"LI B R.AR.Y OF THE UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS 59O.S FI 13 CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS, 1922-1944 AND BOARDMAN CONOVER RESEARCH ASSOCIATE. BIRDS PART I, NUMBER 2 SPHENISCIDAE - GAVIIDAE - COLYMBIDAE - DIOMEDEIDAE PROCELLARIIDAE - HYDROBATIDAE - PELECANOIDIDAE PHAETHONTIDAE - PELECANIDAE - SULIDAE PHALACROCORACIDAE - ANHINGIDAE - FREGATIDAE ARDEIDAE - COCHLEARIIDAE - CICONIIDAE THRESKIORNITHIDAE - PHOENICOPTERIDAE ANHIMIDAE - ANATIDAE ZOOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XIII, PART I, NUMBER 2 AUGUST 18, 1948 Ijf PUBLICATION 616 CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS IN FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY INCLUDING ALL SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA. MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, THE WEST INDIES AND ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO AND OTHER ISLANDS WHICH MAY BE INCLUDED ON ACCOUNT OF THEIR FAUNAL AFFINITIES BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS, 1922-1944 AND BOARDMAN CONOVER RESEARCH ASSOCIATE, BIRDS PART I, NUMBER 2 SPHENISCIDAE - GAVIIDAE - COLYMBIDAE - DIOMEDEIDAE PROCELLARIIDAE - HYDROBATIDAE - PELECANOIDIDAE PHAETHONTIDAE - PELECANIDAE - SULIDAE PHALACROCORACIDAE - ANHINGIDAE - FREGATIDAE ARDEIDAE - COCHLEARIIDAE - CICONIIDAE THRESKIORNITHIDAE - PHOENICOPTERIDAE ANHIMIDAE - ANATIDAE ZOOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XIII, PART I, NUMBER 2 AUGUST 18, 1948 PUBLICATION 615 THf i.mv n* PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS Y.I 3 PREFACE TO PART I, NUMBERS 2-4 In style and arrangement this installment of Part I closely follows the guiding principles of the previous parts. However, because of the war and the death of Charles E. Hellmayr in 1944, the method of collaboration had to be changed somewhat from that followed in Part I, Number 1. As before, the senior author is mainly responsible for the compilation of the bibliographic references and for the out- line of geographical distribution. Because of war conditions,, how- ever, his manuscript did not reach this country until after his death. It was impossible, therefore, to submit to him any changes found necessary because of material in Field Museum and certain critical specimens examined in other American collections. Such emenda- tions have been kept as few as possible. In the case of the Anseriformes and some of the Charadriiformes, v I prepared the manuscript and submitted it to Dr. Hellmayr, who V. made certain additions and suggestions. Likewise, I am responsible for the compilation of the list of specimens in Field Museum and in the Conover Collection, and for additions to the bibliography after 1938 in the Falconiformes and 1939 in the rest of the manuscript. * Literature has been taken into account up to December 31, 1944 \ (as given in the Zoological Record). Some new forms described & since that date and before December 31, 1946, and a few important papers will be found mentioned in the footnotes. v As before, the authors have been greatly benefited by the cordial co-operation of many institutions and individuals, who have lent material and submitted information. To all of them we wish to * express our appreciation. Among those who have helped are Dr. t John W. Aldrich, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Dr. Alfred M. Bailey, Colorado Museum of Natural History; Professor J. Berlioz, ^ Musee* d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Mr. James Bond, Academy of ^ Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Mr. H. W. Brandt, Cleveland, Ohio; the late Major Allan Brooks, Okanagan Landing, Canada; the * Chicago Academy of Sciences; Dr. Herbert Friedmann, United I States National Museum; Professor 0. Fuhrmann, University of * Neuchatel; Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, Vetenskapsakademien, Stock- holm; the Museum of the University of Kansas, Lawrence; Captain N. B. Kinnear, British Museum (Natural History); Professor A. Laubmann, Zoological Museum, Munich; Messrs. F. C. Lincoln and W. L. McAtee, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Mr. J. D. iii Macdonald, British Museum (Natural History); Dr. Alden H. Miller, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, California; the late James Moffitt, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; Mr. Olaus Murie, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Dr. Robert T. Orr, California Academy of Sciences; Dr. James L. Peters, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Mr. William H. Phelps, Caracas, Venezuela; Professor Rodolfo A. Philippi B., Museo Nacional de Chile, Santiago; Professor William Rowan, University of Edmonton, Alberta; Mr. R. M. de Schauensee, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Count Josef Seilern, Lukov; Professor Morriz Sassi, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna; Mr. L. L. Snyder, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto; the late P. A. Taverner, National Museum of Canada, Ottawa; Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; Mr. A. J. van Rossem, Los Angeles, California; Dr. Josselyn Van Tyne, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Dr. Alexander Wetmore, U. S. National Museum; Mr. John T. Zimmer, American Museum of Natural History, New York. We are also indebted to Dr. Charles Baehni, Director of the Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, Geneva, Switzerland, for his custodianship of the manuscript after Dr. Hellmayr's death. Of the Museum Staff, especial acknowledgment is due to the late Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus, Department of Zoology; Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator, Department of Zoology; and Dr. Austin L. Rand, Curator, Division of Birds, for their help and advice to the junior author; to Mr. Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., Asso- ciate, Division of Birds; to Mr. Emmet R. Blake, Associate Curator, Division of Birds, who was responsible for the compilation of the index; and to Miss Lillian A. Ross, Associate Editor of Scientific Publications, for reading proof and seeing through the press the last six parts of the Catalogue of Birds of the Americas. BOARDMAN CONOVER IV CONTENTS Orders, Families, and Genera Included in Part I, Number 2 SUPERORDER NEOGNATHAE ORDER SPHENISCIFORMES FAMILY SPHENISCIDAE (Penguins) PAGE PAGE Aptenodytes J. F. Miller 1 Eudyptes Vieillot 6 Pygoscelis Wagler 3 Spheniscus Brisson 10 ORDER GAVIIFORMES FAMILY GAVIIDAE (Loons) Gavia J. R. Forster. . . 14 ORDER COLYMBIFORMES FAMILY COLYMBIDAE (Grebes) Colymbus Linnaeus 18 Centropelma Sclater and Salvin 35 Aechmophorus Coues 33 Podilymbus Lesson 36 ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES FAMILY DIOMEDEIDAE Procellaria Linnaeus 61 (Albatrosses) Puffinus Brisson 62 Divmedea Linnaeus 40 Pjerodroma ^Bonaparte 74 Pfcoe^na Reichenbach.. . 49 Holobaena Bonaparte 84 Pagodroma Bonaparte 85 Bulweria Bonaparte 86 FAMILY PROCELLARIIDAE (Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels) _ FAMILY HYDROBATIDAE SUBFAMILY FULMARINAE (Long-legged Storm Petrels) (Fulmars) Oceanites Keyserling and Blasius . . . 86 Macronectes Richmond 50 Pelagodroma Reichenbach 89 Daption Stephens 52 Fregetta Bonaparte 90 Fulmarus Stephens 53 Garrodia Forbes 93 Pachyptila Illiger 55 Hydrobates Boie 94 Oceanodroma Reichenbach 95 SUBFAMILY PUFFININAE Halocyptena Coues 105 (Shearwaters) PnoceHa Hombron and Jacquinot.. 58 FAMILY PELECANOIDIDAE Thalassoica Reichenbach 59 (Diving Petrels) Adamastor Bonaparte 60 Pelecanoides Lac^pede 106 ORDER PELECANIFORMES SUBORDER PHAETHONTES FAMILY PHAETHONTIDAE (Tropic-Birds) PAGE Phaethon Linnaeus 110 SUBORDER PELECANI SUPERFAMILY PELECANOIDEA FAMILY PELECANIDAE (Pelicans) Pelecanus Linnaeus. . 115 FAMILY PHALACROCORACIDAE (Cormorants) PAGE Phalacrocorax Brisson 137 Nannopterum Sharpe 157 FAMILY ANHINGIDAE (Water-Turkeys) Anhinga Brisson 157 SUPERFAMILY SULOIDEA FAMILY SULIDAE (Gannets) Morus Vieillot 122 Sula Brisson 123 SUBORDER FREGATAE FAMILY FREGATIDAE (Man-o'-War Birds) Fregata Lacepede 160 ORDER CICONIIFORMES SUBORDER ARDEAE FAMILY ARDEIDAE (Herons and Bitterns) SUBFAMILY ARDEINAE (Herons) Ardea Linnaeus 166 Pilherodius Bonaparte 175 Butorides Blyth 176 Florida Baird 189 Bubulcus Bonaparte 191 Dichromanassa Ridgway 192 Casmerodius Gloger 194 Leucophoyx Sharpe 197 Hydranassa Baird 200 Agamia Reichenbach 204 Syrigma Ridgway 205 Nycticorax T. Forster 207 Nyctanassa Stejneger 214 Tigrisoma Swainson 219 SUBFAMILY BOTAURINAE (Bitterns) Zebrilus Bonaparte 227 Ixobrychus Billberg 228 Bolaurus Stephens 235 FAMILY COCHLEARIIDAE (Boat-billed Herons) Cochlearius Brisson 238 SUBORDER CICONIAE SUPERFAMILY CICONIOIDEA FAMILY CICONIIDAE (Storks and Wood Ibises) SUBFAMILY MYCTERIINAE (Wood Ibises) Mycteria Linnaeus 242 SUBFAMILY CICONIINAE (Storks) Euxenura Ridgway 245 Jabiru Hellmayr 247 SUPERFAMILY THRESKIORNITHOIDEA FAMILY THRESKIORNITHIDAE (Ibises and Spoonbills) SUBFAMILY THRESKIORNITHINAE (Ibises) Harpiprion Wagler 249 Theristicus Wagler 250 Cercibis Wagler 256 Mesembrinibis Peters 256 Phimosus Wagler 258 Guara Reichenbach 261 Plegadis Kaup 264 SUBFAMILY PLATALEINAE (Spoonbills) Platalea Linnaeus 270 Ajaia Reichenbach 271 SUBORDER PHOENICOPTERI FAMILY PHOENICOPTERIDAE (Flamingos) Phoenicopterus Linnaeus 273 Phoenicoparrus Bonaparte 276 VI ORDER ANSERIFORMES FAMILY ANHIMIDAB (Screamers) PAGE Anhima Brisson 278 Chauna Illiger 280 SUBORDER ANSERES FAMILY ANATIDAE (Ducks, Geese, and Swans) SUBFAMILY CYGNINAE (Swans) Cygnus Bechstein 283 SUBFAMILY ANSERINAE (Geese) Chen Boie 287 Anser Brisson 290 Philacte Bannister 293 Branta Scopoli 294 Chloephaga Eyton 307 SUBFAMILY DENDROCYGNINAE (Tree Ducks) Dendrocygna Swainson 312 SUBFAMILY ANATINAE (Shoal-water Ducks) Neochen Oberholser 319 Sarkidiornis Eyton 320 Cairina Fleming 321 Coscoroba Reichenbach 323 Casarca Bonaparte 324 Tadorna Boie 325 Anas Linnaeus 325 Querquedula Stephens 333 Spatula Boie 337 Chaulelasmus Bonaparte 340 Mareca Stephens 341 Eunetta Bonaparte 344 Nettion Kaup. 345 Punanetta Bonaparte 353 Dafila Leach 356 Aix Boie 363 Heteronetta Salvador! . . . 364 SUBFAMILY AYTHYINAE (Deep-water Ducks) Netta Kaup 365 Metopiana Bonaparte 365 Aythya Boie 366 Tachyeres Owen . 374 Glaucionetta Stejneger 377 Bucephala Baird 380 Clangula Leach 381 Histrionicus Lesson 383 Somateria Leach 385 Arctonetta Gray 390 Oidemia Fleming 391 Melanitta Boie 392 Camptorhynchus Bonaparte 396 Polysticta Eyton 397 SUBFAMILY OXYURINAE (Lake Ducks) Nomonyx Ridgway ...'. 398 Oxyura Bonaparte 399 SUBFAMILY MERGINAE (Mergansers) Mergellus Selby 404 Lophodytes Reichenbach 404 Mergus Linnaeus 405 SUBFAMILY MERGANETTINAE (Torrent Ducks) Merganetta Gould 409 vii CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS PART I NO. 2 BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR AND BOARDMAN CONOVER Superorder NEOGNATHAE Order SPHENISCIFORMES Family SPHENISCIDAE. Penguins Genus APTENODYTES J. F. Miller Aptenodytes J. F. Miller, 1 Var. Subj. Nat. Hist., Part 4, pi. 23, 1778 type, by monotypy, Aptenodytes patagonica Miller. Pinguinaria Shaw, Mus. Lever., 1, No. 3, p. 144, 1792 type, by monotypy, Aptenodytes patachonica "Latham" =Forster. Aptenodytes patagonica patagonica J. F. Miller. KING PENGUIN. Aptenodytes patagonica J. F. Miller, Var. Subj. Nat. Hist., Part 4, pi. 23, 1778 "in mare An tarctico"= South Georgia (cf. I. R. Forster, Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Getting., 3, p. 138, pi. 11, 1781); Forster, Descr. Anim., pp. 347, 349, 1844 Falkland Islands (ex Pennant), South Georgia, and "New Guinea" (ex Sonnerat) (descr., habits); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 627, 1898 part, spec, a-h, Falkland Islands; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 633, 1900 Penguin Rookery, Staten Island; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 397, 1902 Tierra del Fuego; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 85, 1904 (descr., range in part); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 200, 1910 range in Argentina; 1 Aptenodytes I. R. Forster (in G. Forster, Voy. World, 1, p. 98, 1777) is a nomen nudum. The name has been variously "emended" to Apterodytes Hermann (Tabl. Aff. Anim., p. 235, 1783), Apterodita Scopoli (Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., 2, p. 91, 1786), Aptenodyta Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 242, 1788), Aptenodita Bonnaterre (Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 1, livr. 47, p. Ixxxiv, 1791), Aptenodites Lesson (Compl. Buffon, 9, p. 542, 1837), and Apteniodytes Swainson (Nat. Hist. Class. Bds., 2, p. 193, 1837). 2 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 136, 1915 Port Stephens, Falkland Islands (visitor); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 486 South Georgia; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 311 Falkland Islands; Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 590, pi. 55, fig. 4, pi. 56, figs. 1-4, 1929 South Georgia (nesting, life hist.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 343, col. pi., 1936 (monog.); Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 199, 1940 (breeding localities). Apienodytes patachonica I. R. Forster, Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Getting., 3, pp. 134, 137, pi. 2, 1781 South Georgia 1 (descr., habits); Reid, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 3, p. 132, 1835 East Falkland Island (anatomy); Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 88, 1906 South Georgia (breeding habits); Murphy, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 104, pis. 20-31, 1915 South Georgia (habits). Apterodita longirostris Scopoli, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., 2, p. 91, 1786 based on "Le Manchot de la Nouvelle Guinee" Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. Guinee, p. 179, pi. 113, 1776 (locality erroneous). Aptenodytes pennantii(i) G. R. Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 315, 1844 based on "The Patagonian Pinguin" Pennant, Phil. Trans., 58, p. 91, pi. 5, 1769 Falkland Islands; Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, p. 775, 1856; 2 Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 98, 1859 Falkland Islands; Sclater, I.e., 28, p. 390, 1860 Falkland Islands; Abbot, Ibis, 1861, p. 163 Falkland Islands (visitor); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 257 East Falkland Island; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 Tyssen Island, Falkland Islands; Hyett, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, p. 247, 1872 Straits of Magellan (crit.); de Winton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1898, p. 900 (molt); Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 24, 1904 West Falkland Island (visitor); Seth- Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1912, (1), p. 60, pi. 1 (molt). Aptenodytes forsteri (not of Gray) Sclater, Ibis, 1860, p. 432 Falkland Islands. Spheniscus pennantii Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 5, 1867 Falkland Islands. Aptenodytes longirostris Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 193 part, Straits of Magellan and Falkland Islands (monog.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 653 part, Falkland Islands; Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 16, 1885 South Georgia. Aptenodytes patagonica patagonica Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, pp. 5, 7, 1920 (chars., range); Wace, I.e., p. 194, 1922 Falkland Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 29, 1931 (range); Carcelles, El Hornero, 4, p. 398, 1931 Rosita Bay, South Georgia; Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 96 Horn Island, Cape Horn region (breeding). 1 Forster also includes the Straits of Magellan, Falkland Islands (ex Pennant), and "New Guinea" (ex Sonnerat) in the range, but his account is based upon his own observations in South Georgia. 2 Bonaparte, in synonymy, mentions "rex, auct.," which appears to be merely the Latin equivalent of the vernacular name "King Penguin" used by certain authors. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 3 Range. Breeds on South Georgia, the northern South Sandwich Islands, Staten Island, Horn Island, wandering to the Falkland Islands. 1 Aptenodytes forsteri G. R. Gray. 2 EMPEROR PENGUIN. Apienodytes forsteri G. R. Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 315, April, 1844 Antarctic region (cotypes in British Museum); idem and Mitchell, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [642], pi. 176, fig. 2, 1846; Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, p. 775, 1856; 3 Sclater, Ibis, 1888, p. 325 (hist.;ext. and osteol. char.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 626, 1898 Antarctic seas (monog.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 166 South Orkney Islands; Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, pp. 5, 7, 1920 (chars., range); Bennett, I.e., p. 30, 1920 Isla Laurie, South Orkney Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 30, 1931 (range); Kinnear, Ibis, 1935, p. 98 (note); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 354, 1936 (monog.); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 352, 1936 South Orkney Islands (straggler only); Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 199, 1940 (breeding localities); Davis, Auk, 62, p. 144, pi. 8, 1945 (molt). Spheniscus patagonicus (not Aptenodytes patagonica Miller) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 3, 1867 Antarctica (crit.). Aptenodytes patagonica (not of J. F. Miller) Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 192 Antarctic seas (crit.). Aptenodytes excelsior Mathews and Iredale, 4 Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 55, p. 101, Jan. 28, 1935 based on Aptenodytes forsteri Mathews, Bds. Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands, p. 63, pi. 30, Oct. 16, 1928; Cape Royds, McMurdo Bay. Range. Breeds on the shores of Antarctica (Cape Crozier; Queen Mary's Land); wanders occasionally north to the South Shetland and South Orkney Islands (Laurie Island). Genus PYGOSCELIS Wagler 5 Pygoscelis Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 281, March, 1832 type, by monotypy, Aptenodytes papua Forster. 1 A slightly differentiated race, A. patagonica halli Mathews, breeds on the Macquarie, Kerguelen, Crozet, and Marion Islands. 1 Probably a race of A. patagonica. J Bonaparte, in synonymy, mentions "imperator, auct.," evidently the Latin transcription of the vernacular term "Emperor Penguin." 4 The renaming of the Emperor Penguin appears to us unjustified. While Gray admittedly erred in his interpretation of Forster's (and Miller's) plate, it is just as plain that the characters and measurements of his "Emperor," for which he proposed the name A. forsteri, cannot possibly have been gathered from these rather poor drawings, as Mathews and Iredale seem to think. They were clearly taken from the specimens brought home by the Antarctic Expedition, still in the British Museum, which must, therefore, be regarded as the original cotypes of A. forsteri. ' The members of this genus differ from one another in the number of tail feathers. P. papua has sixteen, P. antarctica twelve, and P. adeliae fourteen 4 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Dasyramphus (Hombron and Jacquinot MS.) G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, pp. 640, 641, July, 1846 type, by orig. desig., Catarrhactes adeliae Hom- bron and Jacquinot; Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. P61e Sud, Zool., 3, Ois., p. 154, 1853 same type. Pygoscelys Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, p. 775, 1856 (emen- dation). Pygosceles Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 390, 1860 (emendation). Dasycelis Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 55, p. 74, Dec. 31, 1934 type, by orig. desig., Aptenodytes antarctica I. R. Forster. Pucheramphus Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 55, p. 113, Feb. 28, 1935 type, by orig. desig., Catarrhactes adeliae Hombron and Jacquinot. Pygoscelis papua papua (I. R. Forster). GENTOO PENGUIN. Aptenodytes papua I. R. Forster, Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Gotting., 3, pp. 134, 140, pi. 3, 1781 Falkland Islands; 1 idem, Descr. Anim., p. 352, 1844 Falkland Islands (descr.). Apterodita papuae Scopoli, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., 2, p. 91, 1786 based on "Le Manchot Papou" Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. GuinSe, p. 181, pi. 115, 1776 (locality erroneous). Eudyptes papua Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 98, 1859 Falkland Islands (egg descr.); Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 336 Falkland Islands (breed- ing habits); Sclater, Ibis, 1860, p. 432 Falkland Islands. Pygosceles wagleri Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 390, 1860 Falkland Islands (substitute name for Aptenodytes papua Forster); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 163 Falkland Islands; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 47 Falkland Islands; idem, I.e., 1868, p. 527 East Falkland Island. Spheniscus papua Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 5, 1867 Falkland Islands (descr.). Pygoscelis papua Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 14, 1885 Falkland Islands (breeding); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 631, 1898 part, Falkland Islands; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 201, 1902 South Orkney Islands; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 87, 1906 South Georgia (breeding habits); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 162, pi. 9 Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands (breeding; nest and chick descr.); Murphy, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 113, pis. 32-43, 1915 South Georgia (habits); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 136, 1917 Falkland Islands (habits); Bennett, El Hornero, 2, p. 30, 1920 South Shetland, South Orkney, and Falkland Islands; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 486 South Georgia and Elephant Island; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 311 Falkland Islands; Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 58, pi. 47, figs. 10-12, pi. 54, figs. 3-4, pi. 55, fig. 1, 1929 South Georgia (nesting, monog.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 367, rectrices; otherwise they are nearly alike in structural details. It is quite useless to place each in a monotypic genus. 1 Although "Le Manchot Papou" Sonnerat (Voy. Nouv. Guin6e, p. 181, pi. 115, 1776) is quoted, Forster's description and figure were taken from the Falkland Islands specimen brought to London by J. S. Hausmann. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 5 1936 (monog.); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 357, pi. 12, fig. 3, 1936 South Orkney Islands (nesting); Bagshawe, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 185, 7 pis., 1938 Graham Land (life hist.); Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 195, 1940 (life hist.). Pygosceles laeniata (not Aptenodytes taeniata Peale) Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 28, pi. 1, fig. 2, 1904 near Port William, Falkland Islands (breeding habits). Pygoscelis papua papua Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, pp. 6, 8, 1920 (chars., range); Wace, I.e., p. 195, 1921 Falkland Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 30, 1931 (range); Carcelles, El Hornero, 4, p. 398, pi. 13, 1931 South Georgia. Range. Breeds in the Falkland Islands, on Staten Island, South Georgia, the South Shetlands, South Orkneys, Graham Land and other small Antarctic islands. 1 Pygoscelis antarctica (I. R. Forster). RINGED PENGUIN. Aptenodytes antarctica I. R. Forster, Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Getting., 3, pp. 134, 141, pi. 4, 1781 "in mari Australi a gradu 48 in circulum usque antarcticum"; idem, Descr. Anim., p. 56, 1844 same locality. Eudyptes antarcticus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 47 Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164 Falkland Islands (one spec.). Spheniscus antarcticus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 5, 1867 Falkland and Weddell Islands (descr.). Pygoscelis antarctica Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 14, 1885 South Georgia (breeding) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 634, 1898 (monog.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 152, pis. 4, 6, 7 Laurie and Saddle Islands, South Orkney Islands (plumages descr.; breeding habits); Lonn- berg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 86, 1906 South Georgia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 201, 1910 South Orkney Islands; Murphy, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 129, 1915 South Georgia; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 142, 1917 Falkland Islands; Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, pp. 6, 8, 1920 (chars., range); Bennett, I.e., p. 31, 1920 South Shetland and South Orkney Islands; Wace, I.e., 2, p. 195, 1922 Falkland Islands; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 487 South Georgia; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 311 (breeding range; straggling to Port Stanley, Falkland Islands); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 588, 1929 South Georgia (rare); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 30, 1931 (range); Carcelles, El Hornero, 4, p. 399, pi. 13, 1931 South Georgia (breeding); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., p. 406, 1936 (monog.) ; Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 355, pi. 10, 1936 South Orkney Islands (nesting); Bagshawe, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 185, 7 pis., 1938 Graham Land (life hist.); Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 199, 1940 (breed- ing localities); Eklund, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, (1), p. 300, 1945 Palmer Peninsula (rookery 64 42' S.-63 25' W.). 1 A nearly allied race, P. papua taeniata (Peale), replaces the nominate form on the Macquarie, Heard, Kerguelen, and Marion Islands. 6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. Breeds on South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands, South Orkneys, South Shetlands, and islands off the Antarctic continent south to 64 42' on Palmer Peninsula; straying in winter to the Falkland Islands. Pygoscelis adeliae (Hombron and Jacquinot). BLACK-THROATED PENGUIN. Catarrhactes adeliae Hombron and Jacquinot, Ann. Sci. Nat., (2), Zool., 16, p. 320, 1841 "les glaces de la terre Addlie" (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 59, 1929). Aptenodytes longicauda Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., 8, p. 261, 1848 Antarctic Ocean (cotypes in U. S. National Museum [cf. Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 197] and in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- bridge, Mass. [cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 172, 1930]). Dasyramphus adelia Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. P61e Sud, Zool., 3, Ois., p. 155, pi. 33, fig. 1, 1853 Adelia Land. Pygoscelis adeliae Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 632, 1898 Antarctica (monog.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 157, pi. 8 South Orkney Islands (breeding habits); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 201, 1910 South Orkney Islands; idem, El Hornero, 2, pp. 6, 8, 1920 (chars., range); Bennett, I.e., p. 31, 1920 South Shetland Islands; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 494 near South Georgia and Zavodovski Island; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 311 South Shetland and South Orkney Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 30, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 386, 1936 (monog.); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 352, pi. 11, fig. 1, 1936 South Orkney Islands (nesting, life hist.); Eklund, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, (1), p. 299, 1945 Palmer Land (rookeries at 68 17' S.-67 12' W. and 67 56' S.-67 24' W.; life hist.). Pucheramphus adeliae Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 199, 1940 (breeding localities, taxonomy). Range. Breeds on the South Shetland, South Orkney, and South Sandwich Islands, and on the shores of the Antarctic continent south to 68 17' on Palmer Peninsula. Genus EUDYPTES Vieillot Eudyptes Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. E16m., pp. 67, 70, 1816 type by subs, desig., Catarrhactes chrysocome auct.= Aptenodytes crestata J. F. Miller. Chrysocoma Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 57, 1825 new name for Eudyptes Vieillot. Microdyptes Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9, p. 58, 1880 type, by orig. desig., Eudyptula serresiana Ousta\et= Aptenodytes crestata Miller. Catadyptes Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 55, p. 74, Dec. 31, 1934 type, by orig. desig., Catarhactes chrysolophus Brandt. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 7 *Eudyptes crestatus crestatus (J. F. Miller). 1 ROCK-HOPPER PENGUIN. Aptenodytes crestata J. F. Miller, Var. Subj. Nat. Hist., Part 9, pi. 49, 1784 Falkland Islands (cf. Mathews and Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 4, pp. 145- 147, 1921). Pinguinaria cirrhata Shaw, Cimelia Physica, p. 92, 1796 Falkland Islands. Pinguinaria cristate Shaw and Nodder, Nat. Misc., 11, pi. 437, July 1, 1800 "in insulis Antarcticis" (ex Miller, pi. 49). Chrysocoma saltator Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 58, pi. 8, 1825 based primarily on "Pingoin Sauteur" Bougainville, Voy. Monde, p. 69, 1771; Falkland Islands (in part). Aptenodytes chrysocome (not of Forster, 1781)* Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 337 Falkland Islands (breeding habits). Eudyptes chrysocome Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 390, 1860 Falk- land Islands; idem, I.e., 1861, p. 47 Falklands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164 North Camp, Falkland Islands; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 654 part, Falkland and Inaccessible Islands (crit.); iidem, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool., 2, Birds, p. 128, pi. 30, 1880 part, Inaccessible and Falkland Islands (crit.) ; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 26, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1904 Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands (breeding habits). Eudyptes nigrivestis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 418, 1860 Falkland Islands (type lost, formerly in coll. of J. Gould); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 163 Falkland Islands; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, pp. 46, 47 Falkland Islands; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 257, 1913 (crit., range); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 143, 1917 Falkland Islands (habits); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 312 Falkland Islands and "South Georgia." 1 Phaeton demersus Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 135, 1758), based ex- clusively on "The Penguin" Edwards (Nat. Hist. Uncom. Bds., 1, p. 49, pi. 49), has been claimed by certain authors to refer to the Rock-hopper Penguin. Edwards' plate represents a young bird of unknown origin, and while possibly intended for the juvenile plumage of some species of Eudyptula, appears to us wholly unidenti- fiable. Aptenodytes catarractes I. R. Forster (Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Gotting., 3, pp. 135, 145, 1781) and Aptenodytes gorfua Bonnaterre (Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 1, livr. 47, p. 68, 1791), being likewise based on "The Penguin" of Edwards, are not available either. The genus Catarractes Brisson (Orn., 6, p. 102, 1760), whose type, by monotypy, is Phaethon demersus Linnaeus, falls accordingly to the ground. 1 Aptenodytes chrysocome I. R. Forster (Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Getting., 3, pp. 133, 135, 1781) is a composite of the Australian Eudyptes pachyrhynchus (from Tasmania) and the two South American species (E. crestatus and E. chryso- lophus), and although the accompanying figure (pi. 1) represents the Rock-hopper Penguin, it is perhaps advisable to discard the term chrysocome in favor of crestatus, as has been advocated by Mathews and Iredale (I.e.). It may be mentioned here that Milne-Edwards (Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9, p. 47, 1880) errs in pre- suming Forster's specimen to have originated in South Georgia. It is J. S. Haus- man, M.D., the owner of the American specimen figured by Miller, who once was a citizen of Augusta, Georgia ("civis nuper Georgiae Augustae"), which is by no means the same as South Georgia Island! Cf. also Forster, Descr. Anim., p. 99, 1844, where A. chrysocome is given as inhabiting the south part of New Holland and the Falkland Islands. 8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Eudyptes catarractes (not Aptenodytes catarractes Forster) Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, p. 250, 1872 Falkland Islands (crit.). Eudyplula serresiana Oustalet, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 8, art. 4, p. 1, Aug., 1878 Port Churruca, Tierra del Fuego (descr. of young; type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 59, 1929). Eudyptes chrysocoma(us) Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9, p. 46, pi. 18, fig. 6, 1880 (crit., in part, Falkland Islands); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. 238, 1891 Bahia Orange, Tierra del Fuego. Microdyptes serresiana Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9, p. 58, pi. 20 (fig. of type), 1880 Port Churruca, Tierra del Fuego (crit.); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 242, 1891 Burnt Island and New Year Sound, False Cape Horn. Catarrhactes chrysocome Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 635, 1898 part, spec, a-i, o-s, Tierra del Fuego, and Falkland, Tristan d'Acunha, and Inaccessible Islands; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 398, 1902 Tierra del Fuego; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 96, 1904 part, Tierra del Fuego and Falkland Islands; Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 256, 1909 Isla Ano Nuevo, Staten Island (egg descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 201, 1910 Tierra del Fuego and Isla Ano Nuevo. Eudyptes chrysocome nigrivestis Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, pp. 6, 8, 1920 (char., range, in winter to Buenos Aires); Wace, I.e., p. 195, 1921 Falkland Islands; Dabbene, I.e., p. 226, 1921 Cabo Domingo, Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego (chick fig.); Tremoleras, I.e., 4, p. 17, 1927 coast of Montevideo, Uruguay; Anon., I.e., 5, p. 104, 1932 Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires (winter, 1928); Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 99 Freycinet, Deceit, and Herschel Islands, Cape Horn region. Eudyptes crestatus crestatus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 31, 1931 (range). Eudyptes crestatus Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., p. 415, 1936 (monog.). Eudyptes cristatus Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 199, 1940 (breeding localities). Range. Breeds in Tierra del Fuego, the Cape Horn region, the Falkland Islands, and (extralimi tally) on Tristan d'Acunha and Gough Islands; in winter straggling north to the coast of Buenos Aires and Uruguay (Montevideo Bay). 1 Field Museum Collection. 3: Chile (Isla Hermite, Magallanes, 3). Eudyptes chrysolophus (Brandt). 2 MACARONI PENGUIN. Catarhactes chrysolophus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., 2, col. 315, 1837 no locality 3 (cotypes in Leningrad Museum). 1 Birds from Tierra del Fuego (E. serresiana) are evidently not separable from those of the Falkland Islands. A nearly allied race, E. crestatus filholi Hutton, breeds on Campbell, Antipodes, St. Paul, Kerguelen, Crozet, Prince Edward, and Marion Islands. 2 Eudyptes chrysolophus (Brandt) has been made the type of Catadyptes on account of having fourteen instead of sixteen tail-feathers, a naked space at the base of the bill, and a somewhat differently arranged crest. These appear to us good specific characters. 1 Roberts (Ibis, 1939, p. 710) suggests South Georgia as type locality. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 9 Eudyptes chrysolophus(a) Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [641], pi. 176, fig. 1, 1846; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 390, 1860 Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 338 Falkland Islands (breeding); idem, Ibis, 1861, p. 163 Falkland Islands (breeding); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 47 Falkland Islands; idem, I.e., 1868, p. 527 Falkland Islands (breeding); Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, p. 250, 1872 Falkland Islands (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 654 Kerguelen Island (crit.); iidem, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool., 2, Birds, p. 127, pi. 29, 1880 Kerguelen Island (crit.); Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9, p. 79, pi. 17, fig. 1, 1880 Falkland Islands (crit.); Murphy, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 130, 1915 Cape North, South Georgia (breeding); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, pp. 7, 8, 1920 (chars., range); Bennett, I.e., p. 32, 1920 South Shetland (Decepcion Island) and South Orkney Islands (breeding); Wace, I.e., p. 195, 1921 Falkland Islands; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 486 South Georgia; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 312, pi. 4 Decepcion Island, South Shetland Islands (breeding) and Falkland Islands (straggler); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 588, pi. 55, figs. 2-3, 1929 South Georgia (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 32, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 432, 1936 (monog.); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 358, 1936 South Orkney Islands (straggler, not nesting); Roberts, Ibis, 1939, p. 709, pi. 15d (crit.); idem, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 199, 1940 (breeding localities). (t)Eudyptes diadematus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 419, 1860 Falkland Islands (type lost, formerly in coll. of J. Gould; cf. Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 654); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 163 (type singled out of a flock of Rock-hoppers early in September, 1858, at Eagle Point Rookery, Falkland Islands); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, pp. 46, 47 Falkland Islands (the unique type). 1 Calarrhactes chrysolophus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 641, 1898 Kerguelen and Falkland Islands (Berkeley Sound); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 103, 1904 (monog.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 164 South Orkney Islands; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 201, 1910 Falkland and South Orkney Islands. Eudyptes chrysocome nigrivestris (not E. nigrivestis Gould) Carcelles, El Hornero, 4, p. 399, 1931 South Georgia (cf. I.e., 5, p. 104, 1932). Range. Breeds on the Falkland Islands, 2 South Georgia, South Sandwich Island, South Orkneys, South Shetlands (and [extralimi- tally] on Bouvet, (?)Prince Edward Island, Marion Island, Heard Island, and Kerguelen). 1 The unique type, shot by Abbott out of a rookery of E. c. crestatus at Eagle Point, in September, 1858, is said to differ by the yellow superciliaries commencing at the nostrils. No other specimen like it has ever been found. The type being lost, its status remains in doubt. ! Though both Abbott (Ibis, 1860, p. 338) and Lecomte (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 527) found the Macaroni Penguin sparingly breeding in rookeries of E. c. crestatus, there is no recent nesting record of the species from the Falkland 10 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Genus SPHENISCUS Brisson 1 Spheniscus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 52; 6, p. 96, 1760 type, by monotypy, "Le Manchot" and "Le Manchot tachet&' = Diomedea demersa Linnaeus. Spheniscus humboldti Meyen. HUMBOLDT'S PENGUIN. Spheniscus humboldti(i) Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur.," 16, Suppl., p. 110, pi. 21, 1834 Callao, Peru (type in Berlin Mu- seum); Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 315, 1846 coast of Peru; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 467, 1847 coast of Chile; Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 165, 1860 coast of Atacama, Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 142, 1865 Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 337, 340 Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 285, 1868 coast of Chile and Peru; idem, Zeits. Ges. Naturw., (N.F.), 7, p. 126, 1873 island off Algarrobo, Valparaiso, Chile (breeding habits); Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 33, 1877 Talcaguano, Conception Bay, Chile; Bartlett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 6 (molt); Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9, p. 63, 1880 (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool., 2, Birds, p. 126 (in text), 1880 Chile and Peru (crit.); Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 coast of northern Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 212, 1896 part, coast of Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 650, 1898 Isla dos Pajaros, Coquimbo, Chile; 2 Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 650, 1898 Chile (Iquique, Valparaiso); Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 86, pis. 36 (figs. 1, 2), 37, 39 (fig. 2), 1902 Chile (crit.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 106, 1904 coast of Chile and Peru (descr.); Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 102, 1909 Caleta Buena, Tarapaca, Chile; Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 455, pi. 53, fig. 1, 1919 Lobos de Afuera, Guanape, and Ballestas Islands, Peru (breeding); Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 439, 1922 coast of Anto- fagasta and Coronel, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 33, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 422, 1932 Chile (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 452, 1936 (monog.); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 63, 1938 Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile; Housse, Rev. Univ. Santiago, 25, p. 83, 1940 (habits in Chile). Aptenodytes chiloensis (not Diomedea chiloensis Molina) Bibra, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 132, 1853 coast of Chile (Valparaiso). Spheniscus magellanicus (not Aptenodytes magellanicus Forster) Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 648, 1898 part, spec, a, b, Iquique, Tarapaca, Chile. Spheniscus meyeni Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 670, April, 1899 Chile (type in National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 32, 1930); idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), Islands. Sight records from Deceit Island, Cape Horn (cf. Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 99) require confirmation by specimens. 1 The four recognized members of this genus are probably offshoots of a common ancestor, and may have to be treated as races of a single specific entity. 2 The egg from Tierra del Fuego belongs, of course, to S. magellanicus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 11 p. 171, 1899 Chile; idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 87, pi. 38, 1902 Chile. Spheniscus flavipes Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 670, Apr., 1899 Chile; idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 172, 1899 (stated to be from Cartajena, south of Valparaiso; type not in National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 32, 1930); idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 88, pi. 40, 1902 Chile (= young). Range. Breeds on islands off the coast of Peru and Chile from Lobos de Afuera, Lambayeque, to Algarrobo, Valparaiso, spreading in winter south to Conception (Talcaguano, Coronel). 1 *Spheniscus magellanicus (I. R. Forster). 2 JACKASS PENGUIN. Aptenodytes magellanica I. R. Forster, Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Getting., 3, pp. 134, 143, pi. 5, 1781 "in vicinia Terrarum Magellanicarum, Insulae Statuum, Terrae del Fuego et in insulis Falkland! cis"; idem, Descr. Anim., p. 351,. 1844 "in Terra del Fuego, Statuum Insula Novi Anni, freto Magellanico, et insulis Falklandiis" (descr.). Aptenodytes brasiliensis Lichtenstein, in Forster, Descr. Anim., p. 355 (in text), 1844 "ad littora Brasiliae" (descr. of young; type in Berlin Museum). Aptenodytes magnirostris Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., 8, p. 263, 1848 Orange Bay, Tierra del Fuego (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 211). 3 Spheniscus demersa(us) (not Diomedea demersa Linnaeus) Tschudi, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 181, 1856 Soledad Bay, Falkland Islands, and Chiloe' (San Carlos), Chile; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 10, 1867 part, spec. nos. 3-5, Chile and Falkland Islands; Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, p. 248, 1874 part, Tierra del Fuego. Aptenodytes demersa Abbott, Ibis, I860, p. 336 East Falkland Island (breed- ing). Spheniscus magellanicus Sclater, Ibis, 1860, p. 432 Falkland Islands; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 390, 1860 Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 163 East Falkland; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 527 East Falkland Island; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 Santa Magdalena, Straits of Magellan; iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 653 Port Churrucha (Tierra del Fuego) and Falkland Islands; iidem, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool., 2, Birds, p. 125, pi. 28 (adult and young), 1880 same localities; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 17 Tom Bay, Magellan Straits; Sclater, Ibis, 1889, p. 144 estuary of the Rio de la 1 Records of this penguin from Tierra del Fuego and the Cape Horn region are due to confusing it with S. magellanicus. Birds from Chile (meyeni) are nowise different from those of Peru. 1 Diomedea chilensis Molina (Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 238, 344, 1782) is unidentifiable because of the incomplete diagnosis, together with the absence of any definite locality. Either this or the preceding species was probably intended. 3 Bangs (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 172, 1930) says that the type is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. This specimen is, however, labeled "Cape Horn." 12 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Plata and shore near Rio Negro; Berlepsch, I.e., p. 258 seashore near Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B.243, 1891 Staten Island, Tierra del Fuego (Bahia Orange), Hermit Island, and New Year Sound, False Cape Horn; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 212 Maldonado, Uruguay; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 314 Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 648, 1898 part, spec, c, Coquimbo, Chile; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 651, 1898 Chile (Corral), Straits of Magellan (Tom Bay, Port Churrucha), Hermit Island, and Falkland Islands; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 456, 1899 Ilha de Sao Sebastiao, Guaruja, Santos, and Iguape", Sao Paulo; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Gen., 40, p. 634, 1900 Isla de Leones, Santa Cruz, and Staten Island (Penguin Rookery); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 398, 1902 Tierra del Fuego; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 24, 1904 Falkland Islands (breeding habits, eggs descr.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 110, 1904 (monog.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 35, 1907 Ilha de Sao Sebastiao, Guaruja, Santos, and Iguape", Sao Paulo; Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 102, 1909 Isla Santa Maria, Arauco, Chile; Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 256, 1909 Isla Leones, Santa Cruz, Patagonia (breeding); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 201, 1910 Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, Staten Island, and coast of Buenos Aires Province; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 144, 1917 Kidney Cove, near Port Stanley, Falkland Islands (breeding habits) ; Doello-Jurado, El Hornero, 1, p. 10, 1917 Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz (breeding); Dabbene, I.e., 2, pp. 7, 8, 1920 (chars.; range); Tremoleras, I.e., p. 12, 1920 coast of Montevideo, Canelones, and Maldonado, Uru- guay; Wace, I.e., p. 195, 1921 Falkland Islands; Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, 3, Zool., Part 1, p. 16, 1921 Santa Clara Island and Mas A Tierra, Chile; Chapman, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 46, p. 120, 1926 Puerto Montt to Guaitecas Islands, Chile; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 312 Falkland Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 33, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 421, 1932 Chile (range),; Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 100 Nassau Bay and channels of the Cape Horn region; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 251, 1935 Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile (resident and breeding); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 437, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 14, 1938 Iguap6, Santos, and Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo (range); Biraben and Scott, Physis, Rev. Soc. Arg. Cienc. Nat., 16, p. 245, pis. 1-4, 1939 (notes on in Argentina); Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 199, 1940 (breeding localities); Housse, Rev. Univ. Santiago, 25, p. 83, 1940 (habits in Chile). Spheniscus demersus var. magellanicus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 211 Tierra del Fuego (crit.). Spheniscus trifasciatus (Landbeck MS.) Philippi, Zeits. Ges. Naturw., (N.F.), 7, p. 121, pis. 1, 2, 1873 Valdivia, Chile (type in National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 31, 1930); idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 81, pi. 36, fig. 3 (head), 1902 Valdivia. Spheniscus humboldti (not of Meyen) Reed, Ibis, 1874, p. 83 "Masafuera"; Salvin, Ibis, 1875, p. 377 Juan Fernandez; Johow, Est. Flora Isl. Juan 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 13 Fernandez, pp. 29, 238, 1896 Mas A Tierra and Santa Clara Islands (breeding); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 212, 1896 part, Juan Fernan- dez and Santa Clara Islands; Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 256, 1909 Isla Ano Nuevo, Staten Island (eggs) ; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 201, 1910 Tierra del Fuego (ex Schalow) and Isla Ano Nuevo (ex Venturi); idem, Bol. Soc., Physis, 1, p. 257, 1913 same localities; idem, El Hornero, 2, pp. 7, 9, 1920 (chars.; Tierra del Fuego, errore); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 53, 1924 Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile (breeding). (T)Spheniscus modestus Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 671, April, 1899 Chile; idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 171, 1899 (stated to be from Chiloe Island, Jardin Zoologico de Santiago and Quinteras, near Valparaiso; co types in National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 32, 1930); idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 84, pi. 39, figs. 1, 2, 1902 ChiloS Island (=young). Range. Breeds on the coast of southern Chile, from Santa Marta Maria and La Mocha Islands, Arauco, south to the Cape Horn region; Mas A Tierra and Santa Clara Islands, Juan Fernandez group; on the Falkland Islands; and on the east coast of Patagonia north to Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz; 1 ranging except in breeding season north as far as Coquimbo, Chile, in the west, and to Sao Paulo (rarely to Rio de Janeiro and even to Valenca, Bahia [fide Pinto]), Brazil, in the east. Field Museum Collection. 2: Chile (Rio Inio, Chiloe" Island, 1); Argentina (Rivadavia, Chubut, 1). *Spheniscus mendiculus Sundevall. GALAPAGOS PENGUIN. Spheniscus mendiculus Sundevall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, pp. 126, 129 James Island, Galapagos Islands (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gylden- stolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 96, 1927); Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 508, pi. 89, 1876 James Island, Galapagos Islands (crit.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 119, 1890 Albemarle Island; idem, I.e., 19, p. 660, 1897 Albemarle Island (monog.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 653, 1898 Galapagos Islands; Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 199, 1899 Albemarle, Duncan, and Brattle Islands (crit.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 416, 1902 Albemarle and Narborough Islands; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 235, 1904 Albemarle, Narborough and Seymour Islands, seldom on Abingdon, Bindloe, Tower, Wenman, and Culpepper Islands; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 16, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1913 Albemarle, Brattle, Charles, Duncan, James, Jervis, Narborough, Onslow, and Seymour Islands (habits, meas., soft parts); Swarth, Occ. Paps. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 33, 1931 Galapagos Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 33, 1931 Galapagos Islands; 1 The record from South Georgia, based on "Jack-ass Penguin" Weddell, Voy. South Pole, p. 57, 1825, certainly does not refer to the present species. 14 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 25, 1931 Albemarle Island; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 466, 1936 (mo nog.). Spheniscus mendicatus Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9, p. 64, 1880 (emendation). Range. Galdpagos Archipelago. Field Museum Collection. 3: Galapagos Islands (Narborough Island, 1; Albemarle Island, 2). Order GAVIIFORMES Family GAVIIDAE. Loons Genus GAVIA J. R. Forster Gavia J. R. Forster, Euchirid. Hist. Nat., p. 38, 1788 type, by subs, desig. (Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 24, p. 35, 1908), Colymbus imber Gunnerus =Colymbus immer Briinnich. Urinator Lace'pede, Tabl. Me"th. Ois., p. 14, 1799 type, by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 486, 1898), Colymbus glacialis Linnaeus =Colymbus immer Briinnich. Eudytes Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 282, 1811 type, by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 486, 1898), Colymbus sep- tentrionalis Linnaeus =Colymbus stellatus Pontoppidan. *Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan). RED-THROATED LOON. Colymbus Stellatus Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, 1, p. 621, 1763 based on "Colymbus maximus stellatus" Willoughby, Orn., [p. 258], pi. 62, Tame River, Warwickshire, England. 1 Colymbus Lumme Gunnerus, Trondj. Selsk. Skr., 1, p. 244, pi. 2, fig. 2, 1761; Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 39, 1764 "ex Islandia, Norvegia et Gronlandia, occicus quoque circa Hafniam." Colymbus borealis Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 39, 1764 near Copenhagen, Den- mark. Colymbus septentrionalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 220, 1766 "in Europae borealis lacubus"; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 131, 1898 Greenland. Colymbus Mulleri Brehm, Isis, 1826, col. 984 Greenland (type evidently lost). 2 Gavia stellata Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 72, 1919 (life hist., range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 55, 1928 San Felipe, Lower California (April 2-11, 1926); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 34, 1931 (range); Bailey, Brower and Bishop, Progr. Act. Chicago Acad. Sci., 4, p. 18, 1933 Barrow, Alaska (breeding); Taverner, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 23, p. 12, 1934 Churchill (transient); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 17, 1 About the type locality, cf. Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 15, p. 211, 1922. 2 Not listed by Hartert (Nov. Zool., 25, pp. 4-63, 1918) among the types in the Brehm Collection. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 15 1934 Nunivak Island (nesting); Sutton, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 146, 1943 (wing molt); van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 27, 1945 Gulf of California; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 15, 1946 Baffin Island (breeding). Range. Circumpolar. Breeds in America from the Arctic coasts and islands south to the Aleutian and Queen Charlotte Islands, Manitoba, southeastern Quebec, New Brunswick, and Newfound- land; also in Greenland; winters south to Florida and northern Lower California. Field Museum Collection. 45: Alaska (Barrow, 7; King Island, 1; Nome, 1; St. Michaels, 1; Teller, 1; Bethel, 1; Stewart Island, 1); Washington (Port Townsend, 1); California (Hyperion, 2; Santa Monica, 1; Alamitos Bay, 1; Moss Landing, 1; Pacific Grove, 3; Monterey, 3); Colorado (Laramie County, 1); Indiana (Porter County, 1); Labrador (unspecified, 1; Jack Lane's Bay, 1; Cape Whittle, 1; Davis Inlet, 1; Kegaska, 2); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1); Massachusetts (Marshfield, 2; Cape Cod, 1; Cohasset, 1); Con- necticut (West Haven, 1; Branford, 1; Stony Creek, 3; New Haven, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1). Gavia arctica viridigularis Dwight. 1 GREEN-THROATED LOON. Gavia viridigularis Dwight, Auk, 35, p. 198, April, 1918 Gichega, north- eastern Siberia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 17, 1923 St. George Island, Pribilof Islands (June 22, 1873) and St. Michael, Alaska (Aug. 24, 1877). Gavia arctica (not Colymbus ardicus Linnaeus) Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 65, 1919 St. Michael, Alaska. Gavia arctica viridigularis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 34, 1931 (range); Bailey, Brower and Bishop, Progr. Act. Chicago Acad. Sci., 4, p. 18, 1933 Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska. Range. Northeastern Siberia, from the Chatanga east to Kam- chatka and Sakhalin; occasional in western Alaska (St. George Island, Pribilof Islands; St. Michael and Cape Prince of Wales). *Gavia arctica pacifica (Lawrence). PACIFIC LOON. Colymbus pacificus Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, p. 889, 1858 San Diego, California, and Puget Sound 2 (type lost; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, pp. 259-260, 1932). 1 Gavia arctica viridigularis Dwight: Differs from the western nominate race by having the dark areas of the throat, when viewed toward the light, with decided green instead of purplish reflections. 2 Type locality restricted to San Diego, California, by Grinnell (Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 260, 1932). 16 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII [Colymbus arcticus] subsp. a. C. pacificus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 494, 1898 (monog.). Gavia pacifica Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 67, 1919 (life hist., range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 55, 1928 Lower California. Gavia arctica pacifica Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 34, 1931 (range) ; Bailey, Brower and Bishop, Progr. Act. Chicago Acad. Sci., 4, p. 18, 1933 Barrow, Alaska (nesting); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 17, 1934 Nunivak Island; Sutton, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 147, 1943 (wing molt); van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 27, 1945 Gulf of California; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 14, 1946 Baffin Island (breeding). Gavia arctica Taverner, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 23, p. 11, 1934 Churchill, Manitoba (breeding). Range. Breeds on the Arctic coasts of North America from Point Barrow to Southampton Island, south to the Alaska Peninsula, Lake Athabasca, and York Factory; winters on the Pacific coast from Puget Sound to Lower California and Guadalupe Island. 1 Field Museum Collection. 23: Alaska (Barrow, 3; Nome, 1; Bethel, 3; Yukon River, 1); Arctic America (Franklin Bay, 2); Washington (Port Townsend, 3); California (Hyperion, 1; Carmel River Lagoon, 1; La Patera Point, 1; San Francisco, 1; Pacific Grove, 4; Monterey, 1; Santa Cruz Island, 1). *Gavia immer immer (Briinnich). COMMON LOON. Colymbus immer Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 38, 1764 Faroe Islands. Colymbus torquatus Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 41, 1764 Iceland, Greenland, and Norway. Colymbus glacialis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 221, 1766 "in Mari arctico"; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 134, 1898 Greenland; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 439, 1904 Lower California and Valley of Mexico. Colymbus hyemalis Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Eur. Vogel, 2, p. 883, 1824 Green- land (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 50, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Gavia immer Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 47, 1919 (life hist., range in part); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 55, 1928 Lower California; (?)van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 27, 1945 Gulf of California. Gavia immer immer Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 35, 1931 (range); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 20, 1943 Peel Branch, Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 109, 1944 Alaska Peninsula (nesting); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 14, 1946 Baffin Island (nesting). 1 Extralimitally, the Pacific Loon breeds in the tundra region of northeastern Siberia from the Indigirca to the Anadyr and winters in the Japanese islands and on the coast of Korea. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 17 Range. Breeds in northern North America from the Arctic coasts to the northern United States, in Greenland, and extra- limitally in Iceland and probably on Jan Mayen; winters from about its southern breeding limit to Lower California, Mexico, Florida, and extralimitally on the coasts of the British Isles and in other parts of Europe. Field Museum Collection. 12: Greenland (Ikertak Fjord, 1; Tooveosuak, 1); Labrador (Hopedale, 1; Frank's Brook, 1); New- foundland (St. George Bay, 1; Lewis Mountain, 1); Massachusetts (Plymouth, 2); Connecticut (Greenwich, 1; New Haven, 1; Seymour, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1). *Gavia immer elasson Bishop. 1 WESTERN LOON. Gavia immer elasson Bishop, Auk, 38, p. 367, July, 1921 Carpenter Lake, Rolette County, North Dakota (type in coll. of L. B. Bishop, now in Field Museum, examined); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 35, 1931 (range). (l)Gavia immer Munro, Auk, 62, p. 38, pis. 4, 5, 1945 British Columbia Gife hist.). Range. Supposed to breed in the Dakotas and probably in the adjacent regions from British Columbia to northern California; winter range not definitely established. Field Museum Collection. 26: British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 1); Washington (Clallam River, 1; Port Townsend, 1); North Dakota (Ramsey County, 3; Towner County, 1; Rolette County, 3); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 4; Bear Lake, 1; Lake Koshkonong, 1); Illinois (Lake County, 1); Indiana (Bluffton, 2); California (Sunset Beach, 1; Monterey, 1; Pacific Grove, 3; Hyperion, 1; Santa Barbara, 1). *Gavia adamsii (G. R. Gray). 2 YELLOW-BILLED LOON. Colymbus adamsii G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 167, 1859 "Russian America"= Alaska (type in the British Museum); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 500, 1898 (monog.). Urinator adamsii Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 36, 1887 St. Michael. Gavia adamsi(i) Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 368, 1915 Humphrey Point, Alaska (not breeding); Cooke, Condor, 17, p. 213, 1915 (disc, of migration route); Dixon, Auk, 33, p. 370, 1916 (disc, of migration route); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 60, 1919 (life hist., range); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 17, 1923 P|bilof Islands (transient); 1 Gavia immer elasson Bishop differs from the nominate race by smaller size. Wing, 342-361, (female) 331-360. J Probably a geographical representative of G. immer. 18 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 26, 1925 Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (nesting; migration); Blanchet, Canad. Field Nat., 39, p. 52, 1925 barrens north- east of Great Slave Lake, 64 N., 106 to 112 W. (common breeder); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 35, 1931 (range); Bailey, Brower and Bishop, Progr. Act. Chicago Acad. Sci., 4, (2), p. 18, 1933 Barrow and Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (nesting); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 20, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Bishop, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 29, p. 182, 1944 Chipp River, Barrow, Alaska (breeding; descr. pullus). Range. Breeds from the Arctic coasts of Alaska and north- western Canada south to Cape Prince of Wales and the barren grounds northeast of Great Slave Lake (64 N., 106 to 112 W.) [extralimitally in northern Siberia west to Novaya Zemlya] ; winters irregularly to southern Alaska and Great Slave Lake [extralimitally to Norway, northern Russia]; accidental in Greenland. Field Museum Collection. 17: Alaska (Barrow, 12; Nome, 1; unspecified, 1; St. George Island, 1; Wrangell, 1); Arctic America (Franklin Bay, 1). Order COLYMBIFORMES Family CDLYMBIDAE. Grebes Genus COL YM BUS Linnaeus Colymbus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 135, 1758 type, by present desig., 1 Colymbus cristatus Linnaeus. Podiceps Latham, Suppl. Gen. Syn. Bds., p. 294, 1787 type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 76, 1840), Colymbus cristatus Linnaeus. Dytes Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Eur. Thierw., p. 41, 1829 type, by subs. desig. (Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., App., p. 15, 1841), Colymbus cornutus Gmelin=C. auritus Linnaeus. Pedetaithya Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Eur. Thierw., p. 44, 1829 type, by monotypy, Colymbus subcristatus Jacquin=C. griseigena Boddaert. Proctopus Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Eur. Thierw., p. 49, 1829 type, by monotypy, Colymbus auritus Linnaeus. 1 No type appears to have been designated before for the genus Colymbus. Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway (Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, 1884, p. 425), who are generally credited with having done so, determined Colymbus cristatus as genotype by the method of elimination, an action that seems to be invalid under present rules; cf. Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 45, 1926, and Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran-Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 46 (note 4), 1930. Sclater (Ibis, 1928, p. 819) claimed that Fitzinger (Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturw. Kl., 51, p. 320, 1865) h$d designated Colymbus arcticus, but on turning to the Preface of his paper (I.e., 21, p. 280, 1856), where he explains its scope, we find that it is intended as "eine Aufzahlung sammtlicher dahin gehorigen Gattungen und Untergattungen, unter Angabe einer ihrer typischen Arteri" (one of its typical species), a statement which does not seem to comply with the requirements laid down at the Boston Congress of Zoology. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 19 Lophaithyia Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Eur. Thierw., pp. 72, 195, 1829 type, by monotypy, Colymbus cristatus Linnaeus. Poliocephalus Selby, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Typ. Av., p. 47, 1840 type, by mono- typy and tautonymy, Podiceps poliocephalus Jardine and Selby. Sylbeocyclus Macgillivray, Man. Brit. Orn., 2, p. 205, 1842 type, by mono- typy, Sylbeocyclus Europaeus Macgillivray =Colymbus minor Gmelin= Colymbus ruficollis Pallas. Tachybaptus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., "1852," p. iii, 1853 type, by mono- typy, Colymbus minor Gme\in= Colymbus ruficollis Pallas. Rollandia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 775, 1856 type, by virtual monotypy, Rollandia leucotis Bonaparte = Podiceps Rolland Quoy and Gaimard. Calipareus "Bonaparte," G. R. Gray, Hand-List Gen. Spec. Bds., 3, p. 94, 1871 type, by tautonymy, Podiceps Kalipareus "Garnot"=P. occipitalis Garnot. Podicipes Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 502, 1898 emendation of Podiceps Latham. Colymbus dominicus bangsi van Rossem and Hachisuka. 1 BANGS' GREBE. Colymbus dominicus bangsi van Rossem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 8, p. 323, June 15, 1937 Santiago, Lower California (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 28, 1945 Agiabampo and Camoa, Sonora, Mexico. Tachybaptes dominicus (not Colymbus dominicus Linnaeus) Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 351, 1883 San Jose", Miraflores, and Santiago, Lower California. Colymbus dominicus Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 2, p. 250, 1889 Belding's Lower California localities. Colymbus dominicus brachypterus (not of Chapman) Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 13, 1902 Santiago, Lower California (crit.); Lamb, Condor, 29, p. 155, 1927 San Jose" del Cabo; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 54, 1928 cape district of Lower California; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 93, p. 231, 1943 part, northwestern Mexico. Poliocephalus dominicus brachypterus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 37, 1931 part, Lower California. Range. Arid Tropical zone of southern Lower California (Cape district) and probably other portions of northwestern Mexico. 1 Colymbus dominicus bangsi van Rossem and Hachisuka: "Resembles C. d. brachypterus of southern Texas and Central America, but, sex for sex, bill definitely smaller; upper parts (including pileum) slightly grayer and paler; breeding plumage darker below, with spotting more prominent." Wing, 85-88, (female) 83-88; bill, 20-21, (female) 16-19 (van Rossem and Hachisuka, I.e.). The authors refer to this form, which we have not seen, a single example from Agiobampa, coast of southern Sonora (April 21), believed to be breeding. 20 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Colymbus dominions brachypterus Chapman. 1 MEXICAN GREBE. Colymbus dominicus brachypterus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. f 12, p. 256, Dec. 23, 1899 Lomita Ranch, Texas (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 413, 1910 Costa Rica (Laguna de Cartago, San Jose, Pozo Azul de Pirrfs, Tenorio, Cariblanco de Sarapiquf, Azahar de Cartago, Bonllla, Buenos Aires); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 35, 1919 (life hist.); Miller, Condor, 34, p. 8, 1932 Lake Olomega, El Salvador (nesting habits); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 124, 1932 San Lucas and Hacienda California, Guatemala; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 63, 1938 Lakes Olomega, Ilopango, and Chanmico, and Colima, El Salvador (crit., habits); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 89, p. 528, 1941 Lake Atitlan, Guatemala; idem, I.e., 93, p. 230, 1943 Laguna del Tular, Vera Cruz, Mexico (dist. chars.; range, in part). Podicipes dominicus (not Colymbus dominicus Linnaeus) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 520, 1898 part, spec, e-p', Texas, Mexico (Presi- dio, Tepic, Coatepec, Buczotz, Cozumel), Guatemala (Retalhuleu, Coban, Dueiias), Costa Rica (San Jose), Veraguas (Castillo), and Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 442, 1904 part, Texas and Mexico to Panama. Poliocephalus dominicus brachypterus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 37, 1931 part, Texas to Panama; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 291, 1935 Panama (Almirante, Canal Zone). Range. Southeastern Texas and south through Mexico and Central America to Panama. Field Museum Collection. 44: Texas (Corpus Christi, 1; Nueces County, 2; Brownsville, 24; Harlingen, 1); Guatemala (Lake Atitlan, 10); El Salvador (Sitio del Nino, 2; Lake Olomega, 2); Costa Rica (Ballina, Guanacaste, 2). *Colymbus dominicus dominicus Linnaeus. WEST INDIAN GREBE. Colymbus dominicus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 223, 1766 based on "La Grebe de riviere de S. Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 64, pi. 5, fig. 2; San Domingo (type in Reaumur Collection). Colymbus dominicensis d'Orbigny, in Sagra, Hist. He de Cuba, Orn., p. 229, 1839 substitute name for C. dominicus Linnaeus. Podicipes dominicus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 520, 1898 part, spec, a-d, Haiti, Jamaica, and Cuba (San Cristobal). 1 Colymbus dominicus brachypterus Chapman differs from the nominate race by shorter wings and smaller bill. Wing (males), 83-93; bill, 21-25. While this form is generally recognizable by its smaller size and slenderer bill, certain Central American birds so closely approach those from the West Indies as to be hardly separable. (Cf. also Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 408, 1911.) 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 21 Colymbus dominicus dominions Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 408, 1911 Great Inagua and Watling Islands, Bahamas (crit., meas.); idem, l.c., 10, p. 170, 1916 Caleta Grande, Isle of Pines (meas.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 271, 1927 Puerto Rico; idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 57, 1931 Hispaniola; Nichols and Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 25, 1943 St. Thomas, Virgin Islands (nesting); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 93, p. 230, 1943 (dist. chars., range). Poliocephalus dominicus dominicus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 37, 1931 Greater Antilles. Range. Bahamas, Greater Antilles (Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico), and Virgin Islands (St. Thomas). Field Museum Collection. 5: Bahama Islands (Andros, 1; Eleu- thera, 1); Cuba (Oriente, 1); Haiti (Port de Paix, 1); Jamaica (Priestman's River, 1). *Colymbus dominicus speciosus (Lynch Arribalzaga). 1 SHORT- BILLED GREBE. Podiceps speciosus Lynch Arribalzaga, La Ley (Buenos Aires), July 2, 1877, p. 1 Isla de Baradero, Prov. Buenos Aires (repr. in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 44, 1926). Podiceps dominicus Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 835, 1833 eastern Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 463, 1856 Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 268, 1860 Mendoza; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 521, 1861 Mendoza; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 528, 1866 Trinidad; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 322, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Ilha do Marambaya), Sao Paulo (Taubate, Ypanema), Matto Grosso (Caigara), Amazonas (Forte do Rio Branco), and Para (Cajutuba), Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 17 Lagoa Santa and Lagoa dos Pitos, Minas Geraes; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 783 Laguna of Urao, south of Merida, Venezuela; Taczanowski, I.e., 1882, p. 49 Rumucucha, Valley of Huayabamba, Peru (downy young and egg descr.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 164, 1900 Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 34, 1907 Sao Paulo (Iguape), Goyaz (Catalan, Ponte de Ipe Arcado), Espirito Santo (Rio Doce), Matto Grosso (Porto da Faya), and Venezuela (Me>ida); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 199, 1910 (range in Argentina). Colymbus dominicus (not of Linnaeus) Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 765, 1849 coast and savanna; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 151, 1893 Chapada, Matto Grosso. 1 Colymbus dominicus speciosus (Lynch Arribalzaga) differs from C. d. brachyp- lerus principally by longer wings, proportionately smaller bill, and slightly darker under parts. Birds from Brazil (brachyrhynchus) agree with others from Buenos Aires (speciosus), and a single Ecuadorian specimen. 22 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Tachybaptus dominions Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 39, 1857 Cayenne; Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 165 near Montevideo, Uruguay; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 548 Antioquia, Colombia (eggs descr.); White, I.e., 1882, p. 629 Punta Lara, Buenos Aires; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 454, 1899 Sao Paulo. Tachybaptes dominions Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 203 Prov. Buenos Aires; idem, Ibis, 1878, p. 405 Chubut, Sengel, and Sengelen, 'Patagonia; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 473 Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425, 1892, p. 214 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 36, 1897 San Francisco (Tarija), Bolivia; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 86 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. Podicipes dominions Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 520, 1898 part, spec, s'-z', Colombia (Antioquia), British Guiana, Brazil (Bahia, Ypanema, Chapada), and Peru; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 49, 1900 Vinces, Ecuador; Arribalzaga, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 159, 1902 Lago General Paz, Chubut; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patag., 2, Orn., p. 59, 1904 Patagonia; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 97, 1910 Bahia (Lag8a de Carnahyba; Santa Rita, Rio Preto) and Piauhy (Canto Grande, Rio Parnahyba). Colymbus dominions brachyrhynchus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 12, p. 255, Dec. 23, 1899 Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 98, 1912 Cajutuba, Para; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 221, 1917 Cali and Popayan, Colombia (crit.); idem, I.e., 55, p. 180, 1926 Chone, Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 43, 1926 near Riacho Pilaga, Formosa (crit.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 500, 1929 Canto Grande, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 75, 1930 Urucum, Matto Grosso. Podiceps dominions brachyrhynchus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 101, 1908 Faz. Esperanga, Goyaz, Brazil; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920 Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Maldonado). Podicipes brachyrhynchus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 70, 1914 Para and Monte Alegre, Para, Brazil. Tachybaptus brachyrhynchus Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 83, 1916 (various localities). Podiceps brachyrhynchus Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 256 Eten, Lambayeque, Peru. Poliocephalus dominions brachyrhynchus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 37, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 576 Trinidad and Tobago (breeding). Poliocephalus dominions speciosus Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 15, 1938 Sao Paulo (IguapS), Matto Grosso (Porto Faya, Aquidauana), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Goyaz (Catalao, Ponte Ipe Arcado), and Espirito Santo (Rio Doce). Colymbus dominions speciosus Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 180, 1939 Independencia, Venezuela (crit.); idem, I.e., 93, p. 231, 1943 (dist. chars., range). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 23 Range. Locally in Colombia (Cali, Popayan, Antioquia), west- ern Ecuador (Vinces, Chone), Peru (Valley of Huayabamba; Eten, Lambayeque), Venezuela (Me'rida region; Aragua), on the islands of Trinidad and Tobago; more generally distributed in British Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and the lowlands of Argentina south to Chubut. Field Museum Collection. 25: Colombia (San Juan de Cienaga, Magdalena, 6); Ecuador (Arenillas, Oro, 2; Santa Rosa, Oro, 1); Venezuela (Maracaibo, 4; Lake Valencia, 10); Brazil (Lagoa Grande, Goyaz, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1). *Colymbus rolland rolland (Quoy and Gaimard). HOLLAND'S GREBE. Podiceps Rolland Quoy and Gaimard, in Freycinet, Voy. Uranie et Physic., Zool., livr. 4, p. 133, pi. 36, Sept., 1824 Falkland Islands (cotypes in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, [2], 1, p. 61, 1929). Podiceps rollandi(i) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 137, 1841 part, Falk- land Islands; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 389, 1860 Berkeley Sound; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 162 Port Louis (breeding); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 42, 1867 Falkland Islands (crit.); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 233, 1891 French Bay, Falkland Islands; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 199, 1910 Falk- land Islands; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 135, 1917 Egg Harbour and San Carlos, East Falkland Island (downy young descr.); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 194, 1921 Falkland Islands; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 437, 1922 part, Port Stanley, Falkland Islands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 310 Falkland Islands. Rollandia leucotis (Cuvier MS.) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 775, 1856 substitute name for Podiceps rolland Quoy and Gaimard. Podicipes rollandi Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 527, 1898 Falkland Islands; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 68, 1904 Falkland Islands (crit.). Podicipes dominicus (not Colymbus dominicus Linnaeus) Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 24, 1904 East Falkland Island. Colymbus rolland Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 38, 1931 (range). Range. Falkland Islands. 1 Field Museum Collection. 1 : Falkland Islands (San Carlos, East Falkland Island, 1). *Colymbus rolland chilensis (Lesson). 2 CHILEAN GREBE. 1 Ten additional specimens examined. 2 Colymbus rolland chilensis (Lesson), though differing from the Falkland Islands bird by much smaller size and duller as well as darker rufous under parts in nuptial plumage, is clearly its continental representative. 24 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Podiceps chilensis (Garnot MS.) Lesson, 1 Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 358, June, 1828 Concepcidn, Chile (location of type unrecorded); Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 137, 1841 near Buenos Aires and Tierra del Fuego; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 464, 1847 Chile; Frauen- feld, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 10, Abh., p. 638, 1860 Lake Aculeo, Santiago, Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340 Chile; Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 645 Lake Junfn, Peru. Podiceps americanus (Garnot MS.) Lesson, 1 Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 358, June, 1828 Concepci6n Bay, Chile; Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 13, p. 599, Nov. 21, 1829 Concepcion Bay, Chile, and Brazil (Rio Grande and "St. Paul"); Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. FIs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 465, 1847 Concepci6n (ex Garnot); Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 511 Valdivia, Chile; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 42, 1867 part, spec. nos. 3-5, Chile (crit.); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 284, 1868 southern provinces of Chile; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 235, 1891 Tierra del Fuego (Ushuaia, Bahia Orange, Packsaddle, Gable, and Gordon Islands); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 55 Ingapirca, Junin, Peru (crit., egg descr.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 34, 1907 (range); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 199, 1910 (range in Argentina); idem, I.e., 28, p. 190, pi. 4, 1916 Hac. Charles, Buenos Aires (descr. of eggs and downy young); Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918 Mendoza; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 256 Pampa Aullagas, Oruro, Bolivia; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 23, p. 17, 1919 Nilahue, Curico, Chile; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 85 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920 Uruguay (Monte- video, Canelones, Colonia); Daguerre, I.e., p. 261, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 437, 1922 Coronel, Chile (breeding habits); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 227, 1925 Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Jaffuel and Pirion, I.e., 31, p. 114, 1927 Marga-Marga, Chile; Barros, I.e., p. 264, 1927 Laguna de Torca, Curico, Chile (food). Podiceps chiliensis Garnot, 1 Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 14, p. 601, Jan. 9, 1830 Concepcion Bay, Ch^le, and Rio Grande, Brazil. Podiceps albicollis Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 594, 1831 no locality (descr. of immature; the cotypes in the Paris Museum are from Brazil [=Rio Grande do Sul], coll. A. de Saint-Hilaire; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., [2], 3, p. 571, 1851, and Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, [2], 1, p. 61, 1929). Podiceps rollandi(i) (not P. rolland Quoy and Gaimard) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 137, 1841 part, near Straits of Magellan and coast of Chile; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 119, 1843 coast of Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 463, 1847 Chile; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 1853, p. 218 Valdivia, Chile; Boeck, I.e., 1855, p. 511 Valdivia; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 140, 1865 Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340 Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. 1 These three names were evidently based on the very same specimens, some obtained during the voyage of the Coquille in Concepci6n Bay, Chile, and others sent to the Paris Museum by Auguste de Saint-Hilaire from Rio Grande dp Sul, Brazil. The latter were subsequently again described by Lesson as P. albicollis. P. chilensis has priority over all the others. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 25 Chile, 31, p. 284, 1868 central provinces of Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 146 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; iidem, Ibis, 1868, p. 189 Sandy Point; iidem, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 Halt Bay, Straits of Magellan; iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 158 Laguna de Tungasuca, Cuzco, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1872, p. 549 Rio Negro; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 359, 1876 Carapata, Lake Titicaca, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 17 Laguna de Tun- gasuca, Cuzco, Peru; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 45 Chubut Valley; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 568, 1877 Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 164 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding notes); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 57, 1881 Rio Sauce Chico, Rio Colorado, and Rio Negro; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 17 Straits of Magellan (Portland Bay, Peckett Harbour, Picton Channel, Swallow Bay, Puerto Rio Frio) and Chile (Talcaguano) ; White, I.e., 1882, p. 629 Alto Parana, Misiones; idem, I.e., 1883, p. 43 Cosquin, Cordoba; Salvin, I.e., p. 432 Talcaguano, Chile; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 317, 1884 Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. Ill, 1889 Lake Titicaca; Holland, Ibis, 1891, p. 16; idem, Ibis, 1892, p. 214 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 lower Pilcomayo; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 212 Arroyo Grande, Uruguay; Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, 3, p. cxv, 1894 Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Waugh and Lataste, I.e., 4, p. clxxiii, 1895 San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso, Chile; Lataste, I.e., 5, p. Ixii, 1895 LlohuS, Maule, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 651, 1898 Valparaiso and Lago Llanquihue, Chile; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 437, 1922 part, Straits of Magellan and Chile (Ancud, Corral); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 208, 1929 Angol, Malleco, Chile. Podiceps leucotis Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 563 Junfn, Peru. Podicipes rollandi Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895 Santa Rosa, Salta; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 313 Lago Llanquihue and Rio Bueno (Valdivia), Chile; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 152, 1899 coast of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Podicipes americanus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 524, 1898 Peru to Magellan Straits (monog.) ; Salvadori/ Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 633, 1900 Punta Arenas; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 214, 1902 Rio Sail and Lules, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 459 Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 48 Gray's Harbour, Smythe's Channel, Magellan Straits; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, p. 63, 1904 Cape Fairweather, Rio Gallegos, and Arroyo Eke; Menegaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 223, 1909 Lake Titicaca, Bolivia; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 476 Los Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires. Colymbus americanus Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 255, 1909 Argentina (La Soledad, Entre Rios; Ignacio Correos and Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Laguna de Malvinas, Tucuman). Colymbus chilensis Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 290, 1923 Hua- nuluan and Neluan, Rio Negro; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 45, 1926 Buenos Aires (Est. Los Yngleses, Carhu6, Guanynf) and 26 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Rio Negro (General Roca); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 411, 1926 Arroyo Seco, Rio Negro, and Lago Rivadavia, Chubut; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 38, 1931 (range); Brodkorb, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 33, 1937 west of Puerto Casado, Paraguay; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 16, 1938 (range). Colymbus rolland chilensis Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 46, 1930 Est. La Germania, Santa Fe"; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 418, 1932 Chile (Lago Gualletue, Cautin; Rifiihue, Valdivia; Lagreze Canal, Guaitecas Islands). Range. From central Peru (Junin), Bolivia, Paraguay and ex- treme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) south through Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile to Tierra del Fuego. 1 Field Museum Collection. 25: Peru (Lake Junin, 5; Cailloma, Arequipa, 1; Puno, Puno, 2); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 3); Paraguay, Chaco (V. Militar, 1; Laguna General Diaz, 110 km. west of Puerto Casado, 1); Chile (Rifiihue, Valdivia, 1; Gualletue" Lake, Cautin, 1; Lagreze Canal, Guaitecas Islands, 1); Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 8; Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, 1). Colymbus taczanowskii (Berlepsch and Stolzmann). 2 TACZA- NOWSKI'S GREBE. Podiceps taczanowskii Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ibis, (6), 6, p. 109, pi. 4, Jan., 1894 Ingapirca, Lake Junfn, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 98, 1927); iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 55 Ingapirca and Maraynioc {eggs descr.); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 645 Lake Junfn, Peru. Podiceps kalipareus (not of Lesson and Garnot) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 563 Junin (in part). Podiceps calipareus Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 493, 1886 Peru (Junfn, in part). Podidpes taczanowskii Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 538, 1898 Lake Junfn. Colymbus taczanowskii Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 38, 1931 Lake Junfn. Range. Puna zone of central Peru (Lake Junin, Maraynioc). 1 Birds from Peru and Bolivia average slightly larger, but the divergency is insignificant. 2 Colymbus taczanowskii (Berlepsch and Stolzmann) : Nearest to C. occipitalis, but bill much longer, basally decidedly wider, and plumbeous violet tipped with white (not uniform black) ; tarsi and toes much longer, stouter, and olive grayish or brownish instead of black; auricular tufts much longer, silky ashy-brown; front part of the pileum darker, more grayish, and blending gradually into the black nuchal region, which extends down onto the upper back; cheeks and throat pure white like the remainder of the under parts as in C. o. juninensis, etc. Wing, (one fem.ale) 124; tarsus, 43; bill, 30. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 27 *Colymbus occipitalis juninensis (Berlepsch and Stolzmann). 1 JUNIN GREBE. Podiceps calliparaeus juninensis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ibis, (6), 6, p. 112 (in text), Jan., 1894 Lake Junfn, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 98, 1927); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 49, 1921 La Raya, Urubamba, Peru. Podiceps calipareus (not P. kalipareus Lesson and Garnot) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 158 Laguna de Tungasuca, Cuzco, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1876, p. 17 Laguna de Tungasuca, Cuzco, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 493, 1886 Peru (in part); (?)Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 199, 1910 part, Cumbre de Calchaqufes, Tucuman; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 20, 1922 Lake Mica, Antisana, Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 33, p. 354, 1927 Antisana, Ecuador (crit.). Podiceps occipitalis (not of Garnot) Orton, Amer. Natur., 4, p. 716, 1871 Lake Mica, Ecuador. Podiceps kalipareus Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 563 Junfn, Peru (in part). Podiceps caliparaeus Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 359, 1876 Moho, Lake Titicaca; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137 Lake Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile. Podiceps caliparius Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 641 Potosf, Bolivia. Podiceps callipareus Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 Antofagasta, Chile. Podicipes calipareus Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 313 Huasco and Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 536, 1898 part, spec. k, Lake Huasco, Tarapaca. Podicipes calipareus subsp. a P. juninensis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 538, 1898 Laguna de Tungasuca, Peru. Podicipes juninensis Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 49, 1900 Lake Culebrillas (Azuay), Lake Yaguarcocha, and Valle- vicioso, Ecuador. Podiceps caliparaeus juninensis Mengaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 223, 1909 Lake Poopo, Oruro, Bolivia. Podiceps juninensis Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 257 Potosf, Bolivia. Colymbus calipareus juninensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 180, 1926 Lake Mica, Antisana, Ecuador. Colymbus occipitalis juninensis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 38, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 418, 1932 Lake 1 Colymbus occipitalis juninensis (Berlepsch and Ctolzmann): Similar to the nominate race, but differs by darker (sooty rather than drab gray) pileum, less extensive black nuchal patch, pure white (instead of drab gray), throat and sub- ocular region, and whitish tip to the lower mandible, while the auricular tufts are drab instead of yellowish Isabella color. Wing, 130-135; bill, 20-22. Additional material examined. Peru: Tungasuca, Cuzco, 1. Bolivia: Potosf, 2. Chile: Lake Huasco, Tarapaca, 1. 28 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile (crit.); Zotta, El Hornero, 6, p. 105, 1935 Sierra del Caj6n, Jujuy, and Salta, Argentina; Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 463, 645 Talahuarra and Santa Inez, Huancavelica, and Lake Junin, Peru; Peters and Griswold, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 92, p. 287, 1943 Maraynioc, Junin, Peru (disc., tax. chars.); de Schauensee, Not. Nat. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 144, p. 2, 1944 Cumbal, Narino, Colombia (breeding). Range. Puna zone of Colombia (Purace, Cauca; Cumbal, Narino), Ecuador, Peru; northern Chile (Tarapaca and Antofagasta), and northwestern Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, and ?Tucuman). Field Museum Collection. 23: Colombia (Purace, Cauca, 3); Ecuador (Cerro Antisana, Pichincha, 1; Cordillera Oriental, Pichin- cha, 8) ; Peru (Cailloma, Arequipa, 3) ; Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 8). *Colymbus occipital is occipitalis (Garnot). CRESTED GREBE. Podiceps occipitalis Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p. 50, 1826 Falkland Islands (location of type unrecorded and unknown); Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 356, June, 1828 Rio Bougainville, Falkland Islands; Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 12, p. 544, July 4, 1829 Falkland Islands; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 41, 1867 Falkland Islands and Chile. Podiceps kalipareus Lesson and Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 5, pi. 45, Oct., 1827; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 136, 1841 Bahia Blanca (Buenos Aires) and Falkland Islands; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 119, 1843 bay of Valparaiso, Chile; Yarrell, I.e., 15, p. 55, 1847 Chile (eggs descr.); Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 464, 1847 coast of Chile; Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 132, 1853 near Santiago; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 284, 1868 Chile. Podiceps calipareus 1 Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 16, p. 727, May, 1830 Rio Bougainville, Soledad Bay, near Port Louis, Falkland Islands (orig. descr.; location of type unrecorded); Hartlaub, Naumannia, 1853, p. 218 Valdivia, Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 389, 1860 San Salvador Bay, Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 162 East Falkland Island; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 140, 1865 Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340 Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 Chiloe", Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 569, 1877 Cauquenes, Colchagua, and Cordillera of Santiago, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 45 north of Chubut, Patagonia; idem, Ibis, 1878, p. 405 Chubut Valley; (?) White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 43 Cosquin, C6rdoba; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 204, 1889 Argentina; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 212, 1896 Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 651, 1898 Talcaguano and Valparaiso, Chile; 1 By subsequent authors variously spelled caliparius, caliparaeus, and cali- paroeus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 29 Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 70, 1904 Patagonia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 199, 1910 Patagonia (Rio Negro, Chubut), (?)Tucuman (Cumbre de Calcha- qufes), (?)C6rdoba, and Buenos Aires (Bahia Blanca); Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 84 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 438, 1922 Coronel and Talcaguano, Chile; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 84, 1924 Puerto Ingles, Atacama, Chile; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 310 Falkland Islands (breeding); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 30, p. 264, 1926 Riecillos, Aconcagua, Chile (food); Jaffuel and Pirion, I.e., 31, p. 114, 1927 Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 208, 1929 Angol, Malleco; Barros, I.e., p. 356, 1929 Cordillera of Aconcagua; Bros, I.e., p. 381, 1929 Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile. Podicipes calipareus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 536, 1898 part, spec, a-i, 1-w, Chile (Talcaguano), Straits of Magellan, Chubut, and Falkland Islands. Podiceps calipareus calipareus Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 194, 1921 Falkland Islands. Colymbus calipareus Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 256, 1909 Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, and Viedma, Rio Negro. Colymbus calipareus calipareus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 290, 1923 Huanuluan, Neluan, and Lago Nahuel Huapi, Rio Negro. Colymbus occipitalis occipitalis Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 46, 1926 Lago Epiquen, Buenos Aires (wintering); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 411, 1926 Bariloche, Rio Negro; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 38, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 417, 1932 Chile. Range. Chile, from Atacama south to the Straits of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego, and southern Argentina north to the Rio Negro, wintering north to Buenos Aires Province (Lago Epiquen, etc.); 1 Falkland Islands. 2 Field Museum Collection. 1: Chile (Lake Malleco, Malleco, 1). *Colymbus auritus Linnaeus. HORNED GREBE. Colymbus auritus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 135, 1758 based principally on Fauna Svec., No. 123, Sweden; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 20, 1919 (life hist., range) ; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 38, 1931 (range); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 285, 1931 Bermudas (winter visitor); Taverner, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 23, p. 13, 1934 Churchill, Mani- toba (breeding); Dixon, Fauna Nat. Parks U. S., 3, p. 29, 1938 Mount 1 The subspecific status of the birds found breeding by Budin in a lake of the Cumbre de Calchaqufes (alt. 4,300 meters), Tucuman, remains in doubt. They are more likely to be C. o. juninensis, which has been ascertained to breed in the neighboring provinces of Salta and Jujuy. The same uncertainty surrounds the single male secured by White at Cosquin, Cordoba. 2 Two poor Falkland specimens are slightly larger than the average of conti- nental birds, but do not seem to be otherwise different. A good series is required to settle their relationship. 30 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII McKinley, Alaska (breeding); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 21, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (breeding). Colymbus cornutus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 591, 1789 based on "Eared Dobchick" Edwards (Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 96, pi. 96, left fig.) and "Horned Grebe" Pennant (Arct. Zool, 2, p. 497) and Latham (Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 287, pi. 91); "in America septentrionali"= Hudson Bay. Colymbus obscurus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 592, 1789 based on "La petite Grebe" Brisson (Orn., 6, p. 56), "Black and White Dobchick" Edwards (Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 96, pi. 96, right fig.), "Dusky Grebe" Pennant (Arct. Zool., 2, p. 498), etc.; England and New York. Colymbus comosus Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 1, livr. 47, p. 56, 1791 based on "Horned Grebe" Pennant (Arct. Zool., 2, p. 497) and Colymbus auritus Forster (Phil. Trans., 62, 1772, p. 420, no. 22); Hudson Bay. Podiceps ambiguus Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 595, 1831 locality un- known (type in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 571, 1851; crit.). Podiceps cornutus Holboll, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 371, 1843 Nanortalik, Greenland. Podiceps sclavus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 774, 1856 substitute name for C. cornutus auct., obscurus Gmelin, etc. Podicipes auritus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 527, 1898 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 130, 1898 Greenland (several records); H0rring and Salomonsen, I.e., 131, (5), p. 14, 1941 Greenland (four records). Range. Breeds in North America from the lower Yukon, north- ern Mackenzie, and southwestern Ungava south to the northern tier of the United States (also in northern and eastern Europe and northern Asia) ; winters south to southern California, the Gulf coast and Florida (the Mediterranean, and southern China) ; occasional in Greenland (several records) and Bermudas (several records). Field Museum Collection. 59: Alaska (St. Michael, 1; St. George Island, 1); British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 1; Okanagan, 2); Saskatchewan (Prince Albert, 5; Lake Johnston, 1); Washington (Clallam Bay, 2; Port Townsend, 4); Oregon (Netarts, 1); California (Hyperion, 1; Tiburon, 1; Monterey, 1; Pacific Beach, 1); North Dakota (Nelson County, 4; Rolette County, 3; Towner County, 3); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 8; Lake Koshkonong, 1); Illinois (Chicago, 1; Highland Park, 1); Indiana (Bluffton, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1; Grosse Isle, 1); Maine (Calais, 1); Massachusetts (Dux- bury, 1; Cohasset, 1); Connecticut (Guilford, 1; Stony Creek, 1; West Haven, 2); New York (Hindsberg, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 1; Manteo, 1); Florida (Amelia Island, 2; Santa Rosa Island, 1). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 31 *Colymbus nigricollis calif ornicus (Heermann). AMERICAN EARED GREBE. Podiceps californicus Heermann, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, p. 179, "Oct., 1854" [=Apr. 12, 1855] California = San Pedro, Los Angeles County (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 260, 1932); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 179 Valley of Mexico; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 200 Lake of Duenas, Guatemala. Podiceps (Proctopus) californicus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 231 (crit.). Podiceps auritus var. californicus Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 319, 1874 Guaymas, Sonora. Colymbus nigricollis californicus Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 179, 1886 Laguna de Epatlan, Puebla, and Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 74, 1907 Lake Amatitlan and Lake Atitlan, Guatemala; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 27, 1919 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 54, 1928 Lower California (winter visitant); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 39, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 124, 1932 San Lucas, Guatemala; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 89, p. 528, 1941 Lake Atitlan, Guate- mala; van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 28, 1945 Gulf of California; Niceforo, Caldasia, 3, (14), p. 368, 1945 Colombia (Laguna La Herrera and Laguna Fuquene, eastern Andes). Podicipes californicus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 535, 1898 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 442, 1904 Mexico (Guaymas, Guanajuato, Guadalajara, Valley of Mexico, Laguna de Epatlan, Jalapa) and Guatemala (Atitlan, Lake of Duenas, Cubulco). Range. Breeds from central British Columbia, Great Slave Lake, and Manitoba south to southern California, northern Arizona, and northern Iowa; winters from California to Lower California, Mexico, Guatemala and Colombia. Field Museum Collection. 51: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, 1); California (Eureka, 2; Wasco, 1; Redwood, 3; Carmel Bay, 1; Pacific Grove, 5; Monterey, 2; San Clemente Island, 1; Los Angeles County, 3; Pacific Beach, 1; San Diego, 2; La Patera Point, 1; Santa Barbara, 1); Nevada (Washoe, 1); Colorado (Loveland, 1); North Dakota (Nelson County, 1; Ramsey County, 6; Towner County, 10); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 2); Guatemala (Laguna, Amatitlan, 3; Lake Atitlan, Chimaltenango, 3). *Colymbus grisegena holbollii (Reinhardt). HOLBOELL'S GREBE. Podiceps holbollii(i) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1853, p. 76 Nanortalik, Julianehaab District, Greenland (type in Copenhagen Mu- seum); idem, Ibis, 1861, p. 14 Greenland; idem, Vidensk. Medd. Natur- hist. Foren., 1881, p. 187 Julianehaab District, Greenland. 32 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Podiceps rubricollis (not of Latham, 1787) Holboll, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 371, 1843 Avertaminut, near Julianehaab, Greenland. Podiceps cooperi Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacific, 9, p. 893 (in text), 1858 Shoalwater Bay, Washington (cotypes in U. S. National Museum ;= young) r Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 230 (crit.). Podiceps (Pedetaithya) holbolli Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 231 (crit.). Podiceps affinis Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 8, p. 385, 1865 North America (type in Turin Museum ;= young). Podidpes griseigena subsp. a P. holboelli Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 542, 1898 (monog.). Podidpes griseigena var. major Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 130, 1898 Green- land. Colymbus holboelli Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 9, 1919 (life hist., range). Colymbus grisegena holbollii Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 40, 1931 (range); (?)Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 286, 1931 Bermuda Islands (sight record); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 21, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Speirs, North and Crosby, Wilson Bull., 56, p. 206, 1944 Burlington, Ontario (nesting). Podidpes griseigena holboellii(i) Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 93, (6), p. 14, 1935 Julianehaab, Frederiksdal and Akuliarusad, Greenland (also all Greenland records); Herring and Salomonsen, I.e., 131, (5), p. 15, 1941 Greenland (additional records). Range. Breeds in North America from the lower Yukon, north- ern Mackenzie, and northern Ungava south to northern Washington, southwestern Minnesota and Lake Ontario (and in northeastern Asia from Kamchatka to Ussuriland) ; winters south to southern California, the Ohio Valley, and North Carolina (also in China and Japan); occasional in Greenland. Field Museum Collection. 27: Alaska (Fort Yukon, 1; St. Michael, 1; Tocatna, 3); British Columbia (Okanagan, 1); Wash- ington (Port Townsend, 4); Montana (Three Forks, 1); North Dakota (Pierce County, 2; Ramsey County, 5; Rolette County, 4); Massachusetts (Duxbury, 1); Connecticut (Sherman, 1; East Hart- ford, 1; Danbury, 1; Stony Creek, 1). Colymbus grisegena grisegena Boddaert. RED-NECKED GREBE. Colymbits grisegena Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 55, 1783 based on Daubenton, PL Enl. 931; no locality = France. Designated by Hartert, 1912. Podiceps grisegena grisegena Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 40, 1931 (range); Wet- more and others, Auk, 62, p. 437, 1945 Sukkertoppen, Greenland (admitted to Amer. list). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 3 Podiceps griseigena griseigena Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 93, (6), p. 15, 1935 Sukkertoppen, Greenland; H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, (5), p. 14, 1941 Julianehaab, Greenland (Feb., 1934). Range. Breeds from Holland to western Siberia, in winter to Mediterranean and Turkestan. Accidental in Greenland (Sukker- toppen and Julianehaab). Genus AECHMOPHORUS Coues Aechmophorus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 229 type, by orig. desig., Podiceps occidentalis Lawrence. *Aechmophorus major (Boddaert). GREAT GREBE. Colymbus major Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 24, 1783 based on "Grebe de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 404, fig. 1; "Cayenne," errore. Colymbus cayennensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 593, 1790 based on "Grand Grebe" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 8, p. 242, and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 404, fig. 1; "Cayenne." Podiceps cayanus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 781, 1790 based on the same references. Colymbus bicornis Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 88, 1823 Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum). Podiceps leucopterus King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, p. 101, 1828 Straits of Magellan (type evidently lost); Jardine and Selby, 111. Orn., Part 7, pi. 107, Dec., 1830 Port Desire, Straits of Magellan (fig. of type); Hart- laub, Naumannia, 1853, p. 218 Valdivia, Chile; Boeck, I.e., 1855, p. 511 Rio Valdivia and Laguna de "Clarquitue" [=Llanquihue], Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 205, 1855 coast of Chile; Frauenfeld, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 10, Abh., p. 639, 1860 Lake Aculeo, Santiago, Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340 Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 568, 1877 Laguna de Cauquenes, Colchagua; Lataste, Extr. Proc.-Verb. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 1923, p. 172 Lake Aculeo, Chile; idem, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 135, 1925 Chile (nesting habits)'. Podiceps longirostris (not Colymbus longirostris Bonnaterre, 1791) Bonaparte, Icon. Faun. Ital., 1, Introd. Uccelli, p. 1, 1841 "Sardinia," errore (type in coll. of Sig. Durazzo, Genova). 1 Podiceps chilensis (not of Lesson) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 119, 1843 coast of Chile; Yarrell, I.e., 15, p. 54, 1847 Chile (eggs descr.). Podiceps bicornis Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 132, 1853 Valdivia and Algodon Bay, Chile; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 267, 1860 Rio Parana, near Santa Fe"; idem, Reise La Plata Staat., 2, p. 520, 1861 same locality. Podiceps major Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 38, 1867 Paraguay and Chile (Valdivia); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 500 St. Nicholas Bay, Straits of Magellan; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 244 Chimbote, Ancachs, Peru (Nov.); Gibson, Ibis, 1 Cf. Salvadori, Faun. Ital., 2, p. 308, 1872. 34 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1880, p. 164 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding notes); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 432 Coquimbo Bay, Chile; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 232, 1891 Patagonia (Puerto Deseado; Missioneros) and Tierra del Fuego (Gable Island; Lapataia); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 257 Eten, Lambayeque, Peru (Oct. 14). Aechmophorus major Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 165 Banda Oriental and near Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 203 near Montevideo, Uruguay, and Baradero, Buenos Aires; Lane, I.e., 1877, p. 313 Laguna Llanquihue, Chile; Durnford, I.e., 1878, p. 405 Patagonia (Chubut Valley, Sengel, Sengeleh, Lake Colguape'); White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 433 La Plata, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 316, 1884 Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 473 Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Holland, I.e., 1890, p. 425; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 213 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires (breeding); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 211 Uruguay (near Castilla Rocks, Montevideo, etc.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 212, 1896 Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 652, 1898 Chile (Villa Rica, Laguna Llanquihue; Punta Arenas and Susanne Cove, Straits of Magellan); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 549, 1898 "Brazil (Rio Negro)," 1 Chile (Coquimbo), Straits of Magellan, and Buenos Aires (Lomas de Zamora, Rio Parana); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 152, 1899 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 73, 1904 Rio Mayer, Patagonia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 35, 1907 (range); Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 152, 1907 Useless Bay; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 314, 1908 "Cayenne" (Buff on); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 255, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 200, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 476 Los Ynglases, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 83 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920 Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Maldonado); Daguerre, I.e., p. 261, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 439, 1922 Coronel, Chile; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 290, 1923 San Antonio Oeste, Rio Negro; Reed, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 189, 1925 Laguna de Curacavl, Chile (food); Barros, I.e., 30, p. 264, 1926 Laguna de Vichuquen, Curic6, Chile (food); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 48, 1926 Buenos Aires (Rio Parana, Lavalle, Cape San Antonio), Rio Negro (General Roca), and Uruguay (Arroyo Carrasco, Lazcano); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 411, 1926 San Antonio Oeste, Bari- loche, and Lago Nahuel Huapi, Rio Negro; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 143, 1927 La Plata River; Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 114, 1927 Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile; Bros, I.e., 33, p. 381, 1928 Marga-Marga; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 40, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 416, 1932 Chile (Coquimbo to Straits of Magellan); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 16, 1938 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1940, p. 256 Maullin River, Laguna de Llanquihue, and Lago Todos los Santos, Chile. Colymbus salvadorii Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 13, 1885 new name for Podiceps longirostris Bonaparte, preoccupied. 1 No doubt by confusion with the Rio Negro, Patagonia. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 35 Range. Chile; north central Argentina (Cordoba, Chaco, Entre Rios), Paraguay and extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) south to Tierra del Fuego; accidental on the coast of Peru (Chimbote, Ancachs; Eten, Lambayeque). 1 Field Museum Collection. 1: Chile (Lake Gualletue, Cautin, 1). *Aechmophorus occidentalis (Lawrence). WESTERN GREBE. Podiceps occidentalis Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, pp. 892, 894, 1858 Pacific coast from Washington Territory to California (type, from Fort Steilacoom, Washington, in U. S. National Museum). Podiceps clarkii Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, pp. 892, 895, 1858 California and New Mexico (type, from San Pablo Bay, Cali- fornia, in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 261, 1932). Aechmophonts occidentalis Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 229 (crit.); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 179, 1886 Laguna de Epatlan, Puebla, Mexico; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 551, 1898 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 441, 1904 western North America and Mexico (Chihuahua; Valley of Mexico; Chapala, Jalisco; Laguna de Epatlan, Puebla); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 1, 1919 (life hist.); Gregory, Auk, 40, p. 526, 1923 Putnam County, Illinois; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 54, 1928 Lower California (winter visitor); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 40, 1931 (range); Bailey and Brandenburg, Condor, 43, p. 73, 1941 Saguache County, Colorado (nesting); Bellrose and Low, Auk, 61, p. 468, 1944 Fulton County, Illinois; van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 29, 1945 Colorado River delta. Aechmophorus clarkii Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, pp. 229, 404 (crit.; nupt. plumage). Range. Breeds from British Columbia, southern Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba to northern California, Utah, Colorado, and northern North Dakota; winters from southern British Columbia south through California to Mexico (Jalisco, Mexico, Puebla). Field Museum Collection. 41: British Columbia (Vancouver, 1; Okanagan, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 3); Washington (Port Townsend, 4); North Dakota (Nelson County, 1; Ramsey County, 11; Towner County, 1); Utah (Brigham, 1); California (Eureka, 1; Hyperion, 2; Monterey, 2; Carmel Bay, 1; Moss Landing, 2; Pacific Grove, 7; Pacific Beach, 1; Orange County, 2). Genus CENTROPELMA Sclater and Salvin Centropelma Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 189, 1869 type, by monotypy, Podiceps micropterus Gould. 1 Buffon's record from "Cayenne" is evidently erroneous, and the locality "Rio Negro, Brazil," doubtless due to confusion with the Patagonian river of that name. 36 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Centropelma micropterum (Gould). SHORT-WINGED GREBE. Podiceps microplerus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 220 Lake Titi- caca, Bolivia (type in the British Museum); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 538, 1898 Lake Titicaca; Me'ne'gaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 222, 1909 Lake Titicaca. Centropelma micropterum Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 189, pi. 95, 1869 Lake Titicaca; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 359, 1876 Lake Titicaca (habits, food); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 112, 1889 Lake Titicaca; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 133, 1906 Puno, Peru; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 40, 1931 (range); Bond and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 95, p. 171, 1943 (range and nesting). Range. Lake Titicaca, on the confines of Peru and Bolivia. Field Museum Collection. 2: Peru (Lake Titicaca, 2). Genus PODILYMBUS Lesson Podilymbus Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 595, 1831 type, by monotypy, Podiceps carolinensis Latham ^Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus. Hydroka Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 259, 1834 type, by monotypy, Podiceps carolinensis ~Laiham= Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus. Nexiteles Gloger, Gem. Hand- u. Hilfsb. Naturg., livr. 7, p. 473, 1842 sub- stitute name for Podilymbus Lesson, same type. *Podilymbus podiceps podiceps (Linnaeus). PIED-BILLED GREBE. Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 136, 1758 based on "The Pied-billed Dopchick" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 91, pi. 91; Carolina. Colymbus ludovicianus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 56, Dec., 1783 based on "Grebe de la Louisiane" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 943, Louisiana. Podiceps carolinensis Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 785, 1790 substitute name for Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus. Podiceps anisodactylus Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Schwimmvogel, Pygo- podes, Colymbinae, pi. 13 [Suppl. 3, pi. 8], fig. 760, circa 1848 no locality stated (type in Dresden Museum). Podilymbus lineatus Heermann, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, "October," 1854, p. 179, pub. Apr. 12, 1855 California (type in collection of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 22, and Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 261, 1932). Podilymbus podicipes Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 553, 1898 part, spec, a-o' (United States), (?)p'-t' (Duefias, Guatemala), y', z' (Castillo, Veraguas), a"-c" (Bermuda Islands); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 444, 1904 (in part). Podilymbus podicips [sic] Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 414, 1910 Bonflla, Costa Rica. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 37 Podilymbus podiceps Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 39, 1919 (life hist.); Murphy and Chapin, Amer. Mus. Nov., 384, p. 3, 1929 Terceira, Azores (Oct. 24, 1927); Taverner, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 23, p. 13, 1934 Churchill, Manitoba; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 15, 1946 Baffin Island (first record). Podilymbus podiceps podiceps Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 41, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 291, 1935 Veraguas (Lagunas de Castillo), Almirante, and Canal Zone, Panama (winter visitant); van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 29, 1945 Opodepe, Sonora, Mexico (April). Range. Breeds from British Columbia, southern Mackenzie, Quebec, and New Brunswick south locally to northeastern Mexico; winters south to Cuba and Panama; accidental in the Azores (Ter- ceira, Oct. 24, 1927) and Baffin Island. Field Museum Collection. 72: British Columbia (Okanagan, 1); Alberta (Powder Lake, 1); California (Trinidad, 1; Dos Palos, 1; Palmdale, 1); Idaho (Coeur d'Alene, 2); Colorado (unspecified, 1; Loveland, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 7); North Dakota (Nelson County, 2; Ramsey County, 3; Towner County, 4); Iowa (Cedar Rapids, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 10); Illinois (Libertyville, 1; Fox Lake, 3; Diamond Lake, 1; Glenview, 1; Chicago, 1; Worth, 1); Mississippi (Vancleave, 1); Massachusetts (Easton, 1); Connecticut (Stamford, 1; East Hartford, 2; New Haven County, 16); New York (Orleans County, 1); Georgia (Roswell, 1); Florida (Amelia Island, 2); Mexico (Tampico, 1); Guatemala (Lake Amatitlan, 1); Cuba (Artemisa, 1). *Podilymbus podiceps antillarum Bangs. 1 ANTILLEAN PIED- BILLED GREBE. (1)Colymbus thomensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 592, 1790 based on "La Grebe de 1'Isle St. Thomas" Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 58, 1760, which, in its turn, rests upon "Espece de Plongeon ou Mergus major leucophaeus" Feuillee, Journ. Observ. Phys., ed. 1725, p. 391; St. Thomas. 1 Podilymbus podiceps antillarum Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 4, p. 89, March 31, 1913 Bueycito, Cuba (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 171, 1930); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 272, 1 Podilymbus podiceps antillarum Bangs: Similar in coloration to the nominate race, but with generally shorter wings (120-128 in males, 112-118 in females). This is rather an ill-defined race, whose claims to recognition need substantiation by a good series of properly sexed breeding birds. Certain presumably breeding individuals from Mexico and Central America agree in size with those from the West Indies, but others are quite as large as North American birds. 1 Colymbus thomensis Gmelin may be an earlier name, but there are discrep- ancies in Feuillee's description, which cannot be reconciled with the characters of P. p. antillarum. 38 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1927 Puerto Rico (crit.); idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 59, 1931 Hispaniola (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 41, 1931 (range); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 65, 1938 Lake Olomega and Lake Ilapongo, El Salvador (crit.); Nichols and Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 25, 1943 Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, St. John and Water Islands; nesting). Podilymbus podicipes Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 553, 1898 part, spec. d"-k", Cuba, Jamaica, Montserrat, Grenada, Barbados. Podilymbus podiceps (not Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus) Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 170, 1916 Isle of Pines, Cuba (crit.). Range. Breeds in the Greater and Lesser Antilles, the Virgin Islands, and probably in parts of Mexico and Central America. Field Museum Collection. 5: Hispaniola (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 1; Port au Prince, Haiti, 1; Port de Paix, Haiti, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Anguilla, 1). *Podilymbus podiceps antarcticus (Lesson). 1 SOUTHERN PIED- BILLED GREBE. Podiceps antarcticus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 209, 1842 Valparaiso, Chile (type in coll. of R. P. Lesson, its present location unknown); idem, Echo du Monde Sav., 9, 2nd se"m., No. 11, col. 253, Aug., 1842 Valparaiso. Podiceps ludovicianus (not Colymbus ludovicianus Boddaert) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 830, 1833 Villa Belmonte, Bahia, Brazil (breed- ing); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 463, 1856 Brazil (Bel- monte) and La Plata. Podilymbus brevirostris Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Birds, 3, [p. 633], pi. 172, 1846 no locality given (cotypes, from Chile, collected by T. Bridges, in British Museum, examined). Podilymbus antarcticus Hartlaub, Naumannia, 1853, pp. 213, 218 Valdivia, Chile (crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 337, 340 Chile; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 177 Tambo Valley, Arequipa, Peru; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 314 Laguna Llanquihue and Rio Bueno, Valdivia, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 650, 1898 Laguna Llanquihue, Chile; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 438, 1922 Coronel, Chile (breeding); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 210, 1929 Angol, Malleco, Chile (breeding). Podilymbus carolinensis (not Podiceps carolinensis Latham) Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 140, 1865 Chile; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 529, 1866 Trinidad. Podilymbus podiceps (not Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 252 Lake Valencia, Venezuela; iidem, 1 Podilymbus podiceps antarcticus (Lesson) : Very similar to the nominate race, but dorsal surface slightly more grayish, under parts more variegated with dusky, and bill somewhat deeper as well as more robust; the wings are frequently, though not constantly, slightly longer. Birds from Chile, Argentina, and various parts of Brazil agree fairly well. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 39 Ibis, 1869, p. 284 Chiloe", Chile; iidem, I.e., 1870, p. 500 Compania, Coquimbo, Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 322, 1870 Rio Tiete" and Ypanema, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 473 Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires (breeding); Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 151 near Fortfn Nueve, lower Pilcomayo; Holland, I.e., p. 214 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 502, 1898 Lake Yaguarcocha, Ecuador; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 455, 1899 Sao Paulo; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 236 Paraguayan Chaco; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 214, 1902 Lules, Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 35, 1907 Sao Paulo (Iguape"), Minas Geraes (Vargem Alegre), and Rio Grande do Sul (Sao Lourenco, Piratiny); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 256, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 200, 1910 Tucuman, Cordoba, and Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 477 Los Ynglases, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 28, p. 191, pis. 4, 5, 1916 Est. Charles, Buenos Aires (descr. of nest, eggs, and downy young); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 221, 1917 Cali (Cauca) and La Herrera (Bogota Savanna), Colombia; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918 Mendoza; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 257 Trujillo, Peru (Jan. 5); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 23, p. 17, .1919 Nilahue, Curico, Chile (breeding); Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 86 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920 Montevideo, Uruguay; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 21, 1922 La Carolina, Ecuador. Podilymbus podicipes Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 553, 1898 part, spec. l"-a'", Peru (Tambo Valley), Chile (Rio Bueno, Laguna Llan- quihue), Argentina (Lomas de Zamora, Quilmes), and Brazil (Pelotas, Sao Paulo, Bahia, "Para"); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 79, 1904 Buenos Aires (crit.). Podilymbus podiceps antarcticus Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 49, 1926 Chile (Concon), Uruguay (Lazcano), and Argentina (crit.); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 411, 1926 Lago Menendez, Chubut; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 181, 1926 Chone (Dec. 17) and Lago San Pablo (March 20), Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 41, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 420, 1932 Chile (Coquimbo to Llanquihue) (crit.); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 577 Trinidad and Tobago (breeding); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 251, 1935 Isla la Mocha, Chile; Van Tyne, Auk, 54, p. 379, 1937 Barro Colorado, Panama (breeding; crit.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 17, 1938 Maranhao (Boa Vista), Goyaz (Inhumas), Minas Geraes (Vargem Alegre), Sao Paulo (Iguape"), and Rio Grande do Sul (Piratiny, Sao Lourenco). Podilymbus podiceps podiceps Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 500, 1929 Ceara (Varzea Formosa; Jua, near Iguatu; Quixada). Range. Breeds in Panama (Canal Zone) and locally in Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago, Ecuador, coast of Peru, Brazil (from Ceara to Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay, Chile, and northern Argen- tina (south to Mendoza, Cordoba, and Buenos Aires). 40 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. 17: Venezuela (Maracaibo, 2) ; Ecuador (Arenillas, Oro, 1; Lago San Pablo, 1); British Guiana (Georgetown, 1; Buxton, 1); Brazil, Ceara (Quixada, 1; Iguatu, 1; Varzea Formosa, 1); Paraguay, Chaco (Laguna General Diaz, 110 km. west of Puerto Casado, 2); Chile (Rio Petorca, Aconcagua, 1; Batuco, Santiago, 1; Rio Neuquen, Cautin, 2; Calsero, 1); Argentina (Papin, near Boni- facio, 1). *Podilymbus gigas Griscom. 1 GIANT PIED-BILLED GREBE. Podilymbus gigas Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 379, p. 5, Oct. 17, 1929 Panajachel, Lake Atitlan, Guatemala (type in Dwight Collection, in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 41, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 125, 1932 Lake Atitlan (habits); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 89, p. 528, 1941 Lake Atitlan (crit., meas.). Podilymbus sp. Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 200 Lake Atitlan. Podilymbus podicipes (not Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 553, 1898 part, spec, u'-x', Lake Atitlan (spec, examined); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 444, 1904 part, Lake Atitlan, Guatemala. Range. Confined to Lake Atitlan, Guatemala. 2 Field Museum Collection. 2: Guatemala (Lake Atitlan, 2). Order PROCELLARIIFORMES Family DIOMEDEIDAE. Albatrosses Genus DIOMEDEA Linnaeus Diomedea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 132, 1758 type, by subs, desig. (G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 78, 1840), Diomedea exulans Linnaeus. 1 Podilymbus gigas Griscom: Differs from P. p. podiceps by larger, particularly deeper bill; heavier feet with longer, stouter toes; darker, blackish rather than deep mouse gray, upper part of the head and hind neck; much more extensive black gular area, with the white lateral border, so conspicuous in podiceps, merely suggested by fringes; darker, mouse gray rather than drab-gray, sides of the head; and darker under parts caused by the dusky basal parts of the feathers showing through more distinctly. The wings are on average slightly longer. Three of four specimens all in nuptial plumage with deep black throat have the foreneck and sides of neck between light-drab and drab, while in the remaining individual these parts are just as buffy as in podiceps. Wing, (females) 125, 126, (males) 136, 136; bill, (females) 21, 22, (males) 23, 23; depth of bill, 15, 16, 16, 17. Probably a local race of P. podiceps. Four additional specimens from Lake Atitlan examined. 2 Dr. Hellmayr unfortunately did not investigate the subspecific status of the specimens from Lake Duenas, where Salvin found breeding colonies of the Pied- billed Grebe. B.C. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 41 Albatrus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 54; 6, p. 126, 1760 type, by monotypy, "Atoa- trus" ~Brisson= Diomedea exulans Linnaeus. Phoebastria Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. v, "1852" (=1853) type, by monotypy, Diomedea brachyura Temminck= Diomedea albatrus Pallas. Thalassarche Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. v, "1852" (=1853) type, by monotypy, Diomedea melanophris Temminck. Thalassogeron Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 13, pp. 345, 357, 1884 type, by orig. desig., Diomedea culminata Gould. Nealbatrus Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 274, Sept. 20, 1912 type, by orig. desig., Diomedea chlororhynchos Gmelin. Diomedella Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 275, Sept. 20, 1912 type, by orig. desig., Diomedea cauta Gould. Rhothonia Murphy, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 37, p. 861, Dec. 10, 1917 type, by orig. desig., Diomedea (Rhotonia) sanfordi Murphy = Diomedea epomo- phora Lesson. *Diomedea exulans exulans Linnaeus. WANDERING ALBATROSS. Diomedea exulans Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 132, 1758 primarily based upon "The Albatross" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Uncom. Bds., 1, p. 88, pi. 88; "intra tropicos Pelagi et ad Cap. b. Spei"=Cape of Good Hope (ex Edwards); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 157, 1891 Bahia Orange, Tierra del Fuego; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 441, 1896 (in part, excl. of Australian and New Zealand waters) ; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 73, 1906 Bay of Islets, South Georgia; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 489 South Georgia (breeding); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 563, pis. 48, 49, and 50 (fig. 1), 1929 South Georgia (nesting, life hist.); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., 4, p. 162, 1930 (plumages); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 42, 1931 (in part). Diomedea spadicea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 568, 1789 based on "Choco- late Albatross" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 308; South Seas, lat. 37 S., long. 50 W.=off Montevideo (cf. Mathews, Ibis, 1933, p. 544). Diomedea adusta Tschudi, Journ. Orn., 4, pp. 157, 161, 1856 lat. 33 21' S., long. 89 W.=west of Juan Fernandez Islands, off Chile (no type extant). Diomedea exulans exulans Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 333, 1926 South Georgia (monog.); Mathews, Ibis, 1934, p. 815 (synon.); idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 152, 1934 (synon., range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 538, 1936 (monog.); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 238, 1936; idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 63, 1938 coast off Arica, Tacna, Chile. Diomedea exulans georgia Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 214, May 27, 1933 South Georgia (type in National Museum, Buenos Aires); idem, Ibis, 1934, p. 816 South Atlantic; idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 153, 1934 South Georgia. Range. Breeds on northerly antarctic islands, such as South Georgia (the Prince Edward and Crozet Islands, Kerguelen, etc.) and visits the waters of both coasts of southern South America. Field Museum Collection. 1: Chile (Cape Horn, Magallanes, 1). 42 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Diomedea exulans dabbenena Mathews. 1 TRISTAN WANDERING ALBATROSS. Diomedea chionoptera alexanderi (not Thalassogeron chrysostoma alexanderi Mathews, 1916) Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 338, Aug., 1926100 miles off coast of Buenos Aires Province, lat. 38 30' S., long. 56 W. (type in National Museum, Buenos Aires). Diomedea dabbenena Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 50, p. 11, Oct. 31, 1929 new name for Diomedea chionoptera alexanderi Dabbene, preoccupied. Diomedea exulans dabbenena Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 571, 1936 (monog.). Range. Breeds on Gough Island and Tristan d'Acunha, and ranges widely to near the Atlantic coast of South America. Diomedea epomophora 2 epomophora Lesson. ROYAL ALBA- TROSS. Diomedea epomophora Lesson, Ann. Sci. Nat., 6, p. 95, 1825 no locality indicated, but probably Australian waters; 3 Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 166, 1930 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 42, 1931 (in part); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 575, 1936 (monog.; in part); Philippi, El Hornero, 8, p. 17, 1941 Bay of San Vicente, Talcaguano, Chile. Diomedea epomophera Tschudi, Journ. Orn., 4, pp. 156, 161, 1856 lat. 33 21' S., long. 89 W.=west of Juan Fernandez Islands, off Chile. Diomedea regia Buller, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., 23, "1890," p. 234, May, 1891 Otago and Campbell Island, New Zealand (in part); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 443, 1896 New Zealand seas. Diomedea (Rhothonia) sanfordi Murphy, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 37, p. 861, Dec. 10, 1917 forty miles off Corral, Chile (type in Brewster-Sanford Collection, American Museum of Natural History, New York). Diomedea epomophora epomophora Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 153, 1934 (synon., range). 1 Diomedea exulans dabbenena Mathews: Differs from the nominate race in smaller size, notably in much shorter bill. Wing, 607-616; tail, 171-188; bill, 144-150. 2 Diomedea epomophora Lesson, in spite of general likeness, appears to be specifically distinct from D. exulans. Its principal characters are the rounded naricornes, the much more prominent nasal tubes, the shape of the nostrils (circular in outline and directed forward instead of obliquely upward), the posteriorly somewhat pointed culminicorn, the white (not brownish gray) downy plumage, and the suppression of all juvenile or immature stages of plumage (cf. Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. [Terra Nova] Exp., Zool., 4, pp. 165, 166, 1930). 3 Lesson's description was evidently based on field observation, no type being in existence. The species does not figure in the catalogue of the birds collected by Lesson during the voyage of La Coquille (cf. Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, pp. 633- 785). Mathews suggests Campbell Island as type locality. However, this island had not been visited by the Coquille. Lesson's description is none too good and misses the salient character of the nostrils, but as the author was well acquainted with the allied D. exulans, it probably refers to the Royal Albatross. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 43 Range. Breeds in New Zealand (Campbell Island, Forty-four Islands, Adams Island) and flies east to within Chilean waters (once taken forty miles west of Corral). Diomedea epomophora longirostris Mathews. 1 LONG-BILLED ROYAL ALBATROSS. Diomedea epomophora longirostris Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 54, p. 112, March 7, 1934 South Atlantic Ocean (location of type not stated); idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 153, 1934 Atlantic Ocean (Tropic of Capricorn to Cape Horn); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 18, 1938 near Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Sao Paulo. Diomedea regia (not of Buller) Berg, Commun. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 1, p. 284, 1901 Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires (March, 1900). Diomedea epomophora subsp. Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 340, 1926 coast of Buenos Aires Province, Mar del Plata, and Cape Horn (descr., crit.). Diomedea epomophora (not of Lesson) Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 575, 1936 part, South Atlantic and Fuegian region. Range. Atlantic Ocean, from the coast of Brazil (Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Sao Paulo) to Cape Horn; breeds probably in the interior of Tierra del Fuego. *Diomedea irrorata Salvin. GALAPAGOS ALBATROSS. Diomedea irrorata Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 430 Callao Bay, Peru (type in coll. of British Museum); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 445, pi. 8, 1896 Callao Bay; Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 192, 1899 Hood Island, Galapagos (breeding; descr.; eggs); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 414, 1902 Hood Island; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 240, 1904 Hood Island (eggs descr.); Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 330, pi. 93, 1910 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 75, pis. 6-12, 1918 Hood Island (distr., habits, meas., eggs); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 184, 1916 La Plata Island, Ecuador, and off Talara, Peru; Loomis, Auk, 36, p. 370, pis. 14-16, 1919 (variation); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 26, 1931 Hood Island; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 33, 1931 Hood Island; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 43, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 530, 1936 (monog.). Phoebastria irrorata Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 154, 1934 (range). 1 Diomedea epomophora longirostris Mathews is stated to differ from the nominate race by its longer bill (178-182 mm., according to the describer). How- ever, the bill varies a good deal in typical birds from New Zealand waters, Lowe and Kinnear (Brit. Antar. [Terra Nova] Exp., Zool., 4, p. 167, 1930) giving its length for a breeding adult from Campbell Island as 183, while in one from New Zealand it measures even 185 mm. On the other hand, the type of D. sanfordi, from off the Chilean coast, has a bill-measurement of only 150 mm. It would thus appear that the variation is individual rather than geographical. This conclusion is also supported by Murphy's figures (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 583) for good series from both the South Atlantic and the New Zealand regions. 44 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. Breeds on Hood Island in the Galapagos Archipelago and ranges to the coasts of Ecuador and Peru. Field Museum Collection. 2: Galapagos Islands (Hood Island, 1); Peru (Talara, 1). *Diomedea albatrus Pallas. SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS. Diomedea albatrus Pallas, Spic. Zool., 1, fasc. 5, p. 28, 1769 off Kamchatka, Bering Sea (type in Leningrad Museum); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 444, 1896 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 74, 1918 coasts of California, Lower California, and Alaska (Atka); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 43, 1931 (range). Diomedea chinensis Temminck, Man. d'Orn., 2nd ed., 1, p. ex, 1820 based on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 963; China Sea. Diomedea brachiura Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PL Col., livr. 75, Genus Diomedea, p. [11], 1827 based on "Albatros de la Chine" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 963. Phoebastria albatrus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 6, 1922 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 64, 1928 waters around Lower California; Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 153, 1934 (syn., range). Range. North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, east to the coast of North America from Alaska (Norton Sound) to Lower California (breeding on Sulphur Island, Bonin Group, and [?]Wake Island). Field Museum Collection. 2: Mexico (San Martin, Lower Cali- fornia, 2). Diomedea immutabilis Rothschild. LAYSAN ALBATROSS. Diomedea immutabilis Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 1, p. xlviii, June 1, 1893 Laysan Island (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 346, 1926], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Avif. Laysan, p. 57, pis., 1893 Laysan; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 446, 1896 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 83, 1918 high seas off southern California; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 64, 1928 between San Ger6nimo and Guadalupe Islands, off Lower California (Mar. 19, 1897); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 43, 1931 (range); idem, Condor, 40, p. 90, 1938 San Nicolas Island, California. Phoebastria immutabilis Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 9, 1922 (life hist.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 154, 1934 (range). Range. Central North Pacific east to the coast of California (San Nicolas Island) and Lower California (breeding on Laysan and Midway Islands). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 45 *Diomedea nigripes Audubon. BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS. Diomedea nigripes Audubon, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 327, 1839 Pacific Ocean, lat. 30 44' N., long. 146 W. (type apparently lost); 1 Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 31, 1877 (crit., plumages); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 445, 1896 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 71, 1918 (disc, plumages); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 64, 1928 off coast of Lower California; Miller, Condor, 42, p. 229, 1940 (plumages, food, terr.). Diomedea gibbosa Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 361, 1844 North Pacific (type in coll. of Zoological Society of London ;= adult). Phoebastria nigripes Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 1, 1922 flife hist.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 154, 1934 (syn., range). Range. North Pacific Ocean, mainly north of the Tropic of Cancer, east to the coast of North America, from the Alaska Penin- sula to Lower California (breeding on the outer Hawaiian Islands). Field Museum Collection. 5: Washington (Clallam County, 1); California (Cortez Banks, 1; Monterey County, 1); Mexico, Lower California (Guadalupe Island, 1; unspecified, 1). Diomedea melanophrys Temminck. BLACK-BROWED MOLLY- MA WK. Diomedea melanophris* Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 77, pi. 456, Apr. 23, 1828 "Cap, Nouvelle Hollande, et mers antarctiques" (type, from "mer de 1'he'misphere australe," in Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, p. 34, 1863); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 505, 1936 (monog.). Diomedea melanophrys Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 148, 1865 Chile; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 12 Valparaiso, Chile; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 430 Talcaguano, Chile; Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 24, 1885 South Georgia; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 447, 1896 Chile (Valparaiso, Corral, Tarapaca, Talcaguano), etc. (monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 655, 1898 Cavancha and Talcaguano, Chile; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 146, 1917 western Falkland Islands (breeding); Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez, 3, p. 16, 1921 Mas A Tierra Island; Mathews, Dis- covery Rep., 1, p. 568, pi. 45, figs. 1-2, pi. 50, figs. 2-4, 1929 South Georgia (nesting); H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. 'Gr0nl., 131, (5), p. 59, 1941 off Sukkertoppen, Greenland (Aug.). Diomedea gilliana Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 181 locality unknown (type in coll. of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, l.c., 1899, p. 24); Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 57, p. 144, 1937 (crit.;=D. melanophrys, immature). 1 Cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 17 (note 17). 1 Corrected to melanophrys in Tabl. M6th., livr. 102, p. 103, Jan. 29, 1839. 46 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Thalassarche melanophris richmondi Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 272, Sept. 20, 1912 "west coast of South America" (no type specified); idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 155, 1934 Ildefonso Island, Chile (breeding); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 238, 1936 Arica to Valparaiso, Chile. Thalassarche melanophris Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 489 South Georgia (breed- ing); Bennett, I.e., 1926, p. 317 Falkland Islands (breeding); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 167, 1930 (crit., meas.); Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 35 near Snipe and Woodcock Islands, Beagle Channel, Magellan Straits; idem, I.e., 1935, p. 91 Cape Horn region (said to breed on Evout Island). Thalassarche melanophrys melanophrys Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 330, 1926 coasts of Buenos Aires and Patagonia, breeding in South Georgia and Falkland Islands (full synon., descr.). Diomedea melanophris melanophris Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 43, 1931 (range). Diomedea melanophris richmondi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 43, 1931 (range). Thalassarche melanophris melanophris Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 154, 1934 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 18, 1938 Santos, Sao Paulo. Diomedaea melanophrys Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 249, 1935 Isla la Mocha, Chile. Range. Southern oceans from the Tropic of Capricorn to about 60 or 65 S. lat. (common on the coast of Argentina from Buenos Aires Province southward); in South America breeding in South Georgia, the Falkland Islands, Staten Island and on the San Ildefonso and Diego Ramirez Islets, near Cape Horn, southern Chile. 1 Diomedea bulleri Rothschild. SNARES ISLAND MOLLYMAWK. Diomedea bulleri Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 1, p. Iviii, July 4, 1893 New Zealand (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 346, 1926], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., ,25, p. 448, 1896 New Zealand seas; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 655, 1898 Cavancha, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 44, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 524, 1936 (monog.). Diomedea platei Reichenow, Orn. Monatschr., 6, p. 190, 1898 Cavancha, Tarapaca, Chile (type in Berlin Museum ;= immature). Thalassarche bulleri Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 419, p. 6, 1930 Canete, Peru, and Valparaiso, Chile (crit.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 155, 1934 (range); idem, Ibis, 1934, p. 811 (char., crit.). Range. South Pacific Ocean east to the coast of Peru (off Canete, June 26) and Chile (Cavancha, near Iquique, Tarapaca; off Val- 1 There is considerable individual variation in the length of the bill. While South Georgian birds have the longest bills, those from the Falklands, on this score, are hardly distinguishable from specimens taken off the coasts of Chile and Peru (Lobos de Tierra). On the basis of the measurements given by Lowe and Kinnear for a large number of skins, there is no possibility of maintaining any of the races proposed by Mathews. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 47 paraiso, March 9; breeding on Snares and Chatham Islands, New Zealand). Diomedea cauta salvini (Rothschild). SALVIN'S WHITE-CAPPED MOLLYMAWK. Thalassogeron salvini Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 1, p. Iviii, July 4, 1893 New Zealand (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 346, 1926], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Thalassogeron layardi Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 450, 1896 Cape Seas (type in British Museum). Diomedella cauta platei (not Diomedea plalei Reichenow) Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 324, 1926 South Atlantic Ocean, lat. 35 44' S., long. 53 W. (descr.). Thalassarche cauta salvini Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 419, pp. 2, 3, 1930 Peru (west of Canete; Ballestas Islands; Lobos de Tierra Island) and Valparaiso, Chile (char.). Diomedella cauta peruvia Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 53, p. 185, May 5, 1933 "Western Peru" (type in the British Museum). Diomedella cauta atlantica Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 213, May 27, 1933 South Atlantic Ocean, lat. 35 44' S., long. 53 W., about 120 miles off coast of Buenos Aires Province (type in National Museum, Buenos Aires); idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 157, 1934 (range). Diomedella cauta salvini Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 157, 1934 (range). Diomedea cauta salvini Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 44, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 526, 1936 (monog.). Range. Breeds on the Bounty Islands, New Zealand; wanders eastward across the Pacific to the coast of South America (Peru, Chile) and westward across the Indian Ocean to the South Atlantic (off Buenos Aires Province). Diomedea chlororhynchos Gmelin. PINK-FOOTED ALBATROSS. Diomedea chlororhynchos Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 568, 1789 based on "Yellow-nosed Albatross" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 309, pi. 94; Cape of Good Hope and southern oceans outside the tropics; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 44, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 518, 1936 (monog.). Thalassageron eximius Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 9, p. 440, pi. 8, 1895 Gough Island (type in coll. of G. E. Verrill); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 272, pi. 5, 1922 Angel Etcheverry, Buenos Aires Province (descr., crit.); idem, I.e., 3, p. 328, 1926 (descr.). Thalassogeron chlororhynchus Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 451, 1895 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 19, 1922 off Machias Bay, Seal Island, Maine (Aug. 1, 1913) (life hist.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 318 Falkland Island seas. 48 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Thalassarche chlororhynchos Murphy, Auk, 39, p. 58, 1922 off the coast of Maine; Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 177, 1930 (disc., meas.). Nealbatrus chlororhynchos Mathews, Ibis, 1934, p. 810 (disc., char.). Nealbatrus chlororhynchos chlororhynchos Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 156, 1934 (full synon., range). Range. South Atlantic, Indian and Australian seas, breeding on Tristan d'Acunha and Gough Islands, probably also upon St. Paul Island; 1 accidental on the coast of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina (October, 1921), near the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick (Aug. 1, 1913), and off the coast of Maine (near Seal Island, off Machias Bay, Aug. 1, 1913). 2 Diomedea chrysostoma I. R. Forster. YELLOW-NOSED ALBA- TROSS. Diomedea chrysostoma Forster, Mem. Math. Phys. Acad. Sci. Paris, 10, p. 571, pi. 14, 1785 "dans toutes les mers du Sud, 1'Ocean Atlantique, celui des Indes, et le Pacifique, cependant . . . tres peu dans le voisinage du cercle polaire antarctique et dans 1'Ocean Pacifique; 3 Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 45, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 291, 1935 off coast of Chiriquf, Panama (one record); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 514, 1936 (monog.). Diomedea culminata Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 107, Dec., 1843 southern Indian and southern Pacific oceans (type, from "Australian Seas," in coll. of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Mathews and Stone, Austr. Av. Rec., 1, p. 138, 1913). Thalassogeron culminatus Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 451, 1896 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 439, 1904 Bay of Panama; Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 196, 1921 seas around Falkland Islands; Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 570, pi. 45, fig. 3, pi. 51, figs. 1-2, 1929 South Georgia (nesting). Thalassogeron desolationis Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 26, No. 638, p. 2, March 15, 1911 Desolation Island, Straits of Magellan (type in Turin Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 44, 1931 (ex Salvadori). Thalassarche culminata Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 84, 1918 (disc., American records). 1 Vallentin (Me"m. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 31, 1904) lists D. chlororhyncha as breeding in the Falkland Islands (Keppel, West Point, New Island, the Beauchenes), a record that has not since been confirmed. The author evidently had only eggs, and they probably pertained to D. m. melanophrys, known to breed in the Falklands but not mentioned by Vallentin. 2 No races are distinguishable. Cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, pp. 345-346, 1926. 3 Mathews (Ibis, 1937, p. 871) suggests as type locality Staten Island, where Forster (Descr. Anim., ed. Lichtenstein, p. 313, 1844) met with it on January 4, 1775. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 49 Thalassogeron chrysostomus culminatus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas., 121, p. 16, 1922 (life hist., American records). Thalassarche chrysostoma Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 488 South Georgia (nest, eggs, and downy young descr.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 198 (fig.), 1922 South Georgia (nesting); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 173, 1930 (disc., meas.). Thalassogeron culminatus chrysostoma Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 318 West Point Island, Falkland Islands (visitor), and South Georgia (breeding). Thalassogeron chrysostoma chrysostoma Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 326, 1926 South Georgia (descr., synon.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 155, 1934 (range). Thalassarche chrysostoma desolationis Mathews, Ibis, 1933, p. 543 (disc, of type, char.); idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 156, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds on South Georgia (Kerguelen, Marion Island, the Crozets, Campbell Island) and the Diego Ramirez Islands south of Cape Horn; 1 ranges over the southern oceans; accidental in Canada (mouth of Moisie River, Aug. 20, 1885) and Panama (Bay of Chiri- qui). 2 Genus PHOEBETRIA Reichenbach Phoebetria Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. v, 1852 (=1853) type, by orig. desig., Diomedea fuliginosa Gmelin= Diomedea palpebrata I. R. Forster. Phoebetria palpebrata palpebrata (I. R. Forster). LIGHT- MANTLED SOOTY ALBATROSS. Diomedea palpebrata Forster, Me"m. Math. Phys. Acad. Sci. Paris, 10, p. 571, pi. 15, 1785 "depuis le degr6 quarante-septieme de latitude australe jusqu'au soixante-onzieme et dix minutes" = south of Prince Edward and Marion Islands. Diomedea fuliginosa Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 568, 1789 "in maris austra- lis latitudine 47 et omni circulo antarctico" (ex Forster); Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 23, 1885 South Georgia (eggs and downy young descr.). Phoebetria fuliginosa Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 453, 1896 (monog.). Phoebetria palpebrata cornicoides Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 71, 1906 South Georgia. 1 We cannot but agree with Messrs. Lowe and Kinnear that none of the five or six races admitted by Mathews can be maintained. Even the separation of the South Georgian birds, which, as a rule, have deeper bills, seems impracticable, since similarly large-billed individuals occasionally occur in other regions. The whiter color of forehead, cheeks, and neck all around, given by Mathews for the type of T. desolationis, has no significance in view of the head varying from white to gray in specimens from other localities. That character evidently depends largely on age. 2 The records from Oregon (mouth of Columbia River) and California (Golden Gate) are uncertain. 50 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Phoebetria palpebrata antarctica (Solander MS.) Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 302, Sept. 20, 1912 South Georgia; Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 177 Falk- land Islands to within sixty miles of the South Orkneys; Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 197, 1921 Falkland Seas and (breeding) South Georgia; Wilkins, Ibis, 1926, p. 488 South Georgia (breeding); Bennett, I.e., 1926, p. 318 Falkland Islands, South Georgia, and Graham Land. Phoebetria palpebrata murphyi Mathews and Iredale, Man. Bds. Austr., p. 50 (in text), March 9, 1921 new name for P. p. antarctica Mathews, believed to be preoccupied; Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 321, 1926 (descr., synon.); Mathews, Ibis, 1932, p. 523 South Georgia (soft parts); idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 158, 1934 South Georgia. Phoebetria palpebrata Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 570, pi. 51, figs. 3-4, 1929 South Georgia (nesting). Phoebotria palpebrata Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. An tar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 180, 1930 (disc.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 497, 1936 (monog.). Phoebetria palpebrata palpebrata Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 45, 1931 (range). Range. Breeds on South Georgia 1 (and Kerguelen Island) ; ranges over the South Atlantic Ocean to the Falkland Islands. 2 Family PROCELLARIIDAE. Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels Subfamily FULMARINAE. Fulmars Genus MACRONECTES Richmond Ossifraga (not of Wood, 1835) Hombron and Jacquinot, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 18, p. 356, March, 1844 type, by monotypy, Procellaria gigantea Gmelin. Macronectes Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 76, 1905 new name for Ossifraga Hombron and Jacquinot, preoccupied. Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin). GIANT FULMAR. Procellaria gigantea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 563, 1789 based on "Giant Petrel" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 396, pi. 100, etc.; "in oceano, 1 Birds from South Georgia (antarctica= murphyi) do not seem to be certainly separable from those of Kerguelen Island. 2 The admittance to the American fauna of P. palpebrata auduboni Nichols and Murphy (Auk, 31, p. 531, 1914 new name for Diomedea fusca [not of Hilsen- berg, 1822] Audubon, Orn. Biog., 4, p. 116, 1838) rests exclusively on the specimen said to have been obtained by J. K. Townsend "at the mouth of the Columbia River," Oregon, and now preserved in the U. S. National Museum (cf. Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., [4], 2, p. 86, 1918). However, no reliance can be placed upon Townsend's Tubinares records, as has been shown by Stone (Auk, 51, pp. 225-226, 1934), and the specimen is far more likely to have originated in the South Pacific, since it proved to be referable to P. p. huttoni Mathews, the breeding form of the subantarctic islands of New Zealand. The occurrence of P. p. fusca (Hilsenberg) within our region remains to be proved, although Bennett (Ibis, 1926, p. 318) believes it is "seen" in the waters about the Falkland Islands. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 51 potissimum australi, circa Staatenland, Terra del Fuego, insulam desola- tionis etc."=Staten Island (as designated by Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 186, 1912); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164 East Falkland Island. Procellaria ossifraga J. R. Forster, Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein), p. 343, 1844 "in terra del Fuego et australi parte maris pacifici ac atlantici." Ossifraga gigantea Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 19, 1885 South Georgia (disc, color phases, eggs descr.); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 158, 1891 Tierra del Fuego (Bahia Orange, Port Maxwell, New Year Sound); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 422, 1896 Falk- land Islands, Magellan Straits (Tom Bay), and Chile (Valparaiso, Coquim- bo) (monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 654, 1898 Coquimbo and Tumbes, Chile; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, pp. 70, 78, 1906 South Georgia (nest and eggs); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 172, pi. 11, fig. 2 South Orkney Islands (breeding, habits); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 147, 1910 Patagonia (descr.); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 251, 1935 Isla la Mocha, Chile. Macronectes giganteus solanderi Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 187, July 31, 1912 Falkland Islands (no type specified); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 145, 1917 Port Stephens, Falkland Islands; Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 141, 1923 Falkland Islands, etc. (char., synon.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 316 Falkland Islands (breeding). Macronectes giganteus forsteri Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 189, July 31, 1912 Valparaiso Bay, Chile (type probably in British Museum). Macronectes giganteus Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 488 South Georgia (breeding); Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923 Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile (Aug. 20); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 571, pi. 45, fig. 4, pi. 52, figs. 1-3, 1929 South Georgia (nesting; monog.); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. An tar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 147, 1930 (disc, color phases, meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 46, 1931 (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 35 near Snipe and Woodcock Islands, Beagle Channel; idem, I.e., 1935, p. 93 Cape Horn region (not breeding); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 584, 1936 (monog.); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 358, 1936 South Orkneys (color phases); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 62, 1938 Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile (Jan.); Serventy, Emu, 42, p. 167, 1943 (ratio of white and dark phases); Eklund, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, p. 300, 1945 Palmer Peninsula (breeding 65 S.; white phase discussed). Macronectes giganteus giganteus Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 138, 1923 Antarctic Continent to the South Shetland, South Orkney, and South Georgia Islands (synon., descr.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 315 South Shetland and South Orkney Islands (crit.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 158, 1934 (range); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 238, 1936 coast of Aconcagua, Chile. Range. Breeds in the Falkland Islands (locally), South Georgia, South Orkney, and South Shetland Islands (and extralimitally on Graham Land, Gough Island, Kerguelen, etc.) ; l ranges all over the 1 Said to have bred formerly on the Atlantic coast of Patagonia (Sea Lion Islet in the estuary of the Rio Santa Cruz). Its nesting on GuambTin Island, south of Chiloe, remains to be proved. ILL 52 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII southern oceans and into the tropics on the coast of Peru (off Payta, July). 1 Genus DAPTION Stephens Daption Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 239, 1826 type, by orig. desig., Procellaria capensis Linnaeus. Calopetes Sundevall, Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., p. 142, 1873 substitute name for Daption Stephens. Petrella Mathews, 2 Auk, 31, p. 91, 1914 type, by monotypy, Procellaria capensis Linnaeus. *Daption capensis (Linnaeus). 3 CAPE PIGEON. Procellaria capensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 132, 1758 based primarily on "The white and black Spotted Peteril" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 90, pi. 90 (right figure), Cape of Good Hope; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 6, p. 6, 1853 coast of California (opposite Mon- terey); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 323, 1870 off Ilha do Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo, Brazil (Aug. 11). Procellaria pardela Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3, Zool., p. 533, 1816 Cape Seas. Daption capense(is) Salvin, Ibis, 1875, pp. 372, 377 Juan Fernandez and Mas Afuera, Chile; Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 22, 1885 South Georgia; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 159, 1891 Tierra del Fuego (Lemaire Channel) and coast of Patagonia; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 428, 1896 South Atlantic (off Cape Corrientes), Straits of Magellan, Chile (off Tres Montes, Juan Fernandez Islands, Valparaiso, off San Ambrose Island), Peru (off Payta), etc. (monog.); Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 77, 1906 South Georgia (crit.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 174 South Orkney Islands (nest, eggs, downy young, plumages, habits); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 37, 1907 Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul; Iguape and Ilha Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo) and Patagonia (Santa Cruz); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 205, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 150, 1910 coast of Patagonia (descr.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 49, 1922 (life hist., range); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 487 South Georgia; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 316 Falkland Islands (visitor); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 575, pi. 52, fig. 4, pi. 53, fig. 1, 1929 South Georgia (not found nesting); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 159, 1930 1 As clearly set forth by Lowe and Kinnear (Brit. Antar. [Terra Nova] Exp., Zool., 4, pp. 148-159), there is no means of maintaining, either on size or on the basis of color characters, any of the various races into which the Giant Fulmar has been split by Mathews. Its occurrence off the coast of Oregon (Audubon's record ex Townsend) is almost certainly due to confusion of localities. 2 Ex Zimmermann, in Bartram, Trav. Carolina, German ed., p. 293, 1793 (not binomial). 3 The alleged New Zealand race, D. capensis ausiralis Mathews, is not main- tainable. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 53 (crit.); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 51, 1930 between Santos and Montevideo; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 47, 1931 (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 94 Deceit Island, Beagle Channel; Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 62, 1935 Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile (July); idem, El Hornero, 6, p. 238, 1936 coast of Chile north to Arica; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 601, 1936 (monog.); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 361, 1936 South Orkney Islands (nesting); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 22, 1938 Iguape", Sao Paulo, and Santa Cruz, Patagonia. PetreUa capensis Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 91, 1918 off Monterey, California. Daption capensis capensis Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 147, 1923 (descr., range) ; Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 159, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds on South Georgia, South Orkney, and South Shetland Islands (Graham Land, and Kerguelen Island) ; ranges over the southern oceans north to the Tropic of Capricorn (coasts of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, Brazil, and on the west coast north to Payta, Peru; accidental on the coasts of California (Monterey) and Maine (Harpswell, Casco Bay, Sept., 1876). Field Museum Collection. 2: Chile (Cape Horn, 2). Genus FULMARUS Stephens Fulmarus Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 233, 1826 type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 129, 1855), Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus. Halohippiis Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), p. 192, 1828 type, by mono- typy f Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus (cf. Austr. Av. Rec., 2, pp. 42, 48, 1913). Rhantistes Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 105, April, 1829 type, by monotypy, Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus. Wagellus G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 78, 1840 type, by orig. desig., Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus. *Fulmarus glacialis glacialis (Linnaeus). ATLANTIC FULMAR. Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus, Fauna Svec., ed. altera, p. 51, 1761 founded primarily on "Mallemucka" Martens, Spitzberg. oder Greenland. Reise, p. 68, pi. N, fig. c, 1675; "in man septentrional! intra circulum arcticum"= Spitsbergen (ex Martens); Holboll, Naturhist. Tidsskr., 4, p. 429, 1843 Greenland. Procellaria gronlandica Gunnerus, in Leem, Beskr. Finnmarkens Lapper, p. 273 (note 121), 1767 based upon "Hav-hesten" Gunnerus, Trondh. Selsk. Skrifter, 1, pp. 182-202, pi. 1, 1761; Greenland. Procellaria hyemalis Brehm, Ornis, 1, p. 20, 1824 Greenland (no type extant). 54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Procellaria minor Kjarbolling, Orn. Dan., Suppl., 2, pi. 7, fig. 2, 1854; idem, Journ. Orn., 2, 1855, Erinnerungsschr. 8th Jahresvers., p. lix, 1855 Greenland. 1 Fulmarus glacialis a. auduboni Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 187, 1857 "Terra Nova" = Newfoundland (location of type not stated). Fulmarus glacialis Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 425, 1896 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 141, 1898 Greenland; Mathews, Ibis, 1934, p. 173 (synon.). Fulmarus glacialis glacialis Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 31, 1922 (life hist., range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 47, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 160, 1934 (synon., range); Roberts, Ibis, 1934, p. 258 Iceland (color phases); Bertram, Lack, and Roberts, I.e., 1934, p. 820 Greenland (color phases); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 270, 1935 (distrib. in North Atlantic); Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1935, p. 846 Jan Mayen (breeding); Gross, Auk, 54, p. 15, 1937 Labrador (co!or phases); Pedersen, Medd. Gr0nl., 128, (2), p. 72, map, 1942 northeast Greenland (breeding places); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 15, 1946 east coast, Baffin Island (breeding). Range. Breeds from eastern Baffin Land (Cumberland Sound) to Greenland (extralimitally in Iceland, Norway, Faroes, British Isles, Jan Mayen, Spitzbergen, Franz Josef Land, and Novaya Zemlya) ; winters on the Atlantic coast to Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey. Field Museum Collection. 17: Franklin Territory (Resolution Island, Baffin Land, 4); Greenland (Denmark Strait, 1; lat. 64 long. 39, 3; Cape Farewell, 1; between lat. 62 and 63, 2; lat. 62 46' long. 39-30', 3; Holstenborg, 1; unspecified, 1); Labrador (Rama, 1). *Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii Cassin. PACIFIC FULMAR. Procellaria pacifica (not of Gmelin, 1789) Audubon, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 331, 1839 North Pacific (cotypes lost; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 17X 2 Fulmarus rodgersii(i) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 326, Oct. 28, 1862 "Indian Ocean," errore,= North Pacific (type in U. S. National Museum); Coues, I.e., 1866, p. 29 (monog. of type spec., locality corrected); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 427, 1896 St. George's, Alaska (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 43, 1922 (life hist.). 1 The author speaks only of the smaller size and different shape of the eggs, without characterizing birds from Greenland. The type of the plate probably was in the author's private collection. 2 Audubon's two original types were once in the collection of S. F. Baird (cf. Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacific, 9, p. 826, 1858). As Loomis (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 90, 1908) claims to have examined, several years previous to his writing, Audubon's "type" in the U. S. National Museum, one of these specimens would seem to have been preserved after all. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 55 Fulmarus glarialis glupischa Stejneger, Auk, 1, p. 234, 1884 new name for Procellaria pacifica Audubon preoccupied; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 91, pi. 6, figs. 1, 2, 1885 Bering and Copper Islands (variation, dichromatism); Bent, I.e., 121, p. 38, 1922 (life hist., range). Fulmarus glacialis columba Anthony, Auk, 12, p. 105, 1895 off San Diego, California (cotypes now in Carnegie Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 262, 1932;= female). Fulmarus glupischa Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 427, 1896 San Diego, California, etc. (monog.). Fulmarus glacialis (not Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus) Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 87, 1918 Point Pinos, California, and off Lower California (crit., color phases, meas.). Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii(i) Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 135, 1920 Bering and Copper Islands (breeding) ; Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 38, 1923 Pribilof Islands (breeding); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 64, 1928 Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 47, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 160, 1934 (synon., range); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. Ill, 1944 Semidi Islands, Alaska (nesting colony). Range. Breeds on Wrangel and Herald Islands, islands in the Bering Sea, Commander Islands, Semidi Islands, Alaska, coasts of Kamchatka, and Kurile Islands; winters from the Aleutian Islands south to northern Lower California and Japan. Field Museum Collection. 54: Alaska (Bering Strait, 1; Morz- hovoi Bay, 1; St. George's Island, Bering Sea, 1); Washington (Pacific coast, 2; Gray's Harbor, 3); California (Pacific coast, 1; Monterey Bay, 4; Pacific Grove, 23; Carmel Bay, 4; Cypress Point, 1; San Francisco, 1; Hyperion, 2; El Secundo, 2; Pacific Beach, 7; Santa Barbara, 1). Genus PACHYPTILA Illiger 1 Pachyptila Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 274, 1811 type, by subs. desig. (Selby, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Types Birds, p. 49, 1840), Procellaria forsteri Latham = Procellaria vittata Forster. Priori (not of LacSpede) 2 Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 399, 1828 type, by orig. desig., "Le pe'trel bleu" '= Procellaria vittata Forster. 1 This genus is involved in great confusion. Mathews (Birds Austr., 2, pp. 199, 233, 1912) attempted to disentangle the nomenclature and geographical variation of the several species, assigning each to a separate genus, and has since described a number of additional races. The results of his studies are, however, far from satisfactory, and until good series of properly sexed specimens in different stages become available from the various breeding colonies, it will be impossible to get a clear insight into the significance of the observable variation. Three forms come within the limits of our region, but their taxonomic status is altogether uncertain. Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, pp. 612-615, 1936) recently gave an excellent account of the distribution and characters of the four recognizable species; cf. also Falla, Emu, 40, p. 218, 1940, and Fleming, I.e., 41, p. 134, 1941. 2 Prion LacSpede (Tabl. M6th. Ois., p. 14, 1799), is clearly indeterminable; cf. Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, pp. 25-27, 1913. 56 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pseudoprion Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 164 type, by orig. desig., "Prion turtur Gould " = Procellaria turtur Kuhl. Fulmariprion Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 215, July 31, 1912 type, by orig. desig., Pseudoprion turtur crassirostris Mathews. Heteroprion Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 222, July 31, 1912 type, by orig. desig., Heteroprion belcheri Mathews. Attaprion Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 54, p. 25, Oct. 31, 1933 type, by orig. desig., Procellaria desolata Gmelin. Pachyptila desolata georgia (Mathews). 1 SOUTH GEORGIAN DOVE PRION. Heteroprion desolatus georgia Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 52, p. 147, June 28, 1932 Stromness Bay, South Georgia (type in British Museum). Pachyptila vittata georgicus Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 53, p. 214, May 27, 1933 Stromness Bay, South Georgia (type in British Museum). Prion turtur (not Procellaria turtur Kuhl) Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 23, 1895 South Georgia (breeding; soft parts, crit.). Prion banksi (not Pachyptila banksi Smith) Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 177 Coronation Island, South Orkney Islands; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. HandL, 40, No. 5, p. 75, 1906 South Georgia (breeding; crit.; young and egg descr.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 38, 1907 Santos, Sao Paulo; Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 579, pi. 53, fig. 2, 1929 South Georgia (nesting). Pachyptila vittata keyteli (not Prion vittatus keyteli Mathews) Bennett, El Hornero, 2, p. 30, 1920 South Orkney Islands (breeding); Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 133, 1923 South Georgia (synon., descr.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 316 Pembroke Lighthouse, Falkland Islands (Aug., 1912). Pachyptila forsteri keyteli Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 49, 1931 part, South Georgia. Pachyptila desolata banksi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 50, 1931 (range); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 366, 1936 Signy Island, South Orkney Islands (nesting); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 20, 1938 Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Attaprion desolatus georgia Mathews, Nov. ZooL, 39, p. 173, 1934 (range). Pachyptila desolata (not Procellaria desolata Gmelin) Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 620, 1936 (monog., in part). 1 Pachyptila desolata georgia (Mathews) is very doubtfully separable from P. d. desolata (Gmelin), of Kerguelen Island, and its distinctive characters have never been indicated. Mathews, within a year's time, based two different names on the very same specimen in the British Museum. At first it was separated, on account of its wider bill, from H. d. crozeli, of the Crozet Islands, which he sub- sequently synonymized with P. vittata salvini, while in the second place P. vittata georgicus is compared to P. v. keyteli, of Tristan d'Acunha. According to the width of the bill at the base (14-16 mm.), as given by Mathews (Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 53, p. 214, 1933), and Lonnberg's remarks on a number of breeding specimens, the South Georgian Dove Prion clearly pertains to the desolatus complex, but in what particulars it differs from the nominate form remains to be determined by comparison of adequate series. Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 621, 1936) states that birds from South Georgia and Heard Island may possibly have slightly larger bills than those from Kerguelen (typical). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 57 Range. Breeds in South Georgia, South Orkney and (?)South Shetland Islands, and ranges north to the Tropic of Capricorn (Santos, coast of Sao Paulo, Brazil). 1 *Pachyptila belcheri falklandica (Mathews). 2 FALKLAND THIN- BILLED PRION. Heteroprion belcheri falklandicus Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 59, p. 104, Mar. 15, 1939 Falkland Islands (type in British Museum). Prion desolatus (not Procellaria desolata Gmelin) Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 164, 1891 Bahia Orange, Tierra del Fuego (May). Prion ariel (not of Schlegel) Ihering, ReV. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 362, 1905 Iguape", Sao Paulo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 38, 1907 Iguape, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Heteroprion desolatus banksi (not Pachyptila banksi Smith) Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920 coast of Montevideo, Uruguay. Heteroprion belcheri subsp. Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 135, 1923 Falkland Islands and Atlantic coast of South America from Tierra del Fuego to Montevideo (descr.). Pseudoprion turtur brevirostris (not Prion brevirostris Gould) Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 317 near Stanley, Falkland Islands (March 11, 1917). Pachyptila belcheri (not Heteroprion belcheri Mathews) Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 50, 1931 part, east coast of South America and Falkland Islands; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 629, 1936 (monog.). Heteroprion belcheri Bennett, Ibis, 1931, p. 12 Falkland Islands (breeding); Mathews, Ibis, 1931, p. 571 New Island, Falkland Islands (nest and eggs descr.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 174, 1934 part, east coast of South America and Falkland Islands. Pachyptila belcheri solanderi (not Pseudoprion turtur solanderi Mathews) Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 20, 1938 Iguape and Ilha Santo Amaro (Santos), Sao Paulo. Range. Breeds in the Falkland Islands, 3 and ranges on the Atlantic coast of South America from Tierra del Fuego north to Sao Paulo, Brazil, and on the Pacific coast probably to central Chile. Field Museum Collection. 1: Argentina (Buenos Aires, 1). 1 We do not know where to place Prion vittatus Ihering (Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 38, 1907), said to have occurred at Porto Seguro, Bahia, Brazil. Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 617, 1936) suggests it might be P.forsteri (Latham), known to breed upon Tristan d'Acunha and Gough Island. 1 Pachyptila belcheri falklandica (Mathews) : Nearest to "P. b. solanderi (Mathews)," but larger in all its dimensions. Wing (average of seven skins), 188; tail, 94-95; tarsus, 32^; bill, 25>i; its width at base, 11 mm. (Mathews, I.e.). Murphy unhesitatingly unites this alleged race to P. belcheri Mathews, originally based on birds from Victoria, Australia, and does not admit any subspecies at all. *It is possible that Prion vittatus (not Procellaria vittata Forster) Darwin (Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 141, 1841), said to breed on Landfall Island, west coast of Tierra del Fuego, was intended for this species, but as no specimens were procured, its identity is an open question. 58 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pachyptila turtur solanderi (Mathews). 1 SOLANDER'S THIN- BILLED PRION. Pseudoprion turtur solanderi Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 220, July 31, 1912 "west coast of South America" (type, from "the extreme south of Chile"; cf. Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 253, 1935); idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 175, 1934 eastern Pacific. Prion arid (not of Schlegel) Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 436, 1896 part, spec, o, "W. coast of S. America." Pachyptila turtur solanderi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 50, 1931 (listed). Range. "West coast of South America (extreme south of Chile)." Subfamily PUFFININAE Genus PRIOCELLA Hombron and Jacquinot Priocella Hombron and Jacquinot, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 18, p. 357, March, 1844 (generic characters only, the only species mentioned, Pr. garnotti, being a nomen nudum); Jacquinot and Pucheran, Voy. P61e Sud, Zool., Atlas, Part 1, pi. 32, figs. 43-56, April, 1844 type, by mono- typy, Priocella garnotii Jacquinot (and Pucheran) 2 =.FttJraaras antarcticus Stephens. *Priocella antarctica (Stephens). SLENDER-BILLED FULMAR. Fulmarus antarcticus Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 236, Feb. 18, 1826 based on Procellaria gladalis, var. /3. Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 823, 1790; "Antarctic Ocean pretty far to the south." Procellaria tenuirostris (not of Temminck, 1835) Audubon, Orn. Biogr., 5, p. 333, 1839 "mouth of the Columbia River," Oregon, errore= South Pacific Ocean (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Richmond, in Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., [4], 2, p. 91, 1918). Procellaria gladaloides Smith, 111. Zool. S. Africa, Part 11, pi. 51, July, 1840 "neighbourhood of the South African coast" (type in British Museum). Priocella garnotii 3 Jacquinot (and Pucheran), Voy. Pole Sud, Zool., Atlas, Part 1, pi. 32, figs. 43-56, April, 1844. Thalassoica gladaloides a. polaris Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 192, 1857 Louis Philippe Land (type in Paris Museum). 1 Pachyptila turtur solanderi (Mathews): "About the same size as P. turtur turtur (Kuhl), of Australia, but with a longer bill." Measurements of the type, whose location is not stated, are given by Mathews as follows: wing, 184; tail, 87; tarsus, 29 y z ; bill, 23 by 10 mm. The status of this form is obscure. There is a specimen (probably the type) said to be from the "west coast of South America" in the British Museum. The locality is perhaps incorrect, and the species (cf. Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, pp. 613, 631, 1936) may not deserve a place in the American fauna. 2 The species is identifiable by the drawing of the bill. 3 Priocella garnotti (sic) Hombron and Jacquinot (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 18, p. 357, March, 1844) is a nomen nudum. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 59 Procellaria smithi Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 22, 1863 substitute name for Procellaria glacialoides Smith; Cape Horn and coast of Chile. Fulmarus glacialoides Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 189 Straits of Magellan. Thalassoeca tenuirostris Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 162, 1891 Tierra del Fuego (Bahia Orange, Bahfa Buen Suceso, Ushuaia). Priocella glacialoides Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 393, 1896 Straits of Magellan, Chile (Valparaiso Bay, Coquimbo), Peru (off Lobos de Tierra), and Mexico (Mazatlan); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 654, 1898 Cavanche, Chile; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 628, 1900 north of Rio Gallegos, Patagonia; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 83, 1906 South Georgia and off coast of Brazil (breeding on Louis Philippe Land); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 170 Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands (not breeding); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 139, 1910 (descr., range in South America); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 574, pi. 45, figs. 7-8, 1929 South Georgia (rare, not nesting); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 63, 1938 Arica Bay, Chile. Priocella aniarctica Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez, 3, p. 12, 1921 Santa Clara Island; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 46, 1922 (life hist., range); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 487 South Georgia; Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923 Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile (Aug. 22); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 51, 1931 (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 35 near Snipe and Woodcock Islands, Beagle Channel; Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 160, 1934 (synon., range); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 364, 1936 South Orkney Islands (breeding); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 596, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 19, 1938 coast of Brazil. Priocella antarctica antarctica Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 142, 1923 (descr., range); Philippi, I.e., 6, p. 238, 1936 coast off Arica, Chile. Priocella antarctica glacialoides Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 314 Falkland Islands (migratory visitor). Range. Breeds on Queen Mary Land, Adelie Land, Louis Philippe Land, South Orkney Islands, Heard Island, the Balleny Islands, and other outlying antarctic islands; ranges north in the Atlantic Ocean to Cape Sao Roque, Brazil, and in the Pacific to northern Peru; accidental off Mazatlan, Mexico. Field Museum Collection. 1: Chile (Punta Arenas, 1). Genus THALASSOICA Reichenbach Thalassoica Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853) type, by orig. desig., Procellaria antarctica Gmelin. Aeipetes Forbes, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool., 4, pt. 11, p. 59, 1882 type, by orig. desig., Procellaria antarctica Gmelin. 60 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Thalassoica antarctica (Gmelin). ANTARCTIC PETREL. Procellaria antarctica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 565, 1789 based on "Le Petrel Antarctique ou Damier brun" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 9, p. 311 (ex "Antarctic Peteril" Cook and Forster) ; Antarctic Circle between 31-61 S. lat.; Forster, Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein), pp. 60, 202, 1844 (descr.). Thalassoeca antarctica Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 392, 1896 "Cape Horn" (monog.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 169 South Orkney Islands; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 82, 1906 South Georgia (August); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 132, 1930. Tha,lassoica antarctica Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 145, 1923 (descr., range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 51, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 161, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 639, 1936 (monog.). Thalassoeca antarctica antarctica Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 314 Falkland Islands (visitant). Range. Breeds on the Antarctic continent and ranges north to South Georgia, the Falkland Islands, and Cape Horn. Genus ADAMASTOR Bonaparte Adamastor Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 594, Sept., 1856 type, by orig. desig., "Procellaria haesitata des anciens auteurs" (= Forster) =Procellaria cinerea Gmelin (cf. Bonaparte, I.e., p. 995, Nov., 1856, and idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 189, 1857). Adamastor cinerea (Gmelin). BLACK-TAILED SHEARWATER. Procellaria cinerea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 563, 1789 based on "Cinere- ous Fulmar" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 405; "within the Ant- arctic Circle"=seas south of New Zealand. Procellaria gelida Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 564, 1789 based on "Glacial Petrel" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 399; within the Antarctic Circle. Procellaria melanura Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Me"th., Orn., livr. 47, p. 79, 1791 based on "Cinereous Fulmar" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 405; "within the Antarctic Circle" = seas south of New Zealand. Procellaria haesitata (not P. hasitata Kuhl, 1820) Forster, Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein), p. 208, 1844 "in lat. 48 Oceani pacifici antarctici"=seas south of New Zealand. Puffinus ? Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 6, p. 5, 1853 off the coast of California, near Monterey (descr.). Adamastor typus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 187, 1857 Antarctic seas (co types in Leyden and Paris museums). Puffinus cinereus Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacific, 9, p. 835, 1858 California coast (descr.). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 61 Procettaria adamastor Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 23, 1863 substitute name for Adamastor typus Bonaparte. Priofinus cinereus Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 390, 1896 Chile (Valparaiso) and off Cape Horn (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 108, 1918 California, off Monterey (note on specimen in the American Museum of Natural History) ; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 103, 1922 off Monterey, California (life hist.). Priofinus cinereus cinereus Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 7, 1923 (monog.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 314 (no record from the Falkland Islands). Adamastor cinerea Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 131, 1930; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 51, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 176, 1934 (synon., range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 649, 1936 (monog.). Range. Breeds on Gough Island, Tristan d'Acunha, Kerguelen Island and Macquarie Island; ranges over the southern oceans between 25 and 55 S. lat., north to the Peruvian and Brazilian coasts; accidental on the coast of California (off Monterey). Genus PROCELLARIA Linnaeus Procellaria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 131, 1758 type, by subs. desig. (G. R. Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 78, 1840), Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus. Priofinus Hombron and Jacquinot, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 18, p. 355, March, 1844 type, by subs, desig. (Mathews and Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 4, p. Ill, 1920), Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus. Majaqueus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853) type, by orig. desig., Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus. Cymatobolus Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 363, 1890 substitute name for Majaqueus Reichenbach. Procellaria aequinoctialis aequinoctialis Linnaeus. CAPE HEN. Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 132, 1758 based upon "The Great Peteril" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 2, p. 89, pi. 89 ; l believed to be "from the seas about the Cape of Good Hope"; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 487 South Georgia; Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923 off Atico, Peru. Procellaria nigra (not of Pallas, 1769) Forster, Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein), p. 26, 1844 substitute name for Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus. Majaqueus aequinoctialis Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 12 Val- paraiso (Aug.); Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 431 Coquimbo (June); Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 22, 1885 South Georgia (breeding); 1 Edwards' plate represents an abnormal specimen without white on the chin, but the length of the bill (three inches "from the corner of the mouth to the point") plainly excludes P. parkinsoni. About its variation, cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 23, p. 355, 1926. 62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 395, 1896 Chile (Valparaiso, Co- quimbo) (monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 654, 1898 Cavancha and Coquimbo, Chile; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 81, 1906 South Georgia (eggs descr.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 37, 1907 Iguape", Sao Paulo; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 142, 1910 Patagonia (descr.); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 573, pi. 45, figs. 5-6, 1929 South Georgia (nesting). Procellaria (Majaqueus) aequinoctialis Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 161, 1891 Ponsonby Bay, Tierra del Fuego. Procellaria aequinoctialis brabournei Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 113, May 30, 1912 "West coast of South America" (location of type not stated). Procellaria aequinoctialis aequinoctialis Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 5, 1923 (descr., range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 314 Falkland Islands (breeding, Nov., 1922); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 52, 1930 between Santos and Montevideo; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 52, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 175, 1934 (synon., range); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 237, 1936 Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 641, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 19, 1938 Iguape, Sao Paulo. Range. Breeds in the Falkland Islands, South Georgia (Crozet Islands and Kerguelen), and ranges north over the southern oceans to the coasts of Peru and Brazil (Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro). Procellaria parkinsoni G. R. Gray. 1 BLACK PETREL. Procellaria parkinsoni G. R. Gray, Ibis, 4, p. 245, 1862 New Zealand (type in British Museum); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 108, 1918 near Chatham and Charles Islands, Galapagos (May 4, June 18, and Oct. 14); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 52, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 647, 1936 (monog.). Range. Breeds on North Island, New Zealand; ranges over the South Pacific to the Galapagos Islands. Genus PUFFINUS Brisson Puffinus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 56; 6, p. 130, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "Puffinus"= Procellaria puffinus Brunnich. Nectris Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat., p. 146, 1820 type, by subs, desig. (Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 46, 1912), Procellaria puffinus Brunnich. Thyellas Gloger, in Froriep's Notiz. Geb. Natur- und Heilkunde, 16, p. 279, 1827 new name for Puffinus Brisson. Rhipornis Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), tab. A, 1828 new name for Puffinus Brisson. 1 Probably conspecific with P. aequinoctialis. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 63 Ardenna Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853) type, by orig. desig., Puffinus major Reichenbach (not of Fa.ber) = Procellaria gratis O'Reilly. Thyellodroma Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11, p. 93 (note), 1888 type, by orig. desig., Puffinus sphenurus Gould = Puffinus chlororhynchus Lesson. Paranectris Iredale, Austr. Zool., 6, p. 115, Jan. 14, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Procellaria grisea Gmelin. Neoneclris Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 12, Aug. 2, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Puffinus brevicaudus Gould = Proce llaria tenuirostris Temminck. Hemipuffinus Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 20, Aug. 2, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Puffinus carneipes Gould. Alphapuffinus Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 110, Sept. 24, 1914 type, by orig. desig., Puffinus assimilis Gould. Calonedris Mathews and Iredale, Ibis, (10), 3, p. 592, 1915 type, by orig. desig., Puffinus leucomelas Temminck. Microzalias Mathews and Iredale, Ibis, (10), 3, p. 597, 1915 type, by orig. desig., Puffinus nativiiatis Streets. Puffinus kuhlii 1 kuhlii (Boie). 2 MEDITERRANEAN SHEARWATER. Procellaria kuhlii Boie, Isis, 1835, col. 257 Corsica. Calonedris kuhlii kuhlii Murphy, Auk, 39, p. 58, 1922 off Long Island, New York; idem and Chapin, Amer. Mus. Nov., 384, p. 4, 1929 (size characters). Puffinus diomedea diomedea (not Procellaria diomedea Scopoli) 3 Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 54, 1931 (range). Ardenna kuhli kuhli Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 177, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds on islands in the Mediterranean and ranges across the Atlantic Ocean to the coast of the United States (off Long Island). *Puffinus kuhlii borealis Cory. CORY'S SHEARWATER. Puffinus borealis Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 84, April, 1881 off Chatham Island, Massachusetts (type in Field Museum of Natural History, ex- amined). 1 According to Mayaud (Alauda, 4, p. 63, 1932, and Ibis, 1938, p. 343), P. kuhlii has a differently shaped pelvis, and could be generically separated from the group comprising P. assimilis, P. puffinus, P. griseus, and P. grains. 2 Puffinus kuhlii kuhlii (Boie) is on average smaller (wing, 332-342, female, 317-332; bill, 49-55, female, 45-50) than P. k. borealis, and differs, furthermore, by the conspicuous whitish edges to the feathers of the forehead and the presence of a large white field on the inner webs of the primaries (Murphy, Auk, 39, p. 58, 1922). 'We agree with Hartert (Vog. Pal. Fauna, Nachtr., 1, p. 77, 1923) that Procellaria diomedea Scopoli (Ann. I. Hist. Nat., p. 74, 1769), named from a single specimen of unknown origin in the collection of Count Thurn-Valsassina at Passau, is indeterminable. 62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 395, 1896 Chile (Valparaiso, Co- quimbo) (monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 654, 1898 Cavancha and Coquimbo, Chile; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 81, 1906 South Georgia (eggs descr.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 37, 1907 Iguape", Sao Paulo; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 142, 1910 Patagonia (descr.); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 573, pi. 45, figs. 5-6, 1929 South Georgia (nesting). Procellaria (Majaqueus) aequinoctialis Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 161, 1891 Ponsonby Bay, Tierra del Fuego. Procellaria aequinoctialis brabournei Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 113, May 30, 1912 "West coast of South America" (location of type not stated). Procellaria aequinoctialis aequinoctialis Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 5, 1923 (descr., range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 314 Falkland Islands (breeding, Nov., 1922); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 52, 1930 between Santos and Montevideo; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 52, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 175, 1934 (synon., range); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 237, 1936 Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 641, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 19, 1938 Iguape", Sao Paulo. Range. Breeds in the Falkland Islands, South Georgia (Crozet Islands and Kerguelen), and ranges north over the southern oceans to the coasts of Peru and Brazil (Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro). Procellaria parkinsoni G. R. Gray. 1 BLACK PETREL. Procellaria parkinsoni G. R. Gray, Ibis, 4, p. 245, 1862 New Zealand (type in British Museum) ; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 108, 1918 near Chatham and Charles Islands, Galapagos (May 4, June 18, and Oct. 14); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 52, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 647, 1936 (monog.). Range. Breeds on North Island, New Zealand; ranges over the South Pacific to the Galdpagos Islands. Genus PUFFINUS Brisson Puffinus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 56; 6, p. 130, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "Puffinus"= Procellaria puffinus Briinnich. Nectris Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat., p. 146, 1820 type, by subs, desig. (Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 46, 1912), Procellaria puffinus Brunnich. Thyellas Gloger, in Froriep's Notiz. Geb. Natur- und Heilkunde, 16, p. 279, 1827 new name for Puffinus Brisson. Rhipornis Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), tab. A, 1828 new name for Puffinus Brisson. 1 Probably conspecific with P. aequinoctialis. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 63 Ardenna Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853) type, by orig. desig., Puffinus major Reichenbach (not of Faber) = Procellaria grains O'Reilly. Thyellodroma Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11, p. 93 (note), 1888 type, by orig. desig., Puffinus sphenurus Gould= Puffinus chlororhynchus Lesson. Paranectris Iredale, Austr. Zool., 6, p. 115, Jan. 14, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Procellaria grisea Gmelin. Neonectris Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 12, Aug. 2, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Puffinus brevicaudus Gould = Procellaria tenuirostris Temminck. Hemipuffinus Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 20, Aug. 2, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Puffinus carneipes Gould. Alphapuffinus Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 110, Sept. 24, 1914 type, by orig. desig., Puffinus assimilis Gould. Calonectris Mathews and Iredale, Ibis, (10), 3, p. 592, 1915 type, by orig. desig., Puffinus leucomelas Temminck. Microzalias Mathews and Iredale, Ibis, (10), 3, p. 597, 1915 type, by orig. desig., Puffinus nativitatis Streets. Puffinus kuhlii 1 kuhlii (Boie). 2 MEDITERRANEAN SHEARWATER. Procellaria kuhlii Boie, Isis, 1835, col. 257 Corsica. Calonectris kuhlii kuhlii Murphy, Auk, 39, p. 58, 1922 off Long Island, New York; idem and Chapin, Amer. Mus. Nov., 384, p. 4, 1929 (size characters). Puffinus diomedea diomedea (not Procellaria diomedea Scopoli) 3 Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 54, 1931 (range). Ardenna kuhli kuhli Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 177, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds on islands in the Mediterranean and ranges across the Atlantic Ocean to the coast of the United States (off Long Island). *Puffinus kuhlii borealis Cory. CORY'S SHEARWATER. Puffinus borealis Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 84, April, 1881 off Chatham Island, Massachusetts (type in Field Museum of Natural History, ex- amined). 1 According to Mayaud (Alauda, 4, p. 63, 1932, and Ibis, 1938, p. 343), P. kuhlii has a differently shaped pelvis, and could be generically separated from the group comprising P. assimilis, P. puffinus, P. griseus, and P. gravis. 2 Puffinus kuhlii kuhlii (Boie) is on average smaller (wing, 332-342, female, 317-332; bill, 49-55, female, 45-50) than P. k. borealis, and differs, furthermore, by the conspicuous whitish edges to the feathers of the forehead and the presence of a large white field on the inner webs of the primaries (Murphy, Auk, 39, p. 58, 1922). 3 We agree with Hartert (Vog. Pal. Fauna, Nachtr., 1, p. 77, 1923) that Procellaria diomedea Scopoli (Ann. I. Hist. Nat., p. 74, 1769), named from a single specimen of unknown origin in the collection of Count Thurn-Valsassina at Passau, is indeterminable. 66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 128, 1910 (descr.); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 499 Nightingale and Inaccessible Islands (breeding); Bennett, I.e., 1926, p. 314 Falkland Islands (one spec.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 55, 1931 (range); Mayaud, Alauda, 4, p. 61, 1932 (osteol.); Wynne- Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 247, 1935 (field chars., distrib.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 660, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul, 22, p. 21, 1938 South Trinidad; H0rring, Medd. Gr0nl., 108, p. 11, 1939 East Greenland. Ardenna gravis Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 65, 1922 (life hist.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 12, 1923 Tierra del Fuego and Falkland Islands (descr.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 38, p. 27, 1932 Tristan d'Acunha (breeding, eggs descr.); idem, I.e., 39, p. 177, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds on Nightingale and Inaccessible Islands, Tristan d'Acunha group; winters in the North Atlantic Ocean to the Grand Banks, British Isles, and the Arctic Circle; accidental in South Trinidad, Falkland Islands, and Tierra del Fuego. Field Museum Collection. 30: Baffin Land (Resolution Island, 1); Labrador (unspecified, 1); Newfoundland (Grand Banks, 1); Nova Scotia (Dover, 11); Massachusetts (Chatham Island, 1; Crab Ledge, Monomoy Island, 15). Puffinus pacificus 1 chlororhynchus Lesson. WEDGE-TAILED SHEARWATER. Puffinus chlororhynchus Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 613, June, 1831 no locality given (type, from Shark's Bay, West Australia, in Paris Mu- seum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 633, 1850, and Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 62, 1929); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 372, 1896 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 141, 1918 San Benedicto Island, Revillagigedo group (nesting habits, plumages, var., meas.). Puffinus sphenurus Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 365, May 1, 1844 Houtmann's Abrolhos, West Australia (type now in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone and Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 1, p. 137, 1913). Puffinus cuneatus (not of Salvin) Anthony, Auk, 15, pp. 39, 316, 1898 off Cape San Lucas, Lower California, and San Benedicto Island, Revilla- gigedo group; Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 27, 1899 Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias (descr.); Anthony, Auk, 17, p. 250, pi. 8, 1900 San Benedicto Island (breeding); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 432, 1904 off Cape San Lucas, San Benedicto, Socorro, and 1 Procellaria pacifica Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 560, 1789 based on "Pacific Petrel" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 416) was described from "circa insulam Europa aliasque maris pacifici." Mathews (Birds Austr., 2, p. 80, 1912) designated as type locality Kermadec Islands, although it is pretty certain that the bird described by Latham did not originate in these islands (cf. also Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, pp. 350-351, 1926). This form, for which we reluctantly maintain the designation P. pacificus pacificus, seems to be separable by its more powerful bill, longer wings and tail, etc. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 67 Maria Madre Islands; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 286, 1926 San Benedicto Island (breeding); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 66, 1928 off Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Puffinus pacificus atteni Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 83, May 30, 1912 San Benedicto Island, Revillagigedo group (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 351, 1926], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Thyellodroma pacifica (not Procellaria pacified Gmelin) Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 97, 1922 (We hist.). Puffinus pacificus chlororhynchus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 55, 1931 (range). Thyellodroma pacifica alleni Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 186, 1934 Revilla- gigedo Islands. Range. Breeds on the Revillagigedo group (San Benedicto Island), 1 islands off Australia, Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands, and many other islands in the Pacific; ranges through the warmer parts of the Indian and Pacific oceans. *Puffinus bulled Salvin. NEW ZEALAND SHEARWATER. Puffinus bulleri Salvin, Ibis, (5), 6, p. 354, 1888 New Zealand (cotype in British Museum); 2 idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 371, 1896 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 146, 1918 Point Pinos, Cali- fornia (descr., meas.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 352, 1926 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 56, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 664, 1936 (monog.). Thyellodroma bulleri Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 101, 1922 Chile (Valparaiso, Feb. 24 to March 9) and California (Point Pinos) (life hist.; egg descr.); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 419, p. 14, 1930 Chile (crit.). Thyellodroma pacifica bulleri Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 186, 1934 (range). Range.-^-Breeds on small islands off North Island, New Zealand ; migrates to the coast of California (Point Pinos) and south to Chile (Valparaiso). Field Museum Collection. 1: Peru (Talara, 1). *Puffinus griseus (Gmelin). SOOTY SHEARWATER. Procellaria grisea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 564, 1789 southern hemi- sphere between 35 and 50= New Zealand. Nedris fuliginosus a. chilensis Bonaparte, 3 Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 202, 1857 Chile (type in Berlin Museum). 4 1 The breeding race of these islands is evidently inseparable from the Aus- tralian birds. 'Another cotype is in the Tring Collection (cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 352, 1926). 3 Examination of an adequate number of breeding birds from South America shows this form to be inseparable. *Nectris gama Bonaparte (Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 202, 1857), described from a Verreaux specimen, presumably of South African origin, in the Paris Museum, 68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Puffinus cinereus (not Procellaria cinerea Linnaeus) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 137, 1841 Tierra del Fuego, Chile (Chiloe Island), mouth of the La Plata, and Callao Bay, Peru (habits). Nectris amaurosoma Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 124, pub. June 30, 1864 Cape San Lucas, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 500 Coquimbo, Chile (crit.). Puffinus stricklandi Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 390, 1884 "North Pacific Ocean" (type probably in U. S. National Museum). Puffinus (Nectris) fuliginosus var. chilensis Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 162, 1891 Orange Bay, Tierra del Fuego (November). Puffinus griseus Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 386, 1896 Peru (Callao Bay), Chile (Corral, Coquimbo), and Straits of Magellan (monog.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 384, 1902 Harberton Harbour, Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 51 Valparaiso Bay, Chile; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 131, 1910 (descr.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 132, 1918 off California (var., molt, meas.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 85, 1922 (life hist.); (?) Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 32, p. 63, 1924 Colupito, coast Cordillera of Antofagasta, Chile; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 65, 1928 peninsula of Lower California; Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 419, p. 7, 1930 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 56, 1931 (range in part); Mayaud, Alauda, 6, p. 89, 1934 (osteol., affinities); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 251, 1935 Isla la Mocha, Chile (nesting); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 260, 1935 (winter range in the North Atlantic); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 666, 1936 (monog.); Aguayo and Moreno, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 13, p. 315, 1939 Cuba; van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 29, 1945 Gulf of California. Puffinus griseus chilensis Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 9, 1923 (descr., range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 314 Falkland Islands (breeding); Reynolds, I.e., 1935, p. 92 Wollaston Island, Beagle Channel, Straits of Magellan (breed- ing; eggs descr.); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 238, 1936 Arica to Valparaiso, Chile. Puffinus griseus griseus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 183, 1926 Gulf of Jambeli, Ecuador (July 16). Paranectris griseus chilensis Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 185, 1933 Chile to the Kurile Islands. Paranectris griseus stricklandi Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 185, 1933 Falk- land Islands "to the coast of Africa." Range. Breeds on South Island and Stewart Island, New Zea- land, the Chatham, Auckland and Snares Islands, the Falkland Islands, in the Straits of Magellan (Wollaston and Deceit Islands), and supposedly also in the Cordillera of Antofagasta, Chile; migrates does not seem to belong here at all. We are at a loss to understand Mathews' entry of the name in Nov. Zool., 39, p. 185, 1933. The type unfortunately is lost. Cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris, (2), 1, p. 63, 1929. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 69 into the North Pacific and North Atlantic to Kamchatka, Alaska, Labrador, Greenland, and the Faroes. Field Museum Collection. 58: Alaska (St. George Island, Bering Sea, 1); Newfoundland (Grand Banks, 1); Nova Scotia (Dover, 4); California (Carmel Bay, 2; Pacific Grove, 6; Monterey, 9; Moss Landing, 8; Carmel, 2; Carmel River mouth, 1; Westport, 1; Redondo Beach, 1; Hyperion, 1; Pacific Beach, 2); Massachusetts (Chatham Island, 5; Monomoy Island, 10); Peru (Talara, 3; Homi, Arequipa, 1). *Puffinus tenuirostris (Temminck). SLENDER-BILLED SHEAR- WATER. Procellaria tenuirostris Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 99, text to pi. 587, 1835 Japan (cotypes in Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays- Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 26, 1863). Puffinus tenuirostris Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 388, 1896 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 138, 1918 off Point Pinos, California (plumages, affinities, meas.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 90, 1922 (life hist., distr.); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 419, p. 9, 1930 (crit.); idem, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 673, 1936 (monog.); Kenyon, Condor, 44, p. 232, 1942 off San Diego County, California. Puffinus tenuirostris tenuirostris Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 135, 1920 Bering and Copper Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 56, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 292, 1935 off Naos Island, Bay of Panama (one record). Neonectris tenuirostris Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 184, 1934 (synon., range). Range. Breeds on islands off the Australian coast and on the Bounty Islands, migrates north through the Pacific Ocean to Point Barrow, Alaska, and east to the shores of the American continent from Alaska to California; accidental in the Bay of Panama (one record from Naos Island). Field Museum Collection. 8: Alaska (Barrow, 5; Unimak Pass, Aleutian Islands, 2); Washington (Pacific coast, 1). Puffinus nativitatis Streets. CHRISTMAS ISLAND SHEARWATER. Puffinus (Nectris) nativitatis Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 29, 1877 Christmas Island, Pacific Ocean (type in U. S. National Museum); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 414, 1902 at sea, 12 5' N. lat., 107 W. long.; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 57, 1931 (range). Microzalias nativitatis Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 185, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds on islands in the tropical Pacific (Laysan, Wake, Christmas, Phoenix, Marquesas, etc.); one record from the waters around Clipperton Island. 70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Puffinus puffinus puffinus (Briinnich). MANX SHEARWATER. Procellaria puffinus Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 29, 1764 Faroes and Norway. Procellaria anglorum Temminck, Man. Orn., 2nd ed., 2, p. 806, 1820 new name for Procellaria puffinus Briinnich. Puffinus major Faber, Prodr. Isl. Orn., p. 56, 1822 new name for Procellaria puffinus Briinnich. Puffinus anglorum Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 377, 1896 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 139, 1898 South Greenland (one record). Neclris puffinus Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 37, 1907 Iguap, Sao Paulo. Puffinus puffinus bermudae Nichols and Mowbray, Auk, 33, p. 195, April, 1916 Gurnet Head Rock, Bermuda (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Dwight, I.e., 44, p. 243, 1927 (crit., meas.;= P. p. puffinus). Puffinus bermudae Brooks, Auk, 34, p. 206, 1917 Maine or New Brunswick. Puffinus puffinus puffinus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 71, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 57, 1931 (range); Mayaud, Alauda, 4, pp. 43, 57, 1932 (morph., osteol.); idem, I.e., 6, p. 87, 1934 (osteol.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 178, 1934; idem,. Ibis, 1935, pp. 579, 581 (synon., range, char.); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 267, 1935 (distrib. in North Atlantic); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 677, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 21, 1938 Iguape (Sept.) and Ilha de Sao Sebastiao (Oct.), Sao Paulo, Brazil. Puffinus puffinus Nichols, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 294, 1931 Bermuda Islands (three records). Range. Breeds in Iceland (Vestmann's Islands), on the Faroes, the British Isles, on islets off the coast of Brittany, on the Azores, Madeira, and the Salvages, and occasionally in the Bermuda Islands; extends its migrations to the coasts of Brazil (Sao Paulo), Uruguay, and even Argentina (Mar del Plata, Oct. 5-9, 1914); accidental in Greenland and New Brunswick. Field Museum Collection. 1: New Brunswick (St. John, 1). / *Puffinus puffinus opisthomelas Coues. 1 BLACK- VENTED SHEAR- WATER. Puffinus opisthomelas Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 139, pub. June 30, 1864 Cape San Lucas, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 380, 1896 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 114, pis. 14-16, 1918 (plumages, molt, char.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 79, 1922 (life hist.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 285, 1926 Guadalupe Island; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 65, 1928 Lower California (breeding on Natividad, Guadalupe, and San Benito Islands); Peters, Bds. World, 1 We agree with Murphy and Mathews that this and the next form are races of the Manx Shearwater. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 71 1, p. 58, 1931 (range); van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 30, 1945 Gulf of California (may breed). Puffinus optatus (Hartlaub and Finsch, MS.) Schmeltz, 1 Mus. Godeffroy, Cat., 5, p. 15, Feb., 1874 new name for P. opisthomelas Coues. Puffinus couesi Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 67, 1912 based on P. opistho- melas Godman, Monog. Petrels, pt. 2, p. 109, 1908, ex Santa Cruz Island, California (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, British Museum). Puffinus puffinus opisthomelas Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 179, 1934 (range, synon.); idem, Ibis, 1935, pp. 580, 582 (synon., range, char.). Range. Breeds on San Benito, Natividad, and Guadalupe Islands, on the west coast of Lower California, and perhaps in Gulf of California; ranges north to the coast of British Columbia (off Albert Head). Field Museum Collection. 17: California (Pacific Grove, 3; Monterey Bay, 3; off Carmel Bay, 3; off San Diego, 1; Santa Cruz, 1); Mexico (Natividad Island, Lower California, 6). *Puffinus puffinus auricularis Townsend. TOWNSEND'S SHEAR- WATER. Puffinus auricularis Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 133, Sept. 9, 1890 Clarion Island, off Lower California (type in U. S. National .Mu- seum); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 380, 1896 (monog.); Anthony, Auk, 15, pp. 313, 316, 317, 1898 San Benedicto, Clarion, and Socorro Islands; idem, I.e., 17, p. 249, 1900 Revillagigedo Islands (breeding habits); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 414, 1902 Clarion Island; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 434, 1904 Revillagigedo Islands and Cape San Lucas, Lower California; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 120, 1918 Revillagigedo Islands and vicinity of Clipperton Island (disc., var., downy plumage, meas.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 84, 1922 (life hist.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 285, 1926 Clarion and Socorro Islands (breeding); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 65, 1928 vicinity of Cape San Lucas, Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 58, 1931 (range). Puffinus puffinus auricularis Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 179, 1934 (range); idem, Ibis, 1935, pp. 580, 582 (range, chars.). Range. Breeds on the Revillagigedo group (Clarion, San Bene- dicto, and Socorro Islands) ; wanders to Cape San Lucas and south to Clipperton Island. Field Museum Collection. 3: Mexico, Revillagigedo Islands (Clarion Island, 2; Socorro Island, 1). 1 Although ostensibly intended for a bird of the Pelew Islands, presumably P. assimilis assimilis Gould, the name, published without any description, stands as a substitute for P. opisthomelas Coues. 72 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Puffinus assimilis baroli Bonaparte. ATLANTIC ALLIED SHEAR- WATER. Puffinus baroli (Bonelli MS.) Bonaparte, 1 Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 204, Oct. 1, 1857 Mediterranean, Desertas near Madeira, and Canary Islands; Desertas designated as type locality by Bannerman, Ibis, 1914, p. 477. 2 Puffinus obscurus atlanticus Rothschild and Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 27, p. 43, Jan. 23, 1911 "North Atlantic Isles" (type, from Porto Santo, near Madeira, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 347, 1926], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Puffinus assimilis godmani Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 77, 1922 Sable Island, Nova Scotia (Sept. 1, 1896); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 276, p. 5, 1927 Madeira, Desertas, Dugio Island, and Sable Island, Nova Scotia (char.). Puffinus assimilis baroli Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 59, 1931 (range); Mayaud, Alauda, 4, p. 60, 1932 (osteol.). Alphapuffinus assimilis baroli Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 181, 1934 (synon., range). Puffinus godmani Allen, Auk, 25, p. 339, July, 1938 based on P. bailloni (not of Bonaparte) Godman (Monog. Petrels, p. 138, 1908) from the Island of Madeira. Range. Breeds in Madeira, the Desertas, the Salvage and Canary Islands; accidental on Sable Island, Nova Scotia (Sept. 1, 1896). *Puffinus assimilis Iherminieri Lesson. 3 AUDUBON'S SHEAR- WATER. Pufflnus (sic) Lherminieri Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 102, 1839 "ad ripas Antillarum"= Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles (type in Rochefort Museum). Puffinus auduboni Finsch, in Hartlaub and Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. Ill, pub. June 1, 1872 Cape Florida (type in Berlin Museum); Feilden, Ibis, 1889, pp. 60, 503 Barbados (breeding); Bonhote, I.e., 1903, p. 315 Washerwoman Cays, Andros, Bahama Islands (breeding); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 435, 1904 Bahama Islands, Gulf of Mexico, Montserrat. Puffinus obscurus (not Procellaria obscura Gmelin) Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 382, 1896 part, spec, p, Montserrat. 1 Puffinus barolii (Bonelli MS.) Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 769, 1856) is a nomen nudum. 2 Bonaparte had evidently seen three specimens: (1) Turin Museum, No. 3202, from the "Mediterranean" (ex Bonelli, 1820); (2) one from Desertas (near Madeira) in L. A. F. Baillon's collection at Abbeville; (3) one from the Canary Islands (ex Berthelot) in the Paris Museum. Although Bonelli, Curator of the Turin Museum at one time, clearly employed the term baroli on a Museum label, whence it was adopted by Bonaparte, there is no way of telling which of the three specimens actually served as basis of the diagnosis in the Conspectus and we may therefore accept Banner-man's action as final. 8 P. Iherminieri appears to us conspecific with P. assimilis. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 73 Puffinus obscurus auduboni Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 195, 1899 (char., range). Puffinus Iherminieri Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 229, 1905 Barbados (Bird Rock), Grenadines (small islets about Carriacou), and Grenada ("Mouchoir Quarre"," Labaye Rocks) (breeding; egg descr.); Smyth, Wilson Bull., 50, p. 203, 1938 Mona Island, Puerto Rico (nesting). Puffinus Iherminieri Iherminieri Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 74, 1922 (life hist.); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 276, p. 6, 1927 (char.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 275, 1927 Little Saba Island, near St. Thomas (breeding); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 61, 1931 Hispaniola (no breeding record); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 293, 1931 Bermuda (rare breeder); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 59, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 577 islets off Tobago (breeding); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 684, 1936 (monog.); Richardson, Auk, 55, p. 119, 1938 Chilmark, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts (Aug. 13, 1937). Alphapuffinus Iherminieri Iherminieri Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 181, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds in the Bermuda, Bahama, and Virgin Islands (Little Saba), Puerto Rico (Mona), Lesser Antilles (St. Martins, Saba, St. Eustatius, Guadeloupe, Barbados, Grenadines), and islets off Tobago; ranges over the Gulf of Mexico to the coast of Florida and casually to the Atlantic coast of the United States north to Massa- chusetts (Martha's Vineyard); 1 accidental off the coast of British Guiana (Dec. 2, 1931). Field Museum Collection. 24: Bahama Islands (unspecified, 1; Cay Verde, 2; Cay Sal, 2; Bimini, 3; Exuma Sound, 1; Old Provi- dence Island, 10); Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 3); Lesser Antilles (Saba Bank, 2). *Puffinus assimilis subalaris Ridgway. GALAPAGOS SHEAR- WATER. Puffinus subalaris (Townsend MS.) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 650, Mar. 15, 1897 Dalrymple Rock, Chatham Island (type in U. S. National Museum); Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923 180 miles south of Balboa, Panama. Puffinus obscurus (not Procellaria obscura Gmelin) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 431 Charles Island; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 382, 1896 part, spec, o, Charles Island; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 122, 1918 Galapagos Islands (var., molt). Puffinus tenebrosus (not of Pelzeln, 1873) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 142, 1890 Chatham Island; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 126, 1895 off Chatham and Wenman Islands. 1 The North American records have been reviewed by Palmer (Auk, 48, pp. 198-208, 1931). 74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Puffinus obscurus subalaris Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, pp. 194, 195, 1899 Culpepper, Wenman, Albemarle, Narborough, Jervis Islands, and Kicker Rock, near Chatham Island (chars.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 414, 1902 Bindloe, Seymour, and Wenman Islands (descr. of downy young); Snod- grass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 241, 1904 Wenman Islands (breeding; eggs descr.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 34, 1931 Galapagos Islands. Puffinus Iherminieri becki Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 70, May 30, 1912 "Culpepper and Wenman Islands, Galapagos group" (type, from Culpepper Island, in the Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 350, 1926], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Puffinus Iherminieri subalaris Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 276, p. 7, 1927 (char.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 59, 1931 (range); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 26, 1931 Tower, Daphne and Hood Islands; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 687, 1936 (monog.). Alphapuffinus Iherminieri subalaris Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 182, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds in the Galapagos Archipelago. Field Museum Collection. 10: Galapagos Islands (Tower Island, 2; Hood Island, 2; Champion Island, near Charles, 1; Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, 5). Genus PTERODROMA Bonaparte Rhantisles (not of Kaup, 1829) Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853) type, by orig. desig., Procellaria cookii Gray. Pterodroma Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, No. 17, p. 768, May, 1856 type, by subs, desig. (Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 137), Procellaria macroptera Smith. Aestrelata Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, No. 17, p. 768, May, 1856 type, by subs, desig., Procellaria hasitata "Temminck" (=Kuhl). Cookilaria Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 994, Nov., 1856 new name for Rhantistes Reichenbach. Oestrelata Newton, Ibis, 1870, p. 277 emendation of Aestrelata Bonaparte. Oestrelatella Bianchi, Faune Russie, Aves, 1, (2), pp. 521, 719, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Oestrelata hypokuca Salvin. Pterodroma brevirostris brevirostris (Lesson). 1 GRAY-FACED PETREL. Procellaria brevirostris Lesson, Traite" d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 611, June 11, 1831 no locality given (type from the seas around the Cape of Good Hope, in 1 As pointed out long ago by Pucheran, P. brevirostris is an earlier name for P. macroptera, the types of both having been obtained in the Cape Seas. Mathews (Ibis, 1935, p. 885) proposed to transfer Lesson's name to the form of the Mascarene 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 75 Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 633, 1858, and Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 63, 1929). Procellaria macroptera Smith, Illust. Zool. S. Afr., Part 11, pi. 52, July, 1840 Cape Seas (location O f type unknown). Procellaria atlantica (not of Bonaparte, 1824) Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 362, May 1, 1844 "Atlantic between our shores and the Cape of Good Hope" (cotypes, from the South Atlantic, 31 45' S. lat., 5 41' W. long., and 35 19' S. lat., 10 32' E. long., respectively, in the British Museum). Oestrelata macroptera Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 399, 1896 (monog.). Pterodroma macroptera macroptera Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 20, 1923 (descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 61, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 38, p. 32, 1932 Tristan d'Acunha (breeding); idem, I.e., 39, p. 163, 1934 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 21, 1938 Guaruja, Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil (Aug., 1925). Range. Breeds on Tristan d'Acunha and the Crozet Islands; ranges over the South Atlantic Ocean to the coast of South America (definitely recorded from Guarujd, off Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil). Pterodroma lessonii lessonii (Garnot). LESSON'S PETREL. ProceUaria Lessonii Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p. 54, pi. 4, 1826 "dans les parages du Cap Horn et de la mer Pacifique par 52 de lat. sept. [=austr.] et 85 de longit." 1 (type, from at sea off the Pacific coast of Patagonia, in the Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, (2), 1, p. 62, 1929); idem, in Duperrey, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 12, p. 548, July 4, 1829 same locality, lat. corrected to 52 S. Puffinus sericeus Lesson, Man. Orn., 2, p. 402, June, 1828 Pacific Ocean, 52 S. lat., 85 W. long., off the west coast of Patagonia (same specimen as type of P. Lessonii Garnot; cf. Berlioz, I.e., p. 62). Oestrelata lessonii Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 401, 1896 (monog.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 315 Falkland Islands (errore); idem, I.e., 1931, p. 12 East Falkland Islands (Aug. 23, 1925; three specimens). Pterodroma Lessoni Lessoni Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 16, 1923 (descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 61, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 163, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds on Kerguelen Island and ranges over the southern oceans; 2 within our limits recorded from the west coast of Chilean Patagonia ("Coquille," 1825) and the Falkland Islands (East Falk- land Island, Aug. 23, 1925). Islands, P. b. aterrima Bonaparte, but this identity is altogether unlikely and should be substantiated by a critical comparison of the types in the Paris Museum. 1 Mathews (List Bds. Austr., p. 37, 1913; Nov. Zool., 39, p. 163, 1934) wrongly quotes "Falkland Islands Seas" as type locality. * A very questionable race, P. lessonii australis (Mathews), breeds on the Bounty, Auckland, and Antipodes Islands, off New Zealand. 76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pterodroma incerta (Schlegel). 1 TRISTAN PETREL. Procellaria incerta Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 9, 1863 "Mers australes, c6tes de la Nouvelle Z61ande, et Mere de 1'Australie" (co types in Leyden Museum). 2 Oestralata incerta Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 405, 1896 (monog.). Pterodroma incerta Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 18, 1923 (descr., range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 62, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 38, p. 33, 1932 Tristan d'Acunha (breeding); idem, I.e., 39, p. 164, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 702, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 22, 1938 South Atlantic Ocean. Range. Breeds on Tristan d'Acunha and ranges through the South Atlantic Ocean to the seas off the coast of Argentina and southern Brazil. 3 *Pterodroma hasitata (Kuhl). BLACK-CAPPED PETREL. Procellaria hasitata Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., Vergl. Anat., 1, p. 142, 1820 "Mer de 1'Inde" (type in coll. of J. C. Temminck, now in Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 13, 1863); Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 70, pi. 416, Dec. 27, 1826 "des mers de 1'Inde" (descr. and fig. of type); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 106, 1922 (life hist.); Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 307, 1929 Moca, Dominican Republic; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 62, 1931 Hispaniola; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 61, 1931 (range); Wetmore, Auk, 49, p. 107, 1932 Moca, Hispaniola (May 14-15, 1928); idem, I.e., p. 456, 1932 Roseau, Dominica (May 2, 1932). Procellaria harlic Voigt, Cuvier's Thierreich, 1, p. 931, 1831 new name for Procellaria hasitata Kuhl. Procellaria diabolica (L'Herminier MS.) Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 7, p. 168, 1844 based on "Les diables ou diablotin" Labat, Nouv. Voy. Amer., 2, p. 408; Guadeloupe and San Domingo. 4 1 Pterodroma incerta (Schlegel), unknown to the authors, is regarded by certain writers as the juvenile plumage or a color phase of the preceding species. 2 Mathews (Nov. Zool., 39, p. 164, 1934) erroneously quotes Cape of Good Hope as type locality. 3 Procellaria sandaliata (Solander MS.) Mathews (Birds Austr., 2, p. 151, 1912 37 S. lat. by 49 W. long.) and Pterodroma satalandia Mathews (Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 54, p. 25, 1933 substitute name for P. sandaliata) may possibly refer to the above species. Another species may, for the sake of completeness, be mentioned. This is Oestrelata wortheni Rothschild (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 12, p. 62, April 28, 1902), the type having been secured at sea in 3 S. lat., 118 45' W. long., thus on the boundaries of our area. Known from the unique type, Mathews (Nov. Zool., 39, p. 165, 1934) claims it to be the same as Pterodroma alba (Gmelin), of the tropical Pacific. 4 Lafresnaye does not give any description, and the only way of identifying his P. diabolica is through his reference to Labat's "Diablotin." The specimens 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 77 Procellaria meridionalis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 4, p. 475, pi. 15, 1848 Florida= Indian River (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacific, 9, p. 827, 1858 (descr.). Procellaria rubritarsi (Gould MS.) Newton, Zoologist, 1852, p. 3692 Swaff- ham, Norfolk (type in Newcome Collection). Procellaria haesitata (not of Forster, 1844) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 13, 1863 "Ocean" (descr. of type). Oestrelata haesitata Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 402, 1896 Haiti (monog.); Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 186, pi. 49, 1908 Haiti; Grieve, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb., 21, p. 20, 1925 Dominica (hist.). Aestrelata haesitata Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 369, 1916 Guade- loupe. Aestrelata diabolica Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 370, 1916 Guade- loupe (crit., meas.). Pterodroma hasitata hasitata Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 164, 1934 (synon., range). Pterodroma hasitata Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 692, 1936 (monog.); Wetmore, Auk, 56, p. 73, 1939 Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Bond, I.e., 58, p. 365, 1941 Dominica (nesting). Range. Bred formerly in Guadeloupe and Dominica, still breed- ing apparently in mountains of Dominica and Hispaniola, Greater Antilles; ranges to the coasts of Florida (also various island records from the United States and [fide Peters] eastern Brazil) ; accidental in England (Swaffham, Norfolk). Field Museum Collection. 1: Lesser Antilles (somewhere at sea, 1). Pterodroma caribbaea Carte. 1 JAMAICAN PETREL. Pterodroma caribbaea Carte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 93, pi. 10 Blue Mountains, Jamaica (cotypes in the Natural History Museum of the Royal Dublin Society); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 62, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 165, 1934 (range). Oestrelata jamaicensis Salvin, 1 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 403, 1896 Jamaica (monog.); Godman, Monog. Petrels, pi. 50, 1908 (monog.). Range. Extinct. Bred formerly on the island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. listed by Bangs (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 173, 1930), therefore, have no claims to be "cotypes." 1 Pterodroma caribbaea Carte, as has been pointed out by Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 696, 1936), might have been merely a dark phase of P. hasitata. 2 Procellaria jamaicensis Bancroft (Zool. Joura., 5, p. 81, 1829) is a nomen nudum. 78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pterodroma cahow (Nichols and Mowbray). 1 CAHOW. Aestrelata cahow Nichols and Mowbray, Auk, 33, p. 194, April, 1916 south- east side of Castle Island, Bermuda (type in coll. of Bermuda Natural History Society). Aestralata gularis (not Procellaria gularis Peale) Bradlee, Auk, 33, p. 217, 1906 Castle Island, Bermuda. Aestrelata vociferans Shufeldt, Ibis, (10), 4, p. 633, Oct., 1916 Crystal Cave, Bermuda Islands (based on subfossil bones). Pterodroma cahow Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 112, 1922 (life hist.); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 295, 1931 Bermuda Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 62, 1931 (listed); Beebe, Bull. N. Y. Zool. Soc., 38, p. 187, 1935 Bermuda Islands (probably still breeding). Pterodroma hasitata cahow Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 164, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds on Bermuda Islands. *Pterodroma phaeopygia phaeopygia (Salvin). DARK-RUMPED PETREL. Oestrelata phaeopygia Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 507, pi. 88, figs. 1, 2, May, 1876 Chatham Island, Galapagos (cotypes in British Museum); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 407, 1896 part, spec, a, b, Chatham Island; Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 207, pi. 56, 1908 (monog.). Aestrelata phaeopygia Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 648, 1897 between James and Indefatigable Islands (descr., crit.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 198, 1899 Albemarle, Wenman, Indefatigable, and Barrington Islands; iidem, I.e., 9, p. 414, 1902 Narborough Island; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 242, 1904 off Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island. Pterodroma phaeopygia Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 97, 1918 Galapagos Islands and from vicinity of Clipperton Island to the coast of Ecuador (habits, plumages, meas.); Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923 off Cape Santa Elena, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 184, 1926 near Cape San Lorenzo and off Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 34, 1931 Galapagos Islands; Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 27, 1931 Indefatigable Island (crit.). 1 Pterodroma cahow (Nichols and Mowbray) : "Upper surfaces dark sooty, darkest on the primaries, grayish on the back and nape; tail coverts (partly lost) dark gray, with white bases; rectrices grayish black with white bases, inner web of the two outer feathers white almost to the tip; sides of breast sooty gray; primaries dark beneath; under wing coverts white, with a peculiar oval dark spot just inside the exposed primaries, as in hasitata; tail cuneate; forehead, lores, and under parts white, center of forehead and white region above the eye finely speckled with dark; the dark color from the side of the neck extends narrowly forward under the eye. Bill dark; legs, basal third of foot, and inner toe pale, remainder of foot dark. Wing, 10J4 in.; tail, 6J^; culmen, l 3 /ie; tarsus, 1%; middle toe with claw, 1%." (Nichols and Mowbray, Auk, 33, p. 194, 1916.) 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 79 Pterodroma phaeopygia phaeopygia Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 65, 1931 (range); Mathews, Npv. Zool., 39, p. 168, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 697, 1936 (monog.). Range. Breeds on the Galapagos Islands; ranges from the vicinity of Clipperton Island to the coast of Ecuador and Peru. 1 Field Museum Collection. 1: Galapagos Islands (North Albe- marle, 1). Pterodroma externa externa (Salvin). JUAN FERNANDEZ PETREL. Oestrelata externa Salvin, Ibis, (3), 5, p. 373, July, 1875 Mas Afuera, Juan Fernandez Islands, off Chile (type in British Museum); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 411, 1896 Mas Afuera (monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 735, 1898 Mas A Tierra (breeding; descr.); Godman, Monog. Petrels, pi. 62, 1908 (monog.). Pterodroma externa Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 95, 1918 twenty miles northwest of Clipperton Island (molt, char., meas.). Pterodroma (Aestrelata) externa Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez, 3, (1), p. 13, 1921 Mas A Tierra and Mas Afuera (breeding, nest and chicks descr.). Pterodroma externa externa Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 65, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 169, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 700, 1936 (monog.). Range. Breeds in the Juan Fernandez group (Mas Afuera Island) and ranges to the vicinity of Clipperton Island. Pterodroma inexpectata (I. R. Forster). PEALE'S PETREL. Procellaria inexpectata I. R. Forster, Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein), p. 204, 1844 Antarctic Ocean. Procellaria gularis Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 299, 184868 S. lat., 95 W. long, (type in U. S. National Museum). Aestrelata fisheri Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, "1882," p. 656, pub. June 26, 1883 St. Paul, Kodiak Island, Alaska (type in U. S. National Museum). Aestrelata scalaris Brewster, Auk, 3, p. 390, July, 1886 Livingstone County, New York (type in coll. of W. Brewster, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 173, 1930). Oestrelata gularis Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 414, 1896 (monog.); Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 236, pi. 68, 1908 (monog.). Procellaria lugens (Solander MS.) Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 159, 1912 Antarctic Ocean "to southern Tierra del Fuego." Pterodroma inexpectata Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 104, 1918 Kiska Island, Alaska (crit., var., meas.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1 Replaced in the Hawaiian Islands by a nearly allied form of smaller size, P. phaeopygia sandwichensis (Ridgway). 80 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 121, p. 117, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 63, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 166, 1934 (range). Pterodroma gularis Bent, Auk, 35, p. 221, 1918 Sitka, Alaska. Range. Breeds on islands off South Island, New Zealand, the Snares, Chatham, and Bounty Islands; ranges through the Pacific to Alaska (Sitka, Kodiak Island, etc.) and the Aleutian Islands (Kiska Island) ; accidental in New York (Mount Morris, Livingstone County, April, 1880). x Pterodroma neglecta juana Mathews. 2 MAS A TIERRA PETREL. Pterodroma neglecta juana Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 56, p. 59, Jan. 6, 1936 Mas A Tierra, Juan Fernandez Islands, off Chile (type in Stockholm Museum); idem, Ibis, 1936, p. 377 (chars.). Oestrelata neglecta (not Procellaria neglecta Schlegel) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 431 Juan Fernandez (crit.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 412, 1896 part, spec, g, h, Juan Fernandez; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 734, 1898 Mas A Tierra (plumage var.; habits). Pterodroma (Aestrelata) neglecta Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez, 3, (1), p. 12, 1921 Mas A Tierra (breeding; crit.). Pterodroma phillipii (not Procellaria phillipii G. R. Gray) Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 63, 1931 part, Juan Fernandez. Pterodroma neglecta Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 168, 1934 part, Juan Fernandez Islands; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 704, 1936 part, Chile (monog.). Range. Breeds on Mas A Tierra and Santa Clara Islands in the Juan Fernandez group, and on San Ambrosio Island, off Chile. Pterodroma neglecta paschae Lonnberg. 3 EASTER ISLAND PETREL. Pterodroma (Aestrelata) heraldica paschae Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez, 3, (1), p. 23, 1921 Motu Nui, Easter Island (type in Stockholm Museum). 1 Pterodroma kidderi (Coues) has been admitted by Dabbene (El Hornero, 3, p. 19, 1923) to the American fauna on the basis of the record of Aestrelata bre- virostris by Paessler (Orn. Monatsber., 23, p. 59, 1915) from the Patagonian coast at 43 S. lat., 60 W. long. As no other naturalist ever met with the species in South American waters, the record requires confirmation by specimens. About the nomenclature of the species, cf. Mathews, Ibis, 1935, pp. 884-885. 2 Pterodroma neglecta juana Mathews is stated to differ from P. n. neglecta (Schlegel), of the Kermadec Islands, by slightly larger size (wing of males, 295-303 mm.) and darker, more sooty blackish coloration, nearly uniform above and below. The white-bellied variety, described by Schalow, appears to be rather rare. About the adoption of the specific name neglecta in place of phillipii, cf. Mathews, Ibis, 1932, pp. 524-525. 3 Pterodroma neglecta paschae Lonnberg: Like P. n. heraldica (Salvin), of the western Pacific Ocean, with dark shafts to the primaries, but differs by having 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 81 Pterodroma heraldica paschae Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 63, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 168, 1934 Easter Island. Pterodroma neglecta paschae Mathews, Ibis, 1936, p. 377 (char.). (T)Aestrelaia neglecta (?) Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 415, 1902 eastern Pacific Ocean (13 N., 103 50' W.) (crit.). Range. Breeds on Easter Island, eastern Pacific Ocean. Pterodroma neglecta arminjoniana (Giglioli and Salvador!). 1 SOUTH TRINIDAD PETREL. Aestrelata arminjoniana Giglioli and Salvadori, Ibis, (n.s.), 5, p. 62, Jan., 1869 near South Trinidad Island (type in Turin Museum); iidem, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 11, "1868," p. 452, pub. early in 1869 South Trinidad Island. Aestrelata trinitatis Giglioli and Salvadori, Ibis, (n.s.), 5, p. 65, Jan., 1869 near South Trinidad (co types in Turin Museum ;= dark phase). 2 Oestrelata arminjoniana Salvin, in Rowley's Orn. Misc., 1, pp. 234, 252, pi. 31, 1876 (crit., fig. of type); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 413, 1896 (monog.); Sharpe, Ibis, 1904, p. 215 South Trinidad; Nicoll, I.e., 1906, p. 671 (crit). Oestrelata trinitatis Salvin, in Rowley's Orn. Misc., 1, p. 253, pi. 32, 1876 (crit.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 413, 1896; Sharpe, Ibis, 1904, p. 215 South Trinidad (crit.); Nicoll, I.e., 1906, p. 672 (var.). Oestrelata urilsoni Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 12, p. 49, Feb. 28, 1902 South Trinidad (type in British Museum); idem, Ibis, 1904, p. 216 (crit.); Nicoll, I.e., 1906, p. 671 (var.; breeding). Aestrelata chionophara Murphy, Auk, 31, p. 13, pi. 2, 1914 Trinidad Islet (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Aestrellata trinitatis and A. arminjoniana Miranda, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, pp. 179, 180, 1919 South Trinidad (meas.). Pterodroma arminjoniana Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 137, 1930 South Trinidad (var., color phases, meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 64, 1931 (listed); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 168, dark slate gray under tail coverts, with only the bases and fringes white (instead of nearly wholly white) (G. M. Mathews, Ibis, 1936, p. 377). A key to the races of this group of petrels is given by Mathews, Ibis, 1936, pp. 376-377. 1 Pterodroma neglecta arminjoniana (Giglioli and Salvadori) differs from P. n. juana by lesser dimensions, smaller bill, and white under tail coverts. As seems now well-established, this form is dichromatic, the various "species" described from South Georgia being mere color phases. l ln the account by Giglioli and Salvadori (Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 11, pp. 454-457), A. defilippiana and A. trinitatis, through a typographical blunder, are combined under the heading of A. trinitatis. It thus results that A. defilippiana (p. 453) appears as a nomen nudum, while the Latin diagnosis and general explana- tion relating to this species are placed immediately under the head-line A. trinitatis, which finds itself accompanied by two different descriptions! This confusion was afterwards corrected (Ibis, 1869, pp. 63-66). 82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1934 (synon., range); Allen, Univ. State New York, Bull, to Schools, 20, No. 13, p. 134, 1934 Ithaca, New York (Aug. 24, 1933); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 708, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 21, 1938 South Trinidad; Wetmore and others, Auk, 62, p. 437, 1945 (admitted to North American list). Pterodroma neglecta arminjoniana Mathews, Ibis, 1936, p. 377 (chars.). Range. Breeds on South Trinidad Island and the neighboring Martin Vas Rocks; accidental in New York (Ithaca, Aug. 24, 1933). Pterodroma mollis mollis (Gould). SOFT-PLUMAGED PETREL. Procellaria mollis Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 363, 1844 South Atlantic from 20 to 40 S. lat. (cotypes in British Museum). Oestrelata mollis Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 406, 1896 (monog.). Pterodroma mollis mollis Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 16, 1923 (descr., range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 64, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 167, 1934 (synon., range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 711, 1936 (monog.). Pterodroma mollis Hamilton, Ibis, 1945, p. 569 Falkland Islands. Range. Breeds on Tristan d'Acunha, Gough, and St. Paul Islands, and ranges through the South Atlantic to the seas off the east coast of Argentina, Uruguay, and the Falkland Islands. Pterodroma cookii defilippiana (Giglioli and Salvadori). FILIPPI'S PETREL. Aestrelata defilippiana Giglioli and Salvadori, Ibis, (n.s.), 5, p. 63, Jan., 1869 off coast between Callao, Peru, and Valparaiso, Chile (type in Turin Museum). Oestrelata defilippiana Salvin, in Rowley's Orn. Misc., 1, p. 255, pi. 33, 1876 (crit.); Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 11 San Ambrosio Island, off Chile (July); Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 431 coast of Chile; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 417, 1896 San Ambrosio, coast of Chile (monog.); Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 245, pi. 70, 1908 (monog.). Pterodroma (Aestrelata) cooki defilippiana Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez, 3, (1), p. 14, 1921 Santa Clara Island, Juan Fernandez group (breeding; egg descr.). Pterodroma cookii defilippiana Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 370, p. 7, 1929 Mas A Tierra (breeding), 100 miles west of Valparaiso, and offshore Peru (200 miles west of Callao; 80 miles west of Ancon); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 65, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 717, 1936 (monog.). Cookilaria cookii defilippiana Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 171, 1931 (range). Range. Breeds on Mas A Tierra and Santa Clara Islet, Juan Fernandez group, and at San Ambrosio and San Felix Islands; ranges to the waters off Chile and Peru. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 83 *Pterodroma cookii orientalis Murphy. 1 MURPHY'S PETREL. Pterodroma cookii orientalis Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 370, p. 5, Sept. 6, 1929 200 miles west of Callao, Peru (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 65, 1931 (range); Anthony, Auk, 51, p. 77, 1934 vicinity of Adak Island, Alaska (Aug., 1933); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 714, 1936 Adak Island, Aleutian Islands, and Lower California (monog.); Wetmore and others, Auk, 62, p. 438, 1945 (admitted to North American list). Pterodroma cooki defilippiana (not Aestrelata defilippiana Giglioli and Salvadori) Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923 35 miles north of Lobos de Tierra Island, Peru. Cookilaria cookii orientalis Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 171, 1934 (range). Range. Occurs between 40 and 400 miles off the west coast of South America, and between 5 and 34 S. lat. (breeding grounds unknown); accidental in Alaska (Adak Island, August, 1933). Field Museum Collection. 2: Alaska (off Adak Island, 1); (?)Peru (50 miles west of Ancon, Lima, 1). *Pterodroma leucoptera masafuerae Lonnberg. 2 MAS AFUERA PETREL. Pterodroma (Aestrelata) cooki masafuerae Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez, 3, (1), p. 14, 1921 Mas Afuera, Juan Fernandez group, off Chile (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 105, 1927). Pterodroma longirostris (not Aestrelata longirostris Stejneger) Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 92, 1918 eastern Pacific (33 6' N.-134 W.; 35 40' N.-133 10' and 14' W.). Pterodroma leucoptera masafuerae Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 370, p. 11, 1929 Juan Fernandez Islands (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 66, 1931 Mas Afuera Island; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 719, 1936 (monog.); Moffitt, Auk, 55, p. 255, 1938 eastern Pacific (about 685 statute miles west of Piedras Brancas, San Luis Obispo County, California). Cookilaria leucoptera masafuerae Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 170, 1934 Mas Afuera Island. 1 Pterodroma cookii orientalis Murphy: Very similar to P. cookii cookii (Gray), of the New Zealand region, but on average larger and with a more pronounced appearance of scalation on the dorsal surface, due to broader and more general white emargination of the feathers. Wing, 234-250; tail, 85-97; bill, 27^-30. From P. c. defilippiana this recently separated race is easily distinguished by its slender and smooth black bill, whereas the Juan Fernandez form has a remark- ably deep, heavy bill, in which the plates of the latericorn and unguis have a strong tendency to be rugose and even to develop a laminated aspect, being thus more or less marked with fine, horny lines (Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 370, p. 5, 1929). * Pterodroma leucoptera masafuerae Lonnberg: Differs from the nominate form of Australia by somewhat longer tail; much greater width (23 against 12-14 mm.) of the white forehead and correspondingly more restricted extent of the less black- ish crown; grayish black instead of flesh-colored tarsi. Wing, 216-230; tail, 97-105 (against 89-93 in P. I. leucoptera); bill, 24-26. 84 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. Breeds on Mas Afuera Island, Juan Fernandez group, off Chile, and ranges to the eastern Pacific (33 6'-35 40' N. lat, 133 to 134 W. long.). Field Museum Collection. 1: Chile (Mas A Tierra Island, Juan Fernandez Islands, 1). Pterodroma leucoptera brevipes (Peale). SHORT-FOOTED PETREL. Procellaria brevipes Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 294, 184868 S. lat., 95 W. long., Antarctic Circle (type in U. S. National Museum). Pterodroma brevipes Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 93, 1918 4 20' S. lat., 93 30' W. long. (=vicinity of Galapagos Islands) (crit., meas.). Pterodroma leucoptera brevipes Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 370, p. 13, 1929 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 66, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 722, 1936 (monog.). Cookilaria leucoptera brevipes Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 169, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds on the New Hebrides (Aneiteum Island) and in the Fiji Islands; ranges east to the vicinity of the Galapagos Islands and south to the Antarctic Circle. Genus HALOBAENA Bonaparte 1 Halobaena Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 768, 1856 type, by monotypy, Procellaria caerulea Gmelin. Zaprium Coues, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 2, p. 34, 1875 type, by monotypy, Procellaria caerulea Gmelin. Halobaena caerulea (Gmelin). BLUE PETREL. Procellaria caerulea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 560, 1789 based on "Blue Petrel" Forster, Voy. round World, 1, p. 91; "in oceano australi"= Ant- arctic Ocean, 58 S. lat. Procellaria similis I. R. Forster, Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein), p. 59, 1844 Antarctic Ocean, 58 S. lat. Halobaena caerulea Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 431, 1896 Pacific Ocean near Cape Horn (monog.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 154, 1910 off Cape Horn (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 48, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 171, 1934 (synon., range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 123, 1936 (monog.). Halobaena murphyi Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 146, June, 1917 "Stromness Bay, South Georgia" (type in Museum of Comparative Zool- ogy, Cambridge, Mass.). Halobaena caerulea murphyi Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 126, 1923 (descr., range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 316 Falkland Islands (breeding). 1 Although commonly grouped with Pachyptila, this genus is considered by Murphy with good grounds to be nearly related to Pterodroma, from which it is, however, easily distinguished by its squarish tail. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 85 Range. Breeds in the Falkland Islands (and on Kerguelen Island) and ranges throughout the southern oceans. Genus PAGODROMA Bonaparte Pagodroma Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, No. 17, p. 768, May, 1856 type, by monotypy, Procellaria nivea Forster. Pagodroma nivea (Forster). SNOWY PETREL. Procellaria nivea Forster, Voy. round World, 1, pp. 96, 98, 177752 S. lat., 20 E. long. Pagodroma nivea minor Schlegel, 1 Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 16, 1863 "Glaces du P61e Sud" et "Mers antarctiques" (cotypes in Leyden Museum); Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 21, pi., fig. 4, 1885 South Georgia (sexual diff., eggs descr.). [Pagodroma] novegeorgica Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 21 (in text), 1885 South Georgia (cotypes in Hamburg Museum). 1 Pagodroma nivea Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 419, 1896 Falkland Islands (July 22, 1850) and Antarctic region (monog.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 170, pi. 3, fig. 1 (chick), and pi. 11 Lauri and Saddle Islands, South Orkney Islands (breeding; downy young descr.); Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Hand!., 40, No. 5, p. 80, 1906 South Georgia (crit.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 145, 1910 Falkland Islands (descr.); Bennett, El Hornero, 2, p. 28, 1920 South Shetland and South Orkney Islands (breeding) ; Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 575, pi. 45, figs. 9-10, 1929 South Georgia (not found breed- ing); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 142, 1930 (crit., meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 67, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 161, 1934 (synon., range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 633, 1936 (monog.); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 363, 1936 South Orkney Islands (nesting); Siple and Lindsey, Auk, 54, p. 149, 1937 Mary Byrd Land, Antarctic (breeding); Eklund, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, (1), p. 300, 1945 Palmer Land (breeding south to 72 2' S. lat.- 68 55' W. long.; life hist.). Pagodroma nivea novaegeorgica Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 13, 1923 South Orkney, South Georgia, and Falkland Islands (descr.). Pagodroma nivea novageorgica Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 315 Falklands (occas. visitor). Pagodroma nivea falklandica Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 46, p. 76, Feb. 25, 1926 "new name for P. n. novegeorgica Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 177, 1912;" Falkland Islands. 1 Pagodroma nivea b. minor Bonaparte (Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 192, 1857) is a nomen nudum, and so is his other variety, a. major. 2 Pagenstecher, after stating that the South Georgian specimens, while closely approaching Schlegel's measurements of P. n. minor, differ from Gmelin's descrip- tion by white instead of black shafts to the remiges, suggests novegeorgica as an eventual appropriate specific term. 86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. Breeds in the Antarctic region, on the South Orkney and South Shetland Islands, and in South Georgia; 1 occasional visitor in the Falkland Islands. Genus BULWERIA Bonaparte Bulweria Bonaparte, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna, 8, Dec. 22, 1842, p. 426, pub. Jan. 14, 1843 type, by monotypy, Procellaria bulwerii Jardine and Selby. Bulweria bulwerii (Jardine and Selby). BULWER'S PETREL. Procellaria bulwerii Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., 2, (4), pi. 65, Nov., 1828 "Madeira or the small islands adjacent" (type now in the British Museum). Procellaria anjinho Heineken, in Brewster's Edinb. Journ. Sci., 1, No. 9, p. 231, Oct., 1829 Madeira. Procellaria bulweri Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 9, 1863 Greenland (one spec.). Bulweria bulweri Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 420, 1896 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 120, 1922 (life hist.). Bulweria bulwerii Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 68, 1931 (range). Bulweria bulwerii bulwerii Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 162, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds in Madeira, the Salvages, Canary, Azores, and Cape Verde Islands, also on islands off the coast of China, the Bonin and Volcan Islands, the western Hawaiian and Marquesas Islands; 2 accidental in Greenland (one record) and England. Family HYDROBATIDAE. Long-legged Storm Petrels Genus OCEANITES Keyserling and Blasius Oceanites Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Eur., 1, pp. xciii, 131, 238, 1840 type, by monotypy, 3 "Thalassidroma" (= Procellaria) wilsonii Bonaparte= Procellaria oceanica Kuhl. 1 About the alleged second species, P. confusa Mathews, cf. Hartert (Nov. Zool., 33, p. 354, 1926) and also Lowe and Kinnear (Brit. Antar. [Terra Nova] Exp., Zool., 4, pp. 146-147, 1930). 2 The alleged Pacific race, B. b. pacifica Mathews, is inseparable. 3 The new genus Oceanites was created for Thalassidroma wilsonii Bonaparte. On p. xciii, the authors state, "ferner gehoren dazu Procellaria grallaria Licht. und P. marina Latham." 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 87 *Oceanites oceanicus oceanicus (Kuhl). WILSON'S PETREL. Procellaria oceanica Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat., 1, p. 136, pi. 10, fig. 1, 1820 no locality 1 = South Atlantic Ocean, off mouth of La Plata River (ex Solander MS.; cf. Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 13, 1912). 2 Procellaria wilsonii Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 3, (2), p. 231, pi. 9, low fig., pub. Jan., 1824 "on the coast of North America . . . , less abundant east of the Banks of Newfoundland" (type, ex coll. of R. T. Peale, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 172, 1930). Thalassidroma oceanica Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 141, 1841 Maldonado, Uruguay, and Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires (Sept.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 322, 1870 coast of Rio de Janeiro between Barra da Guaratiba and Tejucas Islands (May). Thalassidroma ? Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164 Long Island, Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands (said to breed). Oceanites oceanicus(a) Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 165, 1891 Gable Island, Beagle Channel (March), and Straits of Magellan; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 358, 1896 (monog., in part); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 629, 1900 north of Rio Gallegos, Patagonia (Apr. 7); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 383, 1902 Ponsonby Sound, Tierra del Fuego; Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 166, pi. 10, fig. 2 Lauri Island, South Orkney Islands (breeding habits, nest and eggs); Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 83, 1906 South Georgia (probably breeding); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 36, 1917 Santos, Sao Paulo; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 180, 1918 Monterey, California; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920 coast of Uruguay; Bennett, I.e., 2, p. 27, 1920 South Orkney Islands (breeding); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 165, 1922 (life hist., range); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 487 South Georgia (said to breed); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 577, 1929 South Georgia (nesting); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 124, 1930; Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 285, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 368, 1936 South Orkney Islands (nesting); Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (2), p. 141, pis. 1-7, 1940 (life hist.); Eklund, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, no. 1, p. 302, 1945 south to 72 5' S. lat.-70 W. long., in Palmer Land. Oceanites oceanicus oceanicus Murphy, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 118, pis. 1-3, 1918 off Bahia (Brazil), South Georgia, etc. (plumages, molts, meas., migration, habits, food); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 243, 1922 (descr., range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 312 Falkland Islands and de- pendencies; idem, I.e., 1931, p. 12 Deception Island, South Shetland Islands (breeding in Jan.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 68, 1931 (range); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 63, 1931 off coast 1 The type specimen, "in Museo Ridelliano, nunc in Temminckiano," seems to be lost. 2 Murphy (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 128, 1918) did not suggest a type locality, but merely stated that "South Georgia may be positively designated as a nesting station." 88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII of Dominican Republic, Hispaniola; Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 191, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 748, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 23, 1938 Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Zotta, El Hornero, 8, p. 481, 1944 Las Cuevas, Mendoza, Argentina (immature captured in Andes). Oceanites oceanicus subsp. Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 94 Herschel Island, Beagle Channel (crit., meas.). Oceanites oceanicus chilensis Murphy, 1 Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 754, 1936 Wollaston Island, Fuegia, Chile (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Sheard, Emu, 42, p. 177, 1943 (status of name). Oceanites oceanicus (?chilensis) Hamilton, Ibis, 1939, p. 139 Grand Jason Island, Falkland Islands (nesting). Oceanites oceanicus magellanicus Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, p. 153, 1940 (new name for 0. o. chilensis Murphy, a nomen nudum). Range. Breeds on islets about Cape Horn (Herschel and Deceit Islands), on the Falkland Islands, South Shetlands, South Orkneys, and South Georgia; 2 wintering in the North Atlantic to Labrador, the Grand Banks, and British Isles; accidental to the coasts of Ecuador and even California (Monterey, August 24, 1910). Field Museum Collection. 17: Nova Scotia (Grand Banks, 3; Dover, 1); Massachusetts (Crab Ledge, Monomoy Island, 1; Spring- hill, 2; Chatham Island, 1; No Man's Land, Dukes County, 2; Pigeon Cove, Essex County, 1); New York (Montauk Point, 1); Bahama Islands (Highborn Cay, 1); Peru (Callao, Lima, 1); Chile (Santiago, 1); Antarctic Archipelago (Graham Land, 1; Deception Island, 1). *Oceanites gracilis gracilis (Elliot). GRACEFUL STORM PETREL. Thalassidroma gracilis Elliot, Ibis, 1, p. 391, 1859 "West coast of America" = coast of Chile (location of type not stated). Oceanites gracilis Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 85 coast of Chile (monog.); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 361, 1896 Iquique, Tarapaca, Chile (June 19); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 658, 1897 part, Chile (descr.). Oceanites gracilis gracilis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 182, 1926 off Santa Elena, Ecuador (Feb. 11), off Talara, Peru, and south to Valparaiso, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 68, 1931 flisted); Mathews, 1 Oceanites oceanicus chilensis Alexander (Birds Ocean, p. 86, 1928), given as "breeding on islets off Cape Horn," is a nomen nudum. 2 Breeding birds from Cape Horn and the Falkland Islands (0. o. chilensis) are somewhat smaller than those from the South Shetland Islands, South Georgia, etc. (wing of males, 138-139, against 140-145; of females, 134-137, against 152-159) (Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 94). Races have been separated from Antarctica (O. o. exasperatus Mathews) and Kerguelen Island (O. o. parvus Falla). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 89 Nov. Zool., 39, p. 192, 1934 coast of Chile; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 757, 1936 (monog.); Friedmann, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, (1), p. 314, 19454 39' S. lat.-81 19' W. long. Range. Occurs on the Pacific coast of South America, from southern Ecuador (Santa Elena) to Chile (Valparaiso); breeding grounds unknown. 1 Field Museum Collection. 2: Peru (Talara, 1; Mollendo, Are- quipa, 1). *Oceanites gracilis galapagoensis Lowe. 2 GALAPAGOS STORM PETREL. Oceanites gracilis galapagoensis Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 41, p. 140, July 5, 1921 Charles Island, Galapagos (type in British Museum); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 36, 1931 Galapagos; Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 29, 1931 Indefatigable, Charles, and Narborough Islands (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 69, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 192, 1934 Galapagos; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 759, 1936 (monog.). Oceanites gracilis (not Thalassidroma gracilis Elliot) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 658, 1897 part, Albemarle and James Islands (crit.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 198, 1899 Albemarle, Nar- borough, Chatham, James, Charles, Abingdon, and Bindloe Islands; iidem, I.e., 9, p. 416, 1902 off Abingdon, Albemarle, Chatham, Bindloe, and Narborough Islands; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 243, 1904 Albemarle Island; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 180, 1918 Galapagos (molt, meas.). Range. Galapagos Archipelago (undoubtedly breeding, but nest- ing places not yet discovered). Field Museum Collection. 9: Galapagos Islands (Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, 8; Seymour Island, 1). Genus PELAGODROMA Reichenbach Pelagodroma Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853) type, by orig. desig., Procellaria marina Latham. Pelagodroma marina marina (Latham). WHITE-FACED STORM PETREL. 1 Elliot (Ibis, 1859, p. 392) describes egg and chick, without stating where and by whom they have been collected! He appears to have seen a number of specimens, since he adds that the one "described was taken in May, and is a male." 2 Oceanites gracilis galapagoensis Lowe: Similar to the nominate race, but slightly larger and decidedly paler, more grayish, especially below, with the white abdominal patch more extensive. Wing, 135-143, (females) 136-145. Eight additional specimens examined. 90 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Procellaria marina Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 826, 1790 based on "Frigate Petrel" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 410; off the mouth of the Rio de La Plata, 35 S. lat. (cf. Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, pp. 23-25, 1912). Pelagodroma marina Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 213 one hundred thirteen knots off the coast of Uruguay (field observation); Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 23, p. 59, 1915 South Atlantic, 46 8' S. lat., 63 W. long. (May) ; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 182, 19182 40' S. lat., 91 20' W. long.= south of Galdpagos Islands; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920 off the coast of Uruguay (ex Aplin); Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923 off Santa Elena, Ecuador. ' Pelagodroma marina marina Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 246, 1922 (descr., range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 69, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 38, p. 23, 1932 Nightingale Island (breeding); idem, l.c., 39, p. 192, 1934 (range). Pelagodroma marina subsp. Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 770, 1936 seas around the Galapagos Islands and Point Santa Elena, Ecuador; Friedmann, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, (1), p. 314, 1945 off coast of Chile (April). Range. Breeds on Tristan d'Acunha and Nightingale Island 1 and strays to the waters of South America (off the mouth of the Rio de La Plata; coast of Patagonia; south of Galapagos Islands; off Cape Santa Elena, Ecuador). Pelagodroma marina hypoleuca (Moquin-Tandon). NORTH ATLANTIC WHITE-FACED STORM PETREL. Thalassidroma hypoleuca Moquin-Tandon, in Webb, Berthelot, and Moquin- Tandon, Hist. Nat. lies Canar., 2, Orn., p. 45, 1841 Tenerife, Canary Islands (location of type not stated). Pelagodroma marina (not Procellaria marina Latham) Ridgway, Auk, 2, p. 386, 1885 off coast of Massachusetts, 40 34' 18' N. lat., 66 09' W. long. (Sept. 2, 1885). Pelagodroma marina hypoleuca Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 176, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 69, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 192, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds on the Salvage and Cape Verde Islands; ac- cidental off the coast of Massachusetts (40 34' N. lat., 66 9' W. long., Sept. 2, 1885). Genus FREGETTA Bonaparte Fregetta Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, No. 26 (seance du 24 D6c. 1855), p. 1113, Jan., 1856 type, by orig. desig., Thalassidroma leucogaster Gould. 2 1 Hartert (Vog. Palae. Fauna, 2, p. 1419, 1920) claims the Australian breeding form, P. m. dulciae Mathews, to be inseparable. * Mathews (Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 58, pp. 11-12, Nov. 5, 1937) attempts to show that Fregetta Bonaparte was merely a lapsus calami or typographical error 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 91 Cymodroma Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Amer., 2, p. 418, 1884 substitute name for Fregetta Bonaparte. Fregettornis Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 31, May 30, 1912 type, by orig. desig., Procellaria grallaria Vieillot. Fregodroma Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 57, p. 145, June 30, 1937 type, by orig. desig., Thalassidroma tropica Gould. Fregolla Mathews, Emu, 37, p. 142, 1937 type, by orig. desig., Freget ta melano- leuca Salvadori. Fregandria Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 59, p. 10, 1938 new name for Fregolla Mathews (not Fregella Walker, 1854). Fregetta grallaria 1 segethi (Philippi and Landbeck). 2 WHITE- FRINGED STORM PETREL. Thalassidroma Segethi Philippi and Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 26, (1), p. 282, 1860 coast of Chile; iidem, Anal. Univ. Chile, 18, p. 27, 1861 coast of Chile (type in National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 31, 1930); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1867, p. 336 Chile (crit.); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 286, 1868 "Valdivia," Chile. Cymodroma grallaria (not Procellaria grallaria Vieillot) Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 366, 1896 part, spec, k, off San Ambrosio Island, Chile (July 20); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 737, 1898 Santa Clara Island. Thalassidroma (Oceanites) segethi Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 92, pi. 44, 1902 Chile (monog.). for Fregata Lace"pede. However, his argumentation is fallacious. This clearly results from Bonaparte's own words: "Parmi les genres et sous-genres . . . il en est un que j'ai nommS Fregetta dans la partie de mon Conspectus non encore publiee." It will be noticed that Bonaparte nowhere credits it to Lace"pede, and the generic name, consequently, must be regarded as an intentional creation of his own. He was, moreover, well aware of the existence of that other term, since in an earlier paper (Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 4, p. 404, 1828) he quotes "Fregata Lac6p., Cuv. Dumeril" in the synonymy of Tachypetes [aquilus L.]. Whatever the specimen examined might have been (cf . Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, p. 11, 1937), and even if the diagnosis is faulty, the genotype, as designated by the author, stands under the Rules. 1 Procellaria grallaria Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 25, p. 418, "1817" [ = Dec., 1818] "Nouvelle Hollande"), was brought back by the Expedi- tion of the Naturaliste under Captain Baudin, and the type is still preserved in the Paris Museum (cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 61, 1929). Murphy (Amer. Mus. Nov., 124, p. 11, 1924) restricted the name to the breeding form of the Juan Fernandez Islands, and has been followed by subsequent authors in this application. While not provided with any exact locality, the type, however, certainly did not come from the Juan Fernandez Islands, which were not visited by the Naturaliste, but, like the other material secured on that expedition, un- doubtedly originated in the Australian waters. Its subspecific status requires critical study. At all events, T. Segethi Philippi and Landbeck appears to be the earliest name of unquestionable pertinence for the form of the White-fringed Storm Petrel occurring off the Pacific coast of South America. 2 Fregetta grallaria segethi (Philippi and Landbeck) differs from F. g. insularis (Mathews), breeding on LordJHowe Island, which may prove to be typical grallaria, by smaller size (wing, 151-162; tail, 72-75). 92 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Fregetta grallaria Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 124, 1910 San Ambrosio Island (descr.); Lonnberg, in Skotts- berg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez, 3, p. 10, 1921 Santa Clara Island, Juan Fernandez group. Fregetta grallaria segethi Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 41, 1912 waters of the west coast of South America (crit.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 415, 1932 off San Ambrosio Island, Chile (crit.). (?) Fregetta grallaria Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 182, 1918 south of the Galapagos Islands (4 20' S. lat., 93 30' W. long.). 1 Fregetta leucogastris (not Thalassidroma leucogaster Gould) Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 173, 1922 part, Santa Clara or Goat Island (eggs and chicks descr.). Fregetta grallaria grallaria Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 70, 1931 Mas A Tierra Island; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 760, 1936 (monog.). Fregettornis grallaria grallaria Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 44, 1933 Juan Fernandez group (crit.); idem, I.e., p. 195, 1934 (range). Fregetta leucogaster leucogaster Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 239, 1936 off Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile. Fregettornis grallaria Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, p. 96, 1938 (nomencl. and tax.). Range. Breeds on Santa Clara or Goat Island, Juan Fernandez group, and apparently at San Felix and San Ambrosio Islets, off Chile; strays to the coast of Chile and (?) the Galapagos Islands. 2 Fregetta tropica (Gould). 3 BLACK-BELLIED STORM PETREL. Thalassidroma tropica Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 366, 18446 33' N. lat., 18 6' W. long., Atlantic Ocean (type in British Museum of Natural History). 1 According to Mathews (Nov. Zool., 39, p. 45, 1933), this specimen approaches the Rapa Island race, F. g. titan Murphy, in length of wing (178 mm.). 1 Lawrence (Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 5, p. 117, 1852) described s. n. "Thalas- sidroma fregetta (Sol.) Khul" (sic) a bird taken in the harbor of St. Marks, Florida. Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 769, 1856) renamed it Fregetta lawrencii (misspelt laurencii in Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 198, 1857). As the specimen, which Lawrence presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, has been lost (cf. Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacific, 9, p. 832, 1858, and Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 87), its proper identification will forever remain a puzzle. Bent (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 173, 1922) refers it to "F. leucogastris," a designation which is open to doubt. Records of Fregetta leucogaster from the South Atlantic (cf. Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 248, 1922) are hard to allocate, and may be referable to F. grallaria tristanensis Mathews, of Tristan d'Acunha, which, according to Mathews (Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 57, p. 144, 1937), is the same as Thalassidroma leucogaster Gould (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 367, 1844; type, from 36 S. lat., 6 47' E. long., in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; cf. Stone and Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 1, p. 136, 1913). 'According to Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 764, 1936), the race melanogaster Gould cannot be maintained, and the proper name of the Black-bellied Storm Petrel should be Fregetta tropica (Gould). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 93 Thalassidroma melanogaster Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 367, 1844 South Pacific and Indian Oceans, particularly off the islands of St. Paul's and Amsterdam (probable type in coll. of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; cf. Stone and Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 1, p. 136, 1913). Oceanites melanogastra Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 18, 1885 South Georgia (crit.). Cymodroma melanogaster Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 364, 1896 (in part). Fregetta melanogaster Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 168 Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands (breeding; egg descr.); Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 85, 1906 South Georgia; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 123, 1910 Falkland Islands (breed- ing ?); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 195, 1921 (one egg from the Falklands attributed to the species). Fregetta tropica australis Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 86, Sept. 24, 1914 New Zealand (type in coll. of G. M. Mathews, subsequently in the Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 357, 1926], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 194, 1934 (range). Fregetta tropica melanogaster Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 247, 1922 (descr., range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 313 South Orkney and South Shetland Islands (breeding), South Georgia, and Falkland Islands; Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 136, 1930 (crit.); Bennett, Ibis, 1931, p. 12 Deception Island, South Shetland Islands (breeding, Jan. 13, 1927); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 70, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 194, 1934 (range); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 369, 1936 Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands (nesting). Fregetta tropica Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 764, 1936 (monog.). Range. Breeds on Kerguelen Island, the Crozet Islands, South Georgia, South Orkney and South Shetland Islands (Deception Island) 1 and on islands in the New Zealand seas; ranges over the southern oceans to the coast of Peru (near Canete) and Patagonia. Genus GARRODIA Forbes Garrodia Forbes, Coll. Sci. Papers of Garrod, p. 521 (footnote), 1881 type, by orig. desig., Thalassidroma nereis Gould. Garrodia nereis (Gould). GRAY-BACKED STORM PETREL. Thalassidroma nereis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 8, "1840," p. 178, pub. July, 1841 Bass Strait, Australia (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; cf. Stone and Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 1, p. 136, 1913); idem, I.e., 27, p. 98, 1859 Falkland Islands; Sclater, I.e., 28, p. 390, 1860 Falkland Islands (one spec., March, 1858); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164 Falkland Islands (one spec., March, 1858). 1 The breeding on the Falkland Islands (a single egg, attributed to the species, in the British Museum) requires confirmation. 94 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Procellaria nereis Coues, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 2, p. 31, 1875 Kerguelen Island (crit., meas., eggs descr.); Kidder, I.e., 3, p. 16, 1876 Kerguelen Island (nest and egg descr.); Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 18, 1885 South Georgia (egg descr.). Garrodia nereis Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 361, 1896 Falkland Islands, etc. (monog.); Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 84, 1906 South Georgia (breeding); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 118, 1910 (descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 71, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 746, 1936 (monog.). Oceanites nereis chubbi Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 18, May 30, 1912 Falkland Islands (location of type not stated); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 195, 1921 Falkland Islands; Dabbene, I.e., p. 245, 1922 (descr., range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 313 outer islets of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia (breeding); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 193, 1934 (range). Oceanites nereis couesi Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 18, May 30, 1912 Kerguelen Island (location of type not stated); idem, Nov. Zool., 34, p. 193, 1934 Kerguelen Island. Range. Breeds on islands off New Zealand, South Georgia, the Falkland Islands, Gough Island and Kerguelen. Genus HYDROBATES Boie 1 Hydrobates Boie, Isis, 1822, Heft 5, col. 562, May, 1822 type, by subs, desig. (Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Amer., 2, p. 403, 1884), Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus. Thalassidroma Vigors, Zool. Journ., 2, No. 7, p. 405, Oct., 1825 type, by orig. desig., Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus. Zalochelidon Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), p. 192, 1828 type, by mono- , Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus. Hydrobates pelagicus pelagicus (Linnaeus). STORM PETREL. Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 131, 1758 based primarily on Fauna Svec., No. 249, pi. 2, fig. 249, "in albo [sic] Oceano"= coast of Sweden; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 343, 1896 (monog.). Hydrobates pelagicus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 125, 1922 (life hist., range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 72, 1931 (range); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 283, 1935 (distr. in the North Atlantic). Thalassidroma pelagica pelagica Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 187, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds on Iceland (Vestman's Islands), Faroes, small islands off the British Isles and west coast of France; 2 extends across the North Atlantic Ocean to southern Greenland, Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia. 1 Hydrobates Boie is by no means preoccupied by Hydrobata Vieillot, 1816. 2 An allied race, H. p. melitensis (Schembri), breeds in the western Mediter- ranean. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 95 Genus OCEANODROMA Reichenbach Oceanodroma Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853) type, by orig. desig., Procellaria furcata Gmelin. Cymochorea Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 75 type, by orig. desig., Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot. Pacificodroma Bianchi, Faune de la Russie, Ois., 1, (2), pp. 516, 559, Jan., 1913 type, by orig. desig., Thalassidroma monorhis Swinhoe. Bannermania Mathews and Iredale, Ibis, (10), 3, p. 578, July, 1915 type, by orig. desig., Thalassidroma hornbyi Gray. Telhysia Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 154, March 25, 1933 type, by orig. desig., Procellaria tethys Bonaparte. Loomelania Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 54, p. 119, March 29, 1934 type, by orig. desig., Procettaria melania Bonaparte. *Oceanodroma tethys tethys (Bonaparte). GALAPAGOS WHITE- RUMPED STORM PETREL. Thalassidroma tethys Bonaparte, Tagebl. der 29. Versaml. Deuts. Naturf. Aerzte, Wiesbaden, Beilage, p. 89, Sept. 25, 1852 Galapagos Islands (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 61, 1929); idem, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 47, 1853 (reprint of orig. descr.). Procellaria tethys Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, p. 662, 1854 Galapagos Islands (char.); Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 507, pi. 88, fig. 2, 1876 Galapagos Islands (crit.); Townsend, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 126, 1895 off Chatham Island; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 346, 1896 part, Galapagos Islands; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 656, 1897 Wenman Island (descr.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 199, 1899 off Wenman, Culpepper, Al- bemarle, and Tower Islands; iidem, I.e., 9, p. 416, 1902 waters near Bindloe, Albemarle, and Wenman Islands, and at sea 1 N. lat., 89 W. long.; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 242, 1904 Albemarle (Iguana Cove) and Narborough (Mangrove Point) Islands; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 35, 1931 Galapagos Islands. Procellaria pelagica b. tethys Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 197, 1857 Galapagos Islands. Oceanodroma tethys Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 151, 1918 Galapagos Islands (nesting on Tower Island; descr. of egg; var.; meas.). Oceanodroma tethys tethys Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 72, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 729, 1936 (monog.). Tethysia tethys tethys Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 187, 1931 (range). Range. Seas about the Galapagos Archipelago (breeding on Tower Island). Field Museum Collection. 1: Galapagos Islands (Tower Island, 1). 96 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII "Oceanodroma tethys kelsalli (Lowe). 1 KELSALL'S WHITE- RUMPED STORM PETREL. Thalassidroma tethys kelsalli Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 46, p. 6, Nov. 4, 1925 Ancon, Peru (type in British Museum of Natural History). Procellaria tethys (not Thalassidroma tethys Bonaparte) Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 346, 1896 part, west coast of Central America; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 427, 1904 part, west coast of Central America. Hydrobates tethys Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 170, 1923 ninety miles south of Iquique, Chile (Nov. 27, 1922). Hydrobates tethys kelsalli Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 182, 1926 1 S. lat., off shore, Ecuador (Sept. 13). Oceanodroma tethys kelsalli Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 72, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 731, 1936 (monog.); Moffitt, Auk, 55, p. 256, 1938 off coast west-southwest of Acapulco, Mexico, and 175 land miles west of Lower California (crit., meas.); Friedmann, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, (1), p. 314, 19454 38' S. lat., 81 19' W. long. Tethysia tethys kelsalli Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 187, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds on islands off the coast of Peru (San Gallan and Pescadores Islands) ; extends north through the North Pacific to the waters of Mexico and Lower California, and south to the coast of Chile. Field Museum Collection. 2: Peru (Pisco, Lima, 1; Mollendo, Arequipa, 1). Oceanodroma castro castro (Harcourt). MADEIRAN FORK-TAIL PETREL. Thalassidroma castro Harcourt, Sketch of Madeira, p. 123, 1851 Desertas, near Madeira (location of type unrecorded). Thalassidroma jabe-jabe Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Math., Phys. Nat. Lisboa, 5, p. 120, 1875 Raza Island, Cape Verdes (type in Lisbon Museum). Oceanodroma cryptoleucura (not Cymochorea cryptoleucura Ridgway) Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 350, 1896 part, spec, b-i, Porto Santo, Great Salvage, Funchal, and Desertas (monog.). Oceanodroma castro Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 77, 1914 vicinity of Para, Brazil; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 153, 1922 part, Atlantic Ocean, accidental in Indiana and District of Columbia (life hist.); Taverner, Auk, 51, p. 77, 1934 Rideau River, Ottawa, Canada (Aug. 28, 1933). Oceanodroma castro castro Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 732, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 23, 1938 Angra do Reis, Rio de Janeiro (1932). Cymochorea castro castro Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 191, 1934 (range). 1 Oceanodroma tethys kelsalli (Lowe) differs from the nominate race by distinctly smaller size, particularly shorter wings (119-126, against 130-143). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 97 Range. Breeds on the Desertas and Porto Santo (near Madeira), the Salvage, Azores (Rombos), and Cape Verde Islands (Raza), and ranges across the Atlantic to the coast of Brazil (Para; Angra do Reis, Rio de Janeiro) ; accidental in Indiana (Martinsville, June 15, 1902), District of Columbia (Washington, Aug. 28, 1893), and Ontario (Rideau River, Ottawa, Aug. 28, 1933). l "Oceanodroma castro bangs! Nichols. 2 GALAPAGOS FORK-TAILED PETREL. Oceanodroma castro bangsi Nichols, Auk, 31, p. 389, July, 1914 1 N. lat., 93 W. long, (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 172, 1930); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 734, 1936 (monog.). Oceanodroma cryptoleucura (not Cymochorea cryptoleucura Ridgway) Townsend, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 125, 1895 Wenman Island; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 654, 1897 part, Wenman and Albemarle Islands (descr., meas.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 198, 1899 Galapagos Islands; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 243, 1904 Wenman (ex Townsend). Oceanodroma castro (not Thalassidroma castro Harcourt) Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 415, 1902 near Bindloe, Barrington, and Abingdon Islands (crit.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 156, 1918 Albemarle, Cowley (breeding), Charles, Chatham, Hood, James, Seymour, and Wenman Islands (nestling descr., meas.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 35, 1931 Galapagos Islands. Oceanodroma castro cryptoleucura Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 28, 1931 Hood Island (crit.). Cymochorea castro bangsi Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 191, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds on the Galapagos Islands and possibly on Cocos Island. Field Museum Collection. 4: Galapagos Islands (Tower Island, 4). "Oceanodroma leucorhoa beali Emerson. 3 BEAL'S PETREL. Oceanodroma beali Emerson, Condor, 8, p. 54, March 20, 1906 Sitka Bay, Alaska (type in coll. of J. Grinnell, now in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, Calif.). 1 Replaced on St. Helena by O. castro Helena (Mathews), 1925. 2 Oceanodroma castro bangsi Nichols: Differs from O. c. castro by darker, more sooty coloration and slightly smaller size with stouter bill; from O. c. cryptoleucura (Ridgway), of the Hawaiian Islands, by heavier, more strongly hooked bill and less deeply forked tail. 3 Oceanodroma leucorhoa beali Emerson: Similar to the nominate race, but decidedly smaller. Wing, 138-152, (female) 143-156. As pointed out by Oberholser, O. beldingi is not properly separable from Alaskan birds. 98 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Oceanodroma beldingi Emerson, Condor, 8, p. 54, March 20, 1906 Netarts Bay, coast of Oregon (type in coll. of H. T. Bohlman). Oceanodroma leucorhoa beali Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 54, p. 168, 1917 coast region from Alaska to Oregon (monog., meas., range); Grinnell, Condor, 20, p. 46, 1918 San Mateo and Humboldt counties, California (breeding, crit., meas.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 147, 1922 (life hist., range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73, 1931 (range); van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 55, p. 10, 1942 (range). Oceanodroma leucorhoa (not Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot) Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 160, 1918 part, Alaska (Sitka), Oregon, and Cali- fornia (crit., meas.). Cymochorea leucorhoa beali Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 189, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds on Pacific coast islands from extreme southern Alaska along the coasts of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California, at least to San Mateo County and probably on the Farallones. Field Museum Collection. 17: Alaska (Ball Island, 3; Forrester Island, 3; St. Lazaria Island, 1; Laz, 1); Washington (Moclips, 3; Jefferson County, 2); Oregon (Pacific City, 2); California (Castle Island, 2). "Oceanodroma leucorhoa kaedingi Anthony. 1 KAEDING'S PETREL. Oceanodroma kaedingi Anthony, Auk, 15, p. 37, Jan., 1898 at sea near Guadalupe Island, Lower California (type in coll. of A. W. Anthony, now in Carnegie Museum); idem, I.e., 15, pp. 314, 316, 317, 1898 San Benedicte, Socorro, and Clarion Islands; Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 415, 1902 at sea 13 N. lat., 103 W. long.; Salvin and God- man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 429, 1904 Revillagigedo Islands. Oceanodroma leucorhoa kaedingi Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 54, p. 171, 1917 (monog., char., meas.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 66, 1918 Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 146, 1922 (range); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 286, 1926 near Guadalupe Island; Huey, Condor, 32, p. 68, 1930 near Guadalupe Island (downy birds, var.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73, 1931 (range). Oceanodroma leucorhoa (not Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot) Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 160, 1918 part, vicinity of Guadalupe Island (meas.). Cymochorea leucorhoa kaedingi Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 189, 1934 (range). Oceanodroma leucorhoa socorroensis (not Oceanodroma socorroensis Townsend) van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 55, p. 11, 1942 Guadalupe Island, off Lower California. 1 Oceanodroma leucorhoa kaedingi Anthony: Similar to 0. I. beali, but even smaller with decidedly shorter tail, the latter being less deeply forked, and the pileum generally more plumbeous. Wing, 137-145, (female) 138-145; tail, 67-72, (female) 69-77. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 99 Range. Breeds on Guadalupe Island, Lower California; occurs off Lower California south to Clarion and Socorro Islands. Casual off the coast of southern California. Field Museum Collection. 16: California (Trinidad, 5; Eureka, 1); Mexico (Guadalupe Island, Lower California, 10). *Oceanodroma leucorhoa leucorhoa (Vieillot). LEACH'S PETREL. Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 25, p. 422, "1817" (=Dec. f 1818) "hordes maritimes de la Picardie, se tient sur 1'Ocean, jusqu'au Bre"sil" (type, from shores of Picardy, France, in coll. of L. A. F. Baillon, Abbeville); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 138, 1898 Greenland. Procellaria leachii Temminck, Man. Orn., 2nd ed., 2, p. 812, Oct., 1820 St. Kilda (type in British Museum); 1 Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 3, (2), p. 229, pi. 9, upp. fig., 1824 "on this [viz., American] side of the Bank of Newfoundland" (descr.). Procellaria atlantica Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 3, (2), p. 230 (in text), Jan., 1824 (alternative name for Procellaria leachii Temminck). Procellaria Bullockii Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim., p. 136, 1828 St. Kilda (substitute name for P. leachii Temminck). Thalassidroma leachii Holboll, Naturhist. Tidsskr., 4, p. 430, 1843 Green- land. Procellaria leucorrhoa Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 3, 1863 Normandy, Mediterranean, and Newfoundland (descr.) ; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 1881, p. 187 Hundeejland, Greenland (69 N. lat.). Cymochorea leucorrhoa Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 76 (no- mencl.). Oceanodroma leucorrhoa Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 97, 1885 Copper Island (breeding); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 348, 1896 (monog.). Oceanodroma leucorhoa Murphy, Auk, 32, p. 170, 1915 (range; migr.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 160, 1918 part, spec, from Gulf of St. Lawrence and off Cape Verde Islands only. Cymochorea leucorhoa Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 86, 1916 Warima River (Essequibo) and Surinam. Oceanodroma leucorhoa leucorhoa Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 54, p. 165, 1917 (monog.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 135, 1920 Copper Island (breeding); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 137, 1922 (life hist., distr.); Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 170, 1923 between Colon, Panama, and Cape Maysi, Cuba (June 19, 1922); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73, 1931 (range); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 63, 1 Although not indicated as such, spec, c, of the British Museum, from St. Kilda (Old Collection), is without much doubt the type of P. leachii Temminck and also of P. Bullockii Fleming, the latter name being based upon the very same individual. 100 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1931 Samana Bay, Hispaniola; Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 296, 1931 Bermuda Islands (Tucker's Town, May 1, 1884); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 577 Trinidad (Guayaguare", Jan., 1932, and San Fernando); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 279, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic); Danforth, Auk, 52, p. 74, 1935 off Cayo Frances, Cuba; Allen, I.e., p. 179, 1935 Pekinese Island, Massa- chusetts (probably breeding); Gross, I.e., p. 382, pis. 18-21, 1935 Bay of Fundy (life hist.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 734, 1936 (monog.). Cymochorea leucorhoa kucorhoa Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 139, 1934 (range in part). Range. Breeds on Kurile, Commander, and Aleutian Islands, coasts of Alaska (south to Forrester Island), Maine, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, southern Greenland, Vestman's Islands, Iceland, and islands off the British Isles; ranges through the Pacific and Atlantic oceans south to California (San Clemente Island), the vicinity of the Galapagos Islands (13 20' S. lat.), Trinidad, the Guianas, and even to St. Paul's Rocks and the waters off Bahia, Brazil (fide Nicoll, Ibis, 1906, p. 667). Field Museum Collection. 31: Alaska (St. Lazaria Island, 1); British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Island, 2); New Brunswick (Grand Manan Island, 4; Seal Island, 2; Dover, 15); Maine (Bangor, 1); Massachusetts (Springhill, 2; Great Island, 1); Connecticut (Lakeville, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, Demarara, 1). *Oceanodroma monorhis socorroensis C. H. Townsend. SOCORRO PETREL. Oceanodroma socorroensis C. H. Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 134, Sept. 9, 1890 Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group (type in U. S. National Museum); Anthony, Auk, 15, p. 140, 1898 Los Coronados Islands (breeding); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 431, 1904 (monog., range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 66, 1928 Los Coronados and San Benito Islands (breeding); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 387, 1934 145 miles northwest of San Jose, Guatemala. Oceanodroma monorhis chapmani Berlepsch, Auk, 23, p. 185, April, 1906 San Benito Islands (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfurt Museum). Oceanodroma leucorhoa (not Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot) Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 160, 1918 part, Los Coronados and San Benito Islands (eggs descr.). Oceanodroma monorhis socorroensis Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 162, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 74, 1931 (range); Friedmann, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, p. 314, 19454 40' N. lat.-80 8' W. long. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 101 Oceanodroma macrodadyla (not of Bryant) Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 6, 1923 Guadalupe Island. Cymochorea leucorhoa socorroensis Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 189, 1934 (range). Oceandodroma (sic) leucorhoa willetti van Rossem, 1 Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 55, p. 10, 1942 Little Middle Island, Los Coronados Islands, Lower Cali- fornia (type in Dickey Collection, University of California, Los Angeles). Oceanodroma leucorhoa chapmani van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 55, p. 10, 1942 San Benito Islands, Lower California. Range. Breeds on islands off Lower California (Los Coronados and San Benito Islands) and west coast of Mexico; ranges north to southern California and south to the waters around the Galapagos Islands. Field Museum Collection. 23: Mexico, Lower California (San Benito Islands, 3; Guadalupe Island, 2; Los Coronados Islands, 18). Oceanodroma macrodactyla W. E. Bryant. GUADALUPE PETREL. Oceanodroma leucorhoa macrodactyla W. E. Bryant, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2, p. 450, July 25, 1887 Guadalupe Island, Lower California (cotypes in California Academy of Sciences; cf. Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 155, 1918). Oceanodroma macrodactyla Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 351, 1896 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 155, 1918 Guadalupe Island (downy young descr.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 151, 1922 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 68, 1928 Guadalupe Island; McLellan Davidson, Condor, 30, p. 355, 1928 (present status); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73, 1931 (listed). Cymochorea macrodactyla Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 190, 1934 (listed). Range. Formerly bred on Guadalupe Island, off Lower Cali- fornia. Now probably extinct. Oceanodroma markhami (Salvin). MARKHAM'S PETREL. Cymochorea markhami Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 430 coast of Peru, 19 41' S. lat., 75 W. long, (type in the British Museum); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 190, 1934 Peru to Chile. Oceanodroma markhami Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 354, 1896 coast of Peru (monog.); Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 27, pi. 7, 1907 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 174, 191813 28' N. lat., 108 52' W. long., and thirty miles south of Cocos Island 5 N. lat., 87 W. long. 1 This name has been proposed by van Rossem for the birds breeding on the Los Coronados Islands, Lower California. It is said to be like 0. m. socorroensis, but with paler and more plumbeous (less blackish) body coloration and larger dimensions. Our series from Los Coronados Islands show little if any difference in coloration, and their dimensions are smaller than the specimens from the San Benito and Guadalupe Islands. 102 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (meas.); Wetmore, Condor, 24, p. 28, 1922 off the coast of Peru thirty- five miles north of Callao; idem, I.e., 25, p. 170, 1923 Peru (opposite Lagarto Head; fifteen miles off Coles Point) and Chile (ninety miles south of Iquique, Tarapaca); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 182, 19261 S. lat., offshore Ecuador; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 739, 1936 (monog.). Oceanodroma markhami markhami Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73, 1931 (range). Range. Occurs off the Pacific coast of South America, from the vicinity of Cocos Island and Ecuador south to northern Chile (breed- ing ground unknown). 1 *Oceanodroma melania melania (Bonaparte). BLACK PETREL. Procellaria melania Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, No. 14, p. 662, April, 1854 California 2 (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 61, 1929, and Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 262, 1932); idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 92, 1854 (re- print of orig. descr.). Thalassidroma melania Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 196, 1857 "ex Pacific. Mexican, a Delattrio, 1853" (descr. spec. typ. in Mus. Paris). Cymochorea melania Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 76 Cape San Lucas, Lower California (monog.). Oceanodroma lownsendi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 687, Nov. 24, 1893 Cape San Lucas, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum). Oceanodroma melania Townsend, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 126, 1895 off Guaymas, Sonora (March 28, Apr. 21), and off Acapulco, Guerrero (Apr. 12), Mexico; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 353, 1896 (monog.); Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 28, 1899 between Isabel and Tres Marias Islands, Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 430, 1904 Lower California (Cape San Lucas, San Benito Islands) and coast of western Mexico (Acapulco; off San Bias to the Tres Marias Islands); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 174, 1918 west of Point Pinos (California), and San Benito Islands (molt, meas.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 156, 1922 (life hist.); Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 170, 1923 off western Peru (near Lobos de Afuera, Sept. 22; five miles off Lobos de Tierra, Nov. 24); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 68, 1928 Lower California (breeding stations, etc.). Oceanodroma melania melania Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 74, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 292, 1935 Bay of Panama. Cymochorea melania melania Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 190, 1934 (range). Loomelania melania Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 743, 1936 (monog.); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 30, 1945 Gulf of California (summer resident). 1 Oceanodroma owstoni (Mathews and Iredale) is probably conspecific. 2 Vicinity of San Francisco may be regarded as type locality (cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 262, 1932). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 103 Range. Breeds on islands off Lower California (Consag Rock, San Luis Islands, Partida Island, San Benito and Los Coronados Islands) and ranges north to the coast of California and south to the waters off the Peruvian coast (Lobos de Afuera, Lobos de Tierra). 1 Field Museum Collection. 14: California (off San Pedro, 2); Mexico, Lower California (Los Coronados Islands, 6; San Benito Islands, 3); Peru (Talara, 3). / *Oceanodroma homochroa (Coues). ASHY PETREL. Cymochorea homochroa Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 77 Farallon Islands, California (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 262, 1932). Oceanodroma homochroa Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 365, 1896 San Miguel Island, California (monog.); Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 29, pi. 8, 1907 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 171, 1918 Southeast Farallon Island (range, molt, meas., eggs); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 159, 1922 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 68, 1928 Lower California (three records); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 74, 1931 (range); Orr, Condor, 46, p. 125, 1944 (nesting season). Cymochorea (monorhis) homochroa Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 190, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds on the Farallon Islands and some of the Santa Barbara Islands (San Miguel and Santa Cruz), California, and on Los Coronados Islands, Lower California; extends north to Point Reyes, south to Guadalupe and San Benito Islands. Field Museum Collection. 5: California (Farallon Islands, 3; Monterey County, 1; Santa Cruz Islands, 1). *Oceanodroma hornbyi (G. R. Gray). HORNBY'S PETREL. Thalassidroma hornbyi G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 21, "1853," p. 62, pub. July 25, 1854 "Northwest coast of America" (type in British Mu- seum). Oceanodroma hornbyi Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 195, 1857 "Pacif. Am. s. occ." (diag. spec, typ.); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 356, pi. 3, 1896 (descr. and fig. of type); Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 36, pi. 10, 1907; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 179, 1918 (listed); Murphy, Auk, 39, p. 60, 1922 coasts of Peru and Chile (crit.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 129, 1922 (life hist.); Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 170, 1923 off Lobos de Tierra and Lobos de Afuera Islands, Peru; Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 32, p. 61, 1924 Santa Lufsa, Antofagasta, Chile; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 183, 1926 Gulf of Guayaquil (Jan. 16) and offshore, 1 S. lat. (Sept. 13), Ecuador; Strese- 1 A supposedly larger form, 0. melania matsudariae Kuroda, breeds on the Volcan Islands, Japan. 104 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII mann, Orn. Monatsber., 37, p. 80, 1929 Pampa del Toco, near Tocopilla, Antofagasta, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 74, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 414, 1932 Quilimarf, Valparaiso, to Iquique, Tarapaca, Chile; Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 239, 1936 Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 741, 1936 (monog.); Friedmann, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, (1), p. 314, 1945 off the coast of Ecuador and northern Peru. Procellaria (Oceanites) collaris Philippi, Verh. Deuts. Wiss. Ver. Santiago, 3, Nos. 1-2, p. 11, pi., 1895 east of Taltal, Antofagasta, Chile (type in National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 31, 1930); idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 90, pi. 42, fig. 3, 1902 east of Taltal, Antofagasta. Oceanites collaris Paessler, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 43, 1913 coast of Chile 32 S. lat., 72 W. long. (=off Quilimarf, Valparaiso). , Oceanites hornbyi Paessler, Journ. Orn., 62, pp. 273, 274, 1914 off Coquimbo and Iquique, Chile. Bannermania hornbyi Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 188, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds in the North Chilean Andes (Antofagasta) and occurs in the warm-water area of the Pacific coast of South America from Valparaiso, Chile, north to the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador. 1 Field Museum Collection. 6: Peru (Callao, Ancachs, 3; Mollendo, Arequipa, 3). Oceanodroma furcata furcata (Gmelin). NORTHERN FORK- TAILED PETREL. Procellaria furcata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 561, 1789 based on "Fork- tail Petrel" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 535, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 410; "in glacie maris, Americam et Asiam interfluentis"= Bering Sea. Procellaria orientalis Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 315, 1811 Kurile Islands and Unalaska (co types in Leningrad Museum). Oceanodroma furcata Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 98, 1885 Copper and Bering Islands (breeding; eggs descr.); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 357, 1896 part, St. Michaels, Kurile and Aleutian Islands; Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 38, pi. 11, 1907 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 177, 1918 part, western Alaska (meas.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 135, 1920 Copper Island (breeding); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 132, 1922 (life hist.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 40, 1923 Pribilof Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 75, 1931 part, Kurile, Commander and Aleutian Islands; Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 188, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds on the Kurile, Commander, and Aleutian Islands. Winters in North Pacific Ocean. 1 The original locality is most probably erroneous. Sight records from north- western North America need substantiation by specimens. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 105 *Oceanodroma furcata plumbea (Peale). 1 SOUTHERN FORK- TAILED PETREL. Thalassidroma plumbea Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., 8, Mamm. Orn., p. 292, 1848 "coast of Oregon"= close off Cape Flattery, Washington (cotypes in U. S. National Museum). Oceanodroma furcata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 194, 1857 Sitka (descr.); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 357, 1896 part, Sitka and Vancouver Island; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 177, 1918 part, California (breeding on Whaler Island and Sugar Loaf Rock); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 75, 1931 part, islands off coast of southern Alaska, Washington and northern California. Oceanodroma furcata plumbea Grinnell and Test, Condor, 41, p. 170, 1939 (name revived; dist. chars.; range). Range. Breeds on the islands off the coast of southern Alaska, Washington, Oregon and northern California (Whaler Island, Del Norte County and Sugar Loaf Rock, off Trinidad, Humboldt County). Field Museum Collection. 15: Alaska (Laz, 1; unspecified, 1; Dall Island, 5; Forrester Island, 2); British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands, 2); Washington (Jefferson County, 1); Oregon (Pacific City, 1); California (Pacific Grove, 2). Genus HALOCYPTENA Coues Halocyptena Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 78 type, by mono- typy, Halocyptena microsoma Coues. *Halocyptena microsoma Coues. LEAST PETREL. Halocyptena microsoma Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 79 San Jose" del Cabo, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum); Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 141, 1890 Panama Bay (March); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 126, 1895 off Acapulco, Guerrero (Apr. 12); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 346, 1896 Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 48, 1900 off coast of Ecuador, 1 30' N. lat. (Febr.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 428, 1904 Lower California (San Benito Islands, San Jose del Cabo), Sinaloa (Mazatlan), and Panama Bay; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 150, 1918 (meas.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 123, 1922 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 66, 1928 Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 75, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 118, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 292, 1935 Panama Bay (winter); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. 1 Oceanodroma furcata plumbea (Peale) : Similar to the typical race, but smaller, especially in length of wing and tail; general coloration darker (more plumbeous, less ashy) ; throat, lower abdomen and crissum contrasting less with middle region of under parts by being wholly or in part grayer than in O. f. furcata. Wing 141-155, as against 155-165 mm. (Grinnell and Test, Condor, 41, p. 171, 1939). 106 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Amer., 2, p. 729, 1936 (monog.); van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 31, 1945 Gulf of California (breeding). Range. Breeds on the San Benito Islands and on islands in the Gulf of California, and winters on the Pacific coast of America from Lower California to Ecuador. Field Museum Collection. 3: Mexico (San Benito Islands, Lower California, 3). Family PELECANOIDIDAE. Diving Petrels Genus PELECANOIDES Lace'pede Pelecanoides Lace'pede, Tabl. M6th. Ois., p. 13, 1799 type, by monotypy, Procellaria urinatrix Gmelin. Halodroma Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Ois., p. 274, 1811 type, by monotypy, Procellaria urinatrix Gmelin. Onocralus Rafinesque, Anal. Nat., p. 72, 1815 new name for Pelecanoides Lace'pede. Puffinuria Lesson, Man. Orn., 2, p. 392, 1828 type, by monotypy, Puffinuria garnotii Lesson. Porthmornis (subgen.) Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 44, pp. 502 (fig. 2b), 503, 513, Dec. 23, 1921 type, by monotypy, Puffinuria garnotii magellani Mathews. Pelagodyptes (subgen.) Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 44, pp. 502 (fig. 2c), 503, 519, Dec. 23, 1921 type, by monotypy, Pelecanoides georgicus Murphy and Harper. *Pelecanoides garnotii (Lesson). PERUVIAN DIVING PETREL. Puffinuria garnotii Lesson, 1 Man. Orn., 2, p. 394, June, 1828 coast of Peru= between San Gallan Island and Lima 2 (cotypes in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 63, 1929); idem, Voy. Co- quille, Zool., Atlas, Ois., pi. 46, Nov. 29, 1828; idem, I.e., Zool., 1, (2), livr. 16, p. 730, May 1, 1830 coasts of Peru (descr.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 197, 1934 (range). Pelecanoides garnoti(i) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 139, 1841 Iquique, Tarapaca, Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 472, 1847 coasts of Peru and Chile; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 432 Coquimbo Bay, Chile; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 439, 1896 Chile (Valparaiso, Coquimbo Bay) and Peru (Callao); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 653, 1898 part, Iquique and Isla de Pajaros (off Coquimbo), Chile; Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 307, pi. 88, 1910 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 67, 1918 Chile (Valparaiso) and Peru (Callao, San Gallan Island, Independencia Bay, 1 Puffinuria garnotii Lesson (Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 6, p. 254, March 22, 1828) is a nomen nudum. 2 Cf. Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 14, p. 611, Jan. 9, 1830. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 107 North Ballestas Island) (meas.); Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 462, 1919 North Ballestas and San Gallan Islands, Peru (breeding habits; chick descr.); Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 44, p. 505, pi. 21, fig. 1, pi. 22, fig. 1, pi. 24, fig. 1, 1921 Lobos de Tierra, Peru, to Valparaiso, Chile (descr. of plumages and eggs, meas., molt, habits); Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 440, 1922 part, Peru (Callao, Islay), Anto- fagasta (Taltal), and Arauco Bay (Santa Maria Island, Coronel), Chile; Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 30, p. 130, 1922 Coronel, Arauco Bay, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 75, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 773, 1936 (monog.); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 238, 1936 Arica and Mejillones, Chile; idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 62, 1938 Arica Bay, Chile (Oct.). Halodroma garnoti Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 37, 1863 part, No. 1, coast of Peru (diag.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 336 Chile. Puffinuria garnotii lessoni Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 239, Sept. 20, 1912 coast of Chile (location of type not indicated). Range. Coastal waters of South America, from Lobos de Tierra, Peru, to Arauco Bay, Chile; breeds on islands off the Peruvian coast (Pescadores, North Ballestas, San Gallan Islands). Field Museum Collection. 1: Peru (Mollendo, Arequipa, 1). Pelecanoides magellani (Mathews). 1 MAGELLANIC DIVING PETREL. Puffinuria garnotii magellani Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 239, Sept. 20, 1912 Straits of Magellan (type not designated, probably in the British Museum). Pelecanoides berardi (not Procellaria berard Gaimard) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 138, 1841 part, Port Famine, Tierra del Fuego (habits). Pelecanoides garnoti (not Puffinuria garnotii Lesson) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 500 Wood's Bay, Straits of Magellan (April); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 653, 1898 part, Ancud (Chiloe 1 ) and Calbuco Island, Llanquihue, Chile. Pelecanoides urinatrix (not Procellaria urinatrix Gmelin) Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 12 part, San Antonio Island, Trinidad Channel; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 167, 1891 part, Orange Bay, Tierra del Fuego; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 437, 1896 part, spec, f, i, j, "Straits of Magellan," Wood's Bay, and San Antonio Island; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 389, 1902 Beagle Channel (Febr.); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 47 Molyneux Sound, Straits of Magellan (Jan.); Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 143, 1907 Useless Bay 1 Pelecanoides magellani (Mathews), which resembles P. garnotii in shape of bill, differs from the other members of the genus by the possession of white tips to the feathers of back, upper rump, and wing coverts, and a conspicuous falcate whitish area extending from the side of the neck to the occiput, while the upper breast is pure white, not crossed by a mottled collar (Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 44, p. 514). Four specimens examined. 108 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Sept.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 160, 1910 (in part). Pelecanoides magellani Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 44, p. 513, pis. 20, 21, fig. 2, pi. 22, fig. 1, 1921 Chile and Argentina (descr., molt, habits); Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 30, p. 130, 1922 Ancud, Chiloe 1 , and Calbuco, Chile; idem, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 441 (note 3), 1922 coast of Patagonia 49 S. lat., 65 3' W. long.; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 76, 1931 (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 95 Navarin Island, Beagle Channel (breeding; soft parts); idem, El Hornero, 5, p. 353, 1934 Islade los Conejos, Tierra del Fuego; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 779, 1936 (monog.). Pelecanoides (Porthmornis) magellani Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 231, 1924 (descr., range). Porthmornis magellani Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 198, 1934 (range). Range. Southern Chile, from Chilce* Island southward to Cape Horn, and on the Atlantic coast of Patagonia north to Santa Cruz; breeding on islands in the Straits of Magellan (Navarin Island, Beagle Channel). *Pelecanoides georgicus Murphy and Harper. 1 SOUTH GEORGIAN DIVING PETREL. Pelecanoides georgica(us) Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 35, p. 66, April 1, 1916 Cumberland Bay, South Georgia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); iidem, I.e., 44, p. 519, pi. 22, figs. 1, 2, pi. 23, figs. 1, 2, 1921 South Georgia and Macquarie Islands (monog.); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 579, pi. 47, figs. 1, 2, pi. 53, fig. 3, 1929 South Georgia (nesting); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 76, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 783, 1936 (monog.). Pelecanoides urinatrix var. Berardi (not Procellaria berard Gaimard) Pagen- stecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 17, 1885 South Georgia (crit., meas., egg descr.). Pelecanoides urinatrix (not Procellaria urinatrix Gmelin) Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 73, 1906 South Georgia (burrow and egg descr.); Murphy, Auk, 31, pp. 450, 456, 1914 South Georgia; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, pp. 479, 485 South Georgia. Pekcanoides exsul (not of Salvin) Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 74, 1906 Cumberland Bay, South Georgia. 1 Pelecanoides georgicus Murphy and Harper is characterized as being of small size, approximating certain races of P. urinatrix, notably P. u. chathamensis, with the bill proportionately wider at the base and more sharply tapering than in the other members of the genus, and the mottling of the jugulum exceedingly variable in extent. Wing, 104-122; tail, 34-43; bill, 14-16; width of bill, 8-10; depth of bill, 5-6. The variation in the amount of mottling on the foreneck has given rise to the record from South Georgia of P. exsul, of Kerguelen Island. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 109 Pelecanoides (Pelagodyptes^) georgicus Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 234, 1924 South Georgia (descr.). Pelecanoides urinatrix georgica Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 317 South Georgia. Pelagodyptes georgicus Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 198, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds on South Georgia and Macquarie Islands. Field Museum Collection. 3: South Georgia (Cumberland Bay, 3). Pelecanoides urinatrix berard (Gaimard). 1 FALKLAND DIVING PETREL. Procellaria Berard Gaimard, Bull. Ge"n. Univ. Ann. Nouv. Sci., 3, No. 7, p. 53, June, 1823 near the Falkland Islands (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 63, 1929); Quoy and Gaimard, in Freycinet, Voy. Uranie et Physicienne, Zool., livr. 4, p. 135, pi. 37, Sept., 1824 Falkland Islands. Procellarius falklandius (Commerson MS.) Quoy and Gaimard, in Freycinet, Voy. Uranie et Physicienne, Zool., livr. 4, p. 136 (in text), Sept., 1824. Halodroma berardi Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 87, pi. 517, Jan., 1831 vicinity of Falkland Islands (descr. and fig. of type in Paris Mu- seum). Pelecanoides berardi Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 138, 1841 part, Falk- land Islands; Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 98, 1859 Falkland Islands; Sclater, I.e., 28, p. 390, 1860 Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164 Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands. Pelecanoides urinatrix (not Procellaria urinatrix Gmelin) Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 437, 1896 part, spec, a-e, Falkland Islands; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 441, 1922 Falkland Islands (breeding). Pelecanoides urinatrix berard Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 44, p. 538, pi. 22, fig. 2, pi. 24, fig. 2, 1921 Falkland Islands north to the coast of Buenos Aires Province (monog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 236, 1924 (descr., range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 317 part, Falkland Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 76, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 197, 1934 (synon., range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 788, 1936 (monog.). Pelecanoides urinatrix berardi Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 196, 1921 Falkland Islands. Range. Breeds on the Falkland Islands; occurs off the coast of Buenos Aires Province north to the latitude of Necochea. 2 1 Pelecanoides urinatrix berard (Gaimard) : Nearest to P. u, urinatrix (Gmelin), of Australia and New Zealand, but with generally smaller bill, longer tail, and longer middle toe and claw, while the mottling of the jugulum is more pronounced, though not so extensive as in P. exsul. Wing, 117-125; tail, 40-46; bill, 15-16. Eight specimens examined. 1 A very nearly allied race, P. u. dacunhae Nicoll, breeds on Tristan d'Acunha and Gough Islands. It is separable by smaller size (wing, 108-113; tail, 36-37) and by having the cheeks, sides of neck, and jugulum conspicuously streaked with dusky. 110 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pelecanoides urinatrix coppingeri Mathews. 1 COPPINGER'S DIV- ING PETREL. Pelecanoides urinatrix coppingeri Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 238, Sept. 20, 1912 Straits of Magellan (type, from Cockle Cove, Pilot Island, Trinidad Channel, in British Museum examined) ; Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. f 44, p. 543, 1921 (monog.); Stresemann, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 441 (note 3), 192230 km. off Cape Tres Montes, Taytao Peninsula, Chile (Oct. 11); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 76, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 197, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 791, 1936 (monog.). Pelecanoides berardi (not Procellaria berard Gaimard) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 138, 1841 part, west coast of Patagonia north to the Chonos Archipelago. Pelecanoides garnoti (not Puffinuria garnotii Lesson) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 739 Cove Harbour, Messier Channel. Pelecanoides urinatrix (not Procellaria urinatrix Gmelin) Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 12 part, Cockle Cove; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 437, 1896 part, spec, h, k, 1, Cockle Cove, Trinidad Channel, and Cove Harbour, Messier Channel. Pelecanoides urinatrix berard Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 317 part, Magellan region. Range. Southern Chile from Magallanes (Trinidad and Messier Channels) north to the Chonos Archipelago, Province of Chilce"; breeding grounds unknown. Order PELECANIFORMES Suborder PHAETHONTES Family PHAETHONTIDAE. Tropic-Birds Genus PHAETHON Linnaeus Phaethon Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 134, 1758 type, by subs. desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 80, 1840), Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus. Phaeton Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 219, 1766 (emendation). Lepturus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 60; 6, p. 479, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "Lep- turus" Moehring= Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus. 1 Pelecanoides urinatrix coppingeri Mathews: Exceedingly similar to P. u. berard, but smaller. Wing, 107 (female) to 116 (male); tail, 36-38 (female), 41 (male); bill, 15-16. A very doubtfully separable race. The three available specimens resemble P. u. berard in coloration, but have somewhat shorter wings. It is to be noticed, however, that the wing length (122 mm.), given by Stresemann for a female from off the Taytao Peninsula, Chiloe", falls well within the measurements of the Falk- land form. Until more material from breeding colonies comes to hand, the status of P. u. coppingeri must be left in abeyance. One specimen from Cockle Cove and two from Cove Harbour examined. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 111 Tropicophilus (Leach MS.) Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 124, 1826 substitute name for Phaeton Linnaeus (cited in synonymy). Scaeophaethon Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 56, Oct. 23, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Phaethon rubricauda westralis Mathews. Leptophaethon Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 56, Oct. 23, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Phaethon lepturus dorotheae Mathews. *Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus. RED-BILLED TROPIC-BIRD. Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 134, 1758 "in Pelago inter tropicos"= Ascension Island (ex Osbeck, Dogbok Ostind. Resa, p. 291); Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 314, 1846 San Lorenzo Island, off Callao, Peru (breeding); Philippi, Reise Wtiste Atacama, p. 165, 1860 Bay of "Tartal" (=Taltal), Antofagasta, Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 651 part, Ascension Island; Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 276 Boatswain Island, Ascension (breeding); Cory, l.c., 1886, p. 474 La Desirada; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 130, 1890 Abrolhos Islands, off Bahia, Brazil; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., 20, p. 480, 1890 Fernando Noronha; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 500 Anguilla (nesting); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 457, 1898 El Salvador (Acajutla), Costa Rica (Gulf of Nicoya), Anguilla, Redonda, Guadeloupe, Santa Lucia, Brazil (Maranhao, Fer- nando Noronha), and Ascension Island; Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 28, 1899 Isabel and Tres Marias Islands, and islets near San Bias, Nayarit, Mexico (breeding); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 180, 1899 Tower, Hood (breeding), Culpepper, and Daphne Islands, Gala- pagos; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 138, 1901 Mexico (Revillagigedo Islands; Tres Marias; rocky islets off San Bias), Salvador (Acajutla), and Costa Rica (Gulf of Nicoya); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 409, 1902 Wenman, Hood, and Daphne Islands (breeding), Galapagos; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 230, 1905 Barbados (Chancery Lane, 1877), St. Vincent, Becquia, Battowia, and Balliceaux Islands, and some islets between Carriacou and Grenada (breed- ing); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 81, 1907 Maranhao and Fernando Noronha; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 327 Los Hermanos Islands, off Venezuela (breeding) ; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 440, 1910 Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 104, 1913 Daphne, Hood, Tower, and Onslow Islands, Galapagos (breeding, soft parts); Murphy, Auk, 32, p. 47, 1915 Fernando Noronha; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 187, 1922 (lite hist., range); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 215, 1926 La Plata Island (breeding) and Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 279, 1927 (no authentic record from Puerto Rico) ; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 69, 1928 Gulf and Cape district, Lower California; Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 293, p. 1, 1928 Swan Key, Almirante Bay, Panama (breeding); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 36, 1931 Galapagos Islands; Bradlee and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 361, 1931 (no authentic record from Bermuda Islands); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 295, 1932 Taltal, Antofagasta, Chile. Phaethon flavirostris (not of Brandt) Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 116 Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. 112 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (T)Phaethon aethereus mesonauta Peters, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 261, Apr. 15, 1930 Swan Key, Almirante Bay, Panama (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 77, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 292, 1935 Swan Key, Bocas del Toro, Panama; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 798, 1936 (monog., life hist.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 65, 1938 Acajutla, El Salvador; Bond, Not. Nat. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 13, p. 1, 1939 Saba Island; Nichols and Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 25, 1943 Cockroach Cay, Water Island, Virgin Islands (nesting); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 31, 1945 Gulf of California (breeding). (l)Phaethon aethereus limatus Peters, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 261, Apr. 15, 1930 Tower Island, Galapagos (type in Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 77, 1931 (range). Phaethon aethereus aethereus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 77, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 797, 1936 Ascension, St. Helena, and Fernando Noronha (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 24, 1938 Fernando Noronha and Maranhao, Brazil. Range. Breeds within our limits on Fernando Noronha; locally in the Virgin Islands (Cockroach Cay, Water Island), Lesser Antilles (St. Vincent, Becquia, Battowia, Balliceaux, and some islets between Carriacou and Grenada); on Los Hermanos Islands off Venezuela; on Swan Key (Almirante Bay), Panama; on the Tres Marias Islands, on San Pedro Mdrtir Island, and in the Gulf of California, Mexico; in the Galapagos Islands; and on certain islands on the coast of Ecuador (La Plata Island) and Peru (San Lorenzo); accidental in California (San Pedro Channel, Aug., 1916), on the Newfoundland Banks (August, 1876), in Jamaica, off the Brazilian coast (Maranhao), and in Chile (Taltal, Antofagasta). 1 Field Museum Collection. 18: Mexico, Lower California (Georges Island, 5; Cape San Luis Island, 1); Galdpagos Archipelago (Cham- 1 While we have not attempted to subdivide the Red-billed Tropic-Bird, we do not mean to deny the propriety of separating the birds of the North Atlantic Ocean and the eastern tropical Pacific from those inhabiting the South Atlantic islands (Ascension, St. Helena, Fernando Noronha), to which Peters restricted typical P. aethereus. The northern form, P. a. mesonauta Peters, seems to differ by slightly smaller size and by having the dark areas, including the transverse bars, black rather than gray, with the deep black greater primary coverts some- times slightly tipped, but never edged, with white. However, material from the assigned range of P. aethereus is scarce in collections and might have undergone some post-mortem change through age, so that its proper characters are hard to define. The second Galapagos race, P. a. limatus Peters, supposedly with slenderer, yellowish-horn bill, said to be restricted to Tower Island those from Daphne Island are supposed to be mesonauta would seem to be the bird of the year (cf. Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 104, 1913). Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 798) mentions a specimen with long, yellow bill from Hood Island. The existence of two races on the Galapagos Islands thus appears to be proble- matical. C.E.H. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 113 pion Island, 4; Tower Island, 2); 1 Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 2); Lesser Antilles (Desirade, 1; St. Eustatius, 2); Venezuela (between Trinidad and Guaira, 1). Phaethon rubricauda rothschildi (Mathews). ROTHSCHILD'S RED-TAILED TROPIC-BIRD. Scaeophaethon rubricauda rothschildi Mathews, Birds Austr., 4, p. 303, 1915 Laysan and Niihau Islands (type, from Laysan, in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 276, 1925). Phaethon rubricaudus (not Phaeton rubricauda Boddaert) Anthony, Auk, 15, p. 38, 1898 Guadalupe Island, Lower California (July 23, 1897). Phaethon rubricauda Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 410, 1902 600 miles west of Clipperton and north of Clarion Island. Scaeophaethon rubricaudus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 190, 1922 (life hist.). Phaethon rubricaudus rothschildi Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 69, 1928 Guadalupe Island; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 78, 1931 (range). Range. Breeds on the Bonin and Hawaiian Islands; on migration in the waters around Clipperton and Clarion Islands; accidental on the coast of Lower California (one record from Guadalupe Island, July 23, 1897). *Phaethon lepturus catesbyi Brandt. YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC- BIRD. Phaethon Catesbyi Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. St. Pe*tersb., 4, No. 7, col. 98, May 10, 1838; idem, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., (6), Sci. Nat., 3, livr. 2, p. 270, 1840 based exclusively on "The Tropick Bird" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 2, App., p. 14, pi. 14; Bermuda Islands (breeding) and some little islands at the east end of Puerto Rico (type locality, as restricted by Mathews, Auk, 32, p. 196, 1915, Bermuda Islands). 1 Phaethon Edwardsii Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. St. Pe"tersb., 4, No. 7, col. 98, May 10, 1838; idem, Me~m. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., (6), Sci. Nat., 3, livr. 2, p. 271, 1840 based on "The Tropick Bird" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 149, pi. 149; no locality stated. 3 1 These Tower Island birds have red bills, perhaps slenderer than those of Lesser Antilles ones, but not more slender than those of specimens from Champion Island or Lower California. B.C. 1 It is with some reluctance that we accept Brandt's term for the Yellow-billed Tropic-Bird of the American shores. Catesby's description and figure indicate a bird with red bill and curved black lines across the back, characters that do not fit it at all. On the other hand, the outer primaries distinctly show the white ends, and as it has been established that the Yellow-billed Tropic-Bird is the only species nesting in the Bermuda Islands, where Catesby "shot them at the time of their breeding," the name may be retained. 1 There is little doubt that Edwards' bird, the basis of P. Edwardsii Brandt, refers to the species separated by Ogilvie-Grant as P. americanus. The figure 114 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Phaet(h)on flavirostris (not of Brandt) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 128, 1859 Long Rock (near Exuma), Water Bay Kay, and Kay Verde, Bahama Islands (breeding); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 403, 1875 Punta Inglez, Cuba (breeding); idem, I.e., 26, p. 191, 1878 Puerto Rico (breeding habits); Scott, Auk, 8, pp. 249, 253, 1891 Jamaica (breeding); Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., 8, p. 320, 1892 Dominica (breeding). Phaethon americanus Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., No. 49, p. xxiii, Dec. 29, 1897 "East and south-east coast of North America, from Bermuda to the West Indies" (cotypes, from Bermuda Islands, in British Museum); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 456, 1898 Bermuda Islands, Dominica, and St. Vincent (Feb. 3, 1890); Dalmas, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 144, 1900 Tobago; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 137, 1901 (descr., range); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 230, 1905 St. Vincent; Gross, Auk, 29, pp. 49-71, pis. 3-11, 1912 Bermuda Islands (life hist.). Phaethon Upturns catesbyi Oberholser, Auk, 36, p. 556, 1919 (crit.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 277, 1927 Puerto Rico, Mona, Culebra (Louis Pena), and Congo Cay (near St. Thomas); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 489, 1928 north coast of Tortuga, His- paniola; Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 297, 1931 Bermuda Islands; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 64, 1931 Hispaniola (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 79, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 577 islets (Giles Rocks), off Tobago (breeding); Marble, Auk, 56, p. 176, 1939 Wood- stock, Vermont; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 89, p. 530, 1941 Puerto Barrios, Guatemala. Leptophaethon lepturus catesbyi Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 181, 1922 (life hist.). Phaethon lepturus (not of Daudin) Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 802, 1936 part, Bermuda and Bahama Islands, and Antilles (life hist.). Phaeton lepturus americanus McAtee, Auk, 62, p. 139, 1945 (should be name used for white-backed bird; also cf. Bond, Auk, 62, p. 660, 1945). Range. Breeds in the Bermuda and Bahama Islands, and locally in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and adjacent islets), Lesser Antilles (Martinique, Dominica, and probably other islands), and on islets (Giles Rocks), off Tobago; occasional in Florida (Dry Tortugas, 1832; Merritt's Island, April 21, 1886); accidental in New York (Knowlesville, Sept. 1876), Nova Scotia (off the coast, Sept. 4, 1870) and Vermont (Woodstock, after a hurricane). Field Museum Collection. 46: Bahama Islands (Highborn Cay, 1; Samona Cay, 4; Inagua, 3; Atwood Cay, 1; Eruna Cay, 1; French Kay, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 1); Jamaica (Priestman's shows a plain white back and black blotches on the scapulars, and, while the bill is painted red, Edwards states that "the legs and bill appear yellowish in the dried bird, but I am informed they are red in the living bird." 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 115 River, 2); Dominican Republic (Santo Domingo, 3); Puerto Rico (Mona Island, 17); Bermuda (Castle Island, 2; Coney Island, 2; Harrington Sound, 6; Bailey Bay, 1). Phaethon lepturus ascensionis (Mathews). 1 ASCENSION ISLAND YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC-BIRD. Leptophaeihon lepturus ascensionis Mathews, Bds. Austr., 4, p. 311, 1915 Ascension Island (type in the British Museum). Phaethon flavirostris (not of Brandt) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 651 Fernando Noronha and Ascension Island; Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 277 Boatswain Island, Ascension (breeding; eggs descr.). Phaethon lepturus (not of Daudin, 1802) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 453, 1898 part, spec, a-i, Fernando Noronha, Ascension Island, Sao Tome 1 , and Ilha das Cabres; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 39 Fernando Noronha; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 80, 1907 Fernando Noronha; Murphy, Auk, 32, p. 46, 1915 Fernando Noronha (nesting); idem, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 802, 1936 part, Ascension and Fernando Noronha. Phaethon lepturus ascensionis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 79, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 24, 1938 Fernando Noronha. Range. Breeds on Ascension and Fernando Noronha Islands, off Brazil, and also on the Ilha dos Cabres, Gulf of Guinea. Suborder PELECANI Superfamily PELECANOIDEA Family PELECANIDAE. Pelicans Genus PELECANUS Linnaeus Pelecanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 132, 1758 type, by tautonymy, "Onocrotalus s. Pelecanus" = Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus. Onocrotalus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 60; 6, p. 519, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "Onocrotalus" = Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus. Cyrtopelicanus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. vii, "1852" (=1853) type, by orig. desig., Pelecanus trachyrhynchus Latham=Pekcarms erythro- rhynchos Gmelin. Leptopelicanus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. vii, "1852" (=1853) type, by orig. desig., Pelecanus fuscus Gmelin = Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus. *Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin. AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 571, 1789 based on "Rough-billed Pelican" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 586, Hudson 1 Phaethon lepturus ascensionis (Mathews) : Similar in coloration to P. I. lepturus Daudin, of the Indian Ocean, but smaller. Wing, 256-267; bill, 47-51. Birds from Fernando Noronha appear to be inseparable from those of Ascension Island. 116 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Bay and New York; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 282, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 81, 1931 (range); Moreno, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 14, p. 95, 1940 Cuba; Behle, Condor, 46, p. 198, 1944 Great Salt Lake, Utah (breeding colony); Ball, Auk, 61, p. 471, 1944 Connecticut (records); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 32, 1945 Sonora (Colorado delta to Guaymas in winter). Pelecanus trachyrhynchus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 884, 1790 based on "Rough-billed Pelican" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 586, Hudson Bay and New York; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 379, 1869 Mazate- nango, Guatemala; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 463, pi. 46 (breeding plumage) Mexico. Onocrotalus Hernandezii Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1233 based on "Atototl Alcatraz, Onocrotalus mexicanus dentatiis" Hernandez, Nov. Hisp. Thes., p. 672 (fig.); Mexico. Pelecanus americanus Audubon, Orn. Biog., 4, p. 88, 1838 Grande Terre, Louisiana (type not extant). Pelicanus erythrorhynchus Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 197 Huamachal, Pacific Guatemala. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 316, 1874 Rio Mazatlan, Sinaloa; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 50, 1876 San Mateo, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 481, 1898 North America and Guatemala (Huamachal); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 143, 1901 Mexico (Rio Mazatlan, Guanajuato, Guadalajara, Valley of Mexico, San Mateo, Orizaba) and Guatemala (Mazatenango, Huamachal); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 71, 1928 Lower California (winter visitant); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 148, 1932 Guatemala. Pelecanus occipitalis Ridgway, Amer. Sportsman, 4, p. 297, 1874 Pyramid Lake, Nevada (type in U. S. National Museum). Pelecanus brachyrhynchus (lapsu) Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 442, 1884 based on P. trachyrhynchus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 463, pi. 46. Range. Breeds from central British Columbia and Great Slave Lake to central Manitoba, south to southern California and Texas; winters from California to Florida, Mexico, and Guatemala (Huama- chal, Mazatenango); accidental in Cuba (one record). 1 Field Museum Collection. 15: Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 8; Big Steele Lake, 1); Manitoba (Lake Winnipeg, 1); North Dakota (Sweetwater Lake, 1); California (Carmel, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1); Florida (Banana River, 1; Cedar Keys, 1). 1 More or less questionable records of the White Pelican exist from Isle of Pines and Antigua (field identification). The bird is not known to occur in Trinidad or anywhere south of Guatemala, though both Bent and Peters give its winter range as extending to Panama. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 117 *Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis Linnaeus. WEST INDIAN BROWN PELICAN. Pekcamts Onocrot[alus] ft. occidentalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed. f 1, p. 215, 1766 based chiefly on "The Pelican of America" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 93, pi. 93 (West Indies); "Onocrotalus s. Pelecanus fuscus" Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 2, p. 322; Pelecanus No. 1, Browne, Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica, p. 480, etc. (Jamaica accepted as type locality). 1 Pelecanus fuscus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 570, 1789 part, West Indian references; Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 409, 1847 Jamaica (breeding); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 764, 1849 coast region (visitant); Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 122, 1859 Bimini and Bahama Islands (breeding); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 397, 1875 Cuba (breeding); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 308, 326, 336 Aruba, Curagao, and Bonaire; Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 654, 1895 Margarita Island, Venezuela; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 475, 1898 part, spec, n-d', Honduras, British Honduras (Glover's Reef), Cozumel Island, Jamaica, St. Vincent, Union Island, Grenada, and British Guiana; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 142, 1901 part, Mexico (Ventosa Bay, Tehuantepec; Santa Ana, Vera Cruz; Progreso, Yucatan), Guatemala (Chiapam), Honduras (Fonseca Bay), Nicaragua (Greytown, Bluefields, San Juan del Sur), Costa Rica (La Palma de Nicoya), Panama, British Guiana, and West Indies; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 307, 1902 Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 322 Laguna del Obispo, Gulf of Paria, Venezuela (breeding); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 441, 1910 mouth of Matina River, Costa Rica; Gilford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 107, 1913 Galapagos Islands (breeding). Pelecanus californicus (not of Ridgway) Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 49, 1900 Bay of Santa Elena, Ecuador (crit.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 441, 1910 Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Pelecanus occidentalis Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 232, 1905 Barbados, St. Vincent, and Grenadines (visitant); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 195, 203, 209, 215, 220, 229, 235, 1909 Aruba, Bonaire, Curagao, Los Roques, Tortuga, Blanquilla, and Margarita Islands; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 204, 1916 seacoast; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 173, 1916 Caleta Grande, Isle of Pines (plumages disc.); idem and Carriker, I.e., 14, p. 132, 1922 Buritaca, Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 215, 1926 Santa Elena, Jambeli, and Santa Clara Island (breeding), Ecuador, and Punta Talara, Piura, Peru; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 36, 1931 Galapagos Archipelago (crit.); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 361, 1931 coast and Ci6naga Grande, Magdalena, Colombia; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 147, 1932 Guatemala; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 810, 1336 (life hist.); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 180, 1939 La Guaira and Ensenada de Ocumare, Aragua, Venezuela. 1 While "Le Pelican brun" of Brisson (Orn., 6, p. 524, 1760), described from an "American" specimen in the Reaumur Collection, may be P. o. carolinensis, most of Linnaeus' other references pertain to the Antillean form. 118 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pelecanus relictus G. H. Thayer, The Sentry (Kingstown, St. Vincent), Jan. 9, 1925 Kingstown Harbor, St. Vincent. Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 280, 1927 Puerto Rico (breeding); Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 299, 1931 Bermuda Islands (accidental); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 81, 1931 Greater and Lesser Antilles; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 65, 1931 Hispaniola (breeding on Pelican Keys and Catalinita Island); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 578 Trinidad and Tobago (breeding; egg descr.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 292, 1935 Caribbean coast of Panama; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 808, 1936 Antilles (crit.); (?)Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 25, 1938 Rio Uraricuera, Brazil (ex Shattuck); 1 Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 66, 1938 Puerto del Triunfo, El Salvador (crit.); Wetmore, Auk, 62, p. 578, 1945 (dist. chars., range). Pelecanus occidentalis californicus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 81, 1931 (range in part); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 292, 1935 Pacific coast of Panama. Range. Breeds locally in the Bahamas, Greater and Lesser Antilles, Tobago, Trinidad, Dutch West Indies, along the coasts of Central America, Venezuela (Laguna del Obispo, Gulf of Paria), and Colombia (Magdalena), off western Ecuador (Santa Clara Island), and in the Galdpagos Archipelago; on migration to British Guiana and northwestern Peru (Punta Talara, Piura). 2 Field Museum Collection. 17: Bahama Islands (Inagua, 1; Andros, 1); Cuba (Cayos de la Lena, Pinar del Rio, 2); Lesser Antilles (Antigua, 1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 1); Mexico (Contoy Island, Quintana Roo, 5) ; Guatemala (San Jose*, Escuintla, 1); Panama (Brija Point, Canal Zone, 1); Ecuador, Province de los Rios (Rio San Antonio, 1; Isla Silva Sur, 3). *Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis Gmelin. 3 BROWN PELICAN. 1 The record, evidently based upon a field observation, of this coastal bird from an inland locality such as Rio Uraricuera, Brazil, should be substantiated by specimens. 2 Birds from Pacific coast localities between Costa Rica and northwestern Peru are considered by Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, pp. 808-810, 1936) to pertain to P. o. carolinensis. C.E.H. It is now established that neither birds from Central America nor those from the Galapagos Islands are californicus, to which they had been referred by various authors. The first-named are either occidentalis or carolinensis, whereas those from the Galapagos, being larger than occidentalis but smaller than californicus, represent a separable race, Pelecanus occidentalis urinator Wetmore (Auk, 62, p. 582, Oct. 19, 1945 Hood Island, Galapagos Islands [type in U. S. National Museum]). B.C. 3 Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis Gmelin differs from the nominate race by reason of larger size. The southward extension of its breeding range remains to be determined. Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, pp. 808, 809, 1936) indeed 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 119 Pelecanus carolinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 571, 1789 based on "Charlestown Pelican" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 580, 1785, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 585, 1785; Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. Pelecanus albicollis Maynard, Amer. Sportsman, 3, p. 379, 1874 Cedar Keys, Florida (type formerly in coll. of C. F. Maynard, now probably lost). Pelecanus fuscus (not of Gmelin) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 475, 1898 part, spec, a-m, Florida (Tarpon Springs) and Texas (Corpus Christi). Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis (not P. occidentalis Linnaeus) Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 294, 1922 (life hist.; range in part). Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 81, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 808, 1936 (crit.); Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, 28, p. 33, 1938 Louisiana (crit.); Bruner, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 19, 1943 Cuba (specimens banded in central Florida taken later in Cuba); Wetmore, Auk, 62, p. 579, 1945 (dist. chars., range). Pelecanus occidentalis Schorger, Auk, 61, p. 305, 1944 Wisconsin (two re- cords); Longstreet, Proc. Florida Acad. Sci., 7, p. 185, 1944 Florida (movements on east coast). Range. Breeds locally on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the southern United States from North Carolina to Texas; accidental in Wisconsin. In migration to Cuba. Field Museum Collection. 5: Louisiana (Buras, Plaquemines County, 1); Florida (Eau Gallic, 2; Sebastian River, 1; Nassau County, 1). *Pelecanus occidentalis californicus Ridgway.. 1 CALIFORNIAN BROWN PELICAN. Pelecanus (fuscus?) californicus Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 143, 1884 La Paz, Lower California (type advances good reasons for referring birds from the Pacific coast of Central America, and as far south as northwestern Peru (Talara, Piura) to P. o. carolinensis rather than P. o. occidentalis. According to his figures, specimens from these countries agree in dimensions with others from the Gulf coast of Florida and Texas, whereas birds from Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and St. Thomas are decidedly smaller (wing of males, 465-490 against 503-531; of females, 447-466 against 476-499). However, certain exceptions to this rule require further study. C.E.H. Recently, the brown Pelicans from the Pacific coast of Colombia, Ecuador and northwestern Peru (Talara) have been separated from the Central Amer- ican populations as Pelecanus occidentalis murphyi Wetmore (Auk, 62, p. 583, Oct. 19, 1945 Pelado Island, Santa Elena Bay, Ecuador [type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York]). The size is similar to carolinensis but the color is darker above and more extensively streaked with lighter below (Wet- more, I.e.). B.C. 1 Pelecanus occidentalis californicus Ridgway, in breeding plumage, may be distinguished by the dark brown to blackish (instead of reddish) nape and the flesh-colored basal portion of the pouch; its dimensions, sex for sex, are decidedly larger. 120 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 815, 1932). Pelecanus californicus Anthony, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 2, p. 83, 1889 Todos Santos and San Martin Islands (habits, nest and eggs descr.); Bryant, I.e., p. 257, 1889 Cape region (habits); Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 32, 1899 Isabel Island, Tres Marias (breeding); Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 38, 1902 Lower California (crit.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 290, 1926 San Martin and Tres Marias Islands (Maria Madre, Maria Magdalena, Isabel Island). [Pelecanus fuscus] subsp. a. P. californicus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 478, 1898 part, spec, a-n, California (San Diego, Monterey) and Lower California (Mulege"). Pelecanus fuscus (not of Gmelin) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 142, 1901 part, Pacific coast of North America, Revillagigedo Islands, and northwestern Mexico (Guaymas, Mazatlan). Pelecanus occidentalis californicus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 301, 1922 (life hist.; range in part); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 71, 1928 Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 81, 1931 (range in part); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 808, 1936 California and Lower California (crit., meas.); Wetmore, Auk, 62, p. 581, 1945 (dist. chars., range); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 32, 1945 Gulf of California (common resident). Range. Pacific coast of North America from southern British Columbia to northwestern Mexico (Lower California, Sonora, Sina- loa, Tres Marias Islands) ; breeding on islands from the Santa Barbara Islands to the Tres Marias. Field Museum Collection. 21: California (Hyperion, 11; Moss Landing, 3; Monterey, 3; San Diego, 3; San Francisco, 1). *Pelecanus occidentalis thagus Molina. 1 MOLINA'S PELICAN. Pelecanus thagus Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 240, 344, 1782 Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 494, 1847 Chile (ex Molina); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 206, 1855 Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340 Chile (crit.); Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 480, pi. 5b, 1898 Peru (Payta) and Chile (Iquique, Valparaiso, Coronel); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 396, 1902 Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego (Feb.); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 52 Valparaiso Bay; Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 103, 1909 Chile (from Coquimbo northwards, in winter at Corral); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 228, 1910 Isla Picton (Tierra del Fuego) and "Barracas al Sud (Buenos Aires);" Forbes, Ibis, 1914, p. 403, pi. 13 Lobos de Tierra, Ancon, and Chincha Islands, Peru (plumages, habits); 1 Pelecanus occidentalis thagus Molina, though distinguished by larger size, stronger as well as longer bill, and white-striped under parts, is clearly a geograph- ical representative of the Brown Pelican. Its variation and sequence of plumages have been described at length by the late H. 0. Forbes (Ibis, 1914, pp. 403-420, pi. 13). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 121 Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, p. 486, 1919 "Tumbez" to Mollendo, Peru (plumages, habits); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 294, 1932 Chile; Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 233, 1936 coast of Arica, Chile. Pelecanus thayus Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Per., Orn., p. 312, 1846 islets off the Peruvian coast. Pelecanus fuscus (not of Gmelin) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 494, 1847 Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 513 Valdivia, Chile; Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 165, 1860 coast of Atacama, Chile; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 427 part, Payta, Peru; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 Atacama; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 228, 1899 central provinces of Chile. Onocrotalus thagus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 164, 1857 "Chile, Bolivia, Ins. Gallapag."; 1 Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 553 Chorillos, Lima, Peru. Pelecanus molinae* Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 269 based on Onocrotalus thagus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 164, 1857 Chile; Elliot, I.e., 1869, p. 588, pi. 44 (monog.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, I.e., 1892, p. 399 Callao and Ancon, Peru; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 206, 1896 Bay of Valparaiso; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 185 Coronel and Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 690, 1898 Iquique, Tarapaca, Chile; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 224, 1899 Chile (monog.). Pelecanus ihygus Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 291, 1868 coast of Chile and Peru. Pelecanus barbieri Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (7), 2, p. 211, 1878 Ancon, Peru (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 66, 1929); Salvin, Ibis, 1879, p. 98 Iquique, Chile (crit.;= adult). Pelecanus fuscus var. molinae Dubois, Bull. Mus. Roy. Belg., 2, p. 11, 1883 (crit.). Pekcanis molinae Meyer, Journ. Orn., 38, p. 165, 1890 island near Callao, Peru (crit.). Pelecanus nigricollis (Philippi MS.) Albert, 1 Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 226, 1899 Chile (type in Museo Nacional, Santiago de Chile ;= young). Pelecanus landbecki F. Philippi, 8 Bol. Mus. Nac. Chile, 1, No. 3, p. 63, 1909 Chile (type in Museo Nacional, Santiago de Chile ;= young); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 53, 1924 Isla La Mocha, Arauco, Chile. Pelecanus occidenlalis thagus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 81, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 819, 1936 (monog., life hist.) ; Philippi, 1 Bonaparte's description is clearly based on Chilean specimens. Birds from the Galapagos Islands belong to another form, while "Bolivia" doubtless refers to Tacna Province, once part of that republic. 1 Pelicanus molinae G. R. Gray (List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 189, 1844; Gen. Bds., 3, p. [668], 1845) and Pelecanus molinae Pelzeln (Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 158, 1865 Chile) are nomina nuda. * Pelecanus nigricollis Albert and P. landbecki F. Philippi were based on the very same specimen, a young bird, in the Chilean National Collection. 122 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 63, 1938 Arica, Tacna, Chile; Wetmore, Auk, 62, p. 585, 1945 (dist. chars., range). Range. Coasts of Peru and Chile, from Point Parinas, Piura, 1 south to Chiloe" Island (breeding in the central part of this area), and occasionally to Tierra del Fuego (one record from Isla Picton, Ushuaia). 2 Field Museum Collection. 2: Peru (Cape Blanco, 2). Superfamily SULOIDEA Family SULIDAE. Gannets Genus MORUS Vieillot Morus Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. Ele"m., p. 63, 1816 type, by monotypy, "Fou de Bassan" Buff on = Pelecanus bassanus Linnaeus. Sulita Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 123, Jan. 28, 1915 type, by orig. desig., "Sula" bassana Linnaeus = Pelecanus bassanus Linnaeus. *Morus bassanus (Linnaeus). GANNET. Pelecanus bassanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 133, 1758 based on "Anser Bassanus" Willoughby, Orn., p. 247, pi. 63, etc.; "Scotia, America" (restricted type locality, Bass Rock, off Scotland). Pelecanus maculatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 579, 1789 based on "Fou tachet6" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 8, p. 375, and "Fou tachete", de Cayenne" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 986 (=young). Sula major LacSpede, Tabl. Meth. Mamm. Ois., p. 303, 1799; idem, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. (Didot ed.), Quadr., 14, p. 318, 1799 (pub. 1802) based on I.e., Ois., 16, p. 298, 1799 "se trouve sur les c6tes de la Florida, et sur les grandes rivieres de cette contr6e." Sula alba Meyer, in Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb. Deuts. Vogelk., 2, p. 582, 1810 substitute name for Pelecanus bassanus Linnaeus. Sula leucophea Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 106, 1826 based on "Brown and White Booby" Latham, Gen. Hist. Bds., 10, p. 441; supposed to inhabit Cayenne. Sula americana Bonaparte, Geogr. Comp. List Bds. Eur. N. Amer., p. 60, 1838 based on Sula bassana Audubon, Orn. Biog., 4, p. 222, pi. 326; "Central coast"= Great Gannet Rock, near Magdalena Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence. Sula bassana Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 425, 1898 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 245, 1898 Davis Straits, Greenland; Salvin 1 Forbes's statement (Ibis, 1914, p. 413) that this form occurs at certain sea- sons even as far north as the Guayaquil River, southwestern Ecuador, is no doubt due to confusion with P. o. carolinensis. 1 Venturi's sight record from Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, needs confirma- tion. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 123 and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 145, 1901 (range); Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 299, 1931 Ferry Point, St. George, Bermuda Islands (Dec. 12, 1930); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 291, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic); Fisher and Vevers, Journ. Anim. Ecol., 12, p. 173, 1943 (breeding); iidem, I.e., 13, p. 49, 1944 (distr., hist., pop.). Morus bassanus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 216, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 82, 1931 (range). Range. Breeds locally on islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and off Newfoundland, 1 also extralimitally in the British Isles and Iceland; in winter south to the Gulf of Mexico (Vera Cruz; Cuba), 2 the eastern Atlantic islands (Madeira, Canary Islands, Azores), and northern Africa; accidental in Greenland (Davis Straits). Field Mtiseum Collection. 17: Labrador (unspecified, 1); Quebec (Gulf of St. Lawrence, 2; Magdalen Islands, 8); Nova Scotia (St. Margaret's Bay, 2); Maine (Matinicus, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1); Florida (St. Augustine, 1). Genus SULA Brisson Sula Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 60; 6, p. 494, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "Sula"= Sula leucogaster Boddaert. Dysporus Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Av., p. 279, 1811 substitute name for Sula Brisson. Disporus Agassiz, Ind. Univ., p. 127, 1846 emendation of Dysporus Illiger. Abeltera Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn., p. 351, 1890 new name for Sula Reichenbach, 1883; type, Pelecanus Sula Lin- naeus. Parasula Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 55, Oct. 23, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Sula dactylatra bedouti Mathews. Hemisula Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 55, Oct. 23, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Sula leucogaster rogersi Mathews. *Sula nebouxii Milne-Edwards. BLUE-FOOTED BOOBY. Sula nebouxii Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 13, art. 4, p. 37, pi. 14, 1882 "cote Pacifique de 1'Ame'rique" (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 66, 1929); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 596, 1897 Galapagos Islands (descr., crit., range); Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 31, 1899 Isabel and Tres Marias Islands (breeding habits); Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 35, p. 44, 1915 (juv. plumage); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 197, 1922 (life hist.); 1 An account of the North American gannetries has been given by Wynne- Edwards (Ibis, 1935, pp. 584-594). 1 The record from Cayenne (Daubenton) is open to doubt. 124 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 288, 1926 Maria Madre, Maria Magdalena, and Isabel Islands; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 69, 1928 Gulf of California (San Pedro Martir and Ildefonso Islands [breeding]; San Benito Islands; La Paz, etc.); Clary, Condor, 32, p. 160, 1930 Salton Sea, California (Nov. 1, 1929); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 37, 1931 Galapagos Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 83, 1931 (range); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 31, 1931 Indefatigable Island, Galapagos Archipelago; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 129, 1932 Tiburon, San Pedro Nolasco Island (breeding), San Pedro Martir, and Estrada de Tasiola, Gulf of California; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 293, 1935 "Pearl Islands (breeding);" Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 829, 1936 (monog., life hist.) ; Sassi, Temminckia, 3, p. 287, 1938 Puntarenas, Costa Rica (July 8); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 32, 1945 Gulf of California (common resident). Sula cyanops (not Dysporus cyanops Sundevall) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 427 Charles Island, Galapagos Archipelago. Sula gossi (Ridgway MS.) Goss, Auk, 5, p. 241, July, 1888 San Pedro Martir Island, Gulf of California (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 114, 1890 Chatham Island (crit.). Sula nebouxi Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 435, 1898 Tres Marias Islands, Charles Island, and "coast of Chile;" Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 178, 1899 Galapagos Islands (egg descr.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 148, 1901 (range in Mexico); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 407, 1902 Wenman, Seymour, Daphne, and Indefatigable Islands (excl. descr. first plumage); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 248, 1904 Albemarle, Narborough, and Hood Islands (breeding); Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 92, 1905 Gorgonilla Peninsula, Gorgona Island, Colombia; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 93, pi. 5, fig. 2, 1913 Galapagos Islands (crit., plumages, eggs); Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 471, 1919 coast of Peru south to Guanape Islands (breeding habits); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 214, 1926 Pelado (Santa Elena Bay), Santa Clara, Jambeli, and La Plata Islands, Ecuador; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 18, 1927 off San Bias, Nayarit. Range. Breeds on islands off the coasts of Mexico (San Pedro Martir, San Pedro Nolasco, Ildefonso, Isabel, Tres Marias, Clarion), Panama (Pacheca and Galera, Pearl Islands), Colombia (Gorgona), Ecuador, northern Peru (Lobos de Tierra, Guanape), and in the Galapagos Islands; migrating occasionally as far south as Ancon, Lima (fide Chapman) j 1 accidental in California (Salton Sea, Nov. 1, 1929). 1 No authentic record appears to exist for the occurrence of the Blue-footed Booby in Chile. The original specimen obtained by Neboux during the voyage of the Venus in 1839 has no exact locality, and Milne-Edwards merely surmised that it might have come from Chile. The British Museum has a skin, presented by C. Crawley, said to be from "the coast of Chile." 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 125 Field Museum Collection. 13: Mexico (Ildefonso Island, Lower California, 1 ; Isabella Island, 2) ; Galapagos Islands (Daphne Island, 1; Charles Island, 1; Gardner Island, 4; Champion Island, 1; Hood Island, 2; unspecified, 1). *Sula variegata (Tschudi). PERUVIAN BOOBY. Dysporus variegatus Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 390, 1843 "in littoribus et insulis Oceani Pacifici" (type in Neuchatel Museum); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 313, 1846 islands off Peruvian coast; idem, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 188, 1856 same locality (descr.). Sula ( ?) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 120, 1843 Chilean coast, from Chilo6 Islands to Copiapo; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 512 Valdivia, Chile. Sula variegata Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 316, 1844 Peru; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 219, 1853 Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 156, 1865 Chile (crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340 Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 290, 1868 coast of Chile to Peru; Pelzeln, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 23, p. 161, 1873 Callao, Peru; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 554 Chorillos, Lima, Peru; Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 12, art. 4, p. 34, 1882 Callao 1 (crit.); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 427 Callao Bay and San Lorenzo Island, Lima, Peru; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 206, 1896 Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 185 outside Coquimbo and south to Arauco, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 689, 1898 Isla los Pajaros, Coquimbo, Chile; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 434, 1898 Peru (Callao, San Lorenzo Island, Chorillos) and Chile (Coquimbo, Valparaiso); Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 101, p. 929, 1898 Chile (monog.); Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 102, 1909 from Coquimbo northward, common at Antofagasta, Chile; Roths- child, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 35, pp. 42, 44, 1915 Peruvian guano islands (crit., plumages); Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 466, pis. 56-59, 1919 coastal islands of Peru (nesting habits); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 54, 1924 Isla La Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 214, 1926 near Puna Island, Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 83, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 295, 1932 Chile; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 838, 1936 (monog., life hist.); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 233, 1936 Arica, Tacna, and near Quintero, Aconcagua, Chile (breeding); idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 63, 1938 Bay of Arica, Tacna, Chile (resident). Sula fusca (not of Vieillot) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 488, 1847 Chilo6 (excl. descr.); Philippi, Reise Wuste Atacama, p. 165, 1860 coast of Atacama, Chile; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 Atacama. 1 The other localities mentioned ("Santa Cruz," d'Orbigny; "Magellan," Sabatier) cannot possibly be correct. Oustalet (Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 303, 1891), indeed, points out that the origin of these specimens preserved in the Paris Museum is altogether uncertain and that they probably were secured on the Peruvian coast off Lima. 126 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. Pacific coast of South America, from the Gulf of Guaya- quil, Ecuador, south to Chiloe" Island, Chile (breeding on islands from Punta Talara, Piura, Peru to Quintero, Aconcagua, Chile). Field Museum Collection. 2: Peru (Talara, 1); Chile (Concep- cion, 1). *Sula dactylatra dactylatra Lesson. ATLANTIC BLUE-FACED BOOBY. Sula dactylatra "Lesson, 1 TraitS d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 601, 1831 1'ile de 1'Ascen- sion" (descr. of adult male; type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 66, 1929); Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 125, 1859 Santo Domingo Kay, Bahama Islands (breeding; descr.); Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 13, art. 4, p. 35, pi. 13 (fig. of type), 1882 Ascension Island (crit.); Murphy, Auk, 32, p. 258, 1915 South Trinidad; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 510 Ascension Island; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 846, 1936 part, Atlantic localities (life hist.). Dysporus cyanops Sundevall, Physiogr. Sallsk. Tidskr. Lund, 1, No. 3, p. 218 (footnote), pi. 5, 1837 "ad aequatorem maris Atlant." (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 95, 1927); idem, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 19, p. 236 (footnote), 1847 same locality (descr.). "Sula dactylatra (nigrodactyla Less.)" Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, No. 26, p. 1114, 1855; idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 165, 1857 Ascension Island (descr.). [Sula] ekgans Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 125, 1859 Santo Domingo Kay, Bahama Islands (cotypes in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- bridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 184, 1930). Sula cyanops Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 281 Ascension Island (breeding); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 130, 1890 Abrolhos Islands, off Bahia, Brazil; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 430, 1898 part, spec, a-c, Ascension Island; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 231, 1905 Kick 'em Jenny and Battowia, Grenadines (breeding); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 312, 1908 Cayenne; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 324 Los Hermanos Islands, off Venezuela (breeding); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 226, 1909 Los Hermanos Islands; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 193, 1922 part, Lesser Antilles, Los Hermanos Islands, Yucatan (Alacron Reefs), and formerly Bahama Islands. Parasula dactylathra [sic] Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 182, 1919 South Trinidad Island (August). Sula dactylatra dactylatra Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 35, p. 43, 1915 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 83, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 25, 1938 part, Fernando Noronha; Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, 28, p. 36, 1938 Grand Gosier Island (July 28, 1929); Nichols and Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 25, 1943 Cockroach Cay, Virgin Islands (nesting). l Sula dactylatra Lesson (Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 11, p. 494, May 30, 1829) is a nomen nudum. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 127 Range. Breeds locally in the Virgin Islands (Cockroach Cay), Lesser Antilles (Kick 'em Jenny and Battowia, Grenadines); 1 on Los Hermanos Islands, off Venezuela; on the Alacron Reefs, Yucatan; on Fernando Noronha, Rocas Reef, the Abrolhos Islands, possibly also on South Trinidad (and extralimitally on Ascension Island); formerly in the Bahama Islands (Santo Domingo Kay); accidental in Louisiana (Grand Gosier Island, July 28, 1929). Field Museum Collection. 9: Bahama Islands (Santo Domingo Cay, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 6); Venezuela (Los Hermanos Islands, Nueva Esparta, 1). *Sula dactylatra californica Rothschild. 2 CALIFORNIAN BLUE-FACED BOOBY. Sula dadylatra californica Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 35, p. 43, Jan. 27, 1915 "coasts of California and Central America" (type, from San Bene- dicto Island, Revillagigedo group, Mexico, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 274, 1925], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Oberholser, Auk, 34, p. 467, 1917 (crit.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 69, 1928 Alijos Rocks, off Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 83, 1931 (range). Sula cyanops (not Dysporus cyanops Sundevall) Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, p. 302, 1872 Socorro Island; Anthony, Auk, 15, pp. 314, 316, 317, 1898 San Benedicto, Socorro, and Clarion Islands; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 145, 1901 part, Revillagigedo Islands; Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 406, 1902 Alijos Rocks, off Lower California; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 512, 1902 Clipperton Island (eggs descr.); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 84, 1913 San Benedicto Island (nesting) and Clip- perton Island. Sula dactylatra (not of Lesson) McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 287, 1926 Alijos Rocks, Clarion Island (nesting), and San Benedicto Island (breeding). Range. Breeds on islands off the west coast of Mexico (Alijos Rocks, Clarion Island, the Revillagigedo group, and Clipperton Island). Field Museum Collection. 2: Mexico (Clarion Island, 2). Bryant's record from "Haiti" is questionable (cf. Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 70, 1931). t Sula dactylatra californica Rothschild: Similar to the nominate race, but distinguished by its much larger, stouter bill and differently colored soft parts, the bill being bright yellow instead of horny blue-gray, while the feet and legs are orange rather than yellow. 128 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Sula dactylatra grant! Rothschild. 1 GRANT'S BLUE-FACED BOOBY. Sula granti Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 13, p. 7, Oct. 31, 1902 Galapagos Islands (type, from Culpepper Island, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 274, 1925], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Dysporus cyanops Sundevall (not of 1837), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 125 Galapagos Islands. Sula variegata (not Dysporus variegatus Tschudi) Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 178, 1899 Wenman, Culpepper, Hood, Gardner (near Charles), and Tower Islands (crit., eggs descr.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 407, 1902 Culpepper, Chatham, Bindloe, Daphne, Indefatigable, and Wenman Islands (crit.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 244, 1904 Galapagos Islands (habits); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 89, 1913 Galapagos Islands (habits, eggs); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 32, 1931 Tower Island. Sula cyanops Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 49, 1900 Santa Elena Bay, Ecuador. Sula dactylatra granti Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 35, p. 44, 1915 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 84, 1931 (range); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 37, 1931 Galapagos Islands; Bond and Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 90, p. 156, 1938 Malpelo Island. Sula dactylatra (not of Lesson) Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 214, 1926 La Plata Island, Ecuador; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 846, 1936 part, Pacific localities (monog., life hist.). Range. Breeds in the Galapagos Islands, off the coast of Ecuador (La Plata Island), on the islets of San Felix and San Ambrosio, off Chile, and probably on Malpelo Island, Colombia. Field Museum Collection. 10: Galapagos Islands (Tower Island, 2; Hood Island, 7); Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 1). *Sula sula websteri Rothschild. 2 WEBSTER'S RED-FOOTED BOOBY. Sula websteri Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 7, p. lii, May 25, 1898 "Clarion Island, Galapagos, and neighbouring seas" (type, from Clarion Island, Revillagigedos group, off Mexico, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 274, 1925], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Anthony, Auk, 15, pp. 314, 316, 317, 1898 San Benedicto, Socorro, and Clarion Islands (habits); Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 29, 1899 Isabel Island (ex Grayson); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 147, 1901 Revillagigedo and Galapagos Islands. 1 Sula dactylatra granti Rothschild: Precisely like S. d. calif ornica, but bill red, legs and feet bluish green. Even in juvenile plumage, this race is recognizable by its dull purplish-pink bill. 2 Sula sula websteri Rothschild differs from the nominate race by having longer wings and the tail nearly always grayish-brown, very rarely mixed with white or partly white. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 129 Sula piscator (not Pelecanus piscator Linnaeus) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 598, 1897 part, Indefatigable, Tower, and Wenman Islands, Galapagos Archipelago; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 211, 1922 part, Revillagigedo and Galapagos Islands (life hist.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 289, 1926 Clarion and San Benedicto Islands (breeding); idem, I.e., (4), 16, p. 17, 1927 Labrados, Sinaloa. Sula piscatrix websteri Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 177, 1899 Clarion and Tower Islands (breeding; crit.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 406, 1902 Culpepper, Wenman, and Bindloe Islands (habits) ; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 515, 1902 Galapagos, Clarion, and Cocos Islands; iidem, I.e., 5, p. 246, 1904 Galapagos Islands. Sula piscatrix Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 85, pi. 5, fig. 1, 1913 San Benedicto, Cocos, Culpepper, Tower, and Wenman Islands (crit., meas., habits). Sula piscator websteri Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 37, 1931 Galapagos Islands. Sula sula websteri Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 84, 1931 Galapagos Islands. Range. Breeds in the Revillagigedo (San Benedicto, Socorro, Clarion), Cocos, and Galapagos Islands (Culpepper, Wenman, Tower, etc.). Field Museum Collection. 5: Mexico (Clarion Island, 1); Costa Rica (Cocos Island, 1); Galapagos Islands (Tower Island, 2; Cul- pepper Island, 1). *Sula sula sula (Linnaeus). RED-FACED BOOBY. Pelecanus Sula Linnaeus, 1 Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 218, 1766 "in Pelago indico" 1 (descr. of adult); Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 121, 1905 (nomencl.). Pelecanus fiber Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 218, 1766 principally based on "Le Fou brun" Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 499, pi. 43, fig. 1; "in Oceano Africano, Americano" J (=grayish phase). Sula Candida Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 103, 1826 new name for Pelecanus piscator Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 217, 1766 (in part). 1 While all of the references, except Browne (Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica, p. 481) in part, pertain to S. leucogaster, Linnaeus' description ("corpore albido, remigibus primoribus apice nigricantibus, facia rubra" and again "remiges non tantum primores, sed et secundariae extrorsum nigricantes," etc.) is clearly referable to the Red-faced Booby. 1 Though Ascension Island was designated by Mathews (Bds. Austr., 4, p. 216, 1915), Grant and Mackworth-Praed (Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 53, pp. 185^187, 1933) explain at length that this procedure is inadmissible, and suggest, in its place, Barbados, Lesser Antilles, as an appropriate type locality (p. 187) for S. sula sula. a The bird described by Brisson was in the Reaumur Collection, no precise locality being specified. 130 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Sula erythrorhyncha Lesson, TraitS d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 601, 1831 locality un- known (possibly only a substitute name for Pelecanus piscator Gmelin, 1789= P. piscator Linnaeus, 1766, not of Linnaeus, 1758). Sula piscator (not Pelecanus piscator Linnaeus, 1758 ;)* Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 200 Half Moon Cay, British Honduras (breeding); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 163 South Trinidad Island; Cory, Auk, 5, p. 72, 1888 West Indian localities (descr.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 578, 1888 Swan Island; Richmond, I.e., 16, p. 531, 1893 off Greytown, Nicaragua; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 432, 1898 part, spec, c'-l', South Trinidad, Redonda, St. Vincent, Jamaica, and British Honduras (Half-Moon Cay); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 146, 1901 (localities in Central America); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 588 Little Cayman (soft parts, plumages); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 231, 1905 St. Vincent and Grenadines (Kick 'em Jenny, Battowia; breeding); Nicoll, Ibis, 1906, p. 672 South Trinidad (nesting); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 312, 1908 ("not recorded from French Guiana"); Lowe, Ibis, 1909, pp. 316, 325, 333 Los Testigos (breeding), Los Hermanos (breeding; crit.), and eastern Swan Island (breeding); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 226, 229, 1909 Los Her- manos and Los Testigos (ex Lowe); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 211, 1922 (life hist.; range in part); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 284, 1927 Desecheo Island, near Puerto Rico (breed- ing; plumages disc.); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 526, 1928 off Grenadines and Trinidad; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 69, 1931 Navassa Island, Hispaniola; Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 3, 1931 Little Swan Island (breeding); Wetmore, I.e., 81, art. 2, p. 10, 1932 Navassa Island (breeding). Dysporus Hernandezi Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 298, 1878 Matanzas, Cuba (type in coll. of J. Gundlach, now in Habana Museum); idem, I.e., 29, p. 401, 1881 (crit.). Sula piscatrix Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 12, art. 4, p. 36, 1882 Cayenne (Martin) and Haiti (Ricord); Sharpe, Ibis, 1904, p. 214 South Trinidad Island (breeding); Lowe, I.e., 1911, p. 148 Little Cayman. Sula cyanops (not Dysporus cyanops Sundevall) Cory, Auk, 6, p. 31, 1889 Little Cayman and Cayman Brae. Sula coryi Maynard, Contrib. Sci., 1, No. 1, p. 40, April, 1889 Little Cayman (cotypes in coll. of C. J. Maynard, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 185, 1930); idem, I.e., No. 2, pp. 51-57, pi. 5, July, 1889 (habits); idem, I.e., 1 Pelecanus piscator Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 134, 1758), according to description and references, is an indeterminable composite of some form of S. sula and of S. leucogaster, and even though Linnaeus subsequently (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 217, 1766) used the name for one of the races of the Red-faced Booby (cf. Townsend and Wetmore, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, pp. 168-170, 1919), such a procedure does not seem to be admissible under the Rules. Moreover, there would be no means of ascertaining its racial pertinence, as the type is no longer extant (cf. Lb'nnberg, Bihang Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 22, Afd. 4, No. 1, p. 28, 1896). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 131 No. 3, p. 142, pi. 11, Oct., 1889 (notes on young); Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 14, p. 65, 1904 (habits). Piscatrix sula Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 183, 1919 South Trinidad Island (plum. disc.). [Piscatrix sula] autumnalis Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 186 (in text), with plate, 1919 (name proposed for the white-rumped, brown-backed variety). Sula sula Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Nat. Hist. Rep., Zool., 4, p. 184, 1930 South Trinidad; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 861, 1936 (monog., life hist.; distrib. excl. of Revillagigedo, Cocos, and Galapagos Islands). Sula sula sula Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 84, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 578 Giles Islets, off Tobago (breeding; nest and eggs descr.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 25, 1938 (range). Range. Breeds locally in the West Indies (Navassa Island, Hispaniola; Desecheo, near Puerto Rico; Little Cayman, south of Cuba; Dominica; Kick 'em Jenny and Battowia, Grenadines; Giles Islets, off Tobago), off the coast of Venezuela (Los Testigos and Los Hermanos Islands) and British Honduras (Half-Moon Cay and Little Swan Island), on Fernando Noronha and on South Trinidad in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. 1 Field Museum Collection. 20: Puerto Rico (Mona Island, 2); Western Caribbean (Saint Andrews, 6; Little Swan, Swan Islands, 1); Jamaica (Cayman Brae, 1; Little Cayman, 6); British Honduras (Half Moon Cay, 3); Venezuela (Los Hermanos Island, Nueva Esparta, 1). *Sula leucogaster leucogaster (Boddaert). WHITE-BELLIED BOOBY. Pekcanus leucogaster Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 57, Dec., 1783 based upon "Le Fou, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 973; Cayenne.* 1 The plumages of the Red-faced Booby are very puzzling, and the one with white rump, tail coverts, and tail in contrast to the remaining dark gray plumage, described as S. coryi, has been the subject of much speculation. Birds of this type, however, are not confined to the Cayman Islands, as has been pointed out by Nicoll (Ibis, 1904, p. 588). They occur even on Fernando Noronha, so that it can hardly be anything else but a plumage phase, the significance of which is yet to be determined. Another variety, with the head, upper parts, breast, and abdomen brown with a slight gloss, the rump, tail coverts, vent, thighs, and tail white, was regarded by Maynard and Nicoll as an immature or intermediate plumage of "S. coryi," and as it has no range of its own, this interpretation is probably correct. It has been named (Piscatrix sula) autumnalis by Ribeiro, from South Trinidad, and more recently described as a distinct species, S. nicolli, by Grant and Mackworth- Praed (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 118, Feb. 22, 1933 type, from Glorioso Island, north of Madagascar, in the British Museum). * The White-bellied Booby is recognizably figured by Sloane (Voy. Jamaica, 2, p. 322, pi. 271, fig. 2) as well as by Catesby (Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 87, pi. 87). The latter naturalist stated that he found it breeding in the Bahamas. 132 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pelecanus parvus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 579, 1789 based on "Le Petit Fou" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 8, p. 374, and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 973; Cayenne. Sula brasiliensis Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 83, pi. 107, 1825 "in insulis maritimis urbis Rio de Janeiro" (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 716, 1906); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 458, 1856 bay of Rio de Janeiro and Ilha do Santa Catharina, Brazil. Sulafusca Vieillot (and Oudart), Galerie Ois., 2, p. 194, pi. 277, l 1826 part, Antilles, Isla de Aves, Cayenne (roc du Grand Conne'table), coast of New Spain (= Venezuela), Bahama Islands, and "Carolina" (no type specified) ; Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 417, 1847 Jamaica; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 156, 1865 Jurujuba Bay, Rio de Janeiro; idem, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 325, 1870 Bay of Rio de Janeiro and Paranagua, Parand, Brazil. Sula fulica Lesson, TraitS d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 601, 1831 emendation of Sula fulca Vieillot (and Oudart), Galerie Ois., 2, pi. 277. Dysporus sula Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 890, 1833 bay of Rio de Janeiro. Sula fiber (not Pelecanus fiber Linnaeus) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 123, 1859 San Domingo Cay, Bahama Islands (breeding habits); Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 381 Half-Moon Cay, British Honduras; Cory, Bds. Bahamas, p. 191, 1880 Bahama Islands; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 369, 1899 Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo. Sula leucogastra Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 651 part, Ascension and St. Paul's Rock; Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 281 Ascen- sion Island (breeding); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 578, 1888 Swan Island; idem, I.e., 12, p. 130, 1890 Abrolhos Islands, off Bahfa, Brazil; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., 20, p. 480, 1890 Fernando Noronha (breeding); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 149, 1901 part, Swan Island, Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua and Costa Rica; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, pp. 31, 38 St. Paul's Rock (breeding) and Fer- nando Noronha; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 231, 1905 Grena- dines (Battowia, Kick 'em Jenny, Little Martinique; breeding); Chapman, Pap. Tortugas Lab. Carnegie Inst. Wash., 2, p. 143, 1908 Cay Verde, Bahama Islands (breeding habits); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 214, 227, 229, 1909 Islas de Aves, Los Hermanos, and Los Testigos; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 439, 1910 Caribbean coast of Costa Rica (breeding on Uvita Island and on rocky islets at mouth of Moina River) ; Ltiderwaldt and Fonseca, Rev. Mus. Paul., 13, pp. 471, 490, 1922 Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Sao Paulo (breeding); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 147, 1932 off Puerto Barrios, Guatemala. Dysporus fiber Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 402, 1875 Cuba (Cayo Mono Grande, near Cardenas; breeding); idem, I.e., 26, p. 191, 1878 Desecheo Island, Puerto Rico. Sula leucogaster Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 532, 1893 kays off Caribbean Nicaragua (breeding) ; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 312, 1908 1 Misspelt "fulca" on the plate. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 133 Cayenne; Murphy, Auk, 32, p. 47, 1915 Fernando Noronha; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 201, 1916 Georgetown; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, pp. 478, 510 St. Paul's Rock and Ascension Island. Sula sula Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 436, 1898 part, spec, a-q, Half-Moon Cay, Panama (Lion Hill Station), Grenada, St. Vincent, Nevis, Brazil (Bahia, Fernando Noronha), St. Paul's Rock, and Ascension Island; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, pp. 315, 324, 333 Los Testigos (breeding), Los Hermanos, and eastern Swan Island (breeding); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 97, 1910 Bahia, Brazil. Sula leucogastris (sic) Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 200, 1922 (life hist.). Sula leucogastra leucogastra Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 281, 1927 Puerto Rico (breeding on Desecheo and Mona Islands); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 526, 1928 off Grenadines and Santa Lucia; Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 449, 1928 Almirante Bay, Panama; Bradlee and Mowbray, I.e., 39, p. 298, 1931 Bermuda Islands (occasional autumn visitor); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 68, 1931 Hispaniola; Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 3, 1931 Little Swan Island (breed- ing); Wetmore, I.e., 82, art. 25, p. 17, 1933 Alta Vela Island, Hispaniola (probably breeding); Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, 28, p. 37, 1938 Louisiana (Mississippi River below New Orleans, Sept., 1884; Grand Isle, April, 1929). Sula leucogaster leucogaster Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 71, p. 307, 1931 Swan Key, Almirante Bay, Panama; idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 84, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 577 Giles Islets, off Tobago, and Soledade Rock, Gulf of Paria (breeding) ; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 78, p. 293, 1935 Almirante and Colon Harbour, Panama; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 854, 1936 (monog., life hist.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 26, 1938 Rio de Janeiro (Bahia da Guanabara), and Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Santos); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 181, 1939 Ensenada de Ocumare, Venezuela. Range. Breeds on Florida Keys (formerly), in the Bahama Islands (Cay Verde, Santo Domingo Key, Berry Islands, etc.), on islands off the Caribbean coast of Central America, locally in the West Indies (Cay Mono Grande, Cuba; Desecheo and Mona Islands, Puerto Rico; Grenadines; Giles Islets, off Tobago), on islands off the coast of Venezuela (Isla de Aves, Los Testigos, Los Hermanos, Soledade Rock), Guiana (Grand Conne"table Rock, Cayenne), and Brazil (Fernando Noronha; Rocas Reef; Sao Sebastiao, Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Sao Paulo) ; also in the tropical Atlantic Ocean (St. Paul's Rock and Ascension Island) ; straying to Santa Catharina, and even to Buenos Aires; 1 casual in Massachusetts (Cape Cod, Sept. 17, 1878), Bermuda Islands, and Louisiana (Sept., 1884; April, 1929). 2 1 A specimen in the Geneva Museum. 2 Bennett (Ibis, 1926, p. 329) admits S. leucogaster to the Falkland Islands with the caption: "an accidental visitor. Seen and reported by Garnot." How- 134 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. 32: Bahama Islands (Marypaivo Island, 2); western Caribbean (Old Providence Island, 12; Little Swan Island, 3); Puerto Rico (Mona Island, 8); Virgin Islands (Cockroach Cay, 2; St. Thomas, 2); Venezuela (Los Aves, Colon, 3). *Sula leucogaster brewsteri Goss. 1 BREWSTER'S BOOBY. Sula brewsteri Goss, Auk, 5, p. 242, July, 1888 San Pedro Martir Island, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum); Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 138, 1890 Georges Islands, Gulf of California (breeding); Ridgway, I.e., 19, p. 597, 1897 (descr. of type); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 440, 1898 part, Gulf of California; Anthony, Auk, 15, pp. 314, 316, 317, 1898 San Benedicto, Socorro, and Rocco Partida Islands, Revillagigedo group (breeding); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 150, 1901 part, Lower California and Revillagigedo Islands; Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 34, 1902 Lower California; Thayer, Condor, 13, p. 106, 1911 San Ildefonso Island, Gulf of California (breeding); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 97, 1913 part, San Benedicto Island; McLellan, I.e., (4), 15, p. 289, 1926 San Benedicto (breeding) and Rocca Partida Islands; Bancroft, Condor, 29, p. 192, 1927 Consag Rock and San Luis Island, Gulf of California (breeding); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 78, 1928 Lower California; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 129, 1932 about Tiburon Island, Gulf of California. Sula leucogastra (not Pelecanus leucogaster Boddaert) Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 352, 1883 near Pichalinque Bay, La Paz (January). Sula sula (not Pelecanus sula Linnaeus) Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 2, p. 253, 1889 near Pichalinque Bay (ex Belding). Sula leucogaster brewsteri Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 85, 1931 (in part); Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 98, No. 22, p. 2, 1939 Lower California to Revilla- gigedo Islands (char., meas.); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 33, 1945 Gulf of California (common resident). Range. Breeding on islands in the Gulf of California (Georges, San Pedro Martir, Ildefonso, Consag Rock, San Luis Island, etc.) and in the Revillagigedo Islands (San Benedicto, Socorro, Rocca Partida). Field Museum Collection. 5: Mexico, Lower California (La Paz, 2; Consag Rock, 3). ever, it is pretty certain that the Pelecanus fiber Garnot (Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 12, p. 550, July 4, 1829), described as "entierement brune, quelques in- dividus . . . sans nul doute . . . des yariete's d'age, off rent quelques taches blanches sur le corps," is something quite different and may not even belong to the genus Sula (cf. also Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 302, 1891). 1 Sula leucogaster brewsteri Goss: Male with head partly light in color, the paler area confined mainly to the face; female with upper surface, head and neck brown- ish, uniform in shade (not unlike S. I. plotus, of the western Pacific, but lighter). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 135 *Sula leucogaster nesiotes Heller and Snodgrass. 1 CLIPPERTON BOOBY. Sula nesiotes Heller and Snodgrass, Condor, 3, p. 75, May, 1901 Clipperton Island (type in coll. of Leland Stanford University, Palo Alto); iidem, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 514, 1902 Clipperton Island (descr.). Sula brewsteri (not of Goss) Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 179, 1899100 W. long., 11 20' N. lat. (crit.); Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 29, 1899 Isabel Island, Piedra Blanca Rock (off San Bias, Nayarit), and islet off Maria Cleofa, Tres Marias (breeding; plumages descr.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 150, 1901 part, Tres Marias Islands and coast of Mexico (Jalisco and off San Bias); Bailey, Auk, 23, p. 380, 1906 White Rock, off San Bias, Nayarit (breed- ing); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 97, 1913 part, Clipperton Island (breeding); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 208, 1922 (life hist.; range in part); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 18, 1927 Maria Madre, Tres Marias Islands. Sula brewsteri nesiotis (sic) Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 408, 1902200 miles south of Clarion and at 107 W. long., 12 15' N. lat. (crit.). Sula leucogaster brewsteri Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 85, 1931 (in part). Sula leucogastra attriceps van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 9, p. 9, Nov. 21, 1938 Isabel Island, western Mexico (type in coll. of D. R. Dickey, University of California, Los Angeles). Sula leucogaster nesiotes Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 98, pp. 1, 3, 1939 Clipperton Island (char., range). Range. Breeding on Clipperton Island and on various islands off the coast of Nayarit, western Mexico (Isabel Island, Tres Marias, White Rock, etc.); straying to the coast of Jalisco and Colima (Manzanillo). Field Museum Collection. 3: Mexico (Tres Marias Islands, 2); western Pacific (Clipperton Island, 1). *Sula leucogaster etesiaca Thayer and Bangs. 2 GORGONA BOOBY. Sula etesiaca Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 92, June, 1905 Gorgona Island, Colombia (type in Bangs Collection, now in 1 Sula leucogaster nesiotes Heller and Snodgrass: Similar to S. I. brewsteri, but male with head and neck much lighter, sometimes almost white, and with back and breast more grayish (less brownish); female with upper parts, foreneck, and breast darker, more sooty gray and less brownish. Breeding birds from Isabel and the Tres Marias Islands (albiceps) were found by Wetmore, on comparison, to be identical in coloration with a topotypical series from Clipperton Island, and while their bills are on average (though not constantly) slightly shorter and slenderer, this trifling divergency is not considered worthy of recognition in nomenclature. *Sula leucogaster etesiaca Thayer and Bangs: Nearest to S. I. brewsteri, but darker; male with light color restricted to anterior part of the head; female with 136 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 185, 1930); iidem, I.e., p. 141, 1905 San Miguel and Saboga Islands, Pearl Archipelago, Panama (breeding); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 439, 1910 off mouth of Rio Grande de TeVraba, Costa Rica; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 13, No. 4, p. 10, 1920 Pacheca and Chepillo Islands, Pearl Archipelago (breeding); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 215, 1926 off coast of northern Ecuador. Sula fusca (not of Vieillot) Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 151 Bird (= Pajaro) Island, Bay of Fonseca, Honduras (nesting); idem, I.e., 1860, p. 316 Pajaro Island, Honduras, and on way from Panama to La Union, El Salvador. Sula fiber (not Pelecanus fiber Linnaeus) Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 379, 1869 Puntarenas, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. (l)Dysporus leucogaster (not Pelecanus leucogaster Boddaert) Sundevall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 125 Galapagos. Sula kucogastra (not Pelecanus leucogaster Boddaert) Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 405, 1882 La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 6, p. 378, 1883 San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 149, 1901 part, Honduras (Bird Island, Fonseca Bay), Nicaragua (San Juan del Sur), Costa Rica (Puntarenas, La Palma), and Pearl Islands; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 596, 1938 coast of Salvador. Sula sp. Townsend, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 125, 1895 Cocos Island; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 13, 1899 near Pearl Islands (crit.). Sula brewsteri (not of Goss) Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 513, 1902 Cocos Island (descr.); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 97, 1913 part, Cocos Island (egg descr.). Sula leucogaster etesiaca Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 85, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 293, 1935 Pearl Islands, Panama; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 859, 1936 (monog.); Sassi, Temminckia, 3, p. 287, 1938 Puntarenas, Costa Rica (July); Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 98, No. 22, p. 4, 1939 (char., range). Sula leucogastra plotus (not Pelecanus plotus Forster) Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 30, 1931 Cocos Island. Range. Breeds off the Pacific coast of southern Central America (Pajaro Island, Gulf of Fonseca, Honduras; Cocos Island; San Miguel, Saboga, Pacheca, and Chepillo Islands, Pearl Archipelago; Taboguilla Island, Panama) and Colombia (Gorgona Island); stray- ing to the coast of Costa Rica, Ecuador, and (?)the Galapagos Islands. 1 Field Museum Collection. 1: Costa Rica (Cocos Island, 1). head and neck darker sooty brown and closely similar to S. I. plotus, though slightly darker and more uniform. Birds from Cocos, Gorgona, and Pearl Islands appear to be the same, though those from the first-named locality are very slightly paler. 1 The only specimen ever taken within the waters of the Galapagos Islands (without precise locality) is the one listed by Sundevall as Dysporus leucogaster 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 137 Family PHALACROCORACIDAE. Cormorants Genus PHALACROCORAX Brisson Phalacrocorax Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 60; 6, p. 511, 1760 type, by tautonymy, " Phalacrocorax" '= Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus. Carbo Lace'pede, Tabl. Me"th. Mam. Ois., p. 15, 1799 type, by tautonymy, Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus. Halieus Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Aves, p. 279, 1811 type, by subs, desig. (Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 144, 1884), Hydrocorax melanoleucus Vieillot. Carbonarius Rafinesque, Anal. Nat., p. 72, 1815 substitute name for Carbo Lace'pede. Stictocarbo Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, No. 26, p. 1115, Dec., 1855 type, by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 331, 1898), Pelecanus punctatus "Gmelin" (=Sparrman). Urile Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 175, 1857 type, by tautonymy, Pelecanus Urile Gmelin. Leucocarbo Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 176, 1857 type, by subs. desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 331, 1898), Carbo bougainvillii Lesson. Compsohalieus Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 145, 1884 type, by monotypy and orig. desig., Carbo penicillatus Brandt. *Phalacrocorax auritus cincinatus (Brandt). WHITE-CRESTED CORMORANT. Carbo cincinatus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., 3, No. 4, col. 55, Nov. 16, 1837 Kodiak Island, Alaska (type in Leningrad Museum). Phalacrocorax dilophus cincinnatus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 150, 1884 (monog.). [Phalacrocorax auritus] subsp. a. P. cincinatus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 373, 1898 (in part). Phalacrocorax auritus cincinatus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 255, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 86, 1931 (range). Range. Breeds on the Pacific coast of North America from the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island south to Washington (the Olympiades) ; in winter occasionally to California. Field Museum Collection. 2: British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 2). (cf. Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 179, 1899), provided it was correctly identified. Another questionable record is that of Sula parva by Milne-Edwards (Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 12, art. 4, p. 36, 1882) from "les cdtes du Chili" (spec, in Paris Museum, collector not stated). 138 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus Ridgway. FARALLON CORMORANT. Phalacrocorax dilophus albociliatus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 2, p. 94, Apr. 10, 1884 "Pacific coast of the United States from California to Cape San Lucas" =Farallon Islands, California 1 (no type extant; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 263, 1932); Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 36, 1902 near San JosS Island, Lower California (breeding). Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 257, 1922 (life hist.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 290, 1926 San Martin Island, Lower California; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 70, 1928 coasts of Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 86, 1931 (range); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 130, 1932 Gulf of California; idem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 33, 1945 Gulf of California (common resident). Range. Breeds on the Pacific coast of North America from Ore- gon to Lower California, and on inland waters in Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and California. Field Museum Collection. 20: Oregon (Agate Beach, Lincoln County, 2); California (Farallon Islands, 1; Monterey, 3; Carmel River, 1; Pacific Grove, 1; Kern County, 1; San Diego, 1; Hyperion, 8; San Clemente Island, 2). *Phalacrocorax auritus auritus (Lesson). DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT. Carbo auritus Lesson, Traite" d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 605, 1831 based on Hydrocorax dilophus (not of Vieillot, 1817) Vieillot (and Oudart), Galerie Ois., 2, pi. 275; no locality stated (no type extant). Phalacrocorax auritus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 370, 1898 (in part); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 152, 1901 part, eastern North America; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 16, 1946 Baffin Island. Phalacrocorax auritus auritus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 243, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 86, 1931 (range); Behle, Condor, 38, p. 77, 1936; idem, I.e., 43, p. 288, 1941 Great Salt Lake (breeding); Hagar, Auk, 58, p. 567, 1941 vicinity of Boston, Mass, (breeding); Gross, I.e., 61, p. 513, 1944 Maine coast (nesting status). Range. Breeds from central Saskatchewan, northern Ontario, and Newfoundland south to northern Utah, middle Mississippi Valley, and Massachusetts; winters from Virginia to the Gulf coast and southern Mexico. Accidental on Baffin Island. Field Museum Collection. 31: Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 6); Utah (Bear River marshes, 1); North Dakota (Stump Lake, 10; 1 As designated by the A.O.U. Check List, ed. 3, p. 63, 1910. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 139 Towner County, 1); Minnesota (Rocky Point, Lake of the Woods, 1; Heron Lake, 1); Arkansas (Fayetteville, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1; Fox Lake, 2); Illinois (Hamilton, 1; McHenry, 1); New Brunswick (Lepreaux, 2); Massachusetts (Chatham, 1); Connecticut (Branford, 1); New York (Shelter Island, 1). *Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus (Audubon). 1 FLORIDA COR- MORANT. Carbo floridanus Audubon, Bds. Amer., folio ed., 3, pi. 252, 1835; idem, Orn. Biogr., 3, p. 387, 1835 Florida (type probably lost). Graculus floridanus Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 128, 1859 Bimini Islands, Bahama Islands (breeding); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 400, 1875 Cuba and adjacent islets (breeding); Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 312 Andros Island, Bahama Islands (breeding). Phalacrocorax floridanus Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 374 Turneff Lagoon, British Honduras; idem, I.e., 1866, p. 200 Man-o'-War Cay, British Honduras; idem, I.e., 1889, p. 376 Cozumel Island. Phalacrocorax auritus (not Carbo auritus Lesson) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 370, 1898 part, spec, f-r, Florida (Tarpon Springs), Texas (Corpus Christi), British Honduras (Turneff Lagoon), Yucatan (Cozumel), and Cuba (Bemba); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 152, 1901 South Atlantic and Gulf states, British Honduras (Turneff Lagoon, Man-o'-War Cay), and Cozumel Island. Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 171, 1916 Los Indios, Isle of Pines, Cuba; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 251, 1922 Qife hist.); Wetmore and Swales, I.e., 155, p. 70, 1931 Hispaniola (occurrence doubtful); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 86, 1931 (range). Range. Breeds in the southeastern United States from North Carolina south to Florida and coastal Louisiana, on some of the Bahama Islands (Great Abaco, Andros, Bimini, etc.), in Cuba (formerly), and on the Isle of Pines; winters in the greater part of its breeding range and on the coast of Texas, Mexico (Cozumel Island, Contoy Island), and British Honduras (Turneff Lagoon, Man-o'-War Cay). 2 Field Museum Cottection. 25: North Carolina (Craven County, 2); Florida (Nassau County, 1; unspecified, 1; Punta Rassa, 1; Bassenger, 2; Kissimmee River, 1); Bahama Islands (Andros Island, 3; Interior Lake, San Salvador, 4; Great Bahama Island, 5); Cuba 1 Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus (Audubon) resembles the typical race in coloration but is smaller. Wing about 300 mm. 1 Its reputed occurrence in Hispaniola rests on the doubtful record by Des- courtilz. "Guadeloupe," as cited by Ogilvie-Grant (I.e., p. 373, spec. 5), refers to Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, where Captain Markham obtained an immature cormorant (cf. Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 427), doubtless P. a. albociliatus. 140 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Pinar del Rio, 1; Isle of Pines, 3); Mexico (Contoy Island, Quintana Roo, 1). Phalacrocorax brasilianus chancho van Rossem and Hachisuka. SONORA CORMORANT. 1 Phalacrocorax olivaceus chancho van Rossem and Hachisuka, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 52, p. 9, Feb. 4, 1939 Dow Ranch (seven miles east of Tesia), lower Mayo River, Sonora, Mexico (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, University of California, Los Angeles); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 34, 1945 Sonora (Tobari Bay, Agia- bampo, Camoa, and Tesia). Graculus mexicanus (not Carbo mexicanus Brandt) Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 316, 1874 Mazatlan, Sinaloa. Phalacrocorax vigua subsp. a. P. mexicanus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 381, 1898 part, spec. 1, m, Presidio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa. Phalacrocorax mexicanus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 155, 1901 part, Mazatlan and Presidio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa. (?) Phalacrocorax vigua mexicanus McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 17, 1927 Labrados (Sinaloa) and San Bias (Nayarit), Mexico. Phalacrocorax olivaceus mexicanus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 86, 1931 part, northwestern Mexico. Range. Northwestern Mexico, in states of Sonora (Te"sia, Guay- mas), and Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Presidio). *Phalacrocorax brasilianus mexicanus (Brandt). 2 MEXICAN CORMORANT. Carbo mexicanus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., 3, No. 4, col. 56, Nov. 16, 1837 Mexico (type in Leningrad Museum). Phalacrocorax mexicanus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 207, 1857 Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Moore, I.e., 27, p. 65, 1859 Lake Peten, Guatemala; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 378, 1883 San Juan del Sur, Nica- ragua; idem, I.e., 6, p. 396, 1884 Island of Omete'pe, Lake Nicaragua; Ferrari-Perez, I.e., 9, p. 169, 1886 Santa Anna, Vera Cruz, Mexico; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 376 Cozumel Island; Salvin and Godman, Biol. 1 Phalacrocorax brasilianus chancho van Rossem and Hachisuka: Similar to P. b. mexicanus (Brandt), of eastern and southern Mexico and northern Central America, but black of under parts, head and neck glossed with brownish instead of greenish or violaceous; upper parts duller, paler, and more grayish slate with the feather margins duller black and distinctly narrower. Size, particularly of bill, tarsi, and feet, distinctly smaller. Type just losing the last of the breeding plumes (van Rossem and Hachisuka, I.e.). 2 Phalacrocorax brasilianus mexicanus (Brandt), a rather ill-defined race, differs from the nominate form by rather smaller size and by the somewhat paler central areas of the upper wing coverts and scapulars, which show more contrast with the black borders. Several specimens from Lake Nicaragua agree perfectly with others from Mexico and Texas. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 141 Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 155, 1901 Mexico (excepting Presidio de Mazatlan and Mazatlan) and Guatemala. Graculus mexicanus Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 401, 1875 Cuba (breeding). Phalacrocorax vigua mexicanus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 139, 1890 (crit.); Nelson, Condor, 5, p. 139, 1903 Lake Chapala, Jalisco (breeding habits); Riley, Auk, 22, p. 350, 1905 Watlings Island, Bahama Islands; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 409, 1911 Watlings Island, Bahama Islands; idem, I.e., 10, p. 172, 1916 Bibijagua, Isle of Pines, Cuba; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 261, 1922 (life hist.). Phalacrocorax vigua subsp. a. P. mexicanus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 381, 1898 part, spec, a-k, n-y, Texas (Brownsville, Aransas Bay, Corpus Christi), Mexico (Valles, San Luis Potosf; Tampico; Santana and Chapala, Jalisco; Cozumel Island), and Guatemala (Chiapam, Duenas, Lake Peten). Phalacrocorax olivaceus mexicanus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 413, 1929 Toloa, Honduras; idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 86, 1931 (range excl. of northwestern Mexico); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 146, 1932 Guatemala; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 67, 1938 El Salvador (Lake Olomega, San Sebastian, etc.; breeding habits); Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, 28, p. 40, 1938 Louisiana. Range. Breeds in southern Louisiana (Vermilion Bay to Cameron Parish), southeastern Texas (lower Rio Grande Valley), and south through Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador to northern Nicaragua (Lake Nicaragua); in the Bahama Islands (Watlings Island), Cuba, and the Isle of Pines. Field Mtiseum Collection. 17: Texas (Corpus Christi, 1; Browns- ville, 7; Cameron County, 3); Mexico (Tampico, 2; unspecified, 2); El Salvador (San Sebastian, La Paz, 2). *Phalacrocorax brasilianus brasilianus (Gmelin). BRAZILIAN CORMORANT. Procellaria brasiliana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 564, 1789 based on "Majagu6" Piso, Ind. utriusque Re Nat. Med., p. 83, 1658; northeastern Brazil. 1 1 Gmelin's description rests exclusively on Piso's account, all his references (Brisson, Buffon, Raius) going back to the same source. His name has been rejected by Ridgway (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 138, 1890) and subsequent authors as not applicable to the present species. While Piso's description and crude drawing are admittedly unsatisfactory, his statement "colli tantum parte anteriori flavis plumis decorata" can easily be construed as referring to the naked gular skin (dark yellow in life), which Piso, who made up his description from a drawing, might have mistaken for feathers. Moreover, we are informed by Schneider (Journ. Orn., 86, p. 83, 1938) that the original pictures in the Mentzel Collection at Berlin, inscribed "Miguajuba, Majaja," and "Migua" respectively, which formed the basis of Piso's diagnosis, represent indeed the Brazilian Cor- morant. Aside from the aforesaid discrepancy, there is nothing in Piso's account that could not be applied to the bird. 142 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pelecanus olivaceus Humboldt, Rec. Obs. Zool. Anat. Comp., 1, livr. 1, p. 47 (footnote), 1805 Banco, Rio Magdalena, Colombia (type lost); idem, Beob. Zool., livr. 1, p. 10, 1806 same locality (cf. Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 39, p. 142, 1926). Hydrocorax vigua Vieillpt, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 8, p. 90, 1817 based on "Zaramagull6n negro" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 4, p. 395, No. 423; Paraguay and Rio de la Plata. Halieus brasilianus Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 86, 1823 Brazil; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 895, 1833 eastern Brazil; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 764, 1849 British Guiana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 460, 1856 Brazil. Phalacrocorax niger King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, April to July, p. 101, 1828 Straits of Magellan (type lost). Carbo mystacalis Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 604, 1831 Brazil (cotypes in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 628, 1850, and Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 64, 1929). Halieus gracilis Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Curios., 16, Suppl., p. 113, pi. 23, 1834 San Fernando, Colchagua, Chile (descr. of young; type in Berlin Museum); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 323, 1868 (crit.). Phalacrocorax brasiliensis Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 119, 1843 Los Guauros, Valdivia Bay, Chile; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1873, p. 304 Cashiboya, upper Ucayali, and Maran6n, Peru; Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 207 Callao Bay, Peru; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, Zool., p. B. 142, 1891 Patagonia (Isla de los Leones, 45 6' 20" S. lat.; Missioneros), Tierra del Fuego (Orange Bay; Packsaddle Bay), Magellan Straits (Port Churrucha), and New Year Sound, False Cape Horn. Graculus brasiliamis Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 490, 1847 Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 513 Valdivia, Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 315, 1860 Chile (breeding habits); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Pelecani, p. 22, 1863 Brazil, Cayenne, and "C6te ferme" (= Venezuela); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 291, 1868 Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 325, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Ypanema), Parana (Rio do Boraxudo), and Para (Cajutuba), Brazil; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 553 Junin, Peru; Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 24, 1877 Conception Bay, Chile. Phalacrocorax gracilis Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 132, 1853 coast of Chile. Phalacrocorax brasilianus Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 219, 1853 Corral Bay, Valdivia; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 205, pi. 28, 1855 Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340 Chile; idem and Salvin, l.c., 1868, p. 146 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 601 Cosnipata, Cuzco, Peru; iidem, Ibis, 1870, p. 499 Goods Bay, Straits of Magellan; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 219 Castillo, Veraguas; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 282, 1874 Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 358, 1876 Carapata, Lake Titicaca; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 17 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 143 Laguna de Tungasuca, Cuzco, Peru; Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 162 Flores Island, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1877, pp. 40, 188 Chubut Valley and Prov. Buenos Aires (Barade>o); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 745 Tumbez, Peru; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 398 Sengel and Sengelen rivers, Chubut, Patagonia; Doering, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 52, 1881 Rio Colorado and Rio Negro; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 624 Salto, Buenos Aires; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 427 Paracas Bay, Peru; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 270, 1884 Concepci6n del Uru- guay, Entre Rios; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 173, 1885 Rio Grande do Sul; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 168 Camacusa, British Guiana; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 429, 1886 Peruvian localities; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 28, 1887 Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco; Zeleddn, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 132, 1887 Rio Sucio, Costa Rica; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. Ill, 1889 Lake Titicaca; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 144 Parana, Paraguay and lower Pilcomayo rivers; Hartert, I.e., 1893, pp. 302, 326 Aruba and Curagao Islands; Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geogr. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 147, 1893 Rio Grande de TSiraba, Costa Rica; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 197 Uruguay; Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 21, 1895 Corumba, Matto Grosso; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 206, 1896 Corral, Valdivia, and the whole coast of Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 186 Laraquete, Arauco, and Corral, Valdivia, Chile (habits); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 688, 1898 Isla dos Pajaros (Co- quimbo), Vfllarrica, and Lago Llanquihue, Chile; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 842, 1899 Chile (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 370, 1899 Iguape", Sao Paulo; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 231 Paraguay (Villa Concepci6n; Riacho Verde; Chaco); Goodfellow, I.e., 1902, p. 226 upper Napo, Ecuador; Menegaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 219, 1909 Lake Titicaca, Bolivia; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 335 Tebicuari and Monte Alto, Paraguay; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 207, 1929 Angol, Malleco, Chile. Carbo brasilianus(l) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 197 Rio Truando, Colombia. Halieus brasiliensis Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 267, 1860 Rio Parana, Argentina; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 520, 1861 Rio Parana. Graculus brasiliensis Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 158, 1865 Chile; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 20 Lagoa Santa and Lagoa dos Pitos, Minas Geraes; Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. Sci. Chile, 4, p. clxxiii, 1894 San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso; iidem, I.e., 5, p. be, 1895 Penaflor, Santiago, Chile. Phalacrocorax vigua Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 138, 1890 Port Otway, Chile (crit.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 378, 1898 part, spec, a-n, r-d', Chubut, Buenos Aires (Santa Elena), Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Bahla), Cayenne, British Guiana (Camacusa), Costa Rica, Veraguas (Castillo), Ecuador (Sarayacu), Peru (Laguna de Langui, Paracas Bay), and Chile; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 13, 1899 Rio Coconati and Rio Sabana, Darien, Panama; iidem, I.e., 15, No. 368, p. 48, 1900 Rio Zamora and Rio Peripa, Ecuador; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 627, 1900 Isla de Leones, Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 124, 144 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1900 Bonda, Santa Marta, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 154, 1901 part, Costa Rica and Panama; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 127, 1902 Caicara and Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 47 Ingapirca and La Merced, Junin, Peru; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 395, 1902 Tierra del Fuego; Lillo, I.e., p. 206, 1902 Rio Calera and Famailla, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 453 San Luis, near Tarija, Bolivia; Nicoll, I.e., 1904, p. 47 Gray's Harbour, Straits of Magellan; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 79, 1907 Sao Paulo (Iguape") and Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 311, 1908 Cayenne; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 241, 1909 C6rdoba (Cosquin) and Buenos Aires (Est. San Martmo Monte; Barracas al Sud); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 195, 234, 1909 Aruba and Margarita Islands; Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 102, 1909 Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 237, 1910 Tierra del Fuego; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 194, 1913 Jacopita, Manimo River, Venezuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 118, 1914 Marajo (Pacoval), Brazil; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 508, 1915 Patagonia (descr.); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 367, 1916 Orinoco Valley as far as the falls of Atures, Venezuela; Doello-Jurado, El Hornero, 1, p. 11, 1917 Puerto Deseado, Patagonia; Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 478, 1919 Lobos de Tierra Islands, Peru (breeding); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 278 San Lorenzo Island, Callao, Peru; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 16, 1920 Uruguay (Colonia, San Jose", Montevideo, Canelones); Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 144 northern Venezuela; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 54, 1924 Isla La Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Jaffuel and Pirion, I.e., 31, p. 114, 1927 Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile. Phalacrocorax sp. inc. Holland, Ibis, 1897, p. 168 Santa Elena, Buenos Aires. Phalacrocorax vigua vigua Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 141, 1905 San Miguel and Saboga Islands, Pearl Archipelago, Panama (breeding); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 438, 1910 vicinity of San Jose, Matina River, and Guacimo, Costa Rica; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 236, 1917 Cali (Cauca), Magdalena Valley, and Cie"naga, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 248, 1918 Gatun Lake, Panama; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 13, No. 4, p. 11, 1920 San Elmo and Pacheca Islands, Pearl Islands (breeding); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 46, 1920 Nilahue, Curico, Chile; idem, I.e., 25, p. 174, 1921 Rio Aconcagua, Aconcagua, Chile; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Car- negie Mus., 14, p. 132, 1922 Bonda and Trojas de Cataca, Colombia; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 53, 1926 Paraguay, Chaco, Formosa, Buenos Aires, and Uruguay; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 412, 1926 Bariloche, Rio Negro; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 213, 1926 Puna Island, Ecuador; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 147, 1927 Santa Elena Island, Santa Fe\ Carbo vigua Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 28, 1907 Urucurituba, Rio Tapajoz; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1209 Noanama, Choco, Colombia; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 466, 494, 1912 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 145 Vera Guarany, Parana; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 29, 1922 Yaguarcocha, San Pedro, Chillo, and Santo Domingo, Ecuador. Phalacrocorax olivaceus olivaceus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 500, 1929 coast of Piauhy and Maranhao, Brazil; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 100, 1930 Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Laub- mann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 48, 1930 San Jose", Formosa; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 86, 1931 (range); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 307, 1931 Manati and Western rivers, Almirante, Panama; idem, I.e., p. 361, 1931 Ci6naga Grande and Rio Frio, Mag- dalena, Colombia; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 310, 1932 Perme, Panama; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 297, 1932 Chile grange); 1 Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 578 Caroni Swamp, Trinidad (visitor); Reynolds, I.e., 1935, p. 80 Wollaston Islands, Cape Horn region; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 293, 1935 Panama; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 242, 1935 Isla la Mocha, Chile; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 909, 1936 (monog.); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 234, 1936 Arica, Tacna, Chile; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 26, 1938 Para (Lago CuipSua), Bahfa (Barra do Rio Grande, Ilha Madre de Deus), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Sao Paulo (Cananea, Ilha do Cardoso), and Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo). Phalacrocorax olivaceus hornensis Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 915, 1936 Bertrand Island (south of Navarino Island), Chile (type in American Museum of Natural History, New York). Range. Coasts, lakes, and rivers of Central and South America from Costa Rica to Tierra del Fuego and the Cape Horn region. 2 Field Museum Collection. 33: Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 1); Venezuela (Paramo Culata, Merida, 1; Lake Valencia, 6; Margarita Island, 2); British Guiana (unspecified, 1); Colombia (unspecified, 1); Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 1; Piedras, 1; Pucayacu, 1); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 2; Rio Surutu, Santa Cruz, 3); Paraguay, Chaco (Guachalla, Ric Pilcomayo, 580 km. west of Ascuncion, 1); Argentina (Rio Paranay, Misiones, 1; Resistencia, Chaco, 1; Concepcion, Tucuman, 8; Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz, 1); Chile (Malinka, Ascension Island, Chilce", 1). *Phalacrocorax carbo carbo (Linnaeus). NORTH ATLANTIC COR- MORANT. Pelecanus Carbo Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 133, 1758 based principally on Faun. Svec., No. 116; Sweden (restricted by Hartert, 1 Phalacrocorax promaucanus Philippi (Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 674, 1899 central provinces of Chile; idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 173, 1899; idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 107, pi. 51, 1902 type, from Matanzas, coast of Colchagua, in National Museum, Chile) cannot be made out with certainty. Possibly based upon a juvenile specimen of P. b. brasilianus. 2 Birds from the southern end of South America (Straits of Magellan, Tierra del Fuego, Cape Horn region) are on average slightly smaller (wing, 265-285; 146 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Vog. Palae. Fauna, 2, p. 1387, 1920, to the "rock-nesting form of the North Atlantic Ocean"). Carbo glacialis Brehm, Ornis, I, p. 53, 1824; idem, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., p. 817, 1831 Greenland to the Faroes, in winter to Iceland and the German coast of the North Sea (type evidently lost); 1 Hartert, Nov. Zool., 23, p. 294, 1916 (crit.). Carbo macrorhynchos Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 604, 1831 "Terre Nueve"= Newfoundland (type formerly in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 637, 1850 [crit.], and Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 65, 1929). Graculus americamis Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Schwimmvogel, pi. cccl (=xxxv e ), figs. 2746-49, 1850 no locality given, but presumabfy North America. Phalacrocorax carbo Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 243, 1898 Greenland; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 236, 1922 (life hist.); Buchheister, Audubon Mag., New York, 46, p. 14, 1944 Maine (status). Phalacrocorax carbo carbo Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 87, 1931 (range); Lewis, Auk, 58, p. 360, 1941 Canada (breeding localities). Range. Bred formerly from western Greenland (Godhaven) and Baffin Land (Cumberland Sound) south to Newfoundland, southern Labrador, and Nova Scotia (extralimitally breeding in Iceland, the Faroe Islands, British Isles, and northern Scandinavia east to the Kola Peninsula); in winter south to New York (Long Island), Maryland (Chesapeake Bay), and Virginia. Field Mmeum Collection. 9: Quebec (Cape Whittle, 1); Nova Scotia (Cape Breton, 2) ; New Brunswick (St. Johns, 1 ; White Horse Island, 2); Maine (Brewer, 1; Bangor, 2). *Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt). BRANDT'S CORMORANT. Carbo penicillatus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. P6tersb., 3, No. 4, col. 55, Nov. 16, 1837 no locality stated (type in Leningrad Museum). Phalacrocorax townsendi Audubon, Bds. Amer. (folio ed.), 4, pi. 412, fig. 2, 1838; idem, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 150, 1839 mouth of Columbia River (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, P. 17). Phalacrocorax penicillatus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 363, 1898 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 265, 1922 (life hist.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 290, 1926 Guadalupe Island (breeding); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 70, 1928 Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 89, 1931 (range); van Rossem, Trans. bill, 46-52 mm.), but the divergency is too insignificant to warrant recognition in nomenclature. The earliest name for this disputable form is P. niger King, based on an example from the Straits of Magellan. 1 Not listed by Hartert among the types in the Brehm Collection (Nov. Zool., 25, pp. 4-63, 1918). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 147 San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 130, 1932 Tiburon Island, Sonora; idem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 34, 1945 Sonoran coast (resident). Range. Breeds on the Pacific coast of North America from southern Alaska (Forrester Island) to Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Field Museum Collection. 36: British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 1); California (Bear Valley, 1; Trinidad, 1; Santa Barbara, 1; La Patera Point, 2; Eureka, 1; Monterey, 12; Carmel Bay, 3; Carmel River, 1; San Diego, 1; San Clemente Island, 4; Hyperion, 8). *Phalacrocorax pelagicus pelagicus Pallas. PELAGIC CORMORANT. Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 303, pi. 76, 1811 East Kamtchatka and the American [=Aleutian] Islands; Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 187, 1885 Bering and Copper Islands (plumages) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 360, 1898 (in part). Phalacrocorax pelagicus robustus Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 160, 1884 coast of Alaska '(type in U. S. National Museum) ; Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 40, 1923 Pribilof Islands (Sealion Rock, St. Paul and St. George Islands). Phalacrocorax pelagicus pelagicus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 271, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 89, 1931 (range); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 18, 1934 Nunivak Island (breeding); Sutton and Wilson, Condor, 48, p. 85, 1946 Attu Island (wintering). Range. Breeds on the Chukchi Peninsula, Kamchatka, the Commander, Kurile, and Aleutian Islands, and on the coast and islands of northwestern North America, from Bering Strait to southern Alaska and the coastal islands of British Columbia; south in winter to Japan, China, and Washington (Puget Sound). Field Museum Collection. 10: Alaska (Diomede Island, 2; St. Lawrence Island, 3; Morzhovoi Bay, 1; St. Lazaria Island, Sitka Bay, 3); British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 1). *Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens Audubon. BAIRD'S COR- MORANT. Phalacrocorax resplendens Audubon, Bds. Amer. (folio ed.), 4, pi. 412, fig. 1, 1838; idem, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 148, 1839 Cape Disappointment, Wash- ington (type lost; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 17). Graculus bairdii (Gruber MS.) Cooper, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 5 Farallon Islands, California (no veritable type identifiable; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 263, 1932). Phalacrocorax pelagicus (not of Pallas) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 360, 1898 part, spec, w-z, California (San Francisco, Monterey, 148 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Santa Barbara and Farallon Islands); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 151, 1901 part, Mazatlan, Lower California, etc. Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 276, 1922 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 71, 1928 sea coast of northwestern Lower California (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 89, 1931 (range). Range. Pacific coast of North America, from extreme southern British Columbia (Sidney Island, near Victoria) to Lower California and Sinaloa (Mazatlan). 1 Field Museum Collection. 20: British Columbia (Victoria, 1); California (Point Reyes, 2; Westport, 1; Eureka, 1; Trinidad, 1; Carmel Bay, 1; Pacific Grove, 4; Monterey, 8; Castle Island, 1). *Phalacrocorax urile (Gmelin). RED-FACED CORMORANT. Pelecanus urile Gmelin, 2 Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 575, 1789 based on "Red- faced Cormorant" Pennant (Arct. Zool., 2, p. 584, C), "Red-faced Shag" Latham (Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 601, No. 17), and "Urile" Steller (Hist. Kamtschatka, p. 157); Kamchatka. Phalacrocorax bicristatus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 301, pi. 75, fig. 2, 1811 Kamchatka; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 358, 1898 (monog.). Phalacrocorax urile Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 181, 1885 Copper Island (nomencl., crit., eggs descr.); Palmer, in The Fur Seals and Fur Seal Islands, 3, p. 377, 1899 Pribilof Islands (downy and juv. plumages, habits); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 148, 1920 Bering Island; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 279, 1922 (life hist.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, 1923 Pribilof Islands (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 90, 1931 (range); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 113, 1944 Bogoslof and Pribilof Islands, Alaska (nesting). Range. Breeds on the Aleutian, Pribilof, Bering and Copper Islands, as well as on the Kamchatkan coast and in the Kurile Islands, northeastern Asia. Field Museum Collection. 3: Alaska (St. George Island, 1; Walrus Island, 1; Bering Sea, 1). *Phalacrocorax magellanicus (Gmelin). MAGELLANIC COR- MORANT. Pelecanus magellanicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 576, 1789 based on "Magellanic Shag" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 604, Tierra del 1 The extinct Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pallas, of Bering Island, has never been found on American territory. 2 As fully explained by Stejneger, all the references quoted by Gmelin pertain to the Red-faced Cormorant. On the other hand, Pelecanus violaceus Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 575, 1789) is wholly undeterminable. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 149 Fuego and Staten Island; Forster, Descr. Anim., p. 356, 1844 Isla Ano Nuevo and Staten Island. Phalacrocorax sarmientonus King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, p. 30, March 2, 1831 Straits of Magellan (type apparently lost). Phalacrocorax erythrops King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, p. 30, March 2, 1831 Straits of Magellan (type in British Museum). Carbo leucotis (Cuvier MS.) Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 604, 1831 Falkland Islands (cotypes in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 536, 1850, and Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 65, 1929). Carbo ater Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 604, 1831 "de la baie des Chiens marins, a la Nouvelle Hollande," errore,= probably Falkland Islands (type in Paris Museum); Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 627, 1850 (crit.); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 33, p. 350, 1927 (=young). Graculus sarmientonus Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 490, 1847 (ex King). Graculus magellanicus Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 492, 1847 Tierra del Fuego and Straits of Magellan; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 513 Valdivia, Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 315, 1860 Chiloe Archipelago (breeding habits); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Pelecani, p. 21, 1863 Falkland Islands; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, pp. 159, 163, 1865 Chilo6 Islands, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 291, 1868 Chiloe". Phalacrocorax magellanicus Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. P61e Sud, Zool., 3, p. 128, pi. 31 bis, fig. 1 (adult), 2 (young), 1853; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 391, 1860 Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 167 Falkland Islands; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 499 Port Chur- ruca and Port Tamar, Straits of Magellan; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 11 Trinidad Channel, Magellan Straits; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Zool., 6, p. B. 150, 1891 Tierra del Fuego (Orange Bay; Romanche Channel), Cape Horn Archipelago (Maxwell Bay; Hermit Island), and Straits of Magellan (Port Famine; Magdalena Island); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896 Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 681, pi. 37, 1898 Chile (Valparaiso; Isla Lagartiza, Calbuco, Llan- quihue); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 388, 1898 Staten Island, Straits of Magellan (Trinidad Channel, Port Tamar), and Falkland Islands; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 836, 1899 Llanquihue and Chilo6 (monog.) ; Salvador!, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 628, 1900 Staten Island (Penguin Rookery, Puerto Cook); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 396, 1902 Tierra del Fuego; Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 105, 1902 ChiloS Island; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 32, 1904 Falkland Islands (breeding); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 48 Churruca Bay and Puerto Dixon, Straits of Magellan; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 236, 1910 Tierra del Fuego and Staten Island; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 512, 1915 (monog.); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 157, 1917 Falkland Islands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 328 Falkland Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 90, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 300, 1932 Melinka, 150 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ascension Island, Guaitecas Islands, Chile (range in Chile); Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 36 Snipe and Woodcock Islands, Beagle Channel; idem, El Hornero, 5, p. 349, 1934 Tierra del Fuego; idem, Ibis, 1935, p. 80 Wollaston and Hermit Islands, Cape Horn (nesting); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 895, 1936 (monog.). Urile magellanicus(a) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 177, 1857 (diag.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 139, 1890 San Martin Island, Straits of Magellan. Carbo magellanicus Cassin, U. S. Expl. Exp., Mamm. Orn., p. 370, 1858 Orange Harbour, Tierra del Fuego. Haliaeus penicillatus (not Carbo penicillatus Brandt) C. Burmeister, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, p. 249, 1888 Santa Cruz, Patagonia. Phalacrocorax eumegethes Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 673, 1899 Reloncavi Bay, Llanquihue, Chile (type in Museo Nacional, Santiago); idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 173, 1899 Calbuco, Reloncavf Bay. Phalacrocorax gracilis (not Halieus gracilis Meyen) Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 105, pi. 49, 1902 Calbuco (Llanquihue) and Valdivia. Range. Coasts of southern South America from Valdivia, Chile, and Rio Santa Cruz, Patagonia, south to the Cape Horn region, and the Falkland Islands; accidental as far north as Valparaiso and Buenos Aires. Field Museum Collection. 3: Chile (Melinka, Ascension Island, Guaitecas Islands, 2; Isla Hermita, Cape Horn, 1). Phalacrocorax bougainvillii (Lesson). BOUGAINVILLE'S COR- MORANT. Carbo bougainvillii Lesson, Journ. Navig. The'tis et Espe"rance, 2, p. 331, 1837 Valparaiso, Chile (location of type unknown). Carbo albigula Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. PStersb., 3, No. 4, col. 57, Nov. 16, 1837 Chile (type in Leningrad Museum). Phalacrocorax albigula Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 187, 1844 Valparaiso, Chile; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12, p. 157, "1844," 1845 coast of Chile. Haliaeus albigula Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 313, 1846 Islay (Arequipa), Peru, and Arica (Tacna), Chile. Graculus bougainvillii Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 491, 1847 Valparaiso (ex Lesson); Philippi, Anal. Unfv. Chile, 31, p. 291, 1868 (ex Lesson); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874,' p. 554 Chorillos, Lima, Peru. Graculus albigula Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 491, 1847 Chile (ex Brandt); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 291, 1868 Chile (ex Brandt). Urile bougainvillii Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 176, 1857 Peru (diag.). Phalacrocorax bougainvillii(ei) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340 Chile (crit.); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 430, 1886 (Peruvian 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 151 localities); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896 Chile; Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 387, 1898 Peru and Chile (Valparaiso); Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 474, pis. 61-63, 1919 Lobos de Tierra, Ballestas, and Chincha Islands (breeding habits); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 30, p. 138, 1926 San Felipe and Los Andes, Aconcagua, Chile; Murphy, Bird Islands of Peru, p. 73, 1925 Peru south to Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 213, 1926 Guayaquil (Feb. 28) and Santa Clara Island (Feb. 26), Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 91, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 299, 1932 Chile; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 242, 1935 Isla la Mocha, Chile (nesting); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 234, 1936 coast of Arica and Atacama (Chanaral), Chile; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 899, 1936 (monog.). Phalacrocorax albigula Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 845, 1899 Prov. Santiago, Chile (monog., crit.). Phalacrocorax ventralis Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 106, pi. 50, 1902 Santiago, Chile (descr. of young; cotypes in Museo Nacional, Santiago; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago de Chile, 13, p. 28, 1930). Range. Pacific coast of South America from southwestern Ecuador (Gulf of Guayaquil) to Valdivia (Corral), Chile; breeding on islands off the coast of Peru (Lobos de Tierra, Ballestas, Chinchas, etc.) and Chile (Alacran Islet, Arica; Isla Muerta, near Mocha Island). *Phalacrocorax gaimardi (Lesson and Garnot). GAIMARD'S COR- MORANT. Carbo gaimardi Lesson and Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., Atlas, livr. 7, pi. 48, June 21, 1828 1 "Lima, au Perou"=San Lorenzo Island, off Callao (cf. Pekcanus Gaimardi Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 14, p. 602, Jan., 1830, type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 64, 1929); Lesson, TraitS d'Orn., p. 605, 1831 "cdtes du Pe>ou, la rade de Lima sur 1'ile San Lorenzo;" Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 133, 1858 Valparaiso, Chile. Pelecanus gaimardi Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 373, June, 1828 1 "les bords de la rade de Callao," Peru. Phalacrocorax cirriger King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 3, April-July, p. 103, July, 1828 Straits of Magellan (type in British Museum); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 506, 1912 Patagonia. Phalacrocorax gaimardii Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 119, 1843 Valparaiso Bay; Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 132, 1853 Algodon Bay, Chile; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 219, 1853 Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 206, 1855 Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340 Chile; Cunningham, Not. Nat. Hist. Str. Magellan, p. 365, 1871 near Chiloe 1 It is impossible to ascertain whether the plate of the Coquille or Lesson's account in the Manuel was published first. We notice, however, that the plate is quoted by Lesson. 152 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Island and Messier Channel, Chile; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 427 San Lorenzo Island, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 431, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 207 Callao Bay, Peru; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 156, 1891 Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896 Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 187 Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 353, 1898 Peru (San Lorenzo Island), Chile (Iquique, Valparaiso, Corral), Straits of Magellan, and Patagonia (Puerto San Julian); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 688, 1898 Chile (Cavancha and Iquique, Tarapaca; Tumbes, Concepcion); Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 839, 1899 from Chiloe" northward (monog.); Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 65, p. 172, 1899 ChilcS and Algarrobo, Chile; Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 103, 1909 Chile (Arica, Tacna; Caleta Buena, Tara- paca; Taltal, Antof agasta) ; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 236, 1910 Rio Deseado (ex Oustalet); Doello-Jurado, El Hornero, 1, p. 11, 1917 Puerto Deseado, Patagonia (breeding); Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 480, 1919 coast of Peru north to Callao Bay (breeding habits); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 53, 1924 Isla La Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Renard, El Hornero, 4, p. 412, 1931 Isla del Canadon, Rio Deseado, Patagonia (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 91, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 296, 1932 Chile (range); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 242, 1935 Isla La Mocha, Chile (nesting); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 234, 1936 Arica, Tacna, Chile (breeding); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 873, 1936 (monog.). Haliaeus gaimardii(i) Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 313, 1846 San Lorenzo Island, Peru; idem, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 190, 1856 coast of middle Peru (soft parts). Graculus gaimardi Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 489, 1847 southern Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 513 Valdivia, Chile; Philippi, Reise Wxiste Atacama, p. 165, 1860 coast between Coquimbo and Caldera, Atacama; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, pp. 158, 163, 1865 Chiloe" Island; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 290, 1868 Chiloe to central Chile; Pelzeln, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 23, p. 161, 1873 Callao, Peru; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 553 Chorillos, Peru. Sticticarbo gaimardi Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 174, 1857 Chile (diag.). Graculus gainsardii (sic) Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 315, 1860 Chiloe" (breeding habits). Phalacrocorax criniger (lapsu) Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 278 San Lorenzo Island, Peru. Range. Coasts of Peru (from the Guanape Islands southward) and Chile south to Chiloe" Island (breeding), rarely to the Straits of Magellan (two records), and likewise breeding on the coast of Santa Cruz, Patagonia (Isla de Canadon, estuary of the Rio Deseado; San Julian). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 153 Field Museum Collection. 4: Chile (Concepci6n, Conception, 2); Argentina (Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz, 2). *Phalacrocorax atriceps atriceps King. IMPERIAL CORMORANT. Phalacrocorax atriceps King, 1 Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, April-July, p. 102, July, 1828 Straits of Magellan (type apparently lost); 1 Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 390, figs. 4, 5, 1898 Chile (Corral, Chiloe" Island) and Straits of Magellan (Cove Harbour, Messier Channel); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 627, 1900 Isla de Leones, Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 395, 1902 Tierra del Fuego (ex Oustalet); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 48 Puerto Dixon and Molineux Sound, Straits of Magellan; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 237, 1910 "Patagonia (San Julian)," Tierra del Fuego, and Staten Island; Sharpe and Scott, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 516, 1915 near Mount Tigre, Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Murphy, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 35, p. 33, 1916 Corral, Chile (crit., char.). Phalacrocorax imperialis King, 1 Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, "1830," p. 30, pub. March 2, 1831 "in sinubus inferioribus orae occidentalis"=west entrance of Straits of Magellan (type apparently lost); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 652 Cove Harbour, Messier Channel; iidem, Rep. Challenger, Zool., 2, Birds, p. 120, pi. 25, fig. 1, 1880 Cove Harbour (crit.); Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 541 Straits of Magellan and Chile (crit.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896 Chile. Graculus albiventer (not Carbo albiventer Lesson) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 491, 1847 part, Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 513 Valdivia, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 291, 1868 Corral, Valdivia. Graculus cirrhatus (not Pelecanus cirrhatus Gmelin) Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 513 Valdivia; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 291, 1868 Chiloe" and Corral, Valdivia, Chile. Graculus elegans Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 24, (1), p. 305, 1858 Chiloe" Island, Chile (type in Museo Nacional, Santiago; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 29, 1930). Graculus cristatus (lapsu) Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 315, 1860 Chiloe 1 Archipelago (breeding habits). Graculus carunculatus (not Pelecanus carunculatus Gmelin) Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, pp. 159, 163, pi. 6, fig. 16 (egg), 1865 Chiloe" Island. 1 King appears to have described the same species under two different names within a few years. P. atriceps was seemingly based on an immature bird without any white on wings and back, whereas the diagnosis of P. imperialis (crested head; purple-glossed upper parts; white band across wings; white patch on middle back) describes an adult in nuptial plumage. 1 Unless spec, d of P. atriceps, Straits of Magellan (Captain P. P. King), in the British Museum, be the type. 154 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Phalacrocorax cirrhatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340 Chile; idem and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 189 Straits of Magellan; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 683, 1898 Calbuco (Llanquihue) and Straits of Magellan (crit.); Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 833, 1899 Chiloe" and southern Chile (monog.); Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 65, p. 172, 1899 Chiloe"; idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 104, pi. 48, 1902 Chile. Phalacrocorax carunculatus Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 Santa Magdalena Island, Straits of Magellan; iidem, I.e., 1870, pp. 499, 500 Mayne Harbour, Port Churruca, Straits of Magellan (crit.); Newton, I.e., 1870, p. 504 Santa Magdalena Island (egg descr.); Cunningham, Not. Nat. Hist. Str. Magellan, pp. 191, 271, 1871 Tierra del Fuego (Quarter- master Island) and Santa Magdalena Island (breeding habits); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, Zool., p. B. 144, pi. 6, small fig., 1891 part, Punta Arenas, Tierra del Fuego (Bahfa Orange, Bahfa Lort, Bahia Buen Succeso, Bahia Stockwell), Staten Island, New Year Sound, and Button Island. Phalacrocorax verrucosus (not Halieus verrucosus Cabanis) Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 395, 1902 Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego (crit.); idem, I.e., 18, p. 237, 1910 Tierra del Fuego. (?) Phalacrocorax albiventer (not Carbo albiventer Lesson?) Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 241, 1909 Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego. Phalacrocorax atriceps atriceps Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 92, 1931 (range in part, excl. of "South Shetlands"); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 301, 1932 Valdivia to Straits of Magellan; Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 36 Woodcock Island, Beagle Channel; idem, El Hornero, 5, p. 349, 1934 Isla de los Conejos and Lake Yewin, Tierra del Fuego; idem, Ibis, 1935, p. 80 Barnevelt Islands, Cape Horn (crit.); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 242, 1935 Isla la Mocha (nesting); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 881, 1936 (monog.). Range. Breeds on the coast of southern Chile, from Mocha Island to the Straits of Magellan, Tierra del Fuego, and the Cape Horn Islands; straying, outside the breeding season, to the mouth of the Santa Cruz River, eastern Patagonia and Graham Land in the Ant- arctic Archipelago. Field Museum Collection. 3: Chile (Melinka, Ascension Island, Guaitecas, 1); Argentina (Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz, 1); Antarctic Archipelago (Wilhelmina Bay, Graham Land, I). 1 *Phalacrocorax atriceps albiventer (Lesson). 2 WHITE-BELLIED CORMORANT. 1 This specimen has the facial markings and the white patch on the back that are characteristic of P. a. atriceps. Its bill length is the same as that of the speci- men from Chile, but the bill looks somewhat heavier. 2 Phalacrocorax atriceps albiventer (Lesson), in adult plumage, differs from the nominate race by its longer, fuller, apically recurved crest and the larger caruncles at the base of the upper mandible, while the purple-black color of the pileum 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 155 Carbo albiventer Lesson, TraitS d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 604, 1831 Falkland Islands (type in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 627, 1850). 1 Phalacrocorax carunculatus (not Pelecanus carunculatus Gmelin) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 145, 1841 Puerto San Julian, Santa Cruz, Patagonia (breeding; soft parts); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 391, 1860 Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 166 East Falk- land Island (breeding); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 144, pi. 6, front fig., 1891 part, Missioneros and Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Pata- gonia. Phalacrocorax cirrhatus (not Pelecanus cirrhatus Gmelin) Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 186, 1844 part, spec, b, c, i, Falkland Islands and San Julian, Patagonia. Graculus albiventer Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. 'Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 491, 1847 part, Falkland Islands. Phalacrocorax albiventris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 310 Falk- land Islands (eggs); idem and Salvin, Rep. Challenger, Zool., 2, Birds, p. 121 (in text), pi. 25, fig. 2, 1880 Falkland Islands and Straits of Magellan (crit.); Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 540 (crit.). Phalacrocorax imperialis (not of King) Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 11 Tom Bay, Magellan Straits; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 32, 1904 West Point Island, Falkland Islands (eggs descr.). Urile albiventer 1 Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 139, 1890 San Martin Island, Magellan Straits (crit.). Phalacrocorax albiventer Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 392, fig. 7, 1898 Falkland Islands, Patagonia (San Julian), and Straits of Magellan (Tom Bay); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 627, 1900 Penguin Rookery and Puerto Cook, Staten Island; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 395, 1902 Tierra del Fuego; idem, I.e., 18, p. 237, 1910 Tierra del Fuego and Staten Island; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 520, 1915 Coy Inlet and Cape Fairweather, Santa Cruz, Patagonia (breeding); Murphy, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 35, pp. 33, 37, 1916 Coy Inlet (crit.); Brooks, Bull. extends down over the greater part of the auriculars. Besides, there is no white dorsal patch at any time of the year. This well-characterized race replaces the nominate form in the Falkland Islands as well as on the coast of Santa Cruz in southeastern Patagonia. Darwin found it breeding at Puerto San Julian and the members of the Princeton Expedition found it between the estuary of the Coy River and Cape Fairweather. While we have not been able to study a good Patagonian series, two specimens from that region seem to be identical with birds from the Falkland Islands. Reynolds (Ibis, 1935, p. 81) states positively that albiventer does not breed anywhere in Tierra del Fuego where atriceps is abundantly met with, and suggests that the few specimens recorded from the Straits are merely stragglers or vagrants. On the other hand, P. a. atriceps has never been found nesting either in the Falklands or on the coast of Santa Cruz, so that it would seem to be established that these two cormorants replace each other geographically during the breeding period. 1 Not listed by Berlioz (Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, pp. 63-65, 1929) among the types of cormorants in the Paris Museum. 156 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 157, 1917 Falkland Islands; Doello-Jurado, El Hornero, 1, p. 15, 1917 Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz, in winter in Buenos Aires Province (Punta Lara, Rio Santiago); Wace, I.e., 2, p. 202, 1920 Falkland Islands; Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 265, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires (winter); Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 164, 1923 Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 328 Falkland Islands; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 412, 1926 San Antonio Oeste, Rio Negro; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 4, p. 17, 1927 Carrasco (near Montevideo), Uruguay (Aug. 20, 1926); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 891, 1936 (monog.). Phalacrocorax albiventer albiventer Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 92, 1931 (range). Range. Breeds in the Falkland Islands and on the coast of Santa Cruz, southeastern Patagonia, from Puerto Deseado to the mouth of the Rio Gallegos; straying in winter south to Staten Island, Straits of Magellan (Tom Bay, San Martin Island), and north to the coast of Buenos Aires Province (Punta Lara, Rio Santiago, Rosas, Zelaya) and Uruguay (Carrasco, near Montevideo; Aug. 20, 1926). Field Museum Collection. 1: Chile (Porvenir, Magallanes, 1). Phalacrocorax atriceps georgianus Lonnberg. 1 SOUTH GEORGIAN CORMORANT. Phalacrocorax atriceps georgianus Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., i 40, No. 5, p. 69, pi. 2 (upper figures), 1906 Boiler Harbour, Cumberland Bay, South Georgia (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 96, 1927); Shufeldt, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 95, pis. 17, 18, 1914 (anatomy); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 489 South Georgia; Bennett, I.e., 1926, p. 328 South Georgia; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 885, 1936 (monog.). Phalacrocorax carunculatus (not Pelecanus carunculatus Gmelin) Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 27, 1885 South Georgia (crit.). Phalacrocorax georgianus Murphy, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 35, pp. 34, 38, 39, 1916 South Georgia (descr., crit., life hist.); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 584, pi. 47, figs. 5-7, 1929 South Georgia (nesting). Phalacrocorax albiventer (not Carbo albiventer Lesson) Carcelles, El Hornero, 4, p. 400, 1931 Cooper Harbour, Holmestrand, and Rosita Bay, South Georgia. Phalacrocorax (albiventer) georgianus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 92, 1931 South Georgia. Range. Island of South Georgia. 2 1 Phalacrocorax atriceps georgianus Lonnberg is stated by Murphy to resemble P. a. albiventer in long, recurved crest and strongly developed caruncles, but to differ by decidedly shorter bill, while in extent of black on sides of head it occupies an intermediate position between atriceps and albiventer. We are not acquainted with the South Georgian Cormorant. 1 The status of the cormorants breeding on the South Orkney and South Shetland Islands remains to be determined. Bennett (Ibis, 1926, p. 328) refers 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 157 Genus NANNOPTERUM Sharpe Nannopterum Sharpe, Handlist of Birds, 1, p. 235, 1899 type, by monotypy, Phalacrocorax harrisi Rothschild. *Nannopterum harrisi (Rothschild). FLIGHTLESS CORMORANT. Phalacrocorax harrisi Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 1, p. Hi, May 25, 1898 Narborough Island, Galapagos Islands (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 274, 1925], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 655, 1898 (repr. orig. descr.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 179, 1899 north side of Narborough Island; Gadow, I.e., 9, p. 169, pis. 14, 15, 1902 (wings and skeleton descr.); Rothschild and Hartert, l.c., p. 408, pi. 10 (fig. of type), 1902 south side of Narborough Island (crit., female, eggs descr.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 249, 1904 Narborough and Albemarle Islands (habits, eggs descr.). Nannopterum harrisi Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 80, pi. 4, 1913 Albemarle and Narborough Islands (habits, soft parts, meas.); Shufeldt, Emu, 15, p. 86, pis. 15-19, 1915 (osteology); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 38, 1931 Narborough and Albemarle (Tagus Cove) Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 94, 1931 (range); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 32, 1931 Narborough Island (eggs descr.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 916, 1936 (monog.). Range. Coasts of Narborough and Albemarle Islands, Galapagos Archipelago. Field Museum Collection. 5: Galapagos Islands (Narborough Island, Mangrove Point, 2; Narborough Island, 2; Albemarle Island, 1). Family ANHINGIDAE. Water-Turkeys Genus ANHINGA Brisson Anhinga Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 60; 6, p. 476, 1760 type, by tautonymy and monotypy, " Anhinga" =Plotus anhinga Linnaeus. to them as being similar to P. a. georgianus, but much larger. Clarke (I.e., 1906, p. 184, pi. 13, fig. 2) had called South Orkney birds P. atriceps, but Murphy (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 35, p. 39, 1916) pointed put that they were evidently much closer to georgianus. Other references pertaining to this unsettled form are P. georgianus Bennett (El Hornero, 2, p. 32, 1920 [South Orkney and South Shetland Islands]), P. albiventris Carcelles (I.e., 4, p. 83, 1927 [South Orkney Islands]), P. atriceps Ardley (Discovery Rep., 12, p. 374, 1936 [South Orkney Islands]), and P. atriceps Eklund (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, No. 1, p. 302, 1945 [64 42' S.-63 25' W.]). Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., p. 888, 1936), under the heading of P. atriceps subsp., states that South Shetland birds resemble P. a. atriceps and P. a. georgianus, but have a longer bill than the latter, larger caruncles than the former, and a longer tail (128-138) than either, while the demarcation line between dark and white on the sides of the head is more as in the continental form. Murphy (p. 889) publishes Bennett's MS. name brans- fieldensis, which will become available should the race prove to be valid. We have no material. 158 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Plotus (not of Gunnerus, 1761) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 218, 1766 type, by monotypy, Plotus anhinga Linnaeus. Plottus "Klein" Scopoli, Introd. Hist. Nat., p. 474, 1777 (emendation). *Anhinga anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus). SOUTH AMERICAN DARTER. Plotus anhinga Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 218, 1766 based on "Anhinga" Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 218; northeastern Brazil) and Brisson (Orn., 6, p. 476; Cayenne); type locality, Brazil (as designated by Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 311, 1908); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 900, 1833 eastern Brazil (Lagoa Feia, Rio Belmonte, Rio Itahype); Tschudi, Unters. Fauna Peru., Orn., p. 314, 1846 "coast of Peru (nesting on sandy islands)"; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 764, 1849 rivers up to 1,200 ft. (habits); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 461, 1856 Rio Chipato (Rio Belmonte), Brazil; Tschudi, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 188, 1856 (habits); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 197 Rio Truando and Rio Atrato, Colombia; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 325, 1870 Goyaz (Porto do Rio Araguay), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caicara, Villa Bella), and Amazonas (Borba, Rio Madeira; Marabitanas, Rio Negro; Barra do Rio Negro), Brazil; Rein- hardt, Vidensk. Medd. -Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 20 Rio Taquarugu, Sumidouro, and Ribeirao do Mato, Minas Geraes; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 304 eastern Peru (Yurimaguas, Ucayali, Maran6n); Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876 Marajo, Brazil; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 28, 1887 Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 37, p. 100, 1889 Tonantins, Rio Solimoes, Brazil; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, pp. 157, 162 near Counany and Amapa, northern Para; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 419, 1898 part, specimens i'-w' (monog.); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 48, 1900 Rio Peripa, western Ecuador; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 231 Villa Conception, Paraguay; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 127, 1902 Quiribana de Caicara and Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 500 Rio Capim, Para, Brazil; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 54, 1907 Mexiana Island, Brazil (breeding); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 79, 1907 Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 311, 1908 Cayenne, French Guiana; Lillo, Apunt. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 22, 1909 Ledesma, Jujuy, Argentina; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 97, 1910 Bahia (Rio Sao Francisco, near Sambaiba) and Piauhy (mouth of Tedra-Farada and above Sao Estevao, Rio Parnahyba); Dab- bene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 237, 1910 Chaco Argentine; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 336 Tebicuari and Mortero, Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 119, 1914 Dunas, Marajo, Brazil; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 29, 1922 La Carolina (Quito) and Rio Curaray, Ecuador. Plotus tupinambis Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 1, livr. 47, p. 40, 1791 (substitute name for Plotus anhinga Linnaeus). Plotus cayennensis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, No. 26, p. 1115, Dec., 1855 based on Plotus melanogaster var. y Gmelin, Syst. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 159 Nat., 1, (2), p. 580, 1789, which, in its turn, rests on "Anhinga noir, de Cayenne" Buffon (=Daubenton), PI. Enl., pi. 960. Anhinga anhinga Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. f 2, p. Ill, 1889 lower Beni River, Bolivia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 194, 1913 Cano Vagre, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 366, 1916 lower and middle stretches of the Orinoco, Venezuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 199, 1916 (numerous localities); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 237, 1917 Cauca and Magdalena rivers, Colombia; Wetmore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 33, p. 182, 1920 (soft parts); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 131, 1922 Palenque, Santa Marta, Colombia; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 144 Apure and Portu- guesa rivers, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 214, 1926 Chone and Rio Suno, Ecuador; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 121, 1926 Porto Xavier da Silva, Parana, Brazil; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 54, 1926 Riacho Quia, near Las Palmas, Chaco; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 148, 1927 Parana River, near Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 100, 1930 Palmiras, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 49, 1930 Mision Tacaagte, Formosa; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 95, 1931 part, South America; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 579 Trinidad (Caroni) and Tobago; Davis, I.e., 1935, p. 535 Rupununi River, British Guiana (breeding); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 27, 1938 Amazonas (Manacapuru), Para, Bahia (Rio Gongogy), Sao Paulo (Pirituba), and Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre). Anhinga anhinga anhinga Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 88, p. 103, 1941 (disc, races, type locality restricted to Rio Tapajos, Para, Brazil); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 22, 1945 Igarape do Gordao, Rio Jurua, Brazil. Range. Tropical South America from Colombia and Venezuela to western Ecuador (Rio Peripa, Chone) and east of the Andes 1 to northern Argentina (Ledesma, Jujuy; Chaco Argentine; Entre Rios), Bolivia (lower Beni River), Paraguay, and extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul). Also the islands of Tobago and Trinidad. Field Museum Collection. 10: Venezuela (Lake Valencia, Aragua, 1); Ecuador (Montes del Suno, Loreto, 2; Concepcion, Pato Paqual, 1); British Guiana (Abary Creek, 2; Rockstone, 1); Brazil (Conceicao, Matto Grosso, 1); Paraguay (Chaco, 1); Argentina (Resistencia, Chaco, 1). * Anhinga anhinga leucogaster (Vieillot). 2 NORTH AMERICAN DARTER. 1 South of Ecuador, the Darter has been found only east of the Andes, there being but a few records from Amazonian Peru (Yurimaguas, Ucayali, Maraft6n) and Bolivia (lower Beni River). Tschudi's statement that it breeds on sandy islands along the Peruvian coast is due to confusion with some other bird. 2 A. a. kucogaster (Vieillot) differs from the typical race by its somewhat smaller size and narrower, darker, less buffy tail tips. 160 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Plains kucogaster Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 1, p. 545, 1816 Florida (descr. of immature; location of type not stated). Plotus anhinga Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 405, 1875 Cuba (breeding habits); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 419, 1898 part, specimens a-h' (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 156, 1901 (Central American references and localities). Anhinga anhinga Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., p. 77, 1887; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 438, 1910 Bolson and mouth of Matina River, Costa Rica; Todd, I.e., 10, p. 171, 1916 Isle of Pines, Cuba; Rendahl, Ark. ZooL, 12, No. 8, p. 5, 1919 Nicaragua (Rio Ometepe, Chano Verde; San Juan del Norte); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 229, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 95, 1931 part, North and Central America; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 147, 1932 Rio Polochic and near Ocos, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 293, 1935 Panama; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 69, 1938 El Salvador (Lake Olomega, San Sebastian, etc.). Anhinga anhinga minima van Rossem, 1 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11), 4, p. 439, Oct., 1939 Acaponeta, Nayarit, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection). Anhinga anhinga leucogaster Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 88, p. 103 (in text), 1941 (recognized as distinct northern race); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 93, p. 232, 1943 (descr. races; a northern and a southern one recognized). Range. Southern United States, from Texas, southern Illinois and North Carolina southward through Mexico and Central America to Panama; Cuba (including Isle of Pines). Intergrading with the typical race in Colombia. Field Mmeum Collection. 26: Florida (Wens Creek, 1; Ockla- waha River, Marion County, 1; Cabbage Bay, 1; Anclote, 1; Lake Flirt, 2; Bassenger, 2; Palm Beach County, 4; Enterprise, 1; Seminole County, 1); Louisiana (A very Island, Iberia County, 1); Texas (Cameron County, 6; Nueces County, 1); Cuba (Artemisa, 1); Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 1); El Salvador (San Sebastian, La Paz, 1; Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 1). Suborder FREGATAE Family FREGATIDAE. Man-o'-War Birds Genus FREGATA Lac., 3, p. 408, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 110, 1889 Reyes, Bolivia; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 378, 1899 Sao Paulo; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 93, 1910 below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy, Brazil. Pilherodius pileata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 139, 1857 Cayenne (diag.). Pilherodius pileatus Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 301, 1861 Panama Railroad; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893 Chapada, Matto Grosso; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 15, 1895 Carandasinho, Matto Grosso; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 176, 1901 Panama; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 125, 1902 Venezuela (Altagracia, Caicara, Quiribana de Caicara, and El Fraile, Orinoco) (soft parts) ; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 68, 1907 (range); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 303, 1908 Cayenne; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 424, 1910 Maroins, Rio Machados, Matto Grosso; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 364, 1916 Ciudad Bolivar, Altagracia, Caicara, and Quiribana de Caicara, Venezuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 174, 1916 (various localities); Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 193, 1922 Jesusito, Darien, Panama; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 134, 1922 Cinto and Tucurinca, Colombia; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 143 near Calobozo, at Camaguan, and near San Fernando de Apure, Venezuela; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 92, 1930 Rio Roosevelt, Matto Grosso; 176 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 66, 1930 Sierra de Chiquitos, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 102, 1931 (range); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 362, 1931 Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia; Laubmann, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 2, p. 288, 1933 Puerto Casado (Chaco) and Centuri6n (Apa region), Paraguay; Griscom, Auk, 50, p. 303, 1933 Rio Chepo, Darien, Panama; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935 Panama (Canal Zone and Darien); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 30, 1938 Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Goyaz (Rio das Almas, Rio Sao Domingos), Sao Paulo (Bauru, Rio Tiet6; Porto Epitacio, Rio Parana), Matto Grosso (Corumba, Aqui- dauana), and Amazonas (Manacapuru); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Hand!., (3), 22, p. 23, 1945 Rio Jurua (Joao Pessoa and Lago Grande), Brazil; idem, I.e., (3), 23, p. 37, 1945 Victoria, Beni, Bolivia. Pilerodius pileatus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 171, 277, 1898 British Guiana (Rio Rupununi), Brazil (Bahia; "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul;" Rio de Janeiro), and Peru (Pebas); Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 232 Rio Verde, Paraguay; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 49, 1907 Mexiana, Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 109, 1914 Mexiana and Monte Alegre, Brazil. Pilherodias pikatus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 230, 1917 Rio Sinu, Colombia; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 365, 1934 Descalvados, Matto Grosso. Range. Eastern Panama (from the Canal Zone eastward), northern Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and, east of the Andes, south to eastern Bolivia (Reyes, Sierra de Chiquitos, Santa Cruz), Paraguay, and southern Brazil (Santa Catharina). 1 Field Museum Collection. 12: Brazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 3; Sao Marcello, Bahia, 2; Descalvados, Matto Grosso, 2); Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 4; Rio Palometillas, Santa Cruz, 1). Genus BUTORIDES Blyth Butorides Blyth, Cat. Bds. Mus. Asiat. Soc., p. 281, "1849" (or June, 1852) 1 type, by monotypy, Ardea javanica Horsfield. Ocniscus Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 343, 1856 substitute name for Butorides Blyth (on grounds of purism). *Butorides virescens anthonyi (Mearns). 3 ANTHONY'S GREEN HERON. Ardea virescens anthonyi Mearns, Auk, 12, p. 257, July, 1895 Seven Wells, Salton River, northern Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum) ; 1 The locality "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul" is doubtless erroneous. 2 Cf. Mathews, Bds. Austr., Suppl. No. 4, p. 10, 1925. * Butorides virescens anthonyi (Mearns) differs from the nominate race by markedly larger size, more cinnamomeous foreneck, paler posterior under parts, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 177 Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 54, 1902 Cape region of Lower California (crit.). Butorides virescens anthonyi Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. f 22, p. 162, 1906 Rio Sestin, Durango (breeding); Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 543, 1912 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 195, 1926 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 84, 1928 Lower California (visitor); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 103, 1931 (range); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 427, 1934 Sonora (Alamos, Oposura) and Chihuahua, Mexico (crit.); idem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 8, p. 326, 1937 Sonora (Tecorina, Saric, Pilares); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 79, 1938 San Salvador (Mar. 12, 14); Larrison, Murrelet, Seattle, 21, p. 1, 1940 Washington (range and status in state); Slipp, Condor, 46, p. 35, 1944 Thurston County, Washington; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 36, 1945 Sonora (distrib. map). Butorides virescens eremonomus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 546, Aug. 29, 1912 San Diego, Chihuahua, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). (l)Butorides virescens maculatus Davis, Condor, 46, p. 9, 1944 Acapulco, Mexico. Range. Breeds in the arid regions of the southwestern United States (California, Arizona, etc.) and northwestern Mexico; winters south to Lower California, western Mexico, and even El Salvador (San Salvador, Mar. 12-14). Occasionally wanders north to state of Washington. Field Museum Collection. 14: California (Monterey County, 4; Preston, 1; Calipatria, 1; Eldorado County, 1; San Diego County, 2; Los Angeles County, 3); Arizona (Tucson, 2). *Butorides virescens frazari (Brewster). 1 FRAZAR'S GREEN HERON. Ardea virescens frazari Brewster, Auk, 5, p. 83, Jan., 1888 La Paz, Lower California (type in coll. of W. Brewster, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 181, 1930); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 53, 1902 La Paz. Butorides virescens frazari Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 542, 1912 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 194, 1926 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 85, 1928 Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 103, 1931 (range). and the slightly lighter green plumage. Intergrades with B. v. virescens have been named B. v. eremonomus. Wing, 190-202; tail, 70-78; bill, 60-64. 1 Butorides virescens frazari (Brewster) is much like the nominate race, but darker, more purplish (less maroon) on hind neck, sides of neck, and foreneck, while both upper and under parts are somewhat darker. Wing, 175-188; tail, 63-70; bill, 60-65. 178 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. Resident in southern Lower California (north to about 27 20' N. lat.). Field Museum Collection. 13: Mexico, Lower California (La Paz, 6; San Jose* del Cabo, 1; San Lucas, 3; San Ignacio, 1; San Bruno, 1; Puerto Volando, 1). *Butorides virescens virescens (Linnaeus). GREEN HERON. Ardea virescens Linnaeus, 1 Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 144, 1758 based upon "The Small Bittern" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 80, pi. 80; coast of South Carolina (as restricted by Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, pp. 534, 537, 1912); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 169, 1901 (in part). Ardea chloroptura Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 54, 1783 based on "Crabier de la Louisiane" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 909; Louisiana. Ardea ludovidana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 630, 1789 based on Dauben- ton, PL Enl., pi. 909, and "Crabier roux a tete et queue verte," Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 407; Louisiana. Butorides virescens Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 542 Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 186, 1898 (in part); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 125, 1900 Bonda, Colombia; idem, Auk, 17, p. 364, 1900 Bonda; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 275, 1905 Bonda (Oct. 20). Butorides saturatus Ridgway, 2 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 577, Aug. 6, 1888 Swan Island, Caribbean Sea (type in U. S. National Museum); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 141, 1903 Yaruca, Honduras; Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 4, 1931 Swan Island (crit.;=B. v. virescens). Butorides virescens virescens Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 533, 1912 (monog.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 135, 1922 Bonda, Playa Concha, Trojas de Cataca, and Fundacion, Santa Marta, Colombia (crit.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 185, 1926 (life hist.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 295, 1927 Puerto Rico (Fajardo, Feb. 16); Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 448, 1928 Almirante, Panama (crit.); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 82, 1931 Hispaniola (winter visitant); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 311, 1931 Bermuda Islands (visitor); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 103, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 141, 1932 Nebaj, Panajachel, and Ocos, Guatemala (winter visitor); idem, Bull. Mus. 1 Although Linnaeus also quotes "Ardea stellaris minor" of Sloane (Voy. Jam., 2, p. 315, pi. 263, fig. 2; Jamaica) and Raius (Syn. Av., p. 189), which seem to refer to Ixobrychus exilis, his diagnosis is clearly based on Catesby's plate. 2 The supposed Swan Island race (saturatus) has been shown by Fisher and Wetmore to be based on North American migrants, partly of abnormal coloration. In dimensions, the three specimens taken on that island, where the species is merely an occasional visitor, agree with individuals from the eastern United States. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 179 Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935 Panama (winter); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 37, 1945 Sonora (distrib. map). Butorides virescens saturatus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 552, 1912 Swan Island (crit.). Range. Breeds in central and eastern North America from north- eastern South Dakota, central Minnesota, southern Ontario, and Nova Scotia south to eastern Mexico and Florida; winters from the southeastern United States through Mexico and Central America to Panama, northern Colombia (Santa Marta region; Medellin, Antioquia) and northern Venezuela (Escorial, Merida); occasionally to Puerto Rico (Fajardo, Feb. 16, 1899) and Hispaniola. Field Museum Collection. 82: North Dakota (Nelson County, 1; Dickinson, 1); Arkansas (Fayetteville, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 3; Fox Lake, 1); Illinois (Fox Lake, 1; Chicago, 1; Grand Chain, 2; Joliet, 1; Grand Tower, 1; Olive Branch, 1); Massachusetts (Chatham, 1; unspecified, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 3; Guilford, 3; Westville, 1; North Haven, 2; Orange, 1; Warren, 3); New York (Shelter Island, 3; Cayuga Lake, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 2; Pea Island, 2); South Carolina (Mt. Pleasant, 1); Mississippi (Vicksburg, 1); Alabama (Hollins, 1); Georgia (Chatham County, 1; Milton County, 1); Florida (Wilson, 4; Nassau County, 3; Mary Esther, 1; East Pass, 2; Monroe County, 3; Palm Beach County, 19); Mexico (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, 2; Tampico, 1; Santa Engracia, Tamaulipas, 1; Pacaitan, Campeche, 1 ; San Felipe, Yucatan, 1) ; Venezuela (Escorial, Merida, 1). *Butorides virescens bahamensis (Brewster). 1 BAHAMA GREEN HERON. Ardea bahamensis Brewster, Auk, 5, p. 83, Jan., 1888 Watlings Island (type in U. S. National Museum); Bangs, I.e., 17, p. 287, 1900 New Providence Island; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 306 New Providence, Andros, and Little Abaco Islands (crit.). Butorides virescens bahamensis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 410, 1911 New Providence, Great Inagua, and Watlings Islands (crit.); Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 555, 1912 Bahama Islands (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 103, 1931 (range). Range. Resident in the Bahama Islands. 1 Butorides virescens bahamensis (Brewster), a very poor race, seems to differ fromB. v. maculatus merely by its paler general coloring. As most of the specimens examined are in rather poor condition, we are not certain that the divergency will prove to be of any real value, though Todd insists on the distinctness of the Bahaman form. 180 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. 25: Bahama Islands (Mayaguana, 5; Andros, 1; Auklin Island, 1; Berry Island, 1; Bimini, 2; Eleuthera, 2; Great Bahama, 1; Inagua, 9; Long Island, 1; New Providence, 2). *Butorides virescens maculatus (Boddaert). 1 WEST INDIAN GREEN HERON. Cancroma maculata Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 54, 1783 based on "Crabier tachete, de la Martinique" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 912; Martinique. Ardeola virescens (not Ardea virescens Linnaeus) Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 376, 1847 Tobago. Ardea brunescens (sic) (Gundlach MS.) Lembeye, Av. Isla Cuba, p. 84, pi. 12, 1850 Cuba (type in Habana Museum; descr. of erythristic variety). Ocniscus brunnescens Gundlach and Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 344, 1856 Cuba (descr.); Gundlach, I.e., 23, p. 308, 1875 Cardenas, Cuba. Butorides virescens Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 186, 1898 part, spec. i^-a 6 , West Indies and Central America (in part). Butorides virescens maculata(us) Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 278, 1904 Barbuda and Antigua (crit.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 234, 1905 Barbados, Bequia, Carriacou and Grenada (crit., meas.); Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 188, 1905 Bibyhagua and Santa F6, Isle of Pines (crit.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 432, 1910 Azahar de Cartago, San Jose, Guapiles, Cuabre, and El Pozo de Terraba, Costa Rica; Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 564, 1912 Martinique (monog.); Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 364, 1916 Guadeloupe (crit.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 296, 1927 Puerto Rico to Virgin Gorda (crit., breeding) ; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 155, 1929 El Real, Tuyra Valley, Darien, Panama (Jan. 18); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 83, 1931 Hispaniola (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 103, 1931 (range); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 305, 1931 Almirante Bay, Panama (crit., var., meas.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 142, 1932 Ocos, Guatemala; (?)Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 579 Trinidad (nest and eggs descr.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935 coast of Panama; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 88, p. 355, 1936 Utila and Bonacca Islands; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 76, 1938 El Salvador (crit.); Sassi, Temminckia, 3, 1 Butorides virescens maculatus (Boddaert) differs from the nominate race solely by its smaller size. Wing, 160 (male) to 173 (female). Birds from various islands in the West Indies, though presenting considerable individual variation, seem to belong to a single form, as has already been pointed out by Bangs, Peters, and Wetmore. Eight specimens from Tobago (tobagensis) are inseparable from Martinique birds, a fact that renders the existence of local races on the intervening islands, to say the least, extremely unlikely. The so- called B. brunescens from Cuba and the Isle of Pines is now admitted to be merely an erythristic variety of local occurrence. The inhabitants of Central America, while varying in a somewhat different way, are not satisfactorily distinguishable from those of the West Indies. Two adults from Managua, Nicaragua (mesatus) are practically similar to others from Martinique, Guatemala, and Tobago. Ninety-four specimens examined. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 181 p. 292, 1938 Costa Rica (races discussed); de Schauensee, Not. Nat. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 144, p. 2, 1944 Rio Baudo, Colombia (first record from South America). Butorides brun[n]escens Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 188, 1905 Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines (crit.); Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 185, 1916 Los Indies and Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines. Butorides virescens mesatus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 548, Aug. 29, 1912 Managua, Nicaragua (type in U. S. National Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 104, 1931 western Nicaragua. Butorides virescens hypernotius Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 549, Aug. 29, 1912 Rio Indio, near Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama (type in U. S. National Museum); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 247, 1918 Gatun, Panama. Butorides virescens cubanus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 557, Aug. 29, 1912 Palmarito, Cuba (type in U. S. National Museum) ; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 182, 1916 Los Indies, Nueva Gerona, Jackson- ville, and Siguanea, Isle of Pines (crit.). Buiorides virescens christophorensis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 561, Aug. 29, 1912 St. Christopher (=St. Kitts), Lesser Antilles (type in U. S. National Museum). Butorides virescens dominicanus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 562, Aug. 29, 1912 Roseau, Dominica, Lesser Antilles (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 182, 1930). Butorides virescens lucianus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 565, Aug. 29, 1912 Port Castries, Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles (type in U. S. National Museum). Butorides virescens barbadensis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 567, Aug. 29, 1912 Joe's River, Barbados (type in coll. of E. A. and 0. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 182, 1930). Butorides virescens grenadensis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 568, Aug. 29, 1912 Grenada, Lesser Antilles (type in U. S. National Museum). Butorides virescens tobagensis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 571, Aug. 29, 1912 Tobago (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- bridge, Mass.). Butorides virescens brunescens Bangs, Auk, 32, p. 481, 1915 (crit.); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 305, 1916 Grand Cayman. Range. Breeds in the West Indies from Cuba and the Virgin Islands to Tobago 1 and throughout Central America from Guatemala south to the Canal Zone of Panama; straying to Colombia (Rio Baudo, one record). 1 The breeding in Trinidad requires confirmation by critical study of speci- mens. Belcher and Smooker's record may possibly be due to confusion with B. s. striatus. 182 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. 72: Guatemala (Lago de Atitlan, 2; Los Amates, 1); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 1; San Sebastian, La Paz, 2); Honduras (Ruatan, Bay Islands, 1); Nicaragua (San Emilio, Rivas, 1); Costa Rica (Garza, Limon, 1; Piedra de Blanca, Guanacaste, 1; Bebedero, 1); western Caribbean (Old Providence, 1; St. Andrews, 3); Dominican Republic (Aguacate, La Vega, 1; Catarey, 1); Puerto Rico (unspecified, 1); Jamaica (Grand Cayman, 12; Little Cayman, 2; Cayman Brae, 1; Priestman's River, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 5; Virgin Gorda, 2; Anegada, 1; Tortola, 1); Lesser Antilles (St. Christopher, 2; Antigua, 3; Guade- loupe, 7; Desirade, 1; Dominica, 5; Martinique, 1; Santa Lucia, 5; Barbados, 1; Tobago, 4). Butorides virescens margaritophilus Oberholser. 1 PEARL ISLAND GREEN HERON. Butorides virescens margaritophilus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 553, Aug. 29, 1912 San Miguel Island, Pearl Archipelago, Panama (type in U. S. National Museum); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 13, No. 4, p. 14, 1920 Chapera Island (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 104, 1931 Pearl Islands; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935 Pearl Islands. Butorides virescens (not Ardea virescens Linnaeus) Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 25, 1901 San Miguel Island. Butorides virescens maculata (not Cancroma maculata Boddaert) Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 142, 1905 San Miguel Island (crit.). Range. Resident in the Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama. *Butorides virescens curacensis Oberholser. 2 CURACAO GREEN HERON. Butorides virescens curacensis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 573, Aug. 29, 1912 St. Patrick, Curacao Island (type in Carnegie Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 104, 1931 Curacao Island. 1 Butorides virescens margaritophilus Oberholser: Very similar toB. v. maculatus, but darker throughout with the median white stripe on throat and breast greatly reduced, often obliterated posteriorly; center of throat frequently tinged with ochraceous instead of white. Specimens resembling the erythristic Cuban variety (brunescens) are not rare. About the extraordinary variation exhibited by this insular race, cf. Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 142, 1905. 2 Butorides virescens curacensis Oberholser is stated by the describer to differ from B. v. "tobagensis" (=maculatus) by darker (less rufescent, more purplish) sides of head and neck, much darker (less fulvescent) foreneck, and narrow barring of the breast-feathers. The supposed smaller size (wing of type, 157J/6 mm.) does not hold, for a male from Curacao examined by us has the wing fully as long (163 mm.) as numerous Antillean specimens. The study of a satisfactory series from the Dutch West Indies is required to establish beyond doubt the claims of this form to recognition. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 183 Butorides virescens (not Ardea virescens Linnaeus) Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 307, 325, 334 Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire (crit.); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 204, 209, 1909 Curasao and Bonaire (ex Hartert). Butorides virescens subsp. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 306, 1902 Aruba, Curagao, and Bonaire. Butorides virescens robinsoni (not B. robinsoni Richmond) Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 196, 1909 Aruba (crit.). Range. Islands of Aruba, Curasao, and Bonaire, in the southern Caribbean Sea. Field Museum Collection. 2: Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 2). *Butorides striatus robinsoni Richmond. 1 ROBINSON'S STRIATED HERON. Butorides robinsoni Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 655, Aug. 12, 1896 Margarita Island, off Venezuela (type in U. S. National Museum); Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 117 Blanquilla Island (crit.). Butorides virescens robinsoni Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 554 Margarita Island (crit.); idem, I.e., 1909, p. 322 Laguna del Obispo, Cariaco Peninsula, Venezuela; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 216, 223, 236, 1909 Los Roques, Blanquilla, and Margarita Islands. Butorides striatus robinsoni Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 104, 1931 (range). Range. Los Roques, Blanquilla, and Margarita Islands, and northeastern Venezuela (Laguna del Obispo, Cariaco Peninsula). Field Museum Collection. 1: Venezuela (Los Roques Islands, Colon, 1). Butorides striatus patens Griscom. 2 PANAMA STRIATED HERON. Butorides striatus patens Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 156, April, 1929 near Panama City, Panama (type in Museum of Comparative 1 Butorides striatus robinsoni Richmond: Similar in coloration to the nominate race, but decidedly smaller. Wing, 155 mm. As pointed out by Todd (Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 136, 1922), the color character used to separate the Margarita Island Heron is by no means diagnostic, birds with vinous-brown sides of head and neck occurring likewise in the range of typical striatus. However, the only specimen which we have been able to examine is so much smaller that it seems advisable to recognize robinsoni for the present, on the basis of size. A good series from the range given above is needed to settle the status of this little-known form. * Butorides striatus patens Griscom is described as differing from typical B. s. striatus by the less rufous, more ochraceous brown markings on throat and fore- neck, and much darker gray posterior under parts (wherein it is said to resemble B. virescens). We are not acquainted with this race, and cannot venture any opinion on its merits. Still, we would like to observe that the brown coloration of the neck and the sides of the head, another character insisted upon by the describer, is of no importance, since similar examples are not infrequently met with in the range of B. . striatus. 184 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 104, 1931 Canal Zone; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935 Canal Zone. Butorides striata (not Ardea striata Linnaeus) Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 214, 1906 savanna of Panama. Butorides virescens (not Ardea virescens Linnaeus) Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 308, 1924 Canal Zone of Panama. Range. Said to breed in the Canal Zone, Panama. *Butorides striatus 1 stria tus (Linnaeus). STRIATED HERON. Ardea striata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 144, 1758 Surinam (ex Rolander MS.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 376, 1899 Iguape", Sao Paulo. (l)Ardea noevia I. F. Miller, Var. Subj. Nat. Hist., Part 6, pi. 35, 1782 "South America." Cancroma grisea Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 54, 1783 based on "Crabier de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 908; Cayenne. Ardea chalybea Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 11, (2), p. 582, 1819 based on ["Le Crabier Chalybe" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 404, and "Le Crabier du Bre'sil" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 479, ex] "Ardeola" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 210, Brazil (cf. Schneider, Journ. Orn., 86, p. 86, 1938). Ardea scapularis (not of Lichtenstein) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 623, 1833 southeastern Brazil (habits); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 753, 1849 coast regions; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 411, 1856 Areas, lower Parahyba, Rio de Janeiro; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 3, Ardeae, p. 42, 1863 Surinam and Caracas; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 123, 1865 Rio de Janeiro (soft parts); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 27 Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa; Saco da Franca, Rio Paraopeba; Lagoa dos Vitos; Sete Lagoas); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 301, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba, Rio de Janeiro, Taixera), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Itarare", Borda do Matto), Paran (Paranagua), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caigara, Villa Bella), and Amazonas (Marabitanas), Brazil; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 589 Trinidad. Butorides scapularis Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 39, 1857 Cayenne; idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 128, 1857 Brazil (diag.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199 Rio Ucayali, Peru. Butorides grisea Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 196 Cartagena, Colombia. Ardea grisea Le"otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 421, 1866 Trinidad. 1 If we follow Peters and Griscom in according the Striated Heron specific rank, it is not that we are convinced of the correctness of such procedure, but that it has been impossible to assemble the necessary series for a thorough study of the rather complicated interrelations between the Green Heron and the Striated Heron. Besides, breeding specimens from the critical regions, where representa- tives of the two groups are supposed to approach or even to overlap each other, viz. the Panama- Canal Zone and the islands off northern Venezuela (Aruba to Margarita), are too scarce in collections to permit of final conclusions. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 185 Butorides virescens (not Ardea virescens Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 253 Lake Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela; Taczanowski, I.e., 1877, p. 746 Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 243 Pacasmayo, Peru; Me"n6gaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 185, 1904 Ouanary, French Guiana; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 49, 1907 Mexiana Island, Para, Brazil; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 219, 1925 coast of Piauhy, Brazil (spec, examined). Butorides cyanurus (not Ardea cyanura Vieillot) Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 384 Lake Paturia and savanna of Bucaramanga, Colombia; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 270, 1874 Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879, p. 206 Santa Marta region (=Valle d'Upar), Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 542 Remedios and Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia (eggs descr.); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 355 Recife and Estancia, Pernambuco, Brazil; Berlepsch, I.e., 1884, p. 439 Angostura and Rio ApurS, Venezuela; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893 Cachoeira, Matto Grosso; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 226 Santo Domingo, Ecuador; Grant, I.e., 1911, p. 337 Rabicho, Matto Grosso. Butorides scapulatus (lapsu) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 305 Rio Ucayali and Santa Cruz, Peru. Butorides striata Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 174, 1885 Taquara do Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, I.e., 37, p. 318, 1889 Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali, Peru; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 21, 1895 part, Corumba, Matto Grosso; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 175, 279, 1898 part, spec, a-d', h', Colombia (Medellin, Valle d'Upar), Ecuador (Quito, Sarayacu), British Guiana (Bartica Grove), and Brazil (Mexiana, Pernambuco, Recife, Bahia, Chapada, Pelotas, Rio de Janeiro, Ypanema, Parana Boyassu); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 502, 1898 Cachavi, Ecuador; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 125, 1900 Bonda, Colombia; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 47, 1900 Rio Daule, Rio Peripa, and Vinces, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 126, 1902 Orinoco River (Alta- gracia, Caicara) and Caura River (Suapure, La Union) ; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 94, 1905 Gorgona Island, Colombia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 68, 1907 Sao Paulo (Jaboticabal, Iguape, Rio Mogy-Guassu), Minas Geraes (Vargem Alegre), and Matto Grosso (Porto Faya); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 411, 1907 Humaytha, Rio Madeira; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 303, 1908 Cayenne and Ouanary, French Guiana; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 93, 1910 Bahia (Rio Vermelho, Joazeiro, Barra do Rio Grande), Maranhao (Barra do Galiota), and Piauhy (coast near Amaragao), Brazil; Chros- towski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Sci. Varsovie, 5, pp. 464, 494, 1912 Vera Guarany and Rio Ivahy, Parana, Brazil; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 193, 1913 Manimo River, Venezuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 109, 1914 Una das Oncas, Braganca Railroad, Rio Guama (Ourem), Rio Capim (Resacca), Rio Moju, Marajo (Rio Arary, Pacoval), Cunany, Monte Alegre, and Maranhao, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 365, 1916 Orinoco region (nest and eggs 186 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII descr.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 230, 1917 Sinu, Atrato, Quindio, Barbacoas, Tumaco, Call, La Palma, Chicoral, Honda, La Olanda, Villavicencio, and La Morelia, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 31, 1918 vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 273 Eten, Reque, and Trujillo, Peru; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 136, 1922 Mamatoco, Bonda, Santa Marta, Fundacion, Trojas de Cataca, and Don Diego, Colombia (crit., var.); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 26, 1922 La Carolina and Yaguarcocha, Ecuador; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 143 Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 207, 1926 Esmeral- das, Rio de Oro, Chone, Bucay, Santa Rosa, Fund Island, Zamora, and Lago San Pablo, Ecuador; Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 780 coast of British Guiana; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 153, 1928 Para, Brazil; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 487, 1929 Sao Bento, Maranhao, and Ibiapaba, Piauhy, Brazil; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 93, 1930 part, Agua Blanca de Corumba, Matto Grosso. Ardea cyanurus (not of Vieillot) Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 170 Bartica Grove, British Guiana. Ardea virescens Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 110, 1889 Reyes, Bolivia; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 376, 1899 "Sao Paulo." Butorides striatus striatus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 155, 1929 El Real, Darien, Panama (one spec.); Darlington, I.e., p. 362, 1931 Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 104, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 580 Trinidad (breeding); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 366, 1934 Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935 Darien, Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 30, 1938 Ama- zonas (Manacapuru), Bahia (Cidade da Barra, Rio Gongohy, Aratuhype, Ilha de Madre Deus, Ilha Bimbarro), Rio de Janeiro (Sao Joao da Barra), Minas Geraes (Vargem Alegre), Sao Paulo (numerous localities), Rio Grande do Sul (Itaquy), Matto Grosso (Rio Parana), Goyaz (Inhumas, Canna Brava), and Colombia (Cauca); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 23, 1945 Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua, Brazil; idem, I.e., (3), 23, p. 37, 1945 Beni (Reyes and Bresta), Bolivia. Range. Tropical South America, from eastern Panama (one record from El Real, Darien), Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad south to western Ecuador, Peru, eastern Bolivia, and southern Brazil. 1 Field Museum Collection. 40: Colombia (Rio Atrato, Antioquia, 1; unspecified, 2; La Holanda, Cundinamarca, 1); Venezuela (Rio 1 While birds from eastern Brazil as far south as Sao Paulo and Parand are identical with others from the Guianas, Venezuela and Colombia, those from Matto Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul are so variously intermediate to B. s. fusd- collis that their reference to one rather than to the other race is largely a matter of personal preference. Seventy-two specimens examined. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 187 Catatumbo, Zulia, 2; Encontrados, Zulia, 1; La Ceiba, Trujillo, 1; Maracay, Aragua, 1; Lake Valencia, Aragua, 3); Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 2; Rio Pimocha, 2; Tunguragua, 1); Peru (Lower Huallaga, Loreto, 1); British Guiana (Georgetown, 2; Buxton, 5); Brazil (Murutucu, Pard, 1; Sao Bento, Maranhao, 2; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 1; Quixada, Ceard, 5; Barra do Rio Dourado, Sao Paulo, 2; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 2; Descalvados, Matto Grosso, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1). *Butorides striatus fuscicollis (Vieillot). 1 SOUTHERN STRIATED HERON. Ardea fuscicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 14, p. 410, 1817 based on "Garza cuello pardo" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 180, No. 359; Paraguay (descr. of young). Ardea cyanura Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 14, p. 421, 1817 based on "Garza cuello aplomado" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 177, No. 358; Paraguay (descr. of adult). Ardea scapularis Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 77, 1823 based on Azara, No. 359; Paraguay. Butorides cyanurus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 145 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Lee, Ibis, 1873, p. 137 Rio Gato, Entre Rios; Durnford, I.e., 1878, p. 62 Lujan Bridge and Punta Lara, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 271, 1884 Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 101, 1889 Argentina; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 205 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 198 Uruguay (habits); Gibson, I.e., 1919, p. 522 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding). Butorides grisea (not Cancroma grisea Boddaert) Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 90, 1884 Sierra de las Animas, Buenos Aires. Butorides striata (not Ardea striata Linnaeus) Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 31, 1887 Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 21, 1895 part, Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 30, 1897 Caiza, Bolivian Chaco; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 175, 279, 1898 part, spec, e'-g', Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires, and Santa Elena, Uruguay; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 210, 1902 Rio Salt, Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 205, 1904 Oran, Salta; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 246, 1 Butorides striatus fuscicollis (Vieillot): Differs from the nominate race by decidedly paler under parts, the neck and throat being lighter, ochraceous rather than rufescent, with the dusky streaking reduced or even absent, and the abdomen pearly gray instead of slate gray. Examination of a dozen skins from Tucuman, Formosa, Entre Rios, and Buenos Aires shows this form to be fairly distinguishable. Bolivian skins and a single one from Paraguay are evidently the same. Ardea fuscicollis, based on a young bird, has page priority over A. cyanura. 188 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1909 Entre Rios (La Soledad), Buenos Aires (Est. San Martino Monte, Barracas al Sud), and Santa Fe (Mocovi); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 224, 1910 (range in Argentina); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 Montevideo and Canelones, Uruguay; Serie" and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 42, 1923 Santa Elena, Entre Rios (breeding) ; Giacomelli, I.e., p. 79, 1923 La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., p. 164, 1923 Zelaya and San Isidro, Buenos Aires; Wilson, I.e., 3, p. 353, 1926 Venado Tuerto, Santa F6; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 93, 1930 part, Rio Negro, Paraguay. Butorides striatus cyanurus Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 55, 1926 Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay, and Lazcano, San Vicente, etc., Uruguay (crit., nomencl.); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 149, 1927 Rio de Gastone, Tucuman, and Bovril Islands, Santa Fe; Griscom, I.e., 69, p. 155 (in text), 1929 (crit.); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 64, 1930 San Jose and Lapango, Formosa (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 105, 1931 (range). Range. Southeastern Bolivia (Santa Cruz; Caiza), Paraguay, northern Argentina south to La Pampa and Buenos Aires Province, and Uruguay. Field Museum Collection. 7: Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Rio Yapacani, 3; Rio Surutu, 2); Argentina (Caraguatay, Misiones, 1); Uruguay (Arazati, San Jose", 1). *Butorides sundevalli (Reichenow). 1 PLUMBEOUS HERON. Ardea plumbea (not of Merrem, 1820) Sundevall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, pp. 125, 127 James Island, Galapagos Archipelago (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 42, 1931). Ardea sundevalli Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 253, 1877 new name for Ardea plumbea Sundevall, preoccupied. Butorides javanicus (not Ardea javanica Horsfield) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 323 Indefatigable Island. Butorides plumbeus Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 497, 1876 Indefati- gable and James Islands; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 428 Charles Island; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 114, 1890 Hood, James, Duncan, and Abingdon Islands; idem, I.e., 19, p. 602, 1897 (monog.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 181, 1899 Chatham, Bindloe, Jervis, Hood, Indefatigable, Wenman, Abingdon, Albemarle, and Barrington Islands (crit.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 411, 1902 Narborough and Indefatigable Islands (note on young) ; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 255, 1904 Albemarle Island (eggs descr.). 1 Butorides sundevalli (Reichenow) differs from the other American members of the genus by stouter bill, larger size, and much darker coloration. The edges to the wing coverts are deep rufous brown; there is no white edging to the inner primaries; the under parts are very dark with mere traces of rufous on neck, but with very distinct longitudinal patches of black. The orange-red legs would seem to place this heron next to B. s. striatus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 189 Butorides sundevalli Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 185, 1898 (monog.); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 62, 1913 (plum., var., habits); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 42, 1931 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 104, 1931 (range); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 35, 1931 Tower and Duncan Islands. Range. Resident in the Galapagos Archipelago. Field Museum Collection. 5: Galapagos Islands (Indefatigable Island, 1; Tower Island, 1; Albemarle Island, 3). Genus FLORIDA Baird Florida Baird, Pvep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xxi, xlv, 671, 1858 type, by monotypy, Ardea caerulea Linnaeus. Glaucerodius Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 307, 1890 substitute name for Florida Baird. *Florida caerulea (Linnaeus). 1 LITTLE BLUE HERON. Ardea caeruka* Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 143, 1758 based prin- cipally on "The Blew Heron" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 76, pi. 76; "in America septentrionali"= Carolina (ex Catesby); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 604, 1833 southeastern Brazil; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 265, 1860 Mercedes, Rio Negro, Uruguay; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 95 Trinidad (Caroni River) and Orinoco; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 122, 1865 Brazil (plumages); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 252 Lake Valencia, Venezuela; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 301, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Ypa- nema), and Parana (Rio Boraxudo, Paranagua); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 384 Lake Paturia and CiSnaga, Colombia; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 745 Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 198 banks of the Rio Negro, Uruguay; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 165, 1901 Central American localities and references. Ardea caerulescens Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 690, 1790 Cayenne. Herodias poucheti Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 123, 1857 South America (type in Paris Museum). Herodias coeruka Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 39, 1857 Cayenne. Florida caerulea Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 671, 1858 (descr.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 305, 1875 Cuba (plumages; breeding habits); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 100, 1898 (monog.); Salvadori 1 Ardea cyanopus Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, [2], p. 644, 1789) has been quoted in the synonymy of this Heron. It is based on "Le He>on cendr6 d'Ame'rique" Brisson (Orn., 5, p. 406) and "Le Crabier cendr6" Buffon (Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 401), both accounts going back to "He>on ou Calidris leucophaea" of Feuill6e (Journ. Obs. phys., 6d. 1725, p. 287) from "New Spain," a very ambiguously described bird, not much larger than a pigeon. 1 Frequently spelled "coeruka." 190 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 46, 1900 Vinces, Rio Peripa, and Rio Daule, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 124, 1902 Caicara, Rio Orinoco, and Mato River, Venezuela; Hartert, I.e., p. 605, 1902 Vaqueria, Ecuador; M6ne"gaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 185, 1904 Mahury, French Guiana; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 50, 1906 Trinidad (Caroni) and Tobago; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 48, 1907 Mexiana Island, Brazil; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 65, 1907 Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Iguape"), Parana (Curytiba), and "Amazonas"; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 302, 1908 Cayenne and Mahury, French Guiana; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 223, 1910 "northern provinces" (Holmberg) and Mercedes, "Prov. Buenos Aires (Burmeister)" [errore,= Uruguay]; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910 coast of Piauhy, Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 107, 1914 Braganca Railroad, Marajo (Pacoval, Livramento), and Mexiana, Brazil; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 179, 1916 Los Indies and Majagua River, Isle of Pines (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 229, 1917 Noanama (Choc6) and Malena (Magdalena), Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 30, 1918 Braamspunt, Surinam; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 Cerro Largo, Uruguay; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 134, 1922 Gaira, Bonda, Cinto, Trojas de Cataca, and Punto Caiman, Colombia (crit.); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 26, 1922 La Carolina, Ecuador; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 142 Venezuela; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 217, 1925 Bahfa (Pedro do Ernesto, Rio Sao Francisco), Piauhy (Amaragao), and Maranhao (Miritiba); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 177, 1926 (life hist.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 205, 1926 Esmeraldas, Chone, and Pun Island, Ecuador; Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 778 Abary Savanna and flats of Corentyne River, British Guiana; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 107, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 139, 1932 Finca Sepacuite and Ocos, Guatemala; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 580 Trinidad and Tobago (breeding); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935 Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 31, 1938 Para (Ilha Grande, Ilha Marajo, Patana, Lago CuipeVa), Maranhao (Primeira Cruz), and 'Sao Paulo (Iguape", Canane"a, Ilha do Cardoso). Florida caerulea caerulescens Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 279, 1904 Barbuda and Antigua (crit.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 234, 1905 St. Vincent, Grenadines (Carriacou), and Grenada (breeding); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 293, 1927 Puerto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, St. Croix, and Tortola (crit.); idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 80, 1931 Hispaniola; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 75, 1938 El Salvador; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 38, 1945 Sonora (distr.). Florida caerulea caerulea Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 429, 1910 Rancho Redondo, Guanacaste, Guapiles, and El Pozo de TeVraba, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 363, 1916 Orinoco Valley, Venezuela; Hagar, Auk, 58, p. 568, 1941 Marshfield, Massa- chusetts (nesting). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 191 Range. South Atlantic and Gulf states of North America, coasts of Mexico and Central America, the West Indies, and coasts and rivers of South America south to northwestern Peru (Santa Lucia, Tumbez) in the west, and to Uruguay (Mercedes, Rio Negro; 1 Cerro Largo) in the east. 2 One nesting record for Massachusetts. Field Museum Collection. 103: Texas (Padre Island, 1; Browns- ville, 2); Connecticut (Guilford, 1); North Carolina (New Inlet, Dare County, 4; Raleigh, 2); South Carolina (Mt. Pleasant, 1); Georgia (Montezuma, 1; Chatham County, 1; Camden County, 3); Florida (New River, 1 ; Wilson, 1 ; Duval County, 3 ; Manatee County, 1; Enterprise, 4; Anclote, 2; Oklawaha River, 1; Amelia Island, 2; Bassenger, 1; Palm Beach County, 8); Cuba (Isle of Pines, 1); Dominican Republic (Catarey, 1); Virgin Islands (Tortola, 1; St. Croix, 2); Lesser Antilles (Dominica, 1; Antigua, 22; Saint Eustatius, 1; Santa Lucia, 3); western Caribbean (Saint Andrews, 1); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1; Tampico, 3; Tamaulipas, 1); El Salvador (San Sebastian, 1); Costa Rica (Limon, 1; Filadelfia, Guanacaste, 1); Panama (Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 2); Colombia (Magdalena, 1; unspecified, 1); Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 2); Venezuela (Encontrados, Zulia, 2; Maracaibo, 1; Rio Chama, Merida, 2); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 1); British Guiana (Georgetown, 7; Buxton, 3). Genus BUBULCUS Bonaparte Bubulcus (Pucheran MS.) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 14, p. 722, April, 1855 type, by tautonymy, Ardea ibis "Hasselquist" (= Linnaeus) Ardea bubulcus Audouin. *Bubulcus ibis ibis (Linnaeus). BUFF-BACKED HERON. Ardea Ibis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 144, 1758 Egypt (ex Hassel- quist, It. Palaest., p. 248, 1757). 3 1 Burmeister's locality "Mercedes, Rio Negro," Banda Oriental [=Uruguay], was wrongly attributed by Dabbene to "Buenos Aires Province," while Scott and Sharpe (Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., pp. 382, 387, 1912) even identified the river with the Rio Negro of Patagonia! F. caerulea has never been found either in Argentina or Paraguay, and it may be taken for granted that Holmberg's record from the "northern provinces" was caused by his confusing this species with the White Heron. 1 In agreement with Todd we are quite unable to see any constant difference between North American specimens on one side and those from the West Indies and tropical America on the other. 1 Linnaeus' diagnosis is taken from Hasselquist's account, which clearly refers to the Buff-backed Heron. The reference to Raius (Syn. M6th. Av., p. 98) under var. 0. does not belong here, however. 192 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Bubulcus ibis ibis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 108, 1931 (range); Blake, Auk, 56, p. 470, 1939 near Buxton, British Guiana (May 27, 1937). Bubulcus ibis Phelps, Auk, 61, p. 656, 1944 San JosS de Tiznados, west of Calabozo, Guarico, Venezuela (possibly a captive bird). Range. Iberian Peninsula; Africa to Madagascar, the Comoro Islands, Aldabra, and the Seychelles; western Asia from the Caspian Sea and Arabia to Persia; accidental in England, Italy, Madeira, on the Canary Islands, in British Guiana (near Buxton, east of Georgetown, May 27, 1937) l and (?) Venezuela. Field Museum Collection. 1: British Guiana (near Buxton, 1). Genus DICHROMANASSA Ridgway Dichromanassa Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, No. 1, pp. 224, 246, Feb. 5, 1878 type, by orig. desig., Ardea rufa Boddaert= Ardea rufescens Gmelin. *Dichromanassa rufescens rufescens (Gmelin). REDDISH EGRET. Ardea rufa (not of Scopoli, 1769) Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 54, 1783 based on "L'Aigrette rousse, de la Louisiane" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 902, Louisiana; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 167, 1901 part, Gulf States and West Indies (descr.). Ardea rufescens Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 628, 1789 principally based on "L'Aigrette rousse, de la Louisiane" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 902, Louisiana. Ardea pealii Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3, p. 154, pub. Feb., 1827 "Florida and probably the analogous climates of America" (descr. of white phase; type probably lost); idem, Amer. Orn., 4, p. 96, pi. 26, fig. 1, 1833 Florida. Ardea cubensis (Gundlach MS.) Lembeye, Av. Isla Cuba, p. 84, pi. 13, fig. 1, 1850 Cuba (descr. of young; type in coll. of J. Gundlach, Havana Museum). Herodias rufescens Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 341, 1856 Cuba (crit.); idem, I.e., 10, p. 82, 1862 Cuba (crit.). Demiegretta pealii Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 661, 1858 Florida (crit.); March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 63 Jamaica (descr.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 301, 1875 Cuba (crit.; breeding). Demiegretta rufa Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 662, 1858 Mata- moros and Texas (crit.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 302, 1875 Cuba (Punta-Maya near Matanzas; Cayo Galindo; Ensenada de Cochinos). Herodias pealii Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 10, p. 82, 1862 cayos of north coast and mouth of Rio Cauto, Cuba (breeding). 1 An extraordinary occurrence. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 193 Dichromanassa rufa Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 60, 1878 Corpus Christi Pass, Texas; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 106, 1898 part, spec, from Florida (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa) and Texas (Corpus Christi, Brownsville, Aransas Bay). Dichromanassa rufescens Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 157, 1926 (life hist.). Dichromanassa rufescens rufescens Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 78, 1931 Hispaniola (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 109, 1931 (range in part); Oberholser, Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, Bull., 28, p. 56, 1938 Louisiana. Range. Breeding (and mainly resident) in the Gulf States, Bahama Islands (Great Bahama, Abaco, New Providence, Great Inagua, etc.), and in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola); occasionally straying to southern Mexico (Cuicatlan, Oaxaca, Oct. 20, 1923); accidental in Venezuela. Field Museum Collection. 32: Texas (Brownsville, 4; Green Island, 10; Padre Island, 4; Corpus Christi, 7; Port Lavaca, 1); Florida (Tarpon Springs, 1; unspecified, 1); Bahama Islands (Andros, 1; Inagua, 1; Caicos Bank, 1); Venezuela (Los Roques, Colon, 1). *Dichromanassa rufescens dickeyi van Rossem. 1 LOWER CALI- FORNIA REDDISH EGRET. Dichromanassa rufescens dickeyi van Rossem, Condor, 28, p. 246, Sept., 1926 San Luis Island, Gulf of California (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 83, 1928 Lower California; van Rossem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 8, p. 326, 1937 Guaymas and Tobari Bay, Sonora; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 74, 1938 Barra de Santiago, El Salvador (April 2); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 38, 1945 Sonora (distr.). Demiegretta pealii (not Ardea pealii Bonaparte) Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 192 Chiapam, Pacific Guatemala; idem, I.e., 1866, p. 196 Chiapam. Demiegretta rufa (not Ardea rufa Boddaert) Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 196 Chiapam, Guatemala; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 310, 1874 Mazatlan, Sinaloa. Dichromanassa rufa Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 106, 1898 part, spec, from Mexico (Presidio de Mazatlan) and Guatemala (Istan, Chiapam). 1 Dichromanassa rufescens dickeyi van Rossem : Similar to the nominate race, but head and neck decidedly darker, between cameo brown and chocolate. The other differences claimed by the describer do not seem to hold. A single adult from Presidio, Sinaloa, and one from Istan, Guatemala, are markedly darker on the head and neck than any in a series of twelve from Texas and Florida, so that we cannot but recognize this form as distinct. Griscom (Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 9, 1926), however, strongly questions its validity. 194 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ardea rufa Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 167, 1901 part, Mexico (Lower California; Mazatlan) 1 and Guatemala (Chiapam, Istan). Dichromanassa rufescens rufescens (not Ardea rufescens Gmelin) Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 109, 1931 (range in part). Range. Breeds in Lower California; migrates along the Mexican coast (Mazatlan, Presidio) to Pacific Guatemala (Istan, Chiapam) and El Salvador (Barra de Santiago). Field Museum Collection. 1: Mexico, Lower California (San Luis Island, 1). Dichromanassa rufescens colorata Griscom. 2 YUCATAN RED- DISH EGRET. Dichromanassa rufescens colorata Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 9, Nov. 18, 1926 Culebra Key, Ascension Bay, eastern Quintana Roo, Mexico (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 109, 1931 (range). Demiegretta rufa (not Ardea rufa Boddaert) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 210, 1869 Progreso, Yucatan. Ardea rufa Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 376 Cozumel Island; idem and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 167, 1901 part, Yucatan (Progreso) and Cozumel Island. Ardea peali (not A. pealii Bonaparte) Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 376 Cozumel Island. Dichromanassa rufa Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 106, 1898 part, spec, from Cozumel Island. Range. Yucatan Peninsula and adjacent islands. Genus CASMERODIUS Gloger Casmerodius Gloger, Gemeinn. Hand- und Hilfsb. Naturg., Heft 6, p. 412, 1842 type, by subs, desig. (Salvadori, Orn. Pap., 3, p. 349, 1882), Ardea egretta Gmelin. "Casmerodius albus egretta (Gmelin). AMERICAN EGRET. Ardea Egretta Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 629, 1789 based principally on "La Grande Aigrette" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 377; "in insulis S. 1 Without re-examination of the respective specimens, it is impossible to allocate properly the localities in Oaxaca (San Mateo, Ventosa). 1 Dichromanassa rufescens colorata Griscom: Similar to the nominate race, but slightly larger, with a proportionately shorter bill; adults in nuptial plumage with head and neck on an average paler and browner, less chestnut; ornamental plumes strongly tinged with vinaceous instead of uniform slaty blue, the feathers more or less vinaceous at their bases. Wing, 342, (female) 311; bill, 103, (female) 93. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 195 Dominici, insulis Falkland et America austral! ad Louisianam usque" (Cayenne [ex Buffon] designated as type locality by Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 124, 1902); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 607, 1833 eastern Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 Port Otway, Gulf of Penas, Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 300, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Ypanema), Parand (Rio de Boraxudo, Paranagua), Matto Grosso (Caicara, Villa Bella), and Amazon River, Brazil; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 265, 1874 Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876 Santare"m, Brazil; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 399 Chubut and Sengel River, Patagonia; Gibson, I.e., 1880, p. 156 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 52, 1881 Rio Colorado and Rio Negro; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 624 Punta Lara, Buenos Aires, and Oran, Salta; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 5, p. 89, 1884 Tandfl, Arroyo Tandfl, and La Tinta, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 271, 1884 Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios (breeding), and Prov. Buenos Aires (south to Carhue") ; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 169 Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 29, 1887 Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco; idem, I.e., 37, p. 100, 1889 Tonantins, Rio Solimoes, Brazil; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425-Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 144 Rio Parana and Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 204 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 389 Lima, Peru; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893 Chapada, Matto Grosso; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 21, 1895 Paraguay (Paraguari) and Matto Grosso (Corumba); idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 30, 1897 Caiza, Bolivia; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 231 Villa Concepcion and Chaco, Paraguay; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 161, 1901 Central American references and localities; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910 Faz. do Estreito, Rio Grande, Bahia; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 336 Los Ynglases, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e., 1919, p. 519 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. Ardea leuce (Illiger MS.) Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 77, 1823 Brazil (type in Berlin Museum); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 752, 1849 marshes of the savannas; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 416, 1856 Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, p. 118, 1865 Chile; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 29 Sumidouro and Venda Nova, Minas Geraes. Egretta Americana Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Bds., 2, p. 354, July, 1837 based on Ardea egretta Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 106, pi. 61, fig. 4, 1813. Egretta leuce Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 128, 1841 Maldonado (Uru- guay) and Patagonia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860 Babahoyo, Ecuador. Herodias egretta var. californica Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 667, 1858 San Diego, California (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 264, 1982). Herodias egretta March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 63 Jamaica; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199 lower and upper 196 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ucayali River, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 305 Ucayali River and Santa Cruz, Peru; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 299, 1875 Cuba (breeding); idem, I.e., 26, p. 187, 1878 Puerto Rico; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 95, 270, 1898 (monog.); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 125, 1902 Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 97 Ingapirca, Junin, Peru; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 209, 1902 Tucuman (Vipos; Rio Calera); Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 462 Colonia CreVaux, Tarija, Bolivia; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 233, 1905 Barbados (one record); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 65, 1907 Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Itapura); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 48, 1907 Mexiana Island, Brazil (breeding); Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 554 Margarita Island, Venezuela; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 302, 1908 French Guiana; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 246, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 223, 1910 (range in Argentina); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 428, 1910 Costa Rica (Guanacaste; Pozo Azul de Pirris; Guapiles); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 379, 1912 Patagonia (descr.); Cooke, U. S. Dept. Agric., Bull. Biol. Surv., 45, p. 40, 1913 (range; migr.); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 106, 1914 Mexiana Island and Rio Jamauchim, Para, Brazil; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 179, 1916 Pasadita, Isle of Pines; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 363, 1916 Orinoco Valley; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 228, 1917 Cauca Valley, Magdalena River, and La Morelia, Colombia. Egretta egretta Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 30, .1918 Tijgerbank, Surinam; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 142 Apure district, Vene- zuela; Bennett, I.e., 1926, p. 324 Falkland Islands (rare visitor). Casmerodius egretta Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 271 Colta, Riobamba, Ecuador; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 26, 1922 La Carolina, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 205, 1926 Ecuador; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 133, 1926 (life hist.); Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 777 Abary savannas and flats of Corentyne River, British Guiana; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 42, 1931 Albemarle and Indefatigable Islands, Galapagos; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 139, 1932 Guatemala; Davis, Ibis, 1935, p. 533 Rupununi River, British Guiana (breeding). Casmerodius albus egretta Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 Maldonado and Rocha, Uruguay; Wace, I.e., p. 199, 1921 Falkland Islands; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 57, 1926 Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco), Uruguay (Carrasco), and Chaco; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 413, 1926 Lago Buenos Aires, Santa Cruz, Patagonia; idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 290, 1927 Puerto Rico and Vieques; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 149, 1927 La Noria, Santa Fe"; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 91, 1930 Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 64, 1930 Mision Tacaagl6 and Lapango, Formosa; Fisher and Wet- more, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 34, 1931 Tower Island, Galapagos; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 110, 1931 (range); Wetmore and 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 197 Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 75, 1931 Hispaniola; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 302, 1932 Chile (range, full bibliog.); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 580 Trinidad and Tobago (breeding); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935 Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 32, 1938 Amazonas (Manacapuru; Sao Gabriel; Rio Negro), Para (Patana), Bahia (Cidade da Barra), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Sao Paulo (Itapura, Ypiranga), Matto Grosso (Aqui- dauana), and Goyaz (Rio das Almas, Inhumas); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 73, 1938 El Salvador; Stonor, Univ. State New York Bull, to Schools, 24, p. 119, 1938 Albany region, New York (status and occ.); Gabrielson, Wilson Bull., 51, p. 240, 1939 Trempealeau County, Wisconsin (breeding); Mitchell, Passenger Pigeon, 5, (2), p. 49, 1943 Horicon, Wisconsin (nesting); Harlan, Iowa Bd. Life, 13, p. 59, 1943 Jackson County, Iowa (nesting colony); Nichols and Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 27, 1943 St. Thomas, Virgin Islands (nesting); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. HandL, (3), 22, p. 23, 1945 Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua; idem, I.e., 23, p. 38, 1945 El Beni (Reyes; Bresta), Bolivia; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 38, 1945 Sonora (distr.). Casmerodius alba egretta Hicks, Wilson Bull., 56, p. 169, 1944 Ohio (nesting). Range. Breeds from the temperate United States (Oregon, Wisconsin, New Jersey), Mexico, the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico), Virgin Islands (St. Thomas), Central America, and South America, including the Galapagos Islands, south to the Gulf of Penas, Chile, and western Santa Cruz, Patagonia (Lago Buenos Aires) ; accidental on the Falkland Islands. Wanders north in summer to southern Canada. Field Museum Collection. 47: California (Los Angeles County, 2) ; Texas (Brownsville, 2; Cameron County, 3); Arkansas (Fayetteville, 1); Mississippi (Rosedale, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 2); Georgia (Sapelo Island, 1); Florida (Enterprise, 1; Pilot Town, 1; Bade County, 3; Bassenger, 2; Anclote, 4; Jupiter, 3); Bahama Islands (Andros, 1; Caicos Bank, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Mexico (Santa Engracia, Tamaulipas, 1; Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, 3); Costa Rica (Bebedero, Guanacaste, 2); Colombia (un- specified, 1); Ecuador (Totoral, Occidente, 1); Peru (Rio Ucayali, Loreto, 1); Venezuela (Encontrados, Zulia, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 3); Argentina (Tres Posos, Salta, 3; Santa Cruz, Tucu- man, 1). Genus LEUCOPHOYX Sharpe Leucophoyx Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 3, p. xxxix, Apr. 30, 1894 type, by orig. desig., Ardea candidissima Gmelin=Arda thula Molina. 198 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Leucophoyx thula brewsteri (Thayerand Bangs). 1 BREWSTER'S EGRET. Egretta candidissima brewsteri Thayer and Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 4, p. 40, April 29, 1909 San Jose" Island, Lower California (type in coll. of J. E. Thayer, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 181, 1930); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 156, 1926 (life hist.). Egretta thula brewsteri Bailey, Auk, 45, pp. 430-436, pis. 13-15, 1928 (crit., meas., range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 83, 1928 Lower California. Leucophoyx thula brewsteri Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 113, 1931 (range); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 39, 1945 Sonora (distr.). Range. United States west of the Rocky Mountains from Great Salt Lake, Utah, southward, and Lower California; migrating in winter as far as Guerrero, Mexico. Field Museum Collection. 4: Utah (Salt Lake City, 4). "Leucophoyx thula thula (Molina). SNOWY EGRET. Ardea thula Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 235, 344, 1782 Chile. Ardea nivea (not of S. G. Gmelin, 1770) Jacquin, Beytr. Gesch. Vogel, p. 18, 1784 Cartagena, Colombia; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 753, 1849 coast; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 417, 1856 southeastern Brazil. Ardea Ohula Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 633, 1789 Chile (ex Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, p. 208; doubtless pen-slip for A. thula). Ardea candidissima Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 633, 1789 based on Jacquin, Beytr. Gesch. Vogel, p. 18, No. 13, Cartagena, Colombia; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 612, 1833 eastern Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 28 Lagoa Santa and Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 300, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Sapi- tiba, Marambaya), Sao Paulo (Ypanema), Matto Grosso (Caicara, Pansecco), and Amazonas (Forte do Rio Branco), Brazil; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 384 Lake Paturia, Colombia; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 267, 1874 Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876 Santarem, Brazil; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 745 Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 189 Prov. Buenos Aires; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. jSoc. Lond., 1879, p. 542 Cauca, Colombia; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 158 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding); Forbes, l.c., 1881, p. 355 Parahyba River, Brazil; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 624 Banado de Flores, 1 Leucophoyx thula brewsteri (Thayer and Bangs) differs from the nominate race by longer tarsi and bill. Birds from the United States west of the Rocky Mountains, though not fully attaining the measurements of topotypes, are shown by Bailey to be much nearer to brewsteri than to the eastern form. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 199 Buenos Aires; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 438 Angostura, Orinoco, Vene- zuela; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 271, 1884 Concepci6n del Uruguay, Entre Rios (breeding); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 169 Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 30, 1887 Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889 Reyes, Bolivia; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1891, p. 16 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 144 Rio Paran& and lower Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 205 Est. Espar- tillar; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893 Chapada, Matto Grosso; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 231 Riacho Verde and Paraguayan Chaco; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 162, 1901 Central American references and localities; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910 Bahia (Rio Sao Francisco, near Sam- baiba) and Piauhy (Pedrinha); Gibson, Ibis, 1919, p. 521 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. Ardea carolinensis Ord, ed. Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 125, pi. 62, fig. 4, 1825 isthmus of Darien to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Egretta candidissima Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 336, 1847 Jamaica; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 233, 1905 St. Vincent, Grenadines, and Grenada Islands (casual visitor); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 363, 1916 Orinoco Valley, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 229, 1917 Cauca Valley, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 205, 1926 Jambeli and Santa Rosa River, Ecuador; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 142 southern part of Venezuelan llanos. Garyetta candidissima Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 39, 1857 Cayenne; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I860, p. 196 Cartagena and Rio Atrato, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199 Ucayali River, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 305 Ucayali River and Santa Cruz, Peru; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 304, 1875 Cuba (breeding); Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 89, 1884 Arroyo Tandileufu and Rio Salado, Buenos Aires; Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 655, 1895 Margarita Island, Venezuela. Leucophoyx candidissima Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 124, 273, 1898 (monog.); Dalmas, M6m. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 144, 1900 Tobago; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 209, 1902 Rio Vipos, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 47 Ingapirca, Junfn, Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 66, 1907 Ypiranga, Sao Paulo; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb., (Syst.), 26, p. 49, 1907 Mexiana Island, Brazil (visitor); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 302, 1908 Cayenne; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 246, 1909 Est. San Martino Monte and Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 224, 1910 (range in Argentina); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 107, 1914 Magoary, Marajo, Brazil. Egretta candidissima candidissima Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 430, 1910 Guanacaste, Costa Rica; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 146, 1926 (life hist.). Egretta thula thula Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 180, 1916 Isle of Pines; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 291, 1927 Puerto Rico (breeding); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 91, 200 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1930 Matto Grosso; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 76, 1931 Hispaniola (breeding); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 140, 1932 Rio Polochic, Guatemala; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 303, 1932 Tarapacd to Nuble, Chile (full bibliog.); McDonald and others, Auk, 57, p. 106, 1940 Cape May County, New Jersey (nesting again). Egretta thula Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 272 Eten, Peru; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 Maldonado, Uruguay. Leucophoyx thula Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 778 Abary Savanna and flats of Corentyne River, British Guiana. Leucophoyx thula thula Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 411, 1929 Toloa, Honduras (gen. char.); idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 113, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 580 Trinidad and Tobago (breeding); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935 Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 33, 1938 Bahia (Cidade da Barra), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Goyaz (Rio das Almas), and Sao Paulo (Cananea, Ypiranga, Piassaguera) ; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 73, 1938 El Salvador; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 38, 1945 Bresta, El Beni, Bolivia. Range. Breeds in the southeastern United States, Mexico, Central America, the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico), and South America south to Nuble, Chile, and Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Formerly bred north to southern Illinois and Cape May, New Jersey, where it now seems to be re-establishing itself. Field Museum Collection. 24: Texas (Corpus Christi, 1; Cameron County, 6) ; North Carolina (Bodie Island, Dare County, 2) ; Florida (Mayport, 1; Cape Sable, 1; Kissimmee, 3; southern part, 1; Manatee County, 2); Bahama Islands (Inagua, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 2); Mexico (Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Cercado, 1; Buena Vista, 1). Genus HYDRANASSA Baird Hydranassa Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 660 (in text), 1858 type, by orig. desig., Ardea ludoviciana Wi\son=Egretta ruficollis Gosse. Hydronassa Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 107, 1914 (emendation). *Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis (Gosse). LOUISIANA HERON. Egretta ruficollis Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 338, 1847 Burnt Savanna River and Bluefields Creek, Jamaica (type now in British Museum) ; idem, Illust. Bds. Jamaica, pi. 93, 1849 (fig. of type). Herodias ruficollis Gundlach and Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 342, 1856 Cuba (descr., soft parts, crit.). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 201 Ardea leucoprymna (Lichtenstein) 1 G. R. Gray, Hand-List Gen. Spec. Bds., 3, p. 29, 1871 based on Ardea ludoviciana (not of Gmelin, 1789) Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, p. 13, pi. "61" (=64), fig. 1, andE. ruficollis Gosse. Demiegretta ruficollis Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 303, 1875 Cuba (breed- ing; descr.); idem, I.e., 26, p. 187, 1878 Boqueron, Puerto Rico. Hydranassa tricolor (not Ardea tricolor P. L. S. Muller) Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 60, 1878 Brownsville, Texas (breeding). Ardea cyanirostris Cory, Bds. Bahama Islands, p. 168, pi. [5], 1880 Great Inagua Island, Bahama Islands (type in coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum). Ardea tricolor ruficollis Cory, Auk, 3, p. 502, 1886 Grand Cayman and Little Cayman; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 305 Andros and New Providence, Bahama Islands (breeding). Ardea tricolor Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 307, 334 Aruba and Bonaire Islands; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 164, 1901 part, Mexican and Central American references and localities; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 306, 1902 Aruba and Bonaire Islands. Hydranassa ruficollis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 127, 274, 1898 (monog.). Hydranassa tricolor Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 11, 1899 Rio Sabana, Darien, Panama. Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 605, 1902 Vaqueria, Ecuador; Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Nat., 39, p. 187, 1905 Cienaga, Isle of Pines; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 275, 1905 Don Diego, Colombia; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 50, 1906 (crit., meas., range); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 196, 236, 1909 Aruba and Margarita Islands; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 430, 1910 Costa Rica (one record from Puntarenas); Todd, l.c., 7, p. 409, 1911 Great Inagua Island, Bahama Islands; idem, I.e., 10, p. 181, 1916 Los Indies and Bird Island, Isle of Pines (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 229, 1917 Sinu River, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 247, 1918 Gatun, Panama; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 6, 1919 San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 134, 1922 Don Diego, Gaira and Ci6naga, Santa Marta, Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 206, 1926 Chone and Jambeli, Ecuador; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 167, 1926 (life hist.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 292, 1927 Puerto Rico (breeding); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 84, 1928 Lower California; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 411, 1929 Martinez Creek and Toloa swamp, Honduras; idem, I.e., 71, p. 305, 1931 Almirante, Panama; idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 113, 1931 (range); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 79, 1931 Hispaniola (breeding); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 140, 1932 Ocos, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935 Panama; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 74, 1938 El Salvador (San Sebastian, Lake Olomega, etc.); Oberholser, 1 Egretta kucoprymna Lichtenstein (Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., p. 89, 1854 Mexico) is a nomen nudum. 202 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Bird Life Louisiana, p. 56, 1938 Louisiana (breeding) ; Nichols and Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 27, 1943 Steven Cay, Virgin Islands (nesting); Beatty, Auk, 61, p. 146, 1944 St. Croix, Virgin Islands; Scharff, Condor, 46, p. 124, 1944 Oregon; Huey, I.e., p. 201, 1944 California; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 39, 1945 Sonora (distr.). Hydranassa tricolor ocddentalis Huey, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 5, p. 83, Oct. 10, 1927 Scammon Lagoon, Lower California (type in coll. of San Diego Society of Natural History). Range. Breeds from Lower California, Arizona, the Gulf states and North Carolina to the Bahama Islands, the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico), the Virgin Islands (Steven Cay; St. Croix), Central America, Colombia, western Ecuador, and northern Venezuela, including Aruba, Bonaire, and Margarita Islands. 1 Field Museum Collection. 70: Arizona (Tucson, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 2; Cameron County, 6 [2 downies]; Corpus Christi, 2; Rockport, 1; Seadrift, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 5; Brunswick County, 1); South Carolina (Mt. Pleasant, 2); Florida (Bradford County, 1; De Soto County, 1; Duval County, 1; Marion County, 1; Monroe County, 1; Anclote, 4; Enterprise, 1; Bassenger, 1; Palm Beach County, 6); Bahama Islands (Berry Island, 1; Caicos Bank, 2; Inagua, 2; Mayaguana, 1; San Salvador, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Jamaica (Grand Cayman, 4; Surrey, 1); western Caribbean (St. Andrews, 2); Mexico (La Paz, Lower Cali- fornia, 2; Altamira, Tamaulipas, 2; Laguna Pueblo Viejo, Vera Cruz, 1; Cozumel Island, Yucatan, 1); El Salvador (San Sebastian, La Paz, 1) ; Ecuador (Rio San Antonio, Province de los Rios, 1) ; Vene- zuela (Maracaibo, Zulia, 1; Margarita Island, 3); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 4). Hydranassa tricolor rufimentum Hellmayr. 2 TRINIDAD HERON. Hydranassa tricolor rufimentum Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 50, Feb., 1906 Caroni Swamp, Trinidad (type in Tring Collection, now in the American 1 As stated by Cory, birds from Aruba and Margarita agree well with West Indian examples, from which we are likewise unable to separate a single adult from Ecuador (Vaqueria). The supposedly larger form from Lower California (ocddentalis) is now admitted to be untenable (cf. van Rossem, in Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 84, 1928). 2 Hydranassa tricolor rufimentum Hellmayr: Agreeing in small size with H. t. tricolor, but upper parts and foreneck much darker, blackish instead of slate gray; the elongated feathers on the rump darker, more umber-brown; chin not white, but chestnut like middle line of throat, the chestnut being decidedly darker than in the nominate race. Wing, (adult male) 214; tail, 73; bill, 85. The type is the only specimen that we have seen of this seemingly well-marked race. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 203 Museum of Natural History, New York); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 113, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 580 Trinidad (breed- ing). Range. Breeds on the island of Trinidad. *Hydranassa tricolor tricolor (P. L. S. Muller). TRICOLORED HERON. Ardea tricolor P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. Ill, 1776 based on "He>on bleuatre a ventre blanc de Cayenne" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 350; Cayenne. Ardea leucogaster Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 21, 1783 based on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 350, Cayenne; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 753, 1849 coast districts; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 301, 1870 Praia do Cajutuba, Para, Brazil. Ardea Griseo-Alba Richard and Bernard, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1, (1), p. 117, 1792 Cayenne (type lost). Hydranassa tricolor Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 126, 273, 1898 Guiana (Ourumee, Savana) and Brazil; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, pp. 66, 407, 1907 Primeira Cruz, Maranhao (crit.; meas.; range in part); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 302, 1908 Cayenne, Roche-Marie, and Mahury, French Guiana; Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 779 Abary savanna and flats of Corentyne River, British Guiana. Hydranassa (Ardea) tricolor Mene"gaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 184, 1904 Mahury, French Guiana. Hydranassa tricolor tricolor Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 50 (in text), 1906 Cayenne and Surinam (meas.); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 30, 1918 Fort Nieuw Amsterdam, Surinam; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 486, 1929 Tury-assu, Maranhao, Brazil; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 113, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 33, 1938 Primeira Cruz and Boa Vista, Maranhao. Florida tricolor Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910 coast of Piauhy, Brazil; idem, I.e., p. 217, 1925 Amaracao, Piauhy. Hydronassa tricolor Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 107, 1914 Capanema, Para, Brazil. Range. Coast districts of British, Dutch, and French Guiana, 1 and northeastern Brazil (Capanema and Praia do Cajutuba, Para; Tury-assu, Primeira Cruz, and Boa Vista, Maranhao; Amaracao, Piauhy). 2 1 Delacour (Ibis, 1923, p. 142) records H. tricolor from "the southern llanos of Venezuela," rather a singular habitat for this coast-land species. We doubt this identification. 2 Birds from Brazil average slightly larger (wing, 215-240 against 205-225; bill, 84-90 against 78-86), but agree in coloration with those from the Guianas. Additional material examined. Dutch Guiana: near Paramaribo, 2. French Guiana: Cayenne, 7; Roche-Marie, 1; Mahury, 2. Brazil: Praia do Cajutuba, Par&, 2; Amaragao, Piauhy, 2. 204 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. 11: British Guiana (Georgetown, 4; Kitty Seawall, 2; Buxton, 4); Brazil (Tury-assu, Maranhao, 1). Genus AGAMIA Reichenbach Agamia Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xvi, "1852" (=1853) type, by orig. desig. and monotypy, Agamia picta Reichenbach =Ardea agami Gmelin. Doryphorus (not of Cuvier, 1829) Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 259, 1877 substitute name for Agamia Reichenbach (on grounds of purism). Doriponus Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 308, 1890 substitute name for Doryphorus Reichenow. *Agamia agami (Gmelin). AGAMI HERON. Ardea Agami Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 629, 1789 based on "Le Heron Agami" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 382, and Daubenton, PL EnL, pi. 859, Cayenne; Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 297, 1846 wooded region of Peru; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 753, 1849 coastal forests; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 214, 1856 northern Brazil (Amazonas), Guiana, and Colombia; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 3, Ardeae, p. 11, 1863 Cayenne, Surinam, and Mexico; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 567 eastern Peru (=Nauta); iidem, I.e., 1867, p. 754 Yurimaguas, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 301, 1870 Matto Grosso (Villa Maria, Caicara, Villa Bella) and Amazonas (Barra do Rio Negro); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 305 Nauta and Yurimaguas, Peru; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 396 Para; Salvin and Godman, I.e., 1880, p. 178 Santa Marta, Colombia; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 47 Yurimaguas, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 396, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 170 Camacusa, British Guiana; idem and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 171, 1901 Mexico (Rio Coatzacoalcos; Tuxpango, near Orizaba), British Honduras, Guatemala (PetSn), Costa Rica (Pozo Azul de Pirris), and Panama (Veraguas; San Miguel Island). Ardea fusca Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 700, 1790 Cayenne (descr. of young). Agamia picta Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xvi, "1852" (=1853) substitute name for Ardea agami Gmelin; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, p. 369 Mexico; Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, 5, p. 233, 1881 Rio Coatza- coalcos and Tuxpango (near Orizaba), Vera Cruz, Mexico; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 131, 1887 Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica. Agamia agami Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 135, 274, 1898 British Honduras, Guatemala (Pete'n), Panama (Veraguas), Colombia (Santa Marta), British Guiana (Takutu River, Camacusa, Carimang River), Cayenne, Brazil (Para, Barra do Rio Negro), and Peru (Yurimaguas); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 125, 1900 Mamatoco and Bonda, Colombia; Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 25, 1901 San Miguel Island, Pearl Islands, Panama; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 125, 1902 Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, and Nicare, Caura River, Venezuela; Hartert, I.e., 9, p. 605, 1902 Pambilar, Ecuador; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, "1904," 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 205 p. 450, 1905 Rio Jurua, Brazil; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 142, 1905 San Miguel, Pearl Islands; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 51, 1906 Caroni Swamp, Trinidad (crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 66, 1907 Rio Jurua, Brazil; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, pp. 23, 517, 1908 Rio Purus (Bom Lugar) and Rio Tapaj6z (Itaituba), Brazil; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 303, 1908 Cayenne; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 423, 1910 Maroins, Rio Machados, Matto Grosso; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 431, 1910 Laguna de Ochomogo and Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 108, 1914 Para, Marajo (Dunas), Monte Alegre, Rio Tapajoz (Itaituba), and Rio Purus (Bom Lugar), Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 363, 1916 Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 229, 1917 Rio Salaqui and Rio Atrato, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, pp. 206, 736, 1926 Curaray-Napo, Ecuador; Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 91, 1930 Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 114, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 140, 1932 Guatemala; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 581 Trinidad; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 295, 1935 Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 33, 1938 Rio Juru& and Manacapuru, Amazonas, Brazil; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 23, 1945 Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua, Brazil; idem, I.e., 23, p. 38, 1945 Victoria, El Beni, Bolivia. Doriponus agami Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 30, 1918 near Paramaribo, Surinam; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 133, 1922 Bonda, Colombia. Range. Locally in eastern Mexico (states of Vera Cruz and Chiapas), Guatemala (Pete*n), British Honduras, Costa Rica (Laguna de Ochomogo; Pozo Azul de Pirris), and Panama (Veraguas; San Miguel, Pearl Islands), and widely distributed in tropical South America from Colombia, Venezuela, the island of Trinidad, and the Guianas south to Ecuador (both sides), and through Amazonia to western Matto Grosso, Brazil 1 and Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Field Museum Collection. 4: British Guiana (Rio Potaro, 1; unspecified, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Buena Vista, 1; Rio Surutu, 1). Genus SYRIGMA Ridgway Syrigma Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, No. 1, pp. 224, 247, Feb. 5, 1878 type, by orig. desig., Ardea sibilatrix Temminck. *Syrigma sibilatrix (Temminck). WHISTLING HERON. Ardea cyanocephala (not of Molina, 1782) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 14, p. 411, 1817 based on "Flauta del sol" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 169, No. 356; Paraguay. 1 Two adults from Trinidad (Caroni Swamp) are rather larger than any of the fifteen other examples examined. Material from Mexico or Central America has not been available. 206 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ardea sibilatrix Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 46, pi. 271, May 22, 1824 Paraguay and Brazil (type, from Brazil, in Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 3, Ardeae, p. 36, 1863); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 407, 1856 Paraguay and Montevideo; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 634 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 301, 1870 Itarare", Sao Paulo; Lee, Ibis, 1873, p. 137 Rio Gato, Entre Rios; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 624 Oran, Salta; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 271, 1884 Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 438 Rio Apure, Venezuela; Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 10, p. 85, 1889 Est. Ytanu, Paraguay (eggs descr.); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 100, 1889 Argentina; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 144 Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco; Grant, I.e., 1911, p. 337 Tebicuarl, Paraguay. Nycticorax sibilatrix Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 174, 1885 Taquara do Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 31, 1887 Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 379, 1899 Sao Paulo (Iguape, Itarare"). Nycticorax sibilator Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 22, 1895 San Jose, Villa Rica, and Paraguari, Paraguay. Syrigma cyanocephalum(a) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 170, 277, 1898 Uruguay (Paysandu), Brazil (Santa Catharina), and Chaco (Rio Pilcomayo); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 210, 1902 Rio Sali, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 462 Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 246, pi. 3, fig. 14 (egg), 1909 Mocovi, Santa Fe; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 224, 1910 (range in Argentina). Syrigma sibilatrix Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 232 Villa Concepcion and Chaco, Paraguay; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 126, 1902 Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela (soft parts); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 67, 1907 Sao Paulo (Iguape", Rio Parana, Itapura); Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 464, 493, 1912 Chapeo de Sol, Parana, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 365, 1916 Orinoco Valley, Venezuela; Bertoni, El Hornero, 1, p. 188, 1918 Asunci6n, Paraguay (food); Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 14, 1920 Cerro Largo, Uruguay; Seri6 and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 42, 1923 Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; ScriS, I.e., p. 100, 1923 (food); Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 143 Rio Apure, Vene- zuela; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 56, 1926 Chaco (Las Palmas), Formosa (Riacho Pilaga), Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco), and Uru- guay (San Vicente, Lazcano, Rio Negro); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 66, 1930 Formosa (San Jos6) and Bolivia (Villa Montes, Tarija; San Jose 1 , Santa Cruz); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 114, 1931 (range); Zotta and Fonseca, El Hornero, 6, p. 58, 1935 Buenos Aires (Escobar), Entre Rios (Gualeguachu), Misiones, Chaco (Mocovi), and Salta (Rosario de la Frontera); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 34, 1938 Sao Paulo (Iguape 1 , Itapura, Bebedouro) and Paran& (Castro, Faz. Monte Alegre); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 39, 1945 El Beni (Reyes; Bresta) and Tarija (Tata- renda), Bolivia. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 207 Range. Southern Brazil, from Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso to Rio Grande do Sul; eastern Bolivia; Paraguay; Uruguay; northern Argentina, from Salta and Tucuman south through the Chaco to Santa F6" and Entre Rios, rarely to Buenos Aires Province (Godoy, Escobar, Conchitas); Venezuela (valleys of the Orinoco and Apure rivers). 1 Field Museum Collection. 13 : Brazil (Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1 ; Fazenda Morungaba, Parana, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Buena Vista, 5; Cercado, 2; San Carlos, 1); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 1); Argentina (Bompland, Misiones, 1); Uruguay (Passo Correntino, Rio Negro, 1). Genus NYCTICORAX T. Forster Nyciicorax T. Forster, 2 Syn. Cat. Brit. Bds., p. 59, 1817 type, by monotypy and tautonymy, Nycticorax infuusius T. Forster= Ardea nycticorax Linnaeus. Nyctiardea Swainson, Classif. Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 354, July, 1837 sub- stitute name for Nycticorax T. Forster. Scotaeus Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Eur., 1, p. Ixxx, 1840 type, by monotypy, Ardea nycticorax Linnaeus. Nycterodius Macgillivray, Man. Brit. Bds., 2, p. 126, 1842-v-type, by mono- typy, Nycterodius nycticorax Macgillivray = Ardea nycticorax Linnaeus. *Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli (Gmelin). BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON. Ardea naevia (not of T. F. Miller, 1782) Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 56, 1783 based on "Le Pouacre de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 939. Ardea Hoactli Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 630, 1789 based on "Le He>on hup6 du Mexique" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 418, and "L'Hocti" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 382, ex Hernandez, Hist. Anim. Nov. Hisp., pp. 13 ("Hoac- ton";=young), 26 ("Hoactli" ;= adult), lakes of Mexico. Ardea gardeni Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 645, 1789 based on "Le Pouacre de Cayenne" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 939, and "Gardenian Heron" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 450, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 71, South Carolina; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 405, 1856 Brazil. Ardea tayazu-guira Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 14, p. 437, 1817 based on "Tayazu-Guira" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 173, No. 357, Paraguay. 1 It remains to be ascertained by the study of an adequate series whether Venezuelan birds are really quite the same. A single adult from the Rio Apure is slightly larger with longer tarsus and bill, while the upper wing coverts are more predominantly yellowish and more narrowly streaked with blackish. The diver- gencies are, however, insignificant. 1 Nycticorax Rafinesque (Anal. Nat., p. 71, 1815) is a nomen nudum. 208 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ardea nycticorax (not of Linnaeus) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 646, 1833 Rio Parahyba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ardea discors Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, 2, p. 54, 1834 North America. Nycticorax americanus Bonaparte, Geogr. Comp. List Bds. Eur. and N. Amer., p. 48, 1838 based on Ardea nycticorax Audubon, Bds. Amer., pi. 236, "America generally"; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 555 Junin, Peru. Nycticorax vulgaris d'Orbigny, in Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., p. 208, 1839 part, North and South America, West Indies (no type specified). Nycticorax gardeni Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 755, 1849; Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 39, 1857 Cayenne; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 77, 1858 Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1866, p. 199 lower and upper Ucayali River, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 303, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba; Rio de Janeiro), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Irisanga), Parana (Curytiba), and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caicara); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 329 Lechugal, Tumbez, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 542 Medellin, Colombia; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 52, 1881 Choele-Choel, Rio Negro; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 624 Pacheco, Buenos Aires, and Sauce Redondo, Salta; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 89, 1884 foot of Sierra de las Animas, Buenos Aires; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 439 Angostura, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 271, 1884 Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios. Nycticorax naevius L6otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 431, 1866 Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 305 upper and lower Ucayali River, Peru; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 Empexa, Tarapaca, Chile; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 308 Lees River, Andros, Bahama Islands; Chubb, I.e., 1919, p. 272 Talaon, Cajamarca, Peru; Delacour, I.e., 1923, p. 143 rivers of Venezuelan llanos. Nycticorax obscurus (not of Bonaparte) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 156 Tinta, Cuzco, Peru (spec, examined); Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 357, 1876 Moho, Bolivia; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 189 Prov. Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1878, p. 63 Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e., 1880, p. 158 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding); White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 624 Pacheco, Buenos Aires, and Sauce Redondo, Salta; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Holland, I.e., 1890, p. 425 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 136 Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 205 Est. Espartillar; Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 199 Monzon River, Uruguay; Lane, I.e., 1897, p. 188 part, Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Gibson, I.e., 1919, p. 525 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. Nycticorax griseus (not Ardea grisea Linnaeus) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 25 Lagoa dos Pitos and Sumidouro, Minas Geraes; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 22, 1895 Corumba, Matto Grosso; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 31, 1897 Bolivia (Caiza) and Salta (Tala, Cara-huassi) ; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 172, 1901 Central American references and localities. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 209 Nycticorax griseus naeviits Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 31, 1887 Rio Pilcomayo. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 110, 1889 lower Beni River, Bolivia; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 379, 1899 Sao Paulo; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 125, 1900 Bonda, Colombia; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 125, 1902 Quiribana de Caicara and Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Hellmayr, I.e., 13, p. 51, 1906 Caroni, Trinidad; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 67, 1907 Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul (Nova Hamburgo), and Buenos Aires; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 303, 1908 Cayenne; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 431, 1910 Costa Rica (winter resident); Todd, I.e., 7, p. 411, 1911 Great Inagua, Bahama Islands; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 108, 1914 Para, Marajo (Pacoval, Livramento, Arary), and Mexiana, Brazil; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 186, 1916 Los Indios, Isle of Pines; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 364, 1916 Orinoco region; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 229, 1917 Cali, Rio Frfo, La Morelia, and La Olanda, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 30, 1918 near Paramaribo, Surinam (crit.); Tre- moleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Maldonado); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 137, 1922 Bonda and Mamatoco, Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 206, 1926 Chone and San Pablo, Ecuador; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 197, 1926 (life hist.); Wetmore, I.e., 133, p. 54, 1926 Lavalle, Buenos Aires; idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 299, 1927 Puerto Rico; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 148, 1927 Bovril Islands, Santa Fe~; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 85, 1928 Lower California; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 488, 1929 Piauhy (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 92, 1930 Matto Grosso; Griscom, I.e., 64, p. 141, 1932 Rio Polochic and Ocos, Guatemala. Nycticorax tayazu-guira Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 155, 275, 1898 part, spec, a-n, w, x, Peru (Tinta, Lake Titicaca), Bolivia, Tarapaca (Sacaya), Buenos Aires (Lomas de Zamora, Est. Espartillar), and Uruguay (Santa Elena, Monzon River); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 46, 1900 Lake Yaguarcocha, Ecuador; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 209, 1902 Rio Salf, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, pp. 447, 462 San Antonio, Jujuy, and Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 250, 1904 Santa Catalina, Jujuy; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb., (Syst.), 26, p. 49, 1907 Mexiana, Brazil; Me"ngaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 221, 1909 Lake Titicaca and Pazna, Bolivia; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 246, 1909 La Soledad, Entre Rfos, and Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 224, 1910 (range in Argen- tina); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 93, 1910 Joazeiro, Bahia, and Lagoa do Parnagua, Piauhy; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 339 Los Ynglases, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Sharpe and Scott, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 387, 1912 part, Buenos Aires to Patagonia (descr.); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 26, 1922 La Carolina and Chilco, Ecuador. 210 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Nycticorax nycticorax obscurus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 47 Ingapirca and La Merced, Junin, Peru. Nycticorax nycticorax Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 236, 1905 Grenada, Carriacou (Harvey Vale), and St. Vincent (records from the West Indies). Nycticorax nycticorax tayazu-guira Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 51, 1921 Peru (Calca, La Raya, Puno) (crit., meas.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 306, 1932 Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile (crit.); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 234, 1936 Erizera, Arica, Tacna; idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 51, 1938 Valle de Chacalluta and Morro de Arica, Tacna, Chile; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 39, 1945 El Beni (Bresta; Orion; San Lorenzo), Bolivia (disc.). Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vo'gel, p. 65, 1930 Lapango and Tacaagle, Formosa (nomencl.); Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 265, 1930 (char., range, nomencl.); idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 114, 1931 (range); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 85, 1931 Hispaniola; Griscom, Auk, 50, p. 303, 1933 Rio Chepo, Darien, Panama; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 581 Trinidad (breeding) and Tobago (ex Kirk); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 367, 1934 Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 295, 1935 Canal Zone and Rio Chepo, Panama; Zotta and Fonseca, El Hornero, 6, p. 240, 1936 Argentina from northern boundary to Buenos Aires (crit.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 34, 1938 Para (Lagoa Grande), Bahia (Cidade da Barra), Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul (Nova Hamburgo), and Buenos Aires; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 79, 1938 El Salvador (Lake Olomega, etc.); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 40, 1945 Sonora (distr.); Cooke, Bd. Banding, 17, p. 64, 1946 Santa Clara Province, Cuba (banded in Michigan). Range. Breeds locally in North America from northern Oregon, southern Wyoming and Manitoba, northern Quebec and Nova Scotia south through the West Indies, Central America, and South America to extreme northern Chile (Tarapaca) on the west and Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, on the east. 1 1 South American birds average slightly smaller, but the difference is alto- gether too trifling for such a large bird to justify the recognition of an additional race (tayazu-guira), which we at one time have maintained. While specimens from extreme northern Chile (Tarapaca) are quite typical in coloration, they are, like others from Tinta (Cuzco), Peru, somewhat larger than a series from Mexico and Brazil. Though all the night herons seen by us from the Andes of Peru and Bolivia belong to the pale-bellied form, it has been shown by Chapman and Peters that in those regions individuals of the "obscurus" coloration and intermediates are not infrequent. On the other hand, two adults and two young birds from Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, in the distributional area of obscurus, are just as light-colored below as any from the eastern United States, Mexico, or Tarapacd! As Chapman also mentions a Panama adult of the "obscurus" style, it is quite evident that the difference between the two races is bridged by the occurrence of aberrant individuals in their respective ranges. Seventy-eight specimens from the area circumscribed above were examined. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 211 Field Museum Collection. 78: California (Monterey County, 2; Los Angeles County, 1); Utah (Salt Lake City, 1); Texas (Cameron County, 1); North Dakota (Ramsey County, 3; Towner County, 1; Nelson County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 11; Milton, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 1; Cook County, 2; Henry, 1); Quebec (St. Andre, 2); Massachusetts (Great Island, 1; Monomoy Island, 5);Connecticut (East Hartford, 1; Essex, 1; New Haven County, 4); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1); Georgia (Roswell, 2); Florida (New River, 1; Pilot Town, 1; Shark River, 1; Amelia Island, 2; Bassenger, 1; Anclote, 1; Palm Beach County, 2); Mexico (San Jose" del Cabo, Lower California, 1); Ecuador (San Pablo, Imbabura, 1; Quito, 1; Quevedo, Rio Palenque, 1); Venezuela (Pampas, Merida, 1; Rio Chama, Merida, 1; Margarita Island, 1); Dutch Guiana (Para- maribo, 1); Peru (Junin, Junin, 1); Bolivia (Peres, Pacajes, La Paz, 3; Colomi, Cochabamba, 7; Vacas, Cochabamba, 2; Capinota, Cocha- bamba, 2; Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1; Cercado, Santa Cruz, 1); Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 1). *Nycticorax nycticorax obscurus Bonaparte. 1 CHILEAN NIGHT HERON. Nycticorax obscurus Bonaparte, 2 Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 141, 1857 part, Chile and Patagonia (type, from Chile, collected by C. Gay in Paris Museum); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 124, 1865 Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 334, 339 Chile; idem and 1 Nycticorax nycticorax obscurus Bonaparte: Differs from N. n. hoactli by the adults having the whole under parts including sides of head nearly uniform sooty or smoky brown, with only the chin and middle of upper throat white or brownish white. Also the juvenile plumage is much darker above with large deep buffish spots, the sides of the head are densely streaked with blackish brown and buff, and the lower parts are strongly suffused with buff and much more heavily streaked with a deeper, more blackish brown. The dimensions, however, do not seem to be constantly larger, as has been claimed. Chilean birds from Concepcion south to the Straits of Magellan are quite con- stant in their dark coloring, those from the latter region showing the racial charac- ters perhaps most strongly pronounced. However, on proceeding into Patagonia, a variation analogous to that observed in the Andes of Peru and Bolivia is encoun- tered, for, as we have noted under N. n. hoactli, a number of examples from western Chubut (Valle del Lago Blanco) are just as light-colored as the average North American specimen. The same variability appears to exist among breeding birds of Tierra del Fuego, where, according to Reynolds, the pale-bellied individuals are even in preponderance. Nevertheless, if such be the case, we cannot well call them N. n. tayazu-guira (=hoactli), mainly on geographic grounds. The large per- centage of light-colored birds may indicate an approach to the Falkland Island race. Fifteen specimens from Chile (Coquimbo to Llanquihue), five from the Straits of Magellan, five from western Chubut, and two from Tierra del Fuego examined. 1 Nycticorax obscurus "Licht." Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 14, p. 723, April, 1855) is a nomen nudum. 212 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 189 Oazy Harbour, Straits of Magellan; iidem, l.c., 1869, p. 284 part, Even Harbour, Straits of Magellan; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 561, 1877 Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 40 Chubut Valley; idem, I.e., 1878, p. 399 Rio Sengel, Chubut; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 436 part, Tom Bay and Puerto Bueno, Straits of Magellan; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 12 Cockle Cove and Neesham Cove, Trinidad Channel; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, "1889," p. 137, 1890 Port Otway, Chile; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 137, 1891 part, Bahia Orange, Ushuaia, Isla Gable, and Isla Wollaston; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896 Chile; Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, 6, p. Ixvii, 1896 Chile (plumages); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 188 part, central and southern Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 679, 1898 Coquimbo, Calbuco (Puerto Montt), Chile, and Rio de los Patos, Patagonia; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 626, 1900 Staten Island (Penguin Rookery, Puerto Cook) and Magellan Straits (Punta Arenas, Possession Bay); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 393, 1902 Tierra del Fuego; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 201, 1929 Angol, Malleco, Chile. Ardea nycticorax (not of Linnaeus) Kittlitz, Kupfert. Naturg., Vogel, Part 3, p. 26, pi. 35, fig. 1, 1833 Chile; Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 215, 1848 Chile (crit.); Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 122, 1858 San-Tome, Con- cepcion, Chile. Nycticorax americanus (not of Bonaparte) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 128, 1841 Valparaiso, Chile. Nycticorax cyanocephalus (not Ardea cyanocephala Molina) 1 Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 116, 1843 Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 156, 1898 Chile (Rio Contra; Frutillar, Llanquihue) and Straits of Magellan (Cockle Cove, Neesham Cove, Tom Harbour, Puerto Bueno); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 224, 1910 Tierra del Fuego and Staten Island; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patag., 2, Orn., p. 391, 1912 head of Rio Chico de Santa Cruz and Lake Pueyrredon, Santa Cruz (descr.); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 54, 1920 Nilahue, Curico, Chile; idem, I.e., 25, p. 173, 1921 Precordillera of Aconcagua, Chile; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 445, 1922 Coronel, Chile; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 299, 1923 Huanuluan and Maquinchao, Rio Negro; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 87, 1924 Caldera, Atacama, Chile; Housse, I.e., 28, p. 52, 1924 Isla La Mocha, Arauco, Chile; idem, I.e., 29, p. 149, 1925 San Bernardo, Santiago, Chile; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 412, 1926 Rio Negro (Camp Pilcaniyeu, Bariloche), Chubut (Valle Frio), and Mendoza (Guanacache) ; Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 112, 1927 Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile. 1 Ardea cyanocephala Molina (Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 235, 344, 1782) described as having "la testa e il dorso turchini, le ali nere orlato di bianco, il venire giallo verdiccio, la coda yerde, il beco nero e le gambe gialle," is one of those undeterminable or even fictitious birds that are found in the Chilean naturalist's work. It is the type (by monotypy) of Syricter Heine (in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn., p. 309, 1890). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 213 Nycticorax naevius (not Ardea naevia Boddaert) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 412, 1847 Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 510 Valdivia; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 273, 1868 Chile; Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, 4, pp. Ixxxviii, clxxxiii, 1894 Penaflor, Santiago, and San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso, Chile. Nycticorax gardeni (not Ardea gardeni Gmelin) Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 131, 1853 Chile; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 216, 1853 Valdivia; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 193, 1855 Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 313, 1860 Santiago (nesting habits). Nycticorax nyclicorax cyanocephalus Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 267, 1930 (crit., in part); idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 115, 1931 (range in part). Nycticorax nycticorax obscurus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 304, 1932 Atacama to Straits of Magellan (crit.); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 242, 1935 Isla la Mocha, Chile (resident); Zotta and Fonseca, El Hornero, 6, p. 241, 1936 Chubut and Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz (crit.); Trimble, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 29, p. 416, 1943 (note on two races in Chile). Nycticorax nycticorax tayazu-Guira (not Ardea tayazu-guira Vieillot) Reynolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 350, 1934 Yewin, Tierra del Fuego; idem, Ibis, 1935, p. 82 Freycinet, Deceit, Jerdan, and Wollaston Islands, Cape Horn region (crit.). Range. Chile, from Atacama southward to the Straits of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego, and southern Argentina north to the Rio Negro and in the Andean districts to Mendoza. Field Museum Collection. 2: Chile (Conception, 1; Isla Hermita, Magallanes, 1). Nycticorax nycticorax falklandicus Hartert. 1 FALKLAND NIGHT HERON. Nycticorax cyanocephalus falklandicus Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 35, p. 15, Nov. 4, 1914 Falkland Islands (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 272, 1925); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 152, 1917 Falkland Islands; Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 199, 1921; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 325 Falkland Islands. Nycticorax obscurus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 141, 1857 part, Falkland Islands (not descr.); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 part, Tyssen Island, Falkland Islands; iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 436 part, Falkland Islands; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 142, 1 Nycticorax nycticorax falklandicus Hartert: Very similar to N. n. hoactli, but somewhat smaller. Wing, 307-322 mm. In coloration, this insular form is somewhat variable. Among fifteen specimens, twelve ^both in adult and juvenile dress are of the light-colored "hoactli" type, two are intermediate, and only one adult represents the dark "obscurus" type, being hardly distinguishable from Temuco birds. Under these circumstances, we cannot well follow Peters in uniting falklandicus to obscurus, and prefer to keep it separate. 214 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1891 part, Falkland Islands (Edwards and French Bay); Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 33, 1904 Falkland Islands. Nycticorax gardeni (not Ardea gardeni Gmelin) Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 96, 1859 Falkland Islands (egg descr.); Sclater, I.e., 28, p. 387, I860 Berkeley Sound; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 157 Hope Place, Falkland Islands (breeding). Nycticorax iayazu-guira (not Ardea tayazu-guira Vieillot) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 155, 1898 part, spec, o-u, Falkland Islands. Nycticorax nycticorax cyanocephalus (not Ardea cyanocephala Molina) Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 267, 1931 part, Falkland Islands; idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 115, 1931 part, Falkland Islands. Range. Resident in the Falkland Islands. Genus NYCTANASSA Stejneger 1 Nyctherodius (not Nycterodius Macgillivray, 1842) Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xvi, 1852 (=1853) type, by orig. desig., Ardea violacea Linnaeus. Nyctanassa Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 295 (note), 1887 type, by orig. desig., Ardea violacea Linnaeus. Nyctinassa Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 193, 1913 (emendation). *Nyctanassa violacea violacea (Linnaeus). YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON. Ardea violacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 143, 1758 based on "The Crested Bittern" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 79, pi. 79; Carolina and Bahama Islands (Carolina accepted as type locality). Ardea jamaicensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 625, 1789 based on "Jamaica Night-Heron" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 54; Jamaica. Ardea callocephala Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 12, Ardea, sp. 34, 1827 sub- stitute name for Ardea violacea "auct.," inclusive of the Guianan race. Nyctherodius violaceus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xvi, 1852; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 311, 1875 Cuba (breeding); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 12, 1899 Rio Lara and Punta de Sabana, Darien, Panama. Nyctanassa violacea Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 295 (note), 1887 (nomencl.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 130, 1898 part, spec, a-x, e'-w', c"-b 3 , United States, Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, and West Indies (Cuba, Santa Lucia, Dominica, Nevis, Virgin Gorda, St. Vincent, Grenada, Mustique, Grenadines); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 174, 1901 references and localities in eastern Mexico 1 Mathews (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, p. 13, 1937) claims that "Maridus is used by Wood (Ornith. Guide, p. 201, June [?], 1836) for the 'Bihoreau de Cayenne,' which Wood calls Maridus bahamensis, and this is the type of the genus Maridus by present designation." This statement is by no means clear, and not having access to Wood's publication at present, we cannot decide if Maridus is validly proposed. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 215 and Central America; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 236, 1905 Barbados (Sept. 12), St. Vincent, Grenadines, and Grenada (breeding); Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 141, 1905 San Miguel and Saboga Islands, Pearl Archipelago, Panama (breeding) ; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 430, 1910 Costa Rica (Bolson, Limon, (?)E1 Pozo de Te>raba); Todd, I.e., 7, p. 411, 1911 Great Inagua and Watlings Islands, Bahama Islands; idem, I.e., 10, p. 187, 1916 Los Indies, Majagua River, and Caleta Grande, Isle of Pines; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 213, 1926 (life hist.; range in part); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 311, 1932 Perme" and Obaldia, Panama; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 140, 1932 Guatemala (part, Rio Polochic); Wyman, Auk, 58, p. 569, 1941 Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Nycticorax violaceus Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 376 Cozumel and Ruatan Islands; Bonhote, I.e., 1899, p. 519 New Providence; idem, I.e., 1903, p. 307 Andros, Hog Cay (Great Abaco), and Little Abaco, Bahama Islands (breeding). Nyctanassa violacea jamaicensis Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 31, 1918 West Indies (crit.). Nyctanassa violacea violacea Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 300, 1927 Puerto Rico, Mona Island, St. Thomas, St. Croix, and Virgin Gorda (crit., meas.); idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 86, 1931 Hispaniola (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 116, 1931 (range); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 305, 1931 Almirante, Bocas del Toro, and Changuinola, Panama; Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 295, 1935 Panama; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 80, 1938 Barra de Santiago, El Salvador (migrant). Range. Breeds from eastern Kansas, southern Illinois and Indiana, and South Carolina south through eastern Mexico, eastern Central America to Panama 1 and throughout the West Indies to Grenada; winters in the southern part of its range. 2 Casual in summer as far north as Colorado, Wisconsin, Ontario, and Nova Scotia. / Field Museum Collection. 50: Texas (Tarpon Springs, 1; Browns- ville, 2); Mississippi (Rosedale, 1); Florida (East Pass, 2; Marion 1 Wetmore (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 59, p. 49, March 11, 1946) has recently separated the birds from the Pearl Islands, off Panama, under the name Nyc- tanassa violacea caliginis, type from Isla San Jose", Archipelago de las Perlas, Pana- ma, in the U. S. National Museum. It is said to differ from the typical race by its thicker, heavier bill and the decidedly darker gray color of the adult. It is similar to N. v. bancrofti Huey in size of bill but decidedly darker. 2 On comparing an ample series of West Indian and Bahama specimens with an equally good one from the southeastern United States, we fail to see any constant difference either in size or coloration, and are unable to recognize jamaicensis. Twenty-two specimens from the Antilles, nine from the Bahamas, twenty- three from the United States, twenty from eastern Mexico, and two from Costa Rica were examined. No material from Panama or the Pearl Islands has been available for study. 216 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII County, 4; Monroe County, 3; Amelia Island, 1; Bassenger, 6); Bahama Islands (Mira por vos Island, 1; Andros, 2; Eleuthera, 1; Inagua, 4; Mayaguana, 6); Jamaica (Grand Cayman, 1; Surrey, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 6); Lesser Antilles (Antigua, 2; St. Chris- topher, 3; Martinique, 1; Tobago, 1); Guatemala (Escobas, Izabal, 1). *Nyctanassa violacea bancrofti Huey. 1 PACIFIC YELLOW- CROWNED NIGHT HERON. Nyctanassa violacea bancrofti Huey, Condor, 29, p. 167, May, 1927 Scammon Lagoon, Lower California (type in coll. of San Diego Society of Natural History); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 85, 1928 Lower Cali- fornia; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 116, 1931 (range); van Rossem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 8, p. 327, 1937 Tobari Bay, Sonora; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 80, 1938 Lake Olomega, Puerto del Triunfo, etc., El Salvador (breed- ing; crit.); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 40, 1945 Sonora (distr.). Nycticorax violaceus (not Ardea violacea Linnaeus) Salvin, Ibis, 1855, p. 191 Chiapam, Pacific Guatemala; Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 135, 1890 Socorro Island, off Mexico; Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 33, 1899 Isabel Island, Mexico. Nyctherodius violaceus Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, pp. 285, 301, 1872 Tres Marias and Socorro Islands; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 311, 1874 Sinaloa (Mazatlan), Colima (Rio "Coahuana"), Tres Marias and Socorro Islands; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 379, 1883 San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua. Nyctanassa violacea Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 130, 1898 part, spec, y-d', x'-b", Mexico (Presidio and Mazatlan, Sinaloa) and Guatemala (Chiapam); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 174, 1910 part, western Mexico (Socorro Island, Tres Marias, Mazatlan, Rio de Coahuayana) and Guatemala (Chiapam); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 292, 1926 Socorro Island and Maria Magdalena, Tres Marias; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 140, 1932 Guate- mala (part, Ocos). Range. Resident in southern Lower California and in the Pacific coast region of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and northwestern Nicaragua: also on Socorro, 2 Isabel, and the Tres Marias Islands. 1 Nyctanassa violacea bancrofti Huey: Similar to the nominate race, but larger and the bill heavier as well as longer. Wing, 295-305; bill, 75-82. Though there is no topotypical material at hand, we have no hesitation in referring four adults from Mazatlan and two from Chiapam (Pacific Guatemala) to this form, whose breeding as far south as El Salvador has been ascertained by van Rossem. A single specimen from Managua, Nicaragua, evidently belongs here, too. * Van Rossem has recently separated the birds from Socorro Island under the name Nyctanassa violacea gravirostris (Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 15, p. 266, Nov. 22, 1943 Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group, Mexico, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 217 Field Museum Collection, 3 : Mexico, Lower California (La Paz, 1; San Luis Island, 1) ; El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 1). *Nyctanassa violacea cayennensis (Gmelin). 1 GUIANAN YELLOW- CROWNED NIGHT HERON. Ardea cayennensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 626, 1789 based on "Bihoreau de Cayenne" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 439, and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 899, Cayenne; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 652, 1833 coast of Rio de Janeiro (Cabo Frio, Rio Iritiba) and Bahia (Rio Belmonte). Ardea cayanensis Richard and Bernard, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1, (1), p. 117, 1792 Cayenne. Ardea sexsetacea Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 14, p. 436, 1817 chiefly based on "Bihoreau de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 899. Nycticorax violaceus (not Ardea violacea Linnaeus) Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 754, 1849 marshes of the savanna and rivers; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860 Babahoyo, Ecuador; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 95 Oropuche Lagoon, Trinidad; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 433, 1866 Trinidad; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 303, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Parand (Paranagua), and Para (Caju- tuba), Brazil; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 746 Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 378, 1899 Sao Paulo. Ardea violacea Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 407, 1856 eastern Brazil (ex Wied). Nyctanassa violacea Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 130, 274, 1898 part, spec, c 3 , d 3 , g 3 , h 3 , Brazil (Bahia, Santa Catharina) and British Guiana (savannas); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 605, 1902 Vaqueria, Ecuador; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 66, 1907 Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 302, 1908 Cayenne; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., pp. 214, 236, 1909 Isla de Aves and Margarita Island, Vene- zuela; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910 Amaracao, Piauhy; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 108, 1914 Maraj6 (Pacoval, Livramento, Magoary) and Maranhao, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 364, 1916 Corosal, Orinoco delta (ex Stone); Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 779 Abary River (near Blairmont) and Abary Savanna, British Guiana. type in California Academy of Sciences). They are said to have a heavier bill, shorter, thicker tarsi and the crown of the head overlaid with brown even in the adults. 1 Nyctanassa violacea cayennensis (Gmelin) : Similar in coloration to the nomi- nate race, but smaller. Wing, 250-275. The few specimens that we have been able to examine (two from Venezuela, two from Trinidad, one from British Guiana, and four from Brazil) are indeed somewhat smaller than North American and West Indian birds, though the largest individuals closely approach the latter. We do not find any difference in coloration. Mr. Todd pronounces Colombian examples to be inseparable from the North American form, while Chapman refers a single adult from Ecuador (wing, 264) to cayennensis. The race appears to require confirmation by larger series. 218 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Nyctanassa violacea violacea Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 51, 1906 Caroni Swamp and Pointe Gourde, Trinidad; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 138, 1922 Bonda, Mamatoco, Don Diego, and Gaira, Colombia (crit.). Nyctinassa violacea Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 193, 1913 Corosal (Orinoco delta) and Cariaquito, Venezuela. Nyctanassa violacea cayennensis Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 31, 1918 Braamspunt, Surinam (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 207, 1926 Jambeli, Ecuador (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 117, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 581 Trinidad and Tobago (breeding); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 35, 1938 Maranhao (Miritiba), Bahia (Caravellas, Ilha Madre de Deus), and Sao Paulo. Range. Coasts (rarely inland) of Colombia, Venezuela (Isla de Aves; Margarita Island; Cariaquito, Paria Peninsula; Corosal, Orinoco delta), Trinidad, Tobago, the Guianas, and Brazil south to Santa Catharina, and also the Pacific coast region of Ecuador (Babahoyo, Jambeli) and northwestern Peru (Santa Lucia, Tumbez). Field Museum Collection. 9: Venezuela (Culata, Merida, 1; Emigrante de los Pampas, Merida, 1; Lake Valencia, Aragua, 2; Isla de Aves, Colon, 1; Testigos Islands, Nueva Esparta, 1; Mar- garita Island, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, 1); Brazil (Miritiba, 1). *Nyctanassa violacea pauper (Sclater and Salvin). 1 GALAPAGOS YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON. Nycticorax pauper Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, pp. 323, 327 Indefatigable Island (descr. of young; cotypes in British Museum); Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 498, 1876 Indefatigable Island; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 114, 1890 Hood and Indefatigable Islands. Nycticorax violaceus (not Ardea violacea Linnaeus) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 128, 1841 Galapagos Islands. Ardea violacea (var. ?) Sundevall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, pp. 125, 128 Galapagos Islands (crit.). Nyctanassa violacea Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 606, 1897 Galapagos Islands (monog., crit.) ; Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 182, 1899 Charles, Chatham, Bindloe, Tower, Albemarle, and Hood Islands (crit.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 255, 1904 Indefatigable Island (eggs descr.); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2", p. 59, pi. 2, fig. 1, 1931 Abingdon, Albemarle, Bindloe, Brattle, Champion, Charles, Chatham, Duncan, Gardner-near-Hood, Hood, In- 1 Nyctanassa violacea pauper (Sclater and Salvin) differs from the continental races by markedly darker coloration, this being particularly noticeable on under parts and neck. In dimensions, it seems to be rather variable. Wing of adult males, according to Gifford, 264-290 mm. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 219 defatigable, James, Jervis, Narborough, Seymour, and Tower Islands (crit., plumages, nest, descr., meas.). Nyctanassa pauper Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 134, pi. Ic, 1898 Indefatigable Island (descr. of young). Nyctanassa violacea paupera Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 411, 1902 Narborough Island (crit.). Nyctanassa violacea pauper Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 117, 1931 (range); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 43, 1931 Galapagos Islands (crit.); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 36, 1931 Tower, Daphne, and Indefatigable Islands. Range. Galapagos Islands. 1 Field Museum Collection. 2: Galapagos Islands (Tower Island, 1; Gardner Island, 1). Genus TIGRISOMA Swainson 2 Tigrisoma Swainson, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, Sept.-Dec. 31, 1827, p. 362, 1827 type, by orig. desig., Ardea tigrina "Latham" (=Gmelin)= Ardea lineata Boddaert. Tigriosoma Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 5, p. xii, Dec. 30, 1895 (emendation). Heterocnus Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 5, p. xiv, Dec. 30, 1895 type, by orig. desig., Tigrisoma cabanisi Heine =Tigrisoma mexicana Swainson. Tigribaphe Reichenow, Orn. Monatsber., 20, p. 61, April, 1912 type, by monotypy, Tigribaphe leucolaema Reichenow =Tigrisoma salmoni Sclater and Salvin. *Tigrisoma lineatum lineatum (Boddaert). GUIANAN TIGER HERON. Ardea lineata Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 52, 1783 based on "L'Onore" raye", de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 860; Cayenne (=adult); Richard and Bernard, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1, (1), p. 117, 1792 Cayenne. Ardea tigrina Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 638, 1789 based on "L'Onore"" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 431, and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 790; Cayenne (= young). 1 A yet undetermined race inhabits Cocos Island. According to Gifford (I.e., p. 60) and Swarth (I.e., p. 44), three birds from that island are remarkable for their very heavy bills, which are even stronger than those of N. v. bancrofti. 2 The three species are not quite alike in structural details. T. mexicana (type of Heterocnus) has the throat entirely bare and, in addition to the dorsal tract, a narrow patch of powder-downs on each side of the interscapular region, which is absent in T. lineatum. These interscapular powder-downs are also present, though less highly developed, in T. salmoni (type of Tigribaphe), which differs, however, from the other two members of the genus by its stouter, smaller bill with more decidedly curved culmen, giving the bill a more Nycticorax- like appearance. As has been justly remarked by Miller (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 50, p. 328, 1924), either three monotypic genera will have to be admitted, or else the three species have to go together in a single generic group. We prefer to take the latter alternative. 220 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Tigrisoma tigrinum Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 753, 1849 coastal forests; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 163, 1855 "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 25, p. 268, 1857 Rio Javarrf; idem, I.e., 26, p. 461, 1858 Gualaquiza, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 290, 1860 Babahoyo, Ecuador; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 196 delta of the Rio Atrato, Colombia; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 12, 1863 Lion Hill, Panama. Tigrisoma brasiliense (not Ardea brasiliensis Linnaeus) 1 Cabanis, in Schom- burgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 754, 1849 coastal forests; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 268, 1857 Rio Javarrf; idem, I.e., 28, p. 72, 1860 Pallatanga, Ecuador; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 196 delta of the Atrato River, Colombia; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 301, 1861 Lion Hill, Panama; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 426, 1866 Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199 upper Ucayali River, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1867, p. 979 Pebas, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 302, 1870 part, Barra do Rio Negro (=Manaos), Brazil; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 384 Lake Paturia, Magdalena, Colombia; Layard, I.e., 1873, p. 396 near Para, Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 305 Rio Javarrf, upper Ucayali near Cashiboya and Santa Cruz, and Pebas, Peru; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 439 Rio Apure, Venezuela; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 401, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 170 Merume" Mountains and Camacusa, British Guiana; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 318, 1889 Shanusi (Yurimaguas), Peru; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 110, 1889 lower Beni River, Bolivia; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 161, 1891 Santarem, Brazil; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 502, 1898 Paramba, Ecuador; Me'ne'gaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 185, 1904 Lunier River (Carsevenne), French Guiana; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 50, 1907 Mexiana Island, Brazil. Ardea brasiliensis Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 589 Trinidad. Tigrisoma excellens Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, "1887," p. 595, 1888 Segovia River, Honduras (type in U. S. National Museum); Richmond, I.e., 16, p. 527, 1893 Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 178, 1901 (ex Ridgway); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 259, 1910 Juan Vinas, Costa Rica. Tigrisoma lineatum Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 194, 281, 1898 British Guiana (Merume' Mountains), Surinam (Maroni River), Ecuador (Sarayacu, Yanayacu), Peru (Pebas), and Panama (Lion Hill); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL, 2, p. 15, 1900 Loma del Leon, Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 178, 1901 Lion Hill, Panama; Berlepseh and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 126, 1902 Venezuela 1 Ardea brasiliensis Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 239, 1766) is based on "Le He>on du Brfeil" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 441, and "Soco" Marcgraye, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 199. The latter is T. 1. marmoratum, the form of Tiger Bittern of the Brazilian highlands. Brisson, who had a specimen from Cayenne sent by Arthur to the Reaumur Collection, also refers to Marcgrave, and his description is by no means clear. From Linnaeus' short diagnosis it cannot even be guessed which of the two references he used as principal basis, and we agree with Berlepsch and Hartert (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 126, footnote, 1902) that the name brasiliensis had better be dropped as ambiguous. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 221 (Caicara and Quiribana de Caicara, Rio Orinoco; Nicare, La Pricion, and Cangrejo, Caura Valley); Hartert, I.e., p. 602, 1902 Paramba, Ecuador; Hellmayr, I.e., 14, p. 411, 1907 Humayta, Rio Madeira; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 303, 1908 Cayenne and Lunier River, French Guiana; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 424, 1910 Jamarysinho, Rio Machados, Brazil; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 433, 1910 El Hogar, Costa Rica; M6n6gaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc MeYid. Equat., 9, B. 10, 1911 Santo Domingo, Ecuador; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, p. 83, 1912 near Bele"m, Para; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 193, 1913 Guinipa River, Orinoco delta, Venezuela; Sneth- lage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 110, 1914 part, Para, Ilha das Ongas, Marajo (Magoary, Boa Vista), and Monte Alegre, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 366, 1916 Orinoco Valley, Venezuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 177, 1916 (var. local); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 230, 1917 Rio Salaquf, Rio Atrato, Malena, and Puerto Berrio, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 32, 1918 vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 136, 1922 Don Diego, Las Vegas, Fundacion, and Trojas de Cataca, Colombia (plumages descr., disc.); Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 143 near Camaguan and Apure district, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 208, 1926 Rio Suno, Ecuador; Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 781 Blairmont and Abary River, British Guiana; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 311, 1932 Obaldia and Ranchon, Panama. Tigrisoma sp. Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 11, 1899 Laguna della Pita, Darien (young descr.). Tigrisoma marmoratum (not Ardea marmorata Vieillot) Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 47, 1900 Vinces and Rio Peripa, Ecuador (crit.). Tigrisoma lineatum lineatum Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 118, 1931 (range); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,^71, p. 307, 1931 Changuinola, Quebrada Nigua, and Cricamola, Almirante, Panama; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 581 Trinidad (ex Leotaud); 1 Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 295, 1935 Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 36, 1938 Manaos and Sao Gabriel, Rio Negro, Brazil; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 23, 1945 Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua and Santo Antonio, Rio Eiru; idem, I.e., 23, p. 41, 1945 El Beni (Victoria; Bresta; Orion), Bolivia. Range, Central America, from the Segovia River, Honduras, to Panama, and northern South America south to western Ecuador and Amazonia as far south as northeastern Bolivia (lower Beni), the northern confines of Matto Grosso (Rio Machados), and in the east to the Para region, Brazil; 2 accidental in Trinidad (one record). 1 The eggs described do not seem to be those of the Tiger Heron. 1 Birds from various parts of the range present no constant differences so far as we can see. The color type described by Ridgway as T. excellens has been shown by Todd to be merely an intermediate stage between the juvenile and the adult plumage. Nineteen specimens examined. 222 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. 13: Costa Rica (Juan Vinas, Cartago, 1) ; Colombia (unspecified, 1) ; Ecuador (Sarayacu, Napo Pastaza, 1) ; Venezuela (Orope, Zulia, 2); British Guiana (Rockstone, 3; New River Depot, New River, 1); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 2; Rio Counany, Para, 1). Tigrisoma lineatum marmoratum (Vieillot). 1 MARBLED TIGER HERON. Ardea marmorata Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 14, p. 415, 1817 based on "Garza jaspeada" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 160, No. 353; Paraguay (descr. of young). Ardea lineata (not of Boddaert) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 634, 1833 Rio de Janeiro (lagoons of Marica, Sagoarema, Ponta Negra, Araruama, etc.). Tigrisoma tigrinum (not Ardea tigrina Gmelin) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 27 Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes. Tigrisoma brasiliense (not Ardea brasiliensis Linnaeus) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 302, 1870 part, Goyaz (Ponte Alta, Rio Araguay), Matto Grosso (Engenho do Pari, Caigara), and Sao Paulo (Taipa, Ypanema); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 69, 1870 Itapura, Sao Paulo, and Vargem Alegre, Minas Geraes; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 624 Rio Parana, near Corrientes City, Corrientes. Tigrisoma fasdatum (not Ardea fasciata Such) Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 363 Salta (descr.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 151, 1893 Chapada, Matto Grosso. Tigrisoma marmoratum Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 30, 1887 Rio Pilco- mayo, Chaco (char., nomencl.); Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 130 Fortin Page, lower Rio Pilcomayo; Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 21, 1895 Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 31, 1897 1 Tigrisoma lineatum marmoratum (Vieillot) differs principally by larger size, longer tarsi, wider black crown-streaks, and generally by more extensive feathering at the base of the lower mandible. In juvenile plumage only distinguishable by greater dimensions. Wing, 330 (female), 360 (male); bill, 110-120. Birds from Matto Grosso, Piauhy, Paraguay, and the Chaco agree well together. T. bahiae proves to be an intermediate stage between juvenile and adult plumage, corresponding to the one in the northern T. L lineatum, which was described by Ridgway as T. excellens. Study of adequate material, furthermore, tends to indicate that H. bolivianus (erroneously placed by the describer in the genus Heterocnus) is merely an individual mutant of the present form. The dimensions of the type agree with marmoratum, and the only character of im- portance is its blackish, instead of chestnut, upper part of the head. However, two adults from the Bolivian Chaco are just as rufous-headed as any from Paraguay and Argentina, whereas a black-crowned specimen has been recorded by Wetmore from Corrientes, in the heart of the range of marmoratum. Moreover, individuals with blackish forehead are occasionally met with in the distributional areas of lineatum as well as marmoratum, which also speaks for the mutational nature of this character. Material examined. Brazil: Primeira Cruz, Maranhao, 1; Lagoa do Parnagua, Piauhy, 4; Bahia, 1; Matto Grosso, 4. Bolivia: Caiza, 1; Alto Paraguay, 1. Chaco: Fortfn Page, 1. Paraguay: Riacho Verde, 1; Colonia Risso, 2. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 223 Caiza (Tarija), Bolivia, and San Lorenzo, Jujuy; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 195, 281, 1898 Salta and Fortin Page, Rio Pilcomayo; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 377, 1899 Sao Paulo; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 232 Riacho Verde, Paraguay; Lonnberg, I.e., 1903, p. 462 Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivian Chaco (young descr.); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 247, pi. 3, fig. 13 (egg), 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (crit.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 225, 1910 (range in Argen- tina); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 70, p. 93, 1910 Lagoa do Parnagua, Piauhy (spec, examined); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 338 Alto Paraguay, Bolivia; Mn6gaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 5, p. 26, 1917 Caceres, Matto Grosso; Serie and Smyth, El Hornero, 3, p. 42, 1923 Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 219, 1925 Rio Sao Francisco, Rio Preto, Bahia, and Piauhy (crit., plumages); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 58, 1926 west of Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay (crit., habits). Tigriosoma bahiae Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 5, p. xiv, Dec. 30, 1895 Bahia, Brazil (type in British Museum examined; descr. of intermediate stage). Tigrisoma bahiae Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 196, pi. 2A, 1898 Bahia. Heterocnus bolivianus Lonnberg, Ibis, (8), 3, p. 462, Oct., 1903 Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivian Chaco (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 98, 1927 [crit.]). Tigrisoma lineatum Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 69, 1907 Barretos, Sao Paulo. Tigrisoma bolirianum Wetmore, El Hornero, 2, p. 292, 1922 Corrientes, Rio Parana (crit.); Zotta, I.e., 6, p. 244, 1936 Corrientes (ex Wetmore). Tigrisoma lineatum marmoratum Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 488, 1929 Lake Parnagua, Piauhy, and Primeira Cruz, Maranhao (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 93, 1930 Matto Grosso and Fazenda do Sao Joao, Rio Cuyaba, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 67, 1930 San Jose", Tapi- kiote, Lapango, and Tacaagle, Formosa (crit., meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 119, 1931 (range); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 367, 1934 Descalvados, Matto Grosso (plumages); Zotta, El Hornero, 6, p. 242, 1936 (descr., range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 36, 1938 part, Minas Geraes (Mayrink, Pirapora, Vargem Alegre, Rio Pandeiro), Sao Paulo (Barretos, Itapura, Rio Parana, Valparaiso), and Matto Grosso (Porto Sap4, Coxim); idem, Pap. Avul. Dept. Zool. Sec. Agric., Sao Paulo, 7, p. 45, 1946 (pis.). Tigrisoma (lineatum?) bolivianum Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 119, 1931 (range). Range. Highlands of Brazil, from Maranhao and Piauhy south to Bahia, Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso; Paraguay; southeastern Bolivia (Cochabamba; Santa Cruz; Tarija); north- eastern Argentina east of the Andes south to Buenos Aires. Field Museum Collection. 7: Brazil (Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1); Bolivia (Yungas del Palmar, Cocha- 224 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII bamba, 1; Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1; Rio Surutu, Santa Cruz, 2; San Carlos, Santa Cruz, 1). Tigrisoma lineatum fascia turn (Such). 1 BLACK-CROWNED TIGER HERON. Ardea fasciata Such, Zool. Journ., 2, No. 5, p. 117, April, 1825 "Brazil" (location of type unknown). Tigrisoma fasciatum Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 183, pi. 92, 1869 southeastern Brazil ("vicinity of Rio de Janeiro"); Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 174, 1885 Taquara do Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 196, 1898 southeastern Brazil; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 69, 1907 (range in part) ; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 119, 1926 Salto do Cobre, Porto Xavier de Silva, and Ilha do Mutum, Parana, Brazil; Zotta, El Hornero, 6, p. 106, 1935 Bonpland, Misiones; idem, I.e., p. 245, 1936 Misiones (descr.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 37, 1938 Blumenau, Santa Catharina. Tigrisoma brasiliense (not Ardea brasiliensis Linnaeus) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 302, 1870 part, Curytiba, Parana. Tigrisoma (lineatum?) fasciatum Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 119, 1931. Range. Extreme southeastern Brazil, from Parand to Rio Grande do Sul, and the adjacent districts of Argentina (Bonpland, Misiones). Tigrisoma salmoni salmoni Sclater and Salvin. SALMON'S TIGER HERON. Tigrisoma salmoni Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1875, p. 38 Medellin, Colombia (cotypes in British Museum); Taczanowski, I.e., 1879, p. 242 Tambillo, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., p. 542- Cauca and Medellin, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 178 Minca (2,000 ft.), Santa Marta, Colombia; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 212 Callacate, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 47 Huambo, Peru; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 577 Chimbo, Ecuador; Tac- zanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 402, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 197, 1898 Colombia (Cauca Valley, Medellin, Minca) and Ecuador (Sarayacu); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 125, 1900 Valparaiso, Colombia; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 47, 1900 Gualaquiza and Rio Santiago, Ecuador (plumages descr.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1 Tigrisoma lineatum fasciatum (Such) agrees with T. I. marmoratum in dimen- sions and extent of feathering on the throat, but differs in that the upper parts of the head and neck are black instead of chestnut. This character is quite constant in the twelve adults from Parand, Santa Catharina, and Rio Grande do Sul that we have examined. It is, however, some- what significant that a black-crowned mutation (bolivianus) sporadically reappears in the range of T. I. marmoratum, such individuals being hardly distinguishable from fasciatum. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 225 Lond., 1902, (2), p. 48, 1902 La Merced, Junfn, Peru; Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 164, 1902 Macuto (near La Guayra), Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 231, 1917 Salento and Juntas de Tamana, Colombia; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 137, 1922 La Tigrera, Santa Marta, Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 26, 1922 Gualea, Mindo, Rio San Pedro, and Rio Guaillabamba, below Zambiza, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 208, 1926 Mindo, Chimbo, Las Pinas, Guainche", below San Jose", lower Sumaco, and Palmira (east of Banos), Ecuador. Tigribaphe leucolaema Reichenow, Orn. Monatsber., 20, p. 61, April, 1912 "Ukerewe Island, Lake Victoria," errore,= Colombia (type in Berlin Museum; cf. Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 50, p. 328, note 1, 1924). Tigrisoma salmoni salmoni Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 203, 1926 (plumages descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 119, 1931 (range). Range. Tropical zone of northwestern Venezuela (Macuto, near La Guayra), Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru south to Junin (La Merced). Field Museum Collection. 1 : Ecuador (Pajar Vaca, Rio Cotapino, 1). Tigrisoma salmoni brevirostre Sztolcman. 1 SZTOLCMAN'S TIGER HERON. Tigrisoma salmoni brevirostre Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 206, Dec. 31, 1926 Rio Cadena, Marcapata, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 119, 1931 (range). Tigrisoma salmoni (not of Sclater and Salvin) Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp. 102, 125, 1906 Idma (Urubamba) and Rio Cadena (Mar- capata), Peru; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 273 Charuplaya, La Paz, Bolivia; Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 131, 1920 Chaquimayo, Carabaya, Peru, and Chungamayo Valley, La Paz, Bolivia. Range. Tropical zone of southeastern Peru (depts. of Cuzco and Puno) and western Bolivia (Dept. La Paz). Tigrisoma mexicana mexicana Swainson. MEXICAN TIGER HERON. Tigrisoma mexicana Swainson, in Murray's Encl. Geog., p. 1383, July, 1834 (Am. ed., 3, p. 315, fig. 1034, 1839) Real del Monte (Hidalgo), Mexico (cf. van Rossem, Auk, 59, p. 572, 1942). 1 Tigrisoma salmoni brevirostre Sztolcman differs from the nominate race merely by shorter, less elevated bill. Length of bill, 74-80, against 86-95 mm. One adult male from Chaquimayo, Peru, and three adults from Bolivia (Charuplaya and Chungamayo Valley, Dept. La Paz), compared to four from Colombia, have indeed decidedly smaller bills, so that we cannot but recognize this recently separated race. 226 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Tigrisoma tigrinum (not Ardea tigrina Gmelin) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 359, 1858 Tigre" Island, Honduras; Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 151 near Tigre 1 Island, Honduras; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., p. 226 same locality; Salvin, I.e., 1865, p. 191 Lagoon of Chiapam, Guatemala; Sclater, Proc. ZooK Soc. Lond., 28, p. 253, 1869 Orizaba, Mexico. Tigrisoma Cabanisi Heine, Journ. Orn., 7, p. 407, 1859 Mexico (type in Heine Collection, now in Municipal Museum, Halberstadt) ; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 280 Bluefields River, Nicaragua; iidem, Exot. Orn., p. 95, pi. 48, 1868 southern Mexico to Veraguas; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 142, 1868 San Carlos, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 376, 1869 Rio Macho (near Orosi) and Rio San Carlos, Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 218 Laguna del Castillo, Veraguas; Sclater, Ibis, 1873, p. 373 Chontales, Nicaragua; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 49, 1876 Oaxaca (Tapana, Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec City) and Puebla (Venta Salada), Mexico; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 406, 1882 La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 6, p. 379, 1883 San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua; Ferrari-Perez, I.e., 9, p. 170, 1886 Vega de Alatorre, Vera Cruz; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 376 Cozumel Island; Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geogr. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 146, 1893 Boca Mala, Rio Diquis, Costa Rica; Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 788, 1894 Rio Verde (Hac. Angostura), San Luis Potosi, Mexico; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 450 Miravalles, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 179, 1901 Mexico to Panama; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 142, 1932 Ocos, Guatemala. Tigrisoma brasiliense (not Ardea brasiliensis Linnaeus) Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 63, 1859 Aloor River and Omoa, Honduras. Heterocnus cabanisi Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 198, 1898 part, Mexico (San Bias, Nayarit; Nuevo Leon; Tampico and above Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas; Vega del Casadero and Misantla, Vera Cruz; Tizimfn, Yucatan; Cozumel Island), British Honduras (Belize), Guate- mala (Chiapam; Juntecholol, Pete"n), Nicaragua (Chontales), Costa Rica, Veraguas, and Panama (Lion Hill); Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 75, 1907 Los Amates, Guatemala; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 433, 1910 Guapiles, Miravalles, and Coronado de Terraba, Costa Rica; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 7, 1919 San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., 13, No. 4, p. 17, 1920 Bayoneta Island, Pearl Archipelago, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 412, 1929 Lancetilla, Honduras; idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 119, 1931 (range, except Sonora and Sinaloa); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 210, 1932 Banbana River, Nicaragua; Stone, I.e., p. 298, 1932 Cantarranas and Toloa Lagoon, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 311, 1932 Perme", Panama; idem, I.e., 78, p. 295, 1935 Panama; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 81, 1938 Lake Olomega, San Sebastian, and Colima, El Salvador (habits, plumages); Sassi, Temminckia, 3, p. 292, 1938 Costa Rica (Puerto Jimenez, Bebedero, Waldeck); Davis, Condor, 46, p. 9, 1944 Rio Aguacatillo, Guerrero, Mexico. Heterocnus mexicanus mexicanus van Rossem, Auk, 59, p. 572, 1942 (mexi- canus Swainson must replace Cabanisi Heine). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 227 Range. Mexico, from Nayarit and southern Tamaulipas south through Central America to northwestern Colombia (Rio Atrato). Field Museum Collection. 8: Mexico (Apatzingan, Michoacan, 2; Yucatan, 1); Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal, 1); El Salvador (La Paz, San Sebastian, 2) ; Nicaragua (San Emilio, Rivas, 1) ; Colombia (Rio Atrato, Antioquia, 1). Tigrisoma mexicana fremitus (van Rossem and Hachisuka). 1 SONORAN TIGER HERON. Heterocnus cabanist (sic) fremitus van Rossem and Hachisuka, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 161, Sept. 30, 1937 Guirocoba, Sonora, Mexico (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, University of California, Los Angeles). Botaurus cabanisi Finsch, Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, 2, p. 357, 187Q Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico. Tigrisoma cabanisi Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 311, 1874 Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 341, 1905 Escuinapa, Sinaloa. Heterocnus cabanisi Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 198, 1898 part, Mazatlan and Presidio, Sinaloa, Mexico; van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 428, 1934 Alamos, Sonora; idem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 8, p. 327, 1937 Tesia, Sonora, Mexico. Heterocnus mexicanus fremitus van Rossem, Auk, 59, p. 572, 1942 (mexicanus Swainson must replace Cabanisi Heine). Range. Southern Sonora and probably Sinaloa, Mexico. Subfamily BOTAURINAE. Bitterns Genus ZEBRILUS Bonaparte Zebrilus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 14, p. 723, April, 1855 type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., Addenda, 1855), 2 Ardea undulata Gmelin. Microcnus Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 249, 1877 type, by orig. desig., Ardea pumila Boddaert. Zebrilus undulatus (Gmelin). 3 UNDULATED BITTERN. Ardea pumila (not of Lepechin, 1770) Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 54, 1783 based on "Crabier des Philippines" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 898 (= rufous phase). 1 Tigrisoma mexicana fremitus (van Rossem and Hachisuka) : Adults of this form are said to have the barring on the upper back, neck and upper chest notably wider and the blackish streaks on the foreneck paler. Size larger. Immatures and juveniles are not distinguishable from the typical race. 1 Cf. Sclater, Ibis, 1929, pp. 650-652. 3 The dichromatism in this species is by no means sexual, as the senior author formerly thought. 228 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ardea undulata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 637, 1789 based on "Le Petit Butor de Cayenne" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 430, and Daubenton, PI. Enl, pi. 763 (=dark phase), Cayenne; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 3, Ardeae, p. 56, 1863 Guiana and Surinam (crit.). Ardea philippensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 644, 1789 based on "Le Crabier des Philippines" Brisson (Orn., 5, p. 474, pi. 37, fig. 2) and Dau- benton (PI. Enl., pi. 898), and "Le Petit Crabier" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 395; "Philipine Islands," errore (=rufous phase). Zebrilus undulatum Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 14, p. 723, April, 1855 (listed). Zebrilus undulata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 138, 1857 Brazil and Cayenne (descr.). Tigrisoma undulatum Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 302, 1870 Caigara and Engenho do Cap Gama, Matto Grosso (spec, examined). Botaurus pumilus Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 249, 1877 (diag.). Zebrilus pumilus Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 318, 1889 Shanusi, near Yurimaguas, Peru (descr.); Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 161, 1891 Santare"m, Brazil; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 241, 1898 Cayenne and British Guiana; Forbes, Bull. Liverpool Mus., 3, p. 61, 1901 (crit.); Hellmayr, Ornis, 13, p. 56, 1905 Matto Grosso (dichromatism) ; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 70, 1907 (range); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 412, 1907 Humaytha, Rio Madeira; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 303, 1908 Cayenne; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 424, 1910 Humaytha, Rio Madeira; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. Ill, 1914 Para, Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua), Cussary, and Rio Jamunda (Faro), Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 366, 1916 Agua Salada de Ciudad Bolivar and Caicarita (Caigara), Orinoco, Venezuela. Zebrilus undulatus Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 180, 1916 Abary, Coren- tyne, and upper Berbice rivers; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 32, 1918 vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 736, 1926 junction of Rios Curaray and Napo, Ecuador; Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 95, 1930 Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 120, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 37, 1938 Silves, Amazonas, and Belem, Para, Brazil. Range. From southern Venezuela (Orinoco Valley), the Guianas and eastern Ecuador (junction of Rios Curaray and Napo) south through eastern Peru (Yurimaguas), and Amazonian Brazil to western Matto Grosso (Engenho do Cap Gama, Rio Guapore"; Caigara, Rio Paraguay). 1 Genus IXOBRYCHUS Billberg Ixobrychus Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), p. 166, 1828 type, by subs, desig. (Stone, Auk, 24, p. 192, 1907), Ardea minula Linnaeus. 1 Material examined. French Guiana: Cayenne, 1. Dutch Guiana: vicinity of Paramaribo, 4. British Guiana: Maccasseema, 1. Peru: Shanusi, near Yuri- maguas, 1. Brazil: Humayta, Rio Madeira, 1; Caigara, Matto Grosso, 1; Engenho do Cap Gama, Matto Grosso, 1. "South America," 3. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 229 Ardetta G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., Appendix, p. 13, 1842 type, by mono- typy, Ardea minuta Linnaeus. Erodiscus Gloger, Gemeinn. Hand- und Hilfsb. Naturg., 1, livr. 6, p. 410, 1842 type, by monotypy, Ardea minuta Linnaeus. *Ixobrychus involucris (Vieillot). 1 VARIEGATED BITTERN. Ardea variegata (not of Scopoli, 1769) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 14, p. 424, 1817 based on "Garza varia" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 185, No. 361; Rio Paraguay. Ardea involucris Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. Me"th., Orn., 3, livr. 93, p. 1127, 1823 based on "Garza varia" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 185, No. 361; Rio Paraguay. Ardea erythromelas (not of Vieillot) Wagler, Isis, 1829, col. 663 part, descr. of adult ex Montevideo; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 629, 1833 Rio de Braganza, Rio de Janeiro (descr.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 413, 1856 (part, descr. of "young"); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 124, 1865 part, Chile (spec, examined). Ardeola exilis Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 13, p. 1, 1845 Chile. Ardea exilis Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 411, 1847 Chile (part, excl. of descr.); Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 510 Valdivia, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 273, 1868 Chile; Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, 5, p. Ixii, 1895 Junquillos (San Carlos), Nuble, Chile. Botaurus exilis Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astron. Exp., 2, p. 194, 1855 Chile. Ardetta exilis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 334, 339 Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896 Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 679, 1898 Chile; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 247, 1899 Chile (monog.). Ardetta involucris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 634 Conchitas, Buenos Aires (crit.); Hudson, I.e., 1875, p. 625 Buenos Aires (habits); Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 162 Buenos Aires; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 560, 1877 Laguna de Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Durn- ford, Ibis, 1877, p. 189 Prov. Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1878, p. 62 Prov. Buenos Aires (nest and eggs descr.); Gibson, I.e., 1880, p. 159 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding); Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 271, 1884 Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rfos, and Carhue, Buenos Aires; Holm- berg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 5, p. 89, 1884 Arroyo Collon- gueyu, Buenos Aires; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 470 Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires (nest descr.); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 101, pi. 17 (fig. inac.), 1889 Argentina (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 Est. Espartillar, near Ranches, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 205 same locality (breeding); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 31, 1897 Caiza, Bolivia; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 235, 1 Ixobrychus involucris (Vieillot) is characterized by the long rufous apical parts of the remiges. This area has the least extent on the outer primaries and gradually increases toward the inner wing-feathers. The pileum is dull ochreous yellow with a median stripe of black, laterally edged with rufous toward the fore- head. Argentine birds agree well with others from Chile. 230 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 284, 1898 Buenos Aires (Lomas de Zamora, Punta Lara), Uruguay, Patagonia (Rio Negro), Chile, and British Guiana (savanna); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 381, 1899 IguapS, Sao Paulo; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 210, 1902 Laguna de Malvinas, Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 70, 1907 Iguap6, Sao Paulo, and Buenos Aires; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 247, pi. 3, fig. 5 (egg), 1909 Buenos Aires (Est. San Martfno Monte, Barracas al Sud), Tucuman (Laguna de Malvinas), and Santa Fe (San Vicente); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 225, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 338 Los Yngleses, Aj6, Buenos Aires (egg and young descr.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 400, 1912 Rio Negro, Patagonia (descr.); Gibson, Ibis, 1919, p. 524 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. Ardetta erythrolaema Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 308, 1890 Chile. Ardetta erythromelas Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 679, 1898 Puerto Montt, Llanquihue, Chile (eggs descr.). Ixobrychus involucris Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 92, 1918 Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 14, 1920 Uruguay (Monte- video, Canelones, Cerro Largo); Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 446, 1922 Coronel, Chile (breeding habits); Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 264, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Seri6 and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 42, 1923 Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Pereyra, I.e., p. 164, 1923 Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Wilson, I.e., 3, p. 353, 1926 Venado Tuerto, Santa F6; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 60, 1926 Buenos Aires (Los Yngleses, CarhuS) and Uruguay (Laguna Castillos, near San Vicente); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 150, 1927 Bovril Islands, Santa F6; Darlington, I.e., 71, p. 361, 1931 Ci&iaga, Magdalena, Colombia (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 122, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 303, 1932 Santiago to Llanquihue, Chile; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 582 Trinidad (nest and eggs descr.); Zotta and Fonseca, El Hornero, 6, p. 246, 1936 Montevideo and Buenos Aires (descr.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 38, 1938 Sao Paulo (Iguape") and Buenos Aires (Saladillo). Egretta involucris Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 112, 1927 Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso, Chile. Range. Southern Brazil (Rio de Braganza, Rio de Janeiro; Iguape", Sao Paulo; Rio Grande do Sul); Paraguay; Uruguay; northern Argentina south to the Rio Negro; southeastern Bolivia (Caiza, Tarija) ; Chile, from Santiago to Llanquihue (Puerto Montt) ; also recorded (winter visitant?) from Venezuela, British Guiana, Trinidad, 1 and Colombia (Cinaga, Magdalena). Field Museum Collection. 8: Venezuela (Lake Valencia, Aragua, 3); British Guiana (Mon Repos, 4; unspecified, 1). 1 Belcher and Smooker describe the nest and eggs from Trinidad, but it is not certain from their account that breeding specimens have actually been taken. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 231 *Ixobrychus exilus hesperis Dickey and van Rossem. 1 WESTERN LEAST BITTERN. Ixobrychus exilis hesperis Dickey and van Rossem, Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., 23, (1), p. 11, Feb. 20, 1924 Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, Cali- fornia (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, University of California, Los Angeles); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 81, 1928 Lower California (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 122, 1931 (range) ; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 142, 1932 San Lucas, Lake Atitlan, Guatemala (breeding; crit. disc.); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 41, 1945 Sonora (Tobari Bay, April 28; Kino Bay, May 16). Ardetta exilis (not Ardea exilis Gmelin) Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 196 part, Lake Dueiias, Guatemala (breeding); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 389 Lima, Peru (Oct. 10, 16, 1889; spec, examined); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 231, 1898 part, spec, q', t'-z', California and Guatemala (Lakes Dueiias and Atitlan); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 181, 1901 part, Guatemala (Lakes Duenas and Atitlan). Ixobrychus exilis hesperus Carriker, Auk, 53, p. 323, 1936 Huacho, Lima, Peru (Febr.). Range. Breeds in western North America from southern Oregon to Lower California (Purisima; east of Cerro Prieto, Colorado River delta) and, according to Griscom, in western Guatemala (Lakes Duenas and Atitlan); migrates in winter to western Peru (Huacho, Lima). Field Museum Collection. 4: California (Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, 2); Mexico, Lower California (San Ignacio, 1); Costa Rica (Ballena, Guanacaste, 1). Ixobrychus exilis pullus van Rossem. 2 SONORAN LEAST BITTERN. Ixobrychus exilis pullus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, p. 227, Nov. 28, 1930 Tobari Bay, Sonora, Mexico (type in coll. of 1 Ixobrychus exilis hesperis Dickey and van Rossem: Similar to the nominate race in coloration, but larger in all dimensions. Wing of males, 120-131 (against 106-119); tail, 42^-47 (against 38-42 M); tarsus, 38^-44 (against 37-42); bill, 45-52 (against 41-46). Griscom (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. f 64, p. 143, 1932) finds breeding birds from Lake Atitlan, Guatemala, to be inseparable from Lower Californian specimens. Two adults from Lima, Peru (October) with bills of 50 1 A and 51 mm., respectively that we have examined, seem decidedly referable to the larger western race. 1 Ixobrychus exilis pullus van Rossem: Agreeing in small size with /. e. exilis, but upper parts in both sexes decidedly darker than in the two North American races, the rufous of the hindneck being almost chocolate-brown and the wing coverts brownish gray, almost concolorous with the rest of the wing, instead of being conspicuously contrasted; under parts with ground color white or white 232 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Donald R. Dickey, University of California, Los Angeles); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 122, 1931 (range); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 41, 1945 Sonora (distr.; status; disc.). Range. Coastal mangrove swamps of the Arid Tropical zone of southern Sonora, Mexico, from Kino Bay south at least to T6bari Bay. "Ixobrychus exilis exilis (Gmelin). 1 LEAST BITTERN. Ardea exilis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 645, 1789 based on "Minute Bittern" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 66; Jamaica. Ardetta exilis March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 64 Jamaica; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 196 part, Coban, Guatemala; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 308, 1875 Cuba (breeding); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 231, 284, 1898 part, spec, a-s', b ff -e", United States, Canada, Bermuda Islands, and Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 181, 1901 part, Mexico and Coban, Guatemala; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 308 New Providence, Bahama Islands; Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 188, 1905 Isle of Pines (winter). Ardetta neoxena Cory, Auk, 3, p. 262, 1886 Florida (type in coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum ;=melano-erythrism); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 233, 1898 (monog.). Ixobrychus exilis exilis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 175, 1916 Siguanea, Isle of Pines; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 84, 1926 (life hist., range in part); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 303, 1927 Puerto Rico (breeding); Danforth, Auk, 45, p. 481, 1928 Black River, Jamaica; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 88, 1931 Hispaniola (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 122, 1931 (range); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 308, 1931 Bermuda Islands (occasional transient); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 142, 1932 San Lucas, Guatemala (winter); (?) Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 84, 1938 Lake Olomega, El Salvador (breeding?); Beatty, Auk, 60, p. 110, 1943 St. Croix, Virgin Islands (nesting). Ixobrychus exilis Davidson, Flicker, Minneapolis, 16, (2), p. 19, 1944 (nesting notes). tinged with grayish clay color; females broadly streaked below, from bill to tail, with dark brownish gray, these markings broken up into mottlings posterior to the breast; males much less conspicuously marked below, but variously clouded and streaked with gray or brownish gray on neck, chest, and flanks. Wing, (males) 111-114, (females) 108-109; tail, 37-42, (females) 37-39; bill, 45-47^, (females) 43-47. Based on eight breeding individuals. 1 Ardea spadicea Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 641, 1789 based exclusively upon "Ardea mexicana seu avis Xoxonquihaoctli" Seba, Thes., 1, p. 100, pi. 64, fig. 2 Mexico) seems to be unidentifiable. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 233 Range. Breeds in . central and eastern North America 1 from southern Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia south to Florida, the Greater Antilles (Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico), the Virgin Islands (St. Croix), eastern Mexico (Tampico) and south- eastern Nicaragua (Los Sabalos). 2 Field Museum Collection. 68: Texas (Corpus Christi, 1); North Dakota (Benson County, 4; Ramsey County, 1); Iowa (Burlington, 1); Kansas (Burlington, 2); Minnesota (Otter Tail County, 1); Wisconsin (Dodge County,' 3; Milton, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 1; Cook County, 5); Indiana (Liverpool, 1); Ontario (Toronto, 1); Ohio (Sandusky, 2); Massachusetts (Boston, 1); Connecticut (Nor- walk, 1; East Hartford, 1; Middlesex County, 1; New Haven County, 4); New York (Cayuga Lake, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 2; Raleigh, 2) ; South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 2); Florida (Brevard County, 6; Duval County, 7; Fort Myers, 6; Marion- County, 2; Kissimmee River, 1; Anclote, 5); Bahama Islands (New Providence, 1); Cuba (Tapaste, 1). Ixobrychus exilis bogotensis Chapman. 3 BOGOTA LEAST BITTERN. Ixobrychus exilis bogotensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 171, March 19, 1914 Suba marshes, Bogota, Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 231, 1917 Bogota savanna; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 122, 1931 (range). Range. Savanna of Bogota, Colombia. 1 Birds from the United States appear to be on average darker, more buffy below, but there is so much individual variation that the possibility of separating a continental race for which Cory's term neoxenus, based on a melano-erythristic mutation of frequent occurrence in Ontario and Florida, would be available seems problematical. 2 Breeding birds from Mexico (Tampico) and Nicaragua (Los Sabalos) are stated by Griscom (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 143, 1932) to approach /. e. bogotensis by their richly colored under surface and wings, but they have the larger dimensions of /. e. hesperis. Dickey and van Rossem, on the other side, refer breeding specimens from Lake Olomega, El Salvador, to /. e. exilis, though Griscom records hesperis as nesting in western Guatemala! With the scanty Central American material in collections this puzzling state of affairs can hardly be settled. Records of this form from South America are due to confusion with 7. e. erythromelas. 3 Ixobrychus exilis bogotensis Chapman: Similar to /. e. exilis, but breeding adult male with under parts more richly colored, breast, abdomen, flanks, under wing and under tail- coverts warm buff; median and lesser upper wing coverts richer, mainly ochraceous-buff more or less margined with tawny-russet; female also deeper buff on posterior under parts, and back slightly darker. Wing, (adult male) 116, (female) 113; tail, 42-43; tarsus, 37-38; bill, 40, (female) 37. The female, by its clove-brown instead of rich chestnut back, is stated to differ conspicuously from that of 7. e. exilis. Known only from three specimens, this form requires corroboration by adequate material. 234 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Ixobrychus exilis erythromelas (Vieillot). 1 SOUTHERN LEAST BITTERN. Ardea erythromelas (err. typ.) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e'd., 14, p. 422, 1817 based on "Garza roxa y negra" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 182, No. 360; Rio Paraguay. Ardea erythromelas Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 124, 1865 part, Lake Paratininga, Rio de Janeiro; idem, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 302, 1870 Sao Paulo (Ypanema), Goyaz (Rio Araguay), and Amazonas (Barra do Rio Negro), Brazil (re-examined by M. Sassi). Ardea variegata (not of Vieillot) L6otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 419, 1866 Trinidad. Ardetta erythromelas Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 234, 284, 1898 part, spec, a-d, f, Brazil (Bahia) and British Guiana (Georgetown, River Carimang, savanna); Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 232 Paraguayan Chaco; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 51, 1906 Caroni Swamp, Trinidad (crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 70, 1907 Iguape", Sao Paulo; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 225, 1910 Misiones; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 110, 1914 Para, Maraj6 (Rio Arary), Monte Alegre, and Cussary, Brazil. Ardetta exilis (not Ardea exilis Gmelin) Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 380, 1899 Iguape", Sao Paulo (descr.); Me'ne'gaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 186, 1904 French Guiana (spec, examined). Ixobrychus erythromelas Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 303, 1908 French Guiana (ex Me'ne'gaux); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 32, 1918 vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 95, 1930 "Matto Grosso." Ixobrychus exilis erythromelas Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 489, 1929 Sao Bento, Maranhao, Brazil; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 122, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 582 Trinidad (nest and eggs descr.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 94, 1935 Cahype, Bahia; idem, I.e., 22, p. 38, 1938 Amazonas (Itacoatiara), Bahia (Cahype), and Sao Paulo (Iguape), Brazil. Range. Island of Trinidad and the Guianas south through the eastern half of Brazil to Paraguay and Misiones (fide Dabbene). 2 Field Museum Collection. 5: British Guiana (Mon Repos, 1; Hoorabea Creek, 1); Brazil (Sao Bento, Maranhao, 2; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 1). 1 Ixobrychus exilis erythromelas (Vieillot) mainly differs by having the cheeks and auriculars rufous like the superciliary stripe, not ochraceous as in the more northern races. Birds from Trinidad, Surinam, and Sao Paulo agree well together. 2 Birds from Panama (Lion Hill), Colombia (Fundaci6n; Cauca Valley), and western Peru (Pacasmayo, Trujillo) have been identified as /. e. erythromelas, but if /. e. bogotensis be a valid form, this can hardly be correct. The synonymy of this disputable form is as follows: Ardetta exilis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 12, 1863 Lion Hill, Panama; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 231, 1898 part, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 235 Genus BOTAURUS Stephens Botaurus Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 11, (2), p. 592, 1819 type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 66, 1840), Botaurus stellaris Stephens= Ardea stellaris Linnaeus. *Botaurus lentiginosus lentiginosus (Montague). AMERICAN BITTERN. Ardea lentiginosa Montague, Suppl. Orn. Diet., unpaged text and plate, 1813 Piddletown, Dorsetshire, England (type in British Museum). Ardea minor Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, p. 35, pi. 65, fig. 3, 1814 "seacoast of New Jersey; Seneca Lake; Severn River at Hudson's Bay" (type lost). Ardea mokoho Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 14, p. 440, 1817 breeds in Hudson Bay and migrates in winter to Louisiana (no type extant). Ardea Hudsonias Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss., 5, p. 175, 1820 based on "The Bittern from Hudson's Bay" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 136, pi. 136; Hudson Bay. Butor Americana Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Birds, 2, p. 354, July, 1837 based on Ardea minor Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, pi. 65, fig. 3. Botaurus kntiginosus Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 478, 1862 Lion Hill, Panama; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 196 Duenas and Coban, Guate- mala; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 309, 1875 Cuba (Oct. to April); Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 102, 1897 Reventazon, Costa Rica; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 259, 1898 (in part); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 243, 1898 Egedesminda, Greenland; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 182, 1901 Mexican and Central American localities; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 434, 1910 Cariblanco and Turrucares, Costa Rica; Chapin, Auk, 39, p. 196, pi. 6, 1922 (function of esophagus in booming); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. CL, 6, p. 31, 1923 Cuba (winter); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 72, 1926 (life hist.; range in part); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 302, 1927 Puerto Rico (winter visitant); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 124, 1931 (range in part); Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 308, 1931 Bermuda Islands (transient); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 87, 1931 Hispaniola (visitor); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., spec, a', Lion Hill; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 181, 1901 part, Lion Hill. Ardetta involucris Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 399, 1886 Pacasmayo, Peru, (?)Cochabamba, Bolivia, and (?) Chile. Ardea erythromelas Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 234, 1898 part, spec, e, Lion Hill. Ixobrychus exilis Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 247, 1908 Mount Hope, Panama. Ixobrychus erythromelas Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 231, 1917 Rio Frio, Cauca, Colombia; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 272 Trujillo, Peru; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 132, 1922 Fundacion, Santa Marta, Colombia. Ixobrychus exilis erythromelas Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 295, 1935 Canal Zone, Panama. 236 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 64, p. 144, 1932 Ocos and Rio Polochic, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 295, 1935 Panama (one record); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,'23, p. 84, 1938 Lake Olomega, El Salvador (Feb. 3). Ardea freti hudsonis Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 3, Ardeae, p. 49, 1863 North America (Pennsylvania and Wisconsin). Botaurus mugitans Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875, p. 353 new name for Ardea lentiginosa Montague (ex Bartram, Trav. N. and S. Carol., p. 293, 1791). Range. North America, east of the Rocky Mountains, from southern Mackenzie and southern Ungava south to Kansas, the Ohio Valley, and Delaware Bay; winters from the southern part of its breeding range south to Mexico, 1 Guatemala, 1 El Salvador 1 (one record from Lake Olomega), Panama 1 (one record from Lion Hill), Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola (one record), and Puerto Rico; 2 accidental in Greenland, Great Britain (many records), and on the Channel Islands. Field Museum Collection. 71: Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 1); North Dakota (Nelson County, 3; Ramsey County, 1; Towner County, 4); Arkansas (Fayetteville, 1); Minnesota (Otter Tail County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 8); Illinois (Lake Forest, 1; Cook County, 10); Indiana (Bluffton, 1); Mississippi (Holly Springs, 1) ; Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 2) ; Maine (New Vineyard, 2) ; New Hampshire (Holderness, 1); Massachusetts (Yarmouth, 2; Monomoy Island, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 2; Essex, 1; Lyme, 2; New Haven County, 15); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 5; Bodie Island, 1); Florida (Brevard County, 2; Buffalo Bluffs, 1; Putnam County, 1; Peniel, 1). *Botaurus lentiginosus peeti Brodkorb. 3 WESTERN AMERICAN BITTERN. Botaurus leniiginosus peeti Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 333, p. 2, May 26, 1936 Black Point Cutoff, Sonoma County, California (type in Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor). 1 Some of these records may pertain to the western race (B. I. peeti). 2 We can hardly believe that B. lentiginosus of Cabanis (in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 754, 1849) from the swamps of British Guiana, really refers to the American Bittern, which, as far as we know, has never been found in South America. Needless to say, the South American range attributed to the American Bittern by Burmeister (Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 409, 1856) is altogether imaginary. 3 Botaurus lentiginosus peeti Brodkorb: Similar to the nominate race, but top of head and malar stripe more reddish brown, less mixed with blackish; sides of head brighter; buffy markings of remaining upper parts lighter and brighter; markings of remiges orange-cinnamon rather than hazel; lower neck and breast 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 237 Botaurus kntiginosus (not Ardea kntiginosa Montague) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 259, 1898 (in part); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 32, p. 80, 1928 Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 124, 1931 (range in part); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 41, 1945 Sonora (distr.). Range. Western North America, from British Columbia to California, east to the Great Basin; winters south to Lower California, Mexico, and perhaps to Central America (winter range yet to be worked out). Field Museum Collection. 10: British Columbia (Okanagan, 1); California (Alameda County, 1; Orange County, 1; Riverside County, 1; Los Angeles County, 3); Idaho (Coeur d'Alene, 1; Payette, 1); Mexico, Lower California (San Jose* del Cabo, 1). *Botaurus pinnatus (Wagler). 1 NEOTROPICAL BITTERN. Ardea pinnata (Lichtenstein MS.) Wagler, Isis, 1829, Heft 6, col. 662, June, 1829 Bahia, Brazil (type in Berlin Museum); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 408, 1856 Bahia (descr.); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 3, Ardeae, p. 49, 1863 Guiana (diag.). Ardea brasiliensis (not of Linnaeus) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 642, 1833 southeastern Brazil (descr.). Botaurus pinnatus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 754, 1849 swamps of the savanna; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 184, 1865 Greytown, Nicaragua; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 429, 1866 Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 181, pi. 91, 1869 (monog.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 302, 1870 Porto do Rio Araguay, Goyaz, Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 81, 1894 Trinidad; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 262, 1898 British Guiana (Annai), Cayenne, and Brazil (Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 380, 1899 Sao Paulo; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 48, 1900 Vinces, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 303, 1900 Cayenne; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 183, 1901 Greytown, Nicaragua; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 51, 1906 Caroni Swamp, Trinidad; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 70, 1907 Ypiranga, Sao Paulo; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, with tawny rather than clay-colored stripes; posterior under parts on average warmer buff; tarsus somewhat longer. Judging from the few California specimens that we have seen, this would seem, to be rather an ill-defined race. 1 Ardea flava Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 638, 1789) may possibly be an earlier name. All the bibliographic references (Brisson, Buffon, Raius, Willoughby) quoted by Gmelin have as basis "Alia Ardeae species" of Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 210. His description, while corresponding to the Bittern in various respects, contains certain discrepancies. Schneider (Journ. Orn., 86, p. 101, 1938), when revising Marcgrave's original drawings, has unfortunately transposed the entries in the fourth column of his concordance, as far as this species is con- cerned, but it appears that no figure exists of the bird in question. Under these circumstances we do not advocate the adoption of Gmelin's name. 238 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 247, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and Mocovf, Santa F6"; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 225, 1910 Tucuman, Santa F6 (Mocovf), and Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 181, 1916 Bonasika, Alary, and Berbice rivers; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 5, 1919 Rio Menco, Nicaragua; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 Canelones and Maldonado, Uru- guay; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 208, 1926 Vinces, Ecuador; Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 96, 1930 "Matto Grosso"; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 125, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 582 Trinidad (breeding); Daguerre, El Hornero, 5, p. 399, 1934 Las Flores, Buenos Aires; Zotta and Fonseca, I.e., 6, p. 248, 1936 Buenos Aires (Zelaya, Las Flores, Las Rosas, La Plata) (descr.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 38, 1938 Ypiranga, Sao Paulo. Range. Nicaragua (Greytown and Rio Menco) ; western Ecuador (Vinces) ; Venezuela (Aragua) ; island of Trinidad (breeding) ; British Guiana (Annai, etc.); French Guiana (Cayenne); eastern and central Brazil (Bahia; Rio de Janeiro; Ypiranga, Sao Paulo; Porto do Rio Araguay, Goyaz); Uruguay (Canelones, Maldonado); northern Argentina (Tucuman; Cordoba; Mocovi, Santa FC"; Barracas al Sud, Zelaya, Las Rosas, La Plata, Las Flores, Buenos Aires). 1 Field Museum Collection. 3: Venezuela (Lake Valencia, Aragua, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, 1); Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 1). Family COCHLEARIIDAE. Boat-billed Herons Genus COCHLEARIUS Brisson Cochlearius Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 48; 5, p. 506, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "Cochlearius" =Cancroraa cochlearia Linnaeus. Cancroma Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 233, 1766 type, by monotypy, Cancroma cochlearia Linnaeus. Cymbops Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 9, 1827 substitute name for Cochkarius Brisson. "Cochlearius cochlearius zeledoni (Ridgway). ZELEDON'S BOAT- BILLED HERON. Cancroma zeledoni Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 93, 1885 Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 165, 1898 part, spec, a-b', Mexico (Tampico, Tamau- lipas; La Antigua, Atoyac, Plan del Rio, and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Tehuan- 1 The range of this well-marked species, whose characters have been clearly pointed out by Sclater and Salvin (Exot. Orn., p. 181, pi. 91), is very imperfectly known. Birds from Trinidad, British Guiana, Brazil, and Argentina seem to be alike, as far as we can ascertain from the scanty material available for study (eight skins in all). No Central American specimens have been seen by the authors. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 239 tepee, Oaxaca; Yucatan; Cozumel Island), British Honduras (Grassy Cay), Guatemala (Las Salinas), and Nicaragua (Momotombo, Rio Escondido); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 185, 1901 part, descr. male and young, Mexico to Costa Rica (Rio Frio). Cancroma coMearia (not of Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, pp. 206, 230, 1857 San Andres, Tuxtla and Cateman, Vera Cruz, Mexico; idem, I.e., 27, p. 369, 1859 Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico; idem and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 227 Atlantic coast of Guatemala; Salvin, I.e., 1864, p. 387 Grassy Cay, British Honduras; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 376, 1869 Costa Rica; Finsch, Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, 2, p. 358, 1870 Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 310, 1874 Mazatlan; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 48, 1876 Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Mexico; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 406, 1882 La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 458 Rio Lagartos, Yucatan; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 396, 1884 Island of Ometepe, Lake Nicaragua; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 376 Cozumel Island. Cochlearius zeledoni Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 171, 1886 Paso de la Milpa, Vera Cruz, Mexico; Richmond, I.e., 16, p. 527, 1893 Rio Frio, Costa Rica, and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., 18, p. 627, 1896 Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, Mexico; Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 16, p. 219, 1899 San Jose", Guatemala; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 75, 1907 Gualan, Rio Motagua, Guatemala; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 431, 1910 part, Cimmarones, Costa Rica; Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 341, 1915 Sinaloa (Escui- napa, Hacienda Island, Juanna Gomez River); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 7, 1919 Rio Omot^pe, Nicaragua. Cochlearius zeledoni zeledoni Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, pp. 10, 11, 1926 Culebra Key, Yucatan (range, char.). Cochlearius cochlearius zeledoni Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 125, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 141, 1932 Hacienda California and Ocos, Guatemala; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 84, 1938 San Sebastian, Lake Olomega and Zapotitan, El Salvador (plumages, habits); Sassi, Temminckia, 3, p. 293, 1938 Bebedero and Waldeck, Costa Rica (crit.); Sutton and Pettingill, Auk, 59, p. 8, 1942 Rio Sabinas, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Range. Mexico, from Sinaloa (Mazatlan) and Tamaulipas (Tampico, Alta Mira) south through Central America to Costa Rica (excepting southwestern portion). Field Museum Collection. 6: Mexico (Apatzingan, Michoacan, 1; Laguna Pueblo Viejo, Vera Cruz, 2; State of Vera Cruz, 1); Guate- mala (Gualan, Zacapa, 1); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 1). *Cochlearius cochlearius panamensis Griscom. 1 PANAMA BOAT- BILLED HERON. 1 Cochlearius cochlearius panamensis Griscom: Adult male differing from C. c. zeledoni in being darker above, light grayish olive rather than lavender gray; 240 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Cochlearius cochlearius panamensis Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 11, Nov. 18, 1926 Corozal, Canal Zone, Panama (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 125, 1931 (range); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 305, 1931 Fruitdale and Changuinola, Almirante Bay, Panama; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 311, 1932 Perm6, Panama (crit.); idem, I.e., 75, p. 295, 1935 Panama. Cancroma cochlearia (not of Linnaeus) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 478, 1862 Lion Hill, Panama; idem, I.e., 9, p. 142, 1868 Rio Grande, Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 218 Mina de Chorcha, Chiriquf; (?)Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 605, 1902 Salidera, western Ecuador. Cochlearius zeledoni (not Cancroma zeledoni Ridgway) Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 130, 1887 part, Las Trojas and Pozo Azul de Pirrfs, Costa Rica; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 15, 1900 Loma del Leon, Panama; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 431, 1910 Bolson, Pozo Azul de Pirris, and Las Ajuntaderas de Te>raba, Costa Rica; (?)Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 207, 1926 Rio Blanco, Ecuador (ex Lonnberg and Rendahl). Cancroma zeledoni Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fls.-Geog. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 146, 1893 Boca Mala, delta del Diquis, Costa Rica; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 165, 1898 part, spec, c', d', Mina de Chorcha, Chiriqui; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 185, 1901 part, southern Costa Rica (Rio Grande, Pozo Azul de Pirris) and Panama; Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 193, 1922 Jesusito, Darien; (?)L6nnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 26, 1922 Rio Blanco, below Mindo, Ecuador. Range. Southwestern Costa Rica and Panama; (?) western Ecuador (Salidera, Prov. Esmeraldas; Rio Blanco, below Mindo). 1 Field MuLseum Collection. 5: Costa Rica (Boca Rio Matina, Limon, 1; Boca Mala, Puntarenas, 1); Panama (Colon, 1); Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 2). *Cochlearius cochlearius cochlearius (Linnaeus). BOAT-BILLED HERON. Cancroma cochlearia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 233, 1766 based on "La Cuilliere" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 506 Cayenne (type in Reaumur Collection); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 660, 1833 Rio Ilhe"os and Caravellas, Bahia, Brazil; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 755, 1849 (habits); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 404, 1856 Brazil; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 3, Ardeae, p. 62, 1863 Surinam; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 436, 1866 Trinidad; foreneck more olive, less cinnamon; sides of neck light grayish olive, passing through brownish drab into fawn color on throat and breast; adult female much darker, nearest deep quaker drab above, and quaker drab on foreneck; immature also darker above. 1 The subspecific status of the West Ecuadorian form remains in doubt, as only immature birds appear to exist in collections. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 241 Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 24 Lagoa Santa, Bicudo (Rio Doce), and Rio da Casca, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 303, 1870 Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Engenho do Pari, Rio do Cabacal, Caicara, Villa Bella), and Amazonas (Borba, Rio Madeira; Rio Branco, south of Serra Carauman; Barra do Rio Negro), Brazil; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 589 Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1873, p. 305 Cashiboya, Rio Ucayali, Peru; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876 Marajo Island, Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 542 Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 409, 1886 Cashiboya; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 151, 1893 Chapada, Matto Grosso; Chapman, I.e., 6, p. 82, 1894 Trinidad; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 163, 1898 Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Engenho do Pari), Cayenne, British Guiana (Takutu River, Carimang River), Colombia (Remedios), and eastern Ecuador (Sarayacu); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 381, 1899 Sao Paulo; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 124, 1900 Minca and Bonda, Colombia; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 125, 1902 Quiribana de Caicara and Caicara, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 450, 1905 Rio Jurua, Amazonas, Brazil; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 51, 1906 Caroni Swamp, Trinidad; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 67, 1907 Sao Paulo and Rio Jurua; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 49, 1907 Mexiana Island, Brazil; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 303, 1908 Cayenne; Hell- mayr, I.e., 17, p. 424, 1910 Borba, Rio Madeira; Reiser, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 93, 1910 Ilha do Meio, Lagoa do Parnagud, Piauhy; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 339 Pasage de Bugre, Matto Grosso; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 109, 1914 Para, Marajo (Dunas), Mexiana, Rio Tocantins (Cam eta), and Rio Purus (Bom Lugar), Brazil. Cancroma cancrophaga Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 233, 1766 based on "La Cuilliere Brune" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 509, which, in its turn, rests on "Cancrofatus major" Barrere, Essai Hist. Nat. France Equin., p. 128 (French Guiana) and "Tamatia itidem Brasiliensis" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 208 (northeastern Brazil); Brazil (ex Marcgrave) (descr. of young; cf. Schneider, Journ. Orn., 86, p. 99, 1938). Cochlearius cochlearius(a) Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 364, 1916 Ciudad Bolivar up to Caicara and Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 230, 1917 La Olanda, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 31, 1918 vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 138, 1922 Mamatoco and Trojas de Cataca, Santa Marta, Colombia (crit.); Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 143 Apure, Venezuela; Chap- man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, pp. 207, 736, 1926 junction of Curaray and Napo rivers, Ecuador; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 153, 1928 Utinga Lake, Para; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 92, 1930 Urucum, Matto Grosso; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 368, 1934 Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 39, 1938 Amazonas (Rio Jurua), Para (Utinga, Lago Cuip6ua), Maranhao (Miritiba), and Minas Geraes (Pirapora); Zotta, El Hornero, 8, p. 177, 1942 Rio Iguazu, Misiones, Argentina (one example). 242 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Cochlearius cochlearius canerophaga Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 31, 1918 Brazil (crit.). Cochlearius cochlearius cochlearius Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 125, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 582 Trinidad (nest and eggs descr.); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 24, 1945 Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua, Brazil. Range. Northern South America, from Colombia, Venezuela, the island of Trinidad, and the Guianas south through eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, Amazonia, and Brazil to Matto Grosso, 1 Sao Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro. 2 One record from northern Argentina (Rio Iguazu, Misiones). Field Museum Collection. 2: Venezuela, Zulia (Encontrados, 1; Empelado Savanna, 1). SUBORDER Ciconiae SUPERFAMILY Ciconioidea Family CICONIIDAE. Storks and Wood Ibises Subfamily MYCTERIINAE. Wood Ibises Genus MYCTERIA Linnaeus Mycteria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 140, 1758 type, by monotypy, Mycteria americana Linnaeus. Tantalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 140, 1758 type, by monotypy, Tantalus loculator Linnaeus. Tantalides Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xiv, "1852" (=1853) type, by orig. desig., Tantalus loculator Linnaeus=Mj/c/m'a americana Linnaeus. Tantalops Coues, Key N. Amer. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 653, 1884 type, by mono- typy, Tantalus loculator Linnaeus = Mycteria americana Linnaeus. *Mycteria americana Linnaeus. WOOD IBIS. Mycteria americana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 140, 1758 based on "Jabiru-guagu" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 200, northeastern Brazil; 3 Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, pp. 32, 124, 1887 Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 427, 1910 lagoons of Guanacaste and marshy lowlands of western and northern Costa Rica; Cherrie, Sci. 1 Though Graham Kerr (Ibis, 1901, p. 232) noticed that the head of the Boat-billed Heron was among the objects carried by the Gran Chaco Indians in their network-bags, the bird has not yet been actually collected either in Paraguay or northwestern Argentina. 2 On comparing a series, we do not find Brazilian birds (canerophaga) to be larger than those from the Guianas. 3 Cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 711, 1906; Allen, Auk, 25, p. 37, 1908; Schneider, Journ. Orn., 86, p. 85, 1938. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 243 Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 369, 1916 Orinoco River, Venezuela; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 140, 1922 Cacagualito and Fundacion, Colombia; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 141 Camaguan to San Fernando de Apure, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. f 55, p. 204, 1926 western Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 60, 1926 Buenos Aires (between Lavalle and Santo Domingo) and Uruguay (San Vicente); Bent, I.e., 135, p. 57, 1926 (life hist.); Fried- mann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 150, 1927 La Noria, Santa Fe; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 80, 1928 Lower California (visitant); Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 776 Abary savannahs, British Guiana; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 67, 1930 Lapango and Miss. Tacaagle, Formosa; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 87, 1930 Rio Taquary, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 126, 1931 (range); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 89, 1931 Dominican Republic, Hispaniola (resident); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 363, 1931 Cienaga, Magdalena, Colombia; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 138, 1932 Ocos and Rio Motagua, Guatemala; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 583 Trinidad (visitant); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 295, 1935 Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 40, 1938 Amazonas (Rio Jurua), Minas Geraes (Pira- pora), and Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Olympia); Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, 28, p. 75, 1938 Louisiana (breeding); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 86, 1938 El Salvador; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 42, 1945 Sonora (distr.); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 24, 1945 Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua, Brazil; idem, l.c., 23, p. 41, 1945 El Beni (El Consuelo; Orion), Bolivia. Tantalus loculator Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 140, 1758 based primarily on "The Wood Pelican" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 81, pi. 81, Carolina; Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (1), p. 267, 1828 between Payta and Golan, Peru; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 682, 1833 eastern Brazil; Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 298, 1846 Prov. Maynas, Peru; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 756, 1849; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 420, 1856 Brazil; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860 Babahoyo, Ecuador; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 334, 1862 Panama Railroad; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 7, Ciconiae, p. 17, 1864 Surinam and Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199 upper Ucayali River, Peru; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 23 Rio Sao Francisco and Rio das Velhas, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 305, 1870 Sao Paulo (Porto do Rio Parana), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Villa Maria, Caicara), and Amazonia (Barra do Rio Negro), Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 305 upper Ucayali River and Santa Cruz, Peru; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 313, 1875 Cuba (Zapata, Cardenas; habits); Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 48, 1876 Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Mexico; Reiche- now, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 161, 1877 (diag.); Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 407, 1882 La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 6, p. 379, 1883 San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 272, 1884 Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 439 244 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Angostura, Orinoco, Venezuela; Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 171, 1886 Jalapa and Vega de Alatorre, Vera Cruz, Mexico; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 376 Cozumel Island; Scott, Auk, 9, p. 9, 1892 Jamaica; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 145 lower Rio Pilcomayo; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 527, 1893 Rio Frio, Costa Rica, and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893 Chapada, Matto Grosso; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 199 Arroyo Grande, Rio Negro, Uruguay; Underwood, I.e., 1896, p. 449 Miravalles, Costa Rica; Christy, I.e., 1897, p. 338 mouth of the Yuna, Dominican Republic; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 321, 1898 (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 383, 1899 Sao Paulo; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 232 Chaco Paraguayo; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 188, 1901 Mexico (Santa Efigenia, Mazatlan, Presidio, San Bias, Guanajuato, Valley of Mexico, Jalapa, Vega de Alatorre, Cozumel Island), Guatemala (Chiapam, Huamachal, Coban), Nicaragua (Rio Escondido, San Juan del Sur), Costa Rica (San Jose, Rio Frio, La Palma de Nicoya, Miravalles), and Panama; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 210, 1902 Manantidl and Rio Calera, Tucuman; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 451, 1905 Rio Jurua, Brazil; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 54, 1907 Mexiana, Brazil (breeding); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908 Cayenne; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910 Boa Vista, near Brejao, Piauhy; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 340 Los Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 366, 1912 "northern Patagonia" (sight record); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 103, 1914 Pacoval, Marajo, Brazil; Gibson, Ibis, 1919, p. 528 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (soft parts descr.); Lonn- berg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 25, 1922 La Carolina, Quito, Ecuador; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 214, 1925 Bahia and Piauhy. Ibis nandapoa Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 16, p. 20, 1816 based chiefly on Mycteria americana, var., Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 670, 1790, ex "Jabiru-guagu" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 200; northeastern Brazil. Tantalus plumicollis Spix, Av. Nov. Spec. Bras., 2, p. 68, pi. 85, 1825 "in insula St. Francisci," Brazil (type lost, formerly in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 710, 1906). Tantalus americanus(a) Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 63, 1907 Sao Paulo (Ypiranga) and Amazonas (Rio Jurua), Brazil; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 247, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (breeding); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 225, 1910 Cordoba, Tucuman, and Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 15, 1920 Canelones, Maldonado, Rocha, and Treinta y Tres, Uruguay; Daguerre, l.c., 2, p. 264, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires (breeding). Range. Breeds in the southeastern United States from South Car- olina to Florida and west to Texas, in the Greater Antilles (islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, and ? Jamaica), in Mexico, Central America, and South America, south to western Ecuador, Peru, and Argentina 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 245 (Cordoba and Buenos Aires); occasional visitor in other parts of the United States, in Trinidad, and probably in northern Patagonia. Field Museum Collection. 21 : California (Los Angeles County, 1) ; Arizona (Tucson, 1); Texas (Cameron County, 2; Corpus Christi, 2; Aransas County, 2); Florida (St. John's River, 1; Nassau County, 2; Fort Denaud, 1); Cuba (San Cristobal, Pinar del Rey, 1); Mexico (San Felipe, Yucatan, 1); Guatemala (Tiquisate, Escuintla, 2); Venezuela (Rio Catatumbo, Zulia, 1; San Cristobal, Tachira, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Cercado, 1; Buena Vista, 1). Subfamily CICONIINAE. Storks Genus EUXENURA Ridgway Euxenura Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, No. 1, pp. 249, 250, Feb. 5, 1878 type, by monotypy, Ardea maguari Gmelin. *Euxenura maguari (Gmelin). 1 AMERICAN STORK. Ardea Maguari Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 623, 1789 based on "Maguari" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 204; northeastern Brazil. Ciconiajaburu Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 71, pi. 89, 1825 "in locis . . . insulae St. Joannis, Rio de Janeiro, etc." (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 711, 1906). Ciconia maguari Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 677, 1833 eastern Brazil (Rio Belmonte, etc.); Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 28, 1848 Rio Takutu; Cabanis, I.e., 3, "1848," p. 752, 1849 Rio Takutu; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 419, 1856 Brazil (descr.); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 104, 1857 Brazil and Montevideo (diag.); Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 265, 1860 Entre Rios (Parana) and Uruguay; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 509, 1861 same localities; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 7, Ciconiae, p. 8, 1864 Brazil (crit.); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 125, 1865 Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 334, 339 Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 304, 1870 Sao Paulo (Irisanga), Matto Grosso (Caigara, Villa Bella), and Amazonia (Forte do Rio Branco); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 24 Minas Geraes (Rio Sao Francisco, Sumidouro, etc.); Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 162 Buenos Aires; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 561, 1877 Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. Ardea gaUata Molina (Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 235, 344, 1782) and Tantalus pillus Molina (I.e., pp. 243, 344) refer in part to the American Stork, in part to the Egret. Characters of the two species are, however, so badly mixed up in the descriptions that both names should be discarded as indeterminable. In the interest of nomenclatorial stability it is objectionable to replace a name of unquestioned pertinence like Ciconia maguari by one of Molina's terms, about which no universal agreement will ever be reached, although such procedure is advocated by Wetmore (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 61, 1926) as well as by Deautier and Steullet (Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, pp. 475, 476, 1929). 246 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 189 Punta Lara and Barade>o, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1878, p. 399 Chubut Valley at mouth of Rio Sengel, Patagonia; Gibson, I.e., 1880, p. 153 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding habits); Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 271, 1884 Conception del Uruguay, Entre RIos; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 5, p. 90, 1884 Prov. Buenos Aires (Rio Salado to Ayacucho and Tandfl); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 282 Paysandu, Uruguay; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 32, 1887 Rio Pil- comayo; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 22, 1895 Ajos, Paraguay; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 382, 1899 Sao Paulo; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 248, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires. Ciconia pillus (not Tantalus pillus Molina) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 116, 1843 Colchagua, Chile (habits); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 156, 1855 Chile. Ciconia maguaria Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 415, 1847 Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 274, 1868 Colchagua, Chile. Ciconia dicrura Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 168, 1877 substitute name for Ciconia maguari Gmelin. Euxenura maguari Sclater and Salvin, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 106, 1889 Argentina (habits); Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 145 lower Rio Pilcomayo; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 205 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires (breeding); Reed, I.e., 1893, p. 596 Chile (resident); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 199 Uruguay (Porongos, Santa Elena); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896 Chile; Albert, I.e., 104, p. 991, 1899 Chile (monog.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 297, 1898 British Guiana and Colchagua, Chile (descr.); Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 232 Paraguayan Chaco; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 210, 1902 Famailla and Monteros, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 464 Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 50, 1907 Mexiana Island, Brazil (nesting habits, young descr.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 64, 1907 Itapura, Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908 (not recorded from French Guiana); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 225, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 339 Buenos Aires (Luiconia, Tuyu, and Los Ynglases, Ajo) and Paraguay (Tebicuari); Scott ^and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 370, 1912 La Plata, Buenos Aires (descr.); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 104, 1914 Marajo (Livramento, Teso de Acar&) and Mexiana, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 369, 1916 Rio Orinoco, Venezuela (seen); Gibson, Ibis, 1919, p. 527 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 15, 1920 Uruguay (Maldonado, Rocha, Cerro Largo); Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 141 llanos of Guarico and Apure, Venezuela; Young, I.e., 1928, p. 776 Abary savannah, British Guiana; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 88, 1930 Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 68, 1930 Lapango, Formosa; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 308, 1932 Chile; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 42, 1945 El Beni (El Consuelo; Bresta; San Lorenzo), Bolivia. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 247 Euxenura galeata (not Ardea galeata Molina) 1 Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 61, 1926 Chaco Argentine, Buenos Aires, and Uruguay; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 413, 1926 Valcheta, Rio Negro; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 151, 1927 La Noria, Santa Fe"; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 129, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 40, 1938 Sao Paulo (Itapura) and Matto Grosso (Corumba), Brazil; Nice"foro, Caldasia, 3, (14), p. 369, 1945 Llanos del Meta and Arauca, Colombia. Range. From eastern Colombia, Venezuela and British Guiana (Rio Takutu, Abary savannah) south through Brazil, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina as far as the Chubut Valley, and also central Chile (Colchagua Province). Field Museum Collection. 1: Venezuela (Encontrados, Zulia, 1). Genus JABIRU Hellmayr Jabiru Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 711 (in text), May, 1906 type, by orig. desig., Ciconia mycteria Liechtenstein. *Jabiru mycteria (Lichtenstein) . JABIRU. Ciconia mycteria Lichtenstein, Abhandl. Phys. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin for 1816-17, p. 163, 1819 based on "Jabiru" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 200, northeastern Brazil; idem, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 76, 1823 (ex Mycteria americana Latham [not of Linnaeus], Ind. Orn., 2, p. 670, 1790) ; 2 Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 418, 1856 Surinam and Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa) (descr.). Mycteria americana (not of Linnaeus, 1758) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 675, 1833 Rio Belmonte, Bahia; Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 298, 1846 Pacchapata, Montana de Vitoc, and highlands between Cahuarmayo and Cerro de Pasco, Junin, Peru; Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 152, 1848 Rio Mahu and Rio Takutu; idem, I.e., 3, p. 751, 1849 savannas; Des Murs, in Castelnau, Exped. Ame>. Sud, Zool., 1, Ois., p. 79, 1856 Rio Araguay, Brazil; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 7, Ciconiae, p. 11, 1864 Surinam and Brazil (Cuyaba, Matto Grosso); Sal- vin, Ibis, 1865, p. 197, and 1866, p. 196 Huamachal, Guatemala; Rein- hardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 24 Minas Geraes (Rio Sao Francisco and Rio das Velhas); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 305, 1870 Sao Paulo (Porto do Rio Parana), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Retiro de Barra, Caicara, Villa Bella), and Amazonas (Borba, Rio Madeira; Forte do Rio Branco) (soft parts); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 306 Rio Ucayali, Peru; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 407, 1882 La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica (descr. of young); idem, I.e., 6, p. 389, 1884 Sucuya, Nicaragua; Holmberg, Act. Acad. 1 Cf. footnote, page 245. 2 Berlepsch (Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908) suggested Cayenne as type locality. This is, however, inadmissible since Lichtenstein, in 1819, based his Ciconia mycteria exclusively on Marcgrave's account. 248 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 90, 1884 Arroyo Tandileufu, Buenos Aires; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 32, 1887 Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 145 Rio Parana, Rio Paraguay, and Rio Pilcomayo; Rich- mond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 526, 1893 Rio Frio, Costa Rica, and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 450 Hac. Miravalles, Guanacaste, Costa Rica; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 314, 1898 (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 382, 1899 Sao Paulo; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 232 Chaco Paraguayo (Caraya Vuelta, Riacho Verde, etc.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 187, 1901 Guatemala to Costa Rica; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 210, 1902 Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 464 Fortfn CreVaux, Tarija, Bolivia; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 51, pi. 3 (nest), 1907 Mexiana, Brazil (nesting habits). Mycteria mycteria Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 64, 1907 Sao Paulo; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 248, 1909 Chaco Santafecino (breeding); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 226, 1910 Mar Chiquita, Cordoba, and Mocovi, Santa Fe~; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 15, 1920 Rocha and Treinta y Tres, Uruguay. Jabiru mycteria Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908 Cayenne; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 428, 1910 Bolson and Palo Verde, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 369, 1916 Orinoco Valley from the delta up to the Rio Meta, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 228, 1917 lower Magdalena and Rio San Jorge, Co- lombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 32, 1918 Tijgerbank, Surinam; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 141 San Fernando de Apure, Venezuela; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 60, 1926 Riacho Pilaga, Formosa, and Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay; Bent, I.e., 135, p. 66, 1926 (life hist.); Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 776 Abary savannah, British Guiana; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 89, 1930 Matto Grosso; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 304, 1931 Cricamola, Almirante Bay, Panama; idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 130, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 139, 1932 Guatemala; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 368, 1934 Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 295, 1935 Cricamola, Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 41, 1938 Minas Geraes (Rio Sao Francisco) and Sao Paulo; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 86, 1938 Lake Olomega, El Salvador; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 42, 1945 El Beni (Victoria; Bresta; Orion), Bolivia. Jabiru americanus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 104, 1914 Marajo, Brazil. Range. Southern Mexico (Rio Cosamaloapam, Vera Cruz), Guatemala (Huamachal), El Salvador (Lake Olomega), Nicaragua (Sucuya, Rio Escondido), Costa Rica (Rio Frio, Miravalles, Bolson, Palo Verde, La Palma de Nicoya), Panama (Cricamola, Almirante Bay), and South America from Colombia (Rio San Jorge and Magdalena Valley), Venezuela (Orinoco region), and the Guianas through eastern Peru (Rio Ucayali; Pacchapata, etc., Junin), eastern 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 249 Bolivia and Brazil to Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina (south to northeastern Cordoba and Buenos Aires); accidental in Texas (Austin). Field Museum Collection. 3: Costa Rica, Guanacaste (Bebedero, 1); Brazil, Matto Grosso (Conceicao, Rio Paraguay, 1; Vaccaria, 1). Super-family THRESKIORNITHOIDEA Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE. Ibises and Spoonbills Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE. Ibises Genus HARPIPRION Wagler Harpiprion Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1232 type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 67, 1840), Ibis plumbeus Temminck=/6is caerulescens Vieillot. Molybdophanes Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xiv, 1852 (=1853) type, by orig. desig., Ibis caerulescens Vieillot. *Harpiprion caerulescens (Vieillot). PLUMBEOUS IBIS. Ibis caerulescens Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 16, p. 18, 1817 based on "Curucau aplomado" Azara, No. 363, Paraguay south to the Rio de la Plata; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 9, 1863 Brazil (descr.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 635 Con- chitas, Buenos Aires; Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 155, 1877 (diag.). Ibis plumbeus(a) Temminck, NouVi Rec. PI. Col., livr. 40, pi. 235, Nov., 1823 Paraguay and Brazil (type, from Brazil, in the Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 10, 1863); Wagler, Syst. Nat., 1, fol. 24, Genus Ibis, sp. 14, 1827 Brazil and Paraguay (descr.); Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 311, 1844 "Peru"; idem, Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 298, 1846 "Peru (wood region and along the coastal rivers)"; Bur- meister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 422, 1856 southern Brazil and Paraguay (descr.); idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 265, 1860 Banda Oriental (=Uruguay) and Parana, Entre Rios; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 510, 1861 same localities. Harpiprion plumbeus Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1232. Molybdophanes caerulescens Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 154, 1857 Brazil (diag.); Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 503 (monog.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 24, 265, 1898 (monog.); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 211, 1902 Rio Calera, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 461 Fortin CreVaux, Tarija, Bolivia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 60, 1907 (range); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 248, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 226, 1910 Tucuman and Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 15, 1920 Cerro Largo and Rocha, Uruguay; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 63, 1926 west of Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay 250 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (soft parts; habits); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 85, 1930 Bocaina de Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 716, 1932 Aquidauana, Matto Grosso; Zotta, El Hornero, 5, p. 380, 1934 (food). Geronticus coerulescens Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 307, 1870 Villa Maria and Caicara, Matto Grosso, Brazil. Harpiprion caerulescens Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 159 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 419, 1886 "Peru" (ex Tschudi); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 112, 1889 Argentina; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 145 Fortin Nueve, lower Pilcomayo River, Chaco; idem, I.e., 1901, p. 232 Paraguayan Chaco; Gibson, I.e., 1919, p. 534 Los Yngleses, Buenos Aires; Peters, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 255, 1930 (nomencl.); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 369, 1934 Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 31, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 41, 1938 Aquidauana and Corumba, Matto Grosso; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 42, 1945 El Beni (Bresta; Orion) and Tarija (Fortin Crevaux), Bolivia. Range. Southern Brazil (Matto Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina (in provinces of Salta, Tucuman, Chaco, Entre Rios, occasionally Buenos Aires). 1 Field Museum Collection. 2: Paraguay (83 km. west of Puerto Casado, Chaco, 1); Argentina (Rio Bermejo, Chaco, 1). Genus THERISTICUS Wagler Theristicus Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1231 type, by monotypy, Tantalus melanopis Gmelin. *Theristicus caudatus caudatus (Boddaert). WHITE-THROATED IBIS. Scolopax caudatus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 57, 1783 based on "Courly a col blanc de Cayenne" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 976; Cayenne. Tantalus albicollis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 653, 1789 based on Dau- benton, PI. Enl., pi. 976; Cayenne. Ibis albicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 16, p. 17, 1817 Cayenne and Paraguay (descr.); Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 169, 1821 southern Bahfa; idem, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 693, 1833 interior of Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 757, 1849 savanna; Burmeister, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 510, 1861 Tucuman, Parana, and (?)Mendoza. Tantalus mandurria "Lath." Drapiez, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat., 8, p. 490, 1825 'TAme'rique me'ridionale." 1 The reputed occurrence of the Plumbeous Ibis in Peru, where Tschudi claims to have seen it on the coast as well as in the wooded region, has never been confirmed. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 251 Ibis alba "Vieill." Lesson, TraitS d'Orn., p. 567, 1831 based on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 976; Tantalus albicollis Gmeliri; "Curigaca" Marcgrave, etc. Ibis melanopis (not Tantalus melanopis Gmelin) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 421, 1856 part, Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 265, 1860 Parana, Tucuman, and (?)Mendoza; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 7, 1863 part, spec. Nos. 3, 4, Brazil and Cayenne ("plumage imparfait"); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 22 Paracatu, Rio Sao Francisco, Minas Geraes; Ernst, Cat. Aves Mus. Caracas, p. 42, 1887 Zulia and Orinoco, Venezuela. Theristicus albicollis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 155, 1857 Brazil and Cayenne (diag.). Geronticus albicollis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 307, 1870 Sao Paulo (Itarare", Murungaba), Parana (Jaguaraiba, Tayacocca), Goyaz (Araguay), and Matto Grosso (Zamambaya, Caicara, Villa Bella), Brazil. Theristicus melanopis Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876 Marajo Island, Brazil; Durnford, Ibis, 1880, p. 424 Rio Pasaje, Salta; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 272, 1884 Concepci6n del Uruguay, Entre Rfos; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 232 Paraguay (Villa Conception, near Caraya Vuelta, etc.); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 211, 1902 La Ramada, Dept. of Burruyaco, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 461 Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia; Baer, Onus, 12, p. 230, 1904 La Criolla, Tucuman (nesting); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 46, 1907 Mexiana Island, Brazil (habits, nest, and eggs); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 226, 1910 part, Tucuman. Theristicus caudatus Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 498 (in part); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 110, 1889 Argentina (in part); Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 145 Fortln Page, lower Pilcomayo River; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 392 (diag., synon., range); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893 Chapada, Matto Grosso; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 31, 1895 Cara-huassi, Salta; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 23, 265, 1898 Rupununi and Annai, British Guiana; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 385, 1899 Sao Paulo; Finsch, Not. Leyd. Mus., 21, p. 24, 1899 Cayenne and Matto Grosso (Caicara) (crit.); Salvadori, Ibis, 1900, p. 506 (monog., synon., range); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 122, 1902 Altagracia and Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 60, 1907 part, Sao Paulo (Itararg, Faxina); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 100, 1908 Rio Araguaya, Goyaz; Berlepsch, I.e., p. 301, 1908 Cayenne; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910 Buritf (near Parnagua) and Faz. Enseada, Piauhy; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 100, 1914 Marajo (Magoary) and Mexiana, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 361, 1916 lower and middle stretches of the Orinoco River; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 146, 1916 Annai and Rupununi Savanna; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 227, 1917 La Manuelita (Cauca) and Barrigon, Colombia; Tre- moleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 15, 1920 Treinta y Tres, Uruguay; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 139, 1922 around Camperucho, Santa Marta region, Colombia; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 140 llanos of Guarico and Apure, Venezuela; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, 252 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 64, 1926 west of Puerto Pinasco, Paraguayan Chaco (crit., habits); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 484, 1929 Piauhy; Castellanos, El Hornero, 4, p. 383, 1931 Sierra Grande, Cordoba (descr. spec, ex Oran, Salta); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 136, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 716, 1932 Aquidauana, Matto Grosso. Ibis caudata(us) Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 154, 1877 (diag.); Frenzel, I.e., 39, p. 124, 1891 Cordoba. Theristicus columbianus Finsch, Not. Leyd. Mus., 21, p. 23, 1899 Colombia= "Bogota" (type in Leyden Museum examined ;= immature). Theristicus caudatus caudatus Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 68, 1930 Miss. TacaaglS, Formosa, and San Ignacito (La Crecencia, Santa Cruz), Bolivia (crit.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 42, 1938 Sao Paulo (Itarare, Bebedouro, Faxina), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Matto Grosso (Aquidauana), Goyaz (Rio Sao Domingos), Maranhao (Primeira Cruz), and Pard (Lago Cuipe'ua), Brazil; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 42, 1945 El Beni (Bresta; Orion), Bolivia (disc, races). Range. Colombia (Cauca Valley; Antioquia; Camperucho, Santa Marta; Barrigon, east foot of eastern Andes), Venezuela (Zulia; Orinoco Valley), the Guianas, and southward through Brazil, eastern Bolivia (Cochabamba; Santa Cruz), Paraguay, and Uruguay to northern Argentina as far as Tucuman, Cordoba, the Chaco, and Entre Rfos. 1 Field Museum Collection. 12: Brazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 1; Monte Alegre, Para, 1; Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 2) ; Bolivia (Tin Tin, Cochabamba, 1 ; Nueva Moka, Santa Cruz, 3; Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 3). "Theristicus caudatus branickii Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 2 BRANICKI'S IBIS. Theristicus branickii Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ibis, (6), 6, p. 404, July, 1894 Maraynioc, Pariayacu, Dept. Junin, Peru (cotypes in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfurt Museum [cf. Salvador!, Ibis, 1900, p. 505], 1 All specimens examined by us from northern Argentina are caudatus. Six birds from Colombia (columbianus} agree well with others from Venezuela, Guiana, and Brazil, the alleged character of the type being due to immaturity, as has been recognized by the late T. Salvadori. No material from Mendoza has been available for study. Additional material examined. Colombia: Cauca Valley, 3; Antioquia, 1; "Bogota," 3. Venezuela: Altagracia, Orinoco, 2. British Guiana, 3. Brazil: Pacoval, Marajo, 1 ; Buriti, Piauhy, 1 ; Fazenda Enseada, Piauhy, 1 ; Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, 2; Itarare", Sao Paulo, 1; Murungaba, Sao Paulo, 1. Bolivia: Valle Grande, Santa Cruz, 1. Argentina: Cara-huassi, Salta, 1; La Criolla, Tucuman, 1; lower Pilcomayo, Formosa, 2. 1 Theristicus caudatus branickii Berlepsch and Stolzmann: Similar to T. c. caudatus in possessing a conspicuous feathered stripe along middle of throat, but bill and tarsi much shorter; tail also shorter and-less rounded; lower breast (below 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 253 and in Warsaw Museum [cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 98, 1927]); Finsch, Not. Leyden Mus., 21, p. 25, 1899 Pitumarca, Peru (crit.); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 45, 1900 Vallevicioso, Ecuador; Salvadori, Ibis, 1900, p. 515, pis. 9 (adult), 10 (young) Peru and Ecuador (monog.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 47 Maraynioc (Pariayacu), Peru; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 226 Vallevicioso, Ecuador (habits); Chubb, I.e., 1919, p. 270 Lagunillas, La Paz, Bolivia; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 51, 1921 Occobamba Pass, Cuzco, Peru; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 25, 1922 Lake Mica (Antisana), Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 203, 1926 Antisana, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 136, 1931 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 466, 647 between Lircay and Huanca- velica, and Lake Junfn, Peru. Ibis albicollis (not Tantalus albicollis Gmelin) Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., 1, p. 105, 1834 part, highlands of southern Peru. Ibis melanopis (not Tantalus melanopis Gmelin) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 312, 1844 Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 298, 1846 puna of Peru; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 600 Pitumarca, Cuzco, Peru. Theristicus melanopis Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 562 Junfn, Peru; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 356, 1876 Conima (Lake Titicaca), Puno, Peru; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 21, 1898 part, spec, g, Pitumarca. Theristicus caudatus (not Scolopax caudata Boddaert) Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 498 part, Peru (Pitumarca); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 417, 1886 part, Puna, Junfn, Huanta, and Maraynioc. Theristicus caudatus branickii Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 69, 1930 Cotopaxi, Ecuador (crit.). Range. Puna zone of Ecuador, Peru, and northwestern Bolivia (Lagunillas, Dept. La Paz). Field Museum Collection. 7: Ecuador (Cerro Antisana, Pichincha, 6); Peru (Tirapata, Carabaya, Puno, 1). *Theristicus caudatus melanopis (Gmelin). BLACK-FACED IBIS. Tantalus melanopis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 653, 1789 based on "Black- faced Ibis" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 108, pi. 79; New Year's Island, near Staten Land (ex Forster); Poeppig, in Froriep's Not. Geb. the gray pectoral band) and middle of abdomen white; upper breast paler rufes- cent; sides of head and neck rufescent instead of white; upper wing coverts gray instead of white, etc. Wing, 400-420; tail, 190-210; tarsus, 65-70; bill, 120-130. From T. c. melanopis, the present form may be distinguished by more feather- ing on the throat, longer wings and tail, shorter bill, white (instead of black) median posterior under parts, less rufescent chest, gray (not white) upper wing coverts, etc. Additional material examined. Peru: Cuzco region, 6. 254 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Natur-und Heilkunde, No. 502 (=23, No. 18), p. 279, 1829 Rio Colorado, Santiago, Chile. Ibis albicollis (not Tanlalw albicollis Gmelin) Lesson, in Duperrey, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (1), p. 242, 1828 St. Vincent, Concepci6n, Chile; Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., 1, p. 105, 1834 part, southern Chile (crit.). Theristicus melanops Darwin, Zool., Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 128, 1841 plains of Patagonia; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 117, 1843 interior of Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 189 Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 561, 1877 Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 389 lea, coast of Peru (Dec.) (crit.). Ibis melanopsis Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 209, 1842 Valparaiso, Chile; Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 131, 1853 northern Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 510 Pampa de Negr6n, Rio Bueno, Arique, etc., Valdivia, Chile; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 87, 1924 Caldera, Atacama, Chile. Tantalum melanops Forster, Descr. Anim., p. 332, 1844 Isla Ano Nuevo, Staten Island. Ibis melanopis Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 417, 1847 Chile to Straits of Magellan; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 216, 1853 Valdivia, Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 197, 1855 mountains of Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 313, 1860 Cordillera of Santiago, Chile (breeding habits); Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 163, 1860 Cachinal de la Costa, Atacama, Chile; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 7, 1863 part, spec. Nos. 1, 2, Chile ("plumage parfait"); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 339 Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 274, 1868 Chile; Sclater and Hudson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 549 Rio Negro, Patagonia; Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 154, 1877 Chile (descr.); Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 Cachinal de la Costa, Atacama, Chile; Burmeister, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, p. 319, 1889 Valcheta, Rio Negro; Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, 3, p. cxv, 1894 Bureo (Chilian), Nuble, Chile. Theristicus melanopis Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 127, 1865 Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 499 Sandy Point, Straits of Magellan; Newton, I.e., 1870, p. 502 Elizabeth Island (egg descr.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 56, pi. 4, fig. 8 (egg); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 190 Buenos Aires (winter visitor); idem, I.e., 1878, p. 400 Sengel and Chubut valleys, Patagonia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 436 Sandy Point; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 52, 1881 lagoons of the Rio Colorado; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 391 (descr., synon., range); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 21, 1898 part, spec, a-f, Chile and Magellan Straits (Sandy Point); Finsch, Not. Leyd. Mus., 21, p. 25, 1899 Santiago, Chile (crit.) ; Salvadori, Ibis, 1900, p. 511 (monog., synon., range); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 392, 1902 Ushuai'a, Tierra del Fuego; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 86, 1907 Useless Bay; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 226, 1910 part, Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia; Scott and Sharpe, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 255 Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 349, 1912 Rio Chico, Patagonia; Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 199, 1921 Falkland Islands; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 173, 1923 Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 298, 1923 Huanuluan, Rio Negro (summer resident); Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 414, 1926 Bariloche, Rio Negro (crit.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 324 Johnson's Harbour, Falkland Islands (Apr., 1917) ; Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 112, 1927 Quebrada de la Madera, Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile; Barros, I.e., 33, p. 356, 1929 Aconcagua, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 136, 1931 (range); Bennett, Ibis, 1931, p. 13 Falkland Islands (Apr. 28, 1928). Geronticus melanopis Sclater and Hudson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 261 Prov. of Buenos Aires (visitor; habits). Theristicus caudatus (not Scolopax caudata Boddaert) Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 498 part, Chile, Rio Negro, Buenos Aires, and Straits of Magellan; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 417, 1886 part, Chorillos, Lima; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 205 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires (May to August); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896 Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 678, 1898 Villarica, Chile; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 104, p. 1001, 1899 Chile (descr.); Gibson, Ibis, 1919, p. 533 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (winter visitor; April to July); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, pp. 127, 200, 1929 Cerro del Nahuelbuta, Bio-bio, Chile. Ibis (Theristicus) caudatus Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 140, 1891 Patagonia (Isla da los Leones, 45 6' 20" S. lat.) and Wollaston Island (Gretton Bay), Cape Horn. Ibis menalops (sic) Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 52, 1924 Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile. Theristicus caudatus melanopis Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 69, 1930 (char., range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 309, 1932 Chile (Atacama to Magellan Straits); Rey- nolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 350, 1934 Lago Yewin, Tierra del Fuego (breed- ing); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 242, 1935 Isla la Mocha, Chile (resident); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 50, 1938 Laguna de Parinacota, Tacna, Chile. Theristicus melanops melanops Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 37 Snipe and Wood- cock Islands, Beagle Channel. Range. Temperate zone of Peru (Chorillos, Lima; lea), Chile, and southern Argentina from the Rio Colorado and Rio Negro to the Cape Horn region; in winter occasionally migrating to the southern part of the province of Buenos Aires; accidental on the Falkland Islands (two records). Field Museum Collection. 7: Chile (Temuco, Cautin, 1; Rio Pehuenco, Cautin, 1; Quellon, Chiloe" Island, 1; Rio Inio, Chiloe" Island, 1 ; Chilo6 Island, 1 ; La Senda, Guaitecas Islands, 1) ; Argentina (Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, 1). 256 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Genus CERCIBIS Wagler Cercibis Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1232 type, by monotypy, Ibis oxycercus Spix. *Cercibis oxycerca (Spix). ROUND-TAILED IBIS. Ibis oxycercus(a) Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 69, pi. 87, 1825 "in pro- vincia Para" = Amazonia (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 710, 1906); Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 24, Genus Ibis, sp. 15, 1827 (descr.); Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 48, 1848 Tenette, Rio Takutu; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, I.e., 3, "1848," p. 757, 1849 same locality; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 424, 1856 upper Amazon, Rio Negro, and British Guiana (Takutu) (descr.); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 8, 1863 Rio Branco, Brazil (crit.); Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 153, 1877 (crit.). Cercibis oxycerca Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1232; Bonaparte, Comp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 156, 1857 Guiana (diag.); Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 497 Amazons west to Bogota (crit.); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 471 British Guiana (ex Schomburgk) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 28, 1898 British Guiana (Rupununi River, Annai), Brazil (Forte do Rio Branco), and Colombia ("Bogota"); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 124, 1902 Altagracia, Caicara, and Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 61, 1907 (range); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 101, 1914 (listed); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 149, 1916 Annai and Rupununi River; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 361, 1916 Orinoco region (soft parts); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 86, 1930 Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 136, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 42, 1938 (range). Geronticus oxycercus Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 307, 1870 Matto Grosso (Estivao do Formigueiro, Rio Guapore") and Amazonas (Rio Amazon; Forte do Rio Branco; Barra do Rio Negro), Brazil. Range. British Guiana west through the Orinoco region to the east base of the east Colombian Andes and south through Brazilian Amazonia to western Matto Grosso (Estivao do Formigueiro, Rio Guapore*). 1 Field Museum Collection. 2: Brazil (Boa Vista, Sierra da Lua, Amazonas, 2). Genus MESEMBRINIBIS Peters Mesembrinibis Peters, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 256, Feb. 24, 1930 type, by orig. desig., Tantalus cayennensis Gmelin. , 1 Eight specimens from the Orinoco Valley, two from British Guiana, and seven from Brazilian Amazonia (Rio Branco; Manaos; Rio Guapore) examined. The species has not yet been found in Lower Amazonia proper. "Provincia Para," in Spix's time, included almost the whole of the State of Amazonas. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 257 *Mesembrinibis cayennensis (Gmelin). CAYENNE IBIS. Tantalus cayennensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 652, 1789 based on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 820, Cayenne. Ibis sylvatica Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 16, p. 16, 1817 based on Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 820, Cayenne; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 702, 1833 Espirito Santo (Rio Itabapuana) and Bahia (Rios Itahype, Catol6, and Ilhe'os). Ibis dentirostris Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 24, Genus Ibis, sp. 7, 1827 Brazil and Cayenne (cotypes in Paris and Munich museums). Harpiprion cajennensis Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1232. Ibis cayanensis Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 102, Tabl. Meth., p. 95, Jan. 29, 1839 based on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 820, Cayenne. Ibis cayennensis Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 757, 1849 forest and savanna rivers; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 423, 1856 Brazil and Guiana (descr.); Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 154, 1877 (diag.). Harpiprion cayennensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 77, 1858 Rio Napo, Ecuador; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 197 Rio Nercua, Colombia; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 479, 1862 Panama Railroad; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 8, 1863 Cayenne; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 372 Lion Hill, Panama Railroad; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 306 Chamicuros, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1879, p. 543 Rio Neche, Antioquia, Colombia; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 420, 1886 Chamicuros, Peru; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 172 Bartica Grove and Camacusa, British Guiana; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 22, 1895 Colonia Risso, Paraguay; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 25, 1898 British Guiana (Bartica Grove), Ecuador (Rio Cotapaza), Colombia (Nech6), and Panama (Lion Hill); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 386, 1899 IguapS, Sao Paulo; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 123, 1902 Rio Orinoco (Altagracia; Quiribana de Cai?ara) and Rio Caura (Cangrejo), Venezuela; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 195, 1902 Panama (Lion Hill) and Colombia (Rio Nercua); Menegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 185, 1904 French Guiana; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 61, 1907 Sao Paulo (Iguape, Rio Mogy-Guassu, Rio Grande, Barretos); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 47, 1907 Mexiana Island, Brazil; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, pp. 23, 517, 1908 Rio Purus (Bom Lugar) and Rio Tapajoz (Goyana), Brazil; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 301, 1908 Cayenne; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 423, 1910 Rio Madeira (Calama) and Rio Machados (Jamarysinho; Maroins), Brazil; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 464, 493, 1912 Vera Guarany, Parana; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39, 1914 Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 100, 1914 Mexiana, Rio Tapaj6z (Goyana), and Rio Purus (Bom Lugar); Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 532, 1915 Bonpland, Misiones; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 147, 1916 (various localities); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 361, 1916 Orinoco region, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 227, 1917 Rio Atrato, Malena (Rio Magdalena), and Villavicencio, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. 258 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Comp. Zool., 62, p. 32, 1918 vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Wood, Condor, 25, p. 199, 1923 Essequibo, British Guiana (nesting notes); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 204, 1926 Rio Napo, Ecuador (ex Sclater); Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 774 Blairmont, British Guiana; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 85, 1930 Matto Grosso. Geronticus cayennensis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 307, 1870 Sao Paulo (Matto- dentro, Ypanema, Irisanga), Parana (Castro), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caigara), and Amazonas (Marabitanas, Rio Negro). Harpiprion cayanensis Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 502 (monog.). Mesembrinibis cayennensis Peters, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 256, 1930 (nomencl.); idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 136, 1931 (range); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 304, 1931 Changuinola Canal and Chiriquicito, Almirante Bay, Panama; Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 296, 1935 Panama (Canal Zone; Almirante Bay); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 369, 1936 Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 45, 1936 Inhumas, Goyaz, Brazil; idem, I.e., 22, p. 43, 1938 Sao Paulo (Rio Mogy-Guassu; Rio Grande, Barretos; Ituverara) and Goyaz (Crixas, Inhumas); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 24, 1945 Rio Jurua (Joao Pessoa; Lago Grande), Brazil; idem, I.e., 23, p. 43, 1945 El Beni (Victoria; Bresta; San Lorenzo; Orion), Bolivia. Range. Panama and South America, from Colombia (Rio Nercua; Rio Atrato; Rio Neche"; Malena, Magdalena; Villavicencio), southern Venezuela (Orinoco basin), and the Guianas through eastern Ecuador (Rio Cotopaza; Rio Napo), eastern Peru (Chami- curos), eastern Bolivia (El Beni), and Amazonia to southern Brazil (Parana and Matto Grosso), Paraguay (Colonia Risso), and north- eastern Argentina (Bonpland, Misiones). Field Museum Collection. 5: Panama (Port Obaldia, Darien, 1); Ecuador (Coca Azul, Rio Napo, Napo Pastaza, 1); British Guiana (Berbice River, 1); Brazil (Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia, 1); Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1). Genus PHIMOSUS Wagler Phimosus Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1233 type, by monotypy, Ibis nudifrons Spix. *Phimosus infuscatus berlepschi Hellmayr. 1 VENEZUELAN BARE-FACED IBIS. 1 Phimosus infuscatus berlepschi Hellmayr: Similar to P. i. nudifrons, but bare part of the head deep carmine (instead of brick-red), and bill much darker, reddish liver brown (instead of chamois or clay-color). Ten specimens from the Orinoco Valley, three from near Me'rida (Rio Chaura), and two native Bogota skins examined. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 259 Phimosus berlepschi Hellmayr, Verb. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 53, p. 247, 1903 Orinoco Valley, Venezuela (type, from Altagracia, in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 361, 1916 middle stretches of the Orinoco (soft parts); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 227, 1917 Barranquilla, Colombia; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 139, 1922 Fundacion, Santa Marta, Colombia (nest and eggs descr.); Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 140 llanos of Guarico and Apure, Venezuela. Ibis nudifrons (not of Spix) Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 503, 1848 Demerara River. Ibis infuscata (not of Lichtenstein) Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 756, 1849 forest and savanna rivers up to 1,500 feet; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 8, 1865 part, spec. No. 3, Colombia; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 384 Lake Paturia, Magdalena, Colom- bia. Phimosus infuscatus Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 495 part, Co- lombia; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 26, 1898 part, spec, e, f, Colombia. Phimosus nudifrons Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 123, 1902 Altagracia and Caigara, Orinoco, Venezuela (crit.). Phimosus infuscatus berlepschi Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 485 (in text), 1929 Venezuela (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 137, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 43 (note), 1938 Rio Urari- cuera, Brazil. Range. Northern South America, from northern Colombia (Barranquilla, Lake Paturia, and Fundacion, Magdalena Valley; "Bogota") through Venezuela (Rio Chaura, Me*rida; Orinoco Valley) east to British and Dutch Guiana and the adjoining stretches of extreme northern Brazil (Rio Uraricuera). Field Museum Collection. 3: Venezuela (Encon trades, Zulia, 2; Emigrante, Merida, 1). Phimosus infuscatus nudifrons (Spix). BRAZILIAN BARE-FACED IBIS. Ibis nudifrons Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 69, pi. 86, 1825 "ad litora lacuum St. Francisci"=Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia, Brazil (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 710, 1906); Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 24, Genus Ibis, sp. 6, 1827 (descr. of type). Ibis infuscata (not of Lichtenstein) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 699, 1833 Lagoa Feia, Rio de Janeiro; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 423, 1856 part, Rio de Janeiro to "Santa Catharina"; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 8, 1863 part, spec. Nos. 1, 2, Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 22 Lagoa dos Pitos, Minas Geraes; Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 153, 1877 (diag.). 260 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Phimosus infuscatus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 156, 1857 part, Brazil; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 26, 1898 part, spec, d, Caicara, Matto Grosso; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 385, 1899 Iguap6 and Piracicaba, Sao Paulo. Geronticus infuscatus Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 307, 1870 Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo (Porto do Rio Parana), and Matto Grosso (Caicara). Phimosus nudifrons Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 61, 1907 (range). Plegadis nudifrons Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910 Piauhy (Parnagua) and Bahia (Barra do Rio Grande; Caesara das Cabres, Rio Grande); idem, I.e., p. 212, 1925 Bahia (Rio Sao Francisco; Rio Grande; Rio Preto) and Piauhy (Lake Parnagua; Lagoa do Rio Fundu; Rio Parnahyba) (soft parts). Phimosus infuscatus nudifrons Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 485, 1929 Piauhy (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 85, 1930 Agua Blanca de Corumba, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 137, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 717, 1932 Aquidauana, Matto Grosso; idem, I.e., 20, p. 45, 1936 Jaragua, Rio das Almas, Goyaz; idem, I.e., 22, p. 43, 1938 Minas Geraes (Pirapora, Rio Pandeiro), Goyaz (Rio das Almas, Inhumas), Sao Paulo, and Matto Grosso (Corumba, Aquidauana). (?) Phimosus infuscatus infuscatus Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 43, 1945 El Beni (Reyes; Bresta; Orion), Bolivia (disc.). Range. Tableland of Brazil, from Piauhy south to Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso, 1 and (?)northeastern Bolivia (El Beni). *Phimosus infuscatus infuscatus (Liechtenstein). 2 AZARA'S BARE-FACED IBIS. Ibis infuscata Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 75, 1823 based on "Afeytado" Azara, No. 365, Paraguay; 3 Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 422, 1856 part, Paraguay; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 265, 1860 Parana, Entre Rios; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 511, 1861 Parana. Phimosus infuscatus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 156, 1857 part, Paraguay; Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 495 (in part); Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 63 two hundred miles south of Buenos Aires (breeding); Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 363 Salta; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 32, 1887 Rio Pilcomayo (crit.); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 113, 1889 1 Ten specimens from Bahia, Piauhy, Sao Paulo, and Matto Grosso examined. 2 Phimosus infuscatus infuscatus (Lichtenstein) differs from P. i. nudifrons by having the more elongated feathers of the hind neck strongly glossed with purplish, and a varying amount of corrugations on the naked portion of the head. No information is available concerning the coloration of bill and face in life. Material examined. Paraguay: Rio Pilcomayo, 2. Argentina: Salta, 1; Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, 3; Est. San Martino Monte, Buenos Aires, 2. Cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 485 (note 1), 1929. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 261 Argentina; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 145 Timbo (Rio Paraguay) and mouth of the Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 206 Est. Espar- tillar, Buenos Aires (May to August); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 199 Uruguay; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 22, 1895 Paraguari, Paraguay; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 26, 1898 part, spec, a-c, Salta, Buenos Aires (Belgrano), and Rio de la Plata; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 232 Villa Concepcion and Paraguayan Chaco; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 211, 1902 Rio Sail, Tucuman; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 341 Santa Rosa, Paraguay; Gibson, I.e., 1919, p. 534 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 151, 1927 Deniz Island, Santa Fe. Phimosus azarae Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 123, 1902 Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfurt Museum, examined). Phimosus nudifrons azarae Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 248, 1909 Barracas al Sud and Est. San Martino Monte, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 15, 1920 Uruguay (ex Aplin); Daguerre, I.e., p. 263, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 42, 1923 Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Pereyra, I.e., p. 163, 1923 Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Daguerre, I.e., 5, p. 398, 1934 Las Flores, Buenos Aires (breeding). Phimosus nudifrons subsp. azarae Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 227, 1910 (range in Argentina). Phimosus infuscatus infuscatus Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 69, 1930 Lapango, Formosa (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 137, 1931 (range). Range. Southeastern Bolivia (Santa Cruz), northern Argentina (south to Cordoba and Buenos Aires), Paraguay, and Uruguay. Field Museum Collection. 3: Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1); Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 2). Genus GUARA Reichenbach Guara Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xiv, "1852" (=1853) type, by orig. desig., Scolopax rubra Linnaeus. Leucibis Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xiv, "1852" (= 1853) type, by orig. desig., Scolopax alba Linnaeus. *Guara alba (Linnaeus). WHITE IBIS. Scolopax alba Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 145, 1758 based on "The White Curlew" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 82, pi. 82 (= adult); Carolina. Scolopax fusca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 145, 1758 based on "The Brown Curlew" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 83, pi. 83 (=young); Carolina. Tantalus coco Jacquin, Beytr. Gesch. Vogel, p. 13, 1784 "auf den Karibaischen Inseln" (no type extant). 262 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ibis longirostris Wagler, Isis, 1829, col. 760 Mexico (type in Berlin Museum). Ibis alba Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 426, 1856 (descr., range); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 5, 1863 Mexico (crit.); Tac- zanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 746 Santa Luzia, Tumbez, Peru (Sept. 25-Dec. 20). Eudocimus albus Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 315, 1875 Cuba (breeding; habits); Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 508 (monog.); Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 407, 1882 La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 6, p. 379, 1883 San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., p. 389, 1884 Sucuya, Nicaragua; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 39, 1898 Florida, Texas, Mexico (Presidio; Tampico; Tamesi; La Antigua, Vera Cruz; Cozumel Island), British Honduras (Grassy Key), Guatemala (Chiapam), Nicaragua (Momotombo), and Costa Rica (Nicoya); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 12, 1899 Rio Sabana, Darien, Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 191, 1902 southeastern United States to Panama; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 605, 1902 Vaqueria, Esmeraldas, Ecuador; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 144, 1905 San Miguel and Pacheca Islands, Pearl Archipelago, Panama; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 301, 1908 "Guiana" (ex Buffon). Guara alba Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 426, 1910 P6zo Azul de Pirris and Coronado de Te"rraba, Costa Rica; Todd, I.e., 10, p. 188, 1916 Los Indies, Bibijagua, and Siguanea, Isle of Pines; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 204, 1926 Chone, Ecuador; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 23, 1926 (life hist.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 305, 1927 Puerto Rico (accidental); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 80, 1928 southern Lower California (resident); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 91, 1931 Hispaniola (resident); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 137, 1931 (range); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 298, 1932 Puerto Castilla, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 62, p. 138, 1932 Ocos, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 296, 1935 Panama; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 88, p. 355, 1936 Utila Island, off Honduras (breed- ing); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 88, 1938 El Salvador; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 183, 1939 Independencia, Aragua, Venezuela (Oct. 29-30); Sprunt, Auk, 61, p. 144, 1944 South Carolina (extension of breeding range) ; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 42, 1945 Sonora (distr.). Guara alba longirostris Bailey, Bull. Bailey Mus. and Libr. Nat. Hist., No. 4, p. [1], 1930 (no type specimen or type locality designated). Range. Breeds locally on the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States (north to South Carolina), in southern Lower California, Mexico, Central America, on the Greater Antilles (islands of Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola), and apparently on the Pacific coast of Ecuador south to northwestern Peru (Santa Lucia, Dept. Tumbez); accidental in the eastern and middle-western United 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 263 States, and in Venezuela (two records, Lake Valencia, Carabobo, and Independencia, Aragua). 1 Field Museum Collection. 35: Texas (Bloomington, 3; Victoria County, 2; Brownsville, 6; Cameron County, 1); Florida (Bade County, 1; Osceola County, 2; Anclote, 2; Tampa, 1; Seminole County, 2; Palm Beach County, 8); Cuba (Isle of Pines, 1); Domin- ican Republic (Samana, 1); Mexico (Altamira, Tamaulipas, 5). *Guara rubra (Linnaeus). SCARLET IBIS. Scolopax rubra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 145, 1758 based principally on "The Red Curlew" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 84, pi. 84; coast of Bahama Islands. 2 Tantalus minutus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., I, p. 241, 1766 based on "The Lesser Ibis" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 303, pi. 356; Surinam (type in coll. of Dr. Fothergill;= young). Ibis rubra A. de Saint-Hilaire, M6m. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 9, p. 353, 1822 Guaratuba, Parana, Brazil (breeding); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 756, 1849 coast and estuaries of rivers (habits); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 425, 1856 northern Brazil (Amazon); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 6, 1863 Surinam and Cayenne (descr.); Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 95 Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 306, 1870 Parana (Paranagua; Rio Boraxudo) and Para (Cajutuba), Brazil; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876 Marajo, Brazil. Ibis leucopygus Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 70, pi. 88 (=young), 1825 Brazil, locality not specified (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 710, 1906). Eudocimus ruber Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 509 (monog.) ; W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1887, p. 317 Maccasseema, Rio Pomeroon, British Guiana; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 41, 1898 (monog.); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 124, 1902 Caigara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Hellmayr, I.e., 13, p. 49, 1906 Caroni Swamp, Trinidad; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 47, 1907 Caviana (breeding) and Mexiana, Brazil; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 62, 1907 Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 301, 1908 Cayenne; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 76, 1909 Cano San Juan, Venezuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 102, 1914 Para, Maraj6 (Magoary, Pacoval), Mexiana, and Amapa, Brazil; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 150, 1916 Berbice River, Maccasseema, and Mora Passage; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 32, 1918 Tijgerbank, Motkreek, Pomonakreek, Nieuw Amsterdam, 1 Buffon's record from "Guiana" needs confirmation, while Burmeister's surmise that the range of the White Ibis might extend into Amazonia as far as the Rio Negro seems to be without any foundation. 2 As Linnaeus' description was clearly based upon Edwards' figure, the Bahama Islands may be regarded as type locality, although the Scarlet Ibis occurs there merely as a casual straggler. 264 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII and Herminabank, Surinam; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 141 llanos of Venezuela; Young, I.e., 1928, p. 774 coast of British Guiana (soft parts). Guara rubra Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 384, 1899 coast of Sao Paulo; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 235, 1909 Margarita Island, Venezuela; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910 coast of Piauhy; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, p. 138, 1912 Marajo (Faz. Diamantina and Faz. Menino Jesus); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 193, 1913 Manimo River (Isla Morocotico and Isla Plata), Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 362, 1916 delta region and (rare) along the middle Orinoco; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 33, 1926 (life hist.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 485, 1929 Mangunga Island, Maranhao; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 137, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 583 Trinidad (resident) ; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 44, 1938 Par& (Marajo) and Maranhao (Primeira Cruz). Range. Breeds on the northeast coast (rarely inland) of South America from Trinidad and eastern Venezuela south to the State of Parana, Brazil; casual in the West Indies (Jamaica), Bahama Islands, Central America (Honduras), and allegedly on the Gulf coast of Louisiana and Texas. 1 Field Museum Collection. 16: Honduras (unspecified, 1); Vene- zuela (Margarita Island, 1); British Guiana (Berbice, 1; Mahaica Front, 1; Mon Repos, 4; Dusignan, 1; unspecified, 3); Dutch Guiana (Tigerbanks, Maroni River, 3) ; Brazil (Mangunca Island, Maranhao, 1). Plegadis Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Thierw., p. 82, 1829 type, by monotypy, Tantalus falcinellus Kaup. Tantalides Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1231 no type specified. Falcinellus (not of Illiger, 1816) Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 67, 1841 type by orig. desig., "F . igneus (Gmelin)"=Tantalus falcinellus Linnaeus. Plegadornis Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 290 substitute name for Plegadis Kaup. *Plegadis falcinellus falcinellus (Linnaeus). GLOSSY IBIS. Tantalus falcinellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 241, 1766 based on "Numenius rostro arcuato, corpore castaneo, pedibus obscure viren- tibus" Kramer (Elench. Veget. Anim. Austr. inf., p. 350), "Le Courly 1 About the unsatisfactory nature of the United States records, cf. Penard, in Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, pp. 34-35, 1926. The occurrence of the Scarlet Ibis in Cuba, even as a straggler, is denied by Gundlach (Journ. Orn., 23, p. 317, 1875). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 265 verd" Brisson (Orn., 5, p. 326, pi. 27, fig. 2 [= immature]), etc.; "Austria, Italia." * Ibis ordi Bonaparte, Geogr. Comp. List Bds. Eur. and N. Amer., p. 49, 1838 based on Tantalus mexicanus? (not of Gmelin)* Ord, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, No. 4, p. 53, Aug. 1817 (Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey) and Ibis falcinellus Audubon, Bds. Amer., pi. 387. 3 Ibis erythrorhyncha Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 5, "1837," p. 127, pub. June 14, 1838 Haiti, Greater Antilles (type in coll. of Zoological Society of London, present location unknown). Falcinellus erythrorhynchus(a) Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 349, 1856 Cuba (crit.); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 159, 1857 Haiti and Cuba (diag.). Falcinellus ordii Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 352, 1866 Cuba (resident); idem, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 318, 1875 Cuba (Cardenas, Rio Hanabana, etc.) (crit., plumages, soft parts). Ibis falcinellus var. Ordii Coues, Bds. Northwest, p. 517, 1874 (syn., range). Falcinellus igneus Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 503 (monog.). Plegadis autumnalis Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 124, 1896 (diag., range); Bagnard, Wilson Bull., 25, pp. 103-117, 1913 Orange Lake, Florida (breeding habits). Plegadis falcinellus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 29, 1898 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 45, 1926 (life hist.). Plegadis falcinellus falcinellus Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 304, 1927 (occurrence doubtful); idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 90, 1931 Hispaniola (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 138, 1931 (range); Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 308, 1931 Bermuda Islands (Coot Pond, St. George, Oct. 20, 1900); Holt, Auk, 50, p. 351, 1933 Cameron Parish, Louisiana (breeding); Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, 28, p. 77, 1938 southern Louisiana (breeding); Campbell, Auk, 61, p. 471, 1944 Toledo, Ohio. Range. Breeds in North America only in Louisiana (Cameron Parish) and Florida (Micanopy and Bird Island, Orange Lake), and in the Greater Antilles (islands of Cuba and Hispaniola); also widely distributed in the Old World from southern France (Camargue), Austria (Lake Neusiedl), and the Danube Valley to 1 We suggest as type locality Lake Neusiedl, Lower Austria (ex Kramer: "ad lacum Nischiteriensem"). 1 Tantalus mexicanus Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 652, 1789 based on "Le Courly vari6 du Mexique" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 333, which, in its turn, goes back to Hernandez's "Acacalotl") may possibly refer to an Ibis of this genus, but it is so poorly described (the dimensions, particularly, being much too large) that identification will always remain problematical. * Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, may be regarded as type locality. The whereabouts of the specimen described by Ord is unknown. 266 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII tropical Africa and Asia; casual in the eastern United States, eastern Canada, the Bermuda and Bahama Islands, and Jamaica. Field Museum Collection. 11: Florida (Orlando, 1; Fellsmere, Indian River County, 5); Cuba (San Cristobal, Pinar del Rio, 5). *Plegadis (falcinellus?) chihi (Vieillot). 1 WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS. Numenius chihi Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 8, p. 303, 1817 based on "Cuello jaspeado" Azara, No. 364; Paraguay and campos of Buenos Aires. Numenius chichi Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat., II, p. 253, 1818 based on "Cuello jaspeado" Azara, No. 364. Ibis guarauna (not Scolopax guarauna Linnaeus) 2 Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 75, 1823 Montevideo, Uruguay; Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 24, Genus Ibis, sp. 8, 1827 (descr.); Bibra, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 131, 1853 northern Chile; Cassin, hi Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 197, 1855 Chile; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 424, 1856 Santa Catharina, Rio Grande do Sul, Montevideo, and Paraguay (descr.); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Natur- hist. Foren., 1870, p. 23 Lagoa Santa and Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes, Brazil. Ibis Guaranna (sic) Wagler, Isis, 1829, col. 759 (descr.). Tentalus (sic) chalcopterus (not Ibis chalcoptera Vieillot, 1817) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 86, pi. 511, Sept. 4, 1830 Chile (type in Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 5 [spec. No. 26], 1863). Ibis (Falcinellus) ordi (not Ibis ordi Bonaparte) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 129, 1841 Rio Negro and swampy plains between Bahia Blanca and Buenos Aires. "Harpiprion cayanensis (Ibis (Falcinellus) ordi, Bonap.") (sic) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 117, 1843 Chile. 1 Plegadis (falcinellus?) chihi (Vieillot) differs from P. f. falcinellus by smaller size, the possession, in adult plumage, of a conspicuous white border to the bare facial space, and lake-red instead of blackish loral area. In spite of the fact that both the Glossy Ibis and the White-faced Glossy Ibis have been found breeding in Louisiana as well as in Florida, the differences separating the two birds are not such as to suggest specific distinctness, and the matter requires further investigation, notably in the field. The breeding range of the White-faced Glossy Ibis is discontinuous, for it is practically absent from Central America and northern South America. Birds from the United States average slightly larger, but the divergency appears too insignificant to justify the recognition of a northern race. 2 As we have pointed out (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., (1), 13, No. 1, p. 301 [footnote], 1942), Scolopax guarauna Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 242, 1766) proves to be referable to Aramus scolopaceus (Gmelin). The earliest available designation for the White-faced Glossy Ibis is evidently Numenius chihi Vieillot, since Tantalus mexicanus Gmelin seems to be unidentifiable as to species. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 267 Ibis falcinettus (not Tantalus falcinellus Linnaeus) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 416, 1847 Chile (descr. of nuptial plumage); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 2, 1863 part, spec. Nos. 26-31, Chile, Brazil, Paraguay, and Mexico; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 125, 1865 Chile (crit., meas.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 334, 339 Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 145 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 274, 1868 Chile; Hudson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 799 Prov. Buenos Aires (habits; breeding at Gualicho, 170 miles south of Buenos Aires); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 306, 1870 Sao Paulo (Ypanema) and Matto Grosso (Pansecco, Caicara), Brazil; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 Antofagasta, Chile; Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, 3, p. cxvi, 1894 road to Chilian, Stable, Chile. FalcineUus guarauna Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 418, 1847 vicinity of Valparaiso, Chile (descr. of young and winter plumage) ; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 159, 1857 Brazil (diag.); Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 313, 1860 Santiago, Chile (breeding habits); Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 505 Columbia River to Chile and Buenos Aires (monog.); Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 56, 1878 Brownsville, lower Rio Grande, Texas (habits, nest and eggs descr.); Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 90, 1884 Rio Salado and Tandfl, Buenos Aires. Ibis breviroslris Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., 8, p. 219, 1848 Rio Rimac, Lima, Peru (type formerly in U. S. National Museum ;= young). 1 Ibis chilensis (Sturm MS.) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, No. 21 (for Nov. 24), p. 993, 1856 California and Chile (diag.). 1 Ibis chalcoptera Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 265, 1860 Mendoza and Pampa; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 511, 1861 Mendoza and Parana. Ibis thalassinus Ridgway, Amer. Natur., 8, No. 2, p. 110, Feb., 1874 "Pacific coast of America, from California to Chili; western portion of the Great Basin (Humboldt River)" (no type designated). Falcinellus igneus (not Numenius igneus S. G. Gmelin) Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 162 neighborhood of Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 189 Prov. Buenos Aires (Baradero, April); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 561, 1877 Laguna de Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile (breeding); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 52, 1881 lagoons of the pampa According to Wetmore and Zimmer (in litt.), the type has been lost. It is not in the U. S. National Museum, nor is it listed by Stone and Bangs among Peale's specimens now preserved in the collections at Philadelphia and Cambridge respectively. Cassin (U. S. Expl. Exp., Mamm. Orn., p. 304, 1858) refers it to P. guarauna auct., and in the absence of the type we are compelled to accept his identification, although it might have been a young P. ridgwayi, for the two species are not certainly separable in juvenile plumage. 1 Bonaparte states that he received from California numerous specimens, "a large capistrum blanc, a bee rougeatre depuis la base" of a species common in ChUe, which bears at Frankfurt the name Ibis chilensis Sturm, and in other collections the unpublished term "albifacies." The birds referred to by Bonaparte are doubtless the three from Chile listed as P. guarauna by Hartert (Kat. Vogels. Mus. Senckenb. Ges., p. 206, 1891), but what has become of those from California we are unable to say. 268 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII south to the Rio Colorado; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 625 Punta Lara, Buenos Aires. Falrinellus thalassinus Ridgway, Rep. U. S. Geol. Expl. Fortieth Paral., 4, p. 615, 1877 Humboldt River, Nevada; Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 507 Pacific coast of America from California to Chile and "Straits of Magellan" (monog.;= immature). Plegadis guarauna Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 160 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 171, 1886 Laguna de Epatlan, Puebla (Dec.), and Laguna de Rosario, Tlaxcala (Jan.), Mexico; Brewster, Auk, 3, p. 481, 1886 Lake Washington, Florida (breeding); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 109, 1889 Argentina (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 145 Fortfn Page, lower Pilcomayo River; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 205 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires (resident); Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 146, 1893 El Pozo de TSiraba, Costa Rica; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896 Chile; Holland, Ibis, 1896, p. 318 Santa Elena (near Media Luna), Buenos Aires (breeding in November); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 31, 1897 Caiza, Tarija, Bolivia; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 34, 266, 1898 (monog.); Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 104, p. 996, 1899 Chile (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 384, 1899 Sao Paulo; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 233 Paraguayan Chaco; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 194, 1902 Mexico (numerous localities) and South America; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 211, 1902 Rio Sail and Lagunas de Malvinas, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, pp. 444, 447, 461 Argentina (Quinta and Moreno, Jujuy) and Bolivia (Carapari and Tatarenda, Tarija); Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 230, 1904 Santa Ana, Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 62, 1907 Iguap6, Sao Paulo; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 227, 1910 (range in Argentina); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 426, 1910 El Pozo de Te>raba, Costa Rica; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 340 Los Ynglases, Aj6, Buenos Aires, and Tebicuari, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 1912, p. 276 (winter plumage descr.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped., Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 355, 1912 Patagonia (descr.); Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918 Jocoli, Mendoza; Gibson, Ibis, 1919, p. 529 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (nesting habits); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 15, 1920 Uruguay (Canelones, Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo); Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 264, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Serie" and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 42, 1923 Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; Giacomelli, I.e., p. 79, 1923 La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., p. 163, 1923 Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Wilson, I.e., p. 354, 1926 Venado Tuerto, Santa F6; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 65, 1926 Buenos Aires (Berazategui, Lavalle, Santo Domingo, etc.), Chaco (Las Palmas), Formosa, Mendoza (Tunuyan), and Uruguay (San Vicente) (crit.); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 414, 1926 Valcheta Creek, Rio Negro (crit.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 52, 1926 (life hist.) ; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 152, 1927 Saladero M. Cabal, Santa Fe"; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 80, 1928 Lower California; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 87, 1930 Agua Blanca de Corumba, Matto Grosso; Castellanos, El Hornero, 4, p. 384, 1931 Rio 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 269 Gualeguaychu, Entre Rlos, and Las Lagunas, Cordoba; van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 428, 1934 Jesus Maria, Chihuahua, Mexico; Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, 28, p. 79, 1938 coastal region of southern Louisiana (breeding); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 88, 1938 Lake Olomega, El Salvador (transient). Plegadis falcinellus Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 155 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Dec. to March); Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 272, 1884 Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios (resident) ; Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 112, 1927 Marga-Marga, Chile. Plegadis falcinellus guarauna Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 248, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and Laguna de Malvinas, Tucuman; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 70, 1930 Fortfn Esteros, Tarija, Bolivia; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 308, 1932 Chile; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 44, 1938 Sao Paulo (Iguap6, Rio Pinheiros) and La Plata; Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 50, 1938 Chacalluta, Tacna (Aug.), and Rio Paicavi, Arauco (Jan.), Chile. Egatheus guarauna Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 140 Rio Apure, Venezuela. Plegadis (falcinellus?) guarauna Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 138, 1931 (range). Plegadis mexicanus (not of Gmelin, see note 2, page 265) van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 42, 1945 Sonora (status, distr.). Range. Breeds in North America, from Oregon and Utah south to Mexico (exact limit undetermined), east occasionally to Louisiana (Cameron Parish, Lake Charles, Lake Arthur) and Florida (Lake Washington); and again locally in Venezuela (Rio Apure), Bolivia, Chile, southern Brazil (from Minas Geraes and Matto Grosso to Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina south to the Rio Negro; casual in British Columbia, Washington, Costa Rica (a single record from El Pozo de TeVraba), and Peru (one record from Rio Rimac, Lima). 1 Field Museum Collection. 50: Utah (Box Elder County, 3; Cali- fornia (Los Banos, 2; Pacific Beach, 6); Arizona (Calabasas, 1); Texas (Cameron County, 5; Brownsville, 9); Mexico (Todos Santos, Lower California, 1; Mazatlan, Sinaloa, 1; Altamira, Tamaulipas, 2; Tampico, 1); Paraguay, Chaco (Islapoi= Villa Militar, 3); Bolivia, Cochabamba (Vacas, 1; Colomi, 7); Argentina (Concepcion, Tucu- man, 7; Quilines, Buenos Aires, 1). *Plegadis ridgwayi (Allen). 2 RIDGWAY'S IBIS. 1 The record from "Straits of Magellan (Capt. King)" is open to doubt, while the claimed occurrence of "P. guarauna" in French Guiana (cf. Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 301, 1908 ex "Buffon"=Brisson) refers to the Limpkin. 2 Plegadis ridgwayi (Allen) differs from the other members of the genus by shorter, stouter tarsus with the frontal scutellae irregular; darker, deep chestnut 270 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Falcinellus ridgwayi Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, Nos. 15-16, p. 355, July, 1876 Moho, Conima, and Vilquechico, Lake Titicaca, Peru (cotypes in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 179, 1930); Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 506 Peru (monog.); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 416, 1886 Peru (Junm, Lake Titicaca, etc.); MSnegaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 218, 1909 Argentina (Volcan, Jujuy) and Bolivia (Lake Titicaca). Ibis ordi (not of Bonaparte) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 311, 1844 Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 298, 1846 puna zone of Peru. Ibis falcinellus (not Tantalum falcinellus Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 156 Tungasuca, Cuzco, Peru. Falcinellus ordi Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 562 Junm, Peru. Plegadis ridgwayi Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 37, 1898 Peru (Tunga- suca, Langui, Junfn) and Bolivia; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 47 Banos and Ingapirca, Junin, Peru; iidem, Ornis, 13, p. 131, 1906 Puno, Peru; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 51, 1921 Huaracondo, Urubamba, Peru; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 138, 1931 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 465, 647 Santa Inez, Huancavelica, and Lake Junin, Peru. Egatheus ridgwayi Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 260, 1913 Volcan, Jujuy; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 271 El Cabrada, Chuquisaca, Bolivia. Range. Puna zone of Peru (from Junin southward), Bolivia, and northwestern Argentina (Salta and Jujuy). Field Museum Collection. 9: Peru (Junin, Junin, 1); Bolivia (Viacha, La Paz, 1; Vacas, Cochabamba, 3; Colomi, Cochabamba, 4). Subfamily PLATALEINAE. Spoonbills Genus PLATALEA Linnaeus Plataka Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 139, 1758 type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 67, 1840), Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus. Platalea leucorodia leucorodia Linnaeus. SPOONBILL. Platalea Leucorodia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 139, 1758 based on Fauna Svec., No. 87, Europe. Plataka leucorodia leucorodia H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, p. 58, fig. 4, 1941 Itivdleq, Julianehaab District, Greenland (Oct. 4, 1936). Range. Breeds locally in Holland, southern Russia, southern Spain, Rumania, Balkan countries, Transcaucasia and Asia Minor. Winters in Africa. One record for Greenland. brown rather than rich chestnut head and upper neck; dark metallic green back; metallic green lesser wing coverts with bronze purple reflections; violet-blackish, instead of chestnut, lower neck and remaining under parts except the reddish tibial feathers. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 271 Genus AJAIA Reichenbach Ajaia Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xvi, "1852" (=1853) type, by orig. desig., Ajaia rosea Reichenbach =Plalaka ajaja Linnaeus. Mystrorhamphus Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 313, 1890 substitute name for Ajaia Reichenbach. * Ajaia ajaja (Linnaeus). ROSEATE SPOONBILL. Platalea ajaja Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 140, 1758 based on "Platea incarnata" Sloane (Voy. Jamaica, 2, p. 316 salt ponds of Jamaica) and "Aiaia" Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 204 Rio Sao Francisco, eastern Brazil); 1 Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 668, 1833 Prov. Rio de Janeiro (Goaytacases) and Bahia; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 117, 1843 south of Valparaiso, Chile; Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 298, 1846 Peru; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 755, 1849 coastal rivers and Takutu River; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 427, 1856 Ilha do Santa Catharina, Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 265, 1860 Parana and Men- doza, Argentina; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 157 near Kidney Cove, Falkland Islands (July, 1860); Le"otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 438, 1866 Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 200 lower Ucayali River, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1867, p. 339 Chile; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 145 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 274, 1868 provinces of Santiago and Colchagua (Hacienda de Larma- hue), Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 304, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Parana (Rio do Boraxudo), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Villa Maria, Caigara, Rio Guapore nas Laranjeiras), Amazonas (Forte do Rio Branco), and Para (Cajutuba); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 22 Minas Geraes (Rio das Velhas, Rio Sao Francisco, etc.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 306 lower Rio Ucayali and Santa Cruz, Peru; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 311, 1875 Cuba (breed- ing; habits); Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876 Anjos, Marajo, Brazil; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 190 Prov. Buenos Aires (winter); Tac- zanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 746 Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 58, 1878 lower Rio Grande, Texas; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 156 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Sept. to April); Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 90, 1884 Rio Salado, Tandil, and Arroyo Tandileufu, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 272, 1884 Bahfa Blanca, Buenos Aires; Taczanowski, Orn. P6r., 3, p. 412, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 33, 1887 Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 163 Lago Grande do Amapa, Para, Brazil; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 190, 1901 Mexico to Panama (Veraguas); Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 461 Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 301, 1908 Cayenne; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910 near Sambaiba, Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia. 'Eastern Brazil (=Rio Sao Francisco) (ex Marcgrave) given as restricted type locality by Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 301, 1908. 272 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Plataka al'ai'a Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (1), p. 267, 1828 between Payta and Golan, Piura, Peru. Platea mexicana Gambel, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (n.s.), 1, (3), p. 222, July, 1849 substitute name for Platalea ajaja Linnaeus. Ajaja rosea Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xvi, "1852" (=1653) new name for Platalea ajaja Linnaeus; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 407, 1882 La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 6, p. 379, 1883 San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 114, 1889 Argentina; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 145 lower Rio Pilcomayo; Holland, I.e., p. 205 Est. Espartillar; Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 199 Rio Negro, Uruguay; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 31, 1897 Caiza, Bolivia; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 233 Villa Concepcion, Paraguay; Grant, I.e., 1911, p. 341 Buenos Aires (Los Yngleses; Los Violetas, Monsalvo) and Paraguay (Tebicuari); Gibson, I.e., 1919, p. 535 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding; habits). Ajai(j)a ajaja Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 52, 1898 (monog.); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 210, 1902 Concepcion and Famailla, Tucuman; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 49, 1906 Caroni River, Trinidad; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 48, 1907 Caviana (breeding) and Mexiana, Brazil; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 62, 1907 Iguape, Sao Paulo; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 100, 1908 Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, Brazil; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 248, 1909 Barracas al Sud and San Vicente, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 227, 1910 (range in Argentina); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 427, 1910 Bolson, Palo Verde de Guanacaste, and Bebede"ro, Costa Rica; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 361, 1912 Ensenada, Buenos Aires (descr.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 193, 1913 Isla Plata, Manimo River, Venezuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 102, 1914 Salvaterra and Marajo (Pindobal, Pacoval), Para, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 360, 1916 Orinoco Valley (from the delta region to the mouth of the Apure River); Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 188, 1916 Los Indies, Isle of Pines, Cuba; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 228, 1917 Cali, Cauca, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 32, 1918 Braamspunt, Surinam; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 15, 1920 Uruguay (Canelones, San Jos6, Florida, Maldonado, Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 139, 1922 Neguangue and Punto Caiman, Colombia; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 141 Calabozo, Venezuela; Bennett, I.e., 1926, p. 324 near Stanley, Falkland Islands; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 65, 1926 Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco), Buenos Aires, and Uruguay (crit.); Bent, I.e., 135, p. 13, 1926 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 79, 1928 Colorado Delta, Lower California; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 87, 1930 Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 140, 1931 (range); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 93, 1931 Hispaniola (breeding); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 138, 1932 Guatemala (Ocos, Lake Yzabal); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, 9. 310, 1932 central provinces of Chile (Val- 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 273 paraiso, Santiago, Colchagua); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 298, 1932 Honduras (Puerto Castilla, Tela); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 583 Trinidad and Tobago; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 296, 1935 Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 45, 1938 Maranhao (Boa Vista), Bahia (Cidade da Barra), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Sao Paulo (Iguape", Porto Epitacio, Tabatinguara), and Rio Grande do Sul (Itaquy); Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. Louisiana, 28, p. 81, 1938 Louisiana (breeding); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 89, 1938 El Salvador; Maslowski and Kock, Nat. Hist., New York, 45, p. 108, 1940 (general habits); Bull, Eisenmann and Komorowski, Auk, 61, p. 475, 1944 South Carolina; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 44, 1945 El Beni (Bresta; Orion), Bolivia; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 43, 1945 Sonora (distr.). Range. Breeds in the southern United States (Gulf states and Florida), Bahama Islands (Great Inagua), Cuba, (?) Jamaica, His- paniola (rare), and from Mexico south to Chile, Argentina (south to Cordoba and Buenos Aires), and Uruguay; casual in various parts of the United States, Straits of Magellan, and Falkland Islands (three records). Field Museum Collection. 44: Texas (Brownsville, 3; Corpus Christi, 2; Aransas County, 4; Victoria County, 2; Bloomington, Victoria County, 2); Florida (St. John's River, 1; Tampa, 1; Cape Sable, 3; Saint Augustine, 1; Sarasota County, 2); Bahama Islands (Inagua, 8); Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 2; Sagarterra, Tabasco, 2); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 1); Venezuela (Margarita Island, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, 1); Bolivia (Rio Surutu, Santa Cruz, 4); Paraguay (200 km. west of Puerto Casado, 2) ; Argentina (near Moreno, Buenos Aires, 1). Suborder PHOENICOPTERI Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE. Flamingos Genus PHOENICOPTERUS Linnaeus Phoenicoptems Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 139, 1758 type, by monotypy, Phoenicoptems ruber Linnaeus. Phoenicorodias G. R. Gray, Ibis, (n.s.), 5, pp. 441, 443, Oct., 1869 type, by monotypy, Phoenicoptems ruber Linnaeus. *Phoenicopterus ruber ruber Linnaeus. AMERICAN FLAMINGO. Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 139, 1758 based on various references, the diagnosis being evidently taken from the colored plate of "The Flamingo" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 73, pi. 73; 274 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII /'they breed on the coasts of Cuba and the Bahamas" (ex Catesby); 1 Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 761, 1849 coast and Bird Island (visitant); March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 65 Jamaica (visitant); Gray, Ibis, 1869, p. 443, pi. 15, fig. 7 (head) Bahama Islands, Florida, Mexico, Jamaica, Cuba, and Santo Domingo (crit.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 318, 1870 Praia de Cajutuba, Para, Brazil (March 3); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 368, 1875 Cuba; Reichenow, I.e., 25, p. 229, 1877 (diag.); Gundlach, I.e., 26, p. 190, 1878 Puerto Rico (Boqueron and salt-marsh of the south coast) ; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 458 Rio Lagartos, Yucatan; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 186 Cozumel Island; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 9, 1895 (monog.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 608, 1897 James and Charles Islands, Galapagos Archipelago (crit., meas.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 182, 1899 Albemarle, Charles, and James Islands, Galapagos Archipelago (crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 196, 1902 Yucatan; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 306, 1902 Bonaire (breeding) and Aruba (visitant); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, pp. 53-77, 1905 Bahama Islands (life hist.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 71, 1907 (range); Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 550 Margarita Island, Venezuela; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 215, 218, 1909 Los Roques and Orchilla, Caribbean Sea; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 409, 1911 Great Inagua, Bahama Islands; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 112, 1914 Island of Caviana and Macapa, Para, Brazil; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 185, 1916 Waini Creek (breeding), Barima River, and Marooka; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 1, 1926 (life hist.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 305, 1927 Puerto Rico (Boqueron), Vieques, Culebra, St. Croix, and St. Thomas (formerly); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 141, 1931 (range); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 308, 1931 Bermuda Islands (accidental visitor); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 94, 1931 Hispaniola (locally resident); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 45, 1931 Galapagos Islands; Danforth, Auk, 55, p. 667, 1938 El Faro de Cabo Roja, Puerto Rico. Phoenicopterus bahamensis Lesson, Traite" d'Orn., p. 589, 1831 based on "Phoenicopterus bahamensis" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 73, [pi. 73]; 'TAme'rique du nord." Phoenicopterus americanus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 364, July, 1837 based on Ph. ruber Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, [p. 45], pi. 66, fig. 4; on the southern frontier of the United States, peninsula of East Florida, etc. Phoenicopterus glyphorhynchus G. R. Gray, Ibis, (n.s.), 5, No. 20, p. 442, pi. 14, fig. 5, Oct., 1869 Galapagos Islands (type in British Museum; cf. Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 498, 1876; crit.). Phoenicopterus sp. inc. Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 307, 335 Aruba and Bonaire Islands. Phoenicopterus ruber ruber Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 46, 1937 estuary of Amazon (Para). 1 Berlepsch (Nov. Zool., 15, p. 312, 1908) designates Bahama Islands (ex Catesby) as type locality. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 275 Range. Breeding locally in the Bahama Islands, Cuba, His- paniola, Yucatan, on islands in the Caribbean Sea (Bonaire; Los Roques) and (?) on the coasts of Guiana, and on the Galdpagos Islands; 1 formerly on the Florida Keys; occasional visitor to the estuary of the Amazon River, Brazil (Caviana Island; Macapa; Praia de Cajutuba, Para). Field Museum Collection. 9: Bahama Islands (Abaco, 1; Inagua, 3; unspecified, 3); Cuba (unspecified, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, 1). *Phoenicopterus ruber chilensis Molina. CHILEAN FLAMINGO. Phoenicopterus chilensis Molina, 1 Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 242, 344, 1782 Chile; Poeppig, in Froriep's Notiz. Geb. Natur- und Heilkunde, No. 529 (=25, No. 1), p. 8, 1829 Andes of Chile (descr.); Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 117, 1843 southern provinces of Chile; Bibra, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 131, 1853 northern Chile; Reiche- now, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 228, 1877 Chile (diag.); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 16, 1895 Chile and Chubut (monog.); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 208, 1902 Famailla, Cruz-alta, and Val- derrama, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 53 Ingapirca, Junin, Peru (egg, descr.); iidem, Ornis, 13, p. 131, 1906 Puno, Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 71, 1907 Rio Grande do Sul (range); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 245, 1909 Salado, Est. San Martlno Monte, and Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, I.e., 18, p. 234, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 403, 1912 Possa de la Reina (50 miles north of Punta Arenas), Patagonia; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918 Zocolf, Mendoza; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 274 Caylloma, Arequipa, Peru; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 16, 1920 Canelones and Rocha, Uruguay; Dabbene, I.e., p. 134, 1920 San Julian, Santa Cruz, Patagonia (breeding); Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 264, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 300, 1923 Neluan and Laguna Blanca, Rio Negro; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 209, 1926 delta of the Tumbez River, Peru; Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 354, 1926 Venado Tuerto, Santa F6; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 67, 1926 Prov. of Buenos Aires and Uruguay (San Vicente, Rocha); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 414, 1927 Paja Alta and Valcheta, Rio Negro; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 152, 1927 Aj6 River, Buenos Aires; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 141, 1931 (range). Phoenicopterus ignipalliatus d'Orbigny and I. Geoffrey St.-Hilaire, Ann. Sci. Nat., 17, pp. 454, 455, 1829 "commun dans la province de Bu6nos Ayres jusqu'a la Bahia Blanca, extremement rare a Corrientes" (type in Paris Museum); iidem, Mag. Zool., 2, cl. 2, pi. 2, text [p. 2], 1832 Buenos 1 It is now established that birds from the Galapagos (glyphorhynchus) cannot be separated. 1 The description is erroneous in so far as the remiges are called "white" instead of black, doubtless a pen-slip. 276 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Aires, Corrientes, Patagonia, and Chile (Santiago) ; Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 313, 1844 Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 304, 1846 Peru; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 441, 1847 Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 198, 1855 Rio Maule, Chile; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 430, 1856 (descr.); idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 265, 1860 Mendoza and Parana; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 136, 1865 Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 334, 339 Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 279, 1868 Cordilleras of Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 189 Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan; iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 145 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Gray, Ibis, 1869, p. 442, pi. 14, fig. 4 (head) Chile (crit.); Burmeister, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 364 Mendoza and Buenos Aires; Hudson and Sclater, I.e., p. 549 Rio Negro, Patagonia; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 562 Junin, Peru; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 330 delta of the Rio Tumbez, Peru; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 561, 1877 Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 41 Chubut Valley; idem, I.e., 1878, p. 400 Lake Colguape" and Rio Sengel, Chubut; Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 45, p. 160, 1879 source of the Rio Maule, Chile (eggs descr.); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 156 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 52, 1881 CarnuS (Lag. Epecuen), Puan (Lag. de Marra-C6), Salinas Chicas, etc., Buenos Aires; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 91, 1884 Rio Salado, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 272, 1884 Puan, Buenos Aires; Rahmer, Journ. Orn., 35, pi. 2, fig. 2 (head), 1887 Chile; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 Antofagasta, Chile; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 117, 1889 Argentina (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425; 1892, p. 206 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 124, 1891 lagoons and salt marshes of Cordoba; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 199 Maldonado, Uruguay; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896 southern Chile; Albert, I.e., 108, p. 557, 1901 Chile (monog.); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 342 Los Ynglases, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 1 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. Phoenicopterus ruber chilensis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 311, 1932 twenty miles east of San Pedro, Antofagasta, Chile (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 46, 1938 (range). Range. Southern South America from Peru on the west and extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) on the east south to Tierra del Fuego. Field Museum Collection. 8: Peru (Cailloma, Arequipa, 2; Pico- tani, Puno, 2); Bolivia (Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 2); Chile (San Pedro, Antofagasta, 1); Argentina (Abra Pampa, Jujuy, 1). Genus PHOENICOPARRUS Bonaparte Phoenicoparrus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 992, 1856 type, by orig. desig., Phoenicopterus andinus Philippi. Lipocentrus Sundevall, Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., p. 145, 1872 substitute name for Phoenicoparrus Bonaparte. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 277 Phoenicoparra Stejneger, in Riverside Nat. Hist., 4, p. 154, 1885 emendation for Phoenicoparrus Bonaparte. *Phoenicoparrus andinus (R. A. Philippi). ANDEAN FLAMINGO. Phoenicopterus andinus Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, Aug., 1854, p. 337 salt lake below Altos de Pingo Pingo, Antofagasta, Chile (type in Museo Nacio- nal, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 23, fig. 10, 1930); idem, Arch. Naturg., 21, (1), p. 12, 1855 (German version of orig. descr.); idem, Reise Wiiste Atacama, pp. 57, 164, pis. 4, 5, 1860 near Tilopozo, Salar de Atacama, Antofagasta; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 334, 339 part, "Cordilleras of Copiapo"; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 279, 1868 Atacama; Burmeister, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 364 northwestern extremity of Argentina; Leybold, Excurs. Pamp. Arjent., p. 96, 1873 Salar de Ola, Atacama (eggs descr.); Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 229, 1877 Chile (in part); Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 45, (1), p. 160, 1879 Atacama (eggs descr.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 399 Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile (eggs descr.); Rahmer, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 161, 1887 Maricunga (east of Copiapo), Atacama, to Cancosa, Tarapaca; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 Antofagasta; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 119, 1889 Argentina; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 136 salt-marshes of "Canchosa" (= Cancosa), Tara- paca, Chile; (?)Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 125, 1891 near Cordoba (sight record); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896 Atacama; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 189 Huasco and Cancosa, Tarapaca; Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 74, pis. 33, fig. 3 (bill), 34, 1902 Bolivia to Copiapo; Allen, Auk, 38, p. 342, 1921 Lake Poopo, Bolivia. Phoenicoparrus andinus Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 21, 1895 Huasco and Cancosa, Chile; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 108, p. 560, 1901 northern Chile (monog.); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 209, 1902 Quebrada de las Lagunas and Cumbres Calchaquies, Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 235, 1910 same localities; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 141, 1931 (range); Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 405, 1931 Laguna Colorado, Jujuy; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 312, 1932 central Tarapac& to Atacama, Chile, and Esperanza (Sajama), Bolivia. Range. Puna zone of southwestern Peru (Salinas, Arequipa), northwestern Bolivia (Lake Poopo and Esperanza, Sajama, Dept. Oruro), northern Chile (central Tarapaca to Atacama), and north- western Argentina (provinces of Jujuy, Tucuman, and Los Andes). 1 Field Museum Collection. 1: Peru (Salinas, Arequipa, 1). Phoenicoparrus jamesi (Sclater). 2 JAMES'S FLAMINGO. 1 In addition to a series from Tarapaca (Huasco, Cancosa), we have examined specimens secured by Otto Garlepp at Esperanza, Sajama, Dept. Oruro, Bolivia. The sight record from "C6rdoba" needs confirmation by specimens. 2 Phoenicoparrus jamesi (Sclater), though related to P. andinus, may be distinguished by decidedly inferior size and considerably smaller as well as dif- ferently colored bill. The black terminal portion is much less extensive, and is 278 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Phoenicopterus jamesi Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. for June, 1886, p. 399, pi. 36 Sitani, at the foot of the Volcano "Tsluga" (=Isluga), Tarapaca, Chile (type in coll. of Mrs. Berkeley James, probably at the Oaks, near Carshalton, Surrey); Rahmer, Anal. Univ. Chile, 69, (la secc.), p. 753, 1886 foot of Volcan Isluga; idem, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 160, pi. 2, fig. 1, 1887 salt lake at the foot of Volcan Isluga, Tarapaca; Cabanis, I.e., 37, p. 76, 1889 "Arica," Tacna, Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896 Tarapaca; Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 74, pi. 33, figs. 1, 2, 1902 Tarapaca; MenSgaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 222, 1909 Abrapampa, Jujuy. Phoenicopterus andinus (not of Philippi) Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 1854, p. 338 part, Tarapac (coll. Bollaert); idem, Arch. Naturg., 21, (1), "p. 12, 1855 part, Tarapaca (coll. Bollaert); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 334 part, Tarapaca (coll. Bollaert); Gray, Ibis, 1869, p. 443, pi. 15, figs. 9, 10 "Peruvian Andes" =Parinacota Lagoon, Tara- pac& (descr. of Bollaert's spec.). Phoenicoparrus jamesi Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 22, 1895 Parinacota and Sitani, Tarapaca; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 108, p. 563, 1901 Tarapaca (monog.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 131, 1906 Puno, Lake Titicaca, Peru; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 142, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 312, 1932 northern Tarapaca, Chile (char., range). Range. Puna zone of southern Peru (Puno, Lake Titicaca), extreme northern Chile (northern Tarapaca), western Bolivia (Oruro), and northwestern Argentina (Abrapampa, Jujuy). Order ANSERIFORMES Family ANHIMIDAE. Screamers Genus ANHIMA Brisson Anhima Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 48; 5, p. 518, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "An- hima"= Palamedea cornuta Linnaeus. Palamedea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 232, 1766 type, by subs. desig. (Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 71, 1840), Palamedea cornuta Linnaeus. *Anhima cornuta (Linnaeus). HORNED SCREAMER. succeeded by an orange yellow area occupying the whole basal portion, while the narrow rim at the base of the forehead, the lores, and the naked skin around the eye are carmine red. There is, besides, a red spot terminating the orange yellow at the front of the upper mandible. The external secondaries and scapulars are bright rosy-red and elongated into filiform plumes, extending about two inches beyond the tips of the primaries; the legs and feet are dark brick-red instead of pale yellowish; the naked loral space is wider and differently shaped. This bird appears to be specifically distinct from P. andinus, both having been found in western Bolivia and northwestern Argentina. We have examined three specimens from Tarapacd, Chile, and a very large series from Bolivia, Department of Oruro (Esperanza and Sajama). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 279 Palamedea cornuta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 232, 1766 based chiefly on Marcgrave's "Anhima" (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 215) and Brisson's "Kamichy" (Orn., 5, p. 518, Cayenne); "Brasilia, Guiana;" 1 Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 585, 1833 Rio Belmonte, Bahia, Brazil (habits); Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 457, 1848 Asecota River; idem, I.e., 3, p. 751, 1849; Gervais, in Castelnau, Exp&I. Ame>. Sud, Zool., 1, 2eme mem., p. 74, pi. 15, figs. 1-5, 1855 (osteol.); Des Murs, I.e., Ois., p. 85, 1856 Lac des Perles and Miranda, Matto Grosso; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 396, 1856 (descr.); SchJegel, Mus. Pays- Bas, livr. 7, Ralli, p. 72, 1865 Guiana; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 200 upper Rio Ucayali, Peru; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 488, 1866 Trinidad; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 22 Rio das Velhas, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 313, 1870 Sao Paulo (Ypanema), Matto Grosso (Engenho do Cap Gama, Rio Guapor6), and Amazonas (Cachoeira da Bananeira, Rio Madeira; Cara-raucu, Rio Amazonas); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 304 upper Rio Ucayali and lakes on the Rio Huallaga, Peru; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 3, 1895 upper Rio Ucayali, Peru, and "Balzar Mts.," Ecuador (monog.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 110, 1899 lower Rio Beni, Bolivia; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 422, 1899 Sao Paulo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 78, 1907 Itapura, Sao Paulo; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 102, 1908 Rio Araguaya, Goyaz; Berlepsch, I.e., p. 312, 1908 Cayenne; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 426, 1910 Cachoeira da Bananeira, Rio Madeira; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 96, 1910 Remanso de Coco, Rio Parnahyba, Maranhao; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 112, 1914 Rio Maracana and Peixe-Boi, Para; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 182, 1916 Abary River; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 366, 1916 Las Bar- rancas, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 232, 1917 near Cali, Cauca, Colombia; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 44, 1922 lower Catatumbo River, Zulia, Venezuela; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 233, 1925 Lagoa do Parnagud and Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 153, 1928 Rio Madeira, Para, Brazil. Palamedea bispinosa Humboldt, Rec. d'Observ. Zool. Anat. Comp., 1, fasc. 1, p. 5, 1805 banks of the Cauca River, Colombia (based on "Le Kamichi de Buffon" [Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 335]). Anhima cornuta Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 194, 1913 Manimo River, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 209, 1926 Ecuador; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 498, 1929 Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy and Maranhao; Zimmer, I.e., 17, p. 243, 1930 San Enrique, lower Rio Ucayali, Peru; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 96, 1930 Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 142, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 583 Nariva Swamp, Trinidad (formerly); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 48, 1936 Inhumas, Goyaz; idem, I.e., 22, p. 47, 1938 Sao Paulo (Itapura), Minas Geraes 1 Eastern Brazil (ex Marcgrave) designated as type locality by Hellmayr (Nov. Zool., 15, p. 102, 1908). 280 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Rio Pandeiro, Pirapora), Goyaz (Inhumas), and Matto Grosso (Coxim); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 44, 1945 Puerto Salinas, El Beni, Bolivia. Range. Tropical South America from Colombia (Cauca Valley), Ecuador (one record from Balzar), Venezuela, 1 eastern Peru and the Guianas south through Amazonia to central-eastern Bolivia (Rio Surutu), Matto Grosso, and Sao Paulo. Field Museum Collection. 4: Venezuela (lower Catatumbo River, Zulia, 1); British Guiana (unspecified, 1); Peru (San Enrique, Ucayali River, Loreto, 1); Bolivia (Rio Surutu, Santa Cruz, 1). Genus CHAUNA Illiger 2 Chauna Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Av., p. 253, 1811 type, by monotypy, Parra Chavaria Linnaeus. Opistolophus Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. E16m., pp. 60, 70, 1816 type, Parra Chavaria Linnaeus. Chaja Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3, (2), p. "939" (=639), 1816 type, by mono- typy, Chaja torquata Oken. Ischyrornis Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xxi, "1851" (=1852) type, by orig. desig., Chauna derbiana G. R. Gray. Ischyornis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 598, 1856 emendation of Ischyrornis Reichenbach. "Chauna chavaria (Linnaeus). NORTHERN SCREAMER. Parra Chavaria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 260, 1766 lakes near Rio Sinu, south of Cartagena, Colombia. Palamedea chavaria Geoffroy, Bull. Sci. Soc. Phil. Paris, No. 7, p. 50, 1797 Rio Sinu, Colombia (crit.). Opistolopus (sic) fidelis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 6, p. 206, 1816 based on Parra Chavaria (Latham ex) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 260, 1766; Rio Sinu, Colombia.* Chauna derbiana Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [591], pi. 160, 1846 no locality specified; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 75 (the type, in coll. of Lord Derby [now in the Liverpool Museum], said to be from "Pete"n, Guatemala"); Moore, I.e., 1866, p. 368 (type a cage-bird, locality erroneous); Sclater, I.e., 1866, p. 369 northern littoral of Colombia (crit.); idem, I.e., 1866, p. 417 "San Fernando, Trinidad" (crit.); idem, I.e., 1871, p. 102 "Santa Marta." Formerly on the island of Trinidad. 1 Chavaria Rafinesque (Anal. Nat., p. nomen nudum without standing. Azara's account, likewise quoted by Vieillot, refers to Chauna torquata (Oken). * Chavaria Rafinesque (Anal. Nat., p. 70, 1815), quoted by certain authors, is a nomen nudum without standing. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 281 Chauna chavaria Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 377 Dekke River, near Cartagena, Colombia (habits); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 4, 1895 Venezuela and Colombia (Cartagena); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 232, 1917 Magdalena River, Colombia; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 44, 1922 Encontrados, Zulia, Venezuela; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 363, 1931 Aracataca and Tucurinca rivers, Magdalena, Colombia; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 142, 1931 (range). Chauna nigricollis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 75, pi. 11 Dekke River, near Cartagena, Colombia (type in Zoological Gardens, London, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., 1866, p. 369 (crit.;=C. derbiana). Palamedea derbyana Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 7, Ralli, p. 72, 1865 "Bogota." Range. Tropical zone of northern Colombia (from the lower Magdalena west to Cartagena, Rio Dekke, Rio Sinu, etc.) and north- western Venezuela (Zulia). 1 Field Museum Collection. 5: Colombia (unspecified, 1); Vene- zuela (Encontrados, Zulia, 4). *Chauna torquata (Oken). SOUTHERN SCREAMER. Chaja torquata Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3, (2), p. "939" (=639), 1816 based on "Chaja" Azara, No. 341; "in Paragai, um Plata" = Paraguay and banks of the La Plata River. Opistholophus fidelis (not of Vieillot, 1816) Vieillot and Oudart, Galerie Ois., 2, p. 156, pi. 262, ca. 1825 (synon. in part). Palamedea chavaria (not Parra chavaria Linnaeus) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PL Col., livr. 37, pi. 219, Aug. 30, 1823 Brazil; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 584 (in text), 1833 Rio Grande do Sul; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 397, 1856 southern Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 262, 1860 Parana, Uruguay, and other rivers; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 7, Ralli, p. 72, 1865 Sao Paulo and "Chile" (errore); Sternberg, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 277, 1869 Buenos Aires (habits). Palamedia (sic) cristata (not of Linnaeus, 1766) Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 351, 1837 based on Palamedea chavaria Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PL Col., pi. 219, 1823; Brazil. Chauna chavaria Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 75 southern Brazil and Paraguay (diag.); idem, I.e., 1866, p. 370 same localities; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 145 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 314, 1870 Cuyaba, Villa Maria, Rio de Cabacal, Villa Bella, and Rio Guapore", Matto Grosso; Dur.nford, Ibis, 1876, p. 162 Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 190 Baradero, Buenos Aires (nest and eggs); idem, l.c., 1878, p. 63 Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e., 1880, p. 165 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding habits); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 53, 1881 between Olovarris and Lavalle, Buenos Aires; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 625 Punta Lara, 1 The reported occurrence in Trinidad has not been confirmed. 282 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 272, 1884 Concepci6n del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 5, p. 88, 1884 Buenos Aires (Ayacucho to Tandll, Rio Salado, etc.); Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 10, p. 85, 1889 Est. Itaftu, south of Asunci6n, Paraguay; Holland, Ibis, 1890, pp. 425, 427 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 125, 1891 Cordoba; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 146 lower Rio Pilcomayo; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 206 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 200 Rio Negro, Uruguay; Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 2 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (habits). Chauna cristata Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 6, 1895 (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 422, 1899 Sao Paulo; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 233 Concepcion and Chaco, Paraguay; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 209, 1902 Lules and Alto de las Salinas, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 464 Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 78, 1907 (range); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 245, 1909 Buenos Aires (La Plata, Barracas al Sud, Est. San Martino Monte) and Entre Rfos (La Soledad); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 234, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 342 Los Yngleses, Aj6, Buenos Aires (eggs descr.); M6ne"gaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 5, p. 26, 1917 Corumba, Matto Grosso. Chauna torquata Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 35, p. 597, 1908 (crit.); Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 13, p. 200, 1917 (nomencl.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 16, 1920 Uruguay (Canelones, Maldonado, Minas, Rocha, Treinte y Tres, Cerro Largo, Flores); Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 264, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Serte and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 43, 1923 Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Giacomelli, I.e., p. 79, 1923 La Rioja; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 67, 1926 Chaco (Riacho Pilaga, Puerto Pinasco, etc.), Buenos Aires (Lavalle), and Uruguay; Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 354, 1926 Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe"; Pereyra, I.e., 4, p. 25, 1927 Islas del Rio Lujan, Buenos Aires; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 153, 1927 La Noria, Santa F6 (habits); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 96, 1930 Rio Sao Lourengo, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 51, 1930 Lapango, Formosa; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 142, 1931 (range); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 370, 1934 Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 47, 1938 Matto Grosso (Sao Luiz de Caures, Caceres, Corumba, Rio Piquiry) and Argentina (Saladillo); Pereyra, El Hornero, 7, p. 378, 1940 (notes); MacDonagh, Notas Mus. La Plata, Zool., 5, p. 31, 2 pis., 1940 (habits); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 45, 1945 El Beni (Bresta; San Lorenzo), Bolivia. Chauna salvadorii Brabourne and Chubb, Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 53, Dec., 1912 new name for Palamedia cristata Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 351, 1837; Marelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 77, 1918 San Pedro, near Curuzu Cuatia, Corrientes; Dabbene, I.e., p. 93, 1918 Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Sanzin, I.e., p. 148, 1918 Potrerillo, Mendoza; Renard, I.e., 2, p. 59, 1920 Canuelas, Buenos Aires. Range, Southern Brazil, from Matto Grosso and western Sao Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul; eastern Bolivia; Paraguay; Uruguay; 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 283 northern Argentina south to provinces of Mendoza, Cordoba, and Buenos Aires. Field Museum Collection. 9: Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 3); Paraguay (25 km. east of Rosario, 2); Argentina (Tres Pozos, Salta, 1; Conception, Tucuman, 1; Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 2). Suborder ANSERES Family ANATIDAE. 1 Ducks, Geese, and Swans Subfamily CYGNINAE. Swans Genus CYGNUS Bechstein Cygnus Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb., 2, p. 404, note, 1803 type, by monotypy, Anas olor Gmelin. Olor Wagler, Isis, col. 1234, 1832 type, by subs, desig., Anas cygnus Linnaeus. Cycnus Temminck, Man. d'Orn., 2nd ed., 4, p. 526, 1840 type, by monotypy, Cygnus musicus Bechstein. Sthenelus Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 185, 1882 type, by mono- typy, Anas melancorypha Molina. Sthenelides Stejneger, in Kingsley Stand. Nat. Hist., 4, p. 143, 1885 emenda- tion. Clangocygnus Oberholser, Emu, 8, p. 3, 1908 type, by monotypy, Cygnus buccinator Richardson. Euolor Mathews and Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 3, p. 117, 1917 type, by orig. desig., Anas olor Gmelin. Cygnus cygnus cygnus (Linnaeus). WHOOPER SWAN. Anas Cygnus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 122, 1758 "in Europa, America septentrionali"= Sweden. Cygnus cygnus Wilke, Auk, 61, p. 655, 1944 St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands (one record). Range. Northern Europe and Asia. Accidental on Pribilof lands (one record). 'Cygnus cygnus islandicus C. L. Brehm. ICELAND WHOOPER SWAN. Cygnus Islandicus C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., p. 832, 1831 Iceland (type not extant). Cygnus musicus (not of Bechstein) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 81, 1898 southern Greenland. 1 Some radical innovations in the grouping of the Anatidae have recently been suggested by Delacour and Mayr (Wilson Bull., 57, pp. 1-55, 1945). 284 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Cygnus cygnus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 278, 1925 (life hist.); H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, (5), p. 11, 1941 (Greenland records). Cygnus cygnus islandicus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 143, 1931 (range); Salo- monsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 93, (6), p. 13, 1935 Sukkertoppen and Nassak, Greenland (also other Greenland records). Cygnus cygnus (islandicus?) Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 133 northeastern Greenland (meas.). Range. Formerly bred in southern and eastern Greenland. Now probably confined to Iceland. Field Museum Collection. 1: Greenland (Sukkertoppen, 1). *Cygnus columbianus (Ord). WHISTLING SWAN. ' Anas Columbianus Ord, in Guthrie's Geog., 2nd Am. ed., 2, p. 319, 1815 The Dalles, Oregon, ex Lewis and Clark Exp., 2, p. 192, 1814. (Cygnus) Americanus Sharpless, Doughty's Cab. Nat. Hist., 1, No. 8, p. 185, 1830 North America. Olor columbianus Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 144, 1886 Yukon District (nesting); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 91, 1887 St. Michaels (nesting); Fleming, Auk, 25, p. 306, 1908 (destruction at Niagara Falls); idem, I.e., 29, p. 445, 1912 (further destruction); Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 256, 1918 (habits, etc. California); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 180, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting). Cygnus columbianus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 32, 1895 Corpus Christi, Texas; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 281, 1925 (life hist.); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 206, 1925 Prince of Wales, Alaska (nesting); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 144, 1931 (range); Sutton, Mem. Carnegie Mus., (2), 12, sec. 2, p. 25, pi. 12, 1932 Southampton Island (nesting); Moffitt, Condor, 41, p. 93, 1939 (distrib. in California); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 21, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 114, 1944 Bristol Bay, Alaska (nesting); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 16, 1946 Baffin Island (nesting). Range. North America, breeding chiefly north of the Arctic Circle from the Alaska Peninsula (Bristol Bay), St. Lawrence Island and Point Barrow east to Hudson Bay (Southampton Island). Winters principally along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts from Chesapeake Bay to Currituck Sound and southern Alaska to Cali- fornia. In the interior during migration. Field Museum Collection. 17: Alaska (Chipp River, near Barrow, 1; Nome, 1; Bethel, 1); Oregon (Portland, 2); North Dakota (Grand Harbor, 1; Towner County, 1); Minnesota (100 miles north of Duluth, 1); Iowa (Knoxville, 1); Illinois (Orland Park, 1); Michigan (Custer, 1); Indiana (Vera Cruz, 1); Maryland (Chesapeake Bay, 1); 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 285 Virginia (Back Bay, 2); North Carolina (Currituck County, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1). Conover Collection. 5: Alaska (Chipp River, near Barrow, 2); North Dakota (Grafton, 1); North Carolina, Currituck Sound (Seagull, 1; Waterlily, 1). *Cygnus buccinator Richardson. TRUMPETER SWAN. Cygnus buccinator Richardson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer., 2, p. 464, 1831 (1832) Hudson Bay; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 33, 1895 (descr.); Fleming, Condor, 21, p. 124, 1919 (comp. meas. juv. C. buccinator and C. columbianus); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 293, 1925 (life hist.); Brooks, Condor, 28, p. 129, 1926 (status) ; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 144, 1931 (range) ; Cottam and Knappen, Auk, 56, p. 142, 1939 (food); Chapman, I.e., 59, p. 100, 1942 British Columbia (wintering notes and conservation); Dambach, Wilson Bull., 56, pp. 178, 220, 1944 (conservation). Cygnus Passmori Hincks, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., 8, Zool., pp. 1, 5, 1864 Toronto (location of type not stated) ; Murie, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 8 (crit.). Olor buccinator Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 93, 1887 Fort Yukon, Alaska (one record, ex Dall); Lano, Auk, 13, p. 78, 1896 western Minne- sota; Coale, I.e., 32, p. 82, pis. 7-10, 1915 (status); Bowles, Condor, 18, p. 171, 1916 Washington; Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 253, 1918 (life hist. California); Henninger, Auk, 36, p. 564, 1919 Ohio (overlooked record); Skinner, Condor, 22, p. 72, 1920 Yellow- stone Park (breeding); Edson, I.e., 28, p. 43, 1926 state of Washington (records). Range. Formerly bred throughout the interior of North America from James Bay and Alaska (Fort Yukon) south to Indiana, Missouri and Nebraska. Now known to breed only in Alberta, British Co- lumbia, Montana, and Wyoming (Yellowstone Park). Formerly wintered from the central Mississippi Valley to the Gulf of Mexico. Now winters from west-central British Columbia (Skeena River) south to the Gulf of Mexico and southern California. Field Museum Collection. 4: Montana (Upper Still water Lake, 1; unspecified, 1); Illinois (Lacon, 2). 1 Conover Collection. 1: North Dakota (unspecified, 1). Cygnus olor (Gmelin). MUTE SWAN. Anas olor Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 502, 1789 Russia (cf. Oberholser, Emu, 8, p. 9, 1908). Cygnus olor Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 144, 1931 (range). Sthenelides olor Urner, Auk, 49, p. 213, 1932 (naturalized in New Jersey). 1 Captive birds. 286 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. Extralimital. Breeds in southern Scandinavia, Denmark, east, central and southern Russia, lower Danube Valley, Asia Minor, Persia, and east through Turkestan to Mongolia. Winters in northern Africa, Black Sea, northwestern India and Korea. Naturalized in Long Island and the lower Hudson Valley. Strays to the coast of New Jersey. "Cygnus melancoryphus 1 (Molina). BLACK-NECKED SWAN. Anas melancorypha 1 Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 234, 344, 1782 Chile. Anas nigricollis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 502, 1789 Falkland Islands, La Plata River, and Straits of Magellan. Anas melanocephala Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 502, 1789 Chile (based on Molina). Cygnus nigricollis Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 315, 1860 Chile (nesting dates) ; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 53, 1881 Choele-choel and Rio Negro; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 124, pi. 18, 1889 pampas, Prov. of Buenos Aires and Patagonia; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 185, 1891 Skiring Water, Magellan Straits; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 90, 1907 Useless Bay, Tierra del Fuego. Cygnus melancoryphus Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 39, 1895 Chile (Rio Pilmaiquen and Hugh Bay), Straits of Magellan, Falkland Islands; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 408, 1912 (gen. ace.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 300, 1923 Huanuluan and Neluan (breeding), Rio Negro; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 314, 1932 Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Llanquihue, Chile; Casares, El Hornero, 5, p. 146, pi. 2, fig. 5, distrib. map, 1933 (range and habits); idem, I.e., 8, p. 525, 1944 San Juan, Argentina (nesting habits). Cygnus melanocoryphus Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 390, (1898), 1899 Iguape", Sao Paulo; idem, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 143, 1899 Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 206, 1902 Cruz Alta, Tucuman; Ihering, As Aves do Brazil, p. 71, 1907 IguapS, Sao Paulo, and Rio Grande do Sul. Cygnus melancoriphus Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 69, 1926 Uruguay (San Vicente, Rocha) and Argentina (Lavalle, Buenos Aires; General Roca, Rio Negro); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 415, 1926 Valcheta, Rio Negro; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 144, 1931 (range). Range. Southern Brazil (Iguape", Sao Paulo, and Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, Uruguay (San Vicente, Rocha), Falkland Islands, Argentina and Chile south to Tierra del Fuego (Useless Bay). Conover Collection. 5: Chile (Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 5). 1 Melancoripha on page 234, but correctly spelled on page 344. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 287 Subfamily ANSERINAE. Geese Genus CHEN Boie Chen Boie, Isis, 10, col. 563, 1822 type, by monotypy, Anser hyperboreus Pallas. Chionochen Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. ix, 1852 type, by monotypy, Anser hyperboreus Pallas. Exanthemops Elliot, Bds. N. Amer., 2, (9), pi. 44, 1868 type, by monotypy, Anser rossii Cassin. *Chen caerulescens (Linnaeus). BLUE GOOSE. Anas caerulescens Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 124, 1758 based on "Blue-winged Goose" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 152, pi. 152, Hud- son Bay. Chen caerulescens Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 82, 1895 Canada (Repulse Bay) and Texas (Corpus Christi); Grinnell, Condor, 22, p. 76, 1920 Gridley, Butte County, California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 178, 1925 (life hist.); Soper, Canad. Field Nat., 44, p. 1, 1930 Bowman Bay, off Fox Basin, southwest Baffin Island (nesting); idem, The Blue Goose, Dept. Int., N. W. Terr, and Yukon Branch, pp. 1-64, col. pi., 1930 (monog.); Sutton, Auk, 48, p. 335, 1931 breeding ground on Southampton Island (account of hybridization with Chen hyperborea); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 146, 1931 (range); Mcllhenny, Auk, 49, p. 279, pis. 9-11, 1932 (migr. dates, habits in winter home); Sutton, Mem. Car- negie Mus., 12, (2), sec. 2, p. 51, pis. 12, 24, fig. 2, 1932 Cape Kendall, Bay of God's Mercy, Southampton Island (nesting); Cottam, Auk, 52, p. 432, 1935 (records for eastern United States; food habits); Taverner, Canad. Field Nat., 54, p. 129 (in text), 1940 Perry River, Queen Maud Gulf, 102 W. long, (nesting); Manning, Auk, 59, p. 158, pi. 7, 1942 Southampton and Baffin Islands (breeding colonies; disc, specific status); Soper, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 42, p. 121, pis. 15-25, 1942 (life hist.); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 510, 1943 Bay of God's Mercy, Southampton Island (breeding); Du Mont, I.e., 60, p. 109, 1943 (small numbers wintering on Atlantic coast 1941-42); Manning, I.e., 61, p. 147, 1944 Southampton Island (breeding at 63 35' N. lat. 84 15' W. long.); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 20, 1946 Bowman Bay, Baffin Island (breeding). Range. Known to breed on southwestern Baffin Island (Bow- man Bay), Southampton Island (Bay of God's Mercy) and in the vicinity of the Perry River, Queen Maud Gulf, 102 W. long. Mi- grates chiefly down the Mississippi Valley, wintering mainly on Gulf coast of Louisiana. Straggler elsewhere.' Field Museum Collection. 19 : Baffin Island (Camp Kungovik, 3) ; Massachusetts (Cape Cod, 2) ; Minnesota (Steele County, 1) ; Illinois (Lacon, 1); North Dakota (Lac aux Morts, 2; Towner County, 2); Iowa (Keokuk, 1); Louisiana (Cameron Parish, 1; Grand Chenier, 3); Texas (Skidmore, 1; High Island, Galveston County, 2). 288 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Conover Collection. 7: Manitoba (Regent, 3); Louisiana (Ver- milion Bay, 4). *Chen hyperborea (Pallas). LESSER SNOW GOOSE. Anser hyperboreus Pallas, Spic. Zool., fasc. 6, p. 31, 1769 northeastern Siberia. Anas nivalis Forster, Phil. Trans., 62, p. 413, 1772 Severn River, southwest Hudson Bay. Anser albatus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 41, 1856 no type specified. 1 Chen hyperborea Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 138, 1886 St. Michaels (spring migr. only); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 82, 1887 St. Michaels (migr. only); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 146, 1931 (range); Tcherniakofsky, L'Ois. Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 9, p. 338, 1939 Cape Hope, East Greenland; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 43, 1945 Colorado River Delta, Sonora, Mexico. Chen nivalis Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 86, 1895 part, spec, a-d, arctic regions east of Mackenzie River and Mississippi Valley. Chen hyperboreus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 84, 1895 Yokohama, Corpus Christi, and Chicago (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 201, 1903 part, northeast Asia, Alaska, Pacific coast to Mississippi Valley, and Guanajuato, Mexico; Alpheiaky, Geese of Eur. and Asia, p. 12, pis. 1, 22, 1905 (range in Siberia). Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 210, 1918 (life hist. California). Chen hyperborea hyperborea Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 164, 1925 (life hist.); Sutton, Auk, 48, p. 349, 1931 (breeding on Southampton Island; hybridism with Chen caerulescens); idem, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 12, (2), sec. 2, p. 44, pi. 12, 1932 Southampton Island (nesting); Bailey, Brower and Bishop, Progr. Act. Chicago Acad. Sci., 4, p. 20, 1933 Chipp River, near Barrow, Alaska (nesting); Manning, Auk, 59, p. 158, pi. 7, 1942 Southampton and Baffin Islands (breeding habits; disc. spec, status); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 22, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 509, 1943 Bay of God's Mercy, Southamp- ton Island (breeding); Manning, I.e., 61, p. 146, 1944 Bear Cove, 63 35' N. lat.-84 15' W. long., Southampton Island (breeding); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 18, 1946 Bowman Bay, Baffin Island (breeding). Anser caerulescens caerulescens Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 92, (5), p. 9, 1933 Greenland records (considers hyperborea as color phase); idem, I.e., 93, (6), p. 12, 1935 Scoresby Sound, East Greenland. Range. Breeds in arctic North America from western Alaska (Point Barrow) east to Southampton Island and Baffin Land and on the islands to the north. Probably also breeds in northeastern Siberia (Chukchi Peninsula). Migrates south in winter on the coast 1 Described from four specimens bought in the Philadelphia market and now in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and a specimen from Oregon now in the U. S. National Museum. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 289 of Asia to Japan and throughout temperate North America, but casual east of the Mississippi Valley. Winters from California, Texas, and Louisiana south to central Mexico (Tamaulipas and Jalisco). Occasional straggler to Greenland. Field Museum Collection. 31: Alaska (Barrow, 2; Chipp River, near Barrow, 1 downy; Sledge Island, 1); Saskatchewan (Lake Johnston, 1) ; Montana (Columbia Falls, 1) ; Nevada (Lake Tahoe, 1) ; California (Los Banos, 5; near San Francisco, 1; Red Bluff, 1; Colusa, 2); Texas (Rockport, 1); North Dakota (Cando, 2; Towner County, 4; Lac aux Morts, 4) ; Kansas (Pierceville, 1) ; Illinois (Adams County, 1); Louisiana (Vermilion Bay, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1). Conover Collection. 4: Alberta (Tofield, 1); South Dakota (Kings- bury County, 1); Louisiana (Vermilion Bay, 1); Illinois (Henry, 1). *Chen atlantica Kennard. GREATER SNOW GOOSE. Chen atlantica Kennard, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Cl., 9, p. 93, 1927 Princess Anne Club, Back Bay, Princess Anne County, Virginia (type in the col- lection of F. H. Kennard, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 306, 1927 Puerto Rico(?); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 146, 1931 (range). Chen nivalis (not of Forster) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 86, 1895 (Atlantic coast, only). Chen hyperborea nivalis Dionne, Ois. Prov. Quebec, p. 109, 1906 St. Joachim, lie d'Orleans and Loups Marins, Quebec. Chen hyperboreus nivalis Gibson, Auk, 39, p. 359, 1922 Five Glacier Valley, northern Greenland (breeding); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 173, 1925 (We hist.). Chen hyperborea atlantica Sutton, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 12, (2), sec. 2, p. 50, 1932 Pond's Inlet, Navy Board Inlet and Bylot Island, northeast Baffin Island; White and Lewis, Auk, 54, p. 440, 1937 (probable nesting, north- east Baffin Island; migr., eastern Canada); Dery, Rep. Prov. Soc. Nat. Hist. Quebec, p. 120, 2 maps, 1938 (fall migr.); Nichols, I.e., p. 132, 1938 New Jersey; Howard, Auk, 57, p. 523, 1940 (winter range) ; Fremont, Lewis and Lincoln, I.e., 59, p. 301, 1942 (1940 southward migr.); Adams, I.e., 61, p. 639, 1944 Quebec (occurrence before 1870). Anser caerulescens atlantica Salomonsen, Medd. Grpnl., 92, (5), p. 10, 1933 Thule and Inglefield gulf, northwest Greenland (breeding). Range. Breeds in northern Greenland (McCormick and North Star Bays) and probably also in Ellesmere Land and perhaps north- east Baffin Island. Migrates across the Labrador Peninsula to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and from there across New England to its wintering grounds on the Atlantic coasts of Maryland, Virginia and 290 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII North Carolina, from Chesapeake Bay to Core Sound. Puerto Rico(?). Field Museum Collection. 16: Labrador (unspecified, 1); Quebec (Isle aux Grues, 1; Cap Tourmente, 1; St. Joachim de Montmorency, 3; Beaupre', 3); Virginia (Back Bay, 2); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 2; Pea Island, 3). Conover Collection. 4: Quebec (St. Joachim de Montmorency, 4). *Chen rossii (Cassin). Ross's GOOSE. Anser rossii Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 73, 1861 Great Slave Lake (type in U. S. National Museum). Chen rossi Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 88, 1895 San Joaquin Fall, San Francisco and Stockton, California (full bibliog.); Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 125, 1918 (habits in California) ; Taverner, Canad. Field Nat., 54, p. 127, 1940 Perry River, Queen Maud Gulf, 102 W. long, (nesting; eggs); idem, Auk, 58, p. 92, 1941 Perry River, Northwest Terr, (nesting); Cartwright, Chicago Nat., 4, p. 67, map, 1941 Perry River, Queen Maud Gulf (breeding); idem, Frontiers, Phila., 5, p. 103, 1941; Soper, Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst., 24, p. 33, 1942 Peace River and Athabaska Delta (migrant). Exanthemops rossii Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 185, 1925 (life hist.). Chen rossii Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 146, 1931 (range). Range. Known to breed only on the Perry River, Queen Maud Gulf, 102 W. long. Migrates through Alberta and Montana to its wintering grounds in the interior valleys of California (Sacramento and San Joaquin). Casual elsewhere. Field Museum Collection. 17: British Columbia (Frazer River, 1) ; California (Rio Vista, Solano County, 10; Antioch, 1; Colusa, 3; Los Banos, 1; Merced County, 1). Conover Collection. 5: Alberta (Tofield, 2); California (Willows, Glenn County, 3). Genus ANSER 1 Brisson Anser Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 58; 6, p. 261, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "Anser" =Anas anser Linnaeus. Marilochen Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. ix, 1852 type, by monotypy, "brevirostris" (1= Anser brevirostris C. L. Brehm). *Anser albifrons albifrons (Scopoli). WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE. Branta albifrons Scopoli, Annus I. Hist. Nat., p. 69, 1769 no locality given, probably northern Italy (type in coll. of F. A. Turriani). 1 Anser fabalis fabalis (Latham) has been dropped from the American list because the Greenland records are invalid (cf. Jourdain, Auk, 50, p. 202, 1933). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 291 Anser frontalis Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 762, 1858 "interior of North America" (Selkirk Settlement and Fort Thorn) 1 (=young). Anser albifrons gambeli(lli) (not Anser gambelli Hartlaub) Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 138, 1886 Yukon Delta (breeding); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 83, 1887 Alaska shore of Bering Sea and Arctic coast at Point Barrow (nesting; descr. pullus); Bryant, Condor, 16, p. 95, 1914 (albino); Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 218, 1918 (life hist. California), p. 219, footnote (dist. chars.); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 202, 1925 Wainwright, Alaska (nesting); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 173, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting; weights; meas.); L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, (6), p. 39, 1932 Greenland (no breeding record) ; ida, Venezuela; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 1, p. 117, pi. 11, distr. map 11, 1922 (monog.); Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 265, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 143 Guarico and Apure, Venezuela (common); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 72, 1926 Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 499, 1929 Piauhy; Laubmann, Gran Chaco Exped., Vogel, p. 50, 1930 Formosa (San Jose 1 ; Yunca Viejo), Bolivia (Santa Cruz); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 319 60, p. 98, 1930 Bocaina de Descalvado, Fazenda do Sao Joao, and Rio Cuyaba, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 153, 1931 (range); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 97, 1931 Haina, Hispaniola (rare); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 370, 1934 Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 296, 1935 Canal Zone, Panama; Casares, El Hornero, 6, p. 3, pi. 1, fig. 1, distr. map, 1935 (range; habits); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 48, 1938 Bahia (Barra do Rio Grande), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Goyaz (Inhumas), Matto Grosso (Caceras), and Rio Grande do Sul (Itaquy); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Hand!., (3), 23, p. 45, 1945 Bresta, El Beni, Bolivia. Range. From Costa Rica (Bebedero), south through Panama (Canal Zone), Colombia (Cartagena, Bogota), Venezuela (MeYida), Bolivia (Santa Cruz), and Paraguay to Argentina (Jujuy, Tucumdn, Formosa, Cordoba, Buenos Aires) and Uruguay. Occasionally in Cuba and Hispaniola (Haina), Greater Antilles. Also found in tropical Africa. Field Museum Collection. 20: Costa Rica (Bebedero, Guana- caste, 4); Colombia ("Bogota," 2; Rio Sinio, 1; Monteria, 1); Venezuela (Lake Valencia, Aragua, 2); British Guiana (unspecified, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 3; Municipio de Luis, Sao Paulo, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 5). Conover Collection. 31: Costa Rica (Bebedero, Guanacaste, 5); Venezuela (MeVida, 1); Brazil (Manacapuru, Amazonas, 2); Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 3); Paraguay (Molinasque, 1; Horqueta, 3; Chaco, 200 km. west of Puerto Casado, 10; Laguna General Diaz, Chaco, 1; 60 km. east of Orloff, Chaco, 4); Argentina (Buenos Aires, 1). Subfamily ANATINAE. Shoal-water Ducks Genus NEOCHEN Oberholser Neochen Oberholser, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., 8, p. 571, 1918 type, by orig. desig. and monotypy, Anser jubatus Spix. *Neochen jubata (Spix). ORINOCO GOOSE. Anser jubatus Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 84, pi. 108, 1825 "Ad ripam fl. Solimoens in insula Praya das Ongas" (cotypes in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 716, 1906). Anser polycomos Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., p. 627, 1831 "Brazil" (type, from Cayenne, in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 67, 1929). Chenalopex jubatus(a) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 319, 1870 Matto Grosso (Caigara, Villa Bella) and Amazonas (Rio Guapor6; Barra do Rio Negro); 320 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 468, 1886 lower Ucayali, Santa Cruz; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 169, 1895 Peruvian Amazonas, Bolivia, Brazil; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 464 Tatarenda, Bolivian Chaco; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 56, 1907 Mexiana Island, Brazil. Alopochen jubalus Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, p. 283, 1902 Iguape, Sao Paulo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 71, 1907 Iguape", Sao Paulo and Amazonas; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 230, 1910 Oran, Salta; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brooklyn Inst., 2, p. 373, 1916 Orinoco region (nesting habits); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 1, p. 200, pi. 15, distr. map 21, 1922 (monog.). Alopochen jubata Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 192, 1916 lower Takutu River; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 143 Rio Apure and Portuguesa, Vene- zuela; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 99, 1930 (range). Neochen jubata Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 154, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 50, 1938 Iguape, Sao Paulo; Dugand, Caldasia, 1, p. 54, 1941 Rio Meta, Colombia; Griscom and Green way, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 88, (3), p. 109, 1941 Santarem, Brazil; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 46, 1945 Orion, El Beni, Bolivia. Neochen jubatus Casares, El Hornero, 5, p. 155, pi. 2, fig. 2, distr. map, 1933 (range; habits). Range. Found locally throughout the Orinoco and Amazon basins, the Guianas, southern Brazil (Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso), Bolivia (Santa Cruz and the Chaco), and northern Argentina (Salta). Field Museum Collection. 2: Bolivia (Rio Surutu, Santa Cruz, 2). Conover Collection. 6: Brazil (Labrea, Rio Purus, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Buena Vista, 1; Rio Yapacini, 3; Nueva Moka, 1). Genus SARKIDIORNIS Eyton Sarkidiornis Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 20, 1838 type, by orig. desig., Anser melanotos Pennant. *Sarkidiornis sylvicola Ihering and Ihering. SOUTH AMERICAN COMB DUCK. Anas carunculata (not of Vieillot, 1816) Lichtenstein, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, Phys. Kl., for 1816-17, p. 176, 1819 based on "Ipecati Apoa" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 218, and Azara, No. 428 (Paraguay). Sarkidiornis sylvicola Ihering and Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 72, 1907 new name for Anas carunculata Lichtenstein, preoccupied (Iguape, Sao Paulo, and Buenos Aires, Argentina); iidem, I.e., p. 408, 1907 Primeira Cruz, Maranhao; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 228, 1910 Tucuman, Salta, Pilcomayo, Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud); Pennard, Auk, 36, p. 564, 1919 east coast of British Guiana; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 498, 1929 lower Parnahyba; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 98, 1930 range in Brazil; 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 321 Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 50, 1938 Primeira Cruz, Maranhao (range in Brazil). Sarkidiornis regia (not Anas regia Molina) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 319, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Matto Grosso (Caicara), and Amazonas (Barra do Rio Negro). Sarcidiornis carunculata Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 128, 1889 Tucuman; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 59, 1895 (full bibliog.); Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 233 Paraguayan Chaco; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 207, 1902 Tucuman (ex Burmeister); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 96, 1910 Rio Sao Francisco, near Sambaiba, Bahia, Brazil; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 1, p. 77, pi. 5, distr. map 4, 1922 (monog.); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 648 Ucaqui, Junin, Peru. Sarcidiornis sylvicola Crandall, Auk, 36, p. 419, 1919 Barcelona, Venezuela. Sarkidiornis carunculata Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 155, 1931 (range); Casares, El Hornero, 5, p. 154, pi. 2, fig. 1, distr. map, 1933 (range; habits); Leh- mann, Caldasia, 2, p. 407, 1944 Cali, Colombia; Borrero, I.e., 3, p. 230, 1944 Boyaca, Colombia. Range. Found locally in South America east of the Andes from northern Venezuela (Barcelona) south through the Guianas to Paraguay (Chaco) and northern Argentina (Tucuman, Salta, Pilco- mayo, and Buenos Aires). Also west of the Andes in Colombia (Cali, Boyaca). One record for Ucaqui, Junin, Peru. Conover Collection. 6: Colombia (Cali, Valle, 1; Santander, Cauca, 1); Paraguay, Chaco (100 km. east of Orloff, 1; 170-195 km. west of Puerto Casado, 2; Rio Pilcomayo, 15 miles west of Rio Paraguay, 1). Genus CAIRINA Fleming Cairina Fleming, Phil. Zool., 2, p. 260, 1822 type, by monotypy, Anas moschata Linnaeus. Moschatus (subgenus) Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 416, 1828 type, by orig. desig., Anas moschata Linnaeus. Gymnathus (subgenus) Nuttall, Man. Orn., 2, p. 403, 1834 type, by mono- typy. Anas moschata Linnaeus. Hyonetta Sundevall, Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent., p. 146, 1872 new name for Cairina Fleming, 1822. *Cairina moschata (Linnaeus). 1 MUSCOVY DUCK. Anas moschata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, p. 124, 1758 "India" (Brazil substituted by Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 131, 1902). 1 Anas iopareia Philippi (Arch. Naturg., 26, (1), p. 24, 1860 Chile) is Cairina moschataXAnas domestica (cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 315, 1932). 322 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Anas regia Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 234, 344, 1782 "Chile." Cairina sylvestris Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool., 12, (2), p. 79, pi. 46, 1824 South America. Cairina moschata Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 320, 1870 Sao Paulo (Itarare, Ypanema) and Matto Grosso (Nos Puritis, Caicara); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 472, 1886 between Lurin and Chorillos, Rio Ucayali (ex Tschudi), Rio Huallaga (ex Bartlett) and Pebas (ex Hauxwell); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 129, 1889 Buenos Aires; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 51, 1895 (descr.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 391, (1898) 1899 Sao Paulo; idem, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 143, 1899 Mundo Novo, Rio Camaquam and Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do Sul; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 233 Paraguayan Chaco (Villa Conception; Caraya Vuelta; Riacho Verde); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 207, 1902 Tucuman (Tucuman and La Ramada); Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 465 Tatarenda, Bolivian Chaco; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 198, 1903 Mexico (Mazatlan, Presidio) to Panama (Laguna de Pita); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 54, 1907 Mexiana Island, Brazil (breeding, habits); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 242, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 434, 1910 Costa Rica (Bolson, Palo Verde, Bebede>o, Bagaces, Miravalles) ; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 228, 1910 Tucuman, Salta (Oran), Chaco; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 114, 1914 Marajo (Magoary) and Cunani, Brazil; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 186, 1916 British Guiana (Abary, Berbice, Yuruani and Cotinga rivers; Annai; Rupununi savannas; Roraima; Mora Passage); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brooklyn Inst., 2, p. 372, 1916 Venezuela (Las Barrancas; San Feliz River); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 233, 1917 Rio Frio, Colombia; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 274 Charuplaya, Bolivia; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 44, 1922 Lagunillas, Zulia, Venezuela; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 1, p. 57, pi. 3, distr. map 2, 1922 (Inonog.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 70, 1926 Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco) and Argentina (Riacho Pilago, Formosa) ; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 209, 1926 Ecuador (Yaguachi and headwaters of Santa Rosa River); Hell- mayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 498, 1929 Brazil (Piauhy); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 49, 1930 Mis. Tacaagle 1 , Formosa, and San Ramon, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 97, 1930 (range in South America); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 155, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 144, 1932 Hacienda California, Guatemala; Casares, El Hornero, 5, p. 146, pi. 2, fig. 4, distr. map, 1933 (range; habits); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 296, 1935 Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 51, 1938 Sao Paulo (Rio Grande, Itapura), Parana (Jacarezinho), Matto Grosso (Rio Pardo, Porto Sap6, Rio Parana, Coxim), and Goyaz (Rio das Almas); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 91, 1938 San Salvador (Lake Olomega, San Sebastian, Colima); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 24, 1945 Rio Jurua (Joao Pessoa; Igarape do Gordao), Brazil; idem, I.e., 23, p. 46, 1945 El Beni (Puerto Salinas; Bresta; Orion), Bolivia. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 323 Range. From Mexico (Mazatlan and central Tamaulipas) south through Central and South America to western Peru (near Lurin), eastern Bolivia, and northern Argentina (Tucuman, Formosa, Santa F6*, and Buenos Aires). Mostly found in the tropics. The records from the highlands of Peru and the Rio Negro, Argentina, probably are of feral domesticated stock. Field Museum Collection. 11: Mexico (Apatzingan, Michoacan, 1; Alvarado, Vera Cruz, 1); British Guiana (Itabu Creek, 2; Phantom Falls, Courantyne, 2; unspecified, 2); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 1); Bolivia (Rio Surutu, Santa Cruz, 1); Paraguay (45 km. west of Puerto Rosario, 1). Conover Collection. 26: Mexico, Sinaloa (Rio las Canas, 1; Chele, 3); Costa Rica, Guanacaste (Miravalles, 1; BebedeYo, 2); Colombia (Sautata, Rio Atrato, 2) ; Venezuela (Lagunillas, Zulia, 1) ; Brazil (Labrea, Rio Purus, 2; Canutama, Rio Purus, 1; Lago Cuipeua, Para, 1; Caxiricatuba, Rio Tapajoz, 2; Resacca, Rio Capim, 2; Tome*-assu, Rio Acara, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Buena Vista, 1; Rio Ichilo, 1; Rio Surutu, 1); Paraguay (Capitan Bado, Cerro Amambay, 1; Puerto Rosario, 1; Orloff, Chaco, 2). Genus COSCOROBA Reichenbach Coscoroba Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. x, 1852, (1853) type, by orig. desig. and tautonymy, Anser candidus Vieillot=Anas Coscoroba Molina. Pseudolor G. R. Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 122, 1855 type, by orig. desig., Anas Coscoroba Molina. Pseudocycnus Sundevall, Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent., p. 147, 1872 type, by monotypy, Anas Coscoroba Molina. *Coscoroba coscoroba (Molina). COSCOROBA SWAN. Anas Coscoroba Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 234, 344, 1782 Chile. Anser candidus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 23, p. 331, 1816 based on "Ganso bianco" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 406, No. 426; Paraguay and lagoons of La Plata River. Cygnus analoHdes King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, p. 15, pub. Jan. 16, 1831 "southern South America" (type in Eyton Collection, now in British Museum). Coscoroba chionis (Illiger MS.) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 648, 1856 new name for Anas coscoroba "Gmelin"= Molina. Cygnus coscoroba Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 53, 1881 pampa lake of Rio Negro. Coscoroba Candida Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 126, 1889 Patagonia; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 143, 1899 Rio Grande 324 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII do Sul; Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 42, 1895 Chile, Buenos Aires, Falkland Islands; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 92, 1907 Gente Grande Lagoons, Tierra del Fuego; Blaauw, Notes Leyden Mus., 35, p. 50, pi. 1, 1912 (pullus). Coscoroba coscoroba Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 207, 1902 Tucuman and Famailla, Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 72, 1907 Rio Grande do Sul; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 413, 1912 (gen. ace.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 73, 1926 Lavalle, Buenos Aires and San Vicente, Uruguay; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 416, 1926 Valcheta, Rio Negro, Argentina; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 156, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 315, 1932 (distr. in Chile); Casares, El Hornero, 5, p. 146, pi. 2, fig. 4, distr. map, 1933 (range; habits). Range. Extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay (San Vicente), Paraguay (including the Chaco), all of Argentina, Chile, Tierra del Fuego (Gente Grande Lagoons), and the Falkland Islands. Conomr Collection. 10: Paraguay, Chaco (20 km. east of Islapoi, 1; 100 km. east of Orloff, 8); Argentina (Arroyo del Saladillo, Buenos Aires, 1). Genus CASARCA Bonaparte Casarca Bonaparte, Comp. List Bds. Eur. N. Amer., p. 56, 1838 type, by monotypy and tautonymy, Anas rutila Pallas=Anas casarca Linnaeus= Anas ferruginea Pallas. Nettalopex Heine, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn., p. 343, 1890 substitute name for Casarca. Casarca ferruginea (Pallas). RUDDY SHELDRAKE. Anas ferruginea Pallas, in Vroeg's Cat., Adumbr., p. 5, 1764 no type locality given =Tartary. Casarca rutila Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 177, 1895 (descr., full bibliog.). Tadorna casarca Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 81, 1898 Greenland (three records). Casarca ferruginea G. B. Grinnell, Auk, 36, p. 561, 1919 Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, and Currituck Sound, North Carolina(?); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 130, 1923 straggles to Greenland; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 156, 1931 (range). Range. Extralimital. Breeds from southeastern Europe and central Asia east to Manchuria and China and south to the Tibetan plateau, Iran, and rarely to Algeria and Morocco. Winters over most of its breeding range, in Japan, and south to Formosa, Ceylon, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 325 India, southern Arabia, Ethiopia, Algeria and Morocco. A straggler to Greenland, and one record from New Jersey (Barnegat Bay). 1 Genus TADORNA Boie Tadorna Boie, Tageb. Reise Norwegen, pp. 140, 351, before May, 1822 type, by tautonymy, Tadorna familiaris Eoie=Anas tadorna Linnaeus (cf. Ibis, 1939, p. 522). Vulpanser Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Eur., pp. Ixxxiv, 225, 1840 type, by monotypy, Vulpanser tadorna (Linnaeus). Tadorna tadorna (Linnaeus). COMMON SHELDRAKE. Anas tadorna Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 122, 1758 based principally on Fauna Svec., No. 93; "in Europae maritimis"= Gotland, Sweden (ex Fauna Svec.). Tadorna cornuta Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 171, 1895 (full bibliog.). Tadorna tadorna Morse, Bull. Essex County Orn. CL, p. 68, 1921 Ipswich Bay, off Annisquam, Massachusetts; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 132 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 157, 1931 (range); McAtee, Auk, 61, p. 148, 1944 supposed North Carolina record. Tadorna casarca (not Anas casarca Linnaeus) Forbush, Auk, 39, p. 104, 1922 Ipswich Bay, Essex County, Massachusetts. Range. Extralimital. Temperate and southern portions - of Europe and Asia, breeding in the northern and wintering in the southern parts of its range. A record for Massachusetts and (?)an- other for North Carolina. Genus ANAS Linnaeus Anas Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 122, 1758 type, by subs, desig. (Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 417, 1828), Anas boschas Linnaeus=Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus. Boschas Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 2, "1831," p. 442, pub. Feb., 1832 type, by tautonymy, Anas boschas Linnaeus= Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus. Lophonetta Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 27, p. 100, 1914 type, by orig. desig., Anas cristata Gmelin=Anas specularioides King. Speculanas Boetticher, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 2, No. 1, p. 14, March 10, 1929 type, by orig. desig., Anas specularis King. *Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos Linnaeus. MALLARD. Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 125, 1758 based primarily on Fauna Svec., No. 103; Europe, restricted type locality, 1 In 1916 a single specimen, possibly an escaped captive, was taken in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, and identified by Dr. Witmer Stone. Another example was supposed to have been taken at Waterlily, North Carolina (Auk, 36, p. 561, 1919) in 1886, but the evidence, to say the least, is very circumstantial. 326 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Sweden; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 92, 1918 (life hist. California); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 164, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting); Robertson, Condor, 30, p. 321, 1928 (returns from band- ings at Moiese, Montana). Anas boschas Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 205, 1766 Europe; Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 131, 1886 Yukon, Aleutian Islands (wintering); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 67, 1887 St. Michael (nesting); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 189, 1895 part, except Greenland (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 207, 1903 Mexico (Hermosillo, Sonora; Rio San Pedro; Mazatlan; Guadalajara; Valley of Mexico; Jalapa), Panama, West Indies; Bigelow, Auk, 24, p. 382, 1907 (hybrids in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 3, pi. 20, distr. map 28, 1923 (monog.). Anas (Boschas) domestica Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 442, 1832 Saskatchewan River. Anas platyrhyncha Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 34, 1923 (life hist.). Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 159, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 296, 1935 Canal Zone, Panama (2 records); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 22, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (nesting) ; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 45, 1945 Sonora, Mexico (status). Anas boschasX Nettion carolinensis Stone, Auk, 20, p. 209, 1903. Range. Largely in northern portion of the northern hemisphere. In North America breeds from the Aleutian Islands, northern Alaska (Kotzebue Sound), the Mackenzie Delta, and the west shore of Hudson Bay (Churchill) south to northern Lower California (San Pedro Martir Mountains), southern New Mexico, central Missouri, southern Ohio, and northern Virginia (upper James River). Winters mainly from the Aleutian Islands, central Utah, Colorado, Missouri, central Illinois, and Chesapeake Bay, south to southern Mexico (Jalapa and Colima), the Gulf coast and Florida. Wanders occasion- ally to Panama and Grenada, and in favorable localities small groups winter as far north as central Alaska. Field Museum Collection. 45: Yukon Territory (Carcross, 3); British Columbia (Okanagan, 3) ; Alberta (Walsh, 1) ; Saskatchewan (Prince Albert, 2); California (Colusa, 1; Corona, 1); Wyoming (Laramie, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 2; Ramsey County, 3; Nelson County, 4); South Dakota (Harrison, 1); Iowa (Burlington, 1); Arkansas (Winslow, 1); Wisconsin (Washington County, 1; Beaver Dam, 1); Illinois (Worth, 4; Browning, 2; Henry, 1; Sparland, 3; Quincy, 1); Indiana (Starke County, 1); Connecticut (Quinnipiac Marshes, 3; North Haven, 1; New Haven County, 1); Maryland (Chesapeake Bay, 2). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 327 Conover Collection. 39: Alaska (Igiak Bay, Bering Sea, 1) ; British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 8); Alberta (Tofield, 2; Edmonton, 3; Camrose, 4); Manitoba (Indian Bay, Shoal Lake, 1); Utah (Brigham, 5); Wyoming (Du Bois, Fremont County, 1); South Dakota (Eden, 5); Illinois (Henry, 8); Louisiana (Calcasieu Parish, 1). *Anas platyrhynchos conboschas C. L. Brehm. 1 GREENLAND MALLARD. Anas conboschas C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., p. 865, 1831 Greenland (type not extant). Anas boschas (not of Linnaeus) Salvadori, Cat. Eds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 189, 1895 part, Greenland. Anas ftoscas Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 78, 1898 Greenland. Anas boschas spilogaster Schioler, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., Kj0ben- havn, 1905, pp. 127, 144, pis. 2-4 Greenland (type in Copenhagen Museum). Anas platyrhyncha conboschas Hartert, Vogel Palaearkt. Fauna, 2, p. 1312, 1920 (dist. chars.; range); Bertelsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 4, p. 6, 1932 (range in western Greenland). Anas boschas conboschas Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 43, 1923 (dist. char.). Anas platyrhyncha conboscas Nicholson, Ibis, 1930, p. 395 Greenland (breed- ing; field notes). Anas platyrhynchos conboschas Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 159, 1931 (range). Range. Resident in Greenland. Breeds north to Upernavik on the west coast, and to Angmagsalik on the east. Conover Collection. 1: Greenland (Godthaab, 1). *Anas rubripes Brewster. BLACK DUCK. Anas obscura (not of Linnaeus, 1761) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 541, 1789 based on "Dusky Duck" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 564, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 545, New York; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 201, 1895 New Brunswick, Nova Scotia (Halifax), Con- necticut (New Haven), Bermuda Islands (Peniston's Pond) (full bibliog.). Anas obscura rubripes Brewster, Auk, 19, p. 184, 1902 shore of Lake Um- bagog (New Hampshire shore), (type in collection of William Brewster, now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. ; cf . Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 183, 1930). J Anas plalyrhynchos conboschas C. L. Brehm differs from the typical race in the male sex by having the upper surface generally grayer, less brown; the vermiculations on the scapulars duller, less evident; the gray and white vermicula- tions of the under side coarser; the center of the abdomen darker; and the tips of the red breast feathers nearly always marked with good-sized dark spots or cross bands. Females are said to have the upper side grayer and the under side strongly spotted, similar to young of the typical race. 328 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Anas rubripes tristis Brewster, 1 Auk, 26, p. 176, 1909 new name for Anas obscura Gmelin, preoccupied; Townsend, I.e., 29, p. 177 (in text), 1912 (disc.); Oberholser, I.e., 34, p. 194, 1917 (dist. chars.; range); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 50, 1923 flife hist.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 88, 1923 (dist. chars.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 161, 1931 (range). Anas rubripes rubripes Dwight, Auk, 26, p. 422, 1909 (disc.) ; Brewster, Auk, 27, p. 323, 1910 (disc.); Oberholser, I.e., 34, p. 193, 1917 (dist. chars.; range); idem, I.e., 35, p. 350, 1918 Minto, Walsh County, North Dakota; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 64, 1923 (life hist.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 88, 1923 (dist. chars.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 161, 1931 (range). Anas tristis Phillips, Auk, 29, p. 299, 1912 (disc.). Anas rubripes Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 68, pi. 23, distr. map 31, 1923 (monog.); Cartwright, Canad. Field Nat., 55, p. 78, 1941 western Canadian records; Pirnie, Papers Mich. Acad. Sci., 26, p. 251, 1941 (migration of birds banded in Michigan); Shortt, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 1, col. pi., 1943 (disc, of supposed northern race; colors of bill and legs due to age) ; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 20, 1946 southwestern Baffin Island. Range. Breeds in eastern North America from the west coast of Hudson Bay (Fort Churchill) and northern Labrador south to northwestern Iowa (Spirit Lake), northern Illinois, northern Ohio, and North Carolina (Pamlico Sound). Winters from southern Wisconsin, northern Ohio, central New York and the coast of Nova Scotia (Chignecto Bay) south to central Florida and the Gulf coast as far west as Corpus Christi, Texas. Of late years has been gradually extending its range westward. Field Museum Collection. 44 : Wisconsin (Horicon Marsh, Wash- ington County, 1); Illinois (Henry, 3; unspecified, 1); Ontario (Long Point Club, Lake Erie, 2) ; Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 4) ; Newfound- land (Hopedale, 1); Maine (Lincoln, 2); Massachusetts (Duxbury, 3; West Yarmouth, 1); New Hampshire (Holderness, 1); Connecticut (Stony Creek, 1; Hamden, 3; North Haven, 2; Guilford, 1; East Haven, 1; West Haven, 4; New Haven, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 8; Bodie Island, 2); Florida (Banana River, 1; Amelia Island, 1). Conover Collection. 24: South Dakota (Eden, 1); Illinois (Henry, 11); Michigan (Augusta, 1); Ontario (Bradley's Marsh, Kent County, 3) ; Quebec (St. Anne de la Perade, 1) ; Nova Scotia (Wolf- 1 The characters that have been given for this race by different ornithologists seem mostly to be due to age or individual variation. Some of its most enthusiastic proponents have admitted that there were probably more intermediates that could not be classified than typical examples of both alleged subspecies. Like females of Anas platyrhynchos, this species seems to be quite variable in coloration. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 329 ville, 4); North Carolina (Seagull, Currituck Sound, 2); Florida (Homosassa Springs, Citrus County, 1). *Anas fulvigula Ridgway. FLORIDA BLACK DUCK. Anas obscura var. fulvigula Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, p. Ill, 1874 St. John's River, Florida (type in U. S. National Museum). Anas maculosa Sennett, 1 Auk, 6, p. 263, 1889 Nueces Bay, Texas (cotypes in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 203, 1895 San Antonio and Corpus Christi, Texas (full bibliog.). Anas fulvigula Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 202, 1895 Lake Hichpoochee, Florida (full bibliog.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 60, pi. 22, distr. map 30, 1923 (monog.). Anas fulvigula maculosa Phillips, Auk, 29, p. 297, 1912 (not distinct); idem, I.e., 33, p. 432, 1916 (distinct); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 72, 1923 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 161, 1931 (range). Anas fulvigula fulvigula Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 68, 1923 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 161, 1931 (range). Range. Florida, mainly in the southern portion, from the St. John's River on the east to St. Mark's on the west, and the Gulf coast from Louisiana to the Mexican border. Possibly also the Gulf coast of Alabama and Mississippi. Accidental as far north as Colorado (Loveland). 2 Field Museum Collection. 36: Texas (Brownsville, 10; Nueces County, 2; Corpus Christi, 3; Padre Island, Cameron County, 1); Louisiana (Grand Chenier, Cameron Parish, 2) ; Florida (unspecified, 2; Canaveral Club, Brevard County, 1; Tampa, 1; Indian River, 1; Persimmon Hammock, Brevard County, 2; Lake Okeechobee, 1; Kissimmee River, 1; Lake Kissimmee, 1; Indian Prairie, Glades County, 2; Bassenger, 1; Naples, 3; East River, near Everglades, 1; Orlando, 1). Conover Collection. 9: Texas (Laguna Larga, Kleberg County, 1; Eagle Lake, Wharton County, 1); Louisiana (Vermilion Bay, 1; Cameron Parish, 1); Florida (Lake Okeechobee, 1; Glades County, 1; Indian Prairie, Okeechobee County, 3). 1 Specimens from Louisiana and Texas do not seem to differ enough from Florida examples to justify recognition of this race. While Florida birds have a tendency toward unstreaked cheeks, this character is not very constant and appears in many of the western specimens. The black spot at the base of the bill, very evident in eighteen out of nineteen Florida examples, is plainly present in five out of seventeen from Louisiana and Texas and faintly indicated in others. 2 Specimen in Colorado Museum of Natural History, Denver. 330 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Anas diazi Ridgway. MEXICAN BLACK DUCK. Anas diazi Ridgway, Auk, 3, p. 332, 1886 San Ysidro, Puebla, Mexico (type in collection of the Mexican Geographical and Exploring Com- mission, National Museum of Mexico); Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 204, 1895 Puebla, Mexico (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 208, 1903 Laguna del Rosario, Tlaxcala, and San Ysidro, Puebla; Phillips, Auk, 29, p. 296 (in text), pi. 15, 1912 (disc. plum, and char.); idem, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 55, pi. 22, distr. map 29, 1923 (monog.). (T)Anas aberti (not of Ridgway) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 208, 1903 part, Mexico (Tepic, Valley of Mexico, Guanajuato, Guadalajara). Anas novimexicana Huber, 1 Auk, 37, p. 273, 1920 Rio Grande, west of Las Cruces, Dona Ana County, New Mexico (type in collection of Wharton Huber); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 48, 1923 (life hist.). Anas diazi novimexicana Conover, Auk, 39, p. 412, 1922 Dad's Lake, Cherry County, Nebraska; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 56, 1923 (disc.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 161, 1931 (range); Lindsey, Auk, 63, p. 483, pis. 12-13, 1946 (nesting notes, New Mexico). Anas diazi diazi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 161, 1931 (range). Range. From the upper Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico (Albuquerque) south through the highlands of Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, Guanajuato, Michoacan, Valley of Mexico) to the state of Puebla. Wanders north occasionally to Iowa, Nebraska, and Colorado. Field Museum Collection. 3: Mexico (Babicora, Chihuahua, 3). Conover Collection. 8: Nebraska (Dad's Lake, Cherry County, 1); New Mexico (Hot Springs, Sierra County, 1; Hidalgo County, 2); Mexico (Patos, Durango, 4). Anas wyvilliana Sclater. HAWAIIAN DUCK. Anas wyvilliana Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 350 Hawaiian Islands (type in the British Museum); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 196, 1895 (full bibliog.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 44, pi. 21, 1923 (monog.). Anas aberti Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 250, 1878 Mazatlan, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 204, 1895 (full bibliog.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 47 (in text), 1923 (disc, of type). Range. Extralimital. One specimen taken at Mazatlan, Mexico. 1 As in the other two species of American Black Ducks, there is great variation in plumage. From the series examined, however, all of it would seem to be either individual or due to age or season and not to locality. Additional material examined. Colorado: Henderson, 1. New Mexico: Las Cruces, 6. Mexico: Ocotlan, Jalisco, 1; Patzcuaro, Michoacan, 1; Lerma, Mexico, 5; Ixtacalco, Mexico, 1; near Mexico City, 4. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 331 ?Anas specularis King. SPECTACLED DUCK. Anas specularis King, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 98, 1828 Straits of Magellan (type in British Museum); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 215, 1895 Rio Pilmaiquen, central Chile, and Straits of Magellan (full bibliog.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 230, 1910 Lago General Paz, Chubut; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 443, 1912 Rio Negro, Argentina; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 301, 1923 Lake Nahuel Huapi and Huanuluan, Rio Negro, Argentina; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 129, pi. 26, distr. map 38, 1923 (monog.); idem, I.e., 4, p. 314, 1926 (habits); Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 416, pi. 12, 1926 Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 165, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 322, 1932 Chile (Llanquihue [Balseo, junction Rios Simpson and Maniuales; Estancia Aisen, Rio Coihaique; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau]; Cautin [Huillo, Temuco]); Reynolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 350, 1934 Spion Kop, Tierra del Fuego; Casares, I.e., 6, p. 14, pi. 1, fig. 6, distr. map, 1935 Neuquen (Lago Traful, Chos-Malal and Collon- Cura), Rio Negro (Lago Nahuel-Huapi), Santa Cruz (Lago Argentina). Anas chalcoptera Kittlitz, Me"m. Acad. Sci. St. PStersb. (sav. 6tr.), 2, p. 471, pi. 5, 1835 Valparaiso, Chile (type in Leningrad Museum; cf. Chrostow- ski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 20, 1921). Range. Chilean and Argentine slopes of the Andes from about 35 S. lat. 1 to the Straits of Magellan. North in winter to the vicinity of Valparaiso, Chile. Field Museum Collection. 3: Chile (Cucao, Chiloe" Island, 3). Conover Collection. 13: Chile (Temuco, 1; Estancia Aysen, Rio Coihaique, Aysen, 6; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 3; Balseo, junction Rios Simpson and Maniuales, Aysen, 2) ; Argentina (Bella Vista, Santa Cruz, 1). *Anas specularioides alticola Me'ne'gaux. 2 BOLIVIAN CRESTED DUCK. Anas cristata alticola Me"negaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 224, 1909 Lake Poopo, Oruro, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum); idem, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 1, p. [137], 1909 Lake Poopo; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 55, 1921 Cedrobamba, Peru; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 137, 1923 (dist. char.); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 243, 1930 Huanuco Viejo, Peru (disc, cristata and alticola'); Hellmayr, I.e., 19, p. 324, 1932 near San Pedro, Antofagasta, Chile; Casares, El 1 Dr. Philippi (in litt.) found this duck breeding in the Cordillera de Chilian, Province of Nuble, Chile. The nests were found on islands in swift rivers and contained four or five eggs. *Anos specularioides alticola M6n6gaux: Under side more uniform, with a rather washed out appearance; spotting of breast almost obsolete; light dull grayish color of forehead extending higher toward crown; chin and throat slightly more buffy. Size larger, wings of adult males over 280 mm. 332 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Hornero, 6, p. 17, pi. 1, fig. 8, 1935 Laguna Grande, Calchaquies, Tucu- man; Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 58, 1937 Laguna de Parinacota, Tarapaca, Chile; Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 466 Huancavelica, Peru; Philippi, Pub. Ofic. No. 12 del Jardin Zool. Nac. Chile, p. 17, 1939 Chile (Tarapaca, Coquimbo, Santiago), Argentina (Salta, Jujuy). Anas cristaia (not of Gmelin) Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 473, 1886 Lake Junin (ex Jelski), central Peru (ex Whitely); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 216, 1895 part, Salinas and Tinta, Peru; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 275 Aricoma Lake, Puno, Peru; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 132, distr. map 39, 1923 part, Peru, Bolivia, and northern Chile (monog.). Anas specularioides alticola Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 165, 1931 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 466, 648 Lira, Huancavelica and Lake Junin, Peru (breeding dates). Range. Highland lakes in the Andes from Huanuco, Peru, south through Bolivia to the Province of Santiago, Chile, and San Juan, Argentina. Occasionally in winter to the central valley of Chile. Field Museum Collection. 14: Peru (Junin, Junin, 4; Huanuco Viejo, Hudnuco, 1; Salinas, Arequipa, 1); Bolivia (Esperanza, La Paz, 7; San Benito, Cochabamba, 1). Conover Collection. 18: Peru (Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco, 2; Picotani, Puno, 2); Bolivia (Esperanza, La Paz, 4; Mount Sajama, Oruro, 1; Cerro San Benito, Cochabamba, 2; Laguna de Taxara, Tarija, 2); Chile (San Pedro, Antofagasta, 5). *Anas specularioides specularioides King. 1 CRESTED DUCK. Anas cristata (not of J. B. Fischer, 1778) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 540, 1789 based on "Crested Duck" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 543, Staten Island; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 314, 1860 Chile (nesting habits); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 199, 1891 Bahfa Orange, Tierra del Fuego; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 216, 1895 part, central Chile to Straits of Magellan and Falkland Islands (full bibliog.); Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 102, col. pi., 1907 Useless Bay Settlement; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 446, 1912 Mount Tigre, Patagonia; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 154, 1917 San Carlos, Falkland Islands; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 132, pi. 26, distr. map 39, 1923 part, Chile, Argentina, Falkland Islands (monog.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 326 Falkland Islands. Anas specularioides King, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 98, July, 1828 Straits of Magellan (type [or cotype] in Edinburgh Museum; cf. Stenhouse, Nov. Zool., 35, p. 274, 1930). 1 This species is a very aberrant member of the genus and from the colora- tion and pattern of its downy young is probably more closely related to the Shel- drakes (cf. Delacour and Mayr, Wilson Bull., 57, p. 15, 1945). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 333 Anas pyrrhogastra Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol.' Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., p. 119, pi. 25, 1834 Maipo, Santiago, Chile (type in Berlin Museum). Dafila pyrogaster Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 113, 1838 Chile. Anas lophyra Forster, Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein), p. 340, 1844 Magellan Straits. Anas cristata cristata Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 136, 1923 (dist. char.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 301, 1923 Huanuluan and Neluan, Rio Negro; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 416, 1926 Lago Carilaufquen, Rio Negro; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 324, 1932 Arroyo Verde, Chubut, near Chilean boundary; Casares, El Hornero, 6, p. 16, pi. 1, fig. 7, distr. map, 1935 (range; habits); Philippi, Pub. One. No. 12 del Jardin Zool. Nac. Chile, p. 17, 1939 Chile (Nirehuau, Aysen; Magallanes). Anas specularioides specularioides Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 165, 1931 (range). Range. From central Chile (Colchagua) and west central Argen- tina (Mendoza) south to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands. Field Museum Collection. 2: Argentina (Rivadavia, Chubut, 1); Chile (North Arm Station, Rio Ciaike, 1). Conover Collection. 9: Argentina (Arroyo Verde, Chubut, 6; Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, 1; Deseado, Santa Cruz, 1; Estancio Cullen, Tierra del Fuego, 1). Genus QUERQUEDULA Stephens Querquedula Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool., 12, (2), p. 142, 1824 type, by tautonymy, Anas circia Linnaeus= Anas querquedula Linnaeus. Cyanopterus (not of Haliday, 1835) Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 38, 1838 type, by orig. desig., Anas rafflesii King = Anas cyanoptera Vieillot. *Querquedula discors (Linnaeus). BLUE-WINGED TEAL. Anas discors Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 205, 1766 based chiefly on "The White-Face Teal" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 100, pi. 100; North America= Carolina; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 373, pi. 43, distr. map 62, 1923 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 162, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 297, 1935 Panama. Cyanopterus inornatus Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 402, 1847 Spanish Town, Jamaica (descr. of female; type in British Museum). 1 Querquedula discors Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 299, 1895 Bermuda, Jamaica, St. Vincent, Grenada, Mexico, Guatemala, Veragua, etc.; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 215, 1903 West Indies, Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Trinidad; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, 1 Specimen h*, adult female, Jamaica, P. H. Gosse, though not indicated as such, is doubtless the type. 334 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 436, 1910 San Jose", Azahar de Cartago, Tenorio, Las Concovas, and Guapiles, Costa Rica; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 195, 1916 Abary River, Rupununi savannas, and Cotinga River, British Guiana; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 233, 1917 Cali and Puerto Valdivia, Colombia; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 120, 1918 (life hist. California); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 46, 1922 Rio Cogollo, Zulia, Venezuela; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. Ill, 1923 (life hist.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 210, 1926 Esmeraldas, Chone, and Lago San Pablo, Ecuador; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 311, 1927 Puerto Rico; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 307, 1931 Changui- nola, Almirante Bay, Panama; Moffitt, Condor, 33, p. 247, 1931 Cali- fornia (nesting); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 312, 1932 Obaldia, Darien, Panama; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 93, 1938 Puerto del Triunfo and Lake Olomega, El Salvador; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 183, 1939 Inde- pendencia, Venezuela; idem, Auk, 59, p. 104, 1942 Monte Christi, Dominican Republic; Soper, Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst., 24, p. 35, 1942 southern Wood Buffalo Park; Borrero, Caldasia, 3, p. 409, 1945 Sabana de Bogota (abundant). Querquedula discors albinucha Kennard, 1 Auk, 36, p. 459, pi. 17, 1919 Grand Chenier, Cameron Parish, Louisiana (type in collection of F. H. Kennard, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Arthur, I.e., 37, p. 126, 1920 (not valid). Querquedula discors discors Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 364, 1931 Ctenaga, Magdalena, Colombia (Nov. 10 and March 9). Range. Breeds mainly in central North America east of the Rocky Mountains from Great Slave Lake and Lake Winnipeg south to New Mexico, Louisiana, and southwestern Indiana. Known to breed sparingly west of the Rocky Mountains from central British Columbia (Lac la Hache and Cariboo) south to Oregon, Nevada, and probably California (southern San Joaquin Valley) ; also casually from the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Magdalen Islands) and New Bruns- wick (St. John County) south to central Ohio and southern West Virginia. Winters from southern California, Texas, Louisiana, and South Carolina south to Peru (Lake Junin) on the west and Cayenne on the east; also in the Bahama Islands and Greater and Lesser Antilles. Field Museum Collection. 60: Alberta (Many Island Lake, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 1); North Dakota (Stump Lake, 8; Towner County, 8) ; New Mexico (Carrizozo, 1) ; Texas (Brownsville, 1); Iowa (Burlington, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1); Illinois (Worth, 2); Ohio (Columbus, 1; Licking Reservoir, 1); Connecticut 1 Querquedula discors albinucha Kennard: The characters of this alleged race are due to individual variation. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 335 (West Haven, 1; Guilford, 1; Lyme, 1; New Haven County, 1; North Haven, 3; Westville, 1); North Carolina (Brodie Island, Dare County, 6); Florida (Banana River, 6); Bahama Islands (Andros, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 2); Mexico (Tampico, 1); Guatemala (San Cristobal, 2; Lake Atitlan, 1); El Salvador (Puerto del Triunfo, 1); Costa Rica (Ballena, Guanacaste, 3); Colombia (unspecified, 2). Conover Collection. 28: Alberta (Edmonton, 4; Tofield, 2); South Dakota (Eden, 2); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 2); Illinois (Wheaton, 3; Warrenville, 2; Henry, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 2); Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Perija, 1); Colombia (Popayan, Cauca, 2); Ecuador (Antisana, 1; Latacunga, 2; Iliniza, Pichincha, 2; Chigchi Cocha, Pichincha, 1; Lago San Pablo, Imbabura, 1). *Querquedula cyanoptera cyanoptera (Vieillot). CINNAMON TEAL. Anas cyanoptera Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 5, p. 104, 1816 based on "Pato alas azules" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 437, No. 434, La Plata River and Buenos Aires; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 390, pi. 43, distr. map 63, 1923 (monog.). Anas rafflesii King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, p. 97, Suppl., pi. 29, July, 1828 Magellan Straits (type in British Museum). 1 Querquedula caerulata "Eyton" Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843 "found in lakes and rivers" (of Chile) (new name for Anas rafflesii "Vig."=King). Querquedula cyanoptera Doering, in Roca, Inf. One. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 53, 1881 common south to Rio Colorado; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. 203, 1891 Suzanne Cove, Patagonia (June); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 303, 1895 (full bibliog.); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 145, 1899 Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 208, 1902 Quebrada de Lules, Tucuman; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 217, 1903 Sonora, Sinaloa, Vera Cruz, rivers and lagoons of both coasts of Mexico; Brewster, Auk, 24, p. 154, 1907 (records in South Atlantic states not valid); Rhoads, I.e., p. 436, 1907 (a valid Florida record); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 472, 1912 (gen. account); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 234, 1917 Cali, Palmira, Colombia; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 123, 1918 (life hist. California); Oberholser, Auk, 35, p. 476, 1918 Cherry Lake, Kidder County, North Dakota; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 141, 1922 (sight record, Santa Marta); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 122, 1923 (life hist.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 390, pi. 43, distr. map 63, 1923 (monog.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 302, 1 Spec, s', female, Straits of Magellan, Captain King, is, without much doubt, the type. 336 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1923 Huanuluan, Rio Negro (not common) ; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 417, 1926 Valcheta, Rio Negro; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 80, 1926 Lavalle, CarhuS, General Roca, and Tunuyan, Argentina; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 211, 1926 La Carolina, Quito, Ecuador. Anas cyanoptera cyanoptera Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 401, 1923 (dist. chars.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 162, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 296, 1935 Canal Zone (one record), Panama; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 46, 1945 Sonora (distr.). Querquedula cyanoptera cyanoptera Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 331, 1932 Talcaguano, Cauquenes, near Santiago, and Casa Richards, Llanquihue, Chile; Borrero, Caldasia, 3, p. 409, 1945 Sabana de Bogota (resident). Range. In western North America breeds from southern British Columbia (Okanagan) and western Montana (Missoula County) south to northern Lower California (San Rafael Valley) and northern Mexico (Chihuahua) and from the Pacific coast east to eastern Wyoming (Lake Como), southwestern Kansas (Meade County) and south central Texas (Marathon). Winters from central California (Stockton), southern Arizona (Tucson), central New Mexico and southern Texas south to south central Mexico (Michoacan and Vera Cruz) and probably sparingly through Central America to Colombia and perhaps Ecuador. In southern South America it is found from central Chile (Co- quimbo), western Argentina (Tunuyan), Paraguay, and southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) south to the Straits of Magellan; Falk- land Islands. Occurs regularly in Colombia (Cali) and Ecuador (near Quito), but whether as resident or migrant from North America is not known. 1 Field Museum Collection. 26: California (Witch Creek, 3; Red- lands, 3; Thermal, 1; Los Banos, 2; Lakeside, 1; Playa del Rey, 2; Mount Pinos, 1; Riverside, 2); Nevada (Carson City, 1); Utah (Salt Lake County, 1); Colorado (Larimer County, 2); Arizona (Tucson, 2); New Mexico (Fort Bayard, 1; Albuquerque, 1); Texas (Skidmore, 2); Colombia (unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. 45: Utah (Brigham, Box Elder County, 16); California (Buena Vista Lake, 4; Yermo, 6; Playa del Rey, 4); 1 A letter from Mr. F. C. Lincoln has informed the junior author that a Cinna- mon Teal banded at Burns, Oregon, on September 27, 1938, was recovered on April 8, 1939, on the Magdalena River near Sitio Nuevo, Magdalena, Colombia. However, no other returns from birds banded in North America have been received from farther south than Jalisco and Vera Cruz, Mexico. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 337 Colombia (Puerto Tejada, Cauca, 4); Ecuador (Lago San Pablo, Imbabura, 2); Argentina (Tunuyan, Mendoza, 2; Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 2); Chile (Province of Santiago, 2; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 3). *Querquedula cyanoptera orinomus Oberholser. 1 ANDEAN CINNAMON TEAL. Querquedula orinomus Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 93, 1906 "Puna" (=Puno), Lake Titicaca, alt. 12,250 feet, Peru (type in U. S. National Museum). Querquedula cyanoptera (not Anas cyanoptera Vieillot) Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 474, 1886 Chorillos (ex Jelski), Santa Lucia (ex Stolzmann), Laguna de Tungasuca (ex Whitely). Anas cyanoptera orinomus Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 401, 1923 (dist. chars.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 162, 1931 (range). Querquedula cyanoptera orinomus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 332, 1932 Sacaya and Sitani, Tarapaca, Chile. Range. Puna zone of the Andes from Lake Titicaca, Peru, south through Bolivia to Antofagasta, Chile. Conover Collection. 5: Peru, Puno (Puno, 1; Lake Titicaca, 1; Puerto Arturo, 3). Genus SPATULA Boie Spatula Boie, Isis, col. 564, 1822 type, by monotypy, Anas clypeata Linnaeus. Rhynchaspis (Leach MS.) Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool., 12, (2), p. 114, 1824 type, by subs, desig. (Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 40, 1838), Anas clypeata Linnaeus. Spathulea Fleming, Brit. Anim., p. 123, 1828 type, by orig. desig., Anas clypeata Linnaeus. Clypeata Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 416, 1828 type, by orig. desig., Anas clypeata Linnaeus. *Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus). SHOVELLER. Anas clypeata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 124, 1758 based chiefly on Fauna Svec., No. 102; coast of Europe = southern Sweden (ex Fauna Svec.). Anas mexicana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 519, 1788 based on "Le Souchet du Mexique" Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 337 (ex "Yacapatlahoac" Hernandez, Hist. Anim. Nov. Hisp., p. 42); Mexico. 1 Querquedula cyanoptera orinomus Oberholser differs from the typical race by being considerably larger. The color differences spoken of by the describer do not seem to hold in a series. Wings in the highland race measure 215-226 (males), 205-223 (females) as against 180-206 in typical cyanoptera. 338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Spatula clypeata Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 133, 1886 St. Michaels (rare); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 69, 1887 Kotzebue Sound to mouth of Kuskoquim River (breeding sparingly); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 307, 1895 British Columbia to Medellin, Colombia (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 218, 1903 Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and West Indies; Deane, Auk, 22, p. 408, 1905 (an albino brood); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 436, 1910 Las Concovas, Costa Rica; Swarth, Condor, 17, p. 115, 1915 (hybrid with Querquedula) ; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 129, 1918 (life hist. California); McAtee, Auk, 39, p. 380, 1922 (food habits); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 135, 1923 (life hist.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 10, pi. 47, distr. map 67, 1925 (monog.) ; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, (3), p. 312, 1927 Puerto Rico and St. Thomas; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 169, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 297, 1935 Divala, ChiriquI, Panama (one record); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., p. 94, 1938 (uncommon in El Salvador); Soper, Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst., 24, p. 36, 1942 Peace River and Athabaska marshes; Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 23, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (fairly rare breeder); Borrero, Caldasia, 3, (12), p. 230, 1944 Savanna de Bogota, Colombia (Oct., Nov., March); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 48, 1945 Sonora (distr.); Borrero, Caldasia, 3, p. 409, 1945 Sabana de Bogota. Range. Northern hemisphere. In North America breeds from Kotzebue Sound, Mackenzie Delta, and lakes Athabaska and Winni- peg south to central California, northern New Mexico, Kansas, and Indiana. Winters from Puget Sound, the lower Mississippi Valley, and Chesapeake Bay south to Honduras, Greater Antilles (Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica) and Lesser Antilles (St. Thomas, Barbados, Trinidad) ; occasionally to Panama and Colombia (Sabana de Bogotd). Field Museum Collection. 58: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, 1; Many Island Lake, 1); Saskatchewan (Hay Creek, 4; Prince Albert, 2); North Dakota (Stump Lake, 4; Towner County, 7; Nelson County, 2); South Dakota (Harrison, 2); Colorado (New Castle, 1); Cali- fornia (Corona, 3; Colusa, 2; Witch Creek, 1; Pacific Beach, 1); Texas (Padre Island, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1); Illinois (Cook County, 1; Sparland, 1); Iowa (Burlington, 1); Indiana (English Lake, 2); Louisiana (Grand Chenier, Cameron Parish, 2); Con- necticut (Quinnipiac Marshes, New Haven County, 1); New York (Albion, 1); North Carolina (Bodie Island, Dare County, 6); Florida (Anclote, 1; Banana River, 7); Colombia (unspecified, 2). Conover Collection. 35: Alberta (Tofield, 2); California (Santa Ana River, Riverside County, 1; Yermo, 1); Utah (Brigham, 13); Wyoming (Dubois, Fremont County, 1); Texas (Norias, Kenedy 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 339 County, 1); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 3); South Dakota (Eden, Marshall County, 1); Illinois (Wheaton, 5; Warren ville, 1; Henry, 6). *Spatula platalea (Vieillot). RED SHOVELLER. Anas platalea Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 5, p. 157, 1816 based on "Pato espatala" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 427, No. 431; Buenos Aires and Paraguay. Anas jaspidea Vieillot, 1 Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 5, p. 162, 1816 based on description of male ducks in Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 439; Rio de la Plata. Rynchapsis maculatus (Gould MS.) Jardine and Selby, 111. Orn., 3, (10), pi. 147, 1835 South America (type from the Rio Plata, cf. Gould, in Darwin's Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 135, 1841). Rhynchaspis maculatus Gould, in Darwin's Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 135, 1841 Rio Plata. Dafila caesio-scapula Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Schwimmvog., Natatores, pi. 51, fig. [180], between 1845 and 1848 no locality (type in Dresden Museum). Dafila caesioscapulata Bibra, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 131, 1853 lakes around Santiago. Spatula platalea Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 480, 1886 Laguna de Tunga- suca (ex Whitely); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 136, 1889 (range); Salvador!,' Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 316, 1895 Chile (Tarapaca, Rio Bueno, Rio Pilmaiquen, and Santiago), Argentina (Mendoza, Conchitas, and Moreno, Buenos Aires), Sandy Point, Straits of Magellan and Falk- land Islands; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 145, 1899 Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 208, 1902 Famailla, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, pp. 447, 453 Jujuy (Moreno and Abra Pampa) and Bolivia (San Luis, near Tarija) ; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 477, 1912 Rio Coy, Patagonia; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 303, 1923 western Rio Negro (locally common) ; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 36, pi. 48, distr. map 69, 1925 (monog.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 81, 1926 Lavalle, Buenos Aires; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 418, 1926 Valcheta Creek, Rio Negro; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 169, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 333, 1932 Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Llanquihue, Chile; Casares, El Hornero, 6, p. 10, pi. 1, figs. 4-5, distr. map, 1935 (range; habits). Range. From southern Peru (Tungasuca), northern Chile (Tarapaca), Bolivia (Desaguadero River and the Chaco), Paraguay, and southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) south to the Straits of Magellan and northern Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands. 1 Salvador! lists Anas jaspidea Vieillot in the synonymy of Querquedula cyanop- tera with a question mark. There is not much doubt, however, from the descrip- tion, "head and upper neck brown spotted with black, rest of the neck and sides of the body a clear russet sprinkled with round black spots," that it refers to the male of the Red Shoveller. 340 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. 2: Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 1; Los Ingleses, Buenos Aires, 1). Conover Collection. 9: Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 2; Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 2) ; Chile (Laguna de Vichuquen, Tacna, 1; Laguna Salinas, Santiago, 1; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 3). Genus CHAULELASMUS Bonaparte Chaulelasmus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, p. 56, 1838 type, by monotypy, Anas strepera Linnaeus. Ktinorhynchus Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 137, preface, p. 2, 1838 type, by monotypy, Anas strepera Linnaeus. Ctenorhynchus Agassiz, Nomencl. Zool, Ind. Univ., p. 198, 1846 (emendation). Chauliodus (not of Bloch, 1901) Swainson, Journ. Roy. Inst. Great Britain, 2, p. 19, 1831 type, "the well known Gadwall Duck"=Anas strepera Linnaeus. Chauliodous Olphe-Gaillard, Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ., 1, (4), p. 49, 1888 (emendation). *Chaulelasmus streperus (Linnaeus). GADWALL. Anas strepera Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 125, 1758 based chiefly on Fauna Svec., No. 101; "in Europae aquis dulcibus;" restricted type locality, Sweden; Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 131, 1886 Unalaska Island and Yukon Delta; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 138, pi. 27, distr. map 40, 1923 (monog.). Anas cinerea S. G. Gmelin, Reise Russl., 2, p. 184, t. 17, (male), 1774 south- ern Russia. Anas (Chauliodus) strepera Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 440, 1831 North America. Chaulelasmus americanus "Gray," Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 374, 1855 North America. Chaulelasmus streperus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 221, 1895 Bering Straits, Vancouver Island, Oregon, Nevada, Texas, California and Mexico (Presidio and Zacatecas); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 209, 1903 Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Valley of Mexico and Vera Cruz) and West Indies; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 103, 1918 (life hist. California); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 77, 1923 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 168, 1931 (range); Dixon, Fauna Nat. Parks U. S., 3, p. 33, 1938 Mount McKinley National Park, Alaska (breeding); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 48, 1945 Sonora (distr.). Range. Temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. In North America breeds from central Alaska (Mount McKinley), central Alberta (Lesser Slave Lake), and Hudson Bay (Churchill) 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 341 south to southern California (Riverside County), northwestern New Mexico (Lake Burford), southwestern Kansas and southern Wiscon- sin (Lake Koshkonong). Winters from southern British Columbia, Colorado, southern Illinois, and Chesapeake Bay south to southern Lower California (San Jos del Cabo), south central Mexico (Gua- dalajara), Florida, and rarely the West Indies. Field Museum Collection. 35: British Columbia (Okanagan, 2); Alberta (Many Island Lake, 2); Saskatchewan (Lake Johnston, 2; Maple Creek, 2; Quill Lake, 1); North Dakota (Stump Lake, 3; Nelson County, 1; Towner County, 6); Iowa (Rockwell City, 1); California (Colusa, 2); Arizona (Tucson, 2); Texas (Brownsville, 1; Padre Island, 1); Connecticut (Norfolk, 1; Quinnipiac Marshes, New Haven County, 1; North Haven, 1); North Carolina (Bodie Island, Dare County, 1); Florida (Banana River, 3; unspecified, 1); Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 1). Conover Collection. 25: Alberta (Tofield, 2; Camrose, 1; Ed- monton, 2); Utah (Brigham, 7); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 5); Illinois (Henry, 6); North Carolina (Seagull, Currituck Sound, 1); Mexico (Patos, Durango, 1). Genus MARECA Stephens Mareca Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool., 12, (2), p. 130, 1824 type, by subs, desig. (Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 33, 1838), Mareca fistularis Stephens= Anas penelope Linnaeus. Penelops Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 31, 1829 type, by monotypy, Anas "penelops"=Anas penelope Linnaeus. *Mareca penelope (Linnaeus). EUROPEAN WIDGEON. Anas Penelope Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 126, 1758 based chiefly on Fauna Svec., No. 105; Europe, restricted type locality, Sweden (ex Fauna Svec.). Anas penelope Deane, Auk, 12, p. 292, 1895 English Lake, Indiana (third record); idem, I.e., 16, p. 270, 1899 English Lake, Indiana; Herrick, I.e., 19, p. 284, 1902 Munroe Marsh, Michigan; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 167, pi. 29, distr. map 42, 1923 (monog.); H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, (5), p. 9, 1941 Greenland records. Mareca penelope Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 227, 1895 New- foundland (full bibliog.); Deane, Auk, 20, p. 303, 1903 Ohio, Michigan, Indiana; idem, I.e., 28, p. 254, 1911 Illinois, Wisconsin; Fuertes, I.e., 32, p. 367, 1915 Virginia, North Carolina; Nichols and Griscom, I.e., 33, p. 75, 1916 Long Island; Griscom, I.e., p. 320, 1916 New York; 342 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Palmer, Condor, p. 187, 1918 (complete Pacific Coast records); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. Ill, 1918 (life hist. California); Phillips, Auk, 37, p. 288, 1920 (Massachusetts records); Widmann, I.e., 39, p. 250, 1922 Texas; Walker, Condor, 25, p. 70, 1923 Oregon; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 86, 1923 (life hist.); Jewett, Condor, 26, p. 32, 1924 Oregon; Stone, Auk, 41, p. 338, 1924 North Carolina; Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 168, 1925 King Island, Alaska; Lewy, Auk, 47, p. 552, 1930 Wolf Lake, Illinois; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 168, 1931 (range); Huber, Auk, 48, p. 256, 1931 Georgia; Abbott, Condor, 35, p. 204, 1933 Descanso, Lower California; Norton, Auk, 50, p. 354, 1933 Maine; Lynch, I.e., 52, p. 78, 1934 Rhode Island; McClanahan, I.e., 54, p. 532, 1937 (all Florida records); Cottam and Knappen, I.e., 56, p. 146, 1939 (food habits in North America); Cutler, I.e., 58, p. 570, 1941 Leipsic, Delaware; Hasbrouck, I.e., 61, p. 93, 1944 (disc, of hist, in North America and possibility of breeding); Cooke, Bird Banding, 16, p. 124, 1945 (seven records of Iceland birds recovered in eastern North America, pointing to more or less regular migration from there). Anas penelops (sic) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 77, 1899 Greenland. Range. Europe and Asia south in winter to northern Africa and India. Found frequently in autumn and winter on the Atlantic coast of North America from New England to Florida, and there are numerous instances of its occurrence throughout the interior, on the Pacific coast, and in Alaska; casual in Greenland. Field Museum Collection. 3: Alaska (Bering Sea, 1); California (Brawley, Imperial County, 1); Connecticut (Grove Beach, 1). Conover Collection. 1: British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 1). *Mareca americana (Gmelin). BALDPATE. Anas americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 526, 1789 based on "Le Canard Jensen, de la Louisiane" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 955, and "American Wigeon" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 567 (New York), Louisiana and New York; Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 131, 1886 St. Michaels; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 68, 1887 St. Michaels (breeding); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 189, pi. 29, distr. map 43, 1923 (monog.). Mareca americana Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 233, 1895 North America, Mexico, Guatemala (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 210, 1903 Mexico, Guatemala, and Trinidad; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 106, 1918 (life hist. California); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 89, 1923 (lite hist.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 164, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, (3), p. 308, 1927 Puerto Rico (Cartagena Lagoon) and Virgin Islands (St. Thomas; St. Croix); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 168, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 343 78, p. 297, 1935 Canal Zone, Panama (one record); Soper, Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst., 24, p. 34, 1942 Wood Buffalo Park; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 47, 1945 Sonora (distr.); Borrero, Caldasia, 3, p. 407, 1945 Sabana de Bogota, Colombia. Range. Breeds from the Yukon and Mackenzie valleys east to Hudson Bay and south to eastern Oregon, northern Utah, South Dakota, and formerly southern Wisconsin and northern Indiana. Winters from British Columbia, the central Mississippi Valley, and Maryland south to Costa Rica, rarely to Panama (one record), Colombia (Sabana de Bogota), and the West Indies. Field Museum Collection. 47: Alaska (Bethel, 2); British Columbia (Okanagan, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 3; Lake Johnston, 1); Quebec (Isle aux Rheaux, 1); Oregon (Prineville, 1; Salem, 2; Tillamook, 1; Burns, 1); California (Eureka, 1; Witch Creek, 1; Wasco, 1; San Diego County, 1) ; Utah (Bear River Marshes, 1); Arizona (Tucson, 1); Texas (Cameron County, 2); North Dakota (Stump Lake, 1; Towner County, 2; Rolette County, 1); Iowa (Cedar Rapids, 1); Kansas (Pierceville, 1); Illinois (Sparland, 1; Canton, 1); Massachusetts (Barnstable County, 2); Connecticut (Branford, 1; North Haven, 3; West Haven, 1; Grove Beach, 1; Clinton, 1; Quinnipiac Marshes, 1); Virginia (unspecified, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 2); Florida (Banana River, 3; Canaveral Club, Brevard County, 1); Colombia (unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. 33: Alaska (Alaktak River, near Barrow, 1; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 1); Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 6) ; Alberta (Camrose, 2; Tofield, 3); Manitoba (Churchill, 4); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 4); Illinois (Wheaton, 1 ; Henry, 8) ; North Carolina (Seagull, Currituck Sound, 2). *Mareca sibilatrix (Poeppig). CHILOE WIDGEON. Anas sibilatrix Poeppig, in Froriep's Notiz. Geb. Natur.- und Heilkunde, No. 529 (=25, No. 1), p. 10, July, 1829 Talcaguano, Conception, Chile (location of type not stated); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 203, pi. 29, distr. map 44, 1923 (monog.). Anas chiloensis King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, p. 15, Jan. 6, 1831 "in insula Chilo6" (type apparently lost). Anas parvirostris Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Kiinste, 35, p. 43, 1841 based on "Pato pico pequefto" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 434, No. 432, Buenos Aires. Mareca sibilatrix Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 54, 1881 Rio Sauce (Chico), Rio Colorado and Rio Negro; Sclater and "344 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 135, 1889 (range); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 210, 1891 Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 236, 1895 Montevideo, Buenos Aires, Falk- land Islands, and Chile; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 144, 1899 Rio Grande do Sul; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 104, 1907 San Sebastian Settlement and Useless Bay, Tierra del Fuego; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 450, 1912 Rio Coy, Patagonia; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 302, 1923 western Rio Negro (common); Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 417, 1926 Valcheta, Rio Negro; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 80, 1926 Cape San Antonio, Carhue and General Roca, Argentina; Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 354, 1926 southern Santa F (nesting) ; Aravena, I.e., 4, p. 154, 1928 (food); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 168, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 325, 1932 Cucao, Chiloe' Island and Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Llanquihue, Chile; Casares, El Hornero, 7, p. 347, pi. 3, fig. 8, distr. map, 1940 (range; habits). Range. Southern South America from northern Chile (Co- quimbo), northern Argentina (Tucuman), Paraguay, and southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) south to Tierra del Fuego (San Sebastian Settlement and Useless Bay); Falkland Islands. Found in the northern part of its range only in winter. Field Museum Collection. 3: Chile (Cucao, Chilo Island, 1; Riesco Island, Magallanes, 1); Argentina (Rio Neuquen, Neuquen, 1). Conover Collection. 19: Chile (Batuco, Santiago, 2; Galvarino, Cautin, 2; Cucao, Chilo Island, 8; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 4); Argentina (Province Buenos Aires, 1; Chos Malal, Neuquen, 2). Genus EUNETTA Bonaparte Eunetta Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 650, 1856 type, by subs, desig., Anas falcata Pallas. Eunetta falcata (Georgi). FALCATED TEAL. Anas falcata Georgi, Bemerk. Reise Russ. Reich., 1, p. 167, 1775 Asiatic Russia; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 159, pi. 28, distr. map 41, 1923 St. George, Pribilof Islands (monog.). Eunetta falcata Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 218, 1895 (fulfbibliog.) ; Hanna, Auk, 37, p. 250, 1920 St. George, Pribilof Islands; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 75, 1923 St. George, Pribilof Islands (life hist.); Brooks, Murrelet, 13, p. 92, 1932 Swan Lake, British Columbia. Range. Extralimital. Northeastern Asia. Rare straggler to Alaska (Pribilof Islands) and British Columbia (Swan Lake). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 345 Genus NETTION Kaup Nettion Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., pp. 95, 196, 1829 type, by raonotypy (p. 196), Anas crecca Linnaeus. Sibirionetta Boetticher, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 2, p. 11, 1929 type, by orig. desig., Anas formosa Georgi. Amazonetta Boetticher, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 2, p. 12, 1929 type, by orig. desig., Anas brasiliensis Gmelin. Aixopsis Delacour, L'Oiseau, 6, p. 376, 1936 type, by orig. desig., Anas brasiliensis Gmelin. Callonetta Delacour, L'Oiseau, 6, p. 369, 1936 type, by orig. desig., Anas leucophrys Vieillot. Dafilonettion Boetticher, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 2, p. 406, 1937 type, by orig. desig., Anas flavirostris Vieillot. Nettion crecca crecca (Linnaeus). EUROPEAN TEAL. Anas Crecca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 126, 1758 based chiefly on Fauna Svec., No. 109; Europe, restricted type locality, Sweden. Anas crecca Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 132, 1886 Aktha Island, Aleutian Islands (June 28); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 211, pi. 31, distr. map 45, 1923 (breeding in California [?]; North American records). Nettion crecca Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 243, 1895 (full bibliog.) ; Brewster, Auk, 18, p. 135, 1901 Massachusetts; Brock, I.e., 24, p. 94, 1907 Maine; Norton, I.e., 28, p. 255, 1911 Maine; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 119, 1918 (one supposed record); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 45, 1923 St. Paul, Pribilof Islands, (May 4, Sept. 20); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 98, 1923 (lite hist.); Huber, Auk, 44, p. 95, 1927 North Carolina; Griscom, I.e., 49, p. 79, 1932 Massachusetts; Edwards, I.e., p. 460, 1932 New Jersey; Kuerzi, I.e., 50, p. 429, 1933 Long Island; Stone, I.e., 51, p. 227, 1934 South Carolina; Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 20, 1934 Akutan Island; Murray, Auk, 53, p. 208, 1936 Virginia; Cruickshank, I.e., p. 321, 1936 New York (rather regular migrant); Cottam and Knappen, I.e., 56, p. 149, 1939 (food of, in North America); Gabrielson, I.e., 61, p. 116, 1944 Aleutian Islands. Nettion crecca crecca Schioler, Dansk. Fugle, 2, p. 44, 1926 eastern and western Greenland (accidental). Anas crecca crecca Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 164, 1931 (range); H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, (5), p. 5, 1941 Greenland records. Range. Widely distributed throughout Europe and Asia. Breeds in North America on the Aleutian Islands east to Unalaska and possibly on the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island). Has been recorded fairly regularly in winter on the Atlantic coast from Labrador to South Carolina. Several records for western and eastern Greenland. 346 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Nettion crecca carolinense (Gmelin). AMERICAN GREEN- WINGED TEAL. Anas carolinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, (2), p. 533, 1789 based on "American Teal" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 569, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 554, Carolina to Hudson Bay = South Carolina; Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 132, 1886 Alaska (common); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 68, 1887 St. Michaels (breeding); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 231, pi. 31, distr. map 46, 1923 (monog.); Beatty, Auk, 61, p. 654, 1944 St. Croix, Virgin Islands; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 46, 1945 Sonora (distr.); Peters and Burleigh, Auk, 62, p. 564, 1945 Newfoundland (rather common nester). Anas migratoria Bartram, Travels, p. 295, 1791 Pennsylvania. Anas sylvatica Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 5, p. 167, 1816 North America between Hudson Bay and Louisiana. Querquedula Americana (not Anas americana Gmelin) Brehm, 1 Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 887, 1831 near New York (type in Tring Collection; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 47, 1918). Querquedula Groenlandica Brehm, 1 Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 887, 1831 Greenland (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 47, 1918). Nettion carolinense Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 250, 1895 Canada, United States, and Mexico (Hermosillo, Sonora; Presidio and Zacatecas); Johnson, Auk, 32, p. 469, pis. 27-29, 1915 (four-winged specimen); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 113, 1918 (life hist. California); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 102, 1923 (life hist.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 164, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting); Mcllhenny, I.e., 51, p. 331, 1934 (longevity, at least eight years); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 23, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Peters, Bird Banding, Boston, 15, p. 72, 1944 (banded in California, recovered in Labrador). Anas crecca var. carolinensis Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 76, 1898 Greenland (crit.). Nettium carolinense Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 212, 1903 Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Guadalajara, Valley of Mexico, and Vera Cruz), Honduras (Aloor River), West Indies. Nettion crecca carolinensis Schioler, Dansk. Fugle, 2, p. 44, 1926 Greenland. Anas crecca carolinensis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 164, 1931 (range); Herring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, (5), p. 7, 1941 Greenland records. Range. Breeds from northern Alaska (Kotzebue Sound), northern Mackenzie (Fort Anderson), Great Slave Lake, north- eastern Manitoba (Churchill), and James Bay south to central California (Tulare Lake), northern New Mexico, northern Nebraska (Cherry County), southern Minnesota, and rarely to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Winters from southern British Columbia, Arizona, 1 Nomen nudum in Isis, 1830, p. 998. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 347 New Mexico, Arkansas, and Chesapeake Bay south to British Honduras, the Gulf coast, and the Lesser Antilles; accidental in Bermuda (several records) and southern Greenland. Field Museum Collection. 58: Alaska (Cape Nome, 1; St. Michaels, 1); British Columbia (Okanagan, 2); Alberta (Many Island Lake, 1); Saskatchewan (Prince Albert, 1; Maple Creek, 1); Ontario (Point Rowan, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 2; Eddy County, 1; Ramsey County, 2; Rolette County, 1); California (Wasco, 1; Redlands, 1; Red Bluff, 1; Corona, 1; Santa Ana River, 4; Los Banos, 1; San Clemente Island, 1); Arizona (Bobocomari River, 1); Texas (El Saug, Willacy County, 1; Corpus Christi, 1; Tivoli, 1); Kansas (Garden City, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 2; Horicon Marsh, Washington County, 1); Illinois (Ravinia, 1; Chicago, 1; Putnam, 2; Worth, 2; Henry, 1); Indiana (Liverpool, 1); Quebec (Beaupre", 1; Magdalen Islands, 1); New Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 5; Clinton, 2); New York (Rock- land County, 1); Georgia (Chatham County, 1); Florida (Banana River, 3; Enterprise, 1); Mexico (Bustillos, Chihuahua, 1). Conover Collection. 26: Alaska (near Barrow, 2) ; Alberta (Tofield, 1); Wyoming (Du Bois, Fremont County, 1); Utah (Brigham, 11); South Dakota (Eden, 1); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 3); Illinois (Wheaton, 1; Henry, 5); North Carolina (Seagull, Currituck Sound, 1). Nettion formosum (Georgi). BAIKAL TEAL. Anas formosa Georgi, Bemerk. Reise Russ. Reich, 1, p. 168, 1775 Lake Baikal. Nettion formosum Salvador*, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 240, 1895 (full bibliog.); Bailey, Condor, 26, p. 195, 1924 Wainwright, Alaska; Moffitt, l.c., 34, p. 193, 1932 Brentwood, Contra Costa County, California; Swarth, I.e., p. 259, 1932 (above record probably a captive); Bailey, Auk, 50, p. 97, 1933 King Island, Alaska; Gabrielson, I.e., 58, p. 400, 1941 Savoonga, St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Range. Extralimital. Northeastern Asia. Straggler to western North America (Alaska, three records; California, one doubtful record). *Nettion brasiliense (Gmelin). BRAZILIAN TEAL. Anas brasiliensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 517, 1789 based on "Mareca alia species" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 214, northeastern Brazil; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 295, pi. 39, distr. map 55, 1923 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 165, 1931 (range); Dugand, Caldasia, 1, p. 54, 1941 Llanos del Meta, Colombia; Griscom and Green way, Bull. Mus. 348 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Comp. Zool., 88, p. 109, 1941 Rio Capim, Rio Acara, Rio Tapajoz, near Obidos, Brazil; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 23, p. 46, 1945 El Beni, Bolivia (Reyes; Bresta). Anas mareca Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., 1, livr. 38, p. 152, 1790 based on "Mareca alia species" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 214; Brazil. Anas ipecutiri Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 5, p. 120, 1816 based on "Ipecutiri" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 445, No. 437; Paraguay. Anas paturi Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 85, fig. 109, 1825 Rio Sao Francisco, Bahla, Brazil (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 717, 1906. Querquedula erythrorhyncha (not Anas erythrorhyncha Gmelin) "Spix" Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 127, 1838 South America; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 135, 1841 Buenos Aires and (?)Straits of Magellan. Querquedula novae hispaniae (not Anas nopae hispaniae Gmelin) Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Schwimmvogel, pi. 110, figs. 981-982, 1845 (or later) no locality stated (type in Dresden Museum). Querquedula brasiliensis Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 133, 1889 Buenos Aires and La Plata; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 242, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires. Nettion brasiliense Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 266, 1895 New Granada (vicinity of Bogota), British Guiana (Annai), Brazil (Bahia and Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul), Bolivia (Salinas), Monte Video, and Buenos Aires; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 393, (1898) 1899 Sao Paulo; idem, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 144, 1899 Mundo Nova, Rio Grande, Rio Camaquam and Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 207, 1902 Tucuman (ex Burmeister); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 131, 1902 Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco River, Venezuela; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 465 Tatarenda, Bolivian Chaco; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 116, 1914 Para and Marajo, Brazil; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 193, 1916 British Guiana (upper Takutu Mountains and Annai); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 373, 1916 Venezuela (Altagracia; Caicara); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 79, 1926 Uruguay (Rio Negro) and Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 499, 1929 Primeira Cruz, Maranhao; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 99, 1930 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul, 17, (2), p. 718, 1932 Aqui- dauana, Matto Grosso; idem, I.e., 22, p. 53, 1938 Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Olympia, Itatiba), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo), Matto Grosso (Aquidauana), Goyaz (Inhumas, Rio das Almas), and Bahfa (Barra do Rio Grande); Casares, El Hornero, 7, p. 339, pi. 3, fig. 5, 1940 Entre Rfos, Corrientes, Buenos Aires (Aj6). Nettium brasiliense Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 231, 1910 Tucuman, Salta (Oran), Chaco. Nettium brasiliensis Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 265, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Wilson, I.e., 3, p. 355, 1926 Santa Fe" (rare). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 349 Amazonetta brasiliensis Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 50, 1930 Tacaagle", Tapikiole", and Lapango, Formosa. Amazonetta vittata Derscheid, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, p. 60, Feb. 5, 1938 described from live birds in the possession of Dr. J. M. Derscheid; Zimmer and Mayr, Auk, 60, p. 250, 1943 (=dark phase of Nettion brasiliense). Range. South America east of the Andes from eastern Colombia, the Orinoco Basin (and probably Lake Maracaibo) and British Guiana south through Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay to northern Argentina (Tucuman, Cordoba, Formosa, Buenos Aires). Field Museum Collection. 32: British Guiana (unspecified, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 2; Quixada, Ceara, 4; Sao Marcello, Bahia, 1; Queimadas, Bahia, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 10); Uruguay (Passo Correntino on Rio Negro, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Buena Vista, 8; Nueva Moka, 2; San Carlos, 2). Conover Collection. 36: Brazil (Lago Javary, Para, 4; Pinhel, Para, 3; Aveiro, Para, 6; Obidos, Para, 1; Primeira Cruz, Maranhao, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 4); Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 2); Paraguay (Borja, 1; Molinasque, 5; Horqueta, 2; Chaco, 265 km. west of Puerto Casado, 2; 60 km. east of Orloff, Chaco, 1; Laguna General Diaz, 3); Argentina (Isla Ella, Delta Rio Parana, 1). *Nettion leucophrys (Vieillot). RING-NECKED TEAL. Anas torquata (not of Gmelin, 1774) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 5, p. 110, 1816 based on "Pato collar negro" Azara, Apunt. Hist: Nat. Pax., 3, p. 452, No. 441; Paraguay (descr. of male). Anas leucophrys Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 5, p. 156, 1816 based on "Pato ceja blanca" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 453, No. 442; Paraguay (descr. of female); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 302, pi. 39, distr. map 56, 1923 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 165, 1931 (range). Querquedula manillensis (not Anas manillensis Gmelin) Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 125, 1838 "inhabits the Manillas" (type in Liverpool Museum). "Anas rubidoptera Dubois, Orn. Gal., p. 90, pi. 57 (male and female), 1839." l Anas rhodopus Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Kiinste, 35, p. 45, 1841 based on Azara, Nos. 441, 442; Paraguay. Querquedula torquata Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 132, 1889 Buenos Aires; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 234 Waikthlatingmayalwa, Paraguayan Chaco; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 243, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires. Nettion torquatum Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 268, 1895 Buenos Aires; idem, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 32, 1897 Caiza, Tarija, Bolivia; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 144, 1899 1 This work has not been accessible to the authors. 350 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 16, 1900 Urucum, Matto Grosso, Brazil; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 207, 1902 "Tucuman en el Manantial"; Lonn- berg, Ibis, 1903, p. 465 Tatarenda, Bolivian Chaco. Nettium torquatum Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 231, 1910 Tucuman; Pereyra, El Hornero, 3, p. 164, 1923 La Region Riberena, Buenos Aires. Netlion leucophrys Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 78, 1926 Puerto Pinasco, Paraguayan Chaco; Casares, El Hornero, 7, p. 343, pi. 3, figs. 2-3, distr. map, 1940 C6rdoba and Buenos Aires (range; habits). Range. South America from southern Bolivia (Tarija), south- western Matto Grosso (Urucum) and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, south through Paraguay and Uruguay to northern Argentina (Tucu- man, Cordoba, and Buenos Aires). Conover Collection. 27: Paraguay, Chaco (Orloff, 8; 83 km. west of Puerto Casado, 2; 195-265 km. west of Puerto Casado, 16); Argentina (Miraflores, Oran, Salta, 1). *Nettion andium altipetens Conover. 1 MERIDA TEAL. Nettion andium altipetens Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc, Wash., 54, p. 143, Sept. 30, 1941 Paramo San Antonio, Culata Mountains, alt. 12,000 ft., Me>ida, Venezuela (type in the Conover Collection, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago). Nettion andium (not Querquedula andium Sclater and Salvin) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 263, 1895 part, spec, g, Venezuela (Sierra Nevada of M6rida); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 46, 1922 Culata Mountains, Me>ida, Venezuela. Anas andium Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 285, pi. 37, distr. map 53, 1923 part, Venezuela and northeastern Andes, Colombia (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 166, 1931 part, Venezuela and northeastern Andes, Colombia. Range. Paramo zone in the Andes of western Venezuela (Cor- dillera of MeYida) and the eastern Andes of Colombia (Boyaca), south at least to Bogotd. Field Museum Collection. 1: Venezuela (Culata, Me*rida, 1). 1 Nettion andium altipetens Conover: Differs from N. a. andium by lacking, or having only faintly indicated, the strong metallic bronze reflection seen in certain lights in the speculum of the typical race. Differs also by having a generally lighter appearance, the upper back, scapulars and tertials being browner, less blackish green, with grayer, less buffy edges. The head and neck are less heavily speckled and barred with dusky, and the chest is less heavily blotched with the same color. Additional material examined. Venezuela, M6rida: La Culata, 4; San Antonio, 1; Merida, 3; Quintero, 3; Conejos, 1; Paramo de Santo Domingo, 3. Colombia: Lagunillas, Boyaca, 2. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 351 Conover Collection. 8: Venezuela (Culata Mountains, 3; Paramo Frias, 4; Teta de Niquitao, 1). *Nettion andium andium (Sclater and Salvin). ANDEAN TEAL. Querquedula andium Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., p. 162, 1873 high Ecuador between Riobamba and Mocha (type in British Museum). Nettion andium Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 263, 1895 part, spec, a-f, Ecuador (between Riobamba and Mocha, Sical, and Rio Blanco); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 233, 1917 Santa Isabel, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 210, 1926 Ecuador (Papallacta, Antisana, Urbina, Antisanilla, and Besti6n). Nettium andium Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 275 Sinche, Guaranda, Ecuador. Anas andium Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 285, pi. 37, distr. map 53, 1923 part, Colombia (except northeastern Andes) and Ecuador (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 166, 1931 part, Colombia (except northeastern Andes) and Ecuador. Range. Paramo zone in the central Andes (and perhaps the southeastern Andes) of Colombia and the Andes of Ecuador. Field Museum Collection. 4: Ecuador (Llanganate, Tungurahua, 4). Conover Collection. 14: Colombia (Paramo de Purace", Cauca, 6; Palatera, Cauca, 1; Cumbal, Narino, 1); Ecuador (Antisana, Pichin- cha, 3; Ilinesa, Pichincha, 1; Mount Cotopaxi, 2). 1 *Nettion flavirostre oxypterum (Meyen). SHARP- WINGED TEAL. Anas oxyptera Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., p. 121, pi. 26, 1834 eastern slope of the south Peruvian Andes toward Lake Titicaca (type in Berlin Museum) ; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 279, pi. 37, distr. map 52, 1923 (monog.). Querquedula angustirostris Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 21, p. 439, Nov., 1862 Laguna "Cucullata," Tacna=Laguna de Chacalluta on coast 15 km. north of Arica 2 (type in National Museum of Natural History, Santiago, Chile); idem, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 202, 1863 (German version of orig. descr.). Querquedula oxyptera Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 477, 1886 Lake Titicaca (ex Meyen), Lake Junin (ex Jelski), Arequipa (ex Whitely), near Tacna (ex Frobeen), Cutervo (ex Stolzmann). Nettion oxypterum Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 262, 1895 Peru (Tinta, Salinas and Laguna de Lanjui), Chile (Cueva negra, Sacaya, Sitani, and Huasco, Prov. Tarapaca); Me'ne'gaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 1, 1 Additional material examined. Colombia: Santa Isabel, Quindio Andes, 1. * Cf. Philippi, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 41, p. 210, 1937. 352 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. [137], 1909 Pazna Bastide, Lake Poopo; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 55, 1921 Occobamba Pass, Peru. Nettion fiavirostre Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 447 puna of Jujuy. Nettium oxypterum Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 231, 1910 Salta and Jujuy. Nettion flavirostris oxypterum Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 244, 1930 Huanuco Viejo, Peru. Anas flavirostris oxyptera Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 166, 1931 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 467, 649 Huancavelica and Lake Junin (Ucaqui), Peru. Nettion flavirostre oxypterum Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 327, 1932 (distr. in Chile); Philippi, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 41, p. 210, 1937 Punta del Cobre, Rio Copiapo, 40 km. from coast at Caldera; Casares, El Hornero, 7, p. 336, pi. 3, fig. 1, distr. map, 1940 Salta and Jujuy. Range. The Puna zone of the Andes from northern Peru (Cutervo) south through western Bolivia to Antofagasta, Chile, and northern Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, and Catamarca). Field Museum Collection. 29: Peru (Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco, 1; Cailloma, Arequipa, 3); Bolivia (Esperanza, La Paz, 6; Vacas, Cochabamba, 14; Colomi, Cochabamba, 2; Incachacha, Cocha- bamba, 2); Chile (Chungara, Tarapaca, 1). Conover Collection. 33: Peru (Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco, 2; Junin, Junin, 2; Puno, Puno, 1; Chucuito, Puno, 1; Sorapa, Puno, 1; Juli, Puno, 1; Puerto Arturo, Puno, 2; Occomani, Puno, 2); Bolivia (Esperanza, La Paz, 4; Vacas, Cochabamba, 4; Tiraque, Cocha- bamba, 8; Laguna de Taxara, Tarija, 2); Chile (Rio Loa, Anto- fagasta, 1); Argentina (Laguna Blanca, Catamarca, 2). *Nettion flavirostre flavirostre (Vieillot). YELLOW-BILLED TEAL. Anas flavirostris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel, 5, p. 107, 1816 based on "Pato pico amarillo y negro" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 448, No. 439; Buenos Aires; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 273, pi. 37, distr. map 51, 1923 (monog.). Anas creccoides King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, p. 99, July, 1828 Straits of Magellan (type in the British Museum). Querquedula creccoides Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 135, 1841 Rio Plata and Straits of Magellan. Anas azarae Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Kiinste, 35, p. 27, 1841 based on Azara, No. 439; Buenos Aires. Querquedula flavirostris Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 54, 1881 Rio Colorado and Rio Negro; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 175, 1885 Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 205, 1891 Patagonia (Santa Cruz), Straits of Magellan (Eden, Port Famine), and Tierra del Fuego (Bahia Orange); 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 353 Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 107, 1907 Rio McClelland Settle- ments; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 54, 1924 Isla la Mocha, Chile (nesting). Nettion flavirostre Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 261, 1895 Chile, Patagonia, Straits of Magellan, Hermit Island, Falkland Islands, and Buenos Aires; idem, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 31, 1897 Cara-huassi, Salta; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 144, 1899 Mundo Nova, Rio Grande and Rio Camaquam, Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 207, 1902 Lules, Tucu- man; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 302, 1923 Huanuluan, Maquinchao and Neluan, Rio Negro; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 77, 1926 Argentina (Buenos Aires, Tunuyan, and Rio Negro), Uruguay (Carrasco) (nesting habits); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 417, 1926 Valcheta, Rio Negro. Nettium flavirostre Scott -and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 456, 1912 Mount Tigre and Rio Coy, Patagonia; Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. Ill, 1918 Ajo and Juancho, Buenos Aires (nesting habits); Serie" and C. H. Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 43, 1923 Santa Elena, Entre Rfos. Anas flavirostris flavirostris Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 166, 1931 (range). Nettion flavirostre flavirostre Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 326, 1932 Chilo6 Island (Cucao, Rio Inio, Lago Huillinco), Aysen (Rio Nirehuau), Chile; Casares, El Hornero, 7, p. 331, pi. 3, fig. 4, distr. map, 1940 (range; habits). Range. The southern part of South America from central Chile (Santiago), northwestern Argentina (Salta, Tucuman) and extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) south to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands. Field Museum Collection. 1 : Uruguay (San Vicente de Castillos, Rocha, 1). Conover Collection. 18: Chile (Lautaro, Cautin, 2; Lago Huillinco, Chilce", 1; Cucao, Chilce", 5; Rio Inio, Chilce", 5; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 2); Argentina (Tunuyan, Mendoza, 2; Collon Cura, Neuquen, 1). Genus PUNANETTA 1 Bonaparte Punanetta Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 649, 1856 type, by monotypy, "leucogenys Tsch[udi] (A. puna Lichtenstein)." Adelonetta Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 346, 1890 new name for Punanetta Bonaparte. 1 The two species included in this genus have generally been put in the genus Querquedula along with the three species querquedula, discors, and cyanoptera. However, as has been pointed out by Phillips, Delacour, Mayr, and others, versi- 354 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Punanetta versicolor versicolor (Vieillot). GRAY TEAL. Anas versicolor Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 5, p. 109, 1816 based on "Pato pico de tres colores" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 450, No. 440, Paraguay; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 402, pi. 44, distr. map 64, 1923 part, north of 40 S. lat. (monog.). Anas maculirostris Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 84, 1823 Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum). Anas muralis Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Kiinste, 35, p. 42, 1841 based on "Pato pico de tres colores" Azara, No. 440; Paraguay. Querquedula versicolor Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 54, 1881 Rio Colorado and Rio Negro; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 291, 1895 part, Montevideo, Buenqs Aires, Chile (full bibliog.); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 145, 1899 Pedras Brancas and Rio Camaquam, Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 208, 1902 Tucuman (Lules and Famailla); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 302, 1923 western Rio Negro; Seri6 and C. H. Smyth, El Hornero, 3, p. 43, 1923 Santa Elena, Entre Rios. Querquedula versicolor versicolor Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 81, 1926 Lavalle and Los Yngleses, Buenos Aires; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 330, 1932 part, central provinces of Chile. Anas versicolor versicolor Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 165, 1931 part, from about 40 S. lat. northward. Range. From the central provinces of Chile (Santiago), the Bolivian Chaco, Paraguay, and southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) south to about 40 S. lat. Conover Collection. 5: Argentina (Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 5). *Punanetta versicolor fretensis (King). 1 SOUTHERN GRAY TEAL. color and puna have little in common with the other three. The downy young lack all trace of the yellow tint found in the young of the genus Querquedula as restricted in this work and resemble more closely those of Dafila acuta and Dafila spinicauda. The males of versicolor (and without much doubt those of the closely related puna) have an expansion of the trachea (cf. Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 405, 1923) lacking in discors, etc. The bills of both species also are much deeper and heavier. 1 As stated by Wetmore (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 81, 1926) and Morrison (Ibis, 1940, p. 253), specimens from the southern part of Chile and Argentina and the Falkland Islands are very different from birds taken farther north. The southern birds, Punanetta versicolor fretensis (King), are darker, the light barrings to the feathers of the mantle being narrower and the dark barrings of the upper tail coverts, flanks, abdomen, and under tail coverts much wider, while the chest and breast are more heavily spotted. They are also considerably larger, with wings of males running from 204-219 mm. (against 180-197) and oilmen 49-52 (against 43-45), while a female has a wing of 210 (against 186) and a culmen of 49 (against 40-41). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 355 Anas fretensis King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, p. 15, pub. Jan. 16, 1831 Magellan Straits (type probably in British Museum). 1 Querquedula versicolor (not Anas versicolor Vieillot) Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. 207, 1891 Suzanne Cove, Patagonia (June); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 291, 1895 part, Straits of Magellan, Falkland Islands; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 109, 1907 Useless Bay Settlement; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 468, 1912 Arroyo Eke, Rio Chico. Anas versicolor Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 402, distr. map 64, 1923 part, south of 40 S. lat. and the Falkland Islands. Querquedula versicolor fretensis Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 81 (in text), 1926 Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan (dist. char.); Morrison, Ibis, 1940, p. 253 Aysen (Rio Nirehuau), Chubut (Valle delLago Blanco), Tierra del Fuego, and Falkland Islands (dist. chars.). Anas versicolor versicolor Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 165, 1931 part, from about 40 S. lat. to Tierra del Fuego and Falkland Islands. Querquedula versicolor versicolor Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 417, 1926 Arroyo Las Bayas, Rio Negro; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 330, 1932 part, Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Llan- quihue (Straits of Magellan). Range. Chile and Argentina from about 40 S. lat. to Tierra del Fuego; the Falkland Islands. Conover Collection. 12: Argentina (Huanuluan, Rio Negro, 1); Chile (Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 11). *Punanetta puna (Tschudi). 2 PUNA TEAL. Anas Puna (Lichtenstein MS.) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 315, 1844 Peru=Dept. Junin (type in Berlin Museum). Punanetta leucogenys "Tsch." (errore) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 649, 1856 based on Anas Puna (Lichtenstein MS.) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 315, 1844 Peru. Querquedula puna Sclater and Salvin, Exotic Orn., p. 197, pi. 99, 1869 Tungasuca, Peru; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 554 Junin; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 478, 1886 Lake Junin (ex Jelski), Tungasuca, Cuzco (ex Whitely); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 293, 1895 Peru (Yunoca, Laguna de Tungasuca, and Laguna de Tangui) and Chile (Prov. Tarapaca) (full bibliog.); M6negaux, Rev. Prang. d'Orn., 1, p. [137], 1909 Lake Titicaca. 1 Spec, g, Straits of Magellan, presented by the Admiralty, is probably the type described by King. 1 Punanetta puna (Tschudi): Males differ from Punanetta versicolor versicolor by having the crown of the head blacker; the sides of face and throat purer white; the mantle and upper back duller, the dark blotchings being much lighter and the light barrings less distinct; the rump uniform brown gray with no light barrings; the upper tail coverts with the dark markings duller and the light markings reduced to vermiculations rather than barrings. Below, the dark blotches on the chest and breast are much duller and less numerous, and the dark barrings of the flanks and abdomen much narrower. The bill is plain dark blue. The size is 356 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Anas puna Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 408, pi. 44, distr. map 65, 1923 (monog.). Anas versicolor puna Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 165, 1931 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 466 Huancavelica, Peru; idem, I.e., 1939, p. 649 Lake Junin (not race of versicolor). Querquedula versicolor puna Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 330, 193220 miles east of San Pedro, Antofagasta (range, Chile). Range. Puna zone of the south-central Andes from Lake Junin, Peru, south through Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba) to northern Chile (San Pedro, Antofagasta). Field Museum Collection. 3: Bolivia (Huaqui, La Paz, 2; Vacas, Cochabamba, 1). Conover Collection. 13: Peru (Cazo Pato, Lake Junin, 2; Puno, Puno, 1; Chucuito, Puno, 2; Puerto Arturo, Puno, 3); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 4); Chile (San Pedro, Antofagasta, 1). Genus DAFILA Leach Dafila (Leach MS.) Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool., 12, (2), p. 126, 1824 type, by monotypy, Dafila caudacuta Stephens=Anas acuta Linnaeus. Trachelonetta Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 115, 1829 type, by monotypy, Anas acuta Linnaeus. Phasianurus Wagler, Isis, col. 1235, 1832 type, by subs, desig. (Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 391), Anas acuta Linnaeus. Paecilonitta Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 32, 1838 type, by orig. desig., Anas bahamensis Linnaeus. Poecilonitta G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 74, 1840 emendation. Poecilonetta Agassiz, Nomencl. Zool., Aves, p. 61, 1846 emendation. Daphila "Swainson" Coues, Bds. North West, p. 562, 1874 emendation. *Dafila acuta (Linnaeus). PINTAIL. Anas acuta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 126, 1758 based chiefly on Fauna Svec., No. 96; Europe, restricted type locality, Sweden; Winge, larger, wings measuring 219-231 mm. as against 185-197 in typical versicolor and 204-219 in fretensis. Females differ from the males by having the mantle duller; the breast more uniform with the dark blotchings fewer and less clearly denned; and the speculum not nearly so bright, the metallic bluish reflection being entirely absent and the green much less brilliant. Wing 215-224 mm. as against 185-186 in typical versi- color and 210 in fretensis. While Punanetta puna is undoubtedly related rather closely to Punanetta versicolor, because of the distinct color differences between the two and especially the fact that the female of the Puna Teal differs in plumage from the male (in the Gray Teal the two sexes are the same), it would seem best to separate them specifically. The downy young of the two also are quite different, that of the Gray Teal being much darker above with a much wider dark stripe through the eye and in addition a dusky wash from the gape to below the eye which is lacking in the young of the Puna Teal. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 357 Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 78, 1898 Greenland; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 306, pi. 40, distr. map 57, 1923 (monog.). Anas Izitzihoa Vieillot, 1 Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 5, p. 163, 1816 based on "Tzitzihoa" Hernandez, Hist. Av. Nov. Hisp., p. 35; Mexico. Anas caudata Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 869, 1831 North America (no type extant). Dafila acuta a. americana Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 650, 1856 based on Anas acuta Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, p. 72, pi. 63, fig. 3, 1814; North America. Dafila acuta Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 133, 1886 St. Michaels and Unalaska Island; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 69, 1887 Alaskan coast of Bering Sea (nesting); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 270, 1895 (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 213, 1903 Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa, Valley of Mexico, and Vera Cruz), British Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and the Greater Antilles; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 435, 1910 Azahar de Cartago and Las Concovas, Costa Rica; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 134, 1918 (life hist. California); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 164, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska (common breeder); Herring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, (5), p. 8, 1941 Greenland (tzitzihoa a doubtful race). Dafila acuta tzitzihoa Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 144, 1923 (life hist.); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 169, 1925 Alaska (range); Lincoln, I.e., 29, p. 115, 1927 (longevity); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 309, 1927 Cartagena Lagoon, Puerto Rico; Lincoln, Condor, 30, p. 359, 1928 Belize, British Honduras; idem, Auk, 59, p. 433, 1942 Cali, Colombia; Wetmore, I.e., 59, p. 104, 1942 Monte Christi, Dominican Republic; Lincoln, Condor, 45, p. 232, 1943 Palmyra Island, Central Pacific (banded in Utah); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 23, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Borrero, Caldasia, 3, p. 410, 1945 Sabana de Bogota (abundant). Anas acuta tzitzihoa Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 329, 1923 (dist. chars.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 167, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 297, 1935 Canal Zone, Panama (one record); Cooke, Bird Banding, 16, p. 125, 1945 Indian Point, Siberia (banded in California); idem, I.e., p. 106, 1945 Bogota, Colombia (taken Jan. 9, 1944, banded in Texas Oct. 14, 1943) ; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 47, 1945 Sonora (distr.); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 21, 1946 Foxe Peninsula, Baffin Island. Dafila acuta acuta Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 169, 1925 (range, Alaska). 1 The American Pintail is supposed to differ from the European and Asiatic bird by its larger size, longer bill and tail, and more greenish speculum. A series of twelve adult males from Europe and Asia give wing measurements of 254-287 (average, 267.4), compared with 261-281 mm. (average, 270.7) for eighteen males from North America. Bills measure 50-56 (average, 51.2) against 50-59 mm. (average, 52.3) and tails 183-193 against 164-195 mm., respectively. As regards the color of the speculum, there appears to be an occasional American bird (two in eighteen) which lacks the bronzy reflection, but the great majority are indis- tinguishable from European specimens. It would not seem, therefore, that an American race should be recognized. 358 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Anas acu/a acula Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 136 Myggleukta, northeastern Greenland (June 20, 1937); Cooke, Bird Banding, 16, p. 125, 1945 (recovery in Quebec of bird banded in Iceland). Range. Breeds from the Arctic coast of Alaska and Canada west of Hudson Bay, and James Bay (both coasts), south to southern California (Los Angeles County), northern Colorado (Barr Lake), central Iowa, northern Illinois, and southern Ontario (Rondeau, Lake Erie). Winters from southern British Columbia (Okanagan), Colorado (Barr Lake), Oklahoma, southern Illinois, southern Ohio and Chesapeake Bay south to Panama (one record), Colombia (Cali; Bogota), and the West Indies; casual in Greenland. Found also in Europe and Asia. Field Museum Collection. 70: Alaska (Nome, 2; St. Michaels, 3); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, 1); Saskatchewan (Big Steele Lake, 2); Manitoba (Churchill, 2); Ontario (Long Point Club, 1); Oregon (Prineville, 1; Tillamook Bay, 1) ; California (Corona, 3; Dos Palos, 1; Eureka, 1; Trinidad, 2); Wyoming (Laramie County, 1); Utah (Bear River Marshes, 1); Colorado (Rocky Ford, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1; Rockport, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 9; Nelson County, 7; Ramsey County, 1); Arkansas (Fayetteville, 1); Min- nesota (Steele County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1); Illinois (Warsaw, 1); Connecticut (North Haven, 4; West Haven, 1; Quin- nipiac Marshes, 2) ; New York (Rockland County, 1) ; North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 2; Pea Island, 1); Florida (Jacksonville, 2; St. John's River, 3; Banana River, 3); Colombfe (unspecified, 5). Conover Collection. 32: Alaska (Barrow, 1; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 6); Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 2); Alberta (Tofield, 2; Edmonton, 1; Camrose, 1); California (Los Banos, 1; Buena Vista Lake, 1); Utah (Brigham, 5) ; Nebraska (Wood Lake, 3) ; Illinois (Waukegan, 1 ; Wheaton, 2; Henry, 3) ; North Carolina (Seagull, Currituck Sound, 2). *Dafila spinicauda (Vieillot). BROWN PINTAIL. Anas spinicauda Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &!., 5, p. 135, 1816 based on "Pato cola aguda" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 421, No. 429, Buenos Aires; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 330, pi. 40, distr. map 58, 1923 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 166, 1931 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 649 Lake Junin, Peru. Anas oxyura Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., p. 122, 1834 Chile (type in Berlin Museum). Dafila urophasiamts (not Anas urophasianus Vigors) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 389 Falkland Islands. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 359 Dafila spinicauda Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 54, 1881 junction of Rio Negro and Rio Neuquen; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 481, 1886 Lake Junin (ex Jelski), Tinta and Tangasuca (ex Whitely), Rumucucha (ex Stolzmann); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 134, 1889 (range); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 209, 1891 Patagonia (Rio Santa Cruz) and Falkland Islands (Edwards Bay); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 279, 1895 Peru (Tinta), Chile (Rio Bueno), Uruguay (Montevideo), Falkland Islands; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 144, 1899 Camaquam and Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 207, 1902 Famailla, Tucuman; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 106, 1907 Useless Bay Settlement and Sara Settlement, Tierra del Fuego; Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 1, p. [137], 1909 Rio Pazna, Lake Poopo; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 460, 1912 Mount Tigre, Patagonia; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 302, 1923 western Rio Negro (very common); Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 417, 1926 Valcheta and Arroyo Seco, Rio Negro; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 73, 1926 Argentina (Guaminf and Lavalle, Buenos Aires; General Roca, Rio Negro; Bahia Blanca; Tunuyan, Men- doza) and Uruguay (San Vicente); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 210, 1926 Lago San Pablo, Ecuador; Lehmann, Caldasia, 2, p. 407, 1944 Paramo do Cumbal, Narino, Colombia. Paecilonitta spinicauda Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 6, p. 88 (in text), 1918 (Paecilonitta, not Dafila); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 328, 1932 Rio Loa, Antofagasta and Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Llanquihue, Chile. Paecolinitta (sic) spinicauda Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 244, 1935 Isla la Mocha (common resident). Range. The Andean highlands from southern Colombia (Narino), and 1 Ecuador south to northern Chile (Tarapaca) and the lowlands of southern South America from north central Chile (Antofagasta), the Bolivian Chaco, and southeastern Brazil (Sao Paulo; Rio Grande do Sul) south to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands. Probably only summers in the extreme southern part of its range. Field Museum Collection. 7: Peru (Cajamarca, Cajamarca, 1); Bolivia (Colomi, Cochabamba, 1); Uruguay (San Carlos, Maldonado, 1); Chile (Lago Ranco, Valdivia, 1; Cucao, Chilce", 2; unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. 35: Colombia (Cumbal, Narino, 4); Ecuador (Laguna Negra, Salvador, 1; Latacunga, Leon, 1; Antisana, Pichin- cha, 1; Cerro Puntas, Pichincha, 1; Nudo Sabanilla, Loja, 1; Laguna Mica, Antisana, 1); Peru, Puno (Chucuito, 1; Occomani, 1; Puerto Arturo, 1); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 1; Colomi, Cocha- bamba, 1; Tarija, Tarija, 1); Chile (Rio Loa, Antofagasta, 1; Bucalemu, Santiago, 1; Batuco, Santiago, 1; Lautaro, Cautin, 2; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 8); Argentina (Conception, 360 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Tucuman, 1; Tunuyan, Mendoza, 2; Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 2; Chos Malal, Neuquen, 1). Dafila niceforoi (Wetmore and Borrero). 1 NICEFORO'S PINTAIL. Anas niceforoi Wetmore and Borrero, Caldasia, 4, No. 16, p. 68, pi., May 10, 1946 Laguna de Tota, Boyaca, Colombia, altitude 3,070 meters (type in Institute de Ciencas Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia). Anas rubripes subsp. Lehmann, Caldasia, 2, p. 407, 1944 Sabana de Bogota and Valle de Cauca. Dafila spinicauda (not of Vieillot) Niceforo, Caldasia, 3, p. 370, 1945 Laguna de la Herrera, Sabana de Bogota. Range. Eastern Andes of Colombia (Laguna de Tota and Laguna de Fuquene, Boyaca; the Bogota savanna and Cundina- marca); also Cali, Valle de Cauca. Dafila georgica (Gmelin). 2 SOUTH GEORGIAN TEAL. Anas georgica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 516, 1789 based on "Georgia Duck" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 478; "Georgia australi America;" Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 281, pi. 37, 1923 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 166, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 948, 1936 Bay of Isles and Possession Bay, South Georgia (descr.; life hist.). Anas xanthoryncha Forster, 3 Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein), p. 342, 1844 South Georgia. Querquedula antarctica Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 36, p. 118, pi. 1, 1888 South Georgia (type in Berlin Museum). Nettion georgicum Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 264, 1895 (descr.; full bibliog.); Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 66, 1 Dafila niceforoi (Wetmore and Borrero) : Very similar to Dafila spinicauda (Vieillot) but coloration much darker throughout. Dark shaft streaks on feathers of sides of face, throat and neck much wider and darker; crown dark fuscous in- stead of light rufescent brown; speculum dull black without green reflections. Wing 240-242, (female) 226-230. As pointed out by the describers, the most striking difference is in the bill, which is longer and has the line of the culmen straighter, less convex, and the nail much smaller, both actually and proportionately. The outline of the frontal feathering is rounded instead of pointed and does not reach nearly as far forward. In the specimen examined, the distance between the anterior edge of the frontal feathering and the posterior end of the nostril was about twice that in spinicauda, but the feathering was somewhat worn. While niceforoi and spinicauda are undoubtedly closely related, as pointed out by Wetmore and Borrero, the differences in the bills appear to indicate that they should be kept specifically distinct. The relationship between the two is probably something like that between Querquedula versicolor and Querquedula puna. Material examined. Colombia: Sabana de Bogota, 1. 1 Dafila georgica (Gmelin), autoptically unknown to the authors, is said by Murphy to be more closely related to D. spinicauda than to any other duck. 3 Preoccupied by Anas xanthoryncha Forster, I.e., p. 45. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 361 1906 (descr.; breeding); Murphy, Auk, 33, p. 270, 1916 (affinities, monog.); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 490 South Georgia; Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 583, 1929 South Georgia (nesting; habits). Nettium georgicum Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 326 South Georgia (resident). Range. Island of South Georgia. *Dafila bahamensis bahamensis (Linnaeus). BAHAMAN PINTAIL. Anas bahamensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 124, 1758 based on "The Ilathera" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 93, pi. 93, Bahama Islands; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 344, pi. 41, distr. map 59, 1923 (monog.); Gromme, Auk, 47, p. 73, 1930 Lake Winneconne, Wisconsin. Anas ilathera Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Meth., 1, livr. 47, p. 151, 1791 based principally on "The Ilathera" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 93, pi. 93, Bahama Islands and Brazil. Anas urophasianus Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 357, 1829 "Northwest America" (type apparently lost); idem, Zool. Capt. Beechey's Voy., p. 31, pi. 14, 1839. Phasianurus vigorsii Wagler, Isis, col. 1235, 1832 based on Anas urophasi- anus Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 357, 1829, "Northwest America." Poecilonetta bahamensis Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 282, 1895 part, Antigua, West Indies (full bibliog.); Brooks, Auk, 30, p. 110, 1913 Cape Canaveral, Florida; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 194, 1916 Abary River; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 156, 1923 (life hist.). Paecilonitta bahamensis bahamensis Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 6, p. 89, 1918 (dist. chars.; range). Anas bahamensis bahamensis Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 350, 1923 (dist. chars.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 167, 1931 (range). Dafila bahamensis bahamensis Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 309, 1927 Puerto Rico, Culebra, Culebrita and St. Thomas; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 101, 1931 Hispaniola (numerous localities); Dugand, Rev. Acad. Colomb. Ciencias, 3, p. 60, 1939 Lower Magdalena, Colombia; idem, Caldasia, 3, No. 13, p. 337, 1945 Barran- quilla, Colombia. Dafila bahamensis Bond, Bds. West Indies, p. 40, 1936 West Indies (range). Range. The Bahama Islands, Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, Colombia (Lower Magdalena Valley), Dutch West Indies (Curasao), the Guianas, and northeastern Brazil, probably as far south as the Amazon. Accidental in Florida. Field Museum Collection. 13: Bahama Islands (Caicos Bank, 4; Mathews Town, 3); Hispaniola (Port de Paix, Haiti, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 1; St. Croix, 2); British Guiana (unspecified, 2). Conover Collection. 5: Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 4); Curasao Island (St. Patrick, 1). 362 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Dafila bahamensis rubrirostris (Vieillot). 1 SOUTHERN BAHAMAN PINTAIL. Anas rubrirostris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 5, p. 108, 1816 based on "Pato pico aplomado y roxo" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 436, No. 433, pampas of Buenos Aires. Anas fimbriata Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Kiinste, 35, p. 35, 1841 based on Azara, No. 433, pampas near Buenos Aires. Dafila urophasiamis (not Anas urophasianus Vigors) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 135, 1841 Bahia Blanca, northern Patagonia. Dafila Bahamensis (not Anas bahamensis Linnaeus) Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 314, 1860 (nesting dates in Chile). Dafila bahamensis Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 243 Tumbez, Peru; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 54, 1881 Laguna de Carhue'; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 482, 1886 Tumbez (ex Stolzmann); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 135, 1889 Buenos Aires; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 243, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires. Poecilonetta bahamensis Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 282, 1895 Brazil (Cajutuba), Buenos Aires, and Chile; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 144, 1899 Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 207, 1902 Tucuman (ex Dinelli); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 464, 1912 La Plata and Chascomus, Argentina. Paecilonitta bahamensis rubrirostris Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 6, p. 89, 1918 (dist. char.; range); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 76, 1926 Carhue, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 328, 1932 (range in Chile); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 58, 1937 Chinchorro, Tacna, Chile. Anas bahamensis Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 344, pi. 41, distr. map 59, 1923 (monog.). Anas bahamensis rubrirostris Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 350, 1923 (dist. char.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 167, 1931 (range). Range. Southeastern Brazil from Bahia south to the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and west through Paraguay to eastern Bolivia (Pulquina, Santa Cruz) ; the central provinces of Chile. Has been taken also on the west coast of Peru from Tumbez to Chorillos. Field Museum Collection. 3: Bolivia (Pulquina, Santa Cruz, 3). Conover Collection. 14: Bolivia (Pulquina, Santa Cruz, 5); Paraguay, Chaco (200 km. west of Puerto Casado, 5; 235 km. west on the Riacho Negro, 1; Islapoi, 3). 1 Dafila bahamensis rubrirostris (Vieillot) is much larger than the typical race and perhaps averages slightly darker. Wings of males run 225-231 mm. and females 219-220, as against 205 and 195-198, respectively, in the northern race. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 363 *Dafila bahamensis galapagensis (Ridgway). GALAPAGOS PIN- TAIL. Paecilonitta Bahamensis (not Anas bahamensis Linnaeus) Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 135, 1841 Galapagos Archipelago. Poecilonetta galapagensis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 115, 1889 Charles Island, Galapagos Islands (type in U. S. National Museum); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 284, 1895 Charles and Indefati- gable Islands, Galapagos Islands (full bibliog.). Anas galapagensis Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 351, pi. 41, 1923 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 167, 1931 (range). Paecilonetta galapagensis Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 45, 1931 Galapagos Islands. Range. Galapagos Islands. Field Museum Collection. 2: Galapagos Islands (Charles Island, 2). Conover Collection. 2: Galapagos Islands (Charles Island, 2). Genus AIX Boie Aix Boie, Isis, 21, col. 329, 1828 type, by subs, desig. (Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 35, 1838), Anas sponsa Linnaeus. Lampronessa Wagler, Isis, col. 282, 1832 type, by subs, desig. (Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 72, 1895), Aex sponsa Sal vadori= Anas sponsa Linnaeus. Aia (errore) Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 35, 1838 type, by orig. desig., Aia sponsa Eyton = Anas sponsa Linnaeus. *Aix sponsa (Linnaeus). WOOD DUCK. Anas sponsa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 128, 1758 based on "Summer Duck" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 97, pi. 97, and Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 101, pi. 101 (Hudson Bay), "North America" = Carolina (ex Catesby). Aex sponsa Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 73, 1895 (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 199, 1903 Cuba, Jamaica, Bermuda, Mexico (Mazatlan, Valley of Mexico). Aix sponsa Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 140, 1918 (life hist. California); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 158, 1923 (life hist.); Dixon, Condor, 26, p. 41, 1924 (nesting); Miller, Auk, 42, p. 41, 1925 (comp. with Dendronessa galericulata); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 170, 1931 (range); Bond, Bds. West Indies, p. 41, 1936 Cuba (accidental in Jamaica; doubtful in Hispaniola). Lampronessa sponsa Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 46, pi. 50, distr. map 72, 1925 (monog.). Range. In eastern and central North America breeds from southern Nova Scotia and Lake Winnipeg south to Cuba, Florida, 364 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII and south central Texas. On the Pacific coast breeds from British Columbia to California. Winters in the southern half of its breeding area and in Mexico (Mazatlan, Valley of Mexico). Accidental in Bermuda, Jamaica, and perhaps in Hispaniola. Field Museum Collection. 61 : California (Rio Vista, 1) ; Arkansas (Tillar, 1); Iowa (Hillsboro, 1; Manchester, 1); Minnesota (Lake View, 1); Wisconsin (Alden, 1; Meridean, 1; Beaver Dam, 2); Illinois (Worth, 2; Olive Branch, 2; Sangamon River, 2); Indiana (English Lake, Starke County, 1); Ontario (Coboconk, 2); Maine (Otis, 1); Massachusetts (Randolph, 1; unspecified, 1); Connecticut (New London, 1; Jewett City, 1; East Hartford, 1; Westville, 2; North Haven, 1; Madison, 1; New Haven County, 1; Black Hall, 2; Litchfield, 2; Westchester, 1); New York (Long Island, Queens County, 1; Oneonta, 3); Virginia (unspecified, 1); North Carolina (Raleigh, 2); Georgia (Chatham County, 1); Florida (Bassenger, 3; Mud Lake, Orange County, 1; Orlando, 2; Freshwater Lake, Palm Beach County, 2; St. John's River, 1; Amelia Island, 1; Lake Wekiwa, Orange County, 2; Lake Worth, 1; Loxahachee Swamp, Palm Beach County, 4); Cuba (unspecified, 2). Conover Collection. 22: Alberta (Leduc, 3); Ontario (Port Rowan, Norfolk County, 2) ; Arkansas (Tillar, 1) ; Illinois (Warren- ville, 2; Henry, 11); Florida (Homosassa Springs, Citrus County, 3). Genus HETERONETTA Salvadori Heteronetta Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 8, p. 374, 1865 type, by orig. desig. and monotypy, Anas melanocephala (not of Gmelin) Vieillot=.Anas atricapilla Merrem. *Heteronetta atricapilla (Merrem). BLACK-HEADED DUCK. Anas melanocephala (not of Gmelin, 1789) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 5, p. 163, 1816 based on "Pato cabeza negra" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 447, No. 438, Buenos Aires. Anas atricapilla Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Kiinste, 35, p. 26, 1841 based on "Pato cabeza negra" Azara, No. 438, Buenos Aires. Heteronetta melanocephala Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 130, 1889 Alvear, Buenos Aires. Heteronetla atricapilla Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 325, 1895 Argentina (Alvear, Buenos Aires, and Mendoza) and Chile (Santiago and Rio Pilmaiquen); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 145, 1899 Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 208, 1902 Famailla, Tucuman; Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 61, 1920 (parasitic 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 365 nesting habits); Wilson, I.e., 3, p. 192, 1923 (parasitic nesting habits); Daguerre, I.e., p. 194, 1923 (parasitic nesting habits) ; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 94, pi. 53, distr. map 76, 1925 (monog.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 83, 1926 Los Yngleses and Lavalle, Prov. Buenos Aires (habits); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 172, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 322, 1932 (distr. in Chile); Fried- mann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 80, (18), p. 1, 1932 (parasitic habits). Range. From central Chile (Santiago), northern Argentina (Tucuman), Paraguay (170 km. west of Puerto Casado) and southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), south in Chile to Valdivia (Rio Pilmai- quen) and in Argentina to the provinces of San Juan, Mendoza, and Buenos Aires. Conover Collection. 15: Paraguay, Chaco (170-200 km. west of Puerto Casado, 6; 60 km. east of Orloff, 2; 235 km. west on the Riacho Negro, 2); Argentina (Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 5). Subfamily AYTHYINAE. Deep-water Ducks Genus NETTA Kaup Netta Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., pp. 102, 196, 1829 type, by monotypy, Anas rufina Pallas. Callichen Brehm, Isis, 1830, col. 999 type, by monotypy, Callichen ruficeps "Brehm"=Anos rufina Pallas. Mergoides Eyton, Cat. Brit. Birds, p. 77, 1836 type, by monotypy, Mergoides Rufina (Linnaeus) =Anas rufina Pallas. Netta rufina (Pallas). RUFOUS-CRESTED DUCK. Anas rufina Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, 2, p. 713, 1773 Caspian Sea and lakes of Tartarian Desert. Netta rufina Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 328, 1895 (full bibliog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 171, 1923 (account of supposed capture on Long Island; life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 173, 1931 (range). Range. Extralimital. Included because a mounted specimen in the Smithsonian Institution, purchased in the Fulton Market, New York, was supposed to have been shot on Long Island. Genus METOPIANA Bonaparte Metopiana Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 649, 1856 type, by monotypy, Anas peposaca Vieillot. Metopias Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 347, 1890 type, by monotypy, Anas peposaca Vieillot. 366 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Metopiana peposaca (Vieillot). ROSY-BILLED DUCK. Anas peposaca Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 5, p. 132, 1816 based on "Pato negrizco ala blanca" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 423, No. 430, Paraguay and Buenos Aires. Anas metopias Poeppig, in Froriep's Notiz. Geb. Natur- und Heilkunde, No. 529 (=25, No. 1), p. 9, 1829 "rarissima in Chile" (location of type not stated). Metopiana peposaca Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 137, 1889 Paraguay to Patagonia; Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 332, 1895 Uruguay (Montevideo) and Chile (Santiago and Rio Pilmaiquen); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 145, 1899 Jaguarao and Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 234 Waikthlatingmayalwa, Paraguayan Chaco; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 208, 1902 Famailla, Tucuman; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 482, 1912 Ensenada, Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina; Rodriguez, El Hornero, 1, p. 185, 1918 (habits); Daguerre, l.c., 2, p. 61, 1920 (nesting habits); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 303, 1923 Huanuluan and Neluan, Rio Negro; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 114, pi. 55, distr. map 78, 1925 (monog.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 82, 1926 Argentina (Lavalle and Carhu6, Prov. Buenos Aires; General Roca, Terr. Rio Negro) and Uruguay (Lazcano, Rocha); Aravena, El Hornero, 4, p. 154, 1928 (food); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 173, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 334, 1932 (distr. in Chile); Moffitt, Auk, 49, p. 214, 1932 (downy plumage); Casares, El Hornero, 7, p. 351, pi. 3, figs. 6-7, distr. map, 1940 (range; habits). Range. From central Chile (Santiago), northern Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman), Paraguay (200 km. west of Puerto Casado), and southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), south in Chile to Valdivia (Rio Valdivia) and in Argentina to the province of Rio Negro (Huanuluan, Neluan, and General Roca). Field Museum Collection. 5: Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 1); Paraguay, Chaco (170 km. west of Puerto Casado, 3); Chile (Yumbel, Concepci6n, 1). Conover Collection. 21: Paraguay, Chaco (200 km. west of Puerto Casado, 11; Orloff, 4) ; Argentina (Concepci6n, Tucuman, 4; Tunuyan, Mendoza, 1; Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 1). Genus AYTHYA Boie Aythya Boie, Tagebuch Reise durch Norwegen, pp. 308, 351, before May, 1822 type, by monotypy, Aythya marila=Anas marila Linnaeus (cf. Ibis, 1939, p. 522). Nyroca Fleming, Phil. Zool., 2, p. 260, after June 28, 1822 type, by tau- tonymy, Anas nyroca Gtildenstadt. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 367 Fuligula Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool., 12, (2), p. 187, 1824 type, by tautonymy, Anas fuligula Linnaeus. Fulix Sundevall, Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 1835, p. 129, 1836 type, by subs, desig. (Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 17, 1884), Anas marila Linnaeus. Mania Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. viii, 1852 type, by tautonymy, Anas marila Linnaeus. Nettarion Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 790 (in text), 1858 substitute name for Fulix Sundevall. Aristonetta Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 793 (in text), 1858 type, by orig. desig., Anas valisneria Wilson. Perissonetta Oberholser, Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1920, p. 110, 1921 type, by orig. desig. and monotypy, Anas collaris Donovan. Phaeonetta (not Phoeonetta Stone, 1907) Delacour, L'Oiseau, (n.s.), 6, p. 377, 1936 type, by orig. desig., Anas erythrophthalma Wied. Phoeoaythia Delacour, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 57, p. 157, June 30, 1937 new name for Phaeonetta Delacour, preoccupied. *Aythya valisineria (Wilson). CANVASBACK. Anas valisineria Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, p. 103, pi. 70, fig. 5, 1814 eastern United States (type apparently lost). Anas Vallisneriana Sabine, App. Frankl. Journ., p. 699, 1823 "waters con- nected with the Chesapeake." Nyroca vallisneria Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 342, 1895 (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 221, 1903 Mexico (Mazatlan and Valley of Mexico), Guatemala (Duenas), and West Indies. Aythya vallisneria Brooks, Auk, 20, p. 278, pi. 10, 1903 (plumage of downy). Marila valisineria Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 150, 1918 (life hist. California). Aristonetta valisineria Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 189, 1923 (life hist.). Nyroca valisneria Brooks, Ibis, 1924, p. 474 (affinities). Nyroca valisineria Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 121, pis. 56, 57 and 59, distr. map 79, 1925 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 173, 1931 (range); Hochbaum, The Canvasback on a Prairie Marsh, 1944 (life hist.). Range. Breeds from central Alaska (Fort Yukon), central British Columbia (Lac la Hache), Great Slave Lake, and central Manitoba (Lake Manitoba), south to central Oregon, northern Utah, northern New Mexico, and southern Nebraska. Rarely to southern Minnesota (Heron Lake) and southern Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong). Winters from southern British Columbia, Colorado, northeastern Arkansas, and Chesapeake Bay south to central Mexico, the Gulf coast and Florida. Casually as far north as lakes Erie and Ontario and rarely south to Cuba and Guatemala. 368 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. 29: British Columbia (Okanagan, 2); Saskatchewan (Prince Albert, 2; Quill Lake, 1); Quebec (Batucan, 1); North Dakota (Stump Lake, 1; Hope, 3; Towner County, 3; Devil's Lake, 1); Minnesota (Marshall County, 2); Illinois (Warsaw, 1; Meredosia, 1; Henry, 2); Connecticut (West Haven, 2); Virginia (Back Bay, 1; Norfolk, 1); North Carolina (Currituck Sound, 1); California (Pacific Grove, 1; Colusa, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 2). Conover Collection. 24: Alberta (Tofield, 2; Edmonton, 9); Saskatchewan (Imperial, 1; Simpson, 1); Ontario (St. Clair Flats, 1); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 4); Iowa (Audubon, 1); Illinois (Henry, 3); North Carolina (Seagull, Currituck Sound, 2). Aythya ferina (Linnaeus). EUROPEAN POCHARD. Anas ferina Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 126, 1758 based chiefly on Fauna Svec., No. 107; Europe, restr. type locality, Sweden (ex Fauna Svec.). Marila ferina Evermann, Auk, 30, p. 17, 1913 St. Paul Island, Pribilof group. Aithyia ferina Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 185, 1923 St. Paul Island, Pribilof group (life hist.). Nyroca ferina Brooks, Ibis, 1924, p. 474 (relationship with A. valisineria and A. americana). Range. Extralimital. One record from St. Paul Island, Pribilof group, Bering Sea. *Aythya americana (Eyton). REDHEAD. Fuligula americana Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 155, 1838 North America. Nyroca americana Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 340, 1895 (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 220, 1903 Chihuahua (Boca Grande, Janos and Conalitos rivers), Sinaloa (Mazatlan), Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Valley of Mexico, and Jalisco (Guadalajara), Mexico; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 175, 1923 (life hist.); Brooks, Ibis, 1924, p. 474 (affinities); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 163, pis. 45, 56, 57, and 59, distr. map 81, 1925 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 174, 1931 (range); Low, Wilson Bull., 52, p. 153, 1940 Iowa (nesting); Monson, Condor, 46, p. 20, 1944 lower Colorado River, California (nest- ing); Williams, Auk, 61, p. 251, 1944 (map, migration route from Utah); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 49, 1945 Sonora (distr.). Marila americana Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 146, 1918 (life hist. California); Brooks, Auk, 37, p. 354, 1920 (albinism in females). Range. Breeds from central British Columbia (Lac la Hache), northern Alberta (Lake Athabasca), central Saskatchewan, and 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 369 south central Manitoba (Lake Winnipegosis) south to southern Arizona (near Yuma), southern California (Los Angeles County), Utah, northern New Mexico, central Nebraska, and Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong). Winters from southern British Columbia, southern Arizona, northern Texas, Arkansas and Chesapeake Bay south to central Mexico, the Gulf coast, Florida, Cuba and Jamaica. Field Museum Collection. 32 : British Columbia (Okanagan, 2) ; Manitoba (Lake Winnipegosis, 1); North Dakota (Benson County, 1; Ramsey County, 1; Towner County, 1; Nelson County, 3); California (Point Reyes, 1; Colusa, 2); Colorado (Rocky Ford, 1); Kansas (Burlington, 1); Illinois (unspecified, 2); Connecticut (Bran- ford, 1; Norfolk, 2); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 12; Currituck Sound, 1). Conover Collection. 27: Alberta (Tofield, 2; Edmonton, 2); Saskatchewan (Imperial, 3; Simpson, 1); California (Buena Vista Lake, 1); Utah (Brigham, 11); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 3); Illinois (Henry, 1); North Carolina (Seagull, Currituck Sound, 1); Texas (Shamrock Bay, Nueces County, 2). *Aythya collaris (Donovan). RING-NECKED DUCK. Anas collaris Donovan, Brit. Bds., 6, pi. 147 and text, 1809 Lincolnshire, England, from specimen found in Leadenhall Market, London. Anas rufitorques Ord, ed. Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, p. 61, 1824 based on Anas fuligula (not of Linnaeus) Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, p. 66, pi. 67, fig. 5, 1814 Delaware River. Aythya collaris Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 133, 1886 St. Michaels (not common), (?)Attu Island (winter); Brooks, Auk, 20, p. 279, pi. 10, 1903 (plumage of downy); Fisher, Condor, 6, p. 25, 1904 Monte Bello, California; Squires, Auk, 63, p. 600, 1946 New Brunswick (breeding records dating from 1874). Fuligula coUaris Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 370, 1895 (full bibliog.); Coues, Auk, 14, p. 206, 1897 (on type locality and earlier dis- covery by Lewis and Clark); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 224, 1903 West Indies, Mexico, Guatemala. Marila collaris Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 164, 1918 (life hist. California); Hollister, Auk, 36, p. 400, 1919 (syst. position); Brooks, I.e., 37, p. 355, 1920 (nearest to Marila americana). Perissonetta collaris Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 224, 1923 (life hist.). Nyroca collaris Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 183, pis. 58, 59, distr. map 82, 1925 (monog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 313, 1927 Puerto Rico (accidental); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 174, 1931 (range); Mcllhenny, Auk, 51, p. 330, 1934 (age records); Todd, I.e., 53, p. 440, 1936 Pymatuning Lake, Pennsylvania (breeding); Swanson, I.e., 54, p. 382, 1937 (breeding in Maine); Mendall, I.e., 55, 370 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 401, 1938 (breeding range eastern North America); Griscom, I.e., 56, p. 134, 1939 (migr. New England); Peters, I.e., 58, p. 401, 1941 Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia (breeding); Soper, Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst., 24, p. 37, 1942 Wood Buffalo Park; Wellein, Auk, 60, p. 600, 1943 Quebec (breeding); Gabrielson, I.e., 61, p. 117, 1944 Kenai Peninsula, Alaska (June 11); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 49, 1945 Santa Cruz River, Sonora (Oct.). Range. Breeds locally from southern British Columbia (Chilli- wack and Cariboo districts), northern Alberta, and Saskatchewan southeastward to Manitoba and south to northern California (Lassen County), northern Utah (Salt Lake County), Arizona (White Moun- tains), northern Iowa, and southern Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong). Has recently been found breeding in Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Maine (Piscataquis, Aroostook and Washington counties), and Pennsylvania (Pymatuning Lake). Winters from southern British Columbia, New Mexico, Arkansas and Chesapeake Bay south to Guatemala, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, and rarely the Greater Antilles. Field Museum Collection. 21: California (Pacific Grove, 1; Colusa, 3); Texas (Brownsville, 1); North Dakota (Stump Lake, 1; Turtle Mountains, Rolette County, 1); South Dakota (Harrison, 1); Nebraska (Lincoln, 1); Minnesota (Pelican Rapids, Otter Tail County, 1 downy) ; Wisconsin (Horicon Marsh, Washington County, 1); Iowa (Big Neck, 1); Kansas (Burlington, 1); Connecticut, New Haven County (Quinnipiac Marshes, 3; Lake Saltonstall, 1); Virginia (Back Bay, 2); Georgia (Chatham County, 1); Mississippi (Vancleave, Jackson County, 1). Conover Collection. 22: Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1); Alberta (Fawcett, 4); North Dakota (Graf ton, 1); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 1); Wisconsin (Delavan, 1); Illinois (Wheaton, 1; Henry, 9); Ontario (Kent County, 2); North Carolina (Seagull, Currituck Sound, 1); Florida (Wilson, Brevard County, 1). *Aythya erythrophthalma (Wied). BROWN POCHARD. Anas erythrophthalma Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (1), p. 929, 1832 Lagoa do Braco, Villa Belmonte, southern Bahia, Brazil (cotypes in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 269, 1889); Salvadori, Ibis, 1896, p. 99 (disc.). Fuligula nationi Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 522 Lima, Peru (type in British Museum); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 484, 1886 Lima (ex Nation); MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 203 near Arica (Tacna), Chile, and inside of Mollendo (Arequipa), Peru. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 371 Nyroca nationi Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 353, 1895 Lima, Peru (full bibliog.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 276 Eten, Lambayeque, Peru; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 27, 1922 La Carolina, Quito, Ecuador. Nyroca erythrophthalma Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 353 (footnote), 1895 (disc., full bibliog.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 220, pi. 61, distr. map 86, 1925 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 175, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 334, 1932 Arica, Tacna, Chile; Borrero, Caldasia, 3, p. 231, 1944 Sabana de Bogota, Colombia; idem, I.e., p. 409, 1945 Sabana de Bogot&. Marila nationi Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 235, 1917 Cali marshes, Colombia (crit.); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 46, 1922 Lagunillas, Zulia, Venezuela. Range. Western South America from Venezuela (Lake Mara- caibo) to northern Chile (Arica, Tacna). Has been taken twice on the east coast of Brazil (Santa Luzia, Alagoas; Villa Belmonte, Bahia). Also found in central and southern Africa. Field Museum Collection. 1: Brazil (Santa Luzia, Alagoas, 1). Conover Collection. 3: Venezuela (Lagunillas, Zulia, 3). Aythya fuligula (Linnaeus). TUFTED DUCK. Anas fuligula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 128, 1758 based mainly on Fauna Svec., No. 99; Europe, restr. type locality, Sweden (ex Fauna Svec.). Marila fuligula Evermann, Auk, 30, p. 17, 1913 St. Paul Island, Pribilof group. Fuligula fuligula Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 202, 1923 St. Paul Island, Pribilof group (life hist.). Range. Extralimital. One record from St. Paul Island, Pribilof group, Bering Sea. *Aythya marila nearctica Stejneger. 1 AMERICAN SCAUP DUCK. Aythya marila nearctica Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 161, 1885 North America (type in U. S. National Museum); Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 133, 1886 St. Michaels and Aleutian Islands; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 71, 1887 mouth of Yukon River to northern Kotzebue Sound; Bishop, Auk, 12, p. 293, 1895 (disc, of subsp. chars.). (F. nearctica) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 357, 1895 (full bibliog.). Fuligula marila (typica) Winge, Medd. Grtfnl., 21, p. 83, 1898 Nanortalik, Greenland. 1 Aythya marila nearctica Stejneger differs from the typical race by the coarser black barring on the upper parts of the adult males, this being especially noticeable on the scapulars, which are very finely barred in the European birds. From A. TO. mariloides it differs in the same way and also by its larger size. 372 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Fuligula mania (not Anas mania Linnaeus) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 222, 1903 Mazatlan, Mexico; 1 Manniche, Medd. Gr0nl., 45, No. 1, p. 97, 1910 Stormkap, Greenland (June 21, 1907). Marila mania Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 156, 1918 (life hist. California); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 165, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska (breeding). Fulix mania neardica Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 207, 1923 (life hist.). Nyroca marila Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 249, pis. 62, 64, distr. map 88, 1925 (monog.); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 23, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (nesting); (?)Sutton and Wilson, Condor, 48, p. 86, 1946 Attu Island, Aleutian Islands (wintering). Nyroca marila neardica Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 271, 1925 (dist. chars.; range); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 170, 1925 Wainwright, Alaska (not nesting); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 176, 1931. Aythya marila marila H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, (5), p. 12, 1941 Greenland records. Range. Breeds from Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, and the Aleutian Islands east through the interior of Alaska to the Mackenzie Basin and Lake Athabasca. Probably casually to the west shore of Hudson Bay. Farther south there are scattered records from the interior of western Canada, but most of these, perhaps, belong to Aythya affinis. Winters chiefly on the sea coasts of North America from the Aleutian Islands and Maine south to the Mexican border and the Gulf of Mexico. Casually in the interior, especially on the Great Lakes; accidental in Greenland (Nanortalik, Godhavn, Stormkap). Field Museum Collection. 36: Alaska (Barrow, 1; Nome, 1; Tocatna, 1; Bethel, 1); British Columbia (Okanagan, 3; White Swan Lake, Kootenay Range, 1); Washington (Bainbridge Island, 1; Port Townsend, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 3); Connecticut (Branford, 1; Stony Creek, 21); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1). Conover Collection. 38: Alaska, Bering Sea (Barrow, 1; Hooper Bay, 4; Igiak Bay, 10); Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 4); British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands, 1; Comox, Vancouver Island, 9); Alberta (Tofield, 1); Manitoba (Churchill, 1); Illinois (Henry, 4); Connecticut (Branford, 1; Stratford, 2). *Aythya affinis (Eyton). LESSER SCAUP DUCK. Fuligula affinis Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 157, 1838 North America (type in British Museum); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 360, 1895 1 This record is very questionable and probably refers to Aythya affinis. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 373 (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 223, 1903 Mexico (Mazatlan and Yucatan), Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama. Fuligula marila var. affinis Winge, Medd. Grjzfnl., 21, p. 83, 1898 Greenland (Egedesminde; Julianehaab). Aythya affinis Brooks, Auk, 20, p. 278, pi. 10, 1903 (plumage, downy young). Marila affinis Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 437, 1910 San Antonio, Costa Rica; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 235, 1917 Cali Marshes, Colombia; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 159, 1918 (life hist. California); Brooks, Auk, 37, p. 354, 1920 (variations in plumage). Fulix affinis Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 217, 1923 (life hist.). Nyroca affinis Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 272, pis. 62, 64, distr. map 89, 1925 (monog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 312, 1927 Puerto Rico, St. Thomas and Culebra; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 307, 1931 Cider Creek and Changuinola, Almirante Bay, Panama; idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 176, 1931 (range); Mcllhenny, Auk, 51, p. 330, 1934 (age records); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 297, 1935 Veraguas and Canal Zone, Panama; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 94, 1938 Lake Olomega and Lake Chanmico, El Salvador; Dixon, Fauna Nat. Parks U. S., 3, p. 35, 1938 Mt. McKinley Nat. Park (breeding); Cruttenden, Auk, 59, p. 304, 1942 Churchill, Manitoba (nesting); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 23, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (nesting); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 49, 1945 Sonora (distr.); Borrero, Caldasia, 3, p. 408, 1945 Sabana de Bogota, Colombia. Range. Breeds from central Alaska (Fort Yukon; Mount McKinley), the Mackenzie Delta, and Hudson Bay (Churchill) south (east of the Cascades) to Oregon, Utah, northern Iowa, and southern Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong), but not commonly south of the Canadian border. Winters from southern British Columbia, southeastern Arizona, northeastern Arkansas, southern Illinois, and Chesapeake Bay, south to northern Colombia (Cali Marshes, Sabana de Bogota) and the Greater and Lesser Antilles; accidental in Greenland (Egedesminde; Julianehaab). Field Museum Collection. 83: Alaska (Bethel, 1); British Co- lumbia (Okanagan, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 1); California (Hyperion, 2; Witch Creek, San Diego County, 1; Rio Vista, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 19; Brownsville, 7); North Dakota (Nelson County, 2; Towner County, 6; Stump Lake, 6; Cannonball River, 1; Rolette County, 1; Ramsey County, 3); Arkansas (Winslow, 1); Wisconsin (Milton, 1; Beaver Dam, 2); Illinois (Chicago, 1; Mo- mence, 1; Sparland, 1); Ohio (Sandusky, 1); Massachusetts (Dux- bury, 1) ; Connecticut (East Hartford, 1; Stony Creek, 3; Branford, 1; 374 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Quinnipiac Marshes, 1; Guilford, 1); New York (Hindsburgh, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 2); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 1); Florida (Banana River, 2; unspecified, 1; Mary Esther, 2); Bahama Islands (Caicos Bank, 3); Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 1; Virgin Gorda, 2). Conover Collection. 23: Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 2); Alberta (Tofield, 2; Edmonton, 2); Utah (Brigham, 1); North Dakota (Graf ton, 2); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 2); Illinois (Waukegan, 2; Henry, 6); North Carolina (Seagull, Currituck Sound, 4). Genus TACHYERES Owen Tachyeres Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 254, 1875 type, by monotypy, Anas brachyptera Latham. Tachyeres brachypterus (Latham). 1 FALKLAND ISLAND STEAMER DUCK. Anas cinerea (not of S. G. Gmelin, 1774) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 506, 1789 based on Pernetty, "Loggerhead Goose" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 439, etc., 1785, Falkland Islands (excl. of Staatenland). Anas brachyptera Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 834, 1790 new name for Anas cinerea Gmelin, Falkland Islands. Tachyeres cinereus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 373, 1895 part, Falkland Islands; W. S. Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 155, 1917 part, Falkland Islands (non-flying individuals); Phillips, Ibis, 1917, p. 116 part (non-flying individuals); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 201, 1921 (disc.) ; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 287, pi. 65 (female of gray phase, red phase and downy young, only), 1925 part, Falkland Islands (non- flying individuals only) ; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 327 Falkland Islands. Tachyeres brachyptera Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 176, 1931 part, Falkland Islands. 1 Tachyeres brachypteriis (Latham) : Differs from the Flying Steamer Duck, T. patachonicus, by having a larger and higher bill with a wider, heavier, more hooked nail on the upper mandible; a shorter wing (relatively) with narrower primaries and heavier and longer tarsus and toes. In the male the head is whiter (less grayish), and in the female much darker (more reddish) than in the corre- sponding sex of T. patachonicus. Differs from the mainland non-flying form, T. pteneres, by having a smaller bill, with a narrower, less hooked nail and lighter and shorter tarsus and toes (in these respects brachypterus is midway between patachonicus and pteneres); by having the dusky edgings to the scapulars and flanks darker, more conspicuous; and the feathers of the chest more reddish at base. The male has a whiter head, with a darker and more extensive red throat patch which runs from near the base of the bill to the lower throat (not from below eye to upper throat). The female has a much darker and redder head, neck, and chest. Murphy gives the dimensions of adults as follows: Males, wing 272-282 (276), culmen 53-60.8 (55.3), tarsus 63.1-67 (65.4), middle toe and claw 96.8 mm.; females, wing 251-274 (261), culmen 52-58.3 (54.8), tarsus 55.2-62.8 (59.5) mm. Material examined. Port Stanley, Falkland Islands, 2. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 375 Tachyeres brachypterus Lowe, Ibis, 1934, p. 467, pi. 11 part, Falkland Islands (non-flying individuals) (comp. with T. patachonicus); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 964, 1936 (dist. chars.; life hist.). Range, Falkland Islands. Tachyeres pteneres (Forster). 1 MAGELLANIC STEAMER DUCK. Micropterus brachypterus (not Anas brachyptera Latham) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 136, 1845 (habits). Anas pteneres Forster, Descr. Anim., p. 338, 1844 Tierra del Fuego. Micropterus cinereus (not Anas cinerea Gmelin) Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 315, 1860 Chiloe (nesting data); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. 212, pi. 4, 1891 Straits of Magellan (Port Churrucha, Molyneux Harbor, Beagle Channel), Staten Island, and Tierra del Fuego (crit., meas.). "Micropterus macropterus Giglioli, Viaggio Magenta, p. 934, 1876." 2 Tachyeres cinereus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 373, 1895 part, Chile and Straits of Magellan; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 49 Smythe's Channel, Chile; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 110, 1907 part (flightless individuals); Blaauw, Notes Leyden Mus., 35, p. 47, 1912 part (non- flying individuals), Smith Channel (dist. chars.); idem, Ibis, 1916, p. 488, pi. 14 Smith Channel and Melinka, Chonos Archipelago, Chile (comp. with T. patachonicus); idem, I.e., 1917, p. 274 (disc, chars.); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 201, 1921 (disc.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 287, pi. 65 (male gray phase only), distr. map 90, 1925 part, except Falkland Islands and interior lakes and rivers (flightless individuals only). Tachyeres brachyptera (not Anas brachyptera Latham) Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 176, 1931 part, except Andean Lakes and Falkland Islands (flight- less individuals only). 1 Tachyeres pteneres (Forster) : Differs from T. patachonicus by having a much heavier, higher bill with a larger, thicker and more hooked nail; a shorter wing with narrower primaries; longer, much heavier tarsus and toes; the dusky edgings to the scapulars and flank feathers lighter, less conspicuous; and the reddish throat patch paler and not so extensive (from below eye to upper neck). In addition the chest feathers of the females are less reddish toward the base. Differs from T. brachypterus by having the bill larger and deeper, with a broader, more hooked nail on the upper mandible; the tarsus and toes longer and somewhat heavier; the dorsal plumage more uniform; and the scapulars and flank feathers with the dark margins less noticeable. In the male the head is grayer (less whitish), the crown darker, and the red of the throat lighter and less extensive (from below eye to upper neck). In the female the head and upper neck are gray with a light reddish patch on the throat (not dark reddish throughout), and the chest is lighter gray with little of the hidden wine color toward the base of the feathers. Two juvenile examples which are fully feathered except for the primaries lack the reddish throat patch and are a uniform light gray except for the white abdomen and under tail coverts. Murphy gives the dimensions of adults as follows: males, wing 260-288 (275), culmen 55.2-64.5 (60), tarsus 66-78.6 (71.7) mm.; females, wing 255-271 (263), culmen 53.9-60.7 (58.6), tarsus 63.4-70.6 (66.5) mm. 2 This work has not been consulted by the authors. 376 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Tachyeres brachypterus (not Anas brachyptera Latham) Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 335, 1932 Chiloe" Island (Rio Inio), Guaitecas Islands, Ascension Island (Canal Lagreze and Melinka) ; Lowe, Ibis, 1934, p. 467, pi. 11, fig. 2 part, Chile and Straits of Magellan (comp. with T. patachonicus); Reynolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 350, 1934 Isla de los Conejos, Tierra del Fuego; Castellanos, I.e., 6, p. 36, 1935 Isla de los Estados, Tierra del Fuego; Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 84 Cape Horn. Tachyeres pteneres Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 957, 1936 (dist. chars.; life hist.); Bullock, Comm. Mus. Concepcion, 1, (8), p. 132, 1936 Penco, Chile. Range. The coast of southern South America from Concepcion, Chile, south and east to the east entrance of the Straits of Magellan; Tierra del Fuego, except the east side from the Straits to Cape San Diego. Field Museum Collection. 1: Chile (Melinka, Ascension Island, Chiloe", 1). Conover Collection. 7: Chile (Rio Inio, Chiloe* Island, 4; Ascen- sion Island, Chiloe", 1; Hermit Island, Cape Horn, 2). Tachyeres patachonicus (King). 1 FLYING STEAMER DUCK. Oidemia patachonica King, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 100, July, 1828 Straits of Magellan = western part of the Straits (cf. King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, p. 15, 1831). 2 Micropterus patachonicus Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. 229, pi. 5, 1891 Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego, and Hermit Island (crit., meas.). Tachyeres cinereus (not Anas cinerea Gmelin) Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 373, 1895 part; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 110, 1907 1 Tachyeres patachonicus (King) : Differs from both T. brachypterus and T. pteneres by having a flatter, lighter bill with a much narrower, thinner, less hooked nail on the upper mandible; a longer wing with wider primaries; and shorter, more slender tarsus and toes. The differences enumerated above are greater between patachonicus and pteneres than between patachonicus and brachypterus. From pteneres, males differ by being generally darker throughout, with the dusky edgings to the scapulars and flank feathers darker, more conspicuous, and the throat more reddish. Females differ by having the reddish throat patch darker and larger, extending from base of bill to base of neck (not from below eye to upper neck), and by having the dark chest feathers more reddish at base. From brachypterus, males differ by having the head darker, more grayish; females by having the head and upper neck lighter, much less reddish. A juvenile example not fully fledged is dark gray except for the white abdomen and under tail coverts, but has the reddish patch on the throat, and the feathers of the chest, flanks, and scapulars with dusky edges, giving a scaled appearance. Murphy gives dimensions of adults as follows: Males, wing 287-316 (300), culmen 48.2-56.8 (52.4), tarsus 55.4-69.3 (60.8), middle toe and claw 90-95.2 (92) mm.; females, wing 276-301 (285), culmen 50-59.3 (52.3), tarsus 50.3-60.7 (56.4), middle toe and claw 80-87 (84.1) mm. 2 The type is supposed to be in the Edinburgh Museum (cf. Gibson, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 4, pp. 185-186, 1877). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 377 part (flying individuals); Blaauw, Notes Leyden Mus., 35, p. 47, 1912 part (flying individuals) (dist. chars.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 487, 1912 part, Rio Negro, Patagonia; Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 201, 1921 Falkland Islands (disc.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 287, distr. map 90, 1925 part, red phase; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 418, 1926 Lago Fetalaufquen, Chubut. Tachyeres patachonicus Blaauw, Ibis, 1916, p. 491 northwestern Tierra del Fuego (dist. chars.); Phillips, I.e., 1917, p. 116 part (flying individuals); Bennett, El Hornero, 3, p. 280, 1924 Falkland Islands (dist. chars.); idem, Ibis, 1926, p. 327 Falkland Islands; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 336, 1932 Chile (Llanquihue, junction Rios Simpson and Maniuales) and Argentina (Chubut, Arroyo Verde, near Chilean boundary) (comp. with T. pteneres); Reynolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 351, 1934 Yewin, Tierra del Fuego; Lowe, Ibis, 1934, p. 467, pi. 11, fig. 1 (comp. with non-flying species); Reynolds, I.e., 1935, p. 85 Grevy Island, Cape Horn; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 968, 1936 (dist. chars.; life hist.); Morrison, Ibis, 1940, p. 254 Lake Todos los Santos, Rio Peulla, and Laguna de Encanto, Chile. Tachyeres brachyptera (not Anas brachyptera Latham) Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 176, 1931 (range in part). Range. Coasts, rivers, and interior lakes of southern South America from Valdivia, Chile, on the west, and Puerto Deseado, Argentina, on the east, south to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands. Field Museum Collection. 2: Chile (Rio Ciaike, Magallanes, 2). Conover Collection. 9: Chile (Cucao, Chilce* Island, 1; Balseo, Aysen, 1; Rio Ciaike, Magallanes, 2); Argentina (Arroyo Verde, Chubut, 4; Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, 1). Genus GLAUCIONETTA Stejneger Glaucionetta Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 409, 1885 type, by orig. desig., Anas clangula Linnaeus. *Glaucionetta clangula americana (Bonaparte). 1 AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE. Clangula Americana Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, p. 58, 1838 based on Anas clangula (not Linnaeus) Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, p. 62, pi. 67, fig. 5, and Audubon, Bds. Amer., pi. 342; America, restr. type locality, eastern United States. Clangula glaucion (Clangula americana) Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 376, 1895 Alaska (Nulato), Canada (Godbout and Nova Scotia), New York (Lyons Falls and Adirondacks), Massachusetts (Cape Cod), Illinois (Chicago), Bermuda (Peniston's Pond). Glaucionetta clangula americana (Bonaparte) differs from the typical race by its larger size and heavier bill. 378 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Clangula clangula americana Brewster, Auk, 17, p. 207, 1900 (nesting and departure of young) ; Townsend, I.e., 27, p. 177, 1910 (courtship); Brewster, Condor, 13, p. 22, 1911 (courtship); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 167, 1918 (life hist. California); Taverner, Canad. Field Nat., 33, p. 57, figs., 1919 (comp. with C. islandica). Clangula glaucion Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 225, 1903 Mexico (Mazatlan), Cuba. Glaudonetta clangula americana Townsend, Bull. Essex Co. Orn. Cl., Salem, Mass., (1922), 1923, p. 6 (voice); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 1, 1925 (life hist.); Munro, Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst., 22, (2), p. 298, pi. 2, 1939 (life hist.; dist. chars.); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 24, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Wright, Condor, 46, p. 126, 1944 (feeding on salmon eggs). Bucephala clangula Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 299, pis. 66, 68 and 69, distr. map 91, 1925 part, America (monog.). Bucephala clangula americana Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 323, 1925 (dist. chars.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 177, 1931 (range). Glaudonetta clangula (not Anas clangula Linnaeus) Soper, Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst., 24, p. 38, 1942 Wood Buffalo Park; Button and Wilson, Condor, 48, p. 86, 1946 Attu Island (wintering). Range. Breeds in North America from the limits of heavy timber (Yukon Valley, southern Mackenzie Delta, southern Hudson Bay, and northeast Labrador), south to the northern United States. Winters from the Aleutian Islands, the Canadian border and the Gulf of St. Lawrence south to southern California (San Diego), the Gulf of Mexico and South Carolina; (?)Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island). 1 Field Museum Collection. 62: Alaska (Tocatna Forks, 2); British Columbia (Victoria, 2; Okanagan, 3); Oregon (Crook County, 1); California (San Rafael, Ij Colusa, 3); Colorado (Larimer County, .1); North Dakota (Nelson County, 3); Iowa (Linn County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 2); Illinois (Waukegan, 1; Sparland, 1); Indiana (Miller, 1); Labrador (Kegashka, 1; Jack Lane's Bay, 5); Nova Scotia (Dartmouth, 1; Cole Harbor, 1); Maine (Lincoln, 1; Magalloway River, 1; Bucksport, 2); Massachusetts (Great Island, 2; Chatham Port, 5; East Marshfield, 1); Connecticut (North Haven, 3; East Haven, 1; Branford, 2; Guilford, 1; Stratford, 1; Wood- bridge, 1); New York (Shelter Island, 1; Queens County, 3); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 6); Florida (Mary Esther, 1). Conover Collection. 39: Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 10); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 5); Alberta (Tofield, 4; 1 A female, taken on St. Paul Island, has been referred, on what would seem to be rather questionable characters, to the typical race inhabiting Europe and Asia (cf. Hanna, Auk, 33, 1916, p. 400). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 379 Leduc, 2); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1); South Dakota (Waubay, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 3; Henry, 2); Michigan (Augusta, 3); Nova Scotia (Wolfville, 3); Maine (Lincoln, 1); Massachusetts (Plymouth, 1); North Carolina (Waterlily, Currituck Sound, 1; Hatteras, 2). *Glaucionetta islandica (Gmelin). BARROW'S GOLDEN-EYE. Anas islandica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 541, 1789 based on "Hravn Oend" O. F. Muller, Zool. Dan. Prodr., p. 16, No. 131; Iceland. Clangula barrovii Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, "1831," p. 456, pi. 70, pub. Feb., 1832 Rocky Mountains (type probably in University Museum, Cambridge, England). Clangula islandica Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 383, 1895 North America, Canada (Godbout), west side of Rocky Mountains (Alkali Lake), Vancouver Island (Orcas Island), Oregon (Upper Klamath Lake); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 90, 1898 Greenland; Munro, Condor, 20, p. 4, 1918 Okanagan Valley, British Columbia (nesting habits); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 173, 1918 (life hist. California); Taverner, Canad. Field Nat., 33, p. 57, figs., 1919 (dist. chars, from G. c. americana); Brooks, Auk, 37, p. 356, pis. 15, 16 (fig.), 1920 (dist. char, of females and immatures from G. c. americana). Glaucionetia islandica Brooks, Auk, 20, p. 279, pi. 10, 1903 (pullus); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 14, 1925 (life hist.); Sawyer, Wilson Bull., 40, p. 1, pis., 1928 (courtship); Linsdale, Condor, 35, p. 38, 1933 (dist. char, pullus); Skinner, Wilson Bull., 49, p. 3, 1937 (status in Yellowstone Park); Hasbrouck, Auk, 61, p. 544, 1944 (status in eastern United States); Griscom, I.e., 62, p. 401, 1945 (Massachusetts records). Bucephala islandica Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 324, pis. 66, 68 and 69, distr. map 92, 1925 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 177, 1931 (range). Glaucionetta Islandica Munro, Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst., 22, (2), p. 263, pis. 2-6, 1939 (life hist.; dist. chars.). Range. Breeds in the mountains of western North America (including the islands off the coast south to the Canadian bound- ary) from the Alaska Peninsula south to northern Colorado (Boul- der County); in Labrador and in southwestern Greenland (to 70 N.). Winters on the Pacific coast from southern Alaska (Portage Bay) to San Francisco Bay and on the Atlantic coast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence regularly to Maine (Washington County) and occa- sionally to Long Island; rarely on the open waters of the interior. Resident in Greenland and Iceland. Field Museum Collection. 17: Alaska (Tocatna, 1; near Ket- chican, 1); British Columbia (Bird Island, 1; Nahmint Bay, 1; Okanagan, 4); Montana (Columbia Falls, 1); Quebec (Bonaventure Island, 2); New Brunswick (Oak Bay, 1); Maine (Bucksport, 1; 380 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Lincoln, 1; unspecified, 1; Bar Harbor, 1); North Carolina (unspeci- fied, 1). Conover Collection. 23: Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 6; head- waters of Rose River, 3); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 4; Stuie, Bella Coola area, 4; Okanagan, 3; Hopkins Landing, 3). Genus BUCEPHALA Baird 1 Bucephala Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., p. 795, 1858 type, by orig. desig., Anas albeola Linnaeus. Charitonetta Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 163, 1885 type, by orig. desig., Anas albeola Linnaeus. *Bucephala albeola (Linnaeus). 2 BUFFLEHEAD DUCK. Anas Albeola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 124, 1758 based on the "Little Black and White Duck" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 100, pi. 100, 1747; " America" = Newfoundland (Edwards). Anas bucephala Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 200 (male), 1766 based on "Buflfel's Head Duck" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 95, pi. 95 (male), 1754; Carolina. Anas rustica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 201 (female), 1766 based on "Little Brown Duck" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 98, pi. 98 (female), 1754; Carolina. Charitonetta albeola Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 134, 1886 Unalaska (wintering); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 72, 1887 interior Alaska; Townsend, Auk, 33, p. 16, 1916 (courtship); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, (3), p. 314, 1927 Puerto Rico and Cuba (Havana); Soper, Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst., 24, p. 38, 1942 Wood Buffalo Park. Clangula albeola Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 385, 1895 Canada (Semiahmoo Bay, Vancouver Island; Fort Reliance, Upper Yukon; Little Musquash Harbour, New Brunswick, etc.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p ; 91, 1898 Greenland (Godhavn; Frederikshaab); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 226, 1903 Mexico (Chihuahua, Tamaulipas, and Guanajuato) and Cuba; Brooks, Auk, 20, p. 279, pi. 10, 1903 (desc. nestling); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 177, 1918 (life hist. California); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 24, 1925 (life hist.); Pearse, Condor, 30, p. 251, 1928 (nuptial display); Linsdale, I.e., 35, p. 38, 1933 (dist. char, nestling). Bucephala albeola Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 335, pis. 67-69, distr. map 93, 1925 (monog.) ; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 177, 1931 (range); van Rossem, 1 Bucephala Baird under the International Rules is not preoccupied by the earlier Bucephala Baer, 1827. 2 Bucephala albeola, besides other characters, has a very different trachea than the two species of the genus Glaucionetta Stejneger (vide Miller, Auk, 42, p. 49 [footnote], 1925). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 381 Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 50, 1945 Sonora, Mexico (rare). Glaucionetta albeola Brooks, Auk, 62, p. 518, 1945 (disc, generic chars.; diving habits). Range. Breeds from central Alaska east to the southwest shore of Hudson Bay and south through central British Columbia to north- ern Montana (casually to northern California, Wyoming, and Iowa) and the Canadian border east to south central Ontario. Winters mainly in the United States from southern Lake Michigan east to Maine and south to northern Florida and the Gulf of Mexico; less commonly to central Mexico and Lower California. On the Pacific coast north in winter to the Commander and Aleutian Islands and the Alaska Peninsula. Accidental in Greenland (Godhavn; Frederiks- haab), Puerto Rico and Cuba. Field Museum Collection. 38: Alaska (Tocatna, 2); Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1); British Columbia (Okanagan, 2; Hope, 2; Carpenters Mountain, 1); Washington (Clallam Bay, 2; Port Towns- end, 2); Oregon (Salem, 1); California (Coronado Beach, 1; Pacific Beach, 4); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1); Illinois (Lacon, 1); Massa- chusetts (East Marshfield, 1); Connecticut (Black Hall, 3; West Haven, 1; Guilford, 1; New Haven County, 1); Virginia (Broad- water Bay, 2); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 8; Bodie Island, 1). Conover Collection. 32: Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1; Big Salmon Lake, 2); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 6); Alberta (Leduc, 8; Fawcett, 2; Tofield, 1); Oregon (Tillamook Bay, 2); Utah (Brigham, 1); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 3); Illinois (Henry, 3); Massachusetts (Newbury, 1); North Carolina (Poplar Branch, Currituck County, 2). Genus CLANGULA Leach Clangula Leach, in Ross, Voy. Disc., App., p. xlviii, 1819 type, by monotypy, Anas glacialis Linnaeus = Anas hyemalis Linnaeus. Harelda (Leach, MS.) Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool., 12, (2), p. 174, 1824 type, by monotypy, Anas glacialis Linnaeus=Anas hyemalis Linnaeus. Pagonetta Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., pp. 66, 196, 1829 type, by monotypy, Anas glacialis Linnaeus=Anas hyemalis Linnaeus. Crymonessa Macgillivray, Man. Brit. Orn., 2, p. 185, 1842 type, by mono- typy, Anas glacialis Linnaeus=.Anas hyemalis Linnaeus. Melonetta Sundevall, Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., p. 149, 1872=substitute name for Harelda Stephens. 382 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII "Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus). OLD SQUAW DUCK. Anas hyemalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 126, 1758 based principally on Fauna Svec., No. 95; Arctic Europe and America; restr. type locality, northern Sweden (ex Fauna Svec.). Anas glacialis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 203, 1766 based on "The Long-tailed Duck" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 146, pi. 280; "insula terrae novae" = Newfoundland. Anas miclonia Boddaert's Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 58, 1783 based on "Canard de Miclon" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 1008 (=male). Platypus faberi Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Eur. Vog., 2, p. 1004, 1824 Green- land and Iceland (type, from Iceland, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 48, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Harelda glacialis Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 389, 1895 numerous localities (full bibliog.). Pagonetta glacialis Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 87, 1898 Greenland; Manniche, I.e., 45, No. 1, p. 97, 1910 northeastern Greenland (breeding). Clangula hyemalis Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 134, 1886 St. Michaels (nesting), Aleutian Islands (wintering); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 72, 1887 Alaska coast of Bering Sea (nesting); MacKay, Auk, 9, p. 330, 1892 (habits in New England); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 347, pi. 67, distr. map 94, 1925 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 32, 1925 (life hist.); Blanchet, Canad. Field Nat., 39, p. 52, 1925 barrens northeast of Great Slave Lake, 64 N.-106 12' W. (common nester); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 166, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska (migration, plumage, nesting); Nicholson, Ibis, 1930, p. 396 Greenland (field notes); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 178, 1931 (range); Sutton, Auk, 49, p. 42, 1932 (molt, plumage); idem, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 12, (2), sec. 2, p. 58, 1932 Southampton Island (nesting); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 21, 1934 Nunivak Island, Alaska (breeding); Salomonsen, Journ. Orn., 89, p. 282, pis. 3, 4, 1941 (molt, plumages); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 24, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (breeds east and north of); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 21, 1946 Baffin Island (nesting); Sutton and Wilson, Condor, 48, p. 87, 1946 Attu Island (wintering); Murie, I.e., p. 253, 1946 McKinley National Park, Alaska (nesting). Harelda hyemalis Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 181, 1918 (life hist. California). Range. Breeds on the coasts and islands of Arctic America from the Aleutian Islands north to Point Barrow and east to northern Hudson Bay and northern Labrador; coasts of Greenland. Also breeds in the interior of northern North America in favorable locali- ties south to about 60 N. Lat. (McKinley National Park, Alaska, and barrens northeast of Great Slave Lake). Winters on the Pacific coast from the Aleutian Islands south to northern California, on the Atlantic from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Chesapeake Bay and more 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 383 rarely to South Carolina; the Great Lakes, and southern Greenland. Also found in northern Europe and Asia. Field Museum Collection. 81: Alaska (Barrow, 5; Point Hope, 1; St. Lawrence Island, 1; Nome, 3; Bethel, 2; St. Michaels, 4); British Columbia (Saturna Island, 4); Baffin Land (Cumberland Sound, 1); Greenland (Sukkertoppen, west coast, 1; Muskox Fjord, Hudson's Land, east coast, 1); Labrador (Port Manvers, Tikkerradauk, 4); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 3) ; Nova Scotia (Halifax, 2) ; Washington (Port Townsend, 2); North Dakota (Nelson County, 1); Colorado (Larimer County, 1); Illinois (Highland Park, 1; Ravinia, 1; Chicago, 5); Indiana (Miller, Lake County, 2; Kouts, Porter County, 1); Maine (Pine Point, Cumberland County, 3) ; Massachusetts (Cohas- set, 1; Boston Harbor, 1; Buzzard's Bay, 1; Duxbury, 1); Connecticut (Stamford, 4; Guilford, 2; West Haven, 4; New Haven, 7; Stony Creek, New Haven County, 8); New York (Miller Place, Suffolk County, 2); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1). Conover Collection. 43: Alaska (Barrow, 2; Wales, 1; Wain- wright, 4; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 13; Kashunuk River, Bering Sea, 1); Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 8); Manitoba (Churchill, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 1; Henry, 1); Nova Scotia (Wolfville, 2); Massachusetts (Lanesville, 1; Plymouth, 1); Connecticut (Stratford, 5; Bridgeport, 1). Genus HISTRIONICUS Lesson Histrionicus Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 415, 1828 type, by orig. desig., Anas histrionica Linnaeus. Cosmonessa Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 46, 1829 type, by virtual monotypy, Anas histrionica Linnaeus. Cosmonetta Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 196, 1829 emendation. Phlyaconetta Brandt, Me"m. Acad. St. Petersb., (6), Sc. Nat., 6, (6), p. 9, 1849 type, by orig. desig., Anas histrionica Linnaeus. Phylaconetta Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 798, 1858 emendation. *Histrionicus histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus). HARLEQUIN DUCK. Anas histrionica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 127, 1758 based on "The Dusky and Spotted Duck" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 99, pi. 99 (=male); " America" = Newfoundland (ex Edwards). Anas minuta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 127, 1758 based on "Little Brown and White Duck" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 157, pi. 157 (=female); " Canada" = Hudson Bay (ex Edwards). 384 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Cosmonetta histrionica Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 395, 1895 part, Greenland (Liskenasset), Labrador, Canada (Bay of Fundy, Hudson Bay, Godbout), Maine (Hancock County); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 84, 1898 Greenland. Histrionicus histrionicus Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 367, pi. 70, distr. map 95, 1925 part (monog.). Histrionicus histrionicus histrionicus Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 382, 1925 (dist. chars.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 50, 1925 (life hist.); Nicholson, Ibis, 1930, p. 397 Greenland (field notes); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 178, 1931 (range); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 21, 1946 southeastern Baffin Island (nesting). Range. Breeds in southern Greenland (north to Scoresby Sound on the east and Upernavik on the west coast), southeastern Baffin Island, and probably sparingly in northern Quebec (Lake Manuan), the Labrador Peninsula and perhaps Newfoundland. Winters in southern Greenland and on the Atlantic coast of North America from Newfoundland south to Long Island and casually on the Great Lakes. Resident in Iceland and casual in western Europe. Field Museum Collection. 20: Greenland (Godthaab, 1) ; Labrador (Nachvak, 1; Nain, 2; Okkak, 1; Bowdoin Harbor, 4); Newfoundland (Codroy, 1); Nova Scotia (Digby County, 1); New Brunswick (Wolves Island, 2; Grand Manon Island, 1); Maine (Isle au Haut, Knox County, 3; Bangor, 1; unspecified, 2). Conover Collection. 1: Greenland (Godthaab, 1). *Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus W. S. Brooks. 1 PACIFIC HARLEQUIN DUCK. Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus W. S. Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 393, 1915 Cape Shipunski, Kamchatka (type in Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 51, 1923 Pribilof Islands; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 383, 1925 (dist. chars.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 58, 1925 (life hist.); Jewett, Condor, 27, p. 241, 1925 Wallowa River, Oregon (nesting); idem, I.e., 32, p. 128, 1930 Wallowa Mountains, Oregon (nesting); idem, I.e., 33, p. 255, 1931 Mount Hood, Oregon (nesting); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 178, 1931 (range); Button and Wilson, Condor, 48, p. 87, 1946 Attu Island (wintering). 1 Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus W. S. Brooks differs from the typical race by having a much heavier bill. The chestnut stripes on the sides of the crown of the male do not appear to extend quite as far forward, but from the ser- ies examined there does not seem to be any difference in coloration nor is the Pacific bird larger, as mentioned by the describer. Middendorff (Reise Sibirien, 2, (2), pi. 22, fig. 3, 1853) figures a chick of the present form s.n. "A. histrionis" L[innaeus], but as he quotes Linnaeus as author and uses A. histrionica L. in the text (p. 237), this spelling can only be regarded as a misprint. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 385 Histrionicus histrionicus (not Anas histrionica Linnaeus) Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 134, 1886 St. Michaels (rare), Aleutian Islands (abundant); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 74, 1887 Unalaska; Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 38, p. 46, 1911 Aleutian Islands (Attu; Agattu; Atka; Unalaska); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 186, 1918 (life hist. California); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 367, pi. 70, distr. map 95, 1925 part (monog.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 167, 1926 Point Dall and False Pass, Alaska. Cosmonetta histrionica Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 395, 1895 part, Alaska (Kegiktowik, St. Michaels), Columbia River, Fort MacPher- son, Vancouver Island, St. Juan Island, eastern Asia. Range. Breeds in the mountain streams of both the islands and the mainland from the Alaska Peninsula east probably to the Mackenzie Valley and south to central California (west slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains) and Colorado (Blue River near Breckenridge). Also found in summer on the Aleutian and Pribilof Islands, where it may breed. Winters along the Pacific coast of North America from the Pribilof and Aleutian Islands south to central California (Monterey Bay), and casually in the interior. Found also in eastern Siberia. Field Museum Collection. 21: Alaska (Nome, 1; Bethel, 2; Kuskokwim River, 1; Tocatna, 1; Saginaw Bay, Kuiu Island, 1; Nulato, 2; Morzhovoi Bay, 3; Seward, 1; Kodiak Island, 1; unspeci- fied, 1); British Columbia, Vancouver Island (James Island, 1; Sidney Island, 1; Comox, 1; Victoria, 3); Washington (Kitsap, Eagle Harbor, 1). Conover Collection. 18: Alaska (Kootznahoo Inlet, 1); Yukon Territory (Big Salmon Lake, 6) ; British Columbia, Vancouver Island (Sidney Island, 1; Comox, 8); Washington (Clallam Bay, 1; Fox Island, Pierce County, 1). Genus SOMATERIA Leach Somateria Leach, in Ross, Voy. Disc., 2, p. 154, App., p. xlviii, 1819 type, by monotypy, Anas spectabilis Linnaeus. Ganza Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Kiinste, 3, p. 471, 1819 based on "Die Eider" (Ganza, Plin. hist, nat., lib. 10, cap. 23); type, by subs, desig., Somateria mollissima (cf. Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 423, 1895). Platypus Brehm, Lehrb. Nat. Eur. Vog., 2, p. 805, 1824 new name for Somateria Leach. Erionetta Coues, Key N. Amer. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 709, 1884 type, by mono- typy, Anas spectabilis Linnaeus. 386 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Somateria mollissima mollissima (Linnaeus). COMMON EIDER. Anas mollissima Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 124, 1758 based principally on Fauna Svec., No. 94; "Europa boreali pelagica," restricted type locality, Island of Gothland, Sweden (ex Fauna Svec.). Somateria Islandica C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., p. 895, 1831 Iceland (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 49, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Somateria mollissima Manniche, Medd. Gr0nl., 45, No. 1, p. 101, 1910 northeastern Greenland (breeding); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, p. 80, pi. 81, distr. map 101, 1926 (monog.). Somateria mollissima mollissima Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. Ill, 1926 part, eastern Greenland (dist. char.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 179, 1931 eastern Greenland. Somateria mollissima islandica Schi01er, Danm. Fugle, 2, pp. 44, 208, 1926 (char.; range); Nicholson, Ibis, 1930, p. 398 Greenland; Bird and Bird, I.e., 1941, p. 137 northeastern Greenland (crit.; breeding). Range. Iceland, Scotland, the coast of northwestern Europe, southern and eastern Greenland. 1 Field Museum Collection. 2: Greenland (Andre's Land, east coast, 2). *Somateria mollissima borealis (C. L. Brehm). 2 NORTHERN EIDER. Platypus borealis C. L. Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Eur. Vog., 2, p. 813, 1824 coast of Baffin Bay and Davis Strait and west coast of Greenland, etc. (no type extant). Platypus leisleri C. L. Brehm, Ornis, 1, p. 28, 1824 Greenland (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 49, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). (Somateria borealis) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 428, 1895 Cape Fraser, Dobbin Bay, Franklin Pierce Bay, Ungava, Godbout, Greenland. Somateria mollissima borealis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 12, p. 231, 1899 (plumages; dist. chars.) ; Visher, Auk, 29, p. 535, 1912 Lake County, South Dakota; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 79, 1925 (life hist.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. Ill, pi. 82, 1926 (dist. char.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 179, 1931 (range); Sutton, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 12, (2), sec. 2, p. 66, 1932 Southampton Island (nesting); Gross, Auk, 54, p. 18, 1937 (weights of birds and eggs); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 22, 1946 Baffin Island (breeding on south coast). 1 Birds from Iceland, southern and eastern Greenland (S. m. islandica) have been distinguished by Schi01er, Millais, and others on account of having on average shorter wings, but the divergency seems too insignificant to be expressed in nomenclature. Cf. Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, pp. 1368, and Erganz., p. 440. 2 This is a rather unsatisfactory race, the one constant character seeming to be the deep yellow color of the bill in the male of borealis as against an olive green color in typical mollissima. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 387 Somateria mollissima (not Anas mollissima Linnaeus) Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 80, pi. 81, distr. map 101, 1926 part (monog.). Range. Breeds on the coasts and islands of North America from 100 W. long, north to Ellesmere Island, east to the west coast of Greenland (to 82 N. lat.) and south to Hamilton Inlet, Labrador (but not the shores of Hudson Bay). Winters wherever there is open water from Greenland south to Maine and occasionally Massachusetts. At the south edge of its breeding range intergrades with S. m. dresseri. Field Museum Collection. 28: Greenland (Sukkertoppen, west coast, 5); Northwest Territories (Nachvak, District of Franklin, 1); Labrador (Indian Harbor, 2; Draw Bucket Tickel, 2; Mullen Bay, 1; island off Port Manvers, 1; Hopedale, 9); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 2); New Brunswick (Orkney, 4); Maine (Eastport, 1). Conover Collection. 7: Greenland (Nanortalik, 1); Labrador (Red Bay, Straits of Belle Isle, 6). *Somateria mollissima dresseri Sharpe. DRESSER'S EIDER. Somateria Dresseri Sharpe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 8, p. 51, fig. 2, 1871 North America (location of type not stated). Somateria dresseri Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 424, 1895 Bay of Fundy; Norton, Auk, 14, p. 303, 1897 (noteworthy plumages); DeVine, I.e., 26, p. 426, 1909 Chicago, Illinois (im. male). Somateria mollissima dresseri Beetz, Auk, 33, p. 286, pi. 15, 1916 Gulf of St. Lawrence; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 94, 1925 part, except Hudson and James Bay (life hist.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 112, pi. 82, 1926 part, except Hudson and James Bay (dist. char.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 179, 1931 part, except Hudson and James Bay. Somateria mollissima (not Anas mollissima Linnaeus) Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 80, pis. 80, 81, distr. map 101, 1926 part, except Hudson and James Bay (monog.); Gross, Wilson Bull., 56, p. 16, 1944 Maine coast (status). Range. Breeds along the Atlantic seacoast from Hamilton Inlet, Labrador, south to Penobscot Bay, Maine. Winters from New- foundland south to Massachusetts (Nantucket). At the north edge of its range intergrades with S. m. borealis. Field Museum Collection. 26: Labrador (Kegaska, 2; Indian Harbor, 1; Nain, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1; St. Andre, 1); Nova Scotia (unspecified, 1) ; New Brunswick (Wolves Island, Bay of Fundy, 2; Grand Manan, 1); Maine (unspecified, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 4; Boston, 1; Nantucket Island, 6; Woods Hole, 1); Rhode Island (Providence, 3). 388 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Conover Collection. 12: Labrador (Battle Harbor, 8); Massa- chusetts (Monomoy, 3; Pigeon Cove, Essex County, 1). *Somateria mollissima sedentaria Snyder. 1 HUDSON BAY EIDER. Somaieria mollissima sedentaria Snyder, Occ. Pap. Roy. Ont. Mus. Zool., 6, p. 3, May 5, 1941 Churchill, Manitoba (type in Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology, Toronto); Hawksley, Auk, 59, p. 436, 1942 Churchill, Mani- toba (nesting). Somateria mollissima dresseri (not Somateria dresseri Sharpe) Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 94, 1925 part, Hudson and James Bay flife hist.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 112, pi. 82, 1926 part, Hudson and James Bay; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 179, 1931 part, Hudson and James Bay. Somateria mollissima (not Anas mollissima Linnaeus) Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 80, pis. 80, 81, distr. map 101, 1926 part, Hudson and James Bay (monog.). Range. Breeds on both coasts of Hudson and James Bay, north to Cape Fullerton on the west and Cape Dufferin on the east. Winters in the open waters of the same territory. Conover Collection. 1: Manitoba (Churchill, 1). *Somateria mollissima V-nigra G. R. Gray. PACIFIC EIDER. Somateria V-nigra G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, "1855," p. 212, pi. 107, pub. Feb. 2, 1856 Kotzebue Sound (type in British Museum). Somateria v-nigra Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 136, 1886 Norton Sound to Aliaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 78, pi. 5, fig. 2, 1887 Aleutian Islands to coast east of Point Barrow; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 470 (summer molts); Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 38, p. 46, 1911 Aleutian Islands (Attu; Agattu); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 200, 1925 (migr. Alaska); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 102, 1925 (life hist.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 169, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska (migr.; nesting; weights); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 24, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (breeds on islands and coast to eastward); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 118, 1944 Semidi and Aleutian Islands (breeding). Somateria v-nigrum Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 430, 1895 Alaska, Arctic coast east of Fort Anderson. Somateria mollissima v-nigrum Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 112, pi. 82, 1926 (dist. char.). 1 Somateria mollissima sedentaria Snyder: Like dresseri in having the frontal processes of the bill large and rounded terminally, but differs in having the lateral feathering on the sides of the culmen extending only as far as the posterior end of the nostril, in which respect it resembles the race borealis. Downy young and females are said to be paler than other races. Additional material examined. Manitoba: Churchill, 3. Hudson Bay: Belcher Islands, 1. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 389 Somateria mollissima (not Anas mollissima Linnaeus) Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 80, distr. map 101, 1926 part (monog.); Sutton and Wilson, Condor, 48, p. 87, 1946 Attu Island (wintering). Somateria mollissima v-nigra Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 179, 1931 (range). Range. In North America breeds along the northwest coast from Kodiak Island and Cook Inlet west to the Aleutian Islands, north to Point Barrow and east to Victoria Island and Coronation Gulf. Winters mainly in the vicinity of the Aleutian Islands and the Alaska Peninsula. Also breeds on the Arctic coasts and islands of northeast Siberia. Field Museum Collection. 15: Alaska (Barrow, 4; Nome, 5; St. Michaels, 2; St. George Island, 3; unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. 27: Alaska (Point Barrow, 15; Wainwright, 2; Wales, 1; Hooper Bay, 8; Igiak Bay, 1). *Somateria spectabilis (Linnaeus). KING EIDER. Anas spectabilis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 123, 1758 based on Rudbeck's unpublished figure of a Swedish specimen 1 and "The Grey- headed Duck" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 154, pi. 154 (Hudson Bay); Canada, Sweden. Anas beringii Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 508, 1789 based on "Bering Duck" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 548, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 465; Bering Island. Platypus altensteinii Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Eur. Vog., 2, p. 999, 1824 Greenland (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 49, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Somateria spectabilis Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 137, 1886 St. Michaels (rare breeder) and Aleutian Islands (wintering); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 79, 1887 Unalaska (wintering), St. Michaels (rare) and St. Lawrence Island (common); Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 432, 1895 Greenland, Canada, Alaska; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 108, 1898 Greenland; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 12, p. 236, 1899 (plumages) ; Manniche, Medd. Gr0nl., 45, No. 1, p. 103, 1910 Storm Kap, Greenland (breeding); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 192, 1918 San Francisco and Suisun Marsh, Solano County; Wilson, Auk, 38, p. 454, 1921 St. Clair River, Michigan; Praeger, I.e., 39, p. 104, 1922 Barry County, Michigan; Hill, Condor, 25, p. 103, 1923 Synuk, Alaska (spring migr.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 107, 1925 (life hist.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 171, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska (migr.; weights); idem, I.e., p. 171 (footnote), 1926 Marsh Lake, Yukon Territory; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 114, pis. 80, 81, 82, distr. map 102, 1926 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 180, 1931 (range); Sutton, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 12, (2), sec. 2, pi. 12, fig. 2, pi. 22, fig. 16, 1932 Southampton Island (nesting); Gromme, Auk, 51, p. 367, 1934 Muskego Lake, Wisconsin; Wheeler, I.e., 54, p. 203, 1937 Henry, Illinois; 1 Cf. Fauna Svec., p. 40, No. 112, 1746. 390 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Moffitt, Condor, 42, p. 305, 1940 Tomales Bay, California; Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 139 Germania Land, Greenland (breeding); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 513, 1943 Melville Peninsula (breeding); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 23, 1946 Baffin Island (breeding on west coast). Range. Breeds in North America on the Arctic coasts and islands from St. Lawrence Island north to lat. 76 and east to northern Labrador; both coasts of Greenland north to 82 30". Winters from the limits of open water south to the Aleutian, Kodiak, and Shumagin Islands on the west and the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Newfoundland on the east; rarely to Massachusetts, Virginia and North Carolina. Frequently on the Great Lakes. One record for California. Found also on the Arctic coasts of Europe and Asia. Field Museum Collection. 39: Alaska (Barrow, 10; Nome, 10; St. George Island, 1; Unalaska, 1); Labrador (unspecified, 1; Nain, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 2); Connecticut (Stratford, 4; Milford, 1; West Haven, 2); Virginia (Princess Anne County, 2); North Carolina (Currituck Sound, 1; Pea Island, Dare County, 1); Illinois (Henry, 1); California (unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. 46: Alaska (Point Barrow, 17; Wainwright, 7; Wales, 9; Hooper Bay, 4); Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1); Greenland (Godthaab, 2); Labrador (Red Bay, Straits of Belle Isle, 2) ; Maine (Casco Bay, 2) ; Massachusetts (Barnstable County, 2). Genus ARCTONETTA Gray Ardonetta G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, "1855," p. 212, pub. Feb. 5, 1856 type, by monotypy, Fuligula fischeri Brandt. *Arctonetta fischeri (Brandt). SPECTACLED EIDER. Fuligula (Lampronetta) Fischeri Brandt, Fuligulam Fischeri Novam Avium Speciem, p. 18, pi. 1, 1847 St. Michael, Alaska (type in Leningrad Museum). Ardonetta fischeri Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 136, 1886 St. Michaels, Bristol Bay, (?)Aleutian Islands (breeding) ; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 2, p. 76, pi. 5, fig. 1, 1887 Point Barrow (rare breeder) and Norton Sound south to the Kuskokwim (common breeder; nesting habits); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 422, 1895 "Northern Sound," St. Michaels, Andreffsky and Stewart's Islands, Alaska; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 471 (plumages); Buturlin, Condor, 12, p. 46, 1910 (true breeding ground northeast coast of Siberia between 148 and 172 E. long.); Bailey, I.e., 27, p. 199, 1925 (migr.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 74, 1925 (life hist.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 168, 1926 Point Dall and Igiak Bay (nesting; migr.; weights); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 73, pis. 79, 80, 82, distr. map 100, 1926 (monog.); 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 391 Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 180, 1931 (range); Bailey, Brower, and Bishop, Progr. Act. Chicago Acad. Sci., 4, p. 22, 1933 Barrow, Alaska (nests sparingly); Moffitt, Condor, 42, p. 309, 1940 San Benito County, Cali- fornia. Range. Breeds on the New Siberian Islands and on the Arctic coast of Siberia from the Yana River to Bering Strait and on the Alaskan coast from Point Barrow east to Barter Island and south to the Kuskokwim River. Very little has been recorded as to the winter range, but it is known to be found on the Pribilof Islands, the Near Islands, and the Aleutian chain. It may also winter in the northern part of Bering Sea. Field Museum Collection. 20: Alaska (Barrow, 9; Chipp River, near Barrow, 1; Bering Strait, 5; Pikmiktalik River, 1; St. Michaels, 1; Yukon Delta, 1; unspecified, 2). Conover Collection. 37: Alaska (Point Barrow, 12; Chipp River, near Barrow, 2; Icy Cape, 1 ; Wainwright, 6; Wales, 3; Metlatavik, 1; Hooper Bay, 5; Igiak Bay, 7). Genus OIDEMIA Fleming Oidemia Fleming, Phil. Zool., 2, p. 260, 1822 type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 74, 1840), Anas nigra Linnaeus. OEdemia Strickland, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7, p. 39, 1841 emendation. *Oidemia nigra americana Swainson. AMERICAN SCOTER. Oidemia Americana Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 2, "1831," p. 450, pub. Feb., 1832 Hudson Bay (type in British Museum). Anas vnlsoni Giebel, Thes. Orn., 1, p. 365, 1872 substitute name lor Oidemia Americana Swainson. Oidemia americana Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 137, 1886 St. Michaels, Bristol Bay and Aleutian Islands; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 80, 1887 Alaskan coast of Bering Sea (common nester); Dwight, Auk, 31, p. 298, pis. 24-30, 1914 (plumage; molts); De W. Miller, I.e., 33, p. 278 (in text), 1916 (gen. chars.); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 194, 1918 (life hist. California); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 119, 1925 (life hist.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 172, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting; weights); De W. Miller, Amer. Mus. Nov., 243, p. 2, 1926 (structural comparison) ; Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 119, 1944 Bristol Bay and Mount McKinley National Park, Alaska (breeding). OEdemia americana Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 404, 1895 Alaska (St. Michaels, Aleutian Islands), Repulse Bay, Nova Scotia, New York (Lyons Falls), Connecticut (Branford), Illinois (Chicago). Oidemia nigra americana Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 24, 1926 (dist. chars.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 181, 1931 (range). 392 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Oidemia nigra (not Anas nigra Linnaeus) Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 3, pis. 72, 75 and 77, distr. map 96, 1926 part, North America (monog.); Sutton and Wilson, Condor, 48, p. 87, 1946 Attu Island (wintering). Range. In North America only known to breed along the west coast of Alaska from Cape Lisburne south to the Alaska Peninsula and on the Aleutian Islands; probably also in Labrador and possibly Newfoundland. Winters on the Pacific coast from the Aleutian Islands to southern California (Santa Barbara Islands), and on the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to New Jersey; casually on the Great Lakes and on migration in the interior. Found also in north- eastern Asia south to Japan and China. Field Museum Collection. 19: Alaska (Bethel, 2); British Co- lumbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 1); Washington (Port Townsend, 1); California (Hyperion, 1); Maine (Duck Island, York County, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 7; Cohasset, 1; Brant Rock, Plymouth County, 1); Connecticut (Stony Creek, 1; Branford, 1; West Haven, 2). Conover Collection. 23: Alaska (Hooper Bay, 7; Igiak Bay, 6); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 4); Nebraska (Cherry County, 1); Nova Scotia (Halifax, 1); Massachusetts (Lanesville, 1; Pigeon Cove, 3). Genus MELANITTA Boie Melanitta Boie, Isis, col. 564, 1822 type, by subs, desig. (Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 52, 1838), Anas fusca Linnaeus. Macroramphus Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 414, 1828 type, by orig. desig., Anas perspicillata Linnaeus. Pelionetta Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., pp. 107, 196, 1829 type, by monotypy, Anas perspiciUata Linnaeus. Melanonelta Sundevall, Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., p. 149, 1872 emendation of Melanitta Boie. Phoenonetta Stone, Auk, 24, p. 198, 1907 type, by orig. desig., Anas fusca Linnaeus. *Melanitta fusca (Linnaeus). VELVET SCOTER. Anas fusca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 123, 1758 based primarily on Fauna Svec., No. 106; "Oceano Europaeo," restricted type locality, coast of Sweden. Oidemia fusca Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren. Kj0benh., 1879- 80, p. 7, 1879 Godthaab, southern Greenland; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 92, 1898 Greenland (Godthaab, May, 1878); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 26, pi. 75, distr. map 97, 1926 part, Europe (monog.). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 393 Melanitta fusca Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 128, 1925 (life hist.). Oidemia fusca fusca Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 42, 1926 (dist. chars.). Melanitta fusca fusca Herring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, (5), p. 12, 1941 Narssaq, near Godthaab, Greenland. Range. Extralimital. Accidental in Greenland. Field Museum Collection. 1: Greenland (unspecified, 1). *Melanitta deglandi (Bonaparte). 1 WHITE-WINGED SCOTER. Oedemia deglandi Bonaparte, Rev. Grit. Orn. Eur., p. 108, 1850 North America (location of type unrecorded). Fuligula bimaculata Herbert,* Field Sports, 4th ed., 2, App. F, with fig. (imm.), 1848 Georgian Bay, Lake Huron (no type extant). Oidemia telvetina Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, p. 126, Dec., 1850 Egg Harbor, New Jersey (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 28). Oidemia deglandi Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 137, 1886 St. Michaels and Unalaska Island (one specimen only); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 81, 1887 St. Michaels (nesting in small numbers); Dwight, Auk, 31, p. 304, pis. 24-30, 1914 (plumages and molt); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 197, 1918 (life hist. California); Brooks, Auk, 37, p. 366, 1920 (migr. British Columbia). OEdemia deglandi Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 409, 1895 Massa- chusetts, Connecticut (Branford and New Haven), Illinois (Chicago), Great Slave Lake, Fort Simpson, Vancouver Island (full bibliog.). Oedemia deglandi dixoni W. S. Brooks,* Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 393, Sept., 1915 Griffin Point, Arctic Alaska (type in Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Oidemia fusca dixoni Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 146 (in text), 1920 (not valid race); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 43, 1926 (disc.). Melanitta deglandi Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 131, 1925 (life hist.); De W. Miller, Amer. Mus. Nov., 243, p. 2, 1926 (trachea differs from 1 Because of the structural differences in their tracheas (De W. Miller, Amer. Mus. Nov., 243, p. 2, 1926), as well as the differences in the feathering at the base of their bills, it would seem best to consider deglandi and fusca as specifically distinct. * Fuligula bimaculata Herbert appears to be a composite description of the immatures of Melanitta deglandi and M. perspicillata. While the date of publication is given by Salvadori (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 409, 1895) as 1848, this is incorrect, as Herbert himself in his description speaks of the first of these birds having been taken in late September of 1849. The duck was described in Ap- pendix F, which, according to Charles Sheldon (Forest and Stream, 86, p. 912, 1916) and Mitchell van Winkle (Henry William Herbert [Frank Forester], A Bibliography of His Writings, 1832-1858, p. 27), first appeared in the fourth edition, which was published by Stringer and Townsend, New York, and bears the date of 1852. 1 An examination of a good series from both coasts and the interior leads to the conclusion that the differences in the length and shape of bill on which the name dixoni is based are merely individual and not geographical variations. 394 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII M. fusca); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 24, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (breeding). Oidemia fusca (not Anas fusca Linnaeus) Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 26, pis. 74-75, distr. map 97, 1926 part, North America (monog.). Oidemia fusca deglandi Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 42, 1926 (disc.). Melanitta fusca deglandi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 181, 1931 (range); Salo- monsen, Dansk. Ornith. Foren. Tidssk., 39, p. 254, 1945 Nugssuaq Peninsula, Umanaq District, western Greenland. Melanitta fusca dixoni Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 181, 1931 (range). Range. North America. Breeds from northwestern Alaska (Kotzebue Sound) and the Mackenzie Delta south to northern British Columbia (Stikine River), central North Dakota (Devils and Stump lakes) and southern Manitoba (Shoal Lake), east to James Bay and perhaps Labrador. Winters mainly on the seacoasts from the Aleutian Islands to Lower California and the Gulf of St. Lawrence to South Carolina. Also found in winter on the Great Lakes, and on migration casually throughout the interior. Field Museum Collection. 60: Alaska (Bethel, 1); British Co- lumbia (Vancouver, 1; Saturna Island, 1; Okanagan, 1); Washington (Port Townsend, 4); California (Monterey, 2; Pacific Grove, 2; Hyperion, 2; Moss Landing, 2); North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 8; Devils Lake, Ramsey County, 1); South Dakota (unspecified, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1; Lake Koshkonong, 1); Illinois (Highland Park, 1; Chicago, 1); Louisiana (Lake Arthur, 1); Nova Scotia (Dartmouth, 1); Massachusetts (Robinson's Hole, 4; Great Island, 1; Duxbury, 2; Gloucester, 1; Brant Rock, 1; Woods Hole, 2); Connecticut (New Haven, 6; West Haven, 1; Stony Creek, 3; Branford, 2; New Haven County, 2; Stamford, 1); New York (Sound Swamp, Suffolk County, 2). Conover Collection. 34: Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1); British Columbia (Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands, 1; Comox, Vancouver Island, 18); Alberta (Hastings Lake, 2; Tofield, 3; 60 miles southeast of Edmonton, 3); Manitoba (Delta, 1); North Dakota (Grafton, 1); Illinois (Henry, 1); Prince Edward Island (Summerside, 1); Massachusetts (Annisquam, 2). *Melanitta perspicillata (Linnaeus). SURF SCOTER. Anas perspicillata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 125, 1758 based on "The Great Black Duck from Hudson's Bay," Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 155, pi. 155; Hudson Bay. Anas latirostris Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 58, fig. 995, 1783 no type locality. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 395 Pelionetta trowbridgii Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 806, 1858 San Diego, California (type in U. S. National Museum). Oidemia perspicillata Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 137, 1886 Yukon District, Aleutian Islands; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 81, 1887 St. Michaels (not common nester), Aleutian Islands (winter- ing); Bishop, Auk, 12, p. 295, 1895 (an undescribed plumage); Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 38, p. 46, 1911 Aleutian Islands (Attu; Agattu); Dwight, Auk, 31, p. 302, pis. 24-30, 1914 (plumage and molt); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 201, 1918 (life hist. California); Widman, Auk, 39, p. 250, 1922 St. Louis, Missouri; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 45, pis. 76-77, distr. map 98, 1926 (monog.). OEdemia perspicillata Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 412, 1895 Alaska (Kotzebue Sound, St. Michaels and Pt. Constantine), Canada (Bear Lake, Fort Simpson, Big Island, Repulse Bay, Godbout, Bay of Fundy and Vancouver Island), Massachusetts (Boston and Ipswich Bay), Connecticut (Branford), California (San Diego), Bermuda Islands; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 92, 1898 Greenland (Kangerajuk, July; Disco Bay, etc.). Melanitta perspicillata Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 143, 1925 (life hist.); De W. Miller, Amer. Mus. Nov., 243, p. 2, 1926 (shape of trachea); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 182, 1931 (range); Dixon, Fauna Nat. Parks U. S., 3, p. 40, 1938 Mount McKinley Park (breeding); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 24, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (probably breeding); Todd, l.c., p. 79 (in text), 1943 James Bay (breeding); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 119, 1944 Bristol Bay region (breeding); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 50, 1945 Sonora (lat. 28 northward). Range. Breeding range uncertain, but probably from about Bristol Bay and Fort Yukon, Alaska, east through the Mackenzie Basin to the Anderson River and south to northern Alberta (Lake Athabasca) and Saskatchewan; also on Hudson Bay (Churchill), James Bay, central Labrador (Lake Petitsikapan), and perhaps in southern Greenland. Winters on the seacoast from the Aleutian Islands to Lower California (San Quintin Bay) and from Nova Scotia to South Carolina; also on the Great Lakes. Field Museum Collection. 54: Alaska (Collinson Point, 1; Nome, 1; Tocatna, 1); Yukon Territory (Lake La Barge, 1); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 1) ; Washington (Port Towns- end, 3); California (Carmel Bay, 1; Trinidad, 2; Monterey, 8; Hyperion, 5; Pacific Grove, 4; Redwood, 1; Pacific Beach, 1); Labrador (Jack Lane's Bay, 1; Zoar, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1); Massachusetts (Woods Hole, 1; Brant Rock, 2; West Yarmouth, 1; Cohasset, 1); Rhode Island (Narragansett Bay, 1); Connecticut (New Haven, 2; Branford, 2; West Haven, 2; Guilford, 3; Stony 396 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Creek, 4); New York (Suffolk County, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1). Conover Collection. 29: Alaska (Barrow, 1; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 1); Yukon Territory (head of Big Salmon River, 1); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 18); California (Anaheim Landing, 1; Point Magie, 1); Prince Edward Island (Summerside, 1); Massachusetts, Essex County (Pigeon Cove, 3; Lanesville, 1); Connecticut (Stratford, 1). Genus CAMPTORHYNCHUS Bonaparte Camplorhynchus "Eyton" Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, p. 58, 1838 type, by monotypy, Anas labradoria Gmelin. Kamptorhynchus Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 57, 1838 type, by orig. desig., Fuligula Labradora Bonaparte. Camptolaimus G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., ed. 2, p. 95, 1841 type, by mono- typy, Anas labradoria Gmelin. *Camptorhynchus labradorius (Gmelin). LABRADOR DUCK. Anas labradoria Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 537, 1789 Arctic America, Connecticut and Labrador. Anas labradora Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 859, fig. 67, 1790 Labrador. Fuligula grisea Leib, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8, p. 170, 1840 neighbor- hood of Great Egg Harbour, New Jersey. Anas labradorica Hall, Canad. Natur. and Geol., 7, p. 427, 1862 Bay of Laprairie, Montreal District; Dutcher, Auk, 11, p. 176, 1894 (Laprairie specimen added to Dutcher collection). Camptolaimus labradorius Gregg, Amer. Nat., 13, p. 128, 1879 Chemung County, New York (last record); Meyer, Auk, 9, p. 389, 1892 (female in Dresden Museum); Stone, I.e., 10, p. 363, 1893 (adult male added to collection in Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia); Dutcher, I.e., 11, p. 4, 1894 (imm. male in Museum of Natural History Society of Montreal); Gurney, I.e., 14, p. 87, 1897 specimen in Amiens, France. Camptorhynchus labradorius Dutcher, Auk, 8, p. 201, 1891 (revised list of specimens in North America with historical notes); Brooks, I.e., 29, p. 389, 1912 discovery of juvenal male specimen in Boston Society of Natural History (possess one other); Lloyd, Canad. Field Nat., 34, p. 155, 1920 Dalhousie College, Nova Scotia (male specimen only; female= Oidemia americana); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 62, 1925 (life hist.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 57, pi. 78, 1926 list of known specimens (monog.); Gladstone, Ibis, 1927, p. 352 (history of a specimen in the Liverpool Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 182, 1931 (range); Renshaw, Bd. Notes and News, London, 19, p. 1, pi. 1, 1940 (notes). Camptolaemus labradorius Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 416, 1895 North America and Labrador (2 specimens; full bibliog.). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 397 Camplolaimus labradoria Rothschild, Extinct Bds., p. 105, pi. 36, 1907 (syn., list known specimens; gen. account). Range. Extinct. Probably bred formerly in Labrador. Re- corded in winter from Grand Manan to Chesapeake Bay, but chiefly off Long Island, New York. Field Museum Collection. 2: Maine (near Calais, 2). Genus POLYSTICTA Eyton Polysiicla Eyton, Cat. Brit. Bds., p. 58, 1836 type, by monotypy, Anas stelleri Pallas. Eniconetta G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 75, 1840 type, by orig. desig., Anas stelleri Pallas. Stetteria Bonaparte (nee Stellaria), Nuovi Ann. delle Scienze Nat., Bologna, 8, (2), p. 266, 1842 type, by monotypy, Stetteria dispar Bonaparte= Anas stelleri Pallas. Heniconetta Agassiz, Ind. Univ. Nom. Zool., p. 178, 1846 emendation. *Polysticta stelleri (Pallas). STELLER'S EIDER. Anas steUeri Pallas, Spic. Zool., fasc. 6, p. 35, pi. 5, 1769 Kamchatka. Anas dispar Sparrman, Mus. Carlson, fasc. 1, pis. 7 and 8, 1786 type locality "Ostrogothico"=0stergotland, Sweden (cf. Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, p. 1363). Anas Occidua Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Me"th., Orn., 1, livr. 47, p. 130, 1791 based on A. stelleri Pallas and "Western Duck" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 564, pi. 23; Kamtschatka and western part of America. Eniconetta stelleri Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 135, 1886 Bristol Bay and Aliaska (Alaska Peninsula), Unalaska Island (winter) (descr.); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 75, 1887 Alaskan coasts and islands of Bering Sea (nesting); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 471 (plumages); Rich, Maine Nat., 10, p. 39, 1930 coast of Maine. Heniconetta stetteri Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 419, 1895 Norway, Iceland, Alaska. Somateria dispar Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 93, 1898 Disco Bay, Greenland (June 15, 1878). Polysticta stelleri Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 67, 1925 (life hist.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 167, 1926 Alaska (nesting; plumages; weights); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 64, pis. 79, 80, 82, distr. map 99, 1926 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 182, 1931 (range); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 21, 1934 (eclipse plumage). Range. Breeds on the coast of Alaska from Unimak Island north to Point Barrow and east to Barter Island; St. Lawrence Island. Winters in the open waters about the Aleutian Islands and the Alaska Peninsula east to the Kenai Peninsula. Breeds also on the 398 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII coast of Siberia east of the Taimyr Peninsula, wintering south to Kamchatka and west to Norway; accidental in Greenland (Disco Bay, June 15, 1878) and on Atlantic coast of North America. Field Museum Collection. 24: Alaska (Barrow, 4; Bering Strait, 2; Point Hope, 1; Nome, 9; Sledge Island, 1; Yukon Delta, 2; Unalaska, 1; Kodiak Island, 3); ?California (northern part, 1). Conover Collection. 30: Alaska (Point Barrow, 4; Wales, 1; Wain wright, 6; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 12; Igiak Bay, Bering Sea, 7). Subfamily OXYURINAE. Lake Ducks Genus NOMONYX Ridgway Nomonyx Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, p. 15, 1880 type, by orig. desig., Anas dominica Linnaeus. *Nomonyx dominicus (Linnaeus). MASKED DUCK. Anas dominica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 201, 1766 based on "La Sarcelle de S. Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 472, pi. 41, fig. 2; Santo Domingo. Anas spinosa Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 522, 1789 based on "Sarcelle a queue 6pineuse" Buff on, Hist. Nat. Ois., 9, p. 282, and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 967; Cayenne. Erismatura ortygoides (Hill MS.) Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 406 (footnote), 1847 Jamaica (no type extant). Nomonyx dominicus Fisher, Auk, 12, p. 297, 1895 Brownsville, Texas; Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 438, 1895 Jamaica, Barbados, Guatemala, Panama, Cayenne, Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 395, (1898), 1899 Piracicaba, Sao Paulo; Howe, Auk, 19, p. 196, 1902 record from Vermont not good; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 208, 1902 Tucuman (ex Dinelli); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 227, 1903 Mexico (Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Tepic), Guatemala, and Panama (Laguna de Pita, Veragua); Houghton, Auk, 23, p. 335, 1906 Maryland; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 245, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 437, 1910 Costa Rica (Laguna de Coris and Las Concovas); Dabbene, Orn. Arg., p. 233, 1910 Tucuman, Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 196, 1916 Kamuni River; Chap- man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 235, 1917 Cali, Colombia; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 276 Eten, Lambayeque, Peru; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 47, 1922 Venezuela (Rio Cogollo and Lagunillas, Zulia); Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 265, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 161, 1925 (Lite hist. and United States records); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 143, pi. 83, distr. map 104, 1926 (monog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 399 p. 212, 1926 Chone, Ecuador; Lawrence, Auk, 44, p. 415, 1927 Eagle Nest Lake, Brazoria County, Texas (other United States records); Wet- more, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 317, 1927 Puerto Rico (rare); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, No. 18, p. 499, 1929 Inhuma, Rio Parnahyba, Brazil; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 99, 1930 (range in South America); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 184, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 297, 1935 Panama (Veragua, Canal Zone, and Darien). Oxyura dominica Bond, Bds. West Indies, p. 44, 1936 Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Grand Cayman, and Puerto Rico. Range. Greater Antilles, Costa Rica (Laguna de Coris and Las Concovas), Panama (Veragua, Canal Zone, and Darien), south on the west coast through Colombia and Ecuador (El Oro, Arenillas) to Peru (Sarayacu and Eten) and to the east of the Andes through Venezuela and the Guianas to northern Argentina (Tucumdn and Province of Buenos Aires). Occasional in the Virgin Islands (St. Croix), and Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Barbados) and Trinidad; also in Mexico (Tepic, Vera Cruz, and Jalisco). Field Museum Collection. 10: Massachusetts (Maiden, Middle- sex County, I); 1 Cuba (unspecified, 2); Jamaica (Priestmans River, Surrey, 1); Costa Rica (Bebedero, Guanacaste, 3); Colombia (un- specified, 1); British Guiana (unspecified, 2). Conover Collection. 30: Cuba (Tapaste, Havana, 5); Costa Rica (Concovas, Cartago, 2); Panama (Port Obaldia, Darien, 2); Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Perija, 2); Colombia (Popayan, Cauca, 1); Ecuador (Arenillas, El Oro, 1); Brazil (Boim, Par, 1; Villa Acara, Para, 1); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 2; Horqueta, 2; 265-170 km. west of Puerto Casado, 10; Orloff, Chaco, 1). Genus OXYURA Bonaparte Oxyura Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 2, p. 390, 1828 type, by monotypy, Anas rubidus Wilson. Erismatura Bonaparte, Giornale Arcadico, 52, p. 208, 1832 new name for Oxyura. Cerconectes Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 282, March, 1832 no type designated. Gymnura Nuttall, Man. Orn., 2, p. 425, 1834 substitute name for Oxyura Bonaparte. Erimistura (sic) Degland and Gerbe, Orn. Eur., 2, p. 565, 1867 emendation of Erismatura Bonaparte. 1 Recorded in the Auk, 6, p. 336, 1889. 400 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Oxyura jamaicensis rubida (Wilson). 1 RUDDY DUCK. Anas rubidus Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, pp. 128, 130, pi. 71, figs. 5-6, 1814 Delaware River, near Philadelphia (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 184, 1930). Anas cyanorostris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eVL, 5, p. 165, 1816 based on "Yacatexotli" Hernandez, Hist. Anim. Nov. Hisp., p. 29; Mexico. Erismatura jamaicensis (not Anas jamaicensis Gmelin) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 445, 1895 part, except Jamaica (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 228, 1903 part, Mexico (San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Sinaloa, Jalisco, Valley of Mexico, Vera Cruz, Oaxaca), Guatemala, and Costa Rica; Brooks, Auk, 20, p. 280, pi. 10, 1903 (pi. nestling); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 437, 1910 Irazu, Costa Rica; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 52, p. 479, 1917 (secondary sexual chars.); idem, Condor, 20, p. 19, 1918 (on tracheal air sac); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 205, 1918 (life hist. California); van Rossem, Condor, 25, p. 131, 1923 (voice); Henderson, I.e., 26, p. 32, 1924 (voice); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 152, 1925 part, except West Indies (life hist.). Oxyura jamaicensis Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 159, pi. 84, distr. map 106, 1926 part, except West Indies (monog.). Oxyura jamaicensis rubida Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 184, 1931 (range); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 51, 1945 Sonora (rare). Erismatura jamaicensis rubida Low, Auk, 58, p. 506, pi. 17, 1941 Iowa (nesting; incub. period). Range. Breeds from central British Columbia (Cariboo District), Great Slave Lake, and northern Manitoba (York Factory) south to northern Lower California (31 N.), northern New Mexico (Lake Burford), southern Texas (Cameron County), northern Iowa, and northern Illinois; casually and locally east to Ungava and south to Guatemala. Winters from southern British Columbia, northern New Mexico, southern Illinois, and Chesapeake Bay south to Costa Rica, the Gulf of Mexico and Florida. Field Museum Collection. 53: British Columbia (Victoria, 2); Saskatchewan (Prince Albert, 2) ; New Brunswick (St. Croix River, 2); North Dakota (Towner County, 8; Benson County, 2; Rolette County, 1; Nelson County, 3); Kansas (Burlington, 3; Blue Rapids, 1); California (unspecified, 1; San Diego County, 1; Wasco, 2; 1 Oxyura jamaicensis rubida (Wilson) is probably not a recognizable race, but the question cannot be definitely settled until a series from Jamaica itself can be examined. It is supposed to differ from the typical race by generally lighter coloration, larger size and the presence of an eclipse plumage. However, according to Wetmore (Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 314, 1927), Puerto Rican specimens (supposedly typical jamaicensis) vary greatly in size and colora- tion and probably also have an eclipse plumage. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 401 Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 1; Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, 1; Corona, 1; Riverside, 1); Arizona (Tucson, 1); Texas (Brownsville, I); 1 Minnesota (Nobles County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 5); Illinois (Monroe County, 1); Massachusetts (Cape Cod, 1; Quincy Bay, 1); Connecticut (North Haven, 4; Guilford, 2); Virginia (unspecified, 1); Florida (Banana River, 2); Mexico (Cusarare, Chihuahua, 1). Conover Collection. 37: California (Oceano, 1); Utah (Brigham, 21); South Dakota (Eden, 3); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 2); Illinois (Henry, 2); Massachusetts (Newburyport, 1; Mashpee, 1); North Carolina, Currituck Sound (Seagull, 1; Poplar Branch, 3; Waterlily, 1); Mexico (Galeana, Nuevo Leon, 1). "Oxyura jamaicensis jamaicensis (Gmelin). ANTILLEAN RUDDY DUCK. Anas jamaicensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 519, 1789 based on "Jamaica Shoveler" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 513; Jamaica. Anas recurvirostra Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 5, p. 167, 1816 new name for Anas Jamaica Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 857, 1790 based on "Jamaica Shoveler" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 513; Jamaica. Erismatura jamaicensis Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 445, 1895 part, Mount Eagle,' Jamaica (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 228, 1903 part, West Indies; Wetmore, Bds. of Porto Rico, p. 28, 1916 Laguna de Guanica (ex Gundlach); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 152, 1925 part, West Indies (life hist.). Erismatura alleni Danforth, Auk, 42, p. 558, 1925 Cartagena Lagoon, Porto Rico (type in collection of S. T. Danforth, now in Museum of Cornell University, Ithaca; cf. Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 315, 1927). Oxyura jamaicensis Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 159, pi. 84, distr. map 106, 1926 part, West Indies (monog.); Bond, Bds. West Indies, p. 43, 1936 Bahama Islands, Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles; Nichols and Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 28, 1943 nesting, Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, St. John, Dog Island, Saba Cay, Water Island). Erismatura jamaicensis jamaicensis Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 314, 1927 Puerto Rico and St. Croix(?) (disc. dist. chars.); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 106, 1931 Hispaniola (Moca, Haina, Laguna del Salodillo, Trou Caiman). Oxyura jamaicensis jamaicensis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 184, 1931 (range). Range. Resident in the West Indies (Cuba, Puerto Rico, Vir- gin Islands, Jamaica, the Grenadines, and Carriacou). (?) Bahama Islands. 1 Partial downy. 402 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Conover Collection. 4: Puerto Rico (Anegada Lagoon, 1; Car- tagena Lagoon, 3). *Oxyura ferruginea ferruginea (Eyton). ANDEAN LAKE DUCK. Erismatura ferruginea Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 170, 1838 Chile (cotypes in the British Museum examined); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 54, 1881 Lagunas de Rio Negro; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 484, 1886 Lake Junfn (ex Jelski) and Lake Titicaca (ex Raimondi); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 138, 1889 Patagonia; Salvador*, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 449, 1895 Lake Titicaca, vicinity of Lima, and Laguna de Tambo, Peru; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 244, 1909 Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 303, 1923 Neluan, Rio Negro (rare); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 212, 1926 Lago San Pablo, Otavalo, Ecuador; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 337, 1932 (distr. in Chile). Erismatura aequaiorialis Salvadori, 1 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, pp. 441, 442, 450, 1895 Antisana and Sical, Ecuador (cotypes in British Museum examined). Oxyura aequatorialis Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 276 Colta, Riobamba, Ecuador. Oxyura ferruginea Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 55, 1921 La Raya, Peru; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 183, pi. 86, distr. map 109, 1926 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 185, 1931 (range in part); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 467 Huancavelica, Peru; idem, I.e., 1939, p. 649 Lake Junin, Peru (food). Range. Andean lakes from Ecuador south to Chile (Aysen), Argentina (Chubut), and Tierra del Fuego (Cape Penas). Found also in the central valley and coastal plain of Chile 2 and in Argen- tina on the pampas adjoining the Andes from the Rio Negro south. Field Museum Collection. 14: Bolivia (Huaqui, La Paz, 1; Vacas, Cochabamba, 12); Chile (Lake Malleco, Cautin, 1). Conover Collection. 17: Ecuador (Laguna Yaguarcocha, Im- babura, 1; Lago Antisana, Pichincha, 1); Peru (Puerto Arturo, Puno, 1); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 10); Chile (Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 4). 1 Erismatura aequatorialis Salvadori: Birds from Ecuador are inseparable from specimens from Peru and Chile. 2 In a letter to the junior author, Dr. R. A. Philippi writes that this species and O. vittata are found together in the lakes of the valley and coastal plain of Chile. He states that he has a series of about thirty specimens of both species taken on the Lago Penuelas, which is about eighteen miles from Valparaiso. He further states that both species nest there and that there is a great difference in the size of their eggs. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 403 *Oxyura ferruginea andina Lehmann. 1 COLOMBIAN LAKE DUCK. Oxyura jamaicensis andina Lehmann, Auk, 63, p. 221, April, 1946 Laguna del Paramo de Boca-Grande, north of Nevado de Sumapaz, Cundina- marca, eastern Andes of Colombia, el. 4,000 meters (type in the collection of the Institute de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional, Bogota, Colombia). Erismatura (Oxyura) ferruginea Lehmann, Caldasia, 2, p. 408, 1944 eastern and central Cordilleras of Colombia. Range. Andean lakes of the central (Purace region, Cauca) and eastern (Laguna Fuquene, Cundinamarca, and Boyaca) Cordilleras of Colombia. Conover Collection. 2: Colombia (Paramo de Purace, Cauca, 2). *Oxyura vittata (R. A. Philippi). ARGENTINE LAKE DUCK. Erismatura vittata R. A. Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 26, (1), p. 26, 1860 Chile (descr. of juv.; type in the National Museum of Natural History, Santiago, Chile); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 450, 1895 Chile (Tarapaca; central Chile; Prov. Santiago; Rio Pilmaiquen) and Uruguay (market in Montevideo); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 74, 1907 Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 244, 1909 Coronel Don-ego and Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and Roca, Rio Negro; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 19, p. 233, 1910 Cordoba, Rio Negro (Roca), and Chubut; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 501, 1912 (general account); Bennett, El Hornero, 2, p. 30, 1920 Decepcion Island, South Shetland Islands (ac- cidental); Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 79, 1923 Prov. de la Rioja; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 303, 1923 Huanuluan and Neluan, Rio Negro; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 84, 1926 General Roca, Territory of Rio Negro, Argentina (descr. air sac and trachea); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 418, 1926 Loma Partida and Rio Fetaleufu, Chubut; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 339, 1932 (distr. in Chile). Oxyura vittata Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 187, pi. 86, distr. map 189, 1926 (monog.); Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 355, 1926 southern Santa F6; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 185, 1931 (range, in part). 1 Oxyura ferruginea andina Lehmann differs from the typical race by smaller size and has in adult males a greater amount of white on the sides of the head and throat. The drake of the pair listed above has a wing of 149 mm., the same as that of the type, and the female one of 145, while Bolivian specimens run from 158 to 165 and 152 to 155 respectively. In our opinion the Colombian Lake Duck is a form of ferruginea as its bill is similar, being much heavier, wider, and higher at the base, with a broader nail than that of jamaicensis. This gives to the Andean Lake Duck a profile somewhat similar to Aythya valisineria, a line drawn along the top of the bill from the tip to the crown of the head being almost straight, whereas in the North American Ruddy Duck this line is convex, more like that of Aythya americana. In addition the females of andina have the dusky cheeks characteristic of fer- ruginea and lack the whitish stripe under the eye found in both jamaicensis and vittata. 404 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. The central and southern provinces of Chile from Valparaiso to Valdivia, southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Uru- guay and Argentina from the provinces of Rioja and San Juan south to Tierra del Fuego (Cape Penas). Conover Collection. 11: Chile (Laguna Huairavo, Santiago, 1; Llolleo, Santiago, 2; Batuco, Santiago, 3; Angol, Bio Bio, 2); Argen- tina (Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 3). Subfamily MERGINAE. Mergansers Genus MERGELLUS Selby Mergellus Selby, Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Types Bds., p. 47, 1840 type, by monotypy, Mergus albellus Linnaeus. Mergellus albellus (Linnaeus). SMEW. Mergus Albellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 129, 1758 Europe, restricted type locality, Mediterranean Sea near Smyrna. Mergus albellus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 464, 1895 spec, v", North America; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 30, 1923 North America, Louisiana (life hist.). Range. Extralimital. Found in Europe and Asia. Admitted to the American check list because of two rather doubtful occurrences, one a specimen of a female in the British Museum purchased from the Hudson's Bay Company and said to have been taken in Canada, the other a record of a female, which Audubon (1840) claimed to have taken in Louisiana. Genus LOPHODYTES Reichenbach Lophodytes Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. ix, 1852 (1853) type, by orig. desig., Mergus cucullatus Linnaeus. *Lophodytes cucullatus (Linnaeus). HOODED MERGANSER. Mergus cucullatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 129, 1758 based on "The Round-crested Duck" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 94, pi. 94; Virginia and Carolina. (l)Mergus fuscus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 832, 1790 based on "Brown Merganser" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, Suppl., p. 74; Hudson Bay. Lophodytes cucullatus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 468, 1895 Vancouver Island, District of Columbia, states of New York, Florida, Texas, and Jalapa, Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 230, 1903 Mexico (near Matamoros, Valley of Mexico, Jal- 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 405 apa, and Orizaba) ; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 89, 1918 (life hist. California); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 22, 1923 (life hist.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 241, pis. 95 and 96 (downy), distr. map 114, 1926 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 186, 1931 (range); Bagg, Auk, 50, p. 430, 1933 (courtship display); Sprunt, Auk, 61, p. 306, 1944 South Carolina (breeding). Range. Breeds throughout the wooded regions, from south- eastern Alaska (Stikine River) east through British Columbia (Cariboo district), Alberta, and Saskatchewan to Hudson Bay, and perhaps the interior of Labrador, south to Oregon, northern New Mexico, Arkansas (Big Lake), southern Tennessee (near Chatta- nooga), and central Florida (Titusville and Fort Myers). Winters from British Columbia (Vancouver Island and Okanagan), Utah, Nebraska, Lake Michigan, and Massachusetts south to southern Mexico (Orizaba and Jalapa) and Cuba, but mainly in the southern states. Field Museum Collection. 53: British Columbia (Okanagan, 1; Sumas Lake, 1); California (Colusa, 1); North Dakota (Hope, 1; Sweetwater Lake, Ramsey County, 1; Lac aux Morts, 1; Towner County, 2; Sheyenne River, Nelson County, 2; Cando, 2); Iowa (Burlington, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 5); Illinois (Rondout, Lake County, 1; Fox Lake, 1); Ontario (Point Rowan, 9); Prince Edward Island (Fish Island, 1); Connecticut (North Haven, 9); New York (Lakeside, Wayne County, 1) ; Virginia (Norfolk County, 1; Norfolk, 4); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 2; Curri- tuck Sound, Currituck County, 1; unspecified, 1); Florida (Banana River, 3). Conover Collection. 25: British Columbia (Masset, Queen Char- lotte Islands, 1; Stuie, Bella Coola area, 2; Comox, Vancouver Island, 5) ; Alberta (60 miles east of Edmonton, 1) ; Illinois (Deerfield, 1; Warrenville, 1; Henry, 5; Sparland, 1); Massachusetts (Quincy, 1; Plymouth, 2; Mashpee, 1; Newburyport, 1); North Carolina (Sea- gull, Currituck Sound, 2); Florida (Nassau Sound, 1; Homosassa Springs, Citrus County, 1). Genus MERGUS Linnaeus Mergus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 129, 1758 type, by subs, desig. (Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 76, 1838), Mergus castor Linnaeus = Mergus senator Linnaeus. Merganser Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 230, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "Merganser"= Mergus senator Linnaeus. 406 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Prister Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 350, 1890 type, by monotypy, Mergus brasilianus Vieillot. Prionochilus (not of Strickland, 1841) Bertoni, Ann. Cient. Paraguayos, 1, No. 1, p. 8, 1901 type, by monotypy, Prionochilus brasiliensis Bertoni= Mergus octosetaceus Vieillot. Promergus Mathews and Iredale, Ibis, 1913, p. 410 type, by orig. desig., Mergus australis Hombron and Jacquinot. *Mergus merganser americanus Cassin. AMERICAN MERGANSER. Mergus americanus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, p. 187, 1852 North America (no type mentioned, based partly on Mergus merganser [not Linnaeus] Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, p. 68, pi. 68) j 1 Townsend, Auk, 33, p. 10, 1916 (courtship) ; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 79, 1918 (life hist. California); Brooks, Auk, 49, p. 462, 1932 (color of iris); White, J. Biol. Board Canada, 3, p. 323, 1937 (food). Merganser americanus Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 130, 1886 Unalaska Island; Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 477, 1895 Canada (Columbia River; British Columbia; 49th Parallel; Vancouver Island), New York (Lyons Falls; Herkimer County; Adirondacks), and Texas (Corpus Christi); Salvin and Godman-, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 229, 1903 Mexico (Sonora) and Bermuda; Munro and Clemens, Canad. Field Nat., 46, p. 166, 1932 (food). Mergus merganser americanus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 1, 1923 (life hist.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 256, pis. 96-98, distr. map 115, 1926 (monog.), p. 278 (dist. char.); van Rossem, Auk, 46, p. 380, 1929 Colonia Pacheco, Chihuahua, Mexico (nestling); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 187, 1931 (range); Munro and Clemens, Canad. Field Nat., 48, p. 45, 1934 (food); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 51, 1945 Sonora (Colorado Delta; San Esteban Island; Guaymas). Mergus mergus americanus Moore, Auk, 51, p. 229, 1934 (serrations of bill). Range. Breeds from the Alaska Peninsula, the southern Yukon Territory (Teslin Lake), Great Slave Lake, Churchill River, Labrador (probably), the Gaspe" Peninsula, and Newfoundland south in the Rocky Mountains to central California (Tulare County), northern Mexico (Chihuahua), and northern New Mexico, and from South Dakota east in the northern tier of states to central New York and southern Maine. Winters from the Aleutian Islands, the northern United States and the Gulf of St. Lawrence south to northern Mexico (northern Lower California and Durango), the Gulf coast and central western Florida (Tampa Bay). Field Museum Collection. 33: Alaska (Craig, Prince of Wales Island, 1); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 2; Okana- gan, 2; White Swan Lake, 1); Washington (Nisqually, Thurston 1 Cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 28 (pub. 1900). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 407 County, 1); Oregon (Marion, 1); California (Colusa, 2; Trinidad, 1); Mexico (Colonia Pacheco, Chihuahua, 1 downy); Illinois (Chicago, 7); Labrador (Kegashka, 1); Quebec (Beaupre*, 1; Isle au Gaus, 1); Massachusetts (Concord, 3); Connecticut (New Haven County, 3; Stamford, 2; Stratford, 1; East Hartford, 1; Black Hall, 1). Conover Collection. 24: British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 9); Alberta (Jasper Park, 1); Washington (Clallam River, Clallam County, 1); California (Lake Tahoe, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 1; Henry, 5); Michigan (Augusta, 2); Nova Scotia (Wolfville, 2); Massachusetts (Mashpee, Barnstable County, 2). *Mergus serrator serrator Linnaeus. RED-BREASTED MERGANSER. Mergus Serrator Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 129, 1758 based chiefly on Fauna Svec., No. 114; Europe, restr. type locality, Sweden (ex Fauna Svec.). Merganser serrator Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 131, 1886 St. Michaels and Aleutian Islands; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 66, 1887 Unalaska, St. Lawrence Island and St. Michaels; Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 479, 1895 spec, d'-w", a 3 -]- 3 (full bibliog.). Mergus serrator Townsend, Auk, 28, p. 341, 1911 (courtship); Strong, l.c., 29, p. 479, pis. 21-23, 1912 (notes on life hist.); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 84, 1918 (life hist. California); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 13, 1923 (life hist.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 164, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 279, pis. 96-98, distr. map 116, 1926 (monog.); Munro, Condor, 32, p. 261, 1930 (killed by sculpin) ; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 187, 1931 (range); White, J. Biol. Board Canada, 3, p. 323, 1937 (food); idem, J. Fish. Res. Board Canada, 4, p. 309, 1940 (food); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 25, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (breeding); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 51, 1945 coast of Sonora; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 24, 1946 Baffin Island (breeding, southwest coast). Range. In North America breeds from Icy Cape, Alaska, the Mackenzie Delta, Great Slave Lake, Hudson Bay (Churchill), central Labrador, and southern Baffin Island south to southeastern British Columbia, central Alberta, and the northern tier of states in the United States. Winters on the Pacific coast from southern British Columbia to Lower California (La Paz), in the interior from the Great Lakes south in the Mississippi Valley to the Gulf coast and on the Atlantic coast from New Brunswick to Florida. Also found in Europe and northern Asia. Field Museum Collection. 60: Alaska (Collinson Point, 1; St. Michaels, 1; Bethel, 1); British Columbia (Okanagan, 2); Alberta (Tofield, 1); Washington (Port Townsend, 3); California (Mon- 408 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII terey, 4); Arizona (Tucson, 1); Ontario (Michipicoten Island, Lake Superior, 2) ; Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 4) ; Indiana (Kankakee River, 1; Miller, Lake County, 1); Mississippi (Graveline Bayou, Jackson County, 1); Labrador (Port Manvers, 1; Indian Harbor, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 3); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 4; Chat- ham, 2); Connecticut (Woodmont, 1; New Haven County, 1; West Haven, 2; Guilford, 1; Stamford, 1; Middlesex County, 1; Clinton, 2; Westville, 1); New York (Shelter Island, 1; Montauk Point, Long Island, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 7); Georgia (Chatham County, 1); Florida (East Pass, 4; Mary Esther, 1; Pilot Town, 1). Conover Collection. 28: Alaska (Barrow, 2; Meade River, near Barrow, 1); Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 5); Alberta (Tofield, 2); Manitoba (Churchill, 4) ; Nebraska (Cherry County, 1) ; Texas (Corpus Christi, 3); Illinois (Waukegan, 3) ; Massachusetts (East Orleans, 1; Mashpee, 1); North Carolina (Seagull, Currituck, 1; Waterlily, Currituck, 1; Hatteras, 2). Mergus serrator major Schiller. 1 GREENLANDIC RED-BREASTED MERGANSER. Mergus serrator major Schi01er, Dansk. Orn. Tidskr., 19, p. 115, 1925 west Greenland (type now in Kopenhagen Museum); Nicholson, Ibis, 1930, p. 398 Greenland (Ilulialik; Kugssuk); Bertelsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 4, p. 17, 1932 (range in western Greenland). Mergus serrator (not of Linnaeus) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 113, 1898 Greenland. Range. Coasts of Greenland, north to Upernavik on the west and Scoresby Sound on the east; winters in southern Greenland. Mergus octosetaceus Vieillot. BRAZILIAN MERGANSER. Mergus octosetaceus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 14, p. 222, 1817 Brazil (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 68, 1929); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 301, pi. 100, distr. map 118, 1926 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 188, 1931 (range); Stresemann, Orn. Monatsb., 43, p. 121, 1935 (specimens in Berlin Mu- seum); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 58, 1938 Salto Grande, Rio Parana- panema, Sao Paulo. 1 Mergus serrator major Schiller: Similar in coloration to the nominate race, but with longer wings. Four specimens from Greenland (Holatenbarg, Sukkertoppen, Holsteinborg), when compared with European and American birds, bear out Schi01er's measure- ments. The race thus seems to be valid. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 409 Mergus oclosetaelus Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 1, livr. 89, p. 351, pi. 236, fig. 3, 1820 new name for Mergus octosetaceus Vieillot. Mergus fuscus (not of Latham) Liechtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 84, 1823 Sao Paulo (male and female descr.). Mergus brasilianus Vieillot, Gal. Ois., 2, p. 209, pi. 283, circa 1825 Brazil (substitute name for Mergus octosetaceus Vieillot). Mergus lophotes (Cuvier MS.) Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 551, 1850 new name for Mergus octosetaelus and Mergus brasilianus Vieillot. Mergus brasiliensis Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 441, 1856 Sao Paulo and Santa Catharina; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 322, 1870 Sao Paulo (Rio ItararS) and Goyaz (Guardamor), Brazil; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 281, 1874 Blumenau, Santa Catharina (descr. imm.). Mergus octosetosus (errore?) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 652, 1856 in syn. of M. brasilianus Vieillot. Merganser brasilianus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 485, 1895 Ytarare, Brazil; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 395, (1898), 1899 range; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 121, 1926 Salto da Ariranha, Parana (note on female). Prionochilus brasiliensis Bertoni, Ann. Cient. Paraguayos, 1, No. 1, p. 8, 1901 Alto Parana, lat. 27 S., Paraguay (type in coll. of A. de W. Bertoni). Merganser octasetaceus Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 77, 1907 (range, Brazil); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 234, 1910 Rio Parana (ex Bertoni) and Misiones. Range. Only known from widely scattered localities in southern Brazil (Guardamor, Goyaz; Salto Grande, Rio Paranapanema and Rio Itarare", Sao Paulo; Salto da Ariranha, Parand; Blumenau, Santa Catharina) and the Parana River drainage in eastern Paraguay and northeastern Argentina (Rio Iguazu). Subfamily MERGANETTINAE. Torrent Ducks Genus MERGANETTA Gould 1 Merganetta Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, "1841," p. 95, pub. March, 1842 type, by monotypy, Merganetta armata Gould. Raphipterus Gay, Hist. FIs. Pol. Chile, Atlas, Zool., pi. [12], 1844 type, by monotypy, Raphipterus chilensis Gay = Merganetta armata Gould. 1 The torrent ducks seem to fall into three divisions, a northern and a southern one, each containing a single form, and a central group of four forms. While all the varieties are undoubtedly closely related, the northern and southern ones differ much more from the central group and each other, than the four central varieties do inter se. Since there also appears to be a rather extensive gap in distribution between the northern, the central and the southern divisions, it seems that the relationships are more clearly shown by separating the genus into three species than by including all six forms as races of one species. By doing this we have a northern and a southern monotypic species whose distinguishing characteristics appear to remain constant and a central one comprised of four intergrading races. 410 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Rhaphipterus Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 458, 1847 emendation. *Merganetta colombiana Des Murs. 1 COLOMBIAN TORRENT DUCK. Merganetta Colombiana Des Murs, Rev. Zool., 8, p. 179, 1845 no locality= Santa F6 de Bogota, Colombia (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 68, 1929); idem, Icon. Orn., livr. 1, pi. 6, 1845 Santa Fe" de Bogota (fig. of type). Merganetta leucogenys (not Anas leucogenis Tschudi) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 408 part, Colombia and Ecuador. Merganetta columbiana Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 462, 1895 Colombia ("Santa Marta;" Frontino, Antioquia, Bogotd) and Ecuador (Rio Blanco; Sarayacu); Beebe and Crandall, Zoologica, N. Y., 1, p. 251, 1914 (desc. tail down); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 47, 1922 Laguna de Pan de Azucar and Rio Alba, M6rida, Venezuela. Merganetta colombiana Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 236, 1917 Salento, Rio Toche, and El Eden, Colombia; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 277 Papallacta Lake, Ecuador; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 28, 1922 Rio San Pedro, Amaguno, Cumbaya, and Rio Pita, Ecuador (young descr.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 140, 1922 "Santa Marta," ex British Museum; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 212, 1926 Antisana, Valle de Cumbaya, upper Rio Pita, San Pedro above Tumbaco, Rio Quijos, Oyacachi, and lower Sumaco, Ecuador; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 219, pi. 93, distr. map 112, 1928 (monog.); Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 24, p. 346, 1943 (monog.). Merganetta armata colombiana Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 188, 1931 (range). Range. The northern Andes from Venezuela (Me"rida) south through Colombia (all three ranges) 2 to central Ecuador (Chim- borazo and Rio Pastaza). Field Museum Collection. 1 : Ecuador (Tungaragua, Rio Ambata, 1). 1 Merganetta colombiana Des Murs is nearest to typical leucogenis. From that form the males differ by having the mantle gray (not black) and the dark shaft stripes to the feathers of the breast lighter. Females have the under parts much lighter, the color being more orange than red. The sides of the neck and the face behind the eye are also orange red, not gray finely barred with white as in all other forms of the genus. Additional material examined. Venezuela: M^rida, 1; La Chuchilla, 2; Nevados, 2; Rio Alba, 1. Colombia: west of Harmonde, Cauca Valley, 1; Rio Toche, east Quindio Andes, Tolima, 1; Cali, 1; Cauca yalley, 1; "Bogotd," 6; La Plata, Huila, 2; Salento, Cauca, 2; El Roble, Quindio Andes, 1. Ecuador: Oyacachi River, 2; upper Rio Pita, 4; above Tumbaco, 1; Rio Tumbaco, 2; Mount Chimborazo, 1; Antisana, 1; Cerro Galeras, Rio Pauchsi Yacu, 1; near Tumbaco, Rio San Pedro, 1 ; Rio Quijos, 1 ; Rio Ambato, 1 ; Cumbaya, 1 ; Sumaco, 1 ; Papa- llacta, 1. 2 No authentic record from the Santa Marta Mountains. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 411 Conover Collection. 23: Venezuela, MeYida (Laguna de Pan de Azucar, 1; Rio Alba, 1); Colombia (Moscopan, Cauca, 4; Paramo de Purace, Cauca, 1; Munchique, Cauca, 3; San Agustin, Huila, 1; La Plata, Huila, 3; Cumbal, Narino, 1); Ecuador (Cerro Mojanda, Imbabura, 1; Rio Shubol, Chimborazo, 1; Rio Guaillabamba, Pichincha, 1; La Palmera, Rio Pastaza, 1; San Francisco, Rio Pastaza, 1; Rio Chalpi, Oriente, 1; Rio Mira, Occidente, 1; Rio Oyacachi, Napo Pastaza, 1). *Merganetta leucogenis leucogenis (Tschudi). 1 PERUVIAN TORRENT DUCK. Anas leucogenis Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 390, 1843 "in Antibus Elevatis"=Mana Rimacunan, sources of the Aynamayo, Junin, Peru 2 (type in Museum of Neuchatel). Merganetta leucogenys Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 554 Maraynioc; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1876, p. 408 part, central Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 486, 1886 part, Maraynioc (ex Jelski), Puna Manarimacuman (ex Tschudi); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 461, 1895 (descr., full bibliog.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 54 Acobamba and Maraynioc; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 222, pi. 94, distr. map 112, 1926 (monog.). Merganetta armata leucogenis Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 244, 1930 Panao, Peru (disc.; descr. imm.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 188, 1931 (range, except central Ecuador). Merganetta leucogenis leucogenis Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 24, p. 349, 1943 (monog.). Range. Andes of Peru, from Amazonas 3 (Molinopampa) to Maraynioc, Department of Junin. Field Museum Collection. 1: Peru (Molinopampa, Amazonas, 1). Conover Collection. 3: Peru (Panao Mountains, Huanuco, 1; Huanuco Vie jo, Huanuco, 1; Junin, 1). 1 Merganetta leucogenis leucogenis (Tschudi) is closest to colombiana, but in the males differs by having the mantle black (not light gray) and the edges to the scapulars and tertials slightly darker, more reddish. Below, the shaft stripes to the feathers of the breast are blacker, and there is a tendency toward a black line across the upper chest, separating the pure white neck from the streaked breast. Females are indistinguishable from those of turneri, garleppi, and berlepschi, but can be told from the corresponding sex of colombiana by their darker red breasts and the fine gray and white bars marking the sides of the neck and extend- ing to the face behind the eye. Additional material examined. Peru: Leimebamba, Amazonas, 1; Huanuco, Huanuco, 1; Maraynioc, Junin, 3; Chipa, Junin, 4; Obrajillo, Cant a, 1; Oroya, Rio Mantaro, Junin, 4. 1 Cf. Tschudi, Faun. Per., Orn., p. 312, 1846. * The pullus from "Tumbez" listed by Taczanowski (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 243) can hardly belong here. 412 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Merganetta leucogenis turner! Sclater and Salvin. 1 TURNER'S TORRENT DUCK. Merganetta turneri Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., Part 13, p. 199, pi. 100, Nov. 1, 1869 Tinta, Cuzco, Peru (type in British Museum); iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 600, pub. 1870 Tinta, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1876, p. 407 southern Peru (crit.); Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 460, 1895 Tinta, Peru (full bibliog.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 276 Sumbay, Rio Vitor, Arequipa, Peru; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 216, pi. 92, distr. map 112, 1926 (monog.). Merganetta leucogenys (not Ana's leucogenis Tschudi) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 157 Tinta, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1874, p. 679 "upper Andes" (= Cuzco region, Peru); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 486, 1886 part, Andes of Cuzco (ex Whitely). Merganetta Turneri Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 488, 1886 Tinta (ex Whitely). Merganetta leucogenys garleppi (not Merganetta garleppi Berlepsch) Mene- gaux, Pvev. Franc. d'Orn., 1, p. [138], 1909 Yura, southern Peru. Merganetta leucogenys leucogenys Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 56, 1921 Occobamba Valley, Lucma, and Huaracondo Canyon, Peru. Merganetta armata turneri Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 188, 1931 (range). (l)Merganetta armata leucogenis Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 467 Huancavelica. Merganetta leucogenis turneri Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 24, p. 350, 1943 (monog.). Range. From the Cuzcan Andes south to Lake Titicaca, west to (?) Huancavelica and the province of Arequipa (Rio Vitor) 2 and east to the Bolivian border (Limbani). 1 Merganetta leucogenis turneri Sclater and Salvin is a very dark-breasted form. According to the description of the male type, the chest and flanks are black and the lower breast and abdomen dark reddish gray broadly streaked with black. This is much as in some specimens of berlepschi, but from that form turneri can be told by the rufous brown (not buffy white) edges to the scapulars and tertials and the dark mantle unmarked with white. Females cannot be told from those of garleppi, berlepschi or typical leucogenis. As in berlepschi there seems to be a great variation in the extent of the black on the chest and flanks. Among the specimens examined were four adult males. In all of these specimens the black flanks were lacking, and the black chest was represented simply by a narrow line separating the white foreneck from the darker under parts. The rest of the chest, breast and abdomen were light brownish heavily streaked with black. While some of this difference may be due to inter- gradation with the neighboring forms leucogenis and garleppi, much of it probably is individual variation. Additional material examined. Peru: Tocopoqueu, Occobamba Valley, 2; Huaracondo Canyon, 4; Lucma, Cosireni Pass, Urubamba Valley, 1; Keatin (Quiton) River, 2; Limbani, Puno, 1. 2 Dr. R. A. Philippi B. in a letter to the junior author states that he has seen a torrent duck in the Quebrada de Putre, el. 4,200 meters, Cordillera de Arica, and that the bird is known to the natives of that region and goes by the name of "Chulyumpi." Unfortunately, he was not able to collect the specimen, but on geographical grounds the birds from that region would appear most likely to belong to the form turneri. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 413 Conover Collection. 7: Peru, Puno (Limbani, 1; Rio Sandia, 2; Rio Sangaban, 4). Merganetta leucogenis garleppi Berlepsch. 1 BOLIVIAN TORRENT DUCK. Merganetta garleppi Berlepsch, Orn. Monatsb., 2, p. 110, 1894 Cocotal (Locotal), Bolivia (type in Berlepsch Collection, now in Frankfurt Mu- seum); Salvador*, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 460, 1895 (full bibliog.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 277 Rio Blanco, La Paz, Bolivia; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 217, pi. 92, distr. map 112, 1926 (monog.). Merganetta armata garleppi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 188, 1931 (range). Merganetta leucogenis garleppi Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 24, p. 351, 1943 (monog.). Range. Andes of Bolivia (except extreme south), intergrading in the north with turneri and in the south with berlepschi. *Merganetta leucogenis berlepschi Hartert. 2 BERLEPSCH'S TORRENT DUCK. Merganetta berlepschi Hartert, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 244, 1909 near Tucuman, 1,800 meters (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined); idem, I.e., 32, p. 273, 1925 (note on type=M. turneri berlepschi); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 218 (in text), 1926 near Tucuman. Merganetta Garleppi (not of Berlepsch) Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 208, 1902 Tucumdn (La Hoyada; Rio Vipos; Ancajuli). Merganetta armata (not of Gould) Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 247, 1904 Santa Catalina, Jujuy; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 234, 1910 part, "La Cienaga," Tucuman, and Santa Catalina, Jujuy. 1 Merganetta leucogenis garleppi Berlepsch, in the male sex can be told from the other races of leucogenis by the buffy gray (sometimes almost white) edges to the scapulars and tertials combined with a white or very pale buffy white breast which is fairly heavily streaked with black. The mantle is streaked with white as in berlepschi. The under parts often show a reddish tinge which probably denotes immaturity or, at the edges of its range, intergradation with turneri or berlepschi. Females are indistinguishable from those of berlepschi, turneri or typical leucogenis. Material examined. Bolivia: Incachaca, Cochabamba, 5; Yungas de Cocha- bamba, 1; Omeja, Yungas, 1; western Bolivia, 1. 2 Merganetta leucogenis berlepschi Hartert most nearly resembles turneri, but the males have the mantle streaked with white and the edges of the scapulars and tertials white or buffy white, not reddish buff. Females are indistinguishable from those of turneri. This form is very dark-breasted as is turneri but typical specimens, as far as is now known, seem to come only from Tucuman and Salta (Sierra del Caj6n) and these vary widely, some having the chest black and others reddish brown streaked with black like the breast and abdomen. South of Tucuman and north of Salta the birds seem to get lighter colored. A specimen from Catamarca ex- 414 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Merganetta garleppi (not of Berlepsch) Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 234, 1910 La Hoyada, Tucuman. Merganetta Garleppi or Berlepschi Dabbene, El Hornero, 4, p. 34, pis. 3 and 4, 1927 Tucuman (Aconquija; Cinaga; Ancajuli; Las Pavas) and Salta (Sierra del Cajon) (desc. variation in males). Merganetta armata berlepschi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 189, 1931 (range). Merganetta leucogenis berlepschi Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 24, p. 352, 1943 (monog.). Range. Andes of southern Bolivia (Tarija) and northwestern Argentina south to Catamarca (Lago Blanco). Conover Collection. 1: Bolivia (Rio Narvaes, Dept. Tarija, 1). *Merganetta armata Gould. 1 CHILEAN TORRENT DUCK. Merganetta armata Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, "1841," p. 95, pub. March, 1842 "Andes of Chile, lat. 34-35"=Colchagua (cotypes in British Museum examined); Des Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 1, pi. 5 (=male), 1845 Chile; idem, I.e., livr. 8, pi. 48 (=female), 1847; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 406 Chilean Andes (ex Bridges, Gay); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 458, pi. 5, fig. 2, 1895 Chilean Andes and Colchagua, Chile; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 234, 1910 part, Lago General Paz, Chubut; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 419, 1926 Rio Negro (Bariloche; Rio Quemquemtreu) and Chubut (Rio Epuye"n; Rio Cholila); Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 24, p. 353, 1943 (monog.). Raphipterus chilensis Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Atlas, Zool., pi. [12], 1844 Chile (cotypes in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 68, 1929). amined by the junior author is much lighter than the type, the under parts being light reddish buff streaked fairly heavily with black. It surprisingly appears to be tending toward garleppi, being only redder on the breast, and shows no tendency toward armata in its facial markings. The only specimen of an adult male available from north of Salta was from Tarija, Bolivia. This example has the chest and upper breast very heavily marked with black, only the edges of the feathers being white, and the lower breast and abdomen are rusty white heavily streaked with black. Additional material examined. Argentina: Tucuman (the type), 1; Rio Norco, Tucuman, 1; Lago Blanco, Catamarca, 2. 1 Merganetta armata Gould, in the male sex, differs from all other forms of the genus by having a black stripe running down the foreneck from the chin to the chest and another transverse black stripe from each eye to the black throat band; also by having broad white edgings to the feathers of the mantle, the scapulars and the tertials. Females cannot be distinguished from the corresponding sex of leucogenis, garleppi, turneri and berlepschi, though ten examples of armata all have the breast very dark red, showing no variation in this feature, whereas in a series from Peru an occasional lighter-breasted (immature?) example occurs. This form has been kept specifically separate from the others because of the very distinct throat and facial markings. (In immature males these markings are the first features of the adult plumage to make their appearance.) Additional material examined. Chile: Santiago, 2; Banos Cauquenes, Rio Claro, 5; Colchagua, 3; unspecified, 5. Argentina: Bariloche, Rio Negro, 1; Rio Quemquemtreu, Rio Negro, 1; Rio Epuy6n, Chubut, 1; Rio Cholila, Chubut, 1. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 415 Merganetta fraenata Salvadori, 1 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 458, pi. 5, fig. 1, 1895 "Central Chili" (type in British Museum examined). Merganetta andina Blaauw, Notes Leyden Mus., 35, p. 26, December, 1912 between Puerto Varas and Lake Todos los Santos, Llanquihue. Merganetta armata armata Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 211, pi. 91, distr. map 112, 1926 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 189, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 340, 1932 Coquimbo (Balala and Quanta, Rio Turbio), Llanquihue (Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau), Colchagua (Colchagua), "Central Chile," "Andes" (of Chile), and Tierra del Fuego (Lago Fagnano). Merganetta armata fraenata Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 214, pi. 92, distr. map 112, 1926 (dist. char.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 189, 1931 (range). Range. The Andes of Chile and Argentina from Coquimbo (Balala, Rio Turbio) south to Aysen (Rio Nirehuau, 46 S. lat.), Chu- but (Rio Cholila and Rio Epuy&i), and even to Tierra del Fuego. 2 Field Museum Collection. 3: Chile (Quanta, Rio Turbio, Co- quimbo, 1; Villarica, Cautin, 2). Conover Collection. 20: Chile (Balala, Rio Turbio, Coquimbo, 2; Rio Blanco, Santiago, 1; Lautaro, Cautin, 14; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 2); Argentina (Las Lajas, Rio Agrio, Neuquen, 1). 1 The distinctive features of this supposed race appear to be due to individ- ual variation. 1 The British Museum has an adult male obtained by P. W. Reynolds eight miles south of Lago Fagnano on Dec. 22, 1928 (cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 342, footnote 2, 1932). INDEX Current names in boldfaced type Abeltera, 123 aberti, Anas, 330 acuta, Anas, 356, 357, 358 acuta, Dafila, 354, 356, 357 ADAMASTOR, 60 adamastor, Procellaria, 61 adamsi, Gavia, 17 adamsii, Colymbus, 17 adamsii, Gavia, 17 adamsii, Urinator, 17 adelia, Dasyramphus, 6 adeliae, Catarrhactes, 4, 6 adeliae, Pucheramphus, 6 adeliae, Pygoscelis, 3, 6 Adelonetta, 353 adoxa, Ardea, 169, 172 adusta, Diomedea, 41 AECHMOPHORUS, 33 aequatorialis, Erismatura, 402 aequatorialis, Oxyura, 402 aequinoctialis, Majaqueus, 61, 62 aequinoctialis, Procellaria, 61 Aestrelata, 74 aethereus, Phaethon, 110, 111 affinis, Aythya, 372, 373 affinis, Fuligula, 372, 373 affinis, Fulix, 373 affinis, Marila, 373 affinis, Nyroca, 373 affinis, Podiceps, 32 agami, Agamia, 204 agami, Ardea, 204 agami, Doriponus, 205 AGAMIA, 204 Aia, 363 aiaia, Platalea, 272 AIX, 363 Aixopsis, 345 AJAIA, 271 ajaja, Ajaia, 271 ajaja, Ajai(j)a, 272 ajaja, Platalea, 271, 272 alba, Guara, 261, 262 alba, Ibis, 251, 262 alba, Pterodroma, 76 alba, Scolopax, 261 alba, Sula, 122 Albatrus, 41 albatrus, Diomedea, 41, 44 albatrus, Phoebastria, 44 albatrus, Anser, 288 albellus, Mergellus, 404 Albellus, Mergus, 404 albeola, Anas, 380 albeola, Bucephala, 380 albeola, Charitonetta, 380 albeola, Clangula, 380 albiceps, Sula, 135 albicollis, Geronticus, 251 albicollis, Ibis, 250, 253, 254 albicollis, Pelecanus, 119 albicollis, Podiceps, 24 albicollis, Tantalus, 250, 251 albicollis, Theristicus, 251 "albifacies," 267 albifrons, Anser, 290, 291, 292 albifrons, Branta, 290 albigula, Carbo, 150 albigula, Craculus, 150 albigula, Haliaeus, 150 albigula, Phalacrocorax, 150, 151 albinucha, Querquedula, 334 albiventer, Carbo, 155 albiventer, Graculus, 153, 155 albiventer, Phalacrocorax, 154, 155, 156 albiventer, Urile, 155 albiventris, Phalacrocorax, 155, 157 albociliatus, Phalacrocorax, 138, 139 albus, Casmerodius, 196 albus, Eudocimus, 262 alexanderi, Diomedea, 42 alleni, Erismatura, 401 alleni, Puffinus, 67 alleni, Thyellodroma, 67 Alphapuffinus, 63 altensteinii, Platypus, 389 alticola, Anas, 331, 332 altipetens, Nettion, 350 amaurosoma, Nectris, 68 Amazonetta, 345 ambiguus, Podiceps, 30 americana, Anas, 342 americana, Aythya, 368, 403 americana, Branta, 295 americana, Bucephala, 378 Americana, Butor, 235 Americana, Clangula, 377, 378 americana, Dafila, 357 Americana, Egretta, 195 americana, Fuligula, 368 americana, Glaucionetta, 377, 378 americana, Mareca, 342 americana, Marila, 368 americana, Mycteria, 242, 244, 247 americana, Nyroca, 368 americana, OEdemia, 391 americana, Oidemia, 391 Americana, Querquedula, 346 americana, Sula, 122 416 INDEX 417 americanus, Chaulelasmus, 340 americanus, Colymbus, 25 Americanus, Cygnus, 284 americanus, Graculus, 146 americanus, Jabiru, 248 americanus, Merganser, 406 americanus, Mergus, 406 americanus, Nycticorax, 208, 212 americanus, Pelecanus, 116 americanus, Phaethon, 113, 114 americanus, Phoenicopterus, 274 americanus, Podiceps, 24, 25 americanus, Tantalus, 244 ANAS, 325 anatoides, Cygnus, 323 andina, Merganetta, 415 andina, Oxyura, 403 andinus, Phoenicoparrus, 277 andinus, Phoenicopterus, 276, 277, 278 andium, Anas, 350, 351 andium, Nettion, 350, 351 andium, Querquedula, 351 anglorum, Procellaria, 70 anglorum, Puffinus, 70 angustirostris, Querquedula, 351 ANHIMA, 278 ANHINGA, 157 anhinga, Anhinga, 158, 159, 160 anhinga, Plotus, 157, 158, 160 anisodactylus, Podiceps, 36 anjinho, Procellaria, 86 ANSER, 290 anser, Anas, 290, 293 anser, Anser, 293 antarctica, Anas, 307, 308 antarctica, Aptenodytes, 4, 5 antarctica, Bernicla, 308, 309 antarctica, Chloephaga, 308 antarctica, Phoebetria, 50 antarctica, Priocella, 58 antarctica, Procellaria, 59, 60 antarctica, Pygoscelis, 3, 5 antarctica, Querquedula, 360 antarctica, Thalassoica, 60 antarcticus, Eudyptes, 5 antarcticus, Fulmarus, 58 antarcticus, Podiceps, 38 antarcticus, Podilymbus, 38 antarcticus, Spheniscus, 5 anthonyi, Ardea, 176 anthonyi, Butorides, 176, 177 anticola, Anser, 307 antillarum, Podilymbus, 37 Apteniodytes, 1 Aptenodita, 1 Aptenodites, 1 Aptenodyta, 1 APTENODYTES, 1 Apterodita, 1 Apterodytes, 1 aquila, Fregata, 161, 162, 165 aquila, Pelecanus, 160, 161 aquila, Tachypetes, 162 arborea, Anas, 317 arborea, Dendrocygna, 317, 318 arctica, Gavia, 15 arcticus, Colymbus, 16, 18 ARCTONETTA, 390 arcuata, Anas, 312 ARDEA, 166 Ardenna, 63 Ardetta, 229 ariel, Atagen, 161 ariel, Prion, 57, 58 Aristonetta, 367 armata, Merganetta, 409, 410, 411, 413, 414, 415 arminjoniana, Aestrelata, 81 arminjoniana, Oestrelata, 81 arminjoniana, Pterodroma, 81 ascensionis, Leptophaethon, 115 ascensionis, Phaethon, 115 assimilis, Puffinis, 71 Atagen, 161 ater, Carbo, 149 aterrima, Pterodroma, 75 atlantica, Anser, 289 atlantica, Chen, 289 atlantica, Diomedella, 47 atlantica, Procellaria, 75, 99 atlanticus, Puffinus, 72 atricapilla, Anas, 364 atricapilla, Heteronetta, 364 atriceps, Phalacrocorax, 153, 154, 155 Attaprion, 56 auduboni, Fulmarus, 54 auduboni, Phoebetria, 50 auduboni, Puffinus, 72, 73 Audubonia, 166 auricularis, Puffinus, 71 auritus, Carbo, 138 auritus, Colymbus, 18, 29 auritus, Phalacrocorax, 138 auritus, Podiceps, 31 auritus, Podicipes, 30 australis, D apt ion, 52 australis, Fregetta, 93 australis, Mergus, 406 australis, Pterodroma, 75 autumnalis, Anas, 314 autumnalis, Dendrocygna, 314, 315, 317 autumnalis, Piscatrix, 131 autumnalis, Plegadis, 265 AYTHYA, 366 azarae, Anas, 352 azarae, Phimosus, 261 bahamensis, Anas, 356, 361, 362 bahamensis, Ardea, 179 bahamensis, Butorides, 179 bahamensis, Dafila, 361, 362 bahamensis, Maridus, 214 bahamensis, Paecilonitta, 361, 363 418 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII bahamensis, Phoenicopterus, 274 bahamensis, Poecilonetta, 361, 362 bahiae, Tigrisoma, 222, 223 bairdii, Graculus, 147 bancrofti, Nyctanassa, 215, 216, 219 bangsi, Colymbus, 19 bangsi, Cymochorea, 97 bangs!, Oceanodroma, 97 banks!, Heteroprion, 57 banksi, Pachyptila, 56 banksi, Prion, 56 Bannermania, 95 barbadensis, Butorides, 181 barbieri, Pelecanus, 121 baroli, Alphapuffinus, 72 baroli, Puffinus, 72 barolii, Puffinus, 72 barrovii, Clangula, 379 Barnstonii, Bernicla, 302 bassana, Sula, 122 bassanus, Morus, 122 bassanus, Pelecanus, 122 beali, Cymochorea, 98 beali, Oceanodroma, 97 becki, Puffinus, 74 bedouti, Sula, 123 belcheri, Heteroprion, 56, 57 belcheri, Pachyptila, 57 beldingi, Oceanodroma, 97, 98 berard, Pelecanpides, 109, 110 Berard, Procellaria, 109 berardi, Halodroma, 109 Berardi, Pelecanoides, 107, 108, 109, 110 beringii, Anas, 389 berlepschi, Merganetta, 413, 414 berlepschi, Phimosus, 258, 259 bermudae, Puffinus, 70 Bernicla, 294 bernicla, Anas, 294 bernicla, Branta, 295, 296 bicolor, Anas, 312 bicolor, Dendrocygna, 312, 313 bicornis, Colymbus, 33 bicornis, Podiceps, 33 bicristatus, Phajacrocorax, 148 bimaculata, Fuligula, 393 bispinosa, Palamedea, 279 bogotensis, Ixobrychus, 233, 234 bolivianum, Tigrisoma, 223 bolivianus, Heterocnus, 222, 223 borealis, Ardenna, 64 borealis, Calonectris, 64 borealis, Colymbus, 14 borealis, Platypus, 386 borealis, Puffinus, 63, 64 borealis, Somateria, 386 Boschas, 325 boschas, Anas, 325, 326, 327 BOTAURUS, 235 bougainvillii, Carbo, 137, 150 bougainvillii, Graculus, 150 bougainvillii, Phalacrocorax, 150 bougainvillii, Urile, 150 brabournei, Procellaria, 62 brachiura, Diomedea, 44 brachyptera, Anas, 374 brachyptera, Tachyeres, 375, 377 brachypterus, Colymbus, 20, 21 brachypterus, Micropterus, 375 brachypterus, Poliocephalus, 19, 20 brachypterus, Tachyeres, 374, 375, 376 brachyrhynchus, Anser, 293 brachyrhynchus, Colymbus, 22 brachyrhynchus, Pelecanus, 116 brachyrhynchus, Podiceps, 22 brachyrhynchus, Podicipes, 22 brachyrhynchus, Poliocephalus, 22 brachyrhynchus, Tachybaptus, 22 brachyura, Diomedea, 41 branickii, Theristicus, 252, 253 bransfieldensis, Phalacrocorax, 157 BRANTA, 294, 295 brasiliana, Procellaria, 141 brasilianus, Carbo, 143 brasilianus, Graculus, 142 brasilianus, Halieus, 142 brasilianus, Merganser, 409 brasilianus, Mergus, 409 brasilianus, Phalacrocorax, 141, 145 brasiliense, Nettion, 347, 348 brasiliense, Nettium, 348 brasiliense, Tigrisoma, 220, 222, 224, 226 brasiliensis, Amazonetta, 349 brasiliensis, Anas, 345, 347 brasiliensis, Aptenodytes, 11 brasiliensis, Ardea, 220, 237 brasiliensis, Graculus, 143 brasiliensis, Halieus, 143 brasiliensis, Mergus, 409 brasiliensis, Nettium, 348 brasiliensis, Phalacrocorax, 142 brasiliensis, Prionochilus, 406, 409 brasiliensis, Querquedula, 348 brasiliensis, Sula, 132 Brenthus, 295 brevicaudus, Puffinus, 63 brevipes, Cookilaria, 84 brevipes, Procellaria, 84 brevipes, Pterodroma, 84 brevirostre, Tigrisoma, 225 brevirostris, Aestrelata, 80 brevirostris, Anser, 290 brevirostris, Ibis, 267 brevirostris, Podilymbus, 38 brevirostris, Procellaria, 74 brevirostris, Pterodroma, 74 brewsteri, Egretta, 198 brewsteri, Leucophoyx, 198 brewsteri, Sula, 134, 135, 136 brunescens, Ardea, 180 brunescens, Butorides, 180 brun[n]escens, Butorides, 181 INDEX 419 brunnescens, Ocniscus, 180 BUBULCUS, 191 bubulcus, Ardea, 191 buccinator, Cygnus, 283, 285 buccinator, Olor, 285 BUCEPHALA, 380 bucephala, Anas, 380 bulleri, Diomedea, 46 bulled, Puffinus, 67 bulleri, Thalassarche, 46 bulleri, Thyellodroma, 67 Bullockii, Procellaria, 99 bulweri, Procellaria, 86 BULWERIA, 86 bulwerii, Bulweria, 86 bulwerii, Procellaria, 86 BUTORIDES, 176 Cabanisi, 227 cabanisi, Botaurus, 227 cabanisi, Heterocnus, 226, 227 cabanisi, Tigrisoma, 219, 226, 227 cabanist, Heterocnus, 227 caerulata, Querquedula, 335 caerulea, Ardea, 189 caerulea, Florida, 189, 190, 191 caerulea, Halobaena, 84 caerulea, Procellaria, 84 caerulescens, Anas, 287 caerulescens, Anser, 288 caerulescens, Ardea, 189 caerulescens, Chen, 287, 310 caerulescens, Florida, 190 caerulescens, Harpiprion, 249, 250 caerulescens, Ibis, 249 caerulescens, Molybdophanes, 249 caesio-scapula, Dafila, 339 caesioscapulata, Dafila, 339 cahow, Aestrelata, 78 cahow, Pterodroma, 78 CAIRINA, 321 cajennensis, Harpiprion, 257 californica, Herodias, 195 californica, Sula, 127 californicus, Colymhus, 31 californicus, Pelecanus, 117, 118, 119 californicus, Podicipes, 31 californicus, Proctopus, 31 caliginis, Nyctanassa, 215 caliparaeus, Podiceps, 28 Calipareus, 19 calipareus, Colymbus, 29 calipareus, Podiceps, 26, 27, 28, 29 calipareus, Podicipes, 27, 29 caliparius, Podiceps, 28 caliparius, Podiceps, 27 caliparoeus, Podiceps, 28 Callichen, 365 callocephala, Ardea, 214 Callonetta, 345 Calonectris, 63 Calopetes, 52 Camptolaimus, 396 CAMPTORHYNCHUS, 396 canadensis, Anas, 305 canadensis, Branta, 298, 299, 302, 303, 304, 305 canagica, Anas, 293 canagica, Philacte, 293 Cancroma, 238 cancrophaga, Cancroma, 241, 242 Candida, Coscoroba, 323 Candida, Sula, 129 candidissima, Ardea, 197, 198 candidissima, Egretta, 199 candidissima, Garyetta, 199 candidissima, Leucophoyx, 199 candidus, Anser, 323 canerophaga, Cochlearius, 242 capensis, Daption, 52 capensis, Petrella, 53 capensis, Procellaria, 52 Carbo, 137 carbo, Pelecanus, 137, 145 carbo, Phalacrocorax, 145, 146 Carbonarius, 137 carneipes, Ardenna, 65 carneipes, Hemipuffinus, 65 carneipes, Puffinus, 65 carolinense, Nettion, 346 carolinense, Nettium, 346 carolinensis, Anas, 346 carolinensis, Ardea, 199 carolinensis, Nettion, 326, 346 carolinensis, Pelicanus, 117, 118, 122 carolinensis, Podiceps, 36 carolinensis, Podilymbus, 38 caribbaea, Pterodroma, 77 carunculata, Anas, 320 carunculata, Sarkidiornis, 321 carunculatus, Graculus, 153 carunculatus, Phalacrocorax, 154, 155, 156 CASARCA, 324 casarca, Anas, 324 casarca, Tadorna, 324, 325 CASMERODIUS, 194 castor, Mergus, 405 castro, Cymochorea, 96 castro, Oceanodroma, 96 castro, Thalassidroma, 96, 97 Catadyptes, 6, 8 Catarractes, 7 catarractes, Aptenodytes, 7 catarractes, Eudyptes, 8 catesbyi, Leptophaethon, 114 catesbyi, Phaethon, 113, 114 caudacuta, Dafila, 356 caudata, Anas, 357 caudata, Ibis, 252 caudatus, Ibis, 255 caudatus, Theristicus, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255 caudatus, Scolopax, 250 420 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII cauta, Diomedea, 41 cayanensis, Ardea, 217 cayanensis, Harpiprion, 258, 266 cayanensis, Ibis, 257 cayanus, Podiceps, 33 cayennensis, Ardea, 217 cayennensis, Colymbus, 33 cayennensis, Geronticus, 258 cayennensis, Harpiprion, 257 cayennensis, Ibis, 257 cayennensis, Mesembrinibis, 257, 258 cayennensis, Nyctanassa, 217, 218 cayennensis, Plotus, 158 cayennensis, Tantalus, 256, 257 Centropelma, 35 CERCIBIS, 256 Cerconectes, 399 Chaja, 280 chalcoptera, Anas, 331 chalcoptera, Ibis, 267 chalcopterus, Tentalus, 266 chalybea, Ardea, 184 chancho, Phalacrocorax, 140 chapmani, Oceanodroma, 100, 101 Charitonetta, 380 chathamensis, Pelecanoides, 108 CHAULELASMUS, 340 Chauliodus, 340 CHAUNA, 280 Chavaria, 280 chavaria, Chauna, 280, 281 chavaria, Palamedea, 280, 281 chavaria, Parra, 280 CHEN, 287 chichi, Numenius, 266 chihi, Plegadis, 266 chilensis, Colymbus, 23 chilensis, Diomedea, 11 chilensis, Ibis, 267 chilensis, Nectris, 67, 68 chilensis, Oceanites, 88 chilensis, Paranectris, 68 chilensis, Phoenicopterus, 275, 276 chilensis, Podiceps, 24, 33 chilensis, Puffinus, 68 chilensis, Raphipterus, 409, 414 chiliensis, Podiceps, 24 chiloensis, Anas, 343 chiloensis, Aptenodytes, 10 chiloensis, Bernicla, 311 chinensis, Diomedea, 44 chionis, Coscoroba, 323 Chionochen, 287 chionophara, Aestrelata, 81 CHLOEPHAGA, 307 Chloetrophus, 307 Chloophaga, 307 chloroptura, Ardea, 178 chlororhyncha, Diomedea, 48 chlororhynchos, Diomedea, 41, 47 chlororhynchos, Nealbatrus, 48 chlororhynchos, Thalassarche, 48 chlororhynchus, Puffinus, 63, 66 chlororhynchus, Thalassogeron, 47 christophorensis, Butorides, 181 Chrysocoma, 6 chrysocoma, Eudyptes, 8 chrysocome, Aptenodytes, 7 chrysocome, Catarrhactes, 6, 8 chrysocome, Eudyptes, 7, 8, 9 chrysolophus, Catarhactes, 6, 8, 9 chrysolophus, Eudyptes, 7, 8 chrysostoma, Diomedea, 48 chrysostoma, Thalassarche, 49 chrysostoma, Thalassogeron, 49 chubbi, Oceanites, 94 cincinatus, Carbo, 137 cincinatus, Phalacrocorax, 137 cinerea, Adamastor, 60 cinerea, Anas, 340, 374 cinerea, Ardea, 166 cinerea, Procellaria, 60 cinereus, Micropterus, 375 cinereus, Priofinus, 61 cinereus, Puffinus, 60, 68 cinereus, Tachyeres, 374, 376, 385 circia, Anas, 333 cirrhata, Pinguinaria, 7 cirrhatus, Graculus, 153 cirrhatus, Phalacrocorax, 154, 155 cirriger, Phalacrocorax, 151 Clangocygnus, 283 CLANGULA, 381 clangula, Anas, 377 clangula, Bucephala, 378 clangula, Glaucionetta, 378 clarkii, Aechmophorus, 35 clarkii, Podiceps, 35 Clypeata, 337 clypeata, Anas, 337 clypeata, Spatula, 337, 338 cochlearis, Cancroma, 238, 239, 240 COCHLEARIUS, 238 cochlearius, Cochlearius, 239, 240, 242 coco, Tantalus, 261 cocoi, Ardea, 172 coerulea, Herodias, 189 coerulescens, Ardea, 174 coerulescens, Geronticus, 250 cognata, Ardea, 168 collaris, Anas, 367, 369 collaris, Aythya, 369 collaris, Fuligula, 369 collaris, Marila, 369 collaris, Nyroca, 369 collaris, Oceanites, 104 collaris, Perissonetta, 369 collaris, Procellaria, 104 colombiana, Merganetta, 410 colorata, Dichromanassa, 194 columba, Fulmarus, 55 Columbianus, Anas, 284 INDEX 421 columbianus, Cygnus, 284, 285 columbianus, Olor, 284 columbianus, Theristicus, 252 COLYMBUS, 14, 18 comosus, Colymbus, 30 Compsohalieus, 137 conboschas, Anas, 327 confusa, Pagadroma, 86 cooki, Aestrelata, 82 cooki, Pterodroma, 82 cookii, Procellaria, 74 Cookilaria, 74 cooperi, Podiceps, 32 coopingeri, Pelecanoides, 110 cornicoides, Phoebetria, 49 cornuta, Anhima, 278, 279 cornuta, Palamedea, 278, 279 cornuta, Tadorna, 325 cornutus, Colymbus, 18, 30 cornutus, Podiceps, 30 coryi, Sula, 130, 131 GOSCOROBA, 323 Coscoroba, Anas, 323 coscoroba, Coscoroba, 323, 324 coscoroba, Cygnus, 323 Cosmonessa, 383 Cosmonetta, 383 couesi, Oceanites, 94 couesi, Puffinus, 71 crassirostris, Pseudoprion, 56 creatopus, Ardenna, 64 creatopus, Puffinus, 64 crecca, Anas, 345, 346 crecca, Nettion, 345 creccoides, Anas, 352 creccoides, Querquedula, 352 crestata, Aptenodytes, 6, 7 crestatus, Eudyptes, 7, 8, 9 criniger, Phalacrocorax, 152 cristata, Anas, 325, 331, 332, 333 cristata, Chauna, 282 cristata, Palamedia, 281, 282 cristata, Pinguinaria, 7 cristatus, Colymbus, 18, 19 cristatus, Eudyptes, 8 cristatus, Graculus, 153 crozeti, Heteroprion, 56 Crymonessa, 381 cryptoleucura, Oceanodroma, 96, 97 crythromelas, Ardea, 234 Ctenanas, 312 Ctenorhynchus, 340 cubanus, Butorides, 181 cubensis, Ardea, 192 cucullatus, Lophodytes, 404 cucullatus, Mergus, 404 culminata, Diomedea, 41, 48 culminata, Thalassarche, 48 culminatus, Thalassogeron, 48, 49 cuneatus, Puffinus, 66 curacensis, Butorides, 182 cyanirostris, Ardea, 201 cyanocephala, Ardea, 205, 212 cyanocephalum, Syrigma, 206 cyanocephalus, Nycticorax, 212, 213, 214 cyanops, Dysporus, 126, 128 cyanops, Sula, 124, 126, 127, 128, 130 cyanoptera, Anas, 333, 335, 336 cyanoptera, Querquedula, 335, 336, 337, 339 Cyanopterus, 333 cyanopus, Ardea, 189 cyanorostris, Anas, 400 cyanura, Ardea, 187 cyanurus, Ardea, 186 cyanurus, Butorides, 185, 187, 188 Cycnus, 283 CYGNUS, 283 cygnus, Anas, 283 cygnus, Cygnus, 283, 284 Cymatobolus, 61 Cymbops, 238 Cymochorea, 95 Cymodroma, 91 Cyrtopelicanus, 115 dabbenena, Diomedea, 42 dactylathra, Parasula, 126 dactylatra, Sula, 126 dacunhae, Pelecanoides, 109 DAFILA, 356 Dafilonettion, 345 Daphila, 356 DAPTION, 52 Dasycelis, 4 Dasyramphus, 4 defilippiana, Aestrelata, 81, 82 defilippiana, Cookilaria, 82 defilippiana, Oestrelata, 82 defilippiana, Pterodroma, 82, 83 deglandi, Melanitta, 393, 394 deglandi, OEdemia, 393 deglandi, Oedemia, 393 deglandi, Oidemia, 393, 394 demersa, Aptenodytes, 11 demersa, Diomedea, 10 demersa, Spheniscus, 11 demersus, Phaeton, 7 demersus, Spheniscus, 12 DENDROCYGNA, 312 dentirostris, Ibis, 257 derbiana, Chauna, 280 derbyana, Palamedea, 281 desolata, Pachyptila, 56 desolata, Procellaria, 56 desolationis, Thalassarche, 49 desolationis, Thalassogeron, 48 desolatus, Prion, 57 diabolica, Aestrelata, 77 diabolica, Procellaria, 76 diadematus, Eudyptes, 9 diazi, Anas, 330 DICHROMANASSA, 192 422 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII dickeyi, Dichromanassa, 193 dicrura, Ciconia, 246 dilophus, Hydrocorax, 138 DIOMEDEA, 10, 40 dipmedea, Puffinus, 63 Diomedella, 41 discolor, Dendrocygna, 315, 316, 317 discors, Anas, 333 discors, Ardea, 208 discors, Querquedula, 333, 334, 353, 354 dispar, Anas, 397 dispar, Bernicla, 310 dispar, Chloephaga, 310 dispar, Somateria, 397 dispar, Stelleria, 397 Disporus, 123 dixoni, Melanitta, 393, 394 dixoni, Oedemia, 393 dixoni, Oidemia, 393 domestica, Anas, 321, 326 domestica, Boschas, 326 dominica, Anas, 398 dominica, Oxyura, 399 dominicanus, Butorides, 181 dominicensis, Colymbus, 20 dominicus, Colymbus, 20 dominions, Nomonyx, 398 dominicus, Podiceps, 21 dominicus, Podicipes, 20, 22, 23 dominicus, Poliocephalus, 19, 21 dominicus, Tachybaptes, 19, 22 Doriponus, 204 dorotheae, Phaethon, 111 Doryphorus, 204 dresseri, Somateria, 387, 388 dulciae, Pelagodroma, 90 Dysporus, 123 Dytes, 18 Edwardsii, Phaethon, 113 egretta, Ardea, 194, 195 egretta, Casmerodius, 194, 196, 197 egretta, Egretta, 196 egretta, Herodias, 195 elasson, Gavia, 17 elegans, Graculus, 153 elegans, Sula, 126 Eniconetta, 397 epomophora, Diomedea, 41, 42 eremonomus, Butorides, 177 Erionetta, 385 Erismatura, 399 Erodiscus, 229 erythrolaema, Ardetta, 230 erythromelas, Ardea, 229, 234, 235 erythromelas, Ardetta, 230, 234 erythromelas, Ixobrychus, 233, 234, 235 erythropthalma, Anas, 367, 370 erythrophthalma, Aythya, 370 erythrophthalma, Nyroca, 371 erythrops, Phalacrocorax, 149 erythrorhyncha, Ibis, 265 erythrorhyncha, Querquedula, 348 erythrorhyncha, Sula, 130 erythrorhynchos, Pelecanus, 115 erythrorhynchus, Falcinellus, 265 erythrorhynchus, Pelicanus, 116 etesiaca, Sula, 135, 136 EUDYPTES, 6 Eudytes, 14 Eudyptula, 7 eumegethes, Phalacrocorax, 150 EUNETTA, 344 Euolor, 283 Europaeus, Sylbeocyclus, 19 EUXENURA, 245 Exanthemops, 287 exasperatus, Oceanites, 88 excellens, Tigrisoma, 220, 221, 222 excelsior, Aptenodytes, 3 exilis, Ardea, 229, 232 exilis, Ardeola, 229 exilis, Ardetta, 229, 231, 232, 234 exilis, Botaurus, 229 exilis, Ixobrychus, 178, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235 eximius, Thalassageron, 47 exsul, Pelecanoides, 108 externa, Aestrelata, 79 externa, Oestrelata, 79 externa, Pterodroma, 79 exulans, Diomedea, 40, 41 eytoni, Leptotarsis, 312 fabalis, Anser, 290 faberi, Platypus, 382 falcata, Anas, 344 falcata, Eunetta, 344 Falcinellus, 264 falcinellus, Ibis, 265, 267, 270 falcinellus, Plegadis, 264, 265, 269 falcinellus, Tantalus, 264 falklandica, Pachyptila, 57 falklandica, Pagodroma, 85 falklandicus, Heteroprion, 57 falklandicus, Nycticorax, 213 falklandius, Procellarius, 109 familiaris, Tadorna, 325 fannini, Ardea, 166 fasciata, Ardea, 224 fasciatum, Tigrisoma, 222, 224 ferina, Aithyia, 368 ferina, Anas, 368 ferina, Aythya, 368 ferina, Marila, 368 ferina, Nyroca, 368 ferruginea, Anas, 324 ferruginea, Casarca, 324 ferruginea, Erismatura, 402, 403 ferruginea, Oxyura, 402, 403 ferus, Anser, 293 fiber, Dysporus, 132 INDEX 423 fiber, Pelecanus, 129 fiber, Sula, 132, 136 fidelis, Opistolopus, 280, 281 filholi, Eudyptes, 8 fimbriata, Anas, 362 fisheri, Aestrelata, 79 fischeri, Arctonetta, 390 fischeri, Fuligula, 390 Fischeri, Lampronetta, 390 fistularis, Mareca, 341 flava, Ardea, 237 flavipes, Spheniscus, 11 flavirostre, Nettion, 352, 353 flavirostre, Nettium, 353 flavirostris, Anas, 345, 352, 353 flavirostris, Nettion, 352 flavirostris, Phaet(h)on, 114 flavirostris, Phaethon, 111, 115 flavirostris, Querquedula, 352 FLORIDA, 189 floridanus, Carbo, 139 floridanus, Graculus, 139 floridanus, Phalacrocorax, 139 formosa, Anas, 345, 347 formosum, Nettion, 347 forsteri, Aptenodytes, 2, 3 forsteri, Macronectes, 51 forsteri, Pachyptila, 56 forsteri, Prion, 57 forsteri, Procellaria, 55 fortunatus, Pufnnus, 64 fraenata, Merganetta, 415 frazari, Ardea, 177 frazari, Butorides, 177 Fregandria, 91 FREGATA, 160 Fregatta, 161 FREGETTA, 90 fregetta, Thalassidroma, 92 Fregettornis, 91 Fregodroma, 91 Fregolla, 91 fremitus, Heterocnus, 227 fremitus, Tigrisoma, 227 fretensis, Anas, 355 fretensis, Punanetta, 354, 356 fretensis, Querquedula, 355 frontalis, Anser, 291 fulgens, 316 fulgens, Dendrocygna, 315 fulica, Sula, 132 fuliginosa, Diomedea, 49 fuliginosa, Phoebetria, 49 fuliginosus, Nectris, 67, 68 fuliginosus, Pufnnus, 68 Fuligula, 367 fuligula, Anas, 367, 369, 371 fuligula, Aythya, 371 fuligula, Fuligula, 371 fuligula, Marila, 371 Fulix, 367 Fulmariprion, 56 FULMARUS, 53 fulva, Anas, 312 fulva, Dendrocygna, 312, 313 fulvigula, Anas, 329 furcata, Oceanodroma, 104 furcata, Procellaria, 95, 104 fusca, Anas, 392 fusca, Ardea, 204 fusca, Diomedea, 50 fusca, Melanitta, 392, 393, 394 fusca, Oidemia, 392, 393, 394 fusca, Phoebetria, 50 fusca, Scolopax, 261 fusca, Sula, 125, 132, 136 fuscicollis, Ardea, 187 fuscicollis, Butorides, 186, 187 fuscus, Mergus, 404, 409 fuscus, Onocrotalus, 117 fuscus, Pelecanus, 115, 117, 119, 120, 121 gaimardi, Carbo, 151 gaimardi, Graculus, 152 gaimardi, Pelecanus, 151 gaimardi, Phalacrocorax, 151 gaimardi, Sticticarbo, 152 gaimardii, Haliaeus, 152 gainsardii, Graculus, 152 galapagensis, Anas, 363 galapagensis, Dafila, 363 galapagensis, Poecilonetta, 363 galapagoensis, Oceanites, 89 galeata, Ardea, 245 galeata, Euxenura, 247 gama, Nectris, 67 gambeli, Anser, 291, 292 gambelli, Anser, 292 ganta, Anas, 308 Ganza, 385 gardeni, Ardea, 207 gardeni, Nycticorax, 208, 213, 214 garleppi, Merganetta, 412, 413 garnoti, Halodroma, 107 garnoti, Pelecanoides, 107, 110 garnotii, Pelecanoides, 106, 107 garnotii, Puffinuria, 106, 107 garnotti, Priocella, 58 GARRODIA, 93 GAVIA, 14 gelida, Procellaria, 60 georgia, Attaprion, 56 georgia, Diomedea, 41 georgia, Heteroprion, 56 georgia, Pachyptila, 56 georgianus, Phalacrocorax, 156 georgianus, Plotus, 157 georgica, Anas, 360 georgica, Dafila, 360 georgica, Pelecanoides, 108, 109 georgicum, Nettion, 360 georgicum, Nettium, 361 georgicus, Pachyptila, 56 424 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII georgicus, Pelagodyptes, 109 georgicus, Pelecanoides, 106, 108, 109 gibbosa, Diomedea, 45 gigantea, Ossifraga, 51 gigantea, Procellaria, 50 giganteus, Macronectes, 50 gigas, Podilymbus, 40 gilliana, Diomedea, 45 glacialis, Anas, 381, 382 glacialis, Carbo, 146 glacialis, Colymbus, 14, 16 glacialis, Fulmarus, 53, 54 glacialis, Harelda, 382 glacialis, Pagonetta, 382 glacialis, Procellaria, 53 glacialoides, Fulmarus, 59 glacialoides, Priocella, 59 glacialoides, Procellaria, 58 glacialoides, Thalassoica, 58 Glaucerodius, 189 glaucion, Clangula, 377, 378 GLAUCIONETTA, 377, 380 glaucogaster, 295 glaucogaster, Branta, 295 glupischa, Fulmarus, 55 glyphorhynchus, 275 glyphorhynchus, Phoenicopterus, 274 godmani, Puffinus, 72 gorfua, Aptenodytes, 7 gossi, Sula, 124 gracilis, Halieus, 142 gracilis, Oceanites, 88 gracilis, Phalacrpcorax, 142, 150 gracilis, Thalassidroma, 88 grallaria, Cymodroma, 91 grallaria, Fregettornis, 92 grallaria, Procellaria, 86, 91 granti, Sula, 128 gravirostris, Nyctanassa, 216 gravis, Ardenna, 66 gravis, Procellaria, 63, 65 gravis, Puffinus, 63, 65 grenadensis, Butorides, 181 grisea, Ardea, 184 grisea, Butorides, 184, 187 grisea, Cancroma, 184 grisea, Fuligula, 396 grisea, Procellaria, 67 grisegena, Colymbus, 18, 32 grisegena, Podiceps, 32 griseigena, Podicipes, 32, 33 Griseo-Alba, Ardea, 203 griseus, Nycticorax, 208 griseus, Puffinus, 63, 67, 68 Groenlandica, Querquedula, 346 gronlandica, Procellaria, 53 GUARA, 261 guarauna, Egatheus, 269 guarauna, Falcinellus, 267 guarauna, Ibis, 266 guarauna, Plegadis, 267, 268, 269 guarauna, Scolopax, 266 gularis, Aestralata, 78 gularis, Oestrelata, 79 gularis, Procellaria, 79 gularis, Pterodroma, 80 Gymnathus, 321 Gymnura, 399 haesitata, Aestrelata, 77 haesitata, Oestrelata, 77 haesitata, Procellaria, 60, 77 Halieus, 137 halli, Aptenodytes, 3 HALOBAENA, 84 HALOCYPTENA, 105 Halodroma, 106 Halohippus, 53 Harelda, 381 harlic, Procellaria, 76 HARPIPRION, 249 harrisi, Nannopterum, 157 harrisi, Phalacrocorax, 157 hasitata, Procellaria, 74, 76 hasitata, Pterodroma, 76, 78 helva, Dendrocygna, 313 Hemipuffinus, 63 Hemisula, 123 Heniconetta, 397 Hernandezi, Dysporus, 130 Hernandezii, Onocrotalus, 116 herodias, Ardea, 169, 170 hesperis, Ixobrychus, 231 Heterocnus, 219 HETERONETTA, 364 Heteroprion, 56 hispaniae, Querquedula, 348 histrionica, Anas, 383, 384 histrionica, Cosmonetta, 384, 385 HISTRIONICUS, 383 histrionicus, Histrionicus, 383, 384, 385 Hoactli, Ardea, 207 hoactli, Nycticorax, 207, 210, 211, 213 holboelli, Colymbus, 32 holbolli, Pedethaithya, 32 holbolli, Podiceps, 32 holbollii, Colymbus, 31 holbollii, Podiceps, 31 holboellii, Podicipes, 32 homochroa, Cymochorea, 103 homochroa, Oceanodroma, 103 hornbyi, Bannermania, 104 hornbyi, Oceanites, 104 hornbyi, Oceanodroma, 103 hornbyi, Thalassidroma, 95, 103 hornensis, Phalacrocorax, 145 hrota, Anas, 295 hrota, Branta, 295 hudsonias, Ardea, 169, 235 hudsonis, Ardea, 236 hullianus, Hemipuffinus, 65 hullianus, Puffinus, 65 INDEX 425 humboldti, Spheniscus, 10, 12 hutchinsi, Branta, 298, 302, 306 Hutchinsii, Anser, 306 hutchinsii, Branta, 298, 300, 301, 302, 306 huttoni, Phoebetria, 50 hybrida, Anas, 307, 308 hybrida, Chloephaga, 308, 309 HYDRANASSA, 200 Hydrobata, 94 HYDROBATES, 94 Hydroka, 36 Hydronassa, 200 hyemalis, Anas, 381, 382 hyemalis, Clangula, 382 hyemalis, Colymbus, 16 hyemalis, Harelda, 382 hyemalis, Procellaria, 53 Hyonetta, 321 hyperborea, Chen, 288, 289, 310 hyperboreus, Anser, 287, 288 hyperboreus, Chen, 288, 289 hypernotius, Butorides, 181 hyperonca, Ardea, 167 hypoleuca, Oestrelata, 74 hypoleuca, Pelagodroma, 90 hypoleuca, Thalassidroma, 90 ibis, Ardea, 191 ibis, Bubulcus, 191, 192 igneus, Falcinellus, 264, 265, 267 ignipalliatus, Phoenicopterus, 275 ilathera, Anas, 361 imber, Colymbus, 14 immer, Colymbus, 14, 16 immer, Gavia, 16 immutabilis, Diomedea, 44 immutabilis, Phoebastria, 44 imperator, 3 imperialis, Phalacrocorax, 153, 155 incerta, Oestralata, 76 incerta, Procellaria, 76 incerta, Pterodroma, 76 inexpectata, Procellaria, 79 inexpectata, Pterodroma, 79 infaustus, Nycticorax, 207 infuscata, Ibis, 259, 260 infuscatus, Geronticus, 260 infuscatus, Phimosus, 259, 260, 261 inornata, Chloephaga, 309, 310 inornatus, Anser, 309 inornatus, Cyanopterus, 333 insularis, Fregetta, 91 interior, Branta, 303, 304 involucris, Ardea, 229 involucris, Ardetta, 229, 235 involucris, Egretta, 230 involucris, Ixobrychus, 229, 230 iopareia, Anas, 321 ipecutiri, Anas, 348 irrorata, Diomedea, 43 irrorata, Phoebastria, 43 Ischyornis, 280 islandica, Anas, 379 islandica, Bucephala, 379 islandica, Clangula, 379 islandica, Glaucionetta, 379 Islandica, Somateria, 386 islandicus, Cygnus, 283, 284 IXOBRYCHUS, 228 jabe-jabe, Thalassidroma, 96 JABIRU, 247 jaburu, Ciconia, 245 jacquini, Anas, 317 Jamaica, Anas, 401 jamaicensis, Anas, 401 * jamaicensis, Ardea, 214 jamaicensis, Erismatura, 400, 401 jamaicensis, Nyctanassa, 215 jamaicensis, Oestrelata, 77 jamaicensis, Oxyura, 400, 401, 403 jamaicensis, Procellaria, 77 jamesi, Phoenicoparrus, 277, 278 jamesi, Phoenicopterus, 278 januaria, Fregata, 163 jaspidea, Anas, 339 javanica, Ardea, 176 javanicus, Butorides, 188 juana, Pterodroma, 80, 81 jubata, Alopochen, 320 jubata, Neochen, 319, 320 jubatus, Alopochen, 320 jubatus, Anser, 319 jubatus, Chenalopex, 319 jubatus, Neochen, 320 juninensis, Colymbus, 26, 27, 29 juninensis, Podiceps, 27 juniensis, Podicipes, 27 kaedingi, Cymochorea, 98 kaedingi, Oceanodroma, 98 Kalipareus, Podiceps, 19, 26, 28 Kamptorhynchus, 396 kelsalli, Hydrobates, 96 kelsalli, Oceanodroma, 96 kelsalli, Tethysia, 96 kelsalli, Thalassidroma, 96 keyteli, Pachyptila, 56 kidderi, Pterodroma, 80 Ktinprhynchus, 340 kuhli, Ardenna, 63 kuhlii, Calonectris, 63 kuhlii, Procellaria, 63 kuhlii, Puffinus, 63 labradora, Anas, 396 Labradora, Fuligula, 396 labradoria, Anas, 396 labradoria, Camptolaimus, 397 labradorica, Anas, 396 labradorius, Camptolaemus, 396 labradorius, Camptolaimus, 396 labradorius, Camptorhynchus, 396 426 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Lampronessa, 363 landbecki, Pelecanus, 121 latirostris, Anas, 394 laurencii, Fregetta, 92 lawrencii, Fregetta, 92 layardi, Thalassogeron, 47 leachii, Procellaria, 99 leachii, Thalassidroma, 99 leisleri, Platypus, 386 lentiginosa, Ardea, 235, 236 lentiginpsus, Botaurus, 235, 236, 237 Leptopelicanus, 115 Leptophaethon, 111 Leptotarsis, 312 Lepturus, 110 Lessoni, Pterodroma, 75 lessoni, Puffinuria, 107 lessonii, Ardea, 169, 170 lessonii, Oestrelata, 75 Lessonii, Procellaria, 75 lessonii, Pterodroma, 75 leuce, Ardea, 195 leuce, Egretta, 195 Leucibis, 261 Leucoblepharon, 295 Leucocarbo, 137 leucogaster, Anhinga, 159, 160 leucogaster, Ardea, 203 leucogaster, Branta, 295 leucogaster, Dysporus, 136 leucogaster, Fregetta, 92 leucogaster, Pelecanus, 131 leucogaster, Plotus, 160 leucogaster, Sula, 123, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133 leucogaster, Thalassidroma, 90 leucogastra, Sula, 132, 133, 134, 136 leucogastris, Fregetta, 92 leucogastris, Sula, 133 leucogenis, Anas, 411 leucogenis, Merganetta, 411, 413, 414 leucogenys, Merganetta, 410, 412 leucogenys, Punanetta, 353, 355 leucolaema, Bernicla, 304 leucolaema, Tigribaphe, 219, 225 leucomelas, Puffinus, 63 Leucopareia, 294, 297, 301 leucopareia, Branta, 297, 298, 299, 302 leucopareius, Anser, 297 leucophea, Sula, 122 LEUCOPHOYX, 197 leucophrys, Anas, 345, 349 leucophrys, Nettion, 349, 350 leucoprymna, Ardea, 201 leucoprymna, Egretta, 201 leucopsis, Anas, 294, 296 leucopsis, Branta, 296 leucoptera, Anas, 309 leucoptera, Chloephaga, 309 leucopterus, Podiceps, 33 leucopygus, Ibis, 263 leucorhoa, Cymochorea, 100 leucorhoa, Oceanodroma, 99, 100 leucorhoa, Procellaria, 95, 99 leucorodia, Platalea, 270 leucorrhoa, Cymochorea, 99 leucotis, Carbo, 149 leucotis, Podiceps, 25 leucotis, Rollandia, 19, 23 Iherminieri, Alphapuffinus, 73 Iherminieri, Puffinus, 72, 73 limatus, Phaethon, 112 lineata, Ardea, 219, 222 lineatum, Tigrisoma, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223 lineatus, Podilymbus, 36 Lipocentrus, 276 loculator, Tantalus, 242, 243 longicauda, Aptenodytes, 6 longirostris, Aptenodytes, 2 longirostris, Apterodita, 2 longirostris, Diomedea, 43 longirostris, Guara, 262 longirostris, Ibis, 262 longirostris, Podiceps, 33, 34 longirostris, Pterodroma, 83 Loomelania, 95 Lophaithyia, 19 LOPHODYTES, 404 Lophonetta, 325 lophotes, Mergus, 409 lophyra, Anas, 333 lucianus, Butorides, 181 lucida, Dendrocygna, 315, 316 ludoviciana, Ardea, 178, 200 . ludovicianus, Colymbus, 36 ludovicianus, Podiceps, 38 lugens, Procellaria, 79 Lumme, Colymbus, 14 macrodactyla, Cymochorea, 101 macrodactyla, Oceanodroma, 101 MACRONECTES, 50 macroptera, Oestrelata, 75 macroptera, Procellaria, 74, 75 macroptera, Pterodroma, 75 macropterus, Micropterus, 375 Macroramphus, 392 macrorhynchos, Carbo, 146 maculata, Butorides, 180, 182 maculata, Cancroma, 180 maculatus, Butorides, 177, 180, 182 maculatus, Pelecanus, 122 maculatus, Rhynchaspis, 339 maculatus, Rynchapsis, 339 maculirostris, Anas, 354 maculosa, Anas, 329 magellani, Pelecanoides, 107, 108 magellani, Porthmornis, 108 magellani, Puffinuria, 106, 107 magellanica, Anas, 307, 308, 309 magellanica, Aptenodytes, 11 magellanica, Bernicla, 309 INDEX 427 magellanica, Chloephaga, 309 magellanicus, Carbo, 150 magellanicus, Gracujus, 149 magellanicus, Oceanites, 88 magellanicus, Pelecanus, 148 magellanicus, Phalacrocorax, 148, 149 magellanicus, Spheniscus, 10, 11, 12 magellanicus, Urile, 150 magnificens, Fregata, 161, 162, 163, 164 magnirostris, Aptenodytes, 11 maguari, Ardea, 174, 245 maguari, Ciconia, 245, 246 maguari, Euxenura, 245, 246 maguaria, Ciconia, 246 Majaqueus, 61 major, Aechmophorus, 33 major, Ardea, 174 major, Colymbus, 33 major, Mergus, 408 major, Pagpdroma, 85 major, Podiceps, 33 major, Podicipes, 32 major, Procellaria, 65 major, Puffinus, 63, 65, 70 major, Sula, 122 malvinarum, Chloephaga, 308 mandurria, Tantalus, 250 manillensis, Querquedula, 349 MARECA, 341 mareca, Anas, 348 margaritophilus, Butorides, 182 Maridus, 214 Marila, 367 marila, Anas, 366, 367 marila, Aythya, 366, 372 marila, Fuligula, 371, 372, 373 marila, Marila, 372 marila, Nyroca, 372 Marilochen, 290 mariloides, Aythya, 371 marina, Pelagodroma, 89 marina, Procellaria, 86, 90 markhami, Cymochorea, 101 markhami, Oceanodroma, 101 marmorata, Ardea, 222 marmoratum, Tigrisoma, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224 masafuerae, Aestrelata, 83 masafuerae, Cookilaria, 83 masafuerae, Pterodroma, 83 masafuerae, Pterodroma, 83 matsudariae, Oceanodroma, 103 maximus, Colymbus, 14 melania, Cymochorea, 102 melania, Loomelania, 102 melania, Oceanodroma, 102 melania, Procellaria, 95, 102 melania, Thalassidroma, 102 MELANITTA, 392 Melancoripha, 286 melancoriphus, Cygnus, 286 melancorypha, Anas, 283, 286 melancoryphus, Cygnus, 286 melanocephala, Anas, 286, 364 melanocephala, Heteronetta, 364 melanogaster, 92 melanogaster, Cymodroma, 93 melanogaster, Fregetta, 93 melanogaster, Plotus, 158 melanogaster, Thalassidroma, 93 melanogastra, Oceanites, 93 melanoleuca, Fregetta, 91 melanoleucus, Puffinus, 64 Melanonetta, 392 melanophris, Diomedea, 41, 46 melanophrys, Diomedea, 45, 46, 48 melanophrys, Thalassarche, 46 melanopis, Geronticus, 255 melanopis, Ibis, 251, 253, 254 melanopis, Tantalus, 250 melanopis, Theristicus, 251, 253, 254, 255 melanops, Tantalus, 254 melanops, Theristicus, 254, 255 melanopsis, Ibis, 254 melanoptera, Bernicla, 307 melanoptera, Chloephaga, 307 melanopterus, Anser, 307 melanotos, Anser, 320 melanura, Procellaria, 60 melitensis, Hydrobates, 94 Melonetta, 381 menalops, Ibis, 255 mendicatus, Spheniscus, 14 mendiculus, Spheniscus, 13 MERGANETTA, 409 Merganser, 405 MERGELLUS, 404 Mergoides, 365 MERGUS, 405 mergus, Mergus, 406 meridionalis, Procellaria, 77 mesatus, 180 mesatus, Butorides, 181 MESEMBRINIBIS, 256 mesonauta, Phaethon, 112 METOPIANA, 365 Metopias, 365 metopias, Anas, 366 mexicana, Anas, 337 mexicana, Platea, 272 mexicana, Tigrisoma, 219, 225 mexicanus, Carbo, 140 mexicanus, Graculus, 140, 141 mexicanus, Heterocnus, 226, 227 mexicanus, Phalacrocorax, 140, 141 mexicanus, Plegadis, 269 mexicanus, Tantalus, 265, 266 meyeni, Spheniscus, 10 miclonia, Anas, 382 Microcnus, 227 Microdyptes, 6 428 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII micropterum, Centropelma, 36 micropterus, Podiceps, 35, 36 microsoma, Halocyptena, 105 Microzalias, 63 migratoria, Anas, 346 minima, 297, 299 minima, Anhinga, 160 minima, Branta, 298, 300, 301, 306 minor, Ardea, 235 minor, Colymbus, 19 minor, Fregata, 161, 165 minor, Pagodroma, 85 minor, Pelecanus, 165 minor, Procellaria, 54 minuta, Anas, 383 minuta, Ardea, 228, 229 minutus, Tantalus, 263 modestus, Spheniscus, 13 moffitti, Branta, 302 moffitti, Branta, 303, 306 mokoho, Ardea, 235 molinae, Pelecanus, 121 mollis, Oestrelata, 82 mollis, Procellaria, 82 mollis, Pterodroma, 82 mollissima, Anas, 386 mollissima, Somateria, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389 Molybdophanes, 249 monorhis, Cymochorea, 103 monorhis, Thalassidroma, 95 montana, Anser, 307 MORUS, 122 moschata, Anas, 321 moschata, Cairina, 321, 322 Moschatus, 321 mugitans, Botaurus, 236 Mulleri, Colymbus, 14 munrqii, Bernicla, 301 muralis, Anas, 354 murphyi, Halobaena, 84 murphyi, Pelecanus, 119 murphyi, Phoebetria, 50 musicus, Cygnus, 283 MYCTERIA, 242 mycteria, Ciconia, 247 mycteria, Jabiru, 247, 248 mycteria, Mycteria, 248 mystacalis, Carbo, 142 Mystrorhamphus, 271 naevia, Ardea, 207 naevius, Nycticorax, 208, 209, 213 nandapoa, Ibis, 244 NANNOPTERUM, 157 nationi, Fuligula, 370 nationi, Marila, 371 nationi, Nyroca, 371 nativitatis, Microzalias, 69 nativitatis, Nectris, 69 nativitatis, Puffinus, 63, 69 Nealbatrus, 41 nearctica, Aythya, 371 nearctica, Fuligula, 371 nearctica, Fulix, 372 nearctica, Nyroca, 372 nebouxi, Sula, 124 nebouxii, Sula, 123 Nectris, 62 neglecta, Aestrelata, 80, 81 neglecta, Oestrelata, 80 neglecta, Pterodroma, 80 NEOCHEN, 319 Neonectris, 63 neoxena, Ardetta, 232 nereis, Garrodia, 93 nereis, Procellaria, 94 nereis, Thalassidroma, 93 nesiotes, Sula, 135 NETTA, 365 Nettalopex, 324 Nettarion, 367 NETTION, 345 Nexiteles, 36 niceforoi, Anas, 360 niceforoi, Dafila, 360 nicolli, Fregata, 165 niger, Phalacrocorax, 142, 146 nigra, Anas, 391 nigra, Oidemia, 391 nigra, Procellaria, 61 nigricans, Anser, 296 nigricans, Branta, 296 nigricollis, Anas, 286 nigricollis, Chauna, 281 nigricollis, Cygnus, 286 nigricollis, Pelecanus, 121 nigripes, Diomedea, 45 nigripes, Phoebastria, 45 nigrivestis, Eudyptes, 7, 8, 9 nigrodactyla, Sula, 126 nivalis, Anas, 288 nivalis, Chen, 288, 289 nivea, Ardea, 198 nivea, Pagodroma, 85 nivea, Procellaria, 85 noevia, Ardea, 184 NOMONYX, 398 novegeorgica, Pagodroma, 85 novimexicana, Anas, 330 nudifrons, Ibis, 258, 259 nudifrons, Phimosus, 258, 259, 260, 261 nudifrons, Plegadis, 260 NYCTANASSA, 214 Nycterodius, 207 Nyctherodius, 214 Nyctiardea, 207 NYCTICORAX, 207 nycticorax, Ardea, 207, 208, 212 nycticorax, Nycterodius, 207 nycticorax, Nycticorax, 209, 210 Nyctinassa, 214 INDEX 429 Nyroca, 366 nyroca, Anas, 366 obscura, Anas, 327, 328, 329 obscurus, Colymbus, 30 obscurus, Nycticorax, 208, 210, 211, 213 obscurus, Puffinus, 72, 73 occidentalis, Aechmophorus, 35 occidentalis, Ardea, 166, 170, 171 occidentalis, Audubonia, 171 occidentalis, Bernicla, 299 occidentalis, Branta, 298, 299, -300 occidentalis, Hydranassa, 202 occidentalis, Pelecanus, 115, 117 occidentalis, Podiceps, 33, 35 Occidua, Anas, 397 occipitalis, Colymbus, 26, 28 occipitalis, Pelecanus, 116 occipitalis, Podiceps, 27, 28 oceanica, Procellaria, 86, 87 oceanica, Thalassidroma, 87 oceanicus, Oceanites, 87 OGEANITES, 86 OCEANODROMA, 95 Ocniscus, 176 octasetaceus, Merganser, 409 octosetaceus, Mergus, 406, 408, 409 octosetaelus, Mergus, 409 octosetosus, Mergus, 409 OEdemia, 391 Oestrelata, 74 Oestrelatella, 74 Ohula, Ardea, 198 OIDEMIA, 391 oligista, Ardea, 167 olivaceus, Pelecanus, 142 olivaceus, Phalacrocorax, 140, 141, 145 Olor, 283 olor, Anas, 283, 285 olor, Cygnus, 285 olor, Sthenelides, 285 Onocralus, 106 onocrotalus, Pelecanus, 115 Onocrot[alus], Pelecanus, 117 opisthomelas, Puffinus, 70 Opistolophus, 280 optatus, Puffinus, 71 ordi, Falcinellus, 266, 270 ordi, Ibis, 265, 266, 270 ordii, Falcinellus, 265 ordii, Ibis, 265 Oressochen, 307 orientalis, Cookilaria, 83 orientalis, Procellaria, 104 orientalis, Pterodroma, 83 orinomus, Anas, 337 orinomus, Querquedula, 337 ortygoides, Erismatura, 398 Ossifraga, 50 ossifraga, Procellaria, 51 owstoni, Oceanodroma, 102 oxycerca, Cercibis, 256 oxycercus, Geronticus, 256 oxycercus, Ibis, 256 oxyptera, Anas, 351, 352 oxyptera, Querquedula, 351 oxypterum, Nettion, 351, 352 oxypterum, Nettium, 352 OXYURA, 399 oxyura, Anas, 358 PACHYPTILA, 55, 84 pachyrhynchus, Eudyptes, 7 pacifica, Bulweria, 86 pacifica, Gavia, 15 pacifica, Procellaria, 54, 55, 66 pacifica, Thyellodroma, 67 pacificodroma, 95 pacificus, Colymbus, 15, 16 pacificus, Histrionicus, 384 Paecilonitta, 356 Pagodroma, 85 Pagonetta, 381 Palamedea, 278 pallida, Bernicla, 295 palmerstoni, Fregata, 165 palpebrata, Diomedea, 49 palpebrata, Phoebetria, 49 panamensis, Cochlearius, 239, 240 papua, Aptenodytes, 3, 4 papua, Eudyptes, 4 papua, Pygoscelis, 3, 4, 5 papua, Spheniscus, 4 papua, Apterodita, 4 Paranectris, 63 paranensis, Ardea, 174 Parasula, 123 pardela, Procellaria, 52 parkinsoni, Procellaria, 61, 62 parva, Sula, 137 Parvifregata, 161 parvipes, Anser, 302 parvipes, Branta, 297, 302, 303, 306 parvirostris, Anas, 343 parvus, Oceanites, 88 parvus, Pelecanus, 132 paschae, Aestrelata, 80 paschae, Pterodroma, 80, 81 Passmori, Cygnus, 285 patachonica, Aptenodytes, 1, 2 patachohica, Oidemia, 376 patachonicus, Micropterus, 376 patachonicus, Tachyeres, 374, 375, 376, 377 patagonica, Aptenodytes, 1, 3 patagonicus, Spheniscus, 3 patens, Butorides, 183 paturi, Anas, 348 pauper, Nyctanassa, 218, 219 pauper, Nycticorax, 218 peali, Ardea, 194 pealii, Ardea, 192 pealii, Demiegretta, 192, 193 430 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII pealii, Herodias, 192 Pedetaithya, 18 peeti, Botaurus, 236 pelagica, Procellaria, 94, 95 pelagica, Thalassidroma, 94 pelagicus, Hydrobates, 94 pelagicus, Phalacrocorax, 147 PELAGODROMA, 89 Pelagodyptes, 106 PELEGANOIDES, 106 PELECANUS, 115 Pelecanus, Onocrotalus, 115 Pelionetta, 392 Penelope, Anas, 341 penelope, Mareca, 341 Penelops, 341 penelpps, Anas, 341, 342 penicillatus, Carbo, 137, 146 penicillatus, Haliaeus, 150 penicillatus, Phalacrocorax, 146 pennantii, Aptenpdytes, 2 pennantii, Spheniscus, 2 peposaca, Anas, 365, 366 peposaca, Metopiana, 366 Perissonetta, 367 perspicillata, Anas, 392, 394 perspicillata, Melanitta, 393, 394, 395 perspicillata, OEdemia, 395 perspicillata, Oidemia, 395 perspicillatus, Phalacrocorax, 148 peruvia, Diomedella, 47 Petrella, 52 Phaeonetta, 367 phaeopygia, Aestrelata, 78 phaeopygia, Oestrelata, 78 phaeopygia, Pterodroma, 78 PHAETHON, 110 Phaeton, 7, 110, 111 PHALACROCORAX, 137 Phasianurus, 356 PHILACTE, 293 philippensis, Ardea, 228 phillipii, Pterodroma, 80 PHIMOSUS, 258 Phlyaconetta, 383 Phoebastria, 41 PHOEBETRIA, 49 Phoenicoparra, 277 PHOENICOPARRUS, 276, 277 PHOENICOPTERUS, 273, 274 Phoenicorodias, 273 Phoenonetta, 392 Phoeoaythia, 367 Phylaconetta, 383 picta, Agamia, 204 picta, Anas, 307, 309 picta, Chloephaga, 309, 310 pileata, Ardea, 175 pileata, Pilherodius, 175 pileatus, Nycticorax, 175 pileatus, Pilerodius, 176 pileatus, Pilherodius, 175, 176 Pilerodius, 175 PILHERODIUS, 175 pillus, Ciconia, 246 pillus, Tantalus, 245 Pinguinaria, 1 pinnata, Ardea, 237 ' pinnatus, Botaurus, 237 piscator, Pelecanus, 129, 130 piscator, Sula, 129, 130 piscatrix, Sula, 130 PLATALEA, 270 platalea, Anas, 339 platalea. Spatula, 339 platei, Diomedea, 46 platei, Diomedella, 47 Platypus, 385 platyrhyncha, Anas, 326 platyrhynchos, Anas, 325, 325, 328 PLEGADIS, 264 Plegadornis, 264 Plottus, 158 Plotus, 158 plotus, Sula, 134, 136 plumbea, Ardea, 174, 188 plumhea, Oceanodroma, 105 plumbea, Thalassidroma, 105 plumbeus, Butorides, 188 plumbeus, Harpiprion, 249 plumbeus, Ibis, 249 plumicollis, Tantalus, 244 Poecilonitta, 356 Podiceps, 18 podiceps, Colymbus, 36, 38 podiceps, Podilymbus, 36, 38, 40 podicipes, Podilymbus, 36, 38, 39,f40 podicips, Podilymbus, 36 Podilymbus, 36 poliocephala, Bernicla, 311 poliocephala, Chloephaga, 307, 311 Poliocephalus, 19 poliocephalus, Podiceps, 19 polycomos, Anser, 319 POLYSTICTA, 397 Porthmornis, 106 poucheti, Herodias, 189 PRIOCELLA, 58 Prion, 55 Prionochilus, 406 Prister, 406 PROCELLARIA, 61 Proctopus, 18 promaucanus, Phalacrocorax, 145 Promergus, 406 Pseudocycnus, 323 Pseudolor, 323 Pseudoprion, 56 pteneres, Anas, 375 pteneres, Tachyeres, 374, 375, 376 PTERODROMA, 74 Ptocas, 295 Pucheramphus, 4 INDEX 431 Puffinuria, 106 PUFFINUS, 60, 62 puffinus, Nectris, 70 puffinus, Procellaria, 62, 70 puffinus, Puffinus, 63, 70 pullus, Ixobrychus, 231 pumila, Ardea, 227 pumilus, Botaurus, 228 pumilus, Zebrilus, 228 puna, Anas, 353, 355, 356 puna, Punanetta, 355, 356 puna, Querquedula, 355, 356 PUNANETTA, 353 punctatus, Pelecanus, 137 Pygosceles, 4 PYGOSGELIS, 3 Pygoscelys, 4 pyrogaster, Dafila, 333 pyrrhogastra, Anas, 333 QUERQUEDULA, 333, 353 querquedula, Anas, 333 rafflesii, Anas, 333, 335 Raphipterus, 409 recurvirostra, Anas, 401 regia, Anas, 322 regia, Diomedea, 42, 43 regia, Sarkidiornis, 321 relictus, Pelecanus, 118 repens, Ardea, 170, 171, 172 resplendens, Phalacrocorax, 147, 148 "rex, auct.," 2 Rhantistes, 53, 74 Rhaphipterus, 410 Rhipornis, 62 rhodopus, Anas, 349 Rhothonia, 41 Rhynchaspis, 337 richmondi, Diomedea, 46 richmondi, Thalassarche, 46 ridgwayi, Egatheus, 270 ridgwayi, Falcinellus, 270 ridgwayi, Fregata, 164, 165 ridgwayi, Plegadis, 267, 269, 270 robinsoni, Butorides, 183 robustus, Phalacrocorax, 147 rodgersii, Fulmarus, 54 rogersi, Sula, 123 rolland, Colymbus, 23 Rolland, Podiceps, 19, 23 rollandi, Podiceps, 23, 24 rollandi, Podicipes, 23, 25 Rollandia, 19 rosea, Ajaia, 271, 272 rossi, Chen, 290 rossii, Anser, 287, 290 rossii, Chen, 290 rossii, Exanthemops, 290 rothschildi, Fregata, 162, 163, 165 rothschildi, Phaethon, 113 rothschildi, Scaeophaethon, 113 ruber, Eudocimus, 263 ruber, Phoenicopterus, 273, 274 rubida, Erismatura, 400 rubida, Oxyura, 400 rubidiceps, Chloephaga, 312 rubidoptera, Anas, 349 rubidus, Anas, 399, 400 rubiniceps, Chloephaga, 312 rubra, Guara, 263, 264 rubra, Ibis, 263 rubra, Scolopax, 261, 263 rubricaudus, Phaethon, 113 rubricaudus, Scaeophaethon, 113 rubricollis, Podiceps, 32 rubripes, Anas, 327, 328, 360 rubrirostris, Anas, 362 rubrirostris, Dafila, 362 rubrirostris, Paecilonitta, 362 rubritarsi, Procellaria, 77 rufa, Ardea, 192, 194 rufa, Demiegretta, 192, 193, 194 rufa, Dichromanassa, 193, 194 rufescens, Ardea, 192 rufescens, Dichromanassa, 192, 193, 194 rufescens, Herodias, 192 Rufibrenta, 294, 295 ruficeps, Callichen, 365 ruficollis, Anser, 294 ruficollis, Ardea, 201 ruficollis, Colymbus, 19 ruficollis, Demiegretta, 201 ruficollis, Egretta, 200 ruficollis, Herodias, 200 ruficollis, Hydranassa, 200,{201 rufimentum, Hydranassa, 202 rufina, Anas, 365 Rufina, Mergoides, 365 rufina, Netta, 365 rufitorques, Anas, 369 rustica, Anas, 380 rutila, Anas, 324 rutila, Casarca, 324 salmoni, Tigrisoma, 219, 224, 225 saltator, Chrysocoma, 7 salvadorii, Chauna, 282 salvadorii, Colymbus, 34 salvini, Diomedea, 47 salvini, Diomedella, 47 salvini, Pachyptila, 56 salvini, Thalassogeron, 47 salvini, Thalassarche, 47 sancti-lucae, Ardea, 168 sandaliata, Procellaria, 76 sandwichensis, Pterodroma, 79 sanfordi, Diomedea, 41, 42, 43 sanfordi, Rhotonia, 41, 42 SARKIDIORNIS, 320 sarmientonus, Graculus, 149 sarmientonus, Phalacrocorax, 149 satalandia, Pterodroma, 76 432 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII saturatus, Butorides, 178, 179 Scaeophaethon, 111 scalaris, Aestrelata, 79 scapularis, Ardea, 184, 187 scapularis, Butorides, 184 scapulatus, Butorides, 185 sclavus, Podiceps, 30 scolopaceus, Aramus, 266 Scotaeus, 207 sedentaria, Sotnateria, 388 segethi, Fregetta, 91 segethi, Oceanites, 91 segethi, Thalassidroma, 91 septentrionalis, Colymbus, 14 sericeus, Puffinus, 75 serrator, Merganser, 407 serrator, Mergus, 405, 407, 408 serresiana, Eudyptes, 8 serresiana, Eudyptula, 6, 8 serresiana, Microdyptes, 8 sexsetacea, Ardea, 217 sibilator, Nycticorax, 206 sibilatrix, Anas, 343 sibilatrix, Ardea, 205, 206 sibilatrix, Mareca, 343 sibilatrix, Nycticorax, 206 sibilatrix, Syrigma, 205, 206 Sibirpnetta, 345 similis, Procellaria, 84 smithi, Procellaria, 58 soco, Ardea, 174 socoi, Ardea, 174 socorroensis, Cymochorea, 101 socorroensis, Oceanodroma, 98, 100, 101 solanderi, Macronectes, 51 solanderi, Pachyptila, 57, 58 solanderi, Pseudoprion, 58 SOMATERIA, 385 spadicea, Ardea, 232 spadicea, Diomedea, 41 Spathulea, 337 SPATULA, 337 speciosus, Colymbus, 21 speciosus, Podiceps, 21 speciosus, Poliocephalus, 22 spectabilis, Anas, 385, 389 spectabilis, Somateria, 389 Speculanas, 325 specularioides, Anas, 325, 332, 333 specularis, Anas, 325, 331 SPHENISCUS, 10 sphenurus, Puffinus, 63, 66 spilogaster, Anas, 327 spinicauda, Anas, 358 spinicauda, Dafila, 354, 358, 359, 360 spinicauda, Paecilonitta, 359 spinosa, Anas, 398 sponsa, Aex, 363 sponsa, Aia, 363 sponsa, Aix, 363 sponsa, Anas, 363 sponsa, Lampronessa, 363 Stellaria, 397 stellaris, Ardea, 235 stellaris, Botaurus, 235 stellata, Gavia, 14 stellatus, Colymbus, 14 stelleri, Anas, 397 stelleri, Eniconetta, 397 stelleri, Heniconetta, 397 stelleri, Polysticta, 397 Sthenelides, 283 Sthenelus, 283 Stictocarbo, 137 strepera, Anas, 340 strepera, Chauliodus, 340 streperus, Chaulelasmus, 340 striata, Ardea, 184 striata, Butorides, 184, 185, 187 striatus, Butorides, 181, 184, 186 stricklandi, Paranectris, 68 stricklandi, Puffinus, 68 subalaris, Alphapuffinus, 74 suhalaris, Puffinus, 73, 74 subcristatus, Colymbus, 18 Succe 1 , Anas, 317 SULA, 123 sula, Dysporus, 132 Sula, Pelecanus, 129 sula, Piscatrix, 131 sula, Sula, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134 Sulita, 122 sundevalli, Ardea, 188 sundevalli, Butorides, 188, 189 Sylbeqcyclus, 19 sylvatica, Anas, 346 sylvatica, Ibis, 257 sylvestris, Cairina, 322 sylvicola, Sarcidiornis, 321 sylvicola, Sarkidiornis, 320 SYRIGMA, 205 Tachybaptus, 19 TACHYERES, 374 Tachypetes, 91, 161 taczanowskii, Colymbus, 26 taczanowskii, Podiceps, 26 taczanowskii, Podicipes, 26 taeniata, Pygosceles, 5 Taenidiestes, 307 Taenidiesthes, 307 TADORNA, 325 tadorna, Anas, 325 tadorna, Tadorna, 325 tadorna, Vulpanser, 325 Tantalides, 242, 264 Tantalops, 242 Tantalus, 242 tayazu-guira, Ardea, 207 tayazu-guira, Nycticorax, 209, 210, 211, 213,214 tenebrosus, Puffinus, 73 tenuirostris, Neonectris, 69 INDEX 433 tenuirostris, Procellaria, 58, 63, 69 tenuirostris, Puffinus, 69 tenuirostris, Thalassoeca, 59 tethys, Hydrobates, 96 tethys, Oceanodroma, 95 tethys, Procellaria, 95, 96 tethys, Tethysia, 95 tethys, Thalassidroma, 95 Tethysia, 95 thagus, Onocrotalus, 121 thagus, Pelecanus, 120, 121 ThaTassarche, 41 Thalassidroma, 94 thalassinus, Falcinellus, 268 thalassinus, Ibis, 267 Thalassogeron, 41 THALASSOICA, 59 THERISTICUS, 250 thomensis, Colymbus, 37 thula, Ardea, 197, 198 thula, Egretta, 198, 199, 200 thula, Leucophoyx, 198, 200 Thyellas, 62 Thyellodroma, 63 Tigribaphe, 219 tigrina, Ardea, 219 tigrinum, Tigrisoma, 220, 222, 226 Tigriosoma, 219 TIGRISOMA, 219, 221 titan, Fregetta, 92 tobagensis, 180 tobagensis, Butorides, 181, 182 torquata, Anas, 349 torquata, Chaja, 280, 281 torquata, Chauna, 280, 281, 282 torquata, Querquedula, 349 torquatum, Nettion, 349 torquatum, Nettium, 350 torquatus, Colymbus, 16 townsendi, Oceanodroma, 102 townsendi, Phalacrocorax, 146 Trachelonetta, 356 trachyrhynchus, Pelecanus, 115, 116 treganzai, Ardea, 167, 168 tricolor, Ardea, 201, 203 tricolor, Florida, 203 tricolor, Hydranassa, 201, 202, 203 tricolor, Hydronassa, 203 trifasciatus, Spheniscus, 12 trinitatis, Aestrelata, 81 trinitatis, Fregata, 161 trinitatis, Oestrelata, 81 tristanensis, Fregetta, 92 tristis, Anas, 328 tropica, Fregetta, 92 tropica, Thalassidroma, 91, 92 Tropicophilus, 111 trowbridgii, Pelionetta, 395 tupinambis, Plotus, 158 turneri, Merganetta, 412 turtur, Prion, 56 turtur, Procellaria, 56 typus, Adamastor, 60, 61 tzitzihoa, Anas, 357 tzitzihoa, Dafila, 357 undulata, Ardea, 227, 228 undulatum, Tigrisoma, 228 undulatum, Zebrilus, 228 undulatus, Zebrilus, 227, 228 urile, Pelecanus, 137, 148 urile, Phalacrocorax, 148 Urinator, 14 urinator, Pelecanus, 118 urinatrix, Pelecanoides, 107, 108 urinatrix, Procellaria, 106 urophasianus, Anas, 361 urophasianus, Dafila, 358, 362 valisineria, Aristonetta, 367 valisineria, Aythya, 367, 368 valisineria, Mania, 367 valisneria, Anas, 367 vallisneria, Nyroca, 367 Vallisneriana, Anas, 367 variegata, Ardea, 229, 234 variegata, Sula, 125, 128 variegatus, Dyspprus, 125 velvetina, Oidemia, 393 ventralis, Phalacrocorax, 151 verrucosus, Phalacrocorax, 154 versicolor, Anas, 354, 355, 356 versicolor, Punanetta, 354, 356 versicolor, Querquedula, 354, 355 viduata, Anas, 318 viduata, Dendrocygna, 318 vigorsii, Phasianurus, 361 vigua, Carbo, 144 vigua, Hydrocorax, 142 vigua, Phalacrocorax, 140, 143, 144 violacea, Ardea, 214, 217, 218 violacea, Nyctanassa, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219 violacea, Nyctinassa, 218 violaceus, Nyctherodius, 214, 216 violaceus, Nycticorax, 215, 216, 217/218 virescens, Ardea, 178, 186 virescens, Ardeola, 180 virescens, Butorides, 178, 183, 184, 185 virgata, Anas, 312 viridigularis, Gavia, 15 vittata, Amazonetta, 349 vittata, Erismatura, 403 vittata, Oxyura, 402, 403 vittata, Pachyptila, 56 vittata, Procellaria, 55 vittatus, Prion, 57 V-nigra, Somateria, 388, 389 v-nigrum, Somateria, 388 vociferans, Aestrelata, 78 vulgaris, Nycticorax, 208 Vulpanser, 325 434 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Wagellus, 53 wortheni, Oestrelata, 76 wagleri, Pygosceles, 4 wiirdemanni, Ardea, 170 wardi, Ardea, 171 wiirdemannii, Ardea, 171 websteri, Sula, 128, 129 wyvilliana, Anas, 330 westralis, Phaethon, 111 willetti, Oceanodroma, 101 xanthoryncha, Anas, 360 wilsoni, Anas, 391 wilsoni, Fregata, 161 Zaprium, 84 wilsoni, Oestrelata, 81 , ZEBRILUS, 227 wilsonii, Procellaria, 86, 87 zeldoni, Cancroma, 238, 240 wilsonii, Thalassidroma, 86 zeledoni, Cochlearius, 238, 239, 240 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 590. 5FI C001 FIELDIANA. ZOOLOGY$CHGO 13:1.2 30112009379287