, 1889— Lake Titieaea. 



Gallinula galeata (not Crex galeata Lichtenstein) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. 

 Soe. Lond., 1868, p. 176 — Lake Tambo, Arequipa, Peru (spec, examined) ; 

 Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 559 — part. Lake Junin, Peru; idem, Orn. P6r., 



wings (156-165) but those examined from Ecuador average considerably larger 

 (156-190). Four from northwestern Peru (Lambayeque and Trujillo), however, 

 agree with the topotypical birds in wing length, but have markedly shorter 

 bills and frontal shields (36-40 as against 45-49). 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: Cauca Valley, 2. — Peru: Eten, 

 Lambayeque, 1; Reque, Lambayeque, 1; Trujillo, Libertad, 2. 



1 Gallinula chloropus garmani Allen, the largest and darkest member of the 

 group, is easily separable by its large size, almost uniform dark plumbeous colo- 

 ration (at best with a slight tinge of dull olivaceous on lower back and rump), 

 and slaty blackish head and neck. Wing, 212-228, (females) 190-210; bill (with 

 frontal shield), 42 (female) to 50 (male). 



Additional material examined. — Peru: Lake Junin, 3; Laguna de Tambo, 

 Arequipa, 1; Anta, Cuzeo, 3; Lucre, Cuzeo, 3; Puno, Lake Titieaea, 3. — Bolivia: 

 Chililaya, Lake Titicaea, 3; Sitani, Oruro, 1. — Chile, Tarapac^: Sacayd, 5. — 

 Argentina: Puna, Jujuy, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 403 



3, p. 327, 1886— part, Junfn; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 402 

 — Sitana, Prov. Oruro, Bolivia; idem. I.e., 1891, p. 136 — Sacayd, Tara- 

 paca, Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 188, 1894 — part, spec. 

 x', z', a'-e', Peru (Laguna de Tambo) and Chile (Sacayd); Reed, Anal. 

 Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896— Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 300— Sacaya 

 (habits); Beriepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), 

 p. 50 — Ingapirca, Junto, Peru; idem, Ornis, 13, p. 131, 1906 — Puno, 

 Lake Titicaca, Peru. 



Gallinula chloropus garmani Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 5, p. 98, 1915 

 (crit., range); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 24, p. 270, 1917 (crit.); Hellmayr, 

 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 361, 1932— Cordilleras of Tara- 

 pac^, Chile (crit.); Peters, Bds. Worid, 2, p. 205, 1934 (range). 



Gallinula galeata garmani Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 48, 1921 — 

 Calca, Urubamba, Peru. 



Range. — Puna zone of southern Peru (from Junin south to 

 Arequipa and Puno), Bolivia, northern Chile (Tarapacd), and 

 extreme northwestern Argentina (Jujuy). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Peru (near Calca, Cuzco, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 5: Peru (Puno, Puno, 1; Chucuito, Puno, 

 2); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, l;Desaguadero, La Paz, 1). 



Genus PORPHYRULA Blyth^ 



Porphyrula Blyth, Cat. Bds. Mus. Asiat. Soc, p. 283, after Sept. 1, 1852»— 

 type, by monotypy, P. chloronotus Blyth= Porphyria alleni Thomson. 



lonornis Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xxi, Oct. 1, 1852 — type, by mono- 

 typy, Fulica martinicensis J2icqmn=Fulica martinica Linnaeus. 



Glaucestes Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xxi, Oct. 1, 1852 — type, by mono- 

 typy, Fulica flavirostris Gmelin. 



Porphyriola Sundevall, Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., p. 131, 1872 — new name 

 for Porphyrula Blyth. 



♦Porphyrula martinica (Linnaeus). Purple Gallinule. 



Fulica martinica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 259, 1766 — Martinique, 

 West Indies. 



Fulica parva Pennant, in J. R. Forster, Ind. Zool., p. 42, 1781 — based on "La 

 petite Poule-Sultane" Brisson, Om., 5, p. 526, pi. 42, fig. 2; Cayenne 

 (type in coll. of M. de Reaumur). 



Fulica martinicensis Jacquin, Beytr. Gesch. Vogel, p. 12, pi. 3, 1784 — Mar- 

 tinique, West Indies. 



1 We agree with Peters (Bds. World, 2, p. 206, 1934) that it is preferable to 

 follow Sharpe (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 187, 1894) in the wider limits of the 

 genus rather than to place each of the three species in a monotypic genus. 



^ The advance sheets of this work distributed by the author as early as 1849 

 to some of his correspondents (cf. Mathews, Bds. Australia, Suppl., 4, p. 10, 1925) 

 can hardly be regarded as constituting publication. 




404 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Parra viridis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 708, 1789— based on "Jacana" 

 (Brisson ex) Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 190; Brazil (cf. Lichtenstein, 

 Abhandl. Berliner Akad., Phys. KL, for the years 1816-17, p. 157, 1819). 



Fulica porphyria (not of Linnaeus) Richard and Bernard, Act. Soc. Hist. 

 Nat. Paris, 1, (1), p. 118, 1792— Cayenne. 



Porphyria cyaneicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 28, p. 28, 

 1819 — based on "Yahana garganta celeste" Azara, No. 383 (=juv. mut.); 

 forty-five miles south of the island of Ascension, Paraguay. 



Porphyria tavoua Vieillot (and Gudart), Galerie Ois., 2, p. 170, pi. 267, 1825 — 

 Cayenne, Martinique, and North America (descr. of adult and young). 



Porphyria americanus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Bds., 2, p. 357, 1837 — 

 based on "Wil. 75, f. 2" [=Gallinvla martinica Ord, Suppl. Wilson, Amer. 

 Om., p. 230, pi. 73, fig. 2, 1825]; Louisiana. 



Gallinula martinicensis Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 93, 1821 — Rio Itahype, south- 

 em Bahia; idem, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 812, 1833 — eastern Brazil 

 (plumages, habits). 



Porphyria mariinicus(a) Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 376, 1847 — 

 Tobago; Gosse, Bds. Jam., p. 377, 1847 — Jamaica; Cabanis, in Schom- 

 burgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 761, 1848 — British Guiana; Taylor, 

 Ibis, 1864, p. 96— Trinidad; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 501, 1866— Trini- 

 dad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 459 (monog.); 

 Pelzeln, Om. Bras., 3, p. 317, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Teixera), Sao Paulo 

 (Ypanem4, Irisanga), Goydz (Rio Araguaya), Matto Grosso (Caigara), 

 and Rio Negro (Marabitanas), Brazil; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 383 — Lake 

 Paturia, Magdalena, Colombia; Cabanis, Joum. Om., 22, p. 231, 1874 — 

 Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1879, p. 546 — Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; Cory, Bds. Bahama Islands, 

 p. 178, 1880— Bahamas (ex Bryant); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 378— Cozumel 

 and Ruatan Islands. 



lonomis martini<nis{a) Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 165, 1878 — Fort 

 Brown, Texas; Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 1, p. 384 

 (monog.); Cory, Bds. Haiti and San Dom., p. 162, 1885 — Gantier; Wells, 

 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 629, 1887 — Grenadines; Berlepsch, Joum. 

 Om., 37, p. 320, 1889— Tarapoto, Rio Huallaga, Peru; Cory, Bds. W. Ind., 

 p. 258, 1889; idem. Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 91, 1892— Bahamas (New Provi- 

 dence), Greater Antilles (Cuba, Isle of Pines, Hispaniola, Porto Rico), 

 and Lesser Antilles (Dominica, Santa Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, Bar- 

 bados); idem. Auk, 10, p. 220, 1893 — Tobago; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. 

 N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893 — Cachoeira, Matto Grosso; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. 

 Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 15, 1900 — Carandasinho, Matto Grosso; 

 Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 2, p. 14, 1900 — Loma del Leon, Panama; 

 Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 192, 1905 — Pasadita, Isle of 

 Pines; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 246, 1905— Barbados, St. 

 Vincent, Grenada, and Grenadines; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 32, 

 1907 — Sao Paulo, Espirito Santo, Minas Geraes (Marianna), and Rio 

 Grande do Sul (Piratiny); Helhnayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 100, 1908— Fa- 

 zenda Esperanga, Goyiz; Lillo, Apunt. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 22, 1909 — San 

 Vicente, Santa F6, Argentina; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 259, 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 405 



1909 — San Vicente, Santa F6; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 

 18, p. 198, 1910 — Santa Fe (San Vicente), Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud), 

 and Santiago del Estero; Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1208 — 

 Tado, Choco, Colombia; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 256, 1913 (range 

 in Argentina); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 37, 1914 — Puerto Bertoni, Alto 

 Parand, Paraguay; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 78, 1916 — upper 

 Takutu Mountains, Bartica, Abary River, and Georgetown; Todd, Ann. 

 Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 203, 1916 — Pasadita, Isle of Pines (crit.); Chapman, 

 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 220, 1917— Atrato River, Sinu River, 

 Turbaco, and Florencia, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 70, p. 244, 1918 — Gatlin Lake, Panama; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., 62, p. 42, 1918 — Paramaribo and Altonaweg, Surinam; 

 Arrib&lzaga, El Hornero, 2, p. 90, 1920 — Chaco; Todd and Carriker, 

 Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 179, 1922 — Mamatoco, Fundacion, and Trojas 

 de Cataca, Santa Marta, Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 

 14, No. 25, p. 20, 1922 — La Carolina, Ecuador; Osgood and Conover, 

 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 41, 1922— Lagunillas, Merida, 

 Venezuela; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 139 — Apure and Portuguesa rivers, 

 Venezuela; Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. CI., 6, p. 56, 1923 — Cuba; Howell, 

 Bds. Alabama, p. 91, 1924 — coast of Alabama; Griscom and Crosby, 

 Auk, 42, p. 527, 1925 — Brownsville, Texas; Friedmann, I.e., p. 542, 

 1925 — Brownsville, Texas; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, 

 p. 179, 1926 — Chone, western Ecuador; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto 

 Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 342, 1927— Porto Rico (habits, full bibliog.); 

 Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 23, 1927 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Kennard 

 and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 447, 1928 — Almirante, Panama; 

 Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 484, 1929— Lake 

 Parnagua, Piauhy; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 74, 1930 

 — Urucum, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 301, 

 1931 — Changuinola, Banana River, Sixaola (Elena), and Cricamola, 

 Panama; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 134, 1931 

 ; — Hispaniola (full bibliog.); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, 

 p. 374, 1931 — Cienaga, Magdalena, Colombia; Bradlee and Mowbray, 

 Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 313, 1931— Bermudas; Roberts, Trop. Agric, 

 11, p. 90, 1934— Oropuche River, Trinidad; Van Tyne, Misc. Publ., Mus. 

 Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 14, 1935 — Uaxactun, Pet6n, Guatemala; Danforth, 

 Monog. Univ. Porto Rico, Phys. Biol. Sci., Ser. B, 3, p. 28, 1935— Santa 

 Lucia. 



Porphyriola martinica Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 189, 1894 — South 

 Carolina and Florida south to Brazil; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. 

 Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 12, 1899 — Laguna de Pita, Darien, Panama; 

 Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 419, 1899 — Sao Paulo (Piracicaba, Iguape); 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 327, 1903 — eastern 

 Mexico to Panama; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 309 — Mangrove Cay, Andros, 

 Bahamas (visitant); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 53, 1906 — Caroni River, 

 Trinidad; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 411, 1910 — Laguna de Coris, 

 Matina, and mouth of Matina River, Costa Rica; Reiser, Denks. Math.- 

 Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 96, 1910 — Barrinha (Joazeiro), 

 Barra do Rio Grande, and island in the Rio Sao Francisco near Sambaiba, 

 Bahia; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 66 — Sapucay, Paraguay. 




406 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Porphyrula martinica Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 206, 1934 (range); Griscom, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 305, 1935 — Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. 

 Paul., 19, p. 75, 1935— Cahype, Bahia; idem. I.e., 20, p. 41, 1936— In- 

 htimas, Goydz; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 

 Ser., 23, p. 162, 1938— Lake Olomega, El Salvador. 



Range. — Breeds from Texas, Louisiana, southern Alabama, and 

 South Carolina south through eastern Mexico, Central America 

 (locally), and the West Indies to western Ecuador, Peru (Tarapoto, 

 Rio Huallaga), Bolivia (Rio Yapacani, Santa Cruz), and southern 

 Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul and Matto Grosso); sparingly also in 

 Paraguay and northeastern Argentina (a few records from Santa F^ 

 and Buenos Aires) ; accidental in Bermuda. 



Field Museum Collection. — 36: Florida (Fort Myers, 6; Sanford, 

 2); West Indies (Tobago, 1; St. Lucia, 2; Jamaica, 1; Gantier, 

 Haiti, 1) ; El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 2) ; Venezuela 

 (Lake Valencia, 1); Colombia (Atrato River, 1); British Guiana 

 (Buxton, E. C, Demerara, 11; Georgetown, 1; unspecified, 2); 

 Surinam (Paramaribo, 1); Brazil (Itacoatiara, Amazonas, 1; Rio do 

 Peixe, Bahia, 1; Quixada, Ceara, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 33: Panama (Port Obaldia, Darien, 7); 

 Venezuela (Lagunillas, Zulia, 1); Colombia (Ci^naga, Santa Marta, 

 1; Timba, Valle, 2); Ecuador (Leon, Latacunga, 1; Totoral, Quito, 

 4); Brazil (Rio Manacapuru, Amazonas, 3; Tauary, Rio Tapajoz, 3; 

 Lago Javary, Rio Amazonas, 3; Pinhel, Rio Tapajoz, 1); Bolivia 

 (Rio Yapacani, Santa Cruz, 1); Paraguay (Horqueta, 6). 



♦Porphyrula flavirostris (Gmelin). Little Gallinule. 



Fulica parva (not of Pennant, 1781) Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 54, Dec, 1783 

 — based on "La Favorite, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 897, 

 and "La Favorite" Buffon (Hist. Nat. Ois., 8, p. 207) ;i Cayenne. 



Fulica flavirostris Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 600, 1789 — same basis. 



Porphyria cyanoleucus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 28, p. 27, 

 1819 — based on "Yahand bianco y celeste" Azara, No. 381; Paraguay.* 



Gallinula parva Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 39, 1865 — Surinam and 

 Cayenne. 



Porphyria parvus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 592 — 

 Rio Amazonas; idem, I.e., 1868, p. 460 — Cayenne, Surinam, Amazon, and 

 Rio Araguay (monog.); Pelzeln, Om. Bras., 3, p. 318, 1870 — Goyaz (Porto 

 do Rio Araguay) and Matto Grosso (Caigara), Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk. 



1 Excluding "La petite Poule-Sultane" Brisson (Om., 5, p. 526, pi. 42, fig. 2), 

 quoted by Boddaert in synonymy, which pertains to P. martinica. 



* Azara's description is excellent, even as to the notes on the coloration of the 

 soft parts, which are in agreement with the data supplied by Henry Whitely. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 407 



Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 42 — Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; Allen, 

 Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876 — Rhomes (sixty miles from Santar^m), 

 Rio Tapajoz, Brazil; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 149— Fortin Page, lower Pil- 

 comayo. 



lonornis parva Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 1, p. 384, 

 1884 — Cayenne and Amazon (diag.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 32, 

 1907 (range); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 198, 1910 — 

 lower Pilcomayo; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 37, 1914 — Rio Pilcomayo. 



Glaucestes parvus Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893 — Corumba, 

 Matto Grosso. 



Porphyriola parva Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 191, 1894 — British 

 Guiana (Annai) and Rio Amazon; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 1, p. 215, 1908 

 — Surinam; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 300, 1908— Cayenne; Snethlage, 

 Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 74, 1914 — Para, Monte Alegre, and Cussary, 

 Brazil; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 152, 1928— Para. 



lonornis flavirostris Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 256, 1913— lower Pilco- 

 mayo; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 79, 1916 — upper Takutu Moun- 

 tains, Abary River, and Hoobaboo; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., 62, p. 42, 1918 — Paramaribo, Surinam; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 60, p. 74, 1930 — Urucum and Bocaina de Descalvados, Matto 

 Grosso. 



Porphyrula parva Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 207, 1934 (range). 



Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana; Brazil (Para, Rio 

 Acara, Monte Alegre, Cussary, Rhomes, and near Obidos, lower 

 Amazon; Rio Purus, Rio Uruba, Lago Baptista, Amazonas; Lagoa 

 Santa, Minas Geraes; Porto do Rio Araguay, Goydz; Caigara, Co- 

 rumba, Urucum, and Bocaina de Descalvados, Matto Grosso) ; north- 

 ern Paraguay (Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo; Horqueta; 265 km. 

 west of Puerto Casado),^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: British Guiana (Buxton, E. C, 

 Demerara, 1; unspecified, 1); Surinam (Paramaribo, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 18: Surinam (Paramaribo, 1); Brazil (Lago 

 Javary, near Obidos, 5; Boca de Channel Piava, 2; Tome-assu, Rio 

 Acara, 2; Villa Acara, Rio Acara, 1; Canutama, Rio Purus, 3); Para- 

 guay (Horqueta, 2; 265 km. west of Puerto Casado, 2). 



Genus FULICA Linnaeus 



Fulica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 152, 1758 — type, by tautonymy, 

 "Fulica"=Fulica atra Linnaeus. 



Phalaria Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xxi, Oct. 1, 1852 — type, by mono- 

 typy, Fulica "gigas" [=gigantea] Eydoux and Gervais. 



1 A very rare bird in collections. Specimens from inner Brazil do not differ 

 from Guianan birds. 



Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 1. — British Guiana: 

 Demerara, 2. — Brazil: Porto do Rio Araguay, Goyaz, 2; Caigara, Matto Grosso, 3. 




408 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Lysca Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xxi, Oct. 1, 1852 — type, by monotypy, 



Fulica ardesiaca Tschudi. 

 Lycornis Bonaparte,^ Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 600, 1856 — type, 



by monotypy, Fulica cornuta Bonaparte. 



♦Fulica atra atra Linnaeus. European Coot. 



Fulica atra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 152, 1758 — Europe = Sweden; 

 Winge, Consp. Faun. Groenl., Aves, in Medd. Gr0nland, 21, p. 146, 

 1898— Greenland (Kangek; Nanortalik [Oct. 26, 1881]; Julianehaab) ; 

 Taverner, Auk, 46, p. 227, 1929 — Exploits Harbor, Newfoundland (Dec, 

 1927). 



Fulica atra (typica) Helms, Dansk Cm. Foren. Tidskr., 11, p. 172, 1917 — 

 Angmagsalik, Greenland (May 5, 1914). 



Fulica atra atra Helms, Medd. Gr0nland, 58, p. 241, 1926 — Angmagsalik 

 (May 5, 1914); Austin, Auk, 46, p. 208, 1929— Anatalak Bay and Separa- 

 tion Point, Sandwich Bay, Labrador (December, 1927); Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 211, 1934 (range). 



Range. — The greater part of Europe and Asia south to the Medi- 

 terranean, India, and Japan. Accidental in Greenland (Kangek; 

 Nanortalik [Oct. 26, 1881]; Julianehaab; AngmagsaHk [May 5, 1914], 

 Labrador (Anatalak Bay and Sandwich Bay, December, 1927), and 

 Newfoundland (Exploits Harbor, December, 1927). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Labrador (Tangnaivik Island, 

 Anatalak Bay, 1). 



*Fulica americana americana Gmelin. American Coot. 



Fulica americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 704, 1789 — ^based on "Cinere- 

 ous Coot" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 279; North America (type 

 in Leverian Museum, its present location unknown) ;2 Hartlaub, Journ. 

 Cm., 1, "1853," Extraheft, p. 87, 1854— North America to Mexico and 

 the West Indies (monog.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 221, 1894 

 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nland, 21, p. 147, 1898 — Christianshaab, 

 Greenland; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 329, 

 1903 — North America to Panama; Riley, in Shattuck, The Bahama 

 Islands, p. 360, 1905 — Abaco, New Providence, and Rum Cay (breeding); 

 Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 412, 1910 — Costa Rica (Juan Vinas, 

 San Juan, Las Concovas); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Om. CI., 6, p. 57, 1923 — 

 Cuba (winter visitor); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 358, 1926 

 (range, life hist.). 



Fulica cinerea Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., livr. 47, p. 62, 1791 — based 

 on "Cinereous Coot" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. "276" [=279]; 

 North America. 



Fulica vdlsoni Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 12, (1), p. 236, 1824 — new name 

 for Fulica americana Gmelin. 



» Licornis Bonaparte (Ann. Sci. Nat., (4), Zool., 1, p. 150, 1854) is a nomen 

 nudum. 



^ The type did not come to the Vienna Museum. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 409 



Fulica leucopyga Wagler, Isis, 1831, Heft 4, col. 518, 1831 — Mexico (type in 

 Munich Museum examined). 



Fulica americana americana McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 11, 

 1927 — Maria Madre, Tres Marias Islands; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. 

 Zool., 32, p. 88, 1928 — Lower California; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 80, p. 495, 1928— Port de Paix, Haiti; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. 

 U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 138, 1931— Hispaniola (crit.); Peters, Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., 71, p. 302, 1931 — Almirante and Changuinola, Panama; 

 Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 314, 1931— Ber- 

 mudas; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 123, 1932 — Guatemala; 

 idem. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 305, 1935 — Panama (Veraguas; 

 Chiriquf Lagoon); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 212, 1934 (range); Danforth, 

 Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, 19, p. 448, 1935— South Gate Pond, St. 

 Croix, Virgin Islands (April 21, 1934; crit.); Dickey and van Rossem, 

 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 164, 1938— Lake Olomega, Lake 

 Ilopango, and Lake Chanmico, El Salvador. 



Range.— Breeds from central British Columbia, southern Mac- 

 kenzie, central Saskatchewan, Ontario, southern Quebec, and New 

 Brunswick south to southern Lower California, Tamaulipas, Ar- 

 kansas, Tennessee, and New Jersey, and sporadically in Florida; 

 also in southern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; 

 winters from the southern half of its breeding range south to Panama 

 and the Wegt Indies, at least to the northern Greater Antilles;^ 

 accidental in Alaska (Fort Yukon), Greenland (Christianshaab), 

 Nova, Scotia, and Bermuda. 



Field Museum Collection. — 33: Massachusetts (Great Island, 1; 

 Duxbury, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver 

 Dam, 9; Fox Lake, 1); Illinois (Fults, Monroe County, 4; Liverpool, 

 1; Orland, Cook County, 2); Indiana (Bluffton, 1); Georgia (Mon- 

 tezuma, 1); Florida (Loxahachee Marsh, 1; Kissimmee River, 1); 

 Texas (Brownsville, 1); Cuba (Palacios, 1); Haiti (Port de Paix, 2); 

 Bahamas (Andros Island, 1); Guatemala (Lake Atitlan, 1; Laguana, 

 2); El Salvador (Sitio del Nifio, San Salvador, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 15 : Illinois (Henry, 1 ; Highland Park, 1) ; Utah 

 (Brigham, 12); Panama (Darkland, Almirante, 1). 



Fulica americana grenadensis Riley.^ Grenada Coot. 



1 Owing to its being often confused with F. a. grenadensis and F. caribaea the 

 southward extension of the winter range of the American Coot cannot be given 

 with absolute exactness. Reliable records are from Cuba, Hispaniola, and St. 

 Croix. 



2 Fulica americana grenadensis Riley: Similar to F. a. americana, but bill much 

 heavier and frontal shield more swollen and larger. Wing (female), 184>^; tail, 

 473^; culmen with frontal shield, 503^; depth of bill at base, 173^ (Riley, I.e.). 



According to the describer, this form is very close to F. a. columbiana, but 

 differs by proportionately heavier bill (which, besides, is deeply wrinkled longi- 




410 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Fulica americana grenadensis Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29, p. 103, 1916 

 — Isle de Rhonde, Grenadines (type in U. S. National Museum); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 2, p. 212, 1934 (range). 



Fulica americana (not of Gmelin) Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 629, 

 1886 — Grenada (Grand Etang, Lake Antoine) and Isle de Rhonde (breed- 

 ing); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 221, 1894— part, spec, a", Gre- 

 nada; Wells, Auk, 19, p. 244, 1902— Carriacou (breeding) ; Clark, Proc. Bost. 

 Soc. N. H., 32, p. 247, 1905 — Grenadines (Mustique, Mayreau, Union, 

 Canouan, Carriacou, Isle de Rhonde) and Grenada (Grand Etang, Lake 

 Antoine). 



Range. — Island of Grenada, and the Grenadines, Lesser Antilles; 

 (?) island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. ^ 



*Fulica americana columbiana Chapman. ^ Colombian Coot. 



Fulica americana columbiana Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 170, 

 1914 — La Herrera, north of Bogota, Cundinamarca, Colombia (type in 

 the American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined) ; idem. 

 I.e., 36, p. 220, 1917 — La Herrera and La Olanda, Colombia; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 212, 1934 — part, Andes of Colombia (Bogota region). 



Range. — Temperate zone of the Andes of Colombia (Bogota 

 region; Paramo de Purace, Cauca). 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Colombia (La Holanda, 1; "Bo- 

 gota," 3). 



Conover Collection. — 2: Colombia (Paramo de Purace, Cauca, 2). 



tudinally) and more swollen frontal shield. We are not acquainted with this 

 race. With absolute certainty it is only known to inhabit Grenada and some of 

 the Grenadines. It is not improbable that the coot from Brabon Bay, St. Vincent, 

 recorded by Lister (Ibis, 1880, p. 44) s. n. Fulica americana was an example of the 

 present form which may be expected to occur there occasionally as a straggler. 

 According to Feilden (Ibis, 1889, pp. 480, 499), a species of coot existed on the 

 island of Barbados, but it seems to have become extinct (cf. Bond, Proc. Acad. 

 Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 528, 1928). Whether it pertained to F. a. grenadensis or 

 F. caribaea cannot be determined in the absence of material. 



1 Danforth (Auk, 45, p. 482, 1928) recorded F. a. grenadensis from Jamaica 

 on the basis of two specimens collected by him on Long Pond, near Hodges, on 

 August 9, 1926. While their measurements very closely agree with those of Riley's 

 type, direct comparison of adequate series from Jamaica and the Grenadines 

 seems imperative in view of the wide separation of these islands. Other Jamaican 

 breeding records under the name of F. americana are by Scott (Auk, 9, pp. 12, 212, 

 1892) and Field (Auk, 11, p. 122, 1894). A specimen taken at Cabanas, Cuba, 

 on May 23, 1900, by Palmer and Riley is stated by Wetmore and Swales (Bull. 

 U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 139, note 48, 1931) to be F. a. americana. 



^Fulica americana columbiana Chapman: Similar to F. a. americana, but 

 tarsi and toes longer; bill heavier and longer; frontal shield larger, higher, rounded 

 posteriorly and more clearly defined from the bill anteriorly; bill, in breeding 

 specimens, yellowish; white ends to inner secondaries on average less extensive 

 and confined largely to the inner web of the feathers. Wing, 190-205; tarsus, 60- 

 64; middle toe, 90-96; culmen from base of shield, 47-54; depth of bill at base, 103^- 

 12; length of shield, 15-18; width of shield, 8-12. 



This form is very different from F. caribaea by reason of its smooth, dark 

 maroon frontal shield being sharply defined from the bill instead of forming, as in 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 411 

 *Fulica americana peruviana Morrison.^ Peruvian Coot. 



Fulica americana peruviana Morrison, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 59, p. 56, 1939 — 

 Lake Junin, Junfn, Peru (type in British Museum examined). 



Fulica chilensis (not of Gay, 1848) Hartlaub, Journ. Orn., 1, "1853," Extra- 

 heft, p. 81, 1854 — La Paz, Bolivia (descr.); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 

 Ralli, p. 63, 1865 — part, spec, a, Cochabamba, Bolivia. 



Fulica ardesiaca (not of Tschudi) Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 113, 1868 

 — part ("nuptial plumage"), Bolivian Andes (La Paz); iidem, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 464 — part, Bolivia; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 156 — Laguna 

 Tungasuca, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 357, 

 1876 — Moho, Carapata, and Achecacha, Lake Titicaca; Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 641 — Bolivian Andes; Taczanowski, Orn. 

 Per., 3, p. 328, 1886 — part, Laguna de Tungasuca and Lake Titicaca, 

 Peru; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 402— Huasco, Tarapacd, 

 Chile; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 — Antofagasta, Chile; Heine and 

 Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn., p. 317, 1888— La Paz, "Valdivia" 

 [=Bolivia]; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 107, 1890— Lake Titicaca; 

 Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 136 — Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; 

 Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 217, 1894 — part, spec, a, b, d-g, 

 Ecuador ("Cotta" = Colta), Peru (Laguna de Tungasuca), and Chile 

 (Sacaya, Tarapac&); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 302 — Sacaya, Chile; Hartert, 

 Nov. Zool., 5, p. 503, 1898 — Lake Yaguarcocha, Ecuador; Salvadori and 

 Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 40, 1900— part, spec, ex 

 Laguna de Yaguarcocha, Ecuador (shield red-brown, feet greenish); 

 Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 230 — marshes near Quito, Ecuador ("bill and 



the Caribbean bird, a basal inflation of the latter. A specimen from Pdramo de 

 Purace is marked by the collector as having "the legs grayish green with light 

 red near the feathers." 



Five additional specimens from La Herrera, Colombia, examined. 



' F'ulica americana peruviana Morrison: Very near F. a. columbiana, but larger, 

 with longer bill; frontal plate, though of the same shape and color, decidedly 

 larger; without any red at base of tarsus; inner secondaries rarely with white 

 apical markings. The protuberant frontal plate is of a deep chestnut or mahogany 

 red, while the legs and feet, according to Morrison and other field naturalists, are 

 bright green in life. Birds from various parts of the range agree well together 

 except that those from Bolivia and Argentina are larger and have the frontal 

 shields markedly more expanded. Specimens from Ecuador (Colta, Yaguarcocha), 

 by slightly smaller plate, exhibit a tendency towards columbiana, but one of the 

 Tarapacd birds has even a smaller shield. 



Wing BiU Shield 



Ecuador 210-224 34-35 19 



Peru 210-225 36-37 24-28 



Peru (Lake Titicaca) 210 37 21 



Chile (Tarapaca) 218-225 37-40 20-24 



(once 230) (once 17) 



Bolivia (Cochabamba) 237, 245, 250 



Argentina (Antofagasta) 240 



Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Laguna de Colta, 2. — Peru: Lake 

 JunIn, JunIn, 3; Laguna de Tungasuca, Dept. Cuzco, 2. — Bolivia: Lake Titicaca, 

 1; Chililaya, Lake Titicaca, 5. — Chile, Tarapacd: Sitani, 4; Cueva Negra, 1; 

 Sacay^, 2. 




412 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



forehead pink, legs bright green"); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 

 14, No. 25, p. 20, 1922 — part. La Carolina and Yaguarcocha, Ecuador 

 ("shields red, legs green"); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 290, 1922— Laguna 

 de Antofagasta, Terr, de los Andes, Argentina; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. 

 Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 363, 1932— Tarapac4 and Antofagasta, Chile; 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 212, 1934 (in part). 



Fulica sp. Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 41, 

 1900 — Laguna de Culebrillas, Ecuador (young). 



Fulica americana columbiana (not of Chapman, 1914) Chapman, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 55, p. 179, 1926 — Yaguarcocha, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 

 2, p. 212, 1934 — part, Andes of Ecuador. 



Range. — Temperate and Puna zones of the Andes from southern 

 Colombia (Narino) to Bolivia, northern Chile (provinces of Tarapaca 

 and Antofagasta), and extreme northwestern Argentina (Laguna de 

 Antofagasta, Terr, de los Andes). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Peru (Lake Junln, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 17: Colombia (Narino, 2); Ecuador (Laguna 

 Yaguarcocha, 3; San Fernando, Azuay, 1); Peru (Chucuito, Puno, 

 2; Puno, Puno, 1); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 5; Colomi, 

 Cochabamba, 2); Argentina (Antofagasta, Catamarca, 1). 



*Fulica caribaea Ridgway.^ Caribbean Coot. 



Fulica caribaea Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 358, 1884 — St. John 

 and Guadeloupe (type, from St. John, Virgin Islands, in U. S. National 

 Museum); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 259, 1889 (descr.); idem. Auk, 8, p. 46, 

 1891— Anguilla and Antigua; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 91, 1892— 

 Porto Rico, St. John, Antigua, and Guadeloupe; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 23, p. 224, 1894 (descr.); Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 279, 

 1904 — Antigua and Barbuda (meas.); Wetmore, Auk, 34, p. 57, 1917 — 

 Culebra, near Porto Rico; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 403, 

 1917— El Batey, Dominican Republic; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. 

 Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 41, 1922 — Lagunillas, Zulia, Venezuela; 

 Peters, Auk, 44, p. 534, 1927 — Anguilla; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico 

 & Virgin Is., 9, p. 346, 1927— Porto Rico, St. Croix, Culebra, and St. John 

 (monog.); idem. Auk, 45, p. 370, 1928— Carriacou; Bond, Proc. Acad. 

 Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 495, 1928— Trou Caiman, Haiti; Moltoni, Atti 

 Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 312, 1928 — Guerra, Haiti; Wetmore and Swales, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 139, 1931— Hispaniola (monog.); Beatty, 

 Joum. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 15, p. 22, 1931 — Guanica Lagoon, Porto 

 Rico; Danforth, I.e., p. 51, 1931 — Porto Rico (local records); idem. Auk, 



* Fvlica caribaea Ridgway differs from the races of F. americana by the more 

 expanded, whitish or yellowish frontal shield with somewhat wrinkled surface. 



The characters of this coot do not strike one as being of specific value, inas- 

 much as certain examples have been recorded that seem to be more or less inter- 

 mediate with the American Coot (cf. Danforth, Joum. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, 19, 

 p. 448, 1935). However, until its range and that of F. a. grenadensis are more 

 satisfactorily worked out, it would seem unwise to reduce it to subspecific rank. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 413 



51, p. 358, 1934— Antigua; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 212, 1934 (range); 

 Danforth, Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, 19, p. 448, 1935 — St. Croix 

 (crit.); (?)Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 285 — Caroni Marshes, Trini- 

 dad (nest and eggs descr.); Bond, Auk, 56, p. 194, 1939 — Montserrat. 

 Fulica americana (not of Gmelin) (?)Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 504, 1866 — 

 Trinidad; Sundevall, Oefvers. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 26, p. 601, 1869 

 —Porto Rico; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 190, 1878— Porto Rico (La- 

 guna de Gudnica, Camuy, Rio Arecibo; nesting); idem. Anal. Soc. Esp. 

 Hist. Nat., 7, p. 394, 1878— Porto Rico (same localities); Cory, Cat. W. 

 Ind. Bds., p. 91, 1892— Porto Rico and St. Croix; Struthers, Auk, 40, 

 p. 472, 1923— Porto Rico. 



Fulica americana americana Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull., 326, p. 34, 1916 — 

 Porto Rico (Guanica, Manati) and Culebra (food, habits). 



Fulica caribaea major Danforth, Auk, 42, p. 56, 1925 — Cartagena Lagoon, 

 Porto Rico (type in coll. of Cornell University, Ithaca, New York); 

 idem, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 10, p. 62, 1926 — Cartagena 

 Lagoon (habits). 



Fulica caribaea subsp. Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 363, 1929 — Hispaniola (Laguna 

 del Salodillo, Haina, Etang Miragoane, Artibonite, Gonaives). 



Fulica americana grenadensis (not of Riley) Beatty, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto 

 Rico, 14, p. 140, 1930— St. Croix (breeding). 



Range. — Resident in the Greater and Lesser Antilles (known 

 from Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Culebra, St. John, St. Croix, Anguilla, 

 Barbuda, Montserrat, Antigua, and Guadeloupe); also recorded 

 from Venezuela (Lagunillas, Zulia) ;^ (?)island of Trinidad.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 9 : Haiti (Le Coup, 1 ; Port de Paix, 4) ; 

 Anguilla, 4. 



Conover Collection. — 6: Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 5); Venezuela 

 (Lagunillas, Zulia, 1). 



*Fulica ardesiaca Tschudi.^ Slate-colored Coot. 



1 The single bird from Lagunillas, Venezuela, has larger feet and a heavier 

 bill than West Indian specimens. 



2 The subspecific determination of the Trinidad Coot, which was found breed- 

 ing in the Caroni Marshes by Belcher and Smooker, remains in doubt. No speci- 

 men has been examined by any recent naturalist. From the description of Leotaud, 

 who calls the frontal shield "blanc rose," it would seem to be allied to F. caribaea, 

 although on Grenada and the Grenadines F. a. grenadensis is supposed to breed. 

 It is evident that we have yet much to learn about the breeding ranges of the 

 West Indian coots and their inter-relationship. 



' Fulica ardesiaca Tschudi: Superficially resembling F. americana peruviana 

 Morrison, but immediately recognizable by the flatter and more expanded frontal 

 plate being white to primrose yellow (fading to Isabella color in skins), white bill, 

 and slate-gray legs. Wing, 200-225; tail, 57-60; bill, 36-38.5; shield, 20 (female) 

 -30 (male). 



Though regarded by authors as the "non-nuptial plumage" of F. a. peruviana, 

 this coot seems to be specifically distinct. Morrison found both breeding on Lake 

 Junln, and the same is the case on certain lakes in the highlands of Ecuador (Colta 




414 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Fulica ardesiaca Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 389, 1843 — "ad fluminum 

 ripas et in Antium lacunis," = Lake Junfn, Peru (type in Neuchatel Mu- 

 seum examined); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 303, 1846 — Lake 

 Junin, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 113, pi. 57, 1868 — part 

 ("non-nuptial plumage"). Peru to Ecuador (crit.); iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1868, p. 464 — part, Peru (Tambo Valley) and Ecuador (between 

 Riobamba and Mocha) (monog-.); Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 559 — Junfn 

 and "Chorillos," Peru; idem, Orn. P6r., 3, p. 328, 1886— part, Junfn and 

 "Chorillos"; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 217, 1894— part, spec, c, 

 Laguna de Tambo, Peru; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 

 15, No. 368, p. 40, 1900 — part, spec, ex Laguna de Kingora (Sigsig), 

 Ecuador (shield yellowish white, feet slate-gray); Berlepsch and Stolz- 

 mann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 50 — Ingapirca, Junfn, Peru; 

 Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 55 — Colta, Riobamba, Ecuador; Lonnberg and 

 Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 20, 1922— part. Lake Mica (Antisana), 

 Ecuador ("pale shield"); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 179, 

 1926— Antisana, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 212, 1934 (in part). 



Fulica chilensis (not of Gay) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 82, 1860 — 

 between Riobamba and Mocha, Ecuador ("frontal shield delicately orange, 

 blending into lemon on sides and back; legs and feet delicate slate-color;" 

 spec, now in Bremen Museum); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1868, p. 176 — Laguna de Tambo, Arequipa (crit.). 



Fulica sp. inc. Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 230 — lakes near Cotopaxi, Ecuador. 



Lysca ardesiacea Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xxi, Oct., 1852. 



Range. — Temperate and Puna zones of the Andes of southern 

 Colombia (Narino), Ecuador and Peru. 



Field MiLseum Collection. — 4: Peru (Lake Junin, 4). 



Conover Collection. — 9: Colombia (Narino, 1) and Ecuador (Cerro 

 Antisana, Pichincha, 2; Laguna Yaguarcocha, Imbabura, 6). 



♦Fulica armillata Vieillot.^ Red-gartered Coot. 



Fulica armillata Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 12, p. 47, 1817 — 

 based on "Focha de ligas roxas" Azara, No. 448, Paraguay; Lesson, Rev. 

 Zool., 5, p. 209, 1842 — Valparaiso, Chile; idem. Echo du Monde Sav., 9, 

 2nd sem., col. 253, 1842 — Valparaiso; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 217, 

 1853— Rio de Valdivia, Chile; idem, Journ. Orn., 1, "1853," Extraheft, 

 p. 82, 1854— Chile (Valdivia, Valparaiso), Brazil (Ilha de Santa Catha- 

 rina), and "Paraguay (Bonpland)" [=Misiones]* (monog.); Burmeister, 



and Yaguarcocha). No intermediates between the red-fronted and white-fronted 

 birds are known. The type of F. ardesiaca, courteously forwarded by Dr. Fuhr- 

 mann to the senior author, was found to agree closely with a female from Laguna 

 de Tambo, Arequipa. 



Additional material examined. — Peru: Lake Junin, 4; Laguna de Tambo, Are- 

 quipa, 1. — Ecuador: Colta, 1. 



» A possible synonym is Fulica chloropoid^s King (Zool. Journ., 4, p. 95, 1929 

 — Straits of Magellan). The diagnosis is unsatisfactory, and the type has been lost. 



* The two Patagonian specimens of d'Orbigny's mentioned by Hartlaub per- 

 tain to F. leucoptera (cf. Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Zool., 6, p. B. 136, 1891). 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 415 



Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 390, 1856— Santa Catharina, Brazil; idem, 

 Journ. Orn., 8, p. 262, 1860 — Mendoza and Parand, Argentina; idem, 

 Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 505, 1861 — same localities; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, 

 Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 136, 1865— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 

 pp. 334, 339 — Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 145 — Conchitas, Buenos 

 Aires; idem. I.e., 1868, p. 465 (monog.); iidem, Exot. Orn., p. 115, pi. 58, 

 1868 (monog., fig. of a Chilean spec.) ; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 318, 1870— 

 Irisanga, Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 276, 1874 — Blumenau, 

 Santa Catharina; Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 257, 1874 — Rio Guay- 

 quiraro, Corrientes; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 566, 1877 — Cauquenes, 

 Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 195 — north of Buenos Aires; 

 idem. I.e., 1878, pp. 66, 401 — south of Buenos Aires (eggs descr.), and 

 Patagonia (Sengel and Sengelen rivers); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. 

 Rio Negro, Zool., p. 55, 1881 — Rio Colorado and Rio Negro; Barrows, 

 Auk, 1, p. 277, 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre RIos, and Puan and 

 Carhue, Buenos Aires; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, 

 p. 88, 1884 — Arroyo Collon-gueyu, Buenos Aires; Withington, Ibis, 1888, 

 p. 471 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 

 2, p. 157, 1889 — Argentina (habits); Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. 

 Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 406, 1890 — Cordoba; Burmeister, Anal. 

 Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, p. 319, 1890 — Rio Chico de Santa Cruz, Rio 

 Deseado, and Rio Singuer, Patagonia; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 

 Zool., 6, p. B. 136, 1891 — Rio Gallegos and Lagoon de Skyring Water, 

 Straits of Magellan; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 209 — Estancia Espartillar, 

 BuenosAires; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 218, 1894— Chile (Val- 

 paraiso, Talcaguano, "Tarapacd" [errore]), and "Lake Titicaca" [errore]; 

 Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896— Chile; Sclater, Ibis, 1897, p. 302 

 (note) — "Tarapacd," Chile (errore); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, 

 p. 668, 1898 — La Serena (Coquimbo), El Pozo (Lago Llanquihue), and 

 Susanna Cove, Straits of Magellan, Chile; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, 

 p. 419, 1899 — Sao Sebastiao, Iguape, and Piracicaba, Sao Paulo; idem, 

 Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 148, 1899 — Mundo Novo and Sao 

 Lourengo, Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, 

 p. 215, 1902 — Tucuman; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. 

 Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 51, 1904 — Rio Chico, Rio Santa Cruz, Arroyo Eke, 

 Rio Coy, and Rio Deseado, Patagonia; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, 

 No. 13, p. 69, 1905— Tucumdn; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 32, 1907— 

 Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Iguape) and Patagonia (Carmen) ; Hartert and 

 Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 259, 1909 — La Plata and Barracas al Sud, 

 Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 198, 1910 

 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 462 — Los Ynglases, Aj6, Buenos 

 Aires; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 37, 1914 — Paraguay; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. 

 Nac. Buenos Aires, 28, p. 184, pis. 1, 2, 1916 — Prov. Buenos Aires (descr. 

 young, plumages, habits); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 23, p. 17, 1919 — 

 Nilahue, Curico, Chile; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 45 — Cape San Antonio, 

 Buenos Aires (habits, nest, eggs); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920 — 

 Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, San Jose, Maldonado); Renard, I.e., 

 p. 59, 1920— Canuelas, Buenos Aires; Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 260, 1922— 

 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 435, 1922 — Coronel, 

 Chile; Pereyra, El Hornero, 3, p. 173, 1923 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Peters, 




416 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 289, 1923 — Huanuluan, Neluan, and Lake 

 Nahuel Huapi, Rio Negro; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Ptibl. for 1922-23, 

 p. 602, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; Bennett, El Hornero, 3, p. 283, 1924— 

 near Port Stanley, Falkland Islands; idem. Ibis, 1926, p. 309 — near Port 

 Stanley (May 23, 1923); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 118, 

 1926 — Argentina (Lavalle, Buenos Aires; General Roca, Rio Negro), 

 Uruguay (near San Vicente), and Chile (Concon); idem, Univ. Calif. 

 Pub. Zool., 24, p. 423, 1926— Loma Partida, Rio Negro; Wilson, El 

 Hornero, 3, p. 351, 1926 — General Lopez, Santa F6; Smyth, I.e., 4, p. 4, 

 1927 — Cacharl, Buenos Aires (eggs descr.); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. 

 Nat., 33, p. 204, 1929— Angol, Malleco, Chile; Barros, I.e., p. 355, 1929— 

 Cordillera of Aconcagua, Chile; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 

 Ser., 19, p. 365, 1932— Chile; Castellanos, El Hornero, 4, p. 373, 1931— 

 Valle de los Reartes, Cordoba; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 212, 1934 (range). 



Fulica galeata (not Crex galeata Lichtenstein) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 133, 

 1841— Concepcion, Chile; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843— 

 lakes of Quintero and Santo Domingo, Chile; Yarrell, I.e., 15, p. 54, 1847— 

 Chile (eggs descr.). 



Fulica chilensis Gay, Hist. FIs. Pol. Chile, Atlas, pi. 10, 1848; Des Murs, I.e., 

 8, p. 474, 1854 — Chile (type probably in Paris Museum); Cassin, in Gilliss, 

 U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 196, 1855 — vicinity of Santiago, Chile; Germain, 

 Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 314, 1860— Chile (nesting habits); Frauenfeld, 

 Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesells. Wien, 10, Abhandl., p. 638, 1860— Lake Aculeo, 

 Santiago; Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, p. 506, 1861 — 

 Chile (crit.); Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 28, pp. 221, 224, 226, 1862— Chile 

 (monog.) ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 63, 1865 — part, spec. Nos. 2-4, 

 Santiago, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 279, 1868— Valdivia to 

 central provinces, Chile. 



Fulica frontata G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 124, 1844 — Val- 

 paraiso, Chile (nomen nudum); Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 116 

 (in text, with fig. of head), 1868 (type in British Museum examined). ^ 



Fulica chloropoides (not of King) Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 510 — Calle- 

 Calle River, Valdivia, Chile; Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. Sclent. Chili, 

 4, p. Ixxxix, 1894 — Peiiaflor, Santiago; idem, I.e., 4, p. clxxiii, 1895 — 

 San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso; Lataste, I.e., 5, pp. Ixii, Ixiii, 1895 — 

 Junquillos (San Carlos), Nuble, Chile. 



Fulica leucopygia (not Fulica leucopyga Wagler) Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1881, p. 14 — Talcaguano, Chile (spec, examined). 



Range. — Southeastern Brazil, from Sao Paulo to Rio Grande do 

 Sul; Uruguay; Paraguay; Argentina, from the banks of the Rio 

 Parana and Entre Rios west to the foot of the Andes, south to 

 Tierra del Fuego; Chile north to Coquimbo;^ accidental on the 



1 This specimen which I have compared in the British Museum is certainly 

 but an individual mutation with an unusually developed frontal shield, as has 

 already been recognized by Sclater and Salvin. 



* Sclater's record from Tarapaca is erroneous. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 417 



Falkland Islands (one specimen recorded from near Port Stanley, 

 May 23, 1923). ^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Chile (Puyehue, Temuco, 1; Ririi- 

 hue, Valdivia, 1; Lake Gualletu^, Cautin, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 11: Argentina (Cambac^res, Buenos Aires, 1; 

 Tunuyan, Mendoza, 1); Chile (Laguna del Inca, Santiago, 1; Batuco, 

 Santiago, 1; Angol, Bio Bio, 2; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, 3; 

 Rio Ciaike, Magallanes, 2). 



*Fulica leucoptera Vieillot. White-winged Coot. 



Fulica leucoptera Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ^d., 12, p. 48, 1817 — 

 based on "Focha" Azara, No. 447, Paraguay and Buenos Aires; Hartlaub, 

 Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 28, 1847 — Paraguay (crit.); Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 

 8, p. 262, 1860 — Parana River, Argentina; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, 

 p. 505, 1861 — near Parand, Entre Rlos; Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., 

 p. 119, pi. 60,2 1868 — Uruguay (Santa Lucia), Argentina (Parana), Bolivia 

 (San Miguel, Chiquitos), and Chile (monog.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1868, p. 648 (monog.); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 95— Prov. Buenos 

 Aires; idem. Ibis, 1878, p. 67 — Buenos Aires (eggs descr.); Sclater and 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 641 — Chiquitos, Bolivia; Doering, 

 in Roc^, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 55, 1881 — Rio Colorado and 

 Rio Negro; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 42 — Cosquin, Cordoba; 

 Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 88, 1884 — Arroyo 

 CoUon-gueyu, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 277, 1884 — Puan and 

 Carhue, Buenos Aires; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 403— 

 Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472— Lomas de 

 Zamora, Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 158, 1889 — 

 .Argentina (habits); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 137, 1889— 

 Sandy Point, Straits of Magellan; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 — Estancia 

 Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Oustalet, Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Zool., 6, p. 

 B.134, 1891 — Lapataia, Beagle Channel, and Patagonia; Holland, Ibis, 

 1892, p. 210 — Estancia Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 

 205— Uruguay; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 224, 1894— "Lake 

 Titicaca, Peru" (errore), Tarapaca (Sacayd), Buenos Aires (Quilmes, 

 La Plata), and Patagonia; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896— 

 Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 302 — Sacayd, Tarapacd, Chile; Schalow, Zool. 



1 Birds from Chile agree with others from Argentina and Rio Grande do Sul, 

 while a single unsexed specimen from Santa Catharina is much smaller, with a 

 remarkably restricted frontal plate. It is, no doubt, merely a dwarfed individual. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Irisanga, Sao Paulo, 1; Blumenau, Santa 

 Catharina, 1; Caipyra, Rio Grande do Sul, 1. — Argentina: Buenos Aires, 3; Casa 

 Lata, Neuquen, 1. — Chile: Valparaiso, 1; San Alfonso, Quillota, Valparaiso, 2; 

 Penafior, Santiago, 1; Hacienda de Convento, near San Antonio, Santiago, 1; 

 Junquillos (San Carlos de Chilian), Nuble, 3; Talcaguano, Concepcion, 1; Desaglie 

 (near Puerto Montt), Llanquihue, 2; unspecified, 3. 



2 The figure represents the type of F. stricklandi in the Bremen Museum. 




418 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 667, 1898 — Lago Llanquihue, Chile; Ihering, Annuario 

 Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 148, 1899— Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; 

 Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 626, 1900— Ushuaia, 

 Tierra del Fuego; Arrib^lzaga, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 159, 

 1902— Trelew, western Chubut; Lillo, I.e., p. 215, 1902— Lules, Famaill^, 

 and Manantial, Tucumdn; idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 70, 

 1905 — same localities; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903 — Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia; 

 Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 55, 1904 — 

 Patagonia (Rio Coy, Palaike, Arroyo Eke, Rio Chico) ; Ihering, Cat. Faun, 

 Braz., 1, p. 33, 1907 (range); Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 115, 

 1907 — Useless Settlement; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 259, 

 1909 — Entre Rios (La Soledad) and Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud); 

 Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 198, ^910 (range in 

 Argentina); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 37, 1914 — Paraguay; Dabbene, El 

 Hornero, 1, p. 34, 1917 — Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, 

 I.e., 2, p. 12, 1920 — Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Colonia, Mal- 

 donado); Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 48 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires 

 (habits, nest, and eggs); Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 261, 1922 — Rosas, 

 Buenos Aires; Paessler, Joum. Om., 70, p. 436, 1922 — Coronel, Chile 

 (breeding habits); Seri6 and Smyth, El Hornero, 3, p. 39, 1923 — Santa 

 Elena, Entre Rlos (eggs descr.); Giacomelli, I.e., p. 81, 1923 — La Rioja; 

 Pereyra, I.e., p. 162, 1923 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Marelli, Mem. Min. 

 Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 602, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; Wetmore, Bull. 

 U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 120, 1926 — Buenos Aires (Lavalle, Carhue, near 

 Guaminl) and Chile (Rio Aconcagua, near Concon); Wilson, El Hornero, 

 3, p. 351, 1926— General Lopez, Santa Fe; Smyth, I.e., 4, p. 4, 1927— 

 Caeharl, Buenos Aires, and Santa Elena, Entre Rlos (eggs descr.); Fried- 

 mann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 161, 1927— Entre Rlos (Bovril 

 Islands, Rio Paranfi; Saladero M. Cabal, San Joaquin, La Noria) and 

 Buenos Aires (Rio Ajo, Lavalle); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 

 Ser., 19, p. 366, 1932— Chile (range); Marelli, El Hornero, 5, p. 194, 1933— 

 Fortln Chaco, Saldungaray, and Sierra de la Ventana, Buenos Aires; 

 Reynolds, I.e., 5, p. 351, 1934 — Viamonte, Tierra del Fuego; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 213, 1934 (range); Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, 

 p. 274, 1934— Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe. 



Fulica galUnuloides King, Zool. Joum., 4, p. 96, 1828 — Straits of Magellan 

 (descr. of young; type in Edinburgh Museum; cf. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soe. 

 Lond., 1878, p. 291; Gibson, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 4, pp. 184-185, 

 1878; and Stenhouse, Nov. Zool., 35, p. 276, 1930). 



Fulica stricklandi Hartlaub, Joum. Om., 1, "1853," Extraheft, p. 86, 1854 — 

 Santa Lucia, Uruguay, and San Miguel, Chiquitos, Bolivia (type from 

 an unknown locality, in the Bremen Museum); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soe. 

 Lond., 1867, pp. 334, 339— Chile (crit.). 



Fulica chloropoides (not of King) Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 

 19, p. 503, 1861 — Chile and Arica, Peru (monog.); Landbeck, Arch. 

 Naturg., 28, (1), pp. 218, 224, 227, 1862— Magellan, Valdivia, Santiago, 

 and Arica, Chile (monog.); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 279, 1868 — 

 Chile; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 84, 1924— Caldera, Atacama. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 419 



Range. — Southern South America from northern Chile (Arica), 

 eastern Bolivia (Chiquitos and Tarija), and extreme southern Brazil 

 (Rio Grande do Sul) south to Tierra del Fuego.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Chile (Penco, Concepcion, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 12: Paraguay (265 km. west of Puerto 

 Casado, 6); Chile (Batuco, Santiago, 1; Penco, Concepcion, 1; 

 Galvarino, Cautin, 1; Angol, Bio Bio, 3). 



*Fulica rufifrons Philippi and Landbeck.^ Red-fronted Coot. 



Tulica [sic] rufifrons Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, p. 507, 

 Oct., 1861 — Chile=Prov. Santiago (cotypes in Museo Nacional, Santiago 

 de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 26, 1930). 



Fulica rufifrons Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 28, (1), pp. 223, 225, 226, 1862— 

 Chile (crit.); Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 71, 1902— Chile; 

 Sharpe and Scott, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 54, 1904 

 —Patagonia; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, "1901," p. 287, 1902— Iguape, 

 Sao Paulo, Brazil; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 33, 1907 — Iguape, Sao 

 Paulo; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 259, 1909 — Barracas al 

 Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 198, 

 1910 (range in Argentina); idem. I.e., 28, p. 189, pis. 1, 2, 1926— Prov. 

 Buenos Aires (plumages); Wace, El Homero, 2, p. 194, 1921 — Falkland 

 Islands; Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 261, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Paessler, 

 Journ. Orn., 70, p. 436, 1922 — Coronel, Chile (breeding habits); Serie 

 and Smyth, El Hornero, 3, p. 40, 1923 — Santa Elena, Entre RIos; Pereyra, 

 I.e., 3, p. 162, 1923 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires; MareUi, Mem. Min. Obr. 

 Pfibl. for 1922-23, p. 602, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; Housse, Rev. Chil. 

 Hist. Nat., 29, pp. 150, 227, 1925 — San Bernardo, Santiago, and Isla la 

 Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 120, 1926— 

 near Lavalle, Buenos Aires; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 424, 

 1926— Loma Partida, Rio Negro; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 309— near Port 

 Stanley, Falkland Islands; Wilson, El Homero, 3, p. 351, 1926— General 

 L6pez, Santa Fe; Smyth, I.e., 4, p. 4, 1927 — Cacharl, Buenos Aires (eggs 

 descr.); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 161, 1927 — Bovril 

 Island, Santa F6; Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 113, 

 1927 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 Zool. Ser., 19, p. 364, 1932 — Coquimbo to Arauco, Chile; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 213, 1934 (range); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 245, 

 1935— Isla la Mocha, Chile. 



Fulica leucoTpyga (Lichtenstein MS.) (not of Wagler, 1831) Hartlaub, Journ. 

 Om., 1, "1853," Extraheft, p. 84, 1854— Montevideo, Uruguay, and Tal- 



^ Additional material examined. — Chile: Huasco, Tarapaca, 1; Sacayd, Tara- 

 pacd, 1; Pelal, Temuco, 1; Maquehue, Temuco, 2; Desagiie, Llanquihue, 2; un- 

 specified, 3; Punta Arenas, Magellan Straits, 1. — Brazil: Sao Lourengo, Rio Grande 

 do Sul, 1; Asyl Pella, Rio Grande do Sul, 1. — Uruguay: Santa Lucia, 1. 



* There is a possibility that Fidica minor Brehm (Handb. Naturg. Vog. 

 Deutschl., p. 711, 1831^ — "South America") may have been intended for the Red- 

 fronted Coot. The whole characterization reads "smaller than ours" (i.e. Fulica 

 atra atra Linnaeus), which is altogether insufficient to fix the name. 




420 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



caguano, Chile (type, from Montevideo, in Berlin Museum); Burmeister, 

 Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 390, 1856— Montevideo; Schlegel, Mus. 

 Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 64, 1865 — Santiago, Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, 

 Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 135, 1865— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 

 pp. 333, 339— Chile (crit.); idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 467 (monog.); 

 iidem, Exot. Orn., p. 117, pi. 59, 1868 — Uruguay, Chile, and Falkland 

 Islands (crit.); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 42 — Chuput Valley, Patagonia; 

 idem, Ibis, 1878, p. 402 — valleys of the Chuput, Sengel, and Sengelen, 

 Patagonia; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 157, 1889 — Argentina 

 (habits, nest); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 220, 1894— Falkland 

 Islands, Chile (Valparaiso), and Argentina (Jacal, Buenos Aires, Chuput); 

 Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 204 — Uruguay; Schalow, Zool. JahrU., Suppl., 4, p. 

 667, 1898 — Villarica and La Serena, Coquimbo, Chile; Lillo, Anal. Mus. 

 Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 215, 1902 — Lules, Tucumdn; idem. Rev. Letr. 

 Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 70, 1905— Lules; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 46— 

 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (habits, nest and eggs). 



Fulica chloropoides (not of King) Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 157 — Stanley Harbour, 

 Falkland Islands. 



Fulica ruifrons [sic] Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 279, 1868 — central 

 provinces of Chile. 



Fulica lecopygia [sic] Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 566, 1877 — Cauquenes, 

 Colchagua, Chile. 



Fulica leucopygia Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 66 — north of Buenos Aires; With- 

 ington. Ibis, 1888, p. 471 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Grant, Ibis, 

 1911, p. 462 — Los Ynglases, Aj6, Buenos Aires. 



Fulica lencopyga [sic] Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896 — Chile. 



Range. — Central Chile, from Coquimbo to Arauco; Argentina 

 from Tucuman south to the Chubut Valley; Uruguay; also south- 

 eastern Brazil (Iguap^, Sao Paulo) and the Falkland Islands.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 3 : Chile (Camarico, Talca, 1 ; Malleco, 

 1; Penco, Concepcion, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 3: Chile (Penco, Concepcion, 1; Llolleo, 

 Santiago, 2). 



*Fulica gigantea Eydoux and Souleyet. Giant Coot. 



Fulcia [sic] gigantea Eydoux and Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Zool., 1, p. 102, pi. 8, 

 1841 — Peru (type in Paris Museiun; cf. Menegaux, Bull. Soc. Philom. 

 Paris, (10), 1, p. 221, 1909); Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 302, 

 1846 — Lake Ascacocha, Altos de Huaihuai, Peru; Hartlaub, Joum. Orn., 

 1, "1853," Extraheft, p. 80, 1854— Altos de Huaihuai and between Are- 

 quipa and Cuzco, Peru (monog.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1868, p. 463 — same localities (monog.); Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, 



> Birds from the Falkland Islands are stated to be somewhat smaller than the 

 continental ones. However, so far only a few specimens have been obtained, and 

 it is extremely questionable whether this coot breeds on the islands. The occur- 

 rence in Sao Paulo is probably accidental. 



Four additional specimens from Chile and one from Buenos Aires examined. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 421 



p. 559— Junfn, Peru; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 357, 1876— 

 north of Juli, Lake Titicaca; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 329, 1886 — 

 Peru (lakes Ascacocha and Junin); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, 

 p. 402 — Cueva Negra, near Sacaya, Tarapacd, Chile (eggs descr.); idem. 

 I.e., 1891, p. 136— Sacayd, Tarapac4; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, 

 p. 219, 1894 — Peru (Junin) and Chile (Sacaya, Tarapac4); Lane, Ibis, 

 1897, p. 301 — near Sacaya, Tarapaca; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 50 — Ingapirca, Peru; M6negaux, Bull. 

 Soc. Philom. Paris, (10), 1, p. 221, 1909— Bolivia; Blaauw, Not. Leyd. 

 Mus., 35, p. 14, 1912— "Laguna Huachiri," Chile; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, 

 p. 55— PotosI, Bolivia; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 49, 1921 

 —La Raya, head of Urubamba, Peru; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 Zool. Ser., 19, p. 363, 1932— Cordilleras of Tarapacd, Chile; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 2, p. 213, 1934 (range). 



Fulica maxima Brehm,i Vogelfang, p. 333, 1855 — new name for F. gigantea 

 Eydoux and Souleyet. 



Phalaria gigas Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat,, p. xxi, Oct., 1852. 



Range. — Puna zone of southern Peru (north to Junin), BoHvia, 

 and extreme northern Chile (Cordillera of Tarapaca). ^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Peru (Cailloma, Arequipa, 1); 

 Bolivia (Esperanza, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 5: Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 4; Esper- 

 anza, 1). 



Fulica cornuta Bonaparte. Horned Coot. 



Fulica cornuta Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 925, Dec, 

 1853 — PotosI, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined) ; Hartlaub, Joum. 

 Orn., 1, "1853," Extraheft, p. 82, 1854— Potosf (monog.); Sclater and 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 463 — PotosI (crit.); iidem, Exot. 

 Orn., p. 120, 1868— Bolivia; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 641— 

 PotosI; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 — Lake Ascotan, Antofagasta, 

 Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 217, 1893— PotosI; Rothschild, 

 Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 14, p. 38, 1904— Cerro Pelado, Aconquija Range, 

 Tucuman; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 232, 1904 — lagoon on top of Cerro Pelado, 

 Tucuman; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 70, 1905— Lagunas 

 de las Cumbres Calchaqules and "Lara," Tucuman; Hartert and Venturi, 

 Nov. Zool., 16, p. 260, 1909 — Cerro Pelado and Cumbre Calchaqules, 

 Tucuman; M^negaux, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, (10), 1, p. 220, 1909— 

 Lake Poopo, Oruro, Bolivia (crit.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac Buenos 

 Aires, 18, p. 198, 1910 — Cumbre Calchaqules and "Lara"; Hellmayr, 



I The name Fulica maxima appears for the first time in Brehm, Handb. Naturg. 

 Vog. Deutschl., p. 711, 1831, with the diagnosis "grosser als die unserige" (in 

 translation, "larger than outs" = Fulica atra atra) and the habitat "South America," 

 which is altogether insufficient for its identification. 



"^ Birds from Tarapaca agree with others from Junin and Bolivia. 

 Additional material examined. — Peru: Junin, 2; Lauramarca, Cuzco, 4. — 

 Bolivia: Sajama, Oruro, 10.— Chile, Tarapaca: Cueva Negra, 2; Sacaya, 1. 




422 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 362, 1932— Lake Ascotan, Chile; 

 Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 213, 1934 (range). 



Lycornis cornuta Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 600, 1856. 



Range. — Puna zone of Bolivia (Lake Poopo, Oruro; Potosi), 

 northern Chile (Lake Ascotan, Antofagasta), and northwestern 

 Argentina (Cumbre Pelado and Cumbres Calchaquies, Aconquija 

 Range, Tucumdn).^ 



Suborder HELIORNITHES 



Family HELIORNITHIDAE. Sun Grebes 



Genus HELIORNIS Bonnaterre 



Heliomis Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., 1, livr. 47, pp. Ixxxiv, 64, 1791 

 — type, by monotypy, Heliomis fulicarius Bonnaterre =CoZ]/m6us fulica 

 Boddaert. 



Podoa lUiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 267, 1811 — type, by monotypy, 

 Plotus surinamensis Gmelin=Colymbus fulica Boddaert. 



♦Heliornis fulica (Boddaert). SuN Grebe. 



Colyvibus fulica Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 54, Dec, 1783 — based on "Le 

 Grebifoulque, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 893; Cayenne. 



Plotus surinamensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 581, 1789 — based chiefly 

 on Brown, New 111. Zool., pi. 39, Surinam; Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 93, 

 1821 — Itahype River, Bahia. 



Heliomis fulicarius Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., 1, livr. 47, p. 65, 

 1791— based on "Le Grebe-foulque" Buflfon and "The Surinam Tern" 

 Brown; Surinam and Guiana. 



Podoa surinamensis Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 267, 1811; Wied, 

 Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 823, 1833 — southeastern Brazil (descr. of 

 male, female, and young; habits); Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, 

 p. 505, 1848 — Demerara River; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, I.e., 3, p. 765, 

 1848 — Demerara River; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 391 — 

 Brazil. 



Heliornis surinamensis Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 596, 1831 — Trinidad; C. B. 

 Brown, Canoe and Camp Life Brit. Guiana, p. 47, 1876 — Cartoonie 

 River; Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, 5, p. 229, 1881 — Rio Coatzacoalcos, 

 Vera Cruz, Mexico. 



Heliornis fulica Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 234 — Santana Mixtan, Paci- 

 fic coast of Guatemala; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 302, 

 1861 — Panama Railroad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1864, p. 373— Panama; L^otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 531, 1866— Trinidad; 

 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 200 — upper Ucayali, 

 Peru; idem. I.e., 1867, pp. 754, 979 — Chyavetas and Pebas, Peru; idem, 



^Material examined. — Bolivia: Lake Poopo, 1; Potosi, 1 (the type). — Argen- 

 tina, Tucuman: Cerro Pelado, 1; Cumbres Calchaquies, 5. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 423 



I.e., 1868, p. 469 — Guatemala to Paraguay (monog.); idem. I.e., 1870, p. 

 838— Honduras; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 318, 1870— Goyaz (Rio Ara- 

 guay), Matto Grosso (Villa Bella), Rio Negro (Rio Curicuriarl, above 

 Barcellos), and Rio Branco (Forte do Sao Joaquim), Brazil; Wyatt, Ibis, 

 1871, p. 384 — Ocana, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1873, p. 309 — Peru (upper Ueayali, Chyavetas, Pebas); idem, I.e., 1879, 

 p. 546 — Antioquia, Colombia; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 177 — Merume Moun- 

 tains, British Guiana, and Rio Yuruani, Terr. Yuruari, Venezuela; Tac- 

 zanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 490, 1886 — Peru (upper Ueayali, Chyavetas, 

 Pebas) and Freneh Guiana (Uassd); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, 

 p. 107, 1889 — lower Beni, Bolivia; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 163, 

 1891— Santarem, Brazil; Richmond, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 530, 

 1893 — Nicaragua (Rio San Juan, Rio Eseondido) and Costa Riea (Rio 

 Frio); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 233, 1894— British Honduras 

 (Belize, Rio Makal), Guatemala (Santana Mixtan, Chiapdm), Costa 

 Rica, Panama (Lion Hill), Colombia (Medellin), Cayenne, Ecuador (Sara- 

 yacu), Peru (Pebas), and Brazil (Matto Grosso); Lantz, Trans. Kans. 

 Acad. Sci., 16, p. 219, 1899 — Puerto Barrios, Guatemala; Salvadori and 

 Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 41, 1900— Rio Peripa, 

 western Ecuador; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 500 — Rio Capim, Para; Salvin 

 and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 331, 1903 — Vera Cruz (Rio 

 Coatzacoaleos) to Panama; Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 142, 

 1903 — Ceiba, Honduras; Menegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 

 184, 1904 — Saint Georges d'Oyapock, Freneh Guiana; Ihering, Rev. Mus. 

 Paul., 6,"'1904," pp. 361, 451, 1905— Sao Paulo (Iguape) and Rio Jurua, 

 Brazil; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 33, 1907 — same localities; Dearborn, 

 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 76, 1907 — Los Amates, Guatemala; 

 Penard, Vog. Guyana, 1, p. 12, 1908 — Paramaribo, Surinam; Hellmayr, 

 Nov. Zool., 15, p. 100, 1908 — Rio Araguaya, Goydz; Berlepseh, I.e., p. 

 300, 1908— French Guiana; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 422, 1910— Sao Isabel, 

 Rio Preto, Rio Madeira; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 412, 1910 — 

 Matina River and Bonilla, Costa Riea; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. 

 Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 97, 1912— Rio Capim, Para; Bertoni, 

 Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 70, 1913 — Alto Parana (Iguazu), Misiones; 

 Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, pp. 243, 256, 1913 — same locality; Bertoni, 

 Faun. Parag., p. 37, 1914 — same locality; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, 

 p. 75, 1914 — Para, Cussary, Maraca, and Monte Alegre, Lower Amazonia; 

 Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 80, 1916 (various localities); Chapman, 

 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 220, 1917 — Barbaeoas, Nariiio, Colombia; 

 Stone, Proe. Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 244, 1918— Gattin Lake, Pan- 

 ama; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 180, 1926 — Ecuador; 

 Stone, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 152, 1928— Rio Inhangapy and 

 Rio Gurupy, Para; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 74, 1930— 

 Matto Grosso; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 302, 1931— Chan- 

 guinola River, Almirante Bay, Panama; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 64, p. 124, 1932— Guatemala; Huber, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 85, 

 . p. 210, 1932 — Tunkey River and Banbana River, Nicaragua; Stone, I.e., 

 p. 303, 1932 — San Pedro, Honduras; Stone and Roberts, I.e., 86, p. 375, 

 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 214, 1934 

 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 305, 1935 — Panama 




424 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



(Almirante Bay; Chagres River; Lake Gatun); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 

 19, p. 77, 1935 — Rio Jucuruc<i, Bahia; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, 

 p. 286— Trinidad. 



Range. — Central and South America, from southern Vera Cruz 

 (Rio Coatzacoalcos) south to northern BoHvia, Paraguay, north- 

 eastern Argentina (Misiones), and southern Brazil (Matto Grosso 

 and Sao Paulo); island of Trinidad (two records). 



Field Museum Collection. — 14: Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal, 1; 

 Puerto de Itzapa, Escuintla, 1); Costa Rica (Boca Rio Matina, 1); 

 British Guiana (Demerara River, 1; Mahaica, 1); Brazil (Tauary, 

 Para, 5; Boim, Para, 2; Caxiricatuba, Para, 1); Ecuador (Sarayacu, 

 Napo-Pastasa, 1). 



Suborder EURYPYGAE 

 Family EURYPYGIDAE. Sun Bittern 



Genus EURYPYGA Illiger 



Eurypyga Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 257, 1811 — type, by monotypy, 

 Ardea helias "Lin. Gm." [=Pallas]. 



Helios Vieillot,! Anal. Nouv. Om. El^m., p. 56, April, 1816 — type, by mono- 

 typy, "Le Caurale" BuSon= Ardea helias Pallas. 



♦Eurypyga helias major Hartlaub. Greater Sun Bittern. 



Eurypyga major Hartlaub,* Verz. Samml. Ges. Bremen, p. 108, 1844 — Colombia 

 (nomen nudum); idem, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 37, 1853 — Colombia (descr.; 

 type in Bremen Museum) ; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 144, "July, 

 1855" [?= 1857]— Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1864, p. 371 — Panama Railroad; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 74, 

 1865 — Colombia; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 205 — Guatemala; idem, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 161— Santa F^ and Cordillera de Tole, Veraguas; 

 Frantzius, Joum. Om., 17, p. 377, 1869 — Machuca, Aguacate Mountains, 

 Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 218 — Cordillera del 

 Chucu, Veraguas, and Vol can de ChiriquI, Panama; Sclater and Salvin, 

 I.e., 1879, p. 546 — Neche, Antioquia, Colombia; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. 

 Costa Rica, 1, p. 131, 1887 — Pozo Azul de Pirrfs, Monte del Aguacate, 

 and Monte Redondo, Costa Rica; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 

 242, 1894 — Guatemala (Coban, Vera Paz), Costa Rica (Valsa), Panama 

 (Cordillera de Tol6, Cordillera del Chucu, Santa Fe, Volcan de Chiriqui), 

 Colombia (Neche, "Bogot4"), and Ecuador (Yanayacu, Rio Blanco); 

 Lantz, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 16, p. 219, 1899 — Santo Tomas, Guate- 

 mala; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 230 — Santo Domingo, Ecuador; Salvin 



* Helias Rafinesque (Anal. Nat., p. 71, 1815) is a nomen nudum without 

 nomenclatural standing. 



* While the species cannot be recognized from the phrase, "diese durch Grosse 

 und Farbung gekennzeichnete Art," as given in 1844, Hartlaub subsequently 

 (Joum. Om., 1, p. 37, 1853) published a full description of the bird. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 425 



and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 334, 1903 — Guatemala to 

 Ecuador; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 425, 1910 — Costa Rica 

 (Carrfllo, Tenorio, Cariblanco de Sarapiquf, El Hogar, Gu^piles); Chap- 

 man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 226, 1917— Rio Salaqul, Choco, 

 Colombia; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 11, 1919 — Laguna de Santa 

 Rosa, Omet^pe Island, Nicaragua; Lonnberg and Rendahl, I.e., 14, No. 25, 

 p. 25, 1922 — Santo Domingo de los Coronados, Ecuador. 



Eurypyga phalaenoides (not Helios phaleno'ides Vieillot) Goudot, Rev. Zool., 6, 

 p. 1, 1843 (nest descr.); idem, Mag. Zool., (2), 5, cl. 2, pi. 38 (egg), text 

 p. 4, 1843 — Central Cordillera of New Granada (habits, eggs descr.). 



Ardea helias (not of Pallas) Des Murs, Mag. Zool., (2), 6, cl. 2, pi. 49, fig. 1 

 (egg), 1844 — New Granada (descr. of eggs). 



Eurypyga helias Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 227 — Guatemala; Sclater, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 73, 1860— Pallatanga, Ecuador. 



Euripyga major Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 478, 1862 — 

 Panama Railroad (crit.). 



Eurypyga major major Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 203, 1926 — 

 Rio Suno and below San Jos6, Ecuador; Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. 

 Soc. N. H., 38, p. 448, 1928— Almirante, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., 71, p. 303, 1931 — Cricamola and Gu&bo, Almirante Bay, 

 Panama; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 137, 1932 — Guatemala; 

 idem. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 321, 1932 — Perm6, eastern Darien, 

 Panama. 



Eurypyga fielias ruajor Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 215, 1934 (range); Griscom, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 305, 1935— Panama; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. 

 Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 11, p. 361, 1939--Santa Rosa, Comitan, Chiapas, 

 Mexico. 



Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico (Chiapas) and 

 south through Central America to Colombia and eastern and western 

 Ecuador.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 1 : Honduras (San Pedro Sula, Cortes, 1) . 



Eurypyga helias meridionalis Berlepsch and Stolzmann.^ South- 

 ern Greater Sun Bittern. 



Eurypyga major meridionalis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1902, (2), p. 50 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru (type in Branicki 

 Collection, now in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, 

 Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 102, 1927); idem, Ornis, 13, p. 125, 



» The few Central American specimens seen by the authors do not appreciably 

 differ from two "Bogotd" skins and two others from Santo Domingo de los Colo- 

 rados, western Ecuador. 



* Eurypyga helias meridionalis Berlepsch and Stolzmann: Very similar to, and 

 about the same size as, E. h. major, but hind neck more distinctly marked with 

 rufescent, and black bars on the upper back much narrower. Wing (female), 

 215-220; tail, 144-148; bill, 55-57. 



Two specimens, both females, from Huaynapata, Peru, examined. 




426 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



1906 — Huaynapata, Marcapata, Peru; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 117, p. 51, 1921 — Rio Cosireni, Urubamba, and Inca Mine, Peru (crit.). 



Eurypyga meridionalis Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 270 — "Orayci, Rio Linimbare" 

 (= Oroya, Rio Inambari], Peru. 



Eurypyga helias meridionalis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 215, 1934 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of southern Peru, in depts. of Junin 

 (La Merced, Chanchamayo) and Cuzco (Rio Cosireni, Urubamba; 

 Oroya, Rio Inambari; Santo Domingo [Inca Mine]; Huaynapata, 

 Marcapata). 



♦Eurypyga helias helias (Pallas). Common Sun Bittern. 



Ardea Helias Pallas, Neue Nord. Beytr., 2, p. 48, pi. 3, 1781 — Brazil (location 

 of type unrecorded); Deville, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 4, p. 222, 1852 — Goyaz 

 (Rio Araguay) and Peru (Rio Ucayali, Pampa del Sacramento) (habits); 

 Bates, Natur. Amaz., p. 82, 1863 — Rio Iritiri, near Magoary, Para. 



Scolopax Solaris Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 48, 1783 — based on "Le Caural de 

 Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 782; Cayenne. 



Helias phalenoides Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 5, p. 423, 1816 — 

 based on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. "780" [=782]; Cayenne. 



Eurypyga helias Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 1, pp. 137, 185, 440, 1847 — 

 mouth of the Barima and Canuku [=Cuano] Mountains (habits); Cabanis, 

 I.e., 3, p. 752, 1849 — coast district and Canuku Mountains; Des Murs, in 

 Castelnau, Exped. Amer. Sud, Zool., 1, Ois., p. 90, 1856 (aff., anat., 

 habits); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 268, 1857 — Rio Javarrf; 

 Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 95 — Orinoco River, Venezuela; Schlegel, Mus. Pays- 

 Bas, Ralli, p. 73, 1865 — Cayenne; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1866, p. 199 — upper Ucayali, Peru; iidem. I.e., 1867, p. 979— Pebas, 

 Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 300, 1870 — Goyaz <Goyabeira, near Jara- 

 gua), Matto Grosso (Engenho do Pari, Villa Maria, Caigara, Engenho 

 do Gama, Villa Bella), Rio Negro (Santa Ana, Manaos), and Para (Ca- 

 jutuba), Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 308 — 

 Rio Javarrf, Cashiboya, and Pebas, Peru; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 

 1876 — Rio Tapajoz, Brazil; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 440 — Angostura, 

 Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Blasius, Joum. Orn., 33, p. 417, 1885 — Rio 

 Mamore, Bolivia; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 388, 1886 — Peru (Rio 

 Javarri, Cashiboya, Iquitos); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 177 — Bartica Grove 

 and Camacusa, British Guiana; W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1887, p. 317 — Mac- 

 casseema, Rio Pomeroon, British Guiana; Berlepsch, Joum. Orn., 37, 

 p. 320, 1889— Yurimaguas, Peru; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 107, 

 1889— Reyes, El Beni, Bolivia; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 23, p. 240, 

 1894 — British Guiana (Demerara, Bartica Grove, Camacusa), Cayenne, 

 Matto Grosso (Engenho do Gama), and Peru (Pebas); Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, 

 pp. 154, 160 — Counany, Para, Brazil; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 

 9, p. 128, 1902 — Rio Orinoco (Altagracia; Quiribana de Caicara; La Union, 

 Rio Portugara), Mato River, and La Pricion, Caura, Venezuela; Goeldi, 

 Ibis, 1903, p. 500— Rio Capim, Para; Andre, Natur. Guianas, p. 217, 1904 

 — above Achuba, Caura River; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, "1904," p. 451, 

 1905— Rio Jurud, Brazil; idem. Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 58, 1907— Rio 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 427 



Jurud; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 43, 1907 — Mexiana Island, 

 Brazil; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 412, 1907 — Humaytd, Rio Madeira; 

 idem. I.e., 15, p. 100, 1908 — Rio Araguaya, Goydz; Berlepsch, I.e., p. 300, 

 1908 — Cayenne; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 1, p. 192, 1908 — Surinam (habits); 

 Beebe, Zoologiea (N.Y.), 1, p. 75, fig. 24, 1909— La Brea, Orinoeo Delta 

 (habits); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 93, 

 1910 — Barra do Coeal, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, 

 p. 422, 1910 — Jamarysinho and Maroins, Rio Maehados, Brazil; idem, 

 Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 83, 97, 122, 

 1912 — Rio Aeard, Para loealities, and Mexiana; Stone, Proc. Aead. Nat. 

 Sei. Phila., 65, p. 193, 1913 — Guinipa River and Vagre River, Orinoeo 

 Delta, Venezuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 96, 1914 — Rio Guama 

 (Ourem), Marajo (Cambu), Mexiana, and Monte Alegre, Brazil; Cherrie, 

 Sei. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 368, 1916— Orinoeo region; Chubb, 

 Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 142, 1916 (numerous loealities); Beebe, Trop. 

 Wild Life, 1, p. 128, 1917 — Bartiea, British Guiana; Bangs and Penard, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 42, 1918 — Paramaribo, Surinam; Chubb, 

 Ibis, 1919, p. 269 — San Ernesto and Charuplaya, Bolivia; Delaeour, Ibis, 

 1923, p. 140 — Rio Apure, Venezuela; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. 

 Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 221, 1924— Riacho da Raiz and Barra do 

 Coeal, Piauhy. 



Eurypyga helias helias Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 480, 

 1929— Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy; Zimmer, I.e., 17, p. 253, 1930— Orellana, 

 lower Ucayali, Peru; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 83, 1930 

 — Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 216, 1934 (range); Pinto, Rev. 

 Mus. Paul., 20, p. 45, 1936— Rio das Almas, Goyaz. 



Range. — The Guianas and Venezuela, from the Orinoco basin 

 southwards through Brazil to Piauhy (Rio Parnahyba), southern 

 Goydz (sources of the Rio Araguaya and Rio Tocantins), and western 

 Matto Grosso, west to eastern Bolivia, northeastern Peru (banks of 

 the Rio Marafion and Ucayali), and extreme eastern Ecuador (Rio 

 Curaray).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 9: British Guiana (unspecified, 1); 

 Brazil (Serra da Lua, Amazonas, 3; Lagoa Grande, Rio Parana, 

 Goyaz, 1; Independencia, Para, 1; Monte Alegre, Para, 1; Rio Mae- 

 curu, Para, 1); Peru (Orellana, Loreto, 1). 



Suborder CARIAMAE 



Family CARIAMIDAE. Cariamas 



Genus CARIAMA Brisson 



Cariama Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 48; 5, p. 516, 1760 — type, by monotypy, "Cari- 

 ama" = Palamedea cristata Linnaeus. 



1 Birds from western Matto Grosso (Caigara) approach the western raees in 

 size, but not in eoloration. No Bolivian material is available for comparison. 



Twenty-nine additional specimens examined. 




428 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Microdactylus Geoffrey, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 13, p. 370, 1809 — type, 

 by monotypy, Microdactylus marcgravii GeoSroy — Palamedea cristate 

 Linnaeus. 



Dicholophus Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 253, 1811 — type, by orig. 

 desig., Palamedea cristata Linnaeus. 



Lophorhynchus Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Om. E16m., p. 59, 1816 — type, by mono- 

 typy, "Cariama" 'Bu5on= Palamedea cristata Linnaeus. 



Sariama Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 103, 1857 — tyi)e, by monotypy, 

 Palamedea cristata Linnaeus. 



*Cariaina cristata (Linnaeus).^ Seriema. 



Palamedea cristata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 232, 1766 — based on 

 "Cariama" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 203; northeastern Brazil. 



Microdactylus marcgravii Geofifroy, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 13, pp. 362, 

 370, pi. 26, 1809 — Brazil and northern Paraguay. 



Dicholophus cristatus Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Av., p. 253, 1811; Wied, Reise 

 Bras., 2, p. 188, 1831 — Fazenda Valo, southwestern Bahia (nest descr.); 

 idem, Abbild. Naturg. Bras., livr. 2, pi. 4, 1823 — Brazil; Temminck, Nouv. 

 Rec. Pi. Col., livr. 40, pi. 237, Nov., 1823— Brazil; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. 

 Bras., 3, (2), p. 570, 1833 — Campo of Bahia (descr., anat., habits); Bur- 

 meister and Nitzsch, Abhandl. Naturf. Ges. Halle, 1, pp. 18-58, pis. 1, 2, 

 1853 (anatomy); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 401, 1856 — 

 Brazil (descr., habits); Pelzeln, Om. Bras., 3, p. 299, 1870— Sao Paulo 

 (Nas Lages), Goyaz (Sitio do Bahu, Porto do Rio Araguay, Portao do 

 Pilato), and Matto Grosso (Cuyabi, Pouzo dos Irmaos, Villa Bella de 

 Matto Grosso); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, 

 p. 39, 1910 — Bahia (Joazeiro; Santa Rita, Rio Preto) and Piauhy (Buriti 

 and Pe do Morro, near Pamagud). 



Cariama sauraphaga Vieillot and Gudart, Galerie Gis., 2, p. 148, pi. 259, 1825 — 

 new name for Palamedea cristata Linnaeus. 



Cariama cristata Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 30 — 

 Minas Geraes (Fazenda Garandahy, north of Barbacena, to Lagda Santa) 

 and Sao Paulo (Araraquara) (habits); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 1, 

 p. 42, 1874 (monog.); Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 1 (egg 

 descr.); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 358 — sertao of Pernambuco; Sclater and 

 Hudson, Arg. Om., 2, p. 161, 1889— Argentina; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 149 

 — lower Pilcomayo; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 

 34, 1897— Tala, Salta; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, 

 p. 148, 1899 — Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul; idem. Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 

 421, 1899— Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 289, 1900 (nest); Lillo, Anal. Mus. 

 Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 211, 1902 — Tucimidn (Timbo, Alto de las Salinas, 



1 Miranda-Ribeiro (Rev. Mus. Paul., 23, pp. 35-90, 1938) restricts C. c. cristata 

 to northeastern Brazil (Ceari) and proposes, more or less tentatively, four names: 

 C. c. leucofimbria (pp. 70, 88; Rio Manso, southern Matto Grosso), C. c. bicincta 

 (p. 70; one specimen each from Chaico, Goydz, and Porto do Campo, Rio Lepo- 

 tuba, Matto Grosso, respectively), C. c. schistofimhria (pp. 70, 88; a single speci- 

 men from Campos do Urussu, northern Matto Grosso), and C. c. azara^ (p. 75, 

 note 1; ex Cariama cristata Devincenzi, Anal. Mus. Urug., (2), 2, p. 343, 1928, and 

 El Homero, 4, pi. 12, 1931— Uruguay, Argentina, and probably Rio Grande do Sul). 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 429 



Tapia, Cerro de San Javier); idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 67, 

 1905— same localities; Luderwaldt, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 24, p. 282, 1909— 

 Alto Itatiaya; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 249, 1909 — northern 

 Argentina (breeding notes); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, 

 p. 223, 1910— Tucumdn, Salta, and Chaco; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39, 

 1914 — Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay; M6n6gaux, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 9, p. 26, 

 1917 — Pocon6, Matto Grosso; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 — 

 Cerro Largo, Uruguay; Seri6 and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 41, 1923 — Santa Elena, 

 Entre RIos; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 128, 1926— west of 

 Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay; Perejrra, El Hornero, 4, p. 28, 1927 — Jelin, 

 F.C.O., Pampa Central; Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 282, 1928— 

 Alto Itatiaya (ex Luderwaldt); Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 84, 1930 — Matto 

 Grosso and Paraguay (Fort Wheeler); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 Zool. Ser., 12, p. 480, 1929— Piauhy; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 216, 1934 

 (range); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 375, 1934 

 — Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 21, 1936 — 

 Goydz. 



Ceriama cristata Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 148, 1893 — Chapada, 

 Matto Grosso. 



Microdactylias cristatus Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 60, 1907 — Franca, 

 Sao Paulo (range). 



Range. — Tableland of Brazil from southern Piauhy south to 

 Rio Grande do Sul, west to Matto Grosso; Uruguay; Paraguay; 

 northern Argentina. 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Brazil (Sao Marcello, Bahia, 1; 

 Fazenda Capao Bonito, Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 2). 



Genus CHUNGA Hartlaub 



Chunga (Burmeister MS.) Hartlaub, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 335 (in 

 text), 1860 — type, by monotypy, Dicholophus burmeisteri Hartlaub; 

 Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 159, 1862 — same type. 



Chunnia Burmeister, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 508, 1861 — new name for 

 Chunga "Reichenbach." 



Chunga burmeisteri (Hartlaub). Burmeister's Seriema. 



Dicholophus burmeisteri Hartlaub, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 335, 

 1860 — wooded districts of the provinces of Tucumdn and Catamarca 

 (type probably in the Halle Museum); Burmeister, Journ. Om., 8, No. 

 46, "July," p. 262, 1860^- same localities; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 



* The number of the "Journal fiir Ornithologie" containing Burmeister's account 

 was evidently issued much later than "July, 1860," for Hartlaub's article from 

 the Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. is listed (on p. 320) among the papers received by the 

 editor. Though Burmeister credits the original description of D, burmeisteri to 

 "Hartl. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Oxford, June 24, 1860," we have been unable to find any 

 reference to that bird in the "Reports of the Thirtieth Meeting of the British 

 Association for the Advancement of Science" at Oxford, June and July, 1860. 

 Moreover, this volume was not published until 1861. 




430 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



506, 1861 — northwestern Argentina (between La Rioja, Catamarca, and 

 Tucuman); Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 

 10, p. 406, 1890— Cordoba. 



Chunga burmeisteri Reichenbach, VoUst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 160, 1862 (ex 

 Hartlaub); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 666, pi. 36; idem 

 and Hudson, Arg. Om., 2, p. 162, 1889 — Argentina; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 

 39, p. 125, 1891— Cordoba; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 445 — Quinta, Jujuy; 

 Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 249, 1909— Tucuman (Tapia), 

 La Rioja, and Salta (eggs descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos 

 Aires, 18, p. 223, 1910 (range); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 270— Cruz del Ejo, 

 Cordoba; Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 80, 1923 — La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., 

 p. 174, 1923— Telen, F.C.O., Argentina; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 133, p. 128, 1926— near Tapia, Tucuman; Lowe, Ibis, 1926, p. 170 (quad- 

 rate); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 163, 1927 — Monteagudo, 

 Tucuman; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 72, 

 1930— Tapikiole, Formosa; Castellanos, El Hornero, 4, p. 279, 1931— 

 Sierra Chica, Cordoba; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 216, 1934 (range); Brod- 

 korb, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 33, 1937—265 km. west of Puerto 

 Casado, Paraguayan Chaco. 



Cariama burmeisteri Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 1, p. 43, 1874 (monog.); 

 Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 364— Tucuman. 



Chunnia burmeisteri Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 211, 1902 — 

 Tucuman; idem. Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 67, 1905 — Tucuman. 



Range. — Northern Argentina, from Jujuy south to La Rioja and 

 Cordoba, east to Formosa (Tapikiol^), and the Paraguayan Chaco. 



Order COLUMBIFORMES 



Family COLUMBIDAE. Pigeons and Doves 



Genus COLUMBA Linnaeus 



Columba Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 162, 1758 — type, by subs, desig, 

 (Vigors, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 14, p. 481, 1825), Columba oenas Linnaeus. 



Patagioenas Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat,, p. xxv, 1852 — type, by monotypy, 

 Columha leucocephala Linnaeus. 



Lepidoenas Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xxv, 1852 — type, by monotypy, 

 Columba speciosa Gmelin. 



Lithoenas Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xxv, 1852 — type, by monotypy, 

 Columba livia Linnaeus. 



Chloroenas Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xxv, 1852 — type, by monotypy, 

 Columha monilis Yigors^Columba fasdata Say. 



Pieazums Des Murs, in Chenu, Enc. Hist. Nat., Ois., 6, p. 39, 1854 — type, by 

 tautonymy, Columba picazuro Temminck. 



Crossophthalmus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 39, No. 24, p. 

 1110, for Dec. 11, 1854 — type, by orig. desig., Columba gymnophthalmu^ 

 Temminck. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 431 



Oenoenas Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 248 (in text), 1893 — type, by 

 subs, desig. (Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 323, 1916) 

 Columba nigrirostris Sclater. 



Notioenas Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 106, 1915 — type, by orig. 

 desig., Columba maculosa Temminck. 



[Columba livia livia Gmelin. Rock Dove. 



[Columba cUmiestica] /3. livia Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 769, 1789 — based on 

 "Le Biset" Brisson (Orn., 1, p. 82), Buflfon, Daubenton (PI. Enl., pi. 510), 

 etc; no locality= southern Europe. 



Columba livia Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez and 

 Easter Island, 3, Zool., p. 16, 1921— Mas A Tierra, Chile (crit.). 



Columba livia caveae Marelli, El Hornero, 5, p. 195, 1933 — Sierra de la Ventana, 

 Arroyo Sauce Chico, and Saldungaray, southern Buenos Aires (nomen 

 nudum). 



Range. — Southern Europe, British Isles, northwestern Africa, 

 and Asia Minor. Widely domesticated and established in feral or 

 semi-feral state about towns in the United States, on Mas A Tierra 

 Island, Chile, and in Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina.] 



*Columba leucocephala Linnaeus. White-crowned Pigeon. 



Columba leucocephala Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 164, 1758 — based 

 mainly on "The White-crown'd Pigeon" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, 

 . p. 25, pi. 25, Bahama Islands; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 278, 

 1893 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 232, 

 1902 — Florida keys, Cozumel, British Honduras (islands of Turneflf, 

 Glover's Reef, Half Moon Cay, Middle Cay), Honduras (Ruatan), 

 Greater Antilles, Bahamas, Virgin Islands, St. Bartholomew, and Swan 

 Island; Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 281, 1904 — Barbuda and Antigua; 

 idem, in Shattuck, The Bahama Islands, p. 362, 1905 — Abaco, Bimini, 

 Berry Island, New Providence, Andros, Grassy Cays, Green Cay, Cay 

 Lobos, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Buenavista Cay (Ragged Island), Long 

 Rock (Exuma), Watlings Island, Long Island, Mariguana, North Caicos, 

 Grand Caicos, and East Caicos; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 224, 

 1916 — Nueva Gerona, Los Indios, and Bogarona, Isle of Pines; Bangs, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 306, 1916 — Grand Cayman and Cayman 

 Brae; Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. CI., 6, p. 78, 1923 — Cuba; Griscom, 

 Amer. Mus. Nov., 236, p. 8, 1926 — Cozumel; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto 

 Rico & Virgin Is., 9, p. 387, 1927 — Mona, Porto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, 

 St. Croix, and Virgin Gorda (habits); Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. 

 Soc. N. H., 38, p. 447, 1928— Almirante, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., 69, p. 130, 1929^Corn Islands, off Nicaragua; Beatty, 

 Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 14, p. 143, 1930— Green Quay, St. Croix 

 (breeding); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 182, 1931 

 — Hispaniola (habits); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, 

 art. 10, p. 5, 1931 — Grand Cayman and Swan Islands; Bent, Bull. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., 162, p. 369, 1932 (life hist.); Danforth, Auk, 51, p. 361, 1934— 




432 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Antigua and Great Bird Island; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, 

 p. 310, 1935 — Swan Key, Bocas del Toro, Panama; Bond, Proc. Acad. 

 Nat. Sci. Phila., 88, p. 357, 1936 — Ruatan, Bonacca, and Utilla Islands, 

 coast of British Honduras; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 62, 1937 (range). 



Patagioenas leucocephala Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 309, 

 1916 (monog., full bibliog.). 



Range. — Southern Florida keys; the Bahamas; Greater Antilles; 

 some of the Virgin Islands and Lesser Antilles (St. Croix, Virgin 

 Gorda, St. Bartholomew, Barbuda, Antigua, Montserrat, Dominica, 

 and Guadeloupe); Swan Island and Old Providence Island, Carib- 

 bean Sea; Cozumel Island, and islands off the coast of British 

 Honduras (Half Moon Cay, Glover's Cay, Middle Cay, Turneff 

 Island), Honduras (Ruatan, Bonacca, and Utilla), Nicaragua (Corn 

 Islands), and Panama (Almirante; Swan Key, Bocas del Toro); 

 casual in southern Florida (Monroe and Date counties) and on the 

 mainland of Yucatan (La Vega). 



Field Museum Collection. — 65: Florida (Key West, Monroe 

 County, 7); Bahamas (Bimini Islands, 1; Berry Islands, 1; Andros 

 Island, 1; New Providence, 2; Mariguana Island, 4; Caicos, 1); 

 Jamaica (Priestman's River, 3); Grand Cayman, 1; Cayman Brae, 

 2; Hispaniola, Dominican Republic (La Vega, Almercen, 2; Puerto 

 Plata, 25; Samana, 4); Puerto Rico (Mona Island, 2); Virgin Islands 

 (Virgin Gorda, 1; St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Antigua, 4); Old 

 Providence, 1; Mexico (Cozumel Island, 1); Honduras (Ruatan 

 Island, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 10: Cuba (San Diego de los Banos, Pinar 

 del Rio, 3; La Sierra, Bario Los Palacios, Pinar del Rio, 2; Artemisa, 

 Pinar del Rio, 1); Isle of Pines (La Vega, 2); Lesser Antilles (An- 

 tigua, 1); Panama (Bocas del Toro, 1). 



*Coluinba squamosa Bonnaterre. Scaly-nafed Pigeon. 



Columba sqvximosa Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 1, livr. 51, p. 234, 

 1792 — based on "Le Pigeon Ramier de la Guadeloupe" Holandre, Abrege 

 d'Hist. Nat., 2, p. 214, 1790, Guadeloupe; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 21, p. 280, 1893 (monog.); Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 280, 

 1904— Antigua; NicoU, Ibis, 1904, p. 566 — Grenada; Clark, Proc. Bost. 

 Soc. N. H., 32, p. 259, 1905 — Barbados, St. Vincent, Grenada, and Grena- 

 dines; Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 197, 1905 — Nueva Gerona, 

 Isle of Pines (ex Palmer and Riley); Ramsden, Auk, 30, p. 271, 1913 — 

 Sierra del Maguey, near Guantanamo, Cuba; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus,, 

 10, p. 225, 1916— Isle of Pines; Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 

 374, 1916 — Guadeloupe (Sainte Claude, Sainte Rose, Goyave); Barbour, 

 Mem. Nutt. Cm. CI., 6, p. 78, 1923— Cuba (distr.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. 

 Porto Rico & Virgin Is., 9, p. 389, 1927 — Mona, Desecheo, Porto Rico, 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 433 



Vieques, Culebra, Culebrita, St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John (habits) ; 

 Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 528, 1928— St. Vincent, Domi- 

 nica, and Santa Lucia; Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Puerto Rico, 14, 

 p. 120, 1930— St. Croix, St. John, and Tortola; Beatty, I.e., p. 143, 1930 

 — St. Croix; Danforth, Auk, 47, p. 46, 1930 — St. Eustatius; Chapman, 

 Auk, 48, p. 116, 1931— Key West, Florida (May 6, 1929); Wetmore and 

 Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 185, 1931— Hispaniola (habits); 

 Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 736, 1932 (life hist.); Danforth, 

 Auk, 51, p. 361, 1934 — Antigua; idem, Monog. Univ. Puerto Rico, Ser. 

 B, No. 3, p. 39, 1935— Santa Lucia; idem, Trop. Agric, 13, p. 215, 1936— 

 St. Kitts; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 63, 1937 (range). 



Columba porioricensis Temminck, in Temminck and Knip, Les Pigeons, 1, 

 Colombes, p. 41, pi. 15, 1809— Porto Rico;i Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 332— 

 Bonaire (crit., habits); idem, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 304, 1902 — Bonaire; Cory, 

 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Om. Ser., 1, p. 210, 1909— Bonaire. 



Columba monticola Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 26, p. 355, 1818 

 — Santo Domingo (descr.). 



Columba imbricata Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, foL 16, sp. 48, 1827 — Porto Rico 

 (type in Paris Museum). 



Columba corensis (not of Jacquin) Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 1, p. 211, 

 1813— Porto Rico (descr.); Atkins, Auk, 16, p. 272, 1899— Key West, 

 Florida (Oct. 24, 1898); Wells, Auk, 19, p. 343, 1902— Carriacou and 

 islets (nest and eggs descr.). 



Patagioenas' squamosa Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 312, 

 1916 (monog., full bibliog.). 



Range. — Greater Antilles (Cuba, Isle of Pines, Hispaniola, Mona, 

 Desecheo, Puerto Rico); Virgin Islands and Lesser Antilles (St. 

 John, St. Croix, St. Eustatius, St. Kitts, Barbuda, Antigua, Mont- 

 serrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Santa Lucia, St. Vincent, 

 Barbados, Grenadines, Grenada); Dutch West Indies (island of 

 Bonaire) ;2 accidental at Key West, Florida (Oct. 24, 1898; May 

 6, 1929). 



Field Museum Collection. — 28: Cuba (Oriente, 1); Hispaniola 

 (unspecified, 1; Aguacate, La Vega, 3; Puerto Plata, 1; Santo 

 Domingo, Catarrey, 6; Magna, Siebo, 3); Virgin Islands (St. John, 

 2; St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (St. Eustatius, 1; Martinique, 1; 

 Santa Lucia, 7); Dutch West Indies (Bonaire, 1). 



• It is not clear from the letterpress, which one of the various specimens seen 

 by Temminck formed the basis of his description, though the author states that 

 the plate was made from the one in the Dufresne Collection at Paris. Puerto Rico 

 being the only locality mentioned, we believe that Schlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, 4, 

 No. 35, p. 68, 1873) is mistaken in listing as type a bird from Haiti in the Leiden 

 Museum. All the specimens examined by Temminck appear to have been secured 

 by Maug6 in Puerto Rico. 



'' Possibly also on Goat Island, Los Testigos, where a pigeon presumably of 

 this species was observed by Lowe (C. corensis, Ibis, 1909, p. 313). 




434 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Conover Collection. — 8 : Cuba (Aspiro, Pinar del Rio, 3 ; Artemisa, 

 Pinar del Rio, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 4). 



•Columba speciosa Gmelin. Scaled Pigeon. 



Columba speciosa Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 783, 1789 — based on "Pigeon 

 ramier, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 213, Cayenne; Taczanowski, 

 Orn. Per., 3, p. 231, 1886 — Peru (Chyavetas, Chamicuros, Amable Maria); 

 Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 281, 1893— Mexico (Cordoba) to 

 Brazil (Pard, Bahia, Engenho do Gama, Chapada); Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 233, 1902 — Mexico (Vera Cruz) to Panama; 

 Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 19, 1907 — Brazil (Iguape and Victoria de 

 Botucatu, Sao Paulo; Sao Francisco, Santa Catharina); Berlepsch, Nov. 

 Zool., 15, p. 294, 1908 — Cayenne; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 

 392, 1910— El General and Terraba, Costa Rica; Reiser, Denks. Math. 

 Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 100, 1910 — Miritiba, Maranhao; 

 Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1205 — Noanamd, Colombia; 

 Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 61, 1914 — Monte Alegre, Cussary, Rio 

 Tapajoz (Goyana), Rio Jamundd (Faro), and Maranhao (Guimaraes), 

 Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 350, 1916 — Maipures, 

 Orinoco, and Suapure, Caura, Venezuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, 

 p. 37, 1916 — Ituribisci River, Bartica, Kamakabra Creek, Bonasika, 

 Mazaruni River, Great Falls of Demerara, Camacusa, and Roraima; 

 Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 202, 1917 — Bagado, Noanamd, 

 Novita, west of Honda, Buenavista, and Villa vicencio, Colombia; Ber- 

 toni. El Homero, 1, p. 255, 1919 — Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay; Lima, Rev. 

 Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 96, 1920— Ilheos to Belmonte, Bahia, Brazil; 

 Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 162, 1926 — Chone, Zamora, 

 and Rio Suno, Ecuador; Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 66, 1930 — Rio Roosevelt, 

 Matto Grosso; Griscom, I.e., 64, p. 109, 1932 — Guatemala (Peten); Peters, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 298, 1931 — Almirante, Western River, and 

 Cricamola, Panama; Darlington, I.e., p. 379, 1931 — southeast of Rio Frio, 

 Magdalena, Colombia; Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 310, 1935 — Panama; Van 

 Tyne, Misc. Publ., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 12, 1935 — Chuntuquf, 

 Peten, Guatemala; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1936, p. 1 — Trinidad (nest 

 and eggs descr.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 36, 1936 — Rio Jaragua, 

 Goyaz; Brodkorb, Occ. Pap., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 349, p. 6, 1937 — 

 Marajo, Brazil; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 71, 1937 (range). 



Lepidoenas speciosa Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 54, 1857 (descr.); 

 Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 274, 1870 — Matto Grosso (Engenho do Gama), 

 Rio Madeira (Ribeirao), Barra do Rio Negro, and Para, Brazil; Ridgway, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 316, 1916 (monog., full bibliog.); 

 Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 196, 1922 — Bonda, Minca, 

 Cincinnati, Agua Dulce, and Las Taguas, Santa Marta, Colombia. 



Chloroenas spilodera (Gray MS.) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sei. Paris, 

 39, No. 24, p. 1109, for Dec. 11, 1854 — no locality given (type in British 

 Museum); idem. I.e., 43, p. 838, 1856 (crit.;= young). 



Range. — Southeastern Mexico, from Vera Cruz southwards 

 through Central America to Colombia, Ecuador (both slopes), 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 435 



eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, Venezuela, the island of Trinidad, the 

 Guianas, Brazil south to Matto Grosso and Santa Catharina, and 

 Paraguay (Puerto Bertoni, Alto Parana). 



Field Museum Collection. — 11: Costa Rica, Puntarenas (Boruca, 

 2; Buenos Aires, 1; T^rraba, 1); Panama (Frances, Chiriqui, 1); 

 Colombia (unspecified, 2); British Guiana (Rockstone, Essequibo 

 River, 3); Brazil (Serra da Lua, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 35: Costa Rica (El General, 1); Panama 

 (Bocas del Toro, 3; El Banco, Chiriqui, 2; Miraflores Lock, Canal 

 Zone, 1); Ecuador (San Javier, 1); British Guiana (Mazaruni River, 

 1; Rockstone, Essequibo River, 1); Brazil (Buenos Aires, Rio Acara, 

 Para, 3; Ipomonga, Rio Capim, Para, 1; Resacca, Rio Capim, Para, 

 2; Lago Cuipeua, Rio Amazonas, Para, 6; Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 

 Para, 5; Tauary, Rio Tapajoz, Para, 3; Caxiricatuba, Rio 

 Tapajoz, Para, 3); Bolivia (Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 2). 



*Coluinba corensis Jacquin. Bare-eyed Pigeon. 



Columba (corensis) Jacquin, ^ Beytr. Gesch. Vogel, p. 31, 1784 — Coro, Venezuela. 



Columba gymnophthalmos Temminck, in Temminck and Knip, Les Pigeons, 1 , 

 Colombes, p. 48, pi. 18,=' 1809 — no locality given (type in Paris Museum); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 63, 1937 (range). 



Columba gymnophthalmus Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 3, p. xii, 1892 — 

 Curacao, Aruba, and Bonaire; idem, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 305, 1902 — same 

 localities; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 379, 1931— Donjaca, 

 Cienaga, and Sevillano, Magdalena, Colottibia. 



Columba gymnophthalma Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 304, 322, 332 — Aruba, 

 Curasao, and Bonaire (crit., habits); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, 

 p. 269, 1893 (monog.); Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 18, p. 658, 1896 — west of Porlamar, Margarita Island, Venezuela, and 

 "St. Thomas" (descr. of female); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 

 129, 1900 — Taganga, near Santa Marta, Colombia (crit.); Cory, Field 

 Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 198, 205, 210, 240, 253, 1909— Aruba, 

 Curacao, Bonaire, and Margarita Islands, Venezuela. 



1 There is no doubt whatever that C. corensis Jacquin refers to the present 

 species, as is shown by the fragment of a bird, consisting of head, wing, and leg, 

 from La Vela de Coro, the type locality, in the U. S. National Museum (No. 

 254890, March-April, 1917. H. M. Curran), which, thanks to the courtesy of the 

 late Dr. C. W. Richmond, we have been able to compare with our series. The 

 eye is surrounded by a large bare orbital space, the outer ring of which shows 

 numerous small blackish granulations, precisely as in Field Museum specimens. 

 The bill is of the same shape and color, and coloration of head and wings agrees 

 with that of Curasao birds. While the expression "wholly of a beautiful gray" 

 does not well suit the Bare-eyed Pigeon with vinaceous-drab under parts and 

 broad white longitudinal stripe on the wing, other passages in his account, such 

 as the description of the orbital space and neck-feathers, fit it exactly, to the 

 exclusion of any other species. 



^ The orbital space is wrongly colored. 




436 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Crossophihalmiis gymnophthalmos Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 321, 1916 — arid coast of Venezuela and Colombia, Dutch West Indies, 

 and "St. Thomas" (monog.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 

 14, p. 195, 1922 — Cienaga, Gaira, Donjaca, and Barranquilla, Colombia, 

 and Tocuyo, Venezuela; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin 

 Islands, 9, p. 394, 1927 — "St. Thomas" (locality questioned). 



Columba gymnophthalmos Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 195, 1939 — 

 El Sombrero, Rio Guarico, Guarico, Venezuela. 



Range. — Arid coast district of northern Colombia (Barranquilla; 

 Taganga, Gaira, Donjaca, Cienaga, and Sevillano, Magdalena; 

 La Goajira) and Venezuela (Vela de Coro, Falcon; Tocuyo, Lara; 

 El Sombrero, Guarico; Margarita Island), and the adjacent islands 

 of Aruba, Curasao, and Bonaire.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 7: Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 1; 

 Curacao, 1; Bonaire, 3); Venezuela, Margarita Island (Porlamar, 

 Nueva Esparta, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 2: Dutch West Indies (St. Patrick, Curagao 

 Island, 1); Venezuela (Tocuyo, 1). 



♦Columba picazuro picazuro Temminck. Picazuro Pigeon. 



Columba picazuro Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 1, pp. Ill, 449, 1813 — 

 based on "Picazuro" Azara, No. 317, Paraguay; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 143 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Durnford, Ibis, 

 1878, p. 65 — Buenos Aires; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 6 — Cape San Antonio, 

 Buenos Aires; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 54, 

 1881 — southern Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 274, 1884 — Concepcion 

 del Uruguay, Entre Rfos; Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 8, p. 88, 

 1884 — Est. de la Tala, Prov. Durazno, Uruguay; Berlepsch and Ihering, 

 Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 176, 1885 — Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Sclater 

 and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 139, 1889 — Argentina; Frenzel, Joum. Orn., 

 39, p. 123, 1891— Sierra de Cordoba; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 147— Fortfn 

 Page, lower Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, 

 p. 271, 1893 — Buenos Aires (Conchitas), Uruguay (Maldonado), Matto 

 Grosso (Engenho do Gama, Cuyaba), and "Bolivia"; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, 

 p. 201— Uruguay; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 22, 

 189&— Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem. I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 32, 1897— 

 Salta (Campo Santo) and Bolivia (Caiza, Tarija); Holland, Ibis, 1896, 

 p. 318 — Santa Elena, Entre Rlos; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande 

 do Sul, 16, p. 146, 1899 — Mundo Novo and Sao LourenQo, Rio Grande do 

 Sul; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 14, 1900— Urucum, 

 Matto Grosso; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 234 — Paraguayan Chaco; Lillo, Anal. 

 Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 215, 1902 — Tapia and Trancas, Tucumdn; 

 Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 459 — Colonia Cr^vaux, Tarija, Bolivia; Baer, 



^ Wetmore considers the specimen in the U. S. National Museum from "St. 

 Thomas, A. D. Ormes" to be incorrectly labeled. 



Four additional specimens from the Dutch West Indies, two from Colombia 

 (Gaira and Cienaga), and a fragment from La Vela de Coro, Venezuela, examined. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 437 



Ornis, 12, p. 232, 1904 — Tapia, Tucumdn; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, 

 No. 13, p. 70, 1905 — Tapia and Trancas, Tucumdn; Ihering, Cat. Faun. 

 Braz., 1, p. 18, 1907 — Sao Lourengo, Rio Grande do Sul (range in part); 

 Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 191, 1910 (range in Argen- 

 tina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 459 — Paraguay (Tebicuari, Villa Franca), 

 Matto Grosso (Puerto Esperanga, near Albuquerque), and Buenos Aires 

 (Los Ynglases, Aj6); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 36, 1914 — Paraguay; 

 M6n6gaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 1917, p. 25 — Sao Luiz de Caceres, Matto 

 Grosso; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 35 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; 

 Dinelli, El Hornero, 4, p. 275, 1929 — Tucum^n (eggs descr.); Naumburg, 

 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 402, 1930 — Matto Grosso; Laubmann, 

 Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 85, 1930— Bolivia (Villa 

 Montes, Tarija) and Formosa (Yunc4 Viejo, Tacaagl6) (crit.) ; Stone and 

 Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 377, 1934— Descalvados, 

 Matto Grosso. 



Columba loricata Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 67, 1823 — 

 based on "Picazuro" Azara, No. 317, Paraguay and Montevideo; Darwin, 

 Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 115, 1841 — Maldonado, Uruguay. 



Crossophthalmus gymnophthalmus (not Columba gymnophthalmos Temminck) 

 Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 55, 1857 — part, Brazil and Paraguay; 

 Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 274, 1870 — Cuyabd, Sangrador, and Engenho 

 do Gama, Matto Grosso (spec, examined). 



Patagioenas maculosa (not Columba maculosa Temminck) Burmeister, Journ. 

 Orn., 8, p. 258, 1860 — Argentina (in part); idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, 

 p. 496, f861 (in part). 



Columba maculosa Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 193 — north of Buenos Aires (Bara- 

 dero). 



Columba picazuro venturiana Hartert, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 260, 1909 — Mocovf, 

 Santa F6, Argentina (type in Tring Collection, now in the American 

 Museum of Natural History, New York). 



Picazurus picazuro Marelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 75, 1918 — Curuz<i-Cuati4, Cor- 

 rientes; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 11, 1920 — Uruguay (Minas, Maldonado, 

 Treinta y Tres, Montevideo, Rocha) ; Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 39, 1923 — 

 Santa Elena, Entre Rlos; Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 81, 1923 — La Rioja. 



Picazurus picazuro picazuro Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 30, 1917 — Isla Martfn 

 Garcia, Buenos Aires, and Las Palmas, Chaco Austral; Marelli, Mem. Min. 

 Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 598, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires. 



Picazuros picazuro picazuro Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 182, 

 1926 — Formosa (Riaeho Pilaga, Formosa). 



Columba picazuro picazuro Naumburg, Amer. Mus. Nov., 554, p. 4, 1932— 

 Paraguay (Rio Ypane, Fort Wheeler), Rio Grande do Sul, Bolivia, and 

 Argentina; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 62, 1937 (range). 



Picazuros picazuro reichenbachi (not Crossophthalmus reichenbachi Bonaparte) 

 Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 184, 1926— San Vicente, Uruguay 

 (crit.). 



Range. — Eastern Bolivia (in depts. of Santa Cruz and Tarija); 

 northern Argentina south to La Rioja, Cordoba, and Buenos Aires 




438 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Province; Paraguay; Uruguay; extreme southern Brazil (in states 

 of Matto Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Uruguay (Arroyo Sauce, Rocha, 1); 

 Argentina (Ajo, Buenos Aires, 1; Trancas, Tucuman, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 22: Brazil (Santa Catharina, 1); Paraguay 

 (Horqueta, 5); Bolivia (Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 8; Rio Surutu, 

 Santa Cruz, 1); Argentina (Santa Ana, Misiones, 3; Rio Bermejo, 

 Salta, 1; Tapia, Tucumdn, 1; Rio Colorado, Tucuman, 1; Los In- 

 gleses, Buenos Aires, 1). 



•Columba picazuro marginalis Naumburg.^ Northern Pica- 

 zuRO Pigeon. 



Columba picazuro marginalis Naumburg, Amer. Mus. Nov., 554, p. 3, 1932 — 

 Corrente, Piauhy, Brazil (type in the American Museum of Natural 

 History, New York); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 63, 1937 (range). 



Columba picazuro (not of Temminck) Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 356 — Parahyba 

 and Pernambuco (Quipapd, Garunhuns); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, 

 p. 18, 1907 — part, Bahia and Pernambuco; (?)Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, 

 p. 90, 1908 — Rio Araguaya, Goyaz; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. 

 Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 86, 1910 — Bahia (SoUdade, near Carnahyba; 

 Barra do Rio Grande) and Piauhy (Parnagud); Hellmayr, Field Mus. 

 Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 462, 1929— Ibiapaba, Piauhy (crit.). 



Columba leucoptera (not of Linnaeus) Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 242 (ed. in 8vo, 

 p. 241), 1821— Rio das Contas, Bahia. 



Columba poeciloptera (not of Vieillot) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 459, 

 1833 — Rio das Contas, Bahia. 



Columba gymnophthalma (not of Temminck) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, 



• p. 270, 1889 (ex C. leucoptera Wied). 



Range. — Northeastern Brazil, from Piauhy and Parnahyba 

 south to Bahia, west probably to Goyaz. 



Conover Collection. — 1: Brazil (Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 1). 



^ Birds from the Chaco Santafecino (venturiana), Tucuman, and Bolivia agree 

 with two Paraguayan topotypes, and those from Matto Grosso, while averaging 

 slightly darker, are not separable either. Hartert, when describing venturiana, 

 appears to have compared it only with a series from Goyaz, which is probably 

 referable to marginalis. 



Additional material examined. — Paraguay: Rio Ypane, 1; Paraguayan Chaco, 

 1. — Argentina: Santa Fe, 1; Yunca Viejo, Formosa, 3; Tapia, Tucuman, 2. — 

 Brazil: Cuyab^, Matto Grosso, 5. 



2 Columba picazuro marginalis Naumburg: Similar to the nominate race, but 

 on average smaller, under parts brighter and more uniform pinkish, breast and 

 abdomen not at all grayish; white edges to upper wing coverts much broader, 

 forming a much more prominent longitudinal stripe on the wing; dorsal coloration 

 paler with more conspicuous pale brownish or whity-brown apical edges; rump 

 and tail coverts rather lighter gray. Wing, 212-250, (female) 210; tail, 117-122. 



Birds from Goyaz should be re-examined. Judging from Hartert's remarks, 

 they would seem to be referable to the race of northeastern Brazil. 



Additional material examined. — Piauhy: Parnagua, 1. — Bahia: Barra, Rio 

 Grande, 3; Solidade, Rio Sao Francisco, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 439 



*Coluinba maculosa albipennis Sclater and Salvin.^ White- 

 winged Pigeon. 



Columba albipennis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 18 — 

 Pitumarca, Peru, and Bolivia (type, from Pitumarca, Dept. Cuzco, Peru, 

 in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum); Taczanowski, 

 Grn. Per., 3, p. 232, 1886 — Paucartambo and Pitumarca, Peru; Sal- 

 vadori. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 272, pi. 8, 1893— southern Peru (Pitu- 

 marca) and Bolivia; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp. 72, 104, 

 1906 — Pauza (Puiura), Ayacucho, and Urquillos, Cuzco, Peru; Chubb, 

 Ibis, 1919, p. 29 — Parotani, Bolivia; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 117, p. 45, 1921 — Ollantaytambo, Urubamba, Peru. 



Crossophthalmus gymnophthalmos (not Columba gymnophthalmos Temminck) 

 Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 55, 1857 — part, Sicasica, Bolivia (spec, 

 in Paris Museum examined). 



Columba maculosa (not of Temminck) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1869, p. 600— Pitumarca, Peru; iidem. I.e., 1873, p. 186— Paucar- 

 tambo, Peru; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 286, 1891 — part, 

 Bolivia. 



Columba maculosa albipennis Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 63, 1937 (range); 

 Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 461 — Yauli, Anco, and Huancavelica, Peru. 



Range. — Temperate zone of southern Peru, in depts. of Cuzco 

 (Pitumarca, Paucartambo, Ollantaytambo, Urquillos), Huancavelica 

 (Yauli, Anco, ^Huancavelica), and Ayacucho (Pauza), and western 

 Bolivia. 



Conover Collection.— S : Bolivia (Comarapa, Santa Cruz, 1 ; Pocona, 

 Cochabamba, 1; Incayagta, Cochabamba, 1; Aiquile, Cochabamba, 

 1; Tiu-Tiu, Cochabamba, 4). 



*Coluinba maculosa maculosa Temminck. Spotted-winged 

 Pigeon. 



Columba maculosa Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 1, pp. 113, 450, 1813 — 

 based on "Paloma cobijas manchadas" Azara, No. 318; between 27° and 

 28° S. lat., Paraguay; Sclater and Hudson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 

 pp. 545, 549 — Rio Negro, Patagonia; Leybold, Escursion Pamp. Arj., p. 89, 

 1873 — Est. Llaucha, south of San Carlos, Mendoza; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, 

 p. 42— Chubut Valley; idem, Ibis, 1878, p. 401— Chubut Valley; Doering, 



1 Columba maculosa albipennis Sclater and Salvin chiefly differs from the 

 nominate race by larger size; by the lesser and median wing coverts being apically 

 edged (instead of triangularly spotted) with white, and by the much wider white 

 outer margins to the greater wing coverts. Specimens vary somewhat inter se in 

 the amount of white on the wings, which appears to be most extensive in those 

 from Bolivia. 



Although C. m. albipennis resembles C. p. picazuro in wing-pattern, the two 

 pigeons appear to be specifically distinct, since their ranges coincide in Uruguay 

 as well as over an extensive area in Argentina. 



Additional material examined. — Peru: Pauza, Ayacucho, 1; Paucartambo, 

 Cuzco, 1. — Bolivia: Sicasica, 1; Olguin, 1. 




440 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 55, 1881 — Carhue (Buenos 

 Aires), Rio Colorado, and Rio Negro; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1882, p. 626 — Fuerte de Andalgal^, Catamarca; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 274, 

 1884 — Concepci6n del Uruguay, Entre Rfos, and Carhue, Buenos Aires 

 (nest and egg^s descr.); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 282 — Paysandti, Uruguay; 

 Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 140, 1889 — Argentina; Stempelmann 

 and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Cienc. C6rdoba, 10, p. 403, 1890— Cordoba; Ousta- 

 let. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 286, 1891 — part, Argentina and Pata- 

 gonia; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 273, 1893 — Argentina 

 (Cosquin, Cordoba; Mendoza; Rio Negro) and Uruguay; Aplin, Ibis, 

 1894, p. 201 — Uruguay (Rio Negro, Santa Elena, Monzon, Arroyo Grande); 

 Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 286, 1895 — Chilecito, La Rioja; 

 Holland, Ibis, 1896, p. 318 — Santa Elena, Buenos Aires (in winter); 

 Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 32, 1897— Tala, Salta; 

 Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 216, 1902 — Tucuman (Tucu- 

 mdn, Yerba-buena, Tapia, Trancas); Lonnoerg, Ibis, 1903, p. 459 — 

 Colonia Cr6vaux, Tarija, Bolivia; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 249, 

 1904— Rosario de Lerma, Salta; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 232, 1904— Tapia, 

 Tucuman; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patagonia, 2, Orn., 

 p. 34, 1904 — Patagonia; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 70, 

 1905 — Tucum4n localities; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 19, 1907 — 

 Mendoza; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 261, 1909 — Tucumdn 

 (Tapia), Salta (Arenal), and Entre RIos (La Soledad); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. 

 Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 191, 1910 (range in Argentina); Bertoni, Faun. 

 Parag., p. 36, 1914— Paraguay; Dinelli, El Hornero, 4, p. 275, 1929— 

 Tucumdn (habits). 



Columba poiciloptera Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 26, p. 344, 

 1818— based on Azara, No. 318; Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 16, sp. 49, 1827 

 — Paraguay (ex Azara, No. 318). 



Crossophthalmus reichenbachi Bonaparte,^ Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 39, 

 No. 24, p. 1110, for Dec. 11, 1854 — no locality given (diag.); idem. I.e., 



1 Crossophthalmus reichenbachi Bonaparte, first briefly diagnosed (Compt. 

 Rend. Acad. Sci., Dec. 11, 1854), was based, as we learn from the describer's sub- 

 sequent account (Consp. Gen. Av.), on an adult and a young bird sent by 

 d'Orbigny to the Paris Museum. This institution has three mounted individuals 

 of this group of white-winged pigeons from that source, which have been carefully 

 studied by the senior author: "No. 11.394 A. Bolivia, M. d'Orbigny, 1834, No. 

 465. Male. Chlor. maculosa T." is clearly the specimen from Sicasica, "1824," 

 mentioned by Bonaparte under C. gymnophthalmus (he erroneously considered C. 

 picazuro to be the young of the same species), and belongs to C. m. albipennis. 

 Two other examples. No. 11.394 B and No. 11.392, differ by smaller size, shorter 

 and slenderer bill, darker coloration with more decidedly pinkish under parts, and 

 by lacking the broad white edges to the outer webs of the greater upper wing 

 coverts ("tectricibus alarum margine tantum albo"). Both are typical maculosa with 

 triangular dingy white apical spots to the smaller, and hardly with an indication 

 of a narrow external white fringe to the greater wing coverts. Though the name 

 does not occur on the labels (both are marked "Chlor. maculosa T."), there seems 

 little doubt that these specimens are the ones which served as basis for C. reichen- 

 bachi. No. 11.394 B, though labeled "Bolivia," was, according to the year it 

 bears (1831), secured in Patagonia, viz., on the lower Rio Negro; while No. 11.392, 

 "R6publique Argentine, 1829," originated probably in Corrientes. It will be 

 noticed that Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 839, 1856) sub- 

 sequently discovered the identity of his C. reichenbachi with C. maculosa. 



I 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 441 



43, p. 839, 1856 (crit.); idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 55, 1857 — Patagonia 

 and "Paraguay" (type in Paris Museum). 



Patagioenas maculosa Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 258, 1860 — C6rdoba, 

 Uruguay, and Tucum&n (in part); idem, Raise La Plata St., 2, p. 496, 

 1861 — Mendoza, Cordoba, and Tucumdn (part, young); Frenzel, Journ. 

 Orn., 39, p. 123, 1891— C6rdoba. 



Chloroenas fallax Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 4, No. 35, p. 80, 1873 — "Mexico," 

 errore, and Rio Negro, Patagonia (type in Leiden Museum). 



Notioenas maculosa Marelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 75, 1918 — Curuzti-Cuatid, Cor- 

 rientes; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 11, 1920 — Uruguay (Treinta y Tres, Cerro 

 Largo, Rocha); Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 81, 1923 — La Rioja; Marelli, Mem. 

 Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 598, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; Pereyra, 

 El Hornero, 4, p. 28, 1927 — San Rafael, Mendoza; Castellanos, I.e., 4, 

 p. 367, 1931 — Valle de los Reartes, Cordoba, and Pozo del Norte, San Lufs. 



Notioenas maculosa maculosa Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 185, 

 1926 — Lazcano, Uruguay. 



Notioenas maculosa fallax Wetmore, I.e., p. 185, 1926 — Vietorica, Pampa 

 (crit.). 



('i)Columba msridionalis (not of Latham) Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 188, 

 1848 — Rio Negro, Patagonia. 



Columba maculosa maculosa Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 63, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Uruguay; northern Argentina south to the Rio Negro; 

 and the adjacent parts of Paraguay and Bolivia (Colonia Cr^vaux, 

 Dept. Tarija).^ 



Conover Collection. — 3: Argentina (Puhi Mahuida, Rio Negro, 1; 

 Tapia, Tucumdn, 2). 



♦Columba caribaea Jacquin. Jamaican Band-tailed Pigeon. 



Coliimba (caribaea) Jacquin,* Beytr. Geseh. Vogel, p. 30, 1784 — "Karibaisehe 

 Inseln." 



Columba caribaea Temminck, in Temminck and Knip, Les Pigeons, 1, Colom- 

 bes, p. 22, pi. 10, 1809— "Porto Rico" (spec, ex coll. Maug6 in Paris 

 Museum); idem. Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 1, pp. 114, 450, 1813— "Porto 

 Rico" and Jamaica; Cory, Auk, 4, p. 110, 1887 — Jamaica and "Porto 

 Rico"; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 211, 1889— Jamaica and "Porto Rico" 

 (descr.); idem. Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 97, 138, 1892— Jamaica and "Porto 

 Rico"; Scott, Auk, 9, p. 122, 1892 — vicinity of Boston, Portland, Jamaica; 

 Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 290, 1893— Trelawny and Spanish 

 Town, Jamaica; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 392, 



' Subdivision of this form is impracticable, the intensity of coloration being 

 variable irrespective of locality. Its breeding range remains to be determined, 

 and in part of the above area it obviously occurs only as a visitor. 



^ Jacquin's short description is altogether insufficient, and identifiable as per- 

 taining to the present species only through his reference to Brisson's "Pigeon a 

 queue annel6e de la Jamaique" (Orn., 1, p. 138), whose account is, however, again 

 faulty with respect to the coloration of the abdomen said to be "white." 




442 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



1927— "Porto Rico" (ex Wagler); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 66, 1937 



(range). 

 Columba lamprauchen Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 16, sp. 46, 1827 — "Porto Rico" 



(type ex coll. Maug6 in Paris Museum). 

 Columba caribbea Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 291, 1847 — Jamaica (habits). 

 Patagioenas caribaea Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 80 — Jamaica. 

 Columba carribea March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 301 — Jamaica. 

 Chloroenas caribaea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 294, 1916 



— Jamaica and (?)Porto Rico (monog., full bibliog.). 



Range. — Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.^ ^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Jamaica, Surrey (Priestman's River, 

 2; St. Andrew's Parish, 1; St. George's Parish, 1). 



♦Columba fasciata fasciata Say. Band-tailed Pigeon. 



Columba fasciata Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., 2, p. 10 (note), 1823 — 

 tributary of the Platte=Plum Creek, near Castle Rock, Douglas County, 

 Colorado (type lost, formerly in coll. of T. R. Peale); Salvadori, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 291, 1893 — part, spec, a-q', western North America" 

 to Guatemala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 237, 

 1902 — part. North America to Guatemala. 



Columba mx)nilis Vigors, Zool. Voy. Blossom, p. 26, pi. 10, 1839 — Monterey, 

 California (type lost, once in coll. of Zoological Society of London; cf. 

 Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 275, 1932). 



Columba fasciata fasciata Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 163, 1906 — 

 La Cienaga, northwestern Durango; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 

 32, p. 103, 1928 — Sierra San Pedro Martir and Sierra Juarez, Lower 

 California; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 247, 1931 — 

 Saric, Sonora; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 353, 1932 (life hist.); 

 Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 110, 1932 — Momostenango and 

 La Primavera, Guatemala; idem. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 372, 

 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero; van Rossem, I.e., 77, p. 434, 1935— Pinos 

 Altos and Oposura, Sonora; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 67, 1937 (range). 



Chloroenas fasciata fasciata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 228, 

 1916 — part, western North America to Guatemala (monog., full bibliog.) . 



Range. — Western North America, from southwestern British 

 Columbia, Montana, and north-central Colorado south through 

 the southwestern United States to northern Lower California, Mex- 

 ico, and Guatemala, east to western Texas; accidental in North 

 Dakota.^ 



' The inclusion of this bird in the fauna of Puerto Rico rests solely on the 

 type of C. lamprauchen said to have been obtained on that island by Maug6. It 

 is a well-known fact, however, that the collections of that naturalist were mixed 

 up in the Paris Museum, and an error in labeling this particular specimen is 

 very likely to have been made. 



* Birds from Guatemala average somewhat smaller and have a more pointed 

 wing, thus closely approaching the supposed southern race letonai, but appear to 

 be more brownish on the upper parts. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 443 



Field Museum Collection. — 31: Arizona (Huachuca Mountains, 

 Cochise County, 15); California (Nicasio, Marin County, 1; Olema, 

 Marin County, 3; Monterey, Monterey County, 1); Mexico (Babi- 

 cora. Chihuahua, 1; Samachique, Chihuahua, 2; Sierra Taruhumaro, 

 Chihuahua, 1; Coyotes, Durango, 3); Guatemala (8 miles east of 

 Salama, Baja Verapaz, 1; Tecpan, Chimaltenango, 1; Volcano 

 Tajumulco, San Marcos, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 12: Oregon (Blaine, Tillamook County, 1; 

 Scio, Linn County, 4) ; Texas (Davis Mountains, 2) ; Arizona (Para- 

 dise, Cochise County, 2) ; California (Placerita Canyon, Los Angeles 

 County, 1); Mexico (Horsetail Falls, Nueva Leon, 1; Tancitaro, 

 Michoacan, 1). 



*Coluinba fasciata vioscae Brewster. Viosca's Pigeon. 



Columba fasciata vioscae Brewster, Auk, 5, p. 86, 1888 — La Laguna, Lower 

 California (cotypes in coll. of W. Brewster, now in Museum of Compara- 

 tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, 

 p. 163, 1930); idem. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 77, 1902— Cape 

 region of Lower California; Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 13, 

 1923— Mirafiores; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 104, 1928— 

 Cape District; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 162, p. 363, 1932 (life hist.); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 67, 1937 (range), 



Columba vioscae Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 293, 1893 — San Jos6 

 del Rancho, Lower California. 



Chhmenas fasciata vioscae Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 292, 

 1916 — southern Lower California (monog., full bibliog.). 



Range. — Cape district of Lower California in the Sierra de la 

 Laguna. 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Lower California (unspecified, 2; 

 El Sauz, Sierra de la Laguna, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 6: Lower California (El Sauz, Sierra de la 

 Laguna, 6). 



*Coluniba fasciata letonai Dickey and van Rossem.^ Salvador 

 Band-tailed Pigeon. 



Columba fasciata letonai Dickey and van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 39, 

 p. 109, 1926— Cacaguatique, Dept, San Miguel, El Salvador (type in 



1 Columba fasciata letonai Dickey and van Rossem: Said to differ from the 

 nominate race by more pointed wing; duller, more grayish purple under parts 

 and head; and somewhat more grayish upper surface. 



This is a very questionable race. Two specimens from western Honduras 

 examined by the senior author can be matched in color and size by various Mexican 

 and Guatemalan examples, and Stone came to the same conclusion after the 

 study of two adult males from San Juancito and one from El Salvador. Cf. also 

 Griscom's remarks on the variation in the shape of the wing among southern 

 examples. 




444 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



coll. of Donald R. Dickey, now in the University of California at Los 

 Angeles); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 67, 1937 (range); Dickey and van 

 Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 185, 1938— Mount 

 Cacaguatique, Volcan de San Miguel, Los Esesmiles, and Volcan d£ Santa 

 Ana, El Salvador. 



Columba fasciata fasciata (not of Say) Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, 

 p. 305, 1932 — San Juancito, Honduras (crit.). 



Range. — Oak and pine forests of El Salvador and Honduras. 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: El Salvador (Volcan Santa Ana, 

 Santa Ana, 1; Los Esesmiles, Chalatenango, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 3: Honduras (Cantoral, Tegucigalpa, 2; 

 La Flor, Archaga, Tegucigalpa, 1). 



Columba fasciata parva Griscom.' Nicaraguan Band-tailed 

 Pigeon. 



Columba fasciata parva Griscom, Ibis, (13), 5, p. 553, 1935 — Matagalpa, 

 Nicaragua (type in British Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 67, 1937 

 (range). 



Columba fasciata (not of Say) Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1892, p. 328 — Mata- 

 galpa; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 291, 1893 — part, spec, r'-t', 

 Matagalpa and San Rafael del Norte, Nicaragua; Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 237, 1902 — part, Nicaragua (Matagalpa, 

 San Rafael). 



Chloroenas fasciata fasciata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 

 288, 1916 — part, Nicaragua (Matagalpa, San Rafael), 



Range. — Oak forests of northern Nicaragua (Matagalpa, San 

 Rafael del Norte). 



♦Columba fasciata crissalis Salvadori.^ Costa Rican Band- 

 tailed Pigeon. 



Columba crissalis Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 294, 1893 — Boquete 

 de Chitrd, Veraguas, Panama (type in British Museum); Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 238, 1902 — Costa Rica and 

 western Panama (Chiriquf and Veraguas). 



Chloroenas albilinea (not Columba albilinea Bonaparte) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. 

 Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 135, 1868 — Rancho Redondo and San Juan, Costa 

 Rica; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 211, 1869 — Costa Rica (crit.); Frantzius, 

 I.e., p. 370, 1869 — El Mojon and San Juan, Costa Rica. 



1 Columba fasciata parva Griscom: Similar to C. /. letonai in having the tenth 

 primary much longer than the seventh; but decidedly darker and browner above, 

 even darker than C. /. fasciata; dimensions markedly less than in either of its 

 allies. Wing 193-195, (female) 192 (Griscom, I.e.). 



* The C. albilinea group is clearly conspecific with C fasciata, the Costa Rican 

 form being, as far as coloration is concerned, in a way intermediate to the north- 

 ern races. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 445 



Columba albilinea Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 217 — Veraguas 

 (Chitrd, Boquete de Chitra, Calovevora, Calobre) and Chiriquf (Volcan 

 de ChiriquI); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 127, 1887 — San 

 Jose and Alajuela, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Auk, 9, p. 328, 1892 — San Jos6 

 and Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica. 



Columba albilineata Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 43 — Desampa- 

 rados, Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, 

 p. 498, 1883— Volcan de Irazii. 



Columba albilinea crissalis Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 3, p. 23, 1902 — 

 Boquete and Volcan de ChiriquI, Panama (crit.); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. 

 Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 261, 1910— Volcan de Turrialba, Costa Rica; Car- 

 riker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 394, 1910 — Costa Rica (Volcan de Tur- 

 rialba, Santa Maria de Dota, La Carpintera, La Estrella de Cartago, 

 Escazu, Volcan de Poas, slopes of Irazu, Ujurras de T^rraba, Miravalles, 

 Bagaces) (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 310, 1935 — 

 Panama; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 67, 1937 (range). 



Chloroenas albilinea crissalis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 

 292, 1916 (monog., full bibliog.). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of Costa Rica and western Panama 

 (Chiriqui and Veraguas). ^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 5: Costa Rica (Volcan de Turrialba, 

 Cartago, 3; Angostura, 1; Carrillo, Heredia, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 4 : Costa Rica (Volcan de Turrialba, Cartago, 

 1; Rancho Redondo, Volcan Irazu, 1; San Joaquin de Dota, 1; Las 

 Vueltas, 1). 



*Columba fasciata albilinea Bonaparte. White-naped Pigeon. 



Columba albilinea (G. R. Gray MS.) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 

 Paris, 39, No. 24, p. 1108, for Dec. 11, 1854— "I'Amerique meridionale" 

 = Bogota, Colombia (type in coll. of Messrs. Verreaux);^ Sclater, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 72, 1860 — Chillanes, Ecuador; Sclater and Salvin, 

 I.e., 1873, p. 186 — Ccachupata, Cuzco, Peru; iidem. I.e., 1879, p. 639 — 

 Ramosani and Tilotilo, Bolivia; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1884, 

 p. 311 — Bugnac, Ecuador; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 294, 

 1893 — part, spec, c-m, Colombia (Santa Marta, Retiro), Ecuador (Sical), 

 and Bolivia (Tilotilo, Ramosani); Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 20, 1895 — 

 Cajabamba, Peru; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 172, 1898— 

 Palomina, Colombia; idem, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 1, p. 75, 1899 — San 

 Sebastian and El Mamon, Colombia; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. 



1 Birds from ChiriquI and Costa Rica agree well. 



" Bonaparte expressly states that the diagnosis was drawn up from a speci- 

 men in the possession of the Verreaux brothers, who promised to present it to the 

 Paris Museum. We do not know whether or not this commendable plan was 

 carried out, but at all events the two skins in the British Museum listed as "types" 

 have no claims to this dignity, unless one of them be the specimen once in Ver- 

 reaux's hands. As we have since ascertained, the type is neither in London nor 

 in Paris. 




446 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 34, 1900— Pun, La Concepci6n, and "Nane- 

 gal," Ecuador; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1902, (2), p. 43 — Maraynioc, Peru; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 

 8, p. 216, 1902 — Cerro de San Javier, San Pablo, and Cumbre de La 

 Hoyada, Tucumdn; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 232, 1904 — La CrioUa, Tucum^n; 

 Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 70, 1905 — Cerro de San Javier, 

 San Pablo, and Cumbre de la Hoyada, Tucumdn; Hartert and Venturi, 

 Nov. Zool., 16, p. 261, 1909— Villa Nougues, La Criolla, and Cumbre 

 San Pablo, Tucumdn; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 

 191, 1910 — cerros of Tucumdn; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geog. Armee 

 Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 5, 1911 — Alaspungo and Chambo, 

 Ecuador; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 30 — Ecuador (Guallabamba, Riobamba) 

 and Bolivia (Chulumani, Choro, Cocapata) ; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. 

 Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 17, 1922 — above Nono, above Lloa, Pichincha, west 

 side of Mojanda, and near Rio Cumbaya, Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. 

 Hist. Nat. Paris, 33, p. 355, 1927— Cerro Mojanda, Ecuador. 



Columba albolineata G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 4, p. 34, 1856 — 

 New Grenada. 



Chloroenas albilinea Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, sig. Nov. 20, 1854, p. 51, 

 "April 15, 1855" [=1857]— New Granada (descr. of spec, in British 

 Museum); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 163, 1855 — Bogota, 

 Colombia; idem. I.e., 26, p. 556, 1858 — Matos, Ecuador. 



Chloroenas denisea (not Columba denisea Temminck) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 555 — Maraynioc and Auquimarca, Peru. 



Columba denisea (not Temminck) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1882, p. 48 — Chirimoto, Peru (egg descr.). 



Columba albilineata Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 235 — 

 M6rida, Venezuela; iidem, I.e., 1879, p. 543 — Retiro, Colombia; Tac- 

 zanowski, Om. P6r., 3, p. 232, 1886 — Peru (Maraynioc, Auquimarca, 

 Chirimoto, Paucal, Ccachupata); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, 

 p. 129, 1900— Valparaiso, Colombia. 



Columba guayaquilensis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11, p. 112, 1888 — 

 "Guayaquil," errore (type in U. S. National Museum). 



Columba tucumana Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 22, 

 1895 — San Pablo, Tucuman (type in Turin Museum ;= young); Lillo, 

 Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 216, 1902 (ex Salvador!). 



Columba albilinea albilinea Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1205 — 

 Loma Hermosa, Rio Jamaraya, western Andes, Colombia; Hellmayr and 

 Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 159, 1912 — Cumbre de Valencia, 

 Carabobo, Venezuela (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 

 203, 1917 — Paramillo, San Antonio, La Florida, Cerro Munchique, 

 Ricaurte, Almaguer, Valle de las Pappas, La Sierra, Mirafiores, Salento, 

 Laguneta, Santa Elena, Barro Blanco, Rio Toche, La Candela, and San 

 Agustin, Colombia; idem. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 45, 1921— 

 Occobamba Valley and above Torontoy, Urubamba, Peru; idem, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 162, 1926 — Ecuador (Huigra, near Chunchi, 

 El Chiral, above Baeza, below Cerro Huamani, below Oyacachi, upper 

 Sumaco); Dinelli, El Homero, 4, p. 276, 1929 — cerros of Tucuman; 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 447 



Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 256, 1930 — mountains 

 near Huanuco, Peru; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 621, 

 1932 — El Portete de Tarquf, Cuenca, Ecuador; Belcher and Smooker, 

 Ibis, 1936, p. 2 — River Estate and Maraval, Trinidad (nest and eggs 

 descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 68, 1937 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, 

 p. 461 — Anco, Huancavelica, Peru. 

 Chloroenas albilinea Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 

 12, p. 33, 1922 — Rio Mucujon and Pdramo Tambor, M^rida, Venezuela. 



Chloroenas albilinea albilinea Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, 

 p. 197, 1922 — San Miguel, Cerro de Caracas, Paramo de Mamarongo, 

 Taquino, San Lorenzo, Las Vegas, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, and 

 Cincinnati, Colombia (crit.). 



Columba albilinea tucumana Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 68, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical and Temperate zones of the Andes from 

 northwestern Argentina (cerros of Tucumdn) to Colombia (all three 

 ranges and Santa Marta Mountains) and western Venezuela (Sierra 

 of M^rida) and east through the Venezuelan north coast mountains 

 to the island of Trinidad. ^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 8: Venezuela (Mount Turumiquire, 

 Sucr^, 2); Colombia (unspecified, 2; Santa Elena, Antioquia, 2); 

 Peru (Hudnuco Mountains, Huanuco, 1; Hacienda Llagueda, Liber- 

 tad, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 27: Venezuela, M^rida (Rio Mucujon, 3; 

 Paramo Tambor, 3); Colombia (El Tambo, Cauca, 6); Ecuador 

 (Nono, Lloa, 1 ; Cochaseca Range, 1 ; Alaspungo, 3 ; Itagua, 1 ; Illiniza, 

 Prov. Pichincha, 1; Cerro Cotopaxi, 1; San Fernando, Azuay, 1); 

 Peru (Huanuco Mountains, Huanuco, 1); Bolivia (Yungas de Cocha- 

 bamba, Cochabamba, 1 ; Incachaca, Cochabamba, 1 ; Lambate, La Paz, 

 1); Argentina (La Criolla, Tucuman, 1; Jujuy, 1). 



Columba fasciata roraimae Chapman. ^ Roraima Pigeon. 



Columba albilinea roraimae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 341, p. 1, 1929 — 

 Philipp Camp, Roraima, Venezuela (type in the American Museum of 

 Natural History, New York); idem. Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 63, 

 1931 — Roraima (Philipp Camp, Rondon Camp) and Mount Duida 



1 Close comparison of some fifty specimens from throughout the range fails 

 to reveal any constant local variation. Two adult birds from Argentina are slightly 

 darker on cheeks and breast, and more brownish on the rump, and if separable, 

 will have to be called C. /. tucumana. A single immature male from Aripo, Trini- 

 dad (alt. 2,000 ft. Aug. 29, 1912. S. M. Klages) agrees well with Colombian exam- 

 ples in corresponding plumage. 



* Columba fasciata roraimae Chapman : Similar to C. /. albilinea, but rump and 

 upper tail coverts much darker and strongly washed with the metallic olive green 

 of the back; tail darker, with the black subterminal band more pronounced as well 

 as more contrasting with the slate gray terminal band; under parts darker. 



Two additional specimens from Roraima examined. 




448 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



(Valle de los Monos, Vegas, Desfiladero, etc.); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 

 68, 1937 (range). 



Columba albilineata (not of Gray) Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 173 — Roraima. 



Columba albilinea (not of Bonaparte) Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 

 294, 1893 — part, spec, a, b, Roraima; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 39, 

 1916 — Roraima. 



Range. — Subtropical zone of southern Venezuela (Mounts Duida 

 and Roraima). 



♦Columba araucana Lesson. Chilean Pigeon. 



Columba araucana Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 4, pi. 40, July, 

 1827; idem. I.e., livr. 6, p. 706, May, 1830 — Talcaguano, Bay of Concep- 

 cion, Chile (location of type unrecorded); Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. FIs. 

 Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 376, 1847— Chile; Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 186, 

 1848— Chile; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 215, 1853— Valdi via; Bibra, 

 Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 130, 1853— Valdi via; 

 Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 508 — Valdivia (habits); Cassin, in Gilliss, 

 U. S. Astron. Exp., 2, p. 190, 1855— Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, 

 Vogel, p. 108, 1865— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 330, 

 339— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 267, 1868— "the whole of 

 Chile, particularly the south"; Reed, I.e., 49, p. 564, 1877 — Cauquenes, 

 Colchagua; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 296, 1893— Chile 

 (Santiago, Valdivia, "TarapacS"); Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chili, 3, 

 p. cxv, 1893 — Cordillera of Aculeo, Santiago, and Ninhue (Itata), Maule; 

 Waugh and Lataste, I.e., 4, pp. Ixxxvii, clxxii, 1894 — Penafior, Santiago, 

 and San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 208, 

 1896 — Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 297 — near Hospital (Santiago), Arauco, 

 Calle-Calle, and Rio Bueno (Valdivia); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 

 4, p. 671, 1898 — Chile (eggs descr.); Arrib&lzaga, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos 

 Aires, 8, p. 158, 1902 — Lago General Paz, Chubut; Scott and Sharpe, 

 Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 37, 1904— "Patagonia"; 

 Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 191, 1910 — Chubut (Lago 

 General Paz), "Rio Negro," and "Tierra del Fuego"; Costes, Rev. Chil. 

 Hist. Nat., 21, p. 161, 1917 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso (habits); Barros, 

 I.e., 23, p. 16, 1919— Nilahue, Curico; idem. I.e., 25, p. 170, 1921— Cor- 

 dillera of Aconcagua; Paessler, Joum. Cm., 70, p. 432, 1922 — Coronel, 

 Chile (habits, nest, and eggs); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 288, 

 1923 — about Bariloche, Lago Nahuel Huapi, Rio Negro; Housse, Rev. 

 Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924— Isla la Mocha, Arauco; idem. I.e., 29, 

 p. 148, 1925 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Jaffuel and Pirion, I.e., 31, p. Ill, 

 1927— Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock, I.e., 33, pp. 126, 192, 1929— 

 Cerro del Nahuelbuta and Angol, Malleco; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. 

 Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 342, 1932— Chile (Coquimbo to Tres Montes); 

 Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 38, p. 140, 1934— Puerto Vieja, Peuco, 

 O'Higgins; Bullock, I.e., 39, p. 244, 1935 — Isla la Mocha, Arauco; Peters, 

 Bds. World, 3, p. 68, 1937 (range). 



Columba denisea Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 86, pi. 502, Sep., 1830 — 

 Chile (cotypes now in Leiden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 4, 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 449 



No. 35, p. 67, 1873); Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 209, 1842— Valdi via; idem, 

 Echo du Monde Sav., 9, 2nd sem., col. 253, 1842— Valdi via. 



Columba fitzroyii King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, "1830-31," 

 p. 15, pub. Jan., 1831 — Chilo6 Island, Chile (location of type unrecorded); 

 Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 114, 1841 — peninsula of Tres Montes 

 and Valparaiso, Chile; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 115, 1843 — 

 southern provinces of Chile, in winter near Santiago. 



Chloroenas denisea Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 51, 1857 — Chile (descr.). 



Chloroenas araucana Bullock, El Hornero, 3, p. 91, 1923 — Chile (nest); Wet- 

 more, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 431, 1926— Puesto Moreno (Lago 

 Nahuel Huapi), Rio Negro, and Rio Corcovado, Chubut. 



Columba (Chloroenas) araucana Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 357, 

 1929 — Aconcagua (breeding). 



Range. — Central and southern provinces of Chile, from Coquimbo 

 (Tambillos) to Tres Montes Peninsula, and along the eastern (Ar- 

 gentine) base of the Andes from Neuquen (Lago Nahuel Huapi) to 

 western Chubut (Lago General Paz, Rio Corcovado).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Chile (Yumbel, Concepcion, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 10: Argentina (San Martin de los Andes, 

 Neuquen, 2) ; Chile (Papudo, Aconcagua, 1 ; Cabrero, Concepcion, 1 ; 

 Curacautin, Malleco, 1 ; Mafil, Valdivia, 1 ; Chilo^ Island, 1 ; Quellon, 

 Chilo^ Island," 2; Porvenir, 1). 



*Columba inornata inornata Vigors. Plain Pigeon. 



Columba inornata Vigors, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, p. 446, 1827 — near Havana, 

 Cuba (location of type not stated); Cory, Bds. Haiti & San Dom., p. 136, 

 1884— Magu4; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 97, 1892— part, Cuba and 

 Hispaniola; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 284, 1893 — part, spec, 

 f, g, Cuba and San Domingo. 



Chloroenas inornata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 53, 1857 — part, Cuba 

 and Santo Domingo; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 336, 1861 — Cuba; Gund- 

 lach. I.e., 22, p. 286, 1874— Cuba (habits); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 4, 

 No. 35, p. 78, 1873— San Domingo. 



Chloroenas inornata inornata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 296, 

 1916 — Cuba and Haiti (monog., full bibliog.). 



1 Birds from San Martin de los Andes, Neuquen, are in every respect similar 

 to the Chilean ones. This pigeon is supposed to breed in southern Chile and to 

 visit the northern provinces only in winter. Lane did not secure it north of 

 Santiago, and his specimens listed as being from "Tarapaca" by Salvadori came 

 actually from Arauco and Valdivia. Nor has this pigeon ever been taken in 

 eastern Patagonia, in the Straits of Magellan, or in Tierra del Fuego. The speci- 

 men in the Museo Nacional at Buenos Aires obtained by Carlos M. Moyano in 

 "Patagonia" — its exact origin is obviously in doubt^as recorded by Arribalzaga, 

 signifies clearly a casual occurrence. C. meridionalis Peale, from the Rio Negro 

 (January), probably refers to C. m. maculosa, since the Chilean Pigeon is correctly 

 listed by that naturalist as C. araucana. 




450 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Columba inomata inomata Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Cm. CI., 6, p. 79, 1923 — 

 Cienaga, Cuba (nearly extinct); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, 

 p. 498, 1928— Haiti and Tortue Island; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., 155, p. 188, 1931 — Hispaniola (crit., habits, bibliog.); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 3, p. 66, 1937 — part, Cuba and Hispaniola. 



Range. — Islands of Cuba and Hispaniola, Greater Antilles. 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Cuba (unspecified, 1); Haiti (Trou 

 Caiman, 1); Dominican Republic (Magua, Seibo, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Cuba (Santo Tomas, Zapata Swamp, 

 Prov. Santa Clara, 4). 



♦Columba inomata proxima Todd. Isle of Pines Pigeon. 



Columba inomata proxima Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 170, 1915 — 

 Los Indios, Isle of Pines (type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh); idem, 

 Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 225, 1916 — Los Indios, Isle of Pines (crit.). 



Columba inomata (not of Vigors) Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 97, 1892 — part. 

 Isle of Pines; Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 196, 1905 — Isle of 

 Pines. 



Chloroenas inomata proxima Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 299, 



1916 — Isle of Pines (monog., bibliog.). 

 Columba inomata inomata Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 66, 1937 — part, Isle of 



Pines. 



Range. — Isle of Pines, south of Cuba, Greater Antilles. 

 Conover Collection. — 2: Isle of Pines (Los Indios, 2). 



Columba inomata exigua (Ridgway). Jamaican Plain Pigeon. 



Ckloroenas inomata exigvM Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 177, 1915 — 

 Cumberland Valley, Jamaica (type in U. S. National Museum); idem. 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 298, 1916— Jamaica (monog., full 

 bibliog.); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 66, 1937 (range). 



Columba inomata (not of Vigors) March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 

 p. 301 — Jamaica; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 97, 1892 — part, Jamaica; 

 Scott, Auk, 9, p. 122, 1892— Jamaica; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 21, p. 284, 1893 — part, spec, a-e, Spanish Town, Jamaica. 



Chloroenas inomata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 80 — Jamaica. 

 Range. — Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. 



Columba inornata wetmorei Peters. Puerto Rican Plain 

 Pigeon. 



Chloroenas inomata exsul (not Columba albertisii exsul Hartert, 1903) Ridgway, 

 Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 106, 1915— Porto Rico (type in U. S. Na- 

 tional Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 299, 1916 — 

 Porto Rico (monog., full bibliog.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 326, 

 p. 55, 1916— Porto Rico. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 451 



Columba inomata wetmorei Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 66, 1937 — new name for 

 Chloroenas inomata exsul Ridgway, preoccupied. 



Chloroenas inornata (not Columba inomata Vigors) Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 22, 

 p. 312, 1874— Porto Rico; idem. I.e., 26, pp. 160, 185, 1878— Lares, Porto 

 Rico (habits); idem. Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 343, 1878 — Lares 

 (habits). 



Columba inornata Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 97, 1892 — part, Porto Rico. 

 Columba inornata exsul Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Is., 9, p. 393, 



1927— Porto Rico; Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 15, p. 68, 1931 



— near Aiiasco. 



Range. — Puerto Rico, Greater Antilles. 

 Columba flavirostris madrensis Nelson. Tres Marias Pigeon. 



Columba fiavirostris madrensis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 6, 1898 — 

 Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias Islands, Mexico (type in U. S. National 

 Museum); idem, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 35, 1899 — Maria Madre and 

 Maria Magdalena (habits); Bailey, Auk, 23, p. 385, 1906 — Cleofa Island; 

 McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 294, 1926— Maria Madre 

 and Maria Magdalena Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 65, 1937 (range). 



Columba flavirostris (not of Wagler) Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, 

 p. 275, 1871 — Tres Marias Islands (habits); Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. 

 N. H., 2, p. 304, 1874— part, Tres Marias Islands; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mu§., 21, p. 285, 1893— part, spec, s', t', Tres Marias. 



Columba madrensis Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 235, 

 1902— Tres Marias Islands. 



Chloroenas flavirostris madrensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 303, 1916 — Maria Madre and Cleofa Islands; McLellan, Proc. Calif. 

 Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 7, 1927— Maria Madre Island. 



Range. — Tres Marias Islands, off western Mexico (Maria Madre, 

 Maria Magdalena, and Cleofa Islands). 



♦Columba flavirostris restricta van Rossem.' Sonoran Pigeon, 



Columba flavirostris restricta van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 

 197, 1930 — Tecoripa, Sonora, Mexico (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, 

 now in the University of California at Los Angeles); idem. I.e., p. 248, 

 1931 — Tecoripa, Chinobampo, Guirocoba, and Agiabampo, Sonora; idem. 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 434, 1935 — Alamos, Sonora; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 3, p. 65, 1937 (range). 



Columba flavirostris (not of Wagler) Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 

 304, 1874 — part, Mazatlan, Sinaloa, and (?)Sierra Madre, Colima; Salva- 



' Columba flavirostris restricta van Rossem: Similar to the nominate race, but 

 the greater upper wing coverts perhaps more broadly edged with white; general 

 coloration on average paler. 



If maintained, this not very satisfactory race, which by its paler plumage and 

 greater amount of white on the wings marks an approach to the Tres Marias 

 form, seems to extend to Nayarit, since two adults from San Bias are precisely 

 similar to others from Alamos. Birds from Colima and Jalisco need careful study. 



X- 




452 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



dori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 285, 1893— part, spec, q', r', u'-y', 

 Alamos, El Toro, Mazatlan, Presidio, Santiago, and San Bias; Salvin 

 and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 234, 1902 — part, Sonora, 

 Sinaloa, and Tepic localities; Bailey, Auk, 22, p. 385, 1906 — San Bias, 

 Tepic. 



Columba flavirostris flavirostris Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 344, 

 1905 — Escuinapa and Los Pieles, Sinaloa (crit.). 



Chloroenas flavirostris flavirostris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 300, 1916 — part, localities in Sonora, Sinaloa, Tepic, and (?)Colima. 



Range. — Northwestern Mexico, from Sonora to Nayarit (south- 

 ward extension undetermined). 



Conover Collection. — 7: Mexico, Sonora (Chinobampo, 1; Guiro- 

 coba, 6). 



♦Columba flavirostris flavirostris Wagler.^ Red-billed Pigeon. 



Columba flavirostris Wagler, Isis, 1831, Heft 5, May, col. 519 — Mexico* (type 

 in Munich Museum examined); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 

 285, 1893 — part, spec, a-p', z'-V, Texas, eastern Mexico, Guatemala, 

 and El Salvador (Volcan de San Miguel); Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 234, 1902 — part, lower Rio Grande Valley, 

 Texas, through eastern Mexico to Guatemala and Salvador. 



Columba erythrina (Lichtenstein MS.) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, 

 p. 9, 1880 — substitute name for C. flxivirostris Wagler. 



Chloroenas flavirostris Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 52, 1857 — Mexico. 



Chloroenas flavirostris flavirostris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 300, 1916 — part, Rio Grande Valley south through eastern Mexico and 

 Guatemala to Salvador and Honduras. 



Columba flavirostris flavirostris Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 75, 1911 — Altamira and 

 Rio Cruz, Tamaulipas; Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 

 387, 1928— Chiveld, Oaxaca; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 110, 

 1932 — near Ocos, Guatemala; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 

 305, 1932 — Cantarranas and San Juancito, Honduras; Bent, Bull. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., 162, p. 365, 1932 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 65, 1937 

 (range); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, 

 p. 185, 1938 — Lake Olomega, Puerto del Triunfo, Sonsonate, Mount 

 Cacaguatique, Lake Chanmico, and Volcan de Santa Ana, El Salvador. 



Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and south through 

 eastern and southern Mexico to Guatemala, Honduras, and El 

 Salvador. 



^A possible synonym is Columba solitaria M'Call (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 3, p. 233, for July, 1847 — "on the Rio Grande, from Matamoros to 

 Camargo," Mexico). The description is ambiguous, and the type has disappeared 

 (cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 21, 1899). 



* State of Vera Cruz suggested as type locality by van Rossem (Trans. San 

 Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 198, 1930). 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 453 



Field Museum Collection. — 17: Texas (Brownsville, Cameron 

 County, 1; Hidalgo, Hidalgo County, 1); Mexico (Tampico, Tamauli- 

 pas, 10; Achotal, Vera Cruz, 1); Guatemala (San Jos^, Escuintla, 1); 

 El Salvador (Sitio del Nino, Chalatenango, 2; Sonsonate, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 9: Texas (Brownsville, Cameron County, 2); 

 Mexico (Hacienda San Juan, Cruz, Tamaulipas, 1; El Bonito, 

 San Luis Potosi, 1); Honduras, Tegucigalpa (Monte Redondo, near 

 Archaga, 3; Comayaguela, 1; La Flor, near Archaga, 1). 



♦Columba flavirostris minima Carriker. Costa Rican Red- 

 billed Pigeon. 



Columba flavirostris minima Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 392, 1910 — 

 Ciruelas, Costa Rica (type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh). 



Chloroenas flavirostris (not Columba flavirostris Wagler) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. 

 Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 134, 1868— Barranca and Dota, Costa Rica; 

 Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 370, 1869 — Costa Rica. 



Columba flavirostris Zeledon, AnaL Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 127, 1887 — 

 Cartago, Turrialba, Alaju61a, and El Zarcero de Alajuela, Costa Rica; 

 Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 285, 1893— part, spec m'-o', 

 Nicaragua (La Libertad, Chontales) and Costa Rica (Dota); Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 234, 1902 — part, Nicaragua 

 (Ometepe, La Libertad) and Costa Rica; Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 Orn. Ser., 1, p. 261, 1910— Guaydbo, Costa Rica. 



Columba erythrina (not of Ridgway) Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 395, 

 1884 — Ometepe, Nicaragua. 



Chloroenas flavirostris minima Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 

 304, 1916 — Nicaragua and Costa Rica (monog.). 



Range. — Nicaragua and Costa Rica. 



Field Museum Collection. — 7: Nicaragua (San Geronimo, Chi- 

 nandega, 3; Matagalpa, Matagalpa, 1); Costa Rica (Guayabo, 

 Cartago, 3). 



Conover Collection. — 5: Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 5). 



*Columba cayennensis pallidicrissa Chubb. ^ Pale-vented 

 Rufous Pigeon. 



1 Columba cayennensis pallidicrissa Chubb may be distinguished from the 

 nominate race by the very pale, often almost whitish gray lower belly and under 

 tail coverts, and the nearly uniform brownish gray tail. These characters are 

 quite constant in birds from Central America and northern Colombia (lower 

 Magdalena and Santa Marta region). This form obviously ranges along the 

 north coast of Venezuela to Tobago. While the type of C. c. tobagensis has the 

 forecrown, upper back, and wing coverts of a darker, more vinaceous chestnut 

 tone and the crissum even whiter, three other examples from Tobago and one 

 from Trinidad (Seelet) are not distinguishable from those of Costa Rica, and we 

 are therefore unable to recognize the race as maintainable. Some birds from 

 Venezuela, by rather darker under tail coverts, approach the typical race. 




454 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Columba pallidicrissa Chubb, Ibis, (9), 4, p. 60, 1910 — Costa Rica (type in 

 British Museum). 



Coluvtba rufina (not of Temminck) Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 347, 

 1847— Tobago; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 222— Rio Dulce, Guate- 

 mala; iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 370 — Panama Railroad; 

 Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 364, 1866— Trinidad; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1867, p. 159— Cordillera de Tole, Veragua; idem. I.e., 1870, p. 217 

 — Veraguas (Calovevora, Chitrd) and Chiriquf (Bugaba); Sclater and 

 Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 838— [San Pedro], Honduras; iidem, I.e., 1879, p. 543 

 — Medellin, Colombia; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 127, 

 1887 — Talamanca, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-G6ogr. Mus. Nac. 

 Costa Rica, 4, p. 146, 1893 — Lagarto and Buenos Aires, Costa Rica; 

 Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 287, 1893 — part, spec, a-m, p, q, 

 Guatemala (Rio Dulce, Cubilguitz), British Honduras, Honduras (San 

 Pedro), Costa Rica, Chiriqui (Bugaba), Veraguas (Cordillera de Tole, 

 Calovevora), Panama (Lion Hill), Colombia (Medellin), and Trinidad; 

 Cory, Auk, 10, p. 220, 1893— Tobago; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 16, p. 523, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Robinson, Flying Trip to 

 Tropics, p. 153, 1895 — Guaduas, Rio Magdalena, Colombia; Underwood, 

 Ibis, 1896, p. 447 — Miravalles, Costa Rica; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 



13, p. 129, 1900— Bonda, Colombia; Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 358, 1901— 

 Divald, Chiriquf; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 236, 

 1902 — British Honduras to Panama, Coiba Island, and Colombia; Thayer 

 and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 147, 1905 — San Miguel Island, 

 Panama; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 47, 1906 — Seelet, Trinidad; Dear- 

 born, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 78, 1907 — Los Amates, Guate- 

 mala; Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 291, 1907— Paso Real, El Pozo de T^rraba, and 

 Barrdnca de Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, 

 p. 393, 1910 — Costa Rica (Plgres, Tenorio, Miravalles, Gudpiles, Coro- 

 nado de Terraba, Rio Sicsola). 



Chloroenas rufina Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 194 — Turbo 

 and delta of Atrato, Colombia; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, 

 p. 333, 1862— Lion Hill, Panama. 



Columba rufina tobagensis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 295^, 

 1915 — Tobago (type in Field Museum of Natural History); Belcher and 

 Smooker, Ibis, 1936, p. 2— Tobago; Peters, Bds. Worid, 3, p. 66, 1937 

 (range). 



Chloroenas rufina tobagensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 

 287, 1916— Tobago (crit.). 



Chloroenas rufina pallidicrissa Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 

 305, 1916 (monog., full bibliog.); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 12, 

 1919 — San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. 

 Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 33, 1922— Rio CogoUo, Encontrados, and 

 Rio Aurare, Venezuela (crit.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 



14, p. 197, 1922 — Bonda, Fundacion, Punto Caiman, Mamatoco, DibuUa, 

 and Gaira, Santa Marta, Colombia. 



Columba rufina pallidicrissa Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, 

 p. 447, 1928 — Almirante and Chiriquicito, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., 69, p. 406, 1929 — Lancetilla and Progreso, Honduras; idem, 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 455 



I.e., 71, p. 298, 1931 — Changuinola, Almirante, Western River, Shepherd 

 Island, and Gerchow Key, Panama; Darlington, I.e., p, 379, 1931 — 

 Ci^naga, Magdalena, Colombia; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 322, 1932 — Perm6, 

 eastern Panama; idem. Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 110, 1932 — Guate- 

 mala; Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 208, 1932— Bluefields, 

 Nicaragua; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 310, 1935 — Panama; 

 Carriker and Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 414, 1935 — 

 Quirigua, Guatemala; Van Tyne, Misc. Publ., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, 

 p. 13, 1935— Remate, Peten, Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 66, 

 1937 (range). 



Columba rufina subsp.? Roberts, Trop. Agric, 11, p. 92, 1934 — Caroni Swamp, 

 Trinidad. 



Columba rufina rufina Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1936, p. 2 — Caroni Marshes 

 and Aripo, Trinidad (nest and eggs descr.). 



Range. — Southeastern Mexico (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Monte- 

 cristo, Tabasco; Palenque, Chiapas) and southwards through 

 eastern Guatemala, British Honduras, Honduras, Nicaragua, and 

 Costa Rica to Panama and northern Colombia (Magdalena Valley 

 and Santa Marta region), east along the north coast of Venezuela 

 to the islands of Trinidad and Tobago. 



Field Museum Collection. — 12: Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal, 

 2); Costa Rica (Limon, Limon, 2; El Pozo, Puntarenas, 1); Panama 

 (Agua Dulce, 2) ; West Indies (Tobago, 1) ; Venezuela (Encontrados, 

 Zulia, 2; Rio Aurare, 1; Pedernales, Amacuro, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 20: Honduras (San Jos^, Santa Barbara, 1; 

 Catacamas, Olancho, 1); Costa Rica (Guapiles, 1; El Pozo, Pun- 

 tarenas, 3; Las Agujas, 1; Puerto Jimenez, Oso Peninsula, 3) ; Panama 

 (Bocas del Toro, 6) ; Colombia (Rio Frio, Santa Marta, 2) ; Venezuela 

 (Rio Cogollo, P^ija, 2). 



*CoIuniba cayennensis cayennensis Bonnaterre. Rufous 

 Pigeon. 



Columba cayennensis Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Om., 1, livr. 51, p. 234, 

 1792 — based on "Le Pigeon Ramier de Cayenne" Holandre, Abrege 

 d'Hist. Nat., 2, p. 214, 1790; Cayenne;i Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, 

 p. 186 (footnote 8), 1937 (crit.). 



Columba rufina Temminck, in Temminck and Knip, Les Pigeons, 1, Colombes, 

 p. 59, pi. 24, 1810 — "la Guyane Frangaise" (type in Paris Museum); 

 idem. Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, pp. 245, 467, 1813 — Guiana; Bonaparte, 

 Atti Sesta Riun. Scienz. Ital., Milano, 1844, p. 406, 1845— "Santa Fe de 

 Bogota"; Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 1, pp. 340, 394, 1847— Esse- 

 quibo River (below mouth of Rupununi) and Pirara; idem, I.e., 2, p. 491, 



' Although no mention is made of the bronze green pileum, the description is 

 unmistakable, and what the author says about the coloration of the throat and 

 cheeks can only apply to C. rufina to the exclusion of any other neotropical pigeon. 




456 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



1848 — sandhills of the Demerara; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, I.e., 3, p. 

 473, 1849— British Guiana up to 3,000 ft.; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 591 — Mexiana Island, Brazil; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 173 

 — Bartica Grove and Roraima, British Guiana; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, 

 p. 236, 1886— part, Cayenne; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 287, 

 1893 — part, spec, r-y, a', British Guiana (Bartica Grove, Roraima), 

 Cayenne, and Mexiana; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 160 — Counany, northern 

 Pard; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 117, 1902 — Altagracia, 

 Caicara, and Maipures, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 294, 

 1908 — Cayenne and Isle le Pere, French Guiana; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. 

 (Syst.), 26, p. 41, 1907— Mexiana; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, 

 p. 191, 1913 — Corosal and Vagre River, Orinoco Delta; Snethlage, Bol. 

 Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 62, 1914 — part, Marajo (Pindobal, Pacoval, Sao Natal), 

 Mexiana, and Rio Jamund^ (Faro); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 

 2, p. 351, 1916 — Orinoco River (nest and eggs descr.); Chubb, Bds. Brit. 

 Guiana, 1, p. 38, 1916 — Takutu Mountains, Roraima, Abary River, 

 Bartica, Quonga, and Georgetown; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 36, p. 202, 1917 — part, Villavieeneio, Colombia. 



Chloroenas rufina Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 19, 1857 — Bogotd; 

 Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 275, 1870 — Barcellos (Rio Negro), Mandos, and 

 Forte do Rio Branco, Brazil (spec, examined). 



Melopelia plumbescens Lawrence, Ibis, (4), 4, p. 238, 1880 — Guiana (type 

 in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural 

 History, New York;=young; cf. Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1883, p. 212). 



Columba rufina rufina Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. 

 Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 121, 1912— Mexiana (crit.); Brodkorb, Gee. Pap., 

 Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 349, p. 2, 1937— Caviana; Peters, Bds. World, 3, 

 p. 66, 1937 (range). 



Columba rufina andersoni Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist,, Orn. Ser., 1, p. 294, 

 1915— Serra da Lua, near B6a Vista, Rio Branco, Brazil (type in Field 

 Museum of Natural History); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, 

 p. 62, 1932 — Roraima (Arabupu), Rio Branco (Caracarahy), and Rio 

 Surumu (Freehal); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 67, 1937 (range). 



Chloroenas rufina rufina Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 44, 

 1918 — Paramaribo, Surinam. 



Range. — From the north bank of the lower Amazon and islands 

 of Marajo, Caviana, and Mexiana north through the Guianas to 

 the Orinoco basin, Venezuela, west to the Rio Negro and the eastern 

 base of the east Colombian and Ecuadorian Andes.^ 



1 Comparison of two adults from French Guiana and three from British 

 Guiana (Bartica Grove) with others from the Rio Branco (andersoni), Maraj6, 

 Mangos, and Barcellos fails to reveal any constant difference. Typical rufina, in 

 its color characters, stands just between pallidicrissa and sylvestris, as may be 

 expected from its intermediate geographical range. The tail is not so uniform as 

 in pallidicrissa, nor so distinctly bicolored as in sylvestris, but shows in its sub- 

 terminal portion more or less marked suggestions of a dusky area. The color of 

 the under tail coverts varies from the light neutral gray of sylvestris to a paler 

 gray that comes very close to the tone prevalent in certain dark-vented individ- 

 uals of pallidicrissa. Birds from the Orinoco Valley tend even more in the direction 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 457 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: British Guiana (Abary River, 2); 

 Brazil, Amazonas (Serra da Lua, near Boa Vista, Rio Branco, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 8: Brazil (Obidos, Pard, 1; Lago Cuipeua, 

 Para, 4; Boca de Channel Piava, 1); Ecuador (Suno, Loreto, 1; Rio 

 Napo, 1). 



*Coluinba cayennensis tatnboensis Conover.^ Tambo Rufous 

 Pigeon. 



Columba cayennensis tamboensis Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 20, 

 p. 477, 1938 — El Tambo, Cauca, Colombia (type in Conover Collection, 

 Field Museum of Natural History). 



Columba rufina (not of Temminck) Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 227 — part, 

 "Popaydn," Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 202, 

 1917— San Antonio, Cali, below Mirafiores, Rio Frio (Cauca), and Banco 

 (Magdalena), Colombia. 



Range. — Tropical zone of western Colombia (Cauca Valley; 

 probably also Magdalena Valley). 



Conover Collection. — 9: Colombia (Chisquio, El Tambo, 1; El 

 Tambo, Cauca, 3; Munchique, El Tambo, Cauca, 4; Rio Patia, 

 Cauca, 1). 



*Columba cayennensis occidentalis Sztolcman.^ Western 

 Rufous' Pigeon. 



Columba rufina occidentalis Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, 

 p. 201, Dec. 31, 1926 — Yaguachi, western Ecuador (type in Warsaw 

 Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 66, 1937 (range). 



of pallidicrissa, though as a whole they appear to be nearer Guianan specimens. 

 A single Bogota skin can be matched in every particular by one of our Cayenne 

 skins, suggesting an extension of range for rufina to the eastern foot of the east 

 Colombian Andes. 



Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 2. — British Guiana: 

 Bartica Grove, 3. — Brazil: Forte do Rio Branco, 1; Mandos, 1; Barcellos, Rio 

 Negro, 1; Mexiana, 1; Sao Natal, Marajo, 2. — Venezuela, Rio Orinoco: Alta- 

 gracia, 6. — Colombia: "Bogota," 1, 



1 Columba cayennensis tamboensis Conover: Most closely resembling C. c. 

 sylvestris, but with a nearly uniform tail; rufous area on upper parts of males more 

 extensive, involving most of the scapular region, lesser, and median wing coverts; 

 rufous of breast more extended abdominally; ventral region and under wing 

 coverts on average paler. Much darker than pallidicrissa and occidentalis, par- 

 ticularly on cheeks, rump, abdomen, and under the wings; with the rufous area 

 above and below more extensive, and the occiput greener, less amethystine. A 

 single specimen from El Banco, Magdalena Valley, is paler than the Cauca series, 

 thus verging toward pallidicrissa. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: San Antonio, Cauca, 2; Cali, 1; 

 Rio Frio, Cauca, 1; Banco, Magdalena, 1. 



* Columba cayennensis occidentalis Sztolcman closely resembles C. c. pallidi- 

 crissa in the nearly uniform brownish gray tail, but the lower abdomen and under 

 tail coverts are darker gray (more like typical rufina), and the forehead is rather 

 darker vinaceous. 



Two additional specimens (from Yaguachi and Vinces) examined. 




458 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Columba rufina (not of Temminck) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 289, 

 1860 — Babahoyo, Ecuador; Taczanowski and Berlepsch, I.e., 1885, p. 110 — 

 Yaguachi, Ecuador; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 287, 1893— 

 part, spec, o, Balzar, Ecuador; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. 

 Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 34, 1900— Vinces, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, 

 p. 227 — part, "Chillo Valley, near Quito," Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 162, 1926 — Chone and Daule, Ecuador. 



Range. — Tropical zone of western Ecuador. 



Conover Collection. — 5: Ecuador (Rio San Antonio, Prov. de los 

 Rios, 3; La Palma, Prov. de los Rios, 2). 



*Coluinba cayennensis sylvestris Vieillot. Southern Rufous 

 Pigeon. 



Columba melanoptera (not of Molina, 1782) Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 3, 

 pp. 359, 488, 1812 — based on "Paloma montes" Azara, No. 319; Paraguay. 



Columba sylvestris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 26, p. 366, 1818 

 — based on "Paloma montes" Azara, No. 319, Paraguay; Wagler, Syst. 

 Av., 1, fol. 16, sp. 54, 1827— Paraguay (ex Azara); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 59 

 — Paraguay (Sapucay, Villa Rica) and Peru (Guayabamba) ; Grant, Ibis, 

 1911, p. 459 — Curuzu-Chica, Paraguay; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, 

 p. 352, 1913 — Tucumdn, Misiones, and Chaco (Ocampo). 



Chloroenas sylvestris Bonaparte, Consp. Gren. Av., 2, p. 52, 1857 — Paraguay. 



Columba rufina (not of Temminck) Wied, Reise Bras., 1, p. 301 (8vo ed., 

 p. 298), 1820— Transozo, Bahia; idem. I.e., 2, p. 341 (8vo ed., p. 340), 

 1821 — Isla Cachoeirinha, Rio Belmonte, Bahia; idem, Beitr. Naturg. 

 Bras., 4, (2), p. 453, 1833— Rio de Janeiro, Rio Mueuri, Alcobaga, Peru- 

 hype, Caravellas, and Belmonte, eastern Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 198 — Rio Ucayali, Peru; Reinhardt, Vidensk. 

 Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 59 — Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; 

 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 306 — upper Ucayali 

 and Chamicuros, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1876, p. 17 — Maranura, Urubamba, 

 Peru; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876 — Rhomes (near Santarem), 

 Brazil; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 356 — Parahyba, Brazil; Taczanowski, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lend., 1882, p. 48 — Chirimoto, Peru; Berlepsch and Ihering, 

 Zeits. Ges. Om., 2, p. 176, 1885 — Taquara do Mundo Novo, Rio Grande 

 do Sul; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 236, 1886 — Peru (upper Ucayali, 

 Chamicuros, Chirimoto, Maranura); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 319, 

 1889 — Yarina Cocha, Rio Ucayali, Peru: Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, 

 p. 162, 1891 — Santarem; Boucard and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, 

 2, p. 41, 1892— "Porto Real," Brazil; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, 

 p. 287, 1893 — part, spec, z, b'-e', Para, Ytarare, "Pelotas," and Chapada, 

 Brazil; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 148, 1893— Chapada, Matto 

 Grosso; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 23, 1895— 

 Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem. I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 32, 1897 — Caiza, 

 Tarija, Bolivia; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 145, 

 1899 — Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; idem. Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 398, 

 1899 — Sao Paulo; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, 

 (2), p. 43 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nae. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 459 



Buenos Aires, 8, p. 216, 1902 — El Bosque, Tucumdn; idem, Rev. Letr. 

 Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 70, 1905 — vicinity of Tucuman; Berlepsch and 

 Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 100, 1906 — Idma, Urubamba, Peru; Ihering, 

 Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 19, 1907— Sao Paulo (Iguape) and Parana (Our- 

 inho); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, pp. 516, 538, 1908 — Rio Tapajoz (Goy- 

 ana) and Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua) ; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. 

 Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 86, 1910— Bahia (Caesara das Cabras, Rio 

 Grande; Fazenda Taboa, Rio Preto); Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, 

 p. 68, 1913 — Misiones and Corrientes; idem. Faun. Parag., p. 36, 1914 — 

 Alto Parana, Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 62, 1914 — 

 part, Benevides, Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua), and Rio Tapajoz (Goyana); 

 Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 150, 1928— Par4, Brazil. 



Chloroenas rufina Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 29, 1856 — Lagoa 

 Santa, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 275, 1870 — part, Sao Paulo 

 (Taipa, Porto do Jacarehy, Ypanema, Itarare, Tejuco, Borda do Matto) 

 and Parana (Pitangui, Rio do Boraxudo). 



Columba rufina sylvestris Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 91, 1908 — Goyaz City, 

 Goyaz; idem. I.e., 17, p. 415, 1910 — Humaytd, Rio Madeira; Hartert and 

 Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 261, 1909 — Misiones (Posadas), Tucuman, and Santa 

 F6 (Ocampo); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, pp. 191, 409, 

 1910 — Misiones, Santa Fe, Tucumdn, and La Rioja; Chrostowski, Compt. 

 Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 459, 492, 1912 — Parana (Vera Guarany, 

 Rio dos Indios); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, 

 p. 463, 1925— Piauhy (habits); Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. 

 Nat., 5, J). 115, 1926 — Fazenda Ferreira, Parana; Hellmayr, Field Mus. 

 ' Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 463, 1929— Tranqueira, Maranhao; Dinelli, 

 El Hornero, 4, p. 276, 1929 — Tucumdn (visitant); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. 

 Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 85, 1930 — Formosa (San Jose) and 

 Bolivia (Villa Montes, Tarija); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, 

 p. 66, 1930 — ^Agua Blanca de Corumb^, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. 

 Paul., 17, (2), p. 22, 1932— Tres LagSas and Sant' Anna do Paranahyba, 

 Matto Grosso; idem, I.e., 19, p. 61, 1935 — Madre de Deus and Corupeba, 



~~ fiahia; idem. I.e., 20, p. 37, 1936 — Rio das Almas, Goydz; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 3, p. 67, 1937 (range). 



Columba rufina rufina Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 45, 1921 — 

 Santd Ana and Idma, Peru. 



Chloroenas rufina sylvestris Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 81, 1923 — La Rioja. 



Range. — Brazil south of the Amazon, but crossing the river at 

 Manacapuru, south to Rio Grande do Sul; Paraguay; northern 

 Argentina (Misiones, Santa F^, Formosa, La Rioja, Tucuman); 

 southeastern Bolivia (Caiza and Villa Montes, Tarija); eastern Peru.* 



* Two adults from Par4 have the strongly bicolored tail of southern individuals, 

 but somewhat paler gray lower abdomen and under tail coverts. Three specimens 

 from eastern Peru cannot be distinguished from the Brazilian average. The 

 blackish basal coloration of the tail is most strongly marked in specimens from 

 Argentina, Paraguay, and southern Brazil, and becomes slightly lessened as one 

 proceeds to the northern part of the range. 



Additional material examined. — Argentina; Posadas, Misiones, 1; Tucuman, 

 1; San Jose, Formosa, 1.- — Brazil: Blumenau, Santa Catharina, 1; Pitangui, 

 Parang, 1; Taipa, Sao Paulo, 2; Itarare, Sao Paulo, 3; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 2; 




460 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Field Museum Collection. — 6: Brazil (Macaco Secco, Bahia, 2; 

 Sao Marcello, Bahia, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 2); Peru (Yuri- 

 maguas, Loreto, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 50: Brazil (Buenos Aires, Rio Acara, Para, 

 3; Serraria Cabral, Rio Acard, Pard, 3; Boim, Rio Tapajoz, Para, 6; 

 Caxiricatuba, Rio Tapaj6z, Pard, 5; Canutapa, Rio Purus, Ama- 

 zonas, 1; Rio Manacapuru, Amazonas, 7; Veadeiros, Goyaz, 1; 

 Tranqueira, Maranhao, 3; Fazenda Cayoa, Sao Paulo, 2; Vaccaria, 

 Matto Grosso, 3); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 2; Horqueta, 2; 265 km. 

 west of Puerto Casado, 4; Capitan Bado, Cerro Amambay, 4); Boli- 

 via, Santa Cruz (Buenavista, 2); Argentina (Eldorado, Misiones, 2). 



♦Columba oenops Salvin.^ Salvin's Pigeon. 



Columba oenops Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 20, 1895— Vina (Huamachuco) and 

 Malca (Cajabamba), Rio Maraiion, Peru (type in British Museum); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 66, 1937 (range). 



Columba vina Godman, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 10, p. xxvii, 1899 — Vina (Huama- 

 chuco), Peru (type in British Museum). 



Chloroenas oenops Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 446, 1918 — Perico, near 

 Bellavista, Rio Maraiion, Peru. 



Range. — Subtropical zone of the upper Maranon Valley, northern 

 Peru (Bellavista, Vina, Malca, Balsas). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Peru (Balsas, 1). 

 *Columba nigrirostris Sclater. Short-billed Pigeon. 



Columba nigrirostris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 390, 1859— Oaxaca, 

 Mexico (type now in British Museum);^ Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1864, 



Borda do Matto, Sao Paulo, 2; Agua Suja, near Bagagem, Minas Geraes, 2; 

 Fazenda Tab6a, Rio Preto, Bahia, 1; Caesara das Cabras, Rio Grande, Bahia, 1; 

 Humaytd, Rio Madeira, 1; Victoria, Rio Xingu, 1; Para, 2. — Peru: Yarina Cocha, 

 Rio Ucayali, 1; La Merced, Chanchamayo, 1; Idma, Urubamba, 1. 



1 Columba oenops Salvin, while superficially resembling C. cayennensis, differs 

 nevertheless very markedly by yellow bill; uniform vinous pileum, hind neck, and 

 nape (whereas in the allied species the hind crown and hina neck, in abrupt con- 

 trast to the vinaceous forecrown, are bronze green with brassy or coppery sheen, 

 the nape and foreback strongly glossed with amethystine); vinous instead of 

 gray sides of head and throat; darker gray of rump and posterior under parts; 

 much darker, opaque blackish tail; conspicuous white edges to the outer greater 

 upper wing coverts, etc. The tone of the vinous parts of the plumage, too, is 

 different, though hard to describe. Females may be separated by their duller, 

 dingier coloration. The hind crown is suffused with grayish; the mantle pre- 

 dominantly sepia brown, here and there tinged with vinous brown; the tertials 

 sepia brown instead of vinous brown. Wing, 200-210, (female) 190-200; tail, 

 135-145, (female) 125-135; bill, 143^17. 



Additional material examined. — Peru: Vina, Rio Maranon, 17. 



2 Spec, a from "S. Mexico, April (Boucard)" ex coll. Salvin-Godman, though 

 not designated as such, is the type. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 461 



p. 370 — Panama Railroad; Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 195 (not on the Pacific 

 side of Guatemala) ; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 280 

 — Bluefields River, Nicaragua; Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 217 — Bugaba, Chiriqui 

 (crit.); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 127, 1887— Talamanca, 

 Costa Rica; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 594, 1888— Segovia 

 River, Honduras; Richmond, I.e., 16, p. 522, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nica- 

 ragua (habits); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 322, 1893— Mexico, 

 Guatemala (Choctum), British Honduras (near Belize), Costa Rica 

 (Turrialba), and Panama (Bugaba, Lion Hill); Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 358, 

 1901 — Divala, Chiriqui; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 

 3, p. 239, 1902 — Oaxaca (La Lana) to the Isthmus of Panama; Bangs, 

 Auk, 24, p. 292, 1907— Boruca, El Pozo, and Paso Real de Terraba, Costa 

 Rica; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 79, 1907— Puerto 

 Barrios and Los Amates, Guatemala; Ferry, I.e., p. 261, 1910 — Guaydbo, 

 Costa Rica; Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 472, 1927 — 

 Presidio, Vera Cruz, Mexico; Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 

 38, p. 447, 1928 — Almirante, Panama; Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 

 69, p. 370, 1929— Augustine, British Honduras; Peters, I.e., 71, p. 298, 

 1931 — Almirante and Cricamola, Panama; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. 

 N. H., 64, p. Ill, 1932 — Seeanquim, Finca Sepacuite, and Chimoxan, 

 Guatemala; idem. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 310, 1935 — Panama; 

 Van Tyne, Misc. Pub., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 13, 1935— Ma- 

 canche and Remate, Peten, Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 71, 1937 

 (range), 



Chloroenas vinacea (not Columba vinacea Gmelin, 1789) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. 

 Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 333, 1862— Isthmus of Panama. 



Columba ? Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 402 — Guatemala; Salvin, Ibis, 



1866, p. 266 (=nigrirostris). 



Chloroenas nigrirostris Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 135, 1868 — 

 Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 371, 1869 — Sarapiqul, Costa 

 Rica; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 4, No. 35, p. 78, 1873— Guatemala.^ 



Columba nigrirostris brunneicauda Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 395, 

 1910 — Guapiles, Costa Rica (type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh). 



Columba nigrirostris nigrirostris Peters, Auk, 30, p. 372, 1913 — thirty miles 

 north of Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo, Mexico; Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 84, p. 208, 1932— Eden and Santa Rosita, Nicaragua. 



Oenoenas nigrirostris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 328, 1916 

 (monog., bibliog.); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 12, 1919— Costa 

 Rica (Bitei, Talamanca; Cano Seceo) and Nicaragua (San Juan del Norte). 



Range. — Southeastern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz (Buena 

 Vista, Presidio), Oaxaca (La Lana), and Quintana Roo (thirty miles 

 north of Camp Mengel), and southwards through British Honduras, 

 eastern Guatemala, Honduras (Rio Roman, Rio Segovia), Nicaragua, 

 and Costa Rica to eastern Panama.^ 



1 Erroneously given as "one of the types," 



* Specimens from Costa Rica (brunneicauda) and Panama are not satisfac- 

 torily separable. 




462 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Field Museum Collection. — 10: British Honduras (Stann Creek, 

 Twelve Mile Station, 1); Guatemala, Izabal (Puerto Barrios, 1; 

 Los Amates, 2); Costa Rica (Guaydbo, Cartago, 1; La Iberia, 1; 

 Limon, Limon, 1; Lagarto, Puntarenas, 2); Panama, Veraguas 

 (Boquete de Chitrd, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 23: Guatemala (unspecified, 1); Costa Rica 

 (Puerto Jimenez, Puntarenas, 1; El Pozo, Rio T^rraba, Puntarenas, 

 2; Limon, Limon, 1; Gudcimo, near Volcan Turrialba, 1); Panama 

 (Cricamola, Bocas del Toro, 7; Perm^, Darien, 3; Port Obaldia, 

 Darien, 7). 



♦Columba goodsoni Hartert.^ Goodson's Pigeon. 



Columba goodsoni Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 12, p. 42, 1902 — San Javier, Pam- 

 bildr, and Carondelet, Prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador (type, from Pambilar, 

 in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, 

 New York; cf . Hartert, Nov. Zool., 34, p. 7, 1927) ; idem, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 602, 

 1902 — Pambildr, San Javier, Carondelet, Rio "Japdyo" [=Sapdyo], and 

 Rio Caydpas, Ecuador; Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1205 — 

 Noanamd, Colombia (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, 

 p. 203, 1917 — Buenaventura and Barbacoas (Nariiio), Colombia; Lonn- 

 berg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 17, 1922 — Gualea, Ecuador; 

 Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 162, 1926— Esmeraldas, Ecua- 

 dor; Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 189, 1937— Malagita, Choco 

 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 71, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of Pacific Colombia (Noanama, Rio San 

 Juan; Malagita and Buenaventura, Choco; Barbacoas, Narino) and 

 northwestern Ecuador (Prov. Esmeraldas; Achotal, Prov. Imbabura; 

 Gualea, Prov. Pichincha). 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Ecuador (Telembi, Esmeraldas, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Ecuador (Achotal, Imbabura, 1). 



^ Columba -ehtfiqwensis (Ridgway). 2 Chiriqui Pigeon. 



^ Columba goodsoni Hartert, though allied to C. nigrirostris, differs from it by 

 having the top and sides of the head clear plumbeous gray; the throat light pearl- 

 gray instead of vinous; the foreneck and breast much paler, plumbeous washed 

 with lilac; the abdomen dull vinous-brown. The under wing coverts and a broad 

 margin to the inner webs of the remiges are bright cinnamon-rufous. Wing, 148- 

 153; tail, 110-115; bill, 133^-15. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: Noanama, 1. — Ecuador, Prov. 

 Esmeraldas: Rio Sapayo, 1; Telembi (alt. 300 ft.), 2. 



^Columba chiriquensis (Ridgway), known from the unique type, is said to be 

 allied to C. nigrirostris and C. purpureotincta. The fact that no other specimen has 

 ever been obtained in a region so well explored as Chiriqui is apt to cast serious 

 doubts on the correctness of the locality, unless the type be a "freak" or a hybrid. 

 The junior author finds the type to be exactly like certain Guianan specimens of 

 purpureotincta except for its larger bill and the lack of rufous on the inner webs 

 of the primaries. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Oonover 463 



Oenoenas chiriquensis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 139, 1915 — 

 ChiriquI, Panama (type in U. S. National Museum examined) ; idem. Bull. 

 U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 332, 1916— ChiriquI (monog.). 



Columba chiriquensis Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 310, 1935 — 

 ChiriquI; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 73, 1937. 



Range. — Western Panama (Chiriqui). 



♦Columba subvinacea subvinacea (Lawrence). Ruddy Pigeon. 



Chloroenas subvinacea Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 135, 1868 — 

 Dota, Costa Rica (type in U. S. National Museum); Salvin, Ibis, 1869, 

 p. 317 — Costa Rica (crit.); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 371, 1869— 

 San Antonio, Costa Rica; Rowley, Orn. Misc., 3, p. 75, pi. 91, 1878 — 

 Volcan de Irazd, Costa Rica. 



Columba subvinacea Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 217 — Calovevora, 

 Veraguas; Boucard, I.e., 1878, p. 43 — La Candelaria, Costa Rica; Zeledon, 

 Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 127, 1887 — Las Trojas and Nardnjo 

 de Cartago, Costa Rica; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 326, 1893— 

 part, spec, a-e, Costa Rica (Barrdnca, San Jos^) and Panama (Volcan de 

 Chiriquf; Calovevora, Veragua); Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Mus. 

 Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 145, 1893 — Lagarto, Costa Rica; idem, "Expl. 

 Zool., Rio Nardnjo, p. 7, 1893" — P6zo del Pital, Costa Rica; Bangs, Proc. 

 New Engl. Zool. CI., 3, p. 23, 1902 — Boquete, Chiriqui; Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 239, 1902 — part, Costa Rica and Panama 

 (Boquete, Volcan de Chiriqui, Calovevora); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 

 6, p. 396,' 1910 — Costa Rica (Guaydbo, Coliblanco, Bonflla, Las Trojas, 

 Turrialba, Sarchi, La Estrella de Cartago, Azahdr de Cartago, Guacimo, 

 Cachl, Ujurrds de T^rraba). 



Oenoenas subvinacea subvinacea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 326, 1916 — "Guatemala (Puerto Barrios)," Costa Rica, and Panama 

 (excl. of Punta de Sabana). 



Columba subvinacea subvinacea Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. Ill, 

 1932 — "Puerto Barrios, Guatemala" (record shown to be erroneous); 

 idem. Bull. Mus'. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 310, 1935 — ChiriquI and Veraguas; 

 Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 72, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of Costa Rica and western Panama, east 

 to Veraguas. 1 



Conover Collection. — 2: Costa Rica (Rio Jesus Maria, 1); Panama 

 (Boquete, Chiriqui, 1). 



♦Columba subvinacea berlepschi Hartert.^ Berlefsch's Ruddy 

 Pigeon. 



1 Two birds from Chiriquf are slightly redder above than a Costa Rican series. 



Additional material examined. — Costa Rica: Guaydbo, 1; Cariblanco de Sara- 

 piqui, 1; Navarrito, 1; Cachl, 5; La Estrella, Cartago, 1; Ujurras de Terraba, 1; 

 Azahdr, Cartago, 1; Barranca, 2; Faldas de Poas, 1. — Panama: Volcan de Chiriqui, 

 1; Calovevora, Veraguas, 1. 



^Columba subvinacea berlepschi Hartert: Similar to the nominate race, but 

 with much shorter wings and tail, and conspicuously shorter bill; coloration some- 




464 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Columba subvinacea berlepschi Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 504, 1898 — Paramba, 

 Imbabura, Ecuador (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum 

 of Natural History, New York) ; idem, I.e., 9, p. 602, 1902 — Paramba, San 

 Javier, and Pambilar, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, 

 p. 206, 1917 — part, Buenaventura, Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, 

 Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 17, 1922 — Nanegal and Gualea, Ecuador; Chap- 

 man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 164, 1926 — Esmeraldas, Gualea, 

 Rio de Oro, Nardnjo, Bucay, and Alamor, Ecuador; (?)Griscom, Bull. 

 Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 310, 1935 — Mount Tacarcuna, Darien; Peters, 

 Bds. World, 3, p. 72, 1937 (range). 



Chloroenas rufina (not Columba rufina Temminck) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 



Lond., 27, p. 147, 1859— Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem. I.e., 28, p. 97, 1860— 



Nanegal, Ecuador. 

 Columba vinacea (not of Temminck) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 289, 



1860 — Babahoyo, Ecuador; Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orri. 



Hein., p. 277, 1890 — Nanegal and Babahoyo, Ecuador. 

 Columba subvinacea (not Chloroenas subvinacea Lawrence) Berlepsch and Tac- 



zanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 574 — Chimbo, Ecuador; Tac- 



zanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 236, 1886 — part, Chimbo; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. 



Brit. Mus., 21, p. 326, 1893 — part, spec, i-n, Ecuador (Pallatanga, Monji, 



Balzar, "Quito"); (?)idem and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 



339, p. 9, 1899 — Punta de Sabana, Rio Tuyra, Darien; iidem. I.e., 15, No. 



368, p. 34, 1900— Rio Peripa, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 227— 



part, Santo Domingo, Ecuador. 



Range. — Tropical zone of (?)eastern Panama (from the Rio 

 Tuyra eastwards [fide Griscom]), western Colombia (Buenaventura), 

 and western Ecuador south to Prov. Loja (Alamor). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1 : Ecuador (Pambilar, Prov. Esmeral- 

 das, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 10: Ecuador (Santo Domingo, 1; Santo Do- 

 mingo de los Colorados, 2; Rio Blanco, Pichincha, 1; Rio Blanco, 

 Esmeraldas, 5; Milpe Mindo, Rio Blanco, Pichincha, 1). 



Columba subvinacea anolaimae Chubb. ^ Anolaima Ruddy 

 Pigeon. 



what duller; the under parts paler vinaceous, posteriorly with a grayish vinous 

 (instead of cinnamomeous) hue; rump more strongly glossed with purplish. Wing, 

 142-155; tail, 120-135; bill, 11-12. 



We doubt if this form really ranges as far north as Darien, as has been 

 claimed by Griscom. 



Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Paramba, 1; Pambilar, 3; Rio Sapayo, 

 1; Pallatanga, 1; Balzar, 1. 



' Columba subvinacea anolaimae Chubb differs from C. s. berlepschi by markedly 

 larger size; deeper vinaceous under parts, head, and hind neck; somewhat less 

 reddish dorsal surface, the back, scapulars, and wing coverts being more or less 

 mixed with olive. Wing, 160-175; tail, 130-145. 



This is the race for which Berlepsch and Leverkuhn's term bogotensis has 

 been misapplied by Chapman. The type of C. anolaimae, a skin of the ordinary 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 465 



Columba anolaimae Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 38, p. 17, 1917 — Anolaima, 

 west slope of Eastern Cordillera, Colombia (type in British Museum 

 examined). 



Columba vinacea (not of Temminck) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1879, p. 543 — Remedies, Rio Ite, Antioquia, Colombia (in part). 



Columba subvinacea (not Chloroenas subvinacea Lawrence) Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 543 — Remedios; Salvador!, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 21, p. 326, 1893 — part, spec, f, g, Remedios and "New Gran- 

 ada." 



Columba plumbea (not of Vieillot) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 323, 

 1893 — part, spec, p-u, Colombia (Bogota, Anolaima, Remedios). 



Columba subvinacea bogotensis (not Chloroenas plumbea subsp. bogotensis 

 Berlepsch and Leverkuhn) Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 204, 

 1917 — part, San Antonio and above Novita (western Andes), La Fri- 

 jolera (Cauca), Salento (central Andes), La Candela (head of Magdalena 

 Valley), and (?)La Morelia (Caquetd), Colombia (crit.); Todd, Proc. Biol. 

 Soc. Wash., 50, p. 189, 1937 — part, Colombia (Las Ventanas); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 3, p. 72, 1937— part, Colombia. 



Oenoenas bogotensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, part 7, p. 325, 1916 — 

 part, Colombia (diag.). 



Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of Colombia (San 

 Antonio and above Novita, western Andes; La Frijolera, lower Cauca; 

 Salento, west slope of central Andes; Remedios, Rio It^, Cauca; La 

 Candela, head of Magdalena Valley; Anolaima; Bogota region ;(?) 

 La Morelia, Caquetd).^ 



♦Columba subvinacea recondita Todd.^ Amazonian Ruddy 

 Pigeon. 



"Bogota" preparation, though marked "Anolaima, west slope of Eastern Cor- 

 dillera (alt. 5,000 ft.)," is a normal individual of the present form with rather a 

 decided olive tone on wing coverts and scapulars. The bill is much damaged, but 

 viewed from below it agrees in shape and length with other Colombian specimens. 

 Birds from the western Andes (San Antonio; above Novita) are smaller (wing, 

 155-160), and approach subvinacea in coloration. 



Material examined. — Colombia: La Candela, Huila, 3; El Roble, Quindio 

 Andes, 1; Salento, West Quindio Andes, 1; La Frijolera, Antioquia, 2; Las Ven- 

 tanas, Santander, 5; San Juan de Rio Seco, 1; San Antonio, Cauca, 2; Novita 

 Trail, western Andes, 1; Anolaima, 1 (the type); Remedios, 1; "Bogotd," 1. 



1 The La Morelia specimen is more likely to belong to one of the eastern races. 

 Unfortunately, it cannot be found in the American Museum's collections. 



^Columba subvinacea recondita Todd: Very close to C. s. ogilvie-granti, but 

 back, wings, and tail darker, more olivaceous (less rufescent), while the head and 

 under parts are perhaps more deeply vinaceous. Similar also to C. s. purpureo- 

 tincta, but back, wings, and tail darker, more olivaceous, and dimensions decidedly 

 larger. While specimens from south of the Amazon are fairly uniform, those from 

 Obidos and vicinity are small like purpureotincta. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Villa Braga, Rio Tapajoz, 2; Obidos, 

 Para, 2; Arima, Rio Purus, 2; Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, 1; Nova OUnda, Rio 

 Purus, 1; Jamarysinho, Rio Machados, 2; Allianca, Rio Madeira, 1; Engenho do 

 Gama, Rio Guapor6, 3. 




466 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Columba subvinacea recondita Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 187, 1937 — 

 Colonia do Mojuy, Santarem, Brazil (type in the Carnegie Museum, 

 Pittsburgh). 



Chloroenas plumbea var. Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 275, 1870 — part. Matte 

 Grosso (Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapore) and Rio Madeira (Borba). 



Columba plumbea pallescens (not of Snethlage) Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 415, 

 1910 — Allianca, Rio Madeira, and Jamarysinho, Rio Machados. 



Range. — The Amazon Valley in northern Brazil, chiefly south of 

 the river from the Rio Tapajoz west to the Rio Purtis and south to 

 the headwaters of the Rio Madeira (Rio Guapor^), northern Matto 

 Grosso; but also found on the north bank at Obidos and vicinity. 



Conover Collection. — 16: Brazil (Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 4; Pinhel, 

 Rio Tapajoz, 1; Tauary, Rio Tapajoz, 2; Lago Cuipeua, near Obidos, . 

 7; Labrea, Rio Purus, 2). 



♦Columba subvinacea ogilvie-granti Chubb. ^ Grant's Ruddy 

 Pigeon. 



Columba ogilvie-granti Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 38, p. 5, 1917 — Guaya- 

 bamba, northern Peru (type in British Museum examined); idem. Ibis, 

 1919, p. 34 — Guayabamba, Cosnipata, and [Santa Cruz], Huallaga River, 

 Peru. 



Columba vinacea (not of Gmelin, 1789) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1866, p. 198— Rio Ucayali, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 598— Cosni- 

 pata, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; iidem. I.e., 1873, p. 306 — Rio Ucayali, Sarayacu, 

 and Santa Cruz, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1882, p. 48 — Huambo, Peru; 

 Taczanowski, Orn. P6r., 3, p. 235, 1886 — Peru (part, upper Ucayali, 

 Santa Cruz, Sarayacu, "Loretoyacu [Whitely]"= Cosnipata). 



Columba subvinacea (not Chloroenas subvinacea Lawrence) Taczanowski, Orn. 

 P6r., 3, p. 236, 1886— part, Huambo; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 227— 

 part, Baeza, eastern Ecuador. 



Columba plumbea (not of Vieillot) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 323, 

 1893 — part, spec, k-m, Cosnipata and Santa Cruz, Peru (spec, examined); 

 Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 34, 1900— 

 Rio Santiago, eastern Ecuador. 



Columba subvinacea bogotensis (not Chloroenas plumbea subsp. bogotensis 

 Berlepsch and Leverkuhn) Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H,, 55, p. 164, 

 1926— "Napo" and Baeza, Ecuador; Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, 



' Columba subvinacea ogilvie-granti Chubb: Very similar to C. s. anolaimae, but 

 generally duller and browner (less reddish) above, while the head and under parts 

 are, as a rule, somewhat lighter, brownish drab rather than vinaceous drab. 



While not strongly marked, this form is recognizable in a series. There is 

 some variation in size, birds from eastern Peru being generally smaller, though 

 the type (adult male), with a wing of 183 mm. is among the largest we have seen. 



Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Baeza, 3. — Peru: Pisana, 1; Guaya- 

 bamba, 5; Santa Cruz, 1; Cosnipata, 2. — Bolivia: Rio Surut6, Santa Cruz, 2; 

 Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 2; Todos Santos, Cochabamba, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 467 



p. 189, 1937 — part, Bolivia (Rio Surutii, Rio Yapacani, Buenavista); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 72, 1937 — part, eastern Ecuador to eastern 

 Bolivia. 



Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, and 

 eastern Bolivia. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1 : Bolivia (mouth of Rio San Antonio, 

 Rio Espirito Santo, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 3: Ecuador (Sara-Yaco, Rio Bobonaza, 1; 

 headwaters of Rio Tigre, Napo-Pastaza, 1); Bolivia (San Carlos, 

 Santa Cruz, 1). 



♦Columba subvinacea purpureotincta Ridgway.^ Purple- 

 tinted Ruddy Pigeon. 



Coluviba purpureotincta Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 594 (footnote), 

 1888 — Demerara, British Guiana (type in U. S. National Museum ex- 

 amined); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 117, 1902 — Maipures, 

 Rio Orinoco, Venezuela (crit.); Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 295, 1908 — Cayenne; 

 Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 538, 1908 — Alcobaga, Rio Tocantins, Brazil; 

 idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 62, 1914 — Rio Tocantins (Alcobaga) and 

 Rio Gurupy, Pard; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 40, 1916— British 

 Guiana (in part); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 351, 1916 — 

 Maipures, Rio Orinoco; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, 

 No. 6, p.' 68, 1926— Tury-assli, Maranhao; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. 

 Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 463, 1929— Tury-assti, Maranhao; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 3, p. 73, 1937 (range). 



Columba vinacea (not of Gmelin, 1789) Temminck, in Temminck and Knip, 

 Les Pigeons, 1, Colombes, p. 87, pi. 41, 1811 — French Guiana (type in 

 Paris Museum); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 173 — Roraima, Bartica Grove, and 

 Camacusa, British Guiana. 



Columba hicolor (not of Scopoli, 1786) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 

 26, p. 345, 1818 — new name for Columba vinacea Temminck, preoccupied. 



1 Columba subvinacea purpureotincta Ridgway has been well characterized by 

 Berlepsch and Hartert, but we cannot help thinking that its relationships are 

 with C. subvinacea rather than with nigrirostris and, as it coexists over a large 

 part of its range with races of C. plumbea, its specific distinctness from the latter 

 group seems beyond question, although certain intermediates (hybrids?) some- 

 times render the assignment of single individuals rather difficult, as has already 

 been insisted upon by Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 39, p. 1109, 

 1854: s. n. C. vinacea). Ridgway 's type, which both of us have seen in Washington, 

 is unquestionably an example of the small, short-billed form of deep vinous colora- 

 tion, diagnosed by Berlepsch and Hartert s. n. C. purpureotincta. 



Birds from the Orinoco (Maipures) agree well with Guianan specimens, show- 

 ing no approach to C. s. peninsularis, from which the present form differs by paler 

 vinaceous under parts and more olivaceous (less reddish) back, wings, and tail. 

 Two birds from the Rio Acard are slightly darker above, but agree with the Guianan 

 ones in size. Further material is needed to decide the subspecific status of the 

 inhabitants of the Par4 region and adjoining Maranhao. 



Additional material examined. — British Guiana: Demerara, 3 (including type); 

 Rupununi River, 1 ; Quonga, 2 ; Bartica Grove, 2 ; Rio Caramang, 2 ; Camacusa, 1 ; 

 Ourumee, 1; Roraima, 2; unspecified, 3. — Venezuela: Maipures, Rio Orinoco, 6. 




468 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Columba plumbea (not of Vieillot) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 323, 

 1893 — part, British Guiana (Roraima [certe], Camacusa, and Bartica 

 Grove, in part). 



Columba subvinacea purpureotinda Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 188, 

 1937 — Rio Yunian, Venezuela (crit.). 



Oenoenas purpureotinda Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 331, 

 1916 (monog.). 



Range. — French and British Guiana; southern Venezuela (Ori- 

 noco-Caura basin) ; extreme northeastern Brazil (Tury-assti, Maran- 

 hao; Rio Acara and Rio Gurupy, Para; Alcoba?a, Rio Tocantins; 

 Serra da Lua, Rio Branco).* 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Brazil (Serra da Lua, near Boa 

 Vista, Rio Branco, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 2: Brazil (Villa Acara, Rio Acara, Para. 2). 

 *Columba subvinacea zuliae Cory.^ Zulia Ruddy Pigeon. 



Columba subvinacea zuliae Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 295, 

 1915 — Orope, Zulia, Venezuela (type in Field Museum of Natural 

 History); Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 188, 1937— Santa Lucia, 

 Miranda (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 72, 1937 (range). 



Columba subvinacea (not Chloroenas subvinacea LaAvrence) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 21, p. 326, 1893 — part, spec, h, Caracas. 



Columba subvinacea subvinacea Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, 

 Heft 5, p. 159, 1912 — Las Quiguas, Carabobo, Venezuela. 



Columba plumbea (not of Vieillot) Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., 24, p. 166, 1901— San Julian, near La Guaira, Venezuela (spec, 

 examined). 



1 The alleged occurrence of this pigeon on Curacao Island based on a hearsay 

 report of "Columba plumbea" by Peters (Journ. Orn., 40, p. 103, 1892) is altogether 

 unlikely. 



* Columba subvinacea zuliae Cory: Similar in size to C. s. subvinacea, but upper 

 surface somewhat darker, more like C. s. berlepschi; differs from both by markedly 

 deeper vinaceous under parts, this being particularly noticeable on abdomen and 

 crissum. Wing, 161-167; tail, 125-135; bill, 123^-15. 



Direct comparison of the specimens from Las Quiguas, Carabobo, and Galipan, 

 Cerro del Avila, near Caracas, in the Munich Museum with our series revealed 

 their absolute identity, and Wirt Robinson's example from San Julian turned out 

 to be a young bird of the present form. The development of the rufous color on 

 the inner web of the remiges is subject to considerable individual variation. The 

 two "extremes" are represented on one side by the male from Las Quiguas, in 

 which the entire inner web to the shaft (excepting the dusky tip) is bright cinna- 

 momeous, and on the other by a male from Paramo Tambor (No. 83), which has 

 only a narrow rufescent fringe to the otherwise dark grayish brown vane. From 

 C. s. anolaimae, with which comparison of our series could not be effectuated, C. s. 

 zuliae differs obviously by smaller size and more deeply vinaceous under parts. 

 C. s. zuliae comes also pretty close to C. s. purpureotinda, but is decidedly more 

 rufescent on back and wings. 



Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Las Quiguas, Carabobo, 1; Gali- 

 pin, Cerro del Avila, 3; San Julian, near La Guaira, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 469 



Oenoenas subvinacea zuliae Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 326, 

 1916 (diag.); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 

 12, p. 34, 1922 — Pdramo Tambor and La Azulita, Merida, Venezuela 

 (habits). 



Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of northwestern Vene- 

 zuela, from Zulia and Merida east to the Caracas region. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Venezuela (Orope, Zulia, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 5: Venezuela, Merida (Paramo Tambor, 4; 

 La Azulita, Merida, 1). 



*Columba subvinacea peninsularis Chapman. ^ Paria Ruddy 

 Pigeon. 



Columba subvinacea peninsularis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 34, 

 p. 366, 1915 — mountains above Cristobal Col6n (alt. 1,500 ft.), Paria 

 Peninsula, Venezuela (type in the American Museum of Natural History, 

 New York, examined); Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 188, 1937— 

 San Rafael (near Cumanacwa), Venezuela (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 3, 

 p. 72, 1937 (range). 



Oenoenas subvinacea peninsularis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 326, 1916 (diag.). 



Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of northeastern Vene- 

 zuela, in states of Sucr^, Monagas, and Delta Amacuro (Guanoco). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Venezuela (Mount Turumiquire, 

 Sucr^, 1). 



♦Columba plumbea plumbea Vieillot. Plumbeous Pigeon. 



Columba plumbea Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 26, p. 358, 1818 

 -^"Bresil, coll. Delalande fils" = vicinity of the Rio de Janeiro (type in 

 Paris Museum examined); Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 

 176, 1885 — Mundo Novo and Arroio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul; Salva- 

 dori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 323, 1893 — part, south and east Bra- 

 zilian references; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 146, 

 1899 — Mundo Novo and Sao Lourengo, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. 

 Mus. Paul., 3, p. 398, 1899— Iguape, Sao Paulo; idem. I.e., 4, p. 163, 

 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro; Miranda Ribeiro, 

 Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 13, p. 180, 1906 — Retire do Ramos, 

 Serra do Itatiaya; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 20, 1907 — Sao Paulo 

 (Ypiranga, Alto da Serra, Sao Sebastiao), Rio de Janeiro (Serra do Ita- 

 tiaya), and Minas Geraes (Vargem Alegre, near Marianna); Liiderwaldt, 

 Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 27, p. 338, 1909— Serra do Itatiaya; Chrostowski, 

 Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 460, 492, 1912 — Vera Guarany, 



^Columba subvinacea peninsularis Chapman: Like C. s. zuliae in coloration, 

 but slightly more deeply vinaceous about head and under parts, and much smaller, 

 about the size of C. s. berlepschi. Wing, 142-149; tail, 112-120; bill, IVA-IS. 



Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Cristobal Colon, Paria Peninsula, 

 3 (including type); San Rafael, near Cumanacoa, 3; Guanoco, Delta Amacuro, 3. 




470 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Rio Iguassu, Parand; Bertoni, El Hornero, 1, p. 256, 1919 — Puerto 

 Bertoni, Paraguay; Miranda Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 

 24, p. 253, 1923— Retiro do Ramos, Itatiaya. 



Columba locutrix Wied, Raise Bras., 2, p. 118, 1821 — forest of the lower Rio 

 Ilheos near Sao Pedro d'Alcantara, southern Bahia (type in coll. of Prince 

 Wied, now in the American Museum of Natural History, examined; cf. 

 Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 270, 1889); idem. I.e., 2, p. 213 (8vo 

 ed., p. 212), 1821 — forest near Jiboya, not far from Cidade da Conquista, 

 Bahia; Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 28, pi. 166, 1822— Brazil; 

 Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 455, 1833 — Ilheos and Jiboya, south- 

 ern Bahia; Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 16, sp. 62, 1827— Brazil (descr.); 

 Knip and Prevost, Les Pigeons, 2, p. 80, pi. 44, ca. 1842 — Brazil. 



Columba infuscata Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 66, 1823 — 

 Bahia (type in Berlin Museum examined); Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 16, 

 sp. 65, 1827 — Brazil (ex Lichtenstein); idem, Isis, 1829, col. 744 (crit.; 

 =C. locutrix Wied). 



Chloroenas plumbea Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 39, p. 1109", 

 Dec, 1854 (crit., synon.); idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 53, 1857 — Brazil; 

 Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 274, 1870 — part, Sao Paulo (Itarare, Matto- 

 dentro) and Parana (Rio do Boraxudo); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 

 240, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina. 



Chloroenas infuscata Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 292, 1856 — 

 Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro. 



Columba plumbea plumbea Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 31 (diag.); Sztolcman, Ann. 

 Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 116, 1926— Rio Claro, Serra da Espe- 

 ranga, and Candido de Abreu, Paran4; Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 57, p. 281, 1928— Serra do Itatiaya (habits); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 

 19, p. 62, 1935— Rio Jucurucu, Bahia; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 73, 1937 

 (range). 



Oenoenas plumbea plumbea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 324, 

 1916 — southern Brazil and Paraguay. 



Oenoenas plumbea locutrix Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 325, 

 1916 — part, eastern Brazil (Bahia and "Pernambuco"). 



Columba plumbea locutrix Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 73, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Forest region of southeastern Brazil, from southern 

 Bahia (Rio Ilheos; near Cidade da Conquista; Rio Jucurucu) through 

 Espirito Santo, eastern Minas Geraes (Vargem Alegre, near Mari- 

 anna), Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Parana, and Santa Catharina to 

 Rio Grande do Sul, and northeastern Paraguay (Puerto Bertoni, 

 Alto Parana).^ 



Conover Collection. — 1: Brazil (Fazenda Cayoa, Sao Paulo, 1). 



1 A series from the wooded region of southeastern Brazil is fairly constant in 

 the main features, although one notices, as usual in this group of pigeons, a certain 

 amount of variation in the tone of the body plumage. There is, however, never 

 the least trace of cinnamomeous edging to the inner webs of the remiges. The 

 under wing coverts and axillaries are uniform mouse gray; only in one (from 

 Iguape) out of sixteen adults are the first-named apically washed with cinnamo- 

 meous. The presence of pinkish or pale lilac spots on the nape appears to be of a 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 471 

 *Columba plumbea baeri Hellmayr. ^ Baer's Plumbeous Pigeon. 



Columba plumbea baeri Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 91, June, 1908 — Goydz 

 City, Goydz, Brazil (type in Tring Collection, now in the American 

 Museum of Natural History, New York) ; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 31 — Goydz; 

 Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 37, 1936— Rio das Almas and Inhumas (Rio 

 Meia Ponte), Goyaz (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 73, 1937 (range). 



Columba plumbea (not of Vieillot) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. 

 Foren., 1870, p. 58^Santa Ana dos Alegres, Paracatu, and Lagoa Santa, 

 Minas Geraes. 



Chloroenas plumbea Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 274, 1870 — part, Goyaz (spec, 

 examined). 



Range. — Interior of Brazil, in State of Goyaz (Goyaz City; Rio 

 Sao Miguel; Rio das Almas; Inhumas, Rio Meia Ponte) and in west- 

 ern Minas Geraes (Santa Ana dos Alegres; Paracatu; Lagoa Santa; 

 Rio Jordao, Prov. Araguary). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Brazil (near Cavalcanti, Rio Sao Miguel/ 

 Goyaz, 1). 



*Columba plumbea pallescens Snethlage.^ Amazonian Plum- 

 beous Pigeon. 



Columba plumbea pallescens Snethlage, Journ. Om., 56, p. 22, 1908 — Bom 

 Lugar, Rio Purus, Brazil (type in Goeldi Museum, Para, examined); 



purely individual nature, it being dependent on neither sex nor age. Birds from 

 Bahia (l6cutrix=infuscata) agree in coloration with those of more southern origin, 

 but are perhaps slightly smaller. Wied's type is so much faded as to be useless 

 for comparative purposes. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Rio llheos, Bahia, 1; Bahia, 3; Vic- 

 toria, Espirito Santo, 2; Rio de Janeiro, 1; Iguape, Sao Paulo, 1; Mattodentro, 

 Sao Paulq, 1; Itarare, Sao Paulo, 1; Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo, 3; Victoria, Sao 

 Paulo, 1; Ro?a Nova, Serra do Mar, Parang, 1; Rio do Boraxudo, Parana, 1;. 

 Blumenau, Santa Catharina, 1. 



' Columba plumhea baeri Hellmayr: Similar to C p. plumbea, but with decidedly 

 shorter bill, and much paler and grayer; the under parts between pale mouse gray 

 and light mouse gray with a faint tinge of pale vinaceous drab on forehead, sides 

 of neck, and lower neck; middle of throat more whitish, less buffy; axillaries and 

 under wing coverts paler gray. Similar in small bill to the Amazonian form 

 (C. p. wallacei), but easily distinguished by the predominantly light gray instead 

 of strongly vinaceous anterior under parts and sides of head and neck. Wing, 

 172-184; tail, 138-148; bill, 14-15. 



Additional m<iterial examined. — Brazil: Goyaz City, Goyaz, 5; Rio Jordao, 

 Prov. Araguary, Minas Geraes, 1. 



'^Columba plumbea pallescens Snethlage: Similar to C. p. baeri and about the 

 same size, but crown and hind neck more conspicuously washed with vinaceous; 

 under parts, especially anteriorly, likewise strongly tinged with brownish drab 

 or vinaceous drab. Wing, 160 (female) to 180 (male). 



The junior author regards this form as readily separable from both C. p. bogo- 

 tensis and C. p. wallacei by its duller, more grayish vinaceous head and under 

 parts, and darker, more olive dorsal surface. Among the birds he has examined, 

 specimens from southern and central Ecuador (head of Rio Tigre, Rayo Yaco) 

 and extreme northeastern Peru (Puerto Indiana, Rio Ucayali) undoubtedly belong 




472 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 62, 1914 — part, Rio Purus (Bom Lugar); 

 Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 187, 1937— Rio Purus (crit.); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 3, p. 73, 1937— part, Rio Purus. 



Range. — Extreme southeastern Ecuador (Rio Tigre) and the 

 adjacent parts of northeastern Peru (Puerto Indiana, Rio Amazonas; 

 Sarayacu and Lagarto, Rio Ucayali) and through Brazil east to the 

 Rio Purus. 



Conover Collection. — 12: Brazil (Santo Antonio, Rio Jurua, 

 Amazonas, 1; Igarap^ do Gordao, Rio Jurud, Amazonas, 1); Ecuador 

 (head of Rio Tigre, 7; Raya Yaco, 2; Rio Catapino, 1). 



♦Columba plumbea bogotensis (Berlepsch and Lever kuhn).^ 

 Andean Plumbeous Pigeon. 



Chloroenas plumbea subsp. bogotensis Berlepsch and Leverkuhn, Ornis, 6, p. 

 32, 1890 — Santa F6 de Bogotd, Colombia (type in Kiel Museum, now in 

 Berlin Museum, examined). 



Columba plumbea delicata Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1902, (2), p. 44, 1902— La Gloria, Chanchamayo, Dept. Junin, Peru 

 (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum, examined) ; 

 Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 256, 1930 — Huachipa, 

 Dept. Hu^nuco, Peru (crit.); Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 187, 

 1937 — Colombia (El Cauca), Venezuela (La Azulita), and Bolivia (Cerro 

 Hosane); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 72, 1937 (range). 



to pallescens, but two specimens from Rio Suno, Ecuador (above Avila) are more 

 vinaceous below and browner (less olivaceous) above. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Arima, Rio Purus, 3; Bom Lugar, Rio 

 Purtis, 1 (the type); Hyutanahan, Rio Purus, 1. — Peru:-^ Puerto Indiana, Rio 

 Amazonas, 1; Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali, 1; Lagarto, Rio Ucayali, 2. 



* Columba plumbea bogotensis (Berlepsch and Leverkuhn) : Exceedingly close 

 to C. p. pallescens, but coloration below slightly darker, more pinkish vinaceous; 

 back, wings, and tail more brownish, less olive; size slightly larger. Birds from the 

 Merida region of Venezuela, Colombia, eastern Ecuador (Rio Suno; Baeza; 

 Sarayacu), and Peru, seem, admitting the usual amount of individual variation, 

 to be alike in coloration as well as in size, while the few available Bolivian speci- 

 mens (andicola) are, on average, slightly paler, less pinkish underneath. The 

 type of C. plumbea bogotensis, courteously forwarded by Dr. E. Stresemann for 

 comparison with the material in the British Museum, proves, as Hellmayr had 

 expected, to be an example of the long-billed, olive-backed Colombian form of 

 the plumbea group, being very different from the thick-billed, ruddy-backed 

 C. s. anolaimae. In measurements (wing, 185; tail, 145; bill, 18) and coloration 

 it agrees with other Colombian examples. It may be added that many years ago 

 the late Count Berlepsch suggested to Hellmayr the identity of the two Andean 

 plumbea races described by him, the publication of the name bogotensis having 

 admittedly escaped his memory. 



Additional material examined. — Venezuela, Merida: La Azulita, 1; mountains 

 near Merida, 2; Carbonera, 2. — Colombia: Remedios, 1; Medellin, 1; El Cauca, 

 Santander, 2; Bogota, 5; Buena Vista, above Villavicencio, 1; Aguadita, 1. — 

 Ecuador: Rio Suno, above Avila, 2; Baeza, 1; Sarayacu, 2. — Peru: Guayabamba, 

 1; Piiia, 1; La Gloria, Chanchamayo, 3; Tulumayo, Junin, 1; Chacaybamba, 1; 

 Chunchotambo, 1; Santo Domingo, 1; Oroya, Puno, 1. — Bolivia: Mapiri, 2; Cerro 

 Hosane, Santa Cruz, 2. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 473 



Chloroenas hicolor (not Columba bicolor Vieillot) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 24, p. 30, 1856— Bogota (spec, in British Museum examined). 



Chloroenas plumbea (not Columba plumbea Vieillot) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 555 — Monterico and Amable Maria, Peru. 



Columba plumbea Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 639 — 

 Tilotilo and Mapiri, Bolivia; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 234, 1886— 

 Monterico, Peru; Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 323, 1893— part, 

 spec, f, g, Mapiri, Bolivia. 



Columba vinacea (not of Temminck) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1879, p. 543— Remedios, Colombia (spec, examined); Taczanowski, Orn. 

 Per., 3, p. 235, 1886— part, Amable Maria. 



Columba plumbea propinqua Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 295, 

 1915 — Moyobamba, Peru (type in Field Museum of Natural History); 

 Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 203, 1917 — Buena Vista, eastern 

 Colombia (crit.); idem. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 46, 1921— Rio 

 Comberciato, Urubamba, Peru; idem. Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 163, 

 1926 — Rio Suno and below San Jos6, Ecuador. 



Columba plumbea andicola Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 38, p. 32, 1917 — Mapiri, 

 Bolivia (type in British Museum examined); idem. Ibis, 1919, p. 32 — part, 

 Baeza, Ecuador, and Oroya, Puno, Peru; idem, Ibis, 1919, p. 33 — Chan- 

 chamayo, Peru, and Mapiri, Bolivia (crit.). 



Oenoenas plumbea propinqua Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 325, 

 1916 — northern Peru to Colombia (diag.); Osgood and Conover, Field 

 Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 34, 1922— La Azulita, Merida, 

 Venezuela. 



Range. — Tropical zone of the Andes from eastern Bolivia through 

 eastern Peru (Rio Comberciato, Urubamba; Monterico, Ayacucho; 

 Amable Maria and La Gloria, Chanchamayo, Junin; Huachipa, 

 Huanuco; Piiia, Huallaga drainage; Moyobamba, etc.), eastern 

 Ecuador (Baeza; 'Sarayacu; Rio Suno; below San Jos^), and eastern 

 Colombia (Buena Vista, eastern base of eastern Andes) to north- 

 western Venezuela (La Azulita and Carbonera, Merida). 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Peru (Moyobamba, 3). 



Conover Collection. — 10: Venezuela (La Azulita, Merida, 1); Peru 

 (Huachipa, Hudnuco, 1; Alto Quimire, Chanchamayo, 1); Bolivia 

 (Incachaca, Cochabamba, 4; Yungas de Cochabamba, 3). 



♦Columba plumbea wallacei Chubb.^ Wallace's Plumbeous 

 Pigeon. 



^Columba plumbea wallacei Chubb: Hardly distinguishable from C p. bogo- 

 tensis but on the average is of smaller size and has slightly duller, dingier under 

 parts with a darker vinaceous tinge on the breast. 



This is a very poor race and, were it not for the interposed C. p. pallescens, 

 might well be united to bogotensis, without doing violence to facts. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Obidos, Pard, 1; Rio Jamauchim, 1; 

 Villa Braga, Rio Tapajoz, 3; Manacapurd, 1; Rio Manacapurii, 1; Ipitinga, Para, 




474 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Columba plumhea wallacei Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 38, p. 32, 1917 — Rio 



Capim, Par&, Brazil (type in British Museum examined); idem, Ibis, 



1919, p. 31— Rio Capim (crit.); Todd, Proc, Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 



186, 1937 (crit., range). 

 Columba vinacea (not of Temminck) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 



1867, p. 590— Rio Capim, Pard; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 499— Rio Capim 



(ex Sclater and Salvin). 

 Columba plumbea (not of Vieillot) Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 173 — Bartica Grove 



and Camacusa, British Guiana; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 



323, 1893 — part, spec, r, w, Rio Capim, and British Guiana (in part); 



Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 499— Rio Capim, Para. 

 Columi)a locutrix (not of Wied) Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 162, 1891 — 



Santarem, Brazil. 

 Columba plumbea bogotensis (not of Berlepsch and Leverkuhn) Hellmayr, Nov. 



Zool., 13, p. 383, 1906— Santo Antonio do Prata, Para. 

 Columba plumbea pallescens (not of Snethlage) Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.- 



phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 79, 96, 1912— Ipitinga, Rio 



Acara, and Pard, Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 62, 1914— part, 



Rio Jamauchim (Santa Elena); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 



150, 1928— Castanhal, Pard; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 



66, 1930 — Tapirapoan, Matto Grosso. 

 Oenoenas plumbea locutrix Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 



44, 1918 — Javaweg, Surinam. 

 Columba plumbea purpureotincta Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 32 — British Guiana 



(in part). 

 Columba purpureotincta (not of Ridgway) Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 40, 



1916 (in part). 

 Columba plumbea pallescens Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 73, 1937 — part, Rio 



Tapajoz east to Pard. 



Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and Amazonia, 

 from the Para region west to the Rio Negro and Rio Tapajoz, south 

 to northern Matto Grosso. 



Field Museum Collection. — 6 : British Guiana (Hyde Park, Deme- 

 rara River, 1; Demerara River, 1; Konewaruk, 1; Boundary Camp, 

 Itabu Creek Head, upper New River, 2; Middle Base Camp, Itabu 

 Creek, upper New River, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 6: Brazil (Tome-assu, Rio Acara, 1; Villa 

 Acard, Rio Acara, 1; Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 1); British Guiana (Rock- 

 stone, Essequibo River, 3). 



♦Columba plumbea chapmani (Ridgway). ' Chapman's 

 Plumbeous Pigeon. 



1; Prata, Para, 1; Tapirapoan, Matto Grosso, 1. — French Guiana: Pied Saut, 

 Oyapock River, 2. — British Guiana (various localities): 30. 



* Columba plumbea chapmani (Ridgway) : Very close to C. p. bogotensis, but 

 distinguishable by smaller size; slightly darker, more fuscous back; blacker 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 475 



Oenoenas plumbea chapmani Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 325, May 5, 1916 — Gualea, Ecuador (type in the American Museum of 

 Natural History, New York). 



Columba plumbea bogotensis (not Chloroenas plumbea subsp. bogotensis Ber- 

 lepsch and Leverkuhn) Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 602, 1902 — Paramba, 

 Ecuador (spec, examined); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 32 — part, Mindo, Ecua- 

 dor; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 17, 1922— Mindo, 

 Ecuador. 



Columba plumbea (not of Vieillot) Men^gaux, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Armee Mes. 

 Arc M6rid. Equat., 9, p. B.5, 1911— Gualea. 



Columba plumbea chapmani Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 163, 

 1926 — Gualea, below Mindo, El Chiral, and La Chonta, Ecuador (crit.); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 72, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of western Ecuador and 

 western Colombia (western Andes). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Ecuador (Mindo, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 14: Colombia, Cauca (Rio Munchique, El 

 Tambo, 3; Rio Michenque, El Tambo, 1); Ecuador (Taguaguiri, 3; 

 Ilambo, 1; San Vicente, Pichincha, 4; El Tambo, Loja, 2). 



Genus ECTOPISTES Swainson 



Ectopistes Swainson, Zool. Jour., 3, No. 11, p. 362, Sept.-Dec, 1827 — type, 

 by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 58, 1840), Columba migratoria 

 Linnaeus. 



Trygon (not of Cuvier, 1817) Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 394, 

 1831 — type, by virtual monotypy, Columba migratoria Linnaeus. 



*Ectopistes canadensis (Linnaeus). Passenger Pigeon. 



Columba canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 284, 1766 — based on 

 "La Tourterelle de Canada" Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 118, No. 21; Canada 

 (descr. of female and young; cotypes in Reaumur Collection); Oberholser, 

 Science, (n.s.), 48, p. 445, 1918. 



Columba migratoria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 285, 1766 — based 

 mainly on "The Pigeon of Passage" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 23, 

 pi. 23; "in America septentrionali"= South Carolina (descr. of adult male). 



Columba histrio P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 134, 1776 — based on 

 "Tourterelle, du Canada" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 176. 



tail; and somewhat darker under surface. Wing, 168-176; tail, 138-140; bill, 

 15^^17. 



Birds from the western Andes of Colombia agree with those from Ecuador. 

 Like the other members of the plumbea complex, it has no trace of vinaceous on the 

 remiges, axillaries, or under wing coverts. 



Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Paramba, 2; Gualea, 1; Santa Cruz, 

 1; Mindo, 1; La Chonta, Prov. del Oro, 1; El Chiral, Prov. del Oro, 1. — Colombia: 

 Jimenez, 3. 




476 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Columba ventralis P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 134, 1776 — based on 

 "Tourterelle, du Canada" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 176. 



Trygon gregaria Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 258, (early in) 1855 — North America. 



Ectopistes migratorius Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 369, 1893 

 (monog.); Shufeldt, Auk, 31, pp. 358-362, pi. 34, 1914 (osteology); Ridg- 

 way. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 334, 1916 (monog., full bibliog.); 

 Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 326, 1931— 

 Bermudas; Mitchell, Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool., 7, pp. 1-181, 

 col. pi., 1935 — Ontario (monog.). 



Ectopistes canadensis Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Cm. CI., 6, p. 77, 1922 — Cuba 

 (two records). 



Ectopistes migratoria Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 83, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Extinct. Formerly breeding from middle-western 

 Mackenzie, central Keewatin, Ontario, and Quebec, and Nova 

 Scotia south to Kansas, Mississippi, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and 

 New York; wintering from Arkansas and North Carolina south to 

 Texas, Louisiana, and Florida; casual west to Oregon, Nevada, 

 Washington, and eastern Mexico; accidental in Bermuda, Cuba, 

 the British Isles, and Europe, 



Field Museum Collection.- — 23: Nova Scotia (Halifax, 1); Massa- 

 chusetts (West Bridgeport, 1; purchased in Boston, 1; Boston, 1); 

 Connecticut (Deep River, Middlesex County, 1; East Haven, New 

 Haven County, 2; Suffield, Hartford County, 1; Winthrop, Middle- 

 sex County, 1); New York (Troy, 1); Wisconsin (Delta, 1; Lake 

 Koshkonong, 1); Illinois (Grand Crossing, Chicago, 1); Indiana 

 (Fountain County, 1; De Kalb County, 1; unspecified, 2); unspeci- 

 fied, 6. 



Conover Collection. — 16: Rhode Island (Ash ton. Providence 

 County, 1; Kingston, Washington County, 1); New Hampshire 

 (New Hampton, Belkna County, 1; Wolfeborough, Carroll County, 

 1); New York (Troy, Rensselaer County, 1); Maryland (Jefferson, 

 Frederick County, 1); Ontario (London, 1; Cookstown, Simcoe, 1); 

 Wisconsin (Platteville, 3); Illinois (Grand Crossing, Chicago, 1; 

 junction Illinois and Mississippi rivers, Calhoun County, 2); un- 

 specified, 2. 



Genus ZENAIDURA Bonaparte^^ 



Zenaidura Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 3, p. 96, for 

 Jan. 15, 185<^ — type, by orig. desig., Columba carolinensis Linnaeus. 



^Zenaidura yucatanensis Lawrence (Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 208, 

 1869 — Merida, Y'ucatan, Mexico; type in U. S. National Museum), known from 

 a single specimen, is now regarded as a hybrid between Zenaidura macroura {mar- 

 ginella?) and Zenaida aurita yucatanensis. Cf. Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, 

 p. 373 (note), 1893; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 353, 1916; 

 Peters, Condor, 36, p. 215, 1934. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 477 



Perissura Cabanis, Joum. Orn., 4, p. 112, 1856 — substitute name for Zenaidura 



Bonaparte. 

 Stenuroena Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 20, 1862 — type, by mono- 



typy, Zenaida stenura Bonaparte. 

 Platypteroena Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 20, 1862 — type, by 



monotypy, Zenaida pentheria Bonaparte. 

 Zenaedura Coues, Key N. Amer. Bds., p. 226, 1872 — emendation of Zenaidura 



Bonaparte. 



♦Zenaidura macroura macroura (Linnaeus). Cuban Mourning 

 Dove. 



Columba macroura hirmaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 164, 1758 — principally 

 based upon "The Long-tail'd Dove" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 1, p. 15, 

 pi. 15, and "Columba, macroura" Edwards, I.e., 2, p. 125; West Indies= 

 Cuba.i 



Columba marginata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 286, 1766 — based on 

 "The Long-tail'd Dove" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 1, p. 15, pi. 15; West 

 Indies. 



Zenaidura macroura bella Palmer and Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 15, p. 33, 

 1902 — Mariel, Cuba (type in U. S. National Museum); Bangs and Zappey, 

 Amer. Natur., 39, p. 197, 1905 — Rio Santiago and Hospital, Isle of Pines 

 (crit.). 



Zenaidura carolinensis (not Columba carolinensis Linnaeus) Salvadori, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Jklus., 21, p. 374, 1893— part, Cuba (San Cristobal) and Haiti; 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 242, 1902 — part, 

 Cuba and Haiti. 



Zenaidura macroura Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 358, 1901 — Divald, Chiriquf (Nov.). 



Zenaidura macroura macroura Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 341, 1916 (monog., full bibliog.); Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 223, 

 1916— Bibijagua, Los Indios, and Bagarona, Isle of Pines (crit.); Barbour, 

 Mep. Nutt. Orn. CI., 6, p. 76, 1923— Cuba; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. 

 U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 192, 1931— Hispaniola (monog., full bibliog.); 

 Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 310, 1935 — Santiago, Veraguas 

 (breeding in 1925), and Dival^, Chiriquf, Panama; Peters, Bds. World, 3, 

 p. 84, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Islands of Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, and Hispaniola, 

 Greater Antilles; sparingly along the coast of Central America, from 

 British Honduras (Toledo District, Oct. 17) to Panama (Divald, 

 Chiriqui, Nov. 11, 1900; Santiago, Veraguas, breeding in 1925). 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Dominican Republic (Honduras, 

 Santo Domingo, 1); Haiti (Le Coup, 1; Kenskoff, 1). 



1 Cf. Wetmore and Swales (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, pp. 195-197, 1931), 

 who explain at length that Columba macroura was originally a composite species 

 — the second reference quoted by Linnaeus, that of Catesby (Nat. Hist. Carolina, 

 1, p. 23, pi. 23) being the Passenger Pigeon — and formally restrict the name to 

 the bird described and figured by Edwards, stated to have been brought from the 

 West Indies; suggesting (pp. 192 [note 66], 197) at the same time Cuba as type 

 locality. 




/ 



478 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Conover Collection. — 7: Cuba (Guantdnamo, 1; Bacunagua, Pinar 

 del Rio, 1; Minas, Havana, 2; Catalina de Guines, Havana, 1; Justiz, 

 Havana, 1; Artemisa, Pinar del Rio, 1). 



♦Zenaidura macroura carolinensis (Linnaeus). Mourning 

 Dove. 



Colurriba carolinensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 286, 1766 — based 

 principally' on "The Turtle of Carolina" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 

 1, p. 24, pi. 24; "in America" = South Carolina (ex Catesby). 



Columba fusca P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 134, 1776 — based on 

 "Tourterelle, de la Caroline" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 175; Carolina. 



Zenaidura carolinensis Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 374, 1893— part, 

 eastern North America; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, 

 p. 242, 1902 (in part). 



Zenaidura macroura (not Columba macroura Linnaeus) Riley, in Shattuck, The 

 Bahama Islands, p. 362, 1905 — Abaco, Eleuthera, New Providence, Bird 

 Rock, and Long Island. 



Zenaidura macroura carolinensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 345, 1916 (monog., full bibliog.); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. 

 Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 326, 1931 — Bermudas (migratory visitant); 

 Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 112, 1932 — La Montanita, Guate- 

 mala; idem. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 310, 1935 — Divald, Chiriqul, 

 Panama; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 83, 1937 (range); Dickey and van 

 Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 73, p. 187, 1938— San 

 Salvador, Colima, and Rio Goascorin, El Salvador. 



Range. — Eastern North America from New Brunswick, Nova 

 Scotia, southern Maine, Ontario, Michigan, and Wisconsin west to 

 eastern Kansas and Iowa, and south to the Gulf Coast and the Ba- 

 hamas; winters from Iowa, southern Michigan, and Massachusetts 

 southward through its range, and casually along the eastern coast 

 of Mexico and Central America to Panama (one record from Divala, 

 Chiriqui, Nov. 20); casual or accidental in Greenland (Rey Bay, ' 

 Sept. 7, 1891), Quebec, Labrador, and Bermudas. 



Field Museum Collection. — 28: Massachusetts (Great Island, 

 Barnstable County, 1); New York (Shelter Island, 1); New Jersey 

 (Englewood, Bergen County, 1); Indiana (Miller, Lake County, 1); 

 Illinois (Chicago, 3; Fox Lake, Lake County, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver 

 Dam, Dodge County, 6); Iowa (Knoxville, Marion County, 1); 

 Florida (Pilot-town, Duval County, 1; Pine Island, Lee County, i 

 1; Key West, Monroe County, 2; Amelia Island, Nassau County, 1; i 

 Mary Esther, Okaloosa County, 1); Bahamas (Abaco, 1; Andros, j 



• The reference to Brisson belongs only in part to the present form, while | 

 Marcgrave's "Picacuroba" isZ. auriculaia noronha. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 479 



1; Rock Sound, Eleuthera, 1; Great Bahama, 2); El Salvador (San 

 Salvador, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Florida (Amelia Island, 2); Illinois 

 (Wheaton, DuPage County, 1; Lacon, Marshall County, 1). 



*Zenaidura niacroura marginella (Woodhouse). Western 

 Mourning Dove. 



Ectopistes marginella Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, No. 3, p. 104, 

 1852 — Cross Timbers, on the north fork of the Canadian River, Oklahoma 

 (present location of type unrecorded). 



Zenaidura carolinensis (not Columba carolinensis Linnaeus) Salvadori, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 374, 1893 — part, localities in Texas, California, 

 Mexico, and Guatemala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, 

 p. 242, 1902 (in part); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 396, 1910— 

 Escazu, Miravalles, El Hogar, and La Hondura, Costa Rica. 



Zenaidura macroura marginella Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 347, 1916 (monog., full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, 

 p. 104, 1928 — Lower California; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. 

 N. H., 6, p. 248, 1931 — Sonora (Tecoripa, San Pedro Mdrtir Island, south- 

 west of Nogales, Tobari Bay) ; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 112, 

 1932 — La Montaiiita, Guatemala; idem. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 

 p. 372, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero; van Rossem, I.e., 77, p. 434, 1934 — 

 Alamos and Oposura, Sonora; Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 310, 1935 — Panama; 

 Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 83, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Western and interior North America, from Minnesota, 

 western Arkansas, and Oklahoma to the Pacific coast, north to Mani- 

 toba, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia, and south throughout 

 Lower California and Mexico ; winters south through Central America 

 to western Panama; casual at Fort Yukon, Alaska. 



Field Museum Collection. — 22: Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent 

 County, 2); Texas (Port Lavaca, Jackson County, 1; Fort Davis 

 Jeff Davis County, 1; Ingram, Kerr County, 1; Corpus Christi 

 Nueces County, 4) ; New Mexico (Deming, Luna County, 2) ; Arizona 

 (Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, 3; Tucson, Pima County, 1 

 Calabasas, Santa Cruz County, 2) ; Mexico (Samachique, Chihuahua 

 3); Guatemala (Salamd, Baja Verapaz, 1; El Rancho, Zacapa, 1) 



Conover Collection. — 23: Colorado (Pinnacle, Routt County, 1) 

 California (San Miguel, San Luis Obispo County, 2; Goleta, Santa 

 Barbara County, 1; Placerita Canyon, Los Angeles County, 1) 

 Mexico (Tecoripa, Sonora, 6); Guatemala (Sanarate, Dept. Guate- 

 mala, 1); Honduras, Tegucigalpa (Monte Redondo, near Archaga, 

 5; Comayaguela, 1); Costa Rica (Cartago, Cartago, 5). 




480 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Zenaidura macroura tresmariae Ridgway. Tres Marias 

 Mourning Dove. 



Zenaidura macroura tresmariae Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 107, 

 1915 — Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias group (type in U." S. National 

 Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 351, 1916— Tres 

 Marias Islands (monog.); Peters, Bds. Worid, 3, p. 84, 1937 (range). 



Zenaidura macroura (not Columba macroura Linnaeus) Nelson, N. Amer. 

 Fauna, 14, p. 36, 1899 — Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias. 



Range. — Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias group, off Nayarit, 

 western Mexico. 



*Zenaidura macroura clarionensis Townsend. Clarion Island 

 Mourning Dove. 



Zenaidura clarionensis Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 133, 1890 — 

 Clarion Island, Revillagigedo group, Mexico (type in U. S. National 

 Museum); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 378, 1893— Clarion 

 Island; Anthony, Auk, 15, p. 318, 1898 — Clarion Island; Salvin and God- 

 man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 244, 1902 — Clarion Island. 



Zenaidura macroura clarionensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 344, 1916 (monog.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 294, 

 1926— Clarion Island; Peters, Bds. Worid, 3, p. 84, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Clarion Island, Revillagigedo group, off western Mexico. 

 Field Museum Collection. — 1: Mexico (Clarion Island, Revilla- 

 gigedo group, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 2: Mexico (Clarion Island, Revillagigedo 

 group, 2). 



Zenaidura graysoni Lawrence. Socorro Mourning Dove. 



Zenaidura graysoni (Baird MS.) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 10, 

 p. 17, 1871 — Socorro Island, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum; 

 descr. of young); Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, p. 299, 1871 — Soc- 

 orro (habits); Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 304, 1874 — Socorro; 

 Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 312 (crit.); Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, 

 p. 135, 1890 — Socorro (descr. of adult female); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 21, p. 378, 1893; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, 

 p. 244, 1902; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 352, 1916— 

 Socorro (monog.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 295, 1926 — 

 Socorro; Peters, Condor, 36, pp. 214, 215, 1934 (crit.); idem, Bds. World, 

 3, p. 84, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group, off western Mexico. 

 ♦Zenaidura auriculata^ caucae (Chapman). ^ Cauca Eared Dove. 



' Z. auriculata and allies should be placed in the genus Zenaidura, as has been 

 pointed out by Peters (Condor, 36, p. 214, 1934). 



^Zenaidura auriculata caucae (Chapman): Very similar to Z. a. auriculata, 

 but slightly smaller; tail more strongly graduated; under parts more deeply vina- 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 481 



Zenaida auriculata caucae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 31, p. 1, 1922 — Cali, 

 Cauca, Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, 

 New York); Naumburg, I.e., 648, p. 14, 1933— Cali, Cauca (crit.). 



{1)Zenaida ruficauda (not of Bonaparte) Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 51, p. 302, 1899 — plain of Tolima, central Andes, Colombia. 



Zenaida auriculata (not Peristera auriculata Des Murs) Chapman, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 36, p. 206, 1917 — Cali and La Manuelita, Cauca, Colombia. 



Zenaidura auriculata caucae Peters, Condor, 36, p. 215, 1934; idem, Bds, 

 World, 3, p. 84, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of the upper Cauca Valley, Colombia 

 (Cali; El Tambo; Timba; Atuncela; La Manuelita, east of Palmira). 



Conover Collection, — 6: Colombia, Cauca (El Tambo, 4; Timba, 

 Valle, 2). 



*Zenaidura auriculata hypoleuca (Bonaparte).^ Bonaparte's 

 Eared Dove. 



Zenaida hypoleuca (G. R. Gray MS.) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 

 Paris, 40, No. 3, p. 97, for Jan. 15, 1855 — "ex America centrali" (type in 

 British Museum examined); idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 83, "1854" 

 [=1857] — "in America centrali";* Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, 

 p. 460, 1858 — Gualaquiza and Cuenca, Ecuador; idem, I.e., p. 556, 1858 — 

 Riobamba, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 97, 1860 — Calacali, near Quito, 

 Ecuador!* 



Columba aurita (not of Temminek) Tsehudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 306, 

 1844 — Peru; idem. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 45, 1845 — Peru. 



ceous. Wing, 138-144, (female) 135-140; tail, 85-96, (female) 85; graduation of 

 tail, 25-31. 



This form, which by the strongly vinaeeous tone of the posterior under parts 

 reverts to the characters of typical auriculata, may be distinguished from Z. a. hypo- 

 leuca by somewhat shorter wings; vinaeeous abdomen; decidedly deeper, ochra- 

 ceous-buff rather than light buflf, under tail coverts; and more strongly graduated 

 tail; from Z. a. stenura by larger size; white tail-tips; ochraceous-buff instead of 

 vinaeeous vent and under tail coverts, etc. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: Atuncela, western Andes, 4. 



1 Zenaidura auriculata hypoleuca (Bonaparte) : Nearest to Z. a. auriculata, but 

 somewhat smaller and much paler; upper parts lighter and more grayish; the 

 vinaeeous color on sides of head, neck, and breast lighter and more pinkish; lower 

 breast, abdomen, and under tail coverts pale (pinkish) buff, etc. Birds from 

 Ecuador and various parts of Peru agree well. 



Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Sinche Guaranda, 1; Riobamba, 1; 

 Guallabamba, Riobamba, 2; Cariar, 2; Guishapa, Ona, 1; Loja, 1; unspecified, 4. 

 — Peru: Catacaos, Piura, 1; Chosica, 1; Trujillo, 1; Viiia, Huamaehueo, 2. 



* According to G. R. Gray (List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 4, p. 48, 1856), the type 

 was brought by Kellett and Wood from "Pearl Island," Bay of Panama, an 

 obvious mistake, as no dove of this group has ever been found again on the Pearl 

 Islands. Cf. Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 147, 1905. Since 

 the collectors of the type are known to have worked also at Guayaquil, Ecuador, 

 where this dove is not infrequently met with, this place has been suggested by 

 Zimmer (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 257, 1930) as an appropriate 

 type locality. The type fully agrees with Ecuadorian examples. 




482 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Zenaida auriculata (not Peristera auriculata Des Murs) Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 989 — Arequipa, Peru; iidem. I.e., 1868, 

 p. 176 — Tambo Valley, Arequipa; iidem, I.e., 1868, p. 570 — western Peru; 

 Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 555 — Chorillos, Lima, and Huanta, Peru; 

 idem. I.e., 1880, p. 213 — Cutervo, Peru; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 21, p. 384, 1893— part, spec, a, c'-n', "Pearl Island," Ecuador (Sical), 

 and Peru (Arequipa, Catarindos Valley, Islay); Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, 

 p. 21, 1895 — Vina, Chusgon, and Huamachuco, Peru; Salvadori and 

 Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 35, 1900— Cuenca, Ibarra, 

 La Concepcion, Santa Elena, and Quito, Ecuador; Thayer and Bangs, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 147, 1905— "Peari Islands" (crit.); Mene- 

 gaux, Miss. Serv. Geog. Armee Mes. Arc M6rid. Equat., 9, p. B. 6, 1911 — 

 Amboasi (Nanegal), Coraz6n, Tumbaco, and Riobamba, Ecuador ; Rendahl, 

 Ark. Zool., 13, No. 4, p. 28, 1920— "Pearl Islands"; Lonnberg and Ren- 

 dahl, I.e., 14, No. 25, p. 17, 1922 — Quito, Cumbaya, and Chaupieruz, 

 Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 33, p. 355, 1927— Val de 

 San Pedro Tingo, Ecuador. 



Zenaida maculata (not Columba maculata Vieillot) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 678 — Paucartambo, Cuzco, Peru; Allen, Bull. 

 Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 355, 1876 — Carapata and Chililaya, Lake Titieaca, 

 Bolivia; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 575 — 

 Guayaquil and Chimbo, Ecuador; iidem, I.e., 1884, p. 311 — Cechee, 

 Ecuador; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 237, 1886 — Peru (Lima, Chorillos, 

 Huanta, Auquimarca, Cutervo, Guadalupe, Moquegua, Paucartambo); 

 Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 394 — Lima 

 and lea, Peru; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 503, 1898 — Lake Yaguareocha, 

 Cayambe, and Ibarra, Ecuador. 



Zenaida auriculata pallens Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 446, 1918— SuUana 

 and Huancabamba, Dept. Piura, Peru (type, from Huancabamba, in 

 Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Chapman, Bull. 

 U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 46, 1921— Santa Ana, OUantaytambo, Huara- 

 condo, Cuzeo, and Pisac, Urubamba, Peru. 



Zenaida auriculata auriculata Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 34 — part, Ecuador (Sinche 

 Guaranda, Riobamba, Guallabamba, Canar, Oiia, Loja) and Peru (Cata- 

 caos, Piura; Caraz, Aneaehs; Trujillo, Libertad; Chosica, Lima). 



Zenaida auriculata hypoleuca Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 164, 

 1926 — Ecuador (Huigra, Riobamba, Cumbaya, Cajabamba, Santa Elena, 

 La Plata Island, Pund Island, Jambeli, Zaruma, Lunam^, San Bartolo, 

 Guainche, Mocha, Antisana, Pomasqui); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 Zool. Ser., 17, p. 257, 1930 — Hudnueo, Peru (crit.); Naumburg, Amer. 

 Mus. Nov., 648, p. 15, 1933 (crit.). 



Zenaidura auriculata hypoleuca Peters, Condor, 36, p. 215, 1934; idem, Bds. 

 Worid, 3, p. 84, 1937 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 461— Yauli, 

 Lircay, and Aneo, Huaneavelica, Peru. 



Range. — Tropical to Temperate zone of Ecuador and Peru south 

 to the Bolivian boundary.^ 



' In spite of the wide vertical range, birds from different altitudes do not 

 seem to differ in any particular characters. Peruvian and Ecuadorian specimens 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 483 



Field Museum Collection. — 12: Peru (Chachapoyas, Amazonas, 2; 

 Mirador, Ancachs, 1; Macate, Ancachs, 4; Huanuco, Huanuco, 1; 

 Menocucho, Libertad, 2; Hacienda Llagueda, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 18: Ecuador (Valle de Rojas, Occidente, 9; 

 Banos, Tunguragua, Oriente, 2); Peru (Hudnuco, Hudnuco, 5; 

 Chosica, Rio Rimac, 2). 



*Zenaidura auricula ta auriculata (Des Murs). Chilean Eared 

 Dove. 



Peristera auriculata Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 381, 

 pi. 6,1 1847 — central provinces of Chile (type in Paris Museum); Germain, 

 Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 312, 1860— Santiago (nesting habits). 



Columba meridionalis (not of Latham, 1801) King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, 

 p. 92, 1828 — [Straits of Magellan] (location of type unknown); Sclater, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 330, 339— Chile. 



Columba aurita (not of Temminck) Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.- 

 Carol. Nat. Curios., 16, Suppl., 1, p. 99, 1834— Chile. 



Zenaida aurita Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 115, 1841 — part, Valparaiso, 

 Chile; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 115, 1843— Chile; Yarrell, 

 I.e., 15, p. 53, 1847— Chile (egg descr.); Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Pis. Pol. 

 Chile, Zool., 1, p. 378, 1847— Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, 

 p. 191, ;855— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 268, 1868— the 

 whole of Chile; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 — Atacama, Chile; MacFarlane, 

 Ibis, 1887, p. 202 — La Serena, Coquimbo, Chile; Lataste, Act. Soc. Sclent. 

 Chili, 3, p. cxv, 1893 — Bureo (Chilian), Nuble, and Ninhue (Itata), Maule, 

 Chile; Waugh and Lataste, I.e., 4, pp. Ixxxvii, clxxii, 1894 — Penafior, 

 Santiago, and San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso, Chile; Lataste, I.e., 5, 

 pp. xxxiv, Ixii, 1895 — Caillihue (Vichuquen), Curic6, and Maule, Chile. 



Zenaida auriculata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 82, 1857 — Chile and 

 Patagonia; Reichenbach, VoUst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 21, 1862 — Chile 

 and Patagonia (descr.); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, (2), Vogel, p. 109, 

 1865— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 330, 339— Chile; 

 Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 384, 1893— part, spec, o'-e', Chile 

 (Santiago, Coquimbo, Rio Bueno, Rio Pilmayguen); Schalow, Zool. 

 Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 671, 1898 — Santiago, Chile; Salvadori, Anal. Mus. 

 Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 623, 1900 — Penguin Rookery, Staten Island 

 (Feb. 20, 1882); Arribdlzaga, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 159, 

 1902 — Lago del General Paz, Chubut; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. 

 Univ. Exp. Patagonia, Orn., 2, (1), p. 39, 1904 — Rio Chico, Santa Cruz, 

 and Lago Blanco, Chubut; Costes, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 21, p. 164, 1917— 



are perfectly alike, as far as we can see. The pale buffy belly serves to separate 

 this race from the Chilean Z. a. auriculata, but the character reappears, though 

 to a lesser degree, in specimens from eastern Brazil. Chapman found the type of 

 Z. hypoleuca, labeled — no doubt erroneously — as coming from the Pearl Islands, 

 to be referable to Z. a. pallens, making this name a synonym of Bonaparte's earlier 

 term. 



1 The plate may have been issued as early as 1844. 




484 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile; Sanzin, El Homero, 1, p. 147, 1918 — 

 Alto Verde, Mendoza; Wace, I.e., 2, p. 194, 1921 — Falkland Islands 

 (accidental); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 50, 1924— Isla La 

 Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Gigoux, I.e., p. 85, 1924 — Caldera, Atacama, Chile; 

 Housse, I.e., 29, p. 148, 1925 — San Bernardo, Santiago, Chile; Bennett, 

 Ibis, 1926, p. 309— New Island, Falklands (May 8, 1913); Pereyra, El 

 Hornero, 4, p. 28, 1927 — San Rafael, Mendoza; Castellanos, I.e., 6, p. 23, 

 1935— Castillo, Tierra del Fuego. 



Zenaida maculaia (not Columba maculata Vieillot) Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, 

 p. 565, 1877 — Cauquenes, Colehagua, Chile; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1881, p. 9 — Coquimbo, Chile; Doering, in Roea, Inf. Ofic. Exp. 

 Rio Negro, Zool., p. 55, 1881 — Rio Colorado and Rio Negro; Burmeister, 

 Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, p. 318, 1890 — Rio Chieo del Chubut; 

 Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 208, 1896— Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 298— 

 Hacienda Mansel, Santiago, Rio Pilmayguen, and Rio Bueno, Chile (habits) ; 

 JaflFuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 22, p. Ill, 1918— Marga-Marga, 

 Valparaiso, Chile; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 192, 1929— Angol, Malleco, Chile. 



Zenaida auriculata auriculata Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 23, p. 16, 1919 — 

 NHahue, Curico, Chile; idem. I.e., 25, p. 171, 1921 — Los Leones and Rio 

 Blanco, Aconcagua, Chile; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 432, 1922 — Coro- 

 nel, Chile (habits, eggs); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 288, 1923 

 — Maquinchao, Puesto Horno, Huanuluan, and Bariloche (Nahuel Huapi), 

 Rio Negro; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 431, 1926— Valcheta 

 Creek, Rio Negro, and Rio Fetaleufu, Chubut; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., 133, p. 180, 1926 — part, Mendoza (Potrerillos, Tunuyan), Neuquen 

 (Zapala), and Chile (Concon, Valparaiso); HellmajT, Field Mus. Nat. 

 Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 344, 1932 — Chile (Atacama to Llanquihue); 

 Naumburg, Amer. Mus. Nov., 648, p. 2, 1933 — Chile and Mendoza (crit.); 

 Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 38, p. 140, 1934— Pilay and Puerta Vieja, 

 Peuco, O'Higgins, Chile; Bullock, I.e., 39, p. 244, .1935— Isla La Mocha, 

 Arauco, Chile. 



Zenaidura auriculata auriculata Peters, Condor, 36, p. 215, 1934; idem, Bds. 

 World, 3, p. 85, 1937 (range). 



Peristera maculata Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 4, Columbae, No. 35, p. 141, 1873 

 — Santiago, Chile. 



[Zenaida] chilensis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, No. 20, p. 

 946, (for Nov. 17) 1856 (quoted as a synonym of Z. auriculata Des Murs). 



Range. — Chile, from Atacama south to Llanquihue, and western 

 and southern Argentina, north to the vicinity of Mendoza and the 

 Rio Negro; accidental in Tierra del Fuego (Castillo), Staten Island 

 (Feb. 20, 1882), and New Island, Falklands (Mar. 8, 1913).i 



1 Specimens from Neuquen (Rio Traful, Arroytos, MangruUo, Bajada Colo- 

 rada, etc.) agree with a topotypical series in coloration and size, some individuals 

 being just as large (wing, 151-160) as the largest Chilean birds. Three adult 

 males from Tunuyan, Mendoza, average slightly smaller (wing, 143-148) and 

 might just as well be referred to Z. a. chrysauchenia, whose distinctness does not 

 appear to be established beyond doubt. 



Additional material examined. — Chile: Santiago, 5; Desagtie, Llanquihue, 1. — 

 Argentina, Neuquen: Rio Traful, 2; MangruUo, 1; Arroytos, 1; Piedra Pintada, 3; 




f 



1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 485 



Field Museum Collection. — 1 : Chile (Cajon de Maipo, Santiago, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 20: Argentina (Tunuyan, Mendoza, 3; Raw- 

 son, Chubut, 3; Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, 2); Chile (Estancia Aisen, 

 Rio Coihoique, 1; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, 4; Concepcion, 1; 

 Cauquenes, Colchagua, 4; Banos de Cauquenes, Colchagua, 1; 

 Romero, Coquimbo, 1). ^ 



*Zenaidura auriculata chryEau ehema (Reichenbach).i Para- 

 guayan Eared Dove. 



Peristera chrysauchenia Reichenbach,=' Syn. Av., Columbariae, p. [3], 1847 — 

 based on Reichenbach, Columbariae, pi. 161, fig. 1429, no locality = Brazil 

 (location of type not stated). 



Columba maculata (not Gmelin, 1789) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 



ed., 26, p. 367, 1818 — based on "Paloma parda manchada" Azara, No. 



322; Paraguay. 

 Zenaida virgata Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 24, Jan., 1901 — 



Puerto Bertoni, Alto Parana, Paraguay (type in coll. of A. de W. Bertoni). 



Columba aurita (not of Temminck) Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 16, sp. 70, 1827 

 — Brazil and Paraguay (descr.). 



Zenaida aurita Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 115, 1841 — part, Uruguay 

 (Maldonado) and La Plata. 



Bajada Colorada, 1; Lago Nahuel Huapi, 3; Caleufu, 1; Sierra de la Angostura, 1; 

 Pantanitos, 2. 



* Zenaidura auriculata chrysauchenia (Reichenbach) : Very similar to Z. a. auri- 

 culata, of Chile, but somewhat smaller, and the vinaceous color underneath, in 

 the male sex, generally deeper as well as more extended abdominally, leaving 

 very little, if any, buflfy color beyond that on the under tail coverts. Wing (males), 

 135-144 (southern Brazil), 135-147 (Paraguay), 148-149 (Uruguay), 143-148 

 (Argentina), 142 (Buenavista, Bolivia). 



This is not a very satisfactory form. Birds from southern Brazil and Para- 

 guay, when compared to a Chilean series, have decidedly shorter wings and tail 

 and, in most cases, the adult males are more extensively vinaceous below with a 

 lesser amount of buffy on the lower abdomen. However, in Uruguay and Argen- 

 tina a gradual increase in size takes place, and as coloration of the under parts 

 in the males also varies considerably, it is largely a matter of personal preference 

 where the line between chrysauchenia and auriculata is drawn. This is especially 

 true with birds from northwestern Argentina and Bolivia, some of which, in 

 dimensions and color, closely approach certain Chilean individuals. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, 2; Goyaz, 

 1; Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 1; Villa Bella, Matto Grosso, 1; Itarare, Sao Paulo, 2; 

 Curytiba, Parand, 6; Rio do Boraxudo, Parana, 2; Rio Grande do Sul, 3. — Para- 

 guay: Cambyret^, Alto Parana, 2. — Argentina: Buenos Aires, 4; Tapia, Tucu- 

 man, 4. 



^ While Peristera chrysauchenia was originally based upon a fairly recognizable 

 figure of a male bird without indication of locality, there seems little doubt as to 

 its pertaining to the smaller Brazilian race, since Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. 

 Sci. Paris, 40, No. 3, p. 97, for Jan. 15, 1855) as well as Reichenbach (VoUst. 

 Naturg. Tauben, p. 22, 1862), both of whom clearly distinguished it from the 

 Chilean Z. auriculata, subsequently referred it to Z. maculata (Vieillot), a name 

 that cannot stand on account of an earlier Columba maculata Gmelin. Reichen- 

 bach's term thus takes precedence over Bertoni's Zenaida virgata. 




486 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Zenaida maculata Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 3, p. 97, 

 for Jan. 15, 1855 — Brazil and Paraguay (crit.); idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 

 2, p. 82, 1857 (descr.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 202, 

 1856 — Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 259, 1860 — 

 Argentina; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 197, 1861 — Argentina; Reichen- 

 bach, VoUst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 21, 1862 — Brazil, Paraguay, and "Porto 

 Rico" (descr.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 143— 

 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Sternberg, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 273, 1869 — Buenos 

 Aires (nesting habits); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 

 1870, p. 55 — Lag5a Santa, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 276, 

 1870 — Sao Paulo (Mattodentro, Ypanemd, Itarar6), Parand (Curytiba, 

 Pitangui, Rio do Borarudo), and Matto Grosso (Cuyabd, Cidade de 

 Matto Grosso); Cabanis, Journ. Cm., 22, p. 230, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio 

 de Janeiro; Dumford, Ibis, 1876, p. 163 — Chirilcay, 100 miles north of 

 Buenos Aires; idem. Ibis, 1877, p. 193 — Baradero, Buenos Aires; Sclater 

 and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 639 — Huanchapampa, Bolivia; 

 Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 8 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Dalgleish, 

 Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 6, p. 250, 1881— Est. de la Tala, Durazno, 

 Uruguay; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 626— Catamarca (Fuerte 

 de Andalgal^) and Buenos Aires (Monte Grande); Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 

 275, 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Holmberg, Act. Acad. 

 Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 85, 1884— Tandfl, La Tinta, and Collon- 

 gueyu, Prov. Buenos Aires; Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 292 — Paysandu, Uru- 

 guay; Berlepsch, Journ. Cm., 35, p. 34, 1887 — Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay; 

 Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 105, 1889— Reyes (?), Bolivia; Sclater 

 and Hudson, Arg. Cm., 2, p. 141, 1889 — Argentina (habits); Stempelmann 

 and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 403, 1890— Cordoba; 

 Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Frenzel, 

 Journ. Orn., 39, p. 123, 1891— Cordoba; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 209— 

 Est. Espartillar; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893— Chapada, 

 Matto Grosso; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 202 — Santa Elena and Arroyo Grande, 

 Uruguay; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 234 — Villa Concepcion and Chaco, Para- 

 guay; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 35 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. 



Zenaida auriculata (not Peristera auriculata Des Murs) Salvador!, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 21, p. 384, 1893— part, spec, t-b', Brazil (Matto Grosso), 

 Bolivia (Huanchapampa), and Argentina (Tucumdn, Conchitas, Punta 

 Lara, Quilmes); Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 286, 1895 — Chilecito, 

 La Rioja; Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 23, 1895— 

 Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 32, 1897— Bolivian 

 Chaco (Aguairenda and Caiza, Tarija) and Jujuy (San Lorenzo); idem, 

 I.e., 15, No. 378, p. 14, 1900 — Urucum, Matto Grosso; Ihering, Annuario 

 Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 146, 1899 — Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do 

 Sul; idem. Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 399, 1899— Sao Paulo; idem. I.e., 4, 

 p. 163, 1900 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos 

 Aires, 8, p. 216, 1902— Rio Sail, Tucum^n; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 445 

 — Moreno, Jujuy; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 232, 1904 — Santa Ana, Tucuman; 

 Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 249, 1904— Ordn, Salta; Lillo, Rev. 

 Letr, Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 71, 1905— Rio Sali, Tucuman; Ihering, 

 Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 20, 1907 — Iguape and Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo; 

 Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 192, 1910 (range in Argen- 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 487 



tina, part); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 60 — Sapucay, Paraguay; Grant, Ibis, 1911, 

 p. 459 — Los Ynglases, Aj6, Buenos Aires; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. 

 Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 461, 492, 1912 — Rio Paciencia, Parand; Bertoni, 

 Faun. Parag., p. 37, 1914— Paraguay; Hussey, Auk, 33, p. 386, 1916— 

 La Plata; Marelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 76, 1918 — Curuzii-Cuatid, Corrientes; 

 Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 11, 1920 — Uruguay (Canelones, San Jos6, Minas, 

 Maldonado, Flores, Treinta y Tres, Rocha, Cerro Largo); Renard, I.e., 2, 

 p. 58, 1920— Canuelas, Buenos Aires; Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 260, 1922— 

 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Seri6 and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 39, 1923 — Santa Elena, 

 Entre Rlos; Giaeomelli, I.e., 3, p. 81, 1923— La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., 3, 

 p. 161, 1923 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Pub. for 

 1922-23, p. 599, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 350, 

 1926— Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe; Dinelli, I.e., 4, p. 276, 1929— Tueuman 

 (nest and eggs deser.); Castellanos, I.e., 4, p. 368, 1931 — Valle de los Rear- 

 tes, Cordoba; Budin, I.e., 4, p. 403, 1931— Jujuy up to Humahuaea (2,500 

 meters). 



Zenaida auriculata auriculata Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 92, 1908 — Goy&z 

 City, Goydz; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 261, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, 

 Buenos Aires; Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 31, 1917 — Ilha Martin Garefa, 

 Buenos Aires; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 34 — part, Tapaeari and Suere, Bolivia; 

 Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 180, 1926— part, Paraguay, 

 Buenos Aires, and Uruguay; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 

 172, 1927 — San Sofia, Entre Rfos; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran 

 Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 86, 1930— Formosa (San Jose), Santa F6 (Est. La 

 Germania), and Bolivia (Villa Montes, Tarija); Marelli, El Hornero, 5, 

 p. 195, 1933— southern Buenos Aires; Laubmann, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 

 20, p. 282, 1934— Est. La Geraldina, Santa F6 (erit,). 



Zenaida auriculata virgata Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 67, 

 1930— Matto Grosso (erit.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 23, 1932— 

 Aquidauana, Matto Grosso; Naumburg, Amer. Mus. Nov., 648, p. 5, 1933 

 (erit., range); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 86, p. 377, 

 1934 — Desealvados, Matto Grosso. 



Zenaida auriculata noronha (not of Chubb) Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 38, 

 1936 — Jaragua (Faz. B6a Vista) and Rio Meia Ponte (Inhumas), Goydz. 



Zenaidura auriculata virgata Peters, Condor, 36, p. 215, 1934; idem, Bds. World, 

 3, p. 85, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Southern Brazil, from Rio de Janeiro, Minas Geraes, 

 Goyaz, and Matto Grosso south to Rio Grande do Sul; eastern 

 BoUvia; northern Argentina, from the northern boundary south 

 to Mendoza and the Rio Negro; Paraguay; Uruguay. 



Field. Museum Collection. — 6: Uruguay (Estancia "El Corte," 

 Maldonado, 2; Arroyo Sauce, Rocha, 1; Estancia Concordia, Soriano, 

 2); Bolivia (Parotani, Cochabamba, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 31 : Brazil (Cavalcante, Rio Parand, Goyaz, 

 1); Bolivia (Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 3; Comarapa, Santa Cruz, 

 1; Pocona, Cochabamba, 2); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 4; Itap^, 1; 




488 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol, XIII 



Horqueta, 5); Uruguay (Mercedes, Soriano, 1); Argentina (Las 

 Vasquez, Tucumdn, 1; Tapia, Tucumdn, 1; Tafi Viejo, Tucuman, 2; 

 Concepcion, Tucumdn, 7; Torrecita, Buenos Aires, 2). 



♦Zenaidura auriculata noronha (Chubb). ^ Fernando Noronha 

 Eared Dove. 



Zenaida auriculatxi noronha Chubb,* Ibis, (11), 1, p. 36, 1919 — Fernando No- 

 ronha Island, off Brazil (cotypes in British Museum examined) ; Hellmayr, 

 Field Mus, Nat. Hist., Zool.Ser., 12, p. 464, 1929— Maranhao (Tranqueira), 

 Piauhy (Ibiapaba, Arara), and Bahia (Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas); 

 Naumburg, Amer. Mus. Nov., 648, p. 5, 1933 — northeastern Brazil 

 (crit.). 



Zenaida maculata (not Columba maculata Vieillot) Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. 

 Lond., (Zool.), 20, p. 479, 1888— Fernando Noronha (crit.). 



Zenaida auriculata (not Peristera auriculata Des Murs) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 21, p. 384, 1893 — part, spec, b-1, n, Fernando Noronha and 

 Ceara; NicoU, Ibis, 1904, p. 39 — Fernando Noronha; Ihering, Cat. Faun. 

 Braz., 1, p. 20, 1907 — part, Ceara and Fernando Noronha; Reiser, Denks. 

 Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 87, 1910— Bahia (Joazeiro, 

 Piripiri) and Piauhy (Lagoa do Parnagua, Santo Antonio de Gilbties); 

 Murphy, Auk, 32, p. 49, 1915 — Fernando Noronha; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. 

 Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 48, 1926 — Ceara; Ihering, El Hornero, 

 6, p. 37, 1935 — northeastern Brazil. 



Zenaidura auriculata noronha Peters, Condor, 36, p. 215, 1934; idem, Bds. 

 World, 3, p. 85, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Northeastern Brazil, from interior Maranhao (Flores 

 and Tranqueira, Rio Parnahyba), Piauhy, and Ceara south to Bahia, 

 and the island of Fernando Noronha. 



Field Museum Collection. — 6: Brazil (Arara, Piauhy, 2; Ibiapaba, 

 Piauhy, 1; Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas, Bahia, 3). 



Conover Collection. — 7: Brazil (Tranqueira, Maranhao, 1; Ibia- 

 paba, Piauhy, 6). 



^Zenaidura auriculata noronha (Chubb): Nearest to Z. a. chrysauchenia, but 

 on average smaller; anterior under parts of males decidedly paler, grayish vinaceous 

 to light russet vinaceous rather than vinaceous-fawn; abdomen distinctly paler, 

 entirely or for the greater part pinkish-buff to pale pinkish-buff; female hardly 

 distinguishable. Wing, 133-144, (female) 132-136; tail, 78-89, (female) 76-86. 

 Birds from Piauhy and Bahia are indistinguishable, in size and coloration, from 

 topotypical Fernando Noronha skins. 



Additional material examined. — Fernando Noronha, 7. — Bahia: Piripiri (near 

 Joazeiro), 1; Joazeiro, 1. — Piauhy: Lagoa do Parnagud, 3; Santo Antonio de 

 Gilbues, 1, 



^Zenaida noronha Gray (List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 4, p. 47, 1856) and Bona- 

 parte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, pp. 946, 949, for Nov. 17, 1856) are 

 nomina nuda. Sharpe (Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., 20, p. 479, 1890) does not 

 adopt the name either, but calls the bird Z. maculata. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 489 



Zenaidura auriculata marajoensis (Berlepsch).* Maraj6 

 Eared Dove. 



Zenaida jessieae marajoensis Berlepsch, Orn. Monatsber., 21, p. 149, Sept., 

 1913 — Hacienda Sao Andre, Maraj6 Island, Pari, Brazil (type in Frank- 

 fort Museum examined by C. E. Hellmayr). 



Zenaida maculata (not Columba maculata Vieillot) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 591 — Mexiana Island; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 395 

 — Sao Joao, Pard (spec, examined). 



Zenaida auriculata (not Peristera auriculata Des Murs) Salvadori, Cat. Eds. 

 Brit. Mus., 21, p. 384, 1893 — part, spec, m, o-q, Mexiana and Pard; Hag- 

 mann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 42, 1907 — Mexiana (habits). 



Zenaida auriculata jessieae (not of Ridgway) Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. 

 Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 96, 1912— part, Sao Joao, Pard, and 

 Maraj6 (B6a Vista, Pindobal); idem, I.e., p. 122, 1912 — Mexiana. 



Zenaida iessiae [sic] consp. nov. Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, pp. 64, 499, 

 1914 — Maraj6 (Pindobal, Livramento) and Mexiana. 



Zenaida auriculata marajoensis Naumburg, Amer. Mus. Nov., 648, p. 6, 1933 — 

 Maranhao (Anil, Ilha Sao Luiz), Maraj6 (Sao Natal, Sao Andr6, B6a 

 Vista), and Pard (crit.). 



Zenaidura auriculata marajoensis Peters, Condor, 36, p. 215, 1934; idem, Bds. 

 World, 3, p. 85, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Northeastern Brazil, from the estuary of the Amazon 

 (islands of Marajo and Mexiana) east through northern Para to 

 northern Maranhao (Anil, Ilha do Sao Luiz). 



♦Zenaidura auriculata jessieae (Ridgway). ^ Jessie's Eared 

 Dove. 



Zenaida jessieae (Riker MS.) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 527, 

 1888 — Diamantina, near Santar§m, east of the mouth of the Rio Tapaj6z, 



1 Zenaidura auriculata mxirajoensis (Berlepsch) : Nearest to Z. a. noronha, but 

 somewhat smaller; upper surface darker brown, and under parts much deeper 

 vinaceous, this color extending all over the abdomen and under tail coverts, both 

 of which are distinctly buff in Z. a. noronha. Wing, 132-136, (female) 125-132; 

 tail, 80-88, (female) 76-80; bill, 13-15. 



This race is intermediate between Z. a. noronha and Z. a. jessieae, combining 

 the white tips to the lateral rectrices of the former with the deep vinaceous under 

 parts of the latter. 



Material examined. — Brazil, Marajo: Sao Andr6, 2; Sao Natal, 3; B6a Vista, 

 1; Espirito Santo, 1. — Par^: Sao Joao, 1. — Maranhao: Anil (Ilha Sao Luiz), 2. 



^Zenaidura auriculata jessieae (Ridgway) : Exactly likeZ. a. marajoensis, except 

 that the light tips to the lateral rectrices are tinged with pinkish or pale vinaceous 

 instead of pure white. Wing, 1273-^-132, (female) 130-132; tail, 85, (female) 78-83; 

 bill, 133^-15 (from Mrs. Naumburg). 



For direct comparison with the series from Marajo, the senior author had 

 only a single adult bird taken by W. A. Schulz at Paricatuba, on the south bank 

 of the lower Amazon west of the Rio Tapajoz, which may be distinguished by the 

 pinkish tone of the light-colored tips to the two lateral pairs of rectrices, as claimed 

 by Mrs. Naumburg. A single female from the north bank of the Amazon (Erere, 




490 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Brazil (type in U. S. National Museum); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mas., 

 21, p. 389, 1893— Diamantina. 



Zenaida ruficauda (not of Bonaparte) Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 187& 

 — Santarem. 



Zenaida jessieae Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 162, 1891 — Diamantina. 



Zenaida aurieulata jessieae Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. 

 Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 96 (note 6), 1912 — part, Paricatuba, lower Amazon; 

 Naumburg, Amer. Mus. Nov., 648, p. 7, 1933 — lower Amazon (crit.), 



Zenaida iessieae [sic] Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 63, 1914 — Erere, near 



Montalegre, Brazil. 

 Zenaidura aurieulata jessieae Peters, Condor, 36, p. 215, 1934; idem, Bds. 



World, 3, p. 85, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Banks of the lower Amazon and tributaries in northern 

 Brazil (Rio Acara; Diamantina, Santarem; Paricatuba; Obidos; 

 Erer^, near Montalegre). 



Conover Collection. — 13: Brazil, Para (Villa Acara, Rio Acara, 5; 

 Tom^-assu, Rio Acara, 1; Santarem, Rio Tapajoz, 5; Obidos, Rio 

 Amazonas, 1; Lago Cuipeua, Rio Amazonas, 1). 



♦Zenaidura aurieulata stenura (Bonaparte).' Narrow-tailed 

 Eared Dove. 



near Montalegre) has the tail-ends darker, more vinaceous, and approaches cer- 

 tain individuals of stenura. 



Further material may show the inhabitants of the north bank to be not strictly 

 referable to jessieae. The junior author found a series from the Rio Acara identical 

 with topotypical examples. 



• Zenaidura aurieulata stenura (Bonaparte) : Nearest to Z. a. jessieae and about 

 the same size, but terminal portion of lateral rectrices bright vinaceous-cinnamon. 

 Besides, the upper throat is paler Gig^t pinkish buff to buffy white); the dorsal 

 surface slightly paler brown, etc. 



Birds from the Lesser Antilles, Venezuela, British Guiana, and the upper 

 Rio Bran CO agree in coloration, showing the same latitude of individual variation, 

 though those from the two last-named regions, by a tendency to slightly smaller 

 dimensions, diverge in the direction of Z. a. jessieae. We are quite unable to 

 separate two topotypical adult males of Z. a. robinsoni from Honda, Colombia. 

 The intensity of the vinaceous under parts is exactly as in others from Venezuela 

 (i.e., Maripa, Caura, and Barquisimeto, Lara) ; the gular spot is just as buffy as 

 in the Maripa male; and the tail-ends are of the same bright vinaceous-cinnamon. 

 One has the upper parts dark brown like the Venezuelan average, the other is 

 paler with a fulvous tinge, but can be matched by one from the Rio Branco. 



The earliest name of this dove proves to be Z. stenura Bonaparte based upon 

 a specimen from Colombia, which, in 1854, was in the possession of the Verreaux 

 brothers, who, Bonaparte tells us, promised to present it to the Paris Museum. 

 This promise, however, was never carried out, and the type was believed to be 

 lost until it was rediscovered by the senior author in the collections of the British 

 Museum. Labeled in G. R. Gray's handwriting "Columbia. Zenaida stenura 

 Bp.," it was purchased from Verreaux in 1855, and is entered in the Registers under 

 the same name with "No. 55.7.10.17. Colmnbia." It is also duly listed by Gray in 

 1856 in his Catalogue of the Columbidae in the British Museum. In agreement 

 with Bonaparte's diagnosis it is, when compared to Z. pentheria, indeed smaller 

 and duUer, "magis nSescens" only on the upper parts, and has much narrower 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 491 



{t)Zenaida ruficauda Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 3, 

 p. 97, for Jan. 15, 1855 — part, spec, ex Colombia (Plee, 1826), in Paris 

 Museum; idem, Consp. Gen. Av,, 2, p. 83, "Apr. 15, 1855" [=1857]— 

 part (same spec). 



Zenaida stenura Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 3, p. 98, 

 for Jan. 15, 1855 — "Columbia" (type in Verreaux Collection, now in British 

 Museum, examined); Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 4, p. 48, 1856 — 

 "Columbia"; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 84, 1857— "Columbia." 



Zenaida rubripes Lawrence, Auk, 2, p. 357, 1885 — Grenada, Lesser Antilles 

 (type in U. S. National Museum); Cory, Auk, 4, p. 115, 1887 — Grenada 

 (ex Lawrence); Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 624, 1887— Glover's 

 Island (south of Grenada) and Carriacou; Lawrence, Auk, 6, p. 21, 1889 — 

 Grenada (crit.); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 216, 1889— Grenada; Wells, Auk, 

 19, p. 344, 1902 — Carriacou (habits, nest and eggs). 



Zenaida ruficauda (not of Bonaparte?) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 276, 1870 — 

 Forte do Rio Branco, Brazil (spec, examined); Robinson, Flying Trip 

 to Tropics, p. 154, 1895 — Honda, Colombia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, 

 p. 20, 1907 — part, Venezuela, Rio Branco. 



Engyptila wellsi (not of Cory) Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 624, 1887 

 — Grenada (descr. of male; cf. idem, Auk, 6, p. 21, 1889). 



Stenuroena ruficauda Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 284, 

 1890 — Caracas, Venezuela. 



Zenaida jessieae (not of Ridgway) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 389, 

 1893 — part, spec, a, Colombia. 



tail-feathers. The alleged extreme attenuation of the outermost rectrix ("extima 

 utrinque fere lineari") is due to the greater part of the inner web of the left feather 

 having been eaten away by moths. On the corresponding rectrix of the other 

 tail-half, where the damage is restricted to the base, the intact apical portion is 

 not appreciably narrower than in a female from Annai (June 27, 1890). All the 

 rectrices, however, appear to be slightly more pointed than is the rule in rubripes, 

 a divergency which in view of the variation observable in this and other races 

 would seem to be of little consequence. The type is a female (or immature bird) 

 with very little gray suffusion at the base of the crown-feathers, and closely 

 resembles an immature male from the River Takutu (April 18, 1887), being of 

 the same reddish brown (near snuff brown) coloring above, but slightly darker 

 below with the posterior under parts and tail coverts inclining to vinaceous-cinna- 

 mon rather than vinaceous-fawn, more like a female from Annai. The tail-tips 

 are somewhat paler than in the average of rubripes, but the type, in that respect, 

 is very nearly matched by two skins from British Guiana. Though doubtfully 

 referred by Salvadori to Z. jessieae, it certainly does not belong with the Lower 

 Amazonian race, as is evidenced by its much darker (vinaceous-cinnamon) crissum 

 and much darker tail-tips (vinaceous-cinnamon above, light pinkish cinnamon 

 below). Its measurements are: wing, 129; tail, 80; bill, 15. 



A still earlier name for this form is possibly Z. ruficauda Bonaparte (cf. "subtus 

 et in cervice roseo-vinacea"), but as Plee's specimen, the obvious base of his 

 description, no longer exists in the Paris Museum, we do not consider it advisable 

 to advocate the adoption of this name. 



Additional material examined. — Lesser Antilles: Glover's Island, 2; Beausejour 

 Pasture, Carriacou, 8. — Trinidad: unspecified, 1. — Venezuela: Margarita Island, 

 1; near Cumand, 3; Altagracia, Orinoco, 1; Ciudad BoHvar, 1; Agua Salada de 

 Ciudad Bolivar, 1; Caicara, Orinoco, 5; Maripa, Caura, 1; Barquisimeto, Lara, 2; 

 El Cuji, Lara, 1.— British Guiana: Annai, 3; Quonga, 6; Takutu River, 1; unspeci- 

 fied, 2. — Brazil: Forte do Rio Branco, 5. — Colombia: Honda, 2; Chicoral, 1; 

 unspecified, 1. 




492 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Zenaida vinaceo-rufa (not of Ridgway) Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 97, 1892 — 

 part, Grenada and Grenadines; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 389, 

 1893 — British Guiana (Quonga, Takutu River, Annai); Robinson and 

 Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 658, 1896 — Porlamar, Margarita 

 Island, Venezuela; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, pp. 261, 304, 306, 

 1905 — Glover's Island, Grenada, and Carriacou; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. 

 Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 240, 253, 1909— Margarita Island; Chubb, Bds. 

 Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 41, 1916 — Quonga, Annai, and upper Takutu Moun- 

 tains; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 138 — llanos of Venezuela north of San 

 Fernando de Apure; Davis, Ibis, 1935, p. 530 — Rupununi savannah, British 

 Guiana (nest descr.). 



Zenaida ruficauda vinaceorufa Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 118, 

 1902 — Altagracia, Caicara, and Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco, Venezuela. 



Zenaida ruficauda vinaceo-rufa Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 370, 1916 — part, Margarita, Grenada, Glover's Island, Carriacou, and 

 Venezuela ("Merida"; El Trompillo, Carabobo; Tocuyo; San Feliz; San 

 German de Upata); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 

 Ser., 12, p. 35, 1922— Rio CogoUo, Zulia, Venezuela (crit.). 



Zenaida ruficavda robinsoni Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 107, 

 1915 — Honda, Magdalena River, Colombia (type in U. S. National Mu- 

 seum); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 351, 1916— Ciudad 

 Bolivar, Orinoco, and Maripa, Caura, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 36, p. 207, 1917 — Honda and Chicoral, Magdalena Valley, 

 Colombia (crit.). 



Zenaida auriculata rubripes Naumburg, Amer. Mus. Nov., 648, p. 8, 1933 — 

 Lesser Antilles, Venezuela, British Guiana, Rio Branco, and eastern 

 Colombia (crit.); Roberts, Trop. Agric, 11, p. 92, 1934 — Caroni Swamp, 

 Trinidad; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1936, p. 2 — Trinidad (Caroni 

 Marshes) and Tobago (Scarborough) (nest and eggs). 



Zenaidura auriculata rubripes Peters, Condor, 36, p. 215, 1934; idem, Bds. 

 World, 3, p. 85, 1937 (range). 



Peristera ruficauda Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 4, No. 35, Columbae, p. 143, 

 1873 — part, spec, b, Caracas, Venezuela. 



Range. — Southern Lesser Antilles (Grenada, Glover's Island, 

 Carriacou); islands of Tobago and Trinidad; Venezuela, from the 

 north coast, including Margarita Island, south to the Orinoco and 

 its tributaries, west to Zulia (Rio Cogollo); British Guiana; extreme 

 northern Brazil (upper Rio Branco) ;i and eastern Colombia in the 

 Tropical zone of the Magdalena Valley (Honda, Chicoral). ^ 



^Zenaida maculosa [sic] Goeldi (Ibis, 1897, p. 164 — Lagoa Grande do Amapa, 

 northern Par4) may possibly refer here. No specimens appear to have been 

 preserved. 



* While the record of Z. ruficauda from Remedios (on the Rio Ite, a tributary 

 of the lower Magdalena, alt. 2,360 ft.) by Sclater and Salvin (Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1879, p. 543) very likely pertains to the present form, the question can only 

 be decided by re-examination of the specimen, whose actual location is, however, 

 unknown. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 493 



Field Museum Collection. — 7: Lesser Antilles, Grenadines (Beau- 

 s^jour Pasture, Carriacou, 2); Brazil (Rio Branco, Boa Vista, Rio 

 Branco, 2; Serra da Lua, near Boa Vista, Rio Branco, 3). 



Conover Collection. — 2: Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Zulia, 2). 



*Zenaidura auriculata vinaceo-rufa (Ridgway).i Curacao 

 Eared Dove. 



Zenaida vinaceo-rufa Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 176, 1884 — Cu- 

 ragao Island, Dutch West Indies (type in U. S. National Museum) ; Har- 

 tert. Ibis, 1893, pp. 304, 324, 334 — Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire (habits) ; 

 Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 389, 1893— part, Curacao; Cory, 

 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 198, 205, 210, 1909— Aruba, Cu- 

 rasao, and Bonaire. 



Zenaida vinaceorufa Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 40, pp. 95, 102, 1892 — St. Chris- 

 toffel, Curacao (crit.); Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 97, 1892 — part, Curasao. 



Zenaida ruficauda vinaceorufa Hartert, Nov. ZooL, 9, p. 305, 1902 — Aruba, 

 Curacao, and Bonaire. 



Zenaida ruficauda vinaceo-rufa Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 370, 1916 — part, Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire. 



Zenaida auriculata vinaceo-rufa Naumburg, Amer. Mus. Nov., 648, p. 11, 1933 

 — Dutch West Indies (crit.). 



Zenaidura auriculata vinaceorufa Peters, Condor, 36, p. 215, 1934. 



Zenaidura auriculata vinaceo-rufa Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 86, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Islands of Aruba, Curasao, and Bonaire, Dutch West 

 Indies. 



Field Museum Collection. — 17: Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 4; 

 Curasao, 5; Bonaire, 8). 



Zenaidura auriculata antioquiae (Chapman). ^ Antioquia 

 Eared Dove. 



^Zenaidura auriculata vinaceo-rufa (Ridgway) is exceedingly close to Z. a. ste- 

 nura, but separable by paler brown upper, and less deeply vinaceous under parts 

 with nearly white instead of buffy chin-spot. Dimensions the same. 



Additional material examined. — Bonaire, 3; Curacao, 1. 



^Zenaidura auriculata antioquiae (Chapman): Similar to Z. a. stenura, but 

 much larger and upper surface decidedly darker brown. Wing, (male) 147-149, 

 (female) 140; tail, 103-104, (female) 93; bill, 15-16. 



The under parts in this form are light russet-vinaceous, the abdomen and tail 

 coverts being nearly concolorous with the breast, precisely as in Z. a. stenura, and 

 by no means cinnamomeous (Mikado brown) as in the large race of the Temperate 

 zone of the eastern Andes {pentheria= ruficauda auct.). In size, it is intermediate 

 between the small race of the tropics of the Magdalena Valley (robinsoni= stenura) 

 and the Temperate East Andean form. A female from "Medellin" collected by 

 T. K. Salmon is unquestionably referable to antioquiae. 



The present race obviously replaces Z. a. stenura in the Temperate zone of 

 the central Andes, just as Z. a. pentheria does in the Temperate zone of the eastern 

 Andes. 



Material examined. — Colombia :Barro Blanco, 1 (male); "Medellin," 1 (female). 




494 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Zenaida ruficauda antioquiae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 207, 

 1917 — Barro Blanco, central Andes, Colombia (type in the American 

 Museum of Natural History, New York). 



Zenaida ruficauda (not of Bonaparte) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lend., 1879, p. 543— part, Retiro (8,000 ft.) and "Medellin," Colombia: 

 Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 387, 1893— part, spec, k, "Medellin." 



Zenaida auriculata antioquiae Naumburg, Amer. Mus. Nov., 648, p. 12, 1933 

 (crit.). 



Zenaidura auriculata antioquiae Peters, Condor, 36, p. 215, 1934; idem, Bds. 

 Worid, 3, p. 86, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Temperate zone of the northern section of the central 

 Andes of Colombia, in State of Antioquia (Barro Blanco, Retiro, 

 La Ceja, "Medellin"). 



♦Zenaidura auriculata pentheria (Bonaparte).^ Cinnamon- 

 bellied Eared Dove. 



Zenaida ruficauda Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 3, p. 97, 

 for Jan. 15, 1855 — part, spec, ex Nova Granada in British Museum; 

 idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 83, "Apr. 15, 1855" [=1857]— part, same 

 spec; idem, Compt. Rend, Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, No. 20, p. 946, for Nov. 

 17, 1856 (crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 30, 1856— Bogota; 

 Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 782 — M6rida, Venezuela; Wyatt, Ibis, 

 1871, p. 383 — Ocaiia, Santander, Colombia; Berlepsch, Joum. Orn., 32, 

 p. 319, 1884— Ocaiia (ex Wyatt); idem. I.e., 40, p. 96 (in text), 1892— 

 Bogotd; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 387, 1893— part, Bogota 

 and Merida (Venezuela). 

 Zenaida pentheria Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 3, p. 98, 

 for Jan. 15, 1855 — "Santa Martha," Colombia itype in Paris Museum 



^ Zenaidura auriculata pentheria (Bonaparte) is immediately recognizable from 

 the neighboring races by its large size; heavy bill; orange-cinnamon terminal 

 portion of the rectrices; and by having the posterior under parts, from the lower 

 breast to the tail coverts, decidedly rufescent, bright Mikado brown. The upper 

 parts are hardly darker brown than in Z. a. stenura, and about the same shade as 

 inZ. a. antioquiae. Wing, 142 (female) to 159 (male); tail, 99-110; bill, IS^-liyi. 



Birds from the Andes of Merida agree well with Bogoti skins, with which 

 Hellmayr found the type of Z. pentheria to be identical. The type, although 

 ascribed by Bonaparte to Santa Marta, bears no other locality than "Colombie," 

 and the catalogue of entry in the Paris Museum does not supply any additional 

 information. The collector, M. Fontanier, presented to the French National 

 Museum birds from various parts of Colombia. There is obviously no foundation 

 for Bonaparte's statement that the specimen in question came from Santa Marta, 

 and it is more likely to have originated in the savanna of Bogota. 



In view of the uncertainty surrounding the name Z. ruficauda, we prefer to 

 employ for the east Andean Temperate zone form Bonaparte's term pentheria. As 

 we learn from Bonaparte's note, in Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 946, 1856, 

 he had misapplied Gray's manuscript name ruficauda to another race, probably 

 stenura, having found on subsequent research that the so-called "type" in the 

 British Museum was his Z. pentheria. It is, however, extremely doubtful if this 

 example has any claims to this dignity, since Bonaparte's description of Z. ruficauda 

 appears to have been based in the first place upon Plee's specimen in the Paris 

 Museum. Cf. footnote to Z. a. stenura (p. 491). 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: Bogota, 5; unspecified, 2. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 495 



examined by C. E. Hellmayr); idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 84, "Apr. 15, 



1855" [=1857]— "Santa Martha" (descr.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 



24, p. 30, 1856— Bogota; Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 4, p. 48, 



1856— "New Granada and Columbia" = Bogotd. 

 Peristera pentheria Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 4, No. 35, Columbae, p. 142, 



1873— Bogota. 

 Stenuroena stenura (not Zenaida stenura Bonaparte) Heine and Reichenow, 



Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 284, 1890— Bogota. 

 Zenaida bogotensis Lawrence, Auk, 2, p. 358, 1885 — Bogotd, Colombia (type 



in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural 



History, New York). 

 Zenaida ruficatida ruficauda Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 207, 



1917 — Bogota savannah, Colombia (crit.); Osgood and Conover, Field 



Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 35, 1922— Pdramo Tambor and La 



Azulita, Sierra of M6rida, Venezuela (crit.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. 



Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 195, 1922— "Santa Marta" (crit.). 

 Zenaida auriculata ruficauda Naumburg, Amer. Mus. Nov., 630, p. 13, 1933 — 



eastern Andes of Colombia (crit.). 

 Zenaidura auriculata ruficauda Peters, Condor, 36, p. 215, 1934; idem, Bds. 



World, 3, p. 86, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Temperate zone of the eastern Andes of Colombia and 

 western Venezuela (Sierra of M^rida). 



Conover Collection. — 6: Venezuela, M^rida (Pdramo Tambor, 5; 

 La Azulita, 1). 



Genus ZENAIDA Bonaparte^"^ 



I 



Zenaida Bonaparte, Geog. & Comp. List Bds. Eur. & N. Amer., p. 41, 1838 



— type, by tautonymy, Zenaida amabilis Bonaparte {=Colu'mba zenaida 



Bonaparte). 

 Melopelia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 3, p. 98, for Jan. 



15, 1855 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat, Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 100, 



after Apr. 6, 1855), Columba meloda Tschudi. 

 Melopeleia Reichenbach, VoUst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 22, 1862 — emendation of 



Melopelia Bonaparte. 

 Zenaeda Coues, Key N. Amer. Bds., p. 226, 1872 — emendation of Zenaida 



Bonaparte. 



♦Zenaida aurita yucatanensis Salvadori. Yucatan Zenaida 

 Dove. 



Zenaida yucatanensis Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit, Mus., 21, p. 384, 1893 — Rio 

 Lagartos, Yucatan (type in British Museum); Salvin and Godman, Biol. 



1 About the limits of this genus, cf. Peters, Condor, 36, pp. 213-215, 1934. 

 An unidentifiable species, of which no specimen exists in collections, is Zenaidail) 

 plumbea Gosse (lUust. Bds. Jamaica, pi. 85, 1849), from Jamaica. It was based 

 on an unpublished drawing by a Mr. Robinson reproduced by Gosse, but the 

 bird was never seen in life by the last-named naturalist. Cf. also Ridgway, Bull, 

 U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 366, 1916. 



;^ l^ yu^cbvCoM.. 




496 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 245, 1902 — Yucatan (Rio Lagartos, Progreso 

 and islands of Cozumel, Holbox, and Mugeres). 



Zenaida amabilis (not of Bonaparte) Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 

 p. 458 — Yucatan; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 377 — Holbox and Mugeres Islands," 

 Yucatan. 



Zenaida zenaida yucatanensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 

 362, 1916 — coast and islands of Yucatan (monog.). 



Zenaida zenaida salvadorii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 355 

 (in text), 1916 — new name for Zenaida yucatanensis Salvadori. 



Zenaida aurita yucatanensis Peters, Condor, 36, p. 215, 1934; idem, Bds. World, 

 3, p. 86, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Coast and islands of Yucatan (Silam, Progreso, Rio 

 Lagartos; Cozumel Island; Holbox Island; Mugeres Island). 



Field Museum Collection.— 2: Mexico (Cozumel Island, Quintana 

 Roo, 1; Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, 1). 



*Zenaida aurita zenaida (Bonaparte). Zenaida Dove. 



Columha zenaida Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, Part 1, p. 30, 

 1825 — "southern part of Florida" = Florida keys (type in coll. of T. R. 

 Peale, doubtless lost). 



Zenaida amabilis Bonaparte, Geog. & Comp. List Bds. Eur. & N. Amer., p. 41, 

 1838 — new name for Columba zenaida Bonaparte; Gosse, Bds. Jam., p. 

 307, 1847 — Jamaica; Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 



3, p. 97, 1855 — "Florida," Bahamas, and Cuba (crit.); Gundlach and 

 Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. Ill, 1856 — Cuba (habits); Gundlach, I.e., 26, 

 pp. 161, 186, 1878— Porto Rico; idem, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 

 346, 1878— Porto Rico; Cory, Bds. Bahamas, p. 138, 1880— Bahamas; 

 idem, Bds. Haiti & San Dom., p. 128, 1884— Puerto Plata and Magua, 

 Hispaniola; idem. Auk, 6, p. 32, 1889 — Cayman Brae; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 21, p. 382, 1893— Cuba (San Cristobal, Monte Verde), Jamaica, 

 "San Domingo," Porto Rico, St. Thomas, and Virgin Gorda; Bonhote, 

 Ibis, 1899, p. 517 — New Providence, Bahamas. 



Zenaida spadicea Cory, Auk, 3, p. 498, 1886 — Grand Cayman (type in coll. of 

 C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum of Natural History); idem. Auk, 4, p. 

 114, 1887— Grand Cayman (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 215, 1889— 

 Grand Cayman; idem. Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 97, 129, 1892— Grand Cay- 

 man; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 383, 1893 (ex Cory); Nicoll, 

 Ibis, 1904, p. 587— Little Cayman (crit.); Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 341— Little 

 Cayman (crit.); idem. Ibis, 1911, p. 145 — Grand Cayman and Little Cay- 

 man; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 362, 1916— Grand 

 Cayman and (?)Little Cayman. 



Zenaida richardsoni Cory, Auk, 4, p. 7 (in text), 1887 — Little Cayman (type 

 in coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum of Natural History) ; idem. Auk, 



4, p. 114, 1887 (crit.); idem. Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 138, 1892 (crit.;= 

 immature). 



Zenaida zenaida Cory, Auk, 4, p. 113, 1887 — "Antilles" (descr.); idem, Cat. 

 W. Ind. Bds., p. 97, 1892 — part, Bahamas and Greater Antilles; Scott, 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 497 



Auk, 9, p. 123, 1892 — Jamaica; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, 

 p. 292, 1892— near Trinidad, Cuba; Field, Auk, 11, p. 123, 1894— Port 

 Henderson, Jamaica; Cherrie, Field Columb. Mus., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 24, 

 1896 — Dominican Republic; Riley, in Shattuck, The Bahama Islands, 

 p. 362, 1905 — Bahamas (Great Bahama, Abaco, New Providence, Andros, 

 Eleuthera, Cat Island, Rum Cay, Watlings Island, Concepcion Island, 

 Long Island, North Caicos, Grand Caicos, East Caicos, Great Inagua); 

 Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 61, p. 357, 1909— Dominican Republic; 

 Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 416, 1911 — Great Inagua, Watlings 

 Island, and Abaco, Bahamas. 



Zenaida zenaida zenaida Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 197, 1905 — 

 Almacigos, Isle of Pines; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 

 357, 1916 — Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Cayman Islands, Haiti, and 

 Jamaica (monog., full bibliog.); Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 222, 

 1916 — Los Indios and McKinley, Isle of Pines; Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., 60, p. 306, 1916 — Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Cayman 

 Brae (crit.); Peters, I.e., 61, p. 407, 1917 — La Chorrera and Arroyo 

 Savanna, Dominican Republic (crit.); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. CI., 6, 

 p. 76, 1923— Cuba; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Is., 9, p. 

 394, 1927 — Mona, Desecheo, Porto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, Louis Pefia, 

 Culebrita, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda 

 (crit., habits, full bibliog.); Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 315, 

 1929 — San Juan, Hispaniola; Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 

 14, p. 120, 1930— St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. Jan, Tortola, Salt Island, and 

 Virgin Gerda; Beatty, I.e., p. 144, 1930 — St. Croix; Wetmore and Swales, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 191, 1931— Hispaniola (monog., full bib- 

 liog.); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 6, 1931— 

 Grand Cajmian (crit.). 



Zenaida zenaida ludda Noble, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 5, p. 191, 1915 — 

 St. Croix (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); 

 Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 326, p. 51, 1916— Porto Rico (food); 

 idem. Auk, 33, p. 412, 1916— Vieques; idem. Auk, 34, p. 59, 1917— Culebra, 

 Louis Pefia, and Culebrita; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 361, 1916 — part, easternmost Greater Antilles (monog.); Wetmore, Auk, 

 35, p. 339, 1918— Desecheo Island; Struthers, Auk, 40, p. 474, 1923— 

 Porto Rico and Desecheo; Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 10, 

 p. 80, 1926 — Cartagena Lagoon, Porto Rico. 



Zenaida aurita zenaida Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 498, 1928 — 

 Haiti, Gonave, and Tortue; Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 366, 1929 — Hispaniola; 

 Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 87, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Florida keys (formerly), Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, 

 Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, Hispaniola, Mona, Porto Rico, and 

 the Virgin Islands.^ 



* It is now generally conceded that neither Z. spadicea, from Grand Cayman, 

 nor Z. z. lucida, of the Virgin Islands, is separable. While birds from the Cayman 

 Islands prove to be nowise distinguishable from those of Cuba and the Bahamas, 

 the Zenaida Dove of the Virgin Islands passes gradually, through individual 

 variation, into Z. a. aurita, of the Lesser Antilles, as has been justly remarked by 

 Peters. Whether the two specimens from St. Croix and Virgin Gorda that have 




498 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Field Museum Collection. — 50: Bahamas (Nassau, New Provi- 

 dence, 1; Great Inagua, 2; Caicos Islands, 1); Cayman Brae, 3; 

 Little Cayman, 8; Grand Cayman, 9; Jamaica (Priestman's River, 

 2); Hispaniola, Dominican Republic (La Vega, 2; Honduras, 1; Santo 

 Domingo, 5; Magua, Seibo, 3); Puerto Rico (Mona Island, 2); Vir- 

 gin Islands (Tortola, 2; Virgin Gorda, 6; St. Croix, 3). 



Conover Collection. — 17: Cuba (San Cristobal, Pinar del Rio, 2; 

 Zapata Swamp, Santa Clara, 1; Mordazo, Santa Clara, 1; Herra- 

 dura, Pinar del Rio, 1; Artemisa, Pinar del Rio, 1); Isle of Pines 

 (La Vega, 2); Virgin Islands (St. John, 2; St. Croix, 4; Tortola, 3). 



♦Zenaida aurita aurita (Temminck). Martinique Zenaida 

 Dove. 



Columba aurita Temminck, in Temminck and Knip, Les Pigeons, 1, Les 

 Colombes, p. 60, pi. 25, 1810 — Martinique (type in coll. of Raye de Breuke- 

 lerwaert, Amsterdam). 



Columba castanea Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 16, spec. 77, 1827 — based on "Le 

 Pigeon de la Martinique" Brisson, Om., 1, p. 103, 1760— Martinique (type 

 in coll. of Rev. Aubry). 



Zenaida martinicana Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 3, 

 p. 97, for Jan. 15, 1855 — Martinique (type in Paris Museum); idem, 

 Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 82, 1857 — Martinique and "Bermudas" [= Barba- 

 dos]; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 171 — part, Dominica; Lawrence, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., 1, pp. 66, 196, 241, 1878 — Dominica, Balliceaux Islands (near 

 St. Vincent), and Barbuda; idem, I.e., 1, pp. 275, 360, 1879 — Grenada and 

 Martinique; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 765 — Montserrat; 

 Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI., 5, p. 169, 1880— Santa Lucia; Lister, Ibis, 1880, 

 p. 43 — Bequia, Balliceaux, and Grenada; Grisdale, Ibis, 1882, p. 492 — 

 Montserrat (habits); Cory, Auk, 4, p. 114, 1887 — Lesser Antilles (descr.); 

 Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 624, 1887— Grenada (habits); Sclater, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 326— Dominica; Cory, Auk, 8, p. 48, 1891— 

 (?)St. Croix and Guadeloupe; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 499— 

 Anguilla; Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 8, p. 323, 1892 — Dominica 

 (habits); Wells, Auk, 19, p. 343, 1902— Carriacou. 



Zenaida bimaculata (Gray MS.y Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 

 43, No. 20, p. 946, for Nov. 17, 1856— "Bermudas," errore Barbados 

 (diag.; type in British Museum). 



Columba (Zenaida) martinicana Sundevall, Oefv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 26, p. 585, 

 1869— St. Bartholomew. 



Zenaida amabilis (not of Bonaparte) Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 489 — Barbados 

 (habits). 



been referred to Z. aurita (cf. Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Is., 9, 

 p. 398, 1923) are really stragglers from the Lesser Antilles, or should be classed 

 as individual mutants of the resident form, is, of course, hard to decide. 



^Zenaida bimaculata Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 3, 

 p. 97, for Jan. 15, 1855— "Bermudas") and Gray (List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 4, 

 p. 47, 1856 — Barbados), quoted in the synonymy of this species, are nomina nuda. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 499 



Zenaida castanea Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds,, pp. 97, 138, 1892— (?)St. Croix, St. 

 Eustatius, Barbuda, Antigua, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Marti- 

 nique, Santa Lucia, St. Vincent, Bequia, Canouan, Union, Carriacou, 

 and Grenada (crit.). 



Zenaida aurita Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 380, 1893 — Anguilla, 

 Montserrat, Dominica, Barbados, Mustique, and Grenada; Nicoll, Ibis, 

 1904, p. 563 — Carriacou; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 306 — Barbados; Ridgway, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 363, 1916— Lesser Antilles (Anguilla 

 to Grenada and Barbados) and (?) Greater Antilles (St. Croix and Virgin 

 Gorda). 



Zenaida zenaida aurita Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 281, 1904 — Barbuda 

 and Antigua (variation); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 260, 1905 — 

 Barbados, St. Vincent, Grenadines, and Grenada; Noble, Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., 60, p. 374, 1916 — Goyave, Guadeloup)e; Danforth, Auk, 51, 

 p. 361, 1934 — Antigua and neighboring islets. 



Zenaida aurita aurita Peters, Auk, 44, p. 535, 1927 — Anguilla (crit.); Bond, 

 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 528, 1928— Barbados and Santa Lucia; 

 Danforth, Auk, 47, p. 46, 1930— St. Martin and St. Eustatius; idem, 

 Monog. Univ. Porto Rico, Ser. B, No. 3, p. 40, 1935 — Santa Lucia; idem, 

 Trop. Agric, 13, p. — [Sept., p. 3], 1936— St. Kitts and Nevis; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 3, p. 87, 1937 (range). 



Zenaida zenaida lucida (not of Noble) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, 

 Part 7, p. 361, 1916 — part. Lesser Antilles (Sombrero, St. Eustatius, 

 and Antigua). 



Range. — Lesser Antilles (islands of Sombrero, Anguilla, St. 

 Martin, St. Bartholomew, Barbuda, St. Eustatius, St. Kitts, Nevis, 

 Antigua, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Santa 

 Lucia, St. Vincent, Barbados, Grenada, and the Grenadines). ^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 22: Lesser Antilles (Anguilla, 2; St. 

 Eustatius, 2; Antigua, 7; Guadeloupe, 1; Martinique, 1; Santa 

 Lucia, 9). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Lesser Antilles (Antigua, 1). 



♦Zenaida asiatica mearnsi (Ridgway). Western White-winged 

 Dove. 



Melopelia asiatica mearnsi Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 107, 1915 — 

 five miles north of Nogales, Arizona (type in U. S. National Museum); 

 idem. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 382, 1916 (monog., full bibliog.); 

 Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 13, 1923 — Lower California 

 (Cape San Lucas, San Jos6 del Cabo, La Paz) and Sonora (Tibur6n Island) ; 

 McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 7, 1927— Sinaloa (Labrados), 

 Nayarit (San Bias), and Tres Marias (Maria Madre); Grinnell, Univ. 



1 Birds from the northernmost Lesser Antilles (Anguilla, Barbuda, St. Eusta- 

 tius, Antigua) are variously intermediate to Z. a. zenaida, as has already been 

 pointed out by Cory (Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 138, 1892) and more recently by 

 Peters (Auk, 44, p. 535, 1927). About the reported occurrence of the present 

 race in the Virgin Islands (St. Croix and Virgin Gorda), cf. footnote, pp. 497-498. 




500 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 105, 1925: — Lower California; van Rossem, Trans. 

 San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 248, 1931— Sonora (Pesqueira, Guaymas, El 

 Alamo); idem. I.e., 7, p. 135, 1932 — Tiburon Island, Sonora; idem. Bull. 

 Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 434, 1934 — Sonora (Guaymas, Alamos, Opo- 

 sura) and Chihuahua (La Trompa) ; Griscom,l.c., 75, p. 372, 1934— Chilpan- 

 cingo, Guerrero. 



Zenaida asiatica mearnsi Peters, Condor, 36, p. 215, 1934; idem, Bds. World, 3, 

 p. 87, 1937 (range). 



Melopelia leucoptera (not Columba leucoptera Linnaeus) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 21, p. 392, 1893 — part, spec, from Arizona, Lower California, 

 Sonora, Nuevo Leon, Tepic, Jalisco, Zacatecas, Guerrero, and Sinaloa; 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 245, 1902 — part, 

 west Mexican, Arizona, New Mexico, and Californian localities. 



Range. — Southwestern New Mexico, southern Arizona, south- 

 eastern CaHfornia, and southern Lower California south through 

 western Mexico to Guerrero and Puebla, and the Tres Marias 

 Islands; accidental in Colorado, Washington, and British Columbia 

 (Vancouver Island). 



Field Museum Collection. — 16: Arizona (Tucson, Pima County, 2; 

 Santa Rita Mountains, Pima County, 1; Calabasas, Santa Cruz 

 County, 2); Mexico (Iguala, Guerrero, 7; Cabo San Lucas, Lower 

 California, 1; Cerro Blanco, Sonora, 3). 



Conover Collection. — 15: Arizona (Tucson, Pima County, 4); 

 Mexico (San Jos6 del Cabo, Lower California, 3; 30 miles south 

 of La Paz, Lower California, 1; Tecoripa, Sonora, 6; Mazatlan, 

 Sinaloa, 1). 



♦Zenaida asiatica asiatica (Linnaeus). White-winged Dove. 



Columba asiatica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 163, 1758 — based on 

 "The Brown Indian Dove" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 76, pi. 76, and 

 "Columba subfusca media" Browne, Civ. and Nat. Hist. Jamaica, p. 468; 

 "in lndiis"= Jamaica. 



Columba leucoptera Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 164, 1758 — based on 

 the same references. 



Columba trudeauii Audubon, Birds Amer., (8vo ed.), 7, p. 352, (pi. 496), 1844 — 

 Texas (type now in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. 

 Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 17, 1899). 



Melopelia leucoptera Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 392, 1893 — part, 

 Jamaica, Texas (Hidalgo, Brownsville), Tamaulipas (Tampico), Oaxaca 

 (Juchatengo, Tehuantepec), Yucatan (Izamal, Cozumel Island, Mugeres 

 Island), Guatemala, El Salvador (La Libertad), and Honduras (San Pedro) ; 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 245, 1902 — part, 

 eastern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, and Nicaragua; Riley, 

 in Shattuck, The Bahama Islands, p. 362, 1905 — Great Inagua, Bahamas. 



Melopelia asiatica asiatica Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 378, 

 1916 — part. West Indies, lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and through 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 501 



eastern Mexico to Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua (monog., full 

 bibliog.); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. CL, 6, p. 77, 1923 — eastern Cuba; 

 Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 197, 1931— Hispaniola 

 (monog.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 112, 1932 — Guatemala 

 (Sacapulas, Antigua, Chanquevelje, Panajachel, Progreso, Hacienda 

 California); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, 

 p. 188, 1938 — San Salvador, Lake Chanmico, San Sebastian, Puerto del 

 Triunfo, Rio Goascoran, Volcan de San Miguel, Los Esesmiles, Rio San 

 Miguel, and Divisadero, El Salvador. 



Zenaida asiatica asiatica Peters, Condor, 36, p. 215, 1934; idem, Bds. World, 3, 

 p. 87, 1937 (range). 



- Range. — Southern Bahamas (Great Inagua Island); Greater 

 Antilles (Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola); Old Providence Island; lower 

 Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and south through eastern Mexico, Guate- 

 mala, Honduras, and El Salvador to Nicaragua;^ casual in Florida, 

 Louisiana, and south-central Texas (San Antonio, Kerrville, Boerne) ; 

 accidental in New York (Long Island). 



Field Museum Collection. — 21: Bahamas (Willow Pond, Great 

 Inagua, 1); Jamaica (Priestman's River, 2); western Caribbean 

 (Old Providence, 5) ; Hispaniola, Dominican Republic (Puerto Plata, 

 Puerto Plata, 1; San Cristobal, Santo Domingo, 1; "La Laguneta," 

 Santo Domingo, 1); Texas (Brownsville, Cameron County, 3); 

 Mexico (San Felipe, Yucatan, 1); Guatemala (Tecpam, Chimalte- 

 nango, 1; Mexico, Sacatepequez, 1; El Rancho, Zacapa, 1); El 

 Salvador (San Sebastian, La Paz, 1; Los Esesmiles, Chalatenango, 1; 

 Volcan San Miguel, San Miguel, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 7: Guatemala (El Rancho, Dept. Zacapa, 1); 

 Honduras (Monte Redondo, near Archaga, Tegucigalpa, 6). 



*Zenaida asiatica australis (Peters). ^ Costa Rican White- 

 winged Dove. 



Melopelia asiatica australis Peters, Auk, 30, p. 372, 1913 — Cerro Santa Maria, 

 Costa Rica (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of 

 Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., 70, p. 163, 1930); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 311, 

 1935 — Guanacaste, Costa Rica, and Agua Dulce, Panama. 



' Continental specimens (lower Rio Grande Valley, eastern Mexico, and 

 Guatemala) do not seem to be separable from those of the West Indies. 



^Zenaida asiatica atistralis (Peters): Similar to Z. a. mearnsi, but back, scapu- 

 lars, and tertials somewhat darker and richer brown; foreneck and chest more 

 reddish, wood-brown rather than light drab to hair brown. Wing, 158-165, 

 (female) 158. 



Six specimens from Bebed6ro, Costa Rica, tend to support the claims of this 

 form to recognition. According to Griscom, it reappears at Agua Dulce, Panama. 




502 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Melopelia leucoptera (not Columba leucoptera Linnaeus) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. 

 Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 139, 1868 — San Jos6, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. 

 Orn., 17, p. 372, 1869— Costa Rica; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, 

 p. 408, 1882 — La Palma de Nicoya; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 

 1, p. 127, 1887 — San Mateo, Costa Rica; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 21, p. 392, 1892— part, spec, v*, Costa Rica; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 447 

 — Miravalles, Bebed6ro, and Bagdces, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 245, 1902 — part, Costa Rica (San Jose, La 

 Palma, San Lucas, Bebed6ro, Bagdces, Miravalles). 



Melopelia asiatica (not Columba asiatica Linnaeus) Carriker, Ann. Carnegie 

 Mus., 6, p. 397, 1910 — Costa Rica (Santo Domingo de San Mateo, Bolson, 

 Tenorio, Cerro de Santa Maria, Miravalles, Pozo Aztil de Pirrls, Guana- 

 caste, Turrucares, Bebed6ro). 



Melopelia asiatica asiatica Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 378, 

 1916 — part, Costa Rica. 



Zenaida asiatica australis Peters, Condor, 36, p. 215, 1934; idem, Bds. World, 

 3, p. 87, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Pacific coast region of Costa Rica from Guanacaste to 

 Nicoya (rarely wandering to the plateau region, vicinity of San 

 Jos^) and again at Agua Dulce, Panama. 



Conover Collection. — 5: Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 5). 



♦Zenaida asiatica meloda (Tschudi).^ Peruvian White-winged 

 Dove. 



Columba meloda Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 385, 1843 — "in regionibus 

 calidris praecipue declivitatis Antium occidentalis," Peru (type in Neu- 

 chatel Museum); idem, I.e., 10, (1), p. 305, 1844 — Peru; idem, Unters. 

 Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 276, pi. 29, 1846 — western- slope of the Peruvian 

 Andes; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 245 — Tumbez, Peru 

 (eggs descr.); Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 — Suca [Rio Camarones, 

 Tarapac4], Chile. 



Zenaida souleyetiana Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 380, 

 pi. 6, 1847 — Chile (type in Paris Museum examined). 



Melopelia meloda Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 3, p. 98, 

 for Jan. 15, 1855 (crit.); idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 81, 1857 — Tacna, 

 Chile (descr.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 330, 338— Chile; 

 idem. I.e., 1886, p. 402 — Pica, Tarapaea, Chile; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 

 3, p. 241, 1886 — coast of Peru from Lima to the Ecuadorian boundary 

 (habits); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 394 

 —Lima and lea, Peru; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 395, 1893 — 

 Pica, Tarapaea; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896— Tarapaea; 

 Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 11— Pica, Tarapaea; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 36— Trujillo, 



^Zenaida asiatica meloda (Tschudi) may be distinguished from the other 

 races by somewhat stronger, stouter bill, and decidedly gray (instead of pure 

 white) tips to the rectrices. Wing, 160-166, (female) 153-158; tail, 120-126, 

 (female) 110; bill, 20-22. 



Additional material examined. — Ecuador (unspecified), 1. — Peru: Chepen, 1; 

 Trujillo, 1; Lima, 1; lea, 1. — Chile: Pica, Tarapaea, 1; unspecified, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 503 



Peru; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 165, 1926— Santa Elena 



and Puna Island, Ecuador. 

 Melopelia asiatica meloda Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 



347, 1932 — Tarapaca and Tacna, Chile (crit.); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, 



p. 235, 1936— Valle de Asapa, Tacna, Chile. 

 Zenaida asiatica meloda Peters, Condor, 36, p. 215, 1934; idem, Bds. World, 



3, p. 88, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Arid Tropical zone of southwestern Ecuador (Santa 

 Elena; Puna Island) and Pacific Peru to extreme northern Chile 

 (provinces of Tacna and Tarapaca). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Peru (Menocucho, Libertad, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 2: Peru (Lima, 2). 



Genus NESOPELIA Sundevall 



Nesopelia Sundevall, Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., p. 99, 1873 — type, by 

 orig. desig., Zenaida galapagoensis Gould. 



♦Nesopelia galapagoensis galapagoensis (Gould). Galapagos 

 Dove. 



Zenaida galapagoensis Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, Part 15, p. 

 115, pi. 4^, March, 1841 — Galapagos Archipelago (cotype originally in 

 coll. of Zoological Society of London, subsequently in coll. of T. C. Eyton, 

 now in British Museum; cf. Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 67, 

 1931); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 323— Inde- 

 fatigable and Bindloe; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 116, 1890— 

 Indefatigable, Duncan, James, and Hood Islands. 



Columbi-Gallina gallapagoensis Prevost and Des Murs, Zool. Voy. Venus, 

 Atlas, Ois., pi. 8, 1846; iidem, I.e., p. 270, 1849— Charles Island (descr.). 



Columba (Zenaida) galapagensis Sundevall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 

 125 — James Island. 



Peristera gallapagoensis Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 4, No. 35, Columbae, p. 

 140, 1873— Galapagos. 



Zenaida galapagensis Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 499, 1876 — Charles, 

 Indefatigable, Bindloe, and James Islands (descr.). 



Nesopelia galapagoensis Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 390, 1893 — 

 Indefatigable and Bindloe; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 614, 

 1896 — Albemarle, Duncan, Charles, Hood, Chatham, Indefatigable, 

 James, Tower, and Bindloe (monog.); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 

 2, pp. 6, 111, 1913— part, Abingdon, Albemarle, Barrington, Bindloe, 

 Charles, Chatham, Daphne, Duncan, Gardner-near-Charles, Gardner- 

 near-Hood, Hood, Indefatigable, James, Jervis, Narborough, Seymour, 

 and Tower (habits, meas.). 



Nesopelia galapagoensis galapagoensis Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, 

 p. 183, 1899 — Albemarle, Duncan, Charles, Hood, Chatham, Indefati- 

 gable, James, Tower, Bindloe, Jervis, Abingdon, Narborough, and Gard- 




504 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



ner (crit.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 411, 1902 — Barrington, Daphne, and Seymour 

 (crit., habits, nest and eggs); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. 

 Sci., 5, p. 263, 1904 — Charles, Hood, Chatham, Barrington, Indefatigable, 

 Duncan, Jervis, James, Albemarle, Narborough, Abingdon, Bindloe, and 

 Tower (habits, nest, and eggs); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 

 7, p. 373, 1916 (monog.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 67, 

 1931 (range; note on type); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 88, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Galapagos Archipelago (Abingdon, Bindloe, Tower, 

 James, Albemarle, Narborough, Jervis, Duncan, Daphne, Seymour, 

 Indefatigable, Barrington, Chatham, Charles, Champion-near- 

 Charles, Gardner-near-Charles, Hood, and Gardner-near-Hood 

 Islands).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 12 : Galapagos Islands (Academy Bay, 

 Indefatigable Island, 6; Mangrove Point, Narborough Island, 1; 

 Tower Island, 3; Hood Island, 1; Champion-near-Charles, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Galapagos Islands (Narborough Island, 1; 

 Indefatigable Island, 1; Gardner-near-Hood Island, 1; Webb's Cove, 

 Albemarle Island, 1). 



Nesopelia galapagoensis exsul Rothschild and Hartert.'^ Greater 

 Galapagos Dove. 



Nesopelia galapagoensis exsul Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 184, 

 Aug., 1899 — Culpepper and Wenman Islands, Galapagos (type, from 

 Culpepper, in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural 

 History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 34, p. 9, 1927); Snodgrass and 

 Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 263, 1904 — Wenman and Culpepper 

 (crit.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 375, 1916 (monog.); 

 Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 6?, 1931— Wenman and 

 Culpepper; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 88, 1937 (range). 



Nesopelia galapagoensis (not Zenaida galapagoensis Gould) Giflford, Proc. 

 Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, pp. 6, 111, 1913 — part, Culpepper and Wenman 

 Islands (meas.). 



Range. — Wenman and Culpepper Islands, Galapagos Archipelago. 



Genus SPILOPELIA Sundevall 



Spilopelia Sundevall, Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., p. 100, 1873 — type, by 

 subs, desig. (Sundevall, I.e., p. 186), Columba tigrina Temminck. 



Spilopelia chinensis chinensis (Scopoli). Chinese Spotted Dove. 



Columba chinensis Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insub., 2, p. 94, 1786 — based 

 on "Tourterelle grise, de la Chine" Sonnerat, Voy. Indes, 2, p. 176, pi. 

 102; China. 



1 Twenty-five additional specimens examined by the senior author. 



^ Nesopelia galapagoensis exsul Rothschild and Hartert differs from the nomi- 

 nate race by considerably larger size and slightly darker coloration. Three speci- 

 mens from Culpepper examined by Hellmayr. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 505 



Range. — Eastern China from Canton to Shanghai, Formosa, and 

 Hainan. Introduced and naturalized about Los Angeles, California.^ 



[Genus STREPTOPELIA Bonaparte 



Streptopelia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 1, p. 17, for 

 Jan. 3, 1855 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 150, 

 after Apr. 6, 1855), Columba risoria Linnaeus. 



Streptopelia risoria (Linnaeus). Ringed Turtle- Dove. 



Columba risoria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 165, 1758 — "in India." 

 Streptopelia risoria Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 386, 1916 

 (monog.). 



Range. — Native range unknown, but domesticated throughout 

 the world. Naturalized about Los Angeles, California; also recorded 

 (probably escaped cage-birds) from Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, and St. 

 Bartholomew, Antilles.] 



Genus SCARDAFELLA Bonaparte 



Scardafella Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 1, p. 24, Jan., 

 1855 — type, by orig. desig., Columba squamosa Temminck. 



Micropelia Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 

 283, 1890 — new name for Scardafella Bonaparte. 



♦Scardafella squamtnata squammata (Lesson). Scaled Dove. 



Columba squamosa (not of Bonnaterre, 1792) Temminck and Knip, Les Pigeons, 

 1, Colombes, p. 127, pi. 59, 1810 — "dans le territoire de Bahin [sic] au 

 Bresil," sc. Bahia, Brazil (type in Paris Museum); Temminck, Hist. Nat. 

 Pig. Gall., 1, pp. 336, 484, 1813— Bahia; Wied, Reise Bras., 2, pp. 160, 

 232 (8vo ed., p. 231), 1821— Barra da Vareda (Rio Pardo) and Os Possoes 

 (near Conquista), Bahia; Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 17, sp. 104, 1827 — Brazil 

 (descr.); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 469, 1883— Bahia and 

 Minas Geraes. 



Columba squammata Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 6, p. 474, Feb., 1831 — based 

 on Temminck and Knip, Les Pigeons, 1, pi. 59. 



Columbula squamosa Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 298, 1856 — 

 Fazenda Carrancas, southwest of Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; Reinhardt, 

 Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 55 — Sao Paulo (Franca) and 

 Minas Geraes (Paracatu, Rio Sao Francisco, Curvelo, Fazenda Carrancas, 

 Lagoa dos Coxes, Sete Lagoas, Taboleira Grande). 



Scardafella squamosa Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 85, "1854" [=1857] — 

 Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 277, 1870— Sao Paulo (Irisanga), Goy4z 

 (Sitio do Bahu, Fazenda Jose Dias), and Minas Geraes; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, 

 p. 356 — Parahyba (outskirts of Parahyba) and Pernambuco (road from 

 Macuca to Garanhuns); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 464, 1893 — 



1 Cf. Wyman, Calif. Fish and Game, 7, No. 3, p. 180, 1921. 




506 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



part, spec, d-m, Brazil (Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul [errore],' Bahia, 

 Pemambuco, Jose Dias, Ceard) ; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 400, 1899 — 

 Sao Paulo; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 40 — Bahia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, 

 p. 21, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Rincao, Jaboticabal, Bauru, Sao Jose do Rio 

 Pardo, Caconde) and Bahia; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. 

 Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 87, 1910 — Bahia (Serra de Solidade and above Joa- 

 zeiro); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 64, 1914 — part, Brazil; idem, 

 Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, pp. 48, 68, 1926 — Cear& and 

 Maranhao (Sao Bento). 



Geopelia squamosa Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbae, p. 133, 1873 — part, 

 spec. 1, Brazil. 



Scardafella r[idgwayi] brasiliensis Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, No. 1, p. 21, 

 fig. 5, c, 1907 — coast of Brazil, south at least to Bahia (no type or type 

 locality specified) ;2 Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 389 

 (in key), 1916— Brazil. 



Scardafella squammata squammata Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 92, 1908 — 

 Goyaz (Goyaz) and Minas Geraes (Rio Jordao, Prov. Araguary); idem. 

 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 464, 1929— Goyaz (Philadelphia, 

 lower Tocantins), Maranhao (Codo, Cocos; Sao Francisco, Alto Parna- 

 hyba), Piauhy (Ibiapaba, Deserto, Ar4ra), and Cear& (Jua, near Iguatu; 

 Quixada) (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 68, 1930 — 

 Piraputanga, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Anz. Om. Ges. Bay., 2, p. 289, 

 1933 — Paraguay (Nueva Germania; Zanja Moroti, Apa Hills); Pinto, 

 Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 801, 1932— Porto Tibiriga, Rio Parana, Sao 

 Paulo; idem, I.e., 19, p. 63, 1935 — Bahia (Madre de Deus, Cahype, Bom- 

 fim, Cidade da Barra); idem. I.e., 20, p. 38, 1936 — Fazenda Thome Pinto, 

 Rio das Almas, Goyaz; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 103, 1937 (range). 



Scardafella squammata cearae Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 6, 

 1917 — Quixada, Ceara, Brazil (type in Field Museum of Natural History). 



Scardafella brasiliensis Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 117, 

 1926 — Invemadinha, Parana. 



Scardafella squamata Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 711, 1932— Sant' 

 Anna do Paranahyba, Matto Grosso. 



i^awgfe.— Tableland of Brazil, from Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceara 

 south to western Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, Parana (Invemadinha, 

 Faz. Morungaba), and Matto Grosso (Piraputanga, Sant' Anna do 

 Paranahyba), and Paraguay.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 24: Brazil (unspecified, 1; Macaco 

 Secco, Bahia, 3; Sao Marcello, Bahia, 1; Quixada, Ceara, 5; Jua, 



» Cf. Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 146 (sub No. 297), 1899. 



* Though no description is given, the figure 5, c, taken from a wild-shot Bra- 

 zilian example, is quite recognizable as to race. 



' There is no appreciable local variation in this form. 



Additional material examined. — Bahia: Lamarao, 1; Joazeiro, 2; Solidade, Rio 

 Sao Francisco, 1; unspecified, 2. — Minas Geraes: Rio Jordao, Prov. Araguary, 2; 

 Agua Suja, near Bagagem, 2. — Goyaz: Sitio do Bahu, 1; Fazenda Jose Dias, 2; 

 Goyaz, 9. — Sao Paulo: Irisanga, 2. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 507 



near Iguatu, Ceara, 4; Codo, Cocos, Maranhao, 1; Sao Francisco, 

 Maranhao, 1 ; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 1 ; Arara, Piauhy, 1 ; Rio das Velhas, 

 Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, 2; Piraputanga, Matto Grosso, 2; 

 Fazenda Morungaba, Parana, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 21: Brazil (Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 5; Ardra, 

 Piauhy, 1; Deserto, Piauhy, 1; Codo, Cocos, Maranhao, 1; Phila- 

 delphia, Goyaz, 1; Cavalcanti, Goyaz, 1; Veadeiros, Goydz, 1; Vac- 

 caria, Matto Grosso, 2); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 2; Horqueta, 1; 

 east side of Paraguay River, 1; Capitan Bado, Cerro Amambay, 4). 



*Scardafella squammata ridgwayi Richmond.^ Ridgway's 

 Scaled Dove. 



Scardafella ridgwayi Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 660, 1896 — 

 Margarita Island, Venezuela (type in U. S. National Museum); Forbes 

 and Robinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., 2, p. 141, 1900 — Cumana, Venezuela; 

 Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 166, 1901 — mouth 

 of San Julidn Valley, east of La Guaira, Venezuela; Berlepsch and Hartert, 

 Nov. Zool., 9, p. 119, 1902— Ciudad Bolivar, Altagracia, and Caicara, 

 Orinoco River, Venezuela; Clark, Auk, 19, p. 261, 1902 — Margarita 

 Island; Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 551 — Margarita Island; Berlepsch, Nov. 

 Zool., 15, p. 295, 1908— Cayenne (ex Schlegel); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. 

 Hist., Orn« Ser., 1, pp. 240, 253, 1909— Margarita Island; Stone, Proc. 

 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 191, 1913 — Caiio Corosal, Orinoco Delta 

 Superior, Venezuela; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 

 Ser., 12, p. 36, 1922 — Altagracia, Maracaibo, Rio Aurare, and Encon- 

 trados, Zulia, Venezuela. 



Columba striata (not of Linnaeus, 1766) Jacquin, Beytr. Gesch. Vogel, p. 34, 

 1784— part, Venezuela; GmeHn, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 788, 1789— part, 

 Venezuela. 



Chamaepelia squamosa (not Columba squamosa Temminck) Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 

 p. 94 — Ciudad Bolfvar, Venezuela. 



Geopelia squamosa Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbae, p. 133, 1873 — part, 

 spec. 2-3, Cayenne and Caracas. 



Scardafella squamosa Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 178 — Valencia, Santa 

 Marta, Colombia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 56, 1892— Carii- 

 pano, Venezuela; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 464, 1893— part, 

 spec, n-p, Valencia, Colombia, and Trinidad; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 366, 

 1897— Cuman^, Venezuela; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 129, 

 1900— Valencia. 



^Scardafella squammata ridgwayi Richmond: Similar to the nominate race, 

 but with stouter, generally also longer bill; upper parts decidedly brighter, more 

 buffy brown with wider black edges; foreneck deeper vinaceous-buff; black edges 

 on breast and belly as a rule somewhat broader. 



Birds from continental Venezuela agree with Margarita topotypes. 



Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Margarita Island, 4; plain of 

 Cumand, 10; Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco, 6; Altagracia, Orinoco, 6. 




508 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Scardafella squammata ridgwayi Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 93, 1908 (char., 

 range); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 354, 1916 — Orinoco 

 Valley (nest descr.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 194, 

 1922 — Rio Hacha, DibuUa, and Gaira, Colombia; Darlington, Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., 71, p. 379, 1931 — near Sevillano and Cienaga, Magdalena, 

 Colombia; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 103, 1937 (range). 



Scardafella ridgwayi ridgwayi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 389 (in key), 1916 — Colombia and Venezuela. 



Scardafella sqtiamata ridgwayi Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1936, p. 3 — Toco, 

 Trinidad (Oct. 26, 1929). 



Range. — Arid Tropical zone of northern Colombia (Santa Marta 

 region) and Venezuela south to the Orinoco-Caura basin; Margarita 

 Island; Trinidad (visitant); also recorded from Cayenne. 



Field Museum Collection. — 28: Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 4; 

 Lake Valencia, Aragua, 1; Nueva Esparta, Margarita Island, 1; 

 Porlamar, Nueva Esparta, Margarita Island, 14; Maracaibo, Zulia, 

 5; Encontrados, Zulia, 1; Rio Aurare, Zulia, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Venezuela (Altagracia, Zulia, 2); Colom- 

 bia (Cienaga, Santa Marta, 2). 



*Scardafella squammata^nca (Lesson). Inca Dove. 



Chamoepelia inca Lesson,^ Oeuvr. Buffon, ed. Leveque/^0 (Descr. Mammif. 

 Ois.), p. 211, 1847 — Mexico (location of type not stated). 



Scardafella sqtuimosa (not Columba squamosa Temminck) Baird, Rep. Pac. 

 R. R. Surv., 9, p. 605, 1858 — Caderyta, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. 



Scardafella inca Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, p. 24, 1855 — 

 Mexico (descr.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 309, 1856 — Cordoba, 

 Vera Cruz; Moore, I.e., 27, p. 61, 1859 — San Pedro, Honduras, and Peten, 

 Guatemala; Sclater, I.e., p. 391, 1859 — Oaxaca, Mexico (egg descr.); 

 Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 223 — San Pedro and Pet6n (ex Moore); 

 iidem. Ibis, 1860, p. 45 — Duenas, Guatemala; Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 227— 

 Honduras; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 178^vicinity of 

 Mexico City; Butcher, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 150 — Laredo, 

 Texas; Baird, in Cooper, Orn. Calif., p. 519, 1870 — Rio Grande Valley, 

 Texas; Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Bds., 3, p. 387, pi. 

 58, fig. 7, 1874 (monog.); Lawrence (and Grayson), Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 

 2, p. 305, 1874 — Sinaloa (Mazatlan), Guadalajara, and Tepic; idem. 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 44, 1876— Tehuantepec City; Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 428 — Acapulco, Guerrero; Nutting, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., 6, p. 389, 1884 — Sucuyd, Nicaragua; Ferrari-Perez, I.e., 9, 

 p. 175, 1886— Huexotitla, Puebla; Ridgway, I.e., 14, p. 471, 1891— 

 Chamelicon, Honduras; Attwater, Auk, 9, p. 233, 1892^San Antonio, 

 Texas; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 465, 1893— "Lower Cali- 

 fornia (La Paz)," Texas (Laredo, Hidalgo, Corpus Christi), Sonora (Naco- 

 zari, Rio Mayo, Guyamas), Nuevo Leon (Rio de la Gilla, San Augustin, 

 Vaqueria, Topo Chico), Chihuahua (Tamasachic), Tepic (Santiago), 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 509 



Jalisco (Bolanos, Tonila), Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Presidio), Guerrero (Aca- 

 pulco, Soledad), Puebla, Tamaulipas (Tampico, Tamesi, Aldama, Nuevo 

 Laredo), Aguas Calientes, San Luis Potosf, Mexico (Chimalpa, Ixtapalapa, 

 Coapa, Culhuacan, Atotonilco, City of Mexico), Vera Cruz (La Antigua, 

 Plan del Rio), Oaxaca (Putla, Tehuan tepee City), Guatemala (Choctum, 

 Duerias, San Geronimo), El Salvador (La Libertad), and Nicaragua 

 (Chinandega, El Volcan); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 34, 1893— 

 Granados, Sonora; Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 789, 1893 — San 

 Luis Potosl and Guadalajara, Mexico; Lantz, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 

 16, p. 219, 1899 — San Jos6, Guatemala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Amer., Aves, 3, p. 248, 1902 — Mexico to Nicaragua; Miller, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 21, p. 343, 1905 — Escuinapa, Sinaloa; idem. I.e., 22, p. 163, 

 1906 — La Boquilla and Rio Sestin, Durango; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. 

 Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 80, 1907 — El Rancho and Gualan, Guatemala; 

 Visher, Auk, 27, p. 281, 1910 — about Tucson, Arizona; Lacey, Auk, 28, 

 p. 207, 1911 — San Antonio and Kerrville, Kerr County, Texas; Ridgway, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 390, 1916— southern Texas to Nicara- 

 gua (monog.); Rendahl, Ark. ZooL, 12, No. 8, p. 15, 1919 — Granada and 

 Masaya, Nicaragua; Griscom, Auk, 37, p. 51, 1920 — San Antonio, Texas; 

 idem and Crosby, Auk, 42, p. 534, 1925 — Brownsville, Texas; Friedmann, 

 Auk, 42, p. 544, 1925 — Brownsville, Texas; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. 

 Sci., (4), 16, p. 8, 1927— Labrados, Sinaloa; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. 

 ZooL, 32, p. 240, 1928 — "Lower California" (occurrence not authenti- 

 cated); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 249, 1931 — 

 Sonora (Tecoripa, Saric, San Jose de Guaymas, Guaymas, Obregon); 

 Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 305, 1932 — Cantarranas, Hondu- 

 ras (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 113, 1932 — Guatemala 

 (San Jos6, Ocos, Progreso, Finca La Primavera, Hacienda California, 

 Huehuetenango, Finca El Espino, San Antonio); idem. Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. ZooL, 75, p. 372, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero; van Rossem, I.e., 

 77, p. 435, 1934 — Sonora (Guaymas, Alamos, Nacozari, Oposura) and 

 Chihuahua (Chihuahua, Durazno); Carriker and de Sehauensee, Proc. 

 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 414, 1935 — Gualan, Guatemala; Peters, 

 Bds. World, 3, p. 103, 1937 (range); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. 

 Nat. Hist., ZooL Ser., 23, p. 195, 1938 — Lake Olomega, Divisadero, Rio 

 Goascordn, Puerto del Triunfo, Rio San Miguel, San Salvador, Sonsonate, 

 Mount Cacaquatique, and Los Esesmiles, El Salvador (habits, crit.). 



Geopelia inea Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbae, p. 133, 1873 — Mexico. 



Scardafella inca dialeucos Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., 18, p. 152, 1905 — 

 boundary line between Honduras and Nicaragua, 1 _ 80_ miles from Pacijc ^ 

 coast (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative 

 Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; ef. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 70, p. 164, 

 1930); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 67, p. 472, 1927— 

 Guatemala to Nicaragua (crit.) ; Griscom, Auk, 50, p. 300, 1933 — La Cruz, 

 Guanacaste, Costa Rica. ' 



Scardafella inca inca Thayer and Bangs, Proc. Biol, Soc. Wash., 19, p. 18, 

 1906 — Opodepe and La Chumata, Sonora; PhiUips, Auk, 28, p. 75, 1911 — 

 TamauHpas (Matamoros, San Fernando, Rio Martinez) ; Bangs and Peters, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 67, p. 472, 1927— Presidio, Vera Cruz; iidem. 

 I.e., 68, p. 387, 1928— Chiveld, Oaxaca. 




510 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Range. — Arizona, southern New Mexico, and central Texas south 

 through Mexico and Central America to Nicaragua and north- 

 western Costa Rica (Guanacaste).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 45: Arizona (Tucson, Pima County, 2; 

 Calabasas, Santa Cruz County, 1); Mexico (Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 

 1; Sabinas, Coahuila, 3; Iguala, Guerrero, 14; Jalisco, 2; Cuernavaca, 

 Morelos, 1; San Geronimo, Oaxaca, 2; San Luis Potosi, San Luis 

 Potosi, 1; Tampico, Tamaulipas, 2); Guatemala (Salama, Baja Vera- 

 paz, 3; Tiquisate, Escuintla, 2; Concepcion del Mar, Escuintla, 1; 

 El Rancho, Zacapa, 1; Gualan, Zacapa, 1); El Salvador (San Sal- 

 vador, 2; Sonsonate, 2; Lake Olomega, San Miguel, 1); Nicaragua 

 (San Geronimo, Chinandega, 3). 



Conover Collection. — 24: Mexico (Cruz, Tamaulipas, 2; Alamos, 

 Sonora, 1; Tecoripa, Sonora, 2; Apatzingan, Michoacan, 1); Guate- 

 mala (San Jos^, Pacific sea level, 4; El Rancho, Zacapa, 4; Tiquisate, 

 Escuintla, 4); Honduras (Comayaguela, Tegucigalpa, 3; near 

 Archaga, Tegucigalpa, 3). 



Genus GYMNOPELIA Sclater and Salvin 



Gymnopelia Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotr., pp. 133, 156, 1873 — 

 type, by orig. desig., Columba erythrothorax Meyen=Columba {Chamoe- 

 pelia) ceciliae Lesson. 



♦Gymnopelia ceciliae obsoleta Zimmer.^ Mara5^6n Bare-faced 

 Dove. 



Gymnopelia ceciliae obsoleta Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 

 51, 1924 — Cullcui, Maraiion River, Peru (type in Field Museum of Natural 

 History); idem, I.e., 17, p. 257, 1930 — Cullcui and Balsas, Peru. 



Gymnopelia erythrothorax (not Columba erythrothorax Meyen) Salvin, Nov. 

 Zool., 2, p. 21, 1895 — Cajabamba, Huamachuco, and near Cajamarca, 

 Peru. 



1 After examining the extensive series in the British Museum, the senior 

 author finds himself unable to maintain the alleged southern race (dialeucos). 

 While it is admitted that a good many individuals from Guatemala are slightly 

 darker above with more white on the wing coverts, and rather whiter beneath, 

 exceptions are so frequent that no practical advantage is derived from recognizing 

 more than one form. Three adults collected by M. Sassi at Bebedero, Guanacaste, 

 Costa Rica, agree well with others from Nicaragua and Honduras. 



'^Gymnopelia ceciliae obsoleta Zimmer: Very close to G. c. ceciliae, but slightly 

 larger; upper parts darker, more grayish brown, less sandy; breast paler and less 

 vinaceous (grayish vinaceous in the male, lilac gray in the female) ; buffy abdominal 

 zone more extensive and spreading onto the lower breast. Wing (male), 104-106; 

 tail, 83-87; bill, 12. 



Additional material examined. — Peru: Cajabamba, 2; San Pablo, Cajamarca, 

 1; Huamachuco, 1; Tambo Carrizal, mountains east of Balsas, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 511 



Gymnopelia ceciliae cedliae (not Columba ceciliae Lesson) Chubb, Ibis, 1919, 

 p. 37 — part, Cajabamba and Huamachuco. 



Metriopelia ceciliae obsoleta Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 102, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Temperate and Puna zones of the upper Marafion 

 Valley and its tributaries in northern Peru. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Peru (Balsas, Amazonas, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Peru (Cullcui, Rio Marafion, 1). 



♦Gymnopelia ceciliae ceciliae (Lesson). Cecilia's Bare-faced 

 Dove. 



Columba (Chamoepelia) ceciliae Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 12, No. 1, col. 8, 

 Jan. 12, 1845 — Peru (location of type not stated). 



Columba (Chamoepelia) anais Lesson, Oeuvr. BufiFon (ed. Leveque), 20 (Descr. 

 Mammif. et Ois.), p. 210, 1847 — Peru (location of type not stated). 



Chamaepelia anais Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 100 — vicinity of 

 Lima. 



Chamaepelia erythrothorax (not Columba erythrothorax Meyen) Sclater and 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 155 — Tinta, Urubamba, Peru. 



Gymnopelia erythrothorax Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 555 

 — between "Cacas" [=Cucas] and Palcamayo, Junin; idem, Orn. Per., 3, 

 p. 249, 1886 — Peru (between Cucas and Palcamayo; Lima; Carumas); 

 Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 468, 1893— part, spec, a, d, Tinta 

 and Lima, Peru. 



Gymnopelia anais Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), 

 p. 44 — Tarma, Junln. 



Gymnopelia ceciliae ceciliae Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 37 — part, (?)San Pablo (Caja- 

 fnarca), Marca (Ancachs), San Mateo and Chosica (Lima); Chapman, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 46, 1921— Ollantaytambo, Chospiyoc, 

 Huaracondo, Cuzco, and La Raya, Urubamba, Peru; Zimmer, Field Mus. 

 Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 257, 1930— Santa Eulalia and Matucana, 

 Lima, Peru. 



Metriopelia ceciliae ceciliae Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 102, 1937 (range); Mor- 

 rison, Ibis, 1939, p. 462 — Huancavelica and Yauli, Peru. 



Range. — Temperate and Puna zones of Peru (excepting the 

 Marafion slope of the coast Cordillera and the extreme southern 

 portion ).i 



Field Museum Collection. — 11: Peru (Hacienda Llagueda, Otuzco, 

 2; Macate, Ancachs, 9). 



Conover Collection. — 3: Peru (Santa Eulalia, 1; Matucana, 1; 

 Lima, 1). 



^Additional material examined. — Peru: Marca, Ancachs, 1; Chosica, Lima, 1; 

 San Mateo, Lima, 2; Hacienda Queta, Tarma, Junin, 2. 




512 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



♦Gymnopelia ceciliae gymnops Chubb. ^ Bolivian Bare-faced 

 Dove. 



Gymnopelia ceciliae gymnops Chubb, Bull. Brit. Dm. CI., 38, p. 18, 1917 — 

 Challapata, [Oruro], Bolivia (type in the British Museum examined); 

 idem, Ibis, 1919, p. 38 — Tapacari (Cochabamba), El Cabrada (Chuqui- 

 saca), and Challapata (Oruro), Bolivia (crit.); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., 117, p. 47 (in text), 1921 — Tirapata, Titicaca basin, Peru; Hellmayr, 

 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 350, 1932— Putre, Tacna, Chile 

 (crit.). 



Columba erythrothorax (not of Temminck and Knip, 1811) Meyen, Nov. Act. 

 Acad. Caesar. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., p. 92, pi. 26, 1834— 

 Pisacoma (alt. 14,000-15,000 ft.), Arequipa, Peru (type in Berlin Museum; 

 cf. Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Cm., p. 276 [in text], 1846). 



Columba mxmticola (not of Vieillot, 1818) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), 



p. 305, 1844 — new name for Columba erythrothorax Meyen, preoccupied; 



idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 276 (in text), 1846. 

 Chamaepelia anais (not of Lesson) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 



40, p. 23, 1855— "Sacora" [=Tacora], Tacna, Chile. 

 Chamaepelia erythrothorax Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 



p. 989 — Arequipa; iidem. I.e., 1868, p. 569 — Arequipa. 



Gymnopelia erythrothorax Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 355, 1876 — 

 Moho, Lake Titicaca; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 402 — Sibaya, 

 Tarapac^, Chile; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 105, 1889— near 

 La Paz, BoHvia; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 468, 1893— 

 part, spec, b, c, e-i, Peru (Arequipa), Bolivia, and Chile ("Iquique" and 

 Tarapacd); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896— Tarapaca, Chile. 



Gymnopelia anais (not Columba anais Lesson) Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 



13, p. 130, 1906— Puno, Peru. 

 Metriopelia ceciliae zimmeri Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 102, 1937 — new name 

 for Gymnopelia ceciliae gymnops Chubb.* 



Range. — Temperate and Puna zones of extreme southern Peru 

 (Titicaca basin and southern Arequipa), northern Chile (provinces 

 of Tacna and Tarapacd), and Boh via (depts. of Oruro, La Paz, 

 Cochabamba, and Chuquisaca). 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Peru (Puno, Puno, 1); Chile (Putre, 

 Tarapaca, 1). 



^Gymnopelia ceciliae gymnops Chubb: Nearest toG. c. ceciliae, but upper parts 

 much paler and more brownish with the tail coverts buffy brown to buckthorn 

 brown; central rectrices Ughter; foreneck and chest much deeper vinous; abdomen 

 deeper buff. Wing, 98-104; tail, 71-76; bill, 101^12. . 



Additional material examined. — Peru: Arequipa, 1; Caylloma, Arequipa, 1. — 

 Bolivia: Chililaya, Lake Titicaca, 6; La Paz, 1; Chicani, La Paz, 1; Tapacari, 

 Cochabamba, 1; El Cabrada, Chuquisaca, 1; Challapata, Oruro, 2. — Chile: Sibaya, 

 Tarapacfi, 1. 



'^ Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, p. 23, 1855) does not adopt 

 Ch. gymnops ("Gray" MS.) for the dove, which he calls C. anais, but merely quotes 

 the name from British Museum labels. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 513 



Conover Collection. — 16: Peru (Puno, Puno, 1; Chucuito, Puno, 

 6); Bolivia, Cochabamba (Vacas, 2; Tirque, 5; Chocaya, 1; Arani, 1). 



♦Gymnopelia morenoi Sharpe.^ Moreno's Bare-faced Dove. 



Gymnopelia morenoi Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 12, p. 54, 1902 — Inca-huasi, 

 Salta, Argentina (type in British Museum examined); Hartert and Ven- 

 turi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 262, 1909 — Taff, Lara, and Las Cienagas, Tucu- 

 mdn; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 192, 1910 — Salta; 

 Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 81, 1923 — between La Rioja and Chilecito, 

 La Rioja (ex Koslowsky); Dinelli, I.e., 4, p. 276, 1929 — cerros of Tucumdn 

 (nesting). 



Gymnopelia erythrothorax (not Columba erythrothorax Meyen) Koslowsky, Rev. 

 Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 286, 1895 — between La Rioja and Chilecito, La Rioja; 

 Bruch, I.e., 11, p. 249, 1904— La Poma, Salta; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 233, 

 1904 — Lara, Tucumdn; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nae. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 192, 

 1910— Tueum^n (Tafi, La Ci^naga) and La Rioja (Chilecito). 



Gymnopelia erythrotorax [sic] Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 216, 

 1902 — Tafi and Valle de la Ci^naga, Tucumdn; idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. 

 Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 71, 1905 — same localities; Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 402, 

 1931 — Maimard, Jujuy. 



Metriopelia morenoi Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 102, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Temperate and Puna zones of northwestern Argentina, 

 in provinces pf Jujuy, Salta, Tucuman, Catamarca, and La Rioja. 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Argentina (Maimard, Jujuy, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 1 : Argentina (Corral Quemada, Catamarca, 1). 



Genus COLUMBIGALLINA Boie 



Columbigallina Boie," Isis, 1826, Heft 10, col. 977, Oct., 1826— type, by virtual 



monotypy, Columba passerina Linnaeus. 

 Chaemepelia [rectius Chamaepelia]^ Swainson, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, p. 361, 



Dec, 1827 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., 



p. 75, 1841), Columba passerina Linnaeus; cf. Smiths. Inst. Pub., No. 2256, 



pp. 145-146, 1914. 

 Talpacotia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 1, p. 22, Jan., 



1855 — type, by orig. desig., Columba talpacoti Temminck. 



^Gymnopelia morenoi Sharpe is very distinct from G. cedliae by reason of 

 uniform brownish gray upper parts without any light markings on back and wing 

 coverts; grayish throat and chest; pale vinaceous abdomen and under tail coverts; 

 more extensive rufous inner margin to the remiges, etc. Wing (male), 95-99; 

 tail, 78; bill, 11 H. 



Additional material examined. — Argentina, Tucumdn: Cerro Muiioz, 1; Tafi, 

 2; Las Cienagas, 2; Lara, 3. — Salta: Inca-huasi, 1 (the type). 



* Columbigallinxi Oken (Isis, 1817, p. 1184) is a nomen nudum without nomen- 

 elatural standing. 



' This generic name has been variously changed and emended by subsequent 

 authors. Since the list of these names with their references has been given by both 

 Todd (Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, pp. 509-510, 1913) and Ridgway (Bull. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 393, 1916), it need not be repeated here. 




514 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Pyrgitoenas Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 13, 1862 — new name for 

 Chamaepelia Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 77, 1855 [=1857]. 



Leptopelia Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Cm. Hein., p. 283, 

 1890 — substitute name for Talpacotia Bonaparte. 



*Coluinbigallina passerina passerina (Linnaeus). Florida 

 Ground Dove. 



Columba passerina Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 165, 1758 — part, based 



mainly on "The Ground Dove" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 26, 



pi. 26, "Carolina" = South Carolina.^ 

 Chamaepelia purpurea Maynard, Amer. Exchange and Mart., 3, p. 33, Jan. 



15, 1887 — "continent of North America" (provisional name; no type 



designated). 

 ColumbigaUina passerina terrestris Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, 



p. 293 (in text), 1892 — eastern North America (no type designated). 

 Chamaepelia passerina Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 473, 1893 — 



part, spec, b, c, u-b'. South Carolina and Florida; Salvin and Godman, 



Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 250, 1902— part, Florida. 

 Chamaepelia terrestris Lowe, Ibis, 1908, p. 110 — Florida (crit.). 

 Chaemepelia passerina passerina Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 524, 1913 



(monog.); Ridgway, BuU. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 398, 1916 



(monog.). 

 ColumMgallina passerina passerina Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 105, 1937 (range). 



Range. — South Atlantic and Gulf states of North America from 

 South Carolina to southeastern Texas; accidental to Tennessee, 

 North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, 

 and New York. 



Field Museum Collection. — 43: Georgia (Sapelo Island, Mcintosh 

 County, 5); Florida (Gainesville, Alachua County, 4; Eau Gallie, 

 Bravard County, 1; Wilson, Brevard County, 2; Clay County, 2; 

 Miami Beach, Dade County, 6; Grove City, De Soto County, 5; 

 Puntarasa, Lee County, 2; Key West, Monroe County, 1; Amelia 

 Island, Nassau County, 6; Orange County, 4; West Jupiter, Palm 

 Beach County, 1; Enterprise, Volusia Coimty, 4). 



Conover Collection. — 10: Florida (Eau Gallie, 1; Nassau County, 1; 

 Miami Beach, Dade County, 8). 



♦ColumbigaUina passerina pallescens (Baird). Mexican 

 Ground Dove. 



Chamaepelia passerina? var. pallescens Baird, I*roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 [11], Oct.-Nov., 1859, p. 305, pub. Jan. 12, 1860— Cape San Lucas, Lower 

 California (type in U. S. National Museum). 



1 Aside from Marcgrave's "Picuipinima," which pertains to ScardafeJIa squam- 

 m/ita squammata, Linnaeus's species includes the North American, Jamaican, and 

 Barbados races, but was explicitly restricted to the first-named by Bonaparte 

 (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 1, p. 21, Jan., 1855). 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 515 



Chamaepelia passerine (not Columba passerina Linnaeus) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 21, p. 473, 1893 — part, spec, d-t, c'-m*, Arizona, Texas, 

 Lower California, Mexico, Guatemala, Yucatan, Cozumel, Mugeres, and 

 British Honduras; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 250, 

 1902 — part, Texas to Lower California and south through Mexico to 

 Guatemala and British Honduras. 



Chamaepelia pallescens Lowe, Ibis, 1908, p. Ill — southwestern United States 

 to Mexico (crit.). 



Chaemepelia passerina pallescens Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 534, 1913 

 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 402, 1916 (mo- 

 nog.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 296, 1926— Cape San 

 Lucas and Tres Marias (Maria Madre, Maria Magdalena) ; idem. I.e., (4), 

 16, p. 8, 1927 — Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Labrados), Nayarit (San Bias), and 

 Maria Madre Island. 



Chamaepelia passerina pallescens Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 105, 

 1928 — Lower California. 



Columbigallina passerina pallescens van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 

 6, p. 248, 1931 — Sonora (San Javier, Saric, southwest of Nogales, Guay- 

 mas. El Alamo); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 113, 1932— 

 Guatemala (Panajachel, San Lucas, Antigua, Sacapulas) (crit.); van 

 Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 434, 1934^Sonora (Guaymas, 

 Alamos, Bacuachi, Oposura) ; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 106, 1937 (range); 

 Dickey "and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 189, 

 1938 — Divisadero, Rio Goascordn, Colima, and Lake Guija, El Salvador. 



Range. — Lower California, southeastern California, southern 

 Arizona, and western Texas south through Mexico and Guatemala 

 to British Honduras^ and Salvador. 



Field Museum Collection. — 25: Arizona (Phoenix, Maricopa 

 County, 1; Tucson, Pima County, 1; Calabasas, Santa Cruz County, 

 2); Texas (Brownsville, Cameron County, 1); Mexico (Iguala, 

 Guerrero, 9; Tampico, Tamaulipas, 2; Yucatan, 1); Guatemala 

 (Lake Atitlan, Solola, 2; Gualan, Zacapa, 2); El Salvador (Divisadero, 

 Morazan, 3; El Tablon, Santa Ana, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 24: Texas (Harlingen, Cameron County, 3; 

 Brownsville, Cameron County, 2); Arizona (Tucson, Pima County, 

 3) ; Mexico (Rancho Carrizo, Sonora, 1 ; Soyopa, Sonora, 4 ; Tecoripa, 

 Sonora, 2; San Jos^ del Cabo, Lower California, 3; La Paz, Lower 

 California, 1; Apatzingan, Michoacan, 1); Guatemala (Zanarate, 2; 

 Amatitlan, 2). 



♦Columbigallina passerina socorroensis Ridgway. Socorro 

 Ground Dove. 



1 Birds from Guatemala (and British Honduras), though more or less inter- 

 mediate, are, according to Griscom, markedly nearer to pallescens than to neglecta. 




516 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Columbigallina passerina socorroensis Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., p. 586, 

 1887 — Socorro Island (type in U. S. National Museum); Peters, Bds. 

 World, 3, p. 107, 1937 (range). 



Chaemepelia passerina socorroensis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 543, 1913 

 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 406, 1916 (mo- 

 nog.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 296, 1926— Socorro 

 Island. 



Range. — Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group, off western Mex- 

 ico.^ 



Conover Collection. — 1; Mexico (Socorro Island, Revillagigedo 

 group, 1). 



♦Columbigallina passerina neglecta (Carriker).^ Costa Rican 

 Ground Dove. 



Chaemepelia passerina neglecta Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 398, 1910 

 — Esparta, Costa Rica (type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh); Todd, I.e., 

 8, p. 540, 1913 — part, southern Honduras to Costa Rica (monog.) ; Ridgway, 

 Bull, U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 407, 1916— part, Honduras to Costa Rica 

 (monog.); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 15, 1919 — Granada and Rio 

 Ometepe, Nicaragua. 



Chamaepelia passerina (not Columba passerina Linnaeus) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. 

 Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 139, 1868— San Jos6 and Cartago, Costa Rica; 

 Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 371, 1869 — Costa Rica; Boucard, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 43 — San Jos6, Costa Rica; Nutting, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., 5, p. 408, 1882 — La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; Ridgway, 

 I.e., 5, p. 502, 1883 — Volcan de Irazli, Costa Rica; Nutting, I.e., 6, pp. 

 378, 389, 396, 1883— San Juan del Sur, Sucuya, and Ometepe, Nicaragua; 

 Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 473, 1893 — part, spec, n^-p', Costa 

 Rica (San Jos6, Irazti); Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 447 — Miravalles and 

 Bagdces, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, 

 p. 250, 1902 — part, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. 



Peristera passerina Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbae, p. 135, 1873 — part, 

 spec. Nos. 4-8, Costa Rica. 



Columbigallina passerina Zeled6n, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 127, 1887 

 —San Jos6; Cherrie, Auk, 7, p. 333, 1890— San Jos6; idem, Auk, 9, p. 329, 

 1892— San Jose. 



1 The reported occurrences on Tres Marias and Maria Madre Islands, and at 

 Mazatlan, Sinaloa, which have never been confirmed, may be due to wrongly labeled 

 specimens. 



^Columbigallina passerina neglecta (Carriker) is near to C. p. pallescens, but 

 darker throughout, the male particularly much deeper vinaceous below. From 

 C p. passerina it may be separated chiefly by darker brown upper parts, red 

 instead of yellow base of the bill, and slightly deeper vinaceous sides of head and 

 neck in the male sex. 



Seventeen additional specimens from Bebedero and one from San Isidro de 

 Coronado, near San Jose, Costa Rica, have been examined. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 517 



Columbigallina passerina pallescens (not Chamaepelia passerina var. pallescens 

 Baird) Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 523, 1893— San C4rlos, 

 Nicaragua. 



Columbigallina passerina neglecia Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 

 306, 1932— San Juancito and Cantarranas, Honduras; Bond, I.e., 88, p. 

 357, 1936 — Bonacca Island, Bay of Honduras; Peters, Bds. World, 3, 

 p. 107, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (excepting the 

 T^rraba Valley).! 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Costa Rica (Limon, Limon, 2; 

 San Jos6, San Jos^, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 22: Honduras (near Archaga, Tegucigalpa, 

 3; Comayaguela, Tegucigalpa, 4; Tegucigalpa, 2); Costa Rica (Las 

 Cafias, 3; Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 4; Cartago, Cartago, 6). 



Columbigallina passerina parvula (Todd).^ Lesser Ground 

 Dove. 



Chaemepelia passerina parvula Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 544, 1913 — 

 Honda, Colombia (type in U. S. National Museum); Chapman, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 208, 1917 — part, Honda and Chicoral, Magda- 

 lena Valley. 



Chamaepelia passerina (not Columba passerina Linnaeus) Berlepsch, Journ. 

 Orn., 32, p. 317, 1884 — Bucaramanga, Colombia. 



Columbigallina passerina Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, p. 154, 1895 — 

 part, Honda and Guaduas, Colombia. 



Columbigallina passerina parvula Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 107, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Eastern Colombia (Magdalena Valley). 



' Canon Tristram's record of "Chamaepelia granatina" from Panama (Cat. 

 Coll. Bds., p. 39, 1889) is doubtless due to misidentification of a specimen of 

 C. minuta elaeodes Todd. 



2 Columbigallina passerina parvula (Todd) is characterized as the smallest 

 race of the group with very dark coloration, the male being fully as richly colored 

 as that of C. p. socorroensis. The describer gives for two males and one female 

 from Honda the following measurements: wing, 75-77, (female) 73; tail, 54-55, 

 (female) 51. We have seen only a single adult male from Bucaramanga, which 

 is indeed much more richly colored than either C. p. griseola or C. p. quitensis. Its 

 dimensions are, however, markedly larger than the figures quoted by Mr. Todd 

 for the Honda specimens, the wing measuring fully 82 mm., and the tail being 

 likewise slightly longer, about 55 mm. We can hardly believe that there are two 

 races living in the Magdalena Valley, and until adequate material from this region 

 becomes available, it will be well-nigh impossible to indicate, with any degree of 

 finality, the actual characters of parvula. There is yet the possibility that Cha- 

 maepelia granatina Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 1, p. 21, 

 Jan., 1855; idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 77, "1855" = 1857), based on an apparently 

 female individual from Bogota, is an earlier name. According to Salvadori (Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 475, 1893), the type does not any more exist in the Paris 

 Museum. 




518 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



♦Columbigallina passerina nana (Todd).' Cauca Ground 

 Dove. 



Chaemepelia passerina nana Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 546, 1913 — 

 Jimenez, Rio Dagua, western Colombia (type in the Carnegie Museum, 

 Pittsburgh); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 209, 1917— Caldas, 

 Rio Dagua, and La Manuelita, Cauca Valley, Colombia. 



Columbigallina passerina nana Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 107, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Western Colombia, in the Cauca Valley and the basin 

 of the Rio Dagua, western Andes. 



Conover Collection. — 5: Colombia (El Tambo, Cauca, 4; Mun- 

 chique. El Tambo, 1). 



♦Columbigallina passerina quitensis (Todd).^ Ecuadorian 

 Ground Dove. 



Chaemepelia passerina quitensis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 547, 1913— 

 Zambiza (six miles northeast of Quito), Ecuador (type in the Carnegie 

 Museum, Pittsburgh); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25^ p. 

 17, 1922 — Zambiza, Pomasqui, Cumbaya, and Tumbaco; Chapman, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 165, 1926 — near Quito, Tumbaco, Valle de 

 Cumbaya, Chambo, Riobamba, Zambiza, and Pomasqui. 



Chamaepelia granatina (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, 

 p. 556, 1858 — Riobamba, Ecuador. 



Chamaepelia passerina (not Columba passerina Linnaeus) Taczanowski and 

 Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. Ill— Riobamba; Salvadori, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 473, 1893— part, spec, q^-w', "Sarayacu" 

 (errore), Sical, and Quito, Ecuador; idem and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. 

 Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 35, 1900— La Concepci6n, Ibarra, and Tumbaco; 

 Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 227— Chillo Valley, Ecuador; Menegaux, Miss. 

 Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 7, 1911 — Calacali 

 and Tumbaco; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 33, p. 356, 1927— 

 Tumbaco. 



* Columbigallina passerina nana (Todd) : Similar to C. p. pallescens, but crown 

 and nape grayish brown like the back, more or less suffused with vinaceous, sel- 

 dom with any trace of plumbeous, and the squamation obsolete; vinaceous of 

 under parts and wing coverts deeper, and size much less; female decidedly darker 

 and smaller, without any plumbeous on crown and nape, and the squamation of 

 these parts indistinct. Wing, 77-80, (female) 74; tail, 52-60, (female) 55 (Todd, 

 Lc). 



Differs from quitensis by its smaller size, and in the male sex slightly browner 

 upper parts. 



" Columbigallina passerina quitensis (Todd) : Very close to C. p. negleda, but 

 slightly smaller and paler; the plumbeous area of the crown and nape paler, more 

 restricted, and less distinctly squamate. Stated to be darker and larger than 

 C. p. nana. The female is hardly distinguishable from that of C. p. neglecta by 

 shorter bill and slightly shorter wings. 



From C. p. griseola, the present form may be separated by its somewhat 

 larger size and darker coloration, the males being much more vinaceous. Nine 

 additional specimens from the highlands of Ecuador (Paramba and Quito region) 

 were examined. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 519 



Columbigallina passerina Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 76, 1889 — 



Quito. 

 Columbigallina passerina granatina Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 503, 1898 — 



"Puente de Chimbo," Ecuador (crit.). 

 Chamaepelia passerina quitensis Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 39 — Riobamba (crit.). 

 Columbigallina passerina quitensis Peters, Bds. Worid, 3, p. 107, 1937 (range). 



/^awfife.— Temperate zone of Ecuador (Guaillabamba Canyon 

 to Riobamba).^ 



Conover Collection. — 14: Ecuador (Valle de Rojas, Occidents, 10; 

 Cumbaya, Pichincha, 3; near Quito, 1). 



♦Columbigallina passerina griseola (Spix).^ Grayish Ground 

 Dove. 



Columbina griseola Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 58, pi. 75a, fig. 2 (imma- 

 ture), 1825 — "in sylvis fl. Amazonum," Brazil (type in Munich Museum 

 examined; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, 

 p. 697, 1906); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 42, 1916— Abary River, 

 upper Takutu Mountains, Great Falls, Demerara River, Quonga, and 

 Georgetown. 



Chamaepelia griseola Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 296, 1856 — 

 campo region of interior Brazil south to Paraguay (errore), north to the 

 Amazon *(descr.); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 

 56 (not in Minas Geraes). 



Columba passerina (not of Linnaeus) Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 1, 

 p. 394, 1847— Pirara; idem, I.e., 2, p. 490, 1848— sandhills on the banks 

 of the Demerara, near Georgetown. 



Chamaepelia passerina Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 743, 

 1849 — sandhills on the Demerara River; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 591— Pard; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 277, 1870— 

 Borba (Rio Madeira), Sao Joaquim (mouth of the Rio Uaupes), Sao 

 Gabriel (Rio Negro), Manaos, and Forte do Rio Branco, Brazil (spec, 

 examined); Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 395 — Par4; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, 

 p. 82, 1876— San tarem; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 173— British Guiana; Tac- 



1 There is no reliable record for the occurrence of this (or any other) form in 

 Peru. 



^Columbigallina passerina griseola (Spix): Nearest to C. p. quitensis, but 

 somewhat smaller and coloration decidedly darker or duller, this being particularly 

 noticeable in the vinaceous tone of the under parts in the male sex. The bill, 

 according to Natterer's and Reiser's notes, is entirely dusky in life. Wing (male), 

 76-80; tail, 54-60. 



Birds from British Guiana are on average slightly paler, especially below, 

 but this variation does not necessarily indicate an approach to C. p. albivitta, as a 

 similar tendency is observable in specimens from Piauhy and Bahia. Amazonian 

 and French Guiana skins are practically identical inter se. 



Additional material examined. — British Guiana: Quonga, 1; Demerara, 2. — 

 French Guiana: Cayenne, 6; Roche-Marie, 3. — Brazil: Para, 1; Bemfica, Para, 1; 

 Borba, Rio Madeira, 4; Manaos, 1; Sao Joaquim, Rio Negro, 1; Sao Luiz, Maran- 

 hao, 1; Amaragao, Piauhy, 5; Bahia, 2. 




520 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



zanowski, Cm. P^r., 3, p. 242, 1886 — part, Cayenne (descr. of female); 

 Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 473, 1893— part, spec. x*-f«, Brazil 

 (Borba, Pari, Pemambuco) and British Guiana (Quonga, Annai); Loat, 

 Ibis, 1898, p. 565 — vicinity of Georgetown, British Guiana; Goeldi, Ibis, 

 1903, pp. 481, 499 — Approaga, Rio Capim, ParS; Snethlage, Joum. Om., 

 56, p. 496 (in text), 1908 — Isla Goyana, Rio Tapaj6z; Penard, Vog. 

 Guyana, 1, p. 337, 1908 — Surinam (habits); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. 

 Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 87, 1910 — coast of Piauhy; idem, I.e., p. 190, 

 1924 — near Amaragao, Piauhy. 



Peristera passerina Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbae, p. 135, 1873 — part, 

 Nos. 16-18, Demerara and Surinam. 



Cdumbigallina passerina Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 162, 1891 — Santarem; 

 Berlepsch, Joum. Om., 40, pp. 97, 102, 1892 — Bahia, British Guiana, and 

 Cayenne (crit.). 



ColumbigaUina passerina griseola Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 

 22, No. 3, p. 697, 1906— part, Bahia and Pard (crit.); idem, Nov. Zool., 

 13, p. 384, 1906 — Santo Antonio do Prata and Bemfica, Para; Ihering, 

 Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 21, 1907 — part, "Paraguay," Bahia, Pemambuco, 

 Rio Negro, Rio Branco, and Par4; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 295, 1908 

 — Cayenne and Roche-Marie, PVench Guiana; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. 

 Goeldi, 8, p. 65, 1914 — Pard, Quati-puru, Rio Xingu (Victoria), Ilha 

 Maracd, and Monte Alegre; idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 

 6, p. 48, 1926— Ceara; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 107, 1937 (range). 



Columbina passerina griseola Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. 

 Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 96, 1912— Pari, Bemfica, Rio Capim, and 

 Santo Antonio, Par4. 



Chaemepelia passerina griseola Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 548, 1913 



(monog.); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 44, 1918 — 



Paramaribo, Surinam. 

 Chamaepelia passerina griseola Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 150, 



1928— Pard; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 467, 1929 



— Maranhao (Tury-assu, Sao Luiz) (crit.). 



Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and northern Brazil 

 south to Bahia, west to the upper Rio Negro and the Rio Madeira.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 13: British Guiana (Georgetown, 2; 

 Buxton, Demerara, 5); Brazil (Boa Vista, Rio Branco, 3; Tur>^-assu, 

 Maranhao, 1; Sao Luiz, Maranhao, 1; Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 24: Brazil (Ipomonga, Rio Capim, 2; Re- 

 sacca, Rio Capim, 3; Serraria Cabral, Rio Acara, 1; Boca de Channel 

 Piava, Para, 6; Tauary, Rio Tapajoz, 3; Santarem, Para, 1; Boim, 



* The most southerly locality where this ground dove has been foimd is the 

 Aricinity of Bahia, whence we have seen several trade skins. It does not occur in 

 southern Brazil (Minas Geraes, Rio, Sao Paulo), and its reported existence in 

 Misiones and Paraguay (ColumbigaUina passerina griseola Bertoni, Anal. Soc. 

 Cient. Arg., 75, p. 69, 1913; idem. Faun. Parag., p. 36, 1914) is doubtless due to 

 confusion with C. m. mintUa. Boeck's record from Cochabamba, Bolivia, which 

 is not substantiated by specimens, must likewise refer to some other species. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 521 



Rio Tapajoz, 3; Rio Manacapuru, Amazonas, 2); British Guiana 

 (Buxton, Demerara, 3). 



♦Columbigallina passerina albivitta (Bonaparte). ^ Cartagena 

 Ground Dove. 



(l)Ch[amaepelia] granatina Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, 

 No. 1, p. 21, Jan., 1855 — "Bogot4" (descr. of female; type lost, formerly 

 in Paris Museum); idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, sig. 10, "Dec. 5, 1854," p. 

 77, "1855" [=1857]— "Bogota"; idem, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, 

 p. 945, 1856 (crit.).* 



Chlamaepelia] albivitta Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 1, 

 p. 21, Jan., 1855 — Cartagena, Colombia; idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, sig. 

 10, "Dec. 5, 1854," p. 77, "Apr. 15, 1855" [= 1857]— Cartagena (type 

 stated to be in Paris Museum); Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 94 — Chacachacave 

 Island, Trinidad; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 554 — Trinidad 

 (ex Taylor). 



Chamaepelia granatina (not of Bonaparte?) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 1860, p. 195 — Cartagena (habits); Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. 

 Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 283, 1890 — Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. 



Chamaepelia passerina (not Columba passerina Linnaeus) Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 

 p. 383 — Santa Marta, Colombia; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, 

 p. 177, 1884— Curacao; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 473, 1893— 

 part, spec. g«-k«, Venezuela and Trinidad. 



ColumbigalUna passerina Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 56, 1892 — 

 Carfipano [Bermtidez], Venezuela; Berlepsch, Journ. Om., 40, p. 97, 1892 — 

 Curagao (crit.); Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, pp. 154, 164, 1895 — 

 part, Barranquilla, Colombia, and Curasao; idem and Richmond, Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, pp. 659, 682, 683, 1896— Margarita Island, Guanta, 

 ^nd La Guayra, Venezuela; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 366, 1897 — Cuman4, 

 Cumanacoa, and San Antonio [Bermtidez], Venezuela; Robinson and 

 Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 167, 1901 — La Guajn*a, Venezuela 

 (nest and eggs descr.); Clark, Auk, 19, p. 261, 1902 — Margarita Island. 



ColumbigalUna passerina perpallida Hartert, Ibis, (6), 5, pp. 304 (descr.), 

 325, 334, July, 1893 — Aruba, Curagao, and Bonaire, Dutch West Indies 

 (type, from Bonaire, in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of 



1 ColumbigalUna passerina albivitta (Bonaparte) : Nearest to C. p. griseola, but 

 bill at base yellow to pale orange yellow; coloration paler, the vinaceous of the 

 under parts in the male being lighter with a faint lavender-gray hue anteriorly, 

 and the female whiter beneath; crown pale gray. 



As has been pointed out by Todd, birds from the Leeward Islands (perpallida) 

 cannot be separated from those of the littoral of Colombia and Venezuela. The 

 inhabitants of the Orinoco Valley, by slightly darker under parts, restricted gray 

 coronal area, and less distinctly yellow basal portion of the bill, "betray an unde- 

 niable tendency towards C. p. griseola. 



2 This species, the type of which has unfortunately disappeared, was probably 

 based on a female example, as intimated by Sclater (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, 

 p. 163, 1855), but whether it pertained to the present form or to C. p. parmda, 

 both of which might be expected to occur in native "Bogotd" collections, will 

 always remain a mystery. 




522 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 34, p. 11, 1927); Rob- 

 inson, Flying Trip to Tropics, p. 166, 1895 — Curasao (ex Hartert); Hartert, 

 Nov. Zool., 9, p. 305, 1902 — Aruba, Curagao, and Bonaire; Lowe, Ibis, 

 1907, p. 552— Margarita Island (crit.). 



Columbigallina passerina pallescens (not Chamaepelia passerina var. pallescens 

 Baird) Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 132, 1898— Santa Marta, 

 Colombia. 



Columbigallina passerina granatina Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 128, 

 1900 — Bonda, Colombia; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 118, 

 1902 — Ciudad Bolivar, Altagracia, and Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; 

 Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 280, 1905— Bonda (nest and eggs 

 descr.). 



Chamaepelia perpallida Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 114 — Blanquilla Island (crit.); 

 idem. Ibis, 1908, p. 114 — Blanquilla, Los Hermanos, and Margarita; idem, 

 Ibis, 1909, pp. 314, 322 — Los Testigos and Cariaco Peninsula, Venezuela. 



Chamaepelia passerina perpaUida Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 552 — Margarita Island 

 (crit., range). 



Chaemepelia passerina perpallida Cory, Meld Mus. Nat. Hist., Om. Ser., 1, 

 pp. 198, 205, 210, 218, 220, 223, 227, 230, 240, 253, 1909— Aruba, Cura?ao, 

 Bonaire, Orchilla, Tortuga, Blanquilla, Orquilla, Los Testigos, and 

 Margarita. 



Chaemepelia passerina albiviita Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 551, 1913 

 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 408, 1916 (mo- 

 nog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 208, 1917— La Playa, 

 Colombia; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, 

 p. 36, 1922 — Altagracia and Rio Chama, Venezuela. 



Chaemepelia passerina granatina Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 

 353, 1916 — savanna region of the Orinoco (nest and eggs descr.). 



Chamaepelia passerina aUnvitta Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 

 14, p. 194, 1922 — Bonda, Mamatoco, Gaira, DibuUa, and Rio Hacha, 

 Colombia. 



Columbina griseola (not of Spix) Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, 

 p. 179, 1922 — Naparimas (Tarouba and Princestown) north to the Caroni, 

 Trinidad. 



ColumingaUina passerina aUnviUa Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, 

 p. 378, 1931 — Rio Frio and Sevillano, Magdalena, Colombia; Roberts, 

 Trop. Agn^c., 11, p. 92, 1934 — Piarco savannah, Trinidad; Belcher and 

 Smooker, Ibis, 1936, p. 3 — Trinidad and Patos Islet (nest and eggs descr.); 

 Peters, Bds. World, p. 107, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Littoral of northern Colombia (west to Cartagena) and 

 Venezuela, including the Caribbean Leeward Islands (from Aruba 

 to Los Testigos) and Margarita Island, south to the Orinoco River, 

 the M^rida region, and eastern Colombia; island of Trinidad.^ 



1 An adult male of the ordinary "Bogota" preparation agrees in coloration 

 and size with others from Altagracia, Orinoco River, suggesting an extension of 

 range to the eastern base of the east Colombian Andes, where the llanos of the 

 Rio Meta would seem to offer a suitable habitat for the species. The male from 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 523 



Field Museum Collection. — 74: Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 10; 

 Curacao, 7; Bonaire, 8); Colombia (10 miles north of Cucuta, San- 

 tander del Norte, 1); Venezuela (Colon, Tachira, 1; Maracaibo, 

 Zulia, 2; Rio Aurare, Zulia, 1; Maracay, Aragua, 1; Macuto, Federal 

 District, 4; Caracas, Federal District, 2; Orchilla Island, Colon, 10; 

 Tortuga Island, Nueva Esparta, 1 ; Blanquilla Island, Nueva Esparta, 

 6; Los Hermanos Island, Nueva Esparta, 3; Margarita Island, 

 Nueva Esparta, 5; Testigos Islands, Nueva Esparta, 7; Porlamar, 

 Margarita Island, Nueva Esparta, 5). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Venezuela (Altagracia, Zulia, 3; Rio 

 Chama, M^rida, 1). 



*Coluinbigallina passerina antillarum (Lowe).^ Antillean 

 Ground Dove. 



Chamaepelia antillarum Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 21, p. 109, 1908 — Barbados, 

 Grenada, and St. Vincent (type, from Grenada, in coll. of P. R. Lowe, 

 now in British Museum examined); idem, Ibis, 1909, p. 306— Barbados 

 (crit.). 



Chamaepelia passerina (not Columba passerina Linnaeus) Schomburgk, Hist. 

 Barbados, p. 681, 1848— Barbados; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 

 p. 175— Barbados; Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 196, 1878— St. 

 Vincent*; idem, I.e., 1, pp. 276, 277, 1879 — Grenada and Grenadines; 

 Lister, Ibis, 1880, p. 43— St. Vincent; Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 490— Barbados 

 (habits); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 473, 1893— part, spec. \<>- 

 y8, Grenada, Becquia, Mustique, St. Vincent, and Barbados. 



Columbigallina passerina Cory, Ibis, 1886, p. 472 — Barbados; Wells, Proc. 

 U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 625, 1887— Grenada; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 97, 

 1892 — part, Bequia, Canouan, Carriacou, Grenada, and Barbados; Wells, 

 .Auk, 19, p. 344, 1902 — Carriacou (nest and eggs). 



Columbigallina passerina trochila (not Chamaepelia trochila Bonaparte) Clark, 

 Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, pp. 262, 302, 303, 304, 306, 1905— Barbados, 

 St. Vincent, Grenada, and Grenadines (habits). 



northern Santander is likewise typical of albivitta. It is quite possible that the 

 young female from Quetame, tentatively referred to C. p. parvula by Chapman 

 (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 208, 1917), may actually belong to albivitta. 

 There is, as yet, no record from Tobago. 



1 Columbigallina passerina antillarum (Lowe) : Very close to C. p. albivitta, but 

 coloration of males slightly deeper, the posterior under parts, notably the 

 under tail coverts, with much less white; the bill blackish with basal two-thirds 

 olive or olive-brown in life. 



Compared to C. p. trochila, this form is smaller, lighter brown above, and more 

 deeply vinaceous underneath with squamations less pronounced, while the males, 

 in addition, show a peculiar lavender-gray hue on the lower parts. Birds from St. 

 Vincent are exactly like those from Grenada. Barbados birds are slightly larger 

 and darker, thus verging toward trochila. 



Adult males measure: Grenada (fourteen), 79-82; St. Vincent (seven), 78-82; 

 Barbados (six), 82-84. Adult females measure: Grenada (six), 78-82; St. Vincent 

 (three), 77-82; Barbados (seven), 80-84. 



Additional material examined.-— Grenada, 20; St. Vincent, 10; Barbados, 13. 




524 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Chaemepelia passerine aniillarum Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 555, 1913 

 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 411, 1916 (mo- 

 nog.). 



Chamaepelia passerina antillarum Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, 

 p. 529, 1928— St. Vincent and Barbados. 



Chamaepelia jamaicensis (not Columbigallina jaynaicensis Maynard) Lowe, 

 Ibis, 1908, p. Ill — part, Grenada. 



Columbigallina passerina antillarum Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 106, 1937 — part, 

 Barbados south to Grenada. 



Range. — Southernmost Lesser Antilles (Grenada, Grenadines, 

 St. Vincent, and Barbados). 



Field Museum Collection. — 12: Lesser Antilles (Belle Plaine, 

 Barbados, 3; Grenada, 5; St. Vincent, 4). 



♦Columbigallina passerina trochila (Bonaparte).^ Martinique 

 Ground Dove. 



Chavnaepelia trochila Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 1, 

 p. 21, Jan., 1855 — Martinique; idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, sig. 10, "Dec. 5, 

 1854," p. 77, "April 15, 1855" [=1857]— Martinique (type stated to be in 

 Paris Museum); Sclater, Ibis, 1862, p. 289 — Martinique; idem and Semper, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 653 — Santa Lucia (crit., habits). 



Chamaepelia passerina (not Columba passerina Linnaeus) Lawrence, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., 1, p. 360, 1879— Martinique; Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 01., 5, 

 p. 169, 1880— Santa Lucia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 395— 

 Santa Lucia; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 473, 1893 — part, spec. 

 z«, a^, Santa Lucia. 



Chamaepelia trochilea Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 266 — Santa 

 Lucia. 



Columbigallina passerina Cory, Auk, 4, p. 96, 1887 — Martinique; idem. Cat. 

 W. Ind, Bds., pp. 97, 155, 1892 — part, Martinique and Santa Lucia. 



Chaemepelia passerina trochila Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 558, 1913 — 

 part, Santa Lucia and Martinique; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, 

 Part 7, p. 412, 1916 — part, Santa Lucia and Martinique; Bond, Proc. 

 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 529, 1928— part, Santa Lucia. 



Columbigallina passerina trochila Peters, Auk, 51, pp. 517, 518, 1934 — Marti- 

 nique (crit.); Danforth, Monog. Univ. Puerto Rico, Ser. B, No. 3, p. 42, 

 1935— Santa Lucia; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 106, 1937— Martinique. 



Range. — Islands of Martinique and Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles. 



Field Museum Collection. — 7: Martinique, 2; Santa Lucia, 5. 



1 Columbigallina passerina trochila (Bonaparte) ; Similar to C. p. antillarum, 

 but larger and darker with the dusky squamations more pronounced, while the 

 males lack the lavender-gray tinge on the under parts. From C. p. nigrirostris it 

 may also be distinguished by larger size and heavier squamations, and the males, 

 besides, are paler vinaceous on forehead, sides of head, and under parts. Wing 

 (of adult males), 84-86 (Martinique), 84-86 (Santa Lucia). Nothing is on record 

 regarding the bill-coloration in life of the present form. While slightly inter- 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 525 



♦Columbigallina passerina nigrirostris Danforth.^ Dusky- 

 billed Ground Dove. 



Columbigallina passerina nigrirostris Danforth, Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto 

 Rico, 19, p. 483, Dec, 1935— Canada Hill, St. Kitts (type in coll. of S. T. 

 Danforth); idem, I.e., p. 479, 1935 — Barbuda (no descr.); Peters, Bds. 

 World, 3, p. 106, 1937 (range). 



Chamaepelia trochila (not of Bonaparte) Newton, Ibis, 1859, pp. 253, 375 — 

 St. Croix. 



Columba passerina (not of Linnaeus) Sundevall, Oefvers. Vetensk.-Akad. 

 Handl., 26, p. 586, 1869 — part, St. Bartholomew; Lawrence, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., 1, p. 450, 1879— Guadeloupe. 



Chamaepelia passerina Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, pp. 67, 237, 241, 

 1878 — Dominica, Antigua, and Barbuda; idem, I.e., p. 460, 1879 — Guade- 

 loupe; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 326 — Dominica; idem, I.e., 

 1892, p. 500— Anguilla; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 473, 1893 

 — part, spec, b^-g^ i^, k', Dominica, Guadeloupe, St. Kitts, and Anguilla; 

 NicoU, Ibis, 1904, pp. 570, 572, 576— Dominica (Roseau Harbour), Mont- 

 serrat, and St. Croix. 



Columbigallina passerina Cory, Ibis, 1886, p. 474 — La Desirade; idem, Auk, 

 8, pp. 47, 48, 1891 — Antigua, St. Croix, St. Christopher, and Guadeloupe; 

 idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 97, 155, 1892— part, St. Croix, St. Bartholo- 

 mew, St. Christopher, Barbuda, Antigua, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Desi- 

 rade, and Dominica; Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts & Sci., 8, pp. 324, 

 349, 1892— Dominica; Bowdish, Auk, 19, p. 361, 1902— part, Puerto Rico 

 (habits). 



Columbigallina passerina trochila Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 281, 1904 — 

 Barbuda and Antigua (crit.); Verrill, Addition to the Avifauna of Domi- 

 nica, pp. [16, 23], 1905 — Roseau Harbour, Dominica. 



Chamaepelia jamaicensis (not of Maynard) Lowe, Ibis, 1908, p. Ill — part, 

 St. Kitts and Dominica. 



Chaemepelia passerina trochila Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 558, 1913 — 

 part, Dominica to St. Croix; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 



mediate to antillarum in coloring, birds from Santa Lucia, in our opinion, go better 

 with the Martinique form, which they resemble in proportions. 

 Additional material examined. — Martinique, 8; Santa Lucia, 5. 



' Columbigallina passerina nigrirostris Danforth: Very similar to C. p. porto- 

 ricensis, but bill entirely dusky, at best with a trace of dull orange yellow at the 

 base. Wing (adult males), 80-81, (St. Kitts and St. Croix, one each, 84). 



In skins the base of the bill is indeed but slightly paler brown than the dusky 

 remainder. We notice, however, that one of the males from St. Kitts has the basal 

 portion just as extensively reddish as some from Puerto Rico. A male from Guade- 

 loupe is wholly dark-billed, one from Dominica has a paler brown basal half. We 

 think that nigrirostris might not always be recognizable in dry skins. There is 

 some variation in the coloring of the upper wing coverts, which are extensively 

 vinaceous in Desirade birds, while those from St. Kitts have practically none of 

 that color. 



All of six specimens lately received from St. Croix have a notation by the 

 collector: "bill black, cere dusky, basal part of lower mandible reddish." 



. Additional material examined. — Dominica, 5; Guadeloupe, 2; Montserrat, 2; 

 Antigua, 1; St. Kitts, 2; Anguilla, 2; St. Croix, 3. 




526 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



p. 412, 1916 — part, Lesser Antilles (excl. of Martinique and Santa Lucia) 

 and St. Croix (monog.); Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 375, 1916 

 — Guadeloupe and Grande Terre; Peters, Auk, 44, p. 535, 1927 — Anguilla; 

 Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 529, 1928— part, Dominica; 

 Danforth, Auk, 47, p. 46, 1930 — St. Martin and St. Eustatius; idem, 

 Joum. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 14, p. 121, 1930 — part, St. Croix; Beatty, 

 Lc, 14, p. 144, 1930— St. Croix. 



Columbigallina passertna trochila Danforth, Auk, 51, p. 361, 1934 — Antigua. 



Range. — Lesser Antilles, from Dominica north to Anguilla, and 

 the Island of St. Croix, Virgin Islands. 



Field Museum Collection. — 15: Lesser Antilles (Desirade, 5; 

 Guadeloupe, 1; Antigua, 2; St. Christopher, 5; St. Bartholomew, 1); 

 Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 7: Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 7). 



♦Columbigallina passerina portoricensis (Lowe).^ Puerto Rico 

 Ground Dove. 



Chamaepelia portoricensis Lowe, Ibis, (9), 2, p. 108, 1908 — Guanica, Puerto Rico 

 (type in coll. of P. R. Lowe, now in the British Museum, examined) ; idem, 

 Ibis, 1908, p. 545— St. Thomas (crit.). 



Columba passerina (not of Linnaeus) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 10, p. 

 257, 1866— Porto Rico; Sundevall, Oefvers. Vetensk.-Akad. Hand!., 26, 

 p. 601, 1869— Porto Rico. 



Chamaepelia trochila (not of Bonaparte) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 1860, p. 378— St. Thomas. 



Chamaeopelia trochila Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 171 — Porto Rico and St. Thomas 



(crit.). 

 Chamaepelia passerina Gundlach, Joum. Om., 22, p. 313, 1874 — Porto Rico; 



idem. I.e., 26, pp. 161, 186, 1878 — Porto Rico; idem. Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. 



Nat., 7, p. 349, 1878— Porto Rico (habits); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. 



Mus., 7, p. 172, 1884— St. Thomas; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, 



p. 473, 1893 — part, spec, h', V-p', Tortola, Virgin Gorda, St. Thomas, and 



Porto Rico; NicoU, Ibis, 1904, p. 576— St. Thomas. 

 Columbigallina passerina Cory, Auk, 7, pp. 374, 375, 1890 — Anegada, Tortola, 



and Virgin Gorda; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 97, 1892— part, Porto Rico, 



Tortola, Virgin Gorda, and Anegada; Bowdish, Auk, 19, p. 361, 1902 — 



part, Porto Rico. 

 Chaemepelia passerina trochila Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 558, 1913 — 



part, Porto Rico and Virpn Islands (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. 



* Columbigallina passerirm portoricensis (Lowe) : Similar to C. p. nigrirostris in 

 coloration, but basal two-thirds of bill bright crimson. 



Birds from St. Thomas and St. John are like those from Puerto Rico. Speci- 

 mens from Virgin Gorda sometimes have a smaller amount of crimson at the 

 base of the bill, thus verging toward nigrirostris. 



Additional material examined. — Puerto Rico (Guanica Lagoon), 12; St. Thomas, 

 6; Virgin Gorda, 6; Tortola, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 527 



Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 412, 1916 — part, Anegada, Virgin Gorda, Tortola, 

 St. John, St. Thomas, Culebra, Vieques, and Porto Rico; Wetmore, Bull. 

 U. S. Dept. Agr., 326, p. 49, 1916— Porto Rico, Vieques, and Culebra 

 (habits, food); idem, Auk, 33, p. 411, 1916 — Vieques; idem, Auk, 34, p. 59, 

 1917 — Culebra, Culebrita, and Louis Peiia; Struthers, Auk, 40, p. 474, 

 1923 — Puerto Rico; Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 10, p. 81, 

 1926 — Cartagena Lagoon, Porto Rico; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico 

 and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 398, 1927 — Porto Rico and Virgin Islands (excl. 

 of St. Croix) (monog.); Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 14, p. 

 121, 1930— part, St. Thomas, St. Jan, Tortola, Salt Island, and Virgin 

 Gorda; idem. I.e., 15, p. 68, 1931— Guanica Lagoon, Porto Rico. 



Chamaepelia jamaicensis (not of Maynard) Lowe, Ibis, 1908, p. Ill — part, St. 

 Thomas; idem, Ibis, 1908, p. 545 (crit.). 



Columbigallina passerina portoricensis Danforth, Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto 

 Rico, 19, pp. 455, 469, 1935— Culebra, Cayo Norte, Tortola, Little Saba, 

 Jost van Dyke, and Beef Island, Virgin Islands; idem, I.e., p. 483, 1935 

 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 106, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Island of Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands except St. 

 Croix (Vieques, Culebra, Culebrita, Cayo Norte, Louis Peiia, St. 

 Thomas, Little Saba, St. John, Tortola, Jost van Dyke, Beef Island, 

 Salt Island, Virgin Gorda, and Anegada). 



Field Museum Collection. — 18: Lesser Antilles (Anegada, 1; Tor- 

 tola, 5; Virgin Gorda, 8); Puerto Rico (unspecified, 4). 



Conover Collection. — 11: Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 3; St. John, 

 4; Tortola, 4). 



*Columbigallina passerina insularis Ridgway. Cuban Ground 

 Dove. 



Columbigallina passerina insularis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 574, 

 1888 — Grand Cayman Island, Caribbean Sea (type in U. S. National 

 Museum); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 297, 1889 — Grand Cayman and Cayman 

 Brae (crit.) ; Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 7, 1931 

 —Grand Cayman; Wetmore, I.e., 81, art. 2, p. 20, 1932— Cuba (Gibara), 

 Petite Cayemite Island, He a Vache, and Gonave Island; idem and Lin- 

 coln, I.e., 82, art. 25, p. 34, 1934— He a Vache and Beata Island; Danforth, 

 Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, 19, p. 427, 1935 — Cuba (Sancti Spiritus, 

 Guane); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 105, 1937 (range). 



Columba passerina (not of Linnaeus) d'Orbigny, in Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, 

 Ois., p. 179, 1839— Cuba; Lembeye, Aves Isla Cuba, p. 132, 1850— Cuba; 

 Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 11, p. 96, 1867 — Dominican Republic 

 and Haiti. 



('i)Chamaepelia hortulana (Wurttemberg MS.) Hartlaub, Naumannia, 2, (2), 

 p. 56, 1852— Haiti.i 



^ The characterization, "grosser als passerina," hardly takes this name out 

 of the nomina nuda class. Unfortunately, the whereabouts of the type specimen 

 could not be ascertained by the late Dr. Kurt Lampert, who tried to locate it on 

 our behalf. 




528 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Chamaepelia passerina Cabanis and Gundlach, Joum. Orn., 4, p. Ill, 1856 — 

 Cuba (habits); Salle, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 236, 1857— Santo 

 Domingo; Gundlach, Repert. Fls.-Nat. Cuba, 1 , p. 300, 1866— Cuba (habits) ; 

 idem, Joum. Orn., 22, p. 296, 1874— Cuba (habits); Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 CL, 6, p. 154, 1881— Haiti; idem, Bds. Haiti & San Dom., p. 127, 1884— 

 Haiti; Tristram, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 — Dominican Republic; Salvadori, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 473, 1893 — part, spec. p'-r% w^ x'-a», Hispaniola 

 (Port-au-Prince, San Domingo), Grand Cayman, and Cuba (San Cristo- 

 bal); Christy, Ibis, 1897, p. 335 — La Vega, Dominican RepubUc; NicoU, 

 Ibis, 1904, p, 585 — Grand Cayman. 



ColumbigalUna passerina Cory, Auk, 3, p. 502, 1886 — Grand Cayman; idem, 

 Auk, 6, p. 32, 1889— Cayman Brae; idem. Auk, 8, p. 294, 1891— Cuba; 

 idem, Auk, 9, p. 272, 1892— Cuba; idem. Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 97, 139, 

 1892 — part, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Cayman Islands, and Hispaniola; Chap- 

 man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N, H., 4, p. 292, 1892— Trinidad, Cuba (crit.); 

 Cherrie, Field Columb. Mus., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 24, 1896 — Santo Domingo. 



ColumbigalUna passerina aflavida Palmer and Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 

 15, p. 23, 1902 — San Diego de los Banos, Cuba (type in U. S. National 

 Museum); Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 197, 1905 — Calle- 

 bonita. Hospital, Jucaro, and San Juan, Isle of Pines. 



Chamaepelia insularis Lowe, Ibis, 1908, p. 113 — Grand Cayman (crit.). 



Chamaepelia axantha Lowe, Ibis, 1908, p. 115 — new name for ColumbigalUna 

 passerina aflavida Palmer and Riley. 



Chamaepelia jamaicensis (not of Maynard) Lowe, Ibis, 1908, p. Ill — part. 

 Cayman Islands; idem. Ibis, 1909, p. 341 — Grand Cayman; idem. Ibis, 1911, 

 p. 145 — part, Cayman Islands. 



Chaemepelia passerina aflavida Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 561, 1913 — 

 Cuba and Haiti (monog.); idem. I.e., 10, p. 222, 1916 — Bibijagua, Los 

 Indies, and Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 50, Part 7, p. 415, 1916 — Cuba and Haiti (monog.); Danforth, Auk, 46, 

 p. 336, 1929— Hispaniola; Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 351, 

 1929— San Juan, Haiti. 



Chaemepelia passerina insularis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 564, 1913 — 

 Cayman Islands (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 417, 1916 — Grand Cayman (monog.); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 

 60, p. 307, 1916 — Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Cayman Brae 

 (crit.); Peters, I.e., 61, p. 407, 1917 — Monte Cristi and Sosua, Dominican 

 Republic; Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. CL, 6, p. 75, 1923— Cuba; Wetmore 

 and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 199, 1931 — Hispaniola (monog.). 



Chamaepelia passerina insularis Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 499, 

 1928— Port-au-Paix, Haiti. 



Range. — Islands of Hispaniola, Cuba, Isle of Pines, and the Cay- 

 man Islands (Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, Cayman Brae) in 

 the Greater Antilles.^ 



1 Birds from Cuba (aflavida) are clearly inseparable from those of the Cayman 

 Islands (cf. Bangs, I.e., p. 307), while Hispaniolan skins average somewhat smaller 

 and have the red at the base of the bill slightly more extensive. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 529 



Field Museum Collection. — 99: Cuba (San Diego de Los Baiios, 

 Pinar del Rio, 1); Dominican Republic (Maniel, Azua, 23; La Vega, 

 La Vega, 3; Puerto Plata, Puerto Plata, 7; Santo Domingo City, 

 Santo Domingo, 8; Honduras, Santo Domingo, 9; San Cristo- 

 bal, Santo Domingo, 10; Fuerte Resoli, Santo Domingo, 1; Catarrey, 

 Santo Domingo, 3); Haiti (Jacmel, 2; Le Coup, 2; Kenskoff, 1); Cay- 

 man Brae, 9; Grand Cayman, 18; Little Cayman, 2. 



Conover Collection. — 11: Isle of Pines (La Vega, 2); Cuba 

 (Artemisa, Pinar del Rio, 5; Matanzas, Matanzas, 4). 



Golumbigallina passerina navassae (Wetmore).^ Navassa 

 Ground Dove. 



Chaemepelia passerina navassae Wetmore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 43, p. 149, 

 1930 — Navassa Island (type in U. S. National Museum); idem and Swales, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 202, 1931— Navassa Island. 



Columbigallina passerina navassae Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 81, art. 2, 

 p. 21, 1932— Navassa Island (descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 106, 1937 

 (range). 



Range. — Navassa Island, off Hispaniola, Greater Antilles. 



*Coluinbigallina passerina jamaicensis Maynard. Jamaican 

 Ground Dove. 



Columbigallina jamaicensis Maynard, Appendix to Cat. Bds. W. Ind., "1899," 

 p. 34, pub. 1900 — Jamaica ("types in the Bryant Collection"; cotypes, 

 from Spanish Town, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, 

 Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 70, p. 164, 1930). 



Chamaepelia passerina (not Columba passerina Linnaeus) Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, 

 -p. 311, 1847 — Spanish Town, Jamaica; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1861, p. 80— Jamaica; March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 302— 

 Jamaica (habits); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 473, 1893 — part, 

 spec, s^-v^, Jamaica; Lowe, Ibis, 1908, p. Ill — part, Jamaica (crit.). 



Columbigallina passerina Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 97, 139, 1892 — part, 

 Jamaica; Scott, Auk, 9, p. 124, 1892 — Jamaica (crit., habits); Field, Auk, 

 11, p. 123, 1894 — Port Henderson, Jamaica. 



Chaemepelia passerina jamaicensis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 566, 1913 — 

 Jamaica (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 421, 

 1916 — Jamaica (monog.); Danforth, Auk, 45, p. 484, 1928 — Black River, 

 Jamaica. 



Columbigallina passerina jamaicensis Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 105, 1937 

 (range). 



Range. — Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Jamaica (Priestman's River, 2). 



^ Columbigallina passerina navassae (Wetmore) : Very similar to C. p. insularis, 

 but on average slightly smaller and paler, less brownish above and paler below 

 (Wetmore, I.e.). 




530 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



*Columbigallina passerina exigua Riley.^ Inagua Ground 

 Dove. 



Columbigallina passerina exigua Riley, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 171, 

 1905 — Mona Island, near Porto Rico (type in U. S. National Museum); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 106, 1937 (range). 



Columbigallina passerina (not Columba passerina Linnaeus) Cory, Cat. W. 

 Ind. Bds., p. 97, 1892 — part. Great Inagua and Mona Islands; Bowdish, 

 Auk, 19, p. 361, 1902 — part, Mona Island (nesting habits). 



Chamaepelia exigua Lowe, Ibis, 1908, p. 115 — Mona Island (crit.). 



Chaemepelia passerina exigua Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 417, 1911 — 

 Alfred Sound and Mathewtown, Great Inagua (crit.); Worthington, I.e., 

 p. 450, 1911— Great Inagua; Todd, I.e., 8, p. 571, 1913— Mona Island 

 and Great Inagua (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 420, 1916 (monog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Is., 9, 

 p. 402, 1927— Mona Island. 



Range. — Mona Island (off Puerto Rico), in the Greater Antilles, 

 and Great Inagua, in the southern Bahamas. 



Field Museum Collection. — 31: Bahamas (Great Inagua, 15; 

 Preigs, Great Inagua, 1; Horse Pond, Great Inagua, 1); Puerto Rico 

 (Mona Island, 14). 



♦Columbigallina passerina bahamensis (Maynard).^ Bahama 

 Ground Dove. 



Chamaepelia bahamensis Maynard, Amer. Exchange and Mart, 3, No. 3, p. 33, 

 Jan. 15, 1887; idem, I.e., 3, No. 6, p. 69, Feb. 5, 1887— Bahama Islands= 

 Nassau, New Providence (no type specified; cotypes now in British 

 Museum; cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1908, p. 112); idem, Bds. East. N. Amer., p. 252, 

 1895 — New Providence (Nassau), Andros, and (?)Florida (Enterprise); 

 Lowe, Ibis, 1908, p. 112 (crit.). 



Chamaepelia passerina (not Columba passerina Linnaeus) Cory, Bds. Bahamas, 

 p. 139, 1880— Bahamas (descr.); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 

 473, 1893— part, spec. bM*, Bermudas. 



Columbigallina passerina Northrop, Auk, 8, p. 76, 1891 — Andros and New 

 Providence (habits); Cory, Auk, 8, pp. 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 1891— New 



• Columbigallina passerina exigua Riley is very nearly like C. p. bahamensis, 

 but decidedly smaller, and coloration paler throughout. The distribution of this 

 form is remarkable. While birds from Great Inagua, except for their slightly 

 longer wings and tail, appear indeed to be indistinguishable from those of far 

 distant Mona Island, the case requires further investigation with the help of care- 

 fully collected fresh material in exactly comparable plumage. 



^ Columbigallina passerina bahamensis (Maynard), a very unsatisfactory race, 

 is exceedingly close to C. p. insularis and perhaps not worthy of recognition. The 

 distinctness of the Bermuda race which might have been introduced from the 

 Bahamas, has been much discussed. Ridgway does not admit it at all, but Lowe 

 considers it "readily recognizable." Todd, who studied the question very care- 

 fully, proposes to unite the Bahaman and Bermudan races, and in default of Ber- 

 mudan material the writers have followed this course. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 531 



Providence, Berry Island, Bimini Island, Caicos Island, and Abaco; idem, 

 Auk, 9, p. 48, 1892— Mariguana; idem. Cat. W. Ind, Bds., p. 97, 1892— 

 part, Bahamas (excl. Great Inagua); Bonhote, Ibis, 1899, p. 517 — New 

 Providence; idem, Ibis, 1903, p. 299^New Providence and Little Abaco 

 (habits, crit.). 



Columbigallina passerina bahamensis Ridgway, Auk, 8, pp. 334, 336, 337, 338, 

 339, 1891 — Abaco, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watlings Island, Rum Cay, 

 Green Cay, and Concepcion Island; Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., (4), 12, 

 p. 64, 1901— Bermuda; Allen, Auk, 22, pp. 123, 133, 1905— Great Bahama, 

 Abaco, Elbow Cay, Great Guana Cay, Moraine Cay, Stranger Cay, and 

 Great Sale Cay (habits); Riley, I.e., 22, p. 354, 1905— New Providence, 

 Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watlings Island, Long Island, and Abaco; idem, 

 in Shattuck, The Bahama Islands, pp. 352, 362, 1905 — Great Bahama, 

 Abaco, Little Abaco, Biminis, Berry Islands, New Providence, Andros, 

 Green Cay, Eleuthera, Current Island, Cat Island, Concepcion Island, 

 Rum Cay, Watlings Island, Long Island, Acklin Island, Plana Cays, and 

 Bird Rock; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 105, 1937 (range). 



Columbigallina bahamensis Bangs, Auk, 17, p. 286, 1900 — Nassau, New 

 Providence, and Current Island. 



Columbigallina bermudiana Bangs and Bradlee, Auk, 18, p. 250, 1901 — Hamil- 

 ton, Bermuda (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, 

 Mass.); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 165, 1930 (crit.). 



Chamxiepelia bermudiana Lowe, Ibis, 1908, p. 113 — Bermudas (crit.). 



Chaemepelia'passerina bahamensis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 416, 1911 — 

 New Providence (crit.); Worthington, I.e., p. 450, 1911 — New Providence, 

 Cat Island, Watlings Island, Andros, and Abaco; Todd, I.e., 8, p. 568, 

 1913 — Bahama Islands and Bermuda (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 418, 1916 (monog.). 



Columbigallina passerina bermudiana Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proe. 

 Bost. Soe. N. H., 39, p. 326, 1931— Bermudas. 



Range.— Bahama. Islands (except Great Inagua) and Bermuda. 



Field Museum Collection. — 22: Bahamas (Abaco, 2; Bird Rock, 

 Acklin, 1; Andros, 4; Bimini, 1; Caicos, 1; eastern portion, Eleuthera, 

 2; northern portion, Eleuthera, 1; interior, Eleuthera, 3; Great 

 Bahama, 2; southern portion, Mariguana, 1; Nassau, New Provi- 

 dence, 4). 



♦Columbigallina minuta minuta (Linnaeus). Plain-breasted 

 Ground Dove. 



Columba minuta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 285, 1766 — based on 

 "Turtur parvus fuscus americanus" Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 116, pi. 8, fig. 2; 

 "San Domingo," errore; Cayenne substituted as type locality by Berlepsch 

 and Hartert (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 119, 1902); Temminek and Knip, Les 

 Pigeons, 1, Colombi-gallines, p. 28, pi. 16, 1811 — French Guiana, Paraguay, 

 "Caribbean Islands," "Porto Rico," and "Santo Domingo"; Wagler, Syst. 

 Av., 1, fol. 17, spec. 89, 1827 — part, descr. of adult, Guiana, Brazil, 

 Paraguay, and "Caribbean Islands." 




532 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Columba grisea Bonnaterre, Tabl, Enc. M6th., Orn., 1, livr. 51, p. 252, 1792 — 

 based on "La Tourterelle de Cayenne" Holandre, Abr6ge d'Hist. Nat., 2, 

 p. 230, 1790; Cayenne. 



Chaemepelia minuta Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 207, 1848 — Callao, Peru; 

 Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 354, 1916— Ciudad Bolivar, 

 Orinoco, Venezuela. 



Peristera chalcostigma Reichenbach, Syn. Av. Columbariae, Nov., No. 6, pi. 

 245b, figs. 3533-34, Oct. 1, 1851 (no locality). 



Chamaepelia amazilia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 1, 

 p. 21, Jan., 1855 — Peru (type, from Lima, in Paris Museum examined); 

 idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, sig. 10, "Dec. 5, 1854," p. 78, "April 15, 1855" 

 [=1857]— Peru; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1866, p. 100— Lima, 

 Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 753 — Xeberos, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. 

 Bras., 3, p. 277, 1870— Sao Paulo (Marambicti, Itarare) and Matto 

 Grosso (Cuyab4, Engenho do Gama, [Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso); 

 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 306 — Xeberos, Peru; 

 Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 555 — Lima, Peru. 



Chamaepelia griseola (not Columbina griseola Spix) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 17 — Maranura, Urubamba, Peru; Forbes, Ibis, 

 1881, p. 357 — Pemambuco (Recife) and Parahyba, Brazil; Taczanowski, 

 Cm. Per., 3, p. 244, 1886 — Peru (Xeberos, Lima, Maranura); Salvin, 

 Ibis, 1886, p. 173 — Roraima and Rio Yuruari, southeastern Venezuela. 



Columbigallina griseola Berlepsch, Journ. Om., 35, p. 34, 1887 — Rio Pilco- 

 mayo, Paraguay; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 

 p. 394^ — Lima, Peru (eggs descr.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 

 1893 — Chapada, Matto Grosso. 



Chamaepelia minuta Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 481, 1893 — part, 

 spec, n-d', Trinidad, "Martinique," British Guiana-(Rio Yuruari, Quonga, 

 Annai), Brazil (Pemambuco, Bahia, Chapada), and Peru (Xeberos, Lima); 

 Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, "1901," p. 285, 1902— Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, 

 and Bahia; NicoU, Ibis, 1904, p. 40 — Bahia; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 1, 

 p. 339, 1908 — Surinam; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. 

 Wien, 76, p. 87, 1910 — Pemambuco (Pao d'Alho, near Recife), Bahia 

 (Barrinha; Joazeiro; Barra do Rio Grande; Santa Rita, Rio Preto), and 

 Piauhy (Estreito, Rio Pamahyba). 



Columbigallina minuta Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 119, 1902 — 

 Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco, Venezuela; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, 

 p. 100, 1906 — Santa Ana, Urubamba, Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, 

 p. 22, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Piracicaba, Victoria, Botucatu) and Bahia; Ber- 

 lepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 295, 1908 — Cayenne; Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. 

 Arg., 75, p. 69, 1913— Alto Parand; idem, Faun. Parag., p. 36, 1914— 

 Alto Parand, Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 63, 1914 

 (range); idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, pp. 48, 68, 1926 

 — Ceard and Maranhao (Sao Ben to). 



Chaemepelia minuta minuta Todd, Ann. Camegie Mus., 8, p. 573, 1913 

 (monog.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 40 — Trujillo, Libertad, and Chosica, 

 Lima, Peru; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 47, 1921— Santa 

 Ana and Idma, Urubamba, Peru; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 533 



60, p. 68, 1930 — Palmiras and Urucum, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. 

 Paul., 17, (2), p. 712, 1932— Tres Lagoas, Matto Grosso. 



Columbina grisea Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 253, 1913 — Alto Parand 

 (ex Bertoni); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 43, 1916— upper Takutu 

 Mountains, Abary River, Roraima, Yuruari River, Annai, Quonga, and 

 Georgetown. 



Chamaepelia minuta minuta Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, 

 p. 467, 1929 — Maranhao (Codo, Cocos; Victoria and Fazenda Inhtima, 

 Alto Parnahyba), Piauhy (Ardra, Ibiapaba), and Cear4 (Varzea Formosa) 

 (crit.). 



Columbigallina minuta minuta Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, 

 p. 259, 1930— Hu4nuco, Peru (crit.); Roberts, Trop. Agric, 11, p. 92, 

 1934 — Piarco savannah and Brighton, Trinidad; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 

 19, p. 65, 1935 — Madre de Deus, Corup^ba, Joazeiro, and Bomfim, Bahia; 

 idem, I.e., 20, p. 38, 1936 — Rio Meia Ponte (Inhtimas), Goy^z; Belcher 

 and Smooker, Ibis, 1936, p. 4 — savannahs of Trinidad (nest and eggs 

 descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 108, 1937 (range). 



Columbigallina minuta amazilia Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 109, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Island of Trinidad; Venezuela (Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco 

 River) ;^ British, Dutch, and French Guiana; Brazil from Pard, 

 Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceard south and west to Sao Paulo, Goyaz, 

 and Matto Grosso; Paraguay (Rio Pilcomayo; Villa Concepcion; 

 Villa Rica; Horqueta; Alto Parand); Peru (Pacific coast region from 

 Trujillo to Lima; Hudnuco; Xeberos; Santa Ana and Idma, 

 Urubamba Valley) .^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 8: British Guiana (Georgetown, 3; 

 unspecified, 1) ; Peru (Menocucho, Libertad, 3; Hudnuco, Huanuco, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 35: Brazil (Tome-assu, Rio Acara, 6; Codo, 

 Cocos, ' Maranhao, 2; Victoria, Maranhao, 1; Alto Parnahyba, 

 Maranhao, 2; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 3; Ardra, Piauhy, 1; Varzea For- 

 mosa, Ceara, 5); Peru (Huanuco, Hudnuco, 3); Paraguay (Villa 

 Rica, 9; Horqueta, 3). 



1 This appears to be the most westerly record from Venezuela. Whether 

 Chaemepelia griseola Ernst (Primer Annuario Estadistico, Caracas, p. 310, 1877) 

 from Caracas and Tocoma, really pertains here, as suspected by Mr. Todd, is 

 more than problematic. 



2 Birds from Brazil agree perfectly with a series from British Guiana and a 

 single old skin from Cayenne, while adult males from Paraguay are generally of 

 a purer, more uniform gray on the head and hind neck. Specimens from the Uru- 

 bamba Valley (Santa Ana) and Huanuco do not appreciably differ from those of 

 Brazil. Males from the Pacific coast of Peru (C. amazilia) average very slightly 

 smaller and duller, but the divergency is completely bridged through individual 

 variation and, in agreement with Mr. Zimmer, we do not see any practical advan- 

 tage in recognizing a Pacific race. 



Twenty-five additional specimens from Brazil (Piauhy, Pernambuco, Bahia, 

 Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso), one from Cayenne, five from British Guiana (Roraima, 

 Rio Yuruari), seven from Santa Ana, Urubamba, Peru, four from Lima, Peru, 

 and one from Paraguay (Villa Concepcion) have been examined. 




534 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



♦Columbigallina minuta elaeodes (Todd).^ Northern Plain- 

 breasted Ground Dove. 



Chaemepelia minuta elaeodes Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 578, 1913 — 

 Buenos Aires, Costa Rica (type in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh); 

 Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 422, 1916— part, Colombia 

 to Costa Rica (monog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 209, 

 1917 — Dabeiba, lower Atrato, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 70, p. 242, 1918— Miraflores, Panama; Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 310, 

 1924 — Gatun, Mindi, and Corozal, Panama. 



Chamaepelia amazilia (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, 

 p. 30, 1856— Bogota, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1864, p. 370— 

 Lion Hill, Panama; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 383 — Ocaiia and Herradura, 

 Santander, Colombia. 



Chamaepelia granatina (not of Bonaparte) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. 

 N. Y., 7, p. 333, 1862— Panama Railroad. 



Chamaepelia minuta (not Columba minuta Linnaeus) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. 



Brit. Mus., 21, p. 481, 1893 — part, spec, f-m, Panama and Bogota; Salvin 



and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 252, 1902 — part, Panama. 

 Columbigallina minuta Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool,, 46, p. 214, 



1906 — savannah of Panama. 

 Chaemepelia minuta Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 292, 1907 — Paso Real, Costa Rica. 

 Chaemepelia minuta Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 399, 1910 — Buenos 



Aires de Terraba, Costa Rica. 

 Columbigallina minuta elaeodes Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 311, 



1935 — Pacific slope of western Panama; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 108, 



1937 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of southwestern Costa Rica (Terraba Val- 

 ley) south along the Pacific slope of Panama to northern Colom- 

 bia (Dabeiba, lower Atrato; Ocaiia and Herradura, Santander; 

 "Bogota"). 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Costa Rica (El Pozo, Rio Terraba, 

 2). 



Conover Collection. — 2: Costa Rica (Boruca, Paso Real, 1); 

 Panama (Frances, Chiriqui, 1). 



*Coluinbigallina minuta interrupta (Griscom).^ Guatemalan 

 Plain-breasted Ground Dove. 



1 Columbigallina minuta elaeodes (Todd) : Similar to C. m. minuta, but darker 

 throughout, the male more purplish vinaceous below and on the wings, and with 

 the gray of the head more slaty; female more olivaceous above and deeper brown- 

 ish underneath. 



Three Bogota skins appear to be inseparable from two Panama specimens, 

 and are decidedly darker than any individual in a considerable series from eastern 

 South America. 



* Columbigallina minuia interrupta (Griscom) : Nearest to C. m. elaeodes, but 

 more grayish above; the male below less vinaceous; the female duller, hair brown 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 535 



Chaemepelia minuta interrupta Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 379, p. 4, 1929 — 

 Secanquim, Guatemala (type in Dwight Collection, in the American 

 Museum of Natural History, New York). 



Chamaepelia minuta (not Columba minuta Linnaeus) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 21, p. 481, 1893 — part, spec, c-e, Mexico (Atoydc, Vera Cruz) and 

 Guatemala (Retalhuleu) ; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 

 3, p. 252, 1902— part, Atoyac and Retalhuleu. 



Chaemepelia minuta Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 80, 

 1907 — Los Amates, Guatemala. 



Chaemepelia minuta elaeodes Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 578, 1913 — part, 

 Vera Cruz to (?)British Honduras; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, 

 Part 7, p. 422, 1916 — part, Mexico (Vera Cruz to Campeche), Guatemala, 

 and (?)British Honduras. 



Columbigallina minuta interrupta Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 115, 

 1932 — Guatemala (Secanquim, Chimoxan, Finca Chama, Chipoc); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 3, p. 108, 1937 (range) ; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. 

 Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 192, 1938— Hacienda Zapotitan, El Salvador. 



Range. — Southeastern Mexico (Atoyac, Vera Cruz; Montecristo, 

 Tabasco; Campeche), Guatemala, El Salvador (Hacienda Zapotitan), 

 and (?) British Honduras (Belize, Toledo District, Manatee District). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Guatemala (Los Amates, 1). 



*Columbigallina buckleyi (Sclater and Salvin). ^ Buckley's 

 Ground Dove. ^, 



Chamaepelia buckleyi Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. iSM 

 — Santa Rita, Ecuador (cotypes in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in 

 British Museum) ; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 575 — Yaguachi 

 and Guayaquil, Ecuador; iidem. I.e., 1885, p. Ill — Yaguachi, Ecuador; 

 Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 245, 1886 — Lechugal, Dept. Tumbez, Peru; 

 Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 484, pi. 10, fig. 2, 1893— Santa Rita; 

 idem and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 35, 1900— Baba- 

 hoyo, Vinces, and Balzar, Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 

 (2), 4, p. 230, 1932— Isla Silva and Rio San Antonio, Prov. Guayas, 

 Ecuador. 



rather than warm drab, with the white area on the chin in both sexes more 

 extensive. 



The single female from Los Amates seems to bear out the characters of this 

 form. Although no Mexican material has been available for study, the inhabi- 

 tants of that region are without much doubt referable to interrupta. Birds from 

 British Honduras are stated by Griscom to be intermediate between elaeodes and 

 interrupta, though nearer the latter. 



1 Columbigallina buckleyi (Sclater and Salvin), in spite of its pale body colora- 

 tion and white apical edges to the rectrices, both of which characters remind one of 

 C. minuta, seems to be more nearly related to C. talpacoti, which it resembles in 

 proportions and black under wing coverts. 



Ten additional specimens from western Ecuador (Yaguachi, Babahoyo, Vinces, 

 Rio Jubones, Daule) examined. 




536 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Chaemepelia huckleyi Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 580, 1913 (monog.); 

 Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 167, 1926 — Ecuador (Esmeral- 

 das, coast of Manavf, Chone, Chongoncito, Pallatanga, Pun4 Island, 

 Guayaquil, Duran, Daule, Porto velo, Santa Rosa, Rio Jubones). 



ColumbigaUina buekleyi Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 109, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Equatorial Arid zone of western Ecuador from Esmeral- 

 das to the Peruvian border (Lechugal, Dept. Tumbez), 



Conover Collection. — 14: Ecuador (Vinces, Rio Vinces, 1; Milagro, 

 Guayas, 1; Tarasana, Guayaquil, 1; Chongon, Guayaquil, 6; Isla 

 Silva, Prov. de los Rios, 3; Arenillas, El Oro, 2). 



♦ColumbigaUina talpacoti talpacoti (Temminck). Talpacoti 

 Dove. 



Columba talpacoti Temminck, in Temminck and Knip, Les Pigeons, 1, Colombi- 

 gallines, p. 22, 1811 — "I'Am^rique meridionale"= Brazil (auct. Braboume 

 and Chubb, Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 18, 1913) (type in Paris Museum); idem, 

 Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 1, pp. 421, 496, 1813— South America; Wagler, Syst. 

 Av., 1, fol. 17, sp. 86, 1827 — Brazil and Paraguay (descr.); Wied, Beitr. 

 Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 465, 1833 — Rio de Janeiro, Cabo Frio, and 

 Espirito Santo, Brazil; Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 305, 1844— 

 Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Om., p. 275, 1846 — Peru; Schomburgk, 

 Reisen Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 394, 1847— Pirara; idem. I.e., 2, p. 490, 1848— 

 sandhills near Georgetown; Euler, Joum. Om., 15, pp. 189, 190, 196, 198, 

 1867 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro (nesting). 



Columba minuta (not of Linnaeus, 1766) Temminck and Knip, Les Pigeons, 1, 

 Colombi-gallines, pi. 12, 1811; Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 341 (8vo ed., p. 340), 

 1821 — Isla Cachoeirinha, Rio Belmonte, Bahia. 



Columbina cabocolo Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 58, pi. 75a, fig. 1 (male), 

 1825 — no locality indicated (type lost, formerly in Munich- Museum; cf. 

 Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 697, 1906). 



Chaemepelia einnamomina Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Bds., 2, p. 349, 1837 

 — based on Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, pi. 75a, fig. 1. 



Ch[amaepelia] godinae Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, p. 22, 

 Jan., 1855 — "du nord-ouest de I'Amerique m^ridionale et peut-etre meme 

 de I'Amerique centrale," errore (descr. of female; type from Bolivia, coll. 

 by d'Orbigny, in Paris Museiun). 



Talpaeotia godina Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, sig. 10, "Dec. 5, 1854," p. 

 79, "April 15, 1855" [=1857]— Bolivia and Brazil (descr. of female); 

 Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 555 — Amable Maria, Peru; 

 idem. I.e., 1879, p. 243 — Guajango, Maraiion, Peru. 



Columbina talpacoti Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 116, 1841 — Rio de 

 Janeiro; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 416, 1910 — Calama, Rio Madeira, 

 and Maroins, Rio Machados, Brazil; idem, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. 

 Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 80, 96, 122, 1910— Peixe-Boi, Para 

 localities, and Mexiana, Brazil; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 

 23, p. 287, 1912— Villa Rica, Paraguay; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 44, 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 537 



1916 — Ituribisci River, Supenaam, Bartica, Bonasika River, Great Falls 

 of Demerara, Abary River, Anarica River, Quonga, and Annai; Marelli, 

 Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 599, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; 

 Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 117, 1926— Salto Guayra, 

 Parana. 



Chamaepelia^ talpacoti Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 744, 

 "1848"— coast and savannas; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 

 297, 1856— Rio de Janeiro; Euler, Journ. Orn., 15, p. 417, 1867— Canta- 

 gallo; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 591 — Rio Tocan- 

 tins; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 277, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba, Rio), 

 Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Tejuco), Matto Grosso (Sao Vicente), Forte do Rio 

 Branco, and Pard; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, 

 p. 56 — Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; Hamilton, Ibis, 1871, p. 309 — Ita- 

 petininga, Sao Paulo; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 396 — Nazare, Para; Berlepsch, 

 Journ. Orn., 22, p. 247, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Allen, Bull. 

 Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876 — Santarem and Rhomes, Rio Tapajoz; Forbes, 

 Ibis, 1881, p. 357 — Pernambuco and Parahyba; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1882, p. 626 — Ordn, Salta, and Concepcion, Misiones; Berlepsch 

 and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 176, 1885 — Taquara do Mundo Novo 

 and Arroyo Grande, Rio Grande do Sul; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 174 — 

 British Guiana; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 426, 1886 — Amable Maria 

 and Guajango, Peru; Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 10, p. 86, 

 1889 — YtaM, Paraguay (eggs descr.); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, 

 p. 144, 1889 (White's localities); Boucard and Berlepsch, The Humming 

 Bird, 2, p. 41, 1892— Porto Real, Rio de Janeiro; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 147 

 — Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 

 485, 1893 — British Guiana (Quonga, Annai, Demerara), Cayenne, Brazil 

 (Ceara, Para, Pernambuco, Nova Friburgo, Sao Paulo, Bahia, Rio, Cha- 

 pada), and Bolivia; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 164 — Lagoa Grande do Amapa, 

 northern Para; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 2, p. 166, 1897— Villa Bella, 

 Ilha de Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo; idem. I.e., 3, p. 400, 1899 — Sao Sebastiao, 

 Sao Paulo; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 33, 1897— 

 Caiza, Chaco Boliviano; idem. I.e., 15, No. 378, p. 14, 1900 — Urucum, 

 Matto Grosso; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 163, 1900 — Cantagallo and 

 Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 234 — Paraguayan 

 Chaco; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 217, 1902— Rio Salf, 

 Tucumdn; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 40 — Bahia; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 

 11, p. 249, 1904— Cerrillos, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, 

 p. 71, 1905— Rio Salf, Tucumdn; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 42, 

 1907 — Mexiana; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 1, p. 340, 1908 — Surinam; Sneth- 

 lage, Journ. Orn., 56, pp. 516, 538, 1908 — Rio Tapajoz (Goyana) and Rio 

 Tocantins (Alcoba^a); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 263, 1909 

 — Salta (Ordn), Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud), and Misiones (Con- 

 cepcion, Posadas); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 

 76, p. 87, 1910 — Pernambuco (Pao d'Alho, near Recife) and Bahia (Barra 

 and Ilha Fogo, Rio Sao Francisco); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 62 — Sapucay, 

 Paraguay (plumages, eggs); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 460 — Rabicho, Rio 

 Paraguay, Matto Grosso; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 582, 1913 



1 Sometimes spelled Chaemepelia. 




538 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



(monog.); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., 62, p. 45, 1918 — 

 Paramaribo, Surinam; Pereyra, El Homero, 3, p. 161, 1923 — 2^1aya, 

 Buenos Aires; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 151, 1928 — 

 Castanhal, Pari; Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 281, 1928— Bemfica, 

 Serra do Itatiaya, Brazil. 



Talpacotia cinnamomea Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 38, 1857 

 — Cayenne. 



Peristera talpacoti Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbae, p. 136, 1873 — Brazil, 

 Cayenne, Surinam, and Bolivia. 



Columbigallina talpacoti Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 105, 1889 — lower 

 Beni, Bolivia; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 162, 1891 — Santarem, Rio 

 Tapajoz; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893 — Chapada, Matto 

 Grosso; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 44 

 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 22, 

 1907 — Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Sao Sebastiao, Sao Jos^ de Rio Pardo, 

 Jaboticabal) ; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 295, 1908 — Cayenne; Dabbene, 

 Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 193, 1910 (range in Argentina); 

 idem, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 253, 1913 (range in Argentina and Paraguay); 

 Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 69, 1913 — Argentina; idem. Faun. 

 Parag., p. 36, 1914 — Alto Parand, Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 

 8, p. 65, 1914 — ParS, Rio Tocantins (Alcobaga), Rio Tapajoz (Goyana), 

 Arumanduba, Serra de Erer6, and Rio Maecurii, Brazil; idem, Bol. Mus. 

 Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 48, 1926 — Ceari. 



Camaepelia talpacoti Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 146, 1899 

 — Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul. 



Chamaepelia talpacoli [sic] Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Om., 1917, p. 25 — 

 Caceres and Pocon6, Matto Grosso. 



ColumbigaUina rufipennis (not Chamaepelia rufipennis Bonaparte) Beebe, Our 

 Search for a Wilderness, pp. 131, 139, 389, 1910 — Georgetown and Hoory 

 Creek, British Guiana. 



Columbina rufipennis Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 45, 1916 (ex Beebe). 



Chaemepelia arthuri Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 45, 

 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam (type in Museum of Comparative 

 Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). 



Chamaepelia talpacoti talpacoti Dinelli, El Homero, 4, p. 276, 1929 — Tucuman 

 (visitant); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 468, 1929 

 — Goyaz (Philadelphia, lower Tocantins), Maranhao (Carolina, Barra da 

 Corda, Fazenda Inhtima, Sao PVancisco, Sao Bento, Cod6), Piauhy (Arara, 

 Ibiapaba), and Cear& (Varzea Formosa) (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 60, p. 68, 1930 — Urucum, Matto Grosso, and Rio Solimoes, 

 Brazil; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 88, 

 1930 — Formosa (San Jos6, Yunca Viejo, Tapikiol^) and Bolivia (Timama, 

 Santa Cruz) ; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 348, 1932— 

 Angol, Malleco, Chile (accidental); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 

 712, 1932 — Valparaiso, Sao Paulo, and Sant' Anna do Paranahyba, Matto 

 Grosso. 



ColumbigaUina talpacoti talpacoti Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 66, 1935 — 

 Madre de Deus, Cahype, Corup^ba, Rio Jucurucu, Bomfim, and Joazeiro, 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 539 



Bahia; idem, I.e., 20, p. 39, 1936 — Jaragud, Goydz; Brodkorb, Occ. Papers, 

 Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., J49, p. 6, 1937— Arary, Marajo, Brazil; Peters, 

 Bds. World, 3, p. 108, 1937 (range). 



Range. — British, Dutch, and French Guiana and south through 

 Brazil, eastern Peru, and eastern Bolivia to Rio Grande do Sul, 

 Paraguay, and northern Argentina (Tucumdn; Formosa; Misiones; 

 Barracas al Sud and Zelaya, Buenos Aires) ; accidental in Chile (one 

 record from Angol, Malleco).* 



Field Museum Collection. — 27: British Guiana (Buxton, E. C., 

 Demerara, 5); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, 

 Rio Branco, 2; Serra Baturit^, Ceard, 1; Barra do Corda, 

 Maranhao, 2; Ardra, Piauhy, 1; Macaco Secco, Bahia, 1; Sao 

 Marcello, Bahia, 1; Therezopolis, Rio de Janeiro, 2; Aragatuba, Sao 

 Paulo, 2; Urucum de Corumba, Matto Grosso, 1; Vaccaria, Matto 

 Grosso, 1; Fazenda Morungaba, Parand, 1); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 

 2); Peru (San Ramon, Junin, 3); Chile (Angol, Cautin, 1). 



Conover Collection. —65: British Guiana (Buxton, E. C, Demerara, 

 1); Brazil (Resacca, Rio Capim, 1; Ipomonga, Rio Capim, 4; Boca 

 de Channel Piava, Pard, 7; Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 5; Obidos, Pard, 6; 

 Rio Manacapuru, Amazonas, 1 ; Carolina, Maranhao, 1 ; Alto Parna- 

 hyba, Maranhao, 1; Sao Francisco, Maranhao, 3; Codo, Cocos, 

 Maranhao, 1; Philadelphia, Goydz, 1; Varzea Formosa, Ceard, 4; 

 Ardra, Piauhy, 1; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 1; Victoria, Sao Paulo, 1); Para- 

 guay (Villa Rica, 5; Horqueta, 3; east side of Paraguay River, 2; 

 265 km. west of Puerto Casado, 1) ; Bolivia (Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 

 3; Cercado, Santa Cruz, 1; Rio Surutu, Santa Cruz, 2; Nueva Moka, 

 Santa Cruz, 2); Argentina (Santa Ana, Misiones, 5; Puerto Segundo, 

 Misiones, 1; Concepcion, Tucumdn, 1). 



♦Columbigallina talpacoti caucae (Chapman). ^ Cauca 

 Talpacoti Dove. 



Chaevtepelia rufipennis caucae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 34, p. 367, 

 1915 — La Manuelita, near Palmira, Cauca Valley, Colombia (type in the 



1 We are unable to make out any geographic races within the area circumscribed 

 above, birds from the Guianas being to all intents identical with series from south- 

 ern Brazil and Paraguay. C. arthuri, based on specimens with cinnamomeous edg- 

 ing to the inner webs of the primaries and some rufous admixture on the under 

 wing coverts, is merely an individual variant and not confined to any particular 

 district. In a series from Sao Paulo we find every gradation from the stage with 

 plain dusky primaries and uniform black under wing coverts to the variety 

 described as C. arthuri, and some have even more rufous on the wings than a 

 topotype from Surinam. 



Ninety-two additional specimens from the whole range examined. 



^ Columbigallina talpacoti caucae (Chapman) : Male not certainly distinguish- 

 able from C. t. rufipennis, but on average paler below and browner above; female 




540 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



American Museum of Natural History, New York) ; idem, I.e., 36, p. 209, 

 1917 — Cali, La Manuelita, below Miraflores, and Rio Frio, Colombia. 



Chaemepelia rufipennis rufipennis (not of Bonaparte) Todd, Ann. Carnegie 

 Mus., 8, pp. 586, 602, 1913 — part, Cauca Valley, Cali, Palmira, and east 

 of Palmira, Colombia. 



Columbigallina talpacoti caucae Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 108, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Tropical and lower Subtropical zones of the Cauca Val- 

 ley, western Colombia. 



Conover Collection. — 4: Colombia (Rio Timbio, Patia, Cauca, 1; 

 Cali, Cauca, 1; El Tambo, Cauca, 1; Rio Patia, Cauca, 1). 



♦Columbigallina talpacoti rufipennis (Bonaparte).^ Red- 

 winged Talpacoti Dove. 



Ch[amaepelia] rufipennis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 1, 

 p. 22, Jan., 1855 — environs of Cartagena, Colombia (type presumably in 

 Paris Museum). 



Talpacotia rufipennis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, sig. 10, "Dec. 5, 1854," 

 p. 79, "April 15, 1855" [=1857]— Cartagena; idem, Icon. Pigeons, pi. 121, 

 1858— Colombia. 



Chamaepelia talpicoti (not Columba talpacoti Temminck) Jardine, Ann. Mag. 

 Nat. Hist., 20, p. 374, 1847— Tobago. 



Chamaepelia talpacoti Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 94 — Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco, 

 Venezuela; Piguet, Mem. Soc. Neuch. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 806, 1914 — Medellin, 

 Colombia. 



Chamapelia rufipennis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 19, 1857 — Bogota. 



Chamaepelia rufipennis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 359, 1858 — 

 Comayagua, Honduras; Moore, I.e., 27, p. 61, 1859 — San Pedro (Hon- 

 duras) and Peten (Guatemala); Sclater, I.e., p. 369, 1859 — vicinity of 

 Jalapa, Mexico; idem and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 223 — Comayagua, 

 Honduras; Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 227 — Comayagua; Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 370— Lion Hill, Panama; Salvin, I.e., 1867, 

 p. 159— David, Chiriquf; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 366, 1866— Trinidad; 

 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 629 — San Esteban, 

 Venezuela; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 179, 1867 — 

 David, Chiriqui; idem. I.e., 9, p. 139, 1868 — San Jos6, Costa Rica; idem, 



differing decidedly by being light Saccardo's umber on the upper parts with but 

 a slight vinaceous tinge on rump and tail coverts and by being less vinaceous 

 tawny on the flight-feathers as well as on flanks and crissum. 

 More adequate material should be studied. 



1 Columbigallina talpacoti rufipennis (Bonaparte) is well-marked by reason of 

 its rufous outer under wing coverts and extensively rufous remiges. Still the 

 appearance of the variety called C. arthuri, with indication of a cinnamomeous 

 quill-lining and some reddish intermixture under the wing, in the range of C. talpa- 

 coti points to conspecific relationship of these doves. 



While birds from eastern Mexico and southern Central America are indis- 

 tinguishable from those of Colombia and Venezuela, there is a strong tendency in 

 Pacific Guatemala towards the characters of C i. eluta. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 541 



I.e., 9, p. 207, 1869 — Merida, Yucatan; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 372, 

 1869— Orosi, Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 217— 

 Veraguas (Chitra, Calobre) and Chiriqui (Bugaba, Mina de Chorcha); 

 Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 383 — Ocana and Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia; 

 Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 43 — Puntarenas, Costa Rica; 

 Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 544 — Medellin, Colombia; Salvin and 

 Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 178 — Santa Marta, Colombia; Boucard, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 459 — Yucatan; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 317, 

 1884 — Bucaramanga, Colombia; Tristram, Cat. Coll. Bds., p. 39, 1889 — 

 Tobago; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 378— Cozumel Island; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 21, p. 487, 1893 — part, spec, a-o, z-w", Mexico (Atoyac, 

 Huatusco, and Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; Teapa, Tabasco; Izalam, Peto, 

 and Buctzotz, Yucatan; Cozumel Island), British Honduras, Guatemala 

 (El Paraiso, Duefias, Retalhuleu), El Salvador (La Libertad), Nicaragua 

 (Chinandega, Matagalpa), Costa Rica, Chiriqui (Bugaba, Mina de Chor- 

 cha), Veraguas (Chitra), Panama (Lion Hill, Chepo), Colombia (Santa 

 Marta, Medellin, Bogota), Venezuela (San Esteban), and Trinidad; 

 idem and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 9, 1899— Punta 

 de Sabana, Darien; Dalmas, M6m. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 144, 1900 — 

 Tobago; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 253, 1902 — 

 part, Mexico (localities in Vera Cruz, Tabasco, and Yucatan) and south 

 through Central America to Panama; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 1, p. 340, 

 1908— "Guiana" (ex Schlegel), errore. 



Chamaepilia mfipennis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 301, 1862 

 — Panama Railroad. 



Chamepelia rufipennis Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, 5, p. 231, 1881 — Potrero 

 and Omealca, Vera Cruz. 



Peristera rufipennis Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbae, p. 136, 1873 — 

 "Guyane" (errore), Caracas, Colombia, and Guatemala. 



Chamaepelia talpacoti rufipennis Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 408, 

 1^82 — La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica. 



Columbigallina rufipennis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 581, 1885 — 

 Cozumel Island; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 127, 1887 — 

 Las Trojas, Costa Rica; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 584, 1888 

 — Trujillo, Honduras; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1890, p. 204— 

 Tekanto, Yucatan; Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. y Mus. Nac. Costa 

 Rica, 4, p. 146, 1893— Terraba Valley, Costa Rica; Cory, Auk, 10, p. 220, 

 1893— Tobago; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 74, 1894— near 

 Princestown, Trinidad; Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, pp. 117, 154, 

 1895 — Barranquilla and Honda, Colombia; idem, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 18, p. 660, 1896— Margarita Island; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 8, p. 287, 1896— Chichen-Itz4, Yucatan; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 366, 1897— 

 Cumanacoa and San Antonio [Bermudez], Venezuela; Bangs, Proc. Biol. 

 Soc. Wash., 12, p. 132, 1898— Santa Marta, Colombia; Allen, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 13, p. 128, 1900 — Bonda, Cienaga, and Masinga Vieja, Colom- 

 bia; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 2, p. 15, 1900 — Loma del Leon, 

 Panama; idem. Auk, 18, pp. 25, 358, 1901 — San Miguel Island and Divala 

 (Chiriqui), Panama; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 119, 1902 — 

 Rio Orinoco (Altagracia, Caicara, Ciudad Bolivar) and La Union, Caura, 



k 




542 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Venezuela; Clark, Auk, 19, p. 261, 1902— El Valle, Margarita Island; 

 Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 280, 1905— Bonda, Colombia (nest 

 and eggs); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 47, 1906 — Caparo and Seelet, 

 Trinidad (crit.); Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 117, 1906— Chichen- 

 Itz4, Yucatan (nesting, food). 



Columbigallina rufipennis rufipennis Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 142, 

 1903— Ceiba, Honduras; Thayer and Bangs, I.e., 46, p. 148, 1905— San 

 Miguel and Saboga Island, Pearl Islands, Panama (crit.); Peters, I.e., 71, 

 p. 298, 1931 — Almirante, Changuinola, and Isla Grande, Panama; Darling- 

 ton, I.e., p. 378, 1931 — near Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia; Griscom, I.e., 

 72, p. 322, 1932— Perme, Panama; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, 

 p. 115, 1932 — Guatemala (Pantaleon, Escuintla; Finca El Cipres; Ha- 

 cienda California; Ocos; San Jose; Chimoxan); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 84, p. 306, 1932 — Cantarranas and Lancetilla, Honduras; 

 Roberts, Trop. Agric, 11, p. 92, 1934— Trinidad; Van Tyne, Misc. Pub., 

 Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 13, 1934 — Flores and Pacamon, Peten, 

 Guatemala; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 311, 1935 — Panama; 

 Carriker and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 414, 1935— 

 Gualan and Quirigua, Guatemala; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1936, p. 5 

 — Trinidad and Tobago (nest and eggs); Deignan, Auk, 53, p. 188, 1936 — 

 La Ceiba, Honduras; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 Zool. Ser., 23, p. 191, 1938— Puerto del Triunfo, Divisadero, Lake OIo- 

 mega, Sonsonate, Lake Guija, Lake Chanmico, San Salvador and Mfra- 

 flores. El Salvador. 



Chamaepella rufipennis rufipennis Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 292, 1907 — Boruca, Pozo 

 del Rio Grande, and Barrdnca [de Puntarenas], Costa Rica. 



Columbina rufipennis Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 370, 1908 — 

 Pointe Gourde and Carenage, Trinidad; Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. 

 Trin. Tob., 20, p. 178, 1922 — Tarouba, La Fortun^e, and Princestown, 

 Trinidad. 



Chaemepelia rufipennis Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Om. Ser., 1, p. 80, 

 1907 — Los Amates and San Jose, Guatemala; Cory, I.e., p. 240, 1909 — 

 Margarita Island; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 191, 1913 — 

 Pedemales, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. 

 Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 36, 1922— Venezuela (Rio CogoUo; Rio 

 Guachl; Rio Chamd; Encontrados; Orope; Colon, Tachira; Rio Aurare). 



Chaemepelia rufipennis rufipennis Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 399, 

 1910 — Costa Rica (PIgres, Puntarenas, Cachf, Miravalles, El Pozo, 

 Boruca); Todd, I.e., 8, p. 586, 1913 (monog.); Peters, Auk, 30, p. 373, 1913 

 — Camp Mengel and Xcopen, Quintana Roo; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 424, 1916 (monog.); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. 

 Inst., 2, p. 353, 1916 — savanna region of the Orinoco River (nest); Chap- 

 man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 209, 1917— Colombia (Calamar, 

 Malena, and Chicoral, Magdalena Valley; El Alto de la Paz, Bogota 

 region); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 242, 1918— Gatun, 

 Panama; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 15, 1919 — Masaya, Nicaragua; 

 idem. I.e., 13, No. 4, p. 29, 1920— Pearl Islands; Todd and Carriker, Ann. 

 Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 193, 1922 — Fundacion, Bonda, Buritaca, Don 

 Diego, Mamatoco, and Santa Marta, Colombia (crit.); Griscom, Bull 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 543 



Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 154, 1929 — Cana, Darien; Peters, I.e., p. 406, 

 1929 — Lancetilla and Urraco, Honduras. 

 Chaemepelia rufipennis eluta (not Columbigallina r. eluta Bangs) Todd, Ann. 

 Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 590, 1913 — part, eastern Mexico. 



Chaemepelia rufipennis nesophila Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 590 (foot- 

 note). May 8, 1913^[San Miguel Island], Pearl Islands (type in Museum 

 of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; = young male; cf. Bangs, 

 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 165, 1930). 



Chaemapelia rufipennis rufipennis Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 310, 1924— Gatun, 

 Panama (nest and eggs). 



Columbigallina talpacoti rufipennis Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 108, 1937 (range). 



/^awfife.— Southeastern Mexico, from southern Vera Cruz south- 

 wards through Guatemala, British Honduras, Honduras, El Salva- 

 dor, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama to northern and eastern 

 Colombia, Venezuela (south to the Orinoco-Caura basin), and the 

 islands of Margarita, Trinidad, and Tobago.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 74: Mexico (Achotal, Vera Cruz, 3; 

 Yucatan, 1); British Honduras (Middlesex, 1); Guatemala (Tiquisate, 

 Escuintla, 1 ; San Jos^, Escuintla, 1 ; Los Amates, Izabal, 2) ; El Salvador 

 (San Salvador, 1; Sitio del Nino, 2; Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 

 3) ; Nicaragua (San Geronimo, Chinandega, 3; San Emilio, Lake Nica- 

 ragua, 1); Costa Rica (Las Canas, Guanacaste, 1; Buenos Aires, 2; El 

 Pozo, Rio T^rraba, 2); Panama (Frances, Chiriqui, 1; Colon, 3); 

 Colombia ("Bogotd," 4; 10 miles north of Cucuta, Santander, 1); 

 Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 6; Lake Valencia, 1; Caracas, 8; 

 Cocollar, Sucr^, 3; Tachira, Colon, 5; Encontrados, 8; Orope, Zulia, 

 2; Rio Aurare, Zulia, 2); West Indies (Tobago, 6). 



Conover Collection. — 43: Guatemala (Tiquisate, Escuintla, 1; 

 Bobos, Izabal, 2); Honduras (Comayaguela, Tegucigalpa, 3; Caliche, 

 La Paz, 2) ; Costa Rica (Miravalles, Guanacaste, 1 ; Puerto Jimenez, 

 Puntarenas, 3; Las Caiias, West Slope, 7; Buenos Aires, 2; Matina, 

 Limon, 1); Panama (Perm^, Darien, 4; Obaldia, Darien, 4); Vene- 

 zuela (Rio Cogollo, P^rija, 5; Rio Chamd, M^rida, 7; Rio Guachi, 

 Zulia, 1). 



♦Columbigallina talpacoti eluta Bangs. ^ Vinaceous 

 Talpacoti Dove. 



' The range of this form certainly does not extend into the Guianas. Penard, 

 mainly on Schlegel's authority, includes it among the birds of Surinam, but all 

 the specimens sent by him to the Tring Museum prove to be C. t. talpacoti. Beebe's 

 record from British Guiana, repeated by Chubb, is doubtless due to misidentifica- 

 tion, since all the numerous examples we have seen from this colony are talpacoti. 



1 Columbigallina talpacoti eluta Bangs, if maintained, must be restricted to 

 western Mexico, as has been explained by Ridgway. Its southward extension 




544 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Columbigallina rufipennis eluta Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 358, 1901 — Escuinapa, 

 Sinaloa, Mexico (type in coll. of E. A. and 0. Bangs, now in Museum of 

 Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., 70, p. 165, 1930); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 343, 1905— 

 Escuinapa, Sinaloa; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 372, 1934 — 

 Coyucd, Guerrero. 



Chamaepelia rufipennis (not of Bonaparte) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 21, p. 487, 1893 — part, spec, p-y, Santiago (Tepic), Tierra Colorada and 

 Acapulco (Guerrero), (?)Putla (Oaxaca), and (?)Tonala (Chiapas); Salvin 

 and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 253, 1902 — part, western 

 Mexico, in states of Sinaloa, Tepic, Guerrero, (?)Oaxaca, and (?)Chiapas. 



Chaemepelia rufipennis eluta Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 590, 1913 — part, 

 western Mexico from Sinaloa to Guerrero, (?)Oaxaca, and (?)Chiapas; 

 Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 429, 1916— western Mexico 

 (monog.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 8, 1927— San Bias, 

 Nayarit. 



Columbigallinxi talpacoti eluta Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 107, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Western Mexico, in states of Sinaloa (Escuinapa, Los 

 Robles, LosLatos), Nayarit (San Bias, Santiago), Colima, Michoacan 

 (Apatzingan), Guerrero (Acapulco, Tierra Colorada, Engido Nuevo, 

 Coyuca), and possibly Oaxaca (Putla) and Chiapas (Tonala). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Mexico (Apatzingan, Michoacan, 1). 

 Genus COLUMBINA Spix 



Columbina Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 57, 1825 — type, by subs, desig. 

 (Gray, List Gen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 75, 1841), Columbina strepitans Spix. 



Columbula Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, p. 22, Jan., 1855 — 

 new name for Columbina Spix; idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, sig. 10, "Dec. 5, 

 1854," p. 80, "April 15, 1855" [=1857]. 



♦Columbina picui picui (Temminck). Greater Picui Dove. 



Columba picui Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 1, pp. 435, 498, 1813 — based 

 on "Paloma picui" Azara, No. 324, Paraguay; Knip and Prevost, Les 

 Pigeons, 2, p. 71, pi. 39, ca. 1840 — no locality (coll. d'Orbigny); Jaffuel 

 and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. Ill, 1927— Marga-Marga, Val- 

 paraiso, Chile. 



Columbina strepitans (not of Spix) Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, 

 p. 116, 1841 — Maldonado, banks of the La Plata, and Rio Negro, Pata- 

 gonia; Eraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 115, 1843 — Valley of Acon- 

 cagua, Chile; Yarrell, I.e., 15, p. 53, 1847— Chile (egg descr.); Hartlaub, 

 Naumannia, 3, p. 221, 1853 — Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astron. Exp., 

 2, p. 191, 1855 — mountains of Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, 

 p. 109, 1865— Chile (egg descr.). 



beyond Guerrero remains to be ascertained by the study of adequate series from 

 Pacific Oaxaca and Chiapas, whence no material is accessible. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 545 



Columbula strepitans Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 330, 339 — Chile 

 (exPelzeln). 



Columbina picui Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 21, 1847 — Paraguay (ex Azara); 

 Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. F{s. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 377, 1847— central 

 provinces of Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 312, 1860 — San- 

 tiago, Chile (nesting habits); Phihppi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 268, 1868— 

 central provinces of Chile; Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chili, 4, 

 p. Ixxxvii, 1894 — Peiiaflor, Santiago, Chile; Marelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 76, 

 1918 — Curuzu Cuatid, Corrientes; Sanzin, I.e., p. 148, 1918 — Mendoza; 

 Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 11, 1920 — Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Minas, 

 Maldonado); Renard, I.e., 2, p. 58, 1920 — Canuelas, Buenos Aires; Da- 

 guerre. I.e., 2, p. 260, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Serie and Smyth, I.e., 

 3, p. 39, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre RIos; Giacomelli, I.e., p. 81, 1923— 

 La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., p. 161, 1923 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Housse, 

 Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 149, 1925— San Bernardo, Santiago, Chile; 

 Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 351, 1926— Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe; Wetmore, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 178, 1926— Chaco, Buenos Aires, Pampa, 

 Mendoza (Tunuydn), Uruguay (Rio Negro, etc.), and Paraguay; Fried- 

 mann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 171, 1927 — Santa Elena, Entre Rfos 

 (habits); Castellanos, El Hornero, 4, p. 371, 1931 — Valle de los Reartes, 

 Cordoba. 



Chamaepelia cyanostigma "Reichenbaeh" Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. 

 Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 130, 1853 — near Casa Blanea, Valparaiso, Chile 

 (nomen nudum); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 325, 1868 (crit.). 



Columbula picui Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 300, 1856 — south- 

 ern Brazil, Paraguay, and Montevideo; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 259, 1860 

 — Argentina; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 496, 1861 — Mendoza, Parana, 

 and Tucuman; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 143 — 

 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Sternberg, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 273, 1869 — Buenos 

 Aires (nesting habits); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 276, 1870 — Sao Paulo 

 (■Porto do Piahy) and Matto Grosso (Cuyabd, Villa Maria, Caigara); 

 Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 255, 1874 — Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes; 

 Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 163; 1877, p. 193— Buenos Aires; Reed, Anal. 

 Univ. Chile, 49, p. 565, 1877— Colehagua, Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Proe. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 640— Sorata, Bolivia; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 7 

 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Durnford, I.e., p. 418 — Tueumdn; 

 White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 626— Flores, Buenos Aires; Holm- 

 berg, Act. Acad. Nac. Ciene. Cordoba, 5, p. 85, 1884 — Tandfl, Buenos 

 Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 275, 1884 — Coneepeion del Uruguay, Entre 

 Rios; Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 282 — Paysandu, Uruguay; Berlepseh and 

 Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 176, 1885 — Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; 

 Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 465 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Sclater 

 and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 143, 1889 — Argentina (habits); Stempelmann 

 and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Ciene. Cordoba, 10, p. 403, 1890— Cordoba; 

 Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 123, 1891— Cordoba; Holland, Ibis, 1891, p. 16; 

 1892, p. 209— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 147 

 —Rio Pilcomayo; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 470, 1893— part, 

 spec, a-s, Paraguay, Argentina (Buenos Aires, Rio Negro, Mendoza), 

 Bolivia (Sorata), Chile (Santiago), and Brazil (Chapada, Cuyabd, Villa 




546 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Maria); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893— Chapada, Matto 

 Grosso; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 202 — Montevideo; Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. 

 La Plata, 6, p. 286, 1895— Chilecito, La Rioja; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. 

 Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 23, 1895— Puerto Pagani, Rio Apa, Paraguay; 

 idem. I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 32, 1897— Bolivian Chaco (San Francisco and 

 Caiza, Tarija) and Jujuy (San Lorenzo); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 

 209, 1896— valleys of Chilean Cordilleras; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 

 4, p. 669, 1898 — Santiago, Chile; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do 

 Sul, 16, p. 146, 1899 — Mundo Novo, Rio Grande, and Pedras Brancas, 

 Rio Grande do Sul; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 234 — Chaco Parag^uayo; Ihering, 

 Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, "1901," p. 284, 1902— Iguape and Porto do Piahy, 

 Sao Paulo; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 216, 1902 — Tucuman; 

 Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, pp. 452, 459 — San Luis and Colonia Cr^vaux, Tarija, 

 Bolivia; Baer, Omis, 12, p. 233, 1904— Tapia, Tucumdn; Bruch, Rev. 

 Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 249, 1904— Oran, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. 

 See,, 3, No. 13, p. 71, 1905 — Tuciun4n; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 21, 

 1907 — Iguape, Sao Paulo, and La Plata, Argentina; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 

 14, p. 408, 1907 — Humaytd, Rio Madeira, Brazil; Hartert and Venturi, 

 I.e., 16, p. 262, 1909 — Buenos Aires (Flores, Barracas al Sud) and Tucu- 

 min (Tapia); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 192, 1910 

 (range in Argentina); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 61 — Sapucay, Paraguay; Grant, 

 Ibis, 1911, p. 460 — Matto Grosso (Boca de Homiguera near Albuquerque) 

 and Buenos Aires (Aj6) ; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 36, 1914 — Alto Parang, 

 Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 64, 1914 (no specimens); 

 Hussey, Auk, 33, p. 386, 1916 — La Plata; Men^gaux, Rev. Fran?. d'Om., 

 1917, p. 25 — Sao Luiz de Caceres, Matto Grosso; Costes, Rev. Chil. Hist. 

 Nat., 21, p. 166, 1919— Valle de Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile; Chubb, 

 Ibis, 1919, p. 39 — Bolivia (Chulumani, La Paz, Tapacari, Cochabamba, 

 El Cabrada, Chuquisaca); Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 35 — Cape San Antonio, 

 Buenos Aires (habits) ; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 192, 1929— 

 Angol, Malleco, Chile. 



Peristera picui Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbae, p. 137, 1873 — Santiago, 

 ChUe. 



Columbula picui picui Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 416, 1910 — Humayta, Rio 

 Madeira, Brazil; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 23, p. 16, 1919 — Nilahue, 

 Curic6, Chile. 



Columbina picui picui Dabbene, El Homero, 1, p. 31, 1917 — Isla Martfn 

 Gdrcia, Buenos Aires; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 171, 1921 — 

 Precordillera of Aconcagua, Chile; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 

 1922-23, p. 599, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. 

 Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 87, 1930 — Formosa (San Jose, Tapikiole), 

 Santa Fe (Est. La Germania), and Bolivia (Villa Montes, Tarija; San 

 Jos6, Santa Cruz); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 402, 1930— 

 Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 711, 1932 — Aquidauana, 

 Matto Grosso; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 347, 

 1932 — Ohnu6 (Valparaiso), Palmilla, La Cruz (Valparaiso), and Lampa, 

 Santiago, Chile (range); Marelli, El Homero, 5, p. 195, 1933 — Est. Sierra 

 de la Ventana, Buenos Aires; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 86, p. 377, 1934 — Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Verb. 

 Om. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 284, 1934— Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe; Barros, 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 547 



Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 38, p. 140, 1934— Cordilleras of Peuco, O'Higgins, 

 Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 104, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Southern Brazil, from Rio Grande do Sul north to Sao 

 Paulo (Iguap6, Porto do Piauhy), Matto Grosso, and the upper Rio 

 Madeira (Humaytd);^ eastern Bolivia; Paraguay; Uruguay; northern 

 Argentina, south to the Rio Negro; central Chile (Aconcagua to 

 Malleco).2 



Field Museum Collection. — 6: Uruguay (Maldonado, Maldonado, 

 1); Brazil (Descalvados, Rio Paraguay, Matto Grosso, 1); Bolivia 

 (Parotani, Cochabamba, 1); Chile (Palmilla la Cruz, Valparaiso, 1; 

 Santiago Market, Santiago, 1; Lampa, Santiago, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 28: Paraguay (Villa Rica, 6; Horqueta, 4); 

 Bolivia (Arani, Cochabamba, 2; Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 1; Rio 

 Surutu, Santa Cruz, 2) ; Argentina (Tapia, Tucuman, 1 ; Concepcion, 

 Tucumdn, 5; Torrecita, Buenos Aires, 1; Tunuydn, Mendoza, 4); 

 Chile (Olmu^, Valparaiso, 2). 



*Columbina picui strepitans Spix.^ Lesser Picui Dove. 



Columbina strepitans Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 57, pi. 75, fig. 1, 1825 — 

 "in campis Piauhy," Brazil (type in Munich Museum examined; of. 

 Hellmayl-, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 696, 1906); 

 Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 62— Ceara (crit.). 



Columba strepitans Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 17, spec. 109, 1827 — Brazil, "ver- 

 sus flumen Amazonum," errore (descr. spec. typ.). 



Columbula strepitans Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 299, 1856 — 



northern Brazil (ex Spix). 

 Columbula picui (not Columba picui Temminck) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. 



Mus., 21, p. 470, 1893 — part, spec, t, Cear4; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. 



Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 48, 1926— Ceara. 

 Columbina (Columbula) strepitans Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. 



Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 87, 1910 — Bahia (Joazeiro, Solidade) and Piauhy 



(Pedrinha, Lagoa do Parnagu4). 

 Columbina strepitans = Columbula picui [sic] Reiser, I.e., 76, p. 191, 1924 — 



Bahia, Piauhy, and Maranhao (eggs). 



1 Only a single female from this locality being available, the final deter- 

 mination as to race requires the examination of an adequate series. 



^ No racial variation is observable between birds from Chile, Bolivia, Argen- 

 tina, and Paraguay. Specimens from southern Brazil (Matto Grosso and Sao 

 Paulo) agree well with topotypes. 



Additional Tnaterial examined. — Chile: Santiago, 2; unspecified, 3. — Bolivia: 

 Chulumani, La Paz, 1.— Brazil; Porto do Piahy, Sao Paulo, 1; Cuyaba, Matto 

 Grosso, 4; Caigara, Matto Grosso, 1. — Paraguay: Villa Concepcion, 2. — Argen- 

 tina: Tapia, Tucum&n, 2. 



^Columbina picui strepitans Spix: Similar to the nominate race, but some- 

 what smaller and coloration paler; the back and inner secondaries light grayish 

 brown instead of drab; the anterior under parts also lighter, tilleul-buff to pale 




548 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Columbina picui strepitans Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, 

 p. 466, 1929 — Piauhy (Ibiapaba, Ardra) and Ceard (Varzea Formosa, 

 Quixada) (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 104, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Northeastern Brazil, from Bahia north to Ceara, Piauhy, 

 and Maranhao. 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Brazil (Varzea Formosa, Ceara, 1; 

 Quixada, Ceara, 1; Arara, Piauhy, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 6: Brazil (Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 5; Arara, 

 Piauhy, 1). 



Genus EUPELIA Todd^ 



Eupelia Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 512, 1913 — type, by orig. desig., 

 Columba cmziana Knip and Prevost. 



♦Eupelia cruziana (Knip and Provost). D'Orbigny's Ground 

 Dove. 



Columba cruziana (d'Orbigny MS.) Knip and Prevost, Les Pigeons, 2, p. 89, 

 pi. 48, ca. 1842 — "Bolivia, aux environs de Santa Cruz," errore (the 

 cotypes examined in the Paris Museum were obtained by d'Orbigny in 

 "Peru"= coast of Tacna, Chile). 



Columba gracilis Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 385, end of 1843 — "in 

 regionibus occidentalibus" [of Peru] (type in NeuchStel Museimi); idem. 

 I.e., 10, (1), p. 305, 1844 — Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Cm., p. 277, 

 pi. 30, 1846 — west slope of Coast Cordillera of Peru; Philippi, Omis, 4, 

 p. 159, 1888 — Canchones, Tarapacfi, Chile. 



Columbula cruziana Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, p. 23, 1855 

 (crit.); idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 80, 1857 — Peru (diag.); Sclater, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 461, 1858 — Cuenca, Ecuador; idem. I.e., 28, p. 

 289, 1860 — Babahoyo, Ecuador; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 555 — Lima 

 (Chorillos, Lima) and Ayacucho (Huanta); idem. I.e., 1877, p. 754 — 

 Txmibez, Peru (egg descr.); idem. I.e., 1879, p. 243 — Tambillo, Peru; idem. 

 I.e., 1880, p. 213 — Callacate, Peru (eggs only). 



Chamaepelia cruziana Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 100 — vicinity 

 of Lima, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 989 — Arequipa, Peru; 

 iidem. I.e., 1868, p. 176 — Tambo Valley, Arequipa; iidem, I.e., 1868, p. 570 

 — ^western Peru; iidem. I.e., 1879, p. 640 — "Santa Cruz, Bolivia" (errore); 

 Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 575 — Chimbo and Yaguachi, 

 Ecuador; Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 402 — Pica, Tarapaca, Chile; Taczanowski, 

 Cm. Per., 3, p. 248, 1886 — Peru (Lima, Chorillos, Huanta, Tumbez, 



vinaceous-fawn rather than pale pinkish buff; the abdominal zone more extensively 

 white. Wing, 85-89; tail, 71-76; bill, 11-12. 



Additional material examined. — Piauhy: Pedrinha, Lagoa do Pamagua, 1; 

 unspecified, 1 (the type). — Bahia: Joazeiro, 1; Solidade, 1; unspecified, 1. 



1 Genus Eupelia Todd: Very similar, in style of coloration, to Columbina, but 

 bill and feet stouter and tail proportionately shorter and much less rounded. 



Though until recently referred to Chamaepelia, d'Orbigny's Ground Dove 

 differs from the members of that genus in various details, as has been pointed out 

 by Mr. Todd, and appears to be more nearly related to Columbina Spix. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 549 



Tambillo, Cutervo, Callacate); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, 

 p. 136— Pica, Tarapaca, Chile; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 483, 

 1893 — Ecuador (Guayaquil, Pun4 Island), "Bolivia," Peru (Arequipa, 

 Lima), and Chile (Pica, Tarapaca); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 

 1896— Tarapacd; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 299— Pica, Tarapacd, Chile (nesting 

 habits); Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 21, 1895 — Vina, Huamachuco, Peru; 

 Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 35, 1900— 

 Cuenca and Puntilla de Santa Elena, Ecuador. 



Peristera cruziana Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbae, p. 137, 1873 — "Bo- 

 livia" =Tacna, northern Chile (descr.). 



Columbigallina cruziana Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1892, p. 394— Lima and lea, Peru; idem, Ornis, 13, p. 72, 1906— Pauza, 

 Ayacucho; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 109, 1937 (range). 



Eupelia cruziana Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 512, 1913; Bangs and Noble, 

 Auk, 35, p. 447, 1918— Huancabamba, Piura, Peru; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, 

 p. 40 — Ecuador (Puna Island, Cuenca, Loja) and Peru (Catacoas and 

 Piura, Piura; Eten, Lambayeque; Trujillo, Libertad; Caraz, Ancachs); 

 Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 166, 1926 — Ecuador (Esmeral- 

 das, coast of Manavi, Bahia de Caraques, Manta, Plata Island, Santa 

 Elena, Guayaquil, Bucay, Puna Island, Santa Rosa, Casanga, Rio Pindo, 

 Lunama, Guainche, Sabanilla); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 

 Ser., 19, p. 349, 1932— Pica, Tarapacd, Chile (crit.); Philippi, El Hornero, 

 6, p. 236, 1936— Asapa, Tacna, Chile. 



Range. — Tropical zone of the Pacific coast of Ecuador, Peru, and 

 extreme northern Chile (provinces of Tacna and Tarapaca), extend- 

 ing east by way of Huancabamba Pass into the Marafion Valley 

 (Tambillo, Cutervo, Callacate, Vina, Chachapoyas).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 8: Peru (Cajamarca, Cajamarca, 1; 

 Chachapoyas, Amazonas, 1; Menocucho, Libertad, 2; Pacasmayo, 

 Libertad, 1; Chimbote, Ancachs, 1); Chile (Pica, Tarapaca, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Ecuador (Malacatos, Loja, 1); Peru 

 (Lima, 2; Huancabamba, 1). 



Genus LEPTOPHAPS Reichenow^ 



Leptophaps Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 401, April, 1913 — type, by orig. 

 desig., Columba aymara Knip and Prevost. 



' Birds from western Ecuador agree well with five typical specimens from 

 northern Chile (Pica, Tarapaca; Tacna), but average slightly smaller. This 

 ground dove is characteristic of the arid districts of the Tropical zone of the 

 Pacific coast. It is particularly common in the lowlands, but there are also various 

 records from higher altitudes (Cuenca, Ecuador; Huanta and Pauza, Ayacucho, 

 Peru), and it has reached, by way of Huancabamba Pass, the Maraiion Valley. 

 The species has never been obtained in Bolivia. The locality, "Santa Cruz," is a 

 mistake. The original specimens were secured by d'Orbigny in 1831 in the province 

 of Tacna, at that time part of Peru. Twenty-five additional specimens examined. 



2 Genus Leptophaps Reichenow: Closely allied to Metriopelia, but differs in the 

 tail being shorter in proportion to the wing, the upper tail coverts longer in pro- 

 portion to the tail, and in having metallic spots on the wing coverts and scapulars. 




550 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 

 *Leptophaps aymara (Knip and Prevost). Aymara Dove. 



Columba aymara (d'Orbigny MS.) Knip and Prevost, Les Pigeons, 2, p. 62, pi. 

 32, ca. 1840— "Tacora" [probably Totora, Gruro), Bolivia (type in Paris 

 Museum examined). 



Metriopelia aymara Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, p. 23, 

 1855 — Bolivia; idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 76, 1857 — Bolivia (diag.); 

 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 989 — Salinas, Arequipa, 

 Peru; iidem. I.e., 1868, p. 570 — Salinas; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, 

 p. 355, 1876 — Vilquechico, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia; Sclater and Salvin, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 630— "Tacora," Bolivia (ex Knip and 

 Provost); Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 402 — Huasco and Sitani, Tarapaca, Chile; 

 Taezanowski, Orn. P^r., 3, p. 240, 1886— "Coehabamba," Bolivia; Sclater 

 and Hudson, Arg. Om., 2, p. 142, 1889 — Los Paramillos, Mendoza; Sal- 

 vador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 499, 1893— Bolivia, Peru ("Tinta," 

 Salinas), Chile ("Iquique," Huasco, Tarapaed), and "Pampas Argen- 

 tinas"; Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 287, 1895— Cordilleras 

 north and west of Chilecito, La Rioja; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 208, 

 1896 — Tarapacfi, Chile; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 216, 

 1902— "TafI," Tucumdn; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 446— Moreno, Jujuy; 

 Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 249, 1904— Santa Catalina, Jujuy; 

 Baer, Omis, 12, p. 233, 1904 — Lara, Tucum&n; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. 

 See., 3, No. 13, p. 71, 1905— Cumbres Calchaqules, Tucumdn; Berlepseh 

 and Stolzmann, Omis, 13, p. 130, 1906 — Puno, Peru; Menegaux, Bull. 

 Soc. Philom. Paris, (10), 1, p. 216, 1909— Pulacayo and Panya Arenal, 

 Oruro, Bolivia; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 262, 1909— Tuc- 

 um4n (Laguna de Pavayau and Lara) ; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos 

 Aires, 18, p. 193, 1910 — Cumbre de Calchaqules, Tucuman, and Santa 

 Catalina, Jujuy; Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 81, 1923 — Chilecito, La 

 Rioja; Budin, I.e., 4, p. 403, 1931 — Sierras de Zenta, Jujuy; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 3, p. 103, 1937 (range). 



Colurribina aurisquamata Leybold, Leopoldina, 8, No. 7, p. 53 (after March 26), 

 1873 — Los Paramillos, near Uspallata Pass, Prov. Mendoza, Argentina 

 (cotype in British Museum examined); idem, Escursion Pamp. Argent., 

 p. 38, May, 1873 — between Uspallata and Villa vicencio, Mendoza (full 

 descr.); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 268, 1868— Uspallata Pass, 

 Mendoza. 



{p.)Zenaida aurisquamata Philippi, Omis, 4, p. 159, 1888 — Brea, Atacama, 

 Chile. 



Leptophaps aymara Reichenow, Die Vogel, 1, p. 338, 1913 — Peru to northern 

 Bolivia and Argentina; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, 

 p. 346, 1932 — twenty miles east of San Pedro, Antofagasta, Chile (crit.); 

 Philippi, El Homero, 6, p. 235, 1936— Chacalluta, Taena, Chile. 



Leptophaps aymara aymara Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 43— Peru (Sumbay, Are- 

 quipa) and Bolivia (Catamarca, Coehabamba; Oruro and Challapata, 

 Oruro; Potosl, Livichueo, and Uyuni, Potosl). 



Leptophaps aymara aurisquamata Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 44 — "Pampas argen- 

 tinas" = Prov. Mendoza (erit.); Dinelli, El Homero, 4, p. 277, 1929— 

 eerros of Tucumdn. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 551 



Range. — Puna zone of extreme southern Peru (Salinas and Sum- 

 bay, Arequipa; Puno and Vilquechico, Titicaca basin), extreme 

 northern Chile (prov. of Tacna, Tarapaca, and Antofagasta),i 

 western Bolivia (depts. of Oruro, Cochabamba, and Potosi), and 

 western Argentina (from Jujuy to La Rioja and Mendoza).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Chile (20 miles east of San Pedro, 

 Antofagasta, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 6: Peru (Puno, Puno, 2; Silustani, Puno, 1; 

 Sorapa, Puno, 1); Bolivia (Oruro, Oruro, 1); Argentina (Laguna 

 Blanca, Catamarca, 1), 



Genus UROPELIA Bonaparte 



Uropelia^ Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 1, p. 24, for 

 Jan. 7, 1855 — type, by monotypy, Columbina campestris Spix. 



Uropeleia G. R. Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 100, after April 5, 1855 — 

 type, by orig, desig., Columbina campestris Spix. 



♦Uropelia campestris (Spix). Mauve-spotted Ground Dove. 



Columbina campestris Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 57, pi. 75, fig. 2, 1825^ — 

 "in camj)is Bahiae" (co types in Munich Museum examined; cf. Hellmayr, 

 Abhandl'2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 697, 1906). 



Columba venusta Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 57, pi. 341, fig. 1, April 

 23, 1825 — "Br^sil, dans la province de Goyas" (type, collected by A. de 

 Saint-Hilaire, in Paris Museum); Knip and Prevost, Les Pigeons, 2, p. 51, 

 pi. 26, ca. 1840— Brazil (fig. of type). 



Columba turturina Desmarest, Diet. Sci. Nat., 40, p. 362, 1826 — based on 

 Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., pi. 341, fig. 1. 



Columba campestris Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 17, sp. 110, 1827 — Brazil (descr. 

 spec. typ.). 



1 The record from Brea, Atacama, is open to doubt, the specimens having 

 been lost. 



'^ Birds from Peru (Puno), northern Chile, and Bolivia agree well together, nor 

 are we able to substantiate the distinctness of the Argentine race (aurisquamatd) 

 revived by Chubb. Specimens from Jujuy, Tucumdn (Lara), and the mountains 

 west of Mendoza are by no means smaller, but perhaps on average slightly paler, 

 especially below, this divergency being, however, far from constant. 



Additional material examined. — Peru: Puno, 2; Salinas, Arequipa, 1. — Chile: 

 Cordillera of Tarapacd, 4.— Bolivia: Esperanza, Oruro, 2; Oruro, 2; "Tacora," 1 

 (the type). — Argentina: Santa Catalina, Jujuy, 1; Lara, Tucuman, 5; near Uspal- 

 lata Pass, Mendoza, 3. 



' The name Uropelia is credited by certain authors to Bonaparte (Consp. Gen. 

 Av., 2, p. 85, "1854"), but it is extremely doubtful whether the second volume of 

 this work can be considered as actually published prior to 1857 (cf. Zimmer, Field 

 Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 16, p. 69, 1926). 



* As nothing is known about the precise date of publication of Spix's work, 

 there is no means of telling whether C. campestris really has priority over C. venusta 

 Temminck. 




552 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Uropelia campestris Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 85, "1854" [=1857] — 

 Minas Geraes, Brazil; idem, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 946, 

 1856— Bolivia; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 489, 1893— Uru 

 [=Uruh(i], Chapada, and Bolivia; (?)Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 164— Lagoa do 

 Amapd, northern Para; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 22, 1907 — Matto 

 Grosso (range); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 93, 1908 — Rio Thesouras and 

 Goydz, Goydz; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 66, 1914 — Marajo 

 Island (Pindobal, Pacoval, Rio Arary, Sao Natal); idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. 

 Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 48, 1926— Cear4; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. 

 Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 469, 1929— Maranhao (Cod6, Cocos) and Goy^z 

 (Philadelphia); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 69, 1930— 

 Tapirapoan, Matto Grosso; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 86, p. 377, 1934 — Descalvados, Matto Grosso. 



Columbula campestris G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 4, p. 46, 1856 — 

 Bolivia; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 299, 1856 — Bahia 

 (ex Spix); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 54 — 

 Paracatu, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 276, 1870 — Goy4z 

 (Uru [=Uruhu], Balcalhao, Estrella) and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba); Sclater 

 and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 141 — "Arare" [=Arary], 

 Marajo, Brazil; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893— Ca- 

 choeira, Matto Grosso. 



Peristera campestris Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbae, p. 138, 1873 — 

 Brazil. 



Uropeleia campestris Reichenbach, VoUst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 18, 1862 — 

 Bahia and Minas Geraes. 



Columbina ( Uropelia) campestris Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. 

 Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 87, 1910 — Piauhy (Lagoa do Saco, Santa Philomena); 

 idem, I.e., p. 192, 1924— Piauhy. 



Uropelia campestris figginsi Oberholser, Proc. Colo. Mus. N. H., 10, No. 5, 

 p. 24, 1931 — Descalvados, Matto Grosso (type in Colorado Museum of 

 Natural History, Denver); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 104, 1937 (range). 



Uropelia campestris campestris Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 39, 1936 — 

 Fazenda Formiga, Rio das Almas, Goydz; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 104, 

 1937 (range). 



Range. — Campos of Brazil, from the island of Marajo,^ Maran- 

 hao, Piauhy, and Ceara south to western Minas Geraes (Paracatu), 

 Goyaz, and Matto Grosso; and the adjoining parts of eastern Bolivia 

 (Dept. Santa Cruz).^ 



1 Goeldi's record from the Lagoa do Amapa, northern Pard, requires confirma- 

 tion. No specimens from this locality exist in the Museu Goeldi at Para. 



* Subdivision of this species is impracticable. The characters given by Ober- 

 holser, who had very scanty material, for the Matto Grosso birds (figginsi) prove 

 to be non-existent in the light of adequate series from different parts of the range. 

 The only noticeable, slight average differences are the rather lighter, pinkish ecru 

 drab rather than light cinnamon-drab color of the anterior under parts and the 

 more whitish throat in birds from interior Brazil, but the divergency is completely 

 bridged by individual variation. If two races be discriminated, the interior form 

 is entitled to Temminck's term venusta based on specimens from Goydz, which 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 553 



Field Museum Collection. — 9: Brazil (Codo, Cocos, Maranhao, 1; 

 Philadelphia, Goy^z, 3; Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia, 5). 



Conover Collection. — 9: Brazil (Marajo-Campo, Pard, 4; Codo, 

 Cocos, Maranhao, 2; Philadelphia, Goyaz, 3). 



Genus OXYPELIAi Salvadori 



Oxypelia Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 490, 1893 — type, by orig. 

 desig., Peristera cyanopis Pelzeln. 



Oxypelia cyanopis (Pelzeln). ^ Blue-eyed Dove. 



Peristera cyanopis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 277, 336, 1870 — Cuyabd, Matto 

 Grosso, Brazil (cotypes in Vienna Museum examined). 



Oxypelia cyanopis Salvadori, Cat. Bds., Brit. Mus., 21, p. 490, pi. 10, fig. 1, 

 1893— Cuyaba; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 23, 1907— Itapura, Sao 

 Paulo; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 69, 1930— Cuyabd, 

 Matto Grosso, and Itapura, Sao Paulo; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 109, 

 1937 (range). 



Range. — Interior of Brazil, from Matto Grosso (Cuyabd) to 

 northern Sao Paulo (Itapura, near the confluence of the Tiet6 and 

 Parana rivers). 



Genus CLARAVIS Oberholser 



Peristera (not of Rafinesque, 1815) Swainson, Zool. Journ., 3, p. 360, Dec, 

 1827 — type, by orig. desig., Columba cinerea Temrmnck= Peristera pre- 

 tiosa Ferrari-Perez. 



Claravis Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 203, 1899 — new name 

 fo^ Peristera Swainson, preoccupied. 



are absolutely identical with those from Matto Grosso. Six skins from the 

 island of Marajo do not markedly differ from others taken in Bahia and Piauhy. 



Additional material examined. — Marajo: Arary, 2. — Ceara, 1. — Piauhy: Lagda 

 do Saco, 1; Santa Philomena, 3. — Bahia, 3. — Goyaz: Bacalhao, 4; Uruhu, 3. — 

 Matto Grosso: Cuyab4, 1; Cambard, Xarayes swamp, 1. — Bolivia (unspecified), 1. 



' In structural details Oxypelia is like Claravis, which it notably resembles in the 

 abruptly attenuated tip of the outermost primary, but the tail is much more rounded 

 and proportionately much shorter, being only little shorter than the wing (not longer, 

 as stated by Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 470, 1893). The rectrices, besides, 

 are wider and less truncate. Proportions of wing and bill are about the same as in 

 Uropelia, and there is also some analogy in style of coloration. However, Oxypelia 

 may be immediately separated from that genus by the attenuated tip of the outer- 

 most primary, the much shorter, less graduated tail composed of much wider, 

 apically broadly rounded rectrices, etc. 



^ Oxypelia cyanopis (Pelzeln) is a very characteristic species of peculiar colora- 

 tion, with rufous head, wing and upper tail coverts, and basally rufous tail, the 

 lateral rectrices being apically edged with white. The sexes are nearly alike 

 save for the paler coloration, especially underneath, of the female. 



In addition to the five specimens obtained by Natterer at Cuyabd, there is 

 only one other record of this excessively rare species from Itapura, Sao Paulo, 

 whence the late E. Garbe procured an example for the Museu Paulista. 




554 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 

 ♦Claravis pretiosa (Ferrari-Perez), Cinereous Dove. 



Cdumba einerea (not of Scopoli, 1786) Temminck, in Temminck and Knip, 

 Les Pigeons, 1, Colombes, p. 126, pi. 58 (male), 1811— "au Br^l" (type 

 in coll. of C. J. Temminck, now in Leiden Museum) ;* Temminck, Hist. 

 Nat. Pig. Gall., 1, pp. 299, 477, 1813— Brazil (descr. of male); idem, 

 Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 44, pi. 266, 1824— Brazil (descr. of female); 

 Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 17, sp. 85, 1827— Brazil (descr.); Tschudi, Arch. 

 Naturg., 10, (1), p. 305, 1844 — Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Cm., 

 p. 44, 1845— Peru. 



Peristera pretiosa Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 175, 1886 — 

 Jalapa, Vera Cruz (new name for Columba einerea Temminck, preoccupied). 



Perigtera einerea Swainson, Zool. Joum., 3, p. 360, 1827; Gray, List Spec. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 4, p. 52, 1856 — Cayenne, Brazil, and Rio Ucayali; Burmeister, 

 Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 303, 1856— Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro 

 (range); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 309, 1856 — Cordoba, Vera 

 Cruz; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 75, 1857 — Brazil (diag.); Moore, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 61, 1859 — Omoa, Honduras; Sclater, I.e., 

 p. 391, 1859 — Playa Vicente, Oaxaca; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. 

 N. Y., 7, p. 301, 1862— Lion Hill, Panama; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1864, p. 178 — vicinity oi Mexico City; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1864, p. 370 — 

 Lion Hill, Panama; iidem. I.e., 1867, p. 753 — Xeberos, Peru; Leotaud, 

 Ois. Trinidad, p. 378, 1866 — Trinidad; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. 

 N. Y., % p. 138, 1868 — Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Joum. 

 Om., 17, p. 371, 1869— Costa Rica; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, 

 p. 560, 1869 — Vera Cruz; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 217— 

 Veraguas (Calov6vora) and Panama (Mina de Chorcha, Bugaba); Rein- 

 hardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 57 — Lagoa Santa, 

 Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Om. Bras., 3, p. 278, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Rio de 

 Jaearehy, Ypanemd, Irisanga) and Matto Grosso (Cidade de Matto 

 Grosso); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 306 — Peru 

 (Xeberos, Chamicuros, Santa Cruz); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbae, 

 p. 138, 1873 — Brazil, Colombia, Panama, and Costa Rica; Cabanis, Joum. 

 Om., 22, p. 230, 1874— Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Salvin, Ibis, 1874, 

 p. 99 — lowlands of Guatemala; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1877, p. 329 — Lechugal, Rio Zurumilla, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 

 1879, p. 544 — Remedios, Cauca, Colombia; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., 6, p. 408, 1883 — Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; Berlepsch and Taczanow- 

 ski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 575 — Chimbo, Ecuador; iidem. I.e., 

 1885, p. Ill — Yaguachi, Ecuador; Taczanowski, Om. Per., 3, p. 253, 

 1886 — Peru (Xeberos, Chamicuros, Santa Cruz, Lechugal, Palmal); 

 Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 127, 1887— Costa Rica (Las 

 Trojas, Alajuela, San Jos6, Nar4njo de Cartage); Berlepsch, Joum. Om., 

 35, p. 34, 1887— Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 37, p. 319, 1889— 

 Tarapoto, Peru; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 584, 1888— Trux- 

 illo, Honduras; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 106, 1889 — lower 

 Beni River, Bolivia; Cherrie, Auk, 9, p. 329, 1892 — San Jose, Costa Rica; 



* The male from "Br&il, cab. Temminck" listed as No. 1 by Schlegel (Mus. 

 Pays-Bas, Colvunbae, p. 138, 1873), though not indicated as such, is doubtless 

 the type. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 555 



Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso; 

 Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 491, 1893— Mexico (Tampico; 

 Yucatan), Guatemala (Rio de la Pasion, Yzabal, Choctum, Retalhuleu), 

 British Honduras (Belize, Orange Walk), Nicaragua (El Volcan, Chi- 

 nandega), Costa Rica (La Barrdnca), Panama (Mina de Chorcha, Calo- 

 v^vora. Lion Hill), Colombia (Remedios), Venezuela, British Guiana 

 (Quonga, Ourumee), Cayenne, Peru (Rio Ucayali), Ecuador (Balzar), and 

 Brazil (Capim River, Bahia, Chapada) ; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 16, p. 523, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 

 p. 447 — Miravalles, Costa Rica; Hartert, Nov. ZooL, 5, p. 504, 1898 — 

 Chimbo, Ecuador; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 401, 1899 — Piracicaba, 

 Sao Paulo; idem. I.e., 4, p. 163, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, 

 Rio de Janeiro; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, 

 p. 35, 1900 — Rio Peripa and Vinces, Ecuador; Salvadori, I.e., 15, No. 378, 

 p. 14, 1900 — Carandasinho, Matto Grosso; Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 25, 1902 — Mexico to Panama; Goodfellow, Ibis, 

 1902, p. 228— Santo Domingo, Ecuador. 



Peristera sp. Selater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 298, 1860 — Esmeraldas, 

 Ecuador. 



Claravis pretiosa Oberholser, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 203, 1899; 

 Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 128, 1900 — Minca, Caeagualito, and 

 Mamatoeo, Colombia; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 2, p. 15, 1900 — 

 Loma del Le6n, Panama; idem. Auk, 18, p. 358, 1901 — Divala, Panama; 

 Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 119, 1902 — La Union and La 

 Pricion, Caura River, Venezuela; Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, 

 p. 142, 1903— Ceiba, Honduras; Thayer and Bangs, I.e., 46, p. 214, 1906— 

 savanna of Panama; Cole, I.e., 50, p. 118, 1906 — Chichen-Itzd, Yucatan; 

 Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 47, 1906 — Chaguaramas and Laventille, 

 Trinidad; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 79, 1907— 

 Los Amates, Motagua Valley, Guatemala; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, 

 p. 23, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Rio Mogy-guassu, Piracicaba), Espirito Santo, 

 Minas Geraes (Marianna), and Paraguay (Puerto Bertoni); Hellmayr, 

 Nov. Zool., 15, p. 93, 1908 — Rio Araguaya and Goy4z, Goydz; Berlepsch, 

 I.e., p. 295, 1908 — Cayenne; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, 

 p. 194, 1910— Tucumdn; idem, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 254, 1913— Tueumdn 

 and Misiones; Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 69, 1913 — Alto 

 Parand; idem. Faun. Parag., p. 36, 1914 — Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. 

 Goeldi, 8, p. 66, 1914 — Rio Maecurti, Brazil; Cherrie, Sei. Bull., Mus. 

 Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 354, 1916 — Caicara, Orinoco, and Caura Valley, 

 Venezuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 46, 1916 — Bartiea, Great Falls 

 of Demerara River, Quonga, and Ourumee; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 431, 1916 (monog.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 41— Zaruma, 

 Ecuador; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 18, 1922 — 

 Babahoyo, Ecuador; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 

 Ser., 12, p. 36, 1922 — Rio Cogollo and La Ceiba, Venezuela, and El Guaya- 

 bal, Santander, Colombia; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, 

 p. 192, 1922 — Bonda and La Tigrera, Colombia (crit.); Hallinan, Auk, 41, 

 p. 310, 1924 — Rio Algarrobo, Panama; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de 

 Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 48, 1926— Ceara; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 55, p. 167, 1926 — Ecuador (Esmeraldas, coast of Manavf, Chone, Pun4 




556 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Island, Nardnjo, Daule, Portovelo, Santa Rosa) (crit.) ; Dinelli, El Hornero, 

 4, p. 277, 1929— cerros of Tucuman; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 Zool. Ser., 12, p. 470, 1929 — Tranqueira, Maranhao, and Amaracao, Piauhy ; 

 Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 69, 1930 — Urucum, Matto 

 Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 88, 

 1930 — San Fermin, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), 

 p. 711, 1932— Valparaizo, Sao Paulo; idem. I.e., 19, p. 67, 1935— Rio 

 Gongogy and Bomfim, Bahia; Roberts, Trop. Agric, 11, p. 92, 1934 — 

 Oropuche River, Trinidad; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1936, p. 5— Pointe 

 Gourde and Cumuto savannah, Trinidad (nest and eggs); Peters, Bds. 

 World, 3, p. 110, 1937 (range). 



Chamaepelia plumbea Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 27, Jan., 1901 — 

 Alto Parana, Villa Concepcion, and Asuncion, Paraguay (type in coll. of 

 A. W. de Bertoni). 



Claravis pretiosa livida Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 153, 1905 — Rio 

 Cauca, Colombia (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of 

 Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., 70, p. 166, 1930); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 210, 

 1917 — Dabeiba (Rio Sucio), Noanamd, Los Cisneros, Ricaurte, Puerto 

 Valdivia (lower Cauca), Enconosa, Villavicencio, and Florencia, Colombia; 

 Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 154, 1929 — Cana, Darien (crit.); 

 Darlington, I.e., 71, p. 378, 1931 — Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia. 



Claravis einera [sic] Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss, Wien, 76, 

 p. 88, 1910— coast of Piauhy, Brazil. 



Claravis pretiosa pretiosa Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 292, 1907 — Boruca, Paso Real, 

 and El Pozo de Terraba, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, 

 p. 400, 1910 — Costa Rica (Bonilla, Pigres, San Sebastian de San Jose, 

 Laguna de Cartago, Talamanca, San Jose, Alajuela, La Estrella de Car- 

 tago, Pozo Aztil de Pirrls, Guapiles, El Hogar, El Pozo de Terraba); 

 Peters, Auk, 30, p. 373, 1913— Camp Mengel, Quihtana Roo; Stone, Proc. 

 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 243, 1918 — Gatun, Panama; Griscom, Amer. 

 Mus. Nov., 235, p. 7, 1926 — Palmul, Quintana Roo; Kennard and Peters, 

 Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 447, 1928 — Almirante, Panama; Aus- 

 tin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 371, 1929— Cayo District, British 

 Honduras; Peters, Lc, p. 406, 1929 — Lancetilla, Honduras; idem, Lc, 

 71, p. 298, 1931 — Changuinola and Almirante, Panama; Griscom, I.e., 72, 

 p. 322, 1932 — Perme and Obaldia, eastern Panama; idem, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 64, p. 116, 1932 — Finca Chama and Chimoxan, Guatemala; 

 Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 208, 1932— Eden, Santa Rosita, 

 and Great Falls, Pis Pis River, Nicaragua; Stone, I.e., p. 306, 1932 — 

 Lancetilla, Honduras; idem and Roberts, I.e., 86, p. 378, 1934 — Descal- 

 vados, Matto Grosso; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 311, 1935 — 

 Panama; Van Tyne, Misc. Publ., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 13, 1935— 

 Uaxactun, Peten, Guatemala; Deignan, Auk, 53, p. 188, 1936 — La Ceiba, 

 Honduras; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, 

 p. 193, 1938 — Puerto del Triunfo, Rio San Miguel, Barra de Santiago and 

 Lake Olomega, El Salvador. 



Range. — Southeastern Mexico, from Tampico, Tamaulipas, 

 southwards through Central America to Panama and over the 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 557 



greater part of tropical South America from Colombia, Venezuela, 

 and the island of Trinidad to southern Brazil (Santa Catharina), 

 Paraguay, Bolivia, and northern Argentina (Misiones and Tucuman) ; 

 west of the Andes south to extreme northwestern Peru (Tumbez).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 23: Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal, 

 5); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 1; Rio San Miguel, 

 San Miguel, 2); Nicaragua (San Geronimo, Chinandega, 1); Costa 

 Rica (Miravalles, Alaju^la, 1; San Geronimo, Pirris, 2; El Pozo, 

 Puntarenas, 1; San Jose, San Jos^, 3); Colombia (near Cucuta, 

 Santander del Norte, 1); Venezuela (Cocollar, Sucre, 5; La Ceiba, 

 Trujillo, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 62: Honduras (Catacamas, Olancho, 2); 

 Costa Rica (El Pozo, Rio Terraba, Puntarenas, 1; Las Canas, 2; 

 Matina, 1; Boruca, 5; Pirris, San Geronimo, 3; Alto de Jabillo, 1); 

 Panama (Frances, Chiriqui, 2; Perm^, Darien, 1; Obaldia, Darien, 

 11); Colombia (Munchique, El Tambo, Cauca, 2); Ecuador (Puente 

 de Chimbo, 1; Sara-Yaco, Rio Bobonaza, 2; Achotal, Imbabura, 1; 

 San Mateo, Esmeraldas, 3; Arenillas, El Oro, 1); Venezuela (Rio 

 Cogollo, P^rija, 2); Brazil (Tranqueira, Maranhao, 1; Santarem, 

 Para, 1 ; Tauary, Rio Tapajoz, 1 ; Pinhel, Rio Tapajoz, 1 ; Tome-assu, 

 Rio Acara, 2; Villa Acara, Rio Acara, 4); Bolivia (Rio Surutu, Santa 

 Cruz, 6); Paraguay (Horqueta, 2; 265 km. west of Puerto Casado, 1); 

 Argentina (Eldorado, Misiones, 2). 



Claravis godefrida (Temminck). Geoffroy's Dove. 



Columba godefrida Temminck, in Temminck and Knip, Les Pigeons, 1, Co- 

 loftibes, p. 125, 1811 — "Br^sil" (descr. of male; type in Paris Museum). 



Columba geoffroyi Temminck and Knip, Les Pigeons, 1, Colombes, pi. 57, 1811; 

 Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 1, pp. 297, 476, 1813— Brazil; Wagler, 

 Syst. Av., 1, fol. 17, sp. 84, 1827— Brazil (descr. spec. typ.). 



Columba geoffroii Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 341 (8vo ed., p. 340), 1821— Ilha 

 Cachoeirinha, Rio Belmonte, Bahia; idem, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 

 461, 1833 — Mucurl and Belmonte rivers, Bahia (descr. of male and female). 



Peristera trifasdata Reichenbach, Syn. Av., Columb., p. [3], 1847 ;2 idem, 

 Columbariae, pi. 161, fig. 1430, 1848 (fig. of female). 



1 Birds from southern Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay do not appear to be 

 separable from those of Mexico and Central America. Males from western 

 Colombia and western Ecuador are on average slightly paler below, while females 

 are frequently more rufescent on back and wings than any specimens of the same 

 sex from Central and eastern South America. However, we are inclined to agree 

 with Chapman that it serves no practical purpose to recognize formally C. p. livida, 

 since only a small percentage of the western individuals are distinguishable. 



Ninety-five additional specimens from the entire range examined. 



* A nomen nudum in the text, but identifiable through the reference to pi. 

 161, fig. 1430, published a year or more afterwards. Reichenbach subsequently 

 recognized in his P. trifasdata the female of C. godefrida. 




558 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Peristera geoffroyi Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 304, 1856 — Nova 

 Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 75, 1857 — 

 Brazil; Reichenbach, VoUst. Naturg. Tauben, p. 24, 1862 — Brazil; Rein- 

 hardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 57 — LagSa Santa, 

 Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 278, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sao 

 Luiz d' Almeida, near Pirahy) and Sao Paulo (Mattodentro, Ypanem^); 

 Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbae, p. 139, 1873 — Brazil; Cabanis, 

 Journ. Orn., 22, p. 230, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Berlepsch, I.e., 

 p. 242, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 21, p. 494, 1893— Bahia, Brazil; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 402, 

 1899 — Piracicaba, Sao Paulo; idem. I.e., 4, p. 163, 1900 — Nova Friburgo 

 and Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro. 



Chamaepelia miantoptera Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 26, Jan., 

 1901 — Alto Parana, Paraguay (deser. of female; type in eoU. of A. de W. 

 Bertoni). 



Claravis geoffroyi Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 23, 1907 — Alto da Serra and 

 Piracicaba, Sao Paulo; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 194, 

 1910— Alto Parand; idem, Bol. Soe. Physis, 1, p. 254, 1913— Rio Parana, 

 Paraguay, and Iguazu, Misiones; Bertoni, Anal. Soe. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 69, 

 1913 — Iguazu, Misiones; idem. Faun. Parag., p. 36, 1914 — Alto Parana, 

 Paraguay. 



Claravis godefrida Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. Ill, 1937 (range). 



flange.— Southeastern Brazil, from southern Bahia (Rio Bel- 

 monte) to Santa Catharina, and the adjacent districts of Misiones 

 and Paraguay.^ 



Claravis mondetoura ochoterena van Rossem.- Ochoterena's 

 Dove. 



Claravis mondetoura ochoterena van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soe. N. H., 8, 

 p. 7, 1934 — Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico (type in British Museum); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 3, p. 110, 1937 (range). 



Peristera mondetoura (not of Bonaparte) Sumiehrast, La Naturaleza, 5, p. 282, 

 1881 — Omealea and Jocuila, Vera Cruz; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 21, p. 495, 1893— part, spec, a, Jalapa; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Amer., Aves, 3, p. 256, 1902 — part. Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Omealea). 



Claravis mondetoura Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 435, 1916 — 

 part. Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Orizaba, Omealea, Joeuila). 



^Material examined. — Brazil, Sao Paulo: Mattodentro, 4; Ypanema, 3. The 

 single female secured by Sztolcman at Lake Rumueucha, Valley of Huayabamba, 

 northern Peru, and recorded by Taczanowski (Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1882, p. 48; 

 Orn. Per., 3, p. 250, 1886) s. n. Peristera geoffroyi, probably pertains to a separable 

 form, diflfering by its rufous under wing coverts. 



^ Claravis mondetoura othoterena van Rossem : Male similar to C. m. salvini, 

 but dorsal coloration darker and more fuscous (less grayish) slate, under parts 

 darker and with the "red" of the pectoral region extending back laterally to tinge 

 the slate color of the flanks. Female unknown. In view of the variation in other 

 races of this scarce species it must be shown by the study of adequate material 

 whether the unique type (the only adult male existing in collections) is anything 

 but an individual variant of C. m. salvini. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 559 



Range. — Subtropical zone of southeastern Mexico, in State of 

 Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Orizaba, Omealca, Jocuila). 



Claravis mondetoura salvini Griscom.^ Salvin's Dove. 



Claravis mondetoura salvini Griscom, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 289, 

 1930 — Volcan San Lucas, Guatemala (type in Dwight Collection, the 

 American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 64, p. 116, 1932 — San Lucas; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego 

 Soc. N. H., 8, p. 6, 1934 — Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala (crit.); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 3, p. 110, 1937 (range); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 

 (2), 11, p. 362, 1939— Santa Rosa, Comitan, Chiapas. 



Peristera mondetoura (not of Bonaparte) Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 99 — Volcan de 

 Fuego, Guatemala; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 495, 1893— 

 part, spec, b-e, Volcan de Fuego; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 

 Aves, 3, p. 256, 1902 — part, Calderas, Volcan de Fuego. 



Claravis mondetoura Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 435, 1916 — 

 part, Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of extreme southeastern Mexico (Santa 

 Rosa, Comitan, Chiapas), Guatemala (San Lucas; Volcan de Fuego) 

 and Honduras (Volcan de Puca). 



*Claravis mondetoura mondetoura (Bonaparte). Madame 

 MoNDfiTOUR's Dove. 



Peristera mondetoura Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 765, 

 1856 — Caracas, Venezuela (descr. of male; type in Paris Museum ex- 

 amined); idem, I.e., p. 957, 1856 (descr. of female); idem. Icon. Pigeons, 

 pi. 126, figs. 1 (male), 2 (female), 1858 — Caracas; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. 

 Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 139, 1868— Birrfs [de Cartago], Costa Rica (descr. 

 of female); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 371, 1869 — Birrfs; Sclater, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, pp. 780, 783 — Huasampilla, Cuzco, Peru; 

 Taczanowski and Berlepsch, I.e., 1885, p. Ill — above San Rafael, Ecuador; 

 idem, Orn. P6r., 3, p. 251, 1886 — Huasampilla, Peru; Zeled6n, Anal. Mus. 

 Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 127, 1887 — Cot de Cartago, Costa Rica; Allen, 

 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 151, 1889— "Bogotd," Colombia; Salvadori, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 495, 1893 — part, spec, f-1. New Granada, 

 Venezuela, Ecuador (Monji, Jima), and Peru (Huasampilla); Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 256, 1902 — part, Costa Rica 



1 Claravis mondetoura salvini Griscom, originally based upon a single male, is 

 stated by van Rossem to differ from the nominate race in the male sex by more 

 extensive white abdominal zone and uniform slaty under wing coverts and axil- 

 laries, while a single female has the rump slightly darker and less reddish. The 

 coloration of the under wing coverts, however, is of little consequence in this 

 dove, and cannot be relied upon for subspecific distinction. Whether the slightly 

 smaller size (wing, 110-114) of the four recorded Guatemalan examples is of any 

 importance, remains to be ascertained by further material. A single (not quite 

 mature) male from Volcan de Puca, Honduras (April 2, 1889; H. Wittkugel) 

 merely differs from other Central and South American specimens by more exten- 

 sive buffy white abdominal zone. It measures: wing, 116; tail, 83 mm. 




560 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



(Birrls, Cartago, Irazu), Panama (Boquete), and Colombia to Venezuela 

 and Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Omis, 13, p. 125, 1906— Rio Cadena, 

 Marcapata, Peru. 



Peristera lansbergii Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbae, p. 139, 1873 — Cara- 

 cas, Venezuela (type in Leiden Museum); Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 455 (crit.). 



Claravis mondetoura Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 3, p. 23, 1902 — Boquete 

 and Vol can de Chiriqul, Panama; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 401, 

 1910 — Costa Rica (Cartago, La Estrella de Cartago, Volcan de Irazu); 

 Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 435, 1916— part, Costa 

 Rica (Birrfs de Cartago, Cot de Cartago, Estrella de Cartago, Volcan de 

 Irazu, Volcan de Turrialba), Panama (Boquete, Volcan de Chiriqui), 

 Colombia (Bogotd), Ecuador (Monji, San Rafael, Jima), Peru (Hua- 

 sampilla, Rio Cadena), and Venezuela (Culata, near Merida; Caracas); 

 Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 168, 1926 — Zamora, Ecuador; 

 Sassi, Temminckia, 3, p. 314, 1938 — Chicua, Irazu, Costa Rica (crit.). 



Claravis mondetoura mondetoura Griscom, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 288, 

 1930 (crit.); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 378, 1932— Rio 

 Frio, Magdalena, Colombia; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 

 8, p. 5, 1934 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 110, 1937 (range). 



Claravis mondetoura prdchra Griscom, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 288, 

 1930 — Boquete, western Panama (type in Museum of Comparative 

 Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); idem. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 311, 

 1935 — Costa Rica and western Panama; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 110, 

 1937 (range). 



Claravis mondetoura umbrina Griscom, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 288, 

 1930 — La Estrella de Cartago, Costa Rica (type in Museum of Compara- 

 tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); idem. Auk, 50, p. 300, 1933 — San Joa- 

 quin de Dota, Costa Rica; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 110, 1937 (range). 



Claravis mondetoura inca van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 8, p. 6, 

 1934 — Huasampilla [Dept. Cuzco], Peru (type in British Museum); 

 Peters, Bds. Worid, 3, p. Ill, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of Costa Rica, Panama (Boquete; 

 Volcan de Chiriqui), Colombia ("Bogota"; Las Ventanas, Santander; 

 Rio PYio, Magdalena; Munchique), western Venezuela (Merida 

 region to the vicinity of Caracas), eastern Ecuador (San Rafael, 

 Zamora), eastern Peru (Huasampilla and Rio Cadena, Dept. Cuzco), 

 and northern Bolivia (Omeja, Dept. La Paz).* 



* We are unable to recognize any of the recently proposed races, which appear 

 to have been based solely upon individual variation, the available material being 

 notoriously inadequate. The coloration of the axillars and under wing coverts, 

 one of the principal characters used for the discrimination of the inhabitants of 

 southern Central America, varies a good deal within the same locality. Two 

 adult males from the Caracas region and one from Culata, near Merida, have them 

 uniform slate color, while they are intermixed with tawny in Bonaparte's type and 

 another specimen from Culata. On the other hand, a male from Costa Rica (south 

 slope of the Volcan de Irazu) shows a much greater amount of rufous than any 

 South American bird, in contradistinction to two others from Irazu and Boquete, 

 in which axillars and under wing coverts are as plain slate color as in the Vene- 

 zuelan specimens mentioned above. Size is of no consequence either. Males 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 561 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Colombia ("Bogota," 1). 



Conover Collection. — 7: Costa Rica (Las Vueltas, 1); Colombia 

 (Las Ventanas, Santander, 1; Munchique, El Tambo, Cauca, 5). 



Genus METRIOPELIA Bonaparte 



Metriopelia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, p. 23, Jan., 1855 — 



type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 101, 1855), Columba 



melanoptera Molina. 

 Metriopeleia Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 101, April, 1855 — type, by 



orig. desig., Columba melanoptera Molina (emendation of Metriopelia 



Bonaparte, "1854"). 



*Metriopelia melanoptera melanoptera (Molina). Black- 

 winged Dove. 



Columba melanoptera Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 236, 345, 1782 — 

 Chile (descr. mala); Deautier and SteuUet, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, 

 p. 474, 1929 (crit.). 



Columba boliviano (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye MS.) Eydoux and Gervais, 

 Mag. Zool., 6, cl. 2, p. 33, pi. 75, 1836— "Boliviae montes" (type in Paris 

 Museum); iidem, Voy. Favorite, 5, (2), p. 59, pi. 23, 1839— "Boliviae 

 montes"; Knip and Prevost, Les Pigeons, 2, p. 43, pi. 22, ca. 1840 — 

 Bolivia and Chile; Bridges, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, "1841," p. 95, 

 1842 — valleys of the Andes [of Colchagua], Chile; Fraser, I.e., 13, p. 115, 

 1843— Andes of Chile. 



Zenaida boliviana Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 116, 1841 — Valparaiso, 

 Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Pol. Fls. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 379, 1847— 

 Chile; Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 163, 1860 — Miguel Diaz, Anto- 

 ^fagasta, Chile; PhiHppi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 268, 1868— central 

 provinces of Chile; MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 202 — Coquimbo, Chile; 

 Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888— "Pacpote," Atacama, Chile. 



Zenaida innotata Hartlaub, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 74, 1851 — Chile (type 

 in Bremen Museum). 



Chamaepelia melanura (Reichenbach MS.) Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. 

 Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 130, 1853— Cordillera [of Santiago], Chile 

 (nomen nudum); idem, Journ. Orn., 3, p. 56, 1855 (reprint). 



from Venezuela and Colombia have wings from 115 to 120, those from Costa Rica 

 and Chiriquf measure from 114 to 120. Females present no constant difference 

 in coloration, a female from Boquete being indistinguishable from the Venezuelan 

 ones. Van Rossem separated a single male from southern Peru on account of 

 smaller size (wing. 111; tail, 76) and greater extent of rufous under the wing, but 

 two males from Omeja, Bolivia, do not substantiate his diagnosis. Their wings 

 measure in}4, 125, resp., being thus, if anything, shghtly larger than in topo- 

 types. They certainly have not more white underneath, and the intermixture of 

 rufous under the wings corresponds to the average of typical mondetoura. 



Additional material examined. — Costa Rica: southern slope of Irazu, 2. — 

 Panama: Boquete, Chiriqui, 2. — Colombia: Bogota, 3. — Venezuela: Caracas, 2; 

 Silla de Caracas, 2; Galipan, near Caracas, 2; Culata, Merida, 3. — Bolivia: 

 Omeja, La Paz, 2. 




562 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Metriopelia melanoptera Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 75, 1857 (diag.); 

 Burmeister, Journ. Om., 8, p. 259, 1860 — mountains of western Argen- 

 tina; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 496, 1861 — Cordilleras of Argentina 

 above 6,000 feet; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 330, 339— 

 Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1869, p. 155 — Tinta, Cuzco, Peru; Taczanow- 

 ski, I.e., 1874, p. 555 — "Arancocha" [=Acanchoca], Peru; Sclater and 

 Salvin, I.e., 1876, p. 17 — Tinta, Peru; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 

 3, p. 355, 1876 — Vilquechico, Lake Titicaca; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, 

 p. 565, 1877 — Cordillera of Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Taczanowski, 

 Orn. Per., 3, p. 239, 1886 — Peru (Puna de Ayacucho and Junin; Tinta); 

 Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 402— "Lalcalhuay," Tarapaca, Chile ; 

 idem and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 142, 1889 — Cordilleras of western Argen- 

 tina; Frenzel, Journ. Om., 39, p. 123, 1891 — Sierra de Cordoba; Berlepsch 

 and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 394 — Lima, Peru; Salvadori, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 497, 1893 — part, spec, f-r, Peru (Tinta, Lima), 

 Tarapaca, Chile, and Cordillera of Mendoza; Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La 

 Plata, 6, p. 286, 1895 — Cordillera of Chilecito, La Rioja; Salvin, Nov. 

 Zool., 2, p. 21, 1895 — near Cajamarca, Peru; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, 

 p. 208, 1896— Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 298— "Lalcalhuay," Huasco, 

 and Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, 

 No. 292, p. 32, 1897— northwest of Lesser, Salta; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., 

 Suppl., 4, p. 670, 1898 — Punta Teatinos, Coquimbo, Chile; Gosse, in 

 Fitzgerald, The Highest Andes, p. 348, 1899 — Aconcagua valleys, Puente 

 del Inca, Mendoza; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1902, (2), p. 44 — Hacienda de Queta, Tarma, Junfn, Peru; Lillo, Anal. 

 Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 217, 1902— Taff, Cuesta de Tafi, and Las 

 Cienagas, Tucumdn; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 446 — Moreno, Puna of 

 Jujuy; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 249, 1904 — Santa Catalina, 

 Jujuy; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc, 3, No. 13, p. 71, 1905 — Tucum4n 

 localities; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Omis, 13, pp. 72, 130, 1906^Cora- 

 cora, Ayacucho, and Puno, Peru; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, 

 •p. 262, 1909 — Las Cienagas, Tucumdn; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos 

 Aires, 18, p. 193, 1910 — Jujuy, La Rioja, Tucuman, and Cordillera of 

 Mendoza; Costes, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 21, p. 163, 1917— Valle de Marga- 

 Marga, Valparaiso, Chile; Sanzin, El Homero, 1, p. 147, 1918 — Potrerillo, 

 Mendoza; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 151, 1920— Nilahue, 

 Curico, Chile; idem, I.e., 25, p. 171, 1921 — Cordillera of Aconcagua, Chile; 

 Giacomelli, El Homero, 3, p. 81, 1923 — La Rioja; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. 

 Hist. Nat., 28, p. 85, 1924— Caldera, Atacama, Chile; Housse, I.e., 29, 

 p. 149, 1925 — San Bernardo, Santiago, Chile; Jaflfuel and Pirion, I.e., 

 31, p. Ill, 1927 — Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso, Chile; Barros, I.e., 34, 

 p. 315, 1930 — Las Leiias and Cajon de las Vacas, Cordillera of Mendoza; 

 Budin, El Homero, 4, p. 403, 1931 — Abra Pampa, Jujuy (up to 4,500 

 meters). 



Melopelia melanoptera Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbae, p. 153, 1873 — 



Bolivia and Santiago, Chile. 

 Metriopelia melanoptera melanoptera Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 42 — Peru (Are- 



quipa) and Bolivia (Parotani, Cochabamba; Oruro and Challapata, Oruro; 



El Cabrada, Chuquisaca); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 47, 



1921 — La Raya and Pisac, Urubamba, Peru; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 563 



Zool., 65, p. 289, 1923 — Huanululuan, western Rio Negro (nesting); 

 Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 177, 1926— Zapala, Neuquen, 

 and near Potrerillos, Mendoza; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 431, 

 1926 — Arroyo Anecon Grande, Rio Negro; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. 

 Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 345, 1932— Tacna to Colchagua, Chile; Barros, 

 Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 38, p. 140, 1934— Est. Peuco, O'Higgins, Chile; 

 Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 103, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Temperate and Puna zones of Peru, Bolivia, Chile 

 (from Tacna south to Colchagua), and western Argentina (south to 

 western Rio Negro). ^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 4: Peru (Macate, Ancachs, 2); Chile 

 (Los Condes, Santiago, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 19: Peru (Santiago, 1; Puno, Puno, 1; 

 Chucuito, Puno, 8); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 4); Argentina, 

 Tucuman (La Ci^naga, 1; Colalao Valley, 1); Chile (Los Condes, 

 Santiago, 1; Cordillera de Colchagua, 2). 



*Metriopelia melanoptera saturatior Chubb.- Ecuadorian 

 Black- WINGED Dove. 



Metriopelia jnelanoptera saturatior Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 38, p. 32, 

 1917 — Caiiar, Ecuador (type in British Museum) ; idem. Ibis, 1919, p. 42 — 

 Canar and Riobamba, Ecuador; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, 

 No. 25, p. 18, 1922 — Tablon (road to Papallacta), Sananlajas (foot of 

 Chimborazo), and lUiniza, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 

 55, p. 168, 1926 — Cerro Huamani, Antisana, and Mount Chimborazo; 

 Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 33, p. 356, 1927— Val de Tumbaco, 

 Ecuador; idem. I.e., (2), 4, p. 621, 1932 — Las Palmas, Cuenca, Ecuador; 

 Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 103, 1937 (range). 



Columba boliviana (not of Eydoux and Gervais) Jardine, Contrib. Orn., 1849, 

 p. 44— Andes of Quito (13,000-14,000 ft.). 



Peristera melanoptera (not Columba melanoptera Molina) Sclater, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 28, p. 82, 1860— Panza, Ecuador. 



1 SF>ecimen3 from southern Peru, Bolivia, and Chile agree well together in 

 dimensions and coloration, and three adults from Neuqu6n are not different 

 either. Birds from Junin (Tarma) and the upper Marafion (Cajamarca, Santiago) 

 are slightly darker throughout, and thus verge in the direction of the Ecuadorian 

 race. 



Additional material examined. — Peru: Cajamarca, 3; Santiago, 3; Tarma, 

 JunIn, 1; Tinta, Cuzco, 2; Arequipa, 1. — Bolivia: Parotani, 2; Challapata, Oruro, 

 1. — Chile: "Llalcalhuay," Tarapac&, 1; central Chile, 4. — Argentina: Las Ci6nagas, 

 Tucumdn, 2; Cordillera of Mendoza, 1; Lago Nahuel Huapi, Neuquen, 1; Arroytos, 

 Neuquen, 1; Piedra del Aguila, Neuquen, 1. 



* Metriopelia melanoptera saturatior Chubb differs from the nominate race by 

 being decidedly darker on head, back, and flanks, and by the paler and duller 

 vinaceous color of the under parts. 



Four additional specimens from the Paramo zone of Ecuador (lUiniza, vicinity 

 of Quito) examined. 




564 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Metriopelia melanoptera Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1884, p. 311 — Cechce, Ecuador; iidem, I.e., 1885, p. Ill — Chimborazo; 

 Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 497, 1893 — part, spec, a-e, Colom- 

 bia (Pasto) and Ecuador (vicinity of Quito, Sical); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 

 5, p. 503, 1898 — Pdramo near Cayambe; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus, 

 Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 36, 1900 — Canar, Chaupi, and Chuquipoc- 

 quio, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 227 — Cotopaxi, Ecuador. 



Range. — Paramo zone of Ecuador and extreme southern Colombia 



(Pasto). 



Conover Collection. — 12: Ecuador (Secas, Oriente, 7; Cerro Coto- 

 paxi, Leon, 1; Cerro Puntas, Oriente, 2; Nudo Sabanilla, Loja, 2). 



Genus LEPTOTILA Swainson 



Leptotila Swainson, Nat. Hist. & Classif. Bds., 2, p. 349, July 1, 1837 — type, 

 by monotypy, "Peristera rufaxilla [Selby], Nat. Libr., 5, pi. 2A"=Columba 

 rufaxilla Richard and Bernard. 



Leptoptila G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 75, 1841 — emendation 

 (quoted in synonymy). 



Homoptila Salvadori, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, 6, p. 131, 1871 — type, by 

 monotypy, Homoptila decipiens Salvadori. 



Engyptila Sundevall, Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., 2, p. 156, 1873 — new name 

 for Leptotila Swainson. 



Leptopila Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 4, No. 35, p. 158, 1873 — emendation of 

 Leptotila Swainson. 



Aechmoptila Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr., 4, No. 1, p. 48, 1878 

 — new name for Leptotila Swainson. 



*Leptotila jamaicensis jamaicensis (Linnaeus). Jamaican 

 Dove. 



Columba jamaicensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 283, 1766 — based on 

 "Columba minor ventre candido" Sloane (Voy. Jam., 2, p. 303, pi. 262, 

 fig. 1), "Le Pigeon de la Jamaique" Brisson (Orn., 1, p. 134), etc.; Jamaica. 



Peristera jamaicensis Gosse, Bds. Jam., p. 313, 1847 — Jamaica (habits). 



Leptoptila albifrons "Gray" Bonaparte,^ Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 74, "April 15, 

 1855" [=1857] — "Mexico and Cuba" (part, descr. of adult; type in Paris 

 Museum). 



Leptoptila jamaicensis March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 302 — 

 Jamaica; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 557, 1893 — Jamaica. 



Leptopila jamaicensis Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 4, No. 35, p. 158, 1873 — part, 

 spec. No. 1, Jamaica. 



1 Per[istera\ albifrons Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 3, 

 p. 99, for Jan. 15, 1855) is a nomen nudum. The author merely states that a fine 

 specimen, no doubt the one he afterwards described, was procured by Verreaux for 

 the Paris Museum, where it was examined by Salvadori (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, 

 p. 545, note, 1893). 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 565 



Engyptila jamaicensis Cory, Auk, 4, p. HI, 1887 — Jamaica (descr.); idem, 

 Bds. W. Ind., p. 212, 1889 (descr.); idem. Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 97, 1892— 

 Jamaica; Scott, Auk, 9, p. 123, 1892 — vicinity of Boston, Jamaica; Field, 

 Auk, 11, p. 123, 1894 — Port Henderson, Jamaica. 



Leptotila jamaicensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 441, 1916 — 

 Jamaica (monog.). 



Leptotila jamaicensis jamaicensis Danforth, Auk, 45, p. 484, 1928 — Duncan's 

 Bay, Black River, and Constant Spring; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 125, 

 1937 (range). 



Range. — Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. 



Field Museum Collection. — 5: Jamaica (Priestman's River, Surrey, 

 4; Stony Hill, Surrey, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Jamaica (Priestman's River, 1). 

 ♦Leptotila jamaicensis coUaris (Cory).i Grand Cayman Dove. 



Engyptila collaris Cory, Auk, 3, p. 498, 1886 — Grand Cayman (type in coll. 



of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum of Natural History) ; idem. I.e., p. 502, 



1886— Grand Cayman; idem. Auk, 4, p. 112, 1887 (descr.); idem, Bds. W. 



Ind., p. 213, 1889 (descr.); idem. Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 97, 129, 1892— 



Grand Cayman. 

 Leptopiila collaris Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 559, 1893 — Grand 



Cayman (ex Cory); Lowe, Ibis, 1911, p. 145 — Grand Cayman. 



Leptotila collaris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 443, 1916— 



(monog.). 

 Leptotila jamaicensis collaris Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 307, 1916 



—Grand Cayman (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 125, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Island of Grand Cayman, south of Cuba. 



Field Museum Collection. — 7: Grand Cayman (unspecified, 7). 



♦Leptotila jamaicensis neoxena (Cory).^ St. Andrews Island 

 Dove. 



Engyptila neoxena Cory, Auk, 4, p. 179, 1887 — St. Andrews Island (type in 

 coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum of Natural History); idem, I.e., 

 p. 181, 1887— St. Andrews. 



Leptoptila neoxena Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 559, 1893 (ex Cory). 



Leptotila neoxena Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 444, 1916 

 (monog.). 



Leptotila jamaicensis neoxena Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 125, 1937 (range). 



^Leptotila jamaicensis collaris (Cory), a very unsatisfactory race, is hardly 

 worth recognition. The only trifling divergency is its smaller size, as has been 

 pointed out by the late Outram Bangs. 



^Leptotila jamaicensis neoxena (Cory), in coloration, is just intermediate 

 between jamaicensis and gaumeri, being lighter above and more grayish brown 

 than the former, but darker and more brownish than the latter. 




566 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Range. — Island of St. Andrews, southern Caribbean Sea. 

 Field Museum Collection. — 2 : St. Andrews, 2. 



♦Leptotila jamaicensis gaumeri (Lawrence). Gaumer's Dove. 



Engyptila gaumeri Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 3, p. 157, 1885 — Silam, 

 Yucatan, Mexico (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American 

 Museum of Natural History, New York). 



Engyptila jamaicensis (not Columba jamaicensis Linnaeus) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, 

 p. 193 — Cozumel Island (crit.); idem. Ibis, 1889, p. 378 — Holbox, Mugeres, 

 and Cozumel Islands. 



Leptoptila gaunuri Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 557, 1893 — Yucatan, 

 Cozumel, Mugeres, and Holbox; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 

 Aves, 3, p. 261, 1902 — same localities. 



Leptotila gaumeri Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 445, 1916 

 (monog.). 



Leptotila jamaicensis gaumeri Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 125, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Northern Yucatan and Cozumel, Mugeres, and Holbox 

 Islands. 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Mexico (Cozumel Island, Quintana 

 Roo, 2). 



*Leptotila cassinii cerviniventris (Sclater and Salvin). VlNA- 

 ceous-breasted Cassin's Dove. 



Leptoptila cerviniventris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 59, 

 pub. June 1, 1868 — [Choctum], Vera Paz, Guatemala (cotypes in Salvin- 

 Godman Collection, now in British Museum); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 21, p. 561, 1893— British Honduras (Cayo District) and 

 Guatemala (Choctum); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, 

 p. 263, pi. 67, fig. 2, 1902— same localities. 



Leptoptila cassinii (not of Lawrence, 1867) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. 

 N. Y., 9, p. 137, 1868 — San Jose and Tucurrfqui, Costa Rica; Frantzius, 

 Journ. Orn., 17, p. 371, 1869 — Tucurrlqui, Costa Rica. 



Leptotila cerviniventris Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 25, 1874 

 — Guatemala. 



Leptoptila cassini Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 43 — San Carlos, 

 Costa Rica; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 447 — Volcan de Miravalles, Costa 

 Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 262, 1902 — 

 part, Nicaragua (Rio Escondido) and Costa Rica (San Jose, Tucurrfqui, 

 Pacuare, Jimenez, San Cdrlos, Miravalles, Cartago, Carrlllo). 



Engyptila cassini Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 127, 1887 — 

 Pacuare and Jimenez, Costa Rica; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, 

 p. 523, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua. 



Engyptila vinaceiventris Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 583, 1888 — 

 Truxillo, Honduras (type in U. S. National Museum). 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 567 



Leptoptila vinaceiventris Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 561, 1893 — 

 Honduras and Nicaragua (La Libertad, Chontales); Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 263, 1902— Honduras (Truxillo) and Nica- 

 ragua (La Libertad, Chontales; Rio Coco; Rio Escondido). 



Leptotila vinaceiventris Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 142, 1903 — 

 Yaruca, Honduras. 



Leptotila cassini vinaceiventris Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 102, 1906 

 — Volcan Miravalles and Juan Viiias, Costa Rica (crit.); idem. I.e., 22, 

 p. 30, 1909 — Tenorio, Cerro Santa Maria, and La Vijagua, Costa Rica 

 (crit.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 402, 1910 — Costa Rica 

 (Bonllla, Jimenez, Tenorio, La Vijagua, Cachf, Cerro de Santa Maria, 

 Cariblanco, Gudpiles, El Hogar, Cudbre, and Rio Sicsola) (habits). 



Leptotila cassini cerviniventris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 458, 1916 — Costa Rica to Guatemala (monog.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 64, p. 118, 1932 — Secanquim and Finca Chamd, Guatemala; 

 Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 208, 1932— Great Falls, Pis Pis 

 River, Nicaragua; Carriker and de Schauensee, I.e., 87, p. 414, 1935 — 

 Quirigua and El Pilar, Guatemala; Deignan, Auk, 53, p. 188, 1936 — La 

 Ceiba, Honduras; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 127, 1937 (range); Berlioz, 

 Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris, (2), 11, p. 362, 1939— Santa Rosa, Comitan, 

 Chiapas. 



Leptotila cassini cervineiventris Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 407, 

 1929 — Lancetilla and near Tela, Honduras; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 84, p. 306, 1932— Lancetilla, Honduras. 



Range. — Tropical zone of the Caribbean lowlands of extreme 

 southeastern Mexico (Santa Rosa, Comitan, Chiapas), Guatemala, 

 British Honduras, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (occasion- 

 ally also on the Pacific slope of Guanacaste).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 9: Guatemala (unspecified, 1); Nica- 

 ragua (San Emilio, Rivas, 4); Costa Rica (Siquirres, Limon, 1; 

 3 miles south of Limon, Limon, 1; Limon, Limon, 1; Matina, 

 Limon, 1). 



Conover Collection. — ^14: Guatemala (Escobas, Izabal, 1); Hon- 

 duras (La Ceiba, Atlantida, 1; Catacombas, Cortes, 1; Cerro Nieve, 

 Santa Barbara, 2) ; Costa Rica (Ontario, 1 ; Miravalles, Guanacaste, 

 3; La Iberia Farm, Volcan Turrialba, 5). 



*Leptotila cassinii cassinii (Lawrence). Cassin's Dove. 



Leptoptila cassinii Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 94 — line of 

 Panama Railroad (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American 

 Museum of Natural History, New York). 



' It is now conceded that birds from Honduras and southwards (vinaceiventris) 

 are not separable from the Guatemalan specimens. 



Five additional specimens from Guatemala (Choctum, Vera Paz) and one from 

 Costa Rica (Turrialba) examined. 




568 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Leptoptila cassini Rowley, Orn. Misc., 3, p. 79, pi. 92, 1878 — San Carlos, 

 Costa Rica (nest and eggs); Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 43 — 

 San C4rlos, Costa Rica; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 560, 1893 

 — Panama (Lion Hill) and Veraguas (Montana del Vermejo); idem and 

 Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 9, 1899 — forest near Laguna 

 della Pita, Darien; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 2, p. 15, 1900 — Loma 

 del Leon, Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, 

 p. 262, pi. 68, fig. 1, 1902— part, Panama (Lion Hill) and Colombia (Turbo, 

 Rio Truando). 



Leptoptila verreauxi (not of Bonaparte) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 1860, p. 175 — Turbo and Rio Truando, Colombia; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. 

 Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 333, 1862— Panama Railroad. 



Leptotila cassini cassini Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 456, 

 1916 — Panama to northern Colombia (monog.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 70, p. 243, 1918 — Gatun, Panama; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., 69, p. 154, 1929— El Tigre (Rio Cupe) and Cana, Darien; Peters, 

 I.e., 71, p. 299, 1931 — Almirante, Changuinola, Guabo, and Cricamola, 

 Panama; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 323, 1932 — Perme, eastern Panama; idem, 

 I.e., 78, p. 311, 1935— Panama; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 127, 1937 (range). 



Leptotila cassini Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 213, 1917 — Rio 

 Salaquf (Atrato region), Opon and Puerto Berrio (lower Magdalena), 

 Colombia; Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 311, 1924 — Gatun, Panama (nest). 



Leptoptila cassini cassini Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, 

 p. 196, 1922 — Mount Sapo, Jesusito, and Rio Esnape, Darien. 



Range. — Tropical zone of Panama (except Pacific slope of western 

 section) and northern Colombia (Turbo; Rio Truando; Rio Salaqui, 

 lower Atrato; Opon and Puerto Berrio, lower Magdalena). 



Conover Collection. — 10: Panama (Perm^, Darien, 1; Port Obaldia, 

 Darien, 9). 



*Leptotila cassinii rufinucha (Sclater and Salvin).' RuFOUS- 



NAPED CaSSIN'S DOVE. 



Leptoptila rufinticha Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., p. 162, 1873 — 

 "Veragua"=Chiriquf, Panama (cotypes in Salvin-Godman Collection, 

 now in British Museum); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 562, 

 1893 — Volcan de Chiriqui and Bugaba; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Amer., Aves, 3, p. 264, pi. 68, fig. 2, 1902— Costa Rica (Pozo Azul, Las 

 Trojas, Alajuela, "Candelaria," Pozo Pital, Tambor, Pirrls) and Panama 

 (Volcan de Chiriquf, Bugaba, Divala, Veragua); Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 292, 

 1907— Boruca and El Pozo, Terraba Valley, Costa Rica. 



Leptoptila cassini (not of Lawrence) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 

 p. 217 — Bugaba and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama. 



Engyptila rufinucha Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 127, 1887 — 

 Pozo Azul de Pirrls, Las Trojas, and Alajuela, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Anal. 



^Leptotila cassinii rufinucha (Sclater and Salvin), though well-characterized 

 by the rufous (pecan brown to verona brown) hind crown, is clearly conspecific 

 with cassinii, since certain individuals are intermediate to L. c. cerviniventris. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 569 



Inst. Fis.-Geogr. y Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 146, 1893 — Palmar, La- 

 garto, Boruca, and Buenos Aires, Costa Rica. 



Leptotila rufinucha Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 358, 1901 — Dival^, Chiriqul; Carriker, 

 Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 403, 1910 — Costa Rica (Trojas, Plgres, El 

 General de Terraba, El Pozo, Boruca, Buenos Aires; habits); Ridgway, 

 Bull. U. S, Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 460, 1916— western Costa Rica and 

 Panama (monog.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 311, 1935 — 

 Pacific slope of Chiriqul and Veraguas. 



Leptotila cassini rufinucha Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 127, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of the Pacific slope of southwestern Costa 

 Rica (north to the head of the Gulf of Nicoya) and western Panama, 

 east to Veraguas. 



Field Museum Collection. — 6: Costa Rica, Puntarenas (Palmar, 

 1; Boruca, 3; Volcan de Oso, 1; El Pozo, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 17: Costa Rica (El Pozo, Puntarenas, 1; 

 Puerto Jimenez, Puntarenas, 5; Buenos Aires, Puntarenas, 2; Volcan 

 de Oso, 4; El General, 1 ; Boruca, 1; Alto de Jabillo, Pirrls, 2) ; Panama 

 (Frances, Chiriqul, 1). 



♦Leptotila ochraceiventris Chapman.^ Ochraceous-bellied 

 Dove. 



Leptotila ochrdceiventris Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 317, 1914 — 

 Zaruma, Prov. del Oro, Ecuador (type in the American Museum of Natural 

 History, New York); idem. I.e., 55, p. 170, 1926 — Chone, Rio Coco, 

 Daule, Zaruma, Santa Rosa, Alamor, and Guainche, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 3, p. 128, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of southwestern Ecuador. 



Conover Collection. — 4 : Ecuador, Province de los Rios (Isla Silva, 

 Sur, 1; Rio San Antonio, Sur, 2; La Palma, 1). 



♦Leptotila verreauxi angelica Bangs and Penard.^ White- 

 fronted Dove. 



^Leptotila ochraceiventris Chapman: Above much like L. c. cassinii, the 

 hind crown and nape being deep brownish vinaceous approaching livid brown 

 with slight purplish reflections and becoming pale pinkish buflf on forehead and 

 supraloral region; remaining upper parts somewhat more olivaceous; below, how- 

 ever, wholly unlike any other species of the genus, the chin and upper throat 

 being white, the breast light purplish vinaceous and more or less sharply defined 

 from the rich, uniform light ochraceous-buff of the abdomen and flanks. Wing, 

 135; tail, 95-97; bill, 17. 



In color of the under parts this species resembles the adult male of Oreopeleia 

 montana, except that in the latter the vinaceous pectoral band is broader and 

 deeper in tone, while the chin is buff instead of white. 



^Leptotila verreauxi angelica Bangs and Penard: Similar to L. v. fulviventris, 

 but under parts less bufify, the crissum nearly pure white; neck and chest less 

 vinaceous; forehead more grayish. 



Since writing the above, birds from Sonora have been separated, on account of 

 average smaller size and more ashy dorsal coloration with less pronounced iri- 




570 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Leptotila fulviventris angelica Bangs and Penard, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 8, 

 p. 29, 1922 — Brownsville, Texas (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, 

 Cambridge, Mass.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 9, 1927 — 

 San Bias, Nayarit, Mexico; Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, 

 p. 387, 1928— Amloloya, Oaxaca. 



Leptoptila brachyptera Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 545, 1893 — part, 

 spec, c-c', t', w'-f, Texas (Brownsville, Hidalgo), Nuevo Leon (Rio 

 Salado, Monterey, Hacienda de los Escobas, Pesqueria Grande, Rio de la 

 Gilla, Montemorelas), Tamaulipas (Sota la Marina, Aldama, Tampico), 

 Sonora, Tepic (San Bias, Santiago), Jalisco (Lake Chapala, Beltran), 

 Colima (Santiago), Guerrero (Acapulco), Oaxaca (San Juan, Tehuantepec), 

 and Chiapas (Tonald); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, 

 p. 257, 1902 — part, same localities. 



Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera Nelson, N. Amer. Faun., 14, p. 36, 1899 — 

 Tres Marias Islands (one spec, by Grayson in U. S. National Museum); 

 Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 343, 1905 — Escuinapa, Juan Lisiar- 

 raga Mountains, and Juanna Gomez Creek, southern Sinaloa; Phillips, 

 Auk, 28, p. 75, 1911— Rio Cruz, Tamaulipas; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 453, 1916 — part, southern Texas and Mexico (excepting 

 Vera Cruz) (monog., full bibliog.); Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 42, p. 533, 

 1925 — Brownsville, Texas; Friedmann, I.e., p. 544, 1925 — lower Rio 

 Grande Valley, Texas. 



Leptotila verreauxi angelica van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 249, 

 1931 — San Javier, Sonora; idem. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 435, 

 1934 — Sonora (Alamos, Hacienda de San Rafael) and Chihuahua (Dur- 

 azno. Carmen); Griscom, I.e., 75, p. 372, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero; 

 Peters, Bds. Worid, 3, p. 122, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and southwards over 

 the greater part of Mexico to Tamaulipas, Hidalgo, Puebla, Oaxaca, 

 and western Chiapas (Tonala, Tuxtla Gutierrez); (?)accidental on 

 the Tres Marias Islands.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 9: Texas (Cameron County, 1; Browns- 

 ville, Cameron County, 1; Lometa Ranch, Lampasas County, 1); 

 Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 2; Iguala, Guerrero, 1; Apiphiluco, 

 Guerrero, 3). 



Conover Collection. — 13: Texas (Brownsville, Cameron County, 

 3) ; Mexico (Micos, San Luis Potosl, 1 ; Chinobampo, Sonora, 1 ; Guiro- 

 coba, Sonora, 3; Tecoripa, Sonora, 3; Sabinas, Coahuila, 1; Mazatlan, 

 Sinaloa, 1). 



descence on nape and hind neck, asL. v. Santiago by van Rossem (Proc. Biol. Soc. 

 Wash., 50, p. 199, 1937 — type, from Guirocoba, Sonora, in coll. of D. R. Dickey, 

 now in the University of California at Los Angeles). 



1 A single example said to have been collected by Grayson is in the U. S. 

 National Museum. The record appears to be open to doubt. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 571 



Leptotila verreauxi capitalis Nelson. Tres Marias White- 

 fronted Dove. 



Leptotila capitalis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 6, 1898 — Maria 

 Madre Island, Tres Marias group, western Mexico (type in U. S. National 

 Museum); idem, N. Amer. Faun., 14, p. 36, 1899 — Maria Madre and 

 Maria Magdalena Islands (habits). 



Leptoptila albifrons (not of Bonaparte) Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, 

 p. 274, 1871 — Tres Marias (habits); Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 

 2, p. 305, 1874— part, Tres Marias. 



Leptoptila brachyptera Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mas., 21, p. 545, 1893 — part, 



spec, u', v', Tres Marias. 

 Leptoptila capitalis Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 259, 



1902— Tres Marias Islands. 

 Leptotila fulviventris capitalis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 



p. 456, 1916 — Tres Marias (monog.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 



(4), 15, p. 295, 1926 — Maria Madre and Maria Magdalena; idem, I.e., (4), 



16, p. 9, 1927— Maria Madre. 



Leptotila verreauxi capitalis Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 122, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Tres Marias Islands (Maria Madre and Maria Magda- 

 lena), off western Mexico. 



♦Leptotila verreauxi fulviventris (Lawrence). Buff-bellied 

 White-fronted Dove. 



Leptoptila fulviventris Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2, p. 287, 1882 — 

 Yucatan (type in State University of Kansas); Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1883, p. 435 — Yucatan (crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Amer., Aves, 3, p. 259, 1902 — Yucatan (Buctzotz, Izamal, Tizimin, 

 ^erida). 



Leptoptila albifrons (not of Bonaparte) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 

 9, p. 207, 1869— Merida, Yucatan; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 

 p. 459 — Yucatan (crit., habits). 



Engyptila vinaceifulva Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 271, 1885 — 

 Temax, Yucatan (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American 

 Museum of Natural History, New York; =albinistic variety). 



Engyptila fulviventris Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 272, 1885— 

 Yucatan (crit.). 



Leptoptila brachyptera Salvadori,^ Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 545, 1893 — 

 part, spec, a, b, d'-s', g"-n", Mexico, Vera Cruz (Misantla, Coatepec, 

 Atoyac, Jalapa, Vega del Casadero, Playa Vicente, Sochiapa), Tabasco 

 (Teapa), Yucatan (Merida, Tizimin, Izamal, Buctzotz), (type from 

 "Mexico" in British Museum) ;2 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 

 Aves, 3, p. 257, 1902 — part, same localities. 



1 Peristera brachyptera G. R. Gray (List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 4, p. 54, 1856) 

 is a nomen nudum. 



2 The type proved to be a .specimen of L. fulviventris, making L. brachyptera a 

 synonym. 




572 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 8, p. 287, 

 1896 — Chichen-Itzd, Yucatan; idem, I.e., 10, p. 35, 1898— Jalapa, Vera 

 Cruz; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 453, 1916— part, 

 Vera Cruz to Yucatan, northern Chiapas, and Atlantic Guatemala. 



Leptotila fulviventris fulviventris Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 118, 

 1906— Chichen-Itz&, Yucatan; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 

 7, p. 451, 1916 — Yucatan, Tabasco (Montecristo, Teapa), Campeche, 

 eastern Vera Cruz, northern Chiapas (Huehuetan, Teopisca), northern 

 Guatemala (Toyabaj, Quich6), and British Honduras (near Manatee 

 Lagoon) (monog.). 



Leptotila verreauxi fulviventris Van Tyne, Misc. Publ., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 

 27, p. 13, 1935 — Flores and Pacomon, Pet6n, Guatemala; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 3, p. 122, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico, from Vera Cruz 

 through Tabasco, Campeche, and Yucatan to northern Chiapas 

 (Huehuetan, Teopisca), British Honduras, and northeastern Guate- 

 mala (Pet^n, Alta Verapaz).* 



Field Museum Collection. — 6: Mexico (Matamoros, Campeche, 1; 

 Pacaitun, Campeche, 1; Chichen-Itza, Yucatan, 2; unspecified, 

 Yucatan, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 3: Mexico (Tutla, Oaxaca, 3). 



*Leptotila verreauxi bangsi Dickey and van Rossem.^ Bangs's 

 Whi'to-fronted Dove. 



Leptotila fulviventris bangsi Dickey and van Rossem, ,Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 

 39, p. 110, 1926— Volcan San Miguel, El Salvador (type in coll. of Donald 

 R. Dickey, now in the University of California at Los Angeles); Stone, 

 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 306, 1932— Cantarranas, Honduras. 



Leptoptila brachyptera Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 545, 1893 — part, 

 spec, o'-t', u'-z', Guatemala (Dueiias, San Geronimo, Barranco Hondo, 

 Tollman, Panajachel, Retalhuleu), Salvador (La Libertad), and Nicaragua 

 (El Volcan, Chinandega) ; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 

 3, p. 257, 1902 — part, same localities. 



Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, 

 p. 79, 1907 — Los Amates, Gualan, Lake Amatitlan, Lake Atitlan, Tecpam, 

 Patulul and San Jose, Guatemala; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, 

 Part 7, p. 453, 1916 — part, Guatemala (Retalhuleu, Patulul, San Jose), Sal- 

 vador (La Libertad), Honduras, and Nicaragua (Matagalpa, Chinandega). 



1 Birds from Alta Verapaz and Pet6n agree with Yucatan specimens. Those 

 from interior Guatemala (eastern slope of the Pacific Cordillera) are just as vari- 

 ously intermediate to L. v. bangsi as are those from northern Vera Cruz to L. v. 

 angelica. 



^Leptotila verreauxi bangsi Dickey and van Rossem: Near to L. v. fulviventris, 

 but forehead much lighter, and under parts paler, less ochraceous; similar also 

 to L. V. angelica, but upper parts warmer brown, less grajdsh, and the vinaceous 

 color of head and chest brighter. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 573 



Leptotila verreauxi bangsi Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H,, 64, p. 117, 1932 — 

 Pacific coast of Guatemala (Ocos, Hacienda California, La Carolina, 

 Finca El Cipres) (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 122, 1937 (range); 

 Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 197, 

 1938 — Lake Olomega, Rio San Miguel, Puerto del Triunfo, Divisadero, 

 San Salvador, Lake Chanmico, and Lake Guija, El Salvador, 



Leptotila verreauxi fulviventris Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 117, 

 1932 — Chichicastenango, Finca La Primavera, Sacapulas, and Progreso, 

 Guatemala (crit.); Carriker and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 87, p. 414, 1935 — Gualan and Quirigud, Guatemala. 



Range. — Guatemala (except Pet^n and Alta Verapaz), El Salva- 

 dor, western Honduras (Tegucigalpa), and northern Nicaragua 

 (depts. Chinandega and Matagalpa). CkMxift/i. ('Jrc/rvvwiu*^ lAwCA<^iili«/^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 19: Guatemala (Lake Amatitlan, 

 Amatitlan, 1; near Tecpam, Chimaltenango, 1; San Jos^, Escuintla, 

 1; Patulul, Solold, 5; Lake Atitlan, Solola, 1; Los Amates, Yzabal, 1; 

 Gualan, Zacapa, 1); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, 2; Volcan 

 Conchagua, La Union, 1; El Tablon, Santa Ana, 1; Sitio del Nino, 

 San Salvador, 1); Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte, Jinotega, 1; 

 San Geronimo, Chinandega, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 8: Guatemala (San Augustine, Zacapa, 1); 

 Honduras (Comayaguela, Tegucigalpa, 1; Monte Redondo, near 

 Archaga, Tegucigalpa, 6). 



Leptotila verreauxi nuttingi Ridgway.^ Ometepe White- 

 fronted Dove. 



Leptotila verreauxi nuttingi Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 107, 1915 — 

 Ometepe, Nicaragua (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 450, 1916 — western shore of Lake Nicaragua 

 (Sucuy4) and Isla Ometepe (monog.) ; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 14, 

 1919— Ometepe, Nicaragua; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 123, 1937 (range). 



Engyptila verreauxi (not Leptoptila verreauxi Bonaparte) Nutting, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., 6, pp. 389, 396, 1883 — Sucuyd and Ometepe, Nicaragua. 



Range. — Western shore of Lake Nicaragua (Sucuya) and Ometepe 

 Island, in Lake Nicaragua. 



Leptotila verreauxi riottei (Lawrence).^ Riotte's White- 

 fronted Dove. 



^Leptotila verreauxi nuttingi Ridgway, in the extent of rufous on the inner 

 webs of the remiges, is so decidedly intermediate between the northern fulviventris 

 group and the southern verreauxi that Griscom is no doubt correct in uniting them 

 in a single specific entity. 



A single adult male from Ometepe examined. 



* Leptotila verreauxi riottei (Lawrence) requires substantiation by an adequate 

 series. The type and only specimen examined is stated by Ridgway to differ by 




574 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Leptoptila riottei Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 137, 1868 — 



Navdrro, Costa Rica (type in U. S. National Museum); Frantzius, Journ. 



Orn., 17, p. 371, 1869— Costa Rica. 

 Leptoptila riottii Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 312 (crit.). 

 Leptoptila verreauxi (not of Bonaparte) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 



Amer., Aves, 3, p. 260, 1902 — part, Navarro and Bellavista, Costa Rica. 

 Leptotila verreauxi riottei Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 450, 



1916 — Caribbean Costa Rica (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 123, 



1937 (range). 



Range. — Caribbean Costa Rica (Navarro, Bellavista). 



♦Leptotila verreauxi decolor (Salvin). ^ Salvin' s White-fronted 

 Dove. 



Leptoptila decolor Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 21, 1895 — Cajabamba, Viiia, and 

 Chusgon (Huamachuco), northern Peru (type now in the British Museum). 



Leptoptila verreauxi (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, 

 p. 147, 1859— Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem. I.e., 28, p. 289, 1860— Babahoyo, 

 Ecuador; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1884, p. 311 — Pedregal and 

 Cayandeled, Ecuador; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 256, 1886 — Callacate 

 and Cutervo, Peru; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 548, 1893 — 

 part, spec, t-w, Ecuador (Pallatanga, Santa Rita); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, 

 p. 503, 1898 — Lake Yaguarcocha, Ecuador, and Cali, Colombia (crit.); 

 Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 36, 1900— 

 La Coneepeion (Chota Valley), Tumbaco, Vinces, and Balzar, Ecuador; 

 Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., p. B. 7, 

 1911 — Lanlin and Nanegal, Ecuador. 



Leptoptila rufaxilla (not Columba rufaxilla Richard and Bernard) Taczanowski, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 212— Cutervo, Peril (descr.). 



Leptotila verreauxi Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 33, p. 356, 1927 — 

 Valle de San Pedro Tingo, Ecuador. 



Leptoptila verreauxi verreauxi Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, 

 p. 621, 1932— El Portete de Tarquf, Loja, Ecuador. 



Leptotila verreauxi occidentalis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 31, p. 142, 

 1912 — San Antonio, western Andes, Colombia (type in the American 

 Museum of Natural History, New York); idem. I.e., 36, p. 211, 1917 — 

 Caldas (Rio Dagua), San Antonio, Gallera, Cerro Munehique, Mirafiores, 

 and Salento, Colombia. 



Leptoptila verreauxi occidentalis Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 

 25, p. 18, 1922 — Cumbaya, below Nono, road to Gualea, and road to 

 Nanegal, Ecuador. 



much darker brown upper parts, and cinnamon-drab to fawn color on foreneck 

 and chest. It is strange that no other examples have recently been collected on 

 the Caribbean side, since this dove is otherwise common wherever it occurs. 



> Leptotila verreauxi decolor (Salvin) : Similar to L. v. verreauxi, but upper parts 

 much grayer; forehead whiter; metallic reflections of crown much less pronounced; 

 under parts paler vinaceous with the flanks more grayish. 



Chapman has shown that the birds of the above-circumscribed area, although 

 they exhibit some zonal variation, are best regarded as a single taxonomic entity. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 575 



LeptopHla verreauxi decolor Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 46 — Ecuador (Puna Island; 

 Loja) and Peru (Piura) (crit.). 



Leptotila decolor Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 447, 1918 — Bellavista (Rio 

 Maranon) and Huancabamba, Peru. 



Leptotila verreauxi decolor Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 168, 

 1926 — Esmeraldas, Chone, Pun4 Island, Chongoncito, Duran, Naranjo, 

 Daule, Pallatanga, Celica, Guachanamd, Casanga, Santa Rosa, Zaruma, 

 Rio Pindo, Portovelo, Lunam&, Guainche, Huigra, Bucay, Chunchi, Cum- 

 baya, Mount Pichincha, Guaillabamba, Tumbaco, and Yaguarcocha, 

 Ecuador (crit.); Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 202, 

 1926 — Yaguachi, Ecuador (crit.); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 

 Ser., 17, p. 258, 1930— Cullcui, Maranon River, Peru (crit.); Peters, Bds. 

 World, 3, p. 123, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Tropical to Temperate zones of western Colombia 

 (western Andes and west slope of central Andes), western and cen- 

 tral Ecuador, and northern Peru, from the coast to the upper Maranon 

 Valley. 



Field Museum Collection.— 9: Colombia (San Antonio, Valle de 

 Cauca, 1); Peru (Hacienda Limon, Cajamarca, 5; Cullcui, Huanuco, 

 1; Hacienda Llagueda, Libertad, 1; Menocucho, Libertad, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 32: Colombia (Munchique. El Tambo, 6); 

 Ecuador (Chohgon, Guayas, 2; Valle de Rojas, 2; Rio Chichi, 5; Isla 

 Silva, Sur, Province de los Rios, 2; Rio San Antonio, Province de los 

 Rios, 1; La Palma, Province de los Rios, 1; Puente de Chimbo, 1; 

 Balzapamba, Bolivar, 6; Nono, near Quito, 2; Pinos, El Oro, 1; 

 Zaruma, El Oro, 1; Malacatos, Loja, 1); Peru (Cullcui, Huanuco, 1). 



*Leptotila verreauxi verreauxi (Bonaparte). Verreaux's White- 

 fronted Dove. 



Leptoptila verreauxi Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 3, 

 p. 99,1 foj. Jan. 15, 1855 — "Nouvelle Grenade"; idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 

 2, sig. 10, Dec. 5, 1854, p. 73, "April 15, 1855" [=1857]— "Nova Granata" 

 (full descr.; type in coll. of C. L. Bonaparte, now in Paris Museum); 

 Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 333, 1862 — Panama Railroad; 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 159 — Santa F6, Veraguas; Law- 

 rence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 137, 1868— Costa Rica (San Jose, 

 Barrdnca, Dota); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 217 — Calobre, 

 Veraguas, and Bugaba, Chiriquf; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., p. 782 — Merida, 

 Venezuela; Boucard, I.e., 1878, p. 43 — San Jose, Costa Rica; Sclater and 

 Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 544 — Retire and Medellin, Colombia; Salvin and 

 Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 178 — Minca, Colombia; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 21, p. 549, 1893 — part, spec, a-n, Costa Rica (San Jose), Panama 

 (Santa Fe, Cordillera de Tole, Bugaba, Lion Hill), Colombia (Medellin, 



' Hardly more than a nomen nudum here, but fully described in "Conspectus 

 Generum Avium" a few years later. 




576 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Minca), Venezuela (Puerto Cabello), and Trinidad; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, 

 pp. 305, 324, 334^ — Aruba, Curagao, and Bonaire; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 

 p. 447 — Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 260, 1902 — Costa Rica (excepting Navdrro and 

 Bellavista) and Panama; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL, 3, p. 23, 1902 — 

 Bugaba, Panama; idem, Auk, 24, p. 292, 1907 — Costa Rica (Boruca, Paso 

 Real, El Pozo de Terraba); Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 552 — Margarita Island, 

 Venezuela (crit.); Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 73, 1909 — Cano Guanoco, 

 Orinoco Delta, Venezuela. 



Leptotila verreauxi Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 383 — Ocafia, Colombia; Bangs, Proc. 

 Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 132, 1898— Santa Marta, Colombia; Allen, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 128, 1900— Bonda, Colombia; Bangs, Auk, 18, 

 pp. 25, 358, 1901 — San Miguel Island and Divald, Panama; Berlepsch 

 and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 118, 1902 — Altagracia and Caicara, Orinoco, 

 Venezuela (crit.) ; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 279, 1905— Bonda, 

 Colombia (nest and eggs descr.); Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., 46, p. 148, 1905 — San Miguel and Saboga Islands (crit.); iidem, 

 I.e., p. 214, 1906 — savanna of Panama; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 47, 

 1906 — Laventille and Pointe Gourde, Trinidad (crit.); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., 

 Mus. Brookl. Inst., I, p. 370, 1908 — Carenage, Trinidad; Bangs, Proc. 

 Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, p. 30, 1909 — Bolson, Costa Rica; Cory, Field Mus. 

 Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 198, 210, 230, 240, 1909— Aruba, Bonaire, 

 Los Testigos, and Margarita Island (crit.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 

 6, p. 401, 1910 — Costa Rica (Pigres, San Jose, Bebedero, Pozo Aztil, 

 Bolson, Miravalles, San Mateo, El Pozo de Terraba, Boruca, Buenos 

 Aires) ; Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 160, 1912— 

 Cumbre Chiquita (San Esteban), Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. 

 Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 352, 1916 — Orinoco Valley, Venezuela (nest and eggs); 

 Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 37, 1922— 

 Altagracia, Lagunillas, Rio Cogollo, Valera, Rio~ Chamd, Encontrados, 

 and Rio Aurare, Zulia, Venezuela. 



Peristera verreauxi IA)taud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 369, 1866 — Trinidad. 



Engyptila verreauxi Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 408, 1882 — La Palma 

 de Nicoya, Costa Rica; idem. I.e., 6, p. 378, 1883 — San Juan del Sur, 

 Nicaragua; Ridgway, I.e., 5, pp. 498, 502, 1883 — Volcan de Irazu and San 

 Jos6, Costa Rica; idem. I.e., 7, p. 173, 1884 — Trinidad; Zeledon, Anal. 

 Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 127, 1887 — Costa Rica (Las Trojas, San 

 Mateo, San Jose, Cartago); Cherrie, Auk, 9, p. 329, 1892 — San Jose, 

 Costa Rica; idem. Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 146, 

 1893 — Lagarto, Costa Rica; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 74, 

 1894 — near Princestown, Trinidad, and Monos Island. 



Leptopila Jamaicensis (not Columba jamaicensis Linnaeus) Schlegel, Mus. 

 Pays-Bas, 4, No. 35, p. 158, 1873 — part, spec. Nos. 3-5, Bogotd and Vene- 

 zuela (Caracas). 



Leptotila insularis Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 659, 1896 — Mar- 

 garita Island, Venezuela (type in U. S. National Museum); Clark, Auk, 19, 

 p. 261, 1902— Margarita Island. 



Leptotila verreauxi insularis Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 305, 1902 — Aruba, 

 Bonaire, and Curagao (crit.) ; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 191, 

 1913 — Cariaquito, Paria Peninsula, Venezuela. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 577 



Leptotila verreauxi verreauxi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 446, 

 1916 (monog., full bibliog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 210, 

 1917 — Colombia (La Candela, Andalucia, El Carmen, El Alto de la Paz, 

 Chicoral, Honda, Remolino, Algodonal, Calamar, La Playa, Rio Sinu, 

 Puerto Valdivia, Peque); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 243, 

 1918— Gatun and Mindi, Panama; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 13, No. 4, p. 30, 

 1921 — Casaya and Bayoneta Islands, Pearl Islands; Todd and Carriker, 

 Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 191, 1922 — Bonda, Don Diego, Minca, Santa 

 Marta, and La Tigrera, Colombia (crit.); Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 311, 1924 — 

 Panama (Sosa Hill, Farfan, near Corozal, Gorgona); Darlington, Bull. 

 Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 377, 1931— Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia; 

 Roberts, Trop. Agric, 11, p. 92, 1934 — Trinidad; Griscom, Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., 78, p. 311, 1935 — Panama; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1936, 

 p. 6 — part, Trinidad (Caroni region, islets west of Port of Spain, and 

 "Bocas" from Gaspar6e west to Patos; nest and eggs descr.); Peters, Bds. 

 World, 3, p. 123, 1937 (range). 



Leptoptila verreauxi verreauxi, L. v. riottei, andL. v. insularis Chubb, Ibis, 1919, 

 pp. 44, 45 — Colombia, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Panama and Margarita 

 Island. 



Leptoptila verreauxi brevipennis^ Chubb, Ibis, (11), 1, p. 45, 1919 — Trinidad 

 (type in British Museum). 



Leptotila verreauxi zapluta Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 123, 1937 — new name for 

 Leptoptila verreauxi brevipennis Chubb. 



Engyptila erythrothorax (not Columba erythrothorax Temminck) Phelps, Auk, 

 14, p. 366, 1897 — Cumanacoa and San Antonio [Bermudez], Venezuela. 



Range. — Extreme southwestern corner of Nicaragua (San Juan 

 del Sur) and southward through Pacific Costa Rica and Panama 

 to northern and eastern Colombia (from the lower Atrato east to 

 Santa Marta and south through the entire Magdalena Valley) and 

 northern Venezuela east to the Paria Peninsula and Margarita 

 Island, south to the Orinoco; islands of Aruba, Curasao, Bonaire, 

 Los Testigos, and Trinidad. ^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 35: Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 3; 

 Bonaire, 3); Costa Rica (Lagarto, Puntarenas, 2; Buenos Aires, 

 Puntarenas, 3; Boruca, Puntarenas, 1; San Jos6, San Jos^, 2); 



1 Peristera brevipennis G. R. Gray (List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 4, Columbae, 

 p. 54, 1856) is a nomen nudum. 



'^ We have not succeeded in satisfactorily subdividing the inhabitants of this 

 region, extensive as it is. Birds from Trinidad, Margarita, the Dutch West Indies, 

 and the north coast of Venezuela are precisely alike, L. brevipennis thus becoming 

 a pure synonym of L. insularis. They are as a rule slightly more richly colored 

 below than a number of Bogotd skins, as has already been noticed by authors, but 

 the divergency is rather insignificant, and hardly sufficiently constant to warrant 

 the recognition of an eastern form (insularis). Certain individuals from the 

 Orinoco Valley closely approach L. v. brasiliensis, which itself seems to be inter- 

 mediate to L. V. approximans. Birds from Pacific Costa Rica are larger, but until 

 the status of L. v. riottei has been clearly determined, it seems unwise to do more 

 than call attention to this fact. 




578 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Colombia (Calamar, Bolivar, 1; Puerto Valdivia, Antioquia, 1); 

 Venezuela (Encontrados, Zulia, 4; Rio Aurare, Zulia, 1; Maracay, 

 Aragua, 2; Lake Valencia, Aragua, 1; Margarita Island, Nueva 

 Esparta, 4; Testigos Islands, Nueva Esparta, 3; Mount Turumiquire, 

 Sucr^, 2; Cocollar, Sucr^, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 26: Costa Rica (San Jos^, 2; Surubres, 1; 

 Puerto Jimenez, Puntarenas, 3; Las Canas, 3; Buenos Aires, Pun- 

 tarenas, 3; Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 2; Cartago, Cartago, 1); 

 Venezuela (Altagracia, Zulia, 1; Lagunillas, Zulia, 1; Rio Cogollo, 

 P^rija, 4; Valera, 2; Rio Chamd, M^rida, 1; Las Mesitas, Trujillo, 2). 



•Leptotila verreauxi tobagensis Hellmayr and Seilern.^ Tobago 

 White-fronted Dove. 



LeptoHla verreauxi tobagensis Hellmayr and Seilern, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 

 204, July 25, 1915 — Man o' War Bay, Tobago (type in Munich Museum); 

 Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 123, 1937 (range). 



Peristera jamaicensis (not Columba jamaicensis Linnaeus) Jardine, Ann. Mag. 

 Nat. Hist., 20, p. 374, 1847— Tobago. 



Engyptila verreauxi (not Leptoptila verreauxi Bonaparte) Cory, Auk, 10, p. 

 220, 1893— Tobago. 



Leptoptila verreauxi Dalmas, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 144, 1900 — 

 Tobago. 



Leptotila verreauxi verreauxi Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1936, p. 6 — part, 

 Tobago (nest and eggs descr.). 



Range. — Island of Tobago. 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Tobago (unspecified, 2). 



♦Leptotila verreauxi brasiliensis (Bonaparte). ^ Guianan White- 

 fronted Dove. 



^Leptotila verreauxi tobagensis Hellmayr and Seilern: Similar to the nominate 

 race, but hind neck and nape bronze green with very little, if any, coppery reflec- 

 tions posteriorly; throat more extensively as well as purer white; foreneck, breast, 

 and sides markedly paler, pale grayish vinaceous rather than light grayish vina- 

 ceous; white abdominal zone larger; bill on average smaller. Wing, 132-136; tail, 

 103-109; bill, 16. 



Five additional specimens from Tobago (Man o' War Bay) examined. 



^Leptotila verreauxi brasiliensis (Bonaparte), judging from the few specimens 

 available for study, connects the northern verreauxi with the east Brazilian races. 

 Compared with the former, they are darker brown above with the white tips to 

 the rectrices more restricted, while the foreneck and breast are darker, between 

 light cinnamon-drab and vinaceous-fawn. In the restriction of the white tail- 

 tips it resembles L. v. approximans, but is darker above, with the forehead more 

 pinkish, and also more deeply vinaceous on foreneck and breast. 



The type in the Paris Museum, though not in very good condition, is unques- 

 tionably identical with specimens from French Guiana, from which others taken 

 by H. Whitely at Quonga, British Guiana {macconnelli Chubb), do not differ at 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 579 



Peristera brasiliensis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, No. 20, 



p. 945, for Nov. 17, 1856 — no locality given (type in Paris Museum 



examined). 

 Leptotila verreauxi (not of Bonaparte) Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 295, 1908 



— Cayenne and Roche-Marie, French Guiana; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. 



Goeldi, 8, p. 66, 1914 — Marajo (Dumas), Mexiana, Monte Alegre, and 



Rio Jamunda (Faro), Brazil. 

 Leptoptila verreauxi Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 48, 1916 — Abary River, 



Aurora Creek, Tiger Creek, Great Falls of Demerara, and Quonga. 

 Leptoptila verreauxi macconnelli Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 38, p. 32, 1917 



— British Guiana (type in the British Museum); idem, Ibis, 1919, p. 



45 — British Guiana (crit.). 

 Leptotila verreauxi tenella Penard, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 8, p. 35, 1923 — 



Lelydorp, Surinam (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, 



Mass.). 

 Leptotila verreauxi brasiliensis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, 



p. 471 (footnote), 1929 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 123, 1937 (range). 

 Leptoptila rufaxilla (not Columba rufaxilla Richard and Bernard) Pelzeln, 



Orn. Bras., 3, p. 279, 1870 — part, Rio Muri4, Par4 (spec, examined). 



' Range. — British, Dutch and French Guiana, southward to the 

 Amazon Valley and west to the Rio Solimoes (Rio Manacapuru).^ 

 Field Museum Collection. — 7: British Guiana (Rockstone, Esse- 

 quibo River, §; Buxton, E. C., Demerara, 1); Brazil, Amazonas 

 (Serra Grande, Rio Branco, 1 ; Boa Vista, Rio Branco, 1 ; Serra da 

 Lua, near Boa Vista, 1). ^ 



Conover Collection.— 15: British Guiana (Rockstone, Essequibo 

 River, 2); Brazil (Boca de Channel Piava, near Obidos, 1; Lago 

 Cuipeua, near Obidos, 1; Serraria Cabral, Rio Acara, 2; Ipomonga, 

 Rio Capim, 2; Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 2; Tauary, Rio Tapajoz, 2; 

 Caxiricatuba, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Rio Manacapuru, Amazonas, 2). 



*Leptotila verreauxi approximans (Cory).^ Cory's White- 

 fronted Dove. 



all. It is an adult bird (with the characteristic attenuation of the outermost 

 primary), and has no other locality than "Bresil." 



The Parisian specimen is the real type, since it is the one from which Bonaparte 

 drew up his diagnosis, whereas Peristera brasiliensis Gray (List Spec. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 4, Columbae, p. 54, 1856) is a pure nomen nudum. A female from Marajo 

 (Sao Natal) and a male from Rio Muria, east of Pard, obviously pertain to the 

 same form. 



^Engyptila erythorotrax [sic] Riker and Chapman (Auk, 8, p. 162, 1891 — 

 Diamantina, near Santarem, Brazil) may also be referable here. 



^Leptotila verreauxi approximans (Cory): Similar toL. v. decipiens, but smaller, 

 and under parts paler, the foreneck and breast being ecru-drab rather than light 

 cinnamon-drab. Wing, 133-140, rarely to 143; tail, 94-104; bill, 14-17. 



This form ranges south into the northern parts of Bahia. Field Museum has 

 two perfectly typical examples from Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas, and an adult 




580 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Leptoptila ochroptera approximans Cory, Meld Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 

 12, p. 7, 1917 — Serra de Baturit^, Ceard, Brazil (type in Field Museum of 

 Natural History). 



Leptoptila ochroptera (not of Pelzeln) Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 357 — Garanhuns, 

 Pernambuco; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 555, 1893 — part, 

 spec, k, Pernambuco; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Bayr. Akad. 

 Wiss., 76, p. 88, 1910 — Bahia (Rio Sao Francisco, near Sambaiba) and 

 Piauhy (Pamagud, Pedrinha). 



Leptoptila ex aff. verreauxi Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 

 6, p. 48, 1926— Ceard. 



Leptoptila verreauxi (not of Bonaparte) Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de 

 Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 68, 1926 — Anil and Tury-assti, Maranhao. 



Leptotila verreauxi approximans Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 

 12, p. 470, 1929 — Maranhao (Tury-assu; Sao Luiz; Grajah<i; Fazenda 

 Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba), Piauhy (Ardra, Deserto, Ibiapaba, ParnaguS, 

 Pedrinha), and Ceard (Serra de Baturite); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 124, 

 1937 (range). 



Range. — Northeastern Brazil, from Maranhao, Piauhy, and 

 Ceara south to northern Bahia (Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas; 

 Sao Marcello, Rio Preto). 



Field Museum Collection. — 7: Brazil (Rio do Peixe, near Quei- 

 madas, Bahia, 2; Sao Marcello, Bahia, 2; Sao Luiz, Maranhao, 1; 

 Tury-assu, Maranhao, 1; Serra de Baturite, Ceard, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 7: Brazil (Grajahu, Maranhao, 1; Fazenda 

 Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, Maranhao, 3; Deserto, Piauhy, 1; Ardra, 

 Piauhy, 1; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 1). 



*Leptotila verreauxi decipiens (Salvadori). Cinnamon- winged 

 White-fronted Dove. 



Homoptila decipiens Salvadori, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, 6, p. 131, 1871 — 

 Brazil (cotypes in Turin Museum and in coll. of E. Turati, the latter now 

 in Milan Museum). ' 



Leptoptila ochroptera (Natterer MS.) Pelzeln, Om. Bras., 3, p. 278, 1870 — 

 sine descr., part;i Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba) and Sao Paulo (Mattodentro, 

 Ypanemd); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 17 — Huiro 

 and Potrero, Urubamba, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. P6r., 3, p. 255, 1886 — 

 Peru (Potrero, Huiro); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 555, 1893 

 — part, spec, a-i, 1, m, Brazil (Sapitiba, Bahia, Chapada, Corumbd); 



female from Sao Marcello, Rio Preto; whereas an adult male from the latter 

 locality, in size (wing, 143) and coloration, closely approaches the larger, darker 

 southern form, long known as L. ochroptera. 



Additional material examined. — Bahia, island near Sambaiba, Rio Sao Fran- 

 cisco, 1.— Piauhy: Parnagud, 1; Pedrinha, 1. 



1 About the name L. ochroptera, cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. 

 Ser., 12, p. 472 (footnote 1), 1929. 




¥ 



1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 581 



idem, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 23, 1895— Colonia Risso, 

 Rio Apa, Paraguay; idem. I.e., 15, No. 378, p. 5, 1900 — Uruciim, Matto 

 Grosso; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 44 

 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru; iidem, Ornis, 13, p. 100, 1906 — Santa 

 Ana, Urubamba, Peru; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 36, 1914 — Alto Parana, 

 Paraguay; Menegaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 1917, p. 25 — Pocon6, Matto 

 Grosso. 



Peristera frontalis (not Columba frontalis Temminck) Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 

 8, p. 259, 1860— Parang and Tucumdn; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 497, 

 1861 — same localities. 



Peristera rufaxilla (not Columba rufaxilla Richard and Bernard) Reinhardt, 

 Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, pp. 57, 454 — Sao Paulo (Mugy, 

 Hyt<i, Campinas) and Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Sete Lagoas, Curvelo). 



Engyptila eryihrothorax (not Columba erythrothorax Temminck) Allen, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893 — Chapada, Matto Grosso. 



Engyptila chalcauthenia [sic] Boucard and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, 2, 

 p. 41, 1892— "Porto Real," Rio de Janeiro. 



Leptoptila chalcauchenia (not of Sclater and Salvin) Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 363 

 — Salta. 



Engyptila chalcauchenia Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Om., 2, p. 144, 1889 — 

 Argentina (part; habits); Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 123, 1891 — C6rdoba; 

 Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 147 — Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco. 



Leptoptila megalura (not of Sclater and Salvin) White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 1882, p. 626 — Salta (Oran) and Catamarca (Guayan, Andalgald). 



Leptoptila frontalis chalcauchenia Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. 

 Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 403, 1890— Cordoba. 



Leptoptila verreauxi (not of Bonaparte) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, 

 p. 548, 1893 — part, spec, x, Huiro, Peru. 



Leptoptila chlor(o)auchenia (not Giglioli and Salvadori) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 21, p. 554, 1893 — part, spec, b, d, Cordoba (Cosquin) and 

 Salta; idem, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 23, 1895— Santa 

 Rosa, Salta; idem. I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 33, 1897— Caiza, Tarija, Bolivia; 

 Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 403, 1899 — Cachoeira and Sao Sebastiao, 

 Sao Paulo; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 217, 1902 — San 

 Pablo, Yerba-buena, Tafi Viejo, and Siambon, Tucuman; Baer, Ornis, 12, 

 p. 233, 1904— Tapia, Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 249, 

 1904 — Ordn and Rosario de Lerma, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Ciene. Soc., 

 3, No. 13, p. 71, 1905— Tucuman localities; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 63— 

 Sapucay, Paraguay; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 460 — part, Porto Martinho, north 

 of Rio Apa, Matto Grosso. 



Leptotila ochroptera Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 24, 1907 — Cachoeira and 

 Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo. 



Leptotila ochroptera ochroptera Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 93, 1908 — Goydz 

 and Rio Araguaya, Goy4z (crit.); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, 

 p. 47, 1921 — Santa Ana, Idma, San Miguel Bridge, Matchu Picchu, and 

 Torontoy, Urubamba, Peru (crit.); Wetmore, I.e., 133, p. 174, 1926 — 

 Chaco Formosano. 




582 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Le-ptotila cMoroauchenia chXoroauchenia Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, 

 p. 262, 1909— part, Tapia, Tucumdn. 



Leptoptila ochroptera chloroaiichenia Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 

 18, pp. 194, 410, 1910 — Argentina (in part); Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, 

 p. 81, 1923— La Rioja; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 170, 

 1927— Bovril Islands, Santa F6; Castellanos, El Hornero, 4, p. 370, 1931 

 — Valle de los Reartes, Cordoba. 



Leptoptila intermedia Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 38, p. 17, 1917— "Central 

 South Peru" (type, from Huiro, Urubamba, in British Museum examined). 



L[eptotila] v[erreauxi] holivianus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 447, 1916 (no locality or type indicated). 



Leptotila ochroptera kalinowskii Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 

 5, p. 201, Dec. 31, 1926 — Santa Ana, Urubamba, Peru (type in Warsaw 

 Museum). 



Leptotila verreauxi decipiens Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, 

 p. 258, 1930 — Chinchao and Vista Alegre, Hu4nuco, Peru (crit.); Naum- 

 burg. Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 71, 1930 — Tapirapoan, Matto Grosso; 

 Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 89, 1930— 

 Formosa (Tapikiole, San Jose, Chaves) and Bolivia (Santa Cruz) (crit.); 

 Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 710, 1932— Sao Paulo (Valparaizo) 

 and Matto Grosso (Sanf Anna do Paranahyba, Aquidauana); Stone and 

 Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila., 86, p. 377, 1934 — Descalvados, 

 Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. Worid, 3, p. 124, 1937 (range). 



Leptoptila verreauxi ochroptera Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 68, 1935 — Rio 

 Gongogy, Corupeba, and Ilha Madre de Deus, Bahia; idem, I.e., 20, p. 40, 

 1936 — Rio das Almas and Rio Meia Ponte, Goyaz. 



Range. — Southern Brazil, from southern Bahia (from the Rio 

 Paraguassu southwards), Goydz, Matto Grosso, and Amazonas (Rio 

 Purus) to Sao Paulo; Paraguay; northern Argentina, west of the 

 Rio Parana, south to Santa F^ and Cordoba; eastern Bolivia; eastern 

 Peru (Moyobamba; Chinchao and Vista Alegre, Huanueo; La Mer- 

 ced, Chanchamayo, Junin; Urubamba Valley).^ 



1 Birds from southern Bahia, Minas Geraes, Espirito Santo, and Sao Paulo 

 agree well, the length of the wing in adult birds varying from 138 to 150 mm., 

 while Paraguayan specimens tend to be slightly larger (wing of six adults, 

 142, 148, 148, 148, 150, 152). Birds from northwestern Argentina (Tucum^n and 

 Formosa) and Bolivia (Santa Cruz) cannot be separated either in size (wing, 

 142-150), though in coloration they seem to average a little paler. Birds from 

 eastern Peru (Hudnuco and Urubamba), which have been separated asL. intermedia 

 and L. o. kalinowskii, we are unable to distinguish from Brazilian examples, though 

 they possibly are on average smaller (wing, 137-142). A single female from Moyo- 

 bamba shows some approach to L. v. verreauxi. 



Quite doubtful is Leptoptila callauchen Salvadori (Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, 

 No. 272, p. 33, May 12, 1897 — San Lorenzo, Jujuy; type in Turin Museum). It is 

 said to differ from "L. chlorauchenia" (of Caiza, Tarija, Bolivia) by having the 

 hind neck "cupreo-amethystina," an exceedingly variable feature, since we find 

 among our series of decipiens specimens from the same locality with mainly coppery- 

 red and others with mainly bronze-green gloss on the hind neck. Salvadori gives, 

 however, a much longer wing (163 mm.) for the San Lorenzo birds, this measure- 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 583 



Field Museum Collection. — 9: Brazil (Macaco Secco, Bahia, 2; 

 Urucum de Corumba, Matto Grosso, 1 ; Piraputanga, Matto Grosso, 

 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1; Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, 2); 

 Peru (Chinchao, Huanuco, 1; Moyobamba, San Martin, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 42: Brazil (Veadeiros, near Cavalcanti, Goyaz, 

 l;Rio Sao Miguel, Goyaz, 3; Fazenda Cayoa, Rio Paranapanema, 

 Sao Paulo, 2; Canutama, Rio Puriis, Amazonas, 1; Vaccaria, Matto 

 Grosso, 2) ; Peru (Vista Alegre, Huanuco, 1 ; Chinchao, Huanuco, 2) ; 

 Bolivia (Comarapa, Santa Cruz, 4 ; Aiguile, San Carlos, Santa Cruz, 

 1; Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, 2; Rio Surutu, Santa Cruz, 1; Tin-Tin, 

 Cochabamba, 1; Cochabamba, 1); Argentina (Sierra de Santa 

 Barbara, Jujuy, 3; Calilegua, Jujuy, 1; Vipos, Tucuman, 1; Las 

 Palmas, Chaco, 1); Paraguay (Molinasque, 1; Santa Barbara, 1; 

 Itap^, 2; Villa Rica, 1; Horqueta, 4; Paraguay River, east side, 1; 

 Capitan Bado, Cerro Amambay, 4). 



*Leptotila verreauxi chlorauchenia (Giglioli and Salvadori).^ 

 Green-naped White-fronted Dove. 



Leptoptila chlorauchenia Giglioli and Salvadori, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, 5, 

 p. 274, for "January" 1870 (probably publ. in Feb. or later)^^ — Estancia 

 Trinidad, near Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Turin Museum); iidem, 

 Ibis, 1870, p. 186 (reprint); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1871, p. 435 (date of 

 publication). 



Leptoptila chalcauchenia (Salvadori MS.) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 



Lond., 1869, p. 633, for Dec, 1869, pub. March, 18702— Conchitas, Buenos 



Aires (type in British Museum); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 243, 1874 — 



'Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 193 — Prov. Buenos 



Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 275, 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre 



ment being about the same as the maximum figure found in L. v. chlorauchenia. 

 The senior author having been refused the privilege of examining the type, we have 

 to leave the status of L. callauchen an open question. 



Additional material examined. — Peru: Huiro, 1; La Merced, 1.— Paraguay: 

 Bernalcue, 3; Villa Concepcion, 1. — Bolivia: Santa Cruz, 1. — Argentina: Tapia, 

 2; Chaco Formosano, 6. — Brazil: Espirito Santo, 1; Sapitiba, Rio de Janeiro, 2; 

 Agua Suja, Minas Geraes, 4; Sao Francisco, Minas Geraes, 2; Sao Paulo (various 

 localities), 14; Goyaz, 4. 



^Leptotila verreauxi chlorauchenia (Giglioli and Salvadori): Similar to L. v. 

 decipiens, but somewhat larger. Wing, 150-164. 



Birds from the extreme south of Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Entre Rios, 

 Uruguay, and Buenos Aires have decidedly longer wings, when compared to 

 decipiens, the largest measurements (162, 164 mm., resp.) being shown by two 

 adult males from Entre RIos (La Soledad) and Parand (Roga Nova, Serra do Mar). 

 Another specimen from Parana (Jaguairaba) and two from Santa Catharina are 

 exactly intermediate, and might just as well be referred to decipiens. 



2 About the uncertain dates of publication of these names, cf . Peters, El 

 Hornero, 3, p. 200, 1923, and Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 176-177, 

 1926. 




584 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



RIos; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Om., 2, p. 177, 1885 — Taquara, 

 Rio Grande do Sul. 



Leptoptila ochroptera Pelzeln, Om. Bras., 3, p. 278, 1870 — part, Jaguaraiba, 

 Parand. 



Engyptila chalcatichenia Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Om., 2, p. 144, 1889 — 

 Argentina (in part); Aplin, Ibis, 1893, p. 202 — Uruguay (banks of the Rio 

 Negro, Arroyo Grande, Santa Elena, Satjce); Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 37 — 

 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. 



Leptoptila chloroauchenia Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 554, 1893 — 

 part, spec, a, c, Buenos Aires (Conchitas, Punta Lara) ; Ihering, Annuario 

 Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 146, 1899— Rio Grande do Sul (Mundo 

 Novo, Pedras Brancas, Sao Lourengo); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 460 — part, 

 Goya, Corrientes. 



Leptotila ochroptera chloroauchenia Hellmayr, Nov. ZooL, 15, p. 94 (in text), 

 1908 — Entre RIos, Argentina, and Roga Nova, Serra do Mar, Parand, 

 Brazil (crit.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, pp. 194, 410, 

 1910 — part, Entre RIos, Buenos Aires, and Misiones (Santa Ana); Chros- 

 towski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 461, 492, 1912 — Vera 

 Guarany, Paranfi; Dabbene, El Homero, 1, p. 32, 1917 — Isla Martin 

 Gdrcia, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 11, 1920 — Uruguay (Flores, 

 Soriano, Rio Negro, Rocha); Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 39, 1923 — Santa 

 Elena, Entre Rfos; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 161, 1923 — San Isidro, Buenos Aires; 

 Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 599, 1924— Prov. Buenos 

 Aires. 



Leptotila chloroauchenia chloroauchenia Hartert and Venturi, Nov. ZooL, 16, 

 p. 262, 1909 — part, Buenos Aires (Barraeas al Sud) and Entre Rfos (La 

 Soledad). 



Leptotila ochroptera ochroptera Sztoleman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, 

 p. 117, 1926 — Parand (Faz. Coneordia, Faz. Firhiiano, Invernadinha, 

 Therezina, Candido de Abreu). 



Leptotila ochroptera chlorauchenia Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 76, 

 1926 — Uruguay (San Vicente, Lazcano) and Buenos Aires (Los Yngleses) 

 (erit.). 



Leptotila verreauxi chalcauchenia Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 124, 1937 — part, 

 Uruguay, Parang, and eastern Argentina. 



Range. — Extreme southern Brazil, from Parana to Rio Grande 

 do Sul; Uruguay; eastern Argentina (in provinces of Misiones, Entre 

 Rios, Corrientes, and Buenos Aires). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Brazil (Jaguariahjrvra, Parana, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 9: Brazil (Jaguariahyra, Parana, 1); Uru- 

 guay (Soriano, 1); Argentina (Santa Ana, Misiones, 6; Eldorado, 

 Misiones, 1). 



Leptotila wellsi (Lawrence). Grenada Dove. 



Engyptila wellsi Lawrence, Auk, 1, p. 180, 1884 — Grenada (type in U. S. 

 National Museum); Cory, Auk, 4, p. Ill, 1887 — Grenada (ex Lawrence); 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 585 



idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 212, 1889— Grenada; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., 



pp. 97, 134, 1892— Grenada; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 262, 



1905 — Grenada and islets oflf the coast. 

 Leptoptila wellsi Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 559, 1893 — Grenada. 

 Leptotila wellsi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 461, 1916 



(monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 127, 1937 (range); Bond, Not. Nat. 



Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 13, p. 2, 1939— St. Vincent (Sept. 9, 1891) and 



probably Tobago. 



Range. — Islands of Grenada (including islets off the coast) and 

 St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles; possibly also Tobago. 



♦Leptotila megalura megalura (Sclater and Salvin).i Long- 

 tailed Dove. 



Leptoptila megalura Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 640, 

 pub. March, 1880 — Tilotilo, Yungas of La Paz, Bolivia (type in Salvin- 

 Godman Collection, now in the British Museum); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. 

 Brit. Mus., 21, p. 556, pi. 13, 1893— Tilotilo; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 46— 

 Chulumani, Bolivia. 



{l)Leptoptila rufaxilla Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 355, 1876 — Coroico, 

 La Paz, Bolivia. 



Leptotila megalura megalura Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 125, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of Bolivia (Tilotilo, Omeja, and Chulu- 

 mani, Yungas of La Paz; Sicasica). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Bolivia (Comarapa, Santa Cruz, 3; Pocona, 

 Cochabamba, 1). 



♦Leptotila megalura saturata (Salvadori). ^ Argentine Long- 

 tailed Dove. 



Leptoptila saturata Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 33, 

 May 12, 1897 — San Lorenzo, Jujuy, and Cara-huassi, Salta, Argentina 



^Leptotila megalura megalura (Sclater and Salvin), in general coloration is not 

 unlike L. v. decipiens, but differs by having the ground color of the occiput and hind 

 crown dull vinous brown (instead of grayish); amethystine (not bronze green or 

 coppery) gloss on hind crown, nape, and anterior mantle; much paler, more gray- 

 ish-pink sides of head and neck; and more extensively as well as more purely 

 white throat. From L. r. reichenbachii it is easily distinguished by lacking the 

 clear lavender-gray fore-crown and white forehead; and by having a much duller, 

 less vinaceous hind crown and nape; more bluish gloss on hind neck and upper 

 back; absence of the light pinkish cinnamon color on the sides of the head and 

 neck; ecru-drab instead of vinaceous-fawn foreneck and breast, etc. 



The relationship of this dove, which, according to Dabbene (in litt.), in north- 

 western Argentina lives side by side with L. v. decipiens, is not quite clear, and 

 needs further investigation. 



Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Omeja, 1; Sicasica, 1. 



'^Leptotila megalura saturata (Salvadori) differs from L. m. megalura, of 

 Bolivia, by browner (less olivaceous) dorsal surface (particularly the tail), more 

 " reddish hind neck and mantle, less extensively whitish forehead, and darker chest 

 and sides. 



Additiorml material examined. — Argentina: Salta, 2; Tapia, Tucum^n, 1. 



¥ 




586 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



(type, from San Lorenzo, Jujuy, in Turin Museum) ; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. 

 Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 194, 1910 (same localities). 



Leptotila megalura saturata Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 125, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Argentina, in provinces of Jujuy (San Lorenzo), Salta 

 (Salta; Cara-huassi), and Tucuman (Tapia; Concepcion). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Argentina (Concepcion, Tucu- 

 man, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 13: Argentina (Tapia, Tucuman, 1; Concep- 

 cion, Tucuman, 11; Jujuy, 1). 



♦Leptotila plumbeiceps plumbeiceps (Sclater and Salvin).^ 

 Bonaparte's Gray-headed Dove. 



Leptoptila plumbeiceps Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 59, 

 pub. June 1, 1868 — [Choctum], Vera Paz, Guatemala (type in Salvin- 

 Godman Collection, now in British Museum); iidem. I.e., 1870, p. 838 — 

 [San Pedro], Honduras; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 550, 1893— 

 Mexico (Tampico, Vera Cruz; Atoyac and Vega del Casadero, Vera Cruz; 

 Valley of Mexico; Teapa, Tabasco), British Honduras (Orange Walk, 

 Cayo), and Guatemala (Choctum); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 

 Amer., Aves, 3, p. 261, pi. 67, fig. 1, 1902 — same localities and San Pedro, 

 Honduras. 



Leptoptila bonapartii Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 10, p. 15, Feb., 

 1871 — Mexico=Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz* (type in U. S. National Mu- 

 seum); Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 312 (crit.). 



Leptotila plumbeiceps Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 25, 1878 — 

 Vera Paz, Guatemala; Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 142, 1903— 

 Ceiba, Honduras; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 80, 

 1907 — Los Amates, Guatemala; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, p. 29, 

 1909 — Bolson, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 402, 1910 — 

 Bolson, Costa Rica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 462, 

 1916 — southeastern Mexico to western Costa Rica and Colombia (Rio 

 Zapata) (monog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 212, 1917 — 

 Guengiie and Rio Frio, Cauca Valley; Las Lomitas and Caldas, western 

 Andes, Colombia (crit.). 



Leptoptila rufaxilla (not of Richard and Bernard) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 5, p. 113, 1837— Mexico (descr.); Sclater, I.e., 24, p. 309, 1856— 

 Cordoba, Vera Cruz (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 402 — hot 

 region of Guatemala [= Choctum]. 



Leptotila plumbeiceps plumbeiceps Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 406, 

 1929 — Yoro road close to Tela, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. 



^Leptotila plumbeiceps is almost certainly conspecific with L. rufaxilla, but 

 until the status of the Colombian forms has been satisfactorily determined, we 

 hesitate to reduce it to subspecific rank. 



* The type is labeled "P.V. juin, 1859," the initials signifying no doubt Playa 

 Vicente, where Salle's correspondent, Adolphe Boucard, made important collections. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 587 



N. H., 64, p. 118, 1932— Guatemala (crit.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 



Phila., 84, p. 306, 1932— Honduras (San Pedro, Ceiba, Lancetilla); Car- 



riker and de Schauensee, I.e., 87, p. 414, 1935 — Quirigua, Guatemala; 



Van Tyne, Misc. Publ., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 13, 1935— Chun- 



tuquf and Sacchich, Peten, Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 125, 



1937 (range). 

 C!)Leptotila plumbeiceps notius Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 298, 



1931 — Almirante, Panama (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, 



Cambridge, Mass.); Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 311, 1935 — Almirante region, 



Panama; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 126, 1937 (range). 

 Leptotila plumbeiceps subsp.(?) Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 126, 1937 — Cauca 



Valley and western Andes, Colombia. 



Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico, in states of 

 Tamaulipas (Tampico), Vera Cruz (Cordoba, Mirador, Buena Vista, 

 Motzorongo, Atoyac, Playa Vicente, San Andres Tuxtla, Vega del 

 Casadero), Mexico (Valley of Mexico), Oaxaca (Tutla), and Tabasco 

 (Teapa, Frontera), and southwards through eastern Guatemala 

 (Choctum, and between Coban and Chisec, Alta Verapaz; Los 

 Amates, Izabal; Chuntuqui and Sacchich, Pet^n), British Honduras 

 (Orange Walk, Cayo, near Manatee Lagoon), Honduras (San Pedro, 

 Ceiba, near Tela, etc.), Nicaragua (Rio Escondido), western Costa 

 Rica (Bolson, Las Trojas, Pigres, Pirris, El Pozo del Rio Grande), 

 and Panama (Almirante, Changuinola, Bocas del Toro), to western 

 Colombia (Guengue and Rio Frio, Cauca Valley; Rio Zapata, 

 Timba, and Munchique, Cauca; Las Lomitas and Caldas, western 

 Andes). ^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Guatemala (unspecified, 1; Los 

 Amates, Izabal, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 11: Mexico (Tutla, Oaxaca, 2); Guatemala 

 (unspecified, 1); Honduras (Ceguaca, Santa Barbara, 2; El Jaral, 

 Lake Vojoa, 2); Colombia (Munchique, El Tambo, Cauca, 3; 

 Timba, Valle, 1). 



Leptotila plumbeiceps malae Griscom.- Cape Mala Gray- 

 headed Dove. 



* While we have not seen any specimens from the Almirante region of Panama, 

 we believe L. p. notius, based on three skins, to be untenable, since adults 

 from Colombia (Rio Zapata) are nowise distinguishable from various Central 

 American individuals, notably one from Honduras (San Pedro). We are, there- 

 fore, inclined to agree with Chapman, who with the help of more adequate material 

 came to the conclusion that it would serve no practical purpose to split Bonaparte's 

 Dove on purely geographical grounds. The existence of a separate race in the 

 Almirante region of Panama, halfway as it is between Guatemala and Colombia, 

 seems altogether unlikely. 



2 Leptotila plumbeiceps malae Griscom: Intermediate between L. p. plumbeiceps 

 and L. p. battyi; upper parts much browner, less olive than the former, with the 




588 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Leptotila plumbeiceps malae Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 280, p. 4, 1927 — 

 Cerro Montosa, Cape Mala, Los Santos, western Panama (type in the 

 American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem. Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., 78, p. 311, 1935 — Cape Mala Peninsula, Panama; Peters, 

 Bds. World, 3, p. 126, 1927 (range). 



Range. — Cape Mala Peninsula, Veraguas, western Panama. 



Leptotila plumbeiceps battyi (Rothschild). ^ Batty's Gray- 

 headed Dove. 



Leptoptila battyi Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 12, p. 33, 1901— Coiba 

 Island, off Panama (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Mu- 

 seum of Natural History, New York). 



Leptotila battyi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 464, 1916— 

 Coiba Island (monog.). 



Leptotila plumbeiceps battyi Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 311, 1935 — 

 Coiba Island; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 126, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Coiba Island, off Pacific coast of Panama. 



♦Leptotila pallida (Berlepsch and Taczanowski).^ Pallid Dove. 



Leptoptila pallida Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 

 p. 575 — Chimbo, Ecuador (type now in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman 



purple gloss more pronounced as well as more extensive; throat and breast grayer, 

 less vinaceous, and the flanks grayish brown rather than buflf olive-brown; differ- 

 ing from L. p. battyi by being browner, less rufous above, the purple gloss less 

 extensive; throat and breast more vinaceous, less grayish, and flanks more grayish 

 brown. 



While the single known specimen tends to show that battyi is merely a well- 

 marked insular race, a series from the Cape Mala Peninsula is required to establish 

 its subspecific characters. The type may possibly be but an individual variant 

 of the widespread L. p. plumbeiceps, approaching the Coiba Island Dove. 



1 Leptotila plumbeiceps battyi (Rothschild) : Similar to L. p. plumbeiceps, but 

 upper parts (excepting the slate-gray pileum and nape) decidedly rufous (cinna- 

 mon-brown to auburn); sides of neck distinctly slate-gray; foreneck and breast 

 much duller and less pinkish, ecru-drab with a slight pinkish hue rather than plain 

 vinaceous-buff; flanks more buff-brown. 



Two specimens examined. 



* Leptotila pallida (Berlepsch and Taczanowski) looks like a pale form of 

 L. rufaxilla, its chief distinctive features being the reddish brown median rectrices, 

 the extensively light gray crown, and the very pale pinkish breast. However, a 

 second species allied to the rufaxilla complex, viz., L. p. plumbeiceps, also occurs 

 in western Colombia, and it is hard to say at present which one of the two is the 

 actual representative of L. rufaxilla west of the Andes. L. pallida andL. p. plumbei- 

 ceps have not yet been collected at exactly the same localities, though in the same 

 faunal region: L. pallida at Novita, San Jose, and Barbacoas, all situated at very 

 low altitudes between sea-level and 400 feet; L. p. plumbeiceps higher up on the 

 western slope of the western Andes at elevations of from 2,500 to 4,500 feet. More 

 detailed information about the breeding ranges of these doves in western Colombia 

 thus seems imperative, before we can hope to arrive at a clear understanding of 

 their inter-relationship. 



Additional material examined. — Western Ecuador: Rio Sapayo, 1; Pambilar, 

 5; Rio Peripa, 1. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 589 



and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 104, 1927); iidem, 

 I.e., 1885, p. Ill — Yaguachi, Ecuador; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 21, p. 560, 1893 — Balzar, Ecuador; idem and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. 

 Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 36, 1900 — Rio Peripa, Ecuador; Lonnberg and 

 Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 18, 1922— below Nono, Ecuador. 



Leptotila pallida Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 603, 1902 — Ventana, Vacqueria, 

 Bulun, San Javier, and Pambildr, Prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador; Chapman, 

 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 213, 1917— Novita, San Jose, and Barba- 

 coas (Narino), Ecuador (crit.); idem, I.e., 55, p. 170, 1926 — Esmeraldas, 

 Chone, Nar&njo, Bucay, Chanchan-Chiguancay, Puente de Chimbo, Rio 

 de Oro, and Santa Rosa, Ecuador. 



Leptoptila albifrons (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 

 289, 1860— Babahoyo, Ecuador. 



Leptotila ruf axilla pallida Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 126, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of the Pacific coast region of western 

 Colombia and western Ecuador, from the Rio San Juan to Province 

 of Loja (Santa Rosa). 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Ecuador (Rio Sapdyo, Esmeral- 

 das, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 9: Ecuador (San Mateo, Esmeraldas, 3; 

 Pambildr, 3; Isla Silva, Sur, Province de los Rios, 1; Balzapamba, 

 Bolivar, 2). * 



♦Leptotila rufaxilla pallidipectus Chapman. ^ Pale-breasted 

 Gray-fronted Dove. 



Leptotila rufaxilla pallidipectus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 34, p. 369, 

 JL915 — Buena Vista, east slope of eastern Andes above Villavicencio, 

 Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; 

 idem. I.e., 36, p. 212, 1917 — Buena Vista and Villavicencio, Colombia; 

 Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 126, 1937 (range). 



Leptoptila rufaxilla (not Columba rufaxilla Richard and Bernard) Salvadori, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 551, 1893 — part, spec, q, vicinity of "Bogota." 



Leptotila rufaxilla Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, 

 p. 37, 1922 — Santa Elena, Rio GuachI, and Grope, Zulia, Venezuela. 



Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Colombia at the eastern base 

 of the eastern Andes (Buena Vista, Villavicencio), and northwestern 

 Venezuela (State of Zulia). 



^Leptotila rufaxilla pallidipectus Chapman differs from all the other races by 

 much paler, vinaceous-buff breast; paler, light brownish-olive back with very 

 little, if any, purplish reflections; and more grayish, less iridescent hind neck. 

 Otherwise it resembles L. r. dubusi in color as well as in size, but has more white 

 on the throat. 



A single native "Bogotd" skin examined by Hellmayr. The three skins from 

 Zulia are but slightly lighter on breast and back than L. r. dubusi. 



Adequate material of this race is urgently required. 




590 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Venezuela (Orope, Zulia, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Venezuela (Santa Elena, Rio Guachi, 

 Zulia, 1). 



♦Leptotila ruf axilla dubusi (Bonaparte).^ Dubus's Gray- 

 fronted Dove. 



Leptoptila dubtisi Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 3, p. 

 99, for Jan. 15, 1855 — banks of the Rio Napo, Ecuador (type in Paris 

 Museum) ; idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, sig. 10, Dec. 5, 1854, p. 74, "April 15, 

 1855" [=1857]— Rio Napo; Sclater, Proc. ZooL Soc. Lond., 26, p. 76, 1858 

 — Rio Napo; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1866, p. 198 — [Rio Ucayali], Peru; 

 iidem. I.e., 1873, p. 306 — Sarayacu and Santa Cruz, Peru. 



Leptoptila rufaxilla (not Columba mfaxilla Richard and Bernard) Sclater and 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1869, p. 598 — Cosnipata, Cuzco, Peru; 

 Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 556 — Monterico, Peru; idem, Om. Per., 3, p. 

 254, 1886 — Peru (Monterico, Iquitos); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 21, p. 551, 1893 — part, spec, m-p, Peru (Iquitos, Santa Cruz, Cosnipata) 

 and Ecuador (Sarayacu); idem and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, 

 No. 368, p. 36, 1900 — Gualaquiza, Zamora, and Rio Santiago, Ecuador; 

 Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 44 — La 

 Merced and La Gloria, Junin, Peru. 



Leptotila rufaxilla Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 118, 1902 — Alta- 

 gracia(?), Maipures, Perico, and Rio Catanapa, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela. 



Leptotila rufaxilla rufaxilla Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 352, 

 1916 — Orinoco River. 



Leptotila rufaxilla dubusi Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. >I. H., 34, p. 369, 1914 

 — from the Guaviare River in Colombia to eastern Ecuador, east to the 

 foot of Mount Duida, Venezuela (crit.); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. 

 Inst., 2, p. 353, 1916 — foot of Mount Duida, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 211, 1917— La "Manuelita" [=Morelia] and 

 Florencia, Caquet^, Colombia; idem. I.e., 55, p. 170, 1926 — Zamora, Rio 

 Suno, and below San Jose, eastern Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 126, 

 1937 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Colombia south through 

 eastern Ecuador and eastern Peru to the Cuzco region (Cosnipata)^ 



' Leptotila rufaxilla dubvM (Bonaparte) : Similar to L. r. rufaxilla, but perhaps 

 distinguishable by having the breast more vinaceous-fawn, less pinkish. Wing 

 (male), 132-145. 



The senior author does not find any material difference between two speci- 

 mens from eastern Ecuador (Gualaquiza, Zamora), two from the upper Orinoco 

 (Rio Catafiapa, Perico), one from Iquitos, and one from La Merced, Chancha- 

 mayo, Peru. The junior author on comparing a good series failed to find any con- 

 stant difiference from rufaxilla except in the slightly more fawn, less pinkish color- 

 ation of the breast, but even this character does not always hold. Two adults 

 from Bolivia are but provisionally referred to the present form. 



■Engyptila rufaxilla Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 106, 1889— Reyes, 

 Bolivia) possibly belongs here too. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 591 



and eastern Bolivia, and east to the upper Orinoco, Venezuela 

 (Perico, Rio Catanapa, Maipures, foot of Mount Duida)^ and western 

 Brazil (Rio Purus). 



Conover Collection. — 24: Ecuador (Rio Catapifio, 3; Concepcion, 6; 

 Cerro Guataraco, 1; Ouca-Yaca, Loreto, 2; Sara-Yaco, Rio Bobonaza, 

 4); Brazil (Canutama, Rio Purus, 2; Labrea, Rio Purus, 4); Bolivia 

 (Yungas de Cochabamba, Cochabamba, 1; Buena Vista, Santa 

 Cruz, 1). 



Leptotila rufaxilla hellmayri Chapman.^ Hellmayr's Gray- 

 fronted Dove. 



Leptotila rufaxilla hellmayri Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 34, p. 368, 

 1915 — near Princestown, Trinidad (type in the American Museum of 

 Natural History, New York); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 127, 1937 (range). 



Peristera rufaxilla (not Columba rufaxilla Richard and Bernard) Taylor, Ibis, 

 1864, p. 94— Trinidad; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 371, 1866— Trinidad. 



Engyptila rufaxilla Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 73, 1894 — near 

 Princestown. 



Leptotila rufaxilla Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 48, 1906 — Caparo, Valencia, 

 and Chaguanas, Trinidad; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 370, 

 1908 — Carenage and Aripo, Trinidad. 



Leptotila rufaxilla rufaxilla Roberts, Trop. Agric, 11, p. 92, 1934 — Trinidad 

 (nest and eggs descr.); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1936, p. 7 — Trinidad 

 (nest and eggs). 



Range. — Island of Trinidad and northeastern Venezuela (State 

 of Sucr^). 



♦Leptotila rufaxilla rufaxilla (Richard and Bernard). Gray- 

 fronted Dove. 



Columba (rufaxilla) Richard and Bernard, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1, (1), 

 p. 118, 1792^ — Cayenne, French Guiana (type no doubt lost). 



Columba frontalis Temminck, in Temminck and Knip, Les Pigeons, 1, Colombi- 

 gallines, p. 18, pi. 10, 1811 — French Guiana (cotypes in Paris Museum). 



1 It remains to be determined whether birds from the middle stretches of the 

 Orinoco (Altagracia) pertain to the present or some other race. 



"^Leptotila rufaxilla hellmayri Chapman: Similar to L. r. rufaxilla and about 

 the same size, but foreneck and breast richer, deeper vinaceous, and upper parts 

 as a rule more cinnamomeous with the crown paler, the forehead in particular 

 more whitish; similar also to L. r. dubu^i, but larger, more cinnamomeous above 

 with whiter forehead and more extensively blue-gray crown, and with white gular 

 area more extended posteriorly. Wing, 140-143, (female) 137-140. 



Birds from the Cumand region of Venezuela, while more or less intermediate 

 to the nominate race, seem to be nearer to the Trinidad form. 



Material examined. — Trinidad: Caparo, 5; Aripo, 2; Chaguanas, 1. — Vene- 

 zuela: Paria Peninsula, 5. 




592 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Columba jamaicensis (not of Linnaeus) Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, 

 p. 490, 1848 — sandhills on the Demerara River. 



Peristera jamaicensis Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," 

 p. 744, 1849— British Guiana. 



Leptoptila ruf axilla Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 73, 1857 — part, Guiana; 

 idem. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 38, 1857 — Cayenne; Sclater and 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 591 — Mexiana, Brazil; Pelzeln, 

 Om. Bras., 3, p. 279, 1870 — part, Borba, Rio Madeira (spec, examined); 

 Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876 — Santarem, Rio Tapajoz; Salvadori, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 551, 1893 — part, spec, c-1, British Guiana 

 (Quonga, Bartica Grove), Mexiana, Pari, and "Pemambuco" ;i Goeldi, 

 Ibis, 1897, p. 164 — Lagda Grande do Amapa, northern Pard; Menegaux, 

 Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 184, 1904— Camopi, French Guiana; 

 Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 42, 1907 — Mexiana; Snethlage, Bol. 

 Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 67, 1914 — Rio Tapajoz (Mararu, Goyana), Obidos 

 (Col. do Veado), and Rio Jamunda (Faro), Brazil; Chubb, Bds. Brit. 

 Guiana, 1, p. 48, 1916 — niunerous localities; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Rio de 

 Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 68, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao. 



Engyptila rufaxilla Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 174 — British Guiana (Bartica 

 Grove, Camacusa, Roraima); Chapman and Riker, Auk, 8, p. 162, 1891 — 

 Santarem. 



Leptotila rufaxilla Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 296, 1908 — Cayenne, Ipousin, 

 and Approuague, French Guiana; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 416, 1910 — Calama, 

 Rio Madeira; idem, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, 

 No. 2, p. 97, 1912 — Para and Mexiana; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

 Phila., 80, p. 151, 1928— Para and Pinheiro, Para; Brodkorb, Occ. Papers, 

 Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 349, p. 2, 1937 — Caviana.. 



Leptotila rufaxiUa rufaxilla Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 34, p. 367, 

 1915 (crit.); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 46, 1918 

 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 

 Zool. Ser., 12, p. 470, 1929— Tury-assu, Maranhao; Peters, Bds. World, 

 3, p. 127, 1937 (range). 



Range. — British, Dutch, and French Guiana, and northern 

 Brazil, north of the Amazon west to the Rio Jamunda, south of the 

 river from northern Maranhao west to the Rio Madeira.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 16: British Guiana (Mazaruni River, 1; 

 Boundary Camp, Itabu Creek Head, upper New River, 5; Middle 

 Base Camp, Itabu Creek, upper New River, 7) ; Dutch Guiana (near 

 Paramaribo, 2); Brazil (Tury-assu, Maranhao, 1). 



» The locality "Pernambuco" is in need of corroboration, since it is more 

 likely to be L. r. bahiae which occurs in that part of Brazil. 



* Birds from northern Brazil, including one from Borba, Rio Madeira, seem 

 to be inseparable from those of Guiana. Those from Surinam have lately been 

 separated as L. r. hypochroos by Griscom and Greenway (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 

 81, p. 419, 1937). 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 593 



Conover Collection. — 15: British Guiana (Rockstone, Essequibo 

 River, 2; Kartabo, 1; Roraima, 1; unspecified, 1); Brazil (Utinga 

 Igapo, Para, 1 ; Serraria Cabral, Rio Acard, 1 ; Ipomonga, Rio Capim, 

 1; Tauary, Rio Tapajoz, 2; Caxiricatuba, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Boca de 

 Channel Piava, near Obidos, 4). 



*Leptotila ruf axilla bahiae (Berlepsch).i Bahia Gray-fronted 

 Dove. 



Leptoptila reichenbachi bahiae Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 177, 1885 — 

 based on Leptoptila reichenbachi (not of Pelzeln) Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 

 22, p. 246, 1874 (type, from Bahia, in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in 

 Frankfort Museum, examined). 



Columba iamaicensis (not Columba jamaicensis Linnaeus) Wied, Reise Bras., 

 2, p. 341 (8vo ed., p. 340), 1821— Ilha Cachoeirinha, Rio Belmonte, Bahia. 



Columba rufaxilla (not of Richard and Bernard) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 

 4, (2), p. 474, 1833— eastern Brazil (in part). 



Engyptila rufaxilla Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893 — Chapada, 

 Matto Grosso. 



Leptoptila bahiae Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 553, 1893 — Bahia. 



Leptotila reichenbachi bahiae Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 24, 1907 — Bahia. 



- Leptotila rufqxilla reichenbachi (not L. reichenbachii Pelzeln) Naumburg, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 69, 1930 — Rio Sao Lourengo, Matto Grosso. 



Leptotila rufaxilla reichenbachi Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 33, 1936 — Rio 

 Meia Ponte, Goydz. 



' Leptotila rufaxilla bahiae Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 127, 1937 — Bahia. 



Range. — Brazil, from Bahia (Rio Belmonte, Caravellas) through 

 southern Goyaz (Cavalcanti) to southern Matto Grosso (Vaccaria). 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Brazil (Sao Marcello, Bahia, 2; 

 Fazenda Capao Bonita, Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 5: Brazil (Volta da Serra, Veadeiros, near 

 Cavalcanti, Goydz, 1; Rio Sao Miguel, near Cavalcanti, Goyaz, 2; 

 Fazenda Capao Bonita, Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 2). 



♦Leptotila rufaxilla reichenbachii (Pelzeln). Reichenbach's 

 Gray-fronted Dove. 



Leptoptila reichenbachii{i) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 279, 337, 1870 — Ypa- 

 nema, Sao Paulo, Brazil (cotypes in Vienna Museum examined) ; Berlepsch 



^Leptotila rufaxilla bahiae (Berlepsch) is not a strongly marked race. Speci- 

 mens from Bahia differ from typical examples of reichenbachii from Sao Paulo 

 by being lighter (more pinkish) below, especially on the chest, and perhaps slightly 

 lighter on the hind neck and mantle. Birds from Goyaz are still lighter, while 

 specimens from southern Matto Grosso (Vaccaria) are darker, tending toward 

 reichenbachii. 



Three additional specimens from Bahia, including the type, examined. 




594 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 177, 1885 — Taquara, Rio Grande do 

 Sul (crit.); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 553, 1893— Brazil 

 (Mattodentro, Sao Paulo; Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro) and Uruguay 

 (Paysandu); Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 146, 1899 — 

 Rio Grande do Sul (Mundo Novo, Sao Lourengo); idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 

 3, p. 402, 1899— Iguape, Sao Paulo; idem. I.e., 4, p. 163, 1900— Cantagallo, 

 Rio de Janeiro; Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 3, p. 9, 1904 — Puerto 

 Bertoni, Alto Parang, Paraguay; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos 

 Aires, 18, p. 410, 1910 — Paysandu, Uruguay, and Alto Parana, Paraguay; 

 Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 461, 492, 1912 — 

 Vera Guarany, Parana; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 254, 1913 — Santa 

 Ana, Misiones; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 37, 1914 — Alto Parana; Tremo- 

 leras. El Hornero, 2, p. 11, 1920 — Paysandia, Uruguay; Sztolcman, Ann. 

 Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 117, 1926^ — Fazenda Firmiano, Fazenda 

 Ferreira, Therezina, and Candido de Abreu, Parana. 



Columba rufaxilla (not of Richard and Bernard) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, 

 (2), p. 474, 1833 — eastern Brazil (in part); Burmeister, Reise Bras., p. 299, 

 1853 — near Villa da Pomba, Minas Geraes. 



Columba (Peristera) rufaxilla Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 175, 1853 (egg). 



Peristera frontalis (not Columba frontalis Temminck) Burmeister, Syst. 

 Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 305, 1853 — Rio de Janeiro (descr.); Euler, Journ. 

 Orn., 15, pp. 190, 196, 417, 1867— Cantagallo, Rio (breeding habits). 



Leptoptila rufaxilla Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 230, 1874 — Cantagallo; 

 Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 13, p. 180, 1906 — 

 Caminho do Couto, Serra do Itatiaya; Liiderwaldt, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 

 27, p. 339, 1909 (ex Miranda). 



Leptoptila rufescens Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 246, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio 

 de Janeiro (type in Berlin Museum). 



Leptotila reichenbachi Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p.- 24, 1907 — Sao Paulo 

 (Iguape, Rincao, Rio Mogy-guassu) and Parana (Ourinho) ; Bertoni, Anal. 

 Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 69, 1913 — Alto Parand; Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. 

 Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, pp. 243, 253, 1923 — Caminho do Couto, 

 Itatiaya (crit.); Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 282, 1928— Serra do 

 Itatiaya. 



Leptoptila callauchen (not of Salvadori) Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 63 — Sapuoay, 

 Paraguay (crit.). 



Leptotila rufaocilla reichenbachi Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 127, 1937 — part, Rio 

 de Janeiro to Paraguay and Uruguay. 



Range, — Southeastern Brazil, from Rio de Janeiro (Cantagallo; 

 Caminho do Couto, Serra do Itatiaya) and Minas Geraes (Sao 

 Francisco; Rio Jordao, Pro v. Araguary), south to Rio Grande do Sul; 

 Uruguay (Paysandu); Paraguay (Sapucay; Puerto Bertoni, Alto 

 Parana), and Misiones (Santa Ana).^ 



1 Birds from various parts of southern Brazil agree well together, the length 

 of wing in adults ranging from 146 to 154, that of the tail from 103 to 115. A 

 single adult male from Iguazu, Misiones, is precisely alike in coloration, but 

 slightly smaller (wing, 140; tail, 100). Chubb's figures for a couple of adults from 

 Sapucay, Paraguay (wing of male, 150; of female, 140), however, tend to indicate 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 595 



Field Museum Collection.— 1 : Brazil (Fazenda Cayoa, Rio Parana- j ijXt. 

 panema, Sao Paulo, 1). / _. 



Conover Collection. — 11: Brazil (Fazenda Cayoa, Rio Parana- \ / 

 panema, Sao Paulo, 1); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 4; Santa Barbara, 1; ] ' 

 Itap6, 1; Capitan Bado, Cerro Amambay, 1); Argentina, Misiones^ 

 (Santa Ana, 1; Eldorado, 1; Puerto Segundo, 1). 



Genus OSCULATIA Bonaparte 



Osculatia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad, Sci. Paris, 40, No. 3, p. 102, Jan, 15, 

 1855 — type, by monotypy, Geotrygon saphirina Bonaparte; idem, Consp. 

 Gen, Av,, 2, p, 73, 1857. 



*Osculatia saphirina purpurata Salvin.^ Purple Quail Dove. 



■ Osculatia purpurata Salvin, Ibis, (4), 2, p. 448, 1878 — Ecuador (type in Salvin- 

 Godman Collection, now in British Museum); Salvadori, Cat, Bds, Brit, 

 Mus., 21, p, 563, pi. 14, 1893 — Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. 

 N. H., 36, p. 213, 1917— La Vieja (Choco), Novita Trail, and Buena Vista 

 (Narino), Pacific Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark, Zool,, 14, No, 25, 

 p. 18, 1922 — Santo Domingo de los Coronados and (?)Piganta, western 

 Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 171, 1926 — western 

 Ecuador, * 



Osculatia purpurea Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p, 506, 1898 — Cachavi, Ecuador; 

 Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p, 228 — Santo Domingo, Ecuador. 



'Osculatia saphirina purpurea Hartert, Nov, Zool,, 9, p, 603, 1902 — Cachavi, 

 Lita, Rio "Japayo" [=Sapayo], and Nanegal, Ecuador (crit.). 



Osculatia saphirina purpurata Menegaux, Miss. Serv, Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc 

 M6rid. Equat,, 9, p, B, 7, 1911 — Santo Domingo, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. 

 World, 3, p. 128, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of the Pacific slope of Colombia and 

 Ecuador, from Choco south to Santo Domingo de los Coronados. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Ecuador (Montes de Achotal, 1). 



that the variation in size is individual rather than geographic. We do not know 

 why Chubb imagines the Sapucay birds to beL. callauchen (described from Jujuy). 

 While clearly pointing out the specific characters that separate reichenbachi from 

 chlorauchenia [=decipiens], he omits to tell us how the Paraguayan specimens differ 

 from reichenbachi, and as the Misiones bird examined by the senior author is 

 unquestionably referable to the latter, we do not hesitate to place the Sapucay 

 record under the present form. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Sao Francisco, Minas Geraes, 1; Rio 

 Jordao, Prov. Araguary, Minas Geraes, 1; Ypanemd, Sao Paulo, 4; Victoria, Sao 

 Paulo, 3; Roga Nova, Serra do Mar, Parand, 1. — Argentina: Iguazu, Misiones, 1. 



1 Osculatia saphirina purpurata Salvin, although well-marked, is clearly but 

 the western representative of O. saphirina. 



Six additional specimens from western Ecuador (Cachavi, Lita, Nanegal, and 

 Santo Domingo) examined by Hellmayr. 




596 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Conover Collection. — 18: Colombia, Cauca (La Costa, El Tambo, 

 6; Rio Munchique, El Tambo, 1; Rio Michengue, El Tambo, 1) 

 Ecuador (Rio Caune, Esmeraldas, 1; Rio Blanco, Esmeraldas, 3 

 Rio Blanco, Pichincha, 2; Rio Verde, 1; Milpe Mindo, Pichincha, 1 

 Montes de Achotal, 2). 



*Osculatia saphirina saphirina (Bonaparte). Sapphire Quail 

 Dove. 



Geotrygon saphirina Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 



3, p. 101, Jan. 15, 1855 — Rio Napo, Ecuador (type in Paris Museum 



examined). 

 Osculatia saphirina Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 73, 1857 — Rio Napo; 



idem. Icon. Pig., pL 116, ca. 1857 (fig. of type); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. 



Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 155 — eastern Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. 



Mus. N. H., 55, p. 171, 1926 — upper Rio Suno and below San Jos6, 



Ecuador. 

 Osculatia sapphirina Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 563, 1893 — Sara- 



yacu; idem and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 36, 1900— 



Rio Santiago; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 228 — Rio Suno, upper Napo. 

 Osculatia saphirina saphirina Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 128, 1937 (range). 



/?awfife.— Tropical zone of eastern Ecuador (Rio Napo, Rio 

 Pastaza, Rio Suno, Sarayacu, below San Jos^, Rio Santiago, etc.).i 



Conover Collection. — 10: Ecuador (Sarayacu, Canton-Pastaza, 1; 

 Raya-Chigta, Loreto, 1; headwaters of Rio Tigre, Napo-Pastaza, 5; 

 Avila, 1; Guataraco, Rio Suno, 1; Cerro Galera, 1). 



Osculatia saphirina rothschildi Sztolcman.^ Rothschild's 

 Sapphire Quail Dove. 



Osculatia rothschildi Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 202, pi. 4, 

 figs. 1, 2, Dec. 31, 1926 — Cadena, Marcapata Valley, Peru (type in War- 

 saw Museum). 



Osculatia sapphirina (not of Bonaparte) Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, 

 p. 125, 1906— Rio Cadena, Peru. 



Osculatia saphirina rothschildi Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 128, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Peru (Rio Cadena, 

 Marcapata Valley, Dept. Cuzco). p \X -> - 6 - ? /t^^^v**w**v*-. 



1 Four additional specimens, including the type, from eastern Ecuador examined 

 by Hellmayr. 



''Osculatia saphirina rothschildi Sztolcman: Similar to O. s. saphirina, but 

 smaller; lower back and rump more bluish, less purplish; white spot on secondaries 

 larger; under tail coverts paler. Wing (female), 124; tail, 75; bill, 17. 



Many years ago, on comparing the unique Rio Cadena female with two unsexed 

 adults from Sarayacu, Ecuador, the senior author noticed the above slight diver- 

 gencies, which have since been corroborated through independent study by Sztolc- 

 man. Wings of females of typical saphirina from Ecuador measure 132-139 mm. 

 The validity of rothschildi, however, requires corroboration by an adequate series. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 597 



Genus GEOTRYGON Gosse 



Geotrygon Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 316 (footnote), 1847 — type, by subs, desig. 

 (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 100, 1855), Columba cristata Temminck= 

 Geotrygon sylvatica Gosse=Colu'mbigallina versicolor Lafresnaye. 



*Geotrygon versicolor (Lafresnaye). Crested Quail Dove. 



Columba cristata (not of Gmelin, 1789) Temminck, in Temminck and Knip, Les 

 Pigeons, 1, Les Colombes, p. 20, pL 9, 1809 — "lies des Amis, dans la mer 

 du Sud," errore (type lost, formerly in coll. of C. J. Temminck); Tem- 

 minck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 1, pp. 108, 449, 1813— same locality. 



Columba pacifica (not of Gmelin, 1789) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 

 ed., 26, p. 347, 1818 — based on Temminck and Knip, Les Pigeons, 1, Les 

 Colombes, pi. 9. 



Columbigallina versicolor Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 321, 1846 — Jamaica 

 (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, 

 Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 167, 1930). 



Geophaps versicolor Des Murs, Icon. Om., livr. 8, pi. 47, after July, 1847 — 

 Jamaica (fig. of a cotype). 



Geotrygon sylvatica Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 316 (footnote), 1847 — Jamaica 

 (type apparently lost); idem, lUust. Bds. Jam., pi. 84, 1849; Hill, Proc. 

 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 130— Jamaica (habits). 



Geotrygon cristata March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 300 — Jamaica; 

 Cory, Auk, 4, p. 117, 1887— Jamaica (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 218, 

 1889— Jamaica; idem. Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 97, 1892— Jamaica; Scott, 

 Auk, 9, p. 125, 1892 — Priestman's River; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 21, p. 573, 1893— St. Ann's and Spanish Town. 



Starnoenas cristata Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbae, p. 164, 1873 — Jamaica. 



Geotrygon versicolor Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 465, 1916 

 , (monog.); Danforth, Auk, 45, p. 484, 1928— near Jackson Town, Jamaica; 

 Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 133, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Jamaica (unspecified, 1; Spanish 

 Town, Middlesex, 1; Priestman's River, Surrey, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Jamaica (unspecified, 1). 

 Genus OREOPELEIA Reichenbachi 



Oreopeleia Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xxv, Oct. 1, 1852 — type, by orig. 



desig., "Columba martinicana" Bnsson= Columba martinica Linnaeus. 

 Oropeleia "Reichenbach" Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., (4), Zool., 1, p. 140, 



1854 (emendation). 



' An unidentifiable species possibly belonging to this genus is Columba mslan- 

 cholica Tschudi (Arch. Naturg., 10, [1], p. 306, 1844; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., 

 Orn., p. 277, 1846 — wood region of eastern Peru), the type of which cannot be 

 found in the NeuchStel Museum. Cf. Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 496, 

 1893. The description, except for the remiges, corresponds tolerably well to 

 O. montana. 




598 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol, XIII 



Oropelia "Bonaparte" G. R, Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 4, p. 51, 1856 

 (emendation). 



*Oreopeleia caniceps caniceps (Gundlach). Gray-headed Quail 

 Dove. 



Columba caniceps Gundlach, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., 6, p. 315, 1852 — Cuba 

 (location of type not stated, probably in coll. of J. Gundlach, now in 

 Habana Museum). 



Geotrygon caniceps Gundlach, Journ. Om., 4, p. 110, 1856 — Cuba (descr.); 

 idem, I.e., 22, p. 295, 1874 — Cuba (nest and eggs descr.); Cory, Auk, 4, 

 p. 118, 1887— Cuba (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 219, 1889— Cuba 

 (descr.); idem. Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 97, 128, 1892— Cuba; Salvadori, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 574, 1893— San Cristobal, Cuba. 



Oreopeleia caniceps Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 470, 1916 

 — Cuba (monog.); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Om. CI., 6, p. 74, 1923 — Cuba 

 (local distr.). 



Oreopeleia caniceps caniceps Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 130, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles. 



Conover Collection. — 4: Cuba (Santo Tomas, Zapata Swamp, 

 Santa Clara, 4). 



*Oreopeleia caniceps leucotnetopius Chapman. ' Hispaniolan 

 Gray-headed Quail Dove. 



Oreopeleia leucometopius Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 37, p. 327, 1917 

 — Loma Tina, Province of Azua, Dominican Republic (type in the Ameri- 

 can Museum of Natural History, New York); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 80, p. 521, 1928— Morne La Selle, Haiti (from hearsay); 

 Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 207, 1931— Dominican 

 Republic (monog.). 



Oreopeleia caniceps leucometopius Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 130, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Mountains of the Dominican Republic, island of Haiti, 

 Greater Antilles. 



Conover Collection. — 2: Dominican Republic (Tubano, 1; unspe- 

 cified, 1). 



♦Oreopeleia mystacea chrysia (Salvadori). Key West Bridled 

 Quail Dove. 



Geotrygon chrysia Salvadori,^ Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 571, 1893 — "Haiti, 

 Cuba, Bahamas, and Florida keys" (the male from Cuba may be regarded 



^Oreopeleia caniceps leucometopius Chapman: Similar to the nominate race, 

 but forehead white instead of gray; crown darker gray; back more bluish; metallic 

 purple gloss on sides of breast more extensive; ventral region deeper russet; rufous 

 color on outer webs of remiges more restricted; wing-tip shorter, etc. 



Two additional specimens examined. 



* We are not quite certain that Salvadori's name can stand for the Key West 

 Quail Dove. Although the subspecific name is generally credited to Bonaparte 

 (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 3, p. 100, Jan. 15, 1855), this author 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 599 



as the type);i Brewster, Auk, 15, p. 185, 1898— Key West, Florida (Oct. 

 20 and Nov. 12, 1897); Riley, in Shattuck, The Bahama Islands, p. 362, 

 1905— Great Bahama, New Providence, and Eleuthera; Bangs and Zappey, 

 Amer. Natur., 39, p. 198, 1905 — Pasadita, Isle of Pines; Menegaux, Rev. 

 Franc. d'Orn., 1, p. 30, 1909 — Guant^namo, Manatel, Cuba; Todd, Ann. 

 Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 221, 1916 — Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines. 



Geotrygon martinica (not Columba martinica Linnaeus) Gundlach and Cabanis, 

 Journ. Orn., 4, p. 108, 1856 — Cuba (habits); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 

 2, p. 72, 1857— part, "Bermudas" and "southern Florida"; Gundlach, 

 Journ. Orn., 22, p. 293, 1874— Cuba (habits); Cory, Bds. Bahamas, p. 141, 

 1880— New Providence; idem, Bds. Haiti & San Dom., p. 133, 1884— 

 Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic; Scott, Auk, 7, p. 90, 1890 — Key 

 West, Florida (Sept. 15, 1889); Cory, Auk, 8, p. 350, 1891— Great Bahama 

 and Eleuthera, Bahamas; idem. Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 97, 1892 — Baha- 

 mas (Great Bahama, Eleuthera, New Providence), Cuba, Isle of Pines, 

 "Jamaica," Haiti, and "Porto Rico"; Cherrie, Field Columb. Mus., Orn. 

 Ser., 1, p. 24, 1896 — Aguacate, Dominican Republic; Bonhote, Ibis, 1899, 

 p. 517 — New Providence, Bahamas; Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 

 1909, p. 357 — Cayo Levantado, SamanA Bay, and Santo Domingo, 

 Hispaniola. 



Oreopeleia chrysia Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 471, 1916 

 (monog., full bibliog.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 406, 1917 

 —^Arroyo Salado and Puerto Plato, Dominican Republic; Barbour, Mem. 

 Nutt. Oxxi. CI., 6, p. 73, 1923— Cuba; Wetmore, Scient. Surv. Porto Rico 

 & Virgin Is., 9, p. 404, 1927— Mona Island and Porto Rico (occurrence 

 questionable); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 499, 1928— 

 Haiti, Gonave, and Tortue; Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 366, 1929 — San Juan, 

 Bonao, and Fonds-des-Negres, Hispaniola; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. 

 U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 205, 1931— Hispaniola (monog.); (?)Danforth, 

 Journ. Dept. Agr. Puerto Rico, 15, p. 70, 1931 — between Mayagiiez and 

 'Anasco, Puerto Rico (sight record); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 81, 

 art. 2, p. 22, 1932 — Petite Cayemite and Gonave Islands; idem and Lin- 

 coln, I.e., 82, art. 25, p. 34, 1933 — La Cienaga, south of Barahona, 

 Hispaniola; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 129, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Bahamas (Great Bahama, Eleuthera, and New Provi- 

 dence Islands) and Greater Antilles (Cuba, Isle of Pines, and His- 

 paniola) ;2 occasional on Florida keys (Key West, Sept. 15, 1889; 

 Oct. 20 and Nov. 12, 1897). 



gives no description for the bird sent by Castelnau from Florida to the Paris 

 Museum, but merely states that his G. chrysia, as used in correspondence, 

 is not different from "Col. martinica L.," and later (in Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 72, 

 1857) quotes it in the synonymy of Geotrygon martinica (Linnaeus). As Bonaparte 

 never employed the name himself, we do not think that it can be construed as a 

 substitute term for Columba martinica, thus preventing its further use in the genus. 

 If admitted at all, it must, however, date from Salvadori, who first pubUshed it 

 with a description, and not from Bonaparte. 



1 Salvadori's description was primarily based on the male from Cuba. Of 

 the two females listed one has no locality, while the other is from "San Domingo." 



2 No absolutely certain record exists for Puerto Rico (cf. Wetmore, 1927, p. 404), 

 while Jamaica is, without much doubt, erroneously included in its range. 




600 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Field Museum Collection. — 8: Bahamas (Eleuthera, 2; Grand 

 Bahama Banks, 1; Nassau, New Providence, 2); Cuba (near Pala- 

 cios, Pinar del Rio, 2); Hispaniola, Dominican Republic (Puerto 

 Plata, Puerto Plata, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 9: Cuba (Guantdnamo, 2; Holquin, Santiago, 

 2; Santo Tomas, Zapata Swamp, Santa Clara, 5). 



♦Oreopeleia mystacea mystacea (Temminck). Bridled Quail 

 Dove. 



Coluviba mystacea Temminck, in Temminck and Knip, Les Pigeons, 1, Les 

 Colombes, p. 124, pi. 56, 1811— "I'Amerique" (type in coll. of J. C. Tem- 

 minck, now in Leiden Museum) ;' Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 1, pp. 

 275, 473, 1813 (descr.). 



Geotrygon mystacea Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 163, 1855 — "Bogota," 

 Colombia; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 71, 1857 — Santa Lucia and 

 "Bogota" (descr.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 267— Santa 

 Lucia; idem. I.e., 1879, p. 765 — Montserrat; Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., 1, pp. 460, 487, 1879— Guadeloupe; Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 01., 

 5, p. 169, 1880 — Santa Lucia; Cory, Ibis, 1886, p. 475 — Grande Terre; 

 idem. Auk, 4, p. 96, 1887 — Martinique; idem, I.e., 4, p. 117, 1887 — 

 Guadeloupe, Santa Lucia, and Grande Terre; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 218, 

 1889 — Guadeloupe, Santa Lucia, and Grande Terre (descr.); idem. Auk, 

 8, pp. 47, 48, 1891— Antigua and St. Croix; idem. Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 97, 

 1892 — Barbuda, Antigua, Montserrat, Guadeloup)e, Grande Terre, Domi- 

 nica, Martinique, and Santa Lucia; Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts & 

 Sci., 8, p. 325, 1892— Dominica (habits); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 21, p. 572, 1893 — Guadeloupe and Montserrat; Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. 

 Wash., 16, p. 14 (in text), 1903— Culebra; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 

 326, p. 49, 1916— Culebra; Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 375, 

 1916 — Guadeloupe (Nez Casse, Sainte Rose, Goyave). 



Geotrygon sp. inc. Grisdale, Ibis, 1882, p. 492 — Montserrat (habits). 



Geotrygon sabae Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, p. 13, 1903 — Saba Island, 

 Lesser Antilles (type in U. S. National Museum); Danforth, Proc. Biol. 

 Soc. Wash., 51, p. 73, 1938 — Saba (crit.; =immature). 



Oreopeleia mysta^xa mystacea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 

 474, 1916 (monog., full bibliog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Vir- 

 gin Is., 9, p. 405, 1927 — St. Croix and Culebra; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. 

 Sci. Phila., 80, p. 529, 1928 — Lesser Antilles (islands not specified); Dan- 

 forth, Joum. Dept. Agr. Porto Rico, 14, p. 121, 1930— St. Croix (Pros- 

 perity); Beatty, I.e., p. 144, 1930— St. Croix; Danforth, Auk, 51, p. 361, 

 1934 — Antigua; idem, Journ. Agr. Univ. Puerto Rico, 19, p. 479, 1935 — 

 Barbuda (ex Cory); idem, Monog. Univ. Puerto Rico, Ser. B, No. 3, p. 44, 



» Schlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 10, Columbae, p. 164, 1873) claims that the 

 type is from "St. Domingue," which can hardly be correct, since original plate and 

 description clearly indicate the olive-backed race of the Lesser Antilles. Temminck, 

 moreover, states that he does not know in which part of America his specimen — the 

 only one he had seen — originated. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 601 



1935— Santa Lucia; idem, Trop. Agric, 13, p. — [Sep., p. 3], 1936— St. 

 Kitts and Nevis; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 129, 1937 (range). 



Oreopeleia mystacea sabae Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 476, 

 1916— Saba (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 130, 1937 (range). 



Oreopelia mystacea beattyi Danforth,i Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 51, p. 73, 1938 

 —Prosperity Garden, St. Croix, Virgin Islands (type in coll. of S. T. 

 Danforth); Beatty, Auk, 56, p. 193, 1939— St. Thomas. 



Range. — Greater Antilles (Culebra),^ Virgin Islands (St. John, 

 St. Thomas, St. Croix, Tortola), and Lesser Antilles (Saba, St. 

 Kitts, Nevis, Barbuda, Antigua, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Grande 

 Terre, Dominica, Martinique, and Santa Lucia). 



Field Museum Collection. — 9: Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser 

 Antilles (Antigua, 1; Mountains, Grande Terre, Guadeloupe, 1; 

 Dominica, 1; Martinique, 2; Santa Lucia, 3). 



Conover Collection. — 17: Virgin Islands (St. John, 4; St. Thomas, 

 4; St. Croix, 4; Tortola, 4); Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe, 1). 



*Oreopeleia montana martinica (Linnaeus).^ Martinique 

 Ruddy Quail Dove. 



' Columba martinica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 283, 1766 — based on 

 "Le Pigeon violet de la Martinique" Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 129, pi. 12, fig. 

 1; Martinique (type in Reaumur Collection). 



Columba cuprea Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 16, sp. 76, 1827 — based on Brisson, 

 Orn., 1, p. 129, pi. 12, fig. 1, and "Pigeon de la Martinique" Daubenton, 

 PI. Enl., pi. 162; Martinique. 



Geotrpgon montana (not Columba montana Linnaeus) Lawrence, Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., 1, pp. 67, 196, 1878 — Dominica and St. Vincent (habits, eggs); 

 idem, I.e., 1, pp. 360, 487, 1879 — Martinique, Guadeloupe, Dominica, 

 and St. Vincent; Lister, Ibis, 1880, p. 43— St. Vincent; Allen, Bull. Nutt. 

 Orn. CI., 5, p. 169, 1880— Santa Lucia; Cory, Ibis, 1886, p. 473— St. 

 Vincent; idem. Auk, 4, p. 96, 1887 — Martinique; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1889, p. 395 — Santa Lucia; Cory, Auk, 8, p. 48, 1891 — Guadeloupe; 

 idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 97, 1892 — part, Guadeloupe, Dominica, 

 Martinique, Santa Lucia, and St. Vincent; Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. 



' The five birds which we have seen from St. Croix and the eight from St. 

 John and St. Thomas do not seem to dififer from specimens from other islands of 

 the Lesser Antilles. 



2 Possibly the records of G. chrysia from Porto Rico and Mona Island (cf. 

 Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Is., 9, p. 404, 1927) belong to the pres- 

 ent form. 



^Oreopeleia montana martinica (Linnaeus), as correctly pointed out by Bond, 

 is rather a poorly segregated form averaging larger in size and darker in coloration. 

 The status (and even the locality) of G. m. digressa is questionable. Birds from St. 

 Vincent are definitely intermediate between montana and martinica both in size 

 and coloring, and their reference to one rather than the other is largely a matter 

 of personal opinion. 




602 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Sci. & Arts, 8, p. 324, 1892 — Dominica (habits, nest, and eggs); Salvadori, 

 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 567, 1893— part, spec, y'-f", St. Vincent; 

 Clark, Auk, 22, p. 262, 1905— part, St. Vincent and (?)St. Kitts (extir- 

 pated); idem, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, pp. 263, 303, 1905— part, St. 

 Vincent (supposed to be extinct). 



Geotrygon martinica Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 570, 1893 — Domi- 

 nica and Santa Lucia; Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 375, 1916 — 

 Goyave, Guadeloupe. 



{'i)G€otrygon martinica digressa Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 153, 

 1905 — Guadeloupe (type in coll. of E. A. and 0. Bangs, now in Museum 

 of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., 70, p. 166, 1930). 



Oreopeleia martinica Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 476, 1916 

 (monog.); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 529, 1928 — Dominica, 

 St. Vincent, and Santa Lucia (nest and eggs); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 

 130, 1937 (range). 



Oreopeleia montana martinica Bond, Auk, 49, p. 494, 1932 (crit.); Danforth, 

 Monog. Univ. Puerto Rico, Ser. B, No. 3, p. 43, 1935 — Santa Lucia; 

 (?)idem, Trop. Agric, 13, p. — [Sep., p. 3], 1936 — Nevis (sight record). 



Range. — Islands of Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Santa 

 Lucia, and St. Vincent (doubtfully recorded from Nevis; said to be 

 extirpated on St. Kitts). 



Field Museum Collection. — 11: Lesser Antilles (unspecified, 

 Guadeloupe, 2; Mountain, Guadeloupe, 1; Martinique, 3; Santa 

 Lucia, 3; St. Vincent, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 1: Lesser Antilles (Santa, Lucia, 1). 

 *Oreopeleia montana montana (Linnaeus). Ruddy Quail Dove. 



Columba moniana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 163, 1758 — based on 

 "The Mountain Partridge" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 119, pi. 119, 

 and Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 2, p. 304, pi. 261, fig. 1, Jamaica; Wagler, 

 Syst. Av., 1, fol. 16, spec. 75, 1827 — Paraguay, Brazil, Cayenne, and 

 Jamaica (descr.); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 479, 1833 — south- 

 eastern Brazil (Cabo Frio, Mucurl River, Caravellas, Belmonte, Porto 

 Seguro). 



Peristera montana Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 744, 

 "1848" [=1849]— woods of British Guiana; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 

 375, 1866— Trinidad. 



Geotrygon montana Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 320, 1847 — Jamaica (habits); 

 Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 72, 1857 — Brazil and Paraguay (descr.); 

 Gundlach and Cabanis, Joum. Orn., 4, p. 109, 1856 — Cuba; Sclater, Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 309, 1856 — Cordoba, Vera Cruz; idem, I.e., 25, 

 p. 19, 1857— Bogota, Colombia; Salle, I.e., p. 235, 1857— Santo Domingo; 

 Sclater, I.e., 27, p. 368, 1859— Jalapa, Vera Cruz; idem. I.e., 1861, p. 80 

 — Jamaica; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 171 — Puerto Rico (habits); Sclater and 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 198 — Rio Ucayali, Peru; iidem, 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 603 



I.e., 1867, p. 591 — upper Rio Negro and Pard, Brazil; iidem. I.e., 1867, 

 p. 753 — Xeberos and Chyavetas, Peru; Lawrenee, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. 

 N. Y., 9, p. 135, 1868 — Angostura, Costa Riea; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 

 17, p. 371, 1869— Orosi, Costa Rica; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soe. N. H., 

 1, p. 560, 1869 — hot region of Vera Cruz; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. 

 Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 58 — Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; Salvin, Proc. 

 Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, p. 217 — Volcan de Chiriqul, Panama; Sclater and 

 Salvin, I.e., 1873, p. 306 — Peru (upper and lower Ucayali, Xeberos, Chya- 

 vetas, Chamicuros, Yurimaguas, Nauta); Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 556 

 — Monterico, Peru; Berlepseh, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 248, 1873 — Blumenau, 

 Santa Catharina; Gundlaeh, I.e., 22, p. 294, 1874 — Cuba (habits); idem. 

 I.e., 26, pp. 161, 186, 1878— Puerto Rico (habits); idem. Anal. Soe. Esp. 

 Hist. Nat., 7, p. 348, 1878 — Puerto Rico; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 

 1878, p. 43— San Cdrlos, Costa Rica; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 640 

 — "Apollo" and Tilotilo, Bolivia; Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, 

 p. 276, 1879— Grenada; Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, 5, p. 232, 1881— 

 Potrero and Chiquihuite, Vera Cruz; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 

 1882, p. 48 — Cococho and Yurimaguas, Peru; Cory, Bds. Haiti and San 

 Dom., p. 132, 1884 — Puerto Plata and Samanfi, Hispaniola; Berlepseh 

 and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 178, 1885 — Taquara and Arroio Grande, 

 Rio Grande do Sul; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 260, 1886 — Peruvian 

 localities; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 174 — British Guiana (Bartica Grove, 

 Camaeusa, Merum6 Mountains); Cory, Auk, 4, p. 118, 1887 (descr.); 

 Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 625, 1887— Grenada; Zeledon, Anal. 

 Mus. Nac. Costa Riea, 1, p. 127, 1887 — Angostura and Birris de Cartago, 

 Costa Rica; Scott, Auk, 6, p. 160, 1889— Key West, Florida (Dee. 8, 1888); 

 Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 106, 1889— lower Beni, Bolivia; Chap- 

 man and Riker, Auk, 8, p. 162, 1891 — Diamantina, Rio Tapajoz, Brazil; 

 Scott, Auk, 9, p. 124, 1892 — Jamaica (Stony Hill, Priestman's River); 

 Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 97, 1892— Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, His- 

 paniola, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, and Grenada; Chapman, Bull. Amer. 

 Mus. N. H., 4, p. 293, 1892— San Pablo, Cuba (habits); Allen, I.e., 5, p. 

 149, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, 

 p. 567, 1893 — part. Vera Cruz (Vega del Casadero), Yucatan (Temax), 

 British Honduras (Orange Walk), Guatemala (Choctum, Vera Paz; 

 Savanna Grande), Nicaragua (Chinandega, La Libertad), Panama (south- 

 ern slope of Volcan de Chiriqui, San Pablo), Ecuador (Balzar, Sarayacu), 

 Bolivia ("Apollo"), Peru (Chamicuros), Brazil (upper Rio Negro, Para, 

 Bahia), British Guiana (Bartica Grove), Cuba (San Cristobal), Jamaica, 

 San Domingo (La Vega, Puerto Plata), and Grenada; Cherrie, Field 

 Columb. Mus., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 24, 1896 — Dominican Republic; Under- 

 wood, Ibis, 1896, p. 447 — Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica; Ihering, 

 Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 146, 1899 — Mundo Novo, Rio 

 Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 404, 1899 — Iguape, Sao 

 Paulo; idem. I.e., 4, p. 163, 1900 — Nova Friburgo and Cantagallo, Rio de 

 Janeiro; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 36, 

 1900 — Zamora, Rio Santiago, and Rio Peripa, Ecuador; Allen, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 128, 1900 — Bonda, Santa Marta, Colombia; 

 Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 358, 1901 — Divald, Chiriqul; Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 265, 1902 — southeastern Mexico to Panama; 




604 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 3, p. 23, 1902— Boquete, Chiriqui; 

 Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 44 — Tarma, 

 Junfn, Peru; Bowdish, Auk, 19, p. 361, 1902— Vieques (Dec. 30, 1899), 

 Puerto Rico (Aguadilla), and Mona Island; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 603, 

 1902— Paramba, Ecuador; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 499— Rio Capim, Para; 

 Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, pp. 263, 306, 1905— part, Grenada; 

 Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 197, 1905 — La Vega, Pasadita, 

 and Callebonita, Isle of Pines; Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 343, 

 1905 — Arroyo de Limones, Sinaloa; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Omis, 13, 

 p. 125, 1906 — Rio Cadena and Sanaca, Marcapata, Peru; Bangs, Auk, 

 24, p. 292, 1907— Boruca and El Pozo de Terraba, Costa Rica; Ihering, 

 Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 25, 1907 — Iguape, Sao Paulo; Hellmayr, Nov. 

 Zool., 14, p. 407, 1907 — Humayt4, Rio Madeira; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 

 296, 1908— Cayenne; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 1, p. 346, 1908— Surinam; 

 Snethlage, Joum. Om., 56, p. 22, 1908 — Monte Verde, Rio Purus; Mene- 

 gaux. Rev. Frang. d'Om., 1, p. 30, 1909 — Figuabas and Guantanamo, 

 Cuba; Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 61, p. 357, 1909— Santo 

 Domingo (habits); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 417, 1910 — AUianca and 

 Calama, Rio Madeira; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 404, 1910 — 

 Costa Rica (Pozo Azul, Buenos Aires, Tenorio, El General, Cerro de 

 Santa Maria, El Pozo de Terraba, Boruca); Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geog. 

 Armee Mes. Arc Mend. Equat., 9, p. B. 8, 1911 — Pachijal, Ecuador; 

 Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 97, 

 1912 — Para and Rio Capim, Para; Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, 

 p. 69, 1913— Alto Parana; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 255, 1913— 

 Alto Parana; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 36, 1914 — Alto Parana, Paraguay; 

 Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 68, 1914 — Para, Mocajatuba, Ananin- 

 deua, Santa Izabel, Benevides, Peixe-Boi, Rio Tocantins (Cameta), Rio 

 Curua (Malocca do Manuelsinho), Rio Tapajoz (Boim), and Obidos, 

 Brazil; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr., 326, p. 48, 1916— Puerto Rico; 

 idem. Auk, 33, p. 411, 1916 — Vieques; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, 

 p. 221, 1916— Isle of Pines; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 50, 1916 (many 

 localities); Kaempfer, Joum. Om., 72, p. 184, 1924 — Cotui, Hispaniola. 



Oropelia montana Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 206, 1856 — Nova 

 Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro; Cabanis, Joum. Om., 22, p. 230, 1874 — Canta- 

 gallo, Rio de Janeiro. 



Geotrygon montanus Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 401 — Vera Paz, Guate- 

 mala. 



Oreopeleia montana Pelzeln, Om. Bras., 3, p. 279, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Matto- 

 dentro, Ypanema), Parana (Murungaba), Matto Grosso (Cidade de Matto 

 Grosso), Rio Madeira (Borba), Manaos, Rio Negro (Marabitanas), and 

 Para, Brazil; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 478, 1916 

 (monog., full bibliog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 213, 

 1917 — Las Lomitas, San Antonio, Puerto Valdivia, La Candela, Anda- 

 lucia, and Florencia, Colombia; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 406, 

 1917 — Los Toritos, Dominican Republic; Bangs and Penard, I.e., 62, p. 

 46, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., 117, p. 47, 1921 — Rio Cosireni, Urubamba, Peru; Todd and Car- 

 riker, Ann. Camegie Mus., 14, p. 191, 1922 — Don Amo, La Tigrera, Las 

 Vegas, and Don Diego, Santa Marta, Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 605 



Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 19, 1922 — near Gualea and Nanegal, Ecuador; 

 Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 37, 1922— 

 La Azulita, Merida, Venezuela; Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. CI., 6, p. 74, 

 1923— Cuba; Hollister, Auk, 42, p. 130, 1925— Key West, Florida (about 

 May, 1923); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 171, 1926— Ecua- 

 dor (Esmeraldas, Chone, Rio de Oro, Puente de Chimbo, Santa Rosa, Rio 

 Suno, below San Jose, and Baeza); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & 

 Virgin Is., 9, p. 402, 1927 — Mona, Porto Rico, Vieques, St. Croix, and 

 St. Thomas; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 33, p. 356, 1927— Rio 

 Suno, Ecuador; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 151, 1928— 

 Rio Guamd, Pard; Bond, I.e., p. 520, 1928— Haiti; Danforth, Auk, 45, p. 

 484, 1928 — Lumsden, Jamaica; idem, Auk, 46, p. 366, 1929 — San Juan, 

 Bonao, and Gonave, Hispaniola; Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 

 371, 1929— Augustine, British Honduras; Peters, I.e., 69, p. 407, 1929— 

 Lancetilla, Honduras; idem, I.e., 71, p. 299, 1931 — Changuinola, Boquete 

 Trail, and Gudbo, Almirante, Panama; Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. 

 Puerto Rico, 15, p. 69, 1931 — Puerto Rico; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. 

 N. H., 64, p. 119, 1932 — Secanquim, Guatemala; Wetmore and Swales, 

 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 203, 1931— Hispaniola; Griscom, Bull. 

 Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 323, 1932 — Perme and Obaldia, Panama; Stone, 

 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 307, 1932— Lancetilla, Honduras; Wet- 

 more, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 81, art. 2, p. 22, 1932— Baraderes, Haiti; 

 idem and Lincoln, I.e., 82, art. 25, p. 34, 1933 — Geffrard, Haiti; Roberts, 

 Trop. Agric, 11, p. 92, 1934— head of Caura Valley, Trinidad; Van Tyne, 

 Misc. Publ., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 13, 1935— Uaxactun, Peten, 

 Guatemala; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 311, 1935 — Panama; 

 Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1936, p. 7— Morne Bleue and Diego Martin, 

 Trinidad (nest and eggs descr.); Griscom, Auk, 54, p. 193, 1937 — Jaleaca, 

 Guerrero; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 130, 1937 (range). 



Starnoenas montana Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbae, p. 165, 1873 — Suri- 

 nam and Brazil. 



Starnoenas cuprea (not Columba cuprea Wagler) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 

 Columbae, p. 165, 1873 — Marabitanas (Rio Negro), Demerara, and 

 Surinam. 



Oreopeleia montana montana Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 71, 

 1830— Matto Grosso. 



Range. — Greater Antilles (islands of Jamaica, Cuba, Isle of Pines, 

 Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Mona, Vieques, St. Thomas, St. Croix); 

 southern Mexico, from Vera Cruz and southern Sinaloa southwards 

 through Central America to Panama, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, 

 and east to Venezuela, the island of Trinidad, the Guianas, and 

 throughout Brazil to northern Paraguay; also on Grenada, Lesser 

 Antilles;^ accidental on Florida keys (Key West, Dec. 8, 1888; 

 May, 1923). 



1 Probably also found in Tobago, though no authentic record exists for that 

 island. 




606 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Field Museum Collection. — 82: Jamaica (unspecified, 1; Priest- 

 man's River, Surrey, 4); Dominican Republic (Aguacate, La Vega, 5; 

 Almercen, La Vega, 1; La Vega, La Vega, 1; Puerto Plata, Puerto 

 Plata, 33; Samana, Samana, 10; Catarrey, Santo Domingo, 13); 

 Porto Rico (unspecified, 1); Lesser Antilles (Grenada, 4); Costa 

 Rica (El Pozo, Puntarenas, 1; Puerto Jimenez, Puntarenas, 1; 

 Boruca, Puntarenas, 1); Nicaragua (San Geronimo, Chinandega, 1); 

 Colombia (Cauca, Cauca, 1); British Guiana (Demerara River, 1; 

 Middle Base Camp, Itabu Creek, upper New River, 1); Brazil 

 (Utinga Matta, Para, 2). 



Conover Collection. — 73: Cuba (Guantanamo, 1; Bayate, Pinar 

 del Rio, 2; Santo Tomas, Zapata Swamp, Santa Clara, 1; Artemisa, 

 Pinar del Rio, 1; Caraballo, Pinar del Rio, 1); Guatemala (Escobas, 

 Yzabal, 1); Honduras (Monte Redondo, Tegucigalpa, 1); Costa Rica 

 (El Pozo, Puntarenas, 1; Golfo Dulce, Puntarenas, 2; Volcan de Oso, 

 2; Oja Ancha, Nicoya, 5; Alto de Jabillo, Pirris, 2); Panama (Perm^, 

 Darien, 1); Colombia (Munchique, El Tambo, Cauca, 7); Ecuador 

 (Concepcion, 5; Pacto,''2; Gualea, 1; Ouca-Yaca, Loreto, 1; Sara- 

 Yaco, Rio Bobonaza, 1 ; Rio Blanco, Esmeraldas, 1 ; Rio San Antonio, 

 Sur, Province de los Rios, 1; head of Rio Tigre, Napo-Pastaza, 4); 

 Peru (Puerto Bermudez, Junin, 1); Bolivia (Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 

 1); Venezuela (La Azulita, Merida, 3); British Guiana (Mazaruni 

 River, 1); Brazil (Lago Cuipeua, near Obidos, 2; Serraria Cabral, 

 Rio Acara, 1; Tom^-assu, Rio Acara, 3; Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 4; 

 Caxiricatuba, Rio Tapajoz, 4; Tauary, Rio Tapajoz, 2; Labrea, 

 Rio Purus, 2; Rio Manacapuru, Amazonas, 2); Paraguay (Santa 

 Barbara, 2; Horqueta, 1). 



*Oreopeleia violacea violacea (Temminck). Violaceous Quail 

 Dove. 



Columba violacea Temminck, in Temminck and Knip, Les Pigeons, 1, Les 

 Colombes, p. 67, pi. 29, 1810— "le Nouveau Monde" (type in Paris 

 Museum);! jdem, Hist. Nat. Pig. Gall., 1, pp. 260, 470, 1813— "in America 

 Australi" (descr.); Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 16, spec. 72, 1827 (descr. 

 spec. typ. in Mus. Paris). 



Geotrygon violacea Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 72, 1857 — Brazil (descr.); 

 Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 79, 1867— Bahia, Brazil; Salvadori, Cat. 



' Temminck states expressly that the only specimen he had an occasion of 

 examining was in the Paris Museum. Schlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, 4, No. 35, p. 165, 

 1873) is, therefore, mistaken in listing a bird from "Surinam" in the Leiden Mu- 

 seum as Temminck's "type." According to Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 

 Paris, 43, p. 100, 1855), the specimen in the Paris Museum was forwarded by the 

 traveler Mauge from the island of St. Thomas, in the West Indies. As this is 

 clearly an erroneous locality, we suggest Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as a likely terra 

 typica. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 607 



Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 565, 1893 — part, spec, a-e, Bahia, Brazil ; Ihering, Rev. 

 Mus. Paul., 3, p. 404, 1899— Sao Paulo; idem. I.e., 4, p. 163, 1900— Canta- 

 gallo, Rio de Janeiro; Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 3, p. 10, 1904 — 

 Puerto Bertoni and Djaguarasapa, Alto Parana, Paraguay; Ihering, Cat. 

 Faun. Braz., 1, p. 25, 1907— Sao Paulo; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 1, p. 346, 

 1908— "Surinam" (ex Schlegel); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 64— Sapucay, Para- 

 guay; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 410, 1910 — Alto 

 Parana, Paraguay; idem, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 254, 1913 — Paraguay; Ber- 

 toni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 69, 1913 — Alto Parana; idem. Faun. 

 Parag., p. 36, 1914— Alto Parana; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 67, 

 1914— part, eastern Brazil; Lima, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 96, 1920— 

 southern Bahia [=Ilh6os]. 



Oreopeleia violacea Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 279, 1870 — Ypanema, Sao Paulo; 

 Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 37, 1922— 

 La Azulita, Merida, Venezuela. 



Starnoenas violacea Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 4, Columbae, p. 165, 1873 — 

 Surinam. 



Oreopelia violacea Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 230, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio de 

 Janeiro. 



Geotrygon violacea violacea Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 384, 1906 — Pard (Santo 

 Antonio do Prata), Minas Geraes (Rio Jordao), and Sao Paulo (Victoria); 

 idem, Ai)handl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 97, 1912 

 — Santo Antonio do Prata, Para. 



Oreopeleia violacea violacea Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 260, 1919 — Santa Ana, 

 Misiones; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 69, 1935 — Serra do Palhao, Rio 

 Jucurucu, and Ilheos, Bahia; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 130, 1937 (range). 



Oreopelia violacea violacea Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 

 . 117, 1926— Vermelho, Parana. 



Range. — Eastern Brazil, in states of Para (Santo Antonio do 

 Prata), Bahia (Serra do Palhao, Rio Jucurucu, Ilheos), Minas 

 Geraes (Rio Jordao, Prov. Araguary), Rio de Janeiro (Cantagallo), 

 Sao Paulo (Victoria, Ypanema), Parana (Vermelho), and the ad- 

 jacent parts of Argentina (Santa Ana, Misiones), Bolivia (Buena- 

 vista, Santa Cruz), and Paraguay (Sapucay; Alto Parana); also in 

 Surinam (fide Schlegel); (?)northern Venezuela (La Azulita, Merida; 

 Paria Peninsula).^ 



Conover Collection. — 6: Venezuela (La Azulita, Merida, 1); Brazil 

 (Victoria, Sao Paulo, 2); Paraguay (Santa Barbara, 2); Bolivia 

 (Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 1). 



• The subspecific status of Venezuelan birds is in doubt. They may be more 

 properly referable to O. v. albiventer. 



Additional material examined. — Brazil: Santo Antonio do Prata, Para, 1 ; Bahia, 

 2; Rio de Janeiro, 1; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 3; Victoria, Sao Paulo, 4; Rio Jordao, 

 Minas Geraes, 1. — Paraguay: Sapucay, 2. 




608 Field Museum of Natxjral History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



*Oreopeleia violacea albiventer (Lawrence).* White-bellied 

 Violaceous Quail Dove. 



Geotrygon aUnvenier Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 108 — 

 Lion Hill Station, Panama Railroad (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, 

 now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, 

 Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 135, 1868 — Angostura, Costa Rica; 

 Frantzius, Journ. Om., 17, p. 371, 1869 — Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 265, 1902 — Costa Rica (Angostura, Mira- 

 valles) and Panama (Lion Hill); Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, p. 30, 

 1909 — Tenorio (Guanacaste), Costa Rica. 



Geotrygon violacea (not Coluwha violacea Temminck) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. 

 Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 477, 1862— Lion Hill, Panama (descr.); Salvador!, Cat. 

 Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 565, 1893 — part, spec, f, Panama; Underwood, 

 Ibis, 1896, p. 447— Miravalles, Costa Rica (habits). 



Geotrygon violacea albiventer Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 384 (in text), 1906 

 — Miravalles (erit.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 404, 1910 — 

 Miravalles and Tenorio, Costa Rica. 



Oreopeleia violacea albiventer Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 

 484, 1916 — Nicaragua (Peiia Blanca), Costa Rica, Panama (Lion Hill, 

 Cerro Azul), and Colombia (Cacagualito, Don Diego); Todd and Carriker, 

 Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 190, 1922 — Cacagualito and Don Diego, 

 Santa Marta; Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 84, p. 209, 1932— 

 Great Falls, Pis Pis River, Nicaragua; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 

 78, p. 311, 1935 — Canal Zone and Darien, Panama; Peters, Bds. "World, 

 3, p. 130, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Southern Central America, from Nicaragua (Pena 

 Blanca; Great Falls, Pis Pis River) through Costa Rica (Tenorio, 

 Miravalles, Angostura, Oja Ancha) and Panama (Lion Hill, Cerro 

 Azul) to northern Colombia (Cacagualito and Don Diego, Santa 

 Marta). 



C(mover Collection. — 3: Costa Rica (Oja Ancha, Nicoya, 1); 

 Panama (Port Obaldia, Darien, 2). 



*Oreopeleia veraguensis (Lawrence). Veragua Quail Dove. 



Geotrygon veraguensis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 349, 1867 

 — ^Veragua (type in coll. of J. K. Merritt, now in the American Museum of 

 Natural History, New York); Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 328, pi. 12 (fig. of type) 

 — type stated to be from El Mineral de Veraguas, southeast of Chiriqui 

 Lagoon (erit.); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 575, 1893— Montaiia 

 del Vermejo, Veragua, and Agua Dulce, Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 267, 1902 — Costa Rica (Talamanca) and Panama 



^Oreopeleia violacea albiventer (Lawrence) differs from the nominate race by 

 having the forehead, cheeks, malar region, and auriculars buff pink or ecru-drab 

 tinged with pinkish (instead of whitish to pale grayish) and by lacking the bluish 

 gray color on the crown. 



Five additional specimens from Miravalles, Costa Rica, examined by Hellmayr. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 609 



(Agua Dulce, Veragua, Montana del Vermejo); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie 

 Mus., 6, p. 405, 1910 — Costa Rica (Reventazon, Cudbre, El Hogar). 



Geotrygon rufiventris Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 11, p. 90, 1875 — 

 Talamanca, Costa Rica (type in U. S. National Museum); Rowley, Orn. 

 Misc., 3, p. 77, pi. 92, 1878 — Agua Dulce, Panama; Salvin and Godman, 

 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, pi. 70, 1902. 



Geotrygon veraguensis cachaviensis Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 504, 1898 — 

 Cachavl, Prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador (type in Tring Collection, now in 

 the American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined); idem. 

 I.e., 9, p. 603, 1902— San Javier and Rio "Japayo" [=Sap&yo], Ecuador 

 (crit.); Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1206 — Noanamd, 

 Colombia (crit.). 



Oreopeleia veraguensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 486, 1916 

 —eastern Costa Rica to Panama (monog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. 

 N. H., 36, p. 214, 1917 — Puerto Valdivia (lower Cauca), Baudo, Anda- 

 gueda, San Jose, and Barbacoas (Nariiio), Colombia (crit.); idem. I.e., 55, 

 p. 172, 1926— Ecuador; Griseom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 154, 

 1929— El Tigre (Rio Cupe) and Tuyra Valley, Darien; idem, I.e., 72, p. 323, 

 1932 — Perme, Obaldia, and Ranchon, Panama; idem. I.e., 78, p. 312, 1935 

 — Veraguas and Darien; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 129, 1937 (range). 



Oreopelia veraguensis Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 299, 1931 — Cri- 

 camola, Almirante, Panama. 



Range. — Tropical zone of Caribbean Costa Rica south through 

 Panama and Pacific Colombia (east to the lower Cauca, Antioquia) 

 to northwestern Ecuador (Prov. Esmeraldas). ^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Colombia (Baudo, Choco, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 16 : Panama (Perm^, Darien, 3 ; Port Obaldia, 

 Darien, 6; Ranchon, Darien, 3; Cricamola, Bocas del Toro, 1); 

 Colombia (Malagita, Choco, 1); Ecuador (Rio Sapayo, 1; Charco 

 Redondo, 1). 



♦Oreopeleia costaricensis (Lawrence). Costa Rican Quail 

 Dove. 



Geotrygon costaricensis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 136, 1868 — 

 Costa Rica=Las Cruces de la Candelaria (type in U. S. National Museum); 

 Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 371, 1869 — Las Cruces de la Candelaria, 

 Costa Rica; Rowley, Orn. Misc., 3, p. 43, pi. 87, 1877 — Candelaria Moun- 

 tains, Costa Rica; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 43 — Cerro 

 de la Candelaria, Costa Rica; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, pp. 498, 

 502, 1883— Volcan de Irazu and "near San Jos6," Costa Rica; Zeledon, 

 Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 127, 1887 — Rancho Redondo, Costa 



1 Birds from Pacific Colombia and Ecuador (cachaviensis) average slightly 

 darker both above and below, but, in agreement with Chapman, we consider the 

 variation too insignificant to justify subdivision. 



Additional material examined. — Costa Rica, 2. — Panama, 3. — Colombia: Noa- 

 namfi, 1. — Ecuador, Prov. Esmeraldas: Cachabf, 1; San Javier, 3. 




610 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Rica; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 577, 1893 — La Candelaria, 

 Costa Rica; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 3, p. 24, 1902— Boquete 

 and Volcan de Chiriquf, Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 

 Aves, 3, p. 267, 1902— Costa Rica ("San Jose," Las Cruces de la Can- 

 delaria, Volcan de Irazu, Azahar de Cartago, Estrella de Cartago, Turri- 

 alba, CarrlUo, Rancho Redondo); Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 102, 

 1906 — Volcan de Chiriqui (crit.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 406, 

 1910 — Costa Rica (Burgos, La Estrella and Volcan de Turrialba, Cachl, 

 Irazu, Escazu, Cariblanco de Sarapiquf, Cordillera de Talamanca). 



Oreopeleia costaricensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 487, 

 1916 — Costa Rica and western Panama (monog.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. 

 Comp. Zool., 78, p. 312, 1935— Chiriqui and Veraguas; Peters, Bds. World, 

 3, p. 129, 1937 (range). 



Geotrygon lawrencii (not of Salvin) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., 

 Aves, 3, p. 266, 1902 — part, Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui. 



Range. — Subtropical zone (rain forest) of Costa Rica and western 

 Panama, east to Veraguas. 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Costa Rica (Cartago, Cartago, 1; 

 Irazu, Cartago, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 7: Costa Rica (Santa Cruz de Turrialba, 1; 

 Volcan Turrialba, 2; San Joaquin de Dota, 3; Las Vueltas, 1). 



Oreopeleia lawrencii (Salvin). ' Lawrence's Quail Dove. 



Geotrygon lawrencii Salvin, Ibis, (3), 4, p. 329, 1874 — Calobre, Veraguas (type 

 in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum); Salvin and God- 

 man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 266, pi. 69, 1902— part, Santa Fe 

 and Calobre, Veraguas; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 4, p. 302, 1908 — 

 Carrlllo, Costa Rica; (?)Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, p. 30, 1909— 

 Tenorio, Costa Rica. 



Geotrygon veraguensis (not of Lawrence) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 

 p. 159 — "Santiago de Veraguas" (young), 



Geotrygon lawrencei Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 576, 1893 — Calo- 

 bre, Veraguas; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 406, 1910 — Cariblanco 

 de SarapiquI, Carrlllo, and (?)Tenorio, Costa Rica. 



Oreopeleia lawrencei Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 489, 1916 — 

 Costa Rica (Cariblanco de SarapiquI, Carrlllo, ?Tenorio) and Veraguas 

 (Calobre, Santa F6). 



Oreopelia lawrencii lawrencii Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 299, 1931 — 

 Boquete Trail, Almirante, Panama. 



1 Oreopeleia lawrencii (Salvin) in general appearance is so much like O. costari- 

 censis as to suggest conspecific relationship. Both are, however, stated to occur 

 together in certain parts of Caribbean Costa Rica (e.g., at Cariblanco de Sara- 

 piquI and Carrlllo), and further information about their breeding ranges seems, 

 therefore, imperative before any final conclusion can be reached. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 611 



{1)Oreopelia lawrencii lentipes Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 300, 

 1931 — Tenorio, Costa Rica (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, 

 Cambridge, Mass.).' 



Oreopeleia lawrencei lawrencei Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 312, 

 1935 — Caribbean slope of western Panama to Veraguas. 



Oreopeleia lawrencii lentipes Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 129, 1937 (range). 



Oreopeleia lawrencii lawrencii Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 129, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Caribbean slope of western Panama (Veraguas to Almi- 

 rante Bay) and Costa Rica (Guacimo, Carrillo, Cariblanco de Sara- 

 piqui; also recorded from Tenorio, Guanacaste).^ 



Oreopeleia goldmani (Nelson).^ Mount Pirri Quail Dove. 



Geotrygon goldmani Nelson, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 60, No. 3, p. 2, 1912 — Mount 

 Pirri, eastern Panama (type in U. S. National Museum). 



Oreopeleia goldmani Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 490, 1916— 

 Mount Pirri and Cana (monog.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, 

 p. 312, 1935— eastern Darien; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 129, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Darien, Panama (Mount 

 /Pirri, Cana). 



Oreopeleia linearis rubida (Nelson). Guerrero White-faced 

 Quail Dove. 



Geotrygon albifacies rubida Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, p. 151, 1903 — 

 Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). 



Geotrygon albifacies (not of Sclater) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 581, 

 1893 — part, spec, o, Chilpancingo, Guerrero; Salvin and Godman, Biol. 

 Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 268, 1902 — part, Chilpancingo. 



1 This form is described as being much paler (upper interscapular region light 

 brownish olive; breast lighter and purer gray, washed with greenish only on the 

 sides) and sUghtly larger (wing of males, 144-146, against 137-142; tail, 143 against 

 139-141). Though principally basing it on two males from Tenorio, Guanacaste, 

 the author refers to it also a female from Cariblanco de Sarapiqul, situated in the 

 foothills on the northern slope of the Volcan de Poas, hence on the Caribbean side, 

 while an immature male from Guacimo, a place farther east in the same faunal 

 region, is pronounced to be typical lawrencii. This can hardly be correct. Either 

 the birds from Caribbean Costa Rica are all lawrencii, leaving lentipes restricted 

 to Guanacaste, or the supposed color-differences, which obviously are not greater 

 than those observed in the allied 0. veraguensis, are individual rather than racial. 

 It should also be added that the regular occurrence on the Pacific side needs con- 

 firmation, this quail dove being otherwise strictly confined to the Caribbean slope 

 of the Cordilleras. 



2 Wetmore (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 54, p. 205, Dec. 8, 1941) has very recently 

 described O. I. carrikeri from Volcan San Martin, Sierra de Tuxtla, Veracruz, 

 Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). Said to be paler even than lentipes. 



^ Oreopeleia goldmani (Nelson) : "Somewhat resembling O. lawrencii, but pileum 

 and nape deep russet brown (paler on forehead); broad malar-suborbital stripe 

 buff instead of white; hind neck brown instead of grayish green, and upper parts 

 (except back) browner. Wing, 139-145; tail, 81-90; bill, 13-15." (Ridgway, I.e.) 



We are not acquainted with this quail dove. 




612 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Oreopeleia albifacies rubida Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 495, 

 1916 — State of Guerrero (monog.); Griscom, Auk, 54, p. 193, 1937 — 

 Omilteme, Guerrero; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 131, 1937 (range). 



/^awge.— Subtropical zone of southwestern Mexico, in State of 

 Guerrero (Omilteme, Chilpancingo). 



♦Oreopeleia linearis albifacies (Sclater). White-faced Quail 

 Dove. 



Geotrygon albifacies Sclater,^ Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 98, 1858 — Jalapa, 

 Vera Cruz, Mexico (type in coll. of J. Verreaux); idem. I.e., 27, pp. 368, 

 391, 1859 — vicinity of Jalapa, Vera Cruz, and Latani, Oaxaca, Mexico; 

 idem and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 401 — Vera Paz, Guatemala; iidem, Exot. 

 Om., p. 124, 1868 — part, Mexico; Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, 5, p. 232, 

 1881 — Cordoba and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 

 21, p. 581, 1893 — part, spec, a-n, d', e'. Vera Cruz, Mexico (Jalapa, Co- 

 atepec, Misantla), and Guatemala (Choctum, Vera Paz); Lantz, Trans. 

 Kans. Acad. Sci., 16, p. 219, 1899 — Coatepec, Vera Cruz; Salvin and 

 Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 268, 1902 — part. Vera Cruz 

 (Mirador, Cordoba, Orizaba, Jalapa, Coatepec, Cuesta de Misantla), 

 Oaxaca (Latani), and Guatemala (Choctum, Verapaz, Sierra de las 

 Minas). 



Geotrygon chiriquensis (not of Sclater, 1856) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 

 25, p. 206, 1857 — Jalapa; idem and Salvin, Exot. Om., p. 77, 1867 — part, 

 Jalapa. 



Oreopeleia albifacies albifacies Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 493, 1916 — part, Mexico (states of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, and Chiapas) 

 and Guatemala (Choctum, Verapaz); Griscom, Ibis, 1935, pp. 649, 812 — 

 Verapaz and Sierra del las Minas, Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 3, 

 p. 131, 1937 (range); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 11, p. 362, 

 1939 — Santa Rosa, Comitan, Chiapas. 



Oreopeleia albifascies albifascies Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, 

 p. 307, 1932 — San Juancito, Honduras. 



Range. — Subtropical zone of southeastern Mexico, in states of 

 Vera Cruz, Oaxaca (Latani, Totontepec, Mount Zempoaltepec), and 

 Chiapas (Tumbald, Santa Rosa), south through northern Guatemala 

 (Alta Verapaz) to extreme northwestern Honduras.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Honduras (mountain camp near 

 San Pedro de Sula, Cortes, 1). 



1 Peristera albifacies G. R. Gray (List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 4, p. 55, 1856) 

 as well as Peristera mexicana G. R. Gray (List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 15, 

 1844) are nomina nuda. The so-called "type" in the British Museum, therefore, 

 has no claim to this dignity. 



* Birds from Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, agree with others from Jalapa, and a 

 single female from Volcan de Puca, in western Honduras, examined by the senior 

 author cannot be separated either. 



Twenty additional specimens from Mexico (Vera Cruz and Chiapas) and 

 Guatemala (Polychic River) examined. 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 613 



*Oreopeleia linearis anthonyi Griscom.' Anthony's White- 

 faced Quail Dove. 



Oreopeleia albifades anthonyi Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 379, p. 4, 1929 — 

 San Lucas [= Tollman], Pacific Guatemala (type in the American Museum 

 of Natural History, New York); idem. Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 119, 

 1932 — San Lucas; idem. Ibis, 1935, p. 549 (in text) — Pacific Cordillera of 

 Guatemala and southern Chiapas; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 131, 1937 

 (range). 



Geotrygon albifades (not of Sclater) Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 124, 

 1868— part, Guatemala; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 581, 1893— 

 part, spec, q-c', Guatemala (Rio de la Cuesta, San Marcos; El Rincon, 

 San Marcos; San Martin; Atitlan; Savanna Grande; Vol can de Fuego); 

 Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 268, 1902 — part, 

 Guatemala (same localities). 



Geotrygon chiriquensis (not of Sclater) Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 77, 

 pi. 39, 1867 — part. Savanna Grande, Guatemala. 



Oreopeleia albifades albifades Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 493, 1916 — part, Pacific Guatemala (Rio de la Cuesta and El Rincon, 

 San Marcos; San Martin, Atitlan; Savanna Grande, Vol can de Fuego). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of the Pacific Cordillera of Guatemala 

 and the adjacent parts of southern Chiapas. 



Field Museum Collection. — 3: Guatemala (Volcan Tajumulco, San 

 Marcos, 3). 



*Oreopeleia linearis silvestris Dickey and van Rossem.^ Salva- 

 dor White-faced Quail Dove. 



Oreopeleia albifades silvestris Dickey and van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 

 41, p. 130, 1928 — Cerro Los Naranjos, Volcan Santa Ana, El Salvador 

 (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, now in the University of California 

 at Los Angeles); Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 379, p. 4, 1929 — Nicaragua; 

 Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 131, 1937 (range); Dickey and van Rossem, 



^Oreopeleia linearis anthonyi Griscom: Similar to 0. I. albifades, but occiput 

 and nape brownish instead of gull gray; forehead more buflfy, less white; foreneck 

 and chest browner, lacking the buffy gray diffusion so characteristic of albifades. 



A single female from Volcan de F^ego is indeed darker, nearly wood brown on 

 the anterior under parts, when compared to albifades, but the nape is not more 

 extensively reddish brown than in certain Mexican females. Recently, however, 

 we have examined twenty specimens from Pacific Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego; 

 El Rincon and Rio de la Cuesta, San Marcos; San Martin, Quezaltenango) and 

 find the race fairly distinguishable. Three adults from the Sierra de las Minas 

 seem to be nearer to albifades. 



' Oreopeleia linearis silvestris Dickey and van Rossem : Nearest to 0. 1, anthonyi, 

 but more grayish, less reddish underneath; pectoral region between drab and light 

 grayish olive; flanks and under tail coverts duller, wood brown rather than clay 

 color; throat whiter, less buffy. 



A very poor race. Five additional specimens from Nicaragua (Matagalpa, 

 San Rafael del Norte) and one from Honduras (Danli) examined. 




614 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 199, 1938— Volcan de Santa Ana 

 and Los Esesmiles, El Salvador. 



Geotrygon albifacies (not of Sclater) Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1892, p. 328 — 

 Matagalpa, Nicaragua; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 581, 1893 — 

 part, spec, f, g', Matagalpa and San Rafael del Norte, Nicaragua; Salvin 

 and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 268, 1902 — part, Honduras 

 (Danli) and Nicaragua (Janli, Matagalpa, San Rafael del Norte). 



Oreopeleia albifacies albifacies Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, 

 p. 493, 1916 — part, Honduras (Danli) and Nicaragua (Ocotdl, Janli, 

 Matagalpa, Rio Coco, San Rafael del Norte, Peiia Blanca). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of El Salvador, Honduras, and western 

 Nicaragua. 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: El Salvador (Volcan Santa Ana, 1) ; 

 Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte, Jinotega, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 12: Honduras (Las Penitas, Choluteca, 3; 

 Alto Cantoral, Tegucigalpa, 3; Cantoral, Tegucigalpa, 1 ; Tegucigalpa, 

 1; San Jos^, Santa Barbara, 1; La Libertad, Copan, 3). 



*Oreopeleia linearis chiriquensis (Sclater).' ChiriquI White- 

 faced Quail Dove. 



Geotrygon chiriquensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 143, 1856 — David, 

 Chiriquf, Panama (type in Paris Museum ex coll. of C. L. Bonaparte; cf. 

 Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 123, 1868); Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. 

 Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, No. 20, p. 943, Nov., 1856— "Jalapa," errore,= David, 

 Chiriqui (descr.);" Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 159— David; 

 Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 77, 1867 — part, Chiriqui; iidem, I.e., 

 p. 123, pi. 62, 1868— Chiriqui (David) and Veraguas (Castillo, Calovevora); 

 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 217— Veraguas (Castillo, Calove- 

 vora, Calobre) and Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui); Boucard, I.e., 1878, 

 p. 43 — Volcan de Irazu and La Candelaria, Costa Rica (habits); Zeled6n, 

 Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 127, 1887— La Candelaria and El 

 Zarcero de Alaju61a, Costa Rica; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, 

 p. 579, 1893 — Veraguas (Castillo, Calov6vora) and Volcan de Chiriqui; 

 Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 3, p. 24, 1902 — Boquete and Volcan de 



* Oreopeleia linearis chiriquensis (Sclater) is the most intensely colored member 

 of the group by reason of its deep tawny pectoral area. Besides, it is easily recog- 

 nized by having the whole pileum from the base of the bill to the nape slate gray. 

 Still we believe there is little doubt that chiriquensis and the albifacies complex 

 are merely geographic representatives of 0. linearis. The Chiriqui Quail Dove 

 has the black streak across the cheeks just as well marked as the last-named, and 

 an approach to its deep tawny pectoral coloration is found in the orange-cinnamon 

 wash on the anterior under parts of O. I. infusca. 



Costa Rican birds are like others from Chiriqui (Boquete) and Veraguas 

 (Castillo, Calovevora). 



* Bonaparte gives a very good description of the present form (cf . "pileo 

 plumbeo" and "subtus pure rufo-cinnamomea"), probably based on the type 

 si)ecimen formerly in his private collection, as we are told by Sclater and Salvin, 

 but erroneously ascribes it to "Jalappa," Mexico. 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 615 



Chiriqui, Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 270, 

 1902 — Costa Rica (Cervdntes, El Zarc6ro de Alaju^la, La Candelaria, 

 Volcan de Irazti, Tarrazu) and Panama (David, Boquete, Volcan de 

 Chiriqui, Castillo, Calov6vora); Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, p. 30, 

 1909— Cerro de Santa Maria, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, 

 p. 407, 1910 — Costa Rica (La Estrella, Cerro de Santa Maria, Ujurrds de 

 Terraba; nest and eggs descr.). 



Geotrygon coeruleiceps Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 136, 1868 — 

 Cervantes, Costa Rica (type in U. S. National Museum); idem. I.e., 9, 

 p. 148, 1869 (crit.); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 371, 1869— Cervantes; 

 Salvin, Ibis, 1869, pp. 317, 319— Costa Rica (crit.). 



Oreopeleia chiriqicensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 491, 

 1916 — Costa Rica to Veraguas (monog.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. 

 Zool., 70, p. 312, 1935 (range); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 131, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of Costa Rica and the Pacific slope of 

 western Panama, east to Veraguas. 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Costa Rica (El Pozo, Puntarenas, 1). 

 Conover Collection. — 2: Panama (Boquete, Chiriqui, 2). 



♦Oreopeleia linearis infusca (Bangs). ^ Dusky White-faced 

 Quail Dove. 



Geotrygon linearis infusca Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CI., 1, p. 108, 1900— 

 Chirua, Santa Marta, Colombia (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now 

 in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. 

 Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 166, 1930); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, 

 p. 128, 1900 — Valparaiso, El Libano, and San Lorenzo, Colombia. 



Geotrygon linearis (not Columbi-Gallina linearis Prevost) Bangs, Proc. Biol. 

 Soc. Wash., 12, p. 157, 1898— Pueblo Viejo. 



Oreopeleia linearis infusca Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 189, 

 1922 — El Libano, San Lorenzo, Las Vegas, Cincinnati, Las Taguas, and 

 Pueblo Viejo (crit., habits); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 131, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of the Santa Marta region in northern 



Colombia. 



Conover Collection. — 1: Colombia, Santa Marta (Vista Nieve, 1). 



♦Oreopeleia linearis linearis (Provost). Colombian White- 

 faced Quail Dove. 



Columbi-Gallina linearis Prevost, in Knip, Les Pigeons, 2, Uvr. 11, p. 104, 1843 

 — "dans la province de Santa-Fe-de-Bogot^," Colombia (type in Paris 

 Museum). 



' Oreopeleia linearis infusca (Bangs) : Similar to 0. I. linearis, but upper parts 

 decidedly paler; the pileum cinnamon rather than walnut brown, the occiput 

 lighter gray, the purplish tinge on the upper back somewhat paler, the lower 

 back, wings, and tail less rufescent; the anterior under parts washed with orange 

 cinnamon. 



The few specimens examined fully bear out the characters of this form as 

 established by Mr. Todd through the study of a large series from Santa Marta. 




616 Field Museum of Natural History — Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Columba linearis Knip, Les Pigeons, 2, livr. 11, pi. 55, 1843. 



Geotrygon linearis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 163, 1855 — Bogotd; 

 Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 71, 1857 — Santa-Fe-de-Bogota (descr.); 

 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 782 — upper wood 

 region of Merida; iidem. I.e., 1879, p. 544 — Santa Elena, Colombia; 

 Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 285, 1890 — "Porto 

 Cabello," Venezuela; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 580, 1893— 

 Colombia (Santa Elena, Bogotd, Anolaima). 



Stamoenas linearis Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbae, p. 164, 1873 — 

 Bogota. 



Geotrygon venezuelensis Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 581 (after June 

 30), 1893 — part, Merida, Venezuela (type in British Museum examined). 



Geotrygon linearis venezv^lensis Hellmayr and Seilem, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, 

 Heft 5, p. 160, 1912 — Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela (crit.). 



Oreopeleia linearis linearis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 215, 1917 

 — Puerto Valdivia (lower Cauca), Andalucia (head of Magdalena Valley), 

 Fusugasuga and Buena Vista (eastern Andes), Colombia (crit.); Peters, 

 Bds. World, 3, p. 131, 1937 (range). 



Oreopeleia linearis Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, 

 p. 38, 1922 — Rio Mucujon, Sierra de Merida, Paramo Tambor, and Pd- 

 ' ramo de Tama, Venezuela (crit.). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of Colombia (Santa Elena and Puerto 

 Valdivia, Antioquia; eastern Andes) and western Venezuela (from 

 Merida to the Caracas region).^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 2: Colombia (Bogota, 1; Pdramo de 

 Tama, Santander del Norte, 1). 



Conover Collection. — 9: Venezuela, Merida (Rio Mucujon, 4; 

 Sierra de Merida, 1; Paramo Tambor, 1; Capas, 1; Valle, Rio Mucu- 

 jon, 1; La Cuchilla, 1). 



*Oreopeleia linearis trinitatis (Hellmajnr and Seilern).^ Trini- 

 dad White-faced Quail Dove. 



^ Birds from Venezuela {venezuelensis) are not separable from those of Colom- 

 bia, although same individuals have the rump and wings slightly more olivaceous. 



Additional material examined. — Colombia: Bogota, 7; Santa Elena, 1. — Vene- 

 zuela: Valle, Merida, 5; Culata, Merida, 3; Carbonera, Merida, 1; Cumbre de 

 Valencia, Carabobo, 5; Silla de Caracas, 6; Galipdn, Cerro del Avila, 2. 



* Oreopeleia linearis trinitatis (Hellmayr and Seilem): Similar to O. I. linearis, 

 but decidedly smaller, with considerably weaker legs and toes; hind neck cameo 

 brown (instead of gray), just a little darker than the walnut brown nape; upper 

 back anteriorly glossed with bronze-green; upper wing coverts and outer webs of 

 remiges less rufescent, olive brown to cinnamon brown rather than Argus brown 

 to auburn; flanks and under tail coverts paler, Sayal brown rather than cinnamon 

 brown; under wing coverts less rufescent. Wing, 140-148, (female) 138-142; tail, 

 97-104, (female) 95-98; biU, 143^16. 



Independent comparison by the authors of Turumiquire specimens with 

 others from Trinidad reveals the absolute identity of pariae and trinitatis. A 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 617 



Geotrygon linearis triniiatis Hellmayr and Seilern, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 31, 

 p. 13, 1912 — Aripo, Trinidad (type in Munich Museum). 



Peristera frenata{?) (not Columba frenata Tschudi) Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. 

 Hist., 20, p. 374, 1847— Tobago. 



Geotrygon frenata (not Columba frenata Tschudi) Tristram, Cat. Coll. Bds. 

 Tristram, p. 40, 1889— Tobago. 



Peristera linearis (not Columbi-Gallina linearis Provost) Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, 

 p. 373, 1866 — mountains of Trinidad. 



Geotrygon linearis Cory, Auk, 10, p. 220, 1893 — Tobago. 



Geotrygon venezuelensis Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 581, 1893 — 

 part, Tobago; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 192, 1906— 

 Aripo, Trinidad; idem. I.e., p. 370, 1908 — Aripo. 



Geotrygon sp. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 48, 1906 — Trinidad (ex Leotaud). 



Geotrygon pariae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 194, 1914 — Crist6- 

 bal Colon, Paria Peninsula, Venezuela (type in the American Museum of 

 Natural History, New York). 



Geotrygon linearis pariae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 191, p. 6, 1925 — Neveri, 

 Mount Turumiquire, Venezuela (crit.). 



Oreopeleia linearis venezuelensis Roberts, Trop. Agric, 11, p. 92, 1934 — Trini- 

 dad; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1936, p. 8 — Morne Bleue, Trinidad (nest 

 and eggs descr.). 



Oreopeleia linearis pariae Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 132, 1937 (range). 



Oreopeleia linearis trinitatis Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 132, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Islands of Tobago and Trinidad, and northeastern Vene- 

 zuela (in states of Sucr6 and Monagas). 



Field Museum Collection. — 5: Tobago (unspecified, 1); Venezuela 

 (Mount Turumiquire, Sucr^, 4). 



Conover Collection. — 2 : Venezuela (San Rafael, near Cumanacoa, 2) . 

 ♦Oreopeleia frenata frenata (Tschudi). Peruvian Quail Dove. 



Columba frenata Tschudi,» Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 386, 1843— "in sylvis 

 Antium declivitatis orien talis," Peru, probably = Valley of Chanchamayo, 

 Dept. Junin (type in NeuchStel Museum; cf. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 



series from Tobago examined by Hellmayr is identical in coloration, but tends to 

 have very slightly longer wings which vary from 143 to 148 against 140 to 144 in 

 Trinidad. Birds from northwestern Venezuela (Caracas region to Merida) have 

 wings from 154-160, while the tail measures from 110 to 115, and the bill from 

 16 to 17 mm. All these figures refer to adult males. Females are constantly 

 smaller: wing, (Tobago) 142-144, (Trinidad) 138-142, (Caracas region) 153-156. 

 In northeastern Venezuela and Trinidad this quail dove is hardly ever found 

 below 1,800 feet, whereas in Tobago specimens have been obtained as low as 600 

 feet above sea level. 



Additional material examined. — Tobago: Man o' War Bay, 9. — Trinidad: Aripo 

 Range (alt. 1,800 to 2,000 ft.), 6.— Venezuela: Cristobal Colon, Sucr6, 1. 



' We do not find that Temminck ever named a Columba frenata. 




618 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Lond., 1873, p. 783); idem, I.e., 10, (1), p. 306, 1844— Peru; idem, Unters. 

 Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 278, pi. 28, 1846— eastern Peru, 



Geotrygon frenata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 71, 1857 — Peru (descr.); 

 Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, pp. 780, 783— Huasampilla, Dept. 

 Cuzco, Peru (crit.); Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 556 — Amable Maria and 

 Auquimarca, Peru; Selater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 640 — Simaeu, Yuyo, 

 and Tilotilo, Bolivia; Taezanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 257, 1886 — Peru 

 (Huasampilla, Amable Maria, Auquimarca); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. 

 Mus., 21, p. 578, 1893 — Peru (Huasampilla) and Bolivia (Simaeu, Tilotilo, 

 Yuyo); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 44 

 — La Merced and La Gloria, Chanehamayo, Peru; iidem, Ornis, 13, pp. 

 100, 125, 1906 — Idma, Urubamba, and Huaynapata, Marcapata, Peru. 



Oreopeleia frenata Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 47, 1921 — Rio San 



Miguel, Urubamba, Peru. 

 Oreopeleia bourcieri frenata Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 132, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of northern Bolivia (depts. of Cocha- 

 bamba and La Paz) and southern Peru (north to Junin).* 



Conover Collection. — 4: Bolivia (Incachaca, Cochabamba, 4). 



Oreopeleia frenata subgrisea (Chapman). ^ Alamor Quail 

 Dove. 



Oreopelia bourcieri subgrisea Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 31, p. 2, 1922 — 

 Alamor, Prov. Loja, Ecuador (type in the American Museum of Natural 

 History, New York). 



Oreopeleia bourcieri subgrisea Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N, H., 55, p. 173, 

 1926— Alamor and Celica, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 132, 1937— 

 southwestern Ecuador. 



Geotrygon frenata (not Columba frenata Tschudi) Taczanowski, Proe. Zool. 

 Soe. Lond., 1880, p. 213— Cutervo, Peru. 



Geotrygon bourcieri (not of Bonaparte) Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 259, 

 1886 — Cutervo, Tambillo, and Cococho, Peru. 



Range. — Subtropical zone of southwestern Ecuador (in Province 

 of Loja) and northwestern Peru (Cutervo, Tambillo, Cococho, and 

 Leimabamba, Maraiion Valley). 



♦Oreopeleia frenata bourcieri (Bonaparte). Bourcier's Quail 

 Dove. 



Geotrygon bourcieri Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 3, 

 p. 101, Jan., 1855 — Valley of Lloa, Ecuador (type in Paris Museum); 

 idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 71, 1857 — Lloa, Ecuador; Sclater, Proe. Zool. 



1 Birds from Bolivia (San Antonio, La Paz) do not materially differ from 

 others taken in southern Peru (Idma, Urubamba; La Merced, Chanehamayo). 



* Oreopeleia frenata subgrisea (Chapman) : Similar above to O. /. bourcieri, viz. 

 with top of head plain slate gray (not vinaeeous-gray to cameo brown as in frenata), 

 but forehead decidedly paler, nearly whitish, and breast much lighter, drab gray 

 to light drab instead of hair brown. In other words, this form, except for the 




1942 Birds of the Americas— Hellmayr and Conover 619 



Soc. Lond., 28, p. 72, 1860 — Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem and Salvin, Exot. 

 Orn., p. 79, 1867 — part, Lloa and Pallatanga; Berlepsch and Tacza- 

 nowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 312 — La Union, Ecuador; iidem, 

 I.e., 1885, p. Ill — Machay, Banos, and San Rafael, Ecuador; Heine and 

 Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 285, 1890 — Pallatanga; Salva- 

 dori. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 577, 1893 — San Jose and Monji, Ecua- 

 dor; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 504, 1898 — Paramba, Ecuador; Salvadori 

 and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 37, 1900— Gualea and 

 San Jos6, Ecuador; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 603, 1902— Paramba; Good- 

 fellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 228 — below Baeza, Ecuador; Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. 

 Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1206 — Pueblo Rico, San Juan slopes, western Andes, 

 Colombia. 



Oreopeleia bourcieri Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 214, 1917 — 

 Salencio, San Antonio, La Florida, Cocal, Cerro Munchique, Gallera, 

 Almaguer, Miraflores, El Roble, Laguneta, and La Candela, western and 

 central Andes of Colombia (crit.); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 

 14, No. 25, p. 19, 1922^Piganta (Mojanda) and Alonguinche, Ecuador. 



Geotrygon bourcieri baeza Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI., 38, p. 33, 1917 — Baeza, 

 eastern Ecuador (type in the British Museum examined) ; idem. Ibis, 1919, 

 p. 47 — Baeza. 



Geotrygon bourcieri bourcieri Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 46 — Mindo and Cangunana, 

 Ecuador. 



Oreopeleia bourcieri bourcieri Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 172, 

 1926 — Pagma (near Chunchi), Piganta (Mojajida Mountains), Sinche, 

 near Mindo, Zaruma, Zamora, Sabanilla, Baeza, and Sumaco, Ecuador 

 (crit.); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 621, 1932— El 

 Portete de Tarqul, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 132, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of Ecuador (except southwestern sec- 

 tion) and central and western Andes of Colombia.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 1: Colombia (San Antonio, Valle de 

 Cauca, 1). 



Conover Collection.- — 26: Colombia, Cauca, El Tambo (La Costa, 2 

 Munchique, 4); Ecuador (Chical, 3; Taguaquiri, 2; Ramos-Urco, 1 

 San Cadoo-Mindo, Pichincha, 1; Montes Anagumba, imbabura, 4 



lighter forehead, resembles bourcieri on the upper, and frenata on the under parts, 

 and tends to show that these two ground doves are conspecific. 



Material examined. — Peru: Leimabamba, 2. .*' ^i> 



> On comparing specimens from the western Andes of Colombia and both 

 slopes of Ecuador, Hellmayr does not notice any other than individual variations, 

 and finds himself in agreement with Chapman, who, on the basis of much more 

 extensive material, also denies the possibility of maintaining baeza. Birds from the 

 Rio Zamora are, according to this author, inseparable from ^estern examples, 

 while a series from Zaruma forms the transition to subgrisea. 



The occurrence of 0. 1, linearis at Santa EJIena and Puerto Valdivia, as recorded 

 by Chapman, obliges us to regard the O. frenata comnlex as specifically distinct 

 from O. linearis, though further researches may yet shbw that representatives of 

 the two groups do not actually breed together. ^ • 




620 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



Pacto, Pichincha, 1 ; Cerro San Jose, Pichincha, 1 ; head of Rio Tigre, 1 ; 

 Paramba, Imbabura, 1; Monte Chuga, Imbabura, 1; Gualea, Tulipe, 

 1; Chimiplayas, 1; Condeja, 1; Baeza, 1). 



Oreopeleia j^renatajW e rythropa reia (Salvadori).^ Salvadori's 

 Quail Dove. / 



Geotrygon erythropareia Salvadori,^ Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 578, 1893 — 

 Jima and Rosario, Ecuador (type, from "Ecuador," in British Museum). 



Geotrygon bourcieri (not of Bonaparte) Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 79, 

 pi. 40, 1867— Ecuador (in part). 



Oreopeleia erythropareia Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 173, 1926 

 — Jima and Rosario (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 132, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Ecuador (Jima; Rosario). 



Genus STARNOENAS Bonaparte 



Stamoenas Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List Bds. Eur. and N. Amer., p. 41, 

 1838 — type, by monotypy, Columba cyanocephala Linnaeus. 



Starnaenas G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds., 2, p. 479, 1845 (emendation). 



Sternoenas Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xxv, 1852 (emendation). 



Perdicopelia Van der Hoeven, Handb. Dierk., 2nd ed., 2, p. 680, 1855 — new 

 name for Starnaenas Bonaparte. 



' Oreopeleia (Jrenata?) erythropareia (Salvadori), known from three specimens 

 in the British Museum, is of very doubtful status. According to Chapman, it 

 differs from 0. /. bourcieri in having the under tail coverts, as well as the flanks, 

 deep snuflf brown; the breast strongly suffused with the same color; the frontal, 

 malar, and nuchal regions kaiser brown; the crown darker; the whole lower back, 

 upper tail coverts, secondaries, and wing coverts more rufescent. Judging from 

 the figure in "Exotic Ornithology," where the specimen which subsequently became 

 the type of G. erythropareia is depicted, it is altogether a darker and more rufescent 

 bird than the ordinary style of O. f. bourcieri, though the divergencies do nqt 

 strike one as being specific. The type was acquired from Verreaux in 1855, and 

 probably originated in the Napo region whence collections were being received 

 by this naturalist at that period. A second adult in the British Museum, sent by 

 Clarence Buckley, is labeled "Jima," a place on the Amazonian slope of Ecuador 

 southeast of Cuenca. Since Buckley's localities are all subject to uncertainty, 

 the origin of the two only known adults is more or less shrouded in obscurity. 

 This, taken in conjunction with the fact that authentically collected specimens 

 from the regions to the north and south of Jima in eastern Ecuador prove to 

 be inseparable from bourcieri, is apt to cast serious doubts on the existence of a 

 distinct form in the heart of the range on the eastern slope of the Ecuadorian 

 Andes. 



Hellmayr has since compared the two skins with a good series of bourcieri 

 from Ecuador, and can but corroborate Chapman's statement quoted above. 

 They are certainly very much darker and are not approached by any one of the 

 fifteen specimens available for comparison. 



Material examined. — Ecuador: Jima, 1; unspecified, 1 (the type). 



2 Peristera erythropareia G. R. Gray (List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 4, p. 56, 

 1856) is a nomen nudum. 



^5^ /^«Ui.;Wn,^ t^t:^o,\^hl, PMi<i^•^'^ ^OTT^. S^p.^yy 




1942 Birds of the Americas — Hellmayr and Conover 621 



*Starnoenas cyanocephala (Linnaeus). Blue-headed Quail 

 Dove. 



Columba cyanocephala Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 163, 1758 — based 

 on "The Turtle-Dove from Jamaica" Albin, Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 45, 

 pi. 49; Jamaica. 



Columba tetraoides Scopoli, Ann. I. Hist. Nat., p. 125, 1769 — based on an 

 aviary bird of unknown origin. 



Starnoenas cyanocephala Gosse, Bds. Jam., p. 324, 1847 — Jamaica (introduced 

 from Cuba?); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 108, 1856 — Cuba; idem. I.e., 

 22, p. 291, 1874— Cuba (habits); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Columbae, 

 p. 166, 1873— Cuba; Cory, Auk, 4, p. 120, 1887— Cuba (descr.); idem, 

 Bds. W. Ind., p. 221, 1889— Cuba; idem. Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 98, 1892— 

 Cuba; Scott, Auk, 9, p. 125, 1892 — Jamaica (introduced from Cuba?); 

 Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 21, p. 613, 1893— Cuba; Bangs and 

 Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 199, 1905 — Caballos Mountains, Isle of 

 Pines (hearsay); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 7, p. 497, 1916 

 (monog.); Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 220, 1916— Isle of Pines (one 

 record, Aug. 26, 1909); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. CI., 6, p. 72, 1923— 

 Cuba; Peters, Bds. World, 3, p. 138, 1937 (range). 



Range. — Islands of Cuba and Isle of Pines (one record), formerly 

 Jamaica (probably introduced from Cuba), Greater Antilles.^ 



Field Museum Collection. — 13: Cuba (unspecified, 5; Havana, 

 Havana District, 2; near Palacios, Pinar del Rio, 6). 



Conover Collection. — 4: Cuba (Vertientes, Camaguey, 1; Los 

 Palacios, Pinar del Rio, 1; Minas, Havana, 2). 



1 Audubon's record from the Florida keys is regarded as unsatisfactory. Cf . 

 Check List N. Amer. Bds., 4th ed., p. 371, 1931. 




INDEX 



Bold-faced type denotes names adopted in this work. 



PAGE 



Aburria 195 



aburri, Aburria 195 



aburri, Penelope 195 



achrustera, Lophortyx 234 



adspersa, Penelope 165 



adspersus, Crypturellus 51 



adspersus, Tinamus 51 



Aechmoptila 564 



aequatorialis, Penelope 135 



aequatorialis, Rallus 337 



affinis, Crypturus 59 



affinis, Ortyx 257 



aflavida, Columbigallina 528 



agassizii, Nothura 96 



Agriocharis 294 



alascensis, Lagopus 201 



alberti, Crax 127 



albescens, Rhea 3 



albicollis, Porzana 363 



albicollis, Rallus 363 



albida, Eudromia Ill 



albidus, Calopezus Ill 



albifacies, Geotrygon 612 



albifacies, Oreopeleia 612 



albifacies, Peristera 612 



albif rons, Gallinula 378 



albifrons, Leptoptila 564 



albifrons, Ortyx 249 



albigularis, Corethrura 376 



albigularis, Crypturellus 41 



albigularis, Crypturus 41 



albigularis, Laterallus 376 



albilinea, Columba 445 



albinea, Rhea 4 



albini, Crax 131 



albipennis, Columba 439 



albipennis, Penelope 146 



albiventer, Geotrygon 608 



albiventer, Oreopeleia 608 



albiventer, Penelope 173 



albiventris, Aramides 348 



albiventris, Penelope 162 



albivitta, Chamaepelia 521 



albivitta, Columbigallina 521 



albolineata, Columba 446 



albus, Tetrao 201 



Alector 120 



alector, Crax 120 



alexandrae, Lagopus 203 



alfari, Porzana 376 



alleni, Lagopus 203 



alleni, Rhynchotus 82 



altipetens, Lagopus 210 



amabilis, Zenaida 496 



Amaurolimnas 342 



PAGE 



amazilia, Chamaepelia 532 



ambigua, Nothoprocta 93 



americana, Ardea 300 



americana, Cupidonia 222 



americana, Fulica 408 



americana, Meleagris 292 



americana, Rhea 1 



americanus, Grus 300 



americanus, Lagopus 205 



americanus, Porphyrio 404 



americanus, Struthio 1 



anais, Columba (Chamoepelia) . ... 511 



andecola, Eudromia 113 



andersoni, Columba 456 



andicola, Columba 473 



andrei, Crypturellus 38 



andrei, Crypturus 38 



angelica, Leptotila 569 



annulata, Crax 129 



anolaimae, Columba 464 



antarcticus, Rallus 337 



anthonyi, Oreopeleia 613 



antioquiae, Zenaida 494 



antioquiae, Zenaidura 493 



antioquiana, Chamaepetes 186 



antillarum, Chamaepelia 523 



antillarum, Columbigallina. . . . 523 



Anurolimnas 360 



approximans, Leptoptila 580 



approximans, Leptotila 579 



Aramides 345 



Aramus 301 



araneipes, Rhea 1 



araucana, Columba 448 



araucuan, Ortalis 162 



araucuan, Penelope 161 



arcanus, Rhynchotus 84 



ardeoides, Rallus 302 



ardesiaca, Fulica 413 



argyromitra, Penelope 150 



argyrotis, Penelope 157 



argyrotis, Pipile 157 



armillata, Fulica 414 



arthuri, Chaemepelia 538 



asiatica, Columba 500 



asiatica, Zenaida 500 



assimilis, Crypturus 29 



assimilis, Nothura 106 



atkhensis, Lagopus 207 



atra, Fulica 408 



atratus, Canachites 213 



atriceps, Colinus 245 



atriceps, Ortyx 245 



atrifrons, Odontophorus 272 



atrocapillus, Crypturellus 58 



622 




Index 



623 



PAGE 



atro-capillus, Crypturus 58 



atrogularis, Penelope 151 



attwateri, Tympanuchus 223 



aureus, Meleagris 295 



auriculata, Peristera 483 



auriculata, Zenaidura 483 



aurisquamata, Columbina 550 



aurita, Columba 498 



aurita, Crex 383 



aurita, Zenaida 498 



australis, Melopelia 501 



australis, Rhynchortyx 289 



australis, Zenaida 501 



axantha, Chamaepelia 528 



axillaris, Aramides 346 



aymara, Columba 550 



aymara, Leptophaps 550 



azarae, Cariama 428 



badius, Golinus 253 



baeri, Columba 471 



baeza, Geotrygon 619 



bahamensis, Chamaepelia 530 



bahamensis, Colinus 240 



bahamensis, Columbigallina. . . 530 



bahiae, Leptoptila 593 



bahiae, Leptotila 593 



baliolus, Odontophorus 271 



baliolus, Ortal{s 175 



balliviani, Odontophorus 278 



balstoni, Crypturus 53 



bangsi, Leptotila 572 



bangsi, Porzana 366 



barbata, Penelope 158 



barbatus, Dendrortyx 225 



bartletti, Crypturellus 54 



bartletti, Crypturus 54 



battyi, 'Leptoptila 588 



battyi, Leptotila 588 



beattyi, Oreopelia 601 



beldingi, Rallus 334 



belizensis, Rallus 331 



bella, Zenaidura 477 



bensoni, Callipepla 236 



bensoni, Lophortyx 236 



berlepschi, Columba 463 



berlepschi, Crypturellus 31 



berlepschi, Crypturus 31 



bermudiana, Columbigallina 531 



bicincta, Cariama 428 



bicolor, Rallus 322 



bimaculatus, Tinamus 56 



blancaneauxi, Crypturellus 73 



blasiusi, Tinamus 8 



blumenbachii, Crax 122 



boecki, Rufirallus 343 



bogotensis, Chloroenas 472 



bogotensis, Columba 472 



bogotensis, Porphyriops 395 



bogotensis, Zenaida 495 



boliviana, Columba 561 



boliviana, Nothura 97 



PAGE 



boliviana, Penelope 142 



bolivianus, Leptotila 582 



bonapartei, Nothocercus 24 



bonapartei, Tinamus 24 



bonapartii, Leptoptila 586 



Bonasa 214 



boraquira, Nothura 106 



boraquira, Tinamus 107 



borealis, Perdix 239 



boucardi, Crypturellus 73 



boucardi, Tinamus 73 



bourcieri, Nothocercus 26 



bourcieri, Oreopeleia 618 



brachyptera, Leptoptila 571 



branickii, Nothoprocta 87 



brasilianus, Tinamus 21 



brasiliensis, Leptotila 578 



brasiliensis, Mitu 116 



brasiliensis, Peristera 579 



brasiliensis, Scardafella 506 



brasiliensis, Tinamus 21 



brevipennis, Leptoptila 577 



brevirostris, Crypturellus 54 



brevirostris, Tinamus 54 



brewsteri, Cupidonia 222 



bridgesi, Penelope 140 



bronzina, Ortalida 180 



bronzina, Penelope 138 



brooki, Penelope 152 



brunneicauda, Columba 461 



brunneiventris, Tinamus 14 



brunnescens, Bonasa 217 



brunnescens, Laterallus 382 



brunnescens, Lophortyx 233 



brunnescens, Penelope 137 



buccinator, Ardea (Grus) 309 



buckleyi, Chamaepelia 535 



buckleyi, Columbigallina 535 



buckleyi, Odontophorus 265 



burmeisteri, Chunga 429 



burmeisteri, Dicholophus 429 



cabocolo, Columbina 536 



caboti, Colinus 247 



cachaviensis, Geotrygon 609 



cachinnans, Gallinula 395 



cadwaladeri, Nothocercus 28 



caerulescens, Cryptura 43 



caesia, Gallinula 322 



cajanea, Aramides 351 



cajanea, Fulica 351 



californianus, Lophortyx 232 



californica, Lophortyx 232 



californicus, Tetrao 232 



Callipepla 230 



callauchen, Leptoptila 582 



Calodromas 108 



Calopezus 108 



calopterus, Aramides 359 



campestris, Columbina 551 



campestris, Pedioecetes 219 



campestris, Uropelia 551 




624 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



PAGE 



campisylvicola, Pedioecetes 220 



Canace 211 



canace, Canachites 211 



canace, Tetrao 212 



Canachites 211 



canadensis, Ardea 297 



canadensis, Canachites 211 



canadensis, Columba 475 



canadensis, Ectopistes 475 



canadensis, Grus 297 



canadensis, Tetrao 211 



canescens, Bonasa 214 



canescens, Odontophorus 272 



canfieldae, Lophortyx 234 



caniceps, Columba 598 



caniceps, Oreopeleia 598 



canicollis, Ortalis 181 



canicollis, Penelope 181 



cantatrix, Psophia 311 



canus, Crypturus 7 



capistrata, Ortyx 267 



capistratus, Odontophorus 276 



capitalis, Leptotila 571 



captus, Lagopus 204 



capueira, Odontophorus 266 



capueira, Perdix 266 



caquetae, Crypturellus 36 



caquetae, Crypturus 36 



caquetae, Ortalis 166 



caracco, Ortalida 163 



carau, Aramus 302 



Cariama 427 



caribaea, Columba 441 



caribaea, Fulica 412 



caribaeus, Rallus 330 



caroli, Crypturus 55 



Carolina, Porzana 361 



carolinensis, Columba 478 



carolinensis, Zenaidura 478 



carolinus, Rallus 361 



carrikeri, Oreopeleia 611 



carunculata, Aburria 195 



carunculata, Crax 126 



casiquiare, Crypturellus 64 



casiquiare, Crypturornis 65 



cassinii, Leptoptila 567 



cassinii, Leptotila 567 



castanea, Columba 498 



castanea, Ortyx 247 



castaneiceps, Anurolimnas 360 



castaneiceps, Porzana 360 



castaneiceps, Tinamus 13 



castaneiventer, Callipepla 230 



castaneus, Amaurolimnas 342 



castaneus, Colinus 247 



castaneus, Crypturellus 46 



castaneus, Rallus 343 



castaneus, Tinamus 46 



castanogastris, Callipepla 230 



castigatus, Odontophorus 260 



catalinensis, Lophortyx 234 



catingae, Rhynchotus 81 



PAGE 



caucae, Chaemepelia 539 



caucae, Columbigallina 539 



caucae, Crypturellus 35 



caucae, Crypturus 36 



caucae, Ortalis 167 



caucae, Zenaida 481 



caucae, Zenaidura 480 



caveae, Columba 431 



cayanensis, Rallus 383 



cayennensis, Columba 455 



cayennensis, Fulica 351 



cayennensis, Rallus 383 



cearae, Scardafella 506 



cearensis, Nothura 105 



ceciliae, Columba (Chamoepelia) . . 511 



ceciliae, Gymnopelia 511 



centralis, Gallinula 396 



Centrocercus 224 



cerceris, Gallinula 397 



cerverai, Cyanolimnas 345 



cerviniventris, Crypturellus. ... 47 



cerviniventris, Crypturus 47 



cerviniventris, Leptoptila 566 



cerviniventris, Leptotila 566 



cervinus, Crypturus 79 



chacoensis, Nothura 98 



Chaemepelia 513 



chalcauchenia, Leptoptila 583 



Chamaepetes 184 



chamberlaini, Lagopus 207 



chapmani, Columba 474 



chapmani, Crax 131 



chapmani, Micropygia 387 



chapmani, Odontophorus 261 



chapmani, Oenoenas 475 



chapmani, Thyrorhina 387 



chiapensis, Dactylortyx 282 



chilensis, Fulica 416 



chilensis, Zenaida 484 



chinensis, Columba 504 



chinensis, Spilopelia 504 



chiricote, Rallus 351 



chirimotanus, Crypturus 46 



chiriquensis, Columba 462 



chiriquensis, Geotrygon 614 



chiriquensis, Oenoenas 463 



chiriquensis, Oreopeleia 614 



chlorauchenia, Leptoptila 583 



chlorauchenia, Leptotila 583 



Chloroenas 430 



chloropoides, Fulica 414 



chrysauchenia, Peristera 485 



chrysauchenia, Zenaidura 485 



chrysia, Geotrygon 598 



chrysia, Oreopeleia 598 



Chunga 429 



Chunnia . 429 



cinctus, Rhynchortyx 288 



cinerascens, Crypturellus 29 



cinerascens, Nothoprocta 90 



cinerascens, Nothura 90 



cinerea, Columba 554 




Index 



625 



PAGE 



cinerea, Fulica 408 



cinereiceps, Laterallus 375 



cinereiceps, Ortalida 176 



cinereiceps, Ortalis 176 



cinereiceps, Porzana 375 



cinereus, Crypturellus 29 



cinereus, Tetrao 29 



cinereus, Tinamus 29 



cinnamomea, Tinamus 69 



cinnamomeus, Crypturellus. . . 69 



cinnamomina, Chaemepelia 536 



Claravis 553 



clarionensis, Zenaidura 480 



coeruleiceps, Geotrygon 615 



coffini, Colinus 248 



Colinia 238 



Colinus 238 



collaris, Leptotila 565 



colombiana, Penelope 157 



colombianus, Neocrex 391 



coloratus, Odontophorus 269 



Columba 430 



Columbiana, Fulica 410 



Columbiana, Ortalis 166 



columbianus, Crypturellus. ... 74 



columbianus, Crypturus 75 



columbianus, Neocrex 392 



columbianus, Odontophorus. . . 277 



columbianus, Pedioecetes 221 



columbianus, Phasianus 221 



Columbigallina 513 



Columbina 544 



Columbiila 544 



concolor, Amaurolimnas 342 



concolor, Rallus 342 



confinis, Oreortyx 230 



confusus, Crypturellus 49 



confusus, Crypturus 49 



consobrinus, Odontophorus 280 



continentis, Eupsychortyx 256 



coquimbica, Nothoprocta 89 



corensis, Columba 435 



cornuta, Fulica 421 



corrius, Rallus 328 



coryi, Rallus 328 



costaricensis, Crypturellus 74 



costaricensis, Crypturus 74 



costaricensis, Geotrygon 609 



costaricensis, Oreopeleia 609 



Coturnicops 388 



coturniculus, Laterallus 369 



coturniculus, Porzana 369 



coyolcos, Colinus 246 



coyoleos, Tetrao 246 



crassirostris, Fulica 392 



crassirostris, Porphyriops 392 



crassirostris, Rallus 325 



Crassolaryngus 120 



Crax 120 



Creciscus 368 



crepitans, Psophia 308 



crepitans, Rallus 326 



PAGE 



Crex 360 



crex, Crex 360 



crex, Rallus 360 



crissalis, Columba 444 



cristata, Cariama 428 



cristata, Columba 597 



cristata, Meleagris 136 



cristata, Palamedea 428 



cristata, Tetrao 231 



cristatus, Colinus 255 



cristatus, Ortyx 257 



cristatus, Phasianus 295 



cristatus, Tetrao 255 



Crossophthalmus 430 



crucis, Crypturellus 45 



cruziana, Columba 548 



cruziana, Eupelia 548 



Crybastus 368 



Cryptura 7 



Crypturellus 28 



Crypturus 7 



Crypturornis 28 



cubanensis, Colinus 241 



cubanensis, Ortyx 241 



cubanus, Rallus 329 



cujubi, Penelope 189 



cujubi, Pipile 189 



Cumana 188 



cumanensis, Crax 191 



cumanensis, Pipile 191 



Cupidonia 222 



cupido, Tetrao 222 



cupido, Tympanuchus. 222 



cuprea, Columba 601 



curvirostris, Nothoprocta 94 



cyaneicollis, Porphyrio 404 



cyanocephala, Columba 621 



cyanocephala, Starnoenas 621 



cyanoleucus, Porphyrio 406 



Cyanolimnas 344 



cyanopis, Oxypelia 553 



cyanostigma, Chamaepelia 545 



cypereti, Rallus 326 



Cyrtonyx 284 



dabbenei, Penelope 154 



Dactylortyx 281 



darwinii, Nothura 99 



darwinii(i), Rhea 6 



daubentoni, Crax 128 



decipiens, Homoptila 580 



decipiens, Leptotila 580 



decolor, Crypturellus 42 



decolor, Leptoptila 574 



decolor, Leptotila 574 



decoratus, Colinus 253 



decoratus, Eupsychortyx 253 



delattrii, Crypturellus 71 



delattrii, Tinamus 71 



delicata, Columba 472 



Dendragapus 197 



Dendrortyx 225 




626 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



PAGE 



denisea, Columba 448 



dentata, Perdix 262 



Dentophorus 260 



derbianus, Oreophasis 196 



deschauenseei, Ortalis 173 



deserticola, Lophortyx 235 



devius, Dactylortyx 281 



dextralis, Psophia 313 



dialeucos, Scardafella 509 



Dicholophus 428 



dickeyi, Colinus 251 



dickeyi, Penelopina 184 



differens, Cyrtonyx 287 



digressa, Geotrygon 602 



dilutus, Dendrortyx 226 



dispar, Lagopus 204 



dissimilis, Crypturus 62 



dixoni, Lagopus 205 



doeringi, Nothoprocta 91 



dolosus, Aratnus 305 



douglasii, Lophortyx 237 



douglasii, Ortyx 237 



dubusi, Leptoptila 590 



dubusi, Leptotila 590 



duidae, Crypturellus 63 



duncani, Coturnicops 390 



duncani, Ortygops 390 



ecaudata, Gallinula 383 



Ectopistes 475 



edwardsii, Crax 131 



elaeodes, Chaemepelia 534 



elaeodes, Columbigallina 534 



elegans, Eudromia 109 



elegans, Ortyx 237 



elegans, Rallus 332 



ellioti, Meleagris 293 



elucus, Aramus 306 



eluta, Columbigallina 543 



emersoni, Coturnicops 388 



Engyptila 564 



eremophila, Oreortyx 229 



erythrina, Columba 452 



erythrognatha, Crax 121 



Erythrolimnas 368 



erythropareia, Geotrygon 620 



erythropareia, Oreopeleia 620 



ery throps, Neocrex 390 



erythrops, Odontophorus 271 



erythrops, Porzana 390 



erythroptera, Ortalida 179 



ery throptera, Ortalis 179 



erythropus, Crypturellus 61 



erythropus, Tinamus 62 



erythrorynchus, Ourax 115 



erythrothorax, Columba 512 



Eudromia 108 



Eupelia 548 



Eupsychortyx 238 



Eurypyga 424 



evermanni, Lagopus 208 



exigua, Chloroenas 450 



PAGE 



exigua, Columba 450 



exigua, Columbigallina 530 



exilis, Laterallus 373 



exilis, Rallus 373 



exsul, Chloroenas 450 



exsul, Nesopelia 504 



facialis, Crex 383 



fagani, Chamaepetes 186 



fallax, Chloroenas 441 



farinosus, Tinamus 10 



fasciata, Columba 442 



fasciata, Cryptura 102 



fasciata, Porzana 381 



fasciatus, Laterallus 381 



fasciatus, Ortyx 238 



fasciatus, Philortyx 238 



fasciatus, Rhynchotus 82 



fasciolata, Crax 123 



femoralis, Crex 395 



fera, Meleagris 292 



figginsi, Uropelia 552 



fitzroyii, Columba 449 



flavirostris, Columba 452 



fiavirostris, Fulica 406 



flavirostris, Porphyrula 406 



flaviventer, Porzana 367 



fiaviventer, Rallus 367 



flemingi, Dendragapus 197 



floridanus, Colinus 240 



floridanus, Ortyx 240 



formosa, Eudromia 112 



formosus, Calopezus 112 



franklinii, Canachites 213 



franklinii, Tetrao 213 



frantzii, Nothocercus 25 



frantzii, Ortalida 175 



frantzii, Ortalis 175 



frantzii, Tinamus 25 



fraterculus, Grus 298 



frenata, Columba 617" 



f renata, Oreopeleia 617 



frontalis, Columba 591 



frontata, Fulica 416 



fronticornis, Penelope 196 " 



Fulica 407 



fulica, Colymbus 422 



fulica, Heliornis 422 



f ulicarius, Heliornis 422 



fuliginosa, Canace 199 



fuliginosus, Dendragapus 199 



fulvescens, Nothoprocta 93 



fulvicauda, Ortalis 171 



fulvipectus, Callipepla 235 



fulviventris, Leptoptila 571 



fulviventris, Leptotila 571 



fumosus, Crypturus 29 



fusca, Columba 478 



fusca, Grus 297 



fuscipennis, Nothocercus 25 



fuscipennis, Tinamus 12 



fuscus, Dactylortyx 284 




Index 



627 



PAGE 



galapagoensis, Nesopelia 503 



galapagoensis, Porzana 373 



galapagoensis, Zenaida 503 



galeata, Crax 118 



galeata, Crex 399 



galeata, Gallinula 399 



galeata, Numida 291 



Galeolimnas 361 



Gallinula 395 



gallinuloides, Fulica 418 



gallopavo, Meleagris 294 



gatnbelii, Lophortyx 235 



Ganix 159 



garleppi, Crypturellus 59 



garleppi, Crypturus 59 



garleppi, Pterocnemia 5 



gartnani, Gallinula 402 



garrula, Ortalis 178 



garrulus, Phasianus 178 



gaumeri, Engyptila 566 



gaumeri, Leptotila 566 



geoffroyi, Columba 557 



Geotrygon 597 



gigantea, Fulica 420 



giganteus, Rallus 307 



gigas, Gallinula 357 



gigas, Phalaria 421 



gigas, Rallus 302 



Glaucestes 403 



globulosa, Crax« 126 



godef rida, Glaravis 557 



godef rida, Columba 557 



godinae, Chamaepelia 536 



godmani, Colinus 244 



godmani, Nothoprocta 86 



goldmani, Coturnicops 389 



goldmani, Crypturellus 68 



goldmani, Crypturus 68 



goldmarii, Geotrygon 611 



goldmani, Oreopeleia 611 



goldmani, Porzana 389 



goodsoni, Columba 462 



gossii, Laterirallus 365 



gossii, Porzana 365 



goudotii, Chamaepetes 186 



goudotii, Ortalida 186 



gouldi, Eupsychortyx 256 



gracilis, Columba 548 



grahami, Aramides 354 



granatina, Chamaepelia 521 



granti, Penelope 144 



grayi, Crax 125 



grayi, Penelope 194 



graysoni, Colinus 243 



graysoni, Ortyx 243 



graysoni, Zenaidura 480 



greeyi, Penelope 134 



gregaria, Trygon 476 



grenadensis, Fulica 409 



griscomi, Crax 132 



grisea, Columba 532 



grisea, Ortalis 181 



PAGE 



griseiceps, Ortalis 167 



griseipectus, Dendrortyx 225 



griseiventris, Crypturellus 47 



griseiventris, Crypturus 47 



griseola, Columbigallina 519 



griseola, Columbina 519 



groenlandicus, Lagopus 204 



gronlandicus, Lagopus 204 



Grus 297 



guan, Penelope 136 



guarauna, Aramus 301 



guarauna, Scolopax 301 



guatemalensis, Corethrura 343 



guayaquilensis, Columba 446 



guazu, Cryptera 82 



gujanensis, Odontophorus 262 



gujanensis, Tetrao 262 



gularis, Crex 363 



guttata, Ortalis 165 



guttata, Ortyx 279 



guttata, Penelope 165 



guttata, Tetrao 286 



guttatus, Odontophorus 279 



guttatus, Porphyriops 394 



guttatus, Tinamus 22 



guttulatus, Tinamus 11 



gutturalis, Aramides 356 



Gymnopelia 510 



gymnophthalmos, Columba 435 



gymnophthalmus, Columba 435 



gymnops, Gymnopelia 512 



Hapalocrex 361 



harterti, Crypturellus 35 



harterti, Crypturus 35 



hauxwelli, Porzana 382 



hecki, Crax 131 



Helias 424 



helias, Ardea 426 



helias, Eurypyga 426 



Heliornis 422 



helius, Rallus 328 



hellmayri, Crypturus 64 



hellmayri, Leptotila 591 



hendersoni, Porzana 365 



hibernans, Rallus 339 



histrio, Columba 475 



hoatzin, Opisthocomus 295 



hoazin, Opisthocomus 295 



hoazin, Phasianus 295 



hoffmannsi, Crypturus ^2__>, KoJoS"^ 



Homoptila 564 



hortulana, Chamaepelia 527 



horvathi, Colinus 256 



horvathi, Eupsychortyx 256 



howardi, Dendragapus 201 



hoyianus, Grus 301 



humilis, Rallus 323 



Hydrocicca 392 



hydrogallina, Rallus 351, 358 



Hylobrontes 214 



hyperythrus, Odontophorus. . . 274 




628 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



PAGE 



hypochracea, Crypturornis. ... 43 



hypoleuca, Zenaida 481 



hypoleuca, Zenaidura 481 



hypoleucus, Colinus 249 



hypoleucus, Eupsychortyx 249 



hypopius, Rhynchortyx 289 



hypospodius, Dendrortyx 228 



hyposp>odius, Odontophorus 274 



iacucaca, Penelope 155 



idoneus, Crypturellus 65 



idoneus, Crypturus 65 



imbricata, Columba 433 



immaculatus, Ralliis 322 



inca, Chamoepelia 508 



inca, Claravis 560 



inca, Scardaf ella 508 



incommoda, Crax 128 



inconspicuus, Crypturellus. ... 40 



inexpectata, Penelope 159 



inexpectatus, Tinamus 16 



infusca, Geotrj'gon 615 



infusca, Oreopeleia 615 



infuscata, Columba 470 



ingoufi, Tinamotis 114 



innotata, Zenaida 561 



inops, Crypturellus 81 



inoptatus, Limnopardalis 340 



inoptatus, Pardirallus 340 



inornata, Columba 449 



inomatus, Crypturus 68 



insignis, Colinus 245 



insolitus, Limnopardaliis 340 



insolitus, Pardirallus 340 



insulanus, Colinus 240 



insularis, Columbigallina 527 



insularls, Leptotila 576 



insularum, Rallus 328 



intercedens, Nothocercus 24 



interjecta, Psophia 313 



intermedia, Eudromia Ill 



intermedia, Leptoptila 582 



intermedia, Meleagris 293 



intermedia, Ortalis 171 



intermedia, Rhea 3 



intermedius, Calopezus Ill 



intermedius, Trachypelmus 18 



interrupta, Chaemepelia 535 



interrupta, Columbigallina. . . 534 



lonomis 403 



jacquafu, Penelope 142 



jacquinii, Penelope 194 



jacquini, Pipile 189 



jacu-caca, Penelope 155 



jacupeba, Penelope 133 



jacupema, Penelope 133 



Jacupemba, Penelope 148 



jacutinga, Penelope 190 



Jacutinga, Pipile 190 



jalapensis, Ortalis 171 



jamaicensis, Columba 564 



PAGE 



jamaicensis, Columbigallina. . . 529 



jamaicensis, Laterallus 370 



jamaicensis, Leptotila 564 



jamaicensis, Rallus 370 



jamesi, Pedioecetes 220 



jessieae, Zenaida 489 



jessieae, Zenaidura 489 



jobsii, Bonasa 216 



Julius, Nothocercus 26 



julius, Tinamus 26 



kalinowskii, Leptotila 582 



kalinowskii, Nothoprocta 86 



katraca, Phasianus 159 



kelloggae, Lagopus 206 



kennicottii, Pediocaetes 221 



kennicottii, Pedioecetes 221 



kerberti, Crypturus 79 



kerriae, Crypturellus 75 



kerriae, Crypturus 75 



kiolo, Rallus 383 



kleei, Crypturus 8 



kleei, Tinamus 8 



labradorius, Canachites 211 



Lagopus 201 



lagopus, Lagopus 201 



lagopus, Tetrao 201 



lakoi, Orthocrypturus 56 



lamprauchen, Columba 442 



landbecki, Rallus 316 



lansbergii, Peristera 560 



latens, Aramides 355 



lateralis, Crex 378 



Laterallus 368 



Laterirallus. . . . .^ 368 



latifrons, Tinamus 15 



laubmanni, Crypturellus 44 



lawrencii, Geotrygon 610 



lawrencii, Oreopeleia 610 



lentipes, Oreopelia 611 



Lepidoenas 430 



lepidotus, Crypturellus 77 



lepidotus, Crypturus 77 



Leptopelia 514 



Leptophaps 549 



Leptopila 564 



Leptoptila 564 



Leptotila 564 



letonai, Columba 443 



leucocephala, Columba 431 



leucofimbria, Cariama 428 



leucofrenatus, Eupsychortyx 250 



leucogastra, Ortalis 173 



leucogastra, Penelope 174 



leucogastra, Porzana 375 



leucolaemus, Odontophorus. . . 277 



leucolophos, Penelope 191 



leucometopius, Oreopeleia 598 



leucophaeus, Rallus 329 



leucophrys, Dendrortyx 227 



leucophrys, Ortyx . 227 




Index 



629 



PAGE 



leucopogon, Colinus 249 



leucopogon, Ortyx 249 



leucoprosopon, Lophortyx 237 



leucoptera, Columba 500 



leucoptera, Fulica 417 



leucoptera, Penelope 190 



leucoptera, Psophia 310 



leucopterus, Lagopus 202 



leucopterus, Porphyriops 394 



leucopyga, Fulica 409 



leucopyrrhus, Laterallus 385 



leucopyrrhus, Rallus 385 



leucothrix, Penelope 156 



leucotis, Colinus 254 



leucotis, Ortyx 254 



leucurus, Lagopus 209 



leucurus, Tetrao 209 



levipes, Rallus 333 



levraudi, Laterallus 382 



levraudi, Porzana 382 



leylandi, Ortyx 250 



lichtensteinii, Penelope 157 



litnicola, Rallus 335 



limnetis, Rallus 329 



Limnogeranus 297 



Limnopardalis 339 



Limnopardalus 339 



linearis, Columbi-Gallina 615 



linearis, Oreopeleia 615 



lineolatus, Dactylortyx 282 



lineolatus, Odontophorus 282 



Lithoenas 430 



littoralis, Colinus 254 



littoralis, Eupsychortyx 255 



livia, Columba 431 



livida, Claravis 556 



locutrix, Columba 470 



longicauda, Ortalis 169 



longirostris, Grus 298 



longirostris, Rallus 324 



longirostris, Tinamus 62 



Lophocerus 118 



Lophorhynchus 428 



Lophortyx 232 



loricata, Columba 437 



loricatus, Odontophorus 276 



lucida, Zenaida 497 



luridus, Rallus 318 



lyardi, Crypturornis 42 



Lycornis 408 



Lysca 408 



macconnelli, Creciscus 379 



macconnelli, Crypturus 29 



macconnelli, Leptoptila 579 



macropus, Pardirallus 323 



macrorhyncha, Rhea 2 



macroura, Columba 477 



macroura, Dendrortyx 225 



macroura, Ortyx 225 



macroura, Zenaidura 477 



maculata, Columba 485 



PAGE 



maculatus, Colinus 242 



maculatus, Pardirallus 340 



maculatus, Rallus 340 



maculicollis, Rhynchotus 85 



maculosa, Columba 439 



maculosa, Nothura 102 



madrensis, Columba 451 



magoua, Cryptura 21 



major, Eurypyga 424 



major, Fulica 351 



major, Nothura 104 



major, Penelope 150 



major, Tetrao 21 



major, Tinamus 21 



malae, Leptotila 587 



mangle, Aramides 345 



mangle, Gallinula 345 



manglecola, Rallus 330 



marail, Penelope 133 



marail, Phasianus 133 



marajoensis, Zenaida 489 



marajoensis, Zenaidura 489 



marcgravii, Microdactylus 428 



marginalis, Columba 438 



marginata, Columba 477 



marginella, Ecto pistes 479 



marginella, Zenaidura 479 



marilandicus, Tetrao 239 



marilandus, Tetrao 239 



marmorata, Nothura 107 



marmorata, Tetrao 225 



marmoratus, Odontophorus. . . 260 



marmoratus, Ortyx (Odontophorus) 260 



martinica, Columba 601 



martinica, Fulica 403 



martinica, Oreopeleia 601 



martinica, Porphyrula 403 



martinicana, Zenaida 498 



martinicensis, Fulica 403 



maruetta, Porzana 361 



massena, Ortyx 285 



matudae, Odontophorus 280 



maxima, Fulica 421 



maximus, Rallus 351 



mccalli, Ortalida 169 



mccalli, Ortalis 169 



mearnsi, Cyrtonyx 284 



mearnsi, Melopelia 499 



mearnsi, Zenaida 499 



medianus, Bonasa 214 



medius, Odontophorus 264 



medius, Tinamus 105 



Megalornis 297 



megalura, Leptoptila 585 



megalura, Leptotila 585 



melampyga, Crex 357 



melanophaius, Laterallus 378 



melanophaius, Rallus 378 



melanops, Porphyriops 393 



melanops, Rallus 393 



melanoptera, Columba 561 



melanoptera, Metriopelia 561 




630 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



PAGE 



melanotis, Odontophorus 268 



melanonotus, Odontophorus. . . 273 



melanura, Chamaepelia 561 



melanurus, Rallus 358 



Meleagris 292 



meleagris, Odontophorus 286 



meloda, Columba 502 



meloda, Zenaida 502 



Melopeleia 495 



Melopelia 495 



mendozensis, Nothura 98 



meridionalis, Columba 483 



meridionalis, Eurypyga 425 



merriami, Cyrtonyx 286 



merriami, Meleagris 293 



meserythrus, Crypturellus 31 



meserythrus, Tinamus 32 



Metriopeleia 561 



Metriopelia 561 



mexicana, Aramides 347 



mexicana, Ardea (Grus) 299 



mexicana, Meleagris 294 



mexicana, Peristera 612 



mexicanus, Crypturellus 66 



mexicanus, Crypturus 67 



mexicanus, Tetrao 239 



miantoptera, Chamaepelia 558 



Microcrypturus 28 



Microdactylus 428 



Micropelia 505 



Micropygia 386 



migratoria, Columba 475 



mikani, Crax 127, 128 



minima, Columba 453 



minor, Colinus 244 



minor, Fulida 419 



minor, Nothura 106 



minor, Tinamus 106 



minuta, Columba 531 



minuta, Columbigallina 531 



minutus, Rallus 367 



mira, Eudromia 109 



mira, Ortalis 178 



Mitu 115 



Mitua 115 



mitu, Crax 115 



mitu, Mitu 115 



Mituporanga 120 



mocquerysi, Colinus 259 



mocquerysi, Eupsychortyx 259 



modestus, Crypturellus 33 



modestus, Crypturus 33 



moebiusi, Nothoprocta 92 



mondetoura, Claravis 559 



mondetoura, Peristera 559 



monilis, Columba 442 



montagnii, Ortalida 151 



montagnii, Penelope 151 



montana, Columba 602 



montana, Oreopeleia 602 



montana, Penelope 157 



montezumae, Cyrtonyx 285 



PAGE 



montezumae, Ortyx 285 



monticola, Bonasa 214 



monticola, Columba 433 



morenoi, Calopezus 110 



morenoi, Eudromia 110 



morenoi, Gymnopelia 513 



motmot, Ortalis 159 



motmot, Phasianus 159 



munroi, Dendragapus 199 



murivagans, Creciscus 370 



murivagans, Laterallus 370 



mustelina, Crex 363 



mustelinus, Crypturellus 37 



mustelinus, Crypturus 37 



Mustelirallus 361 



mystacea, Columba 600 



mystacea, Oreopeleia 600 



nana, Chaemepelia 518 



nana, Columbigallina 518 



nandu, Rhea 2 



nandua, Rhea 2 



nanus, Taoniscus 108 



nanus, Tinamus 108 



napensis, Psophia 310 



nattereri, Pipile 193 



nattereri, Tinamus 10 



naumburgae, Pipile 194 



navassae, Chaemepelia 529 



navassae, Columbigallina 529 



nayaritensis, Rallus 335 



neglecta, Chaemepelia 516 



neglecta, Columbigallina 516 



nelsoni, Lagopus 205 



Neocrex 390 



neoxena, Engyptila 565 



neoxena, Leptotila 565 



neoxenus, Ortyx 255 



nesiotes, Grus 300 



Nesopelia 503 



nesophila, Chaemepelia 54S 



niambu, Pezus 76, 77 



nicaraguae, Dendrortyx 227 



niediecki, Grus 298 



niger, Penelope 183 



nigra, Crax 120 



nigra, Penelopina 183 



nigricans, Rallus 321 



nigricapilla, Penelope 140 



nigriceps, Crypturellus 37 



nigriceps, Crypturus 37 



nigrifrons, Penelope 154, 190 



nigripectus, Colinus 244 



nigrirostris, Columba 460 



nigrirostris, Columbigallina. . . 525 



nigrocapillus, Nothocercus 27 



nigrocapillus, Tinamus 27 



nigrogularis, Colinus 247 



nigrogularis, Ortyx 247 



nigroguttata, Nothura 100 



nivosus, Rallus 341 



nobilis, Rhea 1 




Index 



631 



PAGE 



noctivagus, Grypturellus 59 



noctivagus, Tinamus 59 



noronha, Zenaida 488 



noronha, Zenaidura 488 



notata, Coturnicops 389 



notata, Zapornia 389 



Notherodius 301 



Nothocercus 23 



Nothocrax 114 



Nothoprocta 86 



Nothura 95 



Nothurus 81, 95 



Notioenas 431 



notius, Leptotila 587 



noveboracensis, Coturnicops . . . 388 



noveboracensis, Fulica 388 



nudifrons, Crax 115 



Numida 291 



nuttingi, Leptotila 573 



oaxacae, Dendrortyx 226 



obscura, Penelope 139 



obscura, Psophia 314 



obscurus, Dendragapus 198 



obscurus, Tetrao 198 



obsoleta, Gymnopelia 510 



obsoletus, Grypturellus 43 



obsoletus, Rallus 332 



obsoletus, Tinamus 43 



occidentalis, Cdlumba 457 



occidentalis, Grypturellus 66 



occidentalis, Lagopus 204 



occidentalis, Leptotila 574 



occidentalis, Meleagris 292 



ocellata, Agriocharis 294 



ocellatus, Cyrtonyx 287 



ochoterena, Glaravis 558 



ochraceiventris, Grypturellus. . 45 



ochraceiventris, Crypturus 45 



ochraceiventris, Leptotila 569 



ochrogaster, Penelope 156 



ochromitra, Penelope 147 



ochroptera, Leptoptila 580 



ochroptera, Psophia 312 



Odontophorus 260 



Oenoenas 431 



oenops, Golumba 460 



oenops, Laterallus 377 



oenops, Porzana 378 



ogilvie-granti, Golumba 466 



olivacea, Ortalis 177 



olivacea, Penelope 140 



olivaceiceps, Penelope 156 



olivaceus, Rallus 364 



olivascens, Neocrex 390 



olivascens, Tinamus 19 



onusta, Meleagris 294 



Opetioptila 195 



Opisthocomus 295 



orecta, Lophortyx 232 



Oreopeleia 597 



Oreophasis 196 



PAGE 



Oreortyx 228 



organorum, Tinamus 10 



orienticola, Penelope 143 



ornata, Nothoprocta 87 



Oropeleia 597 



Oropelia 598 



Ortaldia 159 



Ortalis 159 



Orthocorys 295 



Orthocrypturus 28 



ortoni, Penelope 145 



Ortygarchus 345 



Ortygia 238 



Ortygonax 314 



Ortygops 388 



Ortyx 238 



oruro, Nothura 96 



osceola, Meleagris 292 



Osculatia 595 



osgoodi, Ganachites 212 



Ourax 118 



oustaleti, Nothoprocta 92 



Oxypelia 553 



pachyrhynchus, Odontophorus 265 



pacifica, Aramides 349 



pacifica, Columba 597 



pacificus, Rallus 336 



palawa, Meleagris 292 



pallens, Zenaida 482 



pallescens, Chamaepelia 514 



pallescens, Golumba 471 



pallescens, Golumbigallina 514 



pallescens, Rhynchotus 83 



pallida, Gallipepla 231 



pallida, Leptoptila 588 



pallida, Leptotila 588 



pallidicincta, Cupidonia. 224 



pallidicinctus, Tympanuchus. . 224 



pallidicrissa, Columba 453 



pallidipectus, Leptotila. 589 



pallidiventris, Ortalis 172 



pallidus, Dendragapus 199 



pallidus, Eupsychortyx 259 



pallidus, Rallus 331 



palmeri, Oreortyx 229 



panamensis, Colinus 252 



panamensis, Crax 131 



panamensis, Grypturellus 34 



panamensis, Crypturus 34 



panamensis, Odontophorus 261 



pantanalensis, Ortalis 182 



panucensis, Ortyx 242 



parambae, Odontophorus 270 



Pardirallus 339 



pariae, Geotrygon 617 



parraka, Phasianus 159 



parrakoua, Penelope 159 



parraqua, Phasianus 159 



parva, Golumba 444 



parva, Fulica 403 



parvicristatus, Colinus 258 




632 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



PAGE 



parvicristatus, Ortyx 258 



parvirostris, Crypturellus 75 



parvirostris, Crj'pturus 76 



parvula, Chaemepelia 517 



parvula, Columbigallina 517 



passerina, Columba 514 



passerina, Columbigallina 514 



Patagioenas 430 



Pauxi 118 



pauxi, Crax 118 



pauxi, Pauxi 118 



pauxiila, Gallinula 401 



Pauxis 118 



pavoninus, Taoniscus 108 



Pavuncula 108 



pectoralis, Colinus 243 



pectoralis, Ortyx 243 



Pediocaetes 219 



Pedioecetes 219 



pelodramus, Rallus 324 



pembertoni, Lophortvx 236 



Penelope '. 133 



Penelopina 183 



Penelops 159 



Penelopsis 159 



peninsularis, Columba 469 



peninsularis, Lagopus 209 



pennata, Pterocnemia 6 



pennata, Rhea 6 



pentheria, Zenaida 494 



pentheria, Zenaidura 494 



pentlandii, Nothoprocta 91 



pentlandii, Rhynchotus 91 



pentlandii, Tinamotis 112 



percautus, Tinamus 12 



perdicaria, Nothoprocta 88 



perdicarius, Cr>'pturus 88 



Perdicopelia 620 



Perdix 290 



perdix, Perdix 290 



perdix, Rhynchotus 88 



perdix, Tetrao 290 



Perissura 477 



PerLstera 553 



perpallida, Columbigallina 521 



perrotiana, Ortyx 238 



persiccus, Colinus 247 



personatus, Philortyx 238 



perspicax, Penelope 137 



perspicillata, Perdix 286 



peruviana, Aramides 354 



peruviana, Crypturellus 80 



peruviana, Crypturus 80 



peruviana, Fulica 411 



peruviana, Nothoprocta 94 



peruviana, Nothura 95 



peruvianas, Rallus 338 



peruvianus, Tinamus 18 



Pezus 7 



Phalaria 407 



phalenoides, Helias 426 



phasianellus, Pedioecetes 219 



PAGE 



phasianellus, Tetrao 219 



Phasianus 290 



Philortyx 238 



picazuro, Columba 436 



Picazurus 480 



picta, Oreortyx 228 



picta, Ortj'x 228 



pictus, Aramus 307 



pictus, Tantalus 307 



picui, Columba 544 



picui, Columbina 544 



pileata, Gallinula 383 



pileata, Penelope 156 



pileatus, Tetrao 39 



pinima, Crax 123 



pinnata, Cupidonia 223 



pinnatus, Tympanuchus 223 



Pipile 188 



pipile, Crax 189 



pipile, Pipile 188 



Platypteroena 477 



plumbea, Chamaepelia 556 



plumbea, Columba 469 



plumbea, Lophortyx 232 



plumbeiceps, Leptoptila 586 



plumbeiceps, Leptotila 586 



plumbeiceps, Nothocercus 23 



plumbeicollis, Aramides 350 



plumbeicoUis, Odontophorus. . 268 



plumbescens, Melopelia 456 



plumbeus, Tinamus 78 



plumbiceps, Ortalida . 172 



plumbiceps, Ortalis 172 



plimiifera, Ortj-x 228 



plumosa, Penelope 153 



Podoa 422 



poiciloptera, Columba 440 



poliocephala, Ortalis 168 



poliocephala, Penelope 168 



poliocephalus, Crypturellus. . . 33 



poliocephalus, Crypturomis 34 



polionotus, Odontophorus 261 



poliophaea, Grus 297 



poliotis, Rallus 383 



Porphyriola 403 



Porphyriops 392 



Porphyrula 403 



portoricensis, Chamaepelia 526 



portoricensis, Columba 433 



portoricensis, Columbigallina 526 



portoricensis, Gallinula 398 



Porzana 361 



porzana, Porzana 361 



porzana, Rallus 361 



praepes, Crypturellus 71 



praepes, Crypturomis 72 



pratensis, Crex 360 



pratensis, Grus 299 



pretiosa, Claravis 554 



pretiosa, Peristera 554 



propinqua, Columba 473 



proxima, Columba 450 




Index 



633 



PAGE 



pseudalector, Crax 131 



pseudonyma, Penelope 147 



Psophia 308 



psophia, Grus 309 



Pterocnemia 5 



Pterocnemis 5 



pudibundus, Rhynchortyx 288 



pulchra, Claravis 560 



punctulata, Nothura 88 



punensis, Crypturellus 44 



punensis, Crypturus 45 



purpurascens, Penelope 134 



purpura ta, Osculatia 595 



purpurea, Chamaepelia 514 



purpurea, Osculatia 595 



purpureotincta, Golumba 467 



purpurascens, Penelope 150 



pygmaea, Crex 369 



pygmaeus, Laterallus 368 



Pyrgitoenas 514 



quitensis, Chaemepelia 518 



quitensis, Golumbigallina 518 



radiatus, Tinamus 48 



rainierensis, Lagopus 209 



Rallus 314 



ramsdeni, Rallus 332 



recondita, Golumba 465 



reichenbachi, Crossophthalmus 440 



reichenbachii, Leptoptila 593 



reichenbachii, Leptotila 593 



reinhardi, Lagopus 204 



reinhardi, Tetrao 204 



restricta, Golumba 451 



Rhea 1 



rhea, Struthio 1 



Rhinch'otus 81 



rhizophorae, Rallus 334 



Rhynchortyx 288 



Rhynchotis 81 



Rhynchotus 81 



richardsoni, Zenaida 496 



richardsonii, Dendragapus 198 



richardsonii, Tetrao 198 



richi, Coturnicops 388 



ridgwayi, Golinus 242 



ridgwayi, Scardafella 507 



riottei, Leptoptila 574 



riottei, Leptotila 573 



risoria, Golumba 505 



risoria, Streptopelia 505 



robinsoni, Zenaida 492 



robustus, Tinamus 11 



roraimae, Golumba 447 



rostrata, Nothoprocta 88 



rothschildi, Osculatia 596 



rothschildi, Rhea 4 



ruber, Laterallus 380 



ruberrimus, Creciscus 381 



ruberrimus, Laterallus 381 



rubida, Geotrygon 611 



PAGE 



rubida, Oreopeleia 611 



rubigenis, Odontophorus 288 



rubra, Corethrura 380 



rubra, Grax 129 



rubra, Pauxis 119 



rubripes, Grypturellus 58 



rubripes, Crypturus , . . . . 58 



rubripes, Zenaida 491 



rubrirostris, Grax 122 



rufaxilla, Golumba 591 



rufaxilla, Leptotila 591 



rufescens, Grypturellus 30 



rufescens, Leptoptila 594 



rufescens, Penelopina 184 



rufescens, Rhynchotus 82 



rufescens, Tinamus 82 



ruficauda, Ortalida 180 



ruficauda, Ortalis 180 



ruficauda, Zenaida 491 



ruficeps, Gallinula 351 



ruficeps, Ortalis 161 



ruficeps, Penelope 161 



ruficeps, Tinamus 17 



ruficollis, Fulica 357 



ruficollis, Gallinula 374 



ruficrissa, Ortalida 174 



ruficrissa, Ortalis 174 



rufifrons, Fulica 419 



rufina, Golumba 455 



rufina, Perdix 262 



rufinucha, Leptoptila 568 



rufinucha, Leptotila 568 



rufipennis, Ghamaepelia 540 



rufipennis, Golumbigallina 540 



Rufirallus 368 



rufiventris, Ghamaepetes 188 



rufiventris, Geotrygon 609 



rufiventris, Penelope 188 



rufoterminata, Ortalida 180 



rufus, Odontophorus 262 



rufus, Tinamus 44 



rupestris, Lagopus 206 



rupestris, Tetrao 206 



rytirhynchos, Rallus 319 



sabae, Geotrygon 600 



sabini, Bonasa 218 



sabini, Tetrao 218 



salinasi, Laterallus 371 



salinasi, Rallus 371 



sallaei, Grypturellus 67 



sallaei, Nothocernus 67 



sallei, Gyrtonyx 287 



salmoni, Aramides 354 



Salpiza 133 



Salpizusa 133 



salvadoranus, Dactylortyx 283 



salvadorii, Nothocercus 26 



salvadorii, Nothura 97 



salvadorii, Zenaida 496 



salvini, Claravis 559 



salvini, Golinus 246 




634 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



PAGB 



salvini, Crypturellus 57 



salvini, Crypturus 56 



salvini, Mitu 117 



salvini, Mitua 117 



salvini, Tinamus 13 



sana, Lophortyx 234 



sanborni, Nothoprocta 89 



sanctae-marthae, Chamaepetes 185 



sanfordi, Lagopus 208 



sanguinolentus, Rallus 319 



Santiago, Leptotila 570 



saphirina, Geotrygon 596 



saphirina, Osculatia 596 



saracura, Aramides 358 



saracura, Gallinula 358 



Sariama 428 



Sasa 295 



saturata, Leptoptila 585 



saturata, Leptotila 585 



saturatior, Metriopelia 563 



saturatus, OrtaUs 176 



saturatus, Rallus 330 



saturatus, Tinamus 15 



saurophaga, Cariama 428 



savannarum, Nothura 103 



saxatilis, Lagopus 210 



Scardafella 505 



schisto fimbria, Cariama 428 



schlegelii, Grus 298 



schomburgkii, Crex 387 



schomburgkii, Micropygia 387 



schreineri, Nothura 95 



sclateri, Colinus 250 



sclateri, Crax 124 



sclateri, Eupsychortyx 250 



sclateri, Micropygia 381 



sclateri, Penelope 154 



scolopacea, Ardea 302 



scolopax, Nothocercus 48 



scottii, Rallus 327 



segoviensis, Colinus 248 



semiplumbeus, Rallus 338 



septentrionalis, Crypturellus 78 



septentrionalis, Tinamus 9 



serratus, Tinamus 20 



sharpei, Creciscus 373 



sharpei, Dactylort3nc 282 



sierrae, Dendragapus 200 



silvestris, Meleagris 292 



silvestris, Oreopeleia 613 



simonsi, Nothoprocta 93 



simonsi, Odontophorus 266 



simonsi, Pardirallus 315 



simonsi, Rallus 315 



simplex, Crypturellus 51 



simplex, Crj'pturus 52 



sitkensis, Dendragapus 199 



sloanei, Crax 120 



smithianus, Odontophorus 277 



soconuscensis, Crypturellus.... 69 



socorroensis, Columbigallina. . . 515 



soderstromii, Odontophorus. . . 274 



PAGE 



Solaris, Scolopax 426 



solitaria, Columba 452 



solitaria, Cryptura 10 



solitarius, Tinamus 10 



sonnini, Colinus 257 



sonnini, Perdix 257 



soui, Crypturellus 39 



soui, Tinamus 39 



souleyetiana, Zenaida 502 



sovi, Tetrao 39 



spadicea, Zenaida 496 



speciosa, Columba 434 



speciosa, Penelope 141 



speciosus, Odontophorus 275 



spencei, Crypturus 63 



Sphaerolaryngxis 120 



spilodera, Chloroenas 434 



spilogaster, Ortyx 237 



spilonota, Zapomia 373 



spilonotus, Laterallus 373 



Spilopelia 504 



spiloptera, Porzana 372 



spilopterus, Laterallus 372 



spixi, Nothura 107 



spodiost«thus, Odontophorus 288 



squamata, Callipepla 231 



squamata, Ortalida 164 



squamata, Ortalis 163 



squamatus, Ortyx 231 



squammata, Columba 505 



squammata, Scardafella 505 



squamosa, Columba 432 



Starnaenas 620 



Starnoenas 620 



Stegnolaema 133 



stellatus, Odontophorus 278 



stellatus, Ortyx (Odontophorus) . . . 278 



stenura, Zenaida 491 



stenura, Zenaidura 490 



Stenuroena 477 



Stemoenas 620 



stoddardi, Cresdscus 369 



stoUdus, Rallus 362 



strenua, Callipepla 231 



strepitans, Columbina 547 



Streptopelia 505 



striatus, Dendrortyx 226 



stricklandi, Fulica 418 



strigulosus, Crypturellus 63 



strigulosus, Tinamus 63 



Strophiortyx , . 260 



strophium, Odontophorus 276 



strophium, Ortyx (Odontophorus) . 276 



struthio, Grus 301 



struthopus, Ortalis 177 



subaffinis, Ortalis 164 



subcristatus, Trachypelmus 21 



subrufescens, Creciscus 384 



subgrisea, Oreopeleia 618 



subvinacea, Chloroenas 463 



subvinacea, Columba 463 



sumichrasti, CjTtonyx 287 




Index 



635 



PAGE 



sulcirostris, Crax 124 



superciliaris, Ortalida 161 



superciliaris, Ortalis 161 



superciliaris, Penelope 146 



superciliaris, Rallus 367 



superciliosa, Penelope 155 



superciliosus, Orthocrypturus 56 



surinamensis, Plotus 422 



sylvatica, Geotrygon 597 



sylvestris, Columba 458 



sylvicola, Cryptura 48 



tabida, Grus . 298 



tabida, Megalornis 299 



taczanowskii, Nothoprocta 86 



talpacoti, Columba 536 



talpacoti, Columbigallina 536 



Talpacotia 513 



tamaulipensis, Creciscus 380 



tamaulipensis, Laterallus 380 



tatnboensis, Columba 457 



Taoniscus 108 



tao, Tinatnus 7 



tarapacensis, Pterocnemia 5 



tataupa, Crypturellus 78 



tataupa, Tinamus 78 



tavoua, Porphyrio 404 



taylori, Colinus 239 



taylori, Dactylortyx 283 



temminckii, Crax 131 



temminckii, Ortyx 255 



tenella, Leptotila 579 



tenuirostris, Rallus 335 



terrestris, Columbigallina 514 



tetrao, Crypturus 56 



tetraoides, Columba 621 



texanus, Colinus 241 



texanus, Ortyx 241 



thayer'i, Bonasa 215 



thayeri, Colinus 245 



thoracicus, Dactylortyx 281 



thoracicus, Ortyx 281 



Thryocrex 368 



Thyrorhina 386 



Tinamotis 112 



Tinamus 6 



tobagensis, Columba 454 



tobagensis, Leptotila 578 



togata, Bonasa 214 



togatus, Tetrao 214 



tomentosa, Crax 117 



tomentosa, Mitu 117 



torquatus, Phasianus 290 



torridus, Canachites 212 



Touyou 1 



townsendi, Lagopus 208 



Trachypelma 7 



Trachypelmus 7 



transamazonicus, Crypturellus ... 56 



transfasciatus, Crypturellus. . . 72 



transfasciatus, Crypturus 72 



tresmariae, Zenaidura 480 



PAGE 



trifasciata, Peristera 557 



trinitatis, Geotrygon 617 



trinitatis, Oreopeleia 616 



trochila, Chamaepelia 524 



trochila, Columbigallina 524 



trudeauii, Columba 500 



Trygon 475 



tschudii, Chamaepetes 187 



tschudii, Pardirallus 315 



tschudii, Rallus 315 



tuberosa, Crax 115 



tucumana, Columba . 446 



turturina, Columba 551 



Tuyus 1 



Tympanuchus 222 



tympanus, Tetrao 215 



typhoeca, Porzana 364 



uliginosus, Rallus 338 



umbelloides, Bonasa 216 



umbelloides, Tetrao 216 



umbellus, Bonasa 215 



umbellus, Tetrao 215 



umbrina, Claravis 560 



undulatus, Crypturellus 47 



undulatus, Tinamus 47 



ungavus, Lagopus 201 



unicolor, Chamaepetes 184 



unicornis, Pauxi 119 



uniformis, Neocrex 392 



Urax 118 



Uropeleia 551 



Uropelia 551 



urophasianellus, Tetrao 221 



urophasianus, Centrocercus . . . 224 



urumutum, Crax 114 



urumutum, Nothocrax 114 



vafer, Rallus 329 



vagans, Porzana 374 



vallicola, Callipepla 232 



vanrossemi, Aramides 348 



variegatus, Crypturellus 55 



variegatus, Odontophorus 273 



variegatus, Rallus 341 



variegatus, Tetrao 55 



venezuelensis, Aramides 354 



venezuelensis, Geotrygon 616 



venezuelensis, Nothocercus. ... 27 



ventralis, Columba 476 



venturiana, Columba 437 



venusta, Callipepla 235 



venusta, Columba 551 



veraguensis, Geotrygon 608 



veraguensis, Odontophorus 279 



veraguensis, Oreopeleia 608 



verecundus, Odontophorus. . . . 268 



vermiculatus, Crypturellus. ... 49 



vermiculatus, Tinamus 50 



verreauxi, Leptoptila 575 



verreauxi, Leptotila 575 



versicolor, Columbigallina 597 




636 Field Museum of Natural History— Zoology, Vol. XIII 



PAGE 



versicolor, Geotrygon 597 



vetula, Ortalis 170 



vetula, Penelope 170 



vicinior, Crypturellus 70 



vigilantis, Limnopardalus 318 



vinaceifulva, Engyptila 571 



vinaceiventris, Engyptila ..... 566 



vinaceo-rufa, Zenaida 493 



vinaceo-rufa, Zenaidura 493 



violacea, Columba 606 



violacea, Oreopeleia 606 



vioscae, Columba 443 



virgata, Zenaida 485 



virginianus, Golinus 238 



virginianus, Rallus 362 



virginianus, Tetrao 238 



viridirostris, Crax 127 



viridis, Laterallus 383 



viridis, Parra 404 



viridis, Psophia 312 



viridis, Rallus 383 



vociferus, Numenius 307 



wagleri, Ortalida 168 



wagleri, Ortalis 168 



wallacei, Columba 473 



waynei, Rallus 327 



weddelli, Tinamus 8 



welchi, Lagopus 206 



wellsi, Engyptila 584 



wellsi, Leptotila 584 



wetmorei, Columba 450 



PAGE 



wilsoni, Fulica 408 



wolfi, Aramides 356 



woodi, Megalornis 299 



woodi, Porzana 366 



xenopterus, Laterallus 372 



yapura, Crypturellus 52 



yapura, Pezus 53 



yarrellii, Crax 126 



ypecaha, Aramides 357 



ypecaha, Rallus 357 



yucatanensis, Zenaida 495 



yucatanensis, Zenaidura 476 



yukonensis, Bonasa 217 



yumanensis, Rallus 334 



zabele, Crypturellus 60 



zabele, Pezus 60 



zapluta, Leptotila 577 



zelebori, Aramides 321 



zelebori, Rallus 321 



Zenaeda 495 



Zenaedura 477 



Zenaida 495 



zenaida, Columba 496 



zenaida, Zenaida 496 



Zenaidura 476 



zetarius, Rallus 336 



zimmeri, Metriopelia 512 



zuliae, Columba 468 



zuliensis, Tinamus 16 



I 






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