I B R.ARY OF THE U N I VERSITY Of ILLINOIS 59O.5 Fl noton '(J.O : r 13'* CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS, 1922-1944 AND BOARDMAN CONOVER RESEARCH ASSOCIATE, BIRDS PART I, NUMBER 3 JACANIDAE-ROSTRATULIDAE-HAEMATOPODIDAE CHARADRIIDAE-SCOLOPACIDAE-RECURVIROSTRIDAE PHALAROPODIDAE-BURHINIDAE-THINOCORIDAE-CHIONIDIDAE STERCORARIIDAE-LARIDAE-RYNCHOPIDAE-ALCIDAE ZOOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XIII, PART I, NUMBER 3 DECEMBER 16, 1948 PUBLICATION 616 V CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS IN FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY INCLUDING ALL SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA, MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, THE WEST INDIES AND ISLANDS OP THE CARIBBEAN SEA, THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO AND OTHER ISLANDS WHICH MAY BE INCLUDED ON ACCOUNT OP THEIR FAUNAL AFFINITIES BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS, 1922-1944 AND BOARDMAN CONOVER RESEARCH ASSOCIATE, BIRDS PART I, NUMBER 3 JACANIDAE-ROSTRATULIDAE-HAEMATOPODIDAE CHARADRIIDAE-SCOLOPACIDAE-RECURVIROSTRIDAE PHALAROPODIDAE-BURHINIDAE-THINOCORIDAE-CHIONIDIDAE STERCORARIIDAE-LARIDAE-RYNCHOPIDAE-ALCIDAE ZOOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XIII, PART I, NUMBER 3 DECEMBER 16, 1948 PUBLICATION 616 THE LIBRARY OF THE JAN 5 1949 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS PREFACE TO PART I, NUMBER 3 In style and arrangement this installment of Part I closely follows the guiding principles of the previous parts. However, because of the war and the death of Charles E. Hellmayr in 1944, the method of collaboration had to be changed somewhat from that followed in Part I, Number 1. As before, the senior author is mainly responsible for the compilation of the bibliographic references and for the out- line of geographical distribution. Because of war conditions, how- ever, his manuscript did not reach this country until after his death. It was impossible, therefore, to submit to him any changes found necessary because of material in Field Museum and certain critical specimens examined in other American collections. Such emenda- tions have been kept as few as possible. In the case of some of the Charadriiformes, I prepared the manu- script and submitted it to Dr. Hellmayr, who made certain additions and suggestions. Likewise, I am responsible for the compilation of the list of specimens in Field Museum and in the Conover Collection, and for additions to the bibliography after 1939. Literature has been taken into account up to December 31, 1944 (as given in the Zoological Record). Some new forms described since that date and before December 31, 1946, and a few important papers will be found mentioned in the footnotes. As before, the authors have been greatly benefited by the cordial co-operation of many institutions and individuals, who have lent material and submitted information. To all of them we wish to express our appreciation. Among those who have helped are Dr. John W. Aldrich, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Dr. Arthur Allen, Cornell University, Ithaca; Dr. Alfred M. Bailey, Colorado Museum of Natural History; Professor J. Berlioz, Musee* d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Mr. James Bond, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Mr. H. W. Brandt, Cleveland, Ohio; the late Major Allan Brooks, Okanagan Landing, Canada; the Chicago Academy of Sciences; Dr. Herbert Friedmann, United States National Museum; Professor 0. Fuhrmann, University of Neuchatel; Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, Vetenskapsakademien, Stockholm; the Museum of the University of Kansas, Lawrence; Captain N. B. Kinnear, British Museum (Natural History); Professor A. Laubmann, Zoological Museum, Munich; Messrs. F. C. Lincoln and W. L. McAtee, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Mr. J. D. Macdonald, British Museum (Natural iii History); Dr. Alden H. Miller, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, California; the late James Moffitt, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; Mr. Olaus Murie, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Dr. Robert T. Orr, California Academy of Sciences; Dr. James L. Peters, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Mr. William H. Phelps, Caracas, Venezuela; Dr. R. A. Philippi-B., Museo Nacional de Chile, Santiago; Professor William Rowan, University of Edmonton, Alberta; Mr. R. M. de Schauensee, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Count Josef Seilern, Lukov; Professor Morriz Sassi, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna; Mr. L. L. Snyder, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto; the late P. A. Taverner, National Museum of Canada, Ottawa; Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; Mr. A. J. van Rossem, Los Angeles, California; Dr. Josselyn Van Tyne, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Dr. Alexander Wetmore, United States National Museum; Dr. John T. Zimmer, American Museum of Natural History, New York. We are also indebted to Dr. Charles Baehni, Director of the Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, Geneva, Switzerland, for his custodianship of the manuscript after Dr. Hellmayr's death. Of the Museum Staff, especial acknowledgment is due to the late Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus, Department of Zoology; Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator, Department of Zoology; and Dr. Austin L. Rand, Curator, Division of Birds, for their help and advice to the junior author; to Mr. Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., Asso- ciate, Division of Birds; to Mr. Emmet R. Blake, Associate Curator, Division of Birds, who was responsible for the compilation of the index; and to Miss Lillian A. Ross, Associate Editor of Scientific Publications, for reading proof and seeing through the press the last six parts of the Catalogue of Birds of the Americas. The final volume, Part I, No. 4, containing the Falconiformes, is now in course of publication. BOARDMAN CONOVER iv CONTENTS Orders, Families, and Genera Included in Part I, Number 3 ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES Suborder CHARADRII Superfamily JACANOIDEA Family JACANIDAE (Jacanas) Jacana Brisson . . PAGE . 1 Superfamily CHARADRIOIDEA Family ROSTRATULIDAE (Painted Snipes) Nycticryphes Wetmore and Peters . . 13 Family HAEMATOPODIDAE (Oyster-Catchers) Haematopus Linnaeus 15 Family CHARADRIIDAE (Lapwings and Plovers) Subfamily VANELLINAE (Lapwings) Vanellus Brisson 28 Belonopterus Reichenbach 29 Hoploxypterus Bonaparte 37 Ptiloscelys Bonaparte . 39 Subfamily CHARADRIINAE (Plovers) Squatarola Cuvier 41 Plurialis Brisson 44 Charadrius Linnaeus 51 Eupoda J. F. Brandt 76 Oreopholus Jardine and Selby 77 Eudromias C. L. Brehm 80 Zonibyx Reichenbach 81 Pluvianellus G. R. Gray 84 Phegornis G. R. Gray 85 Family SCOLOPACIDAE (Woodcocks, Snipes, Sandpipers, etc.) Subfamily TRINGINAE (Curlews, Godwits, Yellowlegs, etc.) Bartramia Lesson 86 Numenius Brisson . . 90 Limosa Brisson 99 Tringa Linnaeus 105 Aditis Illiger 122 Catoptrophorus Bonaparte 126 Heteroscelus Baird 130 Subfamily ARENARIINAE (Turnstones and Surfbirds) Aphriza Audubon 132 Arenaria Brisson 134 Subfamily ScOLOPACiNAB (Snipes and Woodcocks) Limnodromus Wied 140 Capella Frenzel 145 Chubbia Mathews 160 Scolopax Linnaeus 163 Philohela G. R. Gray 164 Lymnocryptes Kaup 165 Subfamily EROLIINAE (Sandpipers) Calidris Merrem 166 Crocethia Billberg 169 Ereunetes Illiger 173 Eurynorhynchus Nilsson 178 Erolia Vieillot 179 Micropalama Baird 202 Tryngites Cabanis 205 Philomachus Merrem 208 Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE (Avocets and Stilts) Subfamily RECURVIROSTRINAE Himantopus Brisson 209 Recurvirostra Linnaeus 214 Family PHALAROPODIDAE (Phalaropes) Phalaropiis Brisson 216 Lobipes Cuvier 219 Steganopus Vieillot 221 Superfamily BURHINOIDEA Family' BURHINIDAE (Thick-Knees) PAGE Burhinw Illiger 224 Superfamily THINOCOROIDEA Family THINOCORIDAE (Seed-Snipes) Attagis (Saint-Hilaire and) Lesson . 228 Thinocorus Eschscholtz 232 Superfamily CHIONIDOIDEA Family CHIONIDIDAB (Sheath-bills) Chionis J. R. Forster 240 Suborder LARI Family STERCORARIIDAE (Skuas and Jaegers) Catharacta Briinnich 241 Stercorarius Brisson 246 Family LARIDAE (Gulls and Terns) Subfamily LARINAE (Gulls) Leucophaeus Bruch 250 Pagophila Kaup 252 Larus Linnaeus 253 Rhodostethia Macgillivray 285 Rissa Stephens 286 Creagrus Bonaparte 288 Xema Leach.. . 289 Subfamily STERNINAE (Terns) PAGE Chlidonias Rafinesque 291 Phaetusa Wagler 293 Gelochelidon C. L. Brehm 297 Hydroprogne Kaup 300 Sterna Linnaeus 301 Thalasseus Boie 323 Laroslerna Blyth 329 Procelsterna Laf resnaye 330 Anoiis Stephens .- 331 Gygis Wagler 337 Family RYNCHOPIDAE (Skimmers) Rynchops Linnaeus 339 Suborder ALCAE Family ALCIDAE (Auks) Plotus Gunnerus 345 Pinguimts Bonnaterre 346 Alca Linnaeus 347 Una Brisson 348 Cepphus Pallas 351 Brachyramphus Brandt 355 Synthliboramphus Brandt 359 Ptychoramphus Brandt 360 Cyclorrhynchus Kaup 361 Aethia Merrem 362 Cerorhinca Bonaparte 364 Fratercula Brisson 365 Lunda Pallas.. . 367 VI CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS PART I NO. 3 BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR AND BOARDMAN CONOVER Order CHARADRIIFORMES Suborder CHARADRII Superfamily JACANOIDEA Family JACANIDAE. 1 Jacanas Genus JAGANA Brisson Jacana Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 48, 5, p. 121, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "Jacana" Brisson= Parra Jacana Linnaeus. Parra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 259, 1766 type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List. Gen. Bds., p. 70, 1840), Parra Jacana Linnaeus. Asarcia Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 68, 86 (after July 10), 1896 type, by monotopy, Parra variabilis Linnaeus = Parra spinosa Linnaeus. *Jacana spinosa lowi van Rossem. 2 Low's JACANA. Jacana spinosa lowi van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 9, p. 11, Nov. 21, 1938 Santiago, Tepic (=Nayarit), Mexico (type in British Museum examined). 1 About the anatomy, cf. Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, pp. 639-647. 2 Jacana spinosa lowi van Rossem: Similar in coloration to J. s. spinosa but somewhat smaller. Wing, 110-116 (in a male from Jalisco, 120); (females) 128- 130 mm. The difference in size separating this recently segregated race is much less marked than would appear from the describer's figures. Wings of males from Sinaloa and Tepic measure 110, 112, 112, 112, 115, 116; (females) 128, 129, 130, 130. A single male from Jalisco (Zapotlan) has longer wings (120 mm.) and cannot be told from one or two Vera Cruz males with the same length. It is probable that complete intergradation takes place in Jalisco and Colima, whence no material is available. Additional material examined. Sinaloa: Mazatlan, 4; Presidio de Mazatlan, 3. Nayarit: San Bias, 1; Santiago, 1; Tepic, 5. Jalisco: Zapotlan, 2. 2 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Parra gymnostoma (not of Wagler) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 283, 1856 part, Mazatlan; Finsch, Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, 2, p. 363, 1871 Mazatlan; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 312, 1874 part, Sinaloa (Mazatlan). Jacana spinosa gymnostoma Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 12, 1919 part, Jalisco (Zapotlan; Ocotlan; Guadalajara), Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Presidio), and Tepic (San Bias; Santiago; Tepic); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 228, 1934 (in part). Range. Tropical zone of northwestern Mexico, from Sinaloa south through Nayarit (Santiago, San Bias, Tepic) to Jalisco (Zapotlan, Ocotlan, etc.). Field Miiseum Collection. 1: Mexico (Tepic, Tepic, 1). *Jacana spinosa spinosa (Linnaeus). CENTRAL AMERICAN JACANA. Fulica spinosa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 152, 1758 based on "The Spur-winged Water Hen" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 1, p. 48, pi. 48 (=young); brought from Carthagena in South America, errore. 1 Parra variabilis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 260, 1766 based upon "The Spur-winged Water Hen" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 1, p. 48, pi. 48; "Carthagena," Colombia, errore. 1 Parra gymnostoma Wagler, Isis, 1831, col. 517 Mexico (type in Munich Museum examined; descr. of young); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 283, 1856 part, Acapulco, "New Grenada, Santa Martha" and Hon- duras (crit.); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 66, 1865 Mexico, Costa Rica, "Nouvelle Grenade," and "St. Thomas"; Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 167, 1878 Fort Brown, Texas; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 428 Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico; Cory, Bds. Haiti and San Dom., p. 159, col. pi., 1885 "Le Coup," Haiti. Parra cordifera Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 135, 1842 Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico; Des Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 7, sig. 9, pi. 42, 1846 Acapulco (fig. of type which is stated to be in Paris Museum). Parra hypomelaena(l) (not of Gray) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 143, 1856 David, Chiriqui (one young). Parra violacea Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, pp. 130, 155, July, 1881 near Gantier, Haiti (type in collection of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum of Natural History, examined). Jacana violacea Cory, Auk, 5, p. 51, 1881 Cuba, Haiti, and San Domingo (descr.). "The Spur-winged Water Hen" of Edwards, based upon a spirit specimen in Sir Hans Sloane's possession, seems to be referable to the Central American form, judging from the absence of rictal wattles and from the trifid posterior margin of the frontal lappet, although its locality is given as "Cartagena," Colombia, where only the black Jacana (hypomelaena) is met with. Mr. Todd (Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 219, 1916) accordingly proposed Panama as corrected type locality. This was a very unfortunate choice, not only on account of the improbability that this region supplied the type, but also because spinosa merely occurs in extreme western Panama (Chiriqui), while in the east hypomelaena occurs, as will be shown. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 3 Jacana spinosa Elliot, Auk, 5, p. 297, 1888 (monog.); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 252, 1889 Cuba and Hispaniola; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 92, 1892 Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico; Scott, Auk, 9, p. 15, 1892 Westmoreland, Jamaica; Cory, I.e., p. 272, 1892 San Diego de los Banos, Cuba; Cherrie, Field Columb. Mus., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 25, 1896 Rio Ozama, Dominican Republic; Mearns, Auk, 19, p. 79, 1902 Pelican Bay, Lake Okeechobee, Florida (Oct., 1899); Peters, Kc., 30, p. 371, 1913 Xcopen, Quintana Roo; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 326, p. 38, 1916 Puerto Rico; Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 42, p. 532, 1925 Brownsville, Texas. Asarcia variabilis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 86, 1896 part, a-f, o'-t*, Texas (Brownsville), Jalapa (Santa Ana), Vera Cruz (Jomotla; Teapa), Yucatan (Buctzotz; Cozumel Island), British Honduras (Orange Walk; Belize River), Guatemala (Huamuchal; Lake Peten), Nicaragua (Momotombo; Escondido River), Honduras, Costa Rica and Haiti; Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 358, 1901 Divala, Chiriqui; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 342, 1903 part, Mexico (excepting Sinaloa, Tepic, and Jalisco) and Central America to Chiriqui; Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 142, 1903 Ceiba, Honduras; idem, Auk, 24, p. 291, 1907 Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 424, 1910 Costa Rica (Tenorio, Barranca de Puntarenas, Ichomogo, Mira- valles, mouth of Matina River). Asarcia spinosa Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Nat., 39, p. 196, 1905 Santa Rosalia Lagoon, Laguna Grande, Pasadita, and the Cienaga, Isle of Pines (habits). Jacana spinosa violacea Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 217, 1916 Santa Ana and Pasadita, Isle of Pines (crit.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 406, 1917 El Batey, Dominican Republic; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 13, 1919 Greater Antilles (monog.; full bibliog.); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 71, 1923 Cuba (habits); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 349, 1927 Trujillo, Puerto Rico; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 495, 1928 Lake Mira- goane and near Forte Liberte, Haiti; Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 363, 1929 Haina, Laguna del Salodillo, Etang Miragoane and Gonaives, Hispaniola; Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 312, 1929 Rio Haina, Hispaniola; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 142, 1931 Hispaniola (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 228, 1934 (range); Conover, Condor, 47, p. 211, 1945 (not valid race). Jacana spinosa spinosa Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 9, 1919 Guatemala to Chiriqui (monog.; full bibliog.); Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 448, 1928 Almirante, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 409, 1929 Toloa Lagoon, Honduras; idem, I.e., 71, p. 303, 1931 Changuinola River, Almirante, Panama; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 137, 1932 Hacienda California, Guatemala; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 303, 1932 Laguna Toloa, Hon- duras; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 229, 1934 Guatemala to western Panama; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 305, 1935 Chiriqui (Pacific slope east to Remedios) and Almirante, Panama; Van Tyne, Misc. Publ. 4 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 15, 1935 Flores, Peten, Guatemala; Carriker and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 415, 1935 El Pilar, Guatemala; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 165, 1938 Lake Olomega, San Sebastian, and Lake Guija, El Salvador. Jacana spinosa gymnostoma Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 12, 1919 part, southern and eastern Mexico and lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas (monog.; full bibliog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 228, 1934 part, lower Rio Grande to Yucatan; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 373, 1934 Acapulco and Pi de la Cuesta, Guerrero. Range. Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and south through eastern and southern Mexico and Central America to extreme western Panama (Almirante Bay region; Chiriqui, east to Remedies). 1 Also Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, and Hispaniola. 2 Accidental in Puerto Rico. Field Museum Collection. 66: Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 36; Matamoros, Campeche, 1; San Felipe, Yucatan, 2; Yucatan, 2); Cuba (Oriente, 1; Palacios, Pinar del Rio, 4); Hispaniola (Gantier, Haiti, 1; San Luis de San Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 2); Guatemala (Pete*n, 1); El Salvador (San Sebastian, La Paz, 4; Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 2); Nicaragua (Grenada, Grenada, 1; San Emilio, Rivas, 1); Costa Rica (Puntarenas, 2; Bebedero, Guanacaste, 2; Ballina, Guanacaste, IjLimon, Limon, 3). Conover Collection. 14: Mexico (Cruz, Tamaulipas, 1; Tamau- lipas, 1 ; Apatzingan, Michoacan, 1); Cuba (Cunaga, Isle of Pines, 2); Guatemala (Iztapa, Santa Rosa, 4; Quezaltenango, 1); Panama (Cricamola, Bocas del Toro, 2; Bocas del Toro, 2). 1 After closely comparing ninety-six adults from numerous localities between Brownsville, Texas, and Costa Rica, I am quite unable to maintain the distinction of J. s. gymnostoma from Mexico. The size of the frontal lappet varies a good deal individually but is not connected with any particular geographic area, the shield being largest in one bird from Brownsville and in another from Crooked-Tree Lagoon, British Honduras. There is no constant difference in the tone of the under plumage, nor does the larger size of the Mexican birds exist. A single female from Acapulco (cordifera) resembles in size (wing, 135) others of the same sex from eastern Mexico (Vera Cruz), being decidedly larger than J. s. lowi. About the "Santa Marta" record of P. gymnostoma by Sclater (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 24, p. 283, 1856), cf. Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 187, 1922, under Jacana spinosa spinosa. C.E.H. 1 A comparison of twenty-nine examples from the Greater Antilles with a good series from Central America does not show any constant difference in coloration or in the size of the lappets, as stated by Ridgway. B.C. Additional material examined. Isle of Pines: Nueva Girona, 3. Cuba: Ca- banas, 5. Dominican Republic: Enriguillo, 2; Lake of Rincon, 1. Haiti: Lake Assuei, 3; Etang Saumatre, 1; Miragoane, 1; Fort Liberty, 2. Jamaica: Hodges, Long Pond, 1. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 5 *Jacana spinosa hypomelaena (Gray). 1 BLACK JACANA. Parra hypomelaena Gray (and Mitchell), Gen. Bds., 3, p. [589], pi. 159, 1846 no locality given (type from Bogota in British Museum examined); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 283, 1856 Santa Marta, Cartagena, and Bogota, Colombia 2 (crit.); idem, I.e., 25, p. 20, 1857 Bogota; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 196 Atrato River, Colombia; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 218 Calobre, Panama (crit.); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, pp. 116, 383 Cienaga, Lake Paturia, and delta of the Magdalena River, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 546 "Santa Elena," 3 Antioquia, Colombia (eggs descr.). Parra melanopygia (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 301, 1861 Lion Hill, Panama; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 372 Lion Hill; Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 161 Santa Fe, Veraguas; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 218 Calobre and Castello, Veraguas (crit.); idem and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 341, 1903 Veraguas (Castillo, Santa Fe, Calobre). l jacana spinosa hypomelaena (Gray) in typical appearance has the body plumage uniform black with a more or less pronounced bottle-green gloss, especially above, and a purplish sheen on scapulars and inner secondaries. Specimens with this "extreme" type of coloration are, however, less frequent than individuals with a varying amount of purplish or maroon suffusion on middle back, scapulars, upper wing coverts and secondaries. The under wing coverts are always uniform olivaceous black. There are two well-developed rictal wattles, and the posterior margin of the frontal lappet is distinctly bifid. Birds from the Panama Railroad and Agua Dulce agree perfectly with the type and other Colombian skins. In juvenile plumage, J. s. hypomelaena is readily distinguished from spinosa, inter- media, and jacana by sooty blackish instead of rufous rump, sides, and under wing coverts. A small series from Veragua is very interesting, showing as it does complete intergradation between hypomelaena and spinosa. While two from Calobre may be termed typical hypomelaena in respect to black coloration of plumage, rictal lobes and bifid frontal lappets, two others, both with rictal appendages, have more or less purplish maroon suffusion on middle back and wings, and in one of them there is a small median lobe between the two large lateral divisions of the frontal lappet. In two others, finally, the rictal lobes are greatly reduced in size; the posterior margin of the frontal lappet is distinctly trifid as in spinosa; and the middle back and scapulars are just as extensively rufous as in the Central American form, though of a darker tone (between morocco red and claret brown), the upper tail coverts being either chestnut or taupe brown. Below they are olivaceous black like hypomelaena on throat and breast, but shaded with purplish on the abdomen and with more or less claret brown on the flanks, particularly in the Castillo bird, where it also involves most of the under wing coverts. Such specimens, which are clearly intergrades with the northern form, are probably responsible for Griscom's record otJ.s. spinosa from Remedies Lagoon in Veraguas. Additional material examined. Panama: Santa Fe, Veraguas, 1; Calobre, Veraguas, 6; Castillo, Veraguas, 1; Agua Dulce, 6; Lion Hill, 2. Colombia: Barranquilla, 2; Antioquia, 1; St. Elena, Antioquia, 2; Bogota, 9; Santa Marta, 2; La Playa, 7; Puerto Berrio, 2; Monteria, 1. 1 The locality "David, Panama," based on a young bird secured by T. Bridges, refers, of course, to J. s. spinosa. 8 This locality is certainly a mistake. It does not occur on Salmon's original label, which merely bears "Antioquia." The bird probably came from Remedies on the Rio Ite, which flows into the Magdalena River. 6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Parra nigra (not Parra nigra Gmelin) 1 Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 65, 1865 New Granada (crit.); Salvador! and Festa, Bull. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 12, 1899 Laguna Pita, Darien, Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 342, 1903 part, Panama (Calobre; Lion Hill; Laguna de Pita) and Colombia. Jacana nigra (not Parra nigra Gmelin) 1 Elliot, Auk, 5, p. 296, 1888 Colombia (Cartagena; Antioquia; Barranquilla; Santa Marta) and Panama (descr.; synon. in part); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 84, 1896 Panama (Lion Hill; Calobre, Veraguas) and Colombia (Antioquia; Bogota); Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 14, 1900 Loma del Leon, Panama; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900 Cienaga, Colombia; Chapman, I.e., 36, p. 226, 1917 Puerto Barrio, Calamar, Magdalena River, Barranquilla, and La Playa, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 246, 1918 Lake Agua Clara (Trinidad River) and Mindi, Canal Zone, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 15, 1919 part, Panama and Colombia (excl. of Guabinas, Rio Cauca); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 187, 1922 Cienaga, Mamatoco, Don Diego, and Fundacion, Colombia (crit.); Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 309, 1924 Rio Chilibre and Darien Radio Station, Canal Zone, Panama; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 377, 1931 Cienaga and Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 321, 1932 Perme, Panama. Jacana spinosa hypomelaena Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 229, 1934 Panama (from the Veraguas eastward) and northern Colombia. Jacana hypomelaena Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 305, 1935 Panama (Veraguas and eastward). Range. From Veraguas, Panama, east through northern Colom- bia to the Santa Marta region and south to the lower Cauca (Nechi) and the upper Magdalena valleys. Field Museum Collection. 10: Panama (Colon, 4); Colombia ("Bogota," 3; Monteria, 1; "St. Elena," Antioquia, 2). Conover Collection. 5: Colombia (Nechi, Antioquia, 4; Cuturu, Antioquia, 1). *Jacana spinosa melanopygia (Sclater). 2 BLACK-RUMPED JACANA. 1 Parra nigra Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 708, 1789) is exclusively based upon "Le Chirurgien noir" Brisson (Orn., 5, p. 124), which is based in its turn on "Jacana tertia species" of Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 191), a bird of northeastern Brazil (cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 490, note 7, 1929). Schneider (Journ. Orn., 86, p. 85, 1938), who recently unearthed Marcgrave's original drawing, claims that it represents Gallinula chloropus galeata (Lichtenstein). However, the description in Marcgrave's work is evidently a composite of characters of the ordinary Brazilian Jacana (J. s. jaeana) and of the Gallinule. In no case does Parra nigra Gmelin refer to the Black Jacana of north- western South America and Panama. 1 Jacana spinosa melanopygia (Sclater): Nearest to J. s. hypomelaena and agreeing in olivaceous black under parts; but back, scapulars, proximal wing coverts 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 7 Parra melanopygia Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, "1856," p. 283, pub. Jan., 1857 "Santa Marta in New Grenada" (type in collection of E. and J. Verreaux, its present location unknown). Jacana melanopygia Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 225, 1917 Cali and Rio Frio, Cauca, Colombia (crit.). Jacana nigra (not Parra nigra Gmelin) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 15, 1919 part, Guabinas, Cauca, Colombia; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 43, 1922 Rio Cogollo, Catatumbo, Maracaibo, Rio Aurare, and Encontrados, Zulia, Venezuela. Jacana spinosa melanopygia Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 229, 1934 Cauca Valley, Colombia, and Maracaibo region, Venezuela. Range. Known from the upper and middle Cauca Valley in western Colombia and from the region about Lake Maracaibo and Merida, western Venezuela. Field Museum Collection. 10: Venezuela (Rio Aurare, Zulia, 1; Maracaibo, Zulia, 1; Encontrados, Zulia, 4; Rio Catatumbo, Zulia, 2; Lagunillas, Merida, 1; Emigrante, Merida, 1). Conover Collection. 8: Colombia (Timba, Valle, 6); Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Peri j a, Zulia, 2). *Jacana spinosa intermedia (Sclater). 1 INTERMEDIATE JACANA. and tertials maroon, this area being abruptly defined from the greenish black color of the hindneck and rump. Wing, 115-120, (female) 125-138 mm. The series at hand is quite constant in its characters, differing decidedly from J. s. hypo- melaena; but, what is even more remarkable, we cannot find any difference what- soever between the Maracaibo birds and those from the Cauca Valley in spite of the fact that the intervening Magdalena Valley is tenanted by the entirely black form (hypomelaena). As both Chapman and Ridgway likewise insist on the fact that the population of the Cauca Valley (whence a series totaling nearly twenty specimens from Cali, Rio Frio and Guabinas was available) consists exclusively of maroon-backed birds, there can be no question about the geographical nature of this character and even if similar examples occasionally turn up in the range of J. s. hypomelaena one has been recorded by Todd from Bonda in the Santa Marta region this cannot materially affect the situation. Although we cannot explain its disrupted distribution, the claims of the present form to recognition must be sustained. On the other hand, the applicability of the name melanopygia is altogether uncertain. The type, whose present whereabouts are unknown, was received from the brothers Verreaux, together with specimens of J. s. hypomelaena and J. s. spinosa, as being from Santa Marta, where only hypomelaena is now known to occur. Perhaps the true origin of the lot was Panama, in which case the type might have been an intergrade of the kind discussed under the preceding heading. Compared to the rufous-backed Veraguan skins, the present series differs by much darker maroon to Victoria Lake instead of between morocco red and claret brown, dorsal area; dusky green gray instead of claret brown to Victoria Lake rump. 1 Jacana spinosa intermedia (Sclater): Exactly like J. s. Jacana but smaller and rufous dorsal area decidedly darker, morocco red rather than mahogany red. Wing, 112-120, (female) 128-136. By the darker coloration above, this form leads in the direction of J. s. melano- pygia of the Maracaibo region, but it is easily distinguished by the much lighter 8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Parra intermedia (Verreaux MS.) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, "1856," p. 282, pub. Jan. 1857 Venezuela; (type in collection of E. and J. Verreaux, its present location unknown). Parra jacana (not of Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 282, 1856 part, Trinidad; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 96 Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco, Venezuela; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 486, 1866 Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 252 Lake of Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 440 Angostura, Orinoco; idem and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 129, 1902 Altagracia, Quiribana de Caicara, Suapure, and Mato River, Orinoco region, Venezuela. Jacana jacana Elliot, Auk, 5, p. 294, 1888 part, Trinidad and Venezuela (Angostura); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 82, 1896 part, Vene- zuela; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 75, 1909 La Brea, Orinoco Delta; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 192, 1913 Cano Corosal and La Pedrita (Rio Uracoa), Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 369, 1916 Orinoco region. Parra jacana jacana Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 53, 1906 Caroni Swamp and Seelet, Trinidad (crit.). Jacana spinosa (not Fulica spinosa Linnaeus) Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 225, 1917 La Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia; Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. and Tob., 20, p. 179, 1922 Trinidad; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 139 ponds of states of Guarico and Apure, Venezuela. Jacana jacana intermedia Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 31, p. 3, 1922 Vene- zuela (Sacupana; Lara) and Colombia (La Morelia); Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 90, 1934 Trinidad; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 191, 1939 (crit.); Niceforo, Caldasia, 3, p. 373, 1945 Colombia (various localities). Jacana spinosa intermedia Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 229, 1934 Venezuela; Conover, Condor, 47, p. 211, 1945 (disc.). Jacana spinosa jacana Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 286 Trinidad (nest and egg descr.). Range. Northern Venezuela, from the eastern slope of the Andes to the Paria Peninsula, south to the Orinoco Valley, west to eastern Colombia (La Morelia, Caqueta) and the island of Trinidad. Field Museum Collection. 5: Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 4; Lake Valencia, Aragua, 1). Conover Collection. 5: Colombia (Morelia, Caqueta, 3; Belen, Caqueta, 1; Villavicencio, Meta, 1). tone of the dorsal area and the entirely rufous flanks and under wing coverts, both of which are mostly, if not wholly, greenish black in its western ally. A single bird from Trinidad and three from Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco, are typical of intermedia. Additional material examined. Colombia: La Morelia, Caqueta, 1. Vene- zuela: El Cuji, Lara, 1; Duaca, Lara, 1; Valencia, Carabobo, 2; Guanoco, Sucre, 2; San Antonio, Sucre, 3; Altagracia, 3; Sacupana, Orinoco Delta, 2. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 9 *Jacana spinosa peruviana Zimmer. 1 PERUVIAN JACANA. Jacana spinosa peruviana Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 253, Dec. 10, 1930 Masiseo, lower Ucayali River, Loreto, Peru (type in Conover Collection, Field Museum of Natural History); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 230, 1934 (range). Parra jacana (not of Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 200 Nauta, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 309 Nauta and Santa Cruz, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 331, 1886 part, Nauta and Santa Cruz. Parra melanopygia (not of Sclater) Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 320, 1889 Sarayacu, lower Ucayali River. Jacana jacana Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 82, 1896 part, spec, m-n, Pebas and Elvira, Peru (spec, examined). Range. Tropical zone of northern Peru (Pebas; Nauta; Elvira; lower Ucayali River). Conover Collection. 6: Peru (Masiseo, Loreto, 1; Yarinacocha, Rio Ucayali, 5). Macana spinosa scapularis Chapman. 2 BLACK-STRIPED JACANA. Jacana scapularis Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 31, p. 3, March 2, 1922 Chone, Manavi, Ecuador (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 201, 1926 Chone and Santa Rosa, Ecuador. Parra jacana (not of Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860 Babahoyo, Ecuador; Taczanowski, I.e., 1877, p. 329 Pozo de 1 Jacana spinosa peruviana Zimmer: Similar to J. s. intermedia, but rufous dorsal area slightly darker, claret brown rather than morocco red; sides of body with less, if any rufous; under wing coverts either wholly or partly black. Wing, (female) 135-138. Judging from the few specimens at hand, this is rather an unsatisfactory race which needs substantiation by an adequate series. One of the two adult Ucayali birds has no rufous either on flanks or under wing coverts, while the other specimen, like one from Pebas, has both these parts just as extensively rufous (though slightly darker in tone) as J. s. intermedia. Size is apparently the same. From J. s. melanopygia it is easily separated by markedly lighter (claret brown, rather than maroon) back, scapulars and tertials, and particularly by purplish instead of greenish black rump and upper tail coverts. It would not be surprising to find that this form intergrades with intermedia in eastern Ecuador. Additional material examined. Peru: Pebas, 1; Elvira, 1; Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali, 1. 2 Jacana spinosa scapularis Chapman: Nearest to J. s. jacana, but distinguished by lighter back, the presence of a broad black stripe across the scapulars, and by having the light zone of the three outer primaries very nearly white (instead of pale green as on the other remiges). On the under parts the black of the chest generally extends in an irregular line down the center of the breast and belly. Immatures can be identified by the light outer primaries. Wing, 116, (female) 134. Additional material examined. Ecuador: Balzar, 1; Vinces, "Yanayacu," 1; Isla la Silva, 2. 10 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Lamberedo, near Lechugal, Tumbez, Peru; idem and Berlepsch, I.e., 1885, p. 112 Yaguachi, Ecuador; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 331, 1886 part, Tumbez; MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 209 Guayaquil, Ecuador; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 42, 1900 Naranjal and Vinces, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 231 "Rio Napo," Ecuador (errore). Parra intermedia (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 10, p. 238, 1869 Puna Island, Ecuador (crit.). Jacana jacana Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 82, 1896 part, spec, o, "Yanayacu," Ecuador. Jacana jacana scapularis Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 229, 1932 Isla Silva, Rio Babahoyo, Ecuador. Jacana spinosa scapularis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 229, 1934 (range). Range. Tropical zone of western Ecuador 1 and northwestern Peru (Lechugal, Prov. Tumbez). Conover Collection. 15: Ecuador (Vinces, 3; Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 12). * Jacana spinosa jacana (Linnaeus). COMMON JACANA. Parra Jacana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 259, 1766 based on "Jacana quarta species" Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 191; north- eastern Brazil), "Spurwinged Water-hen" Edwards (Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 305, pi. 357, Surinam), and "Le Chirurgien brun" Brisson (Orn., 5, p. 125 in part), 2 Surinam (ex Edwards) accepted as type locality (auct. Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (1), p. 786, 1832 eastern Brazil (habits); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 394, 1856 Brazil; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 282, 1856 part, Brazil, Guiana and Cayenne (crit.); Burmeister, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 506, 1861 Tucuman; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 145 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Lee, Ibis, 1873, p. 137 banks of the Rio Gato, Entre Rios; Layard, I.e., 1873, p. 396 Para; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876 Santarem, Brazil; Hudson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 103 Buenos Aires (habits); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 196 Buenos Aires; Forbes, I.e., 1881, p. 359 near Recife and Parahyba, Brazil; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 627 Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 277, 1884 Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 181, 1885 Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 177 British Guiana; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 35, 1887 lower Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 163, 1889 Argentina (habits); Frenzel, I.e., 39, p. 125, 1891 Cordoba; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 150 lower 1 The localities "Yanayacu" (whence a typical scapularis is at hand) and "Rio Napo" are undoubtedly incorrect. If any Jacana occurs in eastern Ecuador, it may be either intermedia or peruviana but certainly not scapularis, which is restricted to the west side of the Ecuadorian Andes. * Neither the reference to Hernandez's work nor the specimen from Santo Domingo in the Reaumur Collection belongs to the present form. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 11 Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 205 Rio Negro, Uruguay; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895 San Jos6 and Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 35, 1897 Caiza, Bolivia; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 163 Amapa, Brazil; Kerr, I.e., 1901, p. 235 Villa Conception, Paraguay; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 57, 1907 Sao Paulo (Ubatuba, Pirituba, Itapura) and Parana (Ourinho); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908 Cayenne; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 249, 1909 La Soledad (Entre Rios), San Vicente (Buenos Aires), and Saladillos (Santiago del Estero); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 463 Tayru, above Villa Pilar and Curuzu-Chica, Paraguay; Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 53 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. (t)Parra brasiliensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 708, 1789 based on "Jacana alia species" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 191, northeastern Brazil (descr. of young in transitional plumage). Parra jassana Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 759, 1849 (habits); Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 262, 1860 Tucuman. Parra jacana Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 132, 1865 Lake Paratininga, Rio de Janeiro; idem, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 313, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Rio Parana), Goyaz, and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caicara, Matto Grosso); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 36 Minas Geraes; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 231, 1874 Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Berlepsch, I.e., p. 276, 1874 Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 500 Rio Capim, Para; Lonnberg, I.e., 1903, pp. 444, 460 Laguna del Sauzal, Quinta, Jujuy, and Tatarenda, Bolivia; Chubb, I.e., 1910, p. 68 Ybitimi, Para- guay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 94, 1914 Para, Salvaterra, Rio Capim, Cussary, Marajo (Pindobal, Arary), and Maranhao, Brazil. Jacana jacana Elliot, Auk, 5, p. 294, 1888 (monog.; in part); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 108, 1889 Reyes, Rio Beni, Bolivia; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 163, 1891 Santarem, Brazil; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893 Chapada, Matto Grosso; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 82, 1896 part, spec, a-1, p-b', British Guiana (Cari- mang River, Quonga), Brazil (River Amazon, Para, Maranhao, Rio Tocantins, Chapada, Cachoeira, Corumba, Pernambuco, Caicara, Bahia) and Bolivia (Salinas); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 149, 1899 Rio Grande do Sul (Mundo Novo, Pedras Brancas, Barra do Rio Camaquam); idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 425, 1899 Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 164, 1900 Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 43, 1907 Mexiana, Brazil; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 222, 1910 (range in Argentina); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 70, p. 95, 1910 Bahia (Cabula; Joazeiro; Lagoa do Boqueirao, Rio Grande; Santa Rita, Rio Preto) and Piauhy (Lagoa de Parnagua), Brazil; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 97, 122, 1912 Para, Rio Capim and Mexiana; Chrostowski, C. R. Soc. Scient. Varsovic, 5, pp. 463, 493, 1912 Santa Cruz, Parana; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 43, 1918 vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 Uruguay (Canelones, Cerro Largo, Rocha); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 141, 1926 Chaco (Las Palmas), Formosa 12 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Riacho Pilaga), and Uruguay (Razcano); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 153, 1928 Para. Jacana jacana jacana Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 288, 1912 Villa Rica, Paraguay; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 617, 1924 Prov. Buenos Aires; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 83, 1930 Paraguay (Rio Negro, Puerto Pinasco) and Matto Grosso (Palmiras); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 714, 1932 Aquidauana; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 375, 1934 Matto Grosso. Jacana spinosa (not Fulica spinosa Linnaeus) Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 136, 1916 upper Takutu Mountains, Supenaam, Abary, Rupununi River and Georgetown. Jacana spinosa jacana Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 489, 1929 Maranhao (Sao Bento; Sao Francisco, Rio Parnahyba), Piauhy (Ibiapaba, Deserto), and Ceara (Quixada), Brazil; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 62, 1930 Formosa (Lapango, San Jose, and Las Taperas, Santa Cruz); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 229, 1934 (range, excl. of Trinidad); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 89, 1935 Rio Gongogy and Cahype, Bahia; idem, I.e., 20, p. 44, 1936 Inhumas, Goyaz; idem, I.e., 22, p. 124, 1938 Para (Santarem), Maranhao (Miritiba), Bahia (Rio Gongogy; Cahype), Goyaz (Inhumas), Matto Grosso (Miranda; Coxim; Aquidauana), Sao Paulo (Itapura; Ubatuba; Ypiranga; Jundiahy; Sao Carlos; Pirituba), Paran (Jacar6zinho) ; idem, I.e., 23, p. 545, 1938 Manacapuru, Rio Solimoes, Brazil; Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 42, 1945 Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua, Brazil (disc.); idem, I.e., (3), 23, p. 70, 1945 Bolivia (Victoria, Reyes and Bresta, El Beni; Tatarenda, Tarija), (disc.). Jacana jacana intermedia (not Parra intermedia Sclater) Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. ^83, 1930 Rio Solimoes, Brazil. Jacana spinosa dorsalis(a) Brodkorb, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 52, p. 185, Dec. 15, 1939 Horqueta, Paraguay (type in Museum of Zoology, Uni- versity of Michigan). 1 Range. From the Guianas over the greater" part of Brazil and eastern Bolivia to Argentina (south to the provinces of Cordoba and Buenos Aires), Paraguay and Uruguay. 1 Field Museum Collection. 40: British Guiana (Buxton, 14; Potaro Landing, 1; Georgetown, 3; New Amsterdam, 5; unspecified, 1); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 2; Wanika Kreek, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 5; Sao Bento, Maranhao, 1; Jua, Ceara, 1; Quixada, 1 Birds from the tableland of Brazil and the adjoining districts of Argentina and Paraguay agree well with a Guianan series, while those from the Amazon Valley have a tendency to darker dorsal coloration. Some individuals come very close to J. 8. intermedia, but others are not distinguishable from Guiana skins. The latter, moreover, vary a good deal and certain birds are just as dark as the Amazonian examples, one from near Paramaribo being even darker. The specimen taken near Frejus, southern France, recorded by Gurney (Ibis, 1901, p. 400), must have been an escape from captivity. Ninety additional specimens from the entire range examined. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 13 Ceara, 3; Santa Rita, Bahia, 1); Paraguay (Patino, 1); Argentina (Lagunas de Malvina, Tucuman, 1). Conover Collection. 46: British Guiana (Buxton, E. C., Deme- rara, 5); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 1); Brazil (Sao Francisco, Maranhao, 1; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 2; Deserto, Piauhy, 2; Rio Mana- capuru, Amazonas, 3; Caxiricatuba, Para, 6; Rio Parana, Goyaz, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 7; Colonia Nueva Italia, near Villeta, 3; 20 km. east of Islapoi, Chaco, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Comparapa, 1; Nueva Moka, 3; Rio Surutu, 1); Argen- tina (Alvarez Yonte, Buenos Aires, 1; Conception, Tucuman, 7). Superfamily CHARADRIOIDEA Family ROSTRATULIDAE. 1 Painted Snipes Genus NYCTICRYPHES Wetmore and Peters 2 Nycticryphes Wetmore and Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, p. 143, May 1, 1923 type, by orig. desig., Totanus semi-collaris Vieillot. *Nycticryphes semi-collaris (Vieillot). SOUTH AMERICAN PAINTED SNIPE. Totanus semi-collaris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 6, p. 402, 1816 based upon "Chorlito golas obscura y blanca" Azara, No. 405, Paraguay. Tringa atricapilla Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 34, p. 474, 1819 based on "Chorlito cabeza y cuello obscures" Azara, No. 406, Buenos Aires. Rhynchaea hilairea Lesson, 3 in Ferussac, Bull. Sci. Nat. G&>1., 26, p. 191, July, 1831 no locality (type in collection of M. Pecquet-Deschamps, Caen); idem, Illust. Zool., livr. 6, pi. 18, Feb. 23, 1833 "in provincia San-Paulo," Brazil; Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 300, 1846 "forests of central Peru." J For characters of the family, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1931, pp. 507-530, 762; 1932, pp. 390-391. 2 Nycticryphes Wetmore and Peters differs markedly from Rostratula Vieillot, an Old-World group, by having the bill more curved at the tip, the tip expanded on both mandibles, with the distal end distinctly pitted; a median groove to the distal end of the gonys; a slight web between outer and middle toes; and the tail strongly wedge-shaped, the median rectrices tapered and soft in structure at the tip with the median upper and lower tail coverts longer than the lateral tail- feathers. 8 Rhynchaea hilairea Cuvier (Reg. Anim., 2nd e"d., 1, p. 524, 1829) and R. hilairea Lesson (TraitS d'Orn., p. 557, 1831) are nomina nuda. The specimen in the Paris Museum (cf. Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 294, 1891), therefore, has no claim to be the type. 14 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Rhynchaea occidental-is King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, p. 97, April-July, 1828 "Straits of Magellan" (type apparently lost). Rhynchaea semicollaris Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 131, 1841 Monte- video, Rio Plata; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843 Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 429, 1847 central provinces of Chile; Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 226, 1848 Chile; Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 131, 1853 near San- tiago, Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 194, 1855 vicinity of Santiago; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 313, 1860 Santiago (breeding habits); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 27 (Scolopaces), p. 18, 1864 Buenos Aires and Santiago de Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 339 Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 144 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 277, 1868 central provinces [of Chile] "to Straits of Magellan"; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 1870, p. 38 (note), 1870 Province of Sao Paulo; Durn- ford, Ibis, 1876, p. 164 Belgrano, Buenos Aires (nest and eggs); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 567, 1877 Laguna de Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, pp. 42, 199 Chubut Valley, Patagonia, and Buenos Aires Province; idem, I.e., 1878, p. 403 Chubut Valley (rare); Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 16 Coquimbo, Chile; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 608, 1882 Valparaiso, Chile; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 429 Coquimbo; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 314, 1884 Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 378, 1886 "Peru" (ex Tschudi); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 459, pi. 19, 1887 (crit.); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 182, 1889 Argentina (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 20 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 211 same locality (breeding); Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, 5, p. Ix, 1895 Penaflor, Santiago; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 310 Arauco, Chile (habits); Kerr, I.e., 1901, p. 236 Paraguayan Chaco; Grant, I.e., 1911, p. 467 Los Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 65 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding habits); Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 113, 1927 Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile. Rhynchaea hilaerea Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 378, 1856 Paraguay, Chile, and the La Plata region. Rhynchaea hilarea Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860 Rio Parana, Argentina; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 504, 1861 Rio Parana. Rostratula semicollaris Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 690, 1896 Argentina (Buenos Aires, Lomas de Zamora, Cordova, Mendoza), Uruguay (Montevideo), Chile (Coquimbo, Santiago, Arauco), and "Peru"; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 214, 1902 Rio Salf and Laguna de Malvinas, Tucuman; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, p. 288, 1902 Sao Paulo and "Rio de Janeiro (Sarapuhy)"; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 56, 1907 (range); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 252, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and Laguna de Malvinas, Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 221, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, p. 342, 1910 Ensenada, Buenos Aires (descr.); Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 15 p. 148, 1918 Mendoza; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 14, 1920 Uruguay (Monte- video, Canelones, Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo); Daguerre, I.e., p. 263, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 41, 1923 Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Giacomelli, I.e., p. 80, 1923 La Rioja. Nycticryphes semicollaris Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 298, 1923 Huanuluan, Rio Negro; Pereyra, El Hornero, 3, p. 163, 1923 Zalaya, Buenos Aires; Wilson, I.e., p. 353, 1926 Venado Tuerto, Santa F6; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 163, 1926 Buenos Aires (Lavalle) and Uruguay (below San Vicente); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 24, 1927 Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 391, 1932 Coquimbo to Arauco, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 230, 1934 (range); Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 267, 1934 Hersilia, Santa Fe; Pereyra, El Hornero, 5, p. 366, 1934 Argentina (descr. plum- ages, habits); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 125, 1938 La Plata and Rio Negro. Range. Central provinces of Chile (from Coquimbo to Arauco), and from the Paraguayan Chaco and Uruguay south to the Rio Negro Territory, Argentina. 1 Also recorded from Sao Paulo, Brazil (A. de Saint Hilaire, Lund). Field Museum Collection. 1: Argentina (Tunuyan, Mendoza, 1). Conover Collection. 5: Paraguay (Laguna General Diaz, Chaco, 2); Chile (Paine, Santiago, 1); Argentina (Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios, 1; Rosas, Province of Buenos Aires, 1). Family HAEMATOPODIDAE. Oyster-Catchers Genus HAEMATOPUS Linnaeus Haematopus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 152, 1758 type, by mono- typy, Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus. Ostralega Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 38, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "Ostralega"= Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus. Ostralaga Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 1, p. Ixxxii, 1791 (emendation). Ostralegus Macgillivray, Man. Brit. Orn., 2, p. 58, 1842 (emendation). Prohaematopus Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (1), p. 12, Apr. 2, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Haematopus quoyi Brabourne and Chubb= Haematopus ater Vieillot and Oudart. *Haematopus ostralegus bachmani Audubon. BLACK OYSTER- CATCHER. Scolopax nigra (not Scolopax niger Menschen, 1787) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 659, 1789 based on "Black Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. ir The records of the Painted Snipe from "Peru," where Tschudi claims to have shot examples in "the forests," and "Straits of Magellan" (King) are obvi- ously erroneous. 16 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 469, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 153, "islands between northern Asia and America" = Aleutian Islands. Haematopus bachmani Audubon, Bds. Amer., folio ed., 4, pi. 427, fig. 1, 1838 (present location of type unknown); 1 idem, Orn. Biogr., 5, p. 245, 1839 "mouth of the Columbia River"=near Puget Sound, Washington (cf. Burns, Auk, 51, p. 403, 1934); Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 151, 1886 Alaska (Aleutian Islands west to Kiska and islands south of Aliaskan Peninsula); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 40, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 81, 1923 St. George Island, Pribilof Islands; Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 44, p. 19, 1923 (range); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 13, 1925 (crit.); Bailey, Auk, 44, p. 197, 1927 southern Alaska (nesting); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 100, 1928 Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 320, 1929 (range; life hist.); Webster, Wilson Bull, 53, p. 141, 1941 Sitka (nesting habits); idem, Condor, 43, p. 175, 1941 Alaska (status; life hist.); idem, I.e., 44, p. 205, 1942 (growth; pis.); idem, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 42, 1943 (descr. pullus and comparison with that otpalliatus); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 122, 1944 Aleutian Islands (nesting). Haematopus ostralegus bachmani Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 73, 1927 (char.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 231, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds in the Aleutian Islands and on the west coast of North America from the Alaska Peninsula south to the Pacific coast of central Lower California; winters from southern Alaska to Lower California. Field Museum Collection. 22: Alaska (Morzhovoi Bay, 1; Wolf Rocks, 1; Ball Island, 1; Craig, Prince of Wales Island, 2; Walrus Island, 1; unspecified, 1); British Columbia (Bear Island, 1; Van- couver Island, 1); Washington (Bird Rock, San Juan County, 1; Clallam Bay, 1); California (Eureka, 1; Carmel Bay, 4; Santa Cruz Island, 3; unspecified, 1); Mexico, Lower California (Santa Rosa Island, 1; San Geronimo Island, 1). Conover Collection. 9: British Columbia (Sidney Island, 1; Queen Charlotte Islands, 3); Washington (Jefferson County, 2); Oregon (Netarts, 2); California (San Luis Obispo County, 1). *Haematopus ostralegus frazari Brewster. 2 FRAZAR'S OYSTER- CATCHER. Haematopus frazari Brewster, Auk, 5, p. 84, Jan., 1888 Carmen Island, Gulf of California (type in collection of W. Brewster, now in Museum of 1 Probably lost; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 17 (note). * Haematopus ostralegus frazari Brewster, though very similar to H. o. gala- pagensis, is clearly the southern representative of H. o. bachmani, with which it hybridizes or intergrades in the central parts of Lower California (cf. Bancroft, Condor, 29, pp. 51-54, 1927). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 17 Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 175, 1930); Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 2, p. 275, 1889 Magdalena Bay and Santa Margarita Island, Lower California; Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 138, 1890 Conception Bay, Lower California; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 117, 730, 1896 part, spec, a, i, Tres Marias Islands and Colima (Rio Zacatula) ; Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 74, 1902 Lower California; Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, 20, p. 33, 1902 Los Coronados Islands; Salvin and God- man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 348, 1903 part, Lower California and Tres Marias Islands; Bailey, Auk, 23, p. 384, 1906 near San Bias, White Rock, and Isabel Island, Tepic; Thayer and Bangs, Condor, 9, pp. 78, 80, 1907 Cerros and Natividad Islands, Lower California (crit.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 294, 1926 Tres Marias (Maria Madre, Maria Magdalena) and Isabel Island; Bancroft, Condor, 29, p. 51, 1927 Scammons Lagoon, Lower California (breeding; crit.; disc, relationship with bachmani; black phase). Haematopus palliatus (not of Temminck) Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, p. 284, 1872 Tres Marias Islands; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 308, 1874 Sinaloa (Mazatlan), Isabel Island, Tres Marias Islands, and Colima (Rio Zacatula); Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 527, 1883 Los Coronados Islands; idem, I.e., 6, p. 351, 1883 La Paz, Lower California; Evermann, Auk, 3, p. 92, 1886 Ventura County, California; Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 34, 1899 Tres Marias Islands, Isabel Island, and coast near San Bias, Tepic (crit.; meas.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 347, 1903 part, Tres Marias Islands, Isabel Island, Sinaloa (Mazatlan), and Colima (Rio Zacatula). Haematopus palliatus frazari Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 37, 1919 Lower California to Guerrero (monog.; full bibliog.); Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 44, p. 19, 1923 (range); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 9, 1925 (crit.; range); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 12, 1927 San Bias to Matanchen, Nayarit; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 99, 1928 Lower California (range); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 316, 1929 (life hist.); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 133, 1932 Tiburon Island, Sonora; (?)Griscom, Auk, 50, p. 299, 1933 Puerto Jimenez, Costa Rica (crit.); Webster, Wilson Bull, 55, p. 41, 1943 (descr. pullus and relationship shown by it); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 77, 1945 Sonora (distr.). Haematopus ostralegus frazari Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 39, p. 73, 1927 (char.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 231, 1934 (range). Range. Coast and islands of Lower California (Natividad and San Luis Islands being the most northerly recorded breeding stations on the west and east sides, respectively) and the west coast of Mexico, including the Tres Marias Islands and Isabel Island, south to Colima and Guerrero; casual on migration to northern Lower Cali- fornia and southern California (San Diego, Santa Barbara Islands, San Clemente Island, and Ventura County); (?)accidental in Costa Rica (Puerto Jimenez, Sept. 29, 1926). 18 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. 12: Mexico, Lower California (Los Coronados Islands, 6; San Martin Island, 2; San Bonito Island, 1; Natividad Island, 1; Espiritu Santo, 1; unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. 3 : Mexico, Lower California (Los Coronados Islands, 1; Ildefonso Island, 1; La Paz, 1). "Haematopus ostralegus prattii Maynard. 1 BAHAMA OYSTER- CATCHER. Haemotopus (sic) prattii Maynard, App. to Cat. W. Ind. Birds, p. 34, 1899 Flemmings Key, Bahama Islands (cotypes in collection of C. L. Maynard, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 175, 1930); Bangs, Auk, 17, p. 284, 1900 Flemmings Key (crit.). Haematopus palliatus (not of Temminck) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 121, 1859 Bahama Islands; Newton, Ibis, 1861, p. 115 St. Thomas; Sundevall, Oefvers. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 588 St. Bartholomew (crit.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 331, 1875 Cuba; idem, I.e., 26, p. 188, 1878 near San Juan, Cuba; Cory, Bds. Bahama Is., p. 158, 1880 Andros and Inagua; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charad., p. 305, 1887 part, Cuba and Bahama Islands; Cory, Auk, 4, p. 230, 1887 Cuba, Puerto Rico, St. Bartholomew, and Bahama Islands (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 230, 1889 (descr.); Northrop, Auk, 8, p. 76, 1891 Andros; Cory, I.e., pp. 297, 334, 351, 1891 Caicos Island, Abaco, and Inagua; Ridgway, I.e., p. 334, 1891 Abaco; Cory, I.e., 9, p. 48, 1892 Maraguana; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 301 Grassy Creek, Andros (crit.); Riley, Auk, 22, p. 354, 1905 Long Island. Haematopus palliatus prattii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 37, 1919 Bahama Islands (monog.); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 7, 1925 Bahama Islands (crit.); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 144, 1931 Jevero, Dominican Republic (Nov. 28; crit.). Haematopus palliatus pratii (sic) Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 44, p. 19, 1923 Bahama Islands. Haematopus ostralegus prattii Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 73, 1927 Bahama Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 231, 1934 (range); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 94, p. 94, 1942 Abaco to Grenadines. Haematopus palliatus palliatus Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 349, 1927 Puerto Rico, Desecheo, Culebra, Culabrita, and St. Thomas. 1 Haematopus ostralegus prattii Maynard may be separated from H. o. palliatus by its thicker, less tapering bill. Wing, 250-270; depth of bill, 13^-15; width of bill, 7.5-8.3 mm. Two birds from St. Thomas and St. Croix agree in shape of bill with the Bahama series, but have shorter wings (242-245). As Wetmore has lately recorded this form also from Hispaniola (Jevero), it appears pretty certain that the records of Oyster-Catchers from Cuba, Puerto Rico, and St. Bartholomew belong here likewise. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 19 Range. Bahama Islands (Flemmings Cay; Exuma Cay; Long, Abaco, Andros, Inagua, Caicos, and Maraguana Islands); Greater Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico), Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, St. Croix), and Lesser Antilles (St. Bartholomew; "Abaco to Grena- dines"). Field Museum Collection. 10: Bahama Islands (Long Island, 1; Andros, 6; Great Inagua, 1; Caicos Island, 1; Maraguana, 1). Conover Collection. 2: Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 1; St. Croix, 1). *Haematopus ostralegus palliatus Temminck. AMERICAN OYSTER-CATCHER. Haematopus palliatus Temminck, Man. d'Orn., 2nd ed., 2, p. 532, 1820 Brazil 1 (restricted to Rio de Janeiro by Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908, type probably in Leyden Museum); 2 Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 746, 1833 seacoast of eastern Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 366, 1856 coast of Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 228 mouth of the Rio Nagualate, Pacific coast of Guatemala; Salvin, I.e., 1865, p. 190 Chiapam, Guatemala; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, (Cursores), p. 74, 1865 part, spec. 3-7, Cajutuba (Para) and "Brazil"; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 398, 1866 Trinidad (Aug. to Oct.); Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 141, 1868 Costa Rica; idem, I.e., p. 210, 1869 Merida, Yucatan; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 298, 1870 Sapitiba (Rio de Janeiro) 3 and Cajutuba (Para), Brazil; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 46, 1876 Tehuantepec (San Mateo, San Francisco; Feb., April), Oaxaca, Mexico; Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, 5, p. 232, 1881 Oaxaca (Tehuantepec, Santa Maria del Mar) and Chiapas (Tonala); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 Cpzumel Island, Mexico; Hartert, I.e., 1893, pp. 308, 325 Aruba and Curacao; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 114, 730, 1896 Virginia (Cobb's Island), Texas (Corpus Christi), Mexico (Cozumel Island), Guatemala (Chiapam), Veragua, Florida (Indian River), Costa Rica and Brazil (Santa Catharina); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 426, 1899 Iguap6, Sao Paulo; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 307, 1902 Aruba and Curacao; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 347, 1903 part, North America, Mexico (Tehuantepec, Santa Maria del Mar, San Mateo, and San Francisco, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas; 1 Temminck, in a preceding paragraph of the same page, speaks of this Oyster- Catcher as being "une race distincte . . . du Br6sil et de toute I'Ame'rique meridi- onale." It is thus clear that Brazil must be regarded as type locality, which Berlepsch was perfectly justified in restricting to Rio de Janeiro, while Brabourne and Chubb's later action (Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 37, 1912), in arbitrarily selecting "Venezuela," may well be ignored. 2 Although not listed as such, spec. No. 5, from "Br^sil" in the Leyden Mu- seum (cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, p. 75, 1865) is most probably Temminck' s type. 3 Sapitiba, a place on the seacoast near Rio de Janeiro, was erroneously located in Matto Grosso by both Sharpe and Ridgway. 20 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Me'rida, Yucatan; Cozumel Island), Guatemala (Nagualate, Chiapam), Costa Rica (Bahia de Salinas), Veraguas, and Brazil; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 146, 1905 San Miguel Island, Pearl Archipelago, Panama; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 45, 1907 Iguape, Sao Paulo; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 314 Testigo Grande, off Venezuela; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197, 204, 216, 230, 238, 253, 1909 Aruba (one male), Curacao, Los Roques, Testigos, and Mar- garita Island; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 415, 1910 Costa Rica (Bahia de Salinas); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 13, No. 4, p. 24, 1920 Bayoneta Island, Pearl Archipelago, Panama (crit.). Haematopus brasiliensis Lichtenstein, 1 Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 73 (in text), Sept., 1823 Brazil (type in Berlin Museum). Haematopus articus (sic) Jardine, ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn., 3, p. 35, pi. 64, fig. 2, 1832 North America 2 (type in collection of Sir W. Jardine, present location unrecorded). Haematopus arcticus Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., Part 9, pi. 125, Feb., 1833 North America. Haematopus palliatus palliatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 32, 1919 North America to Yucatan (monog.; full bibliog.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 187, 1922 Rio Hacha, La Goajira, Colombia (May 2); Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 44, p. 19, 1923 (range); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 5, 1925 (crit.; range); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 309, 1929 (life hist.; range in part); Webster, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 41, 1943 (descr. pullus and relationship as shown by same); Murphy, Auk, 62, p. 116, 1945 Pearl Islands, Panama (Pacheca; San Miguel). Haematopus ostralegus palliatus Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 73, 1927 (char.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 231, 1934 (range in part); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 126, 1935 Primeira Cruz, Maranhao, and Iguape, Sao Paulo; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 287 Trinidad (ex Leotaud) and Little Tobago (ex Kirk); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 306, 1935 Veraguas and Pearl Islands, Panama; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 975, 1936 (crit.; range). Haematopus palliatus subsp. Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 130, 1932 Champerico, Guatemala. Range. Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North and Central America from Virginia to Yucatan; Pacific coast of America from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, to the Bay of Panama; locally on the coast 1 Haematopus brasiliensis Wied (Reise Bras., 1, pp. 105, 173, 1820; 2, p. 338, 1821) is a nomen nudum. 1 North American specimens, in spite of a tendency to greater development of the white markings on primaries and the white chin-spot, do not seem to be separable from those of South America, though it is interesting to note that Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 420, 1856) tried to distinguish between H. arcticus and H. palliatus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 21 of Colombia (La Goajira), Venezuela (including the Leeward Islands from Aruba to Los Roques), and Brazil south to Santa Catharina. 1 Field Museum Collection. 15: North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 2); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 7; Dewees Island, Charleston County, 1; Bull's Bay, Charleston County, 1; Santee Sound, 1); Texas (Padre Island, 1); Mexico (Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, 1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba Island, 1). Conover Collection. 7: South Carolina (Cape Romain, 2; Dewees Island, 2; Caper's Island, 1; Santee Sound, 1; Copahee Sound, 1). *Haematopus ostralegus galapagensis Ridgway. 2 GALAPAGOS OYSTER-CATCHER. Haematopus galapagensis Ridgway, Auk, 3, p. 331, July, 1886 Chatham Island, Galapagos (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 325, 1886 Chatham Island (full descr.); idem, I.e., 12, pp. 116, 120, 123, 128, 1889 James, Chatham, and Indefatigable Islands; idem, I.e., 19, p. 621, 1896 (monog.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 116, 1896 Indefatigable Island (char.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 186, 1899 Albemarle, Hood, Bindloe, James, Indefatigable, Tower, and Chatham Islands; iidem, I.e., 9, p. 412, 1902 Indefatigable Island (young descr.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 262, 1904 Seymour Island; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, pp. 47, 114, 1913 Albemarle, Barrington, Bindloe, Charles, Chatham, Gardner-near-Hood, Hood, Indefatigable, James, Narborough, Seymour, Tower, Delano Rock, and islets near Jervis (habits; meas.). Haematopus palliatus (not of Temminck) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 323 Indefatigable Island; Sundevall, I.e., 1871, p. 125 Galapagos Islands; Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 8, p. 502, 1876 Indefatigable Island (habits). Haematopus leucopus galapagensis Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charad., p. 307, 1887 (crit.). Haematopus palliatus galapagensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 39, 1919 (monog.); Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 44, p. 19, 1923 Galapagos Islands; Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 9, 1925 (crit.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 57, 1931 (crit.); Webster, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 41, 1943 (descr. of pullus). Haematopus ostralegus galapagensis Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 19, 1927 Galapagos Islands (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 232, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 981, 1936 (crit.). 1 A specimen from Santa Catharina in the British .Museum is typical palliatus. No material is available from Rio Grande do Sul. A single example from Aruba Island, Dutch West Indies, in shape of bill, is somewhat intermediate to H. o. prattii. 2 Haematopus ostralegus galapagensis Ridgway: Very close to H. o. frazari, but upper parts darker with less white on the wing coverts, and feet larger. From H. o. palliatus, the Galapagos Oyster-Catcher is immediately separable by lacking all trace of white on the primaries. 22 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. Galapagos Archipelago (excepting Culpepper and Wen- man Islands). Field Museum Collection. 7: Galapagos Archipelago (Hood Island, 3; Indefatigable Island, 2; Tower Island, 1; James Island, 1). *Haematopus ostralegus pitanay Murphy. 1 PERUVIAN OYSTER- CATCHER. Haematopus palliatus pitanay Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 1, Nov. 17, 1925 Pisco Bay, lea, Peru (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., p. 8, 1925 Chile (Algarroba, Cruz Grande) to Guayaquil, Ecuador (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 190, 1926 Santa Elena and Tembleque Island, Guayas, Ecuador; Webster, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 41, 1943 (relationship as shown by pullus). Haematopus palliatus (not of Temminck) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 116, 1843 sandy shores north of Valparaiso, Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 406, 1847 Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 197, 1855 Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 314, 1860 near the seacoast, Santiago (nesting habits); Philippi, Reise Wuste Atacama, p. 163, 1860 Chanaral, Atacama, Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 117, 1865 Chile (egg); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, (Cursores), p. 74, 1865 part, spec. nos. 1, 2, Algarroba, Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 339 Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 272, 1869 central provinces of Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 499 Ancud, Chiloe; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 748 Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 429 Paracas Bay, lea, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 350, 1886 Peruvian localities; Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887, pp. 204, 205 bays of San Nicolas and San Juan, lea, and San Lorenzo Island, Lima, Peru; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 305, 1887 part, Chile; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 Chanaral, Atacama, Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 Chile; idem, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 9, p. 50, 1905 Chile; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 261 San Lorenzo Island, Peru; Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 495, 1919 Chincha Islands, Chilca Bay, and Isla Vieja, Peru (breeding); Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 87, 1924 Caldera, Atacama, Chile. Haematopus frazari (not of Brewster) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 117, 730, 1896 part, spec, b-h, k, 1, Chile (Arauco, Santiago) and Peru 1 Haematopus ostralegus pitanay Murphy: Most similar to H. o. palliatus, but smaller, and white subterminal markings on inner primaries absent or greatly reduced. Resembling H. o. frazari in the last-named character, but smaller, and with the black of the foreneck abruptly defined against the white belly, whereas the Mexican form has a black-and-white mottled zone on the lower end of the blackish gular area. Wing, 230-248, (female) 240-260. Birds from Peru and Chile agree well together. Specimens from Ecuador, according to Murphy, show an approach to H. o. palliatus by having a slight suggestion of white on the inner primaries. Additional material examined. Peru: San Lorenzo Island, 1; Paracas Bay, 1. Chile: Arauco, 1; Prov. Santiago, 1; unspecified, 6. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 23 (Paracas Bay); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 303 Arauco, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 663, 1898 Chile. Haematopus ostralegus pitanay Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 73, 1927 (crit.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 382, 1932 Cucao and Rio Inio, Chiloe Island, Chile (crit.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 232, 1934 (range); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 247, pi. 16, 1935 Isla la Mocha (nesting); Zotta, El Hornero, 6, p. 289, 1936 Mendoza (Feb., 1918); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 978, 1936 (crit.; range). Haematopus ostragelus (sic) pitanay Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 41, p. 201, col. pi. 8, fig. 11, 1937 (egg). Range. Pacific coast of South America from the Gulf of Guaya- quil, Ecuador, to Chiles' Island, Chile; accidental in Argentina (Mendoza). Conover Collection. 4: Chile (Cucao, Chilo^ Island, 2; Rio Inio, Chiles' Island, 2). *Haematopus ostralegus durnfordi Sharpe. 1 DURNFORD'S OYSTER-CATCHER. Haematopus durnfordi Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 107, 117, pi. 6, 1896 Tambo Point, Chubut (type in the British Museum); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 270, 1910 Tambo Point; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 215, 1910 Patagonia. Haematopus palliatus (not of Temminck) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 128, 1841 Rio de la Plata; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 403 Tambo Point and mouth of Chubut River, Chubut; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charad., p. 305, 1887 part, Patagonia (Tovar Harbor, Chubut); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 176, 1889 Tambo Point; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 289, 1891 Tambo Point and Tovar Harbour; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 207 Uruguay; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 250, 1909 near Chiquita, coast of Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 215, 1910 Patagonia and Buenos Aires; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 466 Tuyu and Cape San Antonio, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 61 Lagoon de Palenque and Lagoon de Milan, Buenos Aires (breeding habits); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 Colonia, Uruguay; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 144, 1926 Buenos Aires (Rio Aj6, near Lavalle) and Uruguay (near Montevideo; La Paloma, Rocha). 1 Haematopus ostralegus durnfordi Sharpe: Differs from H. o. palliatus, which it resembles in the white-marked primaries, in having the breast along the junction of the black and white areas heavily mottled. It is very similar to H. o. gala- pagensis, but has much smaller feet and at least some white on the primaries. Six birds from Buenos Aires (Tuyu and Cape San Antonio) show considerable variation in the extent of white on remiges and in the color of the shafts of the primaries. A little-known race. 24 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Haematopus palliatus durnfordi Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 294, 1923 San Antonio del Oeste, Rio Negro; Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 44, p. 73, 1923 (range); Murphy, Amer. Mus: Nov., 194, p. 7, 1925 Lavalle and Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (crit.); Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 427, 1926 San Antonio del Oeste, Rio Negro (June 29); Renard, El Hornero, 4, p. 412, 1931 Mar Chiquita, Buenos Aires. Haematopus ostralegus durnfordi Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 73, 1927 (range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 232, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 983, 1936 (crit.). Range. Atlantic coast of South America from Uruguay to Chubut (Tambo Point; Puerto Tovar) and Santa Cruz (Deseado). Conover Collection. 1: Argentina (Deseado, Santa Cruz, 1). Haematopus ostralegus malacophaga Salomonsen. 1 ICELAND OYSTER-CATCHER. Haematopus ostralegus malacophaga Salomonsen, Ibis, (12), 6, p. 58, Jan., 1930 Thorsa, Iceland (type in Copenhagen Museum) ; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 232, 1934 (range). Haematopus ostralegus (not of Linnaeus) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Natur- hist. Foren., 1853, p. 71 Julianehaab and Godthaab, Greenland; idem, Ibis, 1861, p. 9 Julianehaab, Godthaab, and Nanortalik, Greenland; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 305, 1929 (life hist.). Haematopus ostreologus (sic) Winge, Medd. Grjzfnl., 21, p. 157, 1898 Greenland. Haematopus ostralegus ostralegus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 30, 1919 part, Iceland, Faroe Islands, and Greenland; Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 5, 1925 part, Greenland. Range. Resident on Iceland and the Faroe Islands; accidental in Greenland (about six records). *Haematopus leucopodus Garnot. 2 MAGELLAN OYSTER- CATCHER. Haematopus leucopodus Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p. 47, 1826 "baie des Frangais, ile de la Soledad, Malouines"=East Falkland Island (type in Paris Museum); idem, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 12, p. 542, July 4, 1829 Falkland Islands; Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 44, p. 19, 1923 (range); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 11, 1925 (crit.; meas.; plumages); 1 Haematopus ostralegus malacophaga Salomonsen: Similar to H. o. ostralegus Linnaeus, of Scandinavia, etc., but larger, while the bill, in thickness, is inter- mediate between the nominate race and H. o. occidentalis Neumann, of the British Isles. Wing, 252-276. Two females from Greenland (Jacobshaven, Godthaab) were found by Salomonsen to be identical with Icelandic specimens. 'Haematopus leucopodus Garnot is quite distinct specifically, and differs from H. o. pitanay by glossy black (instead of hair brown) back and wings; wholly white upper tail coverts (the median ones not variegated with brown); black (instead of white) under wing coverts; the extension of the black color all over 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 25 Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 427, 1926 Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego; Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 73, 1927 (char.; range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool Ser., 19, p. 383, 1932 Chiloe Island, Chile (crit.); Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 37 Snipe Island, Beagle Channel; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 234, 1934 (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 87 Barnevelt, Otter Islands, etc., Cape Horn region; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 985, 19^6 (crit.; range); Webster, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 42, 1943 (descr. pullus). Haematopus leucopus Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (1), livr. 5, p. 210, Oct. 17, 1827 Falkland Islands (diag.); Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 509 Chiloe Island, Rio Pudeto, and Bay of Reloncavf, Llanquihue, Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 386, 1860 East Falkland Island; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156 Falkland Islands (breeding); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 272, 1868 southern Chile to Straits of Magellan; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 437 Penguin Island (Messier Channel), Tom Bay, and Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 15 Cape Sambo (Trinidad Channel), Tom Bay, and Hugh Bay, Straits of Magellan; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charad., p. 306, 1887 Falkland Islands, Straits of Magellan, and Chile ("near Valparaiso") (crit.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 136, 1889 Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 121, 1891 Patagonia (Missioneros), Tierra del Fuego (Bahia Orange), and Straits of Magellan (Elizabeth Island; Packewaia and Burnt Island, Beagle Channel; Bourchier Bay; Wollaston and Hermit Islands); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 113, 730, 1896 Chile, Straits of Magellan (Tom Harbour, Elizabeth Island, Penguin Island, Hermit Island, Tom Bay, Hugh Bay, Cape Sambo), and Falkland Islands (San Salvador Bay, Berkeley Sound); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 Magellania and southern Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 663, 1898 Punta Anegada, Tierra del Fuego; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 625, 1900 Penguin Rookery (Staten Island) and Rio Pescado, Straits of Magellan; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 373, 1902 Tierra del Fuego (Packewaia, Isla Wol- laston) and Staten Island; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 39, 1904 Falkland Islands (eggs descr.); Reed, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 9, p. 50, 1905 Chile; Crawshay, Birds Tierra del Fuego, p. 123, 1907 Useless Bay and San Sebastian Settlement (breeding); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 265, 1910 Montez Ranch, near Rio Coy, Santa Cruz, and Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut (Sept. to Nov.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 215, 1910 (range); Blaauw, Not. Leyden Mus., 35, p. 70, 1912 island east of Achao, Chiloe; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 149, 1917 Falkland Islands (nesting habits); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921 Falkland Islands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, -p. 322 Falkland Islands. the chest; yellow (instead of crimson) eyelids; decidedly shorter, stouter tarsi; and wider nails with prominent lateral flange. Birds from Chiloe Island are identical with others from Magellania and the Falkland Islands. The locality "Valparaiso" is very questionable. Additional material examined. Falkland Islands, 10. Magellania: Tom Bay, 4; Hugh Bay, 1; Penguin Island, 1; Elizabeth Island, 2; Hermit Island, 1. 26 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ostralega leucopus Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 301, 1828 Falkland Islands; idem, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 16, p. 721, May, 1830 Falkland Islands. Haem[atopus] luduosus Cuvier, Reg. Anim., nouv. e"d., 1, p. 504, 1829 Falkland Islands (type in Paris Museum); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, Cursores, p. 74, 1865 Falkland Islands (crit.). Range. Southern South America, from Chilo4 Island on the west coast and the Chubut River on the east side of the Andes south to the Cape Horn region; Falkland Islands. Field Museum Collection. 2: Argentina (Rivadavia, Chubut, 1); Falkland Islands (unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. 4: Chile (Rio Inio, Chiloe* Island, 3; Lomas Bay, Tierra del Fuego, 1). *Haematopus ater Vieillot and Oudart. 1 QUOY'S BLACK OYSTER- CATCHER. Haemaiopus niger (not Scolopax nigra Gmelin, 1789) Quoy and Gaimard, in Freycinet, Voy. Uranie et Physic., Zool., livr. 4, p. 129, pi. 34, Sept., 1824 part, Falkland Islands (specimen in Paris Museum examined); Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p. 47, 1826 Falkland Islands; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 116, 1843 along rocky shores of Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 406, 1847 Chile; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 215, 1853 Valdivia, Chile; Boeck, I.e., 1855, p. 509 Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, Cursores, p. 76, 1865 part, Nos. 1-3, Magellania and Chile (Algarroba) (crit.); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 117, 1865 Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 272, 1868 central provinces of Chile; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924 Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Gigoux, I.e., p. 87, 1924 Caldera, Atacama, Chile. Haemaiopus ater Vieillot and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 2, p. 88, pi. 230, 1825 part, "au de"troit de Magellan" (type in Paris Museum examined by C. E. H.); 2 Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 245, 1848 Valparaiso, Chile; Cassin, 1 Haemaiopus ater Vieillot and Oudart is readily distinguished from the other entirely black species of the genus by its elevated, excessively compressed bill. As pointed out by Murphy, it has no genetic relationship to H. o. bachmani. * Vieillot's description is not diagnostic, while the range as given includes that of several species. Inspection of the material in the Paris Museum shows that he did not distinguish between the Magellanic and the Australian species ( H. fuli- ginosus). Neither of the two mounted specimens labeled "Huitrier noir. H. ater, Vieill.," is marked as "type," but the one bearing "No. 258. par MM. Quoy et Gaimard. Exp6d. Freycinet. De la baie des Chiens Marins, Nouvelle Hollande" has a note "Gal. 230," which, according to the early custom in the Paris Museum, means that it is the original of pi. 230 in the "Galerie des Oiseaux." This bird is the Magellanic Black Oyster-Catcher with very deep and excessively compressed bill, and agrees perfectly with specimens from Tierra del Fuego. "Shark's Bay, Australia," of course, is incorrect; the bird was doubtless secured on the Falkland Islands, which may be accepted as type locality. The second specimen, collected by Pe>on during the voyage of Le Naturaliste under Captain Baudin in "Nouvelle Hollande" is the Australian species. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 27 in Gilliss, U. S. Ast. Exp., 2, p. 198, 1855 Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 386, 1860 Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 155 East Falkland (breeding); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339 Chile; idem and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 499 Puerto Laguna, Chonos Archipelago, Chile; Salvin, I.e., 1875, pp. 372, 377 Mas Afuera; Durnford, I.e., 1878, p. 403 Tambo Point and mouth of Chubut River, Chubut; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 438 Eliza- beth Island, Straits of Magellan; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 15 Port Henry, Straits of Magellan; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 429 San Lorenzo Island, Lima, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 351, 1886 same locality; Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 205 San Lorenzo Island, Peru; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 176, 1889 Tambo Point, Chubut; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 136, 1889 Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 119, 1891 Santa Cruz (Puerto Deseado), Hermit and Wollaston Islands, and Tierra del Fuego (Ushuaia; Bahia Orange); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 121, 731, 1896 Falkland Islands (Johnson Harbour, Berkeley Sound, Stanley), Chubut (Tambo Point), Straits of Magellan (Elizabeth Island, Port Henry), Chile, Mas Afuera, and Peru (Callao, Mollendo, San Lorenzo Island); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl., 4, p. 664, 1898 Isla de los Pajaros, Coquimbo, Chile; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 624, 1900 Staten Island (Penguin Rookery) and Rio Pescado, Straits of Magellan; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 374, 1902 Tierra del Fuego and Staten Island; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 40, 1904 Falkland Islands (eggs descr.); Reed, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 9, p. 50, 1905 coast of Chile; Crawshay, Birds Tierra del Fuego, p. 125, 1907 Admiralty Sound; Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 103, 1909 Arica, Tacna, Chile; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Pata- gonia, 2, Orn., p. 272, 1910 Straits of Magellan (descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 215, 1910 (range in Argentina); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 13, 1925 Falkland Islands, Chile, and Peru (Independencia Bay, Chincha Islands, An con) (crit.; meas.; plumages); Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, pp. 72, 73, 1927 (char.; range); Hell- mayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 381, 1932 Caldera, Atacama, and Rio Inio, Chiloe" Island, Chile (crit.); Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 37 Snipe and Woodcock Islands, Beagle Channel, Magellan Straits; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 234, 1934 (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 87 islands in the Cape Horn region; Castellanos, El Hornero, 6, p. 29, 1935 Puerto Parry, Staten Island; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 247, 1935 Isla la Mocha (nesting); Philippi, I.e., 6, p. 234, 1936 Arica, Tacna, Chile; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 988, 1936 (monog.); Webster, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 42, 1943 (descr. pullus). Haematopus townsendi Audubon, Birds Amer., folio ed., 4, pi. 427, fig. 3, 1836 (or later); idem, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 247, 1839 no locality given (type now in U. S. National Museum); idem, Birds Amer., 8vo ed., 5, p. 245, 1842 "coast of California;" 1 Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31, According to Cassin (U. S. Ast. Exp., 2, p. 198, 1855), said to be from "Oregon." The type collected by Townsend was undoubtedly one of the birds 28 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 47, 1918 (nomencl.); Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 44, pp. 16, 19, 1923 (synon.; range). Haematopus unicolor? (not of J. R. Forster, 1844) Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 96, 1859 Falkland Islands (egg descr.). Haematopus quoyi Brabourne and Chubb, Birds S. Amer., 1, p. 37, 1912 new name for Haematopus ater Sharpe; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 150, 1917 Falkland Islands; Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 496, 1919 Peru (Chincha Islands, Chilcay Bay, Asia Island, Indepen- dencia Bay, Paracas Bay, and [?]Lobos de Tierra); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921 Falkland Islands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 322 Falkland Islands. Range. Coasts of South America, from lat. 7 S. in Peru, on the Pacific side, and from Chubut 1 on the east, south to Cape Horn; Falkland Islands; occasional on Mas Afuera. Field Museum Collection. 1: Chile (Caldera, Atacama, 1). Conover Collection. 5: Chile (Rio Inio, Chilce", 5). Family CHARADRIIDAE. Lapwings and Plovers Subfamily VANELLINAE. Lapwings Genus VANELLUS Brisson Vanellus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 48; 5, p. 94, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "Vanel- lus" Brisson=Tringa Vanellus Linnaeus. Gavia (not of Forster, 1788) Gloger, Hand- und Hilfsbuch Naturg., 1, p. 433, 1842 substitute name for Vanellus Brisson. *Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus). LAPWING. Tringa Vanellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 148, 1758 based chiefly on Faun. Svec., No. 148, Sweden. Vanellus Capella Schaeffer, Mus. Orn., p. 49, 1789 no locality cited. Vanellus vulgaris Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb., 2, p. 313, 1805 new name for Tringa vanellus Linnaeus; Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 495 Barbados (Dec. 24, 1886). Vanellus cristatus Wolf and Meyer, Naturg. Vog. Deuts., 1, p. 110, with pi., 1805 new name for Tringa vanellus Linnaeus; Holb011, Naturhist. obtained by him during his voyage around South America. Oberholser (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31, p. 47, 1918) suggests Falkland Islands as type locality of H. townsendi. 1 In the absence of specimens we hesitate to accept Smith's record of a "black oyster-catcher" (Zoologica, N. Y., 9, p. 288, 1927) from the Coronilla Islands, off Uruguay, as pertaining to H. ater. Additional material examined. Peru: San Lorenzo Island, Callao, Mollendo, 5. Chile, 9. Straits of Magellan, 6. Falkland Islands, 8. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 29 Tidskr., 4, p. 371, 1843 Fiskenaesset, Greenland (Jan.); Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 9 Greenland (Fiskenaesset, Jan. 7; Julianehaab) ; Schi01er, Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidssk., 11, p. 174, 1917 Nanortalik, Sukkertoppen and Godthaab, Greenland. Vanellus vanellus Dutcher, Auk, 3, p. 438, 1886 Merrick, Long Island (Dec., 1883); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 166, 735, 1896 (monog.); Piers, Auk, 15, p. 195, 1898 Ketch Harbour, Nova Scotia (March 17, 1897); Fleming, I.e., 18, p. 272, 1901 Hog Island, Bahamas (Nov., 1900); Beebe, I.e., 23, p. 221, 1906 Meccox Bay, Waterville, Long Island (fall, 1905); Brewster, I.e. White Hills, Newfoundland (Nov. 23, 1905); Ridg- way, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 65, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Brimley, Auk, 44, p. 248, 1927 Siler City, North Carolina (Nov. 11, 1926); Ingersoll, I.e., 45, p. 208, 1928 Newfoundland (Dec., 1927, flocks seen); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 144, 1929 (life hist.); Taverner, Auk, 46, p. 231, 1929 St. Augustine, Quebec (Dec. 15, 1927); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 235, 1934 (range); Salomonsen, Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidssk., 29, p. 112, 1935 Angmagssalik, Greenland (descr.); Cottam and Knappen, Auk, 56, p. 153, 1939 (food of in North America); Reimann, I.e., p. 332, 1939 Long Island, New York (fall, 1910); Cooke, Bd. Banding, 16, p. 126, 1945 Newfoundland (banded in England); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 226, 1946 Cumberland Sound, Arctic Canada (Oct., 1926). Range. Breeds in Europe and northern Asia; winters in southern Europe, northern Africa, and southern Asia; casual in Greenland, Cumberland Sound, Labrador (Cartwright, Jan., 1917; Anatalok Bay, Dec. 22, 1927), Quebec (St. Augustine, Dec. 15, 1927), New- foundland (White Hills, Nov. 23, 1905; Bonavista, Dec., 1927), New Brunswick (North Head, Jan. 6, 1928), Nova Scotia (Ketch Harbour, March 17, 1897), Long Island, New York (Merrick, Dec., 1883; Meccox Bay, Waterville, fall, 1905; fall, 1910), North Carolina (Siler City, Nov. 11, 1926), Bahamas (Hog Island, Nov., 1900), Barbados (Dec. 24, 1886). * Field Museum Collection. 2: Labrador (Hopedale, 2). Genus BELONOPTERUS Reichenbach Belonopterus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xviii, "1852" (=1853) type, by orig. desig., Tringa cajennensis Latham=Parra cayennensis Gmelin. Belanopterus Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, p. 278, 1910 (emendation). *Belonopterus cayennensis cayennensis (Gmelin). CAYENNE LAPWING. 1 The range "small islands in Norton Sound, Alaska" as given by both Bent and Ridgway was evidently based on the account of Dall and Bannister (Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, p. 293, 1869) who in turn based their record on the descrip- tion of a bird seen by a Russian some time before. 30 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Parra cayennensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 706, 1789 based on "Vanneau arme', de Cayenne" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 8, p. 65, Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 836, and "Vanneau" Fermin, Descr. Surinam, 2, p. 193, 1769, Cayenne. Tringa cajennensis Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 727, 1790 same basis. Vanellus cayanensis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 35, p. 206, 1819 part, Cayenne. 1 Charadrius lampronotus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 5, Genus Charadrius, sp. 48, 1827 part, descr. "avis adult, tempestate pluviarum?," Cayenne. Vanellus cayennensis Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 750, 1849 savannas; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 163, 1855 "Bogota"; Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 39, 1857 Cayenne, French Guiana; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, Cursores, p. 57, 1865 part, spec. Nos. 1, 2, Guiana; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 591 Mexiana Island, Brazil; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 252 Lake Valencia, Venezuela; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 383 La Cruz (alt. 4,000 ft.) and Lake Paturia, Rio Magdalena, Colombia; Harting, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 450 part, Venezuela, Guiana, and Amazonia (descr.); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 546 Retiro, Con- cordia, and Frontino, Colombia; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 441 Angostura, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Salvin, I.e., 1886, p. 178 British Guiana; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charad., p. 216, 1887 (in part); Grant,' Ibis, 1912, p. 274 (range). Belonopterus cayennensis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 163, 735, 1896 part, spec, a-i, v-x, Colombia (Cartagena, Antioquia), British Guiana (Quonga, Annai), and Brazil (Mexiana Island); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 302 Plain of Tolima, Colombia; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 129, 1902 Altagracia, Caicara, and Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 44, 1907 Mexiana Island (nest and eggs descr.); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 305, 1908 Cayenne; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 192, 1913 La Pedrita, Rio Uracoa, Venezuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 84, 1914 part, Mexiana Island, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 370, 1916 Orinoco region; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 222, 1917 Colombia (Atrato River, Caldas, Las Lomitas, San Antonio, Cali, La Manuelita, El Roble, Salento, Puerto Berrio, and Barrigon); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 41, 1922 Rio Cogollo and Catatumbo, Zulia, Venezuela; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 139 llanos of Guarico and Apure, Venezuela. Belonopterus cayennensis cayennensis Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 186, 1922 Fundacion, Colombia; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 60, 1930 (char.; range); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 376, 1931 Aracataca, Magdalena, Colombia. Belonopterus chilensis cayennensis Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 296, 1923 (char.; range); idem, Bds. World, 2, p. 236, 1934 (range); Brodkorb, 1 The bird (whose divergencies from Cayenne specimens are noted) sent from Brazil (i.e. Rio de Janeiro) by Delalande to Paris, and Azara's "Terute>o o Teteu" (No. 386) are referable to B. c. lampronotus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 31 Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 293, p. 2, 1934 (crit.); Griswold, Auk, 53, p. 457, 1936 La Jagua, Panama (May 17, 1936; range); Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 349, p. 2, 1937 Caviana Island, Brazil (crit.); Brandt, Auk, 55, p. 288, 1938 Port Obaldia, Panama (Aug. 27, 1934); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 126, 1938 (range); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 192, 1939 El Sombrero, Guarico, Venezuela. Belonopterus chilensis cayannensis Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 170, 1926 (char.; range). Range. Savannas of Panama (La Jagua, near Pacora), Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and Brazil north of the lower Amazon (Rio Branco; Rio Maecuru; Obidos; Caviana and Mexiana Islands). 1 Field Museum Collection. 4: Venezuela (Catatumbo, Zulia, 1; Culata, Merida, 1; Rio Chama, Merida, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 1). Conover Collection. 17: Colombia (Nechi, Antioquia, 3; El Tam- bo, Cauca, 4; Popayan, Cauca, 2); Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Zulia, 2); Brazil (Obidos, Para, 6). *Belonopterus cayennensis lampronotus (Wagler). 2 BRAZILIAN LAPWING. Charadrius lampronotus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 5, Genus Charadrius, sp. 48, 1827 part, "mas. et fern, ptilosi aestiv.," Paraguay and Brazil (type, from southern Brazil, formerly in Munich Museum, 3 examined by the senior author). 1 Adults from Obidos and one from Mexiana Island are in every respect typical cayennensis, agreeing with skins from the Rip Branco, Guiana, and Vene- zuela. One out of four adults from the Caura River has the throat and the pectoral area connected by a narrow black stripe, thus pointing to lampronotus. Additional material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 1; Retire, 1. Vene- zuela: Altagracia, Rio Orinoco, 3; Caura Valley, 4. Brazil: Obidos, 1; Mexiana Island, 1. British Guiana: Quonga, 1; Annai, 3; savannas, 5. 2 Belonopterus cayennensis lampronotus (Wagler) differs from the nominate race in shorter tarsus, more grayish sides of head and neck, and especially in having the black gular stripe connected with the black pectoral area by an uninterrupted broad band, while the black tail-band is on average narrower. Birds from Matto Grosso and the northern parts of Brazil frequently approach typical cayennensis in the color of the sides of the head, but this is at best an average difference. A couple of adults from Marajo Island are typical of the present form, while a single bird from Mexiana, like others from Caviana recorded by Brodkorb, is just as unequivocally cayennensis. Additional material examined. Brazil: Natal, Marajo, 2; Bahia, 3; Campos, Rio de Janeiro, 4; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 4; Jaguaraiba, Parana, 1; Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 1. Paraguay: Villa Rica, 1. Uruguay: Santa Elena, Soriano, 1; Colonia, 1; Montevideo, 1; Paysandu, 1. Argentina: Los Yngleses, Ajo, 13; Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires, 1; Misiones, 2; Est. La Germania, Santa F, 2; San Jos6, Formosa, 2; Lapango, Formosa, 1; Colonia Vedia, Rio de Oro, Chaco Austral, 1; Neuquen City, NeuquSn, 1. 3 The type was in the Munich Museum, when the senior author was in charge of its bird collection, but has since been lost, as we are told by Laubmann (Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 61, note 1, 1930). 32 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Vanellus cayennensis (not Parra cayennensis Gmelin) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 754, 1832 southeastern Brazil (Bahia, etc.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 144 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 35 Lagoa Santa and Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 296, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Itarare, Irisanga), Parana (Registo Velho, Jaguaraiba), and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caicara); Hudson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 6 Buenos Aires; Harting, I.e., 1874, p. 450 part, Brazil, Uruguay, and Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., p. 457 Uruguay (egg descr.); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 253, 1874 Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 164 near Belgrano, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 196 Province of Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e., 1880, p. 161 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding); Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb., 6, p. 253, 1881 Est. de la Tala, Uruguay (eggs descr.); White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 627 Rio Lujan and Salto, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 278, 1884 Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios (breeding); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 282 Paysandu, Uruguay; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 181, 1885 Tequara, Rio Grande do Sul; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 216, 1887 part, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande, and Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 165, 1889 Argentina (in part); Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 10, p. 88, 1889 Est. Itanu, Paraguay; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 210 Est. Espartillar (breeding); Kerr, I.e., p. 150 lower Pilco- mayo, Chaco; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893 Cuyaba, Matto Grosso; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 205 Uruguay; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895 Villa Rica, Paraguay; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 235 Villa Concepcion and Paraguayan Chaco; Lonnberg, I.e., 1903, p. 460 Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia; Grant, I.e., 1911, p. 464 Los Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires (breeding); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 55 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (habits). Philomachus cayanus (not Charadrius cayanus Latham) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 127, 1841 part, La Plata. Vanellus cayanensis (not of Vieillot) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 363, 1856 Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860 Argentina; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 502, 1861 Argentina; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 55, 1881 northern parts of the pampas; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 87, 1884 Province of Buenos Aires. Belonopterus cayennensis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 163, 735, 1896 part, spec, k-m, y, z, Brazil (Para, Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Matto Grosso), Buenos Aires, and Uruguay (Montevideo, Maldonado); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 35, 1897 Cara-huassi, puna of Salta; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 149, 1899 Mundo Nova, Barra do Rio Camaquam, and Pedras Brancas; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 428, 1899 Iguape, Sao Paulo; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 212, 1902 Famailla and Tapia, Tucuman; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 231, 1904 Santa Ana and Tapia, Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 250, 1904 Salta; Ihering, Cat. Faun. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 33 Braz., 1, p. 46, 1907 Sao Paulo (Rio Grande, Barretos); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 250, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 216, 1910 part, Salta; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910 Joazeiro, Bahia; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 67 Sapucay, Paraguay; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 216, 1910 Cordoba, Buenos Aires, and Entre Rios; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 84, 1914 part, Marajo (Pindobal, Magoary, Soure); Reiser, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 223, 1910 Bahia and Piauhy; Castellanos, El Hornero, 4, p. 375, 1931 Valle de los Reartes, Cordoba. Vanellus chilensis (not Parra chilensis Molina) Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 444 Quinta, Jujuy. Vanellus grisescens (not of Prazak) Grant, Ibis, 1912, p. 274 (crit.; range in part). Belonopterus cayennensis grisescens Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 89, 1918 Isla San Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 13, 1920 Uruguay (numerous localities); Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 262, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 41, 1923 Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Renard, I.e., 3, p. 286, 1924 San Cristobal, Santa Fe". Belonopterus chilensis lampronotus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 296, 1923 (char.; range); Pereyra, El Hornero, 3, p. 162, 1923 Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Wilson, I.e., 3, p. 352, 1926 Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 429, 1926 Valcheta, Rio Negro; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 169, 170, 1926 Argentina and Uruguay (char.; range); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 169, 1927 Bovril Islands, Santa Fe, and Rio Gastone, Tucuman; Marelli, El Hornero, 5, p. 194, 1933 Fortin Chaco, Bahia Blanca, and Arroyo Parejas, Buenos Aires; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 236, 1934 (range); Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 293, p. 4, 1934 (char.; range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 42, 1936 Rio das Almas, Goyaz; idem, I.e., 22, p. 127, 1938 Para (Marajo), Maranhao (Boa Vista), Bahia (Rio Gongogy), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Goyaz (Rio das Almas), Rio de Janeiro (Sao Joao da Barra), Sao Paulo (Barretos), and Matto Grosso (Aquidauana, Sant'Anna do Paranahyba); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 70, 1945 Bolivia (Reyes and Bresta, El Beni) (disc. Parra chilensis Molina). Belonopterus cayennensis lampronotus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 491, 1929 Miritiba, Maranhao (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 76, 1930 Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, pp. 59, 61, 1930 Formosa (San Jose, Lapango) and Santa Fe (Est. Germania) (range; char.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 713, 1932 Sant'Anna do Paranahyba and Aqui- dauana, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 268, 1934 Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 376, 1934 Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 78, 1935 Rio Gongogy, Bahia. Belonopterus cayennensis intermedius Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 203, Dec. 31, 1926 "Brazil" (type in Warsaw Museum). 34 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Belonopterus chiknsis (not Parra chilensis Molina) Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 119, 1926 Fazenda Durski and Invernadinha, Parana. Belonopterus cayennensis chilensis Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 404, 1931 Maimara, Jujuy (breeding). Range. Tableland of Brazil north to the Island of Marajo and the south bank of the lower Amazon (Santare'm; Rio Tocantins); Uruguay; Paraguay; eastern Bolivia; Argentina in the northwest, south at least to Tucuman and in the pampa region to northern Rio Negro (Valcheta). Field Museum Collection. 16: Brazil (Cidade do Barra, Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia, 1; Conceicao, Matto Grosso, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 6); Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 2); Uruguay (San Vicente da Castillos, Rocha, 2; Garzon, Rocha, 1; Treinte-y- Tres, 1); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 2). Conover Collection. 19: Brazil (District Monte Alegre, Para, 2; Miritiba, Maranhao, 2; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 5); Paraguay (Orloff, Chaco, 1; 265 km. west of Puerto Casado, 2; Villa Rica, 1); Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 2; 1 Santa Ana, Misiones, 2; Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 2). *Belonopterus cayennensis occidentalis (Harting). 2 CHILEAN LAPWING. Vanellus occidentalis Harting, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 451 Chile, Patagonia, and (?) Falkland Islands (type, from Chile, in British Museum examined); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1878, p. 437 Elizabeth Island, Magellan Straits; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 14 Peckett Harbour, Magellan Straits, and Talcaguano, Chile; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 335, 1886 "cote PSruvienne"; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 117, 1891 Isla de los Leones, Patagonia, and Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan. 1 These two specimens agree in color with birds from southern Brazil but have the more extensively feathered tibia of occidentalis. 2 Belonopterus cayennensis occidentalis (Harting): Resembles B. c. lampronotus by the presence of a distinct jugular band, which is frequently even broader and more compact; but has a shorter crest, clear gray top and sides of head, abdominally more extended black pectoral area, more extensively feathered tibia, and wider black-and-white terminal tail-bands; wings and tail longer; tarsus shorter. Birds from southwestern Argentina (Mendoza, Chubut) are perfectly identical with a Chilean series. An adult male from La Picaza, western Neuquen (Oct. 28, 1907), is typical of the present form, while one from farther east (Neuquen City) unquestionably pertains to lampronotus. Brodkorb sought to separate the birds from southern Patagonia on account of smaller size and shorter tarsus, but while admitting a tendency in that respect among the inhabitants of the southern extremity of South America we believe the difference too inconstant for the recognition of B. c. fretensis. It is rather suggestive that the author, without any comment, refers a specimen from Tierra 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 35 Parra cayennensis (not of Gmelin) Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (1), p. 242, 1828 Penco, Chile. Charadrius cayanus (not of Latham) Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.- Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., 1, p. 106, 1834 Chile. Philomachus cayanus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 127, 1841 part, Chile. Vanellus cayennensis Bridges, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 94, 1841 Col- chagua, Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 400, 1847 Chile; Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 131, 1853 Quillota and Santiago, Chile; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 215, 1853 Valdivia, Chile; Boeck, I.e., 1855, p. 509 Valdivia, Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 195, 1855 interior of Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 313, 1860 Santiago (nesting habits); Frauenfeld, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 10, Abhandl., p. 639, 1860 Lake Aculeo, Santiago; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 115, 1865 Chile; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, p. 57, 1865 part, spec. nos. 2-9, Chile (Santiago) and Falkland Islands (Abbott collection) ; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339 Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 271, 1868 Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan; Durnford, I.e., 1877, p. 42 Chubut, Patagonia; idem, I.e., 1878, p. 402 Chubut; C. Burmeister, Ann. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, p. 319, 1889 Fortin Villegas, Chubut; Lataste, Act. Soc. Sci. Chile, 3, pp. cxv, cxvi, 1893 Bureo (Chilian), Nuble, and Ninhue (Itata), Maule, Chile; Waugh and Lataste, I.e., 4, pp. Ixxxviii, clxxii, 1894 Penaflor, Santiago, and San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso; Lataste, I.e., 5, p. Ixii, 1895 Maule, Chile; Johow, Est. Flora Isl. Juan Fernandez, p. 238, 1896 Mas A Tierra Island. Philomachus chilensis (not Parra chilensis Molina) 1 Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 117, 1843 Chile. Vanellus chiliensis Yarrell, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 15, p. 54, 1847 Chile (egg descr.). Hoplopterus cayanus (errore) Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 155 near Port Stanley, Falkland Islands; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 46 Falkland Islands (ex Abbott). Vanellus cayanus Cunningham, Ibis, 1868, p. 490 Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan. Vanellus chilensis Reed, -Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 566, 1877 Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 666, 1898 Ovalle, del Fuego (Porvenir) to B. c. occidentalis, and regards certain small Chilean birds as migrants from the south. Measurements (wing and tarsus). Ten from Central Chile (Valparaiso, Santiago), 240-258, 65-76; one (adult male), from Concepcion, 250, 66; six from Temuco, Cautin, 240-250, 60-70. Three adults from Valley del Lago Blanco, Chubut, 242-247, 63-65; one adult from Santa Cruz (Monte Leon), 240, 60. Four from the Straits of Magellan, 238, 240, 242, 252, 60-64. Forty specimens from the range of B. c. occidentalis examined. 1 Parra chilensis Molina (Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 258, 344, 1782) is a hopeless mixture of B. c. occidentalis and Jacana s. jacana and should be rejected (cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 367, 1932). 36 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Coquimbo; Grant, Ibis, 1912, p. 274 (range); Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 84, 1924 Caldera, Atacama, Chile. Vanellus cayennensis chilensis Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charad., p. 218, 1887 (crit.; range). Belonoptenis chilensis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 136, 1889 Gregory Bay, Magellan Straits; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 165, 735, 1896 Chile (Valparaiso, San Pedro, San Antonio, Talcaguano, Santiago) and Straits of Magellan (Elizabeth Island); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 302 San Pedro (Conception) and San Antonio (Valparaiso), Chile; Crawshay, Birds Tierra del Fuego, p. 116, 1907 San Sebastian Settlement and Useless Bay (breeding); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 250, 1909 Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, and Carpinteria, San Juan; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 216, 1910 part, Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia; Barrow, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 44, 1920 Nilahue, Curico, Chile; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 444, 1922 Coronel, Chile (breeding habits); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 28, 1927 San Rafael, Mendoza; Castellanos, I.e., 6, p. 30, 1936 Tierra del Fuego. Vanellus grisescens Prazak, Orn. Monatsber., 4, p. 23, 1896 northern Chile. 1 Belcmopterus chilensis Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 279, 1910 "Guer" Aike, Santa Cruz, and Lago Blanco, Chubut. Belonopterus cayennensis chilensis Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918 San Carlos, Mendoza; Wace, I.e., 2, p. 198, 1921 Falkland Islands (ex Abbott); Barrow, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 172, 1921 Cordillera of Aconcagua, Chile; Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 80, 1923 La Rioja; Bullock, I.e., p. 92, 1923 Chile (nest); Reed, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 27, p. 146, 1923 Teno, Chile; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 322 Falkland Islands (Mar. 28, 1913; Mar. 10, 1924). Belonopterus cayennensis molina Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 41, p. Ill, Apr. 27, 1921 new name for B. chilensis auct. (not Parra chilensis Molina). Belonopterus chilensis chilensis Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, pp. 295, 296, 1923 western Rio Negro (char.; range); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 168, 169, 1926 Neuquen (Zapala), Mendoza (Tunuyan), and Chile (Con con, Valparaiso) (char.; range); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 429, 1926 Lago Moschitos, Cholila, Chubut; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 236, 1934 (range); Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 293, p. 6, 1934 (char.; range). Belonopterus cayennensis Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924 Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile; idem, I.e., 29, p. 149, 1925 San Bernardo, Santiago; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 201, 1929 Angol, Malleco, Chile. Belonopterus cayamensis (sic) Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 113, 1927 Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile. Belonopterus cayennensis occidentalis Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 60, 1930 (char.; range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 367, 1932 Chile (Atacama to Straits of 1 The type cannot be traced and probably never existed. It is quite possible that the description was purely imaginary, as the author proved to be of unsound mind. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 37 Magellan); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 245, 1935 Isla la Mocha (resident). Belonopterus chilensis fretensis Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 293, p. 12, June 29, 1934 Cheaike, Rio Chico, Magallanes, Chile (type in collection of Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan). Belanoplerus cavennensis (sic) occidentalis Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 41, p. 201, col. pi. 8, fig. 10, 1937 (egg). Range. Chile (from Atacama southward) and the Andean region of Argentina from Mendoza south to Tierra del Fuego, and in the plains of Patagonia north to the Chubut River; 1 accidental on the Falkland Islands and on Mas A Tierra. Field Museum Collection. 5: Chile (Concepcion, Concepcion, 1; Curacautin, Cautin, 1; Pucon, Cautin, 1); Argentina (Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, 1; Tierra del Fuego, 1). Conover Collection. 11: Chile (Concepcion, 1; Petal, Cautin, 1; Angol, Province Bio Bio, 3; Cucao, Chilo Island, 1; Quellon, Chiloe" Island, 1; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Llanquihue, 1; Porvenir, Magallanes, 1); Argentina (Tunuyan, Mendoza, 1; Tierra del Fuego, 1). Genus HOPLOXYPTERUS Bonaparte Hoploxypterus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 418, 1856 type, by monotypy, Charadrius cayanus Latham. *Hoploxypterus cayanus (Latham). CAYENNE PLOVER. Charadrius cayanus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 749, 1790 based on "Le Pluvier arme de Cayenne" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 8, p. 102, and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 833, Cayenne; Burmeister, Syst. Unters. Th. Bras., 3, p. 358, 1856 Sette Lagoas, Minas Geraes. Charadrius stolatus Wagler, Syn. Av., 1, fol. 4, Charadrius, spec. 12, 1827 substitute name for Charadrius cayanus Latham. Charadrius spinosus (not of Linnaeus, 1758) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (1), p. 764, 1832 eastern Brazil (Rio Belmonte, etc.). Hoplopterus cayanus Hartlaub, Syst. Index Azara, p. 24, 1847 Paraguay (ex Azara, No. 391); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 750,- 1849 sand banks of the Takutu River; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860 Babahoyo, Ecuador; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1866, p. 199 lower Ucayali, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1867, pp. 591, 979 south bank of Amazon, Brazil, and Pebas, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, 1 For many years, the sole basis for including "Peru" in the range of this form was a specimen in the Raimondi Collection said to be from the "cote Peruvienne." More recently, however, Menegaux (Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 1, p. 320, 1910) has recorded B. chilensis from Lopuna, Rio Tocache, Dept. Loreto, Peru, rather a singular occurrence for a species of the Temperate Zone. 38 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 296, 1870 Sao Paulo (road to Taubat, Itarar6, Rio Parana), Goyaz (Goyaz), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba), and Barra do Rio Negro [=Manaos], Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 35 Lagoa Santa and Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 309 lower Ucayali, Santa Cruz, and Pebas, Peru; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 177 Roraima, British Guiana; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 335, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893 Cachoeira and Corumba, Matto Grosso; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 29, 1907 Urucurituba, Rio Tapajoz; idem, I.e., 15, p. 101, 1908 Fazenda Esperanca, Goyaz. Hoploxypterus cayanus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 418, 1856; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 135, 732, 1896 British Guiana (Roraima, Ourumee), Ecuador (Sarayacu), Peru (Pebas, lower Ucayali), and Brazil ("Omega," south side of Amazon; Corumba, Matto Grosso; Rio Parana, Sao Paulo; Rio de Janeiro); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 428, 1899 Sao Paulo; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900 Rio Daule (Balzar), Ecuador; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 129, 1902 Venezuela (Ciudad Bolivar, Mato River, Altagracia, and Caicara, Orinoco region) ; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 349, 1903 "Aloor, Rio Ulua, Honduras" and South America; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, "1904," p. 452, 1905 Rio Jurua, Brazil; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 102, 1906 Santa Ana, Urubamba, Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 46, 1907 Sao Paulo (Piracicaba, Iguape, Franca, Itapura) and Amazonia (Rio Jurua); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 44, 1907 Mexiana Island, Brazil; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908 Cayenne; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, pp. 23, 538, 1908 Bom Lugar, Rio Purus, and Aruma- theua, Rio Tocantins, Brazil; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, pp. 93, 223, 1910 Bahia (Joazeiro, Sambaiba, Rio Sao Francisco; Barra, Rio Grande), Piauhy (Parnagua), and Maranhao (Miritiba), Brazil; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 424, 1910 Calama, Rio Madeira; idem, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 97, 122, 1912 Capim River and Mexiana, Brazil; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Sci. Varsovie, 5, pp. 462, 492, 1912 Vera Guarany, Parana; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 258, 1913 Misiones; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 38, 1914 Alto Parana, Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 83, 1914 Rio Guama (Santa Maria de Sao Miguel, Ourem), Rio Capim, Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua), Rio Tapajoz (Goyana), Rio Purus (Cachoeira, Bom Lugar), and Rio Maecuru, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst. Arts Sci., 2, p. 370, 1916 Orinoco region; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 70, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 118, 1926 Corredeira de Ferro (Rio Ivahy), Parana; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 191, 1926 Ecuador; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 491, 1929 Piauhy (Deserto, Ibiapaba) and Goyaz (Philadelphia, lower Tocantins), Brazil; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 76, 1930 Rio Sao Lourenco, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 801, 1932 Alto Rio Parana, Sao Paulo; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 241, 1934 (range); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 37, 1934 Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 39 Zool. Univ. Mich., 349, p. 6, 1937 Marajo, Brazil; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 127, 1938 Amazonas (Rio Jurua), Maranhao (Miritiba), Goyaz (Pte. Ipe" Arcado), and Sao Paulo (Iguape", Franca, Itapura, Rio Parana, Presidente Epitacio) ; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 192, 1939 Independencia and El Sombrero, Venezuela; Nice"foro, Caldasia, 3, p. 373, 1945 Colombia (Llanos del Meta; La Morelia, Caqueta); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 42, 1945 Brazil (Santo Antonio, Rio Juru& and various Amazonian localities); idem, I.e., (3), 23, p. 71, 1945 Bolivia (Victoria, El Desierto and La Laguna, El Beni). Vanellus cayanus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, Cursores, p. 62, 1865 Brazil (crit.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 229, pi. [10], 1887 (crit.). Hoplopterus spinosus Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 500 Rio Capim, Para. Range. Eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela (Orinoco basin) and the Guianas south through Amazonia to eastern Bolivia, northern Paraguay, northeastern Argentina (Misiones), and southern Brazil (Matto Grosso and Sao Paulo) ; also in western Ecuador (Babahoyo, Rio Daule). 1 Field Museum Collection. 12: Brazil (Conceicao, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 2; Serra Grande, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 1; Boa Vista, Amazonas, 3; Deserto, Piauhy, 1; Sao Marcello, Bahia, 5). Conover Collection. 11: Ecuador (Rio Bobonaza, !); Brazil (Rio Maycuru, Monte Alegre, Para, 2; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 1; Philadelphia, Goyaz, 4; Cavalcanti, Goyaz, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Buena Vista, 1; Cerro del Amboro, 1). Genus PTILOSCELYS Bonaparte Ptiloscelys Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 419, 1856 type, by monotypy, Charadrius resplendens Tschudi. Ptiloscelis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 137, 1896 (emendation). *Ptiloscelys resplendens (Tschudi). ANDEAN LAPWING. Charadrius resplendens Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 388, 1843 Andes of Peru (type in Neuch&tel Museum); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 295, 1846 puna zone of Peru and highlands of Ecuador (Riobamba, Quito, Ibarra). Vanellus ptiloscelis Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [541], pi. 145, 1847. 1 The record of Hoplopterus cayanus from East Falkland Island (Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 155; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Spc. Lpnd., 1861, p. 46) is no doubt due to con- fusion with Belonopterus cayennensis occidentalis (cf. Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921). Its reported occurrence on the "Aloor River, Honduras" (cf. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 63, 1859) is likewise open to doubt. The specimen cannot be found (cf. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brjt. Mus., 24, p. 136 [note *], 1896). 40 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Vanellus resplendens Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 556, 1858 above Punin (near Riobamba), Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 82, 1860 vicinity of Quito, Ecuador; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1869, p. 156 Tinta, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 560 Junln and Maraynioc, Junln, Peru; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 356, 1876 Moho, Lake Titicaca; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 403 Sitani and Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 336, 1886 Peruvian localities; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 228, 1887 (crit.; range); Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 Cana, Antofagasta, Chile; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 108, 1889 La Paz, Bolivia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 136 Tarapaca, Chile; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 21, 1895 near Cajamarca, Peru; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896 Tarapaca, Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 303 Sayac and Sitani, Tarapaca. Ptiloscelis respkndens Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 137, 733, 1896 Ecuador ("Sarayacu"), Peru (Maraynioc, Tinta, Paucartambo), and Chile (Sitani, Sacaya); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 35, 1897 Cara-huassi, Salta; idem and Festa, I.e., 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900 Malchingui, Chaupi, Vallevicioso, and Aloag, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 51 Ingapirca and Maraynioc, Junln, Peru; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 212, 1902 La Cienaga, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 446 Moreno, Puna de Jujuy; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 250, 1904 Santa Catalina, Jujuy; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 231, 1904 Lara, Tucuman; Mengaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 219, 1909 Oruro (Huancani; vicinity of Pazna; "Tamarape" [=Pomarape]) and Potosi, Bolivia; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 250, 1909 Lagunas Grandes and Las Cienagas, Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 216, 1910 (range in Argentina); Menegaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 1, p. 319, 1910 Huamachuco, Peru; idem, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 9, 1911 Narihuna, Ecuador; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 258, 1913 (range in Argentina); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 23, 1922 Chaupicruz and Chillogalla (Antisana), Ecuador; Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 404, 1931 Rio Humahuaca and Sierras de Zenta, Jujuy (breeding). Ptiloscelys resplendens Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 262 Paramo near Cajamarca, Peru; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 50, 1921 Lucma, Uru- bamba, Peru; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 191, 1921 Antisana, Pichincha, Mount Chimborazo, and Bestion, Ecuador; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 254, 1930 Huanuco Viejo, Peru; Hellmayr, I.e., 19, p. 369, 1932 Antofagasta and Tarapaca, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 242, 1934 (range); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 52, 1938 Vegas de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile; Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 464, 646 Huancavelica and Lake Junin, Peru. Range. Puna and Temperate zones of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia to northern Chile (south to Antofagasta) and northwestern Argentina. Field Museum Collection. 27: Ecuador (unspecified, 1; Paramo del Chimborazo, 2) ; Peru (Chachapoyas, Amazonas, 1 ; Leimebamba, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 41 Amazonas, 2; Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco, 2; Junin, Junin, 2; Cailloma, Arequipa, 2); Bolivia (Huaqui, La Paz, 1; Aiquile, Cochabamba, 1; Tiraque, Cochabamba, 4; Colomi, Cochabamba, 8); Argentina (unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. 23: Ecuador (Turubamba, 2; Romerillos, Pichincha, 1; Cerro Cotopaxi, 1; Sambiza, Pichincha, 1; Cerro Mojanda, Pichincha, 2); Peru (Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco, 2; Puno, Puno, 2; Chucuito, Puno, 1); Bolivia (Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 2; Tiraque, Cochabamba, 2; Aiquile, Cochabamba, 1; Vacas, Cocha- bamba, 1); Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 4; Sierra de Trenta, Jujuy, 1). Subfamily CHARADRIINAE. Plovers Genus SQUAT AROLA Cuvier Squatarola Cuvier, Reg. Anim., 1, p. 467, "1817" (=Dec. 7, 1816) type by tautonymy, Tringa squatarola Linnaeus. *Squatarola squatarola (Linnaeus). BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER. Tringa squatarola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 149, 1758 based on Faun. Svec., No. 155, Sweden. Tringa helvetica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 250, 1766 based on "Le Vanneau de Suisse" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 106, pi. 10, fig. 1, Switzerland (type in Reaumur Collection). Tringa varia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 252, 1766 based on "Le Vanneau varie 1 " Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 103, pi. 9, fig. 2, France (type in Reaumur Collection). Charadrius hypomelus Pallas, Reisen Russ. Reich., 3, p. 699, 1776 "colit paludes borealis orae" (new name for Tringa helvetica Linnaeus). Charadrius naevius Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 692, 1789 based on Beseke, Schrift. Berliner Naturf. Gesells., 7, p. 464, Courland. Vanellus melanogaster Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturg. Deutschl., 4, p. 356, 1809 new name for Tringa helvetica Linnaeus; Holboell, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 406, 1843 Greenland (Nanortalik, Sept.; Amaralik, Aug.). Charadrius hypomelanus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 138, 1811 emenda- tion of C. hypomelus Pallas. Charadrius pardela Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 142, 1811 new name for Tringa varia Linnaeus. Squatarola cinerea Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim., p. Ill, 1828 new name for Tringa squatarola Linnaeus and Tringa helvetica Linnaeus. Squatarola helvetica australis Reichenbach, Nov. Syn. Av., No. 5, p. 3, 1851 based on Squatarola helvetica Gould, Bds. Australia, 6, pi. 12, Australia. Squatarola megarhynchos Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 284, 1855 migrates from north- eastern to southwestern Europe and Egypt (type, from Menzaleh Lake, 42 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Egypt, in Tring Collection now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 53, 1918). Squatarola helvetica a. wilsoni Bonaparte, 1 Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 46, p. 416, 1856 based on Vanellus helveticus Wilson, Amer. Orn., Ord. ed., 7, p. 42, America. 2 Squatarola rhynchomega Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 46, p. 416, 1856 "Abyssinia" (type in Frankfurt Museum); Hartert, Kat. Vogels. Mus. Senckenb. Ges., p. 217, 1891 "Australia(?)" (crit.). 3 Squatarola helvetica Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 296, 1870 Cajutuba, Para, Brazil; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 330 Chimbote, Ancachs, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 338, 1886 Chimbote; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 182, 737, 1896 (monog.); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900 Santa Elena, Ecuador (Jan.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 350, 1903 North America, Mexico (Mazatlan; Valley of Mexico; San Mateo, Tehuan- tepec; Merida, Yucatan), Guatemala (Chiapam), and South America; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 361, 1905 Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo (Jan. 6); idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 47, 1907 same locality. Charadrius megalorhynchus Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 11, 1877 new name for Squatarola rhynchomega Bonaparte and Squatarola megarhynchos Brehm. Charadrius squatarola Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 307 Aruba (June 24); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 148, 1898 Greenland (various records); Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 383, 1900 (plumages); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 307, 1902 Aruba; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910 (1926) coast of Piauhy, Brazil (Sept. 19); idem, I.e., p. 224, 1923 (1926) same locality. Squatarola squatarola Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 187, 1899 Albemarle and Charles Islands, Galapagos; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 248, 1905 Barbados (Sept. 22), Carriacou, and Grenada, Lesser Antilles; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 305, 1908 Cayenne, French Guiana (Nov. 2); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 197, 1909 Aruba; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 416, 1910 mouth of Matina River (Nov. 14) and Lepanto (Mar. 16), Costa Rica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 72, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 263 Callao, Peru (Jan. 10); Rowan, Condor, 25, p. 21, 1923 Alberta (migration); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 192, 1926 coast of Manavi (Feb. 16), Chone (Dec. 14), Jambeli (Nov. 27; July 15, 20), and Santa Elena (Feb. 21), Ecuador; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 312, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska (common breeder; weights); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 154, 1929 (life hist.); Snyder, Auk, 47, p. 79, 1930 (sexual difference in breeding plumage); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, 1 Squatarola wilsoni Lichtenstein (Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., p. 95, 1854) is a nomen nudum. 1 Cf. Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, p. 103, 1825. 3 The locality of the type appears to be in doubt. While Bonaparte, evidently in error, ascribes it to "Abyssinia," Hartert tells us that the label bears the note "Australia(?)." 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 43 p. 58, 1931 Galapagos Islands; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 130, 1932 Champerico, Guatemala (Sept. 10); Peters, Condor, 36, p. 27, 1934 (crit.; meas.; nomencl.); idem, Bds. World, 2, p. 243, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 306, 1935 Panama (winter); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 128, 1938 Bahia (Rio de Suape and Corupe"ba, Feb.) and Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Jan.); Steullet and Deautier, Not. Mus. La Plata, 3, No. 7, p. 1, 1938 General Lavalle, Buenos Aires (Apr. 5); Zotta, El Hornero, 7, p. 46, 1938 General Lavalle, Buenos Aires; Low, Ibis, 1938, p. 154 (crit.; meas.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 170, 1938 Puerto del Triunfo (Dec. 30, 31) and Barra de Santiago (Apr. 4), El Salvador; Dementiev, Ibis, 1939, p. 352 (crit.; meas.); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 519, 1943 Baffin Island (nesting); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 227, 1946 northern Baffin Island (breeding). Squatarola squatarola cynosurae Thayer and Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 5, p. 23, Apr. 9, 1914 Baillie Island, Mackenzie, Arctic America (type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 377, 1915 Arctic coast of Alaska (breed- ing); Peters, I.e., 61, p. 404, 1917 Monte Cristi, Hispaniola; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 356, 1927 Puerto Rico (transient); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 176, 1930 (crit.); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 153, 1931 Hispaniola; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 369, 1932 Caldera, Atacama, Chile (Dec. 2); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 79, 1935 Corupeba (Feb. 5, 6) and Ilha Madre de Deus (Feb. 2), Bahia, Brazil; Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 52, 1938 mouth of Rio Maipo, Santiago, Chile. Squatarola squatarola squatarola Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 96, 1928 Lower California (transient); Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 93, (6), p. 9, 1935 Carlshavn, northeastern Greenland (other Greenland records listed). Range. Breeds in North America from the Bering Sea coast (Hooper Bay) of Alaska north and east along the Arctic coast and islands to Baffin and Southampton Islands, also on the Arctic tundra of Europe and Asia; migrates south to winter quarters in Africa, Madagascar, India, Australia, southern United States, West Indies, and South America to the Galapagos Islands, Peru, Chile (Caldera, Atacama; mouth of the Rio Maipo, Santiago), and Brazil (Para; Piauhy; Bahia; Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo); accidental in Greenland (various records) and Argentina (General Lavalle, Buenos Aires; April 5). 1 Field Museum Collection. 151: Alaska (Barrow, 4; Smith Bay, 2; Chipp River, 1; Nome, 4; St. Michaels, 1; Bethel, 1); Arctic Canada 1 From the investigations of Peters (Condor, 36, pp. 27-29), Low (Ibis, 1938, pp. 154-158), and Dementiev (Ibis, 1939, p. 352), it results that subdivision of the Black-bellied Plover is impracticable, the measurements being too variable individually, while the alleged color differences prove to be non-existent. 44 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Franklin Bay, 1); Manitoba (Sandy Bay, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 22); Prince Edward Island (unspecified, 1); Nova Scotia (Barrington, 1); Massachusetts (unspecified, 1; North Truro, 2; Monomoy Island, 31); Connecticut, New Haven County (North Haven, 1 ; New Haven, 1 ; West Haven, 2) ; New York (North Hamlin, Monroe County, 1; Cayuga Lake, 2); Virginia (Cape Charles, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 8; Pea Island, 7); North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 2; Rock Lake, Towner County, 2; Towner County, 2); Nebraska (Keith County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 1); Indiana (Miller, 2); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1; Port Lavaca, 1); California (San Francisco, 1; Monterey County, 1; Del Monte Forest, 1; Monterey, 1; Ventura County, 1; Redwood City, 1; Trinidad, 1; Eureka, 3; San Clemente Island, 3; Sunset Beach, 2; Pacific Beach, 3; San Diego County, 1; Palo Alto, 1; Hyperion, 2; Los Angeles County, 1; Goleta, 1; La Patera Point, 1; Santa Barbara, 1); Florida (Amelia Island, 2; Pilot Town, 1; Key West, 2); Mexico (Yucatan, 1); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca, 1; Point Jiminez, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1; Virgin Gorda, 1); Lesser Antilles (Anegada, 1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 4); Chile (Atacama, 1). Conover Collection. 30: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 8; Kashunuk River, Bering Sea, 2) ; Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 3); Ontario (Rossport, Thunder Bay, 1); Nebraska (Lincoln, 1); Illinois (Mud Lake, Cook County, 1); Indiana (Miller, 2); California (Point Magie, Ventura County, 5; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 1); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 5); British Guiana (Buxton, Demerara, 1). Genus PLUVIALIS Brisson Pluvialis Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 46; 5, p. 42, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "Pluvialis aurea" Brisson=Charadrius pluvialis Linnaeus =Charadrius apricarius Linnaeus. Pluvialis apricaria 1 altifrons (Brehm). 2 NORTHERN GOLDEN PLOVER. 1 We fully concur with Witherby and Jourdain (Ibis, 1933, pp. 349-351) that Charadrius apricarius Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 150, 1758) refers to the southern form of the Golden Plover subsequently named C. a. oreophilos by Meinertzhagen (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 42, p. 6, 1921). Linnaeus' account of No. 156 in the Fauna Svecica, the principal source of C. apricarius, was clearly based on the Oeland bird described at length s.n. "Alwargrim" in Olanska Resa, p. 72, 1741, and not on Rudbeck's picture, as claimed by Lonnberg (Ibis, 1931, p. 306). 2 Pluvialis apricaria altifrons (Brehm) differs from the nominate race by having the under parts solidly black, not marbled with white. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 45 Charadrius altifrons Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 542, 1831 Faroes "and other northwestern islands, visiting Riigen in late summer" (type, from Faroe, July, 1828, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 52, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Charadrius apricarius (not of Linnaeus) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1874, p. 181 Sakak, Greenland (one specimen in summer plumage); idem, I.e., 1881, p. 184 Nanortalik and Sakak, Greenland; Chamberlain, Auk, 6, p. 217, 1889 southern Greenland (ex Hagerup). Charadrius pluvialis typicus (sic) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, pp. 148, 150, 1898 Greenland (various records; meas.). Pluvialis apricarius Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 80, 1919 (in part; monog.; full bibliog.). Pluvialis apricaria altifrons Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 171, 1929 Greenland (life hist.). Pluvialis apricaria apricaria Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 244, 1934 (range). Pluvialis apricarius apricarius Tcherniakofsky, Oiseau, Paris, 1939, p. 343 Scoresby Sound, Greenland. Range. Breeds in Iceland, the Faroes, northern Scandinavia (south to Jemtland, Sweden, and Trondhjem, Norway), and east through northern Europe and Asia to the Yenessei; winters chiefly in the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea; casual in Green- land. *Pluvialis dominica dominica (P. L. S. Muller). AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER. Charadrius dominicus P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 116, 1776 based on "Le Pluvier dore, de Saint-Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 48, pi. 6, fig. 1, Saint Domingue=Hispaniola; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 123, 1887 upper Yukon, Point Barrow and Bering Sea coast, Alaska; Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 227, 1889 West Indies; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889 lower Beni, Bolivia (August); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 206 Uruguay (visitor); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 195, 738, 1896 (in part; monog.; full bibliog.); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 35, 1897 Aguairenda and San Francisco, Tarija, Bolivia (Nov.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 429, 1899 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 383, 1900 (plumages); Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 235 Paraguayan Chaco (Nov. 21); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 212, 1902 Famailla, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 446 Moreno, Jujuy (Dec. 1); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 352, 1903 Mexico (Jalapa, Huertas de San Javier, Puebla, Nativitas, Tlaxcala), Guatemala (Duenas), Costa Rica (San Jos6), etc.; Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 280, 1904 Barbuda (Sept. 2); Clark, Auk, 22, p. 134, 1905 (theory of migratory route); idem, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 248, 1905 Barbados, Grenada, and Grenadines (transient); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp. 125, 131, 1906 Huaynapata, Marcapata (Nov. 13), and Puno (March 27), Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, 46 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 47, 1907 Sao Paulo (IguapS, Itapura, Ipiranga); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 305, 1908 (not yet recorded from French Guiana); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 416, 1910 Caribbean beach of Costa Rica (winter visitor); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 216, 1910 Tucuman and Buenos Aires; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 464 Tuyu (Dec. 2), Los Yngleses (Dec. 17), and Cape San Antonio (Dec. 17), Buenos Aires; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 38, 1914 Alto Parana, Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 85, 1914 Marajo (Ilhe dos Machados) and Amapa, Para, Brazil; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 57 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Sept. to March). Charadrius virginicus Bechstein, Allg. Ubers. Vogel, 3, (1), p. 173, pi. 84b, 1796 Virginia and Louisiana; idem, Kurze Uebers. Vogel, 2, p. 455, 1812 same localities; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 761, 1833 eastern Brazil; Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., 1, p. 106, pi. 18, 1834 South America; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 227 Duenas, Guatemala; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 394, 1866 Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 567 eastern Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1867, pp. 331, 339 Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, pp. 176, 570 Tambo Valley, Arequipa; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 598 Cosnipata, Cuzco; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 272, 1869 central provinces of Chile; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 34 Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 309 Nauta, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 559 Chorillos, Peru; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 254, 1874 Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Gundlach, I.e., 23, p. 332, 1875 Cuba (Sept. to April); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 197 Buenos Aires (Feb., Mar.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 189, 1878 Arecibo, Puerto Rico (Nov.); Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, pp. 67, 197, 238, 241, 276, 1878 Dominica, St. Vincent, Antigua, Barbuda, and Grenada; idem, I.e., 1, p. 461, 1879 Guadeloupe; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 Medellin, Colombia; White, I.e., 1882, p. 628 Punta Lara, Buenos Aires (Feb. 22); Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 313, 1884 Bahia Blanca and Sierra de la Ventana, Buenos Aires (Feb. 8 to Mar. 19); Taczanowski, Orn. Pr., 3, p. 340, 1886 Peruvian localities; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 178 British Guiana; Withington, I.e., 1888, p. 472 Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires (Feb.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896 Chile. Charadrius pectoralis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 27, p. 145, 1818 based on "Mbatuitui pecho listado" Azara, No. 389, Paraguay and Rio de la Plata. Charadrius marmoratus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 5, Charadrius, sp. 42, 1827 based on Azara, Nos. 389 and 390, and specimens from Brazil and Guiana in the Munich Museum; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 403, 1847 Chile; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924 Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile. Charadrius virginiacus Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 45, 1838 based on Audubon, Bds. Amer., pi. 300, America generally; Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847 Tobago (Sept.). Charadrius virgininus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 126, 1841 banks of the Rio de la Plata. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 47 Charadrius virginianus (not of Jardine and Selby) Eraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843 Chile; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 750, 1849 estuary of rivers; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 357, 1856 Santa Catharina, Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860 Mendoza and Parana; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 501, 1861 same localities; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 587 "Trinidad" (crit.); Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 5, p. 86, 1884 Tandil, Buenos Aires. Charadrius virginianicus Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 296, 1846 coast region and east slope of Cordillera, Peru. Charadrius pluvialis (not of Linnaeus) Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 239, 1848 coast of Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 297, 1870 Sao Paulo (Ypanemd; Sept., Oct.), Parana (Curytiba, Nov.), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Jan.; Villa Maria, Sept.; Engenho do Gama, Sept.), and Amazonia (Barra do Rio Negro [=Manaos], Sept.), Brazil. Charadrius pluvialis americanus Temminck and Schlegel, in Siebold, Faun. Japon., Aves, Part 9, p. 106, 1849 North America (type, not specified, probably in Ley den Museum). Pluvialis fulvus americanus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 53, 1865 North America, Labrador, Surinam, Mexico, and Venezuela (crit.). Charadrius fulvus americanus Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 100, 1887 (crit.). Charadrius pluvialis var. fulvus virginicus (sic) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, pp. 148, 150, 1898 Greenland (meas.). Charadrius dominicus dominicus Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 251, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (Oct., Nov.); Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 425, 1910 Sao Isabel (Rio Preto), Rio Machados, Brazil (Oct. 6); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 221, 1917 Buena Vista, Narino (Sept. 27), and Cali, Cauca (Dec. 22), Colombia; Rowan, Condor, 25, p. 21, 1923 Alberta (migration); Hurley, Murrelet, 13, p. 20, 1932 Bristol Bay, Alaska (nesting). Pluvialis dominicus dominicus Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 377, 1915 Collinson Point and Demarcation Point, Alaska, to Herschel Island (breeding); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 83, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 115, 1920 (winter range in Argentina and adjacent countries); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 166, 1926 Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco, Sept. 6-25), Buenos Aires Province (Oct. to Dec.), Uruguay (Jan., Feb.), Tucuman (Apr. 5), and Mendoza (Tunuyan, Mar. 23) ; idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 355, 1927 Puerto Rico and St. Croix (fall); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 169, 1927 Bovril Island, Santa F6 (Jan. 19); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 59, 1930 Formosa (Tacaagle, Nov. 14) and Bolivia (Las Taperas, Santa Cruz, Oct. 16); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 153, 1931 Hispaniola; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 130, 1932 Duenas, Guatemala (Apr.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 369, 1932 Chile (central provinces, Arauco); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 43, 1936 Jaragua, Goyaz (Nov. 7); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 48 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Paris, (2), 9, p. 355, 1937 Andoas, Rio Pastaza, Ecuador (Oct. 15); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 53, 1938 Vegas de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (April); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 646 Lake Junfn, Peru (Mar. 7). Plurialis dominicus Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 San Jose and Montevideo, Uruguay; Daguerre, I.e., p. 62, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires (Sept., Dec., Feb.); Seri6 and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 41, 1923 Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Wilson, I.e., p. 352, 1923 Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe"; Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 768 Blairmont, British Guiana. Pluvialis dominica dominica Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 84, 1926 Alaska (disc.; ranges); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 175, 1929 (life hist.); Urner, Auk, 50, p. 420, 1933 (calls); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 245, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 287 Trinidad and Tobago; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 128, 1938 Sao Paulo (Iguape", Dec.; Itapura, Oct.; Ypiranga, Dec.; Sao Carlos), Rio Grande do Sul (Itaquy, Feb.), and Goyaz (Jaragua, Sept.; Inhumas, Nov.); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 464 Santa Inez, Huancavelica, Peru (Nov. 10); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 27, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (prob. breeding); Conover, Auk, 62, p. 569, 1945 Alaska (breeding range; dist. chars.); Borrero, Caldasia, 3, (14), p. 413, 1945 Sabana de Bogota, Colombia. Pluvialis dominicus fulvus Conover, Auk, 43, p. 313, 1926 part, Alaska, Bering Sea (Askinuk Range, 1 adult, 2 young; Hooper Bay, 1 adult); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 27, 1934 Nunivak Island, part (4 adults, 1 immature, 2 young); Dixon, Bds., Mammals Mt. McKinley Nat. Park, p. 66, 1938 (breeding; specimens examined by junior author). Range. Breeds from the coast of western Alaska, including the closely adjacent islands in Bering Sea (Nelson and Nunivak Islands) and suitable localities in the interior (above timber line), south to the Alaska Peninsula, east along the Arctic coast to the Melville Peninsula, north to Melville and North Devon Islands and south to Churchill on the west side of Hudson Bay; migrates south through the interior (mostly birds of the year) and from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, etc., over the Bermuda Islands and the West Indies to winter quarters in Chile (sparingly), Bolivia, Argentina (south to provinces of Mendoza and Buenos Aires), Uruguay, and southern Brazil; casual in Greenland (Jacobshavn, Godthaab, etc.); occasional in British Isles. In spring migrates north mostly through the interior of North America. 1 Field Museum Collection. 88: Alaska (Barrow, 7; Collinson Point, 1; Nome, 2); Arctic America (Franklin Bay, 1); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, 1); Manitoba (Churchill, 1); Quebec (Magdalen 1 Additional material examined. Alaska: Barrow, 62; Wainwright, 50; Cape Lisburne, 2; Tigara, Point Hope, 3; Kotzebue Sound, 4; Port Clarence, 2; Nome, 2; Golovin Bay, 1; St. Michaels, 7; Nelson Island, 1; Nunivak Island, 7; Mount McKinley, 2; Rampart House, 1; Fairbanks, 1. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 49 Islands, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 19; Nelson County, 1); Iowa (Burlington, 1); Minnesota (Wilder, 1; Heron Lake, 1); Illinois (Chicago, 1); Indiana (Liverpool, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 13); New Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); Connecticut (West Haven, 27); California (Eureka, 2; La Patera Point, 1); Colorado (New Castle, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1); Colombia (Magdalena, 1); Bolivia (Cerro San Benito, Cochabamba, 1); Argentina (Cara- guatay, Misiones, 1). Conover Collection. 53: Alaska (Barrow, 7; Chipp River, Barrow, 11; Cape Simpson, Barrow, 2; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 1; Igiak Bay, Bering Sea, 3); 1 Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1); Alberta (Tofield, 7); Manitoba (Churchill, 6); Kansas (Hamilton, 1); Massachusetts (East Orleans, 8); Colombia (Popayan, Cauca, 3); Brazil (Jagua- riahyva, Parana, 1); Paraguay (Orloff, Chaco, 1); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 1). *Pluvialis dominica fulva (Gmelin). 2 PACIFIC GOLDEN PLOVER. Charadrius fulvus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 687, 1789 based on "Fulvous Plover" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 211, 1785, Otaheite Island. Charadrius taitensis Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 321, 1828 substitute name for Charadrius fulvus Gmelin. Charadrius xanthocheilus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 5, Charadrius, sp. 36, 1827 based on ^Charadrius fulvus var. /3. Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 687, 1789 (type in Museum Leverianum). Charadrius glaucopus (Forster MS.) Wagler, Isis, 1829, col. 649 substitute name for Charadrius fulvus "Latham" (= Gmelin). Charadrius virginianus Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., 2, (6), pi. 85, Aug., 1830 India, East Indian Islands and New Holland. 1 Two half grown young and the male parent, wing 181 mm. Adult is partially in winter dress and neither it nor the young have any of the yellow wash on the under parts found in fulva. 2 Pluvialis dominica fulva (Gmelin) : In breeding plumage the only reliable character is its smaller size, wings of males running 162-177, females 160-176 mm., as against 171-192 and 174-195, respectively, in P. d. dominica. Immatures and winter adults have the dorsal surface yellower, more golden, less lemonish, and the under parts much yellower and lighter throughout, especially on the belly and vent, whereas P. d. dominica has the abdomen pale dusky brown like the ground color of the foreneck and chest. Downies of the Pacific form have the upper parts much more profusely spotted with yellow, and are more golden (less greenish) in tone. There is also a very distinct yellow wash covering the broad white collar on the hindneck, the sides of the face, neck and chest, all of which color is entirely lacking in the American race. Additional material examined. Alaska: Barrow, 4; Wainwright, 5; Kotzebue Sound, 1; Wales, 14; Port Clarence, 1; Kruzgamepa, 2; Port Townsend, 1; St. Lawrence Island, 3; Nome, 36; Port Safety, 2; St. Michaels, 22; Igiak Bay, 1; Hooper Bay, 1; Nelson Island, 2; Nunivak Island, 15; Nushagak, 1. 50 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Charadrius pluvialis orientalis Temminck and Schlegel, in Siebold, Faun. Japon., Aves, (9), p. 104, pi. 62, 1849 Japan (type in Leyden Mu- seum). 1 Charadrius dominions fulvus Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 125, 1887 islands and coast of Bering Sea, Alaska (dist. chars, of immatures); Henshaw, Auk, 27, p. 245, 1910 (migration, Alaska to Hawaii); Haviland, Ibis, 1915, p. 716 (descr. downy) ; Brooks, Condor, 22, p. 31, 1920 Comax, Vancouver Island; Rowan, Brit. Bds., 20, p. 39, 1926 Tofield, Alberta; H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, p. 29, 1941 Angmagssalik, eastern Greenland (immature, wing 163 mm.). Charadrius dominicus (not of Muller) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 195, 738, 1896 (in part; monog.; full bibliog.). Pluvialis dominicus fulvus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 88, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Brooks, Condor, 23, p. 153, 1921 Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 313, 1926 part, Hooper Bay (migration), Askinuk Range (male with eggs); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 27, 1934 Nunivak Island, part (7 adults, 8 im- matures). Pluvialis dominica fulva Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 84, 1926 Wainwright and Wales, Alaska; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 193, 1929 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 244, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Condor, 38, p. 217, 1936 Clallam Bay, Washington (Oct. 28, 1921); Grinnell, I.e., 38, p. 219, 1936 Bay Farm Island, Alameda County, California (Jan. 15, 1922); Brooks, I.e., 39, p. 176, 1937 Queen Charlotte Islands (list of Pacific coast and interior records); Miller, I.e., 46, p. 130, 1944 Humboldt County, California (plumages) ; Conover, Auk, ,62, p. 570, 1945 Alaska (breeding range; dist. chars.). Range. Breeds in northern Siberia from the Yalmal Peninsula and the Yenessei River (overlapping the range of P. a. apricaria) east to western Alaska on the shores of (?)Kotzebue Sound and Bering Sea (overlapping the range of P. d. dominica); winters in India, southern China, Indo-Chinese countries, Malay Archipelago, Oceania, Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands; casual in British Columbia (Queen Charlotte and Vancouver Islands), Alberta (Tofield), Washington (Clallam Bay, Oct. 28, 1921) and California (Bay Farm Island, Jan. 15, 1922). Field Museum Collection. 19: Alaska (St. Lawrence Island, 2; Nome, 4; St. Michaels, 10; Bethel, 3). Conover Collection. 7: Alaska (Point Barrow, I; 2 Nome, 2; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 3; Kashunuk River, Bering Sea, 1). 1 Cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 51, 1865 (spec. no. 5, of Pluvialis fulvus, Japan). J An adult male with large brood patches, taken June 22 (wing 162 mm.). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 51 Genus CHARADRIUS 1 Linnaeus 2 Charadrius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 150, 1758 type, by tauto- nymy, "Charadrios s. Hiaticula" Aldrovandi=C7iaradntts hiaticula Linnaeus. Aegialitis Boie, Isis, 1822, col. 558 type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. Ill, 1855), Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus. Aegialites Boie, Isis, 1826, col. 978 (emendation). Hiaticula "Moehring" G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 65, 1840 type, by orig. desig., Hiaticula annulata G. R. GTay=Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus. Aegialeus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xviii, "1852" (=1853) type, by orig. desig., Charadrius semipalmatus "Aud." (= Bonaparte). Oxyechus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xviii, "1852" (=1853) type, by orig. desig., Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus. Ochthodromus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xviii, "1852" (=1853) type, by orig. desig., Charadrius wilsonia Ord. Cirrepidesmus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 417, 1856 type, by tautonymy, Charadrius pyrrhothorax "Temminck" Gould= Charadrius cirrhepidesmos Wagler= Charadrius atrifrons Wagler. Leucopolius Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 417, 1856 type, by tautonymy, Charadrius niveifrons Cuvier= Charadrius leucopolius Wagler = Charadrius marginatus Vieillot. Aegialophilus Gould, Handb. Bds. Austr., 2, p. 234, 1865 type, by orig. desig., Ae. cantianus of Europe, i.e. Charadrius cantianus Latham = Charadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus. Pagolla Mathews, Bds. Austr., 3, p. 83, 1913 substitute name for Ochtho- dromus Bonaparte, on account of an earlier Ochthedromus Le Conte, 1848 (Col.). Pernettyva Mathews, Bds. Austr., 3, p. 114, May 2, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Charadrius falklandicus Latham. *Charadrius hiaticula hiaticula Linnaeus. RINGED PLOVER. Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 150, 1758 principally based on Faun. Svec., No. 159, Sweden; Reinhardt, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 406, 1843 Godthaab, Greenland (May); Walker, Ibis, 1860, p. 167 Port Kennedy, Greenland (June); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, 1 We are not sure that Charadrius dubius curonicus Gmelin deserves a place in the American fauna. As pointed out by Grinnell (Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 318, 1932), the origin of the type specimen of Aegialitis microrhynchus (Amer. Nat., 8, No. 2, p. 109, Feb., 1874), alleged to have been taken at San Francisco, California, is altogether obscure and it appears more than doubtful that the bird was shot on American soil. Schalow's record (Journ. Orn., 39, p. 259, 1891) of "C. alexandrinus," which, according to Brandt's manuscript, was sent by Billing from Kodiak Island, Alaska, to Pallas, has been referred to the Little Ringed Plover, but in the absence of specimens it cannot be identified with any degree of certainty. 1 Charadrius flavirostris Wied (Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 772, 1833), described from memory, is unidentifiable. OF ILL LIB. 52 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (8), p. 120, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 146, p. 229, 1929 (life hist). Aegialitis septentrionalis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 548, 1831 "Iceland and Germany" (reputed type, from Kiel, Germany, in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 52, 1918). Hiaticula annulata Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 65, 1840 new name for Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus. Aegialitis hiaticula Kumlien, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 15, p. 83, 1879 Cumber- land Sound, Baffin Island (common and nesting with A. semipalmatus); Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 491 Chancery Lane, Barbados (Sept. 10, 1888); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 152, 1898 Greenland (crit.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 249, 1905 Barbados (ex Feilden). Aegialitis hiaticola Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 256, 1896 (monog.). Charadrius hiaticula hiaticula Soper, Bull. Nat. Mus. Canada, No. 53, p. 103, 1928 Ponds Inlet, Baffin Island; Bray, Auk, 60, p. 518, 1943 Arctic Bay. Charadrius hiaticula psammodroma Salomonsen, Journ. Orn., 78, p. 71, 1930 Faroes, Iceland, Greenland, and Cumberland Sound (no type designated) ; L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 51, 1932 Greenland (meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 247, 1934 (range). Charadrius hiaticula septentrionalis Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 141 Green- land (crit.; char.; meas.). Range. Breeds in the region about Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island, Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroes; also in Europe from the British Isles, Sweden, and the Baltic states south to the Mediter- ranean; accidental in Barbados (Chancery Lane, Sept. 10, 1888). * Field Museum Collection. 5: Greenland (Musk-ox Fjord, Hudson Land, 5). Conover Collection. 1: Greenland (Godthaab, 1). *Charadrius hiaticula semipalmatus Bonaparte. SEMIPALMATED PLOVER. Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, (1), p. 98, Aug., 1825 based on Tringa hiaticula (not Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus) Ord, in Wilson's Amer. Orn., Ord repr., 7, p. 65, 1824, coast 1 There is no evidence whatever that the Ringed Plover ever occurred in Chile (cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 377, note, 1932). The specimens stated to have been collected by Kittlitz on the island of Sitka, Alaska (cf. Schalow, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 259, 1891), are more likely to be C. h. tundrae Lowe, but, if still extant, they should be critically examined before that form is admitted to the American fauna. Birds from Cumberland Sound east to the Faroes were separated by Salo- monsen on account of averagingly smaller size as C. h. psammodroma, but this disputable race has recently been dropped by the author himself (in Jensen, Zool. Faroes, p. 71, 1935) as not worthy of recognition, a conclusion in which 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 53 of New Jersey (type in collection of I. R. Peale, now in Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 133, 1915, and Bangs, I.e., 70, p. 176, 1930) ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 30, 1865 Labrador and Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 297, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba, Feb.; Restinga, March), Parana (Paranagua, Dec.), and Para (Praia de Cajutuba, April 18), Brazil; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 123, 1887 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 116, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 263 Trujillo, Peru (Sept., Dec.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 124, 1920 Argentina (Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz; Moreno, Jujuy); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 185, 1922 Buritaca, Cienaga, Gaira, and Don Diego, Santa Marta, Colombia (Sept., Oct., Jan.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 193, 1926 Ecuador (Esmeraldas, coast of Manavf, Chone, Bahia de Caraguas, Santa Elena; Dec. to Feb.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 313, 1926 Point Dall, Bering Sea, Alaska (nesting); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 351, 1927 Puerto Rico, Vieques, and Anegada; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 97, 1928 Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 217, 1929 (life hist.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 4, p. 312, 1929 Quequen, Province of Buenos Aires (Jan. 24, 1928); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 147, 1931 Hispaniola (winter visitor); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 376, 1931 Cienaga Grande, Magdalena, Colombia (Oct. 13); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 58, 1931 Galapagos and Cocos Island; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 377, 1932 Chile (Coquimbo to Llanquihue); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 131, 1932 Chiapam, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 306, 1935 Panama (winter); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 27, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 518, 1943 Melville Peninsula (breeding); Kelly, Condor, 46, p. 243, 1944 San Francisco (wintering). Charadrius brevirostris Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 769, 1833 coast of eastern Brazil (type lost; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 271, 1889) s 1 Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 296, 1846 littoral of Peru; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 750, 1849 coast of British Guiana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 359, 1856 coast of Brazil. Aegialeus semipalmatus(a) Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 39, 1857 Cayenne; Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 359, 1866 Cuba (rare visitor); idem, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 335, 1875 Cuba; idem, I.e., 26, p. 189, 1878 near Mayagiiez and Arecibo, Puerto Rico; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 250, 743, 1896 (monog.); Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 656, 1896 Margarita Island, Venezuela (July 7); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 6.65, 1898 Punta Teatina, we heartily agree. The figures given by L0ppenthin (Medd. Gronl., 91, No. 6, p. 52, 1932) seem to support this view. C. G. Bird (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 55, p. 80, 1934) and Low (I.e., 59, p. 49, 1939), however, are inclined to maintain it. 1 A cotype in immature plumage no doubt the young male bird described by Wied is in the Leyden Museum (cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, p. 30, 1865). 54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Coquimbo, and Calbuco, Llanquihue, Chile; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 357, 1903 Mexican and Central American localities; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 48, 1907 Cubatao, coast of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 146, 1905 San Miguel Island, Pearl Islands, Panama; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 217, 1910 (?)Moreno, Puna de Jujuy (sight record ex Lonnberg); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 85, 1914 Santa Anna, Marajo, Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 223, 1917 Tumaco, Colombia (July 28). Aegialitis hiaticula var. semipalmatus Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, p. 109, 1874 (crit.). Aegialitis semipalmata Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 560 Chorillos, Lima, Peru; Kumlien, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 15, p. 83, 1879 Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island (nesting with A. hiaticula); 1 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 428 Paracas Bay, Peru (Oct.) and Coquimbo Lagoon, Chile (Nov.); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe"r., 3, p. 345, 1886 Peru; Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 491 Barbados (Aug. to Nov.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 395 Ancon, Peru (Jan. 29); Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, pp. 446, 453 (?)Moreno, Jujuy (sight record), and San Luis, Tarija, Bolivia (Feb.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 249, 1905 Barbados, St. Vincent, and Grenada (Aug. to Nov.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 53, 1906 Seelet, Trinidad; Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 553 Margarita Island, Venezuela (Jan. 9); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 305, 1908 Cayenne, French Guiana (Oct. 19, 31); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 417, 1910 Herradura de Puntarenas and Coronado de Te>raba, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 370, 1916 delta region of the Orinoco, Venezuela (Oct. to April). Aegialitis hiaticula (not Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus) Reiser, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 100, 1910 (1926) Miritiba, Maran- hao, Brazil; idem, I.e., p. 225, 1923 (1926) Miritiba. 2 Charadrius hialicula tundrae (not Aegialitis hiaticula tundrae Lowe) Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 493, 1929 Miritiba (ex Reiser); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 129, 1938 Miritiba (ex Reiser). 2 Charadrius hiaticula semipalmatus Salomonsen, Journ. Orn., 78, p. 72, 1930 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 247, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 433, 1934 Guaymas, Sonora; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 288 Trinidad (winter visitor); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 129, 1938 Bahfa (Ilha Madre Deus) and Sao Paulo (Casquei- 1 If Kumlien's observations are correct, semipalmatus would not appear to be conspecific with hiaticula. B. C. 2 This specimen, a molting female taken by the late F. Schwanda on October 11, 1907, was found by the senior author and Dr. Carmichael Low, on comparison with the material in the British Museum, to be a perfectly normal specimen of the Semipalmated Plover. In size (wing, 119) it agrees particularly well with a female from Chatham Island, Galapagos (Oct. 19, 1897; Brit. Mus. Reg. 99.9.1.575). Its feet are damaged, the webs between the toes having disappeared through moth- eating, and this no doubt accounts for Hartert's erroneous identification as C. h. tundrae. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 55 rinho, Piassaguera) ; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Sen, 23, p. 168, 1938 Lake Olomega, Puerto del Triunfo, and Barra de Santiago, El Salvador (Sept., Dec., April); Peters and Burleigh, Auk, 62, p. 564, 1945 Newfoundland (nesting); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 226, 1946 Baffin Island (common breeder). Range. Breeds on the Arctic Coast of North America from Bering Sea to southern Baffin Island, south to the Queen Charlotte Islands, northern British Columbia, James Bay, north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfound- land; winters from central California, the Gulf coast, and South Carolina to Chile (Coquimbo; near Puerto Montt), Bolivia (San Luis, Tarija), and Argentina (?Moreno, Jujuy; Queque"n, Province of Buenos Aires; Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz); Cocos Island and Galapagos Archipelago. Field Museum Collection. 190: Alaska (Seward, 1; Bethel, 3); Yukon Territory (Yukon River, 2; Caribou Crossing, 1; Lake Marsh, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 1); Ontario (Toronto, 1); Labrador (Port Manvers, 10; Indian Harbor, 9; Curlew Bay, 1; Bowdoin Harbor, 1); Nova Scotia (Barrington, 1; Seabright, 1; Clark's Harbor, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 15); North Dakota (Stump Lake, 5); Illinois (Libertyville, 1; Chicago, 2; Worth, 2); Indiana (Liverpool, 1; Miller, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 39); Connecticut (New Haven County, 3; New Haven, 1; East Haven, 1; East Hartford, 3); New York (Shinnecock Bay, 1); Virginia (Busk Roc Beach, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 9; Bodie Island, 7) ; South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 4) ; California (Trinidad, 3; Carmel, 5; Monterey, 7; Moss Landing, 1; Westport, 2; Los Angeles County, 2); Texas (Corpus Christi, 2); Florida (Nassau County, 2; Amelia Island, 4; Banana River, 1; Anclote, 3); Bahama Islands (Eleuthera, 3; Great Inagua, 4; Abaco, 1; Andros, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Dominica, 1; Anegada, 1; Guadeloupe, 2); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 5); Jamaica (Grand Cayman, 1); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1); El Salvador (Puerto del Triunfo, 1); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca, 6); Venezuela (Colon, 1). Conover Collection. 21: Alaska (Alaktak River, near Barrow, 1; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 4); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 2); Indiana (Wolf Lake, 2); California (Moss Landing, Monterey County, 1); Florida (Banana Creek, 1); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 5); Panama (Perme, Darien, 1); Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 2; Rio San Antonio, 2). 56 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Charadrius melodus Ord. PIPING PLOVER. Charadrius melodus Ord, in Wilson's Amer. Orn., Ord repr., 7, p. 71, 1824 based on Charadrius hiaticula var. Wilson, Amer. Orn., 5, p. 30, pi. 37, fig. 3, 1812, Great Egg Harbour, New Jersey (type apparently lost); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 29, 1865 (crit.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charadr., p. 121, 1887 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 128, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 350, 1927 Puerto Rico; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 236, 1929 (life hist.); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 146, 1931 Tercero Island, Seven Brothers group, Hispaniola (Jan. 31); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 248, 1934 (range); Peters and Burleigh, Auk, 62, p. 564, 1945 Little Codroy River, Newfoundland (nesting). Charadrius okenii Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 4, Charadrius, sp. 24, 1827 based on Wilson, Amer. Orn., 5, p. 30, pi. 37, fig. 3, 1812. Aegiakus melodus Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Hist.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 359, 1866 Cuba (on passage); idem, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 336, 1875 Cuba (April); idem, I.e., 25, p. 189, 1878 Puerto Rico. Aegialitis melodus var. circumcinctus Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, No. 2, p. 109, Feb., 1874 Loup Fork of the Platte, Nebraska (type in United States National Museum). Charadrius melodus circumcinctus Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charadr., p. 122, 1887 Missouri basin (crit.); Pickwell, Auk, 42, p. 326, pi. 16, 1925 Lincoln, Nebraska; Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, 28, p. 215, 1938 (char.; range); Moser, Nebraska Bd. Review, 10, p. 31, 1942 (race reinstated); Burleigh, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 20, p. 367, 1944 (good race). Aegialitis melodus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 292, 1896 (monog.). Range. Breeds from southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, the Magdalen Islands, and Newfoundland south to central Nebraska, the south end of Lake Michigan, the south shore of Lake Erie, and on the Atlantic coast to North Carolina; winters chiefly on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from South Carolina to Texas, northern Mexico, and the Bahama Islands; occasional during migration in Bermuda Islands, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. Field Museum Collection. 90: Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 5; Quill Lake, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 4; Grosse Island, 4; Grindstone, 1); Nova Scotia (Sea Isle, 1; Barrington, 1; Clark's Harbor, 4); North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 11; Pelican Point, Ramsey County, 1; Rock Island, Ramsey County, 1; Minnewaukan, Benson County, 2); Minnesota (Marshall County, 2); Illinois (Waukegan, 2); Indiana (Miller, Lake County, 6); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 18; Chatham, 1); North Carolina, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 57 Dare County (Pea Island, 9; Bodie Island, 7); South Carolina (Charleston, 1); Texas (Port Lavaca, 2; Aransas County, 2); Florida (West Jupiter, 1; Grove City, 1; Amelia Island, 1); Bahama Islands (Andros, 1). Conover Collection. 11: Massachusetts (East Orleans, 2; Mono- moy, 1; Muskeget Island, 1); New York (Shelter Island, 4); Indiana (Miller, 2); Florida (Nassau County, 1). *Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus (Cassin). SNOWY PLOVER. Aegialitis nlvosa(us) Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xlvi, 696, 1858 Presidio, San Francisco County, California (type formerly in United States National Museum, present whereabouts unknown; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 271, 1932); Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 307, 1874 Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico; Goss, Auk, 3, p. 409, 1888 salt plains of Cimarron River, Oklahoma, and Comanche County, Kansas (breeding); Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 2, p. 274, 1889 Santa Margarita Island, Lower California; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 290, 748, 1896 part, spec, a-1', Texas (Corpus Christi), California (Santa Cruz, Monterey, Santa Barbara, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jacinto) and Lower California (San Jos6 del Cabo); Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 72, 1902 Island of San Jose and San Jos6 del Cabo, Lower California; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 359, 1903 part, Kansas, Gulf states (except Florida), western United States, Mexico (Mazatlan, Sinaloa), and "Costa Rica"; Lincoln, Condor, 10, p. 197, 1908 Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, California (breeding); Bowles, Auk, 28, p. 172, 1911 Gray's Harbor, Washington (Sept. 3, 1899); Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 12, 1923 Lower California (Abreojos Point, Magdalena Bay, Carmen Island). Aegialitis cantianus var. nivosus Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, No. 2, p. 109, 1874 (crit.). Aegialites alexandrinus nivosus Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, "1882," pp. 528, 530, 545, 1883 Lower California (San Quintin Bay, Santa Rosalia Bay, and Cape region). Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus Hartert and Jackson, Ibis, 1915, p. 529 part, western United States (crit.); Neumann, Nov. Zool., 35, p. 215, 1929 (range; crit.); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N, H., 7, p. 133, 1932 Tiburon Island, Sonora; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 433, 1934 Guaymas, Sonora (Jan. 19); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 250, 1934 (range); Conover, Condor, 47, p. 212, 1945 (disc.; ranges east to Alabama); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 78, 1945 Sonora (winter visitor). Charadrius nivosus nivosus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 136, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 97, 1928 Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 246, 1929 (life hist.); Wolfe, Condor, 33, p. 59, 1931 Utah (nesting habits); Bailey and Niedrach, I.e., 41, p. 127, 1939 Barr, Adams County, Colorado; 58 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Bailey and Brandenburg, I.e., 42, p. 128, 1940 Kiowa County, Colorado (nesting). Charadrius nivosus tenuirostris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 139, 1919 part, Kansas, Oklahoma and Gulf coast from Texas to Alabama. Charadrius nivosus Oberholser, Auk, 39, p. 73, 1922 (race C. alexandrinus); Bancroft, Condor, 29, p. 49 (in text), 1927 Scammons Lagoon, Lower California (nesting). Range. Breeds locally in suitable localities from Washington, northern Utah, Colorado and Kansas south to Lower California and the Gulf coast from Texas to Alabama; winters from central Cali- fornia along the Pacific coast south to western Mexico (Guaymas, Sonora; Mazatlan, Sinaloa); also the Gulf coast from Texas to Alabama; occasionally to Florida. 1 Field Museum Collection. 126: California (Laguna de la Merced, San Francisco County, 1; Monterey, 20; mouth of Carmel River, 7; Carmel, 3; Moss Landing, 15; Pacific Grove, 5; Huntington Beach, 4; Anaheim Landing, 2; Sunset Beach, 4; Eureka, 1; La Patera Point, 6; Santa Barbara, 6; Pacific Beach, 18; Oceanside, 1; San Diego, 6; Santa Monica, 1; El Secundo, 1; Hyperion, 2; Manhattan Beach, 2); Utah (Bear River marshes, 2) ; New Mexico (White Sands National Monument, 1); Texas (Port Isabel, 2; Port Lavaca, 3; Rockport, 2; Aransas County, 1; Corpus Christi, 1); Florida (Mary Esther, Okaloosa County, 1; St. Andrew, Bay County, 2); Mexico (Lower California, 2; La Paz, Lower California, 2; San Jos del Cabo, Lower California, 1; Mazatlan, Sinaloa, 1). Conover Collection. 26: Oregon (Netarts, Tillamook County, 1); California (Anaheim Landing, 7; Moss Landing, 1; Wilmington, 1; Playa del Rey, 1); Utah (Brigham, 12); Mexico, Lower California (San Jos6 del Cabo, 1; La Paz, 2). *Charadrius alexandrinus tenuirostris (Lawrence). 2 CUBAN SNOWY PLOVER. 1 Though nominally included among the birds of Costa Rica by Zeledon (Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 129, 1887), the Snowy Plover has never been obtained in that country. Additional material examined. Colorado: Adams County, 1; Kiowa County, 6. Kansas: Stafford County, 1; Clark County, 2. Oklahoma: Cimarron River, 1; Greer County, 3; Cherokee, 3; Edith, 1; unspecified, 1. Texas: Frijole, 3; Corpus Christi, 3; Port Aransas, 3. Louisiana: Cameron Parish, 6; Lafourche Parish, 4; Jeff Davis Parish, 1. Mississippi: Horn Island, 1; Deer Island, 2; Gulfport, 1. Alabama: Dauphine Island, 1. * Charadrius alexandrinus tenuirostris (Lawrence) : A very unsatisfactory race, its supposed lighter coloration probably resulting from wear and fading. Before 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 59 Aegialitis tenuirostris Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 455, Feb., 1862 near Guantanamo, Cuba (type, breeding female, in collection of J. Gundlach, now in the Havana Museum); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 10, p. 181, 1862 Guantanamo (crit.). Aegialeus tenuirostris Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 359, 1866 near Guantanamo, Cuba; idem, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 336, 1875 Guantanamo (crit.; eggs descr.). Aegialites nivosus? (not of Cassin) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 209, 1869 Celestin, Yucatan (crit.). Aegialitis nivosa (not of Cassin) Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 229, 1889 Cuba; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 95, 1892 Cuba; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 290, 1896 part, Cuba; Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 656, 1896 Margarita Island, Venezuela (July 2); Salvin and God- man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 359, 1903 part, Yucatan (Celestin). Charadrius nivosus tenuirostris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 139, 1919 part, West Indies, Florida, Yucatan, Venezuela (monog.; full bibliog.); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 146, 1928 Etang Saumatre, Haiti; Danforth, Auk, 46, pp. 231, 363, 1929 Etang Bois-Neuf, near St. Marc, Haiti (July 25); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 252, 1929 part, Florida (life hist.); Wetmore and Swales, I.e., 155, p. 146, 1931 Etang Saumatre (March 9) and near St. Marc, Haiti. Charadrius alexandrinus tenuirostris Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 250, 1934 part, Florida, West Indies, Yucatan and northern Venezuela; Conover, Condor, 47, p. 212, 1945 Florida, West Indies, Yucatan (doubtful race). Range. Breeds in Florida, also sparingly in Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and St. Croix; winters in Yucatan (Celestin) and Venezuela (Margarita Island). 1 Field Museum Collection. 19: Florida (Santa Rosa Island, Santa Rosa County, 6; Mary Esther, 8; East Pass, 2); Bahama Islands [Great Inagua, 2); Mexico (Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, 1). "Charadrius alexandrinus occidentalis (Cabanis). 2 CHILEAN SNOWY PLOVER. Aegialitis occidentalis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 20, p. 158, 1872 no locality stated (type, from near Santiago, Chile, in Berlin Museum examined); ts validity can be ascertained some specimens from Cuba in fresh breeding >lumage must be obtained and compared with similar birds from California. Additional material examined. Florida: Mary Esther, 1; Big Pass, 2; Santa Rosa Island, 1; St. Andrew, 1. Bahama Islands: Great Inagua, 1; Grand Turk [sland, 1; Grand Caicos, 2; Crooked Island, 2; Fortuna Island, 2. Haiti: Etang 3ois Neuf, 1; Lake Assuei, 1. Puerto Rico: Cabo Rojo Light, 5. Virgin Islands: 3t. Croix, 1. 1 Berlepsch's inclusion (Journ. Orn., 35, p. 134, 1884) of Aegialitis nivosa in ;he fauna of Paraguay is an obvious error. 2 Charadrius alexandrinus occidentalis (Cabanis) : Similar to C. a. nivosus, but vings on average longer; occiput and hindcrown more heavily washed with buffy; 60 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII idem, I.e., 32, p. vi, pi. 6, fig. 1, 1885 (figure of type); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 295, 1896 part, spec, h, i, Laraquete, "Tarapaca" (=Arauco), Chile (spec, examined); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 303 part, Lara- quete, Arauco. Hiaticula azarae (not Charadrius azarai Temminck) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 127, 1841 part, Valparaiso, Chile (spec, examined); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 195, 1855 Chile. Charadrius collaris Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 402, 1847 Chile (excl. of description). Charadrius azarae Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, p. 116, 1865 Chile. Charadrius cantianus (not of Latham) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 31, 1865 part, spec. nos. 25, 26, Algarroba, Chile (July, 1863); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1923 Isla la Mocha, Chile. Aegialites nivosus (not Aegialitis nivosa Cassin) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339 Chile (crit.); idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 176 Tambo Valley, Arequipa, Peru (spec, examined). Aegialitis nivosa Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 559 Chorillos, near Lima, Peru (crit.); Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 15 Coquimbo, Chile; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 428 Chile; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 346, 1886 Chorillos, Peru; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 292, 748, 1896 part, spec, n'-w', a'-c", Peru (Tambo Valley) and Chile (Valparaiso); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896 Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 665, 1898 Chile (Cavancha [Iquique], Tarapaca; Totoralillo, Coquimbo; and Calbuco [near Puerto Montt], Llanquihue) (spec, ex- amined); Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 497, 1919 Paracas Bay, lea, Peru (June 27). Charadrius nivosus Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 264 Lurin, Lima, Peru (July 29). Charadrius alexandrinus occidentalis Neumann, Nov. Zool., 35, p. 215, 1929 Chile to Peru (crit.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 373, 1932 Chile (Caldera, Atacama; Papudo, Aconcagua) (crit.; meas.; range); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 36, p. 163, 1932 Dunas de Llico, Chile (Dec., Jan., Feb.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 250, 1934 (range); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 245, pi. 15, 1935 Isla la Mocha, Arauco (breeding); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 234, 1936 Erizera and north of Arica, Tacna, Chile; Bullock, Auk, 53, p. 170, 1936 Isla la Mocha, Chile (breeding habits); Morrison, Ibis, 1940, p. 255 black post-frontal band generally wider; back darker grayish brown; non-breeding plumage resembling the nuptial dress. Wing, 104-111, rarely 100-103; tail, 46-53; bill, 14^-16. The breeding range of the Chilean Snowy Plover has recently been shown by Morrison to extend to Llanquihue (Maullin, west of Puerto Montt) and Chilo6 Island. We have also examined adults and downy young from the Isla la Mocha, Arauco. Additional material examined. Peru: An con, Lima, 1; Lurin, Lima, 1; Mol- lendo, Arequipa, 1; Tambo Valley, Arequipa, 3. Chile: Cavancha (Iquique), Tarapaca, 1; Totoralillo, Atacama, 1; Valparaiso, 2; near Santiago, 1 (the type); Laraquete, Arauco, 2; Isla la Mocha, Arauco, 3; Maullin, Llanquihue, 2; unspeci- fied, 7. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 61 Maullin, Llanquihue, Chile; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 41, p. 201, col. pi. 8, fig. 3, 1937 (egg). Range. Resident on the littoral of Peru and Chile from Lima (Ancon, Chorillos, Lurin) to Llanquihue (Maullin) and Chiloe" Island. Field Museum Collection. 1: Chile (Puerto Inglesia, Atacama, 1). Conover Collection. 4: Chile (Caldera, Atacama, 1; Papudo, Aconcagua, 1; Llolleo, Santiago, 2). *Charadrius falklandicus Latham. PATAGONIAN PLOVER. Charadrius falklandicus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 747, 1790 based on "Rusty- crowned Plover" Portlock, Voyage round the World, p. 36 (with plate), 1789 Port Egmont, Falkland Islands; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 36, 1865 Falkland Islands and Chile (Algarrobo); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 155, 1887 (monog.); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, 61, p. 151, 1917 Port Stanley and Port Stephens, Falkland Islands (downy young descr.); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921 Falkland Islands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 322 Falkland Islands; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 165, 1926 Buenos Aires (Rio de la Plata, near Berazategui; Lake Epiquen, near Carhu6; near Guaminf), Neuquen (Zapala), Uruguay (between Carrasco and Montevideo; La Paloma), Chile (Concon, Valparaiso); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 428, 1926 San Antonio Oeste, Nahuel Niyeu, and Bariloche, Rio Negro; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 371, 1932 Chile (Coquimbo, Santiago, Cucao, Rio Nirehuau) (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 251, 1934 (range); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 245, pi. 15, 1935 Isla la Mocha (nesting); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 130, 1938 (range). Charadrius trifasciatus Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 71, 1823 Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 360, 1856 Montevideo, "Brazil"; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, p. 116, 1865 Valparaiso, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 271, 1868 coast of Santiago "to Peru." Charadrius pyrocephalus Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p. 46, 1826 Falkland Islands (type lost; cf. Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 115, 1891); Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 331, 1828 Falkland Islands; Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 12, p. 54, July 4, 1829 Falkland Islands. Charadrius annuligerus Wagler, Syst. Nat., 1, fol. 4, Charadrius, sp. 13, 1827 substitute name for Charadrius falklandicus Latham. Charadrius pyrrocephalus Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 16, p. 719, May, 1830 Falkland Islands. Hiaticula trifasciatus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 127, 1841 Bahia Blanca, Province of Buenos Aires. Hiaticula bifasciata (lapsu) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843 shores and margins of lakes in Chile. 62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Hiaticula trifasciata Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 195, 1855 vicinity of Santiago, Chile. Aegialitis falklandica(us) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 386, 1860 St. Louis and Uranie Bay, Falkland Islands; idem and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 188 Sandy Point and Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan; iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 144 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Sclater, I.e., 1872, p. 549 Rio Negro, Patagonia; Harting, I.e., 1874, p. 457, pi. 60, fig. 1 (egg) Falkland Islands; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 402 Lake Colguape and Rio Sengel, Chubut (breeding in Sept.); Gibson, I.e., 1880, p. 163 Cape San Antonio, Province of Buenos Aires (nest and egg descr.); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 56, 1881 Carhu6, Puan, and Galinas Chicas, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 313, 1884 Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios (April); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 172, 1889 Argentina; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 136, 1889 Laredo Bay, Magellan Straits; Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 19 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires (April); idem, I.e., 1892, p. 210 Est. Espartillar (Mar. to Sept.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 295, 748, 1896 Falkland Islands (Uranie Bay, Port Stanley), Patagonia (San Julian, Rio Negro, Chubut, Bahia Blanca), and Chile (Santiago, Co- quimbo); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 664, 1898 Punta Arenas; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 150, 1899 Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (March, May); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 624, 1900 Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 375, 1902 Tierra del Fuego; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 39, 1904 Falkland Islands (eggs descr.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 49, 1907 (range, incl. Rio Grande do Sul); Crawshay, Birds Tierra del Fuego, p. 120, 1907 Useless Bay Settlement; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 251, 1909 Barracas al Sud and Bahfa Blanca, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 217, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 293, 1910 Rio Coy and twelve miles from Sandy Point, Patagonia; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 465 Cape San Antonio, Los Yngleses, and Tuyu, Ajo, Buenos Aires (Nov. to April); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 59 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (winter visitor, April to August; very rarely breeding; eggs descr.) ; Marelli, El Hornero, 5, p. 195, 1923 Bahfa Blanca, Buenos Aires. Aegialites falklandicus Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 155 Falkland Islands (breeding in October); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339 Chile. Charadrius pyrrhocephalus Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 271, 1868 from the Straits of Magellan to "Peru"; (?)idem, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 La Brea, Antofagasta, Chile. Charadrius (Aegialitis) falklandicus Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 114, 1891 Falkland Islands (French Bay); Straits of Magellan (Elisa- beth Island), Patagonia (Arroyo Moreno; Puerto Deseado), and Brazil (Rio Grande [do Sul]). Pernettyva falklandica Oberholser, Trans. Wise. Acad. Sci., 19, (1), p. 518, 1918 (crit.). Leucopolius (Pernettyva) falklandica Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 Montevideo, Canelones, and Colonia, Uruguay. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 63 Leucopolius falklandicus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 296, 1923 San Antonio, Huanuluan, and Laguna de Neluan, Rio Negro; Lowe, Ibis, 1931, p. 722. Oegialitis (sic) falklandica Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924 Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile. Range. Breeds in southern South America from Isla la Mocha and Chilo Island, Chile, in the west and from the Rio Negro (rarely Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires) in the east south to Tierra del Fuego; the Falkland Islands; migrates in winter to central and north- ern Chile, eastern Argentina (provinces of Buenos Aires and Entre Rios), Uruguay, and extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul). 1 Field Museum Collection. 1: Argentina (Rivadavia, Chubut, 1). Conover Collection. 13: Chile (Llolleo, Santiago, 1; Cucao, Chilo Island, 2; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 8; Skyring Water, Magallanes, 1); Argentina (Laguna Alsina, Buenos Aires, 1). *Charadrius alticola (Berlepsch and Stolzmann). 2 PUNA PLOVER. Aegialitis alticola Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 51 Ingapirca, Dept. Junin, Peru (type in Branicki Museum, now in Warsaw Museum); 3 iidem, Ornis, 13, p. 132, 1906 Puno, Peru; Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 260, 1919 Lago Helado, Catamarca. Aegialitis ocddentalis (not of Cabanis) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 403 Sitani, Huasco, and Cueva Negra, Tarapaca, Chile; idem, I.e., 1891, p. 137 -Sacaya, Tarapaca; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 295, 748, 1896 part, descr. and spec, a-g, k, 1, Sitani and Huasco, Tara- paca; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 303 part, Sacaya, Tarapaca. 1 In addition to a good series from Chile, Argentina, and the Falkland Islands, we have examined an adult male and an immature female collected by H. von Ihering on May 21 and March 8, 1884, at Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, both in the Berlepsch Collection, now in the Frankfurt Museum. 2 Charadrius alticola (Berlepsch and Stolzmann): Nearest to C. falklandicus but much smaller, with shorter, weaker bill; upper parts much paler, more grayish brown with the rufescent tinge on pileum and hindneck light pinkish cinnamon to pinkish cinnamon instead of orange cinnamon; and the lower surface without the two broad black cross bands, so conspicuous in the southern species. Wing, 119-123, (female) 115-123; tail, 53-57, (female) 51-55; bill, 14^-16. This species, in spite of a superficial resemblance, is quite distinct from C. alexandrinus ocddentalis and may be readily separated by larger size; much longer and stronger, deep black (instead of light-colored) tarsi and toes; much more buffy or cinnamomeous suffusion about the head; grayish-brown (instead of black) patch on the sides of the foreneck; and finally by the presence of a more or less distinct cinnamon or grayish brown pectoral band. Additional material examined. Peru: Santa Inez, Huancavelica, 2. Bolivia: Oruro, 1; Challapata, 3. Chile, Tarapaca: Huasco, 2; Cueva Negra, 1; Sitani, 2; Sacaya, 2; Cancosa, 1. 3 Not listed by Sztolcman and Domaniewski among the types of the Warsaw Museum (Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, pp. 95-194, 1927). 64 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Charadrius occidentalis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 174, 1887 Tara- paca (crit.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 264 Challapata, Oruro, Bolivia (spec. examined). Charadrius alticola Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 372, 1932 Antofagasta (Ojo de San Pedro, twenty miles east of San Pedro) and Tarapacd (Huasco, Cueva Negra, Sitani, Cancosa, Sacaya), Chile (crit.; range; meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 251, 1934 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 464, 646 Santa Inez, Huancavelica, and Lake Junin, Peru. Range. Puna zone of southern Peru (Ingapirca, Junin; Santa Inez, Huancavelica; Puno), western Bolivia (Challapata, Oruro), northern Chile (Tarapaca and Antofagasta), and northwestern Argentina (Lago Helado, Catamarca). Field Museum Collection. 6: Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 1; Esperanza, Pacajes, 1; Mount Sajama, Carangas, 1); Chile (Ojo de San Pedro, Antofagasta, 1; San Pedro, Antofagasta, 2). Conover Collection. 8: Peru (Puno, Puno, 1); Bolivia (Laguna de Taxara, Tarija, 1; Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 2); Chile (San Pedro, Antofagasta, 4). *Charadrius collaris Vieillot. AZARA'S COLLARED PLOVER. Charadrius collaris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 27, p. 136, 1818 based on "Mbatuitui collar negro" Azara, No. 392, Paraguay; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 37, 1865 Venezuela (Ca- racas), Bolivia, and Paraguay; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 34 Minas Geraes; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 173, 1887 (monog.); Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 126, 1891 Cordoba; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 140, 1919 (monog.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 185, 1922 Cienaga, Don Diego, Punta Caiman, Gaira, and Fundacion, Colombia; Seri4 and Smyth, El Hornero, 3, p. 41, 1923 Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; Giacomelli, I.e., p. 80, 1923 La Rioja; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 193, 1926 Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 164, 1926 Argentina (Santa Fe; Resistencia, Chaco; Lavalle, Buenos Aires, etc.) and Uruguay (various localities); 1 Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 169, 1927 Rio de Gastone, Tucuman; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 493, 1929 Ibiapaba, Piauhy; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 57, 1930 Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 376, 1931 CiSnaga Grande, Colombia; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 131, 1932 Ocos, Guatemala; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 801, 1932 Rio Parana, Sao Paulo; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 251, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 372, 1934 Acapulco, Guerrero; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. 1 We cannot help thinking that the birds observed at Concon, Chile, belonged to some other species, probably C. alexandrinus occidentalis. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 65 Sci. Phila., 86, p. 376, 1934 Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 288 Trinidad and Tobago (eggs descr.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 306, 1935 Canal Zone of Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 80, 1935 Ilha Madre do Dios, Corupe'ba, and Joazeiro, Bahia; idem, I.e., 22, p. 130, 1938 Rio Jurud, Bahia, Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso, and Tucuman; Philippi, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 43, p. 198, 1940 Chile (status); idem, I.e., 44, p. 150, 1940 Chile (July, perhaps a resident); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 42, 1945 Rio Jurua, Brazil (disc.); idem, I.e., 23, p. 71, 1945 El Beni, Bolivia (Cachuela Esperanza; Victoria). Charadrius azarai Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 31, pi. 184, Feb., 1823 Brazil and Paraguay. Charadrius azarae Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 71, Sept., 1823 Brazil and Montevideo; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 772, 1832 eastern Brazil; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 751, 1849 British Guiana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 360, 1856 Lagoa Santa and Sette Lagoas, Minas Geraes; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860 Argentina; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 501, 1861 Argentina; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 297, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Piehy, Marambaya), Parana (Cimeterio [do Lambari], Castro), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caicara), Amazonas (Barra do Rio Negro), and Para (Cajutuba). Charadrius larvatus (Temminck MS.) Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 318, June, 1828 "Bresil, coll. Delalande"=Rio de Janeiro (type in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., [2], 3, p. 570, 1851). Hiaticula azarae Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 127, 1841 part, banks of the La Plata; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 298, 1860 Es- meraldas, Ecuador. Hiaticula collaris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860 Babahoyo, Ecuador. Aegialitis azarae Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 334, 1862 Lion Hill, Panama. Aegialites nivosus (not Aegialitis nivosa Cassin) Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 191 Chiapam, Guatemala. Aegialitis collaris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199 lower and upper Ucayali, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 309 lower and upper Ucayali and Santa Cruz, Peru (egg descr.); Harting, I.e., 1874, p. 458, pi. 60, fig. 7 (egg) Peru (egg descr.); Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 46, 1876 Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca, Mexico; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 83, 1876 Anjos, lower Amazon; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 67 Province of Buenos Aires; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 628 Punta Lara, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 313, 1884 Concepci6n del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 178 Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 344, 1886 Peruvian locali- ties; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 36, 1887 Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 37, p. 320, 1889 Tarapoto, Peru (crit.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889 Reyes and Falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 163, 1891 Santare"m, Brazil; Kerr, Ibis, 66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1892, p. 150 Fortfn Donovan, Chaco Paraguayo; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893 Corumba, Matto Grosso; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 526, 1893 Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 206 Rio Negro, Uruguay; Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 657, 1896 Margarita Island, Venezuela; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 288, 744, 1896 Mexico (Playa Vicente and La Antigua, Vera Cruz), Guatemala (Chiapam), Nicaragua (Momotombo), Grenada Island, Colombia (Bogota, Santa Marta), Ecuador (Intac), Peru (Iquitos, Chamicuros, Cosnipata), Venezuela (Laguna de Valencia), British Guiana (Bartica Grove), Brazil (Island of Mexiana, Rio Tocantins, Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Corumba, Marambaya, Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul), Argentina (Punta Lara, Mendoza), and Uruguay (Colonia); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 35, 1897 Caiza, Bolivia, and Tala, Salta; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 149, 1899 Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 430, 1899 Sao Sebastiao and Iguape, Sao Paulo; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900 Cienaga, Santa Marta, Colombia; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 235 Paraguayan Chaco; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 51 La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 212, 1902 Rio Sail, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 129, 1902 Altagracia, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Hartert, I.e., p. 307, 1902 Aruba Island (crit.); Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 444 Quinta, Jujuy; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 359, 1903 Mexico to Panama and Grenada; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 40 Bahia, Brazil; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 231, 1904 Santa Ana, Tucu- man; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 250, 1904 Oran, Salta; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 452, 1905 Rio Jurua, Brazil; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 48, 1907 Sao Paulo (Iguape, Sao Sebastiao, Ubatuba, Itapura), Amazonas (Rio Jurud), and Matto Grosso (Porto da Faya); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb., (Syst.), 26, p. 44, 1907 Mexiana Island, Brazil; Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 291, 1907 El Pozo de Terraba, Barranca de Punta- renas, and Herradura de Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, pp. 23, 517, 1908 Cachoeira, Rio Purus, and Goyana, Rio Tapajoz, Brazil; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 101, 1908 Rio Araguaya, Goyaz; Berlepsch, I.e., p. 305, 1908 Cayenne (no definite record); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 250, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and near Tucuman; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 237, 1909 Margarita Island; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910, p. 225, 1923 Bahia (Joazeiro, Barra do Rio Grande) and Piauhy (below Therezina, Ilha Sao Martin, Amaracao); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 425, 1910 Calama, Rio Madeira; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 417, 1910 Cuabre and Rio Sicsola, Costa Rica; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 217, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 465 Monte Alto, Desaguadero, Colonia Risso, and Puerto Braga, Paraguay; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 38, 1914 Alto Parana, Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 86, 1914 Quati-Puru, Rio Tapajoz (Goyana, Boim), Rio Purus (Cachoeira), Marajo (Dunas, Sao Natal), Mexiana, and Rio Jamunda (Faro), Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 370, 1916 Orinoco region; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 223, 1917 Cali, Cauca, and La Morelia, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 67 Caqueta, Colombia; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918 Sunlunla, Men- doza; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 13, 1920 Montevideo, Canelones, and Maldonado, Uruguay; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 173, 1923 Zelaya, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 4, p. 28, 1927 San Rafael, Mendoza. Aegialites nivosus? Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 196 Chiapam (crit.). Aegialites collaris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 591 Mexiana Island and Rio Tocantins, Brazil; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 252 Lake Valencia, Venezuela; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 186 Cosnipata, Peru; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 335 Bonaire, Dutch West Indies. Aegialitis gracilis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 20, p. 158, 1872 Tehuantepec, Mexico (type in Berlin Museum); idem, I.e., 33, p. vi, pi. 6, figs. 3a, 3b, 1885. Charadrius collaris collaris Hartert and Jackson, Ibis, 1915, p. 531 (crit.; range); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 77, 1930 Rio Sao Lourenco, Matto Grosso. Charadrius collaris gracilis Hartert and Jackson, Ibis, 1915, p. 531 (crit.; range). Range. Tropical America from southern Mexico (Oaxaca, Guer- rero, and Vera Cruz) through Guatemala (Chiapam, Ocos), Honduras (Chamelicon), Nicaragua (Momotombo, San Emilio, Tipitapa), Costa Rica, and Panama (Lion Hill) south to western Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and northern Argentina (south to Mendoza, Cordoba, and Buenos Aires) j 1 islands of Grenada, Tobago, Trinidad, and Bonaire. 2 Field Museum Collection. 23: Nicaragua (San Emilio, Rivas, 3); Venezuela (Catatumbo, Zulia, 1); Ecuador (Quevedo, Rio Palenque, 1); British Guiana (Rockstone, 3; Rupununi River, 1); Srazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 3; Conceicao, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 1; Itacoa- tiara, Amazonas, 1; Arravia Island, Solimoes River, 1; Sao Luis, Maranhao, 1; Tres Lagoas, Matto Grosso, 1); Paraguay (Colonia Nueva Italia, 2); Bolivia (San Carlos, Santa Cruz, 1; Rio Surutu, Santa Cruz, 1; Cercado, Cochabamba, 1; Capinota, Cochabamba, 1). Conover Collection. 19: Colombia (Cie*naga, Santa Marta, 1); Ecuador (Milagro, Guayas, 1 ; Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 2) ; British Guiana (Rockstone, Essequibo River, 3); Brazil (Caxirica- tuba, Rio Tapajoz, Para, 6; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Buena Vista, 1; Rio Surutu, 1); Argentina (Rio, Tucuman, 3); Paraguay (80 km. east of Orloff, 3). 1 Records from Chile are probably due to confusion with C. alexandrinus occidentalis. 2 We cannot see our way clear of splitting Azara's Collared Plover into two races, as has been proposed by Hartert and Jackson. While birds from Amazonia, Cen- tral America, and Mexico are generally smaller, there are so many exceptions to this rule that subdivision would serve no practical purpose. Sixty-seven additional specimens examined. 68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII "Charadrius vociferus vociferus Linnaeus. KILLDEER. Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 150, 1758 based on "Chattering Plover" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 71, pi. 71, South Carolina; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 23, 1865 Ohio, Wisconsin, Mexico, and Costa Rica (crit.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 120, 1887 (monog.; part, excl. of Peru). Oxyechus vociferus Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 44 valley of San Jose, Costa Rica; Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 627, 1886 Grenada (rare migrant); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 242, 742, 1896 (part, excl. of Peru and Chile); (?)Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900 Rio de San Pedro, Tumbaco (July) and Chaupi (June), Ecuador; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 355, 1903 part, Mexican and Central American localities; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 249, 1905 Carriacou and Grenada (rare migrant); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 162, 1906 Rio Sestin and Rancho Baillon, Durango, Mexico (breeding); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 416, 1910 Costa Rica (Cerro de Santa Maria, Jan. 6; vicinity of San Jose; Azahar de Cartago; Cariblanco de Sarapiqui; Guacimo, El Hogar, Nov. 15); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 23, 1922 San Pedro River, Chillo Valley (Dec. 4), and La Carolina (Feb. 20), Ecuador; Rowan, Brit. Birds, 20, p. 9, pi. 2, 1926 (downy young descr.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 202, 1929 (life hist.); Sugden, Auk, 49, p. 81, 1932 (incubation period); Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, pp. 203, 205, 1933 (descr. downy young). Aegialitis vocifera Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 Medellin, Colombia; Bonhote, Ibis, 1899, p. 518 New Providence (Oct., Nov.); idem, I.e., 1903, p. 300 New Providence (Jan.) and Little Abaco (MaK), Bahama Islands. Oxyechus vociferus vociferus Worthington, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 449, 1911 Bahama Islands (winter visitor); Todd, I.e., 10, p. 215, 1916 Isle of Pines (Nov. to Feb.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 99, 1919 part, North America to Panama and the Bahama Islands (full bibliog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 193, 1926 Lago San Pablo, Ecuador (Mar. 21); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 353, 1927 Virgin Gorda and Anegada (Dec.; crit.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 97, 1928 Lower California; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 132, 1929 Great Corn Island (Dec. 12; crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 131, 1932 Sacapulas, Guatemala (Oct. 15 to April). Charadrius vociferus vociferus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 252, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 433, 1934 Sonora (Alamos, Feb. 22; Oposura, April 4 and 23) and Chihuahua (Chihuahua, Oct., Nov.), Mexico; Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 306, 1935 Panama (winter); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 288 Tobago (visitor); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 170, 1938 Puerto del Triunfo (Jan. 14) and Lake Olomega (Feb. 3, Apr. 6), El Salvador; Sutton, Auk, 59, p. 304, 1942 Nain, Newfoundland Labrador; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 78, 1945 Sonora (resident). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 69 Range. Breeds from northern British Columbia, southern Mac- kenzie, Ontario, and southern Quebec south to southern Lower California, northern Mexico, the Gulf coast, and Florida; winters south to the Bahama Islands, West Indies, Colombia, and Ecuador; casual in Newfoundland; accidental in the British Isles and in Labrador. 1 Field Museum Collection. 164: British Columbia (Okanagan, 4); Alberta (Walsh, 1) ; Saskatchewan (Prince Albert, 1; Maple Creek, 1; Big Stick Lake, 1); Ontario (Doe Lake, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 26; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 17; Cando, Towner County, 3); California (Moss Landing, 3; Monterey, 1; Hyperion, 2; Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 3; Thermal, 1; Corona, 1; Poway, 1; Witch Creek, 1; Rencan, 2; Los Banos, 1; Redlands, 3; La Patera Point, 3) ; New Mexico (Rincon, 1) ; Arizona (Calabasas, 2; Palmerlee, 2); Texas (Cameron County, 2; Corpus Christi, 3); Colorado (Fraser, 4; Troublesome, 1; New Castle, 1); Arkansas (Fayetteville, 1); Kansas (Lawrence, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 10); Illinois (Worth, 1; Lake Zurich, 1); Massachusetts (Nantucket, 3; Essex, 3; Chatham, 3; Great Island, 1); Connecticut (West Haven, 4; East Haven, 1; New Haven, 2; Cheshire, 1; Stony Creek, 1; Bloomfield, 2; East Hartford, 2); New York (Cayuga Lake, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 5); Georgia (Mclntosh County, 1); Florida (Talbot Island, Duval County, 1; Eau Gallic, Brevard County, 2; Miami Beach, 3; Amelia Island, Nassau County, 2); Bahama Islands (interior of San Salvador, 3; Southwest Point, San Salvador, 2; Coban Bay, San Salvador, 2; Norman Key, 1); Jamaica (Port Antonio, 1); Virgin Islands (Virgin Gorda, 2); Lesser Antilles (Anegada Island, 2); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1; Sabinas, Coahuila, 1; Chichen Itza, Yucatan, 1); Guatemala (Bobos, Izabal, 1); Honduras (Utila Island, 1); Costa Rica (Limon, Limon, 1). Conover Collection. 22: California (Wilmington, 1; Goleta, 3; Moss Landing, 2); Utah (Brigham, 2); Illinois (Wheaton, 5;Wau- kegan, 1; Warrenville, Du Page County, 2; Grant Park, Chicago, 1); New York (Sennett, 1; Owasco Lake, 1); Florida (Tamiami Trail, 2; Miami Beach, 1). *Charadrius vociferus ternominatus Bangs and Kennard. 2 WEST INDIAN KILLDEER. 1 The locality "Paraguay" attached to a specimen in the British Museum is probably erroneous. z Charadrius vociferus ternominatus Bangs and Kennard: Similar to the nomi-. nate race, but differing by smaller size and grayer upper parts, with the rufescent 70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Charadrius torquatus (not of Pontoppidan, 1763) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 255, 1766 based on "Le Pluvier a collier de S. Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 70, pi. 6, fig. 2, Santo Domingo (type in Reaumur Collection). 1 Oxyechus vociferus (not Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 242, 742, 1896 part, spec. m 3 -p 3 , b 4 , Jamaica and Cuba (San Cristobal). Oxyechus vociferus torquatus Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 195, 1905 Laguna Grande and Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines (crit.). Oxyechus vociferus rubidus (not Charadrius rubidus Gmelin, 1789) Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, p. 88, April 17, 1909 new name for Charadrius torquatus Linnaeus, preoccupied; Todd and Worthington, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, pp. 414, 449, 1911 Great Inagua (crit.); Todd, l.c., 10, p. 215, 1916 Santa Rosalia Lagoon, Hato, and Jacksonville, Isle of Pines (crit.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 326, p. 39, 1916 Puerto Rico (habits; food); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 404, 1917 Jaibon, His- paniola; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 103, 1919 Greater Antilles (monog.; full bibliog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 354, 1927 Puerto Rico, Vieques, and St. Thomas (crit.; habits; bibliog.); idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 150, 1931 Hispaniola (monog.); Beatty, Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, 25, p. 34, 1941 St. Croix, Virgin Islands (breeding); idem, Auk, 60, p. 110, 1943 St. Croix, Virgin Islands (nesting notes). Charadrius vociferus ternominatus Bangs and Kennard, Handb. Jamaica, p. 684 (repr. p. 8), 1920 new name for Oxyechus vociferus rubidus Riley, preoccupied; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 252, 1934 (range). Range. Resident in the Bahamas, Greater Antilles (islands of Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico) and Virgin Islands (Vieques, St. Thomas, St. Croix). Field Museum Collection. 39: Bahama Islands (Acklin Island, 1; Mariguana, 2; Eleuthera, 1; Great Inagua, 27); Dominican Republic (Maniel, Azua, 2; San Cristobal, 1; San Luis, 4); Puerto Rico (Laguna Cartagena, 1). Conover Collection. 8: Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 2; St. Croix, 6). *Charadrius vociferus peruvianus (Chapman). 2 PERUVIAN KlLLDEER. edgings to the feathers slightly more pronounced. Wing, 139-148, (female) 139-153. Breeding Bahama birds agree with others from the Greater Antilles. 1 Charadrius lamaicensis P. L. S. Mviller (Vollst. Natursyst., Suppl., p. 117, 1776), based on "The larger Grey Snipe" Browne (Civil and Nat. Hist. Jamaica, p. 477; about the lagoons in St. George's, Jamaica), while probably referring to the Killdeer, is not identifiable with certainty. 2 Charadrius vociferus peruvianus (Chapman) : Agreeing in small size with C. v. ternominatus, but differing, in postnuptial plumage, in the greater extent of 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 71 Oxyechus vodferus peruvianus Chapman, Auk, 37, p. 106, 1920 Paletillas, near Payta, Piura, Peru (el. 1,550 ft.) (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 378, 1932 Chile; Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 53, 1938 Arica, Tacna, Chile (Aug. 10). Aegialites vodferus (not Charadrius vodferus Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, pp. 176, 570 Tambo Valley, near Islay, Arequipa, Peru. Aegialitis vodfera Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 244 Pacas- mayo, Peru (June); idem, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 342, 1886 Pacasmayo. Oxyechus vodferus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 242, 742, 1896 spec, u 3 , v 3 , c 4 , d 4 , Peru (Tambo Valley) and Chile. Charadrius vodferus Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 263 Trujillo, Peru (Nov. 17). Charadrius vodferus peruvianus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 253, 1934 Peru. Range. Resident on the littoral of the Pacific coast from Piura, Peru, to Tacna, Chile (Arica). 1 Conover Collection. 2: Peru (Parinas Valley, Talera, Piura, 2). Charadrius mongolus mongolus Pallas. MONGOLIAN PLOVER. Charadrius mongolus Pallas, Reise versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs., 3, p. 700, 1776 salt lakes toward the Mongolian border; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 132, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 85, 1926 Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (June 11); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, No. 22, p. 27, 1934 Nunivak Island. Charadrius mongolus mongolus Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 17, p. 248, 1928 Nunivak Island, Alaska (Aug. 14, Sept. 1); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 253, 1929 (life hist.); Friedmann, Condor, 36, p. 89, 193'4 Goodnews Bay, Alaska (June 10); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 253, 1934 (range); Friedmann, Condor, 38, p. 173, 1936 Gambell, St. Lawrence Island (May, 1935), Goodnews Bay (June 10, 1933, breeding). Range. Breeds from eastern Siberia, Kamchatka, and the Com- mander Islands, south to Mongolia; occasional in Alaska (Cape Prince of Wales, June 11, 1922; Nunivak Island, Aug. 14 and Sept. 1, 1927; Goodnews Bay, June 10, 1933 [breeding]; St. Lawrence Island, May, 1935). 2 the rusty margins of the upper parts, particularly of the lesser and median wing coverts. 1 The breeding range possibly extends into Ecuador, since Salvadori and Festa (Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900) record the capture of a specimen in June at Chaupi. 2 As has been pointed out by Dixon (Auk, 35, p. 390, 1918), it is somewhat doubtful whether the birds recorded by Harting (Ibis, 1870, p. 389) from the Choris Peninsula, Alaska, were actually taken on the Alaskan side of Bering Sea. The Alaskan birds are most likely referable to C. m. littoralis Stegmann (Orn. Monatsber., 45, p. 25, 1937 Bering Island; type in Leningrad Museum), which is described as being darker, less grayish above, with the rufescent jugular band and the reddish color about the head of a deeper tone. 72 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII "Charadrius wilsonia beldingi (Ridgway). BELDING'S PLOVER. Pagolla wilsonia beldingi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 112, 1919 La Paz, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 193, 1926 Jambeli Island, Ecuador (July 22, Oct. 31); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 12, 1927 San Bias, Nayarit (Oct. 2); Bancroft, Condor, 29, p. 49 (in text), 1927 Scammons Lagoon, Lower California (breeding); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 98, 1928 southern half of Lower California (resident); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 130, 1932 Chiapam, Guatemala; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 133, 1932 Tibur6n Island, Sonora; Griscom, Auk, 50, p. 299, 1933 Puerto Jimenez, Costa Rica (Sept. 30, Oct. 10, 1926). Aegialites wilsonianus (not Charadrius wilsonia Ord) Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 191 lagoon of Chiapam, Guatemala; idem, I.e., 1866, p. 197 Chiapam. Aegialitis wilsonius Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 307, 1874 Mazatlan, Sinaloa. Aegialitis wilsoniana Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 330 between Tumbez and Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 343, 1886 same locality. Ochthodromus wilsonius Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 545, 1883 Cape district of Lower California. Ochthodromus wilsoni Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 214, 739, 1896 part, spec, w', e'-g", i", k*, t 2 , u 2 , Mexico (San Bias, Tepic), Guatemala (Chiapam), and Ecuador (Pund Island); Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900 Bahia de Ballenita, Ecuador (Jan.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 354, 1903 part, Mexico (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; San Bias, Tepic), Guatemala (Chiapam), and south to Peru; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, (1), p. 53 (in text), 1913 Cocos Island, Costa Rica (Sept. 4 and 11). Aegialitis wilsonia Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 73, 1902 La Paz, Carmen Island, and San Jose del Cabo, Lower California (crit.). Charadrius wilsonia beldingi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 254, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 433, 1934 Guaymas, Sonora (Jan. 14); Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 306, 1935 Panama and Pearl Islands; van Rossem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 8, p. 330, 1937 Agiobampa, Sonora; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 169, 1938 Puerto del Triunfo (Jan. 5) and Barra de Santiago (Apr. 1, 2), El Salvador; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 79, 1945 Sonora (resident). Range. Locally resident on the Pacific coast from Lower Cali- fornia to northwestern Peru (Tumbez). Field Museum Collection. 24: Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 15; Coronado Islands, Lower California, 1); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 8). Conover Collection. 11: Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 6); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 5). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 73 *Charadrius wilsonia wilsonia Ord. WILSON'S PLOVER. Charadrius wilsonia Ord, in Wilson's Amer. Orn., 9, p. 77, pi. 73, fig. 5, 1814 "shores of Cape Island," New Jersey (probable cotypes now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 133, 1915, and Bangs, I.e., 70, p. 176, 1930). Charadrius crassirostris Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 77, pi. 94, 1825 Brazil (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 715, 1906 [crit.]); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 750, 1849 coast of British Guiana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 359, 1856 Brazil (ex Spix). Charadrius wilsonii Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 4, Charadrius, sp. 26, 1827 (emendation). Aegialites wilsonianus Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 387 Grassy Cay, off British Honduras (May; breeding). Aegialites wilsonius March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 66 Jamaica (breeding). Ochthodromus wilsonius Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat., Cuba, 1, p. 359, 1866 Cuba (resident); idem, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 333, 1875 Cuba (habits, eggs, and young descr.) ; idem, I.e., 26, p. 189, 1878 Caborojo and Arecibo, Puerto Rico. Charadrius wilsonius Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 297, 1870 Praia do Cajutuba and Rio Muria, Para, Brazil (spec, examined by senior author); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 306, 1916 Cayman Islands (breeding). Aegialitis wilsonius var. rufinucha Ridgway, 1 Amer. Natur., 8, No. 2, p. 109, Feb., 1874 Spanishtown, Jamaica (type in U. S. National Museum). Aegialitis wilsonia Cory, Auk, 4, p. 228, 1887 West Indian localities and references (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Indies, p. 228, 1889 (descr.); idem, Cat. W. Ind. Birds, p. 95, 1892 Bahama Islands and Greater Antilles; Bonhote, Ibis, 1899, p. 518 New Providence, Bahama Islands (May 7, July 2; breeding); Bangs, Auk, 17, p. 285, 1900 Little Pimlico and Andros, Bahama Islands; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 300 Andros and Little Abaco, Bahama Islands. Charadrius wilsoni Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 154, 1887 (monog.); Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 768 Blairmont, British Guiana (Oct. 25, Dec. 22). Ochthodromus wilsoni Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 214, 739, 1894 part, spec, a-v', x'-d', n"-s 2 , v 2 , United States, Anegada Island, Yucatan, Honduras (Grassy Cay), French Guiana (Oyapoc River) and Brazil 1 This race is not a valid one as the describer himself must have discovered, for he omitted it from his later work, Birds of North and Middle America. A comparison of forty-eight specimens from the West Indies with thirty-eight from North America shows that there is no constant difference in coloration between the two series. Additional material examined. Bahama Islands: Andros, 1; Green Turtle Cay, 1. Cuba: Cabanas, 4; Mariel, 1. Haiti: Gran Boucan, 1; Aquin, 2; Etang Saumatre, 2. Puerto Rico: Cabo Rojo Lighthouse, 1. Lesser Antilles: Little Saba, 1. 74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Bahia and "Cumana" [= Camamu]) ; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 305, 1908 Oyapoc River, French Guiana. Ochthodromus wilsonia Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 47, 1907 part, Bahia; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 85, 1914 Brazil (no specified locality). Eudromias wilsoni Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910 coast of Piauhy, Brazil (Sept. 14, 15, 17). Octhodromus wilsonius wilsonius Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 415, 1911 Watlings Island, Bahama Islands (crit.). Pagolla wilsonia wilsonia Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 216, 1916 Los Indies, Isle of Pines; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 108, 1919 United States, Gulf coast of Mexico, Bahama Islands, West Indies (Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, "Guadeloupe"), 1 Grassy Cay off Honduras and Brazil (full bibliog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 352, 1927 Puerto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, St. Thomas, Virgin Gorda, and Anegada (crit.; habits); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 257, 1929 (life hist.; range in part); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 492, 1929 Mangunca Island, Maranhao (March 8), and Amaragao, Piauhy (Sept. 14, 15, 17), Brazil (crit.); Tomkins, Auk, 61, p. 259, pi., 1944 (habits). Pagolla wilsonia rufinucha Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 405, 1917 Monte Christi and Gaspar Hernandez, Dominican Republic (crit.); Wet- more and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 148, 1931 Hispaniola (habits; crit.). "Charadrius wilsoni=Ochthodromus wilsonia" Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 224, 1923 Amaracao, Piauhy, Brazil. Charadrius wilsonia rufinucha Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 254, 1934 (range). Charadrius wilsonia wilsonia Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 254, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 288 Trinidad (winter visitor) ; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 131, 1938 Maranhao to Bahfa, Brazil (winter); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 169, 1938 Barra de Santiago, El Salvador (Apr. 2), and Punta Piedra, Pacific coast of Costa Rica (Feb.). Charadrius wilsonius rufinucha Conover, Condor, 47, p. 212, 1945 (not valid race). Range. Breeds on the coast of the southeastern and southern United States from Virginia to Florida and west to Texas; also on the Bahama Islands, Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, Anegada Island and cays off the coast of British Honduras; winters from the Gulf coast south along the Caribbean coast of Central America (also recorded from the Pacific coast of El Salvador and Costa Rica) and the Atlantic coast of South America to eastern Brazil (Cape 1 The reported occurrence of Charadrius wilsonius on the island of Guadeloupe (cf. Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 450, 1879 ex L'Herminier's manu- script) has yet to be confirmed. No representative of this group breeds there, but it is very probable that the Wilson Plover visits the island on its southward migration. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 75 Orange; Praia de Cajutuba and Rio Muria, Para; Mangunca Island, Maranhao; Amaracao, Piauhy; Camamu, Bahia). 1 Field Museum Collection. 59: Virginia (Northampton County, 2); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 2; Pea Island, 5); Florida (Amelia Island, Nassau County, 4; Banana River, Brevard County, 2); Bahama Islands (Great Inagua Island, 5; Andros Island, 4; Mariguana Island, 5; Aklin Island, 2; Great Bahama Island, 2; Eleuthera Island, 4); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1; Virgin Gorda, 2; Anegada Island, 5); Louisiana (A very Island, Iberia County, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 5; Port Isabel, 1; Port O'Connor, Calhoun County, 2; Cameron County, 2); Mexico (Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, 1); Brazil (Mangunca Island, Maranhao, 2). Conover Collection. 29: South Carolina (Caper's Island, Charles- ton County, 1); Florida (Nassau County, 2; Brevard County, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 16); Texas (Corpus Christi, 3; Port O'Connor, Calhoun County, 2; Cameron County, 1); Mexico (Matamoros, Tamaulipas, 2). *Charadrius wilsonia cinnamominus (Ridgway). 2 CARIBBEAN PLOVER. Pagolla wilsonia cinnamomina Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), pp. 108, 113, 1919 Sabanilla, Colombia (type in U. S. National Museum). 1 Eight specimens taken in winter (between September and April) on the coast of Brazil agree well with the type of C. crassirostris, and, while matched by numerous individuals from the United States, look very different from C. w. cinnamominus, of the Dutch West Indies and Margarita Island, as has been pointed out by Hellmayr (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 492, 1929), the difference being particularly marked in the female sex. Five (out of six) Brazilian females have the jugular band entirely grayish brown and no rufescence whatsoever on sides of head, while the sixth individual shows a slight rusty tinge on both these parts, the series being thus exactly similar to females from the United States. In view of these facts, we cannot but maintain Hellmayr's contention that the birds occurring in winter time on the Brazilian coast are migrants from North America. A single unsexed adult from British Guiana likewise seems to be of the same form. Additional material examined. British Honduras: Grassy Cay, 2. British Guiana: coast of Demerara, 1. Brazil: Praia de Cajutuba, Para, 1 (Feb.); Rio Muria, Para, 3; Amaracao, Piauhy, 5 (Sept. 14-17); Camamu, Bahfa, 1 (Sept. 22); unspecified, 1 (type of C. crassirostris). *Charadrius wilsonia cinnamominus (Ridgway): Similar to C. w. wilsonia, but adult male with the crown, cheeks, auriculars and jugular crescent richer rufous; female readily distinguished from the other races by having the jugular band bright rusty (sayal brown to dull cinnamon) instead of grayish brown, and the pileum and sides of head more or less suffused with rusty. The Caribbean race, like the Chilean C. alexandrinus occidentalis, seems to lack a non-nuptial plumage. Immature birds are not certainly separable from the corresponding stage of Wilson's Plover. Additional material examined. Aruba, 2; Bonaire, 2; Seelet, Trinidad, 6; Mustique, Lesser Antilles, 2. 76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Aegialites wilsonius (not Charadrius wilsonia Ord) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 169 Carupano [Sucre], Venezuela. Ochthodromus wilsonius rufinuchus (not Aegialitis wilsonius var. rufinucha Ridgway, 1874) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 177, 1884 Saba- nilla; Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 552 Margarita Island, Venezuela (crit.; Jan.); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197, 210, 214, 238, 1909 Aruba, Bonaire, Isla de Aves, and Margarita Island. Aegialitis rufinucha Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 307, 335 Aruba and Bonaire (crit.). Ochthodromus wilsoni Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 214, 1896 part, spec. I", m", Carupano, Venezuela. Aegialitis wilsonia rufinucha Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 656, 1896 Margarita Island. Aegialitis wilsonius rufinucha Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 387, 1902 Aruba and Bonaire. Ochthodromus wilsonia rufinucha Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 53, 1906 Seelet, Trinidad (April; crit.). Octhodromus wilsonius crassirostris (not Charadrius crassirostris Spix) Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 416, 1911 part, Buritaca. Pagolla wilsonia crassirostris Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 186, 1922 CiSnaga, Buritaca, and Punto Caiman, Colombia (crit.). Charadrius wilsonia cinnamominus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 254, 1934 (range, excl. of Guiana). Charadrius wilsonia dnnamomina Belcher and Smboker, Ibis, 1935, p. 289 Caroni, Trinidad (June- July, breeding). Charadrius wilsonius cinnamominus Conover, Condor, 47, p. 213, 1945 Island of Mustique. Range. Resident on the Caribbean coast -of Colombia and Vene- zuela, including the islands of Aruba, Bonaire, Isla de Aves, Marga- rita, and Trinidad. Also, the island of Mustique, Lesser Antilles. Field Museum Collection. 15: Venezuela (Nueva Esparta, Margarita Island, 5; Aves Island, Colon, 1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba Island, 8; Bonaire Island, 1). Genus EUPODA J. F. Brandt Eupoda J. F. Brandt, in Tchihatchev, Voy. Sci. Altai, p. 444, 1845 type, by monotypy, Charadrius caspius Pa.\las=Charadrius asiaticus Pallas. 1 Podasocys Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 96 type, by orig. desig., Charadrius montanus Townsend. Eupodella Mathews, Bds. Austr., 3, (1), p. 83, Apr. 2, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Charadrius veredus Gould (proposed as a substitute for Eupoda Brandt, if considered preoccupied by Eupodes Koch, 1835). 1 We have been unable to consult this work. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 77 *Eupoda montana (J. K. Townsend). MOUNTAIN PLOVER. Charadrius montanus J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, (1), p. 192, 1837 "central table-land of the Rocky Mountains" =near Sweet- water River, Wyoming (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- delphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 14); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 153, 1887 (crit.). Podasocys montanus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 96 Arizona (Fort Whipple) and New Mexico (habits); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 240, 742, 1896 Rocky Mountains and Mexico (La Paz, Lower California; Hermosillo, Sonora; Zacatecas); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 74, 1911 Matamoros, Tamaulipas (Nov. 30); Brooks, Auk, 34, p. 86, 1917 Chatham, Massachusetts; Bradbury, Condor, 20, p. 157, 1918 Colorado (nesting notes); Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, Game Bds. California, p. 481, 1918 California (winter visitor); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 105, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 146, p. 263, 1929 (life hist.). Eupoda montana Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 98, 1928 Lower California (winter visitor); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 256, 1934 (range); Van Tyne and Sutton, Misc. Pub. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., 37, p. 28, 1937 near Marathon, Brewster County, Texas (breeding); Soper, Canad. Field Nat., 55, p. 137, 1941 Alberta; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 73, 1945 Sonora (Hermosillo, Dec.; Santa Rosa, Jan.; Punta Penascosa, Feb.). Range. Breeds in arid plains of western United States from northern Montana and western Nebraska south to northern New Mexico and northwestern Texas; winters from northern California, southern Arizona and southern Texas to Lower California and Mexico (Hermosillo, Sonora; Matamoros, Tamaulipas; Zacatecas). Accidental in Massachusetts (one record) and Florida. Field Museum Collection. 44: Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 4; Lincoln County, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 6; Nueces County, 1); Arizona (Phoenix, 6); California (Chino, San Bernardino County, 15; Witch Creek, San Diego County, 1; Grayson, Stanislaus County, 1; Santa Barbara, 1; San Clemente Island, 1; Rio Vista, Solano County, 6); Florida (Key West, 1). Conover Collection. 10: Montana (Jordan, Garfield County, 1); Colorado (Denver, 1; Larimer County, 1; Morgan County, 2); California (Santa Monica, 1; Helm, Fresno County, 1; Corcoran, Kings County, 2; San Diego Bay, 1). Genus OREOPHOLUS Jardine and Selby Oreopholus Jardine and Selby, Illustr. Orn., 3, (10), pi. 151, Dec., 1835 type, by monotypy, Oreopholus totanirostris Jardine and Selby = Charadrius ruficollis Wagler. 78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Oreophilus Agassiz, Nomencl. Zool., Aves, p. 53, 1842 (emendation). Dromicus Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 11, No. 26, col. 616, April 4, 1844 type, by orig. desig., Dromicus lessonii Lesson =Charadrius ruficollis Wagler. *Oreopholus ruficollis (Wagler). SLENDER-BILLED DOTTEREL. Charadrius ruficollis Wagler, Isis, 22, col. 653, 1829 Canelones, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 361, 1856 Maldonado, Uruguay; C. Burmeister, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, p. 319, 1889 Trelew, Chubut. Oreopholus totanirostris Jardine and Selby, Illustr. Orn., 3, (10), pi. 151, Dec., 1835 Andes of Chile (type in collection of J. Gould, present location unknown). Oreophilus totanirostris Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 125, 1841 Maldo- nado, Uruguay, and Valparaiso, Chile; Eraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 117, 1843 Chile, "probably a native of the Andes"; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 399, 1847 Straits of Magellan to Valparaiso; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 114, 1865 Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 271, 1868 Chile; Hudson and Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 549 Rio Negro, Patagonia; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 199, 1878 Sierra de Cordoba, Argentina; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 56, 1881 Nueva Roma, Rin- con Grande, and Rio Colorado. Dromicus lessonii Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 11, No. 26, col. 617, April 4, 1844 environs of Valparaiso, Chile (type in Paris Museum; cf. Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 116, 1891). Morinellus totanirostris Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 47, 1865 Bolivia and Chile (Santiago; crit.). Oreophilus ruficollis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339 Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 989 Islay, Arequipa, Peru (spec, examined); iidem, I.e., 1868, p. 570 western Peru; iidem, Ibis, 1868, p. 189 Sandy Bay, Straits of Magellan; iidem, I.e., 1870, p. 499 Rio Gallegos, Patagonia; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 560 Junin, Peru; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 566, 1877 Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 42 Chubut Valley, Patagonia; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 197 Province of Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1878, p. 402 Sengel Valley and Tambo Point, Chubut (nesting); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe"r., 3, p. 347, 1886 Junfn, Peru; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 403 "Llalcalhuay," Tarapaca, Chile; idem and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 174, 1889 Argentina; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 116, 1891 Patagonia (egg descr.); Holland, Ibis, 1891, p. 16 Est. Espartillar, near Ranchos, Province of Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 210 same locality (April to July); Reed, I.e., 1893, p. 596 Chile (resident); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 207 Santa Ana, Uruguay; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896 Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 123, 731, 1896 Falkland Islands, Patagonia (Tambo Point, Chubut, Rio Negro), La Plata, Mendoza, Uruguay (Montevideo), Chile (Santiago, Tarapaca), and Peru (Islay); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 664, 1898 Concepcion and Punta Arenas, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 79 Chile; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 42, 1900 Puntilla de Santa Elena, Ecuador (Jan.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 51 between Tarma and Oroya, Junin; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 249, 1904 Santa Catalina, Jujuy; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 132, 1906 Puno, Peru; M&iegaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 219, 1909 Bolivia; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 250, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 215, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 274, 1910 near Mount Tigre, Rio Deseado, and Rio Chico, Patagonia; Grant, I.e., 1911, p. 466 Luiconia and Los Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918 San Carlos, Mendoza; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 13, 1920 Montevideo and Canelones, Uruguay; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. go Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (winter visitor, April to August); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 44, 1920 cerros near Nilahue, Curico, Chile; Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 262, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 80, 1923 La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., p. 162, 1923 Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 84, 1924 Caldera, Atacama, Chile (winter visitor); Housse, I.e., 29, p. 150, 1925 San Bernardo, Santiago, Chile; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 191, 1926 Ecuador (Puntilla de Santa Elena); Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 352, 1926 Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe; Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 113, 1927 Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 201, 1929 Angol, Malleco, Chile (winter visitor); Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 404, 1932 Jujuy; Castellanos, I.e., 6, p. 29, 1935 Tierra del Fuego and Isla de los Estados (sight records). Charadrius totanirostris Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. Ill, pi. 4, 1887 (monog.). Oreophilus ruficollis ruficollis Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 261 Chuput Valley, Patagonia (descr. of young); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 199, 1921 Falkland Islands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 322 Falkland Islands; Marelli, El Hornero, 5, p. 195, 1933 Coronel Dorrego, Buenos Aires. Oreophilus ruficollis simonsi Chubb, Ibis, (11), 1, p. 262, April, 1919 Chal- lapata, Oruro, Bolivia (type in British Museum examined); Bond and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 95, p. 184, 1943 Uyuni, Llica, Bolivia. Oreophilus ruficollis totanirostris Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 42, p. 19, 1921 Chile (crit.). Oreopholus ruficollis ruficollis Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 294, 1923 Rio Negro (Rio Colorado, San Antonio, Maquinchao); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 167, 1926 near Zapala, Neuque"n; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 428, 1926 Rio Negro (Arroyo Seco, Cabaza de Vaca, Arroyo Anecon Grande) and Santa Cruz (Rio Belgrano) (descr. young); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 58, 1930 Est. La Germania, Santa F6. Oreopholus ruficollis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 378, 1932 Chile to the Straits of Magellan (crit.; meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 256, 1934 (range). 80 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (l)Oreophilus ruficollis pallidus Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 343, Oct. 25, 1935 San Jose (near Pimentel), Dept. Lambayeque, Peru (type in collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia). Range. Breeds in the Cordillera and high plateaus of southern South America from southern Peru (Puno), northern Chile and Bolivia south to the Straits of Magellan; in winter descending to the plains and migrating north to southern Ecuador (Puntilla de Santa Elena, province of Guayas), Peru, eastern Argentina (provinces of Buenos Aires and Santa F4), and Uruguay; accidental on the Falkland Islands. 1 Field Museum Collection. 16: Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 4; Tiraque, 1; Esperanza, Pacajes, 2); Chile (Caldera, Atacama, 1; Pica, Tarapaca, 1; Cabrero, 1; Santiago, 1; Rio Ciaike, Magallanes, 2); Argentina (Pilcaniyen, Rio Negro, 1; Paso Ibanez, Santa Cruz, 1; Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego, 1). Conover Collection. 24: Peru (Puno, Puno, 2); Bolivia (Esper- anza, Pacajes, La Paz, 2; Tiraque, Cochabamba, 4); Chile (Caldera, Atacama, 1; Angol, Bio Bio, 4; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, 3); Argentina (Sierra de Tafi, Tucuman, 1; Tunuyan, Mendoza, 1; La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1; Arroyo Verde, Chubut, 1; Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, 4). Genus EUDROMIAS C. L. Brehm Eudromias C. L. Brehm, Isis, 23, col. 987, 1830 type, by monotypy, Chara- drius morinellus Linnaeus. Morinellus (not Morinella Meyer and Wolf, 1810) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 417, 1856 type, by tautonymy, Charadrius morinellus Linnaeus. 1 As the senior author has pointed out in another connection (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 379, 1932), neither O. r. totanirostris nor 0. r. simonsi can be maintained. Since then, Carriker has separated three (evidently migrating) individuals from San Jose (near Pimentel), Dept. Lambayeque, as O. r. pallidus. Aside from alleged color-characters, notably deeper rufous throat, which are utterly worthless, its chief distinctive feature is smaller size (wing, 145-151). The figures given by the describer are indeed smaller than in the majority of the fifty-odd specimens examined, though an adult male from the Rio Negro (Pil- canyen) with a wing of 153 mm. runs close to the measurements of "pallidus." However, what makes us even more strongly doubtful of its validity is the fact that an adult female from Lobos de Tierra Island, off Lambayeque, which should surely belong to pallidus, is nowise distinguishable either in color or size (wing, 170) from Argentine examples. Birds from Islay and Lurin are likewise typical of ruficollis. Additional material examined (wing measurements in parenthesis). Peru: Lobos de Tierra, Lambayeque, 1 (170); Lurin, Lima, 1 (173); Islay, Arequipa, 1 (173). Bolivia: Uyuni, Potosi, 3 (163, 165, 175); Challapata, Oruro, 1 (177). Chile: "Lalcalhuay," Tarapaca, 1 (167); Cordillera of Santiago, 1 (165); Cabrero, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 81 Eudromias morinellus (Linnaeus). EUROPEAN DOTTEREL. Charadrius morinellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 150, 1758 based chiefly on Faun. Svec., p. 58, Nos. 158, 160, Sweden. Eudromias morinellus Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, p. 22 King Island, Alaska (July 23); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 95, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 146, p. 150, 1929 (life hist.); A. M. Bailey, Condor, 32, p. 161, 1930 Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (June 15 and 19, 1929); idem, I.e., 34, p. 47, 1932 Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (June 6, 1931; third record); Friedmann, I.e., 34, p. 257, 1932 Gambell, St. Lawrence Island (May and June, 1931); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 257, 1934 (range); Brown, Murrelet, 15, p. 79, 1934 Washington (Westport); idem, Condor, 37, p. 82, 1935 Washington (Westport). Range. Breeds on the tundras, mountains, and plateaus of northern Europe and Asia, from Scotland, the lake district of Eng- land, Scandinavia, and Russia south to Germany, Austria (Styria, Carinthia), Rumania (Transylvania), the Urals, Ala-tau, Altai, Sayan Mountains, and probably to the mountains of Transbaikalia; winters in the countries bordering the Mediterranean, in Arabia and Persia; probably of more or less regular occurrence in Alaska (King Island, July 23, 1897; Cape Prince of Wales, June 15 and 19, 1929 and June 6, 1931), and on St. Lawrence Island (Gambell, May and June, 1931); accidental in Washington (Westport). Genus ZONIBYX Reichenbach Zonibyx Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xviii, "1852" (=1853) type, by orig. desig. and monotypy, Vanellus cinctus Lesson =Charadri us modestus Lichtenstein. *Zonibyx modestus (Lichtenstein). FALKLAND ISLAND DOTTEREL. Charadrius modestus Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 71, 1823 Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum); Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 5, Charadrius, sp. 44, 1827 "Brazil" (descr.); idem, Isis, 1829, col. 654 (plumage descr.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 105, 1887 Falkland Islands and Santa Lucia, La Plata (crit.). Tringa urvillii Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p. 46, Jan., 1826 near Port Louis, Falkland Islands (type in Paris Museum); idem, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 12, p. 541, July 4, 1829 Falkland Islands (nuptial plumage). Vanellus cinctus Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 2, pi. 43, Jan. 17, 1827 (location of type unrecorded); idem, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 309, June, 1828 Concepci6n, 1 (164); Angol, Malleco, 1 (160). Tierra del Fuego: Viamonte, 1 (160). Argentina: Chubut, 1 (162); Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, 2 (165, 166); Rio Negro, 2 (165, 167); Papin, Buenos Aires, 1 (170); Ajo, Buenos Aires, 10 (158-170); Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, 3 (160, 163, 166); Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires, 1 (165); Mendoza, 3 (160, 165, 170). Falkland Islands, 2 (163, 167). Uruguay: Santa Lucia, 1 (165). 82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Falkland Islands (nuptial plumage); idem, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 16, p. 720, May 1, 1830 Falkland Islands (descr.). Charadrius nebulosus Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 315, June, 1828 "Bresil" (type in Paris Museum; descr. of non-nuptial plumage). Charadrius rubecola King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, p. 96, Apr. to July, 1828 Straits of Magellan (type apparently lost) ; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., pi. 1 (nuptial plumage), 1887. Squatarola rubecola Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., Part 7, pi. 110, Dec., 1830 Straits of Magellan (fig. of type). Squatarola cincta Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 126, 1841 Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Islands, and Chiloe Island; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 95, 1859 Falkland Islands (egg descr.). Squatarola fusca Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, Part 15, p. 126, 1841 Maldonado, Uruguay (type now in British Museum ;= non-nuptial plumage). Squatarola urvillii(ei) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843 Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 401, 1847 Chile; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 215, 1853 Valdivia, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 271, 1868 coast of Chile. Vanellus modestus Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 362, 1856 "southern Brazil" and Montevideo south to Patagonia and Straits of Magellan; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 363, 1861 pampas, Rio Cuarto. Hiaticula fusca Cassin, U. S. Expl. Exp., Zool., p. 328, 1858 Tierra del Fuego. Vanellus cinctus Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860 Rio Cuarto, Cordoba (descr. of young). Eudromias urvillii Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 386, 1860 Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 155 East Falkland Island (breeding). Morinellus modestus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 48, 1865 Falkland Islands, Port Famine, and Santiago, Chile (crit.). Squatarola modesta Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 115, 1865 Chile. Eudromias modesta Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339 Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 144 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; iidem, Ibis, 1868, p. 188 Sandy Point and Gregory .Bay, Straits of Magellan; iidem, I.e., 1870, p. 500 Sandy Point; Durnford, I.e., 1876, p. 164 Flores Island, Buenos Aires (May 30); idem, I.e., 1877, p. 197 Province of Buenos Aires (autumn and winter visitor); idem, I.e., 1878, p. 402 Chubut Valley (mid-April); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 438 Gray Harbour, Tom Harbour, Puerto Bueno, Port "Fanuris" [= Famine], and Falkland Islands; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 15 Tom Bay, Puerto del Morro, Port Henry and Cockle Cove, Straits of Magellan; Doering, hi Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 56, 1881 Azul, Puan, and Choele-Choel, Pampa; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 87, 1884 La Tinta, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 313, 1884 Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios (April, May) ; Withing- ton, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Sclater and I 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 83 Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 171, 1889 Argentina; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 126, 1891 Cordoba; Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 19 Est. Espar- tillar, Buenos Aires (April 30); idem, I.e., 1892, p. 210 Est. Espartillar (Mar. to August); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 206 Uruguay (Mar. 29); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896 Chile (winter visitor); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 303 near Arauco, Chile; Nicoll, I.e., 1904, p. 46 Port Gallant, Magallanes, Chile; Crawshay, Birds Tierra del Fuego, p. 118, 1907 Cheena Creek Settlement; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 202, 1929 Angol, Malleco, Chile. Squatarola durvillei Leybold, Exc. Pamp. Arj., p. 20, 1873 Laguna de los Piuquenes, Santiago, Chile. Charadrius modestus rubecola Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 106, 1887 Chile to Straits of Magellan (crit.). Zonibyx modesta(us) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 137, 1889 Port Otway, Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 238, 742, 1896 Falkland Islands (Berkeley Sound), Tierra del Fuego, Straits of Magellan (Hermit Island, Port Famine, Gray Harbour, Puerto Bueno, Puerto del Morro, Cockle Cove, Tom Bay), Chubut, Chile (Valparaiso, "Tarapaca" [= Arauco]), Buenos Aires, Santa Lucia, and Maldonado; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 624, 1900 Penguin Rookery (Staten Island) and Punta Arenas; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, p. 287, 1902 Iguap6, Sao Paulo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 48, 1907 Iguape, Sao Paulo; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 250, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (Aug. 15, Sept. 27) and Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 217, 1910 (range in Argen- tina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 286, 1910 near Mount Tigre, Cape Fairweather, and Arroyo Eke, Santa Cruz (descr.); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 465 Luiconia, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 150, 1917 Falkland Islands (descr. of downy young); Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 58 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (winter visitor, April to Sept.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 Montevideo and Soriano, Uruguay; Wace, I.e., p. 198, 1921 Falkland Islands; Daguerre, I.e., p. 262, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires (Apr. 23); Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 162, 1923 Zelaya, Buenos Aires (May, Aug.); Wilson, I.e., 3, p. 352, 1926 Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe (winter visitor); Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 428, 1926 head of the Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz (January); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 322 Falkland Islands; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 370, 1932 Chile (Caldera, Atacama, to the Guaitecas Islands); Marelli, El Hornero, 5, p. 195, 1933 Saldungaray, Buenos Aires; Reynolds, I.e., 5, p. 351, 1934 Tierra del Fuego; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 257, 1934 (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 86 Otaries Island, Jerdan Island, etc., Cape Horn; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 131, 1938 Iguape", Sao Paulo (May). Charadrius (Eudromias) modestus Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. Ill, 1891 Bahfa Orange, Tierra del Fuego, and Bourchier Bay, False Cape Horn. Zonybyx modesla Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 666, 1898 Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, and Port Stanley, Falkland Islands; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 375, 1902 Tierra del Fuego. 84 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. Breeds in extreme southern Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, and on the Falkland Islands; winters in Chile (north to Atacama), Argentina (north to Cordoba, Santa F6, and Entre Rios), Uruguay, and extreme southern Brazil (one record each from Rio Grande do Sul and Iguap, Sao Paulo). 1 Field Museum Collection. 5: Chile (Huanillo, Antofagasta, 1; Penco, 1; Rio Ciaike, Magallanes, 2); Argentina (unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. 16: Chile (Angol, Bio Bio, 4; Melinka, Guaitecas Islands, 1; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, 2; Rio Ciaike, Magallanes, 1); Argentina (Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 6; Cape Penas, Tierra del Fuego, 2). Genus PLUVIANELLUS G. R. Gray Pluvianellus G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [549], Dec., 1846 type, by mono- typy, Pluvianellus socialis G. R. Gray; Pucheran, in Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. P61e Sud, Zool., 3, p. 124, 1853 type, by orig. desig., Pluvianellus sociabilis Pucheran (generic characters). *Pluvianellus socialis G. R. Gray. MAGELLANIC PLOVER. Pluvianellus socialis? "Hombron and Jacquinot" G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [549], Dec., 1846 based on "Pluvianelle sociable" Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. Pole Sud, Atlas, Ois., pi. 30, fig. 1, Jan., 1845, no locality stated (type, from Straits of Magellan, in Paris Museum). Pluvianellus sociabilis Pucheran, in Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. P61e Sud, Zool., 3, p. 125, 1853 "de'troit de Magellan (type in Paris Museum); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 303, 1896 Patagonia; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 121, col. pi., 1907 Useless Bay Settlement (Sept. 16, Nov. 5; breeding); Sharpe and Scott, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 298, 1910 near Rio Coy, Santa Cruz (Sept. 30); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 217, 1910 Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego (Useless Bay); Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 33, p. 21, 1925 Punta Anegada, Straits of Magellan; Kinnear, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 48, p. 52, 1927 Tierra del Fuego (adult and immature, Jan.). Charadrius sociabilis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 107, pi. 2, 1887 Tova Harbour (lat. 45 S.), Chubut; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 288, 1891 Straits of Magellan (type) and Tova Harbour, Patagonia. Pluvianellus socialis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 258, 1934 (range). 1 We have not been able to make out any constant differences, either in colora- tion or in size, between birds from the Falkland Islands and others from the mainland. Additional material examined. Falkland Islands, 8. Tierra del Fuego, 4. Straits of Magellan, 8. Argentina: Chubut, 3; Province of Buenos Aires, 5. Chile: Valparaiso, 1; Arauco City, 2; Maquegua, Arauco, 1; Nige, Tolten Viejo, 1; Almagro, Cautin, 2. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 85 Range. Eastern Patagonia, from southern Chubut (Tova Harbour, lat. 45 S.) to Tierra del Fuego (Useless Bay). 1 Conover Collection. 2: Argentina (Rio Gallegos, 2). Genus PHEGORNIS G. R. Gray 2 Leptopus (not of Latreille, 1809) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12, "1844," p. 157, pub. Feb., 1845 type, by monotypy, Leptopus mitchellii Fraser. Leptodactylus (not of Fitzinger, 1826) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12, "1844," p. 157, pub. Feb., 1845 (proposed in footnote as substitute for Leptopus Fraser). Phegornis G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [545], 1846 type, by orig. desig., Leptopus mitchellii Fraser. Leptoscelis (not of Halliday, 1831) Des Murs, Icon. Orn., Hvr. 7, pi. 41, 1847 new name for Leptopus and Leptodactylus Fraser, preoccupied. Leptosceles Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 331 emendation of Leptoscelis Des Murs. *Phegornis mitchellii (Fraser). MITCHELL'S SANDPIPER. Leptopus mitchellii Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12, "1844," p. 157, Feb., 1845 Chile, probably Andes of Colchagua (type now in collection of British Museum); idem, Zool. Typ., pi. 63, circa 1848 Andes of central Chile. Phegornis mitchelli(i) Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [545], pi. 145, fig. 1, 1846; Tac- zanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 561 Lake Junin, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 403 Sitani, Tarapaca, Chile; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, pi. 372, 1886 Lake Junin, Peru; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 450, pi. 16, 1887 Chile (monog.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 682, 1896 Chile and Peru 1 (Junin); Arribalzaga, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, (3), 1, p. 154, 1902 Yaucha, Dept. San Carlos, Province of Mendoza; Berlepsch and Stolz- mann, Ornis, 13, p. 132, 1906 Pujuni and Titiri, Puno, Peru; Neveu- Lemaire, Les Lacs des Hauts Plateaux Amer. Sud, p. Ill, 1906 Lake Titicaca; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 221, 1910 "western Chubut" and Sierra de Mendoza, Argentina; idem, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 260, 1913 (range in Argentina); Reed, Av. Prov. Mendoza, p. 12, 1916 Mendoza and Chile ("Conception"); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 172, 1921 Cordillera of Aconcagua, Chile; idem, I.e., 33, p. 357, 1929 Cordillera of Aconcagua; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 392, 1932 Antofagasta (Silala) and Coquimbo (Banos del Toro), Chile (crit.) ; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 258, 1934 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 464 Talahuarra, Huancavelica, Peru (Oct., Nov.). 1 Additional material examined. Patagonia: Straits of Magellan, 1 (the type); Tova Harbour, Chubut, 1; unspecified, 1. Tierra del Fuego: Useless Bay Settle- ment, 1. 2 About the systematic position, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1931, p. 722. 86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Leptoscelis mitchellii Des Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 7, pi. 41, 1847 "California"; idem, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 404, 1847 Chile (ex Fraser); Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 163, 1860 Rio Frio, Anto- fagasta, and Cordillera of Santiago, Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 117, 1865 Cordillera of Santiago; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 272, 1868 Cordilleras of central provinces north to the desert of Atacama; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 Rio Frio, Antofagasta. Leptosceles mitchelli Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339 Chile. Range. Puna zone of southern Peru (Lake Junin; Talahuarra, Huancavelica; Puno), western Bolivia (Lake Titicaca; Silala, Potosi), and northern Chile south to Colchagua; also recorded from western Argentina (Yaucha, Province of Mendoza; Aconquija, Province of Tucuman). Field Museum Collection. 4: Bolivia (Silala, Potosi, 3); Chile (Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, 1). Conover Collection. 2: Chile (Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, 2). Family SCOLOPACIDAE. Woodcocks, Snipes, Sandpipers, etc. Subfamily TRINGINAE. Curlews, Godwits, Yellowlegs, etc. Genus BARTRAMIA Lesson 1 Bartramia Lesson, Traits d'Orn., livr. 7, p. 553, April, 1831 type, by mono- typy, Bartramia laticauda ~Lesson= Tringa longicauda Bechstein. Actidurus Bonaparte, Giorn. Arcad., 52, p. 208, 1831 type, by orig. desig., Tringa bartramia Wilson =T. longicauda Bechstein; idem, Sagg. Distr. Met. Anim. Vert., p. 143, 1831 (reprint). Euliga Nuttall, Man. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 167, 1834 type, by orig. desig., Totanus bartramius Temminck=T'nn0a longicauda Bech- stein. Actiturus Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 51, 1838 emendation of Actidurus Bonaparte. Bartramius Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 9, p. 59, 1857 emendation of Bartramia Lesson. Euligia Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 10, p. 86, 1862 emendation of Euliga Nuttall. *Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein). UPLAND PLOVER. Tringa longicauda Bechstein, Kurze Uebers. Vogel, 2, p. 453, pi. 42, 1812 North America. Tringa bartramia Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 63, pi. 59, fig. 2, 1813 Schuylkill River, Pennsylvania (type evidently lost). 1 About anatomy and affinities, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1931, pp. 759-761. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 87 Totanus variegatus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 6, p. 397, 1816 "dans I'Amerique septentrionale et aux lies Antilles" (no type specified); idem and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 2, p. 107, pi. 239, circa 1825 same localities. Totanus campestris Vieillot, 1 Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 6, p. 400, 1816 based on "Chorlito ribetes blancos acanelados" Azara, No. 398, Paraguay. Bartramia laticauda Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 7, p. 553, April, 1831 new name for Tringa longicauda Bechstein. Actitis bartrami Naumann, Naturg. Vog. Deuts., 8, p. 43, pi. 196, 1836 emendation of Tringa bartramia Wilson. Actlturus bartramius Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 230 Duefias, Gua- temala; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 253, 1860 Vera Cruz, Mexico; Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 334, 1862 Lion Hill, Panama; Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 385 Turneff Island, British Hon- duras; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 567 eastern Peru; iidem, I.e., 1867, p. 979 Pebas, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1868, p. 169 Caracas, Venezuela; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 598 Cosnipata, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1870, p. 783 south of Me>ida, Venezuela; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 38 Andrequece', Minas Geraes, Brazil (Oct. 26); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 309 Nauta, Chamicuros, and Pebas, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 560 Chorillos, Lima, Peru; Hudson, I.e., 1876, p. 104 Buenos Aires; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 199 Buenos Aires (Dec. to April); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 199, 1878 Sierra of Cordoba; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 315, 1884 Con- cepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rlos (Nov. to April); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 371, 1886 Peruvian localities; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires (fall); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 189, 1889 Argentina (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 212 Est. Espartillar (Oct. to Mar.); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 209 Santa Elena (Jan. to Mar.) and Porongos (Nov.), Uruguay; Kerr, I.e., 1901, p. 236 Paraguayan Chaco (Nov. 27); Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 65, 1902 Cordillera of Santiago, Chile. Totanus bartramia Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860 Mendoza; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 503, 1861 Rio Tunuyan, Mendoza. Actitis bartramius Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 27, Scolopaces, p. 78, 1864 Ohio and Wisconsin (crit.). Tringoides bartramius(a) LSotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 463, 1866 Trinidad; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 310, 1870 Sao Paulo (Mattodentro, Sept., Nov.; Irisanga, Dec.), Matto Grosso (Barra do Jauru, Oct.; Engenho do Cap Gama, Sept.; Villa Bella, Oct.), and Amazonia (Marabitanas, Rio Negro, Mar.). Actiturus longicaudatus Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 260, 1874 Blumenau, Santa Catharina, Brazil; Gundlach, I.e., 29, p. 401, 1881 Puerto Rico. 1 Totanus melanopygius Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 6, p. 401, 1816 "au centre des Etats-Unis, dans les mois d'octobre et de novembre, et a la Louisiane pendant toute 1'anneV'), sometimes quoted in synonymy, can hardly refer to the Upland Plover. 88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Adiiurus longicaudus Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 326, 1875 Cuba (Aug. to May); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 Ruatan Island, Honduras. Actiturus longicauda Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 57, 1881 southern parts of Pampa; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 87, 1884 Tandil, Buenos Aires. Bartramia longicauda Cory, Auk, 4, p. 319, 1887 West Indies (descr.); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 129, 1887 Alajuela, Costa Rica; Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 240, 1889 Cuba, Jamaica, and Grenada; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889 "Lake Titicaca (Aug.)"; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 101, 1889 Tonantins, Rio Solimoes, Brazil (May 7); Cherrie, Auk, 7, p. 332, 1890 San Jose, Costa Rica (Sept. 25 to Nov. 25); idem, I.e., 9, p. 329, 1892 San Jos6, Costa Rica; Cory, l.c., p. 48, 1892 Maraguana, Bahama Islands; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 94, 1892 West Indian localities; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 395 Magdalena Vieja and Lima, Peru (March); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893 Chapada, Matto Grosso; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 526, 1893 Rio Escondido, Nicaragua (Nov. 26); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 509, 765, 1896 (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 435, 1899 Sao Paulo; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 125, 1900 Cienaga, Magdalena, Colombia (Sept. 15); idem, Auk, 17, p. 364, 1900 same locality; Bangs, I.e., 18, p. 358, 1901 Divala, Chiriqui, Panama; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 213, 1902 Rio Sail, Tucuman; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 380, 1903 Mexico (Valley of -Mexico; Guanajuato; Zacatecas; Chapala, Jalisco; Cacoprieto and Tapanatepec, Oaxaca; Orizaba, Las Vegas, and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Pinal, Puebla), British Honduras (Turneff Island), Guatemala (Duefias, Sakluk), Hon- duras (Ruatan Island), Nicaragua (Rio Escondido), Costa Rica, and Panama; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 460 Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia (April); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 254, 1905 Barbados (Aug. to March), Grenada, and Carriacou (Sept., Oct.), Lesser Antilles; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 125, 1906 Huaynapata, Marcapata, Peru (Sept., Oct.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 54, 1906 Seelet, Trinidad (April); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 52, 1907 Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Iguap6, Itapura) and Venezuela (Merida); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 307, 1908 Cayenne, French Guiana (Oct. 27); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 251, 1909 Wilde (Dec. 30) and Barracas al Sud (Dec. 26), Buenos Aires; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 425, 1910 Allianca, Rio Madeira, Brazil (Nov. 9); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 420, 1910 San Jos6 (Sept. 15, 18) and Guacimo (Oct. 13), Costa Rica; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 219, 1910 (range in Argentina); Reiser, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910 Joazeiro, Bahfa (Mar. 20); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 90, 1914 Baiao, Rio Tocantins, Brazil; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1918, p. 245 Gatun, Panama (Oct. 12); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 44, 1918 vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam (April); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 379, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 Montevideo and Colonia, Uruguay; Dabbene, I.e., p. 119, 1920 (winter range in Argentina and neighboring countries); Daguerre, I.e., 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 89 p. 263, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires (Jan. 18); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 181, 1922 Ci^naga, Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. "24, 1922 Chaupicruz, near La Carolina (Mar. 20), and Carapungo (Aug. 10), Ecuador; Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 80, 1923 La Rioja (Feb., March); Pereyra, I.e., p. 163, 1923 Zelaya, Buenos Aires (Nov.); Dabbene, I.e., p. 197, 1923 Decep- tion Island, South Shetlands (Feb. 8); Wilson, I.e., p. 352, 1926 Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe"; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 198, 1926 Cerro Compania, Ecuador (Sept. 24); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 323 Deception Island, South Shetlands (Feb. 9, 1923); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 146, 1926 Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco, Sept. 29; Villa Conception, Oct. 3), Uruguay (below Rocha, Jan. 23; Lazcano, Feb. 7), Entre Rios (Concordia, Feb. 22), and Buenos Aires; idem, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 13, 1927 same localities; idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 362, 1927 Puerto Rico (Santa Isabel, Sept. 13); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 55, 1929 (life hist.); Laub- mann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 53, 1930 Tacaagle", Formosa (Nov. 24); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 375, 1931 Sevillano, Magdalena, Colombia (Oct. 20); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 397, 1932 Santiago, Chile; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 135, 1932 Guatemala; Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 204, 1933 (downy young descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 259, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 289 Trinidad and Tobago; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 132, 1938 Bahia (Joazeiro), Sao Paulo (Iguape, Ypiranga, Itapura), and Venezuela (Me>ida); Bennett, Ibis, 1938, p. 764 Falkland Islands; Dixon, Bds. Mammals, Mt. McKinley Nat. Park, p. 74, 1938 (nesting); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 123, 1944 Mt. McKinley Nat. Park; Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 71, 1945 Bolivia, El Beni (Cachuela Esperanza, Sept.; Victoria, Oct.). Range. Breeds from northwestern Alaska, southern Mackenzie, southern Ontario, Quebec, and central Maine south to Oregon, Utah, Colorado, southern Oklahoma, Missouri, southern Indiana, and northern Virginia; winters in southern Brazil, Uruguay, and Argen- tina south to the Rio Negro; casual in Chile (Santiago); occasional in Bermuda Islands, and western Europe; accidental in the Falkland and the South Shetland Islands (Deception Island, Feb. 9, 1923). Field Museum Collection. 82: Alberta (Walsh, 2); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 3; Prince Albert, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 19; Rock Lake, Towner County, 2; Peoples Lake, Towner County, 1; Cando, Towner County, 1; St. John, Towner County, 1; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 10; Belcourt, Rolette County, 1; Rolla, Rolette County, 1; Taller's Bay, Ramsey County, 1; Cannonball, Slope County, 1; Brinsmade, Benson County, 2); Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 1); Iowa (Iowa City, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver 9*0 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Dam, 4); Illinois (Mud Lake, Cook County, 1; Joliet, Will County, 2); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 1; Cohasset, 1; Ashfield, 1; unspecified, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 1); New York (Southampton, 1); Pennsylvania (unspecified, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 8; Brownsville, 5; Travis County, 1); Bahama Islands (Mariguana, 1); Venezuela, Merida (Culata, 4; Conejos, 1). Conover Collection. 15: Yukon Territory (head of Big Salmon River, 1); Illinois (Calumet, 2; Warrenville, Du Page County, 5); Georgia (Montezuma, Macon County, 1); Colombia (Popayan, Cauca, 1); Ecuador (Rio Blanco, Esmeraldas, 1; Sara Yaco, Rio Bobonaza, 1; Macas, Santiago-Zamora, 1); Brazil (Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 2). Genus NUMENIUS Brisson Numenius Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 48, 5, p. 311, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "Numenius" Brisson =Scolopax torquata Linnaeus. Phaeopus Cuvier, Reg. Anim., 1, "1817," p. 485, publ. Dec. 7, 1816 type, by tautonymy, Scolopax phaeopus Linnaeus. Neomenius Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), tab. A and p. 159, 1828 emendation of Numenius Brisson. Cracticornis Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 88, 1841 type, by orig. desig., Scolopax torquata Linnaeus. Mesoscolopax Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 371, 1896 type, by mono- typy, Numenius minutus Gould. *Numenius borealis (J. R. Forster). ESKIMO CURLEW. Scolopax borealis J. R. Forster, Phil. Trans., 62, pp. 411, 431, 1772 Fort Albany, Keewatin, Hudson Bay (type formerly in collection of Royal Society of London). Tringa campestris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 34, p. 454, 1819 based on "Chorlito campesino" Azara, No. 397, Paraguay (Sep- tember). Numenius brevirostris Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 75, Sept., 1823 Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum); Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PL Col., livr. 64, pi. 381, Dec. 21, 1825 Brazil and Paraguay; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 129, 1841 Buenos Aires; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 387, 1860 Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156 Falkland Islands (one record); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 308, 1870 Sao Paulo (Lagoa do Campo Largo, near Ypanemd, Sept., Oct., Nov.), Matto Grosso (Xavier, Oct. 7), and Amazonas (south bank of Amazon River between mouth of Rio Madeira and mouth of Rio Negro, Sept. 4), Brazil. Numenius borealis Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p. 356 San Geronimo, Guatemala (April); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 27, p. 101, 1864 (crit.); LSotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 444, 1866 Trinidad (one male; Sept.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 333, 339 Chile (crit.); Newton, I.e., 1871, L948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 91 p. 56, pi. 4, fig. 1 (egg) Arctic coast east of Anderson River, Mackenzie; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 404 Chubut Valley, Patagonia (Oct. 8-10); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, pp. 161, 188, 1878 Puerto Rico; idem, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 367, 1878 near San Juan, Puerto Rico (one spec.); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1881, p. 185 Greenland (Julianehaab, Nanortalik, Ikamiut); Reid, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 241, 1884 Bermuda Islands; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 316, 1884 Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios (Sept. 9 to middle October), and pampas between Azul and Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires (Feb.); Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 149, 1886 sixty miles west of Nunivak Island, Bering Sea; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 121, 1887 Alaskan coast of Bering Sea (migr.) ; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 333, 1887 (crit.); Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 629, 1887 Grenada; Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 498 Barbados (end of Aug. and Sept.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 368, 755, 1896 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 159, 1898 Greenland (several records); Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 62, 1902 Chile (crit.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 255, 1905 Barbados (ex Feilden) and Harvey Vale, Carriacou (Sept. 5, 1904); Barbour, Auk, 23, p. 459, 1906 Lat. 49 06' N., Long. 27 28' W. (May 26, 1906); Thayer, I.e., 26, p. 77, 1909 Newburyport, Massachusetts (Aug., 1908); Knight, I.e., 27, p. 79, 1910 Hog Island, Hancock, Maine (Sept., 1909); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 300, 1910 (descr.; range); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat., 18, p. 218, 1910 (range in Argentina); Lamb, Auk, 30, p. 581, 1913 East Orleans, Massachusetts, Sept. 5, 1913 (in Conover collection); Swenk, Smiths. Inst. Ann. Rep. for 1915, pp. 325-340, pi. 1, 1916 (hist.; former distr.; migr.); Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 71 Linconia (Feb. 13, 1899; April 8, 1901) and near Palenque (Apr. 16, 1901), Ajo, Buenos Aires; Wetmore, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 15, 1927 (account of former wintering grounds in Argentina and Chile); Albert, Auk, 45, p. 95, 1928 Horicon Marsh, Wisconsin (1903); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 125, 1929 (life hist.; range; migr.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 78, 1930 Matto Grosso; Griscom, I.e., 64, p. 132, 1932 San Geronimo, Guatemala; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 398, 1932 Chile (Arica, Tacna; Chiloe" Island); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 260, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 289 Trinidad (ex Leotaud) and Tobago (ex Kirk); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 132, 1938 (range); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Chile, 16, p. 54, 1938 Playa de Chacalluta, Tacna (Sept., 1851). Numenius microrhynchus Philippi and Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 32, (1), p. 129, 1866 Chiloe Island (Oct., 1858) and "Arica" (=Playa de Chacal- luta), Tacna, Chile (cotypes in Museo Nacional, Santiago; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 24, 1930); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 275, 1868 Chiloe and "Peru" (= Arica). Mesoscolopax borealis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 412, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 Monte- video and Colonia, Uruguay; Dabbene, I.e., p. 125, 1920 (range in Argen- tina); idem, I.e., 3, p. 284, 1924 Rosas, Province of Buenos Aires (Sept. 7, 1924); idem, I.e., 3, p. 420, 1926 Rosas, Province of Buenos Aires (Jan. 11, 92 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1926); Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 322, 1931 Bermuda Islands. Phaeopus borealis Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 360, 1927 Puerto Rico (ex Gundlach); idem, Auk, 56, p. 475, 1939 Lavalle, Buenos Aires (Feb. 16-28, 1937; Jan. 17, 1939); Cottam and Knappen, I.e., 56, p. 154, 1939 (food); Scott, I.e., 57, p. 566, 1940 (cor- rected list of records). Range. Bred formerly on the barren grounds of Arctic America, from Norton Sound, Alaska, to northern Mackenzie (valley of Anderson River, Point Lake); wintered in southern Brazil (states of Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso), Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, and Argentina (Entre Rios, Buenos Aires, Chubut) ; accidental in Guate- mala (San Geronimo), on the Falkland Islands (one record), and in Greenland. 1 The southward migration was through the eastern United States and the West Indies (Bermuda Islands; Puerto Rico; Barbados; Carriacou; Grenada; Tobago; Trinidad), returning north- ward across the Gulf of Mexico and up the Mississippi Valley. Now exceedingly rare. 2 Field Museum Collection. 10: Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 5; Cape Cod, Barnstable County, 1; Great Island, Hyannis, 2); Kansas (Emporia, 1). Conover Collection. 5 : Massachusetts (Cape Cod, 1 ; East Orleans, Barnstable County, 1); Colorado (Smith's Lake, Denver, 1); un- specified, 2. Numenius phaeopus phaeopus (Linnaeus). WHIMBREL. Scolopax phaeopus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 146, 1758 based principally on Faun. Svec., No. 140, Sweden. Numenius islandicus C. L. Brehm, Handb. Vog. Deuts., p. 610, 1831 Iceland (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 56, 1918).' Numenius phaeopus Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 159, 1898 Greenland (various records); Brewster, Auk, 26, p. 190, 1909 south of Sable Island, 1 Salvin's record (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 429) from Charles Island, Galapagos, refers to N. phaeopus hudsonicus (cf. Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 189, 1899). 2 The last specimen was shot on January 11, 1926, at Rosas, Buenos Aires, but others were seen by E. R. Runnacles at Lavalle, in the same province, in February, 1937, as well as on January 17, 1939 (fide Wetmore, Auk, 56, p. 475, 1939). 3 Numenius melanorhynchus Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, pp. 597, 1021, 1856), from Greenland and Iceland, is a nomen nudum without nomenclatorial standing. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 93 Nova Scotia (May 23, 1906); Miller, I.e., 32, p. 226, 1915 Great South Bay, Long Island (Sept. 4, 1912). Phaeopus phaeopus phaeopus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 397, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Numenius phaeopus phaeopus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 136, 1929 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 260, 1934 (range in part). Numenius phaeopus islandicus Salomonsen, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 90, pp. 365, 366, 1931 Iceland and Greenland (crit.; meas.). 1 Range. Breeds in Iceland, the Faroes, Orkney and Shetland Islands, northern Scandinavia, and northern (European and Asiatic) Russia; frequent on migration in Greenland; accidental on Sable Island, south of Nova Scotia (May 25, 1906), and Long Island, New York (Sept. 4, 1912) ; winters in Africa, Madagascar, and India. Numenius phaeopus variegatus (Scopoli). 2 EASTERN WHIMBREL. Tantalus variegatus Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Ins., fasc. 2, p. 92, 1796 based on "Courly tachete de 1'isle de Lucon" Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. Guinee, p. 85, pi. 48, Luzon, Philippine Islands. Scolopax luzoniensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 656, 1789 same basis. Numenius atricapillus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 8, p. 303, 1817 new name for Numenius luzoniensis Latham = Scolopax luzoniensis Gmelin. Numenius phaeopus variegatus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 261, 1934 (range); Bailey, Auk, 56, p. 333, 1939 Point Barrow, Alaska (June 10, 1938). Range. Breeds in eastern Siberia west to the Lena River; winters from eastern China throughout the Indo-Australian Archi- pelago to New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Australia, Tasmania, New Caledonia, and the Caroline, Marianna, and Pelew Islands. Accidental in Alaska (Point Barrow, June 10, 1938). *Numenius phaeopus hudsonicus Latham. HUDSONIAN CURLEW. Numenius hudsonicus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 712, 1790 based on "Eskimaux Curlew" Tennant, Arct. Zool., 2, No. 364, pi. 19, Hudson Bay; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 129, 1841 Chiloe Island, Chile; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 117, 1843 shores of Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, 1 Breeding specimens from Iceland and migratory birds from Greenland are on average larger (wing of males, 240-260, against 231-250 in Scandinavia), but there is much overlapping in measurements, and the slight difference, considering the size of the bird, seems altogether too insignificant to justify the separation of 2V. p. islandicus, inasmuch as Faroes specimens completely bridge the gap. 2 Numenius phaeopus variegatus (Scopoli) differs from the nominate race by having the feathers of lower back and rump broadly spotted with brown, while the foreneck, breast, flanks, and under wing coverts are generally more coarsely marked. 94 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 419, 1847 Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 510 Chile ("Arend" [=Ancud], Chiloe" Island; Calbuco and "Reloncaoi" [=Reloncavf], Llanquihue); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 194, 1855 Chile; Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 10 Greenland (Godthaab, Julianehaab, Fiskenaesset, Jacobshavn); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 333, 339 Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 176 Tambo Valley, Arequipa, Peru; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 275, 1869 coast of Chile; Taczanowski, I.e., 1877, p. 330 Chimbote (Ancachs) and Santa Lucia (Tumbez), Peru; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 16 Talcaguano, Chile; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 429 Paracas Bay, Peru (Oct.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 380, 1886 Peruvian localities; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 120, 1887 St. Michaels, Alaska; MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 208 Chimbote, Peru (Aug.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 331, 1887 (monog.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 395 Lima, Peru (Oct. 6); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 Chile (especially Chiloe" Island); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 364, 754, 1896 North America, Mexico (Mazatlan), Guatemala (Chiapam), Barbados, Brazil (Para, Cajutuba), Peru (Tambo Valley, Paracas Bay), Chile (Vina del Mar, Arauco, Chiloe, Talcaguano, Santiago), and Galapagos Islands; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 312 Vina del Mar, Valparaiso, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 659, 1898 Chile; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 159, 1898 Greenland (three records); Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900 Santa Elena, Ecuador (Jan.) ; Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avifauna, No. 1, p. 27, 1900 Kowak River, Alaska (nesting); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 365, 1903 Mexico (Mazatlan; Rio Zacatula, Colima; Ventosa Bay, Oaxaca), Guatemala (Laguna de Chiapam), Honduras (Fonseca Bay), Costa Rica (Punta Arenas and San Lucas), Galapagos Islands, and South America; Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 280, 1904 Barbuda (Sept., Nov.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 255, 1905 Barbados and Grenada (arr. in August); Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 146, 1905 San Miguel and Saboga Islands, Pearl Archipelago, Panama; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 305, 1908 Cayenne, French Guiana (Nov. 21); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 214, 1909 Islas de Aves, Caribbean Sea (Jan. 23); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 418, 1910 Costa Rica (San Jose", Sept. 15; El Coronado de Terraba, July 3); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910, p. 226, 1923 Amaracao and Ilha Grande, Piauhy (Sept.); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 87, 1914 Marajo (Pacoval) and Maranhao (Guimaraes), Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 371, 1916 Altagracia, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela (Nov.); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 43, 1918 Fort Niew Amsterdam, Surinam (April); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 264 Trujillo, Peru (Mar. 18); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 13, No. 4, p. 25, 1920 Pajaros Island, Pearl Archipelago, Panama; Lonnberg and Rendahl, I.e., 14, No. 25, p. 24, 1922 La Carolina, Ecuador (Oct. 18); Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 87, 1924 Caldera, Atacama, Chile; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 311, 1926 Hooper and Igiak Bay, Alaska (migr.; weights; imm. plumage); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 194, 1926 Vaqueria (Feb. 14, 22; Sept. 13, 14), Jambeli (July 20, Nov. 1, 2), and Puna Island (July 17), Ecuador; Wetmore, Tech. Bull. U. S. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 95 Dept. Agric., 26, p. 15, 1927 Concon, Chile (April 25); Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 769 Berbice River, British Guiana (Oct. 15 to Nov. 15); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 113, 1929 (life hist.; range); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 61, 1931 Galapagos and Cocos Island (winter visitor); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 397, 1932 Atacama (Caldera) and Chilo6 Island (Quellon, Rio Inio), Chile; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 132, 1932 Ocos, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 373, 1934 Acapulco, Guerrero (Jan. 1); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 289 Caroni Swamp, Trini- dad; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 249, 1935 Isla la Mocha, Chile; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 81, 1935 Ilha Madre de Deus (Jan. 29, Feb. 4) and Corupe"ba (Feb. 4, 16), Bahia, Brazil; Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 235, 1936 Pocas de la Erizera, Arica, Chile (July 1); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 172, 1938 Puerto del Triunfo, El Salvador (Dec. 31, Jan. 12); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Chile, 16, p. 54, 1938 Arica and Playa de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (Sept.). Numenius hudsonius Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 8, p. 304, 1817 (emendation of Numenius hudsonicus Latham); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, pp. 128, 163, 1865 Chilce" Island, Chile; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 187, 1878 near Mayagtiez, Puerto Rico; idem, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 367, 1878 Punta Arenas, near Mayagiiez, Puerto Rico. Numenius rufus Vieillot and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 2, p. 118, pi. 245, circa 1825 part, descr. of spec, in collection of P. L. Vieillot. 1 Numenius rufiventris Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 15, p. 356, 1829 western shores of North America (type lost); idem, Zool. Voy. Blossom, p. 28, 1839 no locality given. Numenius brasiliensis Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 708, 1833 eastern Brazil (type now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 272, 1889). Numenius intermedius Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 100, 1834 North America. Numenius phaeopus (not Scolopax phaeopus Linnaeus) Cabanis, in Schom- burgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 757, 1849 mouth of the Waini River; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 308, 1870 Praia de Cajutuba, Para, Brazil (March). Numenius phaeopus var. hudsonica Pelzeln, Ibis, 1873, p. 121 Cayenne (crit.). Numenius borealis Snyder, Auk, 30, p. 269, 1913 Fox Lake, Dodge County, Wisconsin, Sept. 10, 1912 (=N. hudsonicus; cf. Scott, I.e., 57, p. 566, 1940). Phaeopijs hudsonicus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 402, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 124, 1921 Chile 1 It is extremely doubtful whether, as claimed by Sharpe (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 366, 1896), spec, c, Hudson's Bay, from the Riocour collection, m the British Museum, is the type. The individual described and figured by Vieillot is evidently the one brought back by himself from New York (cf. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 8, p. 307, 1817, in text of 2V. melanopus). Latham's description quoted by Vieillot refers to N. americanus. 96 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII and Tierra del Fuego (Cape San Sebastian, Feb. 5, 1896); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 146, 1926 Concon, Valparaiso, Chile (April 25); idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 360, 1927 Puerto Rico and Anegada (transient); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 96, 1928 Lower California (transient); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 157, 1931 Hispaniola (transient); Taverner and Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 23, p. 36, pi. 1, 1934 Churchill, Manitoba (nesting; col. pi. of adult and young); Dixon, Bds. and Mammals, Mt. McKinley Nat. Park, p. 72, 1938 (nesting); Taverner, Wilson Bull., 54, p. 1, 1942 (breeding range and migration routes); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 28, 1943 Caribou Hills and Richards Island, Mackenzie Delta (nesting). Numenius phaeopus hudsonicus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 261, 1934 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 132, 1938 Maranhao (Primeira Cruz; Oct.) and Bahia (Ilha Madre de Deus, Corupeba); Hope and Shortt, Auk, 61, p. 573, 1944 west coast of James Bay (migr.). Numenius (Phaeopus) hudsonicus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 306, 1935 Panama (winter). Range. Breeds on the Arctic coast of North America, from Norton Sound to the Anderson River, in Mt. McKinley National Park and locally to Fort Churchill; winters from southern California, south on the Pacific coast of America to Chiloe" Island, Chile, and on the east coast from British Guiana to Bahia, Brazil, and also on the Galapagos Islands; accidental in Tierra del Fuego (Cape San Sebastian, Feb. 5, 1896), on the Pribilof Islands, Bermuda Islands, and in Greenland. Field Museum Collection. 87: Alaska (Nome, 2; St. Michaels, 1; Yukon Delta, 2; Hairise, 2; Teller, 1); British Columbia (Graham Island, 1); Washington (Jefferson County, 1); California (Moss Landing, 3; Monterey, 3; Rincon, 2; Sunset Beach, 2; Redwood City, 5; Hyperion, 6; Point Firman, 1; Pacific Beach, 1); Manitoba (Churchill, 1) ; Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 13) ; Maine (Rock Pond, Hancock County, 1); Connecticut, New Haven County (West Haven, 1; unspecified, 1); New Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); Massa- chusetts (Monomoy Island, 6; Chatham, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 5; Bodie Island, 2); Georgia (Chatham County, 2); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1; Matamoros, Tamaulipas, 3); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca, Guanacaste, 3); Dominica (un- specified, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 2); Lesser Antilles- (Anegada, 1); Venezuela (Nueva Esparta, Margarita Island, 3; Los Aves Island, Colon, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, 2); Peru (Tambo Valley, Are- quipa, 1); Chile (Caldera, Atacama, 1; Chilce", Chiloe" Island, 1). Conover Collection. 31: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 2; Barrow, 1; Alaktak River near Barrow, 2); Alberta (Beaverhill 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 97 Lake, 1); Manitoba (Churchill, 9); California (Anaheim Landing, 1; Rincon, 5; Playa del Rey, 2); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guana- caste, 3) ; Panama (Perme, Darien, 1) ; Chile, Chilo Island (Quellon, 3; Rio Inio, 1). *Numenius tahitiensis (Gmelin). BRISTLE-THIGHED CURLEW. Scolopax tahitiensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 656, 1789 based on "Otaheite Curlew" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 122, Tahiti, Society Islands (cf. Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 83, 1887; crit.). 1 . Numenius tahitensis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 8, p. 308, 1817 (emendation). Numenius femoralis Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 233, 1848 Vincennes Island, Paumotu Islands (type in United States National Museum); Cassin, I.e., p. 316, pi. 37, 1858 Vincennes Island. Numenius tibialis Layard and Layard, Ibis, (6), 4, p. 533, July, 1882 lapsus for N. femoralis Peale. Numenius tahitiensis Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 121, pi. 9, 1887 St. Michaels, Alaska (descr.; second American record); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 332, 1887 (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 367, 1896 (monog.); Hanna, Auk, 37, p. 253, 1920 St. George Island, Pribilofs; Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 84, 1926 Cape Mountain and Lopp Lagoon, Alaska; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 311, 1926 Hooper Bay (May 22, July 6, July 31, Aug. 4 [common]; migr.; voice; weights), Nome (Aug. 21; plumage of young of the year) ; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 140, 1929 (habits; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 261, 1934 (range). Phaeopus tahitiensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 407, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Townsend and Wetmore, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 179, 1919 Paumotu, Gilbert, and Marshall Islands (crit.) ; Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 28, 1934 Nunivak Island (migrant Aug. 15 and 20); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 123, 1944 Kvichak River, Alaska Penin- sula. Range. Only known to breed on some barren ridges about 25 miles north of Mountain Village on the lower Yukon River, Alaska, at an elevation of approximately 1,000 feet. 2 Found around Nome and the tundra back of Hooper Bay, Alaska, during fall migration. Winters on islands in the Pacific Ocean from Lisiansky and the Hawaiian Islands south to the Marshall, Gilbert, Phoenix, and Society Islands. Conover Collection. 14: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 12; Cape Nome, Norton Sound, 2). 1 As pointed out by Stejneger, Latham's description is rather ambiguous. 2 This information has been furnished by Professor Arthur A. Allen, the leader of the expedition which discovered the long sought nesting grounds of the Bristle-thighed Curlew. He has been kind enough to allow us to include it in this volume. 98 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Numenius arquata arquata (Linnaeus). EUROPEAN CURLEW. Scolopax arquata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 145, 1758 chiefly based on Faun. Svec., No. 139, Sweden. Numenius arquatus Marshall and Butcher, Auk, 9, pp. 390, 392, 1892 Long Island (1853); Helms and Schigler, Schiller, Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidssk., 11, pp. 173, 174, 1917 Angmagsalik (Aug. 23, 1913) and Nanor- talik (Nov. 16, 1915), Greenland; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 386, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Numenius arquata arquata Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 109, 1929 Gife hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 262, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds in the British Isles, Scandinavia, Brittany, Holland, Belgium, coasts of the Baltic Sea, Poland, and northern Russia, south to Switzerland, Austria, and the mouth of the Danube; accidental in Greenland (Angmagsalik, Aug. 23, 1913; Nanortalik, Nov. 16, 1915) and (?) on Long Island, New York; winters chiefly in the Mediterranean countries, Africa, Madagascar, India, and Ceylon. *Numenius americanus Bechstein. 1 LONG-BILLED CURLEW. Numenius americanus Bechstein, Kurze Uebers. Vogel, 2, p. 432, 1812 New York and Hudson Bay; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 95, 1928 Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 97, 1929 (life hist.; range; migr.); Wolfe, Condor, 33, p. 56, 1931 Utah (breeding habits); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 132, 1932 Guatemala. Numenius longirostra Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, p. 23, pi. 64, fig. 4, 1814 New Jersey (type lost). Numenius melanopus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 8, p. 306, 1817 part, mainly based on Numenius arquata var. B, Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 710, 1790, and Scolopax arquata var. B, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 556, Hudson Bay (breeding) to New York (on migr.). 2 Numenius longirostris Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, No. 1, p. 74, 1825 (emendation of N. longirostra Wilson); March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 68 Jamaica (breeding?); Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 197 Chiapam and Duenas, Guatemala; Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 352, 1866 Cuba; idem, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 320, 1875 Cuba (Cardenas, Rio Canto); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 179, 1886 Laguna de Baltazar, Puebla (Sept.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 327, 1887 (crit.); Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 94, 1892 Cuba, Jamaica, and "St. Vincent" (ex Ober); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., | Subdivision of the Long-billed Curlew is impracticable. While more northern specimens tend to smaller size and shorter bill, there is so much overlapping in measurements that even of breeding birds only a certain percentage can be dis- tinguished, whereas the identification of migratory or wintering individuals is almost impossible. 2 The bird in the author's collection, whose divergencies are incidentally explained, evidently belonged to AT. p. hudsonicus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 99 24, pp. 352, 753, 1896 (monog.) ; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 364, 1903 Mexico (numerous localities) and Guatemala (Duenas, Chiapam); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 301, 1905 (occurrence in St. Vincent denied); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 162, 1906 Rancho Santuario, Durango (Feb. 22). Numineus (sic) occidentalis Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, p. 194, 1852 Rio Grande, near Albuquerque, New Mexico (Aug. 20, 1851) (type destroyed, formerly in United States National Museum). Numenius americanus parvus Bishop, Auk, 27, p. 59, Jan., 1910 Crane Lake, Saskatchewan (type in collection of L. B. Bishop, now in Field Museum, examined); Phillips, I.e., 28, p. 75, 1911 Matamoros, Tamau- lipas (Jan.); Bishop, Condor, 40, p. 226, 1938 (nomencl.; crit.). Numenius americanus americanus Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 74, 1911 Matamoros, Tamaulipas (Feb.); Oberholser, I.e., 35, p. 188, 1918 (char.; range); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 390, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 263, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 80, 1945 Sonora (winter visitor). Numenius americanus occidentalis Oberholser, Auk, 35, p. 191, 1918 (char.; range); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 394, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Grinnell, Condor, 23, p. 21, 1921 (race not valid); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 262, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds from eastern British Columbia to Manitoba and south to Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, and South Dakota, formerly east to Wisconsin and Illinois; winters from the southwestern United States to Guatemala; accidental in Newfoundland, Cuba, and Jamaica. 1 Field Museum Collection. 73: British Columbia (Okanagan, 3); Alberta (Walsh, 2); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 4); California (Humboldt County, 1; Orange County, 1; Monterey County, 9; Los Angeles County, 2; Santa Barbara County, 1); Arizona (Santa Cruz County, 3); Idaho (Teton County, 1); Utah (Salt Lake County, 4; Bear River, 4) ; New Mexico (Coif ax County, 1) ; Wyoming (Crook County, 2); Colorado (Denver Mills, 1); Texas (Cameron County, 20; Clay County, 1; Port Lavaca, 1; Nueces County, 7; Aransas County, 4); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1). Conover Collection. 20: California (Ventura County, 2; Orange County, 3); Utah (Brigham, 11); Texas (Willacy County, 4). Genus LIMOSA Brisson 2 1 The reported occurrence of the Long-billed Curlew in the Lesser Antilles, on St. Vincent and Guadeloupe (cf. Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, pp. 197, 451, 1879) has never been confirmed, and Kirk's record from Tobago (cf. Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 289) is perhaps also questionable. 2 There is no justification for subdividing the genus, as has been set forth by Townsend and Wetmore (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, pp. 181-182, 1919). The admission of the Black-tailed Godwit, Limosa I. limosa (Linnaeus), to the 100 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Limosa Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 48, 5, p. 261, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "Limosa" ~Bnsson= Scolopax limosa Linnaeus. Fedoa (not of Leach, 1816) Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 12, (1), p. 70, 1824 type, by tautonymy, Fedoa americana Stephens =Scolopax fedoa Linnaeus. Vetola Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (2), p. 191, May 2, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Scolopax lapponica Linnaeus. *Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus). 1 HUDSONIAN GODWIT. Scolopax haemastica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 147, 1758 based on "Red-breasted Godwit" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 138, pi. 138, Hudson Bay. Scolopax hudsonica Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 720, 1790 based on "Hudsonian Godwit" Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, Suppl., 1, p. 246, and Pennant, Arct. Zool., Suppl., p. 68, 1787, Hudson Straits. Limosa hudsonica(us) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 129, 1841 Chiloe Island, Chile, and Falkland Islands; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843 Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 420, 1847 coast of Valparaiso, Chile; Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 96, 1859 Falkland Islands; Sclater, I.e., 28, p. 387, 1860 Falk- land Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156 Mare Harbour, Port Louis, East Falkland (May 20); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 27, p. 22, 1864 East Falkland (Abbott) and Mexico (crit.); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, pp. 128, 163, 1865 Chiloe Island, Chile; Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 353, 1866 Cuba (one spec.); Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 448, 1866 Trinidad; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 332, 339 Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 275, 1868 coast of Chile (abundant at Vichuquen, Curico); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 252 Lake Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela; North American fauna appears to rest on very slender evidence. It was first listed as Scolopax iardreka by Fabricius (Faun. Groenl., p. 107, 1780), who states that he had seen one specimen from Greenland. However, his diagnosis is copied word for word from O. F. Muller (Zool. Dan. Prodr., p. 23, 1776) who based his Scolopax Jadreka mainly on "Jadreka" Olafsen and Povelsen, Reise Island, p. 896, pi. 48, 1772, from Iceland and it appears, therefore, that the author was not too well acquainted with the bird. The second record is by Holboll (Naturhist. Tidsskr., 4, p. 409, 1843), who claims to have received a specimen of Limosa melanura shot on the Kok Islands near Godthaab. The bird cannot be found in the Copenhagen Museum (cf. Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 11). Winge (Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 160, 1898) suggests the record might be due to confusion with L. haemastica, of which Holboll sent several specimens, including one from God- thaab, to Copenhagen (cf. also Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 304, 1927). 1 Scolopax alba Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 247, 1766 based on "White Godwit from Hudson's Bay" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 139, pi. 139, posterior fig.; Hudson's Bay) and Scolopax Candida Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 247, 1766 based on "The White Redshank or Poole-Snipe" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 139, pi. 139, anterior fig.; Hudson's Bay), doubtfully quoted in the synonymy of the Hudsonian Godwit, do not seem to be identifiable with certainty. Richardson (in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 398, note, Feb., 1832) provided Edwards' "White Godwit from Hudson's Bay" with the name Limosa edwardsii, which is a synonym of Scolopax alba Linnaeus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 101 iidem, Ibis, 1870, p. 500 Ancud, ChiloS; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 308, 1870 Caicara, Engenho do Gama, and Cidade de Matto Grosso, Matto Grosso, Brazil (Sept., Oct., Nov.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 456 (winter range); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 320, 1875 Cuba (one specimen); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, pp. 43, 200 Chubut Valley, Patagonia (Nov. 13) and Buenos Aires (Apr. to Sept.); Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 450, 1879 Guadeloupe (ex L'Herminier MS.); Doering, in Roca, Inf. One. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 57, 1881 Azul, Buenos Aires; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 42 La Plata (Nov.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 392, 1887 (crit.); Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 204 Bay of San Nicolas, lea, Peru (Nov. 9); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 coast of Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 388, 756, 1896 North America, Venezuela (Lake Valencia; Oct.), and Argentina (La Plata, Nov. 10; Chuput, Nov. 13; Port Desire, Mar.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., SuppL, 4, p. 659, 1898 Calbuco, Llanquihue, Chile; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 432, 1899 Sao Paulo; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 130, 1907 Useless Bay; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 306, 322, 1908 (no record from French Guiana); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 304, 1910 Patagonia (habits); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 470 Los Yngleses, Ajo (Nov. 1) and Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Dec. 20); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 52, 1924 Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Wetmore, Auk, 48, p. 596, 1931 Rio Yoque del Norte, Dominican Republic. Limosa australis G. R. Gray, List Bds. Brit. Mus., Part 3, p. 95, 1844 San Salvador Bay, East Falkland Island (nomen nudum). Limosa haemastica Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 1, p. 260, 1884 (monog.); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 117, 1887 Nulato and Yukon mouth (ex Dall), Alaska; Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 495 Barbados (Oct., transient); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 191, 1889 Argentina (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 212 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires (July, Aug.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 253, 1905 Barbados (transient); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 50, 1907 Iguape", Sao Paulo; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 218, 1910 Buenos Aires, Chubut, and Tierra del Fuego (Useless Bay); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 38, 1914 Alto Parana, Paraguay; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 70 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones); Dabbene, I.e., p. 122, 1920 (winter range in Argentina and adjacent countries); Wace, I.e., p. 198, 1921 Falkland Islands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 323 Falkland Islands; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 159, 1926 Rio Ajo, below Lavalle (Nov. 13-15) and Laguna del Monte, near Guamini (Mar. 3-12), Buenos Aires; Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 420, 1926 Dolores, Buenos Aires (June, July); Pereyra, I.e., 4, p. 24, 1927 Maipu, Buenos Aires (June); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 295, 1927 (life hist.); Wetmore, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 11, 1927 Guamini, Buenos Aires (March 3-8); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 79, 1930 Matto Grosso; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 397, 1932 Chile (winter); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 263, 1934 (range) ; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 290 Trinidad; Brooks, Auk, 53, p. 80, 1936 Atlin, British Columbia (first record) and New Zealand; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, 102 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 133, 1938 Sao Paulo (range); Hope and Shortt, Auk, 61, p. 575, 1944 west coast of James Bay (July 20-25; migration route to Gulf of St. Lawrence). Vetula haemastica Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 191, 1919 (monog.; full bib Hog.). Range. Breeds on the Barren Grounds of arctic North America from northeastern Alaska east to Southampton Island and the west shore of Hudson Bay (Churchill); winters in Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and southern Brazil (in states of Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso, and Rio Grande do Sul); accidental in the Bermuda Islands, the West Indies (Dominican Republic, Cuba, Dominica, ?Guadeloupe, Barbados), Trinidad, Venezuela (Lake Valencia), the Falkland Islands, and New Zealand. Field Museum Collection. 20: Manitoba (Churchill, 2); Labrador (Mullon Bay, 1); Nova Scotia (Sambro, 1; Halifax, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 2); Massachusetts (Cape Cod, 1); Nebraska (unspecified, 1); Minnesota (unspecified, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 3; Graham Island, Ramsey County, 1; North wood, Grand Forks County, 2; Rock Lake, Towner County, 1; Cando, Towner County, 1); Kansas (Burlington, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 1). Conover Collection. 13: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, 4); Massa- chusetts (East Orleans, 5; Chatham, 1; Eastham, 1; Sea View, 2). *Limosa lapponica novaezealandiae G. R. Gray. PACIFIC GODWIT. Limosa lapponica var. novae zealandiae G. R. Gray, Zool. Voy. Erebus and Terror, 1, Birds, p. 13, 1846 New Zealand (type in British Museum). Limosa foxii Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 231, 1848 Rose Island, Samoan group (type in United States National Museum). Limosa uropygialis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 16, p. 38, pub. Nov. 14, 1848 Australia=New South Wales (type now in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Austr. Av. Rec., 1, p. 141, 1913). Limosa baueri (Natterer MS.) 1 Pelzeln, Sitzungsber. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 41, No. 15, p. 326, June, 1860 Norfolk Island (type in Vienna Museum; cf. Pelzeln and Lorenz, Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus. Wien, 3, p. 55, 1888). 1 First published by Naumann (Naturg. Vog. Deuts., 8, p. 429 [in text], 1836), who, in speaking of L. meyeri Leister (=L. lapponica lapponica (Linnaeus)), says (trans.) : "Near relatives are Limosa adspersa (of the Berlin Museum) from Mexico, and Limosa baueri (of the Vienna Museum), from New Holland, both of which, though having likewise a narrowly-barred tail, may be distinguished by considerably larger size and longer legs." Thus, two subspecies, belonging to two different specific units, are covered by the diagnosis, and the names proposed in this form can hardly be regarded as anything but nomina nuda. L. baueri was not properly characterized until 1860, when Pelzeln explained its supposed 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 103 Limosa rufa var. uropygialis Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, p. 110, 1874 Alaska (crit.). Limosa lapponica baueri Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 122, 1885 Bering Island (nomencl.); Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 148, 1886 St. Michaels (breeding), Aleutian Islands (migr.); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 115, 1887 Unalaska (migr.), St. Michaels (nest- ing; plumage var.); Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 36, 1926 Wales, Alaska (nest- ing); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 310, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting habits; plumage var.; weights); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 289, 1927 (life hist.); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 34, 1934 Nunivak Island (not breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 264, 1934 (range); Munro, Condor, 37, p. 178, 1935 Colebrook, Fraser Valley, British Columbia; Partenko (sic), Auk, 53, p. 195, 1936 (dist. chars.; range). Limosa rufa uropygialis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 387, 1887 (crit.). Limosa lapponica subsp. a. Limosa novae zealandiae Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 377, 755, 1896 (monog.). Vetola lapponica baueri Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 187, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Range. Breeds in northeastern Asia and northwestern North America from the Taimyr Peninsula 1 east to the Colville Delta, south to Kamchatka and Unalaska Island; winters in New Guinea, Australia, and New Zealand. 2 Field Museum Collection. 35: Alaska (Barrow, 3; Nome, 18; St. Michaels, 10; Nuluk, 1; Unalaska, 1; Meade River, 1; unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. 17: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 9; Cape Romanzoff, Bering Sea, 4; Igiak Bay, Bering Sea, 2; Point Barrow, 2). Limosa lapponica lapponica (Linnaeus). BAR-TAILED GODWIT. Scolopax lapponica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 147, 1758 Lapland. Limosa lapponica lapponica Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 295, 1927 Cape Cod, Massachusetts (Sept. 1, 1907); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 264, characters in comparison to L. uropygialis. We do not know why Mathews (Nov. Zool., 18, p. 220, 1912) suggested Victoria as type locality, since it clearly results from Pelzeln's account that the type (and only specimen) has been collected by Bauer on Norfolk Island. As Limosa brevipes Gray and Limosa australasiana G. R. Gray (List Bds. Brit. Mus., Part 3, pp. 95, 96, 1844) are both nomina nuda, novae- zealandiae Gray becomes the valid term for the Pacific Godwit. 1 Portenko (Auk, 53, p. 195, 1936) restricts the range of the present form called by him L. I. baueri to the coasts of Bering Sea, and separates the popula- tion from the Lena Delta to the Anadyr region as L. I. menzbieri (type from the Indigirsa delta). 2 About the alleged occurrence of the Pacific Godwit in Lower California, cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 239, 1928. 104 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1934 (range); idem and Hagar, Auk, 54, p. 537, 1937 Eastham, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, July 16, 1937 (account of Sept. 16, 1907, specimen, also). Range. Breeds in northern Europe and Asia east probably to the Taimyr Peninsula. Winters from Africa to northwestern India. Two records from Massachusetts. *Limosa fedoa (Linnaeus). MARBLED GODWIT. Scolopax fedoa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 146, 1758 based on "The Greater American Godwit" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 137, pi. 137, Hudson's Bay. Scolopax marmorata Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 720, 1790 based on "Marbled Godwit" Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, Suppl., 1, p. 245, and Pennant, Arct. Zool., Suppl., p. 68, Hudson Straits. Fedoa americana Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 12, (1), p. 71, 1824 new name for Scolopax fedoa Linnaeus. Limosa adspersa Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Sumpfvogel, pi. 76, fig. 573, circa 1846 Mexico (type in Berlin Museum). 1 Limosa fedoa Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 64, 1859 Belize, British Honduras; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 230 Belize and Guatemala; Salvin, I.e., 1865, p. 190 Chiapam, Guatemala; Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 353, 1866 Cuba; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 447, 1866 Trinidad (Aug. to Oct.); Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 210, 1869 Merida, Yucatan; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 456 coasts of Honduras and Guatemala; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 308, 1874 Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 320, 1875 Cardenas, Cuba; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 47, 1876 San Mateo, Oaxaca (Aug., Feb.) ; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 748 Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru (Oct. 27", Nov. 23); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1878, p. 141 Santa Rosa, Ecuador; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 188, 1878 Boqueron, Puerto Rico; Tacza- nowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 379, 1886 Santa Lucia, Peru; Wells, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 628, 1887 Grenada; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 388, 1887 (crit.); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 Cozumel Island; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 93, 1892 Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Grenada; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 391, 756, 1896 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 367, 1903 Mexico (Matamoros, Tamau- lipas; Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Guanajuato; Valley of Mexico; Merida and Cozumel Island, Yucatan), British Honduras (Belize), Guatemala (Chiapam), and Cuba; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 253, 1905 Grenada and Carriacou (rare migrant); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 194, 1926 Ecuador; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 374, 1927 Puerto Rico; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 277, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 92, 1928 According to Naumann (Naturg. Vog. Deuts., 8, p. 429 [in text], 1836), who first published the name, "Limosa adspersa (des Berliner Museums)" as a nomen nudum. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 105 Lower California; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 132, 1932 Champerico, Guatemala (Sept. 10); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 264, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 290 Trinidad and Tobago; Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 54, 1938 Playa de Chacallata, Tacna, Chile (Sept.); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 80, 1945 Sonora (winter). Vetolafedoa Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 184, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Range. Breeds from central Alberta, Saskatchewan, and south- ern Manitoba south to North Dakota (formerly to Utah, Nebraska, Iowa, and Wisconsin); winters from Lower California, Louisiana, and Georgia south to Peru and northern Chile (Playa de Chacalluta, Tacna); casual in Cuba (Cardenas), Puerto Rico (Boqueron), Grenada (Aug. 29, 1881), Tobago, and Trinidad. Field Museum Collection. 66: Alberta (Walsh, 2); Saskatchewan (Big Stick Lake, 2; Hay Lake, 3; Maple Creek, 1; Crane Lake, 3; Lake Johnson, 1; Quill Lake, 1); Nova Scotia (Sambro, 1); North Dakota (Hope, Steele County, 1; Towner County, 8; Rock Lake, Towner County, 2; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 13); South Dakota (Miner County, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 4) ; California (Rincon, Ventura County, 1; Carmel River mouth, Monterey County, 4; La Patera Point, Santa Barbara County, 1; San Diego, 5; Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 1; Alamintos Bay, Los Angeles County, 1; Hyperion, 2; Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, 3; unspecified, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1; Padre Island, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1). Conover Collection. 22: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 10); North Dakota (Devil's Lake, Ramsey County, 1) ; California (Ana- heim Landing, Orange County, 5; Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, 1; San Diego Bay, 5). Genus TRINGA Linnaeus Tringa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 148, 1758 type, by tautonymy, "Tringa" =Tringa ocrophus Linnaeus. Totanus Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. Deutschl., 2, p. 282, 1803 type, by tautonymy, Totanus maculatus Beehstein=Scofopa:c totanus Linnaeus. Glottis Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool., pp. xlii, 304, 1816 type, by tautonymy, Totanus glottis Bechstein =Scolopax nebularius Gunnerus. Rhyacophilus Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 140, 1829 type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Subg. Bds., 2nd ed., App., p. 14, 1841), Tringa glareola Linnaeus. Helodromas Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 144, 1829 type, by monotypy, Tringa ocrophus Linnaeus. 106 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Rhynchophilus Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 40, 1857 type, by monotypy, Totanus chloropygius Vieillot=Tnngra solitaria Wilson. Neoglottis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), pp. 148 (diag.), 329, 1919 type, by orig. desig., Scolopax melanoleuca Gmelin. Tringa totanus robusta (Schiller). 1 ICELANDIC RED-SHANK. Totanus calidris robustiis Schiller, Dansk Orn. Foren. Tidskr., 13, p. 211, 1919 Iceland (type in collection of Lehn Schi01er, now in Copenhagen Museum). Totanus totanus (not Scolopax totanus Linnaeus) Gronberger, Auk, 29, p. 110, 1912 Kililtorajivit, near Angmagsalik, Greenland; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 343, 1919 part, Iceland and Greenland; Bent, I.e., 142, p. 315, 1927 Greenland (Angmagsalik, May 29, 1902, and Apr. 4, 1909). Tringa totanus robusta Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 265, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds in Iceland and on the Faroes; accidental in eastern Greenland (near Angmagsalik, May 29, 1902, and April 4, 1909). 2 *Tringa flavipes (Gmelin). LESSER YELLOW-LEGS. Scolopax flavipes Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 659, 1789 based on "Yellow- shanks" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 468, 1785, New York. Totanus fuscocapillus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 6, p. 400, 1816 based on "Chorlito pardo mayor" Azara, No. 399, Paraguay. Totanus flavipes Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 727, 1833 eastern Brazil; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 129, 1841 Montevideo, Uru- guay; Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 312, 1844 Peru; Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847 Tobago (July to Nov.); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 757, 1849 coast region; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 369, 1856 Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro; Moschler, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 335, 1856 Greenland; Burmeister, I.e., 8, p. 261, 1860 Mendoza and Parana; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 503, 1861 same localities; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 69, 1864 United States, Costa Rica, Haiti, Surinam, and Brazil (crit.); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 131, 1865 Chile; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 452, 1866 Trinidad; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 275, 1868 Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 309, 1870 Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Feb., Sept., Oct.; Irisanga, Feb.), Matto Grosso (Caicara, Sept., Oct.; Engenho do Gama, Sept.), Amazonas (Barra, Sept.), and Para (Cajutuba); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1 Tringa totanus robusta (Schi01er) differs from the nominate race by somewhat longer wings, as well as stouter bill and feet. Besides, in nuptial plumage the upper parts are darker, more brownish, while chest and sides are more heavily spotted. Wing, 160-170, rarely 157; bill, 36^-43 (Schi01er, I.e.). 1 There can be hardly any doubt that the two specimens shot in Angmagsalik Fjord, which unfortunately have not been preserved, belonged to the Icelandic race. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 107 1870, p. 37 Lag6a Santa, Minas Geraes (Apr. 16); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 560 Chorillos (Lima) and Lake Junin, Peru; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 87, 1884 Tandil, Buenos Aires (Feb.); Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 315, 1884 Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios (Nov. to April); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 180 Bartica Grove and Camacusa, British Guiana; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 367, 1886 Peruvian localities; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 364, 1887 (crit.); Cory, Auk, 4, p. 317, 1887 West Indian localities and references; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 238, 1889 (descr.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 137, 1890 Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137 Tarapaca, Chile; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo (Sept. 13); Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 212 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Hartert, I.e., 1893, p. 308 Aruba; Rich- mond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 526, 1893 Rio Escondido, Nicaragua (Oct. 16); Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895 Colonia Risso, Paraguay; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 22, 1895 Malca, Cajabamba, Peru (April); Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. Sci. Chile, 5, p. Ix, 1895 Penaflor, Santiago, Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 Chile (winter); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 431, 759, 1896 (monog.); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 311 Huasco, Sacaya, and Cancosa, Tarapaca, Chile; Winge, Medd. Grjzinl., 21, p. 161, 1898 Greenland (Nanortalik); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 434, 1899 Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 164, 1900 Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900 Cienaga, Santa Marta, Colombia; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900 Laguna de Kingora (Nov.),- Canar (Oct.), Quito (Aug.), and Vinces (Sept.), Ecuador; Salvadori, I.e., No. 378, p. 15, 1900 Carandasinho, Matto Grosso; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 213, 1902 Laguna de Malvinas, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 52 Ingapirca (May) and La Merced (Sept.), Junin, Peru; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 130, 1902 Altagracia, Orinoco, Venezuela (Jan.); Hartert, I.e., p. 307, 1902 Aruba; Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 15, p. 63, pi. 30, 1902 Chile; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 374, 1903 Mexico to Panama; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 253, 1905 Barbados, Grenada, Grenadines, and St. Vincent; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 132, 1906 Puno, Peru (Dec., Mar.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 54, 1906 Caroni Swamp, Trinidad (March); Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 554 Margarita Island, Venezuela (Mar. 23); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 45, 1907 Mexiana Island, Brazil; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 51, 1907 Sao Paulo (Iguap, Sao Sebastiao, Itapura) and Matto Grosso (Porto da Faya) ; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 306, 1908 Cayenne, French Guiana (Oct., Nov.); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 251, 1909 Barracas al Sud (Nov., Jan.) and Est. San Martino Monte (Jan.), Buenos Aires, and Lagunas de Malvinas, Tucuman (March); Me"ne"gaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 219, 1909 Lake Poopo, Bolivia (June 3); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197, 209, 1909 Aruba and Bonaire; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 419, 1910 Azahar de Cartago (Nov. 23, Mar. 2), La Estrella de Cartago (Jan. 24), and Banana River (Oct. 10), Costa Rica; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. 108 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910 Joazeiro (Mar. 20) and Lagoa Boca da Catinga de Cima, Rio Preto (Apr. 26), Bahia, Brazil; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 219, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 469 Argentina (Los Yngleses, Aj6, Buenos Aires, Sept. to Feb.; Esquina, Corrientes, Nov. 14), Paraguay (Santa Rosa, Aug. 14), and Brazil (Porto Esperanga, Matto Grosso, Sept. 25); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39, 1914 Alto Parana; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 89, 1914 Maraj6 (Livramento, Sao Natal) and Mexiana, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 371, 1916 Altagracia, Venezuela (Dec. to Feb.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 223, 1917 Quibdo (Sept. 1), Barbacoas (Aug. 18), and La Manuelita (Apr. 12), Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1918, p. 245 Gatun (May 21) and Mindi (Oct. 7), Panama; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 265 Eten (Sept. 21) and Trujillo (Mar., Sept.), Peru; Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 69 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 24, 1922 La Carolina (Oct., Dec., May) and Tumbaco (Sept. 10), Ecuador; Street, Auk, 40, p. 577, 1923 Alberta (nesting habits); Chap- man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 196, 1926 coast of Manavi (Feb. 13), Chone (Dec. 21), Puna Island (April), and Santa Rosa (Sept. 10), Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 149, 1926 Paraguayan Chaco, Chaco (Las Palmas), Buenos Aires, Mendoza, Tucuman and Rio Negro; Bent, I.e., 142, p. 336, 1927 (life hist.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 366, 1927 Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas, St. Croix, and Anegada (winter); idem, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 12, 1927 Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina (wintering dates); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 168, 1927 Saladero M. Cabal, Santa Fe" (Jan. 20); Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 113, 1927 Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 203, 1929 Angol, Malleco, Chile; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 79, 1930 Matto Grosso; Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 320, 1931 Bermuda Islands; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 161, 1931 Hispaniola (winter); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 396, 1932 Conception, Chile (Apr. 7, 14); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 134, 1932 Guatemala (winter); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 55, 1938 Vegas de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (March); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 28, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Sperry and Cottam, Wilson Bull., 56, p. 45, 1944 (eating fish); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 124, 1944 Yakutat, Alaska (breeding). Totanus stagnatilis (not of Bechstein) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 122, 1847 Chile (in part); Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 163, 1860 Chanaral de las Animas, Atacama, Chile. Gambetta flavipes Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 195 Car- thagena, Colombia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860 Babahoyo, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1867, pp. 332, 339 Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., p. 592 Mexiana, Brazil; iidem, I.e., 1868, p. 144 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 310 Chamicuros, Peru; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 83, 1876 Maraj6, Brazil (Aug. 10-20); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 357, 1876 Moho, Lake Titicaca; Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 165 Buenos Aires (Oct.); idem, I.e., 1877, pp. 43, 199 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 109 Chubut Valley and provinces of Buenos Aires; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 68, 1877 Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 404 Rio Sengel, Chubut; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 Medellin, Colombia; Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 404 Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 232 marshes near Quito, Ecuador. Totanus stagnalis (sic) (T. flavipes?) Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. Sci. Chile, 4, p. Ixxxviii, 1894 Penaflor, Santiago, Chile. Tringa flavipes Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 43, 1918 Tijgerbank, Surinam (Sept.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 323 Port Stanley, Falkland Islands (May 5, 1924); Rowan, Brit. Bds., 23, p. 2, pis., 1929 Alberta (life hist.; nesting); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 266, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 290 Trinidad and Tobago (winter); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 Panama (Agua Dulce, Canal Zone); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 133, 1938 Bahfa (Corupe"ba), Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Itapura, Ypiranga), Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre), and Matto Grosso (Porto Faia); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 174, 1938 Lake Olomega (Aug. 19, Sept. 4), Puerto del Triunfo (Jan. 14), and Barra de Santiago (Apr. 5), El Salvador; Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 647 Lake Junin, Peru (wintering); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Hand!., (3), 22, p. 43, 1945 Joao Pessoa and Santo Antonio, Rio Jurua; idem, I.e., 23, p. 72, 1945 Bolivia, El Beni (Cachtiela Esperanza; Puerto Salinas). Neoglottis flavipes Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 337, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 Uruguay (Montevideo, San Jose, Colonia, Canelones, Maldonado); Dabbene, l.c., p. 110, 1920 (winter range in Argentina and neighboring countries); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922 Altagracia and Rio Cogollo, Zulia, Venezuela; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 182, 1922 Bonda, Cienaga, Gaira, Mamatoco, and Punto Caiman, Colombia (transient); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 296, 1923 Huanuluan, Rio Negro (Sept.); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 55, 1930 San Jose, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (Sept. 9). Range. Breeds from Kotzebue Sound, northern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, and Ungava to northern British Columbia, cen- tral Alberta, and southern Manitoba (formerly to Illinois and New York) ; migrates chiefly east of the Rocky Mountains over the West Indies, Mexico, and Central America, and winters south to Chile and Argentina (casually as far south as the Straits of Magellan); accidental on the Falkland Islands (Port Stanley, May 5, 1924) and in Greenland (Nanortalik). Field Museum Collection. 187: Yukon Territory (Yukon River, 4); British Columbia (Okanagan, 4); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 3) ; Manitoba (Churchill, 2) ; Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 3) ; Massa- chusetts (Monomoy Island, 14; West Yarmouth, 1; Newburyport, 1) ; 110 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII New Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 3; West Haven, 3; North Haven, 4; Guilford, 6; Grove Beach, Middle- sex County, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 10; Pea Island, 2); Georgia (Roswell, Fulton County, 1); Florida (un- specified, 1; Bassenger, Okeechobee County, 2; Amelie Island, Nassau County, 2; Wilson, Brevard County, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 26; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 15; Devil's Lake, Ramsey County, 2; Cando, Towner County, 4; Mauvais Bay, Benson County, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 4); Illinois (Worth, Cook County, 3; Hyde Park, Chicago, Cook County, 2; Blue Island, Cook County, 1; Waukegan, 1; Libertyville, 1); Indiana (Liverpool, Lake County, 2); Arkansas (Winslow, 1; Fort Smith, 1); Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 1; Troublesome, Grand County, 1; unspecified, 1); Texas (Port O'Connor, 2; Seadrift, 1); California (Carmel River mouth, Monterey County, 2; Carmel Lagoon, 1); Bahama Islands (Great Inagua, 2) ; Hispaniola (Port de Paix, Haiti, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 2); Jamaica (Grand Cayman, 1); Lesser Antilles (Bonaire, 1; St. Christopher, 1; Anegada, 1; Dominica, 1; Aruba, 1); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 1); Hon- duras (Utila Island, 1); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca, Guanacaste, 2; Bebedero, 1); Venezuela (Catatumbo, Zulia, 2); Brazil (Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1); Ecuador (Ibarra, Imbabura, 6); Peru (Lagunas, Loreto, 1); Bolivia (Guaqui, La Paz, 6; Desaguadero, La Paz, 1; Vacas, Cochabamba, 5; Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1); Argentina (Rio Paranay, Misiones, 2; Isla Ella, Delta del Parana, 1; San Cristobal, Santa FC", 1); Chile (Hacienda Gualpencillo, Concepcion, 2). Conover Collection. 42: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 1; Cooking Lake, 1; Fawcett, 4); Manitoba (Churchill, 1); Minnesota (Grand Marais, Cook County, 1) ; Illinois (Mud Lake, Cook County, 1; Hyde Lake, Cook County, 1; Wheaton, 4; Henry, 1); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 5); Panama (Perme, Darien, 2); Co- lombia (Popayan, Cauca, 2; Cumbal, Narino, 1); Brazil (Obidos, Para, 4); Ecuador, Province de los Rios (Isla Silva Sur, 2; Rio San Antonio, 1); Bolivia (Guaqui, La Paz, 3; Desaguadero, La Paz, 1); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 1; 30 km. west of Puerto Casado, 1; Orloff, Chaco, 2); Argentina (La Plata, Buenos Aires, 2). *Tringa melanoleuca (Gmelin). GREATER YELLOW-LEGS. Scolopax melanoleuca Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 659, 1789 based on "Stone Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 468, 1785, Chateau Bay, La- brador. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 111 Scolopax vociferus Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 57, pi. 58, fig. 5, 1813 Atlantic coast of the United States (type evidently lost). Totanus natator Vieillot, 1 Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 6, p. 409, 1816 based on "Chorlito pardo picado de bianco" Azara, No. 308, Paraguay. Totanus sasashew Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 6, p. 412, 1816 based on Scolopax totanus (not of Linnaeus) Forster, Phil. Trans., 62, p. 410, 1772, Fort Albany, Keewatin. Totanus maculatus (not of Bechstein, 1803) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 727, 1833 Barra Velha, near Villa Vicoza, Bahia, Brazil (type now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 271, 1889). Totanus melanoleucus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 130, 1841 Mal- donado, Uruguay; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 757, 1849 coast region; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 368, 1856 Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860 Mendoza, Parana, and Tucuman; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 503, 1861 same localities; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 63, 1864 United States, Cuba, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Surinam, and Chile (crit.); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 131, 1865 Chile; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 454, 1866 Trinidad; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 275, 1867 Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 308, 1870 Matto Grosso (Caicara, Oct., Nov.; Villa Bella, Oct.) and Para (Praia de Caju- tuba, Feb. 23), Brazil; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 560 Chorillos (Lima) and Junin, Peru; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 257, 1874 Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 87, 1884 mouth of Collon-gueyu, Buenos Aires (Feb. 19); Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 441 Angostura, Orinoco, Venezuela; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 315, 1884 Entre Rios (Conception del Uruguay, Aug. to Nov.) and Buenos Aires (Azul, Jan.; Bahia Blanca, Feb. 8; Puan, Mar. 28; Carhue 1 , April); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 365, 1886 (Peruvian locali- ties); Cory, Auk, 4, p. 317, 1887 (West Indian localities and references); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 363, 1887 (crit.); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 238, 1889 (descr.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889 falls of the Madeira, Bolivia (Oct.); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 186, 1889 Argentina; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 129, 1891 Bahia Orange, Tierra del Fuego (Mar. 7, Oct. 22, Nov. 18); Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo (Sept. 13); Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 212 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Hartert, I.e., 1893, p. 334 Bonaire; Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 209 Santa Elena, Uruguay (Mar., Apr., Oct.); Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. Sci. Chile, 5, p. Ix, 1895 Penaflor, Santiago, Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 Chile (winter); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 426, 759, 1896 (monog.); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 311 Rio Pilmaiquen, Valdivia, Chile (Feb.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 433, 1899 Iguape", Sao Paulo; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900 Lagoon of Kingora 1 Totanus natator Vieillot has sometimes been synonymized with T. flavipes, but Azara's measurements are too large for this species, and seem to fit much better the Greater Yellow-legs. 112 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Nov.) and Cafiar (Oct.), Ecuador; Salvador!, I.e., No. 378, p. 15, 1900 Carandasinho, Matto Grosso; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 236 Paraguayan Chaco (Nov. 21); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 213, 1902 Rio Sail, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9', p. 130, 1902 Altagracia, Orinoco, Venezuela (Nov.); Hartert, I.e., p. 307, 1902 Bonaire; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 52 Ingapirca, Junin, Peru (May); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 373, 1903 Mexico to Panama; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 253, 1905 Barbados, St. Vincent, Grenada, and Grenadines (transient); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 132, 1906 Puno, Peru (Dec.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 51, 1907 Sao Paulo (Iguape, Sao Sebas- tiao, Itapura) and Matto Grosso (Porto da Faya); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 306, 1908 Cayenne (Oct. 19); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 252, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (June 5), and Laguna de Malvinas, Tucuman (Mar. 31); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197, 209, 1909 Aruba and Bonaire; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 219, 1910 (range in Argentina); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 419, 1910 Costa Rica (rare winter visitor); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 469 Los Yngleses (Mar. 8-17) and Luiconia (Apr. 29), Buenos Aires; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39, 1914 Djaguarasapa, Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 89, 1914 Marajo (Pacoval) and Amapa, Para, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 371, 1916 Altagracia, Orinoco, Venezuela (Nov.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 223, 1917 Cali, Colombia (Dec. 25); Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918 Guanacache, Mendoza (Mar., 1918); Stuart, Auk, 37, p. 292, 1920 Grand Lake, Newfoundland (nesting); Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 68 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 24, 1922 La Carolina, Ecuador (Oct.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 311, 1926 Igiak Bay (June 18, July 10), Point Dall (July 3, Aug. 8), Alaska; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 196, 1926 Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 150, 1926 Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco, Sept.), Buenos Aires (Dolores, Lavalle, Carhu, Oct. to Dec.), Uruguay (San Vicente, Jan., Feb.), Mendoza (Tunuyan, Mar.), Tucuman (Apr. 5), and Chile (Concon, April); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 427, 1926 Valcheta Creek, Rio Negro (May 21); idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 368, 1927 Puerto Rico (winter); idem, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 11, 1927 Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina (wintering); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 321, 1927 (life hist.); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 203, 1929 Angol, Malleco, Chile; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 79, 1930 Matto Grosso; Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 319, 1931 Bermuda Islands (transient); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 162, 1931 Hispaniola (winter); Farley, Auk, 48, p. 261, 1931 Alberta (nesting account); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 395, 1932 Rio Inio, Chiloe" Island (range in Chile); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 133, 1932 Champerico and Ocos, Guatemala; Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 206, 1933 (downy young descr.); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 54, 1938 Laguna de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (July 27); Gabrielson, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 113 Auk, 61, p. 124, 1944 Yakutat, Alaska (nesting); Sperry and Cottam, Wilson Bull., 56, p. 45, 1944 (eating fish). Totanus stagnatilis (not of Bechstein) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 122, 1847 Chile (in part); Frauenfeld, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 10, Abh., p. 639, 1860 Lake Aculeo, Santiago, Chile; (?)Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 150, 1925 San Bernardo, San- tiago, Chile. Glottis melanoleuca Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 163, 1855 Bogota, Colombia; idem, I.e., 26, p. 461, 1858 Cuenca, Ecuador. Totanus chilensis Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 14, p. 182, 1857 Chile= coast of Valparaiso (type in National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 24, 1930); idem, Arch. Naturg., 23, (1), p. 264, 1857 coast of province of Valparaiso; idem, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 163, 1860 Paposo, Antofagasta, Chile (descr.); idem, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 Paposo; idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 15, p. 63, pi. 29, fig. 1, 1902 Chile (descr. and fig. of type). Gambetta melanoleuca Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 195 Carthagena, Colombia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 332, 339 Chile (crit.); idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 144 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 156 Tinta and Tungasuca, Cuzco, Peru; Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 219 Chitra, Veraguas, Panama; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 383 La Cruz, Santander, Colombia; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 357, 1876 Moho and Conima, Lake Titicaca, Peru; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 199 province of Buenos Aires; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 567, 1877 Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Selater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 457 Cauca and Medellin, Colombia; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 56, 1881 lagoons of the Rio Negro; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 16 Talcaguano, Chile (April); White, I.e., 1882, p. 628 Pacheco, Buenos Aires (Mar. 15); Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 404 Sitana, Tarapaca, Chile; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Goodfellow, I.e., 1902, p. 232 marshes near Quito, Ecuador. Totanus melanoleucus frazari Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 65, Sept., 1902 San Jose del Cabo, Lower California (type in collection of W. Brewster, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 177, 1930); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 341, 1905 Escuinapa, Sinaloa (crit.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, pp. 92, 240, 1928 Lower California (crit.). Neoglottis melanoleuca Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 330, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Maldonado) ; Dabbene, I.e., p. 109, 1920 (winter range in Argentina and neighboring countries); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 183, 1922 Rio Hacha, La Goajira, Colombia (May 4); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 297, 1923 Huanuluan, Rio Negro (Oct.). Tringa melanoleuca Rowan, Brit. Birds, 23, p. 13, pi. 4, 1929 (habits; chicks); idem, I.e., 24, p. 90, 1930 (nesting); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 266, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 290 Trinidad (winter); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 Panama (winter); 114 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 134, 1938 Bahia (Corupe"ba, Ilha Madre Deus), Sao Paulo (Iguape", Sao Sebastiao, Rio Parana), Rio Grande do Sul (Itaquy), and Matto Grosso (Rio Parana); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 28, p. 174, 1938 Olomega Lake, El Salvador (Sept. 9); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 647 Lake Junin, Peru (wintering); Herring and Salomonsen, Medd. Grjzfnl., 131, No. 5, p. 34, 1941 Greenland. Range. Breeds from Cook Inlet, Alaska, east through Mac- kenzie to Labrador and Newfoundland, south to southern British Columbia, central Alberta, southern Manitoba, Mingan Islands, and Anticosti Island; winters from California, the Gulf states, and South Carolina over the West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America to Tierra del Fuego. Field Museum Collection. 165: Alaska (Nome, 1; Tocatna Forks, 2; Bethel, 2); British Columbia (Masset, Graham Island, 2; Oka- nagan, 4; Sumas, 4); Labrador (Battle Harbor, 5; Anatolak Bay, 2; Jack Lane's Bay, 3); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 9); Nova Scotia (Seal Island, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 3; Rock Lake, Towner County, 1; Sweetwater Lake, Ramsey County, 1); Maine (Lincoln, Penobscot County, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 21; Duxbury, 1; Chatham, 1; Ipswich, 1); Rhode Island (Narragan- sett, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 8; West Haven, 14; North Haven, 1; Stamford, 1); New York (North Hamlin, Monroe County, 2); Indiana (Bluffton, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 4; Tivoli, Refugio County, 2); New Mexico (Mimbres, Grant County, 2); Arizona (Phoenix, 2); California (Westport, Mendocino County, 2; Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, 1; Carmel River mouth, Mon- terey County, 1; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 1; Red Bluff, Tehama County, 2); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 20; Bodie Island, 9); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 1); Florida (Nassau County, 2; Jupiter, Palm Beach County, 1; Amelie Island, Nassau County, 4); Bahama Islands (Great Inagua, 1; Andros, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Antigua, 1; Anegada, 2); Dutch West Indies (Bonaire, 1; Aruba, 3); Colombia (unspecified, 1); Peru (Puno, Puno, 1); Bolivia, Cochabamba (Vacas, 2; Yungas, El Palmar, 2). Conover Collection. 32: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 2); Alberta (Fawcett, 6) ; Wisconsin (Big Muskego Lake, 2) ; Nebraska (Brownlee, Cherry County, 1); Illinois (Wheaton, 5); Michigan (Ann Arbor, 2); California (Yermo, San Bernardino County, 4; Anaheim Landing, Orange County, 1); Mexico, Lower California (San Jose" del Cabo, 1; La Paz, 3); British Guiana (Buxton, 2); 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 115 Bolivia (Cerro San Benito, Cochabamba, 1); Chile, Chiloe" Island (Quellon, 1; Rio Inio, 1). Tringa nebularia (Gunnerus). GREENSHANK. Scolopax nebularia Gunnerus, in Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapper, p. 251, 1767 District of Trondhjem, Norway (cf. Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 37, 1882). Glottis floridanus Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 51, 1838 based on Totanus glottis Audubon, Orn. Biog., 3, p. 483, pi. 269, 1835, Sand Key, near Cape Sable, Florida; Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 730, 1858 (crit. note on type in United States National Museum). Glottis nebularia Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 323, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 309, 1927 (life hist.). Tringa nebularia Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 266, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds in northern Europe and Asia from Scotland to Kamchatka; winters in the Mediterranean countries, Africa, India, southern China, Japan, Philippines, and Sunda Islands east to Australia and New Zealand; accidental in Florida (Sand Key, near Cape Sable). 1 Tringa ocrophus Linnaeus. GREEN SANDPIPER. Tringa ocrophus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 149, 1758 based princi- pally on Faun. Svec., No. 146, Sweden; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 353, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 146, p. 16, 1929 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 267, 1934 (range). Totanus ochropus Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 368, 1887 (crit.). Helodromas ochropus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 437, 1896 (monog.); Coues, Auk, 14, p. 210, 1897 (record of British Museum specimens from North America). Range. Breeds in northern Europe and Asia and winters from the British Isles and the Mediterranean region south to Africa, southern Asia and the Philippines; alleged to have occurred as an accidental visitor to northeastern North America (Hudson Bay; Halifax, Nova Scotia). 2 1 The claim of the Greenshank to a place in the American fauna rests exclu- sively on Audubon's taking of three specimens on Sand Key, near Cape Sable, Florida. Schlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 63, 1864) lists under Totanus glottis a male (in nearly complete summer garb!) from near Buenos Aires, another (in change of plumage) from the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, and a third (in winter dress) from "Chile." In neither of these countries in fact nowhere in South America has the Greenshank ever been met with since, and until cor- roborative evidence is forthcoming, these records must be regarded as highly questionable. *Both records being highly unsatisfactory, it is very questionable whether the species deserves a place in the American fauna.* 116 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Tringa solitaria solitaria Wilson. 1 SOLITARY SANDPIPER. Tringa solitaria Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 53, pi. 58, fig. 3, 1813 Pennsylvania (Pocono Mountain), Kentucky, and New York (type lost); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 265 Cochabamba, Bolivia (Apr. 19); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 San Jose", Uruguay; Dabbene, I.e., p. 114, 1920 (winter range in Argentina and neighboring countries); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922 Altagracia, Zulia (Feb.), and Culata Mountains, Me>ida (Mar.), Venezuela; Brooks, Condor, 29, p. 112, 1927 part (dist. chars.); Wetmore, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 12, 1927 part, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina (wintering dates); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 152, 1928 Rio Guamd (Apr. 15) and Para (Apr. 20), Brazil; Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 770 Blair- mont, British Guiana (transient and winter); Swarth, Condor, 37, p. 199, 1935 part (crit.). Totanus chloropygius Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 6, p. 401, 1816 Hudson Bay to Santo Domingo (no type specified); Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847 Tobago; Le'otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 450, 1866 Trinidad; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 560 Chorillos (Lima), Peru; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 330 Lechugal (Tumbez), Peru. Totanus punctatus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 6, p. 411, 1816 based on "Chorlito pardo menor" Azara, No. 400, Paraguay. Totanus caligatus Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 74 (in text), 1823 based on Azara, No. 400, Paraguay; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 370, 1856 southern Brazil (descr.). Tringa macroptera Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 76, pi. 92 (not 93), 1825 provinces of Rio de Janeiro and Bahia, Brazil (co types in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 714, 1906). Totanus macropterus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 129, 1841 Monte- video, Uruguay; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 163, 1855 Bogota, Colombia; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 38 Minas Geraes (near Lagoa Santa, Apr. 14), Rio de Janeiro (Taipu, Oct. 27), and Sao Paulo (Taubate", Nov. 5). Rhynchophilus chloropygius Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 40, 1857 Cayenne. 1 For the distinctive characters of this form see the footnote on page 120. It has been found impossible to tell, especially where South America is con- cerned, which race or races much of the synonymy refers to. In such cases the references have been listed under this, the typical race. Additional material examined. Alaska: Griffin Point, Arctic Ocean, 1. Yukon Territory: Echamamish, 1. British Columbia: Atlin, 1; Cariboo, 1. Abitibi, 1; Moosonee, 5; James Bay, 6. Quebec: Fort Chimo, Ungava, 1. Labrador: Flowers Bay, north of Hopedale, 2. L948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 117 Totanus solitarius Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 461, 1858 Guala- quiza, Ecuador; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 73, 1864 (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 979 Pebas, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1868, p. 169 Venezuela; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 309, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba, Mar., Apr.; Teixeira, Nov.), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Nov.; Irisanga, Jan.), Parana (Curytiba, Nov.; Pitangui, Dec. 9), Matto Grosso (Caicara, Mar.; Engenho do Gama, Aug.), and Amazonas (Barra, July); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 309 Peru (Nauta, Chamicuros, Pebas); Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 396 Para, Brazil; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 258, 1874 Blumenau, Santa Catharina; idem and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 182, 1885 Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul (Mar., Oct.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 368, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 180 Roraima, British Guiana; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 364, 1887 (crit.); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 37, 1887 Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco (Dec. 14); idem, I.e., 37, p. 321, 1889 Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali, Peru (Dec. 8); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 239, 1889 (West Indian references and localities); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 Ruatan Island, Honduras; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893 Chapada, Matto Grosso (Sept. to April); Rich- mond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 526, 1893 Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, and Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 22, 1895 Malca, Cajabamba, Peru (Apr.); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895 Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 35, 1897 Aguairenda (Nov.) and Caiza (Feb., Mar.), Tarija, Bolivia; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 161, 1898 Greenland (Godthaab, Aug. 1, 1878); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900 Cienaga and Santa Marta, Colombia; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910 near Joazeiro (Mar. 5) and Cantinho, Rio Preto (Apr. 24), Bahia, Brazil; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 24, 1922 La Carolina (Jan. to Mar.) and Chilco, San Pedro River (Apr. 15), Ecuador. Rhyacophilus solitarius Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199 Nauta, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1867, p. 592 Mexiana Island, Brazil; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 598 Cosnipata, Cuzco, Peru; Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 219 Castillo, Veraguas, and Volcan de Chiriquf, Panama; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 324, 1875 Cuba (Sept. to April); Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 68 Buenos Aires (Oct. to March); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 178 Santa Marta (Dec. 16); Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 315, 1884 Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios (Aug. 20 to Oct.), and Azul, Buenos Aires (Jan. 25); Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 20 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 151 Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo (Sept. 13); Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 212 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires (March to June); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 209 Uruguay (Nov. to April); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 469 Paraguay (Monte Alto, Aug. 25) and Matto Grosso (Porto Esperanca, Sept. 25; Riacho Paraguay Mirim, Oct. 2-3). Helodromas solitarius Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 444, 760, 1896 part, except specimens a-c (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 434, 1899 Sao Paulo; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900 Gualaquiza (Apr.) and Altiplano de Tarqul, Cuenca (Sept.), Ecuador; Salvadori, I.e., No. 378, p. 15, 1900 Urucum, Matto 118 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Grosso; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 232 marshes near Quito, Ecuador; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 213, 1902 Rio Sali and Rio Calera, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 129, 1902 Ciudad Bolivar (Aug. 10), Altagracia (Dec., Jan.), and Caicara (Oct.), Orinoco, Venezuela; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 52 La Merced, Junin, Peru (May 21); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 375, 1903 Mexico to Panama; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 250, 1904 Oran, Salta (May 25); Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 231, 1904 Santa Ana, Tucuman; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 253, 1905 Barbados, St. Vincent, and Grenadines (July to Dec.) ; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp. 102, 125, 1906 Santa Ana (Sept.) and Huaynapata, Cuzco, Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 52, 1907 Sao Paulo (Rio Mogy-guassu, Franca, Itapura) and Parana (Ourinho); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 307, 1908 Cayenne (Oct. 20); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 517, 1908 Goyana, Rio Tapajoz, Brazil (Dec. 23); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 204, 1909 Curagao Island (March 25); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 67 Sapucay, Paraguay (Aug. 26); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 425, 1910 Jamarysinho (Sept. 25) and Sao Isabel (Oct. 5), Rio Machados, Brazil; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 219, 1910 (range in Argentina); Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Sci. Varsovie, 5, pp. 462, 492, 1912 Santa Cruz, Parana, Brazil; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 38, 1914 upper Rio Parand, Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 89, 1914 Capanema, Braganca, Rio Guama (Ourem), Maraj6 (Pindobal, Pacoval, Sao Natal), and Rio Tapaj6z (Goyana), Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 371, 1916 Las Barrancas, Agua Salada de Ciudad Bolivar, Ciudad Bolivar, Altagracia, and Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela. Helodromas solitarius solitarius Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 196., 1905 Isle of Pines, Cuba (May); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 251, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (Jan. 1, Mar. 23, Oct. 4); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 419, 1910 Costa Rica (Tenorio, Jan. 29; San Jose", Sept. 15; Bolson, Dec. 10; El Hogar, Dec. 12); Todd, I.e., 7, p. 413, 1911 Great Inagua, Bahama Islands; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 223, 1917 Quibdo (Nov. 14), Novita (Dec. 21), Buena Vista, Narino (Sept. 28), San Antonio (Jan. 20), Cali (Dec. 25), La Manuelita (Apr. 11), San Agustin (Apr. 9), Puerto Berrio (Jan. 30), and Barro Blanco (Nov. 29), Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1918, p. 245 Gatun (Sept. 10) and near Mount Hope (Apr. 13), Panama. Tringa solitaria solitaria Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 43, 1918 vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 358, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 182, 1922 Bonda, Cienaga, Mamatoco, and Fundaci6n, Colombia (winter); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 196, 1926 below Oyacachi (Feb. 4, Sept. 30), Ecuador (crit.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 364, 1927 Puerto Rico and St. Croix (winter); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 93, 1928 Lower California (transient); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 1, 1929 (life hist.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 80, 1930 Tapi- rapoan, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 119 Vogel, p. 53, 1930 Formosa (Lapango, Sept. 18; Yunca Viejo, Feb. 4) and Bolivia (San Jose", Santa Cruz, Sept. 8) (crit.); Bradlee and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 320, 1931 Bermuda Islands (transient); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 159, 1931 Hispaniola (winter); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 134, 1932 Finca Sepacuite, Guatemala (Dec. 16); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 304, 1932 Honduras; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 267, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 Panama (winter); Van Tyne, Misc. Pub., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 14, 1935 Uaxactun (Apr. 20, May 5) and La Libertad (Sept. 28), Pete'n, Guatemala; Carriker and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 415, 1935 Gualan, Guatemala (Feb. 18); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 290 Trinidad and Tobago (winter); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 134, 1938 Amazonas (Manacapuru, Aug.), Bahfa (Ilha de Madre Deus, Feb.), Sao Paulo (Rio Mogy-guassu, Sept.; Olympia, Feb.; Ypiranga, Nov.; Itatiba, Mar.; Sylvania, Dec.), Matto Grosso (Miranda, Sept.), Parana (Jacar6- zinho, Mar.), and Goyaz (Rio das Almas, Oct.; Inhumas, Nov.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 173, 1938 El Salvador (San Sebastian, July 27; Lake Olomega, Aug. 8; Rio San Miguel, Feb. 5); Taverner, Condor, 42, p. 215, 1940 part (distr.; dist. chars.); Conover, Auk, 61, p. 538, 1944 (dist. chars.; range; plumages); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 43, 1945 Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua, Brazil; idem, I.e., 23, p. 72, 1945 Victoria, El Beni, Bolivia (Oct.). Tringa solitarius Street, Auk, 40, p. 577, 1923 Alberta (nesting habits); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 30, p. 70, 1926 (crit.). Range. Breeds from northern British Columbia, northern Al- berta (Wood Buffalo National Park), central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba (Ilford), northern Ontario (Moosonee) and Labrador (Flower's Bay near Hopedale) south probably to about 50 N. lat. Migrates through the United States (mostly east of the Rocky Mountains), the West Indies and Central America to southern South America (Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern Argentina); accidental in Greenland (Godthaab, Aug. 1, 1878). Field Museum Collection. 122: British Columbia (Okanagan, 12); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 5); North Dakota (Nelson County, 8; Towner County, 4); Iowa (Burlington, 1); Missouri (Koshkonong, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 6; Fox Lake, 1); Illinois (Libertyville, 1; Diamond Lake, 1; Worth, 2; Chicago, 2; Joliet, 3; Grand Chain, 1); Ohio (Circleville, 1); Labrador (Bowdoin Harbor, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1); Maine (Lincoln, 2); Massachusetts (Mono- moy Island, 1); New Hampshire (Ossipee, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 4; New Haven County, 15; Grove Beach, 1); New York (Suffolk County, 3; Kings County, 1); Pennsylvania (Tioga, 1); North Carolina (Bodie Island, Dare County, 2); South Carolina 120 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Mount Pleasant, 1); Georgia (Chatham County, 1); Florida (Brevard County, 1); Dominican Republic (San Luis, 2); Jamaica (Surrey, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Guade- loupe Island, 1; Dominica, 3); Dutch West Indies (Curacao, 1); Mexico (Yucatan, 1); Costa Rica (Guanacaste, 2; Limon, 1); Panama (Chiriqui, 2); Venezuela (Maracaibo, 1; Catatumbo, 5; Encontrados, Zulia, 1; Culata, Merida, 2; Maracay, Aragua, 1); Ecuador (Banos, 1); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 2; Quemadas, Bahia, 1; Sao Paulo, 1; Urucum de Corumba, Matto Grosso, 1; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1); Bolivia (Arque, Cochabamba, 1; El Palmar, Cochabamba, 1; Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1). Conover Collection. 18: Illinois (Libertyville, 1; Wheaton, 1; Clark County, 1; Warrenville, 1); Massachusetts (East Orleans, 1); New York (Suffolk County, 2); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 1); Panama (Perme, Darien, 1); Colombia, Cauca (Popayan, 1; Coco- nuco, 1; El Tambo, 1); Brazil (Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Cavalcante, Goyaz, 1; Sao Paulo, 1); Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 1; Orloff, Chaco, 1). *Tringa solitaria cinnamomea (Brewster). 1 NORTHERN SOLITARY SANDPIPER. Totanus solitarius dnnamomeus Brewster, Auk, 7, p. 377, October, 1890 San Jos6 del Cabo, Lower California (type in collection of W. Brewster, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 177, 1930). Helodromas solitarius Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 444, 1896 part, specimens a-c; (?)Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 188, 1899 Chatham Island, Galapagos (Oct. 12). Helodromas dnnamomeus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 760, 1896 (descr.). 1 Tringa solitaria cinnamomea (Brewster) in fresh unfaded adult plumage differs from the nominate race by having the ground color of the upper parts lighter, more grayish, as against a more dusky olive; by usually having the loral region covered with fine dusky specklings instead of being crossed by a well- defined dusky streak; and by larger size. Wings of males 128-139, of females 137-148, as against 123-132.5 and 127-140 mm., respectively, in T. s. solitaria. This form generally (about 85 per cent) has the inner webs of the outermost primaries mottled with white but this character is found also in about 10 per cent of the specimens of the typical race. In immature plumage cinnamomea has the ground color of the upper parts more of an Olive Brown rather than a dark Hair Brown, but the most distinctive feature is the coloration of the spotting of the dorsal surface, which is buffy in this form and grayish white in T. s. solitaria. Additional material examined. Alaska: Circle, 7; north fork Kuskoquim River, 1; Chitna River Glacier, 3; Nulato, 2; Bethel, 1; Yakutat, 1; Charlie Creek, Yukon River, 5. Northwest Territory: Finnic River, 1; Mackenzie Delta, 4; Fort 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 121 Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 67, 1902 San Jose del Cabo (Aug. 25 to Sept. 2). Tringa solitaria cinnamomea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 363, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 197, 1926 Guayaquil (Mar. 26), Loja (Oct. 14), Alamor (Aug. 30), Cebollal (Sept. 23), and Carolina Marshes, Quito (Aug. 10), Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 148, 1926 Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco), Uruguay, and Argentina (Formosa, Aug. 23; Entre Rios; Buenos Aires; and General Rocha, Rio Negro); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 93, 1928 Lower California (transient); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 13, 1929 (life hist.); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 55, 1930 Formosa (Lapango, Sept. 16) and Bolivia (San Jose", Santa Cruz, Sept. 8, 9); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 267, 1934 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 135, 1938 Sao Paulo (Crystaes, March; Itapura, Sept.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 173, 1938 Lake Olomega (Sept. 5, April 8) and San Salvador (April 25), El Salvador; Taverner, Condor, 42, p. 215, 1940 (dist. chars.; nesting range); Conover, Auk, p. 541, 1944 (dist. chars.; plumages; range); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 43, 1945 Santo Antonio, Rio Jurua, Brazil. Tringa solitaria (not of Wilson) Brooks, Condor, 29, p. 112, 1927 part (dist. chars.); Taverner and Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 23, p. 38, 1934 Churchill, Manitoba (probably breeding; cinnamomea a valid but northern rather than western race); Swarth, Condor, 37, p. 199, 1935 part, Atlin, British Columbia (crit.; cinnamomea not valid race). Range. Breeds in Alaska and Canada from the limit of trees south to about 60 N. lat. and from Bering Sea to the west coast of Hudson Bay (Churchill). Migrates through the United States, mostly west of the Mississippi, and Central America to Bolivia, Paraguay and south-central Argentina (Rio Negro). Rare on the Pacific coast of North America north of southern California and probably also in eastern South America. (?) Casual on the Galapagos Islands (Chatham Island). Field Museum Collection. 48: Alaska (Tocatna Forks, 3; Bethel, 4) ; Yukon Territory (Yukon River, 1) ; British Columbia (Okanagan, 8; Rollings Lake, 3); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 5); North Dakota (Towner County, 3) ; Wisconsin (Meridean, 1) ; Illinois' (Grand Chain, 1); Massachusetts (Somerville, 1); California (Los Angeles County, 1); Arizona (Tucson, 2); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 2; Troublesome, 1); Texas (Cameron County, 1); El Salvador (San Salvador, 1); Costa Rica (Volcan Turrialba, 1; Miravalles, 1; Limon, 1); Ecuador Simpson, 1; Fort Providence, 1. Yukon Territory: Whitehorse, 2; 60 mile Creek, 1. British Columbia: Atlin, 14; Shuswap, 3; Cariboo, 1; Okanagan, 1. Alberta: Lac la Nonne, 6; Henry House, 1 ; Edmonton, 1. Manitoba: Churchill, 6; Gypsum- ville, 1. 122 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Paramba, 1; Banos, 2); Peru (Yurimaguas, Loreto, 1); Bolivia (Cercado, Santa Cruz, 3). Conover Collection. 11: California (Yermo, 1); Peru (Pucallpa, Rio Ucayali, 1); Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1); Paraguay (265 km. west of Puerto Casado, 1; Orloff, Chaco, 4; Horqueta, 2); Argentina (Rio Sali, Tucuman, 1). Tringa glareola Linnaeus. WOOD SANDPIPER. Tringa glareola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 149, 1758 based on Faun. Svec., No. 152, Sweden; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 267, 1934 (range). Totanus glareola Littlejohn, Condor, 6, p. 138, 1904 Sanak Island, Alaska (May 27, 1894). Rhyacophilus glareola Hanna, Auk, 33, p. 401, 1916 St. George Island, Pribilof group, Alaska (May 19, 1914); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 347, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 75, 1923 St. George, Pribilof Islands; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 22, 1929 (life hist.). Range. Breeds in northern Europe and Asia from Norway, Belgium, and northern Germany to Kamchatka and the Kurile Islands; winters in Africa, India, southeastern Asia, and Australia; accidental in Alaska (Sanak Island, Aleutian chain, May 27, 1894; St. George Island, Pribilof group (May 19, 1914). Genus ACTITIS Illiger Actitis Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 262, 1811 type, by subs, desig. (Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 131, 1885), 1 Tringa hypoleucos Linnaeus. Tringoides Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, No. 2, p. 326, Feb. 5, 1828 type, by subs, desig. (Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 53, p. 627, 1917), Tringa macularia "Wilson" (=Linnaeus). Guinetta G. R. Gray, List Gen. Birds, p. 68, 1840 type, by orig. desig., Tringa hypoleucos Linnaeus. Trgngodes Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn., p. 327, 1890 emendation of Tringoides Bonaparte. *Actitis macularia (Linnaeus). 2 SPOTTED SANDPIPER. Tringa macularia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 249, 1766 based on "Spotted Sandpiper" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 139, pi. 277, *We are not certain that Stejneger's designation is a valid one, as it was determined by elimination. 2 Actitis macularia (Linnaeus) is probably conspecific with A. hypoleucos of the Palaearctic region, the juvenile and winter plumages of the two birds being strikingly similar. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 123 lower figure; near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Herring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, No. 5, p. 34, 1941 Greenland (Godthaab, Sept. 27; Nanortalik, April 18). Totanus macularius Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847 Tobago; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 372, 1887 (crit.); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 325 Curasao; Butterfield, Auk, 21, p. 485, 1904 Kent, England; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 54, 1906 Trinidad (Jan. to April). Tringoides macularius(a) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 461, 1858 Gualaquiza, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 298, 1860 Esmeraldas, Ecuador; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 592 Mexiana Island, Brazil; iidem, I.e., 1868, p. 629 Tucacas, Falcon, Venezuela; iidem, I.e., 1870, p. 783 south of Me>ida, Venezuela; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 309, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba, March), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Nov.), Parana (Paranagua, Dec.), Matto Grosso (Engenho do Gama, Sept.), Amazonas (Marabitanas, Rio Negro, May), and Para (Praia de Cajutuba, Apr. 12), Brazil; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 383 Ocana, Colombia; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 83, 1876 Santarem, Brazil (Apr. 12); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 Retiro, Colombia; Taczanowski, I.e., 1882, p. 49 Huambo, Peru (March); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 180 Bartica Grove and Camacusa, British Guiana; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 468, 762, 1896 (monog.); Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 36, 1897 San Francisco, Tarija, Bolivia (Dec.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 503, 1898 Cachabf, Ecuador (Nov. to Jan.); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900 Ecuador (Rio Santiago; Ibarra, Cuenca, Oct.; Rio Peripa, Nov.; Santa Elena, Jan.); Dalmas, Me"m. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 144, 1900 Tobago; Ber- lepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 130, 1902 Venezuela (Ciudad Bolfvar, Dec.; Altagracia, Nov., Dec.; Caicara, Mar., Oct.; Orinoco River; and Suapure, Caura, Sept. 14); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 52 La Merced, Junin, Peru (Aug., Sept., Mar.); Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 232 Santo Domingo and San Nicolas, Ecuador (Oct.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 378, 1903 Mexican and Central American localities and references; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp. 102, 126,' 1906 Santa Ana (Dec. 4) and Huay- napata (Oct. 15), Peru; Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 553 Margarita Island, Vene- zuela (Jan. 6); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 52, 1907 Iguape", Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 307, 1908 Cayenne, French Guiana; Me"ne"gaux, Miss. Serv. Geog. Arm^e Mes. Arc Equat., 9, p. B. 9, 1911 Tumbaco, Ecuador; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 90, 1914 Para, Marajo (Pacoval, Soure), Mexiana, Cunany, and Guimaraes (Maranhao), Brazil. Actitis macularius(a) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 83, 1864 (crit.); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 330 Tumbez, Peru; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 577 Chimbo, Ecuador (Nov.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889 lower Beni, Bolivia (Aug.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 395 Lima, Peru (Sept., Nov.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893 Chapada, Matto Grosso; Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 375, 1900 (plumages); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 255, 1905 Barbados, 124 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Grenada, and St. Vincent; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197, 204, 237, 1909 Aruba, Curacao, and Margarita Island; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910 Amaracao, coast of Piauhy (Sept. 14-16); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 420, 1910 Bolson, San Jos6, Carrillo, Gapiles (Mar. 5), Ujurras de Terraba (Sept. 16), Tucurriqui (Nov. 1), and La Estrella de Cartago (Nov. 5), Costa Rica; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 192, 1913 Caria- quito, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 371, 1916 Orinoco River (Aug. to April); Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 366, 1916 Sainte Rose, Guadeloupe (July 15); Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 213, 1916 Isle of Pines; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 224, 1917 Dabeiba (Feb. 14), Novita (Dec. 23), San Jose (Dec. 4), Barbacoas (Aug. 30-Sept. 4), Caldas (Nov. 20), Cali (May 8), and Salento (Sept. 28), Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1918, p. 245 Gatun (Feb., Sept., Oct.), Pedro Miguel (Apr. 23), and Toro Point (Aug. 4), Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 372, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 265 Ecuador (Riobamba, Jan. 3) and Peru (Eten, Lambayeque, Sept. 17; Rio Perene, Junin, March 9; Trujillo, Libertad, Sept. 1); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 124, 1920 Conception, Tucuman (Mar. 4); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 50, 1921 Rio Comberciato (Sept. 22) and Calca (Apr. 25), Urubamba, Peru; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922 Altagracia, Zulia, Venezuela; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 24, 1922 La Carolina (May 14, June 19, July 10, Nov. 7), Rio San Pedro (Oct. 18), Machangara (Apr. 11), and Mindo (Nov. 21), Ecuador; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 182, 1922 Bonda, Buritaca, and Fundacion, Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 197, 1926 Ecuador (many localities); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 147, 1926 Rio Ajo below Lavalle, Buenos Aires (Oct. 25); idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 362, 1927 Mona, Desecheo, Puerto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, St. Croix, St. Thomas, and Tortola (winter visitant); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 24, 1927 Zelaya, Buenos Aires (April); Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 771 Blairmont, British Guiana (winter); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 95, 1928 Lower California (transient and winter visitor); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 152, 1928 Pinheiro, Para (Apr. 23); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 78, 1929 (life hist.); Wetmore and Swales, I.e., 155, p. 157, 1931 Hispaniola (winter); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 321, 1931 Bermuda Islands (transient and winter visitor); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 61, 1931 Albemarle (Jan.) and Abingdon Islands, Galapagos; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 375, 1931 Donjaca (Sept. 15) and Rio Frio River (Sept. 9), Magdalena, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 304, 1932 Honduras (Rio Choluteca, Aug. 5; Trujillo; Tela; Ceiba; Ruatan Island); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 134, 1932 Panajachel and La Primavera, Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 269, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 Panama (winter); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 290 Trinidad and Tobago (winter); Mousley, Auk, 54, p. 445, pis. 27, 28, 1937 (nesting habits); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 135, 1938 Bahia (Rio Aratuhype), Sao Paulo (Iguape, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 125 Piassaguera, Raiz da Serra, Ilha dos Alcatrazes), and Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 172, 1938 El Salvador (many localities); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 57, 1938 Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (Aug. 10, 1851); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 28, 1943 Mackenzie delta (breeding); Stevenson, Auk, 61, p. 247, 1944 (does not breed south of central Tennessee and western North Carolina); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 82, 1945 Sonora (wintering). Tringites macularius Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 309 Chamicuros, Peru. "Actitis notata 111. (wiedi, Bp.)" 1 Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, No. 2, p. 597, 1856; idem, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 40, 1857 Cayenne, French Guiana. Range. Breeds throughout North America from limit of trees in northwestern Alaska, northern Mackenzie and Manitoba, the Un- gava Peninsula, and Newfoundland, south to southern California, southern New Mexico, southern Texas, Tennessee and North Caro- lina; winters from southern British Columbia, Louisiana, and South Carolina throughout Mexico and the West Indies to southern Peru, Bolivia, southern Brazil, and occasionally to Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, Mar. 4, 1918; Rio Ajo below Lavalle and Zelaya, Buenos Aires) and Chile (Chacalluta, Tacna, Aug. 10, 1851). Field Museum Collection. 207: Alaska (Bethel, 2); Yukon Territory (Yukon River, 11); British Columbia (Okanagan, 2); Alberta (Walsh, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 1); Labrador (Bowdoin Harbor, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 5); Oregon (Salem, 2); Idaho (Priest Lake, 1); Montana (Custer County, 1); North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 15; Carpenter Lake, Rolette County, 1 ; Sweetwater Lake, Ramsey County, 1 ; Rocklake, Towner County, 1; Cannonball River, Sioux County, 1; Towner County, 3); Colorado (New Castle, 2; Fort Lyon, Bent County, 4); Texas (Travis County, 2); New Mexico (Reserve, 2); Arizona (Calabasas, Santa Cruz County, 1; Tucson, 3); California (McCloud, Siskiyou County, 1; Rincon, Ventura County, 1; Point Fermin, Los Angeles County, 4; San Pedro, 1; Whistle Point, Los Angeles County, 1; Clifton, Los Angeles County, 2; San Diego County, 1; Coronado Beach, 1; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 2); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 4); Connecticut (New Haven County, 12; East Hartford, 2; New Haven, 2; West Haven, 1; North Haven, 2; Hamden, 2; 1 This is a pure nomen nudum, as it stands. Bonaparte, in parentheses, quotes as synonym "macularia Wied," but, as far as we are aware, Wied's descrip- tion of Totanus macularius did not appear until a few years later (Journ. Orn., 7, p. 90, 1859). In the report on Desplanches' Cayenne collection, published in 1857, even the reference to Wied is omitted. 126 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Stamford, 2) ; New York (Bedford, Westchester County, 1 ; Rochester, 2; Shelter Island, Suffolk County, 1); Illinois (Chicago, 1; Wolf Lake, Cook County, 2; Lake Forest, 2; Libertyville, 3); Wisconsin (Neenah, 2; Beaver Dam, 10); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 8; Pea Island, 1); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 2; Beau- fort County, 1); Georgia (Roswell, 1); Florida (West Jupiter, Palm Beach County, 4; Amelie Island, Nassau County, 2; Merritt's Island, Brevard County, 3); Bahama Islands (Acklin, 1; Andros, 1; Great Bahama, 1; Old Providence, 4; St. Andrews, 1); Hispaniola (San Cristobal, Dominican Republic, 2; Catarey, Dominican Republic, 1; Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 1; Jacmel, Haiti, 3); Puerto Rico (unspecified, 1; Mayaguez, 1; Mona Island, 2); Jamaica (Priestman's River, 1; Cayman Brae, 1; Grand Cayman, 4); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1; Tortola, 1); Lesser Antilles (St. Chris- topher, 2; Guadeloupe, 1; Dominica, 5); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 1); Mexico (Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1; Sabinas, Coahuila, 1; Tam- pico, 1; Apatzingan, Michoacan, 1); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 1; San Salvador, 1); Guatemala (Lake Atitlan, Solola, 2; Salama, Baja Vera Paz, 1; Bobos, Izabal, 1); Costa Rica (Buenos Aires, Puntarenas, 1); Venezuela (Paramo Conejos, Merida, 1; En- contrados, Zulia, 2; Puerto Cabello, Carabobo, 1; Colon, Tachira, 1); British Guiana (Rockstone, 1); Brazil (Tury-assu, Maranhao, 1); Ecuador (La Carolina, 1); Bolivia (Capinota, Cochabamba, 1; Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1). Conover Collection. 32: British Columbia (Stuie, Bella Coola area, 2) ; Manitoba (Churchill, 2) ; Oregon (Salem, 1) ; Utah (Brigham, 1); California (Myers, Eldorado County, 2; Ocean Beach, San Diego County, 1); Wisconsin (Milwaukee River, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 1; Chicago, 1); New York (Cayuga Lake, 1); Mexico (San Jos del Cabo, Lower California, 1); Panama (Perme, Darien, 1); Colombia (Cuturu, Antioquia, 1; El Tambo, Cauca, 1; Rio Timbio, Cauca, 1; Ricaurte, Narino, 1); Ecuador (Milagro, Guayas, 1; Valle de Rojas, 5; Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 4); Peru (Puerto Bermudez, Junin, 1); Brazil (Santarem, Para, 3). Genus CATOPTROPHORUS Bonaparte Catoptrophorus Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, No. 2, p. 323, Feb. 5, 1828 type, by monotypy, Totamis semlpalmatus Temminck= Scolopax semipalmatus Gmelin. Hodites Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 155, 1829 type, by orig. desig. and monotypy, Scolopax semipalmata Gmelin. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 127 *Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus (Gmelin). EASTERN WILLET. Scolopax semipalmata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 659, 1789 based on "Semipalmated Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 469, pi. 20, fig. 2, New York. 1 Catatrophorus (sic) semipalmatus Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847 Tobago (October). Catoptrophorus semipalmatus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 758, 1849 coast of British Guiana; Riley, Auk, 22, p. 353, 1905 Andros, Rum Cay, and Long Island, Bahama Islands (breeding); Bangs, I.e., 24, p. 291, 1907 Puntarenas, Costa Rica (Aug. 13, 1906); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 237, 1909 Margarita Island, Venezuela (March 12); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 418, 1910 Puntarenas, Costa Rica (ex Bangs); Bradlee and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 221, 1931 Bermuda Islands (visitor). Totanus semipalmatus Le"otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 456, 1866 Trinidad; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 358, 1887 (crit.). Symphemia semipalmata Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 309, 1870 Praia de Cajutuba, Para, Brazil (March); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 322, 1875 Cuba (June, July); idem, I.e., 26, p. 188, 1878 Puerto Rico (Boqueron, San Juan Bay); Cory, Auk, 7, p. 374, 1890 Anegada Island; idem, I.e., 8, p. 47, 1891 Antigua (April to July); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 405, 757, 1896 (in part); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 371, 1903 (in part); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 254, 1905 St. Vincent (Oct.), Barbados, Carriacou, and Grenada (visitor); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 54, 1906 Seelet, Trinidad (April); Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 553 Margarita Island, Venezuela (March 24); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 51, 1907 "Matto Grosso," errore (= Cajutuba, Para!). Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 315, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 366, 1927 Puerto Rico (crit.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 27, 1929 (life hist.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 79, 1930 "Matto Grosso (Rio Guapore)," errore (= Cajutuba, Para!); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 160, 1931 Hispaniola; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 270, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 291 Trinidad and Tobago (visitor); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 136, 1938 Cajutuba, Para (ex Pelzeln); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 175, 1938 Puerto del Triunfo, El Salvador (Dec. 31, Jan. 1); Beatty, Auk, 60, p. 110, 1943 St. Croix, Virgin Islands (nesting). Catoptrophorus semipalmatus longicaudis Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 10, p. 76, 1926 Boqueron, Puerto Rico (type in collection of Cornell University, Ithaca). 1 Totanus crassirostris Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 6, p. 406, 1816 Louisiana) has been quoted as a possible synonym, but there are various discrepancies in the description. No type appears to exist. 128 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. Breeds in Nova Scotia, on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States from New Jersey to Texas, and in the Bahama and Virgin (St. Croix) Islands, and Antigua, 1 possibly also in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Hispaniola; winters from the Gulf states south through the West Indies and the Caribbean coast of Mexico and Central America (rarely on the Pacific side) to Trinidad, Guiana, and northeastern Brazil (Cajutuba, Para). 2 Field Museum Collection. 47: Nova Scotia (Seal Island, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 1); Virginia (Northampton County, 2; Cobb's Island, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 2; Pea Island, 1); Florida (Indian River, Brevard County, 1; Nassau County, 4; Amelie Island, Nassau County, 5; Anclote, Pasco County, 1; Canaveral, Brevard County, 1; Merritt's Island, Brevard County, 2); Texas (Port Isabel, 2; Seadrift, Calhoun County, 1; Brownsville, 1; Port O'Connor, Calhoun County, 1); Bahama Islands (Northwest Point, Great Inagua, 3; Northeast Point, Great Inagua, 3; Mathew Town, Great Inagua, 2; Salt Pans, Great Inagua, 1; Betsey Bay, Mariguana, 1; Middle Point, Mari- guana, 1; Piriton Well, Mariguana, 1; Caicos Island, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Anegada Island, 2); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca, Guanacaste, 2; Oso Peninsula, 1); Venezuela (Margarita Island, 1). Conover Collection. 17: South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, Charleston County, 2; Copahee Sound, 1); Florida (Nassau County, 3) ; Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 6) ; Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guana- caste, 4); Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 1). *Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus (Brewster). 3 WESTERN WILLET. Symphemia semipalmata inornata Brewster, Auk, 4, No. 2, p. 145, April, 1887 Larimer County, Colorado (cotypes now in Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 177, 1930). 1 In files of U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, a record by H. McDonald of nest and four eggs, May 26, 1943. 2 The locality, "Rio Guapore, Matto Grosso," is due to confusion with Natterer's (only Brazilian) record from Cajutuba, coast of Para, while "Bolivia," quoted by Ridgway, is most certainly erroneous. 3 Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus (Brewster) differs from the nominate race by larger size (wing of males 201-209, of females 212-220, against 180-195 and 192-200, respectively), slenderer and longer bill, and by having the upper parts paler, more ashy gray, and much less heavily spotted with dusky, while the lower neck, chest, and flanks have the dusky barring narrower as well as lighter in tone. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 129 Symphemia semipalmata (not Scolopax semipalmata Gmelin) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I860, p. 195 Cartagena, Colombia; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 748 Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru (Nov. 27, Dec. 13); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 405, 1896 part, Mexico (Tres Marias Islands and San Bias, Tepic; Presidio, Sinaloa; "Tehuan- tepec" [=San Mateo], Oaxaca) and Guatemala (Chiapam and San Jose); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900 Bay of Santa Elena, Ecuador (Jan.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 371, 1903 (in part); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 55, 1913 Albemarle (Villemil, Nov. 1, Sept. 3) and Abingdon (Sept. 21), Galapagos Islands. Totanus semipalmatus speculiferus 1 Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 359, 1887 (crit.). Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 319, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 195, 1926 Tembleque, Ecuador (July 18; crit.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 94, 1928 Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 36, 1929 (life hist.); Wolfe, Condor, 33, p. 54, 1931 Utah (breeding habits); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 60, 1931 Abingdon and Albemarle Islands, Galapagos; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 303, 1931 Cricamola, Almirante, Panama (Sept. 19); Darlington, I.e., p. 375, 1931 near Donjaca, Santa Marta, Colombia (Sept. 15); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 133, 1932 Cham- perico, Guatemala (Sept. 10); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 269, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 433, 1934 Guaymas, Sonora (Jan. 19); Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 307, 1935 Panama; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 175, 1938 Puerto del Triunfo (Dec. 31) and Barra de Santiago (Apr. 2), El Salvador; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 83, 1945 Sonora (wintering). Range. Breeds from central Oregon, south-central Alberta, Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba south to northeastern Cali- fornia, Colorado, Nebraska, and northern Iowa; winters on the Pacific coast of America from California to northwestern Peru (Tumbez), the Galapagos Archipelago, and on the Gulf and Carib- bean coasts to northern Colombia (Cartagena, Donjaca). In autumn migration occurs on the Atlantic coast of the United States. 1 Sclater (Ibis, 1862, p. 199, note) suggested that Totanus speculiferus Cuvier (Reg. Anim., nouv. ed., 1, p. 531, footnote, 1829 no locality; Lesson, Traite" d'Orn., p. 552, 1831 'TAme'rique septentrionale") may turn out to be an earlier name for the Western Willet. Pucheran (Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 369, 1851) gave a full description of the type in the Paris Museum, and his measurements (bill, 66; tarsus, 75 mm.) point to its identity with inornatus. However, Professor J. Berlioz has kindly compared the type of Totanus speculi- ferus Cuvier with a specimen of Catoptrophorus s. semipalmatus and a specimen of C. s. inornatus, both in winter plumage. He states: "The coloration of plumage in our type seems quite as dark as in semipalmatus, with heavy shaft streaks and freckling. Briefly, as concerns coloration, the type looks more like semipalmatus, but the proportions and particularly the long and slender bill are those of in- ornatus." A change in nomenclature, therefore, appears to be inadvisable. 130 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. 116: Alberta (Walsh, 2) ; Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 7; Hay Creek, 1; Quill Lake, 1; Lake Johnston, 2); Ontario (Pule Point, 1); North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 13; Towner County, 18; Rocklake, Towner County, 1); Colorado (Larimer, Huerfano County, 1; Fort Lyon, Bent County, 1); Utah (Salt Lake City, 1); Indiana (Miller, Lake County, 1); California (Westport, Mendocino County, 3; Redwood, San Mateo County, 6; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 3; Carmel, Monterey County, 2; Sunset Beach, Orange County, 1; Palo Alto, Santa Clara County, 1; Eureka, Humboldt County, 1; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 1; San Diego, 2; The Rincon, Ventura County, 5; Playa del Rey, Los Angeles County, 1); Texas (Rockport, Aransas County, 1; Brownsville, 2; Seadrift, Calhoun County, 2; Port Lavaca, Cal- houn County, 2; Padre Island, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 4); Connecticut (West Haven, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 15; Bodie Island, 2; Cape Hatteras, 2); Georgia (Chat- ham County, 1); Florida (Talbot Island, Duval County, 1; Palm Beach, 1; Anclote, Pasco County, 1); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca, Guanacaste, 2); Guatemala (San Jose", 2). Conover Collection. 35: Alberta (Tofield, 5); Idaho (Mont- pelier, Lake County, 1); North Dakota (Devil's Lake, Ramsey County, 2) ; Utah (Brigham, 15) ; California (Anaheim Landing, Orange County, 6); Massachusetts (Chatham, 1); New Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); South Carolina (Copahee Sound, 2); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, Demerara, 1). Genus HETEROSCELUS Baird Heteroscelus Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, pp. 728, 734, 1858 type, by monotypy, Totanus brevipes Vieillot. Heteractitis Stejneger, Auk, 1, p. 236, July, 1884 new name for Heteroscelus Baird, believed to be preoccupied by Heteroscelis Latreille, 1825. Heteroscelus brevipes (Vieillot). POLYNESIAN TATTLER. Totanus brevipes Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 6, p. 410, 1818 "pays inconnu" (type, from Timor, in the Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 571, 1851). Heteractitis brevipes Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 137, 1885 Bering Island (crit.); Townsend and Wetmore, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 180, 1919 (no intergradation with H. incanus); Hanna, Condor, 22, p. 174, 1920 Kitovi Rookery, St. Paul Island (Sept. 17, 1919). Totanus incamis brevipes Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 361, 1887 (crit.). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 131 Heteroscelus brevipes Hanna, Auk, 37, p. 250, 1920 St. Paul Island, Pribilofs (Oct. 4, 1911; Sept. 2, 1917); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 48, 1929 (life hist.); Friedmann, Condor, 35, p. 78, 1933 St. Lawrence Island (July, 1932); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 270, 1934 (range). Tringa incana brevipes Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 139, 1920 Bering Island (crit.). Heteroscelus incanus brevipes Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 76, 1923 St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands. Heteractitis incanus brevipes Belopolski, Journ. Orn., 81, p. 425, 1933 Anadyr Bay, Siberia (Aug.). Range. Breeds probably in the alpine zone of northeastern Asia (northern Baikal Range, Werchojansk Range, and mountains of interior Kamchatka); winters in the Philippines, Caroline Islands, Malay Archipelago, and Celebes to New Guinea and Australia; accidental in the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island [Oct. 4, 1911; Sept. 2, 1917; Sept. 17, 1919]) and on St. Lawrence Island (July, 1932). *Heteroscelus incanus (Gmelin). WANDERING TATTLER. Scolopax incana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 658, 1789 based on "Ash- coloured Snipe" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 154, Eimeo (=Moorea), Society Group, and Palmerston Islands, Pacific Ocean. Totanus fuliginosus Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, Part 15, p. 130, March, 1841 Galapagos Archipelago (Oct.; type now in British Museum). Scolopax pacifica Forster, Descr. Anim. It. Mar. Austr., (ed. Lichtenstein), p. 174, 1844 Tongatabu, Tonga Islands. Totanus oceanicus Lesson, Suppl. Oeuvr. Buffon, e"d. Levgque, 20, (Descr. Mamm. Ois.), p. 244, 1847 Oualan Island, Caroline Islands (type in Paris Museum). Totanus polynesiae Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 237, 1848 Fiji Islands and Paumotu group, Pacific Ocean (type, from Fiji Islands, in United States National Museum; cf. Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, pp. 135, 136, 1885). Heteroscelus incanus Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 429 Acapulco, Mexico (March); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 367, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Murie, Auk, 41, p. 231, pis. 17, 18, 1924 Savage River, Alaskan Range, Alaska (nest, eggs, and downy young descr.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. EL, 55, p. 197, 1926 Santa Elena (Dec. 19, Feb. 16, 21) and La Plata Island (Feb. 11), Ecuador; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 94, 1928 Lower California (wintering); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 41, 1929 (life hist.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 61, 1931 Galapagos, Cocos, and Clipperton Islands; Dixon, Condor, 35, p. 173, 1933 Alaska (nesting habits); Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 53, pp. 203, 206, 1933 (downy young descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 270, 1934 (range); Dixon, Bds. Mam- mals Mt. McKinley Nat. Park, p. 76, 1938 (nesting habits). 132 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Heteractitis incanus Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 132, 1885 Bering Island (crit., meas., range, etc.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 453, 761, 1896 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 377, 1903 Acapulco, Mexico; Osgood, Auk, 24, p. 340, 1907 upper MacMillan River, Yukon Territory (immature taken, probably breeds). Totanus incanus Seebohm, Geog. Dist. Charad., p. 360, 1887 (crit.). Tringa incana incana Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 139, 1920 Bering Island (May 29 to June 12). Heteroscelus incanus incanus Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 75, 1923 Pribilof Islands. Range. Breeds from south-central Alaska to east-central Yukon Territory and south to Prince William Sound; winters on Pacific coast and islands of America from southern California to Ecuador and the Galapagos, also in Hawaiian Islands, Polynesia, Micronesia, New Hebrides, and New Caledonia, and occasionally to New Guinea, Australia, and New Zealand. Field Museum Collection. 57: Alaska (St. George Island, 1; King Island, 2; Nome, 1; St. Michaels, 1; Bethel, 1; Unalaska, 3; Kodiak Island, 1; Skagway, 1); British Columbia (Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, 2; Quatsino, 1); Washington (Clallam Bay, 1); California (Point Fermin, Los Angeles County, 7; Laguna Beach, Orange County, 1; Arch Beach, Orange County, 1); Trinidad Bay, Humboldt County, 2; Point Reyes, Marin County, 1; Bolinas, Marin County, 1; Castle Rock, Del Norte County, 1; Del Monte Forest, Monterey County, 11; Carmel Bay, 2; Monterey, 1; West- port, Mendocino County, 6; San Clemente Island, 6); Galapagos Islands (Narborough Island, 1; Cocos Island, 1). Conover Collection. 18: Alaska (Cape Nome, 1; Topkok, Norton Sound, 2); California (Redondo, Los Angeles County, 2; Santa Monica, 7; Point Fermin, Los Angeles County, 2; Balboa, Orange County, 1; Port Harford, 1; San Nicholas Island, 1; San Clemente Island, 1). Subfamily ARENARIINAE. Turnstones and Surf Birds Genus APHRIZA Audubon 1 Aphriza Audubon, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 249, 1839 type, by monotypy, Aphriza toumsendi Audubon = Tringa virgata Gmelin. 1 For anatomical characters and affinity, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1937, pp. 748-750. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 133 *Aphriza virgata (Gmelin). SURF BIRD. Tringa virgata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 674, 1789 based on "Streaked Sandpiper" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 180, "Sandwich Sound"= Prince William Sound, Alaska (summer plumage). Tringa borealis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 674, 1789 based on "Boreal Sandpiper" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 181, King George Bay (winter plumage); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924 Isla la Mocha, Chile. Tringa townsendi Audubon, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 249, 1839 Cape Disappoint- ment, Washington (type now in Vassar College Museum, Poughkeepsie; cf. Orton, Amer. Natur., 4, p. 716, 1871). Charadrius Winterfeldti Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 388, 1843 "in Oceani Magni littoribus"= coast of Peru (type now in Liverpool Museum; cf. Forbes and Robinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., 2, p. 66, 1899) ; l idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 295, pi. 34, 1846 coast of Peru (= winter plumage). Aphriza townsendii Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12, p. 157, 1844 Chile. Strepsilas borealis Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 408, 1847 coast of Chile; Philippi, Reise Wuste Atacama, p. 163, 1860 Paposo, Antofagasta, Chile; idem, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 273, 1868 from Valdivia, Chile, to Peru; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 Paposo, Chile. Aphriza virgata Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, pi. 147 (winter plumage), 1847; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339 Chile; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 15 Van Islands', Trinidad Channel, Territory of Magallanes, Chile (Feb. 15); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 348, 1886 coast of Peru; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 127, 1887 St. Michaels (migr.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 208, 1896 Alaska (St. Michaels), Vancouver Island, Orcas Island, Chile, and Van Islands; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 605, 1902 seashore near Vacqueria, Province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador (Sept. 16); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 353, 1903 (monog.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 216, 1910 "Straits of Magellan"; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 58, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 12, 1923 Lower California (Abreojos Point, San Josef Island) and Sonora (Tiburon Island); Murie, Auk, 41, pp. 235-237, 1924 Forty Mile River and Savage River, Alaskan Range, Alaska, July (nesting habits); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 30, p. 73, 1926 Carcross, Yukon (May 27); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 314, 1926 Point Dall, Alaska (May 18); Dixon, Condor, 29, pp. 3-16, col. pi., 1927 Mount McKinley district, Alaskan Range (breeding habits; nest; eggs; 1 This specimen is doubtless the type, as claimed by Forbes and Robinson. Mr. Jean J. Baer, of the Neuchatel Museum, in fact, informs us that the species is not (and never was) represented in Tschudi's collection in that Museum. C. E. H. Friedmann and Deignan (Zoologica, N.Y., 27, (2), p. 49, 1942) claim that the type of Charadrius Winterfeldi (sic) Tschudii is in the United States National Museum, having been received by it in the year 1866 in a shipment from the Neuchatel Museum. This specimen and the one in the Liverpool Museum are undoubtedly cotypes. 134 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII food); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 98, 1928 Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 269, 1929 (life hist.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 380, 1932 Chile (winter); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 129, 1932 Champerico, Guatemala (Sept. 10); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 271, 1934 (range); Friedmann, Condor, 36, p. 89, 1934 Goodnews Bay, Alaska (Aug. 12); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 247, 1935 Isla la Mocha, Chile; Dixon, Bds. Mammals, Mt. McKinley Nat. Park, p. 67, 1938 (nesting habits); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 83, 1945 Sonora (Tiburon Island, April; Punta Penascosa, Jan.). Strepsilas virgata Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 45, 1865 Algarroba, Chile (crit.). Strepsilas virgatus Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 412, 1887 (monog.). Range. Breeds on mountains in south-central Alaska (Mount McKinley district, Alaskan Range, and doubtless other adjoining ranges to the Yukon border); winters along the Pacific coast of America south to Chile (Paposo, Antofagasta; Isla la Mocha, Arauco; Valdivia; Van Islands, Trinidad Channel, "Territory of Magallanes). Field Museum Collection. 28: Alaska (Sea Otter Harbor, Ball Island, 6; Wrangell, 1); British Columbia (Barclay Sound, Vancouver Island, 3); Washington (Jefferson County, 2; Gray's Harbor, West- port, 1); Oregon (Netarts, Tillamook County, 3; Yaquina Bay, Lincoln County, 1) ; California (Del Monte Forest, Monterey County, 6; Carmel Highlands, Monterey County, 1; North Island, San Diego County, 1; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 1; San Diego Harbor, San Diego County, 1; Hyperion, Los Angeles County, 1). Conover Collection. 15: Alaska (Craig, Prince of Wales Island, 3; Sea Otter Harbor, Dall Island, 2; Wrangell, 2) ; Washington (Jefferson County, 4); Oregon (Netarts, Tillamook County, 4). Genus ARENARIA Brisson Arenaria Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 48, 5, p. 132, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "Are- naria" Brisson= Trinket interpres Linnaeus. Morinella Meyer, in Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb. Deuts. Vogelk., 2, p. 383, 1810 type, by monotypy, Morinella collaris Wolf=Tnn{/a interpres Linnaeus. Strepsilas Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 263, 1811 new name for Arenaria Brisson. Cinclus "Moehring" (not of Borkhausen, 1797, nor of Bechstein, 1802) Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2d ed., p. 85, 1841 type, by orig. desig., Tringa morinella Linnaeus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 135 *Arenaria interpres interpres (Linnaeus). TURNSTONE. Tringa interpres Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 148, 1758 in part, based chiefly on It. Gotl. 217 and Faun. Svec., No. 154, restricted type locality, Gotland, Sweden. 1 Morinella collaris Wolf, in Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb. Deuts. Vogelk., 2, p. 383 (footnote), 1810 new name for Tringa interpres Linnaeus. Charadrius Cinclus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 148, 1811 Siberia to Kamchatka (in part, as far as based on Tringa interpres Linnaeus). Tringa oahuensis Bloxham, in Byron's Voy. Blonde, p. 251, 1826 Oahu, Hawaiian Islands (location of type unknown, probably once in the British Museum). Strepsilas collaris Holboell, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 407, 1843 South and North Greenland (May to Sept.). Arenaria interpres Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 92, 728, 1896 part, Old World and Greenland; Lp'ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 54, 1934 Greenland (crit.; meas.). Strepsilas interpres Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 155, 1898 Greenland; Manniche, I.e., 45, No. 1, p. 127, 1910 Greenland (breeding habits). Arenaria morinella (not Tringa morinella Linnaeus) Palmer, Fur Seals and Fur Seal Islands, North Pacific Ocean, Part 3 (Avifauna Pribilof Islands), pp. 412-418, 1899 (crit.; descr.). Arenaria interpres interpres Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 45, 1919 part, except northwestern Alaska and Pacific coast of America (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 146, pp. 278, 293, 1929 part, except North American mainland (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 271, 1934 part, except North and South America and Galapagos Islands; Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 143 Greenland (crit.); Leach, Brit. Bds., 38, (19), p. 376, 1945 (specimen taken at Proven, northwestern Greenland, May 30, 1945, was banded at Antrim, Ireland, Jan. 1, 1942). Range. Breeds on the coasts of Greenland, Iceland, northern Europe and Asia; migrates through the St. Lawrence, Pribilof and Aleutian Islands; winters from southern Europe, India, Japan and the Hawaiian Islands to South Africa, Madagascar, Australia and New Zealand. 2 Field Museum Collection. 7: Alaska (Dutch Harbor, 1; Unalaska, 1; St. Paul Island, 2); Greenland (Holsteinborg, west coast, 1; Musk-ox Fjord, Hudson Land, 2). 1 The quotation, "Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 141, pi. 141," refers to A. I. morinella. 2 After examining several hundred specimens of Turnstones we are unable to recognize A. i. oahuensis of northern Siberia and Alaska (cf. Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, pp. 5, 10, 1913). Additional material examined. Greenland: east coast, 1. Bering Sea: St. George Island, 1; Hall Island, 1; Unalaska, 1. V 136 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus). 1 RUDDY TURNSTONE. Tringa Morinella Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 249, 1766 based on "Turnstone or Sea-Dotterel" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 72, pi. 72, coast of Georgia. Tringa hudsonica P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 114, 1776 based on "The Turnstone from Hudson's Bay" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 141, pi. 141, Hudson's Bay. Strepsilas interpres (not Tringa interpres Linnaeus) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 132, 1841 Iquique (Tarapaca), Chile, and Galapagos Islands; Frazer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843 Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 407, 1847 Chile; Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847 Tobago (Jan.); Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 333, 1847 Jamaica; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 751, 1849 coast region; Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 163, 1860 Paposo, Antofagasta, Chile; Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 191 Chiapam, Guatemala; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 117, 1865 Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 339 Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 273, 1868 coast of Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 297, 1870 Sapitiba (near Piehy), Rio de Janeiro (Feb.), Cajutuba, Para (Feb., Mar., Apr.), and Para (Nov.), Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 323 Galapagos Islands; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 560 Choril- las, Lima, Peru; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 308, 1874 Rio Zacatula, Colima, Mexico; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 331, 1875 Cuba (Sept. and winter); Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 46, 1876 San Mateo, Oaxaca, Mexico; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 188, 1878 Puerto Rico (Mayaguez, Cabo Rojo, Quebradillas, Vega Baja); Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 15 Talcaguano, Chile; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 429 Paracas Bay, Peru (Oct.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 349, 1886 part, Peru (Chorillos); Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 Paposo, Chile; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 307 Aruba Island (July 2); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896 Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 664, 1898 Isla de los Pajaros, Coquimbo, Chile (Oct.); Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 301 Andros, Little Abaco, and Green Cay, Bahama Islands (crit.); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924 Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Gigoux, I.e., p. 67, 1924 Caldera, Atacama, Chile. Strepsilas collaris (not Morinella collaris Wolf) Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 297, 1846-"on both sides of the Cordillera," Peru (crit.); Bur- meister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 364, 1856 Santa Catharina, Brazil. Cinclus interpres L^otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 399, 1866 Trinidad. Arenaria interpres Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 129, 1887 Las Trojas, Costa Rica; Cory, Auk, 4, p. 231, 1887 West Indies (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 231, 1889; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 95, 1892 1 Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus) in breeding plumage can be distin- guished from the nominate race by having the dorsal surface much redder. In winter it is indistinguishable except for its average smaller size. Additional material examined. Alaska: Barrow, 6; Wainwright, 2; Cape Lisbourne, 1; Coal Land, 1; Wales, 2; Nulato, 1; Kotlik, 1; Carbon Creek, 1; Port Clarence, 1. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 137 West Indies; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 395 Ancon, Peru (Jan. 21); Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Ffs.-Geog. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 55, 1893 Punta Mala, Delta del Rio Dagua, Costa Rica; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 92, 728, 1896 part, North and South American mainland, West Indies and Galapagos Islands; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 42, 1900 Puntilla de Santa Elena and Bahla de Ballenita, Ecuador (Jan.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 345, 1903 Mexico (Rio Zacatula, Colima; San Mateo and Santa Maria del Mar, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas; Mugeres and Cozumel Islands, Yucatan), Guatemala (Chiapam), British Honduras (Curlew Cay; Saw-pit Cay; Turneffe Island), Antilles, Costa Rica (Las Trojas), Veraguas, etc.; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 250, 1905 Lesser Antilles; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 53, 1906 Seelet, Trinidad (April); Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 304, 1908 Cayenne, French Guiana; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 314 Testigo Grande; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 415, 1910 Costa Rica (rare visitant on Pacific coast); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910 [Amaracao], coast of Piauhy, Brazil (Sept. 14, 15); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 82, 1914 Guimaraes, Maranhao, Brazil; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 261 Puna Island, Ecuador (Nov. 10) and Chancay, Lima, Peru (Dec. 30). Arenaria morinella Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 74, 1902 Carmen Island (March 12) and San Jose" del Cabo (Aug. 31 to Oct. 21), Lower California. Morinella interpres Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 45, 1907 (range); Lima, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 96, 1920 Ilheos, Bahia. Arenaria interpres morinella Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197, 214, 230, 1909 Aruba, Islas de Aves, and Testigo Grande; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 51, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 228, 1923 coast of Piauhy, Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 190, 1926 coast of Manavi, Santa Elena (Dec. 17, Feb. 25), and Jambeli (Nov. 1), Ecuador; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 314, 1926 Point Dall, Bering Sea, Alaska (nesting; descr. pullus); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 357, 1927 Puerto Rico, St. Croix, Culebra, and Culebrita; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 99, 1928 Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, pp. 278, 294, 1929 (life hist.; range, except Greenland); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 490, 1929 near Amaracao, Piauhy; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 154, 1931 Hispaniola (winter visitant); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 377, 1931 Donjaca, Santa Marta, Colombia (Sept. 15); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 380, 1932 Caldera, Atacama (Mar. 26), and Papudo, Aconcagua (Dec. 1), Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 272, 1934 (range, in part); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 291 Trinidad and Tobago; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 306, 1935 Veraguas and Canal Zone, Panama; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 247, 1935 Isla la Mocha; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 77, 1935 Ilha de Madre de Deus (Feb.), Corupe"ba (Feb.), Cahype (Feb.), and Ilheos (Apr.), Bahia; Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 235, 138 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1936 Rocas de la Erizera, Tacna, Chile (June 24); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 136, 1938 Ilheos, Ilha Madre de Deus, and Cahype, Bahia; Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 55, 1938 Playa de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (Sept.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 171, 1938 Puerto del Triunfo, El Salvador (Dec. 31, Jan. 5, 6), and Punta Piedra, Costa Rica; Conover, Condor, 47, p. 213, 1945 (dist. chars.; ranges on both coasts of the Americas); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 227, 1946 Baffin Island (nesting). Arenaria interpres interpres Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, .(8), p. 45, 1919 part, northwestern Alaska and Pacific coast of America; Bent, I.e., 146, p. 293, 1929 part, Alaska; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 59, 1931 Galapagos Islands and Cocos Island; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 271, 1934 part, North and South America and the Galdpagos Islands. Arenaria interpres subsp. Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64, p. 129, 1932 Champerico, Guatemala. Range. Breeds on the Arctic coasts and islands of North America from Point Barrow to Baffin Island, south to Bristol Bay, Bering Sea and Southampton Island ; winters in the southern United States, the West Indies, Galapagos Islands and both coasts of South America south to Chile (Isla la Mocha, Arauco) and southern Brazil (Santa Catherina). Found in the interior of the United States during migration. 1 Field Museum Collection. 182: Alaska (Barrow, 6; Nome, 4; St. Michaels, 1; Teller, 1; Morzhovoi Bay, 1); British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands, 2); Saskatchewan (Lake Johnson, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 20); Nova Scotia (Clark's Harbor, 3); Washington (Westport, 2); North Dakota (Towner County, 2; Rocklake, 1; Devil's Lake, 1; Lake Irwin, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1); Illinois (Chicago Heights, 2); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 28; Chatham, 1); Connecticut (West Haven, 2; New Haven County, 1; Stamford, 1; Norwalk, 1); New York (Miller Place, 1; Suffolk County, 2; Auburn, 1; Cayuga Lake, 3); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 18; Bodie Island, 1); Georgia (St. Simons Island, 2); Florida (Eau Gallie, 3; Canaveral, 1; Amelie Island, 4; Nassau County, 2; Anclote, 1; Grove City, 2); Louisiana (Buras, 2); Texas (Aransas Pass, 1); California (Moss Landing, 1; Del Monte Forest, 1; mouth of Carmel River, 4; Carmel Lagoon, 1; Carmel, 2; Humboldt Bay, 1; Pacific Beach, 1); Bahama Islands (Great Inagua, 3; Mariguana, 1; Eleuthera, 3; Great Bahama, 1; Cay Sal Bank, 1; 1 Wace (El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921) lists A. i. morinella as a "rare visitant" among the birds of the Falkland Islands. We cannot find any definite record from this region in literature, and as the Ruddy Turnstone has not even been taken in Argentina, we hesitate to accept this statement. Bennett (Ibis, 1926, .pp. 306- 333) does not mention this species at all. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 139 Abaco, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1; Anegada, 3); Jamaica (Grand Cayman, 6; Cayman Brae, 2); Lesser Antilles (Tobago, 1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 7); Venezuela (Los Aves Island, Colon, 1); Surinam (Seashon, 1); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 4; Point Jiminez, Peninsula del Oro, 2) ; Ecuador (Vaqueria, 2) ; Chile (Caldera, Atacama, 3). Conover Collection. 44: Alaska (Barrow, 8; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 12; False Pass, 1); North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 4); Illinois (Chicago, 3); Texas (Seadrift, 1); California (Point Magie, 1; Portuguese Bend, 1; Eureka, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 5); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 5); Ecuador (Vaqueria, 1); Chile (Papudo, Aconcagua, 1). *Arenaria melanocephala (Vigors). BLACK TURNSTONE. Strepsilas melanocephalus Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 15, p. 356, Jan., 1829 western shores of North America 1 (type originally in collection of Zoo- logical Society of London, present whereabouts unknown; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 292, 1932); idem, Zool. Voy. "Blossom," Birds, p. 29, 1839 no locality indicated; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 411, 1887 (crit.). Arenaria melanocephala Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 150, 1886 St. Michaels and mouth of Kuskoquim River; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 129, 1887 St. Michaels (breeding); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 103, 729, 1896 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 55, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 315, pi. 7, 1926 Point Ball, Alaska (common breeder; pi. and descr. of chick); Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 86, 1926 St. Michaels and Wales (breeding), Alaska; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 298, 1929 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 99, 1932 Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 272, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 84, 1945 Sonora (winter). Range. Breeds on the western seacoast of Alaska from Cape Prince of Wales to Bristol Bay (?Cook Inlet) ; winters from south- eastern Alaska to southern Lower California; casual at Point Barrow, Alaska, and in northeastern Siberia (Wrangel Island; Chaun Bay). 2 Field Museum Collection. 99: Alaska (St. Michaels, 8; Kelp Bay, 1; Kotlik, 1; Kuskokwim River, 3; Bethel, 1); British Columbia (Comox, 2; Quatsino, 6); Washington (Jefferson County, 2); Oregon (Newport, Lincoln County, 2) ; California (White Point, Los Angeles 1 Monterey, California, suggested as type locality by Grinnell (Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 292, 1932). 1 The record from "India" is open to doubt (cf. Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1569, 1920). ' 140 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII County, 9; San Clemente Island, 9; Santa Cruz Island, 2; Monterey County, 1; Del Monte Forest, Monterey County, 13; Carmel, Monterey County, 7; Carmel Bay, Monterey County, 15; Monterey, Monterey County, 6; Westport, Mendocino County, 4; La Patera Point, Santa Barbara County, 1; St. Nicholas Island, Santa Barbara County, 1; Trinidad, Humboldt County, 3; Farallon Islands, 1); Mexico (Coronados Island, Lower California, 1). Conover Collection. 17: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 7); Washington (Clallam Bay, 1); Oregon (Netarts, Tillamook County, 2); California (Anaheim Landing, Orange County, 1; Pismo, San Luis Obispo County, 5; Eureka, Humboldt County, 1). Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE. Snipes and Woodcocks Genus LIMNODROMUS Wied Macrorhamphus (not of G. Fischer, 1813) F. Forster, Syn. Cat. Brit. Bds., p. 22, 1817 type, by monotypy, Scolopax grisea Gmelin. Limnodromus "Wagler" Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 716, 1833 type, by monotypy, Scolopax noveboracensis Gmelin=S. grisea Gmelin. Longirostris S. D. W., Analyst, 4, No. 15, p. 119, April 1, 1836 new name for Macrorhamphus "Leach." Macroramphus Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 52, 1838 emendation of Macrorhamphus Forster. Lymnodromus Bonaparte, Iconog. Fauna Ital., 1, fasc. 25, text of Gallinago brehmi (p. 2), 1839 emendation of Limnodromus Wied. *Limnodromus scolopaceus (Say). 1 LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER. Limosa scolopacea Say, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 1, p. 170, 1823 Engineer Cantonment, near Boyer Creek, near Council Bluffs, Iowa (type lost). 2 Scolopax longirostris Bell, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 5, p. 3, 1852 Long Island, New York (type in collection of Geo. N. Lawrence; cf. Lawrence, I.e., p. 5, 1852). 1 Limnodromus scolopaceus (Say), in breeding plumage, differs from L. g. hendersoni by much darker dorsal coloration, the buff edging and barring of the feathers being much narrower as well as more reddish, especially on scapulars and tertials; darker tail with the light bars narrower and the dark ones wider; and by the heavier spotting (in the form of bars rather than dots) below being confined to throat and upper breast, while the flanks are more strongly barred. In winter plumage distinguishable by darker tail and in the female sex by longer bill. In immature plumage L. scolopaceus is always recognizable by the very sparse light markings on the longer (or outer) tertials, which markings are very narrow and confined to the edges of the feathers. 2 Orr (Condor, 42, pp. 62-63, 1940) has clearly shown that Say's account on the basis of the bill-length (2% in. = 70 mm.) must refer to the Long-billed Dowitcher, as this measurement is greater than the maximum for the griseus complex. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 141 Macroramphus scolopaceus Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 5, p. 4, pi. 1, 1852 Long Island (crit.; figs, of male and female); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 455 Guatemala (crit.). Macrorhamphus griseus (not Scolopax grisea Gmelin) Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 191 lagoon of Chiapam, Guatemala; (?)Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 748 Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru (Oct. 28, Nov. 22); (?)Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 547 Medellin, Colombia; (?)Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900 Canar, Ecuador (October). Macrorhamphus scolopaceus Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 146, 1886 St. Michaels and Yukon Delta (breeding), Kuskokwim River; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 100, 1887 Norton Sound and Yukon mouth (nesting; descr.; comparison with griseus). Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus Howe, Auk, 18, p. 161, 1901 (dist. chars.). Limnodromus griseus scolopaceus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 201, 1919 part (monog.; full bibliog.); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 236, 1925 Wales (nesting), Cape Simpson and Cape Blossom, Alaska; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 305, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting habits; weights); (?)Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 194, 1926 Vacqueria (Aug. 3, 31; Sept. 4) and Tembleque (July 18), Ecuador (crit.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 115, 1927 part (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 90, 1928 Lower California (transient); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 133, 1932 Guatemala; Hurley, Murrelet, 13, p. 17, 1932 Bristol Bay, Alaska (nesting); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 272, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 78, p. 307, 1935 Agua Dulce, Panama; Brooks, Ibis, 1939, p. 452, pi. 8, fig. 3 Point Barrow, Alaska (downy young descr.); Swenk, Nebraska Bd. Review, 8, p. 63, 1940 Nebraska (status; tax. hist.); Orr, Condor, 42, p. 61, 1940 (dist. chars.; tax. disc.; abundance in California); Zotta, El Hornero, 8, p. 171, 1942 Santo Domingo, Buenos Aires (first Argentine record). Limnodromus scolopaceus Rowan, Auk, 49, pp. 21, 25, pis. 2, 3, 1932 (char.; distr.); Conover, I.e., 58, p. 377, 1941 (char.; range); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 84, 1945 Sonora (wintering and transient in fresh water). Limnodromus griseus fasciatus Brodkorb, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 46, p. 124, 1933 Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, Alaska (type in collection of H. B. Conover in Field Museum, examined). Range. Breeds in northwestern North America from Franklin Bay, Mackenzie, west to Point Barrow and south to Bristol Bay, Alaska; in migration commonest on the Pacific coast and in the western part of the continent, but occurring throughout the interior and sparingly even on the Atlantic coast; supposed to winter as far south as northwestern Peru (Santa Lucia, Tumbez), Cuba, and Jamaica; 1 one record for Argentina (Santo Domingo, Buenos Aires, Oct. 25). 1 The winter range remains to be ascertained by critical study of material from the West Indies and Pacific South America. 142 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. 51: Alaska (Barrow, 13; St. Michaels, 2; Nome, 2; Resurrection Bay, 1; Collinson Point, 2); British Columbia (Sumac Lake, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 3; Lake Johnson, 5); California (Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, 10; Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 1); Colorado (Barr Lake, Adams County, 1); Kansas (Burlington, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 2; Seadrift, 2; Rockport, 2; Tivoli, 2); North Carolina (Pea Island, 1). Conover Collection. 31: Alaska (Barrow, 6; Point Tangent, Barrow, 2; Chipp River, Barrow, 3; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 9); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 6; Camrose, 1); Saskatchewan (Liberty, 1); Illinois (Swan Lake, Henry, 1); California (Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, 1); Mexico (San Jose* del Cabo, Lower California, 1). *Limnodromus griseus hendersoni Rowan. 1 INLAND DOWITCHER. Limnodromus griseus hendersoni Rowan, Auk, 49, p. 22, pis. 2, 3, Jan., 1932 type, from Devil's Lake, Alberta, in National Museum of Canada, Ottawa, (W. Rowan, in litt.); Bunyard, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 53, p. 90, 1933 Alberta (eggs descr.); Low, I.e., p. 165, 1933 (crit.; char.); Brooks, Murrelet, 15, p. 23, 1934 Pacific coast (most common form); Swenk, Nebraska Bd. Review, 8, p. 63, 1940 Nebraska (status; tax.); Conover, Auk, 58, p. 379, 1941 (chars.; range). Macrorhamphus griseus Howe, Auk, 18, p. 158, map, 1901 part, west Hudson Bay. C!)Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus Howe, Auk, 18, p. 272, 1901 Button Bay, near Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay (immature, July). Limnodromus griseus griseus (not Scolopax grisea Latham) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 197, 1919 (in part); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 106, 1927 (range in part); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 272, 1934 (range in part); Orr, Condor, 42, p. 61, 1940 (dist. chars.; crit.). Range. Breeds in the interior of North America in central and northern Alberta from Lake Athabasca south to about lat. 53 N., and at Fort Churchill, Manitoba; on migration in British Columbia, 1 Limnodromus griseus hendersoni Rowan, in breeding plumage, may be separated from L. scolopaceus by much lighter upper parts and by the dark spots on the ventral surface being rounded, very sparse, and widely scattered, not con- centrated on the chest. In females the culmen has a maximum length of 66 mm. as against a minimum of 68 in scolopaceus. The principal difference in comparison to L. g. griseus is found in the coloration and spotting of the under parts, the entire ventral side being salmon color, with perhaps a little white in the center of the abdomen, and the spotting being rounded, sparse or even evanescent, and scattered all over the surface, while the barring on the sides and flanks is less pronounced. In typical griseus the lower breast, belly, and flanks are white or only lightly tinted with salmon. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 143 California, all the prairie provinces and states, Illinois, and the Carolinas; winters from the southeastern states to Costa Rica. 1 Field Museum Collection. 78: Manitoba (Fort Churchill, 1); California (Moss Landing, Monterey County, 7; mouth of Carmel River, Monterey County, 1; Carmel, Monterey County, 9; San Diego County, 4; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 2; Trinidad, Humboldt County, 7; Eureka, Humboldt County, 2; Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County, 1; Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County, 1; Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 2) ; North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 10; Mauvis Bay, Benson County, 2; Towner County, 2; Cando, Towner County, 2; Rocklake, Towner County, 1) ; Illinois (Hyde Lake, Cook County, 4); Texas (Corpus Christi, 2; Rockport, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 8); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 1; Charleston, 1); Florida (Banana River, Brevard County, 1); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca, Guana- caste, 5); El Salvador (Puerto del Triunfo, Usulutan, 1). Conover Colkction. 55: British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 2); Alberta (Fawcett, 9; Edmonton, 2; Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 3; Camrose, 5); Manitoba (Churchill, 9); California (Point Magie, Ventura County, 2; Goleto, Santa Barbara County, 3; Anaheim Landing, Orange County, 1; San Diego Bay, 6; Playa del Rey, Los Angeles County, 2) ; Illinois (Hyde Lake, Cook County, 5) ; South Carolina (Copahee Sound, 1); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 5). *Limnodromus griseus griseus (Gmelin). EASTERN DOWITCHER. Scolopax grisea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 658, 1789 based on "Brown Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 464, coast of New York. Scolopax noveboracensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 658, 1789 based on "Red-breasted Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 464, coast of New York (= nuptial plumage). Scolopax nutans Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 659, 1789 based on "Nodding Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 465, Chateaux Bay, coast of Labrador (= young). Scolopax leucophaea (not of Latham) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e~d., 3, p. 358, 1816 "dans 1'etat de New York"; idem and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 2, p. 110, pi. 241, 1825 New York. Totanus ferrugineicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 6, p. 401, 1816 new name for Scolopax noveboracensis "Lath." (= Gmelin). Scolopax paykullii Nilsson, Orn. Svec., 2, p. 106, pi. 11, 1821 Lappland (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 101, 1927; =young). 1 The winter range cannot be indicated at present with any degree of certainty. 144 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Macroramphus punctatus Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 556, 1831 new name for Scolopax grisea Gmelin and S. noveboracensis Gmelin. Limnodromus noveboracensis Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 717, 1833 mouth of Rio Peruhype, near Villa Vicoza (lat. 18 S.), Bahia, Brazil. Macrorhamphus griseus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 758, 1849 coast region; Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 11 Fisk- enaesset, Greenland (one specimen); Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 482, 1866 Trinidad (Aug. to Oct.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 313, 1870 Praia de Cajutuba, Para, Brazil (April); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 455 Panama and Para (Cajutuba); Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 246, 1885 Fort Chima and Davis Inlet, Ungava; Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 233, 1889 New Providence, Bahama Islands, and Jamaica; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 394, 757, 1896 part, eastern North America, Bermuda Islands, Para (Cajutuba), Bahia, British Guiana, etc.; (?)Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 160, 1898 Fiskenaes, Greenland; Howe, Auk, 18, p. 158, map, 1901 part, east of Hudson Bay; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 250, 1905 Barbados (ex Feilden) and Grenada (ex British Museum); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 50, 1907 Pard and Bahia; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 418, 1910 Alaju&a, Costa Rica; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 88, 1914 Marajo (Pacoval, Magoary), Brazil. Limnodromus griseus griseus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 197, 1919 (monog., full bibliog., in part); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 106, 1927 (life hist.; range in part); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 493, 1929 Mangunga Island, Maranhao, Brazil (March); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 317, 1931 Bermuda Islands (autumn visitor); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 322, 1932 PermS, Panama; Rowan, Auk, 49, pp. 23, 26, pis. 2, 3, 1932 (char.; disc.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 272, 1934 (range in part); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 291 Trinidad and Tobago (winter visitor); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 Canal Zone and Perme, Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 137, 1938 Para to Bahia; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 177, 1938 Puerto del Triunfo, El Salvador (Dec. 31, Jan. 16); Swenk, Nebraska Bd. Review, 8, p. 63, 1940 Nebraska (status; tax.); Conover, Auk, 58, p. 380, 1941 (char.; range). Range. Breeding grounds unknown 1 (nests probably east of Hudson's Bay in the interior of Ungava and the Labrador Peninsula) ; on migration chiefly in the Atlantic states, but also occurring in Ontario (Toronto) and California; winters in the West Indies and south through Central America, the Guianas, and eastern Brazil as far south as Bahia; (?)accidental in Greenland (Fiskenaes). 1 There has recently been discovered in the collections of the United States National Museum, an adult specimen of Limnodromus griseus, taken at Fort Chimo, Quebec, on June 10, 1883. The specimen is in breeding dress and is said to be typical of the eastern race (cf. J. W. Aldrich, Auk, 65, p. 285, 1948). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 145 Field Museum Collection. 97: Nova Scotia (Barrington, 2; Shel- burne, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 6; Chatham, 1; Great Island, 2); Connecticut (Grove Beach, 2; Guilford, 1; Madison, 1); North Carolina (New Inlet, Dare County, 6; Bodie Island, Dare County, 15; Pea Island, 32; Cape Hatteras, 2); South Carolina (Copahee Sound, Charleston County, 2; Sullavan's Island, Beaufort County, 1; Dewees Island, Charleston County, 2; Mount Pleasant, 6); Georgia (Chatham County, 1); Florida (Amelie Island, 2); California (Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 5); Bahama Islands (Great Inagua, 2; Andros Island, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 2); Brazil (Mangunca Island, Maranhao, 2). Conover Collection. 19: Massachusetts (East Orleans, Barn- stable County, 10); New York (Cayuga Lake, 1); South Carolina (Copahee Sound, 3); Florida (Amelie Island, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 2); Colombia (Pizarro, Choco, 1). Genus CAPELLA Frenzel Capella Frenzel, Beschr. Vogel und Eyer Wittenb., p. 58, 1801 type, by monotypy, Scolopax coelestis Frenzel = Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus. Gallinago Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool., p. 312, 1816 type, by tautonymy, Gal- linago media Koch=Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus. Telmatias Boie, Isis, 1826, col. 980 type, by virtual monotypy, Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus. Xylocota Bonaparte, Icon. Fauna Ital., fasc. 25, sig. 127, p. [2], 1839 type, by orig. desig., Scolopax paludosa Gmelin= Scolopax undulata Boddaert. Homoptilura G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 78, 1840 type, by orig. desig., Scolopax undulata Boddaert. Macrodura Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 294 (in text), Aug. 18, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Gallinago nobilis Sclater. Odurella Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 294 (in text), Aug. 18, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Scolopax braziliensis Swainson= Scolopax paraguaiae Vieillot. Capella media (Latham). GREAT SNIPE. Scolopax media Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., Suppl., 1, p. 292, 1787 based on "Great Snipe" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 133, Lancashire, England. Scolopax major Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 661, 1789 based on Latham (Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, p. 133), Frisch (Vorst. Vog. Deuts., pi. 228), etc., England, Germany, and northern Siberia. Scolopax leucurus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 2, "1831," p. 501, Feb., 1832 Hudson Bay (type now in British Museum). Gallinago major Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 626, 1896 (monog.); Coues, Auk, 14, p. 209, 1897 Hudson Bay (ex Sharpe). 146 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Gallinago media Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 161, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Capella media A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 490 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 98, 1927 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 275, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds in northern Europe and northern Asia from northern Norway, southern Finland, the White Sea and the lower Yenessei south to Denmark, East Prussia, Poland, Bessarabia, the Kirghiz Steppes, and the Altai; winters in Africa; accidental in Canada (Hudson Bay). 1 Capella gallinago faeroeensis (C. L. Brehm). 2 FAROE SNIPE. Telmatias Faeroeensis C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 617, 1831 Faroe Islands (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 57, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Gallinago media (not Scolopax media Latham) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1853, p. 83 Greenland; idem, Ibis, 1861, p. 11 Greenland. (T)Gallinago russata Gould, Bds. Great Britain, 4, text to pi. 79, 1863 Dartmoor, England (type hi British Museum; cf. A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 490). Gallinago scolopacina Bonap. typica Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 175, 1898 Greenland (Nanortalik, Sept. 6, 1840; Fiskenaes, Oct., 1845); Helms, Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidsskr., 11, p. 173, 1917 Angmagsalik, East Green- land (April 30, May 15). Gallinago gallinago (not Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 165, 1919 part, Iceland, Faroes, Greenland, and Bermudas. Capella gallinago faeroeensis A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 489 (crit.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 276, 1934 (range); Herring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, No. 5, p. 42, 1941 Angmagssalik, eastern Greenland. Capella gallinago gallinago Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 78, 1927 (life hist.); (?)H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, No. 5, p. 43, 1941 Angmagssalik, eastern Greenland. 1 The claim of the Great Snipe to a place in the American fauna rests on a specimen, the type of S. leucurus, obtained from the Hudson's Bay Company in Canada many years ago and now in the collection of the British Museum. 1 Capella gallinago faeroeensis (C. L. Brehm) differs from C. g. gallinago (Linnaeus), of Europe and Asia, by more reddish coloration; the black portions on back, scapulars, and tertials being more profusely speckled with brighter tawny; the lateral edges to the scapulars narrower and more deeply ochraceous; the foreneck and breast darker, more rufescent; the dusky stripes on lower throat evanescent. There seems little doubt that the specimens taken in Greenland and Bermuda are referable to C. g. faeroeensis rather than to C. g. gallinago. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 147 Range. Breeds in Iceland and the Faroes; occasional in autumn and winter in the British Isles; casual in Greenland; (?)accidental in Bermuda Islands (Dec. 24 and 29, 1847). l *Capella gallinago delicata (Ord). WILSON'S SNIPE. 2 Scolopax delicata Ord, in reprint, Wilson, Amer. Orn., 9, p. ccxviii, 1825 Pennsylvania. Scolopax Wilsonii Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 68, text to pi. 403, p. [2], note, Sept. 16, 1826 based on Scolopax gallinago Wilson, Amer. Orn., 6, p. 18, pi. 47, fig. 1, Pennsylvania; Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847 Tobago (Oct. to Jan.). Scolopax trachydactyla Wagler, Isis, 1831, col. 521 Mexico (type in Munich Museum examined). 3 Scolopax fasciolata Wagler, Isis, 1831, col. 522 (in text) Mexico (type no longer extant). 4 Scolopax drummondii Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.- Amer., 2, p. 400, Feb., 1832 Rocky Mountains and Fur Countries (location of type unknown). Scolopax douglasii Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 400 (note), Feb., 1832 Columbia River (type in collection of W. Swainson, now in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.). Scolopax americanus Hadfield, Zoologist, 21, p. 8446, 1863 new name for Scolopax wilsonii Temminck. Gallinago wilsoni(i) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 5, Scolopaces, p. 6, 1864 Labrador, Philadelphia, Wisconsin, Costa Rica, and Mexico (crit.); 1 The inclusion of one of the European races in the fauna of the Bermudas (cf. Gallinago media Reid, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 233, 1884, and Capella gallinago Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 316, 1931) rests on the taking by Wedderburn of two specimens in Pembroke Marsh on Dec. 24 and 29, 1847, respectively. Both were said to possess fourteen tail-feathers, but Hurdis (Rough Notes and Memoranda Nat. Hist. Bermudas, pp. 55-56, 1897), who examined one of Wedderburn's specimens, found it had only eleven! From this meagre information it seems impossible to allocate the record with any degree of finality. 2 Wilson's Snipe, though generally recognizable without difficulty by more heavily barred axillaries, transverse rather than longitudinal pectoral markings, shorter bill, narrower outer rectrices, and sixteen instead of fourteen tail-feathers, is so closely approached by certain European individuals, as pointed out by See- bohm (Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 487) and Hartert (Vog. Palae. Fauna, 2, p. 1660, 1921), that its conspecific relationship to C. gallinago can hardly be questioned. 3 The type, an unsexed adult (wing, 131; tail, 65; bill, 63%), agrees very well with specimens from the United States. 4 The specimen, which formed the basis for the tentatively proposed name S. fasciolata and which, according to Wagler, was in poor condition, no longer exists in the Munich Collection. It was stated to differ from the type of S. trachy- dactyla by longer wings, a brown tip to the white exterior margin of the outermost primary, blacker upper back, and slenderer, longer claws. These divergencies are of little consequence in Wilson's Snipe, the only species of Snipe occurring in Mexico, and were probably of an individual nature. 148 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 484, 1866 Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 Medellin, Colombia; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1881, p. 186 Niakornat, Greenland (spring, 1877); Reid, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 232, 1884 Bermuda Islands. Gallinago scolopadna var. wilsonii Ridgway, Amer. Natur., 8, p. 110, 1874 (crit.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 175, 1898 Niakovnak, Greenland (spring, 1877, and July, 1891). Scolopax gallinago wilsoni Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 140 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 486, 1887 (crit.). Gallinago delicata Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 642, 1896 (in part; monog.); Henshaw, Bds. Hawaiian Is., p. 94, 1902 Naalehu, Kau, Island of Hawaii; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 392, 1903 Mexican and Central American references and localities; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 250, 1905 Barbados, Grenada, and Grenadines (autumnal visitor); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 (no Cayenne record); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 423, 1910 Tenorio (Jan. 23), Azahar de Cartago (Nov. 10), Cartago (Dec. 13), and La Estrella de Cartago (Nov. 5), Costa Rica; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 224, 1917 Novita (Dec. 25) and Puerto Berrio (Jan. 30), Colombia; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 171, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 548, 1919 New- foundland (breeding); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922 Rio Cogollo (Merida), Encontrados (Zulia), and Colon (Tachira), Venezuela; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 305, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 136, 1932 Guatemala. Capella delicata Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 185, 1922 Taquina and Pueblo Viejo, Santa Marta, Colombia (March 17, 29); A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 504 (crit.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 358, 1927 Puerto Rico and St. Croix (migrants); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 90, 1928 Lower California (winter visitor); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 155, 1931 Hispaniola (migrants); Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 316, 1931 Bermuda Islands; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 322, 1932 Perme, Panama (Oct. 25); van Rossem, I.e., 77, p. 433, 1934 Chihuahua and Granados, Chihuahua, Mexico (Oct. 9 to Nov. 17); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 276, 1934 (range); Mousley, Auk, 52, p. 408, 1935 Montreal, Quebec (nesting data); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 291 Trinidad (rare winter visitor); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 Panama (winter); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 171, 1938 El Salvador (Jan. to Apr.); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 28, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Van Tyne, Wilson Bull., 56, p. 170, 1944 (sex ratio); Borrero, Caldasia, 3, (14), p. 413, 1945 Sabana de Bogota, Colombia. Capella gallinago delicata Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 81, 1927 (life hist.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 132, 1929 Corn Islands, Caribbean Sea; Darlington, I.e., 71, p. 376, 1931 Sevillano (Oct. 20), Rio Frio (Nov.), and Cienaga (Nov., Feb., March), Magdalena, Colombia; 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 149 Wolfe, Condor, 33, p. 52, 1931 Utah (nesting habits); (?)H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, No. 5, p. 40, 1941 Greenland. Range. Breeds from western Alaska, northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, Ungava, and Newfoundland south to southern California, northern Nevada, southern Colorado, northern Iowa, northern Indiana, Ontario, and northwestern Penn- sylvania; winters from the southern parts of its breeding range south through Central America and the West Indies to Colombia, Venezuela (in the states of Tachira, Me>ida, and Zulia), and rarely to Tobago, Trinidad, and the Guianas; 1 accidental in Greenland (Niakornat), the Bermudas, and the Island of Hawaii (Naalehu, Kau). Field Museum Collection. 165: Alaska (St. Michaels, 2; Bethel, 1; Bluff City, 1; Yukon River, 2; Tocatna Falls, 1); British Columbia (Graham Island, 1; Okanagan, 1); Oregon (Salem, 1); Montana (Bozeman, 2); Idaho (Couer d'Alene, 1); North Dakota (Rolette County, 1; Stump Lake, 1; Towner County, 4); Iowa (Burlington, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 13; Delavan, 1); Illinois (Worth, 3); Indiana (Liverpool, 1); Oklahoma (Dodge, 1); Colorado (Cochetopa, 1; Fort Lyon, 3); Texas (Brownsville, 3); New Mexico (Reserve, 1); Arizona (Tucson, 1); California (Monterey County, 1; Thermal, 1; Corona, 1; Paradise, 1; Sisson, 1; Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 1; Witch Creek, 2); Ontario (Saint Clair Junction, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 3); Maine (Lincoln, 2); Connecticut (East Hartford, 9; North Haven, 3; Woodbridge, 2; New Haven, 1; New Haven County, 16; Hamden, 29); New York (Cayuga Lake, 3; Suffolk County, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 9; Pea Island, 8); Georgia (Roswell, 1); Florida (Anclote, 1; Amelie Island, 4; Tallahassee, 1; Santa Rosa Island, 1; West Jupiter, 1; Wilson, 1; Jupiter, 1); Bahama Islands (Andros, 1; Great Inagua, 1); Virgin Islands (Saint Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Martinique, 1); Mexico (Tampico, 1); Guatemala (Santa Elena, 1); Costa Rica (Limon, 1); Venezuela (Tachira, Colon, 1; Encontrados, Zulia, 2; Valle, 1). Conover Collection. 28: Alaska (Igiak Bay, Bering Sea, 1); Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 2); California (Yermo, 1); Utah (Brigham, 6); Nebraska (Wood Lake, Cherry County, 2); Illinois 1 Records of Wilson's Snipe from Brazil are due to misidentification. The specimens in the British Museum from Rio Negro, Bahia, and Rio de Janeiro all prove to be unequivocally pcCraguaiae, whereas the bird secured by Kappler on the Maroni River, Surinam, is just as decidedly delicata. Wilson's Snipe must, therefore, be struck from the list of Brazilian birds. 150 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Wheaton, 5; Hyde Lake, Cook County, 2; Homewood, 1); Mexico (San Jos4 del Cabo, Lower California, 3); Colombia (Popayan, Cauca, 3); Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Perija, 2). *Capella paraguaiae 1 paraguaiae (Vieillot). PARAGUAYAN SNIPE. Scolopax paraguaiae Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 3, p. 356, 1816 based on "Becasina No 1," Azara, No. 387, Paraguay. Scolopax frenata (Illiger, MS.) Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 75, 1823 based on "Becassime" (sic) Azara, No. 387; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 712, 1833 eastern Brazil; Cabanis, in Schom- burgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 758, 1849 coast region; Bur- meister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 377, 1856 Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860 part, Parana and Tucuman; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 503, 1861 part, same localities; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 312, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, Ypanema, Irisanga), ParanS, (Castro), Matto Grosso (Caicara), and Amazonas (Manaos, Santarem), Brazil; Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 6, p. 253, 1881 Est. de la Tala, Durazno, Uruguay (eggs descr.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 494, 1887 (monog.; crit.). Scolopax braziliensis Swainson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 400 (note), Feb., 1832 equinoctial Brazil (type in collection of W. Swainson, now in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.). Scolopax (Telmatias) paraguaiae Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 131, 1841 part, Maldonado, Uruguay. Gallinago frenata "111." Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 579, 1856; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 9, 1864 Surinam and Brazil (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, pp. 783, 788 lagoon of Uroa, south of Merida, Venezuela; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 252, 1874 Blumenau, Santa Catharina (crit.); Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 83, 1876 Marajo, Brazil; Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 164 Buenos Aires (breeding); Forbes, I.e., 1881, p. 359 marshes of Pernambuco; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 182, 1885 Taquara do Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 179 Bartica Grove, Merume" Mountains, and Roraima, British Guiana; Riker and Chapman, 8, p. 163, 1891 Santarem, Brazil; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893 Chapada, Matto Grosso; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 646, 1896 part, spec, a-y, Venezuela (Merida), Trinidad, British Guiana (Roraima, Merume Mountains, Bartica Grove, Annai), Cayenne, Brazil ("Para;" Pernambuco; Santa Fe", Minas Geraes; Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul; Ypanema; Bahia; Rio de Janeiro), and Uruguay; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 439, 1899 Sao Paulo; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 221, 1910 C6rdoba, Mendoza, Misiones, and Chaco. Scolopax brasiliensis Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 39 Minas Geraes, Brazil (crit.). 1 Capella paraguaiae is probably conspecific with C. gallinago. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 151 Gallinago paraguaiae 1 Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 314, 1884 Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rfos (breeding, Sept.-Oct.), and (?)Carhue", Buenos Aires (April); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 282 Paysandu, Uruguay; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 36, 1887 Pilcomayo, Paraguay (crit.); Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 10, p. 88, 1889 Est.Itanu, south of Asuncion, Paraguay (crit.); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 181, 1889 Argentina (in part); Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p.* 150 Timbo and Rio Pilcomayo, Gran Chaco; Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 207, pi. 5, fig. 8 (egg) Uruguay (drumming; breeding habits); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895 Paraguari, Paraguay; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 650, 1896 part, spec, a-c, "Para," Pernambuco, and Rio de Janeiro; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 213, 1902 Lagunas de Malvinas and Famailla, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 130, 1902 Altagracia, Quiribana de Caicara, and Munduapo, Orinoco, Venezuela (crit.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 53 La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru (crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 55, 1907 part, Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Sao Caetano, Penha, Itapura, Cachoeira, Campos de Jordao), Santa Catharina (Sao Francisco do Sul), Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo), and Argentina (La Plata); Hell- mayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 101, 1908 Fazenda Esperanga and Rio Araguaya, Goyaz; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 252, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and Laguna de Malvinas, Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 221, 1910 part, Tucuman, Buenos Aires, and Entre Rios; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910 Pernambuco (Pao d'Alho, near Recife), Bahfa (Santa Rita, Rio Preto), Maranhao (above Pintados, Rio Parnahyba), and Piauhy (Amaracao), Brazil; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 68 Ybitimi, Paraguay; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 372, 1916 Orinoco region, Venezuela; MSnegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 5,' p. 25, 1917 Caceres, Matto Grosso; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 64 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 Uruguay (Canelones, Florida, Maldonado, San Jose', Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo); Daguerre, I.e., p. 263, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires (sedentary); Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 41, 1923 Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Pereyra, I.e., 5, p. 369, 1934 Buenos Aires (habits, eggs, young descr.). Scolopax frenata brasiliensis Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 138 Venezuela and Guiana to Paraguay (crit.). Gallinago delicata (not Scolopax delicata Ord) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 642, 1896 part, spec. y*-c 3 , Brazil (Rio Negro; Bahfa; Rio de Janeiro). Gallinago braziliensis Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 Cayenne; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 225, 1917 Villavicencio, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 44, 1918 vicinity of Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana. Gallinago paraguaiae consp.? Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Sci. Varsovie, 5, pp. 463, 492, 1912 Santa Cruz, Parana (crit.). Gallinago brasiliensis Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 192, 1913 Cano Corosal, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 1 Sometimes spelled paraguayae. 152 FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 8, p. 93, 1914 Para (Braganca), Marajo (Sao Natal), and Monte Alegre, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 372, 1916 Cano Corosal (ex Stone); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 153, 1928 Para. Gallinago braziliensis braziliensis Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 91, 1918 Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires (Dec.). Capella paraguaiae Pereyra, El Hornero, 3, p. 163, 1923 Zelaya, Buenos Aires (breeding); Wilson, I.e., p. 352, 1926 Venado Tuerto, Santa F6 (breeding). Capella paraguaiae brasiliensis A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 509 (monog.). Capella braziliensis Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 161, 162, 1926 Paraguay (km. 80, west of Puerto Pinasco) and Uruguay (between Lazcano and Rio Cebollati) (crit.); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 24, 1927 Zelaya, Buenos Aires (breeding). Capella paraguaiae paraguaiae Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 496, 1929 Sao Bento, Maranhao, and Sao Marcello (Rio Preto), Bahia (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 82, 1930 Agua Blanca de Corumba, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 276, 1934 (range); Laubmann, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 265, 1934 Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe (crit.); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 291 Caroni, Trinidad (eggs descr.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 88, 1935 Corupe'ba and Cidade da Barra, Bahia; idem, I.e., 20, p. 44, 1936 Rio das Almas, Goyaz; Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 349, p. 2, 1937 Caviana Island, Para, Brazil; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 138, 1938 Amazonas (Manacapuru), Maranhao (Boa Vista), Bahia (Cidade da Barra, Corupeba), Minas Geraes (Theophilo Ottoni, Pirapora), Sao Paulo (Cachoeira, Ypiranga, Penha, Itapura, Sao Caetano, Campo do Jordao, Itatiba, Sylvania, Tabatinguara), Santa Catharina (Sao Francisco do Sul), Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo), Matto Grosso (Sao Luiz de Caceres), Goyaz (Rio das Almas, Inhumas), and La Plata; idem, I.e., 23, p. 546, 1938 Manacapuru, Amazonas; Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 72, 1945 Bolivia, El Beni (El Consuelo; Bresta). Capella brasiliensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 63, 1931 Arabupu, Roraima, Venezuela. Range. Island of Trinidad and South America (east of the Andes) from Colombia (Villavicencio), Venezuela, and the Guianas through Peru (two records San Martin, Moyobamba, and La Merced, Chanchamayo, Dept. Junin), Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay to Uruguay and the plains of eastern Argentina south to Cordoba and Buenos Aires. 1 1 Birds from Guiana, Venezuela, and various parts of Brazil agree perfectly with a topotypical series from Paraguay. Two breeding specimens from Uruguay (Soriano) as well as single individuals from Santa Fe and Entre Rfos are likewise similar. It is also the present form which, according to Dabbene (in litt.), breeds in the province of Buenos Aires. The length of the bill varies considerably, irrespective of locality. Forty-nine additional specimens examined. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 153 Field Museum Collection. 26: Colombia (Villavicencio, Meta, 1); Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, 8); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 2); Brazil (Boa Vista, Rio Branco, 1; Sierra da Lua, Rio Branco, 1; Itacoatiara, Amazonas, 1; Sao Bento, Maranhao, 2; Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia, 4); Peru (Moyo- bamba, San Martin, 1); Uruguay (Polanco, Minas, 1; Rio Cebollati, Minas, 1; San Vicente, Rocha, 1; Arazati, San Jose', 1). Conover Collection. 43: British Guiana (Buxton, Demerara, 3); Brazil (Itacoatiara, Rio Amazonas, 8; Pinhel, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Labrea, Rio Purus, 2; Buenos Aires, Rio Acara, 1; near Cavalcanti, Goyaz, 4) ; Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 5) ; Paraguay (30 km. west of Puerto Casado, 1; Horqueta, 6; Villa Rica, 12). *Capella paraguaiae magellanica (King). 1 MAGELLANIC SNIPE. Scolopax magellanicus King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, p. 93, July, 1828 Straits of Magellan (type evidently lost). Scolopax (Telmatias) paraguaiae (not of Vieillot) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 131, 1841 part, Valparaiso, Chile. Scolopax (Telmetias) magellanicus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 131, 1841 Maldonado (Uruguay) and East Falkland (crit.). Scolopax paraguaiae Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843 Chile; Yarrell, I.e., 15, p. 54, 1847 Chile (egg descr.); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 194, 1855 Chile. Scolopax frenata (not of Lichtenstein) Tschudi, Peru, Reiseskizzen, 1, p. 35, 1846 Valparaiso, Chile; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860 part, Mendoza. Gallinago magellanica Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 427, 1847 (ex King); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 387, 1860 Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156 East Falkland Islands (breeding). Gallinago paraguaiae 2 Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 426, 1847 Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 510 Valdivia, Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 313, 1860 Santiago (breeding habits); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, No. 27, Scolopaces, p. 11, 1864 Chile, Arique (Valdivia), Santiago, and East Falkland (crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 332, 339 Chile; Philippi, Anal. l Capella paraguaiae magellanica (King) differs from the nominate race in less blackish dorsal surface caused by the greater amount of buff markings; more deeply buff foreneck and chest, with less prominent blackish spotting; deeper rufous tail; and narrower outermost rectrix. We are unable to discover any constant difference between specimens from the Straits of Magellan (magellanica') and those from Chile (chilensis), dimensions as well as the proportion of the tertials being extremely variable within the same locality. 2 Variously spelled paraguaiae, paraguayae, paraguiae, paraguia, and (lapsu) parguiae. 154 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Univ. Chile, 31, p. 277, 1868 Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 189 Sandy Point, Straits of Magellan; iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 144 Conchitas, Buenos Aires (crit.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 567, 1877 Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 198 Buenos Aires (April to Aug.) ; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,' p. 438 Puerto Bueno, Magellan Straits, and Falkland Islands; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 15 Cockle Cove, Straits of Magellan; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 88, 1884 Tandfl, Buenos Aires; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 181, 1889 Argentina (in part); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 137, 1889 Gregory Bay and Laredo Bay, Straits of Magellan; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 124, 1891 Patagonia (Missioneros), Tierra del Fuego (Bahia Orange), and Packewaia, Beagle Channel; Holland, Ibis, 1891, p. 16 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires (specimen examined); idem, I.e., 1892, p. 211 Est. Espartillar; Lataste, Act. Soc. Sci. Chile, 3, p. cxv, 1894 Bureo (Chilian), Nuble, Chile; Waugh and Lataste, I.e., 4, p. Ixxxviii, 1894 Penaflor, Santiago; Lataste, I.e., 5, p. Ixiii, 1895 Junquillos (San Carlos), Nuble; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 650, 1896 part, spec, d-u', Lomas de Zamora, Bahia Blanca, Maldonado, Montevideo, Falkland Islands, Straits of Magellan (Puerto Bueno, Cockle Cove), and Chile (Coquimbo, Santiago, Valparaiso, "Tarapaca" [=Arauco and Valdivia]); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 309 part, Rio Bueno and Rio Pilmaiquen (Valdivia), Arauco, and Concepcion, Chile; Salvador!, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 625, 1900 Santa Cruz (Patagonia), Gregory Bay (Straits of Magellan), Cape Colnett (Staten Island), and Shyring Mountain, Melville Island (Cape Horn); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 376, 1902 Tierra del Fuego; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Litt. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 40, 1904 Falkland Islands (eggs descr.); Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 126, 1907 Useless Bay, San Sebastian Settlement, and Cheena Creek (nest and eggs); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 221, 1910 part, Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Pata- gonia, 2, Orn., p. 332, 1910 near head of Rio Mayer, Santa Cruz; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 467 Los Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires (May 16); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 151, 1917 Falkland Islands; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918 Mendoza; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 44, 1920 Nilahue, Curico; Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921 Falkland Islands; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 52, 1924 Isla la Mocha, Arauco; Jaffuel and Pirion, I.e., 31, p. 113, 1927 Marga-Marga, Val- paraiso; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 203, 1929 Angol, Malleco. Gallinago frenata Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 132, 1865 Chile. Gallinago paraguaiae var. pallida Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 56, 1881 mouths of the Rio Colorado and Rio Negro (sub- stitute name for Scolopax magellanicus King). Scolopax frenata magellanica Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 136 Falkland Islands and Straits of Magellan (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 496, 1887 Falkland Islands, Straits of Magellan, Buenos Aires (Bahia Blanca), and Uruguay (Maldonado) (crit.). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 155 Scolopax frenala chilensis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 496, 1887 Chile (type in British Museum). Gallinago frenata chilensis Deichler, Journ. Orn., 45, p. 153, 1897 Chile, Patagonia, and Uruguay (crit.). Gallinago paraguayae magellanica Deichler, Journ. Orn., 45, p. 154, 1897; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 661, 1898 Seno Almirantazgo, Tierra del Fuego, and Ushuwaia, Beagle Channel. Gallinago paraguayae chilensis Deichler, Journ. Orn., 45, p. 154, 1897; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 661, 1898 La Serena, Coquimbo, and Punta Arenas, Straits of Magellan. Capella paraguaiae Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 445, 1922 Coronel, Chile (habits); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 297, 1923 Huanuluan, Rio Negro (breeding); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 161, 1926 Buenos Aires (Berazategui, etc.), Neuque"n (Zapala), and Mendoza (Tunuyan) (crit.); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 428, 1926 Paja Alta, Rio Negro, and Lago Fetalaufquen, Chubut; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 324 Falkland Islands. Capella paraguaiae paraguaiae A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 506 (monog.); Reynolds, I.e., 1932, p. 38 Snipe and Woodcock Islands, Beagle Channel. Capella paraguaiae magellanica Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 387, 1932 Atacama to Straits of Magellan (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range); Reynolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 352, 1934 Isla de los Conejos, Tierra del Fuego; Castellanos, I.e., 6, p. 30, 1935 Isla de Afio Nuevo, Cape Horn region; Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 89 Guffern Island, Cape Horn region; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 247, pi. 16, 1935 Isla la Mocha (nesting); idem, I.e., 41, p. 202, col. pi. 8, fig. 2 (egg), 1937. Range. Breeds in southern South America from Chile (most northerly recorded locality Copiapo, Atacama, but northern limit of breeding area undetermined) and southern Argentina (Goberna- cion del Rio Negro) south to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands; some migrating in winter north to Mendoza, province of Buenos Aires, and Uruguay. 1 Field Museum Collection. 6: Chile (Curacautin, Cautin, 1; Gualletue Lake, Cautin, 2; Quellon, dittos' Island, 2; Melinka, Ascension Island, 1). Conover Collection. 24: Chile (Ramadilla, Atacama, 1; Lautaro, Cautin, 5; Santiago, Santiago, 1; Angol, Bio Bio, 1; Quellon, Chiloe' Island, 3; Cucao, Chilo^ Island, 4; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, 4; Rio Ciaike, Magallanes, 2); Argentina (Tunuyan, Mendoza, 2; Cambacere's, Buenos Aires, 1). 1 Unequivocal winter specimens of the Magellanic Snipe have been examined by us from Uruguay (Montevideo, April; Maldonado, July), Buenos Aires (Cam- baceres, June; Est. Espartillar, Apr., July; Lomas de Zamora, May; Los Yngleses, Ajo, May), and Mendoza (Tunuyan, June). Fifty-two specimens examined. 156 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Capella paraguaiae andina (Taczanowski). 1 ANDEAN SNIPE. Gallinago andina Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 561 Lake Junin, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 103, 1927); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, pp. 17, 19 Tinta, Cuzco, Peru (crit.); Taczanowski, I.e., 1880, p. 213 Cutervo, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 375, 1886 Peru (Lake Junin, Cutervo, Tinta); Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 22, 1895 near Cajamarca (alt. 10,000 ft.), Peru; Berlepsch and Stolz- mann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 53 Ingapirca, Junfn, Peru; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 268 south of Huamachuco, Peru. Scolopax frenata (not of Lichtenstein, 1823) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 312, 1844 Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 299, 1846 sierra and puna regions. Gallinago frenata Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 156 Tungasuca (near Tinta), Cuzco, Peru; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 646, 1896 part, spec, a', Sacaya, Tarapaca (spec, examined). Scolopax frenata andina Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 138 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 497, 1887 Peru (crit.). Gallinago paraguaiae (not Scolopax paraguaiae Vieillot) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137 Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 309 part, Sacaya. [Gallinago frenata} subsp. a. Gallinago andina Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 648, 1896 Peru (Junin, Tungasuca). Gallinago braziliensis andina Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 50,' 1921 La Raya and Ttica-Ttica, Peru. Capella paraguaiae paraguaiae A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 506 part, Sacaya, Chile. Capella paraguaiae andina A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 508 Peru (crit.); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 255, 1930 mountains near Huanuco, Peru; Hellmayr, I.e., 19, p. 390, 1932 Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range); Zotta, El Hornero, 6, p. 289, 1936 Lago Colorado, Catamarca (alt. 3,400 m.), Argentina; Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 465, 647 Huancavelica and Lake Junin, Peru. Capella paraguaiae Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 404, 1931 Rio Humahuaca and Maimara, Sierra del Zenta, Jujuy. Range. Puna zones of Peru, extreme northern Chile (Tarapaca), Bolivia, and western Argentina (Sierra del Zenta, Jujuy; Lago Colorado, Catamarca). Field Museum Collection. 6: Peru (Leimebamba, Amazonas, 1; Junin, Junin, 2); Bolivia (Colomi, Cochabamba, 3). 1 Capella paraguaiae andina (Taczanowski) : Similar to C. p. magellanica, but with decidedly shorter wings and tarsi, and shorter as well as slenderer bill. Wing, 115-117, (female) 116-121; tarsus, 25-28; bill, 48-56, (female) 53-61. Two birds from Tarapaca (Sacaya) are exactly like the Peruvian series. Additional material examined. Peru: near Cajamarca, 1; eight miles south of Huamachuco, 1; Lake Junin, 1; Maraynioc, 1; Huancavelica, 8; Tungasuca, 1. Chile: Sacaya, Tarapaca, 2. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 157 Conover Collection. 10: Peru (Huanuco Mountains, 2; Puno, Puno, 1; Sorapa, Rio Have, Puno, 1; Huacullani, Puno, 1); Bolivia (Colomi, Cochabamba, 1; Tiraque, Cochabamba, 1; Cerro Juna, Cochabamba, 2; Laguna de Taxara, Tarija, 1). *Capella paraguaiae innotata Hellmayr. 1 ANTOFAGASTA SNIPE. Capella paraguaiae innotata Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 389, June 13, 1932 Rio Loa, Antofagasta, Chile (type in Field Museum of Natural History); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range). Gallinago paraguiae (not Scolopax paraguaiae Vieillot) Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 164, 1860 Tilopozo, Salar de Atacama, Antofagasta; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 Tilopozo. Range. Puna zone of Antofagasta (Rio Loa, Tilopozo), northern Chile. Field Museum Collection. 1: Chile (Rio Loa, Antofagasta, 1). Conover Collection. 1: Chile (Rio Loa, Antofagasta, 1). *Capella nobilis (Sclater). NOBLE SNIPE. Gallinago nobilis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 31, June 16, 1856 Bogota, Colombia (type in British Museum); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, p. 9, 1864 Bogota (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 196, pi. 98, 1869 Bogota (monog.); Pelzeln, Ibis, 1875, p. 332 "Spanish Guiana" = Bogota (spec, examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 Retire, Antioquia, Colombia (eggs descr.); Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1884, p. 313 Yoyacsi (9,000 ft.), Ecuador; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 648, 1896 Colombia (Retire, Bogota) and Ecuador (Maravina); Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 45, 1900 Paramos of Canar, El Troje, and Chaupi, Ecuador; Rhoads, Auk, 29, p. 143, 1912 Paramo of Pi- chincha, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 225, 1917 Santa Isabel (12,700 ft.), Valle de las Pappas, and Chipaque (10,000 ft.), Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 25, 1922 Tumbaco, north side of Guamini Road to Papallacta, Pichincha, and Cotopaxi, Ecuador; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 43, 1922 Paramo de Tama, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 200, 1926 Hacienda Garzon, Cumbaya, El Paso (near Nabon), and Yanacocha, Ecuador. 1 Capella paraguaiae innotata Hellmayr: Similar to C. p. andina in proportions, but distinguished by nearly plain white (not broadly black-barred) under wing coverts and by having all of the primaries (not only the two outermost) exteriorly and apically edged with hoary white. Wing, (males) 118; bill, 53, 58. By the almost unmarked under wing coverts, the two specimens from Rio Loa may readily be told from any in a series of twenty andina, whereas the white markings on the primaries are found to the same extent only in a bird from Tungasuca, Peru. 158 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII "Gallinago nobilis (granadensis Bp. Mus. Brit.)" Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 579, 1856. Scolopax nobilis Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 133 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 498, 1887 (crit.). Capella nobilis A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 503 (monog.); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 621, 1932 Las Palmas, Azuay, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range). Range. Paramo zone of western Venezuela, the central and eastern Andes of Colombia and the Temperate zone of Ecuador. Field Museum Collection. 6: Venezuela (Tachira, Paramo de Tamd, 4); Colombia (unspecified, 2). Conover Collection. 13 : Colombia (El Tambo, Cauca, 6) ; Ecuador (Leon, Cerro Cotopaxi, 2; Santiago, Volcan Sangay, Province of Zamora, 5). Capella undulata undulata (Boddaert). GUIANAN GIANT SNIPE. Scolopax undulata Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 54, 1783 based on "Becasse des Savanes, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 895; Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 131 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 492, 1887 Guiana (crit.). Scolopax paludosa Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 661, 1789 based on "Be'casse des Savanes" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 895, and Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 481, Cayenne; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 758, 1849 marshy places near the coast. Xylocota paludosa Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 579, 1856. Gallinago paludosa Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, p. 8, 1864 part, Cayenne (crit.). Gallinago undulata Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 196, 1869 Guiana; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 179 MerumS Mountains and Roraima (3,500 ft.), British Guiana; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 659, 1896 same localities; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 Cayenne. Scolopax gigantea (not of Temminck) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 312, 1870 part, upper Rio Branco, Brazil. 1 Homoptilura undulata undulata A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 511 French and British Guiana (crit.). Homoptilura undulata Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 772 Blairmont, British Guiana. Capella undulata Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 63, 1931 Arabupu and Paulo, Roraima, Venezuela. Capella undulata undulata Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range); Phelps, Bol. Soc. Venez. Cien. Nat., No. 36, p. 91, 1938 Mount Roraima, Vene- zuela. 1 There is hardly any doubt that the Giant Snipe, whose nightly call-note was heard by Natterer when staying at the Forte do Sao Joaquin on the upper Rio Branco, pertained to the Guianan, and not to the South Brazilian form. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 159 v Range. French and British Guiana and the adjacent parts of Brazil (upper Rio Branco) and Venezuela (Roraima). *Capella undulata gigantea (Temminck). 1 BRAZILIAN GIANT SNIPE. Scolopax gigantea (Natterer MS.) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PL Col., livr. 68, pi. 403, Sept. 16, 1826 Brazil= State of Sao Paulo (type in Leyden Museum); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 376, 1856 Con - gonhas, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 312, 1870 part, Sao Paulo (Itarare, Ypanema, Murungaba), Paran (Jaguaraiba), and Goyaz (Nos Puritis), Brazil. "Xylocota gigantea, Natt. (lacunosa Licht.)" Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 579, 1856. Gallinago gigantea Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, p. 8, 1864 Brazil (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 196, 1869 Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 39 Congonhas de Sahara, Minas Geraes (ex Burmeister); Boucard and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 41, 1892 "Porto Real, Rio de Janeiro"; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893 Chapada, Matto Grosso; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 658, 1896 Goyaz (Puritis), Paraguay (Villa Rica), and Buenos Aires; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 151, 1899 Pedras Brancas; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 440, 1899 Sao Paulo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 56, 1907 Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, Penha, Sao Caetano) and Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 221, 1910 Chaco and Buenos Aires, Argentina; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Sci. Varsovie, 5, pp. 462, 492, 1912 Vera Guarany, Parana. Scolopax undulata gigantea Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 131 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 493, 1887 Brazil and Buenos Aires (crit.). Homoptilura undulata gigantea A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 512 (monog.). Capella gigantea Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 82, 1930 Matto Grosso, Brazil. Capella undulata gigantea Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 139, 1938 Sao Paulo (Penha, Avare", Sao Caetano) and Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre). Range. Southern Brazil, from Minas Geraes (Congonhas), Goyaz (Nos Puritis), and Matto Grosso (Chapada) south to Rio Grande do Sul, and Paraguay (Villa Rica) ; allegedly also in parts of Argentina (Chaco and Buenos Aires). 2 1 Capella undulata gigantea (Temminck) differs from the nominate race by longer wings (170-180, against 155-165), longer, heavier bill (125-145, against 108-115), wider rufous edges to scapulars and interscapulars, and broader bars on under parts, with, however, the center of breast and abdomen unbarred. Six additional specimens from southern Brazil (Sao Paulo, Parana), one from Paraguay (Villa Rica) and one from "Buenos Aires" examined. 2 The occurrence in Argentina is perhaps somewhat doubtful. No authentic example appears to exist in collections, and Venturi, who recorded it from the 160 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Conover Collection. 4: Paraguay (Itape, 1; Molinasque, 1; Rio Tebicuary, 1; Horqueta, 1). Genus CHUBBIA Mathews 1 Chubbia Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 291 (in text), Aug. 18, 1913 type, by orig. desig., "G. stricklandi Gray" = Scolopax stricklandii G. R. Gray. Homoscolopax Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 291 (in text), Aug. 18, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Gallinago imperial-is Sclater [and Salvin]. Chubbia imperialis (Sclater and Salvin). 2 IMPERIAL SNIPE. Gallinago imperialis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 419 Bogota, Colombia (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum examined); iidem, Exot. Orn., p. 193, pi. 97, 1869 Bogota (fig. of type); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 664, 1896 Bogota. Scolopax imperialis Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 130 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 491, 1887 Bogota (crit.). Homoscolopax imperialis A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 514 Bogotd (monog.). Chubbia imperialis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range). Range. Colombia (known only from the unique type, a native Bogota skin). *Chubbia jamesoni (Bonaparte). JAMESON'S SNIPE. Xylocota jamesoni "Jard. et Bp." Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, No. 17, p. 660, October, 1855 High Andes of Quito, Ecuador (cotypes originally in collection of Sir William Jardine, now in British Museum [ex Seebohm collection] and Liverpool Museum [ex Tristram collection] respectively); 3 idem, I.e., 43, p. 579, 1856. Gallinago sp. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 82, 1860 Panza, Chimbo- razo, Ecuador. Chaco as well as from Buenos Aires, evidently did not preserve any specimen. The origin of the bird in the British Museum, said to have been collected together with eggs by Mr. L. Hardy du Dre'ssent near Buenos Aires, is not established beyond doubt. It is certainly singular that this striking bird has never been ob- tained again in the well-explored region around the Argentine capital. 1 Genus Chubbia Mathews: Like Scolopax in having the tarsus posteriorly covered with small hexagonal scales, but bill longer, tarsus much stouter, and tail composed of fourteen feathers. 2 This remarkable bird is still known only from the type. Its differences from C. jamesoni have been well explained by Mrs. Meinertzhagen. We do not see any valid ground for its generic separation. 3 Cf. Seebohm (Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 490 [note], 1887) and Tristram (Cat. Coll. Tristram, p. 11, 1889). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 161 Gallinago jamesoni Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 196, 1869 Ecuador; iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 641 Cillutincara, Dept. La Paz, Bolivia; Taczanowski and Berlepsch, I.e., 1885, p. 112 Chimborazo, Ecuador; idem, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 376, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 661, 1896 Colombia (Sierra Nevada), Ecuador (Andes of Quito, Panza), and Bolivia (Cillutincara); Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 45, 1900 Paredones and Mount Mirador (Huaca), Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 231 Lloa (11,500 ft.), Ecuador; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 53 Maraynioc (Pariayacu) and Malao, Dept. Junfn, Peru; Me'ne'gaux, Miss. Serv. Ge"ogr. Armee Mes. Arc. Equat, 9, p. B. 9, 1911 Paramo of Pichincha; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 225, 1917 Santa Isabel, Colombia; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 268 Guallabamba (Chim- borazo), Pichincha, and Coraz6n, Ecuador; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 25, 1922 Pichincha; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 200, 1926 Mount Pichincha, Corazon, Mount Chimborazo, and Bestion, Ecuador. Scolopax jamesoni Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 130 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 489, 1887 (crit.). Capella jamesoni Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 184, 1922 Taquina, Santa Marta, Colombia; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 376, 1931 Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia. Chubbia jamesoni A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 515 Colombia (Sierra Nevada), Venezuela, Ecuador to Bolivia (monog.; plumages); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 278, 1934 (range). Chubbia jamesoni chapmani Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 151, Sept. 10, 1937 Santa Isabel, Quindio Andes, Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). 1 Range. Paramo zone of western Venezuela (Sierra of Me'rida), Colombia (Santa Marta Mountains and central Andes), Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia (Dept. La Paz). 2 Field Museum Collection. 2: Ecuador (Llanganate, Tunguragua, 1; unspecified, 1). 1 The variation in size seems too erratic to justify the segregation of C. j. chapmani, though birds from the central Andes of Colombia have, on average, longer bills, as may be gathered from the subjoined figuVes. No constant color- differences exist between specimens from so widely separated localities as northern Colombia (Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta) and Venezuela (Me'rida) on one side and Bolivia on the other. Males: Sierra Nevada of Santa 'Marta, Colombia, 87; Cordillera of Me'rida, Venezuela, 84; Ecuador (fourteen), 72-86; northern Peru (two), 77, 78; Maraynioc, Junfn, Peru, 90 H- Females: Santa Isabel, Colombia (three), 91-95K; Cordillera of Merida, Venezuela, 85; Ecuador (six), 79-85; Malao, Junfn, Peru, 91 H 5 Bolivia (two), 88, 93. 2 The large snipe observed (but not collected) by Lane at Huasco and Sacaya, Tarapaca, northern Chile, which he erroneously referred to the Patagonian C. stricklandi (Ibis, 1897, p. 310), might have been C. jamesoni or else an unknown species. 162 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Conover Collection. 20: Venezuela (Paramo Frias, Merida, 2); Colombia (Nevada de Tolimo, 3); Ecuador (Pichincha, 3; Paramo del Pichincha, 9; Bosques Pichincha, 1; Cerro Guamani, 1); Bolivia (Cerro San Benito, Cochabamba, 1). *Chubbia stricklandii (G. R. Gray). STRICKLAND'S SNIPE. Scolopax stricklandii G. R. Gray, 1 Zool. Voy. Erebus and Terror, 1, Birds, Part 8, pi. 23, April, 1845 2 no locality stated (type, from Hermit Island, Cape Horn, in British Museum; cf. Sharpe, I.e., Part 22, p. 37, 1875); Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 130 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 488, 1887 Cape Horn to Chile (crit.). Gallinago stricklandii(i) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 427, 1847 "Straits of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego" (ex Gray); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, p. 18, 1864 (crit.); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 277, 1868 Straits of Magellan, Chiloe", and Valdivia, Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 196, 1869 Hermit Island, Tierra del Fuego (Ant. Exp.), Orange Bay (ex Peale), Straits of Magellan, and Valdivia (ex Philippi); Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 15 Swallow Bay, Straits of Magellan; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 293, 1891 Hermit Island and Swallow Bay (ex Sharpe); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 660, 1896 Tierra del Fuego, Hermit Island (Martin's Cove), and Straits of Magellan (Swallow Bay, Puerto Bueno, Isthmus Bay); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 625, 1900 Punta Arenas, Straits of Magellan; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 377, 1902 Tierra del Fuego; idem, I.e., 18, p. 221, 1910 Tierra del Fuego; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 339, 1910 (descr.). Scolopax meridionalis Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 229, 1848 Orange Bay, Tierra del Fuego (type in United States National Museum); Cassin, I.e., 2nd ed., 8, p. 310, pi. 35, fig. 1, 1858 same locality. Scolopax spectabilis Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 216, 1853 Hualves, Valdivia, Chile (type not preserved). Xylocota stricklandi Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 579, 1856. Gallinago paludosa (not Scolopax paludosa Gmelin) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 332, 339 Chile. Gallinago nobilis (not of Sclater) Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 126, 1891 Orange Bay and Wollaston Bay, Tierra del Fuego; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 376, 1902 Orange Bay (ex Oustalet); idem, I.e., 18, p. 221, 1910 Tierra del Fuego (ex Oustalet). Gallinazo (sic) stricklandi Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 Chile ("rare in the central provinces"). 1 Gallinago stricklandii Gray (List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 112, 1844) is a nomen nudum. 2 Cf. Mathews, Ibis, 1930, pp. 120-121; 1938, p. 760. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 163 Gallinago gigantea (not Scolopax gigantea Temminck) Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 199, 1921 Falkland Islands. Capella stricklandi Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 324 Falkland Islands; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 387, 1932 Ascension Island, Guaitecas Islands, Chile (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 87 Guffern, Freycinet, Deceit, Herschel, Jerdan, and Barnevelt Islands, Cape Horn (eggs descr.). Chubbia stricklandii A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 512 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 278, 1934 (range). Range. Southern Chile from Valdivia 1 to Tierra del Fuego and the Cape Horn region; Falkland Islands. 2 Field Museum Collection. 1: Chile (Melinka, Ascension Island, Guaitecas Islands, 1). Genus SCOLOPAX Linnaeus Scolopax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 145, 1758 type, by tautonymy, Scolopax ruslicola Linnaeus. Rusticola (not of Houttuyn, 1770) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 3, p. 348, 1816 new name for Scolopax "Latham" (=Linnaeus). Rusticula "Gesner" Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 24, p. 124, 1818 new name for Scolopax Linnaeus. Scolopax rusticola rusticola Linnaeus. EUROPEAN WOODCOCK. Scolopax Rusticola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 146, 1758 principally based on Faun. Svec., No. 141, Sweden; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 150, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 54, 1927 (life hist.). Rusticola vulgaris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 3, p. 348, 1816 new name for Scolopax rusticola "Latham" (=Linnaeus). Rusticola europaea Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 555, 1831 new name for Scolopax rusticola "Gmelin" (= Linnaeus). Scolopax rusticula Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 671, 1896 (monog.). Scolopax rusticola rusticola Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 278, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds in Europe and Asia south to the Pyrenees, Alps, northern Balkans, Himalayas, Ussuri, and Japan; winters in the southern part of its breeding range, the Mediterranean region, Egypt, 1 Whether the specimens picked up by H. Berkeley James in the market at Valparaiso really came from the vicinity of that city is extremely doubtful. No authentic record exists for the actual taking of this snipe in the central provinces of Chile, although it is ascribed to that section by Edwyn Reed with the caption "rare." 2 Additional material examined. Tierra del Fuego: Orange Bay, 1; unspecified, 1. Straits of Magellan: Swallow Bay, 1; Puerto Bueno, 1; Punta Arenas, 1. Hermit Island, 1 (the type). 164 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII India, Ceylon, southern China, and Japan; occasional in eastern North America (Newfoundland; Chambly, Quebec; Chester and Northampton counties, Pennsylvania; Shrewsbury, New Jersey; Loudoun County, Virginia). Genus PHILOHELA G. R. Gray Microptera (not of Gravenhorst, 1802) Nuttall, Man. Bds. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 192, 1832 type, by orig. desig., Rusticola minor =Scolopax minor Gmelin. Rusticola (not of Vieillot, 1816) Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 52, 1838 type, by monotypy, Scolopax minor Gmelin. Philohela G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 90, 1841 type, by orig. desig., Scolopax minor Gmelin. *Philohela minor (Gmelin). AMERICAN WOODCOCK. Scolopax minor Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 661, 1789 based on "Little Woodcock" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 463, pi. 19, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 131, New York (ex Pennant) accepted as type locality; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 504, 1887 (crit.). Microptera americana Audubon, Syn. Bds. N. Amer., p. 250, 1839 new name for Scolopax minor Gmelin. Philohela minor Reid, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 232, 1884 near Hamilton, Bermuda (Oct., 1842); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 679, 1896 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 155, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 316, 1931 Bermuda Islands (near Hamilton, Oct., 1842; near Old Ferry, St. George); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 279, 1934 (range); Pettingill, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 9, No. 2, pp. 173-392, pis. 12-21, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Studholme and Norris, Auk, 59, p. 229, 1942 central Pennsylvania (breeding populations). Rubicola 1 minor Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 61, 1927 (life hist.). Range. Breeds (chiefly east of the 100th meridian) in southern Canada and the United States from southern Manitoba, northern Michigan, southern Ontario and Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to eastern Texas (Sonolake), southern Louisiana, and northern Florida; winters from southern Missouri, the Ohio Valley, and southern New Jersey to the Gulf coast and Florida; casual in the Bermuda Islands (Hamilton; Old Ferry, St. George). 2 1 Rubicola "Vieill." Jameson (in Jameson's ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn., 3, p. 98, 1831) seems to be a misprint for Rusticola Vieillot. 2 The reported occurrence in Jamaica (cf. Rusticola minor Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 354, 1847; Philohela minor March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 68) is too indefinite to be accepted without substantiation by specimens. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 165 Field Museum Collection. 60: Nova Scotia (Stony Hill, King's County, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 19; New Haven, 4; Woodbridge, 4; North Haven, 2; Orange, 2; Hamden, 1; Newtown, 1; Stamford, 1; Watertown, 1; unspecified, 2); New York (Shelter Island, Suffolk County, 1) ; North Carolina (Raleigh, Wake County, 1); Georgia (Alpharetta, 2; Roswell, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1); Ohio (Columbus, 1); Illinois (Chicago, 2; Worth, Cook County, 1; Hyde Park, Cook County, 1; Momence, 2; Deerfield, 1; Lake Forest, 1; unspecified, 2); Indiana (Smith, La Porte County, 1); Iowa (Decorah, Winneshiek County, 1); Arkansas (Stuttgart, 2). Conover Collection. 11: New Brunswick (Scotch Lake, 1); Illinois (Tessville, Cook County, 2; Chicago, 2; Ravinia, Lake County, 4); Mississippi (Macon, Noxubee County, 2). Genus LYMNOCRYPTES Kaup Lymnocryptes Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 118, 1829 type, by monotypy, Scolopax gallinula Linnaeus =Scolopax minima Briinnich. Lymnocryptes minima (Briinnich). JACK SNIPE. Scolopax minima Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 49, 1764 Christianso, Denmark (quotes also "La Petite Beccasine" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 303, pi. 26, fig. 2, France). Scolopax gallinula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 244, 1766 based on "Gallinago minima" Bellon, Willoughby, etc., "La Petite Be"cassine" Brisson, etc., Europe. Limnocryptes gallinula Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 665, 1896 (monog.); Hanna, Condor, 22, p. 173, 1920 St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Alaska (April, 1919). Lymnocryptes minimus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 101, 1927 St. Paul, Pribilof Islands (habits; range); Austin, Auk, 46, p. 209, 1929 Jack Lane's Bay, Labrador; McLean, Condor, 41, p. 164, 1939 Marys- ville Buttes, Butte County, California. Lymnocryptes minima Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 279, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds in northern Europe and Asia from Norway east to the Kolyma Delta, south to Denmark, East Prussia, the Baltic States, central Russia, and Siberia; winters in western Europe, the Mediterranean region, Egypt, and southern Asia; accidental in Alaska (St. Paul, Pribilof Islands, April, 1919), California (Butte County) and Labrador (Jack Lane's Bay). 166 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Subfamily EROLIINAE. Sandpipers Genus CALIDRIS Merrem Calidris Anonymous= Merrem, 1 Allg. Lit. Zeitung, 2, No. 168, col. 542, June 8, 1804 type, by tautonymy, Tringa calidris Gme\in=Tringa canutus Linnaeus. Canutus Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 653, 1831 type, by tau- tonymy, Tringa canutus Linnaeus. Anteliotringa Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 274, Aug. 18, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Totanus tenuirostris Horsfield. Canus Riley, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 54, p. 613, Oct., 1918 (lapsus for Canutus Brehm). *Calidris canutus rufus (Wilson). 2 AMERICAN KNOT. Tringa rufa Wilson, 3 Amer. Orn., 7, p. 43, pi. 57, fig. 5, 1813 Middle Atlantic States=New Jersey (type evidently lost). Tringa cinerea (not of Bninnich) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 735, 1833 sea coast of eastern Brazil. Tringa canutus(a) (not of Linnaeus) Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 758, 1849 coast of British Guiana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 373, 1856 sea shore of Brazil; LSotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 468, 1866 Trinidad (Aug. to Oct.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 422, 1887 part, America; Cory, Auk, 4, p. 365, 1887 West Indian references and localities; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 236, 1889 West Indies; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 593, 1896 part, North America (except Alaska), and Barbados; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 660, 1898 Cabo Espiritu Santo, Tierra del Fuego (Feb.); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grando do Sul, 16, p. 150, 1899 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (descr.); idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, p. 288, 1902 Iguape", Sao Paulo; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 251, 1905 Barbados (Dec. 7, 17, 27, 1886; Sept. 6, 1888); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 55, 1907 1 Cf. Schnurre, Orn. Monatsber., 39, pp. 65-68, 1931. 2 Calidris canutus rufus (Wilson) differs from the nominate race by paler rusty under parts and somewhat lighter dorsal surface, the pale edgings to the feathers being broader as well as more whitish. Brazilian winter birds are like- wise more heavily mottled with white above than European specimens, as are immatures from eastern North America. Riley (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 54, p. 613, 1918) refers Alaskan specimens as well as a single male from Fort Simpson, Mackenzie (May 13), to the doubtfully separable C. c. rogersi Mathews (Birds Australia, 3, (3), pp. 270, 273, pi. 163, Aug. 18, 1913 "Siberia [breeding], migrating to Australia in winter"), for which an earlier name may exist in Tringa lomatina "Lichtenstein" Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, No. 12, p. 596, 1856 no locality; type, from Bengal, in Berlin Museum; cf. Lichtenstein, Nomencl. Mus. Berol., p. 92, 1854), charac- terized as differing from T. canutus Linnaeus by "rostro longiore," an indication which takes it out of the class of nomina nuda. 3 Tringa australis Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 679, 1789 based on "Southern Sandpiper" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 187; Cayenne), while possibly an earlier name, is not identifiable with certainty. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 167 Iguape", Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 Surinam; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 251, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (Nov. 1, 1901); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 220, 1910 Tierra del Fuego (Cabo Espiritu Santo) and province of Buenos Aires; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 468 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Dec. 19, 1908). Tringa canuti Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910 coast of Piauhy, Brazil (Sept. 19, 1903). Canutus canutus rufus Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 273 (in text), 1913 America (crit.); Oberholser, Auk, 34, p. 200, 1917 (crit.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 90, 1928 Lower California (near La Paz, Sept. 19, 24, 1923; near San Felipe, Apr. 2, 1926); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 494, 1929 near Amaragao, Piauhy (Sept.); Zotta, El Hornero, 7, p. 48, 1938 San Clemente, Ajo, Argentina. Canutus canutus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 231, 1919 part, North America (except Alaska and Pacific coast) and South America (monog.; full bibliog.). Calidris canutus Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 120, 1920 winter range in province of Buenos Aires, Argentina (Barracas al Sud, Nov. 1, 8; Cape San Antonio, Dec. 19; Pereyra, Feb. 22) and Tierra del Fuego (Cabo Espiritu Santo, Feb.). Tringa canuti rufa Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 227, 1923 Piauhy (crit.). Calidris canutus rufus Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 157, 1926 south of Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Nov. 7); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 131, 1927 part, except Alaska, Pacific coast of North America and Greenland (life hist.); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 317, 1931 Bermuda Islands (Sept., 1911); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 280, 1934 part; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 292 Trinidad; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 148, 1938 Iguape", Sao Paulo (Nov.); Conover, Condor, 45, p. 229, 1943 (dist. chars.; range). Range. Breeds from northern Ellesmere Land south to south- eastern Victoria Island and Melville Peninsula; migrates along the Atlantic coast of America and more sparingly throughout the interior (in the West Indies recorded only from Jamaica, Barbados, and Trinidad) to South America, where it has been found wintering at various scattered localities on the coasts of (?)Peru (Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Oct. 31), (?)Chile (Arica, Tacna, Sept. 21), Brazil (Ama- racao, Piauhy, Sept. 19; Iguape", Sao Paulo, Nov.; Rio Grande do Sul), Argentina (province of Buenos Aires, Feb., Nov., Dec.), and Tierra del Fuego (Cape Espiritu Santo, Feb.). Field Museum Collection. 76: Canada (Magdalen Islands, Quebec, 7; Toronto, Ontario, 2; Lake Johnson, Saskatchewan, 7); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 19; unspecified, 1); Connecticut (West Haven, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 11; 168 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pea Island, 19) ; Georgia (Mclntosh County, 1) ; Florida (Canaveral, Brevard County, 2; Grove City, De Soto County, 1); North Dakota (Graham Island, Ramsey County, 1); Texas (San Patricio County, 1; Nueces County, 3). Conover Collection. 22: Canada (Victoria Land, 5; Beaverhill Lake, Alberta, 4); Illinois (Waukegan, 1); Indiana (Miller, 4; Wolf Lake, 2); New York (Cayuga, 2; Cayuga Lake, 1); South Carolina (Dewee's Island, Charleston County, 1 ; Mount Pleasant, Charleston County, 1); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, I). 1 *Calidris canutus canutus (Linnaeus). EUROPEAN KNOT. Tringa Canutus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 149, 1758 Europe, restricted type locality Sweden. Tringa canutus(a) Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 11 Greenland; (?)Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 748 Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru (Oct. 31); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 593, 1896 part, Greenland and Alaska; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 167, 1898 Greenland; Manniche, I.e., 45, No. 1, p. 130, 1910 Stormkap, northeastern Greenland (breeding habits). Tringa islandica (not of Linnaeus) Holboell, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 407, 1843 Greenland. Canutus canutus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 231, 1919 part, Alaska, west coast North America and Greenland (full bibliog.); (?)Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 199, 1926 Santa Lucia, Peru. Calidris canutus rufus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 131, 1927 part, Alaska, west coast of North America and Greenland; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 280, 1934 part, Greenland and Pacific coast of North America; (?)Philippi, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 40, p. 104, 1937 Chile; (?)idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 55, 1938 Playa de Arica, Tacna, Chile (Sept. 21). Calidris canutus L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 57, 1932 Green- land (crit.); Pederson, I.e., 100, No. 11, p. 19, 1934 northeastern Green- land (breeding); Congreve, Ibis, 1935, p. 435 Roseneath Bay, eastern Greenland (nesting). Canutus canutus canutus Bird and Congreve, Bull. Brit. Ool. Assoc., 5, p. 86, 1938 Greenland (eggs described). Calidris canutus canutus Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 145 northeastern Greenland; Conover, Condor, 45, p. 228, 1943 (dist. chars.; range). Range. Breeds in Greenland (Spitzbergen and across Arctic Europe and Siberia) to Point Barrow, Alaska. Migrates down the Pacific coast of North America and probably also the west coast of South America (and through Europe and Asia). 1 This specimen, an immature in fresh plumage, is typical of rufus, suggesting that both races may winter on the Pacific coast of Central and South America. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 169 Field Museum Collection. 11: Alaska (Barrow, 4; 1 St. Michaels, 2); California (Humboldt Bay, 1; Trinidad, Humboldt County, 1; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 2; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 1). Conover Collection. 4: Alaska (Golovin Bay, Norton Sound, 2; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 1); California (Anaheim Landing, Orange County, 1). Calidris tenuirostris (Horsfield). ASIATIC KNOT. Totanus tenuirostris Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 13, (1), p. 192, 1821 Java (type in British Museum; cf. Mathews, Birds Australia, 3, p. 277, 1913, and Hartert, Vog. Palae. Fauna, 2, p. 1588, 1920). Schoeniclus magnus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 16, p. 39, Nov. 14, 1848 Australia (type in British Museum). Tringa crassirostris Temminck and Schlegel, in Siebold, Fauna Japon., Aves, Part 9, p. 107, pi. 64, 1849 Japan (cotypes in Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopacidae, p. 28, 1864); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 600, 1896 (monog.). Calidris tenuirostris Bailey, Condor, 26, p. 195, 1924 Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (May 28, 1922); idem, I.e., 27, p. 236, 1925 (same record); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 145, 1927 (ex Bailey); Portenko, Arctica (Leningrad), 1, p. 75, col. pi., 1933 Anadyrland (breeding range; habits); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 280, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds in the alpine zone of northeastern Siberia; winters in India, the Malay Archipelago, Moluccas, and Australia; accidental in Alaska (Cape Prince of Wales, May 28, 1922). Genus CROCETHIA Billberg Arenaria (not of Brisson, 1760) Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb., 2, p. 462a, 1803 type, by monotypy, Arenaria 'vulgaris Bechstein -Tringa arenaria Linnaeus. Calidris (not of Merrem, 1804) Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Av., p. 249, 1811 type, by tautonymy and monotypy, Charadrius calidris Linnaeus=Trynga alba Pallas. Crocethia Billberg, Syn. Faunae Scand., 1, (2), p. 132, tab. A, 1828 new name for Calidris Illiger. *Crocethia alba (Pallas). SANDERLING. Trynga (alba) Pallas, in Vroeg's Cat. Rais. d'Ois., Adumbr., p. 7, 1764 coast of North Sea. 1 The Bishop Collection in Field Museum contains a downy young knot taken at Barrow, Alaska, on July 17, 1936. Additional specimens examined Alaska: St. Michaels, 7; Wainwright, 1; Port Safety, 2; Sitka, 1. Washington, Long Beach, 1. Greenland: Parker Snow Bay, 4; unspecified, 4. 170 FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII - Tringa arenaria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 251, 1766 based on "Arenaria" Willoughby (Orn., p. 225), "La Petite Maubeche grise" Brisson (Orn., 5, p. 236, pi. 20, fig. 2), etc., Europe; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 425, 1847 Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 276, 1868 Chile. Tringa calidris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 255, 1766 based on "La Petite Maubeche grise" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 236, pi. 20, fig. 2, coast (type in Mauduyt Collection). Charadrius rubidus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 688, 1789 based on "Rude Plover" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 486, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 195, Hudson's Bay. Arenaria vulgaris Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb., 2, p. 462a, 1803 new name for Tringa arenaria Linnaeus. (l)Totanus nigellus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 6, p. 409, 1816 based on "Chorlito pies roxos" Azara, No. 402, Paraguay. Calidris americana Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 675, 1831 North America to Brazil (type, from Brazil, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 54, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Calidris arenaria Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 750, 1833 sea shore of eastern Brazil; Holboell, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 406, 1843 Disco and Nanortalik, Greenland; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12, p. 157,' 1844 Chile; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 758, 1849 sand banks of the Waini River; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 371, 1856 sea coast of middle Brazil; Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 11 Disco Island, Greenland (breeding); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 131, 1865 Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 339 Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, pp. 176, 570 Tambo Valley, Arequipa, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 312, 1870 Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Nov.) and Para (Cajutuba), Brazil; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 560 Chorillos, Peru; Feilden, Ibis, 1877, p. 406 Grinnell Land and Smith Sound (habits, nest, eggs, and downy young descr.); Durnford, I.e., 1878, p. 404 Tambo Point, Chubut (Dec. 30); Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 16 Talcaguano, Chile (Sept.); Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 429 Coquimbo Bay, Chile (Nov.); Cory, Auk, 4, p. 315, 1887 West Indian references and localities; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 236, 1889 West Indies; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889 "lower Beni, Bolivia (Aug. 1886)" j 1 Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 526, 766, 1896 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 170, 1898 Greenland; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 659, 1898 Cavancha (Iquique), Tarapaca, Chile (May); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 437, 1899 IguapS, Sao Paulo; Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 379, 1900 (plumages); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900 Santa Elena, Ecuador (Jan.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 385, 1903 Mexico (various localities), British Honduras (Cays), 1 Label no doubt interchanged, as is the case with other specimens in the same collection. The bird was probably obtained on the Chilean coast. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 171 and Guatemala (Carranza, Chiapam, Rio Nagualate); Allen, Auk, 21, p. 79, 1904 (example with hind toes); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 252, 1905 Lesser Antilles (Barbados, St. Vincent, Grenada); Clarke, Brit. Bds., 3, p. 33, 1909 (col. pi. of chick); Hartertand Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 251, 1909 San Vicente, Buenos Aires (Jan. 1); Manniche, Medd. Gr0nl., 45, No. 1, p. 139, pis. 4-6, 1910 Stormkap, Greenland (breeding habits; chicks and eggs descr.; fig.); Reiser, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910 Amaracao, Piauhy (Sept. 14, 15); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 316, 1910 Tambo Point, Chubut; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 469 Cape San Antonio (Dec. 19) and Tuyu, Ajo (Jan. 12), Buenos Aires; Madsen, Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidssk., 19, p. 37, 1925 (nesting in eastern Greenland); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 28, 1927 San Rafael, Mendoza (May). Calidris grisea Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 276, 1868 Chile; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 87, 1924 Caldera, Atacama, Chile. Calidris alba Richmond, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 347, 1903 (crit.) ; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 307, 1908 (no record from French Guiana); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 308, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 Colonia, San Jose, Montevideo, Canelones, and Maldonado, Uruguay; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 92, 1928 Lower California (winter visitant). Arenaria alba Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 53, 1907 Sao Sebastiao, Rio Parana, and Itapura, Sao Paulo. Calidris leucophaea 1 American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, 25, p. 367, 1908 (nomencl.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 266 Callao (Jan. 12) and Trujillo (Oct. 20, March 12), Peru. Arenaria arenaria Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 219, 1910 Patagonia, Misiones, and Buenos Aires. Crocethia alba Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 121, 1920 Misiones (Nov. 30), Buenos Aires (San Vicente, Jan. 1; La Plata, Nov.; Cape San Antonio, Dec. 19; Tuyu, Ajo, Jan. 12), Chubut (Tambo Point, Dec. 30), Uruguay, Chile (Cavancha, May), and Brazil (Sao Paulo); Daguerre, I.e., p. 263, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Wilson, I.e., 3, p. 352, 1926 Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 199, 1926 Esmeraldas and Santa Elena (Feb. 15), Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 153, 1926 Buenos Aires (south of Cape San Antonio, Nov. 6) and Chile (Concon, Valparaiso, Apr. 29); idem, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 11, 1927 (same localities); idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 374, 1927 Puerto Rico, St. Croix, and Anegada (rare transient); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 265, 1927 (life hist.); Wetmore and Swales, I.e., 155, p. 167, 1931 Hispaniola (transient); Bradlee, Mowbray and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 319, 1931 Bermuda Islands (autumn transient); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 60, 1931 Galapagos (winter); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 1 "Tringa leucophaea" Anonymous (in Vroeg's Cat. Rais. d'Ois., p. 32, 1764 northern coast of Holland) is not binomial. Cf. Stone, Auk, 29, pp. 205-208, 1912. 172 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Zool. Ser., 19, p. 395, 1932 Chile (Caldera, Atacama, Apr. 11-18; Papudo, Aconcagua, Dec. 8; Cucao, Chiloe 1 Island, Dec. 25); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 135, 1932 Ocos, Guatemala (Sept., Oct.); L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 62, 1932 Greenland (meas.; breeding habits); Pedersen, I.e., 100, No. 11, p. 20, 1934 northeastern Greenland (breed- ing habits); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 281, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 292 Trinidad and Tobago (winter); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 247, 1935 Isla la Mocha, Chile; Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 235, 1936 Playa de Arica, Tacna, Chile (July); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 140, 1938 Rio de Janeiro (Atafona, Nov.) and Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Nov.; Rio Parana, Nov.; Ypiranga, Dec.); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 56, 1938 Arica, Tacna, Chile (Apr., June); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 178, 1938 Puerto del Triunfo (Jan. 14) and Barra de Santiago (Apr. 4), El Salvador; Hamilton, Ibis, 1939, p. 139 Falkland Islands; Bird and Bird, I.e., 1941, p. 148, pi. 3 (nest and eggs) Greenland. Range. Breeds in Arctic islands north of North America, Southampton Island, and northern Greenland, also along the Arctic coast of Siberia to Spitsbergen; in the western hemisphere winters from California, the Gulf coast, and Virginia south to southern Chile (Chiloe" Island) and southern Argentina (Tambo Point, Chubut). Falkland Islands. Field Museum Collection. 214: Alaska (Barrow, 4; St. Michaels, 1); Arctic America (Franklin Bay, Mackenzie, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 3; Lake Johnson, 1; Quill Lake, 1); Manitoba (Sandy Bay, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 4); Nova Scotia (Barrington, 2); North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 5; Rocklake, Towner County, 1); Illinois (Lake Forest, 1; Waukegan, 4; Chicago, 1); Indiana (Miller, Lake County, 4); Michigan (Harbert, Berrien County, 1; Mears, Oceana County, 1); New York (Cayuga Lake, 1; Fair Haven, Cayuga County, 1) ; Mississippi (Ocean Springs, Jackson County, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 3; Port Lavaca, Calhoun County, 2; Cameron County, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 45; Chatham, 4; Cohasset, 1; Martha's Vineyard, 1); New Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 1; West Haven, 2; Branford, 1; Fairfield Beach, Fairfield County, 1); California (Sun- set Beach, Orange County, 17; Hyperion, Los Angeles County, 7; Redondo Beach, Los Angeles County, 3; Laguna de la Merced, San Mateo County, 1; Westport, Mendocino County, 1; San Francisco, 1; Pacific Grove, Monterey County, 6; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 5; Carmel, Monterey County, 2; Del Monte Forest, Monte- rey County, 1; La Patera Point, Santa Barbara County, 1; The Rincon, Ventura County, 2; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 4; San Diego, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 29; 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 173 Bodie Island, 4); Florida (southern part, 1; Mary Esther, Okaloosa County, 3; East Pass, Okaloosa County, 1; Amelie Island, Nassau County, 5; Eau Gallic, Brevard County, 1); Bahama Islands (Acklin Island, 1; Andros Island, 6); Lesser Antilles (Anegada, 1; St. Chris- topher, 1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 1); Chile (Puerto Ingles, Atacama, 2; Caldera, Atacama, 2; Penco, 2). Conover Collection. 29: British Columbia (Masset, Queen Char- lotte Islands, 2) ; Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 1) ; North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 1); Massachusetts (East Orleans, Barnstable County, 3); New York (Cayuga, 1; Cayuga Lake, 1); Illinois (Beach, Lake County, 1); Indiana (Miller, Lake County, 7); Florida (Amelie Island, Nassau County, 2; Nassau County, 1); California (Anaheim Landing, Orange County, 4; Sunset Beach, Orange County, 1; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 1; Carpenteria, Ventura County, 1); Mexico (Todos Santos, Lower California, 1); Chile (Papudo, Aconcagua, 1). Genus EREUNETES Illiger 1 Ereunetes Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Av., p. 262, 1811 type, by monotypy, Ereunetes petrificatus l\\\ger=Tringa pusilla Linnaeus. Symphemia Rafinesque, Journ. Physique, 88, p. 418, June, 1819 type, by orig. desig., Tringa semipalmata Wilson=T. pusilla Linnaeus (cf. Rich- mond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 75, 1905). Hemipalama Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, p. 87, 1825 type, by orig. desig., Tringa semipalmata Wilson =T r . pusilla Linnaeus. Heteropoda Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 135, 1834 type, by orig. desig., Tringa semipalmata Wilson =T. pusilla Linnaeus. *Ereunetes pusillus (Linnaeus). SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER. Tringa pusilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 252, 1766 based on "La Petite Alouette-de-mer de S. Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 222, pi. 25, fig. 2, Santo Domingo (type in Reaumur Collection). Ereunetes petrificatus Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Av., p. 262, 1811 Bahia, Brazil (type in Berlin Museum) (cf. Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 421 [in text], 1856); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 592 Mexiana, Brazil; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 83, 1876 Marajo, Brazil (Aug.); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 429 Paracas Bay, Peru (Oct.). 2 Tringa semipalmata Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 131, pi. 63, fig. 4, 1813 Lake Champlain, New York, and coast of New Jersey (type lost). 1 For osteological characters and affinities, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1915, pp. 609-616. 2 Dr. G. C. Low writes that these specimens are certainly pusillus, the bill measuring 19 mm. in the male, 19.5 mm. in the female. 174 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Tringa brevirostris Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 76, pi. 92 (not 93, as quoted), 1825 no locality stated (type lost; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 715, 1906). Pelidna Brissonii Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 277, 1828 new name for Tringa pusilla Linnaeus. Ereunetes semipalmatus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 758, 1849 sand banks along the coast; Cabanis and Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 419, 1856 Cuba (descr.; Sept. to April); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 312, 1870 Praia de Cajutuba, Para, Brazil (Mar., April). Hemipalama minor (Gundlach MS.) Lembeye, Aves Isla Cuba, p. 97, 1850 Cuba (type in Gundlach Collection); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 420 (in text), 1856 Cuba (crit.). Ereunetes pusillus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 233 (crit., nomencl.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 177, 1884 Sabanilla, Colombia; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 402, 1887 Cayenne, Bahia, and Patagonia, "Unevo Gulf (lat. 43 south)"=Bahia Nueva, Chubut (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 77, 1894 Moruga, Trini- dad; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 514, 766, 1896 part, North and Central America, Cayenne (spec, e 4 , f 4 , f 6 ), Brazil (Bahia), and Pata- gonia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900 Cienaga, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 382, 1903 part, Guatemala (Duenas, San Jose) and Panama; Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 280, 1904 Barbuda (Sept. 22); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 252, 1905 Barbados, St. Vincent, and Grenada (mid-July to Nov.); Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 102, 1906 San Jose 1 , Costa Rica (Sept. 15); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 307, 1908 Cayenne, French Guiana (Oct. 19); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197, 237, 1909 Aruba and Margarita Island; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910 Amaragao, Piauhy, Brazil (Sept. 16, 19); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 421, 1910 Coronado de Terraba, Costa Rica (July 3); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 219, 1910 Patagonia; Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 7, p. 52, 1911 Thomas Bay, southeast Alaska (Aug. 19; crit.); Murphy, Auk, 29, p. 238, 1912 (albino); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 91, 1914 Marajo (Ilha dos Machados, Santa Anna), Brazil; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 380, 1915 between Collinson Point and Herschel Island, and Hula-hula River, Arctic coast, Alaska (breeding; descr. of nest); Hersey, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 66, No. 2, p. 24, 1916 Imaruk Basin, Alaska (July 28); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1918, p. 245 Toro Point, Panama (Sept. 4); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 210, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 125, 1920 Patagonia ("Rio Chubut, March") ; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 184, 1922 Buritaca and Rio Hacha, Santa Marta, Colombia; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922 Lagunillas, Merida, Venezuela (May 10); (?)Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924 Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 34, 1926 Wainwright and Lopp Lagoon (nesting), Alaska; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 198, 1926 Esmeraldas (Oct. 23) and Chone (Dec. 14), Ecuador (crit.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 308, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 175 1926 Point Ball, Alaska (nesting with E. mauri; courtship and young different); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 244, 1927 (life hist.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 372, 1927 Mona, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, St. Thomas, and Anegada (migratory transient); idem, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 10, 1927-Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay; idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 165, 1931 Hispaniola (migrant); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 318, 1931 Bermuda Islands (late July to October); (?)Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 51, 1932 Isla la Mocha, Chile (ex Housse); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p 209, 1932 Prinzapolka, Nicaragua (May 7); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 281, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 292 Trinidad and Tobago (winter); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 308, 1935 Panama (winter); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 141, 1938 (range in Brazil); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 177, 1938 Puerto del Triunfo, El Salvador (Dec. 21-Jan. 6); Philippi, Bol Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 56, 1938 Vegas de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (Sept. 21); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 29, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 525, 1943 Southampton Island (nesting); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 231, 1946 Baffin Island (nesting). Heteropoda semipalmata Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 477, 1866 Trinidad. Ereunetes pusillus pusillus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 54, 1906 Seelet (April) and Caroni Swamp (March), Trinidad. Erolia pusilla Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 206, 1933 (downy young descr.). Range Breeds from extreme northeastern Siberia (Plover Bay) across Arctic North America to southwestern Baffinland, south to Point Ball, Alaska, Hudson Bay (Severn River), and northern Labrador; winters from the Gulf and southern Atlantic coasts of the United States through Central America and the West Indies to Colombia (Sabanilla), western Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Chone), Peru (Paracas Bay), northern Chile (Chacalluta, Tacna), Venezuela (Lagunillas, MeYida), French and British Guiana, and Brazil (Marajo and Mexiana Islands; Cajutuba, Para; Amaragao, Piauhy; Bahia); occasional in Patagonia (one record from Bahia Nueva, lat. 43 S., Chubut), 1 and (?)southern Chile (Isla la Mocha). Field Museum Collection. 184: Alaska (Barrow, 2; Chipp River, Barrow, 2; Collinson Point, Barrow, 2; Nome, 1); British Columbia (Okanagan, 4; Sumas, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 5; Quill Lake, 1) ; Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 4) ; Nova Scotia (Barrington, 2; Clark's Harbor, 5); Montana (Miles City, 1); North Dakota 1 The specimen now in the British Museum (ex Coll. Seebohm) is labeled "Unevo Gulf, Patagonia, March, 1883, female, Capt Harrison. The locality should really read "Nuevo Gulf"=Bahla Nueva. Sharpe (I.e.,. p. 766) credits the bird to Henry Durnford, who had died several years before it was collected. 176 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Towner County, 16; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 8); Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 3); Iowa (Burlington, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 8; Edithton Beach, Kenosha County, 1; Lake Kosh- konong, 1); Illinois, Lake County (Grass Lake, 1; Libertyville, 1); Michigan (Harbert, 1); New York (Jamaica Bay, 1; Cayuga Lake, 2) ; Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 32; Cape Cod, 1; Cohasset, 1; Chatham, 1; Everett, 1); Rhode Island (Point Judith, Washington County, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 31; Guilford, 5; West Haven, 2; North Haven, 4; East Hartford, 1) ; Virginia (Buckree Beach, Elizabeth City County, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 8) ; Florida (West Jupiter, 4) ; Bahama Islands (Great Inagua, 4); Jamaica (Grand Cayman, 1); Lesser Antilles (Dominica, 2; Guadeloupe, 2); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 3); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca, Guanacaste, 4); Venezuela (Margarita Island, 1). Conover Collection. 30: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 6); 1 Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 2); Manitoba (Churchill, 2); Massachusetts (East Orleans, Barnstable County, 10); New York (Cayuga Lake, 2); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 2); Ecuador (Rio San Antonio, Sur, Province de los Rios, 5); British Guiana (Buxton, Demerara, 1). *Ereunetes mauri Cabanis. WESTERN SANDPIPER. Ereunetes Mauri Cabanis, 2 Journ. Orn., 4, p. 420, 1856 South Carolina (May) 3 (type in Berlin Museum); Allen, Auk, 23, p. 98 (in text), 1906 (crit.; nomencl.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 421, 1910 Barranca de Puntarenas, Costa Rica (ex Bangs); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 7, p. 53, 1911 Kuiu Island, Prince of Wales Island, Coronation and Warren Islands, Alaska (Apr. 28-May 23); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 381, 1915 East Cape (July 14) and Cape Serdze (July 16), north- eastern Siberia; Hersey, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 66, No. 2, p. 24, 1916 Norton Sound to the Yukon mouth (breeding); Brooks, Auk, 34, p. 36, 1917 Chilliwack, British Columbia (crit.; migratory visitor); Bartsch, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p. 132, 1917 near Port-au-Prince, Haiti (April 25); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 215, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 184, 1922 Buritaca (Sept. 20) and Punto Caiman (Sept. 28, Oct. 1), Colombia; 1 Four downy young. *Heteropoda mauri Bonaparte (Geog. Comp. List, p. 49, 1838) is a nomen nudum. 3 Cabanis's remarks on the longer bill and slightly larger measurements (which make his name identifiable), were exclusively based upon the specimens shot by himself in South Carolina, for he expressly states (p. 421) that he has not yet seen any from Cuba. Accordingly, South Carolina is the type locality, and not Cuba, as claimed by authors (cf. also Palmer, Condor, 33, pp. 243-244, 1931). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 177 Danforth, Auk, 42, p. 562, 1925 Cartagena Lagoon, Puerto Rico (Aug. 26); Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 35, 1926 Nome, Wales, and Point Barrow, Alaska (nesting); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 198, 1926 Bahia de Caraques (Feb. 24), Chone (Dec. 14), and Jambeli (Oct. 31), Ecuador (crit.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 309, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska (common nester with E. pusillus; incubation period); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 255, 1927 (life hist.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 14, 1927 Labrados and San Bias, Mexico; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 373, 1927 Cartagena Lagoon, Puerto Rico; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 92, 1928 Lower California (spring and fall migrant); Peters, Auk, 47, p. 562, 1930 Massachusetts (in spring); Palmer, Condor, 33, p. 243, 1931 (nomencl. hist.); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 166, 1931 Hispaniola (Port- au-Prince, Apr. 25; Seven Brothers Islands, Feb. 1, 2); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 135, 1932 Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 281, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 308, 1935 Pacific coast of Panama; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 292 Trini- dad; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 177, 1938 El Salvador (Puerto del Triunfo, Dec. 31 to Jan. 6; Barra de Santiago, Apr. 1); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 193, 1939 Ocumare de la Costa, Venezuela (Oct. 22-31). Tringa Cabanisii Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 420 (in text), 1856 South Carolina (May) (type in Berlin Museum). 1 Ereunetes occidentalis Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for April, 1864, p. 107, June 30, 1864 "Pacific coast, California, Oregon" (type, from San Francisco, California, in collection of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 272, 1932); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 178, 1884 Sabanilla, Colombia; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 113, 1887 Norton Sound and mouth of Yukon (nesting habits; descr. imm. plumage); Robinson, I.e., 18, p. 656, 1896 east of Porlamor, Margarita Island, Venezuela (July 7); Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 147, 1905 San Miguel, Pearl Islands, Panama (Mar. 8); Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 291, 1907 Barranca de Puntarenas, Costa Rica (Aug. 12 and 20). Heteropoda longirostris (Gundlach MS.) L6otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 480, 1866 Trinidad (type probably in Leotaud Collection, since destroyed by fire). Ereunetes pusillus var. occidentalis Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 47, 1876 San Mateo and Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca (Aug., Oct., Feb.). Ereunetes pusillus occidentalis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 403, 1887 (crit.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 54, 1906 Seelet, Trinidad (April). Ereunetes pusillus (not Tringa pusilla Linnaeus) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 514, 766, 1896 part, North, Central, and South America; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 266 Trujillo, Peru (Mar. 13, Sept. 3, Dec. 22). 2 1 The same specimen that served as basis for the diagnosis of Ereunetes mauri. 2 Dr. G. Carmichael Low, who has kindly examined these birds, writes that they are unquestionably E. mauri. The bill measures, in the male, 25; in the females, 22, 22.5, 26, and 26.5 mm., respectively. 178 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. Breeds on the coast of Alaska from Hooper Bay to Point Barrow; winters on both coasts of the Americas from Wash- ington and North Carolina to Peru (Trujillo) and Venezuela and perhaps farther south; also in Cuba, Hispaniola, and Trinidad; occasional in northeastern Siberia (East Cape and Cape Serdze). Field Museum Collection. 179: Alaska (Point Hope, 1; Cape Prince of Wales, 2; Nome, 5; Bethel, 5; St. Michaels, 2); British Columbia (Cowichan Bay, 4; Chilliwash, 1; Quatsino, 1; Okanagan, 2; Sumas, 2); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1); Nova Scotia (Barring- tpn, 1); Washington (Puget Sound, 3); Oregon (Netarts Bay, 3); Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 3); Connecticut (North Haven, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 4); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 3); Florida (Amelie Island, Nassau County, 2; Nassau County, 1; Anclote, Pasco County, 6; West Jupiter, Palm Beach County, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 30; Port Lavaca, Calhoun County, 2; Rock- port, 1); Arizona (Tucson, 1); Oklahoma (Alva, Woods County, 1); California (Moss Landing, Monterey County, 8; Seaside, Monterey County, 1; Monterey, 9; Carmel, Monterey County, 11; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 5; Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, 17; Fairmont, Los Angeles County, 1; Los Angeles County, 2; Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County, 4; Hyperion, 3; Hayward, Ala- meda County, 4; San Bruno, San Mateo County, 3; Westport, Mendocino County, 2; San Diego County, 1; Dulzura, San Diego County, 1; San Diego, 1; Los Banos, Merced County, 1; Santa Barbara, 1; Eureka, 1; Trinidad, 1); Bahama Islands (Andros, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1; Anegada, 1); Costa Rica (Puerto Jiminez, Puntarenas, 2; Piedra de Blanca, Guanacaste, 7). Conover Collection. 27: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 8); 1 South Carolina (Copahee Sound, 2) ; California (Yermo, San Bernar- dino County, 1; Wilmington, Los Angeles County, 4; San Diego Bay, 1; Goleta, Santa Barbara County, 1; Newport, Orange County, 2); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 6); Panama (Perme, Darien, 1). Genus EURYNORHYNCHUS Nilsson Eurynorhynchiis 2 Nilsson, Orn. Svec., 2, p. 29, 1821 type, by monotypy, Eurynorhynchus griseus Nilsson =Platalea pygmea Linnaeus. 1 Four downy young. 'Variously "emended" (cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), pp. 302-303, 1919). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 179 Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (Linnaeus). SPOON-BILLED SANDPIPER. Plataka pygmea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 140, 1758 "Surinam," errore,= eastern Asia (type now in Upsala Museum; cf. Lilljeborg, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 299, 1860); idem, Mus. Adolph.-Frid., 2, Prodr., p. 26, 1764. Eurynorhynchus griseus Nilsson, Orn. Svec., 2, p. 29, 1821 new name for Platalea pygmea Linnaeus. Eurhinorhynchus orientalis Blyth, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 179, 1844 based on Eurinorhynchus griseus Pearson, Asiat. Res., 19, p. 69, pi. 9, 1836, Edmonstone Island, Bengal (type now in Liverpool Museum). 1 Eurynorhynchus pygm(a)eus Harting, Ibis, 1869, p. 427, pi. 12 (nuptial plum- age) Behring's Straits (monog.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, pp. Ill, 114 "Choris Peninsula, Alaska"; (?)Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 112, 1887 Choris Peninsula, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska (one doubtful record, 1849); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 535, 1896 (monog.); Thayer, Auk, 28, pp. 153-155, pis. 2, 3, 1911 Wrangel Island, Siberia (breeding; descr. of nest and eggs); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 382, 1915 Providence Bay and Cape Serdze, Siberia (breeding); Dixon, Auk, 35, pp. 387-404, 1918 Wain wright Inlet, Alaska (Aug. 15, 1914), and Chukchi Peninsula, Siberia (habits, food, nest, etc.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 303, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 237, 1927 (life hist.); Belopolski, Journ. Orn., 81, p. 424, 1933 Anadyr Bay, Siberia (Aug. 13; young descr.); Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 206, 1933 (downy young descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 282, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds in northeastern Siberia on the Chukchi Peninsula from Cape Vankarem to Plover Bay; winters in southern China, Hainan, and casually to Tenasserim, Arrakan, and Bengal; accidental in Alaska (Wainwright Inlet, Aug. 15, 1914). Genus EROLIA Vieillot Erolia Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn., p. 55, April, 1816 type, by monotypy, Erolia variegata Vieillot =Scolopax testacea Pallas. Pelidna Cuvier, Reg. Anim., 1, p. 490, "1817" (=Dec. 7, 1816) type, by monotypy, 2 Tringa cinclus Linnaeus Tringa alpina Linnaeus. Oerolia Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 24, p. 123 1818 emenda- tion of Erolia Vieillot. Pisobia Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), p. 136, tab. A, 1828 type, by subs, desig. (A. 0. U. Committee, Auk, 25, p. 366, July, 1908), Tringa minuta Leister. Leimoniies Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Thierw., p. 37, 1829 type, by monotypy, Tringa temminckii Leisler. 1 Cf. Forbes and Robinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., 2, p. 72, 1899. 2 The two "species" listed by Cuvier are both referable to Tringa alpina. 180 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ancylocheilus Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Thierw., p. 50, 1829 type, by monotypy, Scolopax subarquata Guldenstadt=ScoJopaz testacea Pallas. Actodromas Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Thierw., p. 55, 1829 type, by monotypy, Tringa minuta Leisler. Schoeniclus G. R. Gray, List Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 104, 1844 type, by subs, desig., Tringa cinclus Linnaeus =Tringa alpina Linnaeus. Arquatella Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, pp. 714, 717, 1858 type, by orig. desig., Tringa maritima Briinnich. Heteropygia Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 190 type, by orig. desig., Tringa bonapariei Schlegel=Tnnj7a fuscicollis Vieillot. Delopygia Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 190 (footnote) substitute name for Heteropygia Coues. Limnocinclus Gould, Handb. Bds. Australia, 2, p. 254, 1865 type, by subs. desig. (Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, p. 254, 1913), Totanus acuminatus Horsfield. Actia Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 329, 1890 new name for Arquatella Baird. Neopisobia Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 245 (in text), Aug. 18, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Totanus damacensis auct. (not of Horsfield) =Tringa subminuta Middendorff. *Erolia ruficollis (Pallas). RUFOUS-NECKED SANDPIPER. Trynga ruficollis Pallas, Reisen Russ. Reich., 3, p. 700, 1776 "circa lacus salsos Davuriae campestris"=Kulussutai, southern Transbaikalia; cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 290, 1919. Limonites ruficollis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 545, 767, 1896 (monog.); Thayer, Condor, 11, p. 173, 1909 Nome, Alaska (July 10, 1908); Buturlin, I.e., 12, p. 44, 1910 (?) "America septentrionalis" (Branicki Collection). Pisobia minuta ruficollis Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 382, 1915 Providence Bay and Cape Serdze, northeastern Siberia (breeding). Pisobia ruficollis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 290, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bailey, Condor, 26, p. 195, 1924 Cape Prince of Wales (June 11, 1921) and Wainwright (Aug. 15, 1922), Alaska; idem, I.e., 28, p. 32, 1926 same localities (breeding); Swarth, I.e., 29, p. 200, 1927 St. Paul Island, Pribilofs (Aug. 27, 1920); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 215, 1927 (life hist.); Ford, Auk, 51, p. 232, 1934 Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (nest and eggs descr.); Hanna, Condor, 42, p. 122, 1940 near Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (eggs descr.). Erolia ruficollis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 282, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds in northeastern Siberia (Cape Serdze, Kooshka, Providence Bay, etc.) and northwestern Alaska (Cape Prince of Wales, Wainwright, Nome); winters from China and Japan south to Burma, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Philippines, Malay 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 181 Archipelago, and Australia. One record for the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul, Aug. 27, 1920). Field Museum Collection. 1: Alaska (Nome, 1). Erolia subminuta (Middendorff). LONG-TOED STINT. Tringa subminuta Middendorff, Reise N. 0. und OstSibirien, 2, (2), p. 222, pi. 19, fig. 6, 1853 west slope of Stanovoi Mountains (May 19) and mouth of Uda River (June 30), Siberia (cotypes probably in Leningrad Museum); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 438, 1887 (crit.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 23, pp. 92-93, 1916 (nomencl.). Tringa damacensis (not Totanus damacensis Horsfield) 1 Ridgway, Auk, 3, p. 275, 1886 Otter Island, Alaska (June 8, 1885). Pisobia subminuta Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (9), p. 300, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 73, 1923 Otter Island; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 213, 1927 (lite hist.). Erolia subminuta Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 283, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds in eastern Siberia south to Kamchatka and on the Commander and Kurile Islands, perhaps also on Sakhalin; winters in India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sunda Islands, and Philippines; accidental in Alaska (Otter Island, Pribilof group, June 8, 1885). *Erolia minutilla (Vieillot). LEAST SANDPIPER. Tringa minutilla Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 34, p. 466, 1819 "en. Ame'rique jusqu'au dela du Canada, . . . souvent vu a Halifax, dans la Nouvelle-Ecosse, . . . dans les iles An tilles";= Halifax, Nova Scotia (as designated in A.O.U. Check-List, 4th ed., p. 120, 1931); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 48, 1864 Wisconsin, Costa Rica, and Mexico (crit.); Le"otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 476, 1866 Trinidad; Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 165, pi. 15, fig. 3 (egg) = Arctic coast east of Anderson River, Mackenzie (eggs descr.); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., p. 591 Mexiana Island, Para, Brazil; iidem, I.e., 1870, p. 323 In- defatigable Island, Galapagos; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 456 (geog. distr.); Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 396 near Para; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Natur- hist. Foren., 1874, p. 179 near Niakornaet, Omenakfjord, Greenland (spring, 1867); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 561 Laguna Villa, near Chorillos, Lima, Peru; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 330 between Tumbez and Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; Cory, Auk, 4, p. 313, 1887 West Indies (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 234, 1889 (descr.); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 335 Bonaire Island (July 23); Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 526, 1893 Rio Escondido, Nicaragua (Dec.), 1 Totanus damacensis Horsfield (Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 13, p. 192, 1821 Java; type in British Museum) is a synonym of Trynga ruficollis Pallas (cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 23, p. 92, 1916). 182 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII and Rio Frio, Costa Rica (Feb. 29); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 77, 1894 Moruga, Trinidad; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 162, 1898 Niakornak, Greenland; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900 Cienaga, Colombia; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 307, 1902 Bonaire; Hellmayr, I.e., 13, p. 54, 1906 Seelet, Trinidad (April); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 224, 1917 Quibdo (Aug. 20 to Nov. 11), Juntas de Taman& (Dec. 20), Novitd (Dec. 24), Cali (Dec. 25), Palmira (Apr. 13), and Rio Frio (Dec. 2), Colombia. Tringa wilsonii Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 121, 1834 based on Tringa pusilla (not of Linnaeus) Wilson, Amer. Orn., 5, p. 32, pi. 37, fig. 4, Nootka Sound, west coast of America (type now in coll. of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 299, 1919); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 196 Carthagena, Colombia; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 311, 1870 Cuyabd (Apr.) and Engenho do Cap Gama (Sept.), Matto Grosso, Brazil. Pelidna minutilla Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 141, 1841 Galapagos Islands (crit.). Tringa pusilla (not of Linnaeus) Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847 Tobago. Tringa nana Burmeister, 1 Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 375, 1856 Brazil (new name for Tringa minutilla Vieillot). Limonites minutilla Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 548, 767, 1896 (monog.); Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900 Santa Elena, Ecuador (Jan.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 387, 1903 Mexico to Panama; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 147, 1905 San Miguel Island, Pearl Archipelago, Panama (Mar. 10); Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 553 Margarita Island (Jan. 8); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 45, 1907 Mexiana Island, Brazil; Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 291, 1907 Barranca (Aug. 10) and El Pozo de Terraba (April), Costa Rica; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910 Bahia (Joazeiro, March 7; Santa Rita, Rio Preto, May 4), Maranhao (above Pintados, Rio Parnahyba, Sept. 6), and Piauhy (Amaracao, Sept. 16-17), Brazil. Actodromas minutilla Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 252, 1905 Bar- bados (July to October), Grenada, and San Vincent. Leimonites minutilla Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 54, 1907 (range); Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 315 Testigo Grande. Pisobia minutilla Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 Cayenne; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197, 209, 236, 1909 Aruba, Bonaire, and Margarita Island (March 12); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 422, 1910 Costa Rica (Chomez, Jan.; La Estrella de Cartage, Nov. 5); Todd, I.e., 7, p. 413, 1911 New Providence and Great Inagua, Bahama Islands; Moore, Auk, 29, p. 210, 1912 Magdalen Islands (nest- ing habits); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 92, 1914 Marajo (Tapera, Sao Natal), Brazil; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 246, 1918 1 Tringa nana Lichtenstein (Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., p. 92, 1854) is a nomen nudum. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 183 Toro Point, Panama (Sept. 4); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 267 Eten (Oct. 10) and Trujillo (Dec. 29), Peru; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 294, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 183, 1922 Cie"naga, Don Diego, Punto Caiman, and Gaira, Colombia (winter); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922 Rio Cogollo, Zulia, Venezuela (Feb., Mar.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 199, 1926 Esmeraldas and Lago San Pablo (May 20-21), Ecuador; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 369, 1927 Mona, Puerto Rico, and St. Croix; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 202, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 91, 1928 Lower California (chiefly transient); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 494, 1929 Maranhao (Mangunca Island, Mar. 8) and Piauhy (Ibiapaba, Jan. 8), Brazil; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 59, 1931 Charles, Albemarle, and Abingdon Islands, Galapagos; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 163, 1931 Hispaniola (winter); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 318, 1931 Bermuda Islands (transient); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 135, 1932 Guatemala; Sutton, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 12, (2), sec. 2, p. 138, 1932 Southampton Island (not found, doubts records). Erolia minutilla Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 206, 1933 (downy young descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 283, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 Panama (winter); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 292 Trinidad and Tobago (winter); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 141, 1938 Ilha de Madre Deus (Jan.) and Cidade da Barra (Oct.), Bahia, Brazil; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 176, 1938 El Salvador (Lake Olomega, Aug., Sept.; Puerto del Triunfo, Dec. 31, Jan. 8; Barra de Santiago, Apr. 1, 2); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 73, 1945 Bolivia, El Beni (Cachuela Esperanza, Sept.). Range. Breeds in North America south of the Barren Grounds 1 from northwestern Alaska to Labrador, south to the upper Yukon Valley, northern part of British Columbia, Fort Churchill, the Magdalen Islands, Newfoundland, and Sable Island; winters from southern California, Texas, and North Carolina south through Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America to the Galapagos Islands, Peru (Eten, Lambayeque; Trujillo, Libertad; Chorillos, Lima), 2 and southern Brazil (Matto Grosso and Bahia); casual in Greenland (three records) and in the British Isles. Field Museum Collection. 297: Alaska (Bethel, 2); Yukon Terri- tory (Yukon River, 5); British Columbia (Sumas, 5; Okanagan, 4); 1 There would seem to be grave doubts as to the validity of the nesting records from Southampton Island and northward (cf. Sutton, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 12, (2), sec. 2, p. 138, 1932). 2 There is no record from Chile, included by certain authors in the winter range of the Least Sandpiper. 184 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 2); Nova Scotia (Clarks Harbor, 5; Harrington, 2); Labrador (Indian Harbor, 3; Battle Harbor, 2); Montana (Miles City, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 10; Rocklake, Towner County, 9; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 3; Oakes, Dickey County, 1; Devil's Lake, Ramsey County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 4); Illinois (Rondout, Lake County, 1; Libertyville, 1; Mud Lake, Cook County, 4; Hyde Park, Cook County, 1; Chicago, 1; Worth, Cook County, 2); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 12); Connecticut (New Haven County, 25; North Haven, 21; West Haven, 1; New Haven, 2; East Hartford, 5); New York (Suffolk County, 4); Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 3); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 12; Bodie Island, 1); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 1); Georgia (Roswell, Cobb County, 1); Florida (Anclote, Pasco County, 19; Amelie Island, Nassau County, 4; East Pass, Okaloosa County, 1; Key West, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 13; Austin, 1; Rockport, 4); Arizona (Fort Lowell, Pima County, 2) ; California (Carmel, Monte- rey County, 1; Salt Lagoons, Monterey County, 2; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 3; La Patera Point, Santa Barbara County, 5; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 4; Sunset Beach, Orange County, 3; Corona, Riverside County, 4; Inverness, Marin County, 3; Red Bluff, Tehama County, 3; Rincon, Ventura County, 1); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1; Salinas, Coahuila, 2; Pacaitun, Cam- peche, 1); Bahama Islands (Andros Island, 27; Great Inagua Island, 4; Nassau, New Providence Island, 2; Eleuthera Island, 2; Mari- guana Island, 3) ; Jamaica (Grand Cayman Island, 4) ; Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe, 4); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 5); Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal, 2; San Jose", 1); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, 1); Costa Rica (Lim6n, Limon, 1); Venezuela (Lake Valencia, Aragua, 1; Margarita Island, 1); Brazil (Mangunca Island, Maranhao, 1); Peru (Pacasmayo, Liber- tad, 1). Conover Collection. 29: Manitoba (Churchill, 6); North Dakota (Grafton, Walsh County, 2) ; Nebraska (thirty miles south of Wood Lake, Cherry County, 1); Massachusetts (East Orleans, 3; Rock- port, 1; Pigeon Cove, 1); California (Yermo, San Bernardino County, 3; Point Magie, Ventura County, 1; Goleta, Santa Barbara County, 2); Mexico (Altamira, Tamaulipas, 1); Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Perija, 1); Ecuador (Milagro, Guayas, 2; Malacatos, Loja, 1; Brazil (Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 1; Santare'm, Para, 3). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 185 Erolia fuscicollis (Vieillot). 1 WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER. Tringa fuscicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 34, p. 461, 1819 based on "Chorlito pestorejo pardo" Azara, No. 404, Paraguay; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 263, 1874 Blumenau, Santa Catharina (crit.); Durnford, Ibis, 1878, pp. 68, 404 province of Buenos Aires (April, Oct.) and Patagonia (valleys of the Sengel and Sengelen rivers, Chubut); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 438 Falkland Islands; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 16 Peckett Harbour, Straits of Magellan (Jan. 4); White, I.e., 1883, p. 42 La Plata, Buenos Aires (Nov. 3); Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 314, 1884 Entre Rios (Concepcion del Uruguay) and Buenos Aires (Carhu6, Mar.- April); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 36, 1887 Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco (Jan. 22); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 Cozumel Island; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889 falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia (Oct.); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 235, 1889 (descr.; West Indian references and localities); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 137, 1890 Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 127, 1891 Punta Arenas (Nov. 7), Tierra del Fuego (Bahia Orange, Sept. 9; Bahia Buen Suceso, Oct. 30), and Falkland Islands (French Bay, Mar. 7); Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 20 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 151 Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 211 Est. Espartillar (Mar. to Aug.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893 Chapada, Matto Grosso (Oct.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 163, 1898 Greenland; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 128, 1907 Useless Bay Settlement (Sept. 17, 1904); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 425, 1910 Engenho do Gama, Rio GuaporS, Brazil (ex Pelzeln); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910 Rio Grande near Barra, Bahia (Apr. 8); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 468 Buenos Aires (Los Yngleses, Aj6, Jan. 23, Mar. 15, Oct. 27; Cape San Antonio, Dec. 17) and Corrientes (Esquina, Nov. 14); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 67 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Oct. to Mar.). Tringa campestris (not of Vieillot, 1819) Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 74, 1823 Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 374, 1856 Brazil (descr.); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 199, 1878 C6rdoba. Pelidna schinzi (not Tringa schinzii Brehm, 1822) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 131, 1841 Tierra del Fuego. Tringa bonapartei(ii) Schlegel, Rev. Crit. Ois. d'Eur., p. Ixxxix, 1844 based mainly on Tringa schinzii "Bonaparte" (not of Brehm) Temminck, Man. d'Orn., 4, p. 401, 1840, North America, accidental in England (type in Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 42, 1864); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 387, 1860 Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156 East Falkland (said to breed!); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 42, 1864 Labrador, Illinois, Wis- consin, Mexico, Surinam, Chile (Santiago, Sept.), and East Falkland (crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 332, 339 Chile; idem 1 Tringa cooperi Baird (Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 716, 1858 Raynor South, Long Island, New York; type in U. S. National Museum), known from a single example, differs only by decidedly larger size; cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 289, 1919. Its status remains doubtful. 186 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII and Salvin, I.e., p. 591 Mexiana Island, Brazil; iidem, I.e., 1868, p. 144 Conchitas, Buenos Aires (winter); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 311, 1870 Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Nov.), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Sept.; Caigara, Oct.; Engenho do Gama, Sept.; Villa Bella, Aug., Oct.), and Amazonas (Marabitanas, Rio Negro, May), Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 186 Cosnipata, Cuzco, Peru; iidem, I.e., p. 455 (South American localities; crit.); Taczanowski, 'I.e., 1874, p. 560 Laguna Villa, near Chorillos, Lima, Peru; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 445, 1887 (crit.). Pelidna americana Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 292 new name for Tringa schinzii "Bonaparte" (not of Brehm, 1822). Tringa melanotus (not Tringa melanotos Vieillot) Le"otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 472, 1866 Trinidad. Heteropygia fuscicollis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 574, 768, 1896 (monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 660, 1898 Punta Anegada, Tierra del Fuego (Jan.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 438, 1899 Ypiranga and Iguape", Sao Paulo; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 626, 1900 Penguin Rookery, Staten Island (Feb.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 391, 1903 Mexico (Tizimin, Yucatan; Cozumel), Nicaragua (Momotombo), and Panama (Lion Hill); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 54,. 1907 Sao Paulo and Iguape", Sao Paulo; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 251, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (May 16, Sept. 10), and Mocovi, Santa Fe" (Jan. 18); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 220, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Pata- gonia, 2, Orn., p. 327, 1910 Palaike, near Port Gallegos, Santa Cruz (Jan. 18). Actodromas fuscicollis Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 252, 1905 Barbados and St. Vincent. Pisobia fuscicollis Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 Cayenne (Oct. 19); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39, 1914 upper Rio Parana, Paraguay; Sneth- lage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 92, 1914 Braganca, Para; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 372, 1916 Las Guacos, San Felix River, Orinoco, Venezuela (May); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 151, 1917 Port Stanley, Falkland Islands (Oct.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 284, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 Montevideo and Canelones, Uruguay; Dabbene, I.e., p. 113, 1920 (range in Argentina and neighboring countries); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922 Lagunillas, Me>ida, Venezuela (May 10); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 154, 1926 Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco) and Argentina (Dolores, Cape San Antonio, Bahfa Blanca, Guamini, Buenos Aires) (crit.); idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 371, 1927 Puerto Rico and Culebrita (transient); idem, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 9, 1927 Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco), Argentina (Rio Ajo and Carhue, Buenos Aires; Bahia Blanca); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 181, 1927 (life hist.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 494, 1929 Carolina, lower Tocantins, Goyaz (Nov. 6); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 57, 1930 Las Taperas, Santa 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 187 Cruz, Bolivia (Oct. 16); Bradlee and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 318, 1931 Bermuda Islands (fall transient); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 393, 1932 Chile (Santiago); Sutton, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 12, (2), sec. 2, p. 128, 1932 Southampton Island (nesting); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 376, 1934 Des- calvados, Matto Grosso (Sept. 4); Taverner and Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 23, p. 41, 1934 Churchill (common transient); Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 264, 1934 Est. La Geraldina, Santa F6 (April); Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 89 Otaries Island and Cape Austin, Cape Horn region; Beatty, Auk, 53, p. 456, 1936 St. Croix (transient); Bray, I.e., 60, p. 522, 1943 Crozier River, Melville Peninsula (breeding). Erolia fuscicollis Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921 Falkland Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 284, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 292 Trinidad; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 141, 1938 Bahia (Cidade da Barra, Oct.; Ilha Madre Deus, Jan., Feb.; Corupe"ba, Jan.), Goyaz (In- humas, Nov.), and Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, June; Sao Carlos; Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Oct.; Iguape", Mar.); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 73, 1945 Brazil (lower Rio Purus) and Bolivia, El Beni (Cachuela Esperanza; Riberalta; Victoria); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 229, 1946 Baffin Island (nesting). Calidris fuscicollis Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 323 Falkland Islands (Sept. to Apr.). Range. Breeds along the Arctic coast of North America from Point Barrow, Alaska, to Baffin Island and Southampton Island; migrates, east of the Rocky Mountains, chiefly through the Missis- sippi Valley and winters in southern South America (chiefly east of the Andes) from Paraguay and southern Brazil to Cape Horn and the Falkland Islands; casual in Greenland (various records). Field Museum Collection. 120: Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 1); Labrador (Anatolak Bay, 2); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 29); Massachusetts (South Chatham, 4; Monomoy Island, 9; Great Island, 1); Connecticut (North Haven, 3; West Haven, 3; New Haven County, 5; Branford, 1; Guilford, 2); North Dakota (Towner County, 42; Hope, Steele County, 1; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 2); Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 2); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1) ; Bahama Islands (Great Inagua, 1) ; Lesser Antilles (Dominica, 1; Martinique, 2); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 3); Costa Rica (El Pozo, Rio Terraba, 1); Paraguay (Colonia Nueva Italia, 3); Argentina (Rio Parana, Misiones, 1). Conover Collection. 25: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 2); Keewatin, Southampton Island (Koodlootook River, 1; Coral Inlet, 2); Manitoba (Churchill, 3); South Dakota (Harrison, Douglas County, 1); Massachusetts (East Orleans, 8); New York (Owasco 188 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Lake, Cayuga County, 1); Kansas (Douglas County, 2); Venezuela (Lagunillas, Zulia, 1); Brazil (Carolina, Maranhao, 3); Paraguay (Horqueta, 1). *Erolia bairdii (Coues). BAIRD'S SANDPIPER. Actodromas (Actodromas) bairdii Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 194 "North America, east of the Rocky Mountains" (type, from Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake, Mackenzie [May 19], in U. S. National Museum). Schaeniclus schinzii (not Tringa schinzii Brehm, 1822) G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 105, 1844 Chile (spec, examined). Tringa sp. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 556, 1858 Riobamba, Ecuador. Tringa bairdi(i) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 332, 339 Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 144 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; iidem, I.e., 1868, pp. 176, 570 Tambo Valley, Arequipa, Peru; Harting, Ibis, 1870, p. 151 Walvisch Bay, Damara Land (Oct. 24, 1863); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 455 Mexico, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 357, 1876 Moho Lake, Titicaca; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 404 Huasco, Sacaya, and Cueva Negra, Tarapaca, Chile; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 359, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 444, 1887 (crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137 Tarapaca, Chile; Cherrie, Auk, 12, p. 87, 1895 Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica (June 8); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 311 Cancosa, Sacaya, and Lake Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile; Jourdain, I.e., 1907, p. 518, pi. 11, fig. 6 (egg) Point Barrow, Alaska (eggs descr.); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 468 Tuyu (Nov. 22) and Los Yngleses (Dec. 19), Ajo, Buenos Aires. Tringa maculata (not of Vieillot) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 754 Xeberos, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 309 part, Xeberos; Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 404 Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile (spec, examined). Tringa melanotos (not of Vieillot) Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 199, 1878 Cordoba. Heteropygia bairdii(i) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 570, 768, 1896 (monog.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 188, 1899 Barrington Island, Galapagos (Oct. 6) ; Salvadori and festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 45, 1900 marshes near Canar (Oct.) and Vinces (Sept.), Ecuador; Butterfield, Auk, 18, p. 190, 1901 Sussex, England; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 213, 1902 Rio Sail, Tucuman; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 390, 1903 Mexico (Sonora; Aguas Calientes; Zacatecas; Tres Marias; City of Mexico; Puebla; Las Vegas and Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 102, 1906 Cerro de la Candelaria, near Escazu, Costa Rica (Oct.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 126, 1906 Huaynapata, Peru (Nov.); Menegaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 1, p. 32, 1909 San Carlos, Cuba (Oct. 15); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 220, 1910 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 189 Cordoba, Tucuman, "Misiones," and Buenos Aires; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 324, 1910 near Rio Coy, western Santa Cruz (Sept. 30); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 268 Peru (Lurin, Aug. 30) and Bolivia (Chililaya, Titicaca, Oct. 26; Challapata, Oruro, Oct. 11-12); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 25, 1922 La Carolina (Oct. to March, June 7) and Tumbaco (Oct. 7), Ecuador. Pisobia bairdi(i) Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 423, 1910 -San Jose, Costa Rica (Sept. 18); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 384, 1915 northeastern Alaska (Demarcation Point, June, breeding; Herschel Island, Aug.) and Chukchi Peninsula, Siberia (Providence Bay, June 11); Dixon, Condor, 19, p. 77, 1917 Griffin Point, Alaska (breeding habits); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 279, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.) ; Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 114, 1920 (winter range in Argentina); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 173, 1921 Vega Redonda (Calle de los Piuquenes), Aconcagua, Chile; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 297, 1923 Huanuluan, Rio Negro (Sept. 12, Oct. 21); Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 80, 1923 La Rioja; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 308, 1926 Igiak Bay, Bering Sea, Alaska (nesting); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 199, 1926 Lake Colta (Apr. 5), Loja, and Lake Papallacta (Oct. 22), Ecuador; Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 31, 1926 Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (breeding); Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 427, 1926 Arroyo Seco, Rio Negro (Sept. 6); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 154, 1926 near Guaminf, Buenos Aires (March 5); idem, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 10, 1927 Argentina (wintering range); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 193, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 91, 1928 Lower California (rare transient); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 56, 1930 San Jose" (Sept. 9) and Las Taperas (Oct. 16), Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 393, 1932 Ojo de San Pedro, Antofagasta (range in Chile); Wetmore, Auk, 50, p. 433, 1933 (extralimital records); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 247, 1935 Isla la Mocha, Chile; Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 56, 1938 Arica, Tacna, Chile (Oct.); Dixon, Bds. Mamm., Mt. McKinley Nat. Park, p. 83, 1938 (nesting); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 194, 1939 Ocumare de la Costa, Venezuela (Oct. 27); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 28, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (nesting); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 523, 1943 Melville Peninsula (nesting). Erolia bairdii(i) Wa.ce, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921 Falkland Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 284, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 434, 1934 Chihuahua, Mexico (Oct. 3); Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 307, 1935 Canal Zone, Panama; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 176, 1938 Lake Olomega, El Salvador (Aug. 19); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 465, 646 Huancavelica (Sept. 18), Astobamba (Nov. 3), Santa Inez (Nov. 11), and Lake Junfn (Jan. 20 to Apr. 9), Peru; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 230, 1946 Baffin Island (nesting). Calidris bairdii Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 323 Falkland Islands. Range. Breeds in northeastern Siberia (Koljuchin Bay, Chukchi Peninsula) and along the Arctic coast of North America from north- western Alaska to Baffin Island, south to central Alaska (Igiak Bay, 190 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Bering Sea; Mount McKinley), Mackenzie (Aylmer Lake) and Southampton Island; migrates chiefly between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi Valley and winters in Chile, western (rarely in eastern) Argentina, and Patagonia; casual in Central America (a few records from El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Panama), Galapagos Islands (Barrington Island, Oct. 6), Cuba (San Carlos, Oct. 15), Dominica (Oct. 1), and Venezuela (Ocumare de la Costa, Oct. 27); accidental in the Falkland Islands (one record), British Isles, and southwestern Africa (Walvisch Bay, Damara Land, Oct. 24, 1863). Field Museum Collection. 127: Alaska (Barrow, 8; Prince of Wales, 1; Nome, 2; Yukon River, 1); British Columbia (Okanagan, 7; Sumas Lake, 4); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 13; Lake Johnson, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 16; Cando, Towner County, 1; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 19); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 4); Nebraska (Gresham, York County, 1); Colorado (Troublesome, Grand County, 1; Windsor, Weld County, 1; Fort Lyon, Bent County, 2) ; Illinois (Hyde Park [Chicago], Cook' County, 1) ; In- diana (Miller, Lake County, 2) ; Michigan (Harbert, Berrien County, 1); Connecticut (West Haven, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1); Cali- fornia (Carmel, Monterey County, 10; Trinidad, Humboldt County, 1; Seaside, Monterey County, 1; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 1); Costa Rica (Tierra Blanca, Cartago, 1); Ecuador (Paramba, 1); British Guiana (Georgetown, 1); Peru (Lake Junin, 1; Cailloma, Arequipa, 2; Puno, Puno, 1); Bolivia (Oruro, Oruro, 1; Vacas, Cocha- bamba, 11; Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 4; Mount Sajama, Carangas, Oruro, 1); Chile (Ojo de San Pedro, Antofagasta, 1); Argentina (Estancia Via Monte, Tierra del Fuego, 1). Conover Collection. 31: Alaska (Point Barrow, 5; Alaktak River, Barrow, 4; Igiak Bay, Bering Sea, 4; False Pass, Alaska Peninsula, 1); British Columbia (Sumas Lake, 1); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 2; Camrose, 2); Nebraska (thirty miles south of Wood Lake, Cherry County, 1); Colorado (Windsor, Weld County, 1); California (Playa del Rey, Los Angeles County, 1); Costa Rica (Volcan Tur- rialba, 2); Colombia (Popayan, Cauca, 1); Bolivia (Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 5; Cacas, Cochabamba, 1). *Erolia melanotos (Vieillot). PECTORAL SANDPIPER. Tringa melanotos Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 34, p. 462, 1819 based on "Chorlito lomo negro" Azara, No. 401, Paraguay. Tringa maculata Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 465, 1819 "aux lies Antilles et dans les parties me'ridionales des Etats-Unis" (no type extant); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 39, 1864 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 191 (crit.); L6otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 474, 1866 Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199 upper Ucayali, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 598 Cosnipata, Cuzco, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 311, 1870 Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Sept., Nov.) and Matto Grosso (Caicara, Sept., Oct.; Engenho do Gama, Sept.; Villa Bella, Aug.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 309 part, upper Ucayali and Chamicuros, Peru; iidem, I.e., p. 455 Guatemala, Panama, Peru, and southern Brazil; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 560 Chorillos (Lima) and Lake Junin, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., p. 678 Paucartambo, Cuzco, Peru; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 261, 1874 Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 43 Chubut Valley, Patagonia; idem, I.e., 1878, p. 68 Buenos Aires (Oct. to April); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 641 Tilotilo, Bolivia; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 314, 1884 Entre RIos (Conception del Uruguay) and Buenos Aires (Carhue", Mar .-Apr.); Taczanowski, Orn. P6r., 3, p. 356, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 108, pi. 8, 1887 St. Michaels, Alaska (nesting; descr. mating display); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 235, 1889 (West Indian references and localities); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889 falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia (Oct.); Cherrie, Auk, 7, p. 332, 1890 San Jose", Costa Rica (Sept. to Nov.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137 Tarapaca, Chile; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 Fortm Page, lower Pilcomayo, Chaco; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 211 Est. Espartillar (March to Aug.); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895 Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 35, 1897 Caiza, Tarija, Bolivia (Feb.); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 310 Rio Pilmaiquen, Valdivia, Chile (Feb. 22); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 162, 1898 Greenland; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900 Cie"naga, Colombia; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 232 marshes near Quito, Ecuador; Jourdain, I.e., 1907, p. 518, pi. 11, fig. 5 Point Barrow, Alaska (egg descr.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 425, 1910 Sao Isabel, Rio Preto, Rio Machados, Matto Grosso, Brazil (Oct. 3); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 468 Buenos Aires (Los Yngleses, Ajo, Jan. 6, Sept. 11-Mar. 19), Paraguay (Medano, Sept. 16), and Matto Grosso (Porto Esperanca, Sept. 25); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 66 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Sept. to March). Pelidna pectoraHs Say, Long's Exp. Rocky Mts., 1, p. 171, 1823 near Council Bluffs, Iowa (type lost); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 195, 1855 Chile. Tringa dorsalis (Lichtenstein MS.) Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.- Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., 1, p. 107, 1834 based on "Chorlito a dos noir" Azara, No. 401, plateaux of southern Peru; 1 Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 374, 1856 southern Brazil, Montevideo and Chile (descr.); idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860 Mendoza; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 503, 1861 Mendoza. 1 Meyen states that his Peruvian specimen differs from those of Mexico and Montevideo by smaller size, but does not describe either of them. Tringa dorsalis, here published for the first time from Lichtenstein's manuscript, thus stands as a name proposed for Azara's No. 401, quoted by Meyen as "Chorlito a dos noir" from the French translation of the "Apuntamientos," and becomes a synonym of T. melanotos, having the same basis. 192 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIIT Tringa pedoralis Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847 Tobago; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 556, 1858 Riobamba, Ecuador; Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 11 Nanortalik, Greenland; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 199, 1878 Cordoba (March). Tringa dominicensis Degland, Orn. Europ., 2, p. 232, 1849 based on "Alouette de mer de S. Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 219, pi. 24, fig. 1, San Domingo (type in Reaumur Collection). Tringa acuminata pedoralis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 443, 1887 (crit.). Tringa bairdi (not Actodromas bairdi) Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 209 Uruguay (April 3). Heteropygia maculata Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 562, 767, 1896 (monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 660, 1898 Cavancha (Iquique), Tarapaca, Chile; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 437, 1899 Sao Paulo; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900 lagoon of Kingora (Nov.), near Canar (Oct.), and Quito (Aug.), Ecuador; Salvadori, I.e., 15, No. 378, p. 15, 1900 Carandasinho, Matto Grosso; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 213, 1902 Rio Sali, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc.. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 52 Ingapirca, Junin, Peru (May); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 389, 1903 Mexico (numerous localities), Guatemala (Duenas), Costa Rica (San Jose 1 , Laguna de Cartago, Re- ventazon), and Panama; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, pp. 446, 453 Jujuy (Moreno, Dec.) and Bolivia (San Luis and Zapataro, Tarija, Feb., March) ; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, "1904," p. 452, 1905 Rio Jurua, Brazil; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 132, 1906 Puno, Peru (March); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 54, 1907 Sao Paulo (Iguape", Sao Sebas- tiao), Amazonas (Rio Jurua), and Venezuela (Merida); Hartert and Ven- turi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 25, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (Feb. 11); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 220, 1910 (range in Argentina); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 267 Peru (Junin, Feb. 20; Chorillos, May 5); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 25, 1922 La Carolina, Quito, Ecuador (Oct., Nov.). Actodromas maculata Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 251, 1905 Barbados (July to Nov.), Grenada, Grenadines, and St. Vincent; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 23, 1908 Bom Lugar, Rio Purus, Brazil (Aug. 15). Pisobia maculata Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 (no records from French Guiana); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 196, 1909 Aruba, Dutch West Indies; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 422, 1910 Costa Rica (San Jose, Sept. 7; Ochomogo; Buenos Aires de Terraba, May 26-29; San JosS, May 19; Azahar de Cartago, Oct. 20, Nov. 3); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 92, 1914 Bom Lugar, Rio Purus, Brazil; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39, 1914 upper Rio Parana; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 224, 1917 Quibd6, Colombia (Sept. 1- Nov. 11); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 246, 1918 Mindi, Panama (Oct.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 269, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 San Jose and Montevideo, Uruguay; Dabbene, I.e., p. 112, 1920 (winter range in Argentina and neighboring countries); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 193 Mus., 14, p. 183, 1922 Cienaga, Colombia (Sept. 12-14); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 297, 1923 Huanuluan, Rio Negro (Oct.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 199, 1926 Quito, Ecuador (Aug. 17); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 31, 1926 Alaska (breeding); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 307, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting; courtship); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 169, 1927 (life hist.); Wetmore, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 9, 1927 Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco), Uruguay, Argentina (Tunuyan; Rio Negro); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 91, 1928 Lower California (fall transient); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 135, 1932 Guatemala. Pisobia pectoralis Thayer and Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 5, p. 15, 1914 Nijni Kolymsk, Siberia (breeding); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 383, 1915 Humphrey and Demarcation Points, Alaska (breeding). Pisobia melanotos Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 153, 1926 Para- guay (west of Puerto Pinasco), Buenos Aires (near Lavalle, Oct.; Carhu6, Dec. 15), Uruguay (Lazcano), and Mendoza (nomencl.); idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 370, 1927 Puerto Rico and St. Croix (transient); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 168, 1927 Bovril Islands, Santa Fe (Jan. 19); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 81, 1930 Paraguay (Fort Wheeler) and Matto Grosso (Agua Blanca de Corumba); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 56, 1930 San JosS, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (Sept. 9); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 318, 1931 Bermuda Islands (fall transient); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 164, 1931 Hispaniola (visitor); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 394, 1932 Chile (winter); Brooks, Auk, 53, p. 81, 1936 New Zealand, Australia; idem, Ibis, 1939, p. 452, pi. 8, fig. 2 Point Barrow, Alaska (downy young descr.); Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 264, 1939 Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe (Mar., April); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 28, 1943 coast east of Mackenzie Delta (nesting). Erolia melanotos Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 284, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 Panama (transient); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 293 Trinidad (Oropuche Lagoon, Oct. 12) and Tobago; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 142, 1938 Amazonas (Rio Jurua, Aug.), Sao Paulo (IguapS, Nov.; Sao Sebastiao, Nov.), and Rio Grande do Sul (Itaquy, Oct., Nov.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 175, 1938 Lake Olomega (Aug. 1, 29 and Sept. 4, 6) and Barra de Santiago (Apr. 4), El Salvador; Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 647 Lake Junm, Peru (Jan. to April 9); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 44, 1945 Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua, Brazil; idem, I.e., (3), 23, p. 73, 1945 Bolivia (Cachuela Esperanza and Victoria, El Beni; San Luis, Tarija). Pisobia melanotis Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 56, 1938 Vegas de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (April). Range. Breeds on the Arctic coasts of northeastern Siberia (Nijni Kolymsk) and North America from Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, to Southampton Island, and on the west shore of Hudson Bay to the Nelson River; migrates chiefly through the interior and along the 194 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Atlantic coast; winters in South America from Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina to Chile and Patagonia (Chubut Valley); occasional in Greenland; casual in British Isles, France, and Norway; accidental in Hawaiian Islands (Kaahualu, Kau, Hawaii, Oct. 14, 1900). Field Museum Collection. 221: Alaska (Barrow, 4; Point Hope, 1; Nome, 4; St. Michaels, 4; Tocatna, 4; Bethel, 1; Unalaska, 1; Yukon Delta, 1) ; Arctic America (Franklin Bay, 2) ; Alberta (Beaver- hill Lake, 2); Saskatchewan (Lake Johnston, 2; Maple Creek, 2); North Dakota (Towner County, 44; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 4; Oakes, Dickey County, 1; Island Lake, Rolette County, 1; Hope, Steele County, 1); Maine (Scarboro, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 10; Chatham, 1); New Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); New York (Cayuga Lake, 1); Connecticut (Guilford, 13; West Haven, 3; North Haven, 1; East Hartford, 3; New Haven County, 10; Hamden, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 9); Illinois (Worth, Cook County, 6; Hyde Park [Chicago], Cook County, 2; Chicago, 1); Indiana (Liver- pool, Lake County, 1); Kansas (Ottawa County, 1); Arkansas (Winslow, 2) ; Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 2) ; North Carolina (Bodie Island, Dare County, 6; Pea Island, Dare County, 1; Hatteras, 1); Florida (Amelie Island, Nassau County, 2); Texas (Corpus Christi, 3); California (Trinidad, Humboldt County, 1); Bahamas (Mariguana Island, 1) ; Puerto Rico (unspecified, 1) ; Jamaica (Grand Cayman Island, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Dominica, 2; Guadeloupe, 1); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 1); Nicaragua (San Emilio Lake, Rivas, 1); Costa Rica (El Pozo, Rio Terraba, 1); Panama (Frances, Chiriqui, 1); Vene- zuela (Culata, Merida, 5; Catatumbo, Zulia, 12); Ecuador (Ibarra, Imbabura, 1); Peru (Yurimaguas, Loreto, 2; Lagunas, Loreto, 1); Bolivia (Desaguadero, La Paz, 9; Guaqui, La Paz, 9; Vacas, Cocha- bamba, 1) ; Paraguay (Colonia Nueva Italia, 2) ; Argentina, Misiones (Rio Parana, 2; Caraguatay, 1). Conover Collection. 34: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 8); Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1) ; Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 2); Illinois (Lake George, Cook County, 1; Wheaton, Du Page County, 5); Mexico (Ocosingo, Chiapas, 2); Colombia (Popayan, Cauca, 3); Brazil (Obidos, Para, 6); Bolivia (Guaqui, La Paz, 2; Desaguadero, La Paz, 1); Paraguay (Orloff, Chaco, 4); Argentina (Sierra de San Javier, Tucuman, 1). *Erolia acuminata (Horsfield). SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPER. Totamis acuminatus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 13, (1), p. 192, 1821 Java (type apparently lost). 1948 BIRDS OP THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 195 Tringa acuminata Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 441, 1887 (crit.); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 106, pi. 7, 1887 St. Michaels (common fall migrant); Grinnell, Condor, 3, p. 20, 1901 St. Paul Lagoon, Pribilof Islands (second record). Heteropygia acuminata Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 566, 1896 (monog.). Pisobia acuminata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 276, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 70, 1923 Pribilof Islands (fall migrant); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 238, 1925 Unalaska Island; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 167, 1927 (life hist.); Ball, Auk, 47, p. 417, 1930 Olema, California (1870); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 32, 1934 Nunivak Island; Slipp, Condor, 45, p. 198, 1943 Washington (Westport; Nisqually). Pisobia aurita Anthony, Auk, 39, p. 106, 1922 Mission Bay, San Diego County, California. Erolia acuminata Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 284, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds in northeastern Siberia from the mouth of the Indigirka to the Chukchi Peninsula; winters in the eastern part of the Malay Archipelago, New Guinea, Australia, and on South Pacific Islands; during autumn migration in Alaska (Kotzebue Sound and Bering Sea coast), on the Pribilof and Aleutian Islands; occasional in British Columbia (Comox, Oct. 4, 1903; Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands), Washington (Westport, Nisqually), and Cali- fornia (San Diego, Sept. 16, 1921); casual in the Hawaiian Islands (three records) ; accidental in the British Isles. Field Museum Collection. 9: Alaska (St. Michaels, 4; St. George Island, 1; Bethel, 2; Unalaska, 2). *Erolia maritima (Briinnich). PURPLE SANDPIPER. Tringa maritima Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 54, 1764 Christianso and Norway; Holboll, Naturh. Tidskr. (Kr0yer), 4, p. 408, 1843 Greenland; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 428, 1887 (crit.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 164, 1898 Greenland. Arquatella maritima Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 578, 1896 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 239, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 146, 1927 (life hist.); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 317, 1931 Bermuda Islands (St. George's Harbor; sight record). Calidris maritima maritima L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 55, 1932 Shannon, Sabine, and Clavering Islands, Greenland (breeding). Erolia maritima Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 285, 1934 (range); Trautman, Wilson Bull., 56, p. 46, 1944 Ohio; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 228, 1946 Baffin Island (migration; probably nesting). Range. In North America breeds from Melville and Ellesmere Islands south to Melville Peninsula and Baffin Island and in Green- land; also in Iceland, on the Faroes, and on the Arctic coasts of 196 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII northern Europe and Asia east to the Taimyr Peninsula, including Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya, and Franz Josef Land; winters on the Atlantic coast of America from southern Greenland to Long Island, casually to southern Florida and shores of the Great Lakes (Cleveland, Ohio, June, 1895; Cook County, Illinois, Nov., 1886); also in Iceland, northern and western Europe. Field Museum Collection. 29: Greenland (Godhaven, Disko Island, 4; Godthaab, 1; Nanortalik, 1); Baffin Land (Franklin, 2); Prince Edward Island (Malpeque, 1); New Brunswick (Grand Manan Island, 8; unspecified, 2); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1); Maine (unspecified, 1; Matinicus, Knox County, 1); Massachusetts (Bristol County, 2); Connecticut (Stamford, 1; New Haven County, 1; Branford, 1; Stony Creek, New Haven County, 1; New Haven Harbor, 1). Conover Collection. 21: Greenland (Godthaab, 7; Nanortalik, 1); Massachusetts, Essex County (Rockport, 8; Pigeon Cove, 4); Con- necticut (Branford, New Haven County, 1). *Erolia ptilocnemis tschuktschorum (Portenko). 1 ALASKAN SANDPIPER. Arquatella maritima tschuktschorum Portenko, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 22, p. 225, 1937 "Terrae Tschuktschorum" (type from Uelen in coll. of L. Portenko). Tringa couesi Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 147, 1886 part, St. Michaels; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 103, 1887 St. Michaels (migration Aug., Oct.). Tringa ptilocnemis Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 105, 1887 part, St. Lawrence Island (nesting). [Arquatella maritima] subsp. o. Arquatella couesi Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 583, 1896 part, spec, a-w, St. Michaels and Port Etolin, Alaska. l Erolia ptilocnemis tschuktschorum (Portenko): Nearest to E. p. couesi but in breeding plumage is darker, more reddish, less ochraceous, above, with the white tips to the feathers broader and more conspicuous because of the generally darker appearance of the bird as a whole. This darker hue is brought about by the light edges to the feathers being narrower and dark reddish instead of dark buff. Winter and immature birds are indistinguishable. Size slightly larger. From the typical race it differs in breeding dress by having the light edges to the feathers of the upper parts dark reddish, not reddish clay color; the rump, primaries, secondaries and upper wing coverts darker, with narrow white edges to latter; and the crown of the head darker, less grayish. The under parts also have a darker appearance. The winter and immature plumages are much darker. Additional material examined. Siberia: Emma Harbor, 14; East Cape, 3; Cape Serdze, 1. Alaska: St. Lawrence Island, 18; Wales, 22; Norton Sound, 1; St. Michaels, 19; Hooper Bay, 1; Nunivak Island, 16; St. Paul Island, 4; Admiralty Island, 3; Sitka, 1; Juneau, 1; Forrester Island, 9. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 197 Arquatella ptilocnemis ptilocnemis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 247, 1919 part, St. Lawrence Island and Norton Sound; Friedmann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 80, art. 12, p. 19, 1932 St. Lawrence Island (nesting); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 124, 1944 Nunivak Island (nesting). Arquatella ptilocnemis couesi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 247, 1919 part, northeastern Siberia, St. Lawrence Island, and coast of Alaska (Kotzebue Sound to Sitka); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 159, 1927 part, except Aleutian Islands; Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 29, 1934 Nunivak Island (part, breeding population); Slipp, Condor, 45, p. 198, 1943 Smith Island, San Juan County, Washington. Arquatella maritima couesi Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 66, 1923 Pribilof Islands (St. Paul, Sept. to Nov.; Northeast Point, April 24; St. George Island, Feb. 12); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 236, 1925 Wales, Alaska (nesting); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 306, 1926 Point Dall (migration), Igiak Bay (nesting?). Erolia ptilocnemis ptilocnemis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 285, 1934 part, St. Lawrence Island only. Erolia ptilocnemis couesi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 285, 1934 part, except Aleutian Islands. Erolia ptilocnemis tschuktschorum Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 29, p. 174, 1944 (dist. chars.; plumages; range). Range. Known to nest in Siberia (Emma Harbor, on Providence Bay), on St. Lawrence and Nunivak Islands and at Wales, Alaska, but probably breeds on the Chukchi Peninsula, Siberia, and in suit- able localities between Cape Prince of Wales and Hooper Bay, Alaska. Winters on the Pacific coast of North America from the Alaska Peninsula south to Washington and occasionally north- western Oregon; probably also on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Field Museum Collection. 71: Siberia (Kolintschin Bay, 1); Alaska (St. Lawrence Island, 3; Nome, 1; St. Michaels, 58; St. George Island, 1; Forrester Island, 5); British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands, 2). Conover Collection. 26: Alaska (Nome, 1; Topkok, 2; Hooper Bay, 12; False Pass, 1; Wrangell, 3; Craig, Prince of Wales Island, 1); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 2); Washington (Jefferson County, 4). *Erolia ptilocnemis ptilocnemis (Coues). PRIBILOF SANDPIPER. Tringa ptilocnemis Coues, in H. W. Elliot, Rep. Seal Ids., Alaska, unpaged, note "1873"=Jan., 1874 St. George Island, Pribilof Islands (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Amer. Nat., 8, p. 500, 1874 (reprint orig. descr.); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 105, 1887 part, Fur Seal Islands and St. Mathews. 198 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Tringa gracilis Harting, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 242, pi. 40, figs. 4-6, after June 20, 1874 St. Paul Island, Pribilof group (type in collection of J. E. Harting, now in British Museum). Arquatella ptilocnemis Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 5, p. 163, 1880 (diag.; crit.); Hanna, Condor, 23, p. 50, 1921 part, except St. Lawrence Island (life hist.). Tringa maritima ptilocnemis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 431, 1887 (crit.). [Arquatella maritima] subsp. /3. Arquatella ptilocnemis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 584, 1896 part, spec, a-e, St. George and St. Paul Islands, Pribilof group (monog.). Arquatella ptilocnemis ptilocnemis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 244, 1919 part, except St. Lawrence Island and Norton Sound (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 152, 1927 part, except St. Lawrence Island (life hist.); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 29, 1934 Nunivak Island (Oct. 5). Arquatella maritima ptilocnemis Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 67, 1923 Pribilof Islands (nesting; habits; food); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 307, 1926 Point Dall (May 23), Igiak Bay (July 23). Erolia ptilocnemis ptilocnemis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 285, 1934 part, except St. Lawrence Island; Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 29, p. 170, 1944 (dist. chars.; plumages; range). Range. Breeds in Bering Sea on the Pribilof, St. Matthew and Hall Islands. Winter range not well known, but the bird leaves the Pribilofs by October and has been found sparingly either on migra- tion or wintering at Hooper Bay (May 23), Nunivak Island (Oct. 5), and on the Alaska Peninsula and southern Alaska. Field Museum Collection. 15: Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island, 11; St. George Island, 4). Conover Collection. 2: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 2). *Erolia ptilocnemis couesi (Ridgway). ALEUTIAN SANDPIPER. Arquatella couesi Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CL, 5, No. 3, p. 160, July, 1880 "Aleutian Islands and coast of Alaska, north to St. Michael" (type from Chicagoff Harbor, Attu Island, Aleutian Islands, in the U. S. National Museum). Tringa couesi Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 147, 1886 part, Aleutian Islands; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 103, pi. 6, 1887 Aleutian Islands (nesting; life hist.). Tringa maritima couesi Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 430, 1887 (crit.). [Arquatella maritima} subsp. a. Arquatella couesi Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 583, 1896 part, spec, x-a 1 , Unalaska and Atka Islands. Arquatella maritima couesi Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 38, p. 50, 1911 Atka, Agattu and Attu Islands. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 199 Arquatella ptilocnemis couesi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 247, 1919 part, Aleutian Islands only (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 159, 1927 part, Aleutian Islands only (life hist.). Erolia ptilocnemis couesi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 285, 1934 part, Aleutian Islands only; Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 29, p. 173, 1944 (dist. chars.; plumages; range); Sutton and Wilson, Condor, 48, p. 88, 1946 Attu Island (wintering, Feb. 20-Mar. 18). Range. Resident on the Aleutian and Shumagin Islands. Prob- ably intergrading with E. p. tschuktschorum on the Alaska Peninsula. Perhaps straggling in winter to the coast of southeastern Alaska. Field Museum Collection. 7: Aleutian Islands (Unalaska, 6); Alaska Peninsula (Pavlof Bay, 1). Conover Collection. 3: Aleutian Islands (Shemya Island, Semichi Islands, 3). Erolia ptilocnemis quarta Hartert. 1 COMMANDER ISLAND SAND- PIPER. Erolia maritima quarta Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 137, 1920 Bering Island (type in the Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined). [Arquatella maritima] subsp. 0. Arquatella ptilocnemis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 584, 1896 part, spec, f, Bering Island. Arquatella ptilocnemis couesi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 247, 1919 part, Bering Island. Arquatella maritima couesi Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 236, 1925 part, Wales, Alaska, No. 8962 only. Erolia ptilocnemis quarta Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 285, 1934 (range) ; Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 29, p. 177, 1944 Wales, Alaska (dist. chars.; range). Range. Breeding and probably resident on the Commander Islands. One record for Alaska (Wales, June 8). Erolia alpina arctica Schi01er. 2 GREENLAND DUNLIN. 1 Erolia ptilocnemis quarta Hartert: This race has the light edgings to the mantle, scapulars and tertials so broad that the dorsal surface has the appearance of being almost solid rufescent. Males, wing 117-126, culmen 25-28; females, wing 120-128, culmen 27-32.5 mm. The specimen taken on Attu Island and referred provisionally by Bent (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 160, 1927) to quarta has been examined by the junior author and in his opinion is not nearly rusty enough for that race but simply a rather aberrant specimen of couesi. The example mentioned by Bailey (Condor, 27, p. 238, 1925) from Wales, Alaska, however, agrees in size and the redness of the dorsal surface with a breeding series from Bering Island. Specimens examined. Bering Island, 9. Alaska, Wales, 1. 2 Erolia alpina arctica Schi01er: Nearest toE. a. alpina, but smaller, being about the size of E. a. schinzii, of the Baltic countries; dorsal coloration less reddish, more brownish. Wing, 107-113, (female) 109-118; bill, 24-28, (female) 29-32. 200 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Erolia alpina arctica Schiller, Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidsskr., 16, Nos. 1-2, p. 19, May, 1922 northeastern Greenland (type, not specified, in coll. of E. L. Schi01er, now in Copenhagen Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 285, 1934 (range); Griscom, Auk, 54, p. 70, 1937 Massachusetts (dist. chars.). Tringa schinzii (not of Brehm, 1822) Holboll, Naturh. Tidskr., 4, p. 409, 1843 Nanortalik; Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 11 Greenland. Tringa alpina (not of Linnaeus) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 169, 1898 Greenland; Manniche, I.e., 45, No. 1, p. 136, 1910 Stormkap, north- eastern Greenland (breeding habits). Calidris alpina arctica L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 60, 1932 northeastern Greenland (crit.; habits); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, Ergan- zungsband, p. 472, 1936 (crit.); Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 144 Green- land (crit.; meas.); H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, p. 38, 1941 Greenland. Range. Eastern Greenland (migration route and winter range unknown). 1 (?) Accidental in Massachusetts. *Erolia alpina pacifica (Coues). RED-BACKED SANDPIPER; AMERICAN DUNLIN. Tringa alpina var. americana (not Pelidna americana Brehm 1855) Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 719, 1858 temperate regions of North America (crit.; no type designated). Pelidna pacifica Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 189 (in text) Semiahmoo, Whatcom County, Washington (type in U. S. National Museum, No. 9540; cf. Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 121, 1885). Pelidna alpina pacifica Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 120, 1885 Bering Island (crit.; nomencl.); Oberholser, Auk, 34, p. 200, 1917 (crit.); Bishop, Condor, 40, p. 225, 1938 (correct name for American birds). Tringa alpina pacifica Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 427, 1887 (crit.); Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 381, 1900 (plumages). Pelidna americana Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 608, 769, 1896 (monog.; in part). Pelidna alpina sakhalina (not of Vieillot) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 262, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 308, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 221, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 91, 1928 Lower California (winter); Hurley, Murrelet, 13, p. 19, 1932 Nakeen, Bristol Bay, Alaska (nesting); Van Tyne, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. 1 It is probable that most, if not all, of the records of Erolia alpina alpina (Linnaeus) from eastern North America (Fort Churchill, Keewatin; Shinnecock Bay, Long Island, Sept. 15, 1892; Chatham, Mass., Aug. 11, 1900) really pertain toE. a. arctica (cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 257, 1919; Bent, I.e., 142, p. 221, 1927, s.n. Pelidna a. alpina). Griscom (Auk, 54, pp. 71-72, 1937), in fact, on reexamination found the Chatham bird to be arctica. Another (crippled) example shot at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, on August 16, 1936, he believes to be referable to the European E. alpina alpina (Linnaeus), mainly on account of its long bill (culmen 37.2 mm.). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 201 Mich., 255, p. 2, 1933 Brownsville, Texas (wintering); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 33, 1934 Nunivak Island (nesting). Erolia alpina sakhalina Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1577, 1920 (monog.); Buturlin, Alauda, 4, p. 266, 1932 (char.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 286, 1934 (range); Griscom, Auk, 54, p. 70, 1937 (dist. chars.); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 230, 1946 Baffin Island (rare). "Pelidna alpina parifica; P. a. sakhalina" Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 33, 1926 northern Alaska (breeding). Erolia alpina pacifica Conover, Condor, 47, p. 214, 1945 (dist. chars.; American birds differ from those of Siberia). Range. Breeds from Point Barrow, Alaska, east to the Boothia Peninsula and south to Bristol Bay and the west coast of Hudson Bay (Churchill); winters on the west coast of North America from British Columbia to Lower California and on the Gulf and South Atlantic coasts of the United States; casual in the West Indies (Dominica, Oct. 1, 1904) and in Nicaragua (Momotombo, May 23). Field Museum Collection. 92: Alaska (Barrow, 2; Point Hope, 1; St. Lawrence Island, 3; Nome, 2; St. Michaels, 37); British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands, 2); North Dakota (Towner County, 3); Minnesota (Heron Lake, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 6); Illinois (Chicago, 2; Waukegan, 2; Meredosia, 1); Massachusetts (Chatham, 6; Monomoy Island, 9); Connecticut (West Haven, 4; Stony Creek, 1; New Haven County, 1); New York (Cayuga Lake, 2); Virginia (Cape Charles, 6; Cobb's Island, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 31 ; Bodie Island, 1) ; South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 5); Florida (Amelia Island, 5; Anclote, 6); Texas (Cameron County, 1; Aransas Pass, 1; Port Lavaca, 2; Port O'Connor, 1; Seadrift, 2); California (San Francisco, 1; Miller, 8; mouth of Carmel River, Monterey County, 1; Monterey, 5; Trinidad, 4; Redwood, 1; Anaheim, 1; La Patera Point, 10; Hook's Point, 1; Alviso, 1; Pacific Beach, 1; San Diego, 4; Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, 3; Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 1) ; Mexico (La Paz, Lower Cali- fornia, 2). Conover Collection. 37: Alaska (Hooper Bay, 9; Igiak Bay, 2); North Dakota (Grafton, 2) ; Indiana (Wolf Lake, 1) ; Illinois (Calumet Lake, 1); Michigan (Thunder Bay Island, Alpena County, 1); Massachusetts (Chatham, 1; Ipswich, 1); New York (Cayuga, 1; Cayuga Lake, 2); North Carolina (Hatteras, 1); South Carolina (Copahee Sound, 2); Florida (Nassau County, 2; Amelia Island, 2); California (Moss Landing, 4; Goleta, 1; Point Magie, 1); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1). 202 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Erolia ferruginea (Pontoppidan). CURLEW SANDPIPER. Tringa Ferrugineus Pontoppidan, 1 Danske Atlas, 1, p. 624, 1763 Iceland and Christiansoe Island (cf. Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 54, 1764). Scolopax testacea Pallas, in Vroeg's Cat. Rais. Coll. d'Ois., Adumbratiuncula, p. 6, 1764 Blankenburg Island, Holland. Scolopax subarquata Giildenstadt, Nov. Comm. Petrop., 19, p. 471, pi. 18, 1775 near Caspian Sea to Tanain and River Choper. Tringa subarquata Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 419, 1887 (crit.). Ancylochilus subarquatus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 586, 1896 (monog.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 330, 1900 Patagonia (Burnett and Fitzroy). Erolia ferruginea Childs, Auk, 21, p. 485, 1904 Barnegat Bay, New Jersey; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 252, 1905 Carriacou (Sept., Oct.) and Grenada, Lesser Antilles; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 250, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 125, 1920 Patagonia; Helmuth, Auk, 41, p. 340, 1924 Mecox Bay, Long Island; Fuertes, I.e., 41, p. 340, 1924 Fisher's Island, New York; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 232, 1927 (life hist.). Erolia testacea Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 286, 1934 (range); Brooks, Condor, 39, p. 177, 1937 Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands; Griscom, Auk, 58, p. 95, 1941 Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Range. Breeds in northern Asia at the mouth of the Yenesei, in western Taimyr, on Cape Bolschoi Baranov, and the New Siberian Islands; winters in Africa, Madagascar, India, Burma, Malay Archi- pelago, and Australia; casual in eastern North America (many records), Alaska (Point Barrow, June 6, 1883), Queen Charlotte Islands, in the Lesser Antilles (Grenada and Carriacou), and allegedly even in eastern Patagonia. 2 Field Museum Collection. 1: New Brunswick (unspecified, I). 3 Genus MICROPALAMA Baird Micropalama Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, pp. 714, 726, 1858 type, by monotypy, Tringa himantopus Bonaparte. Micropelama G. R. Gray, Hand-list Bds., 3, p. 48, 1871 (emendation). *Micropalama himantopus (Bonaparte). STILT SANDPIPER. Tringa himantopus Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, No. 1, p. 157, March, 1826 Long Branch, New Jersey (type in coll. of C. L. Bonaparte); 4 1 See Stresemann, Orn. Monatsb., 49, p. 21, 1941. 2 A specimen without date and exact locality in the British Museum (W. Burnett and Fitzroy). 3 This specimen is in the Cory Collection. Original label: "Smithsonian Insti- tute. Exploration in and near New Brunswick. George A. Boardman. May 1863." 4 The fate of the type is uncertain. We do not know whether it remained in Bonaparte's private collection, part of which passed into the Paris Museum 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 203 Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer., 2, p. 380, 1831 Hayes River, Keewatin; Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., 4, p. 89, pi. 25, fig. 3, 1833 Long Island; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 54, 1864 Cuba (crit.). Tringa douglasii Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 379, pi. 66, Feb., 1832 Saskatchewan River (location of type not stated; descr. of adult summer plumage). Tringa (Hemipalama) audubonii Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 140, 1834 Hayes River, countries of Hudson's Bay, lat. 57 (based on Tringa himantopus Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.- Amer., p. 380, 1831). Hemipalama multistriata (Lichtenstein MS.) G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [578], pi. 156, fig. 2, 1845 high northern latitudes (of North America), Hudson's Bay and northern and middle states of the American Union; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 466, 1866 Trinidad; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 311, 1870 Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, Matto Grosso, Brazil (Oct.). Micropalama himantopus Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 229 Duenas, Guatemala; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860 Babahoyo, Ecuador (Sept.); idem, I.e., 1862, p. 369 Mexico; Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 356, 1866 Cuba ("Sept. to May"); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199 eastern Peru (=Nauta); iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 309 Nauta, Peru; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 326, 1875 Cuba (Sept., April); Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 47, 1876 San Mateo, Oaxaca (Aug.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 188, 1878 Puerto Rico; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 363, 1886 Chorillos and Nauta, Peru; Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 178, 1886 Laguna del Rosario, Tlaxcala, Mexico (Jan.); Cory, Auk, 4, p. 312, 1887 West Indian localities (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 233, 1889 (descr.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889 falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia (Oct.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 401, 1896 United States, Mexico (Zacatecas, Aug.), Guatemala (Duenas), Nicaragua (Momotombo, May), Grenada, Anegada, Uruguay (Colonia), Peru (Iquitos), and "Chile"; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900 Vinces, Ecuador (Sept.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900 Cie"naga, Colombia (Sept. 13); idem, Auk, 17, p. 364, 1900 same locality; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 370, 1903 Mexico (Matamoros; Zacatecas; Laguna del Rosario, Tlaxcala; San Mateo, Oaxaca), Guatemala (Duenas), and Nicaragua (Momotombo); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 251, 1905 Barbados, Grenadines, and Grenada (transient); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 306, 1908 (no record from French Guiana); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 218, 1910 Buenos Aires; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 470 Los Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires (Feb. 24), and near Esquina, Corrientes (Nov. 14); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 80, 1914 Rio Paraguay, Corrientes; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 379, 1915 Demarca- tion Point, Alaska (May 23-26, June 8), and Herschel Island (Aug. 2); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 264 Trujillo, Peru (Aug. 18, Sept. 8); Ridgway, after his death, or whether it was deposited in Peale's Philadelphia Museum, in which case it may be regarded as lost. 204 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 205, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 70 Aj6, Buenos Aires (Dec. 27); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 Maldonado, Uruguay; Dabbene, I.e., p. 119, 1920 Argentina (Esquina, Corrientes; Belgrano [Aug. 7], Aj6, and Los Yngleses, Buenos Aires) and Uruguay (Colonia and Maldonado) ; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 184, 1922 Cie"naga, Colombia (ex Allen); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 195, 1926 Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 158, 1926 Paraguayan Chaco (Sept.); idem, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 8, 1927 west of Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay (Sept. 20-25); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 122, 1927 (life hist.; range); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 371, 1927 Puerto Rico and Anegada (transient); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 201, 1928 Rosas, Buenos Aires (Oct. 20); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 165, 1931 Hispaniola (ex Cory); Bradlee, Mowbray and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 317, 1931 Bermuda Islands (transient); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 133, 1932 Duenas, Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 287, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 293 Trinidad (ex Leotaud); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 143, 1938 Rio Guapore", Matto Grosso, Brazil; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 194, 1939 Ocumare de la Costa, Venezuela (Oct. 24-28); Philippi, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 44, p. 147, 1940 Las Vegas de Chacalluta, Arica, Chile. Totanus himantopus March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 67 Jamaica (April, June, August). Hemipalama himantopus Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 561 Chorillos, Peru. Ereunetes himantopus Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 400, 1887 (crit.). Range. Breeds in Arctic North America from Coronation Gulf to the west shore of Hudson Bay (Churchill); migrates chiefly through the interior (less frequently on the Atlantic coast of the United States), Florida, West Indies, Mexico, Guatemala (Duenas), Nicaragua (Momotombo), Colombia (Cie"naga), Vene- zuela (Ocumare de la Costa), western Ecuador (Babahoyo, Vinces), and Peru (Nauta, Iquitos, Trujillo, Chorillos); winters in Bolivia (falls of the Rio Madeira), southern Brazil (Matto Grosso), Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina (Corrientes and Buenos Aires). One record for Chile (Arica). 1 Field Museum Collection. 76: Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 2); Manitoba (Churchill, 3); North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 34; Graham Island, Ramsey County, 2; Cranberry Lake, 1; Towner County, 6); Minnesota (Heron Lake, Jackson County, 1); 1 The other alleged occurrence in "Chili," based on a specimen without history in the Salvin-Godman Collection (ex J. Gould), is open to doubt. The winter range of the Stilt Sandpiper is still very imperfectly known, there being but a few scattered records from northern Argentina and adjacent countries. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 205 Wisconsin (Jefferson County, 1); Illinois, Cook County (Calumet Lake, 1; Hyde Park [Chicago], 1); New York (Southampton, 2); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 2; Great Island, 1); Connecticut (Grove Beach, New Haven County, 1; New Haven County, 1); Colorado (Laramie County, 1; Windsor, Weld County, 1; Fort Lyon, Bent County, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 5; Padre Island, 1); Florida (Banana River, Brevard County, 1; Indian River, Brevard County, 1; Merritt Island, Brevard County, 1; unspecified, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1; Anegada Island, 2); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 1). Conover Collection. 43: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 3); Manitoba (Churchill, 11); North Dakota (Grafton, Walsh County, 4); South Dakota (Eden, Marshall County, 5; Sanborn County, 7); Wisconsin (Big Muskego Lake, 3); Massachusetts (East Orleans, 3); Nebraska (Brownlee, Cherry County, 1); Colorado (Windsor, Weld County, 1); Texas (Tivoli, Refugio County, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 3); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 1). Genus TRYNGITES Cabanis Tryngites Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, No. 24, "Nov., 1856," p. 418, 1857 type, by orig. desig., Tringa rufescens Vieillot =Triw0a subruficollis Vieillot. Tringites Sclater, Ibis, 4, p. 277, 1862 emendation. Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot). BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER. Tringa subruficollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 34, p. 465, 1819 based on "Chorlito garganta blanca acanelada" Azara, No. 403, Paraguay (Nov.). Tringa rufescens (not of Bechstein, 1809) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 470, 1819 Louisiana (location of type not stated); idem and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 2, p. 105, pi. 238, 1825 Louisiana; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 130, 1841 Montevideo, Uruguay; Le"otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 470, 1866 Trinidad (Aug. to Oct.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 446, 1887 (crit.). Actidurus naevius Heermann, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, p. 178, 1854 near San Antonio, Texas (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 22). Tryngites rufescens Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 418, 1856 Cuba (April); idem, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 355, 1866 Cuba; Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 39 Matamoros, Tamaulipas (Aug., Sept.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199 upper Ucayali, Peru; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 377, 1869 Costa Rica; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 325, 1875 Cardenas, Cuba (early April); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 200 west of Buenos Aires (= Moreno) (Feb. 20); Cabanis, Journ. 206 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Orn., 26, p. 199, 1878 Rio Parana, Argentina; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 Remedies, Antioquia, Colombia; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 587 Ruatan Island, Honduras; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 190, 1889 Argentina. Actitis rufescens Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 79, 1864 Fort Simpson, Canada (crit.). Tringites rufescens Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 754, 979 Xeberos and Pebas, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 309 upper Ucayali, Xeberos, Chamicuros, and Pebas, Peru. Tringoides rufescens Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 310, 1870 Sao Paulo (Lagoa do Portao, Ypanema, Nov.), Matto Grosso (Villa Bella, Oct.); and Amazonas (Borba, Rio Madeira, Apr.; Marabitanas, Rio Negro, Mar.). Tryngites subruficollis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 356, 1885 (no- mencl.); Cory, Auk, 4, p. 319, 1887 Cuba (descr.); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 119, 1887 St. Michaels (migration), Point Barrow (breeding); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 240, 1889 Cuba; Cherrie, Auk, 7, p. 332, 1890 San Jose, Costa Rica (Sept. 25 to Nov. 15); idem, I.e., 9, p. 329, 1892 San Jose; Allen, I.e., 17, p. 364, 1900 Cienaga, Colombia (Sept.); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 125, 1900 Cienaga; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 255, 1905 Barbados (fall transient); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 422, 1910 San Jose, Costa Rica (Sept., Oct.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, IS, p. 219, 1910 Cordoba, Misiones, and Buenos Aires; Bowles, Condor, 19, p. 187, 1917 Westport, Washington; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1918, p. 246 Gatun, Panama (Oct. 18); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 226, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 121, 1920 Cordoba, Buenos Aires (Platanos, Mar. 28; Barracas al Sud, June 14, Dec. 10; Ajo, Mar. 8; Moreno, Feb. 20; Chascomus, Mar. 5), and Misiones; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 25, No. 14, p. 25, 1922 plains of Carapungo, Ecuador (July 10) ; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922 Lagunillas, Merida, Venezuela (May 10); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 183, 1922 Cienaga, Magdalena, Colombia (ex Allen); Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 36, 1926 Point Barrow, Alaska (nesting); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 157, 1926 Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco, Sept. 21) and Buenos Aires (Lavalle, Nov. 13; Guaminf, Mar.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 198, 1926 Ecuador; Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 80, 1927 Rio Lujan, Buenos Aires (Feb.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 69, 1929 (life hist.); Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 313, 1929 near San Juan, Hispaniola (Oct. 1); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 57, 1930 Mision Tacaagle, Formosa (Nov. 14-15); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 80, 1930 Matto Grosso; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 167, 1931 San Juan, Hispaniola (ex Moltoni); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 288, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 308, 1935 Canal Zone, Panama (transient); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 293 Trinidad and Tobago; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 143, 1938 Sao Paulo; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 178, 1938 Lake Olomega, El Salvador (Aug. 19); Brooks, Ibis, 1939, p. 451, pi. 8, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 207 fig. 1 Point Barrow, Alaska (downy young descr.); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 73, 1945 Riberalta and Victoria, El Beni, Bolivia (Sept., Oct.). Tringites subruficollis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 521, 1896 North America, Mexico (Matamoros), Honduras (Ruatan Island), Colombia (Remedios), Peru (Iquitos, Sept. 2, 30; Pebas, Aug. 3; Cosnipata; Xeberos, Oct.; Chamicuros, Sept.), and Buenos Aires (Moreno, Feb. 20); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 503, 1898 Paramba, Ecuador (Apr. 22); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 436, 1899 Sao Paulo; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 384, 1903 North America, Mexico (Matamoros, Guanajuato), Ruatan Island, and Costa Rica (San Jose); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 53, 1907 Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 307, 1909 (no record from French Guiana); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 251, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (June 14); Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 425, 1910 Borba, Rio Madeira; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39, 1914 upper Rio Parana, Paraguay; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 381, 1915 Demarcation Point and Humphrey Point, Alaska. Range. Breeds on the Arctic coast of North America from Point Barrow, Alaska, to Mackenzie; migrates chiefly through the interior of North America, Central America (a few records from Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Panama), and South America (scattered records from Colombia, western Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, and Brazil) to Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina (Cordoba, Formosa, Buenos Aires, and Misiones); in the West Indies only recorded from Cuba (Cardenas), Hispaniola (near San Juan), Barbados, Tobago, and Trinidad; 1 found in summer on the Bering Sea coast of eastern Siberia (Cape Wankarem), occasional to shore of Okhotsk Sea and northern Japan (Owari) ; frequent straggler to the British Isles. Field Museum Collection. 62: Siberia (Cape Surge, 1); Alaska (Point Barrow, 1); British Columbia (Chilliwack, 1); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, 6); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 2; Duxbury, 1; Marshfield, 1); North Dakota (Maza, Towner County, 6; Towner County, 2); Kansas (Salina, 7; Hamilton, 1; Burlington, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 19; Corpus Christi, 9; Galveston, 1); Costa Rica (San Jose", 3). Conover Collection. 31: Alaska (Point Barrow, 8; Chipp River, 1; Alaktak River, 4); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 5); Massa- chusetts (Chatham, 1; North Eastham, 1; East Orleans, 1); New Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); Kansas (Salina, Saline County, 2); Texas (Brownsville, 4; Tivoli, Refugio County, 1); Venezuela (Lagunillas, Zulia, 2). 1 The reported occurrence in the Bermuda Islands is questionable (cf. Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 362, 1931). 208 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Genus PHILOMACHUS Merrem 1 Philomachus Anonymous = Merrem, 2 Allg. Lit. Zeitung, 2, No. 168, col. 542, June 8, 1804 type, by monotypy, Tringa pugnax Linnaeus. Pavoncella Leach, Cat. Mam. Bds. Brit. Mus., p. 29, 1816 type, by mono- typy, Tringa pugnax Linnaeus. Machetes Cuvier, Reg. Anim., 1, p. 490, "1817" (=Dec. 7, 1816) type, by monotypy, Tringa pugnax Linnaeus. Machophilus Thienemann, Rhea, Heft 1, p. 117, 1846 substitute name for Philomachus "G. R. Gray" (= Merrem). Philomachus pugnax (Linnaeus). RUFF. Tringa pugnax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 148, 1758 based chiefly on Faun. Svec., No. 145, Sweden. Machetes pugnax Pelzeln, Ibis, 1875, p. 332 "Spanish Guiana" = Bogota, Colombia (spec, in Vienna Museum); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 161, 1898 Nanortalik, Greenland; Evermann, Auk, 30, p. 18, 1913 St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands (Sept. 7, 1910); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 219, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Totanus pugnax Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 373, 1887 (crit.; range). Pavoncella pugnax Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 500, 764, .1896 (monog.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 254, 1905 Barbados (Graeme Hall Swamp, 1878); Deane, Auk, 22, p. 410, 1905 (complete list of North American records); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 307, 1908 "Surinam." Philomachus pugnax Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 77, 1923 St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 49, 1929 (life hist.); Gould, Auk, 49, p. 468, 1932 (North American records since 1906); Friedmann, Condor, 36, p. 42, 1934 Gambell, St. Lawrence Island (June, 1933); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 288, 1934 (range); Mayaud, Alauda, 6, p. 266, 1934 Sept lies, Saguenay, Quebec (May 27, 1923); Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 93, (6), p. 9, 1935 (three Greenland records listed; Peterkin, Auk, 52, p. 185, 1935 Barbados; Danforth, I.e., 53, p. 80, 1936 Grenada. Range. Breeds in northern Europe and Asia; occasional in Greenland (Nanortalik, Upernivik, etc.), on St. Lawrence Island (June, 1933), the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island, Sept. 7, 1910), and in eastern North America; 3 casual in Barbados, Grenada, and Colombia (native Bogota collections). 4 1 For osteological characters, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1915, pp. 609-616. * Cf. Schnurre, Orn. Monatsb., 39, pp. 65-68, 1931. Cf. Deane, Auk, 22, p. 410, 1905, and Gould, I.e., 49, p. 468, 1932. 4 Schomburgk (Hist. Barbados, p. 681, 1848) received from a Mr. Bishop a Barbados specimen which is now in the British Museum, and Feilden (Ibis, 1889, p. 494) records an adult in full breeding plumage shot in Graeme Hall Swamp in 1878. Lawrence's record from Guadeloupe (ex L'Herminier MS., in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p.. 451, 1879) requires confirmation. The inclusion of Colombia 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 209 Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE. Avocets and Stilts Subfamily RECUR VIROSTRINAE Genus HIMANTOPUS Brisson Himantopus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 46, 5, p. 33, 1760 type, by tautonymy, " Himantopus" =Charadrius himantopus Linnaeus. Macrotarsus Lacepede, Tabl. Meth. Ois., p. 18, 1799 type, by subs, desig. (Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 309, 1896), Charadrius himantopus Linnaeus. Himantellus Rafinesque, Anal. Nat., p. 219, 1815 substitute name for Himantopus "R." (=Brisson). Hypsibates Nitzsch, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss., 16, sec. 1, p. 150, 1827 substitute name for Himantopus Brisson, thought to be preoccupied. *Himantopus himantopus mexicanus (P. L. S. Muller). BLACK- NECKED STILT. Charadrius mexicanus P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 117, 1776 based on "L'Echasse du Mexique" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 36, 1760, Mexico (ex "Comaltecatl" Hernandez). Himantopus nigricollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 10, p. 42, 1817 North America and Cayenne (no type specified); idem and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 2, p. 85, pi. 229, 1825 North America; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 741, 1833 Rio Belmonte, Bahia, Brazil (descr.); Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 386, 1847 Jamaica; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 367, 1856 Brazil (descr.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 206, 1857 Jalapa, Mexico; idem and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 228 La Antigua, Guatemala; Newton, I.e., p. 258 St. Croix; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860 Babahoyo, Ecuador; March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 67 Jamaica (breeding); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 7, Scolopaces, p. 107, 1864 part, spec. nos. 1, 2, Cali- fornia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 567 Rio Ucayali, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1867, p. 591 Mexiana Island, Brazil; Sundevall, Oefvers. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 26, p. 602, 1869 Puerto Rico (winter); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 37 Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Sept. 8; Lagoa de Sumidouro, Aug.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 310, 1870 part, Cajutuba, Para; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 383 Cienaga, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 310 upper Ucayali and Santa Cruz, Peru (breeding); iidem, I.e., p. 453 (char.; range); Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 307, 1874 Mexico (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Rio de Coahuna, Colima); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 46, 1876 San Mateo, Oaxaca; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. rests on the single example sent to Vienna by Miinzberg. The collection reported upon by Pelzeln and rather vaguely attributed to "Spanish Guiana" turned out to consist of native made Bogota skins. Sharpe changed "Spanish" to Dutch Guiana, and after that time the Ruff was admitted to the Surinam fauna without any corroborative evidence. 210 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 748 Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 383, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 Cozumel and Ruatan Islands; Feilden, I.e., p. 492 Barbados; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 181, 1922 Punto Caiman and Gaira, Colombia. Himantopus leucurus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 10, p. 42, 1817 based on "Comaltecatl" Hernandez, Mexico. Hypsibates nigricollis Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 758, 1849 coast region. Macrotarsus nigricollis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 422, 1856 Cuba; Gundlach, I.e., 23, p. 329, 1875 Cuba (breeding); idem, I.e., 26, p. 188, 1878 Puerto Rico (Caborajo, Boqueron, Arecibo River). Himantopus mexicanus Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 232 North America, wintering in northern South America (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 279, 1887 (crit.); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 130, 1887 Las Trojas, Costa Rica; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 163, 1891 Santarem, Brazil; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 92, 155, 1892 Bahama Islands (New Providence, Andros, Mariguana, Great Inagua), Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Tortola, St. Croix, St. Bartholomew, Bar- buda, Antigua, St. Vincent, and Barbados; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 325, 334 Curacao and Bonaire; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 526, 1893 Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Jouy, I.e., p. 791, 1893 Lake Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 320, 751, 1896 (monog.); Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 164 Amapa, Para, Brazil; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900 Vinces and Rio Daule, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 52 Ingapirca, Junin, Peru; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 307, 1902 Curacao and Bonaire; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 301 Green Cay (Andros), Bahama Islands; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 361, 1903 Mexican and Central American localities; Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Nat., 39, p. 195, 1905 Salina at Bibeyhagua, Isle of Pines; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 255, 1905 Barbados and St. Vincent; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 45, 1907 Mexiana, Brazil; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 204, 209, 216, 1909 Curacao, Bonaire, and Los Roques; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 417, 1910 Costa Rica (Las Trojas, Rio Frio); Reiser, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910 (1926) Bahia (Joazeiro; Piripiri; salt-lagoon near Fazenda da Serra, Rio Grande) and Piauhy (Ilha Grande, Lagoa do Parnagua); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 86, 1914 Marajo (Pacoval, Livramento, Magoary, Sao Natal), Mexiana, and Monte Alegro, Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 223, 1917 Cali, Cauca, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 245, 1918 Gatun, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 442, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 41, 1922 Lagunillas, Zulia, Venezuela; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 225, 1923 (1926) Bahia and Piauhy (crit.; meas.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 194, 1926 coast of Manavi, Chone, and Puna Island, Ecuador; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 47, 1927 (life hist.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 12, 1927 Sinaloa (Labrados), 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 211 Nayarit (San Bias), and Tres Marias (Maria Madre); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 375, 1927 Puerto Rico (breed- ing), Vieques, St. Croix, and Tortola; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 89, 1928 Lower California (resident); Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 769 coastal flats and mouth of Berbice River, British Guiana; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 155, 1929 El Real, Panama; Darlington, I.e., 71, p. 374, 1931 Cienaga and Sevillano, Magdalena, Colombia; Wolfe, Condor, 33, p. 51, 1931 Utah (breeding habits); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 316, 1931 Bermuda Islands (spring visitor); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 168, 1931 Hispaniola (breed- ing); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 62, 1931 Galapagos Archipelago (James, Albemarle, Narborough, Indefatigable, Seymour, Chatham, Hood, Charles Islands) (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 131, 1932 Champerico and Ocos, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 322, 1932 Perme, Panama; idem, I.e., 78, p. 308, 1935 Canal Zone, Panama; Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. Louisiana, 28, p. 275, 1938 Louisiana (breeding); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 194, 1939 Independencia, Venezuela. Himantopus melanurus (not of Vieillot) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 750, 1896 part, spec, r-v, Santa Cruz, Peru; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, p. 97, 1912 Cajutuba, Para. Himantopus himantopus mexicanus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 495, 1929 Mangunca Island, Maranhao (crit.); Zimmer, I.e., 17, p. 255, 1930 Puerto Bermudez, Junin, Peru; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 290, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 293 Trinidad (breed.; eggs descr.); Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 349, p. 2, 1937 Caviana Island, Brazil; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 143, 1938 Maranhao (Primeira Cruz), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), and United States (Salton River, California; Enterprise, Florida); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 178, 1938 Lake Olomega, El Salvador. Himantopus himantopus melanurus Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 144, 1938 part, spec, from Cidade da Barra, Bahia, and Pirapora, Minas Geraes. Range. Breeds locally from Oregon, Utah, southern Nebraska, the coast of Louisiana, central Florida, and the Bahama Islands south to Lower California, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and through South America south to northern Peru (Santa Lucia, Tumbez; Santa Cruz, Ucayali River; Ingapirca, Junin), Amazonia, and eastern Brazil, as far south as Minas Geraes (Rio Sao Francisco; Rio das Velhas) and Bahia (Rio Belmonte); also in the Galapagos Archipelago. 1 Probably only a migrant in the southern part of its range. 1 Birds from lower Amazonia (Para) and Maranhao are typical, and certain individuals from Bahia (Rio Sao Francisco) are not distinguishable from Mexi- can specimens. A single male from Piauhy (near Parnagua), one from Pirapora, Minas Geraes (fide O. Pinto, in litt.) and two from Peru (Santa Cruz), by possessing an uncomplete white nuchal band, form the transition to H. h. 212 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. 80: Idaho (Payette, 1); Utah (Brig- ham, 1; Salt Lake City, 1); California (Seaside, Monterey County, 1; Pacific Beach, 1; Caswells, Los Angeles County, 1; Los Banos, Merced County, 14); Texas (Brownsville, 6; Cameron County, 3; Corpus Christi, 4; Tivoli, Refugio County, 1; Padre Island, 1); Florida (Wilson, Brevard County, 1; Marietta Island, Brevard County, 1; Banana Creek, Brevard County, 1; Lake Flirt, Glades County, 1; Cape Sable, 1; Bassenger, Okeechobee County, 3; Puggle Lake, Okeechobee County, 1); Bahama Islands (Acklin Island, 1; Great Inagua Island, 7; Mariguana Island, 1; Long Island, 2); Cuba (San Cristobal, 1); Haiti (Port de Paix, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Antigua, 1; Anguilla, 2); Jamaica (Cayman Brae, 1; Grand Cayman, 1); Mexico (Tampico, 2; Altamira, Tamaulipas, 1); Guatemala (San Jose", 2); Nicaragua (San Emilio, Rivas, 1); Venezuela (Los Roques, Colon, 1; Lake Valencia, Aragua, 7) ; British Guiana (Buxton, 1) ; Brazil (Mangunga Island, Maranhao, 1; Cidade do Barra, Bahia, 1). Conover Collection. 39: Utah (Brigham, 12); California (Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, 6); Texas (Cameron County, 3); Florida (Banana Creek, Brevard County, 1; Wilson, Brevard County, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 4) ; Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 2); Venezuela (Lagunillas, Zulia, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, Demerara, 1); Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 5); Peru (Puerto Bermudez, Junin, I); 1 Brazil (Obidos, Para, 2). *Himantopus himantopus melanurus Vieillot. 2 SOUTH AMERI- CAN STILT. Himantopus melanurus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 10, p. 42, 1817 based on "Zancudo" Azara, No. 393, Paraguay; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 316, 750, 1896 part, spec, a-m, n, q, Chile (Santiago, Valparaiso), Uruguay, Buenos Aires, and Matto Grosso melanurus. Galdpagos birds generally have shorter tarsi, and may prove to be separable. 1 This specimen is typical of the North American race, mexicanus, as it has a black crown and no white collar. 2 Himantopus himantopus melanurus Vieillot is chiefly distinguished from its northern representative by having a conspicuous white collar across the upper mantle. The other characters, viz. larger size and the greater extent of white on the pileum, are somewhat variable, and cannot always be relied upon. Even in young birds, the white dorsal band is more or less suggested. Specimens from southern Brazil (Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso), Argentina, and Chile do not show any tangible differences, as far as we can see. We have not seen any material from Lake Titicaca. Birds from northeastern Peru (Santa Cruz), though inter- mediate, we are inclined to refer to H. h. mexicanus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 213 (Caicara); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 431, 1899 Iguape', Sao Paulo; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 212, 1902 Rio Sail, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, pp. 444, 460 Quinta, Jujuy, and Carapari (Tarija), Bolivia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 49, 1907 Sao Paulo (IguapS), Matto Grosso (Fazenda da Faya), and Argentina (C6rdoba; Buenos Aires); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 252, 1909 Buenos Aires (Est. San Martlno Monte, Barracas al Sud) and Tucuman (Rio Sail); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 218, 1910 (range in Argentina); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 Uruguay (Monte- video, Canelones, Maldonado, Cerro Largo) ; Daguerre, I.e., p. 262, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 143, 1926 Paraguay, Santa Fe, and Buenos Aires (crit.); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 426, 1927 Valcheta, Rio Negro; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 167, 1927 Santa Fe (Saladero M. Cabal; San Joaquin, La Noria; Bovril Islands). Himantopus brasiliensis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Deuts., p. 684, 1831 no type or locality stated; 1 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 454 southern Brazil (Caigara), Buenos Aires, and Chile (crit.); (?)Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 357, 1876 Juli, Lake Titicaca, Puno, Peru; Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 164 Belgrano and Punta Lara, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 198 Baradero, Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e., 1880, p. 162 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Seebohm, I.e., 1886, p. 225 Chile and Brazil (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 281, 1887 Chile and Argentina (crit.); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 179, 1889 Argentina (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 150 Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 211 Est. Espartillar; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895 Paraguari, Paraguay; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 central provinces of Chile; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 235 Paraguayan Chaco; Grant, I.e., 1911, p. 467 Buenos Aires (Los Yngleses, Ajo) and Chaco (Riacho Ancho); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 62 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding); Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 113, 1927 Marga-Marga, Val- paraiso, Chile; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 202, 1929 Angol, Malleco, Chile. Himantopus nigricollis (not of Vieillot) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 130, 1841 between Buenos Aires and Bahia Blanca; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 117, 1843 Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs.-Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 424, 1847 Chile; Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 131, 1853 near Santiago, Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 196, 1855 Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 313, 1860 Santiago, Chile (breeding habits); Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860 pampa of Argentina; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 7, Scolopaces, p. 107, 1864 part, spec. nos. 3-7, Brazil and Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 131, 1865 Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 339 Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 276, 1868 Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 144 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 310, 1870 part, Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Irisanga), and 1 The type is not listed by Hartert (Nov. Zool., 25, p. 55, 1918) among the types in the Brehm Collection. 214 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Matto Grosso (Caicara, Pansecco); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 567, 1877 Hacienda de Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 56, 1881 lagoons of the pampa and of the Rio Colorado; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 87, 1884 province of Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 314, 1884 Entre RIos (Concepcion del Uruguay) and Buenos Aires (Azul, Puan); Lataste, Extr. Proc.-Verb. Seanc. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 1923, p. 171 Lake Aculeo, Santiago, Chile. Himantopus mexicanus (not Charadrius mexicamis Muller) Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918 Tunuyan, Mendoza. Himantopus melanurus melanurus Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 402, 1930 Matto Grosso. Himantopus himantopus melanurus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 383, 1932 central provinces of Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 290, 1934 (range); Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 264, 1934 Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe (crit.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 144, 1938 part, spec, from Sao Paulo (Porto Faia, Iguap6) and Argentina (Buenos Aires, Cordoba). Range. Breeds locally from southern Brazil (coast of Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and Matto Grosso), Bolivia, and (?)central Peru south to Chile (most southerly record from Angol, Malleco) and Argentina (as far south as the Rio Negro). Field Museum Collection. 5: Brazil (Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1); Uruguay (Quebrada de los Cuervos, Triente y Tres, 2); Argentina (Conchitas, Buenos Aires, 1; Papin, near Bonifacio, Buenos Aires, 1). Conover Collection. 15: Brazil (Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 2); Peru (Yarinacocha, Rio Ucayali, I); 1 Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 2); Paraguay (60 km. east of Orloff, Chaco, 2; Molinasque, 1); Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 2; Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 5). Genus RECUR VIROSTRA Linnaeus Recurvirostra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 151, 1758 type, by mono- typy, Recurvirostra avosetta Linnaeus. Avosetta Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 537, 1760 type, by tautonymy, Recurvirostra avocetta Linnaeus. *Recurvirostra americana Gmelin. AMERICAN AVOCET. Recurvirostra americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 693, 1789 based principally on "American Avoset" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 502, pi. 21, North America; Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 357, 1866 Cuba; Harting, Ibis, 1874, p. 253 (monog.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 330, 752, 1896 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. 1 In this specimen the top of the head is white but the white collar is mixed with black, although clearly defined. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 215 Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 363, 1903 North America, Mexico (Mata- moros, Tamaulipas; Oputo, Sonora; Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Rio de Coahuyana, Colima; Zacatecas; Guanajuato; Guadalajara, Jalisco; Valley of Mexico; Alvarado and Cordoba, Vera Cruz), and Guatemala (Chiapam); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 437, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 37, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 89, 1929 Lower California; Wolfe, Condor, 33, p. 50, 1931 Utah (breeding habits); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 132, 1932 Champerico and Ocos, Guatemala (winter); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 291, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 293 Tobago (ex Kirk). Recurvirostra occidentalis Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 15, p. 356, 1829 San Francisco, California (type lost; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 272, 1932); idem, Zool. Voy. Blossom, Birds, p. 28, pi. 12, 1839 San Francisco. Himantopus americanus Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 230 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charadr., pp. xxi, 291, 1887 (crit.). Recurvirostra avosetta americana H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, No. 5, p. 35, pi., 1941 Kin-of-Sal, Sukkertoppen, Greenland (first occ.). Range. Breeds in western North America from eastern Wash- ington, central Alberta, and southern Manitoba south to southern California, southern New Mexico, southern Texas and northern Iowa; winters from central California and southern Texas to Guate- mala, also in Cuba, Jamaica, Barbados, and Tobago. One occurrence in Greenland (Sukkertoppen, Nov., 1937). Field Museum Collection. 62: Alberta (Walsh, 2; Many Island Lake, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 6; Crane Lake, 3; Big Stick Lake, 7; Hay Lake, 2); North Dakota (Benson County, 1; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 1; Towner County, 2; Rocklake, Towner County, 1); Wyoming (Laramie, 1); Utah (Salt Lake City, 2); Oregon, Lake County (Dodson Lake, 1; Pelican Lake, 1); California (Los Banos, Merced County, 2; Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 4; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 9; Trinidad, Humboldt County, 1; Witch Creek, San Diego County, 5); Montana (Fort Ellis, Gallatin County, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 6); Florida (Tampa, 2); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1). Conover Collection. 26: Alberta (Tofield, 1; Camrose, 1); Nebraska (thirty miles south of Wood Lake, Cherry County, 1); Utah (Brigham, 13); California (Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, 5; Los Banos, Merced County, 1; Point Magie, Ventura County, 2); Mexico (Matamoros, Tamaulipas, 2). *Recurvirostra andina Philippi and Landbeck. ANDEAN AVOCET. Recurvirostra andina Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, p. 618, 1861 Laguna "Parunicota" (=Parinacota), Tacna, Peru (type in National 216 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Museum, Santiago; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 25, 1930); iidem, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 131, 1863 "Parunicota" (German translation of orig. descr.); Harting, Ibis, 1874, pp. 241, 257, pi. 9 Parinacota (crit.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 384, 1886 Parinacota; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 404 Huasco, Tara- paca, Chile; Rahmer, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 161, 1887 Cordilleras of Tara- paca and Atacama (Maricunga, east of Copiap6), Chile; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 northern Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137 Sacaya and Lake Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 334, 752, 1896 Lake Huasco, Sacaya, and Cueva Negra, Tarapaca; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 Tarapaca; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 308 Lake Huasco and Sacaya, Tarapac (habits); Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 15, p. 64, pi. 32, 1902 Parinacota (Tacna), Inacaliri and Incahuasi (Antofagasta), Chile; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 52 Ingapirca, Junfn, Peru; iidem, Ornis, 13, p. 132, 1906 Laguna de Pahara, Puno, Peru; Neveu-Lemaire, Les Lacs des Hauts Plateaux Ame'r. Sud., p. Ill, 1906 Lake Titicaca; Fontana, Enum. Aves Region Andina, p. 14, 1908 Cata- marca; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 259, 1913 Catamarca; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 384, 1932 twenty miles east of San Pedro, Antofagasta (range in Chile) ; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 291, 1934 Laguna Blanca, Catamarca (range); Anonymous, El Hornero, 6, p. 358, 1936 (range); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 53, 1938 Laguna de Parinacota, Tacna, Chile. Himantopus andinus Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 232 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., pp. xxi, 286, 1887 Chile (crit.). Range. Saline lagoons of the puna zone in southern Peru (from Junin to Puno and Tacna), western Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, Oruro), northern Chile (south to Maricunga, Atacama), and north- western Argentina (Laguna Blanca, Catamarca; Salta; Jujuy). 1 ' Field Museum Collection. 4: Peru (Salinas, Arequipa, 1); Bolivia (Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 2); Chile (San Pedro, Anto- fagasta, 1). Conover Collection. 9: Peru, Arequipa (Cailloma, 1; Salinas, 1); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 2; Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 3); Chile (San Pedro, Antofagasta, 2). Family PHALAROPODIDAE. Phalaropes Genus PHALAROPUS Brisson 2 1 Additional material examined. Bolivia, Oruro: Esperanza, 12; Sajama, 6. Chile, Tarapaca: Huasco, 2; Sacaya, 1; Cueva Negra, 2. 2 It is wholly a matter of personal opinion whether the phalaropes should be considered as congeneric or referred to three monotypic genera. The senior author would rather follow the former course. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 217 Phalaropus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 50, 6, p. 12, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "Phalaropus" Brisson Tringa fulicaria Linnaeus. Crymophilus Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 62, 1816 type, by orig. desig., "Phalarope a festons denteles" Buffon=TVw0a fulicaria Linnaeus. Crymophila Voigt, Thierreich, 1, p. 876 (footnote), 1831 (emendation). *Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus). RED PHALAROPE. Tringa fulicaria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 148, 1758 based on "The Red Coot-footed Tringa" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 142, pi. 142, Hudson's Bay. Phalaropus rufus Bechstein, Gemein. Naturg. Deutschl., 2nd ed., 4, p. 381, 1809 substitute name for Tringa fulicaria Linnaeus. Phalaropus platyrhynchos Temminck, Man. d'Orn., p. 459, 1815 new name tor Tringa fulicaria "Brunnich" (= Linnaeus); Holboll, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 411, 1843 Greenland (habits). Phalaropus platyrhynchus Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl. 1, p. 107, 1834 Coquimbo, Chile. Phalaropus rufescens "Brisson" Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Eur., 1, p. Ixxiii, 1840 based on "Le Phalarope roussStre" Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 20 (ex Tringa fulicaria Linnaeus). Phalaropus platyrostris "Temminck" Nordmann, in Demidoff, Voy. Russia Merid., 3, p. 250, "1840" l (doubtless lapsus for P. platyrhynchos Tem- minck). Lobipes hyperboreus (not Tringa hyperborea Linnaeus) Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 11, 2nd sem., No. 8, col. 183, July 28, 1844 Chile (transitional plumage). Phalaropus fulicarius Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 430, 1847 Chile (ex Meyen); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 58, 1864 (crit.); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 278, 1868 (ex Meyen); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 429 Coquimbo Bay, Chile (Nov.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 338, 1887 (crit.); Sclater, Ibis, 1893, p. 569 Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 Chile; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 174, 1898 Greenland; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 50 Valparaiso Bay, Chile (Feb. 18); Manniche, Medd. Gr0nl., 45, No. 1, p. 152, 1910 Stormkap, Greenland (breeding habits); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 418, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 124, 1920 Chile (Coquimbo) and province of Buenos Aires (Aug. 12, 1879); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 233, 1925 Wainwright and Wales, Alaska (breeding); Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1925, p. 326, pi. 8 (map) (breeding and winter range; migration routes); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 304, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting habits); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 1, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 88, 1928 Lower California (spring and fall transient); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 315, 1931 Bermuda Islands (Fort Catherina, March 12; Castle Harbor, Feb. 6); Hellmayr, Field Mus. 1 The volume must have been published much later (cf. the note on p. 733) or else was issued in parts. 218 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 385, 1932 Chile (winter visitor); Soper, Canad. Field Nat., 48, p. 66, 1934 Baffin Island (nesting); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 292, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 996, 1936 (winter range); Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 394, p. 3, 1938 Paraguay (March); Griscom, Auk, 56, p. 185, 1939 (migration off Massachusetts coast); Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 149 Greenland (breeding); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 526, 1943 Southampton Island (breeding); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 231, 1946 Baffin Island (breeding). Crymophilus fulicarius Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 693, 1896 (monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 662, 1898 Chile. Phalaropus fulicarius jourdaini Iredale, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 42, p. 8, 1921 Liefde Bay, Spitzbergen (type in British Museum); L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 65, 1932 northeastern Greenland (crit.); Peters, Con- dor, 36, p. 85, 1934 (crit.); Jourdain, I.e., p. 220, 1934 (crit.); Peters, I.e., p. 220, 1934 (crit.); Pedersen, Medd. Gr0nl., 100, No. 11, p. 21, 1934 Hochstatters Vorland, Greenland; Brooks, Ibis, 1935, p. 887 (crit.); Jourdain, I.e., 1936, p. 202 (crit.). 1 Range. Breeds locally on the Arctic coasts and islands of the Holarctic region; in North America, from northern Alaska to Melville Island, northern Ellesmere Island, Baffin Island, and Greenland, south to Hooper Bay, Alaska, and Southampton Island; also in Ice- land, Spitzbergen, Novaya Zemlya, along the Siberian coast from the mouth of the Yenessei to the Chukchi Peninsula, and on the New Siberian Islands; winters chiefly at sea off the coast of Africa, 2 Arabia, and Chile; casual in the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai), Bermuda Islands, province of Buenos Aires (one record) and Paraguay. Occasionally on migration in the interior of North America. Field Museum Collection. 112: Alaska (Barrow, 8; Little Diomede Island, 1; Bering Sea, 6); Labrador (Hopedale, 1; un- specified, 1); Maine (Lincoln, 1); Massachusetts (Brant Rock, Plymouth County, 3; Chatham, 3); Connecticut (West Haven, 1; New Haven County, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 1); North Carolina (Bodie Island, Dare County, 12); California (Carmel, Monterey County, 13; off Cypress Point, Monterey County, 2; Seaside, Monterey County, 6; Monterey, 38; mouth of Carmel River, Monterey County, 3; La Patera Point, Santa Barbara County, 4; Pacific Grove, Monterey County, 7). 1 According to the researches of Peters and Brooks, it seems hardly worth- while to maintain this race, although Salomonsen (in Jensen, Zool. Faroes, Aves, p. 81, 1935) is still inclined to favor its recognition. L0ppenthin (Medd. Gronl., 91, No. 6, p. 65, 1932) refers birds from the east coast of Greenland to P. f. jourdaini, those from the west coast to the typical race. 2 Cf. Taning, Ibis, 1933, p. 132, and Holmes, Ibis, 1939, p. 331. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 219 Conover Collection. 19: Alaska (Point Barrow, 1; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 10); Massachusetts (Chatham, 1; Brant Rock, Plymouth County, 1); Nebraska (Dad's Lake, Cherry County, 1); Oregon, Tillamook County (Netarts, 1; Tillamook, 1); California (Moss Landing, Monterey County, 2; Playa del Rey, Los Angeles County, 1). Genus LOBIPES Cuvier Lobipes Cuvier, Reg. Anim., 1, p. 495, "1817" (=Dec. 7, 1817) type, by orig. desig., Tringa hyperborea Linnaeus =Tringa lobata Linnaeus. *Lobipes lobatus (Linnaeus). NORTHERN PHALAROPE. Tringa lobata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 148, 1758 based on "The Cock Coot-footed Tringa" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 143, pi. 143 (=nuptial plumage), Hudson's Bay (and "The Coot-footed Tringa" Ed- wards, I.e., 1, p. 46, pi. 46 [=winter plumage]; off the coast of Maryland). Tringa hyperborea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 249, 1766 based chiefly on Tringa lobata Linnaeus, Faun. Svec. (ed. altera, 1761), No. 179, descr. posterior (= nuptial plumage), Lappland and Hudson Bay (ex Edwards, pi. 143). Tringa fusca Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 675, 1789 based on "Le Phalarope brun" Brisson (Orn., 6, p. 18, 1760), which, in its turn, rests on Tringa lobata Linnaeus. Phalaropus vulgaris Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb., 2, p. 317, 1803 new name for Tringa hyperborea Linnaeus. Phalaropus cinereus Meyer, in Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb. Deuts. Vogelk., 2, p. 417, 1810 new name for Tringa lobata Linnaeus and Tringa hyper- borea Linnaeus. Phalaropus ruficollis Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 203, 1811 substitute name for Tringa hyperborea Linnaeus. Phalaropus cinerascens Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 204, 1811 substitute name for Tringa fusca Gmelin. Phalaropus angustirostris Naumann, Naturg. Vog. Deuts., 8, p. 240, pi. 205, 1836 new name for Tringa hyperborea Linnaeus. Phalaropus hyperboreus Holboll, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 410, 1843 Green- land (habits); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 277 Lake Duenas, Guate- mala (August); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 58, 1864 (crit.); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 330 Tumbez, Peru (Jan. 20); idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 381, 1886 Tumbez; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 340, 1887 (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 698, 1896 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 171, 1898 Greenland; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 394, 1903 Mexico (Bahia de la Ventosa, Oaxaca), Guatemala (Lake Duenas), and Costa Rica (Rio Desamparados). Lobipes antarcticus Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 11, 2nd sem., No. 8, col. 183 (in text), July 28, 1844 Chile (type in Abeille Collection, Bordeaux); 220 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII idem, Compl. Oeuvr. Buffon, ed. Levgque, 20, (Descr. Mamm. Ois.), p. 238, 1847 Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 332 Chile (ex Lesson). Phalaropus antarcticus Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 431, 1847 Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 277, 1868 Valdivia, Chile; idem, Verh. Deuts. Wiss. Ver. Santiago, 2, p. 267, pi. 4, 1893 Santiago (April), Valdivia (November), and Chiloe (Feb.), Chile j (crit.); idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 66, pi. 27, fig. 2, 1902 Chile (Spanish version of preceding). Lobipes hyperboreus Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 46, 1876 Ventosa Bay, Oaxaca, Mexico (October). Phalaropus lobatus Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 257, 1904 off the southeast point of Narborough Island, Galapagos (March 29); Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1925, p. 334, pi. 9 (map) (breeding and winter range); Bird and Bird, I.e., 1941, p. 149 Greenland (breeding). Lobipes lobatus Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 423, 1910 Rio Desam- parados, Costa Rica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 424, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 125, 1920 Chaco (March) and Patagonia, Argentina; Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 234, 1925 Wainwright, Alaska (nesting); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 200, 1926 coast of southern Ecuador (Dec. 6); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 304, 1926 Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting; dist. char, pullus); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 15, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 89, 1928 Lower California (spring and fall transient); Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 315, 1931 Bermuda Islands (near St. David's, April); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 136, 1932 Lake Duenas, Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 293, 1934 (range); Pedersen, Medd. Gr0nl., 100, No. 11, p. 21, 1934 Hudson Land, northeastern Greenland; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 997, 1936 (winter range). Range. Breeds in the Holarctic region, in North America from northern Alaska, Melville Island, and Greenland south to the Aleutian Islands, upper Yukon Valley, northern Manitoba, southern James Bay, and Labrador; also in Iceland, Spitzbergen, Faroes, Hebrides, Scandinavia, northern Russia, and across northern Asia to the shores of the Okhotsk Sea, Commander Islands, and Sakhalin; winters at sea in the northwestern Indian Ocean, off the coasts of Ecuador, Peru, 1 and West Africa, as well as in the Papuan and in the Banda Sea; accidental in Argentina (Chaco and Patagonia). In migration found throughout the interior of North America. Field Museum Collection. 144: Alaska (Barrow, 2; Nome, 2; St. Michael's, 7; Bethel, 1; Iditarod, 1; Hot Springs, 1; St. George Island, 1); Yukon Territory (Yukon River, 1; Lake Labarge, 1); 1 Taczanowski lists a single male from Tumbez (Jan. 20). Berlepsch and Stolzmann's record of P. lobatus from "Chorillos" (cf. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 400) probably refers to the same specimen. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 221 Labrador (Indian Harbor, 2); British Columbia (Okanagan, 3); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, 3; Walsh, 3); Saskatchewan (Osier, 3; Maple Creek, 20); North Dakota (Rocklake, Towner County, 7; Towner County, 3; Stump Lake, 1); Minnesota (Pelican Rapids, Otter Tail County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 3); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 3; Chatham, 2); Rhode Island (Sakonnet, New- port County, 1); Connecticut (East Haven, 2; Quinnipiac Marsh, New Haven County, 2; Fairfield Beach, Fairfield County, 1); Kansas (Blue Rapids, Marshall County, 1); Colorado (New Castle, Garfield County, 1); California (Eureka, 2; Santa Cruz, 1; Carmel, Monterey County, 16; Pacific Grove, Monterey County, 3; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 6; Monterey, 6; Seaside, Monterey County, 9; Trinidad, Humboldt County, 7; Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, 9; Westport, Mendocino County, 2; Hayward, Alameda County, 2; Samoa, Humboldt County, 2). Conover Collection. 26: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 8; Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 4); Oregon (Netarts, Tillamook County, 1); North Dakota (Devil's Lake, Ramsey County, 2); Massachusetts (Pigeon Cove, Essex County, 6) ; California (Wilming- ton, Los Angeles County, 5). Genus STEGANOPUS Vieillot Steganopus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 24, p. 124, 1818 (diag- nosis); idem, I.e., 32, p. 136, 1819 type, by monotypy, Steganopus tri- color Vieillot. Holopodius Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, No. 2, p. 342, Feb. 5, 1828 type, by orig. desig., Phalaropus wilsonii Ssibine= Steganopus tri- color Vieillot. *Steganopus tricolor Vieillot. 1 WILSON'S PHALAROPE. Steganopus tricolor Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., $2, p. 136, 1819 based on "Chorlito tarso comprimido" Azara, No. 407, Paraguay (December); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 332 Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 705, 1896 (monog.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, I.e., 1902, (2), p. 53 Ingapirca, Junin, Peru (young male, May); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 395, 1903 Mexico (Tres Marias Islands; Valley of Mexico; Xochimilco, Ixtapalapa, Tlalpam, and Laguna de Chapulco, Puebla; Jerez, Zacatecas) and Guatemala (Lake 1 Tringa glacialis Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 675, 1789 based on "Plain Phalarope" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 495; "in mari glaciali"), while possibly referable to Wilson's Phalarope (cf. Coues, Bds. Northwest, p. 467 [footnote], 1874), is not identifiable with certainty. It is the genotype of Amblyrhynchus (not of Leach, 1816) Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 247, 1834. 222 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Duenas); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 251, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (Sept. 13; Oct. 7); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 222, 1910 Chubut, Tucuman (Cumbre de Calchaquies), Mendoza, Misiones, and Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 345, 1912 Chubut Valley (descr.); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 57, 1913 Albemarle Island, Galapagos (Nov. 3); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39, 1914 Paraguay; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 431, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 123, 1920 Argentina (Cumbre de Calchaquies, Tucuman, Oct.; Mendoza; Buenos Aires, Feb.; Barracas al Sud, Sept. 13, Oct. 7; Chubut; Misiones, Nov.), Falkland Islands, Bolivia (Alto Paraguay, Oct. 15), and Paraguay; Wace, I.e., p. 199, 1921 Falkland Islands; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 201, 1926 Esmeraldas and Guayaquil (Aug. 21), Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 145, 1926 Rio Ajo, below Lavalle (Nov. 15) and Carhue (Dec. 15-18), Buenos Aires; idem, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 8, 1927 Rio Ajo (Nov.), Carhue (Dec.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 28, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 89, 1928 Lower California (spring and fall transient); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 201, 1928 Zelaya (Oct. 12) and Rosas (Oct. 23), Buenos Aires; Dabbene, I.e., p. 312, 1929 Rosas (Oct.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 82, 1930 Matto Grosso; Wolfe, Condor, 33, p. 49, 1931 Utah (breeding habits); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 386, 1932 Chile (winter visitor); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 292, 1934 (range); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 9, p. 118, 1937 San Mateo, Esmeraldas, Ecuador (Sept. 9); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 144, 1938 Brazil (Matto Grosso); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 57, 1938 Vegas de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (Sept.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 179, 1938 Lake Olomega, El Salvador (Sept.); Holmes, Ibis, 1939, p. 335 Lake Langui (13,000 ft.; Aug. 25), Lake Titicaca (Puno Bay, Aug. 30; Guaquf, Sept. 28), lakes Lagunilla and Saracocha (13,000 ft.; early Sept.), Peru; Morrison, I.e., 1939, p. 465 Santa Inez (14,300 ft.), Huancavelica, Peru (Nov. 11). Phalaropus Wilsoni(ii) Sabine, in Franklin's Narr. Journ. Polar Sea, 1, App., p. 691, 1823 Cumberland / House, Saskatchewan (type probably in British Museum) ; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843 Lake Quintero, Valparaiso, Chile; Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 101 Lake Duenas, Guatemala; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 179 Valley of Mexico; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas., livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 60, 1864 Canada, Wisconsin (Koskonong), Mexico (Vera Cruz), and Chile; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 198 Guatemala; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 339 Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 313, 1870 Caicara, Matto Grosso, Brazil (Sept.); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, pp. 42, 198 Chubut River, Patagonia, and west of Buenos Aires (Feb.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 342, 1887 (crit.); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 181, 1889 Argentina; Philippi, Verh. Deuts. Wiss. Ver. Santiago, 2, p. 270, pi. 5, 1893 Iquique, Tarapaca (Sept.), and Rancagua, O'Higgins (Sept.), Chile; Sclater, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 4, p. vi, 1894 Falkland Islands; idem, Ibis, 1895, p. 145 Falkland Islands; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 Chile; 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 223 Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 68, pi. 31, 1902 Iquique and Rancagua, Chile. Phalaropus fimbriatus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 62, pi. 370, Sept. 24, 1825 "Senegal" * and Mexico (cotypes in coll. of Count Riocour [Nancy] and coll. of Baron M. Laugier, their present location unknown). Phalaropus frenatus Vieillot (and Oudart), Gal. Ois., 2, p. 178, pi. 271, circa 1826 New York (type in coll. of Count Riocour, actual location un- known; 2 Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 132, 1865 Chile (spec, examined). Lobipes incanus Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., Part 1, pi. 16, Feb., 1827 Mexico (type in coll. of W. Jardine, now in British Museum). Phalaropus stenodactylus Wagler, Isis, 1831, col. 523 Mexico (type in Munich Museum ;= winter plumage). Phalaropus lobatus (not Tringa lobata Linnaeus) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 432, 1847 coast of Valparaiso, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 277, 1868 Chile and "Peru" (=Tacna). Phalaropus tricolor Stejneger, Auk, 2, p. 183, 1885 (crit.); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 178, 1886 Laguna de Chapulco, Puebla (Sept., Oct.); Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1925, p. 342 (migration; winter range); Bennett, I.e., 1926, p. 324 Falkland Islands. Steganopus wilsoni Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 467 Alto Paraguay, Bolivia (Oct. 15). Micropalama himantopus (errore) Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 24, 1927 Zelaya (Oct. 12) and Rosas (Oct. 23), Buenos Aires. Range. Breeds from southern British Columbia, central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba to central Cali- fornia, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, central Iowa (formerly to southern Kansas and Missouri), and northwestern Indiana; winters in the highlands of Peru 3 and Bolivia as well as in Chile and Argentina south to Chubut; accidental in the Falkland Islands (one record). Field Museum Collection. 124: Alberta (Walsh, 2) ; Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 2; Big Stick Lake, 7; Hay Creek, 3; Lake Johnson, 2; Quill Lake, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 26; Rocklake, Towner County, 8; Pensimer, Towner County, 1; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 19; Cando, Towner County, 2); South Dakota (Harrison, Douglas County, 5); Minnesota (Jackson County, 1); Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 4; Cochetopa, Saguache County, 3); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 10; Lake Koshkonong, 1); Illinois, 1 The locality is clearly erroneous. In fact, we are told by Vieillot, who doubtless described the very same specimen, that the bird in the Riocour Collec- tion came from New York. 2 The type is probably in the mounted series at Tring, where the bulk of the Riocour Collection is preserved. 3 Cf. Holmes and Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 335, 465. 224 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Cook County (Wolf Lake, 1; Hyde Lake, 1; South Chicago, 2; Chicago, 1); Oklahoma (Ponca Agency, Kay County, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 6); Oregon (Harney County, 1); California (Seaside, Monterey County, 2; Palo Alto Sports Club, Santa Clara County, 1; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 4); Brazil (Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1); Peru, Arequipa (Cailloma, 3; Salinas, 2); Bolivia (Guaqui, La Paz, 1). Conover Collection. 26: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 2); Utah (Brigham, Box Elder County, 11); California (Yermo, San Bernardino County, 4; Wilmington, Los Angeles County, 2); Ecuador (Laguna Yaguarcocha, Imbabura, 1); Peru (Puno, Puno, 1; Salinas, Arequipa, 1; Cailloma, Arequipa, 1); Bolivia (Guaqui, La Paz, 1; Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 1; Aiquile, Cochabamba, 1). Superfamily BURHINOIDEA Family BURHINIDAE. 1 Thick-Knees Genus BURHINUS Illiger Burhinus Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 250, 1811 type, by monotypy, Charadrius magnirostris Latham. Oedicnemus Temminck, Man. d'Orn., p. 321, 1815 type, by tautonymy, Charadrius oedicnemus Linnaeus. Fedoa Leach, Cat. Mamm. Bds. Brit. Mus., p. 28, 1816 type, by monotypy, "Fedoa Oedicnemus" '= Charadrius Oedicnemus Linnaeus. *Burhinus bistriatus bistriatus (Wagler). MEXICAN THICK- KNEE. Charadrius bistriatus Wagler, Isis, 22, col. 648, 1829 Mexico (type, from San Mateo, in Berlin Museum; cf. van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 388, 1934). Oedicnemus bistriatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 397 Vera Cruz, Mexico; idem and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 60, 1867 part, Mexico; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 45, 1876 Tapana (Tehuantepec), Oaxaca; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 85, 1887 part, Mexico; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 12, 721, 1896 part, spec, a, b, o, Misantla, Vera Cruz, and "Torula" (= Tonala), Chiapas, Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 339, 1903 part, Mexico (Misantla, Vera Cruz; Tapana, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas). Oedicnemus bistriatus bistriatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 20, 1919- part, southern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz (Misantla, Tlalcotalpam, Pasa Nueva), Oaxaca (Tapana, Huilotepec, Ishuatan), and Chiapas (Tonala). 1 For family characters, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1931, pp. 504-507. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 225 Burhinus bistriatus bistriatus Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 387, 1928 Chivela, Oaxaca; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 296, 1934 part, Mexico. Range. Southern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, and Chiapas. 1 Field Museum Collection. 1: Mexico (Reforma, Oaxaca, 1). *Burhinus bistriatus vigilans van Rossem. 2 INTERMEDIATE THICK-KNEE. Burhinus bistriatus vigilans van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 388, Dec., 1934 Hacienda El Pelon, Guanacaste, Costa Rica (type in Dickey Collection at the University of California at Los Angeles) ; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 179, 1938 Lake Olomega, El Carmen, Pasaquina, and Colima, El Salvador (habits). Oedicnemus ? Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 314 La Brea, Nacaome, and plain of Comayagua, Honduras (soft parts). Oedicnemus bistriatus (not Charadrius bistriatus Wagler) Owen, Ibis, 1861, p. 68 San Geronimo, Guatemala (eggs descr.); Salvin, I.e., 1861, p. 356 Salama, Vera Paz, Guatemala; idem, I.e., 1865, p. 198 Huamuchal, Guatemala; Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 60, 1867 part, Guatemala and Honduras; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 378, 1869 San Juan del Norte and "San Jose," Costa Rica; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 85, 1887 part, Guatemala and Honduras; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 129, 1888 Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 339, 1903 part, Guatemala (Huamuchal, San Gero- nimo), Honduras, Nicaragua (Sucuya, San Juan del Norte), and Costa Rica ("San Jose"); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 424, 1910 "San Jose," Costa Rica (ex Frantzius). Oedicnemis bistriatus Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 389, 1884 Sucuya, Nicaragua. Oedicnemus bistriatus bistriatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 20, 1919 part, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua (Sucuya, San Juan del Norte), and Costa Rica; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 137, 1932 Ocos, Guatemala. Burhinus bistriatus bistriatus Griscom, Auk, 50, p. 299, 1933 Filadelphia, Guanacaste, Costa Rica; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 296, 1934 part, Central America to western Costa Rica. Range. Central America from Guatemala to northwestern Costa Rica. 3 1 Six specimens, including one from Tonala, Chiapas, examined. 2 Burhinus bistriatus vigilans van Rossem: Very similar to B. b. bistriatus, but tarsus and toes on average slightly longer; upper parts and chest darker, more avellaneous, with the mesial streaking above broader and darker. Differs from B, b. vocifer by larger size, longer tarsus, stouter bill, and less brownish chest. Wing, 260-275; tail, 130-140; tarsus, 120-130; bill, 48-54. 3 The occurrence of any form of Thick-Knee in Panama is open to doubt. The captive bird bought at Panama City by Festa (cf. Oedicnemus bistriatus 226 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. 6: El Salvador (Cuscatlan, Colima, 2); Costa Rica, Guanacaste (Filadelphia, 3; Hacienda El Pelon, 1). Conover Collection. 5: Costa Rica (Filadelphia, Guanacaste, 5). *Burhinus bistriatus vocifer (L'Herminier). 1 GUIANAN THICK- KNEE. Aedicnemus vocifer L'Herminier, Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, pi. 84, 1837 "llanos de Maturin, petite ville situee sur les bords du Guarapiche et dependante de la province de Cumana" = Maturin, State of Monagas, northeastern Venezuela (cotype in Paris Museum). Oedicnemus americanus Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 349, Dec. 31, 1837 interior of [British] Guiana. 2 Oedicnemus bistriatus (not Charadrius bistriatus Wagler) Cabanis, in Schom- burgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 749, 1849 savanna of British Guiana; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 7, Cursores, p. 19, 1865 "Guade- loupe" (= Maturin) and Forte do Rio Branco, Brazil (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 60, 1867 (range in part); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 296, 1870 Forte do [Sao Joaquim], Rio Branco, Brazil; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 440 Angostura, Orinoco, Venezuela; Salvin, I.e., 1886, p. 177 British Guiana (ex Schomburgk); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charadr., p. 85, 1887 part, Colombia, Venezuela, and northern Brazil; Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 656, 1896 Margarita Island, Venezuela; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 12, 721, 1896 part, spec, f-m, p-r, Colombia (Bogota), Venezuela (Meiida), British Guiana (Annai), and Brazil (Forte do Rio Branco); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 128, 1902 Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 339, 1903 part, Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, and "Amazonas"; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 57, 1907 part, Amazonas, Guiana, Venezuela; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 75, 1909 La Brea, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 238, 1909 Margarita Island (ex Robinson); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 95, 1914 "Para" (cage-bird); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 368, 1916 savannas of the Orinoco region, Venezuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 243, 1916 Annai and Quonga. Burhinus bistriatus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 226, 1917 Barranquilla, Colombia; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 140 llanos of Guarico and Apure, Venezuela. Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 12, 1899) might have come from either Colombia or Costa Rica. 1 Burhinus bistriatus vocifer (L'Herminier) differs from the northern races 'by smaller size, slenderer bill, shorter tarsus, and darker, more brownish buffy chest with dusky mesial streaks more pronounced. Wing, 230-245; tail, 120- 130; tarsus, 100-110; bill, 44-50. Additional material examined. Colombia: "Bogota," 1. Venezuela: Maturin, 1; Caicara, Orinoco River, 2. British Guiana: Annai, 2; unspecified, 1. Brazil: Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, 5. 2 Collected by the elder (Robert) Schomburgk. Specimen "2," from "British Guiana (Old Collection)," in the British Museum, is probably the type. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 227 Oedicnemus bistriatus vodfer Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 20 (in text), 1919 (range; char.); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 43, 1922 Rio Cogollo, Zulia, Venezuela; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 187, 1922 Rio Hacha, La Goajira, and Camperucho, Santa Marta region, Colombia. Burhinus bistriatus vocifer Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 377, 1931 Cienaga, Magdalena, Colombia; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 296, 1934 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 145, 1938 (range). Range. Arid Tropical zone of northern Colombia (Barranquilla; Cie'naga, Magdalena; Camperucho; La Goajira; "Bogota") and Venezuela (south to the Orinoco), east to British Guiana and the adjoining districts of Brazil (upper Rio Branco). Field Museum Collection. 3 : Venezuela (Piacoa, Delta Amacuro, 1); Brazil (Serra da Lua, near Boa Vista, Amazonas, 2). Conover Collection. 2: Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Perija, 2). *Burhinus bistriatus dominicensis (Cory). 1 DOMINICAN THICK- KNEE. Oedicnemus dominicensis Cory, Quart. Journ. Bost. Zool. Soc., 2, p. 46, 1883 La Vega, Dominican Republic (type in coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum, examined); idem, Auk, 1, p. 4, 1884 (repr. orig. descr.); idem, Bds. Haiti and San Dom., p. 140, col. pi. [19], 1884 Dominican Republic; Thompson, Auk, 2, p. 110, 1885 (voice); Cory, I.e., 4, p. 226, 1887 (descr.); idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 95, 131, 1892 Haiti; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 14, 1896 San Domingo; Cherrie, Field Columb. Mus., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 25, 1896 Dominican Republic; Christy, Ibis, 1897, p. 337 Almercen, Dominican Republic; Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 61, p. 356, 1909 Dominican Republic (habits; eggs); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 23, 1919 (monog.); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 497, 1928 northern and central plains of Haiti; Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 363, 1929 Gonai'ves; Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 314, 1929 San Juan, Dominican Republic; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 169, 1931 Hispaniola (monog.). Oedicnemus bistriatus dominicensis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 86, 1887 Hispaniola (crit.). Burhinus bistriatus dominicensis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 296, 1934 (range). Range. Island of Hispaniola, Greater Antilles. Field Museum Collection. 2: Hispaniola (La Vega, La Vega, Dominican Republic, 2). Conover Collection. 1: Hispaniola (Pimetel, Dominican Republic, 1). 1 Burhinus bistriatus dominicensis (Cory) differs from the continental races by considerably smaller size, slenderer bill and legs, and decidedly creamy or buffy instead of white posterior lower parts. Wing, 205-215; tail, 104-108; tarsus, 90-95; bill, 40-44. 228 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Burhinus superciliaris (Tschudi). PERUVIAN THICK- KNEE. Oedicnenus (sic) superciliaris Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 387, 1843 "in Oceani Pacifici littoralis"=Huacho, Dept. Lima, Peru (type in Neu- chatel Museum). Oedicnemus superciliaris Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 309, 1844 Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 293, 1846 Huacho, Dept. Lima, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, pp. 176, 570 Tambo Valley, near Islay, Dept. Arequipa; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 333, 1886 Lima to Tumbez, Peru; Seebohm, Geogr. Dist. Charad., p. 87, 1887 Pacific coast of Peru (crit.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 395 lea and Lima, Peru; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 14, 1896 Peru (monog.). Burhinus superciliaris Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 269 Piura (Rio Chica, Amotape), Lambayeque (Eten), and Libertad (Trujillo), Peru; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 202, 1926 Tumbez, Peru (ex Taczanowski); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 296, 1934 (range); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 58, 1938 near Arica, Tacna, Chile. Range. Arid littoral of the Pacific coast from Tumbez, Peru, to Arica, Chile. Superfamily THINOCOROIDEA Family THINOCORIDAE. Seed Snipes Genus ATTAGIS (I. Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire and) Lesson Attagis (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and) Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 130, by March, 1831 type, by monotypy (p. 135), Attagis gayi I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Lesson. * Attagis gayi latreillii Lesson. LATREILLE'S SEED SNIPE. Attagis latreillii Lesson, Bull. Sci. Nat. Geol., 25, No. 197, p. "243" (=343), June, 1831 "d'une collection expe"diee de Buenos-Ayres," errore,= Ecuador (type in Pecquet Collection, Caen, present location unknown); idem, Illust. Zool., livr. 4, pi. 11, Nov. 3, 1832 "Chile" (fig. of type in Pecquet Collection); 1 Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 189, 1926 Mount Pichincha, Antisana, and Mount Chimborazo; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 33, p. 355, 1927 Antisana. Attagis chimborazensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 82, 1860 Panza, Chimborazo (alt. 14,000 ft.), Ecuador (type in British Museum examined); idem and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 157, pi. 79, 1869 Ecuador (fig. of type); Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 112 San Rafael, Ecuador; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 716, 1 Although the plate is poor, there can be little doubt that the description refers to the Ecuadorian form. The origin of the type, once in the private collec- tion of a Mr. Pecquet at Caen, is shrouded in uncertainty. Lesson at first stated that it was received in a collection shipped from Buenos Aires, but sub- sequently he gave "Chile" as its habitat, which cannot be correct either. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 229 1896 Chimborazo; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 45, 1900 Mount Corazon; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 251 Pichincha; Rhoads, Auk, 29, p. 148, 1912 Paramo de Pichincha; Lonn- berg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 21, 1922 Mount Pichincha (crit.). Attagis gayi latreillei Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 260 Chimborazo and Antisana. Attagis gayi latreillii Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 306, 1934 Ecuador. Range. Paramo zone of Ecuador. 1 Field Museum Collection. 3 : Ecuador (Llanganata, Tunguragua, 2; unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. 10: Ecuador (Pichincha, 1; Cerro Puntas, Cordillera Oriental, 3; Cerro Guamani, near Mount Antisana, 6). *Attagis gayi simonsi Chubb. 2 SIMON'S SEED SNIPE. Attagis gayi simonsi Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 38, p. 41, 1918 Cruzero, "Lake Titicaca," Peru (type in British Museum examined); idem, Ibis, 1919, p. 260 Cruzero, Peru (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 306, 1934 Peru and northern Bolivia; Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 463 Talahuarra, Huancavelica, Peru (crit.; remarks on type). Attagis gayi (not of I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Lesson) Bridges, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 15, p. 29, 1847 Pass of Tapaquilcha (east of Ascotan), Potosi, Bolivia; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 557 Ninarupa, Junm, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 284, 1886 Ninarupa; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137 southwest of Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 715, 1896 part, Peru and Chile (Sacaya); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 307 near Sacaya, Tarapaca; Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 404, 1921 Cumbre de Zenta, Jujuy. Attagis latreillii (not of Lesson) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 641 Bolivia (ex Bridges). Attagis gayi gayi Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 50, 1938 Parina- cote, Tacna, Chile. Range. Paramo zone of central southern Peru (depts. of Junin, Huancavelica, and Puno), southwestern Bolivia (Dept. La Paz to Potosi), northern Chile and northern Argentina (south to Tarapaca and Jujuy). 1 Additional material examined. Ecuador: Panza, Chimborazo, 1 (type of A. chimborazensis) ; Mount Guamani (alt. 14,000 ft.), 1; Antisana, 4; Chimborazo, 1; unspecified, 2. 2 Attagis gayi simonsi Chubb: A rather poor race. Nearest to A. g. gayi, but upper parts, breast and abdomen more deeply pinkish cinnamon. Wing, 190-192; tail, 80-90. A. g. simonsi has the light markings above more like gayi, buffy grayish rather than ochraceous as in the Ecuadorian race, and the coloring of the under parts, though somewhat darker than in the typical form, is far away from the deep cinnamon rufous of latreillii. The amount of dusky spotting on under wing coverts 230 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Conover Collection. 3: Peru (San Antonio de Esquilache, Puno, 1); Argentina (Sierra de Trenta, Jujuy, 2). *Attagis gayi gayi (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and) Lesson. GAY'S SEED SNIPE. Attagis gayi (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and) Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 135, pi. 47, by March, 1831 "San-Iago" = Santiago, Chile (type in Paris Museum examined); Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 117, 1841 Cordillera of Coquimbo and Andes behind Copiapo, Atacama, Chile; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12, p. 157, 1844 Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 384, pi. 7, 1847 Cordilleras of Chile; Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 130, 1853 "Precordillera" of Santiago, Chile; Cassin, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 192, 1855 Andes of Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339 Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 269, 1868 Cordillera of Chile; Reed, I.e., 49, p. 567, 1877 Cordillera of Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 Cordilleras of Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 715, 1896 part, Chile (Santiago); Porter, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 3, p. 179, 1899 Valle de San Antonio, Atacama; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 106, p. 581, 1900 Cordilleras of Chile (monog.); Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 231, 1904 Cerro Pelado, Tucuman; Menegaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 217, 1909 Bolivia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 213, 1910 Cumbres Calchaqufes, Tucuman; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 239, 1910 Arroyo Gio, south of Lago Buenos Aires, Santa Cruz; Sanzin, El Hornero, 2, p. 148, 1918 Cerro Pelado (alt. 3,500 m.), Mendoza; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 172, 1921 Cordillera of Aconcagua, Chile; idem, I.e., 30, p. 315, 1930 Caracoles (alt. 10,000 ft.), Santiago, Chile. Attagis latreillii (not of Lesson) Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 113, 1865 Chile (spec, examined); Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 292, 1895 Catamarca (crit.). Attagis gayi fitzgeraldi Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 38, p. 40, 1918 Horcones Valley, Mendoza (type in British Museum examined). Attagis gayi gayi Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 430, 1926 Cerro Rojo and Planicir, south of Lago Buenos Aires, Santa Cruz; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 401, 1932 Banos del Toro, Coquimbo (range in Chile); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 306, 1934 (range). Range. Puna zone of the Andes from (?)Antofagasta, Chile, and (?)Tucuman, Argentina, south to the Straits of Magellan. 1 and carpal edge is about the same as in gayi, while these markings, in latreillii, are much more extensive as well as darker, more sooty, in tone. Additional material examined. Peru: Talahuarra, Huancavelica, 5; Cruzero, Puno, 2. Chile: three leagues southwest of Sacaya, Tarapaca, 1. Bolivia: Potosi, 2. 1 Birds from Mendoza (A. g. fitzgeraldi) are not separable. The type is a shade darker underneath than the majority of Chilean birds, while another ex- 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 231 Field Museum Collection. 4: Chile (Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, 1; Landbeck, 1; Cerro Toro, Ultima Esperanza, Magallanes, 1); Argentina (Nevada del Cajon, Salta, 1). Conover Collection. 4: Chile (Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, 2; Cerro Torro, Ultima Esperanza, Magallanes, 1); Argentina (Acon- quija Mountains, Catamarca, 1). Attagis malouinus (Boddaert). WHITE-BELLIED SEED SNIPE. Tetrao Malouinus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 13, 1783 based on "Caille des Isles Malouines" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 222, Falkland Islands. Tetrao falklandicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 762, 1789 based on Dauben- ton, PL Enl., pi. 222, Falkland Islands. Attagis falklandica Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 117, 1841 mountains of southern Tierra del Fuego; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 188 Peckett Harbour, Straits of Magellan; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 12 Cockle Cove, Straits of Magellan. Attagis falklandicus Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 385, 1847 Tierra del Fuego and Falkland Islands. Attagis malouinus Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., Grallae, p. 51, 1844 Straits of Magellan and Hermit Island; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 154 Mara Harbour, East Falkland Island (Oct., 1859; one spec.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 716, 1896 Hermit Island and Straits of Magellan (Peckett Harbour, Cockle Cove); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 623, 1900 Santa Cruz, Patagonia and Straits of Magellan (Punta Arenas, Punta Delgada); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 378, 1902 Tierra del Fuego; idem, I.e., 18, p. 213, 1908 Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego, and Falkland Islands; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 130, pi., 1907 Cheena Creek Settlement; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 242, 1910 Arroyo Gio and Killik Aike, Santa Cruz, and Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut (range; crit.); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921 Falkland Islands (ex Abbott); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 321 Falkland Islands; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 430, 1926 Arroyo Pilcaniyen, Rio Negro (June 8; crit.); Reynolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 352, 1934 mountains north of Bahia Moat, Tierra del Fuego; Castellanos, I.e., 6, p. 29, 1935 Puerto Cook, Staten Island; Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 89 Herschel and Jerdan Islands, Cape Horn. Attagis molouina (sic) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 46 East Falkland Island (one spec.). Attagis maluina Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 107, 1891 above Bahia Orange, Tierra del Fuego. ample from the Horcones Valley is much lighter, being exactly like others from Santiago. Additional material examined. Chile: Santiago (Cordillera), 4; "Central Chile," 6; unspecified, 2. Argentina: Cumbre Calchaquies, Tucuman, 1; Horcones Valley, Mendoza, 2. 232 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Attagis cheeputi Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 41, p. 109, April 27, 1921 Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut (type in British Museum examined). Attagis malouinus cheeputi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 307, 1934 (range). Attagis malouinus malouinus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 307, 1934 (range). Range. Patagonia, from the Cape Horn region and Tierra del Fuego north to Santa Cruz and in the foothills of the Andes north through Chubut (Valle del Lago Blanco) to western Rio Negro (Arroyo Pilcaniyen) ; accidental on the Falkland Islands (one definite record from Mara Harbour, East Falkland). 1 Genus THINOCORUS Eschscholtz Thinocorus Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft 1, p. 2, pi. 2, 1829 type, by mono- typy, Thinocorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz. Ocypetes Wagler, Isis, 1829, Heft 7, col. 762, July, 1829 type, by monotypy, Ocypetes torquatus Wagler =Thinocorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz. Tinochorus Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 132, by March, 1831 (emendation). Thinocorys Sharpe, Hand-List Bds., 1, p. 146, 1899 (emendation). *Thinocorus orbignyianus ingae Tschudi. 2 TSCHUDI'S SEED SNIPE. 1 Study of a good series tends to show that A. m. cheeputi was based on an individual mutant. The type, with its buffy gray-vermiculated rump and upper tail coverts and buffy-barred rectrices, is matched by a bird from Peckett Harbour and another from Tierra del Fuego (Sara Settlement). The other specimens from Tierra del Fuego are exceedingly variable in the markings of the posterior upper parts, and form an uninterrupted series from the "cheeputi" type to what Lowe takes for malouinus. Birds from Hermit Island, Cockle Cove, Euston Bay, and Chubut (Lago Blanco) generally have wider and more rufescent markings on rump and tail coverts than Tierra del Fuego specimens. However, one from Lago Blanco is not distinguishable from the buffiest Tierra del Fuego bird. Barred rectrices also occur in other individuals, e.g., in a male from Cockle Cove, which combines the banded tail with the normal coloration of malouinus (viz., concentric reddish-brown markings on rump and tail coverts). It is thus seen that the var. cheeputi is not confined to any particular area. In fact, one of the Lago Blanco specimens shot on the same day (June 29) as the type of cheeputi is among the most reddish colored of the malouinus pattern. Material examined. Cape Horn region: Hermit Island, 3.- Tierra del Fuego: Hardy Peninsula, 1; Sara Settlement, 3; Est. Viamonte, 1; Valley of Rio Chico, 1. Straits of Magellan: Cockle Cove, 1; Peckett Harbour, 1; Euston Bay, 1. Chubut: Valley del Lago Blanco, 6. 2 Thinocorus orbignyianus ingae Tschudi: Similar to the nominate race, but somewhat smaller. Wing, 135-144; tail, 60-67, rarely to 73 mm. In coloration this form does not differ from the larger southern subspecies. Individuals with the feathers of the upper parts broadly edged and others with these feathers narrowly edged with buff occur together in Peru, Bolivia, and north- ern Chile. Recent study of ample material tends to show that, if the two races be maintained, birds from Tacna and Tarapacd must undoubtedly be placed with ingae. Specimens from southern Bolivia, including one from Cinti, are likewise the northern form. Additional material examined. Peru: Paramo of Huamachuco, 1 (wing, 139); Santiago, 2 (wing, 138, 144); Paramo south of Recuay, Ancachs, 1 (wing, 138); 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 233 Thinocorus ingae Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 387, 1843 High Andes of Peru=Puna of Dept. Junfn 1 (type in Neuchfitel Museum); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 279, 1846 puna region of Peru (11,000- 14,000 ft.); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 556 Junfn, Peru (eggs descr.). Thinocorus orbignyanus (not of Lesson) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 989 Salinas; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 357, 1876 Lake Titicaca; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 641 Cinti (=Camargo), Bolivia (spec, examined); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 281, 1886 puna of Peru; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 403 Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile (eggs descr.); idem, I.e., 1891, p. 137 Sacaya, Lake Huasco, and Canchosa, Tarapaca; Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 292, 1895 Catamarca; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 718, 1896 part, spec, d'-m', p'-u', Tarapaca (Lake Huasco, Sacaya, Canchosa, "Iquique" [=Abricoya]), Bolivia (Cinti), and Peru (Salinas, Junin); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 306 part, Tarapaca; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 106, p. 586, 1900 Chile (in part); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 53 Banos and Hacienda Queta, Junin, Peru; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 214, 1902 Sierras Altas de Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 446 Moreno, Puna de Jujuy; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 231, 1904 Lara, Tucuman; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 252, 1909 Cerro Parallon, Laguna Alta, and Cumbre Cal- chaquies, Tucuman; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 50, 1921 Occobamba Pass, Urubamba, Peru. Thinocorys orbignlanus(!) Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 249, 1904 Santa Catalina, Jujuy; Me"negaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 1, p. 319, 1910 Tulpo (southeast of Huamachuco), Peru; (?)Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 404, 1931 Cumbre del Zenta, Jujuy. Thinocorus orbignyanus ingae Brodkorb, Auk, 45, p. 500, 1928 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 307, 1934 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 464 Pultoc and Talahuarra, Huancavelica, Peru. Thinocorus orbignyianus orbignyianus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 400, 1932 part, Tacna to Tarapaca, Chile. Thynocorus orbignyanus orbignyanus Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 50, 1937 Tacna and Parinacota, Tacna, Chile. Range. Puna zone of Peru, Bolivia, and extreme northern Chile (Tarapaca) and Argentina south to Catamarca. Field Museum Collection. 21: Peru (Junin, Junin, 1; Cailloma, Arequipa, 1; Sumbay, Arequipa, 1; San Antonio de Esquilache, Junin, 1 (wing, 140); Galera, Junfn, 1 (wing, 136); Paso de Aricoma, Puno, 1 (wing, 139); Salinas, Arequipa, 1 (wing, 144); Cruzero, Puno, 1 (wing, 140). Bolivia: Challapata, Oruro, 2 (wing, 138, 144); Potosf, 1 (wing, 140); Cinti (=Camargo), Chuquisaca, 1 (wing, 138). Chile: Abricoya, Tarapaca, 1 (wing, 139); Sacaya, Tarapaca, 4 (wing, 138-143). Birds from central Chile (Coquimbo to Santiago) measure from 142 to 154, those from the Sierra of Mendoza from 148 to 151, while five from Antofagasta have wings of 139, 144, 147, 150, and 157 mm. 1 Cf. Tschudi, Peru, Reiseskizzen, 2, p. 99, 1846. 234 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Puno, 1); Bolivia (Esperanza, La Paz, 13); Argentina (Nevado de Cajon, Salta, 2); Chile (Chungara, Tarapaca, 2). Conover Collection. 23: Peru (Sumbay, Arequipa, 1; Rio Llave, Puno, 4; Chucuito, Puno, 1; Puno, Puno, 1); Bolivia (Esperanza, La Paz, 12) ; Argentina (Sierra de Trenta, Jujuy, 1 ; Laguna Blanca, Catamarca, 3). Thinocorus orbignyianus orbignyianus (Lesson). D'ORBIGNY'S SEED SNIPE. Tinochorus orbignyianus 1 (I. Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire and) Lesson, Cent. Zool., pp. 137, 139, pis. 48 (male), 49 (female), by March, 1831 "San-Iago" = Santiago, Chile (cotypes in Paris Museum); Bridges, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 95, 1841 Andes of Chile; Eraser, I.e., 11, p. 115, 1843 Andes of Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 387, 1847 vicinity of Santiago; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 269, 1868 Cordilleras of Chile; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 Inacaliri and Pastes Largos, Antofagasta; Porter, Act. Soc. Sci. Chile, 4, p. ccxvi, 1894 Chanarcillo, Atacama. Thinocorus orbignianus 1 Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 130, 1853 Cordillera of Santiago; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 191, 1855 Andes of Chile; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860 Sierra de Mendoza (crit.); idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 500, 1861 same locality; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339 Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 567, 1877 Valle de los Cipreses, Colchagua, Chile; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 178, 1889 Sierra de Mendoza; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 126, 1891 Sierra de Cordoba; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 718, 1896 part, spec. a-c', n', o', Chile (Santiago) and Argentina (Mendoza) ; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 Colchagua; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 306 part, Santiago (habits); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 662, 1898 Punta Arenas, Straits of Magellan; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 106, p. 586, 1900 Chile (in part); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 623, 1900 Penguin Rookery, Staten Island; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 378, 1902 Tierra del Fuego (Punta Arenas; Penguin Rookery); Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 134, 1907 Useless Bay and Rio McClelland; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 214, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 246, 1910 Rio Chico de Santa Cruz, near Lake Argentina; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 292, 1923 Huanuluan, Rio Negro; Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 80, 1923 Sierra de La Rioja; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 149, 1925 San Bernardo, Santiago; Bullock, l.c., 33, p. 193, 1929 Angol, Malleco, Chile. Thinochorus orbignyanus Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 163, 1860 Agua de Varas, Antofagasta, Chile. 1 Variously spelled d' orbignyanus, d" orbignianus, orbignyanus, orbignianus or orbignyianus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 235 Thinocorus ingae (not of Tschudi) Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 113, 1865 Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339 Chile (ex Pelzeln). Thinocorys orbignyanus Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918 San Carlos, Mendoza; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 172, 1921 Cordillera of Aconcagua, Chile. Thinochorus orbignyianus Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 430, 1926 Huanuluan and Arroyo Anecon Grande, Rio Negro. Thinocorus orbigny(i)anus orbigny(i)anus Brodkorb, Auk, 45, p. 500, 1928 Chile (crit); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 400, 1932 part, Coquimbo to Colchagua, Chile (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 307, 1934 (range). Range. Puna zone of Chile (from Antofagasta southward) and western Argentina from La Rioja south to Tierra del Fuego and Staten Island. 1 Field Museum Collection. 7: Chile (Antofagasta, 1; Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, 1; "Central Chile," 2; Los Condes, Santiago, 1); Argentina (Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego, 2). Conover Collection. 8: Chile (Rio Loa, Antofagasta, 1; San Pedro, Antofagasta, 1; Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, 2; Los Condes, Santiago, 1); Argentina (Lago Argentina, Santa Cruz, 3). Thinocorus rumicivorus cuneicauda (Peale). 2 PACIFIC LESSER SEED SNIPE. Glareola cuneicauda Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 244, 1848 San Lorenzo Island, near Callao, Peru (type in U. S. National Museum examined). Thinocorus pallidus 3 Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 25, No. 631, p. 1, 1910 Santa Elena, Ecuador (type in Turin Museum). 1 Birds from Mendoza as well as others from western Chubut agree in di- mensions with a Chilean series. Additional material examined. Chile: Cordillera de las Condes, 6; Santiago, 2; Colchagua, 1; "Central Chile," 10. Argentina: Sierra de Mendoza, 2; Puente del Inca, Mendoza, 1; Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, 2. 2 Thinocorus rumicivorus cuneicauda (Peale) : Similar to the nominate race, but smaller and paler, the light markings to the dorsal plumage, wing coverts, and inner remiges being much paler, light buff instead of brownish, and the dusky brown central areas of the 'feathers being less extensive. Wing, 101-108; tail, 51-56. 8 T. pallidus appears to be inseparable from cuneicauda. An adult male topotype, in paleness of light edging above, is a good match for the type of T. peruvianus and a specimen from Arequipa, while the other available examples, including a second male from Santa Elena, have the edges darker buffy. It is well to remember that the Lesser Seed Snipe has not yet been found breeding in Ecuador, where it probably occurs only as a migratory visitor. Festa's specimens are in very fresh plumage. There is a possibility that Tinochorus swainsonii Lesson (Bull. Sci. Nat. Geol., 25, No. 197, p. "244" [=344], June, 1831; idem, Illust. Zool., livr. 6, pi. 16, Feb. 23, 1833) might be an earlier name. The type 236 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Thinocorus rumicivorus (not of Eschscholtz) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 989 Islay, Peru (crit.); iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 176 Tambo Valley, Arequipa; iidem, I.e., p. 570 coast of Peru; Sclater, I.e., p. 148 Lima; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 557 Lima and Chorillos; idem, Orn. Pe"r., 3, p. 283, 1886 Pacasmayo to Islay, Peru; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137 La Noria, Tarapaca, Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 719, 1896 part, spec, a-k, Peru (near Lima, Arequipa, Islay, Tambo Valley) and Chile (Tarapaca); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 304 part, Tarapaca; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Comp. Zool., 15, No. 369, p. 45, 1900 Puntilla de Santa Elena, Ecuador (Jan.). Thinocorus peruvianus Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 41, p. 109, April 27, 1921 Islay, Arequipa, Peru (type in British Museum examined); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 172 (in text), 1926 (crit.). Thinocorus rumicivorus pallidus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 190, 1926 Santa Elena, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 307, 1934 Ecuador. Thinocorus rumicivorus cuneicauda Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 399, 1932 La Noria, Tarapaca, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 308, 1934 (range). Range. Coast region of southwestern Ecuador (Santa Elena), Peru, and extreme northern Chile (Tarapaca). Thinocorus rumicivorus bolivianus Lowe. 1 BOLIVIAN LESSER SEED SNIPE. Thinocorus rumicivorus bolivianus Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 41, p. 109, April 27, 1921 Uyuni, Potosl, Bolivia (type in British Museum examined); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 308, 1934 (range); Zotta, El Hornero, 6, p. 290, 1936 Abra Pampa, Puna de Jujuy. Range. Puna zone of southwestern Bolivia (Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz; Challapata, Oruro; Uyuni, Potosi) and northwestern Argentina (Abra Pampa, Jujuy). was received from "Buenos Aires," by the proprietor, Mr. Pecquet, of Caen, in a shipment of birds which also contained the type of Attagis latreillii, a species restricted in its range to Ecuador. Lesson's description is ambiguous, gives no wing measurement, and unless the type can be found, his bird will remain unidenti- fiable. Material examined. Ecuador: Puntilla de Santa Elena, 3. Peru: San Lorenzo Island, off Callao, 3; vicinity of Lima, 1; Lurin, Lima, 2; pampas between Lurin and Villa, 1; Arequipa, 2; Islay, 1; Tambo Valley, 1. Chile: La Noria, Tarapaca, 1. 1 Thinocorus rumicivorus bolivianus Lowe: Differs from T. r. rumicivorus by longer wings and much more buffy coloration, the light edges to the dorsal plumage, wing coverts, inner remiges, and tail-feathers being pinkish buff to (in female) cinnamon buff instead of avellaneous to sayal brown. Furthermore, the black stripes on sides of throat and down the middle of the foreneck are evidently wider. The six specimens are in fresh plumage. Wing, 122, 125, 127, 128, 129, (female) 130. Additional material examined. Bolivia: Uyuni, Potosf, 1 (the type); Chal- lapata, Oruro, 2. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 237 Field Museum Collection. 1: Bolivia (Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 1). Conover Collection. 2: Bolivia (Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 2). Thinocorus rumicivorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz. CHILEAN LESSER SEED SNIPE. Thinocorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft 1, p. 2, pi. 2, May, 1829 near the seacoast in the Bay of Conception, Chile (co types probably in Leningrad Museum); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Expl. Exp., 2, p. 191, 1855 "the higher mountain valleys" of Chile, errore; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860 pampas near Rosario (Santa Fe) and Paran (Entre Rios); idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 501, 1861 Rosario; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339 Chile; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 143 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; iidem, Ibis, 1869, p. 188 Peckett Harbour, Straits of Magellan; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 284 Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan (Dec. 12); iidem, I.e., 1870, p. 499 Sandy Point (March); Durnford, I.e., 1876, p. 164 Belgrano, Buenos Aires (May to Sept.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 567, 1877 plains of Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, pp. 42, 197 Chubut Valley, Patagonia, and Buenos Aires (winter visitor); idem, I.e., 1878, p. 403 Chubut Valley (nest and eggs descr.); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 56, 1881 from Azul, Buenos Aires, to the Rio Sauce (Chico); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 429 Coquimbo, Chile; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 86, 1884 province of Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 176, 1889 Argentina (habits); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 108, 1891 Santa Cruz, Lagune de la Lionne, and Missioneros, Patagonia (eggs descr.); C. Bur- meister, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, p. 319, 1889 Chubut, Rio Chico, and Rio Singuer, Patagonia; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 126, 1891 "Sierra" de Cordoba; Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 19 Est. Es- partillar, Buenos Aires (visitor); idem, I.e., 1892, p. 211 Est. Espartillar (March to June); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 719, 1896 part, spec, m-g', Chile (Santiago, Coquimbo) and Argentina (Buenos Aires, Conchitas, Chubut); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 central provinces of Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 304 part, Huasco, Atacama, and Laraquete, Arauco, Chile (habits) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 662, 1898 Cabo Espiritu Santo and El Paramo Bahia, San Sebastian, Tierra del Fuego; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 106, p. 589, 1900 Chile (monog.); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 624, 1900 Punta Arenas (May); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 43 Punta Arenas, Straits of Magellan; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 135, 1907 Cheena Creek; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 253, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 214, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 248, 1910 near Mount Tigre (Sept.) and Rio Santa Cruz (March); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 466 Luiconia, Aj6, Buenos Aires (April); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 61 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (March to Sept.); Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 262, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires (March to July); Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 173, 238 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1928 Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 84, 1924 Caldera, Atacama, Chile (winter visitor); Housse, I.e., 29, p. 149, 1925 San Bernardo, Santiago; Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 352, 1926 Venado Tuerto, Santa F6; Pereyra, I.e., 4, p. 24, 1927 Zelaya (July) and Rio Lujan (April), Buenos Aires. Ocypetes torquatus Wagler, Isis, 1829, Heft 7, col. 762, July, 1829 "Brazil" (the cotypes [females] in the Berlin Museum were obtained by Sellow at Montevideo, Uruguay). 1 Tinochorus eschscholtzii Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 140, pi. 50, by March, 1831 new name for T. rumicivorus Eschscholtz (descr. and fig. of spec. 2 from Buenos Aires in Paris Museum); Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 116, 1843 plains of Chile. Tinochorus rumicivorus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 117, 1841 Patagonia (Santa Cruz), Chile (near Concepcion; Copiapo), and Buenos Aires (Sierra Ventana); Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 387, 1847 Concepcion, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 269, 1868 Santiago to Valdivia, Chile. Thinocorus swainsoni (not of Lesson) Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 113, 1865 Chile (spec, examined). Thinocorus ramicivorus (sic) patagonicus Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 68, p. 88, Jan., 1920 "South Patagonia" (type, from Santa Cruz River, in Berlin Museum). Thinocorus rumicivorus venturii Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 41, p. Ill, Apr. 27, 1921 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Thinocorus rumicivorus rumicivorus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 293, 1923 Huanuluan, Puesto Horno, and Bariloche, Rio Negro (crit.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 172, 1926 Zapala, Neuquen, and mouth of Rio Aconcagua, Valparaiso, Chile (habits); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 429, 1926 Arroyo Secco, Rio Negro (Sept.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 398, 1932 Chile (Atacama to Llanquihue); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 308, 1934 (range); Belcher, El Hornero, 6, p. 313, 1936 Pilcaniyen, Rio Negro (breeding). Thinocorus rumicivorus subsp. Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 324 Falkland Islands. Thinocorus rumicivorus patagonicus Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 61, 1930 Est. La Germania, Santa Fe (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 308, 1934 Santa Cruz to Tierra del Fuego. Range. Breeds in Chile and southern Argentina north to the Rio Negro; migrates in winter northward to Mendoza, Cordoba, Santa Fe", Entre Rios, and Uruguay; 3 accidental on the Falkland Islands (four records). 1 Their wings measure 114 and 117 mm. respectively. 2 Its wing measures 116 mm. 3 The several races which have been described appear to be unsatisfactory. At the outset it may be said that we are unable to separate the general run of Argentine birds from a Chilean series either in size or color. Some specimens, e.g., Field Museum Collection. 11: Chile ("Central Chile," 2; unspeci- fied, 1; Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 1); Argentina (Estancia Cullen, Tierra del Fuego, 1; Estancia Via Monte, Tierra del Fuego, 1; San Sebastian, Tierra del Fuego, 2; Paso Ibanez, Santa Cruz, 3). Conover Collection. 38: Chile (Batuco, Santiago, 3; Angol, Bio Bio, 5; Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 13); Argentina (Bonifacio, Buenos Aires, 1; Rawson, Chubut, 1; Estancia Pampa Alta, Santa Cruz, 4; Cerro Fortaleza, Santa Cruz, 6; Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, 3; Estancia Cullen, Tierra del Fuego, 1; Estancia Via Monte, Tierra del Fuego, 1). one each from Tierra del Fuego (Viamonte; Feb. 17), Chubut Valley (Nov. 20), Est. Espartillar (May 11), and Ajo, Buenos Aires, have the edges to wing coverts and dorsal feathers somewhat paler, more whitish buff, as has been claimed by Rothschild for T. r. venturii, whose type was a migratory visitor taken, on June 4, near Buenos Aires. However, the majority of Argentine birds are just as dark as the Chilean specimens, and, with regard to the shade of gray on the rump, we cannot perceive the slightest difference between the two series. As to size, there is considerable variation, and this may be of some local significance, as a large percentage of long-winged individuals is found among breeding birds from certain parts of southeastern Patagonia (around the Rio Gallegos). If separable, this larger form is entitled to the name T. r. patagonicus, based upon a male from the Rio Santa Cruz. From the subjoined wing measurements, based upon our own material and data supplied by Messrs. Peters, Riley, Rogers, and Zimmer, it will be seen, however, that the variation is somewhat erratic, and hard to reconcile with particular geographic areas. The question is, furthermore, complicated by the fact that a large proportion of the available material consists of migratory specimens. WING MEASUREMENTS CHILE. Coquimbo, female 115; Santiago, males 112, 114, 118, 120, 120; Temuco, male 114; Arauco, males 114, 120; Rio Nirehuau, Llanquihue, males 114, 118, 119, females 110, 116, 124. ARGENTINA. Neuquen: Zapala (Dec.), male 100, female 112. Rio Negro: Maquinchao, Huanuluan, Bariloche (Aug. to Feb.), males 113^, 115, 115, 116, 118, females 118, 111, 11334 114, 117. Chubut: Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut (Aug. to Nov.), males 112, 113, 114, 119, 123, 129. Chubut: Rio Chubut (Nov.), male 117; Rawson (Sept.), female 113. Buenos Aires: Barracas al Sud (June), males 112, 116, 120H; Laguna Alsina, Bonifacio (June), male 110, female 117; Est. Espartillar (May), male 115, female 115; Chirilcay (August), female 112; Conchitas, male 125, female 123; Ajo (April), females 115, 118, 125, 128; Bahia Blanca (April), male 132. Santa Cruz: Rio Santa Cruz, males 124, 135 (type of patagonicus); Mount Pampa Alta (Sept., breeding), male 116, female 118; Cerro Fortaleza (March), males 114, 124, 126, females 113, 121; Rio Gallegos (Aug. to Jan.), 112, 114, 118, 119, 121, 123 (two), 124, 125-130 (twelve), 131 (two), 133, females 119, 120 (two), 121-125 (nine), 126, 127, 128, 129; near Mount Tigre (Aug.), female 129. Straits of Magellan: Punta Arenas (Nov., Jan.), males 110, 113, 115, females 113, 124. Tierra del Fuego: Viamonte (Sept., Feb.), males 115, 134. 240 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Superfamily CHIONIDOIDEA Family CHIONIDIDAE. Sheath-bills Genus CHIONIS J. R. Forster Chionis J. R. Forster, Enchirid. Hist. Nat., p. 37, 1788 (generic characters only) type, by subs, desig. (Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 705, 1789), Vaginalis (Chionis) alba Gmelin. Vaginalis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 705, 1789 type, by monotypy, Vaginalis alba Gmelin. Cokoramphus Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat., 10, p. 36, 1818 type, by monotypy, Cokoramphiis nivalis Dumont. *Chionis alba (Gmelin). SNOWY SHEATH-BILL. Vaginalis alba Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 705, 1789 based on "White Sheath-bill" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 268, pi. 89, 1 "New Zea- land," errore,=Isla Afio Nuevo, Staten Island. 2 Vaginalis chionis Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 774, 1790 based on "White Sheath- bill" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 268, pi. 89 (in part). Coleoramphus nivalis Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat., 10, p. 36, 1818 new name for Vaginalis alba Gmelin. Chionis forsteri Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 12, (1), p. 281, 1824 new name for Vaginalis alba Gmelin. Chionis alba Quoy and Gaimard, ir> Freycinet, Voy. Uranie et Physic., Zool., p. 131, pi. 30, 1824 Falkland Islands; Lesson, in Duperrey, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, p. 724, 1830 Falkland Islands (Baie Franchise); Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 118, 1841 Falkland Islands; Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 95, 1859 Falkland Islands; Sclater, I.e., 28, p. 386, 1860 Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 154 Falkland Islands; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1869, p. 284 Dungeness Spit, Straits of Magellan (Feb. 16, 1868); Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 12, pi., fig. 3, 1885 South Georgia (breeding); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 710, 1896 Straits of Magellan (Dungeness Spit) and Falkland Islands; Salvador!, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 624, 1900 Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Patagonia (July 22, 1882); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 378, 1902 Staten Island, Straits of Magellan, and Falkland Islands; Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 182, pis. 3, fig. 2 (chick), 12, 13 South Orkney Islands (eggs; breeding habits); Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 56, pi. 1 (chick), 1906 South Georgia; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. 1 Latham's account is composite, comprising also some race of C. minor. As Peters (Bds. World, 2, pp. 308-309, 1934) has restricted Gmelin's name to the plate, which unquestionably represents C. alba auct., nomenclature need not be disturbed. 1 J. R. Forster discovered this species on Jan. 3, 1775, on the Isla Ano Nuevo, near Staten Island (cf. Descr. Anim., p. 330, 1844). Therefore, there was no need for a corrected type locality (Falkland Islands), as proposed by Brabourne and Chubb (Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 36, 1912). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 241 Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 234, 1910 Patagonia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 213, 1910 (range in Argentina); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 149, 1917 Falkland Islands; Anon., El Hornero, 1, p. 41, 1917 Camarones, Chubut, Patagonia; Bennett, I.e., 2, p. 30, 1920 Falkland Islands; Wace, I.e., p. 197, 1921 Speedwell Island, Falklands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 321, pi. 6 Falkland Islands; Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 584, pi. 47, figs. 8, 9, 1929 South Georgia (nesting; food); Ardley, I.e., 12, p. 375, pi. 12, fig. 4, 1929 South Orkney Islands (nesting; food); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 308, 1934 (range); Castellanos, El Hornero, 6, p. 29, 1935 South Orkney (Laurie Island) and Ano Nuevo Islands; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1000, 1936 (mpnog.). Chionis necrophagus Vieillot (and Oudart), Gal. Ois., 2, p. 146, pi. 258, 1825 substitute name for Vaginalis alba Gmelin. Chionis vaginalis Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 86, pi. 509, Sept. 4, 1830 Falkland Islands (type in Paris Museum). Chionis lactea Forster, Descr. Anim., p. 330, 1844 Isla Ano Nuevo, Tierra del Fuego. Range. Breeds on South Georgia, the South Sandwich, South Orkney, and South Shetland Islands, and on various islands of the Antarctic Archipelago; occurs regularly in the Falkland Islands, the Diego Ramirez Islets, along the Straits of Magellan, and on the coast of southern Patagonia (Santa Cruz; Camarones Bay, Chubut). Field Museum Collection. 4: Argentina (Cape Penas, Tierra del Fuego, 4). Conover Collection. 2: Argentina (Cape Penas, Tierra del Fuego, 2). Suborder LARI Family STERCORARIIDAE. Skuas and Jaegers Genus CATHARACTA Brunnich Catharacta Brunnich, Orn. Bor., p. 32, 1764 type, by subs, desig. (Reichen- bach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. v, 1852), Catharacta skua Brunnich. Megalestris (Bonaparte MS.) Parzudaki, Cat. Ois. d'Europe, p. 11, 1856 type, by monotypy, "Megalestris catarrhactes Bp. ex L." =Catharacta skua Brunnich. Buphagus "(Moehring, 1752)" Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 124 type, by orig. desig., Larus catarractes Linnaeus =Catharacla skua Brunnich. Catharacta skua skua Brunnich. NORTHERN SKUA. Catharacta skua Brunnich, Orn. Bor., p. 33, 1764 Faroes and Iceland; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 1, 1921 (life hist.); Garrison, Auk, 57, p. 567, 1940 (New England records). 242 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Larus Catarractes Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 226, 1766 substitute name for Catharacta skua Brunnich. Lestris catarractes Holboll, Naturhist. Tidsskr., 4, p. 424, 1843 southern Greenland; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 213, 1898 Umanak, Greenland. Buphagus skua Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 125 (monog.). Stercorarius catarrhactes Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 319 (monog.). Megalestris catarrhactes Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 315, 1896 (monog.). Megalestris skua Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 677, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Catharacta skua skua Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 309, 1934 (range); Wynne- Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 310, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1012, 1936 (descr.); Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 154 Rio Treelva and Myggbukta, Greenland (June 3-15). Stercorarius skua skua Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 93, (6), p. 8, 1935 Sukker- toppen, Greenland. Range. Known to breed in Iceland, the Faroes, Shetlands, and Orkneys; reported to have bred on Lady Franklin Island, south- eastern Baffin Island, and Greenland; winters off the Atlantic coast of North America from Newfoundland to Massachusetts and in the eastern Atlantic south to Spain. *Catharacta skua chilensis (Bonaparte). 1 CHILEAN SKUA. Stercorarius antarcticus b. chilensis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 207, 1857 "Amer. merid."= Chile (type in Berlin Museum). Stercorarius antarcticus (not Lestris antarcticus Lesson) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 479, 1847 part, Magallania; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 287, 1868 part, Magallania (ex Gay). Lestris antarctica Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 Sta. Magdalena, Straits of Magellan. Stercorarius chilensis Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 323, pi. 24 Mejillones Bay, "Bolivia" (now Antofagasta), Valparaiso, Coquimbo, and Straits of Magellan (descr.; crit); idem, I.e., 1877, p. 800 Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 17 Straits of Magellan and Talcaguano, Chile; Saunders, I.e., 1882, p. 527 Callao Bay, Peru; MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 206 Callao Bay (Aug., Sept.); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 172, 1891 Missioneros, Santa Cruz, Patagonia (Nov.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896 Chile. Megalestris chilensis Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 318, 1896 Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Aug.; Santa Catharina, Aug.), Straits of Magellan (Eliza- beth Island), Chile (Talcaguano, Sept.; Mejillones Bay, Dec.-March; 1 Catharacta skua chilensis (Bonaparte) differs from the nominate race by more cinnamomeous coloring, especially by having the axillaries, under wing coverts, and ventral surface mostly cinnamon or cinnamon-rufous, instead of grayish brown. Size smaller. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 243 Iquique), and Peru (Callao Bay); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 655, 1898 Chile (Coquimbo, Oct.) and Tierra del Fuego (San Huivan- tazgo, Admiralty Sound); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 629, 1900 Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Gates, Cat. Birds' Eggs Brit. Mus., 1, p. 225, 1901 Sea Lion Island, Santa Cruz River, Patagonia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 382, 1902 Tierra del Fuego (ex Schalow); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 47 Port Dixon and Gray's Harbor, Straits of Magellan; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 44, 1907 Rio Grande do Sul to Rio de Janeiro; Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 101, 1909 Santa Maria Island (off Coronel), Chile (breeding), and Smythe's Channel; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 255, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (Sept. 18); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 226, fig. 134, 1910 Patagonia (descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 209, 1910 Patagonia and Buenos Aires; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 444, 1922 Chile north to Arica (habits, eggs descr.); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 53, 1924 Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile. Catharacta chilensis Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, pp. 216, 218, 1918 (char.; range); (?)Wace, I.e., 2, p. 197, 1921 Falkland Islands (visitor); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 7, 1921 California (Monterey Bay, Aug. 4, 7; Sept. 21), Washington (off Gray's Harbour, June 28), and British Co- lumbia (off Vancouver Island, June 20). Megalestris skua chilensis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 414, 1932 Chile (range); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 249, 1935 Isla la Mocha, Chile; Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 236, 1936 Arica (Tacna) to Valparaiso, Chile; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 169, 1936; Cowan, Murrelet, Seattle, 21, p. 69, 1940 British Columbia Catharacta skua chilensis Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 36 Snipe and Woodcock Islands, Beagle Channel; idem, El Hornero, 5, p. 353, 1934 Isla de los Conejos, Tierra del Fuego; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 310, 1934 (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 89 islands around Cape Horn (breeding; eggs descr.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1013, 1936 (monog.; range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 145, 1938 (range); Brooks, Ibis, 1939, p. 325 off Santa Cruz, California (March 14); Hamilton, I.e., 1945, p. 103 off Santa Catharina Island, Brazil (sight record). Range. Breeds in Tierra del Fuego, the neighboring islets, and northward on the east coast of South America to the mouth of the Rio Santa Cruz (Sea Lion Island), Patagonia, and on the Pacific coast at least to Santa Maria Island, Bay of Arauco, Chile; outside the breeding season wanders north along the western coast of America to British Columbia and on the Atlantic coast to Rio de Janeiro. 1 Field Museum Collection. 3: Chile (Porvenir, Magallanes, 1); Argentina, Santa Cruz (Puerto Deseado, 1; Rio Gallegos, 1). 1 Migrant birds recorded from the Atlantic coast may, however, prove to be brown individuals of C. s. antarctica (cf. Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., p. 1015). Wace's record from the Falkland Islands requires confirmation. Bennett (Ibis, 1926, p. 318) and Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., p. 1009) emphatically deny its occurrence on these islands. 244 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Catharacta skua antarctica (Lesson). 1 FALKLAND ISLAND SKUA. Lestris antarcticus Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 616, 1831 Falkland Islands and New Zealand (type locality, as restricted by Mathews [Nov. Zool., 18, p. 212, 1918], Falkland Islands; cotypes in Paris Museum; 2 cf. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 12, p. 21, 1881); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 579 part, Falkland Islands. Lestris catarractes (not Larus catarractes Linnaeus) Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. "Uranie," Zool., p. 137, pi. 38, 1824 Falkland Islands. Magalestris antarctica Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 98, 1858 Falk- land Islands (egg descr.); (?)Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 139, 1889 St. Peter and St. Paul Island, Straits of Magellan; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 319, 1896 part, spec, s-y, Falkland Islands; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 40, 1902 Falkland Islands (eggs descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 382, 1902 Orange Bay, Tierra del Fuego (ex Oustalet); idem, I.e., 18, p. 209, 1910 part, Tierra del Fuego (Orange Bay, Ushuaia); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 228, 1910 part, Falkland Islands and Straits of Magellan. Lestris antarctica Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 390, 1860 Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 165 Falkland Islands (breeding in Decem- ber). Stercorarius antarcticus Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 321 part, Falkland Islands; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 779 part, Falkland Islands; idem, Rep. Voy. Challenger, 2, Birds, p. 139, 1881 part, Falkland Islands; Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 12, p. 21, 1881 Falkland Islands (crit.); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 169, 1891 Falk- land Islands (French Bay, Edwards Bay), Tierra del Fuego (Orange Bay), and Straits of Magellan (Elizabeth Island). Megalestris antarctica falklandica I^onnberg, Wiss. Erg. Schwed. Siidpolar Exp., 5, No. 5, p. 8, 1905 Hope Bay, Louis Philippe Land (type in Stockholm Museum); Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 103, 1937 (crit.). Catharacta antarctica Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 148, 1917 Falkland Islands. Catharacta skua antarctica Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, pp. 217, 218, 1918 part, Falkland Islands; Wace, I.e., 2, p. 197, 1921 Falkland; Daguerre, I.e., p. 261, 1922 Rosas, Province of Buenos Aires (April to Aug.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 319 Falkland Islands; Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exped., Nat. Hist. Rep., Zool., 4, pp. 116, 117, 1930 part, Falkland Islands (meas.); Hamilton, Discovery Rep., 9, p. 169, 1934 Falkland Islands (crit.; meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 310, 1934 1 Catharacta skua antarctica (Lesson) most closely resembles C. s. lonnbergi and, though exceedingly variable in intensity of coloring, differs by the some- what streaky or spotty dorsal surface, while the dimensions are generally less. The variations of this form have been discussed at length by Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., pp. 1020-1021). 2 Lesson evidently based his description on two specimens obtained by the Uranie on the Falkland Islands. The locality New Zealand appears to have been added from the literature quoted by Quoy and Gaimard. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 245 part, Falkland Islands to southern Argentina; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1020, 1936 Falkland Islands (monog.; variation; meas.). Range. Breeds on the Falkland Islands, wandering outside the breeding season north along the South Arnerican coast to beyond the latitude of Cabo Frio, Brazil; strays to the western Antarctic (Louis Philippe Land). 1 Catharacta skua lonnbergi Mathews. 2 BROWN SKUA. Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi Mathews, Nov. Zool., 18, p. 212, Jan., 1912 New Zealand seas (type in coll. of G. M. Mathews [cf. Hartert, I.e., 35, p. 20, 1927], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Stercorarius antardicus (not Lectris antardicus Lesson) Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 321 part, excl. of Falkland Islands; Sclater, Ibis, 1894, pp. 495, 497 Antarctica. Megalestris antardica Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 24, 1885 South Georgia (breeding; eggs descr.); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 319, 1896 part, spec, a-p, Campbell, Chatham, Norfolk, and Kerguelen Islands; Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 180 Laurie and Saddle Islands, South Orkneys (breeding habits); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 209, 1910 part, South Orkney Islands. Catharada antardica Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 58, 1906 South Georgia (crit.; descr. of chick and eggs; habits); Bennett, El Hornero, 2, p. 26, 1920 South Shetland Islands; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 490 South Georgia. Catharada lonnbergi darkii Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 494, Jan. 31, 1913 South Orkney Islands (type in Edinburgh Museum; cf. Stenhouse, Nov. Zool., 35, p. 275, 1930); Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, pp. 217, 218, 1919 South Georgia and South Orkney Islands (char.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 320 South Georgia, South Orkney, and South Shetland Islands; Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 580, pi. 47, figs. 3-4, pi. 53, fig. 4, pi. 54, fig. 1, 1929 South Georgia (nesting). Catharada skua darkei Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exped., Nat. Hist. Rep., Zool., 4, pp. 116, 117, 1930 South Georgia, South Orkney, and South Shetland Islands (crit.; meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 310, 1934 (same range); Hamilton, Discovery Rep., 9, p. 173, 1934 (crit.; range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1023, 1936 (monog.; char.; range). 1 Birds from Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island, heretofore referred to C. s. antardica, are believed by Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., p. 1033) to be more closely linked with C. s. lonnbergi, from which they might, however, prove to be separable. Two birds, collected by R. H. Beck at Mar del Plata in October, seem also to belong to this undetermined race. 2 Catharada skua lonnbergi Mathews may be distinguished from the preceding races by larger size, notably longer, stouter bill and tarsus, and prevailing brown coloring with a minimum of chamois color and cinnamon. According to Hamilton and Murphy, the proposed races from the South Orkney Islands (C. lonnbergi clarkei) and Kerguelen Island (C. I. intercedens) are not separable. 246 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Catharacta skua lonnbergi Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 370, 1936 South Orkneys (nesting; crit.); Alcorn, Condor, 44, p. 218, 1942 (?) coast of Washington. Range. Circumpolar at islands in the Antarctic and Subant- arctic zones; breeding in the South Shetlands, South Orkneys, South Georgia, and in the West Antarctic Archipelago to about 65 S. Lat., extralimitally in Stewart, Chatham, Snares, Auckland, Campbell, Antipode, and Macquarie Islands, also in Kerguelen, Crozet, and Prince Edward Islands. Catharacta skua maccormicki (Saunders). SOUTH POLAR SKUA. Stercorarius maccormicki Saunders, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 3, p. xii, Dec. 30, 1893 Possession Island, Victoria Land (type in the British Museum). Megalestris maccormicki Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 321, pi. 1, 1896 Possession Island, Victoria Land, and Antarctic Sea; Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 182 Laurie Island, South Orkneys (Nov. 11, 1904); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 209, 1910 South Orkney Islands. Catharacta maccormicki wilsoni Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 495, Jan. 31, 1913 Weddell Sea (type, from 74 S. Lat., 22 W. Long., off Coat's Land, in Edinburgh Museum; cf. Stenhouse, Nov. Zool., 35, p. 275, 1930); Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, pp. 217, 218, 1919 Laurie Island, South Orkneys (char.; range). Catharacta skua maccormicki Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Nat. Hist. Rep., Zool., 4, pp. 121, 123, 1930 (crit.; meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 310, 1934 (range); Hamilton, Discovery Rep., 9, p. 174, 1934 (crit.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1016, 1936 (monog.; range); Eklund, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, No. 1, p. 302, 1945 King George VI Sound, Antarctica (life hist.). Range. Breeds on the shores of the Antarctic continent and in the West Antarctic Archipelago north to 65 S. Lat.; occasional in the South Shetland and South Orkney Islands. Genus STERCORARIUS Brisson Stercorarius Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 56, 6, p. 149, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "Stercorarius" =Larus parasiticus Linnaeus. Coprotheres Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. v, 1852 (1853) type, by orig. desig., Larus pomarinus Temminck. Atalolestris Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, (5), pp. 500, 508, Jan. 31, 1913 type, by orig. desig., Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot. *Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck). POMARINE JAEGER. Lestris pomarinus Temminck, Man. d'Orn., p. 514, 1815 Arctic regions of Europe, on migration in Holland and France (type or cotypes probably 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 247 in Leyden Museum); 1 Holboll, Naturh. Tidsskr., 4, p. 424, 1843 northern Greenland. Stercorarius pomatorhinus Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 324 (crit.; range); idem, I.e., 1882, p. 527 Callao Bay, Peru (Dec., 1881); MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 206 Callao Bay, Peru (Nov. 17 and 18); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 322, 1896 (monog.). Lestris pomatorhina Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 218, 1898 Greenland. Stercorarius pomarinus Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 192, 1899 Albemarle Island, Galapagos (Dec. 15, 1897); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 96, 1916 Georgetown Harbor; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 7, 1921 (life hist.); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 287, 1931 Bermuda Islands (Sept. 26, 1908); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 311, 1934 (range); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 298, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 308, 1935 off Colon, Panama; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1035, 1936 off Ancon, Peru (sight record); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 29, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (rather rare); Southern, Ibis, 1944, p. 1 (dimor- phism). Coprotheres pomarinus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 681, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Brandt, Alaska Bird Trails, p. 400, 1943 Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, Alaska (breeding). Range. Breeds on Novaya Zemlya, the Yalmal Peninsula, Arctic coast of Siberia, 2 New Siberian Islands, Herald Island, and in northwestern Alaska, islands of the Arctic Archipelago, and the adjacent mainland south to Hooper Bay on the west, Southampton Island on the east, and central Greenland; winters off shore to western Africa, Mediterranean and Black Seas, Indian Ocean, Australia, Galapagos Islands (Albemarle Island, Dec. 15), coasts of Peru (Callao Bay, Nov. 17, Dec.; Ancon, May 8), Gulf of Mexico, the western Atlantic off the coast of Virginia, and British Guiana (Georgetown Harbor). Field Museum Collection. 19: Alaska (Barrow, 3; St. Lawrence Island, 2; King Island, 1; Nome, 3); California (Moss Landing, 1); Greenland (Davy's Sound, East Coast, 1); Labrador (Okak, 1); Nova Scotia (off Dover, Halifax County, 3); Massachusetts (Chat- ham, 1; Monomoy Island, 2; Cohasset, 1). *Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus). PARASITIC JAEGER. Larus parasiticus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 136, 1758 "intra Tropicum cancri: Europae, Americae, Asia" (restricted type locality, coast of Sweden; cf. Lonnberg, Zoologist, (4), 7, pp. 338-342, 1903). ^chlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, p. 47, 1863) lists three "individus au plumage parfait, Mer du Nord," which are probably Temminck's originals. 2 Stercorarius nigricapillus Bergman (Fauna och Flora, 18, No. 5, p. 232, 1923 cotypes from Taporkof and Pianaja Bay, Kamchatka, in Stockholm Museum) has 248 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Catharada Cepphus Brunnich, Orn. Bor., p. 36, 1764 "in Cimbria ad littus maris germanici, prope praedium Lonborregaard." Catharada Coprotheres Brunnich, Orn. Bor., p. 38, 1764 Iceland and Norway (descr. of dark phase). Larus crepidatus 1 Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 602, 1789 based on Catharada cepphus Brunnich, "Le Labbe ou Stercoraire" Buffon, etc., "in mari Americae et Europae septentrionali." Lestris Schleepii C. L. Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Europ. Vogel, 2, p. 993, 1824 Greenland (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 60, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Lestris Richardsonii Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.- Amer., 2, "1831," p. 433, pi. 73, pub. Feb., 1832 Barren Grounds, lakes of Fur Countries, and [type from] Fort Franklin (descr. of dark phase; location of type unrecorded). 2 Lestris parasitica Holboll, Naturh. Tidsskr., 4, p. 425, 1843 southern Green- land; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 207, 1898 Greenland. Stercorarius parasiticus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 132 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 687, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 14, 1921 (life hist.); Wetmore, I.e., 133, p. 129, 1926 15 miles south of Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Nov. 4 and 7, 1920); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 58, 1928 Pacific coast of Lower California (migrant); Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 287, 1931 Bermuda Islands (Nov. 23, 1929; sight record) ; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 413, 1932 Valparaiso Bay, Chile (ex Nicoll); L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, pp. 83, 124, 1932 Greenland (breeding; crit.); Pedersen, I.e., 100, No. 11, pp. 7, 25, 1934 Greenland (Hudson Land, Wollaston Vorland, Hochstetters Vorland; breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 311, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 308, 1935 Colon Harbor, Panama; Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 303, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1037, 1936 coast of Peru, Chile (Valparaiso Bay, Corral, Chiloe Island, Straits of Magellan), and Argentina (Mar del Plata); Brooks, Ibis, 1939, pp. 326, 327 off American coasts (char.); Southern, I.e., 85, p. 443, 1943 (distr. of two color phases); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 527, 1943 Southampton Island (nesting); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 29, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Brandt, Alaska Bird Trails, p. 402, 1943 Hooper Bay, Alaska; McCabe, Auk, 61, p. 465, 1944 (habits); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 233, 1946 Baffin Island (nesting). Stercorarius tephras Malmgren, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 392, 1865 Spitzbergen and Bear Island (type, from Spitzbergen, in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gylden- stolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 102, 1927). . been shown by Gyldenstolpe (Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 101, 1927) to be insepara- ble from S. pomarinus. l Larus crepidatus Banks (Cook's Voyage, Hawkesworth ed., 2, p. 15, 1773) is a nomen nudum. 2 Possibly in the University Museum, Cambridge, England. .948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 249 Stercorarius crepidatus Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 326 (monog.); Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 503 Barbados (July 10, 1888); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 327, 1896 (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 449, 1899 Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, pp. 51, 563 Valparaiso Bay, Chile (Feb. 14), and between St. Vincent and Carriacou, Lesser Antilles (Jan. 27); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. f 32, p. 256, 1905 Barbados and near St. Vincent; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 476 Tuyu, Ajo, Buenos Aires (Feb. 21, 1909). Stercorarius parasiticus parasiticus Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 219, 1919 Argentina; Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 154 Myggbukta, Greenland (breeding). Range. Breeds in America from northwestern Alaska and Mel- rille Island across the Arctic Archipelago to Greenland, south to he Aleutian Islands, southern Mackenzie, Hudson Bay, and northern - Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 307, 1846 Sierra and Puna region, Valley of Jauja, Junin; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 288, 1868 Chile to Peru; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 158 Tinta, Cuzco, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1871, p. 577 Peru (Islay and Tinta), Bolivia, and "Mendoza (ex Burmeister)," errore (crit.); Allen, Bull. Mus. Cpmp. Zool., 3, p. 359, 1876 Moho, Lake Titicaca; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 568, 1877 Laguna de los Pejerreyes, Colchagua, Chile; Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 196 (crit.; range); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 641 Bolivia; Saunders, I.e., 1882, p. 525 Callao Bay, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 404 Huasco, Sitani, and Cueva Negra, Tarapaca, Chile; Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887, pp. 204, 207 Callao Bay, Peru; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 Antofagasta, Chile; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. Ill, 1889 Lake Titicaca, Bolivia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137 Sacaya and Lake of Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 188, 1896 Chile (Sacaya, Huasco, Tarapaca), Peru (Lake Titicaca, Tinta, Laguna de Lanjui,' Tambo, Islay, Callao), and Ecuador (Colta); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896 Cordilleras of Chile; Sclater, Ibis, 1897, p. 312 Huasco and Sacaya, Chile; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 48, 1900 Canar and Vallevicioso, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 53 Ingapirca, Junin, Peru; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 232 lake near Cotopaxi (alt. 13,700 ft.), Ecuador; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, 1 A slightly smaller, darker race with smaller mirrors on the primaries, Larus c. poliocephalus Swainson, occurs in tropical Africa. 278 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 249, 1904 Santa Catalina, Jujuy; Menegaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 221, 1909 Lake Poopo and Huancani, Oruro, Bolivia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 212, 1910 Argentina (Cumbre de Calchaqufes, Tucuman, and Jujuy); Me'negaux, Miss. Serv. Ge'ogr. Armee Mes. Arc Me>id. Equat., 9, p. B. 8, 1911 Narinhuina, Ecuador; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 258, 1913 (range in Argentina); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 258 Peru (Banos, Cajamarca; Galera, Junin) and Bolivia (Cochabamba); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 49, 1921 Ollantaytambo and San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba, Peru; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 21, 1922 Arcadia (six miles south of Quito), Lake Mica (Antisana), and La Carolina, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 188, 1926 Lake Colta, Antisana, and Lake San Pablo, Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 33, p. 354, 1927 Laguna Mojanda, Ecuador; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 255, 1930 Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco, Peru; Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 404, 1931 Sierras de Zenta, Jujuy; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 411, 1932 Chile (Tarapaca to Antofagasta, Colchagua); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 322, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1077, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 237, 1936 Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile; idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 61, 1938 Chile (Arica Bay and Laguna de Parinacota, Tacna; Santiago; Rio Nuble, near Chilian, Nuble); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 403, 645 Huancavelica and Lake Junin, Peru; Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 63, p. 5, 1942 Peru. Chroicocephalus personatus ("Natterer") Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 104, pi. 3, fig. 36, 1853 "western America within the tropical zone" (no type or type locality specified); idem, I.e., 3, p. 289, 1855 ! (young descr.). Larus personatus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, p. 35, 1863 Bolivia (crit.). Larus bonapartii (not of Swainson and Richardson) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 178 Tambo Valley, Arequipa, Peru. Hydrocoloeus serranus Dwight, Bull.* Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 276, 1925 (monog.; plumages; range). Range. Breeds around high Andean lakes from Ecuador to northern Chile and northwestern Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Tucu- mdn) ; descends in the non-breeding period to the coast of Peru and Chile south to Nuble. Field Museum Collection. 6: Ecuador (Cerro Antisana, Pichin- cha, 2; Llanganate, Tunguragua, 1); Peru (Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco, 1; Cailloma, Arequipa, 1; Tirapata, Puno, 1). *Larus pipixcan Wagler. FRANKLIN'S GULL. Larus Pipixcan Wagler, Isis, 1831, Heft 5, col. 515, May, 1831 Mexico (cotypes in Munich Museum examined ;= winter plumage); Swarth, 1 Bruch cites as synonym L. serranus and goes on to say that the species has been found by Natterer "in the South American hot plains of Central America" (sic!) and by Tschudi in the puna region of Peru and Chile. Natterer, who, as 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 279 Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 65, 1931 Galapagos (Narborough, Chatham, and Albemarle Islands); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 128, 1932 Guatemala (winter); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 410, 1932 Arica to La Mocha, Chile (winter); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 322, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 309, 1935 Panama Canal Zone (one record); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1079, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Griscom, Auk, 54, p. 193, 1937 Mugileca, Guerrero (Apr. 16); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 61, 1938 Chile (Arica; bay of Valparaiso, Jan.; San Vicente de Talcaguano, Feb.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 183, 1938 La Libertad, El Salvador (Jan. 13); Slipp, Condor, 45, p. 38, 1943 (juvenile plumage). Larus franklinii(i) Richardson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.- Amer., 2, "1831," p. 424, pi. 71, pub. Feb., 1832 Saskatchewan River, Manitoba (type [or at least one of the cotypes] in Edinburgh Museum; cf. Stenhouse, Nov. Zool., 35, p. 275, 1930); Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 482, 1847 Valparaiso, Chile (ex Gray); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340 Chile (crit.); idem and Salvin, I.e., 1871, p. 577 (crit.; range; synonymy); Saunders, I.e., 1878, p. 195 (crit.); idem, i.e., 1882, p. 524 Coquimbo Bay, Chile (Nov.), and Payta, Peru (Jan.); Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887, pp. 204, 207 Callao, Peru (Jan. to Feb., April); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896 Chile; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 191, 1896 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 419, 1903 Mexico (various localities), Guatemala (Chiapam, Champerico), and Panama; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 50 Valparaiso, Chile; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 237, 1904 Mangrove Point, Narborough Island, Gala- pagos (March); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 415, 1910 Port Limon, Costa Rica; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 42, 1913 Galapagos (Chatham Island, Feb. 10; Albemarle, March 6); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 259 Callao, Peru (Jan. 10); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 163, 1921 (life hist.); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 53, 1924 Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 188, 1926 Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador (Dec. 6). Xema franklini G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 172, 1844 Valparaiso, Chile. Larus cucullatus (Lichtenstein MS.) Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Schwimm- vogel, pi. 23, fig. 296, 1848 no locality (type in Dresden Museum); Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 113, 1858 San-Tome" (Conception), Chile; Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 188 Champerico, Guatemala. Chroicocephalus Kittlitzii Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 104, 1853 southern Chile (based on a drawing in the Leningrad Museum). Larus cinereo-caudatus Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 18, No. 6, p. 733, June, 1861 San-Tome" (Concepci6n), Valparaiso, and Arica, Chile (cotypes, from San-Tome", Valparaiso, and Arica, in National Mu- is well-known, never visited Central America, did not obtain it nor did he ever bestow any name on this bird. Bruch's type may possibly be in the museum at Mayence, where his private collection was deposited. 280 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII seum, Santiago; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 30, 1930); iidem, Arch. Naturg., 27, (1), p. 293, 1861 same localities, Concepcion to Peru; idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 12, p. 98, 1902 San-Tome", Valparaiso, and Arica. Chroicocephalus cucullatus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 309 Central America, Panama, and Louisiana (monog.). Chroicocephalus franklini Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 310 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 641, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Hydrocoloeus pipixcan Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 288, pi. 15, figs. 3, 4, 1925 (monog.; plumages). Range. Breeds in North America, from central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and south-central Manitoba to Utah, South Dakota, and southern Minnesota; winters on the Gulf coast of the United States, but chiefly on the Pacific coast of South America from the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador, to Concepcion, Chile; casual in the West Indies (St. Bartholomew), Galapagos Islands (three records), and in the Hawaiian Islands (Mauai). Field Museum Collection. 78: Alberta (Walsh, 1; Many Islands Lake, 6); Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 2; Moose Jaw, 1; Maple Creek, 3; Big Stick Lake, 1); Manitoba (Selkirk, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 6); North Dakota (Nelson County, 22; Pierce County, 1; Ramsey County, 10; Rolette County, 2; Towner County, 12); South Dakota (Harrison, 1); Minnesota (Heron Lake, 1); Iowa (Loon Lake, 1); Kansas (Oberlin, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 2); Illinois (Cook County, 1); Indiana (Liverpool, 1); Guatemala (San Jose', 1). *Larus ridibundus maculipennis Lichtenstein. 1 PATAGONIAN BROWN-HEADED GULL. Larus maculipennis Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 411, Sept., 1823 Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 323, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Registo do Sai, Santa Ana), Sao Paulo (Ypanema), and Matto Grosso (Cidade de Matto Grosso); 2 Durn- \Larus ridibundus maculipennis Lichtenstein is so close to the European nominate race that we do not hesitate to follow Laubmann in reducing it to sub- specific rank. Dwight has shown that L. glaucodes and L. maculipennis are the same, the former being the fully adult bird, while the latter represents an abnormal (re- versionary) type of second-year plumage. Falkland Island birds are slightly smaller, but the divergency is too insigni- ficant to justify the recognition of a distinct race (roseiventris). C.E.H. O. Murie (Auk, 62, p. 313, 1945) has recorded a specimen of Larus ridibundus sibiricus from Kiska Island in the Aleutians. B.C. 2 According to Dr. M. Sassi, Natterer's specimens, including the one from Cidade de Matto Grosso, are unquestionably maculipennis. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 281 ford, Ibis, 1877, pp. 43, 202 mouth of Rio Chubut, Patagonia (breeding), and province of Buenos Aires (Baradero, etc.); idem, I.e., 1878, p. 405 Lake Colguape and Rio Sengel, Chubut (breeding); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 201 (crit.; range); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 163 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 526 Talcaguano, Chile (crit.); White, l.c., p. 628 Punta Lara, Pecheco, and Salto, Buenos Aires; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Holland, I.e., 1890, p. 425 Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 213 Est. Espartillar (breeding); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 211 Montevideo Bay; Holland, I.e., 1895, p. 216 Santa Elena, Buenos Aires (breeding); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 200, 1896 Brazil (Barra Grande, Alagoas; Rio de Janeiro; Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay (Montevideo), Buenos Aires (Partido del Ajo, Lomas de Zamora, Espartillar, Buenos Aires, Bahia Blanca), Chubut, and Chile (Arauco, Vina del Mar, Talcaguano); Holland, Ibis, 1897, p. 287 Santa Elena, Buenos Aires (breeding); Sclater, I.e., p. 312 Vina del Mar (Valparaiso) and Laraquete (Arauco), Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 657, 1898 Cavancha (Iquique), Tarapaca, Chile; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 447, 1899 Iguape, Sao Paulo; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 214, 1902 Rio Sali, Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 44, 1907 Sao Paulo (Iguape), Chubut (Carmen), and Buenos Aires; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 254, 1909 Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and Rio Salf, Tucuman; Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 101, 1909 Tocopilla and Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 212, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 200, 1910 Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut (descr.); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 475 Los Yngleses and Luiconia, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Chubb, I.e., 1919, p. 259 Papin, Bonifacio, Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 81 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding habits); Tre- moleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 Montevideo and Canelones, Uruguay; Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 261, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 291, 1923 San Antonio Oeste, Rio Negro; Reed, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 190, 1925 Villa Tolten, Cautin, Chile; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 133, 1926 Buenos Aires (Cape San Antonio, Guamini) and Uruguay (San Vicente) (crit.); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 425, 1926 San Antonio Oeste, Rio Negro; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 164, 1927 Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 411, 1932 Tarapaca to Straits of Magellan, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 323, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1082, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 147, 1938 Sao Paulo (Iguape, Pissaguera) and Argentina (Carmen, Chubut, Buenos Aires, La Plata). Larus glaucodes Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., p. 115, pi. 24, 1834 coast of Chile (type in Berlin Museum); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 204, 1855 Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 314, 1860 southern Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 288, 1868 Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 578 coast of Chile and Falkland Islands (crit.); Saunders, I.e., 1877, p. 799 Messier Channel, Straits of Magellan; idem, 282. FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII I.e., 1878, p. 203 (crit.; range); Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 16 Cape Gregory, Magellan Straits; Saunders, I.e., 1882, p. 526 (in text) Talcaguano, Chile (crit.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 139, 1889 Port Otway, Chile; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 181, 1891 Tierra del Fuego (Sloggett Bay) and Santa Cruz; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 203, 1896 Patagonia (Egg Harbour), Falkland Islands, Straits of Magellan (Cape Gregory, Messier Channel), and Chile (Col- chagua, Algarroba, Santiago, Valparaiso, Vina del Mar, Talcaguano, Coquimbo); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896 Chile; Sclater, Ibis, 1897, p. 312 Vina del Mar (Valparaiso) and Laraquete (Arauco), Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 656, 1898 Tumbes and Tal- caguano (Concepcion), and Lago Llanquihue, Chile; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 630, 1900 Punta Arenas and Rio Pescado, Straits of Magellan; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 41, 1904 East Island, Falkland Islands (egg descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 212, 1910 Tierra del Fuego (Sloggett Bay); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 210, 1910 near Coy Inlet and Cape Fairweather, Santa Cruz; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 147, 1917 Falkland Islands; Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 197, 1921 Falkland Islands; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 291, 1923 Maquinchao and Huanuluan, Rio Negro; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 426, 1926 Arroyo Seco, Rio Negro; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 319 Falkland Islands. Xema (Chroicocephalum) drrhocephalus (not Larus cirrocephalus Vieillot) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 142, 1841 Rio Plata, coast of Patagonia, and Straits of Magellan (crit.). Xema cirrhocephalum Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 119, 1843 Chile. Larus drrhocephalus Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 482, 1847 Chile (part, young); Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 512 Valdivia and "Arend" (=Ancud), Chiloe, Chile; Frauenfeld, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 10, Abh., p. 639, 1860 Lake Aculeo, Santiago, Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 151, 1865 Chile (eggs); Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 16 Talcaguano, Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896 coast of Tarapaca, Chile. Larus albipennis Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 288, 1848 harbor of Val- paraiso, Chile (type in U. S. National Museum examined); Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 133, 1858 Valparaiso. Chroicocephalum glaucotes Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 105, 1853 Chile (crit.); idem, I.e., 3, p. 291, 1855 Chile (crit.). Larus erythropus (not of Gmelin, 1789) Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 113, 1858 San-Tome, Concepcion, Chile (substitute name for L. albipennis Peale). Gavia roseiventris Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 97, 1859 Falkland Islands (type now in British Museum). Larus roseiventris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 391, 1860 Falkland Islands (crit.); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 166 Falkland Islands (breeding). Larus serranus (not of Tschudi) Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 267, 1860 Mendoza; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 519, 1861 Mendoza. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 283 Larus glaucotis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340 Chile. Hydrocoloeus maculipennis Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 295, 1925 (monog.; plumages). Larus glaucoides Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 208, 1929 Angol, Malleco, Chile. Larus ridibundus maculipennis Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 22, p. 262, 1934 Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe (crit.). Range. Breeds in southern South America from Valdivia, Chile, and the La Plata estuary to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands; ranges north to Tarapaca, Chile, Alagoas, Brazil, and (according to Sassi) Matto Grosso. Field Museum Collection. 5: Chile (Concepcion, Talcaguano, 1; Lake Gualletue, Cautin, 1; Angol, Bio Bio, 1; Quellon, Chiloe* Island, 1; Chonchi, Chilo6 Island, 1). *Larus Philadelphia (Ord). BONAPARTE'S GULL. Sterna Philadelphia Ord, in Outline's Geogr., 2nd Am. ed., 2, p. 319, 1815 no locality=near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (no type extant). Larus marginatus Rafinesque, Kentucky Gazette, n.s., 1, No. 8, p. 3, col. 5, Feb. 21, 1822 near Harrodsburg, Kentucky (no type extant). Larus melanorhynchus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 85, pi. 504, 1830 "Chile" (descr. of nuptial plumage; type in the Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, p. 41, 1863). Larus bonapartii Richardson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, "1831," p. 425, pi. 72, pub. Feb., 1832 "Great Slave Lake," Mac- kenzie (type, from Fort Franklin, Great Bear Lake, in Edinburgh Museum; cf. Stenhouse, Nov. Zool., 35, p. 275, 1930). Chroicocephalus bonapartii Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 105, 1853 North America (monog.); idem, I.e., 3, p. 292, 1855 (descr.; crit.). Chroicocephalus subulirostris (Bonaparte MS.) Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 105, 1853 North America (type in Mayence Museum). Chroicocephalus Philadelphia Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 310 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 645, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Larus philadelphiae Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 206 (monog.). Larus Philadelphia Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 185, 1896 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 418, 1903 Mexico (Mazatlan, Guanajuato, Guadalajara, Jalisco); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 175, 1921 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 61, 1928 Lower California; Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 289, 1931 Bermuda Islands (winter); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 324, 1934 (range); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 30, 1943 Mackenzie Delta (nesting in wooded part); Beardslee, Wilson Bull., 56, p. 9, 1944 (habits; plumages); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 92, 1945 Sonora (winter visitant). 284 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Hydrocoloeus Philadelphia Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 306, pi. 15, figs. 5, 6, 1925 (monog.; plumages). Range. Breeds in North America from northwestern Alaska and northern Mackenzie south to central British Columbia and central Alberta; winters on the Pacific coast from southeastern Alaska to Lower California and western Mexico, on the Atlantic from New England to Florida, the Bermuda Islands, and on the Gulf coast to Yucatan; accidental in the Hawaiian Islands and in Europe. 1 Field Museum Collection. 144: Alaska (Bethel, 3; Inako River, 1); Yukon Territory (Yukon River, 1); British Columbia (Seymour Narrows, 1; Saturna Island, 1; Victoria, 1); Alberta (Cooking Lake, 1); Manitoba (Churchill, 1); California (San Francisco, 1; Eureka, 1; Monterey, 22; Pacific Grove, 2; Seaside, 1; Hyperion, 15; Motor- drome, Los Angeles County, 1; San Diego County, 1); North Dakota (Nelson County, 7; Rolette County, 8; Towner County, 2); Minne- sota (Pelican Rapids, 2) ; Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 9) ; Illinois (Lake County, 3; Cook County, 1); Indiana (Lake County, 1); Michigan (St. Joseph, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 5); Maine (Portland, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 3); Connecticut (New Haven County, 3); New York (Cayuga Lake, 2; Suffolk County, 2); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 17; Pea Island, 1); Florida (Pilot Town, 5; Amelia Island, 4; East Pass, 8; Mary Esther, 3; Santa Rosa, 2). Larus minutus Pallas. LITTLE GULL. Larus minutus Pallas, Reisen Versch. Prov. Russ. Reiches, 3, p. 702, 1776 rivers of Siberia and southern Russia (restricted type locality Berezof, Tobolsk, Siberia; cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 650, 1919); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 173, 1896 (monog.); Norton, Auk, 27, p. 447, 1910 (occurrences in America); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 180, 1921 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 324, 1934 (range). Hydrocoloeus minutus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 649, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 309, 1925 (monog.; plumages). Range. Breeds locally in northern Europe and northern Asia; accidental in the eastern United States; on Long Island, New York (Fire Island, Sept. 15, 1887; Rockaway Beach, May 2, 1902) and 1 Bonaparte's Gull has never occurred anywhere in South America. The record from the Tambo Valley, Peru, turned out to be based on an immature bird of L. sen-arms, and Des Murs (in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 483, 1847) is undoubtedly mistaken in including L. bonaparti among the birds of Chile. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 285 in Maine (St. George, Aug. 12, 1904; Pine Point, near Scarborough, July 20, 1910). 1 Genus RHODOSTETHIA Macgillivray Rossia (not of Owen, 1835) Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 62, 1838 type, by monotypy, Larus roseus Macgillivray. Rhodostethia Macgillivray, Man. Brit. Orn., 2, p. 252, 1842 type, by orig. desig., Larus rossii Richardson =Larus roseus Macgillivray. *Rhodostethia rosea (Macgillivray). Ross's GULL. Larus roseus Macgillivray, Mem. Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc., 5, (1), p. 249, 1824 no locality given = Melville Peninsula, Keewatin 2 (type in Edin- burgh Museum); Jardine and Selby, Illustr. Orn., 1, (1), pi. 14, Feb., 1827 (fig. of type); Winge, Medd. Gr0nL, 21, p. 199, 1898 Greenland. Larus rossii Richardson, App. Parry's Second Voy., p. 359, 1825 Melville Peninsula, Keewatin (type, from Alagnak, 69 15' N., in Edinburgh Museum; cf. Stenhouse, Nov. Zool., 35, p. 275, 1930). Larus Richardsonii Lesson, Compl. Oeuvr. Buffon, 9, p. 516, 1837 Arctic Circle. Rhodostethia roseus Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 106, 1853 (diag.); idem, I.e., 3, p. 278, 1855 Kamchatka (crit.). Rhodostethia rosea Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 167, 1896 (monog.); Buturlin, Ibis, 1906, pp. 131, 333, 661 Kolyma Delta, Siberia (breeding grounds; habits; nest and eggs descr.); Dresser, I.e., p. 610, pi. 20 (eggs); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 669, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 133, p. 183, 1921 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1718, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 36, 1923 St. George Island, Pribilofs (March 24, May 25); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 314, 1925 (range; plumages); Helms, Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidsskr., 27, p. 18, 1933 Ikamiut, Greenland; Ticehurst, Ibis, 1933, p. 785 islands near Ikamiut, Greenland (June 20; male, female with egg); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 325, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds in northern Siberia at the mouths of rivers between Cape Swjatoi Noss and the Indigirka River, and in the valleys of the Indigirka, Alazei, and Kolyma south to about 67 30' N. Lat., also on islands near Ikamiut, Greenland (June 20, 1885) ; on migra- tion in Kamchatka, the Arctic coast of Alaska, and the Pribilofs (two records from St. George Island). Field Museum Collection. 20: Alaska (Barrow, 20). 1 Records from the Bermuda Islands pertain to L. Philadelphia (cf. Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, pp. 289-290, 1931). 2 Macgillivray's provisional name, based on the characteristic shape of the tail ("subcuneate, the middle feathers being considerably longer, the rest graduated"), 286 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Genus RISSA Stephens Rissa Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 180, 1826 type, by mono- typy, Rissa brunnichii Stephens =Larus tridactylus. Cheimonea Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., pp. 84, 196, 1829 type, by monotypy, Larus tridactylus Linnaeus. *Rissa tridactyla tridactyla (Linnaeus). KITTIWAKE. Larus tridactylus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 136, 1758 based on "The Coddy Moddy" Albin, Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 80, pi. 87, and "Larus cinereus" Raius, Syn. Meth. Av., p. 128, Great Britain; Holboll, Naturh. Tidsskr., 4, p. 420, 1843 Greenland (Godthaab); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 190, 1898 Greenland. Larus Rissa Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 42, 1764 Iceland and Christiansoe Island, also near Copenhagen. Larus naevius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 225, 1766 based on Brisson (Orn., 6, p. 185, pi. 17, fig. 2), Aldrovandi, etc., "in Man Europaeo." Larus albus (not of Gunnerus, 1767) P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 104, 1776 based on "Mouette cendree tachetee" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 387. Larus cinerarius (not of Linnaeus, 1766) Fabricius, Faun. Greenl., p. 101, 1780 Greenland (descr. of winter plumage). Larus Riga Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 594, 1789 based on Larus Rissa Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 42, No. 140, and "Kittiwake" of Pennant and Latham, northern America, Europe, and Asia. Rissa Brunnichii (Leach MS.) Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 181, pi. 21, 1826 substitute name for Larus tridactylus Linnaeus. Rissa tridactylus Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 103, 1853 (diag.); idem, I.e., 3, p. 284, 1855 (descr.). Rissa borealis C. L. Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 341, 1855 Greenland, not rare in Europe (type, from Greenland, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov, Zool., 25, p. 60, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Rissa tridactyla Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 305, 1896 (in part, excepting Bering Sea and North Pacific regions); Racey, Canad. Field Nat., 53, p. 25, 1939 (banded in Russian Arctic, recovered in Newfound- land); Hennessy, I.e., 57, p. 63, 1943 (banded in Iceland, recovered off Nova Scotia). Rissa tridactyla tridactyla Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 565, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 36, 1921 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1751, 1921 (monog.); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 317, pi. 14, fig. 6, 1925 (range; plumages); Bradlee, Mow- bray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 288, 1931 Bermuda rests on the very same specimen from Parry's Arctic Expedition, which was subsequently described by Richardson as Larus rossii and is still preserved in the Edinburgh Museum. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 287 Islands (regular winter visitor); L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, pp. 69, 123, 1932 eastern Greenland (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 325, 1934 (range); Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1935, p. 852 Jan Mayen (breeding); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 319, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 236, 1946 Baffin Island. Range. breeds in Arctic and Subarctic North America from Wellington Channel, northern Greenland, south to Somerset Island, east coast of Baffin Island, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and extra- limitally in Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitzbergen, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, northwestern Europe, and northern Asia; winters from the Gulf of St. Lawrence south to New Jersey and the Bermuda Islands. Accidental in the interior. Field Museum Collection. 33: Arctic Canada (Resolution Island, 1); Greenland (Agpamiut, 3; Simiutak, 1; Godhavn, 1; Sukkertoppen, 2; Godthaab, 2; Julianehaab, 1; east coast, 5) ; Labrador (Jack Lane's Bay, 1; Rama, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 10); Nova Scotia (Halifax, 1); Massachusetts (Provincetown, 3); Illinois (Meredosia, Morgan County, 1). *Rissa tridactyla pollicaris Ridgway. PACIFIC KITTIWAKE. [Rissa tridactyla] b. pollicaris (Stejneger MS.) Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 202, 1884 Kotzebue Sound, Alaska (new name for Rissa brachyrhynchus [not Larus brachyrhynchus Gould, 1843] Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 103, 1853). Rissa tridactyla pollicaris Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 78, 1885 Bering Island and Staritskoff Island, Kamchatka (nomencl.; crit.; breed- ing); Ridgway, I.e., 50, (8), p. 571, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, l.c., 113, p. 44, 1921 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1753, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 31, 1923 Pribilof Islands (breeding); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 317, 1925 (range; plumages); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 58, 1928 Lower California (San Geronimo Island, March, 1897; vicinity of Los Coronados Islands, winter) ; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 325, 1934 (range). Rissa brachyrhynchus (not Larus brachyrhynchus Gould, 1843) Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 103, 1853 North America (diag.); idem, I.e., 3, p. 285, 1855 northwest coast of America (diag.). Range. Breeds in northwestern North America, from Cape Lisburne and Point Barrow, Alaska, south to the Aleutian Islands, and extralimitally on Wrangel and Herald Islands, north coast of eastern Siberia west to Kolinchin Bay, the coast and islands of Bering Sea, the Commander Islands, Kurile Islands, and Kamchatka; winters from southeastern Alaska to northern Lower California and Japan. 288 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. 17: Alaska (Barrow, 4; Little Diomede Island, 3; Nome, 5; St. Michaels, 4; Icy Strait, 1). *Rissa brevirostris Bmch. RED-LEGGED KITTIWAKE. Rissa brevirostris (Brandt MS.) Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 103, 1853 "North- west coast of North America" (type in Leningrad Museum); idem, I.e., 3, pp. 285, 293, 1855 (diag.); Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 82, 1885 Bering Island (breeding); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 312, 1896 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 573, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 49, 1921 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1754, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 32, 1923 Pribilof Islands (breeding); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 322, 1925 (range; plumages); Gabrielson, Auk, 50, p. 216, 1933 Delake, Oregon; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 326, 1934 (range). Larus brachyrhynchus (not of Richardson, 1832) Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 106, Dec., 1843 "Russian America" (type now in British Museum); idem, Zool. Voy. Sulphur, Birds, Part 2, p. 50, pi. 34, Jan., 1844 "Russian America" (fig. of type). Rissa Kotzebuii Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, pp. 212, 217 "Ex Am. s. occ., California" (substitute name for Rissa brevirostris Bruch); idem, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 7, p. 18, 1855 (reprint). 1 Larus Warnecki Coinde, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 12, p. 401, 1860 St. Paul Island, Pribilof s (type in Paris Museum). Range. Breeds on the Pribilof, Near, and Commander Islands (more or less resident); casual in Alaska (St. Michaels), Yukon Territory (Forty Mile), and Oregon (Delake, Jan. 28, 1933). Field Museum Collection. 4: Alaska (St. George Island, 1; Bering Sea, 3). Genus CREAGRUS Bonaparte Creagrus Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, p. 213 type, by orig. desig., Larus furcatus Neboux. *Creagrus furcatus (Ne"boux). SWALLOW-TAILED GULL. "Mouette a queue fourchue" Neboux, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 290, 1840 "rade de Monterey (Haute-Californie)" (type in Paris Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 318, 1932). Larus furcatus Neboux, Voy. "Ve'nus," Atlas, Zool., Ois., pi. 10, 1846; Prevost and Des Murs, Voy. "Ve'nus," 5, Zool., p. 277, 1849 "rade de Monterey (Haute-Californie) . ' ' Xema furcatus Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 103, 1853 California (crit.). Creagrus furcatus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 312 (ex Neboux); Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 506, 1876 Dalrymple 1 Specific name spelled Kotzebui. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 289 Rock, Chatham Island, Galapagos (crit.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 117, 1890 Dalrymple Rock (generic char.; descr. of breeding plumage); Townsend, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 125, 1895 Malpelo Island, off Bay of Panama (March); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 638, 1897 Brattle, Hood, Chatham, off James, and Tower Islands, Galapagos, and Malpelo Island, Colombia (descr.; meas.); Baur, Amer. Nat., 31, p. 783, 1897 rock between Gardner and Hood Islands (breed- ing), Barrington Island, near Seymour Island and Abingdon Island, Galapagos; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 237, 1904 Culpepper, Wenman, and Albemarle Islands (descr. of eggs); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 35, 1913 Galapagos (habits; plumages; meas.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 659, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 328, 1925 (monog.; plumages); Chapman, I.e., 55, p. 187, 1926 off Talara, Peru, and off Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador (Dec. 6); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 65, 1931 Galapagos; Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 42, 1931 Tower Island and Galapagos; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 326, 1934 Galapagos; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1086, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Bond and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 90, p. 156, 1938 Malpelo Island, Colombia (breeding). Xema furcatum Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 210 Dalrymple Rock, Chatham Island (crit.); idem, I.e., 1882, p. 523, pi. 34 (adult and young) Paracas Bay, Peru (Oct.; descr. of young); Streets, Auk, 29, p. 233, 1912 off Chatham Island (habits). (l)Creagrus furcata Anthony, Auk, 12, p. 291, 1895 off San Diego, California (April 4, 1895). Xema furcata Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 165, 1896 Dalrymple Rock, Chatham Island, Galapagos, and Paracas Bay, Peru; Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 190, 1899 Wenman, Culpepper, Tower, and Hood Islands (nest and eggs descr.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 412, 1902 Wenman, Daphne, Guy Fawkes, and Albemarle Islands. Range. Breeds in the Galapagos Islands and on Malpelo Island, off Bay of Panama; casual off the coast of Ecuador (Gulf of Guayaquil, Dec. 6) and Peru (off Talara; Paracas Bay, Oct.). 1 Field Museum Collection. 8: Galapagos Islands (Wenman Island, 1; Hood Island, 3; Champion Island, 3; Tower Island, 1). Genus XEMA Leach Xema Leach, in Ross, Voy. Disc. Baffin's Bay, App. 2, p. Ivii, 1819 type, by monotypy, Larus sabini Sabine. Zema Holboll, Naturhist. Tidsskr., 4, p. 423, 1843 (emendation). 1 The occurrence of C. furcatus off the California coast is open to doubt. The locality of the type specimen, "Monterey, California," may be due to a confusion of labels, since the Venus also stopped at the Galapagos Islands. 290 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Chema Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 188, 1889 substitute name for Xema Leach. *Xema sabini (Sabine). SABINE'S GULL. Lams sabini Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 12, (2), p. 522, pi. 29, 1819 "low rocky islands on the west coast of Greenland (lat. 75 29' N. and long. 60 9' W.") (type, from Sabine Islands, near Melville Bay, in the British Museum); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 197, 1898 Greenland; Manniche, I.e., 45, No. 1, p. 167, pi. 6 (eggs), 1910 Renskaeret, Greenland (breeding habits). Xema sabini(i) Leach, hi Ross, Voy. Disc. Baffin's Bay, App. 2, p. Ivii, with col. plate, 1819 (descr. of type); Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 19 north of Upernavik, Greenland (breeding); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 141 Tumbez, Peru; Saunders, I.e., p. 209 (monog.); idem, I.e., 1882, p. 524 Callao Bay, Peru (Dec., 1881); MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 207 San Lorenzo Island, Callao Bay, Peru (Jan., Feb.); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 162, 1896 (monog.; full bibliog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 663, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 191, 1921 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1717, 1921 (monog.); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 327, pi. 14, fig. 5, 1925 (plumages; range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 61, 1928 Lower California (San Quintfn, Aug. 14, 1905; near Los Coronados Islands, Aug. 20, 1910); Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 290, 1931 St. George's, Bermuda Islands (one record); L0ppen- thin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, pp. 70, 123, 1932 Sand Island, Greenland (crit.; meas.; egg descr.; nesting habits); Pedersen, I.e., 100, No. 11, pp. 7, 23, 1934 Sand Island, Greenland (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 326, 1934 (range); Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 150 northeast Greenland (breeding; crit.); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 30, 1943 Arctic coast east of Mackenzie Delta (said to breed); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 529, 1943 Southampton Island (nesting); Dalquist, Condor, 46, p. 34, 1944 Cali- fornia. [Xema. sabini] sabini Portenko, Ibis, 1939, p. 267 Greenland (crit.); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 237, 1946 Baffin Island (nesting). [Xema sabini] tschuktschorum Portenko, Ibis, (14), 3, p. 268, April, 1939 Uelen, Chukchi Peninsula (type in coll. of L. Portenko). [Xema sabini] woznesenskii Portenko, Ibis, (14), 3, p. 268, April, 1939 Hooper Bay, Alaska (type in Leningrad Museum). Xema sabini sabini Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 150 Greenland (crit.). Range. Breeds on Spitzbergen, the Arctic coast and islands of Siberia from the Taimyr Peninsula to Anadyr Gulf, the west coast of Alaska from Norton Sound to the Kuskokwim River, in northern Mackenzie, Victoria Island, Ellesmere Island, Baffin Island, South- ampton Island, and northern Greenland; 1 migrates off the Pacific 1 The subdivision of this species attempted by Russian ornithologists appears to rest on very slender grounds. Birds from Alaska seem to us inseparable from 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 291 coast of America and winters on the coast of Peru; of frequent occur- rence in the interior of the United States and on the shores of the North Atlantic Ocean; accidental in the Bermuda Islands (one record). Field Museum Collection Z%: Alaska (Barrow, 4; Chipp River, near Barrow, 1; King Island, 2; Nome, 4; St. Michaels, 7); Oregon (Tillamook County, 2; Netarts, 1); California (Eureka, 1; Monterey, 3; Cypress Point, 5; off San Pedro, 4); Greenland (Godthaab, 1); Maine (near Calais, 1); Peru (Talara, 2). Subfamily STERNINAE. Terns Genus CHLIDONIAS Rafinesque Chlidonias Rafinesque, Kentucky Gazette, n.s., 1, No. 8, p. 3, col. 5, Feb. 21, 1822 type, by monotypy, Sterna melanops Rafinesque =Sterna surina- mensis Gmelin. Hydrochelidon Boie, Isis, 1822, (1), col. 563, May, 1822 type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 100, 1841), Hydrochelidon niger (Linn.)= Sterna nigra Linnaeus. Viralva Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 166, 1826 type, by subs, desig. (Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 5, 1896), Sterna nigra Linnaeus. Pelodes Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 107, 1829 type, by monotypy, Sterna leucopareia Temminck= Sterna hybrida Pallas. Chlidonias leucoptera (Temminck) . WHITE-WINGED BLACK TERN. Sterna leucoptera Temminck, Man. d'Orn., p. 483, 1815 shores of Mediter- ranean and lakes beyond the Alps (lakes of Locarno, Lugano, Como, and Geneva). 1 Hydrochelidon leucoptera Brewer, Amer. Nat., 8, p. 188, 1874 Lake Kosh- konong, Wisconsin (July 5, 1873); Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 502 Barbados (Oct. 24, 1888); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 6, 1896 (monog.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 259, 1905 Barbados (ex Feilden); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 536, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). those of Greenland, though they have the mantle on average slightly darker. Yet, according to Portenko, who distinguishes not less than four races on the basis of color-intensity, a single specimen from Griffin Point, Arctic Alaska, pertains to his dark-headed form tschuktschorum, while two (!) other skins from Hooper Bay, Alaska (June), stated to be even darker, are separated as woznesenskii. We strongly doubt the possibility of there being two distinct races in different parts of Alaska. Hartert (Vog. Pal. Fauna, Erganz., p. 493) is even unable to recognize X. s. palaeartica Stegmann (Orn. Monatsb., 42, p. 25, 1934). 1 There seems little doubt that the two examples in adult plumage from the Lake of Geneva in the Leyden Museum (cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 5, Sternae, p. 32, 1864, s.n. Sterna nigra) are the actual cotypes of Temminck s description. 292 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Chlidonias leucoptera Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 299, 1921 (American records, habits); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 328, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds in southeastern Europe and northern Asia; accidental in the United States (one record from Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin, July 5, 1873) and the West Indies (Barbados, Oct. 24, 1888). 1 *Chlidonias nigra surinamensis (Gmelin). BLACK TERN. Sterna surinamensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 604, 1789 based on (Latham ex) "Hirondelle de mer, grande espece," Fermin, Descr. Surinam, 2, p. 187, 1769, Surinam. Sterna plumbea Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 83, pi. 60, fig. 3, 1813 Schuylkill River, Pennsylvania (descr. of young; type lost). Sterna melanops Rafinesque, Kentucky Gazette, n.s., 1, No. 8, p. 3, col. 5, Feb. 21, 1822 near Harrodsburg, Kentucky (no type extant). Sterna exilis Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 389, 1843 "in Oceani Pacific! littoribus"= coast of Peru (type in Neuchatel Museum ;= winter plumage; cf. Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 21, 1896); idem, Unters. Fauna Peru., Orn., p. 306, 1846 coast and "eastern slope of Cordilleras," Peru. Hydrochelidon plumbea Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 479, 1862 Lion Hill, Panama; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 155, 1865 Chile (vicinity of Santiago). Hydrochelidon fissipes (not Sterna fissipes Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 337, 340 Chile (ex Pelzeln); idem and Salvin, I.e., 1871, p. 573 coasts of Cuba, British Honduras, and Chile; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 393, 1875 Cuba (north coast and Zapata marsh). Hydrochelidon nigra (not Sterna nigra Linnaeus) Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 642 part, America; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896 Chile. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 133, 1887 Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 244, 1918 Gatun, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 532, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 180, 1922 Trojas de Cataca and Tierra Nueva, Colombia. Hydrochelidon surinamensis Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 20, 1896 United States, Mexico, British Honduras (Cay Dolores Channel), Guate- mala (Coban), and Peru (Callao Bay); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 398, 1903 Mexico (numerous localities), British Honduras (southern Water Cay, Curlew Cay, Cay Dolores Channel), Guatemala (Coban), Costa Rica (Puntarenas), and Panama (Lion Hill); 1 The British Museum has a young bird of Chlidonias hybrida hybrida (Pallas) marked "Barbados," which was presented by Sir Robert H. Schomburgk who, however, did not include the species among the birds of that island in his History of Barbados, pp. 680-682, 1848. Cf. also Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 259, 1905, s.n. Hydrochelidon hybrida, and Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 528, s.n. H. leucopareia. The evidence does not seem to be quite satisfactory. 948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 293 Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 (no Cayenne record); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 414, 1910 Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Chlidonias nigra surinamensis Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 290, 1921 (life hist.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 185, 1926 coast of Manavi, Ecuador (Feb. 13); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 385, 1927 Puerto Rico (San Juan; Cartagena Lagoon, Aug. 18 to Oct. 7); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 63, 1928 Lower California (transient); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 181, 1931 Saona Island, Hispaniola (Sept. 13); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 292, 1931 Bermuda Islands (Oct., 1876); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 302, 1931 Cricamola, Panama (Sept. 19); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 408, 1932 Chile; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 126, 1932 Ocos, Guatemala (Oct. 18); idem, Auk, 50, p. 300, 1934 Puerto Jime'nez, Costa Rica (Sept. 29); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 328, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 309, 1935 Panama; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1089, 1936 (monog.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p: 184, 1938 Lake Olomega, El Salvador (Sept. 4). Range. Breeds in North America from Alaska, Great Slave Lake, central Manitoba and Ontario to California, Nevada, Colorado, Kansas, northern Missouri and Tennessee, also in northern Ohio, lorthwestern Pennsylvania, and western New York; winters in South America to Surinam in the east and to Peru and Chile in the svest. Field Museum Collection 113: Alberta (Many Island Lake, 1); Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 1; Crane Lake, 1); California (Los Banos, 3; Los Angeles County, 2); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 1); Texas (Tivoli, 2); North Dakota (Nelson County, 10; Ramsey County, 9; Rolette County, 3; Towner County, 13); South Dakota (Harrison, 1); Kansas (Burlington, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 6); Illinois (Lake County, 7; Cook County, 6; Cairo, 1); Ohio (Sandusky, 2); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 2; Duxbury Beach, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 3); New York (Cayuga Lake, 1) ; North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 20); Georgia (Montezuma, 1); Florida (Punta Rassa, 1; Lake Conday, 1; Palm Beach, 1; West Jupiter, 10); Mexico (Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, 1). Genus PHAETUSA Wagler Phaetusa Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1224 type, by monotypy, Sterna magnirostris Lichtenstein= Sterna simplex Gmelin. Thalassites Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Bds., 2, p. 372, 1837 type by mono- typy, Sterna magnirostris Lichtenstein=Stenuz simplex Gmelin. 294 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Phaethusa Agassiz, Nomencl. Zool., Ind. Univ., p. 283, 1846 emendation of Phaetusa Wagler. Phoetusa Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 772, 1856 emendation of Phaetusa Wagler. *Phaetusa simplex (Gmelin). LARGE-BILLED TERN. Sterna simplex Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 606, 1789 based on "Simple Tern" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 355, Cayenne (descr. of im- mature; cf. Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 140, 1926). Sterna chloropoda Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 32, p. 173, 1819 based on "Hatf cogote obscuro" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 372, No. 412, 1 Paraguay; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 537, 1866 Trinidad. Sterna magnirostris Liechtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 81, 1823 Brazil (type in Berlin Museum); Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 81, pi. 104, 1825 Rio Sao Francisco, Brazil; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 861, 1833 Rio Parahyba, Rio de Janeiro, to the Rio Belmonte, Bahia; Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru'., Orn., p. 305, 1846 "coast of Peru"; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 761, 1849 Rupununi River; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 450, 1856 Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 267, 1860 Rio Parana, near Parana (Entre Rfos) and Santa F6; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 519, 1861 same localities; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 5, Sternae, p. 12, 1864 Rio de la Plata, Bolivia, and Brazil (crit.); Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 96 Orinoco River, Venezuela; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 393, 979 Mexiana, Brazil, and Pebas, Peru; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 20 Rio das Velhas, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 324, 1870 Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caicara), and Pard (Cajutuba); Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 396 Para, Brazil; Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 643 Para, Brazil (crit.); Durnford, Ibis, 1880, p. 412 Rosario, Santa F6; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 316, 1884 Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 438, 1886 Peruvian localities; MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 209 Guayaquil, Ecuador; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. Ill, 1889 lower Beni, Bolivia. Sterna speculifera "Temminck" Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 622, 1831 Brazil (type in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 544, 1850). Sterna albifrons (Cuvier MS.; not of Pallas, 1764) Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 544, 1850 no locality (descr. of imm.; type in Paris Museum). Thalasseus magnirostris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 200 lower Ucayali, Peru (eggs descr.). Phaetusa* magnirostris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 567 (range); iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 310 lower Ucayali and Huallaga, Pebas, 1 Azara's description is none too good, but seems to have been taken, as he thought probable, from an immature individual of the species described by him under the name "Hati cabeza negra," No. 413, which is unquestionably the adult Large-billed Tern. 2 Variously spelled Phaetusa, Phaetusa, or Phaethusa. 18 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 295 Peru; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 278, 1874 Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 200 Belgrano and Baradero, Buenos Aires; Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 112 Riobamba, Ecuador; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 194, 1889 Argentina (habits); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 84, 1894 Trinidad; Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895 Bahia Negra, Paraguay; Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, p. 150, 1895 Magdalena River (Barranquilla to Puerto Berrio), Colombia; idem and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 653, 1895 Margarita Island; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 23, 1896 British Guiana (Rupununi River, Ourumee), Surinam, Brazil (Mexiana), Argentina (Rio Parana), Peru (upper Ucayali, Pebas), and Ecuador (Guayaquil); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 443, 1899 Iguape, Sao Paulo; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 16, 1900 Carandasinho, Matto Grosso; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 132, 1902 Altagracia and Caicara, Orinoco, and La Pricion, Caura, Venezuela; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 452, 1904 Rio Jurua, Brazil; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 55, 1906 Port of Spain, Trinidad; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 39, 1907 Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Iguape), Amazonas (Rio Jurud), and Matto Grosso (Porto Faya); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 102, 1908 Rio Araguaya, Goyaz; Berlepsch, I.e., p. 309, 1908 Cayenne; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 253, 1909 Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud) and Santa Fe" (San Vicente, Ocampo; nesting); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 194, 233, 1909 Aruba and Margarita Island; Beebe, Zoologica (N. Y.), 1, p. 74, 1909 mouth of San Juan River, Venezuela; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 97, 1910 Bahia (near Barrinha, Joazeiro, Remanso, Rio Sao Francisco) and Piauhy (Lagoa do Parnagua, near Cocal, Rio Parnahyba); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 210, 1910 Cordoba (Mar Chiquiba), Chaco (San Vicente), Entre Rios, and Buenos Aires; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 471 Tayru, Colonia Risso, and Puerto Braga, Paraguay (habits; nest and eggs); Ramsden, Auk, 29, p. 100, 1912 Laguna del Centeno, Nipe Bay, Prov. Oriente, Cuba (May 28, 1910); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 78, 1914 Quati-puru, Marajo (Pindobal, Dunas, Cambu), and Monte Alegre, Para, Brazil; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 152, 1928 Rio Para, Para, Brazil. Phaetusa 1 chloropoda Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 192, 1913 Manimo River and La Pedrita (Rio Uracoa), Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brooklyn Inst., 2, p. 373, 1916 Orinoco Valley, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 37, p. 221, 1917 La Playa, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 44, 1918 Braamspunt, Surinam; Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 136, 1918 (range); Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 13, 1919 coast of Montevideo, Uruguay; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 180, 1922 Punto Caiman and Trojas de Cataca, Colombia; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 139 Rio Apure", Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 185, 1926 Ecuador; Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 765 coast of British Guiana; Davis, I.e., 1935, p. 530 coast and 1 Variously spelled Phaetusa, Phaetusa, and Phaethusa. 296 FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII tidal waters of Essequibo River and Rupununi River, British Guiana (nest and eggs). Phaetusa chloripoda Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p". 541, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Phaethusa (magnirostris) chloropoda Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 240, 1923 northern Brazil (eggs and downy young descr.). Phaetusa simplex chloropoda Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 140, 1926 Rio Paraguay, Chaco (crit.; nomencl.); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 165, 1927 Bovril Islands, Santa Fe; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 75, 1930 Matto Grosso; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 376, 1934 Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 329, 1934 (range); Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 261, 1934 Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe (crit.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 148, 1938 Minas Geraes (Pirapora) and Sao Paulo (Iguap, Sao Sebastiao, Santos, Presidente Epitacio, Rio Parand). Phaetusa simplex simplex Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 329, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 294 Caroni Swamp, Trinidad (nest and eggs); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 148, 1938 Amazonas (Rio Jurua, Mana- capuru) and Bahia (Cidade da Barra) ; Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 74, 1945 Cachuela Esperanza, El Beni, Bolivia (disc.). Phaetusa simplex Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1090, 1936 (monog.). Range. Colombia, Venezuela, islands of Aruba and Trinidad, and the Guianas south through Amazonas, Brazil, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, and eastern Argentina to the provinces of Cordoba and Buenos Aires; 1 Ecuador (Riobamba; Guayaquil; province de Los Rios); accidental in Cuba (Laguna del Centeno, May 28, 1910). Field Museum Collection. 25: Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, province de Los Rios, 4) ; Venezuela (Lake Valencia, Aragua, 8) ; Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 1); British Guiana (Mazaruni River, 1; Buxton, 6); Dutch Guiana (Braamspunt, 1); Brazil, Amazonas (Conceicao, 1; Serra Grande, Rio Branco, 2); Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 1). 1 The Large-billed Tern has been split by certain authors (Wetmore, Laubmann, Peters, Pinto) into two races, P. s. simplex and P. s. chloropoda, on the basis of the color of the upper parts. There is an undeniable tendency to a darker gray tone on hindneck, mantle, and tail in southern examples, but we find the difference to hold only when birds from the two extreme ends of the distributional area (Venezuela to lower Amazonia on one side, Argentina and Paraguay on the other) are compared, whereas the population of the enormous area of the Brazilian highlands is so variously intermediate that its assignation to one rather than the other race would be wholly arbitrary. Additional material examined. Venezuela, 6; British Guiana, 7; Trinidad, 2; Marajo, 3; Para, 1; Piauhy, 2; Pernambuco, 1; Bahia, 5; Rio de Janeiro, 3; Sao Paulo, 4; Santa Catharina, 2; Paraguay, 5; Buenos Aires, 3; Peru, 2. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 297 Genus GELOCHELIDON C. L. Brehm Gelochelidon C. L. Brehm, Isis, 23, col. 994, 1830 type, by monotypy, "Gelo- chelidon meridionalis" Brehm=Sierna meridionalis C. L. Brehm=S; bill, 26-27, (female) 27^- Said to be smaller than P. c. albivitta Bonaparte (extralimital) and to have the under tail coverts white instead of ashy gray (Lonnberg). 1 Procelsterna cerulea imitatrix Mathews: Stated to resemble P. c. skottsbergii in paleness of coloring, but much larger (wing, 215; tarsus, 28; bill, 30H)- Direct comparison of adequate series of these two races is imperative to establish their status. 1 Stone (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 117) described from the sea off Montevideo, Uruguay, Anous atrofuscus (type, from the Rivoli Collection, in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia). This seems to be one of the races of Anous tenuirostris, which has no representative in American waters, and the locality is probably erroneous. 332 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Anousella Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 412 (in text), Nov. 1, 1912 type, by orig. desig., Anous leucocapillus Gould= Arums minutus Boie. *Anoiis stolidus stolidus (Linnaeus). NODDY. Sterna stolida Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 137, 1758 based on "Hirundo marina minor, capite albo" Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 1, p. 31, pi. 6, fig. 2 (Atlantic east of Barbados), "The Noddy" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 88, pi. 88 (breeding in the Bahama Islands), and "Anaethetus minor fuscus, vertica cinereo, rostro glabro" Browne, Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica, p. 481 (Jamaica), "in Americae Pelago" (we accept Bahama Islands [ex Catesby] as type locality); 1 Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 874, 1833 coast of Brazil south of the equator. Anous niger Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 140, pi. 17, 1825 new name for Sterna stolida Linnaeus. Gavia leucoceps Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 373, 1837 based on "Mouette brune, de la Louisiane" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 997. Anous stolidus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 557 part, America (crit.); idem, Ibis, 1864, p. 392 Glover's Reef, British Honduras; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 566 Cuba, St. Bartholomew, British Honduras, coast of Brazil, and "Chile" (ex Lesson); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 395, 1875 cays of Cuba (breeding habits); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 669 part, Gulf coast of America; Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 280 Ascension Island (breeding); Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 632, 1886 Lee Rocks, Grenada (breeding); Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 83, 1892 Bahama Islands, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Sombrero, St. Bartholomew, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Grenada; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 116 part, Gulf coast of United States; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 136, 1896 part, spec, a-y, Florida, east coast of Mexico, Jamaica, Nevis, St. Vincent, Grenada, Redonda Island, British Honduras (Glover's Reef, Cay Dolores Channel), St. Paul's Rock, Fernando Noronha, Bahia, and Ascension Island; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 515 Washerwoman Cays, Andros, Bahama Islands (breeding); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 412, 1903 coast of Mexico, British Honduras, and Honduras; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 36 St. Paul's Rock (breeding); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 259, 1905 Grenadines (breeding) ; Nicoll, Ibis, 1906, p. 670 South Trinidad (breeding); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 42, 1907 (range in part); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 226, 1909 Los Hermanos Islands (breeding); Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 310 north of Chateau-Belair, St. Vincent (breeding); Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 369, 1917 Guadeloupe (breeding on Les Saintes, Tete Anglaise, etc.); Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 180, 1919 South Trinidad; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 301, 1921 (life hist.); 1 As Linnaeus also quotes "Amoen. Acad., 3, p." (which refers to S. stolida Odhelius, Amoen. Acad., 4, p. 240, 1759), it is possible that he had a specimen from the Lagerstroem donation before him. This individual, however, is no longer in existence and was already missing in 1787 (cf. Lonnberg, Bihang Sv. Vetensk.- Akad. Handl., 22, Afd. 4, No. 1, p. 28, 1896). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 333 Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, pp. 477, 510 St. Paul's Rock and Ascension Island (breeding); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 153, 1938 (range). Anous superciliosus Sharpe, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., 168, p. 468, 1879 coast of Mexico, Nevis, and Jamaica (cotypes in British Museum; descr. of young). Anous stolidus stolidus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 546, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, . 9, p. 385, 1927 Desecheo and Mona Islands (breeding); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 528, 1928 near Chateaubelair, St. Vincent; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 182, 1931 Hispaniola (occasional); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 293, 1931 Bermuda Islands (one record, Sept. 12, 1854); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 346, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 296 Soldado Rock, off Trinidad, and Giles Islets, Tobago (breeding); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1150, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Oberholser, Bird Life Louisiana, p. 311, 1938 (casual visitor). Range. Breeds on small islands in the Gulf of Mexico (Dry Tortugas, Florida Keys), in the Bahama Islands (Atwood's and Gaulding Cays, Dry and Booby Rocks, Acklin and Berry Islands, Washerwoman Cays, etc.), on islands off the coast of British Hon- duras (Glover's Reef, Cay Dolores) and in the Caribbean Sea (cays off Cuba; Jamaica; Desecheo and Mona Islands; small islets near Guadeloupe; St. Vincent; Grenadines; Lee Rocks, Grenada; Giles Islets, off Tobago; Soldado Rock, Trinidad; Los Hermanos Islands), on St. Paul's Rock, Fernando Noronha, Rocas Reef, South Trinidad; extralimitally on Ascension Island, St. Helena, Tristan d'Acunha, etc. Field Museum Collection. 22: Bahama Islands (Brown's Cay, 3; Miraporvos Island, 4; New Providence, 2); Jamaica (Grand Cayman, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 3); Lesser Antilles (Dominica, 4; Guadeloupe, 2); Venezuela (Orquilla Island, Nueva Esparta, 3). Anous stolidus ridgwayi Anthony. 1 SOCORRO NODDY. Anous stolidus ridgwayi Anthony, Auk, 15, p. 36, Jan., 1898 Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group, Mexico (type in collection of A. W. Anthony, now in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; cf. Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 18, p. 336(8), 1928); idem, I.e., p. 316, 1898 Socorro (breeding); Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 26, 1899 Isabella Island (breeding) and Tres Marias (habits); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 507, 1902 Cocos and Clipperton Islands (descr.; habits); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 550, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 46, 1931 Cocos Island (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 128, 1932 off Pacific 1 Anous stolidus ridgwayi Anthony differs from the nominate race merely by slightly darker coloration, darker gray pileum, and somewhat stouter bill. 334 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII coast of Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 346, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1158, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Bond and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 90, p. 156, 1938 Malpelo Island, off Colombia; Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 98, No. 22, p. 5, 1939 Clipperton Island. Anous stolidus (not Sterna stolida Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 233 Pacific coast of Guatemala; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 318, 1874 Isabella Island, Tepic, Mexico (breeding); Townsend, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 125, 1895 Cocos Island; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 415, 1910 Cocos Island; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 24, 1913 part, Oneal Rock (Socorro), Clipperton and Cocos Islands; McLellan, I.e., (4), 15, p. 284, 1926 Roca Partida, Revil- lagigedo Islands, and Isabella Island (breeding). Anous stolidus rousseaui (not of Hartlaub) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 645 (in text), 1897 part, Cocos Island and Isabella Island, Mexico (meas.). Anous pileatus (not Sterna pileata Scopoli) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 413, 1903 part, Revillagigedo Islands, Isabella Island, Tres Marias, Clipperton Island, and Pacific coast of Guatemala. Range. Breeds on the Revillagigedo Islands, Isabella Island (off the coast of Nayarit), Clipperton and Cocos Islands; ranges to the Pacific coast of Mexico and Guatemala and to Malpelo Island, off Colombia. *Anoiis stolidus galapagensis Sharpe. 1 GALAPAGOS NODDY. Anoiis galapagensis Sharpe, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., 168, p. 469, 1879 Dalrymple Rock, Chatham Island, Galapagos (type in British Museum; descr. of young); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 430 Charles Island; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 116, 1890 Hood and Chatham Islands; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, pp. 116, 117 Galapagos Islands; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 143, 1896 Dalrymple Rock (Chatham) and Charles Island (crit.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 642, 1897 Albemarle, Charles, Hood, Chatham, Tower, and Wenman Islands (descr.; meas.). Megalopterus stolidus (not Sterna stolida Linnaeus) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 145, 1841 part, Galapagos Islands. Anous stolidus Sundevall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 125 Galapagos Islands; Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 504, 1876 Dalrymple Rock; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 116, 1890 Dalrymple Rock and Chatham Islands; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 25, 1913 part, Galapagos Islands (habits). Anous stolidus galapagensis Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 191, 1899 Culpepper and Wenman to Charles and Hood Islands (breeding; 1 Anoiis stolidus galapagensis Sharpe: Very similar to A. s. ridgwayi, but slightly darker, more sooty, especially on back and upper tail coverts. Judging from the admittedly scanty material examined we are not much im- pressed with the validity of the Galapagos form when compared with A. s. ridgwayi. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 335 crit.; eggs descr.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 413, 1902 Wenman Island (nestling descr.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 239, 1904 James Island (crit.; nest and eggs descr.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 551, 1919 (monog.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 66, 1931 Galapagos Islands; Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 46, 1931 Tower Island; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 347, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1159, 1936 (monog.). Range. Breeds in the Galapagos Archipelago. 1 Field Museum Collection. 12: Galapagos Islands (Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, 10; Abingdon Island, 1; Seymour Island, 1). Anoiis minutus diamesus (Heller and Snodgrass). 2 Cocos BLACK NODDY. Micranous diamesus Heller and Snodgrass, Condor, 3, p. 76, May 1, 1901 Cocos Island (type in collection of Leland Stanford Jr. University); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 509, 1902 Cocos and Clipperton Islands (descr.; meas.); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 29, 1913 Clipperton and Cocos Islands (crit.; habits; eggs descr.). Megalopterus minutus diamesus Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 423, 1912; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 556, 1919 (monog.). Megalopterus minutus minutus (not Anous minutus Boie, 1844) Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 45, 1931 Cocos Island (crit.). Anqus minutus diamesus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 348, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1163, 1936 (monog.); Bond and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 90, p. 157, 1938 Malpelo Island; Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 98, No. 22, p. 6, 1939 Clipperton Island. Range. Breeds on Clipperton and Cocos Islands and ranges south to Malpelo Island, off Colombia. Anoiis minutus americanus (Mathews). 3 CARIBBEAN BLACK NODDY. 1 Anous stolidus has been recorded as breeding on Sala y Gomez Island by MacFarlane (Ibis, 1887, p. 210), and Lonnberg (in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, 3, Zool., p. 20, 1921) lists "A. stolidus unicolor Nordm." as nesting on Motu Nui, a small islet near Easter Island. The sub- specific status of these forms remains to be determined. Another doubtful race breeds on San Felix Island, off Chile (cf. Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1160, 1936). 2 Anoiis minutus diamesus (Heller and Snodgrass): Nearest to A. m. melano- genys G. R. Gray, of the Hawaiian Islands, but darker on the scapulars, lower parts and sides of neck, and sides of head, and with longer, stouter bill. Wing, 224, (female) 223-241; bill, 45, (female) 43-43^ (Heller and Snodgrass, Condor, 3, p. 76, 1901). 3 Anoiis minutus americanus (Mathews) is described as being close to A. m. minutus (extralimital), but "easily distinguished by its stouter bill and browner tail, while there is less bluish-plumbeous on the upper back and throat." 336 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Megalopterus minutus americanus Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, (4), p. 423, Nov. 1, 1912 "Caribbean Sea, British Honduras" (type presumably in British Museum). Anous tenuirostris (not Sterna tenuirostris Temminck) Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 383 Southwest-of-all Cay, British Honduras; Coues, I.e., 1864, p. 393 Glover's Reef, British Honduras (crit.); Salvin, I.e., 1866, p. 200 Southwest-of-all Cay; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 566 coast of British Honduras and Trinidad. Anous melanogenys (not of Gray, 1846) Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 547, 1866 Trinidad; Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 670 part, coast of Central America; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 117 part, British Honduras (crit.). Micranous leucocapillus (not Anous leucocapillus Gould, 1845) Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 145, 1896 part, spec, a-f, Glover's Reef, British Honduras; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 415, 1903 part, descr. and hab. British Honduras (Glover's Reef, Southwest- of-all Cay). Megalopterus minutus atlanticus (not of Mathews) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 554, 1919 part, British Honduras (Southwest-of-all Cay, Glover's Reef). Anous minutus americanus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 348, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 296 El Soldado Rock, Trinidad , (egg). Range. Breeds on islands off the coast of British Honduras; also said to breed on El Soldado Rock, near Trinidad. 1 > Anous minutus atlanticus (Mathews). 2 ATLANTIC BLACK NODDY. Megalopterus minutus atlanticus Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, (4), p. 423, Nov. 1, 1912 Ascension Island (type presumably in British Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 554, 1919 (monog., excl. of British Honduras). Anous melanogenys (not of Gray, 1846) Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 798 St. Paul's Rock and Inaccessible Island (breeding) ; Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 280 Ascension Island (breeding; egg descr.); Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., 20, p. 479, 1890 Fernando Noronha (breeding). Micranous leucocapillus (not Anous leucocapillus Gould) Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 145, 1896 part, spec, g-s, St. Paul's Rock, Fernando Noronha, Ascension Island, St. Helena, and Inaccessible Island (Tristan d'Acunha); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 36 St. Paul's Rock (breeding); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 42, 1907 part, Fernando Noronha. 1 The Trinidad record rests on the identification of an egg found by T. Spencer on May 12, 1928. 2 Anous minutus atlanticus (Mathews): Described as differing from A. m. americanus by longer wings, longer, stouter bill, noticeably more blackish tail, and the restriction of the white color above to the crown of the head. Birds from St. Paul's Rock are said to be somewhat darker, with the bills shorter and very stout. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 337 Arums minutus atlanticus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 348, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1160, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 153, 1938 Fernando Noronha. Range. Breeds in the tropical South Atlantic Ocean on St. Paul's Rock and Fernando Noronha, off Brazil, Martin Vas Rocks, and extralimitally on Ascension Island, St. Helena, and Inaccessible Island. Genus GYGIS Wagler Gygis Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1223 type, by monotypy, Sterna Candida Gmelin. Leucanous Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, (4), p. 432 (in text), Nov. 1, 1912 type, by orig. desig., Gygis microrhyncha Saunders. Alphagygis Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 110, Sept. 24, 1914-new name for Gygis Wagler (considered to be preoccupied by Gyges Bory de St. Vincent, 1825). Gygis alba alba (Sparrman). ATLANTIC FAIRY TERN. Sterna alba Sparrman, Mus. Carls., fasc. 1, pi. 11, 1786 "in India oriental!, ad promontorium Bonae Spei Insulasquae maris pacifici" * (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 104, 1927). Gygis Candida (not Sterna Candida Gmelin) Melliss, Ibis, 1870, p. 106 St. Helena (breeding); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 797- Boatswain Island, Ascension Island; Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 279-Ascen- sion Island (breeding; eggs descr.); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1 80, p 163 South Trinidad Island (breeding); Sharpe, Journ. Linn. ^oc. Lond Zool 20, p. 480, 1890 Fernando Noronha (breeding); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 149, 1896-part, spec, a-k, Fernando Noronha, South Trinidad, and Ascension Island. Gygis alba Sharpe, Ibis, 1904, p. 217-South Trinidad (soft parts); Ribeiro, Arch Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 182, 1919-South Trinidad. Gygi crawfordi Nicoll, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 16, p. 102, 1906-South Trinidad Island (type in British Museum); idem, Ibis, 1906, p. 669-South Trinidad (crit.; breeding habits). Gygis alba alba Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 442, 1912-Fernando Noronha, Ascension, and South Trinidad (crit.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 34, p. 20, 1927 (range); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exped Zool., 4, p. 112, 1930 South Trinidad; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. d48, i Mathews (Bds. Australia, 2, p. 441, 1912) w. shafts of the primaries and extensive feathering ^^S^^S!aSSSL "New Zealand" on its label is obviously erroneous. In life, 1 he b ill i ls ^ ^^ not hyacinth-blue at the base as in the other races. It is unfortunate that I name crawfordi has to give way to alba of Sparrman. 338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1164, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 154, 1938 (range only). Range. Breeds on Fernando Noronha, South Trinidad, Martin Vas Rocks, and extralimitally on Ascension and St. Helena Islands, South Atlantic Ocean. Gygis alba Candida (Gmelin). PACIFIC FAIRY TERN. Sterna Candida Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 607, 1789 based on "White Tern" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 363, Christmas Island and other parts of the South Sea 1 (cotypes, now in Vienna Museum, examined; cf. Pelzeln, Ibis, 1873, p. 123). Sterna Semi-alba Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Me"th., Orn., livr. 38, p. 94, 1790 based on "White Tern" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 363, Christmas Island, etc. Sterna nivea Bennett, Narrative Whaling Exped., 1, p. 384, 1840 Christmas Island (breeding). Gygis Candida MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 210 Sala y Gomez Island (breeding); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 511, 1902 Cocos Island (nesting) and Clipperton Island. Gygis alba Candida Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 443, 1912 (crit.; range); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 559, 1919 (monog.); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 46, 1931 Cocos Island (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 349, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1168, 1936 (monog.); Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 98, No. 22, p. 6, 1939 Clipperton Island (crit.). Gygis alba (not Sterna alba Sparrman) Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 32, 1913 Tower Island, Galapagos (Sept. 14), Oneal Rock (near Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Islands), Cocos and Clipperton Islands (soft parts; habits; meas.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 66, 1931 Tower Island (ex Gifford). Gygis alba royana Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, 3, Zool., p. 21, 1921 Easter Island (crit.). Range. Islands of the Pacific Ocean from the Caroline, Tonga, and Society Islands east to the Revillagigedo Islands (Oneal Rock, near Socorro Island), Clipperton, Cocos, Galapagos Islands (off Tower Island), Easter Island, and Sala y Gomez Island. 2 1 The bird seen at St. Helena was, of course, G. a. alba. 2 We do not find any difference between birds from the Caroline Islands and two from Cocos Island, and the cotypes in the Vienna Museum seem to be also the same. Cf. also Wetmore (Smiths. Misc. Coll., 98, No. 22, p. 6). Judging from the wide individual variation in measurements observable in specimens from the same island (cf. Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 34, 1913), we doubt that either G. alba pacifica (Lesson) or G. alba royana Mathews (Bds. Australia, 2, p. 443, 1912 type, from Kermadec Islands, in Tring Collection; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 34, p. 18, 1927) can be maintained. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 339 Family RYNCHOPIDAE. Skimmers Genus RYNCHOPS Linnaeus Rynchops Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 138, 1758 type, by monotypy, Rynchops nigra Linnaeus. Rygchopsalia Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 222, 1760 type, by monotypy, "Le Bec-en- ciseaux" Brisson= Rynchops nigra cinerascens Spix. Rhynchops Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 802, 1790 (emendation of Rynchops Linnaeus). Psalidorhamphos Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat., 4, p. 173, 1816 substitute name for Rynchops Linnaeus. Rhincops Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, p. 351, 1828 (emendation). *Rynchops nigra nigra Linnaeus. BLACK SKIMMER. Rynchops nigra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 138, 1758 based princi- pally on "The Cut Water" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 90, pi. 90, near the sea-coasts of Carolina; 1 Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 310, 1921 (life hist.). Ryncops borealis Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 340, Dec. 31, 1837 new name for [R.] "niger auct." Rhynchops nigra Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 395, 1875 Santa Cruz, Cuba (one record); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 153, 1896 part, spec, a-d', Virginia, Georgia, Florida, Texas, Mexico (Tampico, Rio Lagartos, and Progreso, Yucatan; Cozumel Island); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 416, 1903 part, eastern Mexico (Mata- moros, Tampico, coasts of Yucatan, Cozumel Island); Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 322- Cariaco Peninsula, Venezuela (early January; in enormous flocks). Rynchops nigra nigra Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 451, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.; range in part); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 349, 1934 (range); Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 544 (breeding range from southeastern United States to Yucatan, in winter to Venezuela); Oberholser, Bird Life Louisiana, p. 311, 1938 coast of Louisiana (breeding); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 184, 1938 Lake Olomega, El Salvador (Aug. 19, Feb. 3-15); Wetmore, Caldasia, 3, p. 112, 1944 (dist. chars.; range). Range. Breeds on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States from New Jersey to Texas, and locally on the Caribbean coast of Mexico (lagoons near Tampico, Tamaulipas; mouth of Rio Lagartos, Yucatan Peninsula); winters from Florida and the Louisiana coast region south to El Salvador and the north coast of Venezuela; 2 occasional in Cuba. 1 The reference to Barrere pertains to another race. 2 Possibly also visits Trinidad in winter. Winter birds from Cariaco, Vene- zuela, as also a series from Cozumel, are unquestionably nigra. Records from northeastern Brazil turn out to be referable to R. n. intercedes. 340 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. 55: Texas (Cameron County, 6; Corpus Christi, 6; Aransas County, 2; Port Lavaca, 2; Tivoli, 1); Louisiana (A very Island, 1); Virginia (Cobb's Island, 8); North Carolina (Hatteras, 2; Pea Island, Dare County, 12); Florida (Brevard County, 3; Pilot Town, 6; Amelia Island, 4); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 2). Rynchops nigra oblita Griscom. 1 PACIFIC SKIMMER. Rynchops nigra oblita Griscom, Ibis, (13), 5, p. 545, July 1, 1935 Acapam, Pacific coast of Guatemala (type in British Museum examined); van Rossem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 8, p. 334, 1937 Algodones Lagoon (May 1) and Guasimas Lagoon (May 12), Sonora, Mexico; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 95, 1945 Sonora (early summer visitant). Rhynchops nigra (not of Linnaeus) Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 193 lagoon of Acapam, near Chiapam, Pacific coast of Guatemala; idem, I.e., 1866, p. 200 Acapam; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 318, 1874 Mexico (San Bias, Nayarit; Rio Zacatula, Colima); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 52, 1876 San Mateo, Oaxaca; Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, 5, p. 234, 1881 coasts of the Gulf of Tehuantepec; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 Cozumel Island; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 153, 1896 part, spec, e'-k', Acapam, Guatemala (Jan. 29); Salvin and God- man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 416, 1903 part, Pacific coast of Mexico (San Bias, Rio Zacatula, San Mateo) and Guatemala (Acapam). Rynchops nigra intercedens (not Rhynchops intercedens Saunders) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 453, 1919 part, Pacific coast of Mexico (San Bias, Nayarit; Rio Zacatula and Manzanillo, Colima; San Mateo, Oaxaca) and Guatemala (Chiapam). Range. Pacific coast of Mexico and Guatemala, from Sonora (Algodones and Guasimas Lagoons; May 1-12, probably breeding) to Chiapam (Lagoon of Acapam). *Rynchops nigra intermedia Rendahl. 2 INTERMEDIATE SKIMMER. Rynchops melanura intermedia Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 12, March 31, 1919 Harbor Head, San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 104, 1927). 1 Rynchops nigra oblita Griscom: About the same size as R. n. nigra, but axillaries and under wing coverts tinged with pale brownish gray, and white tips to secondaries narrower. Six specimens from Acapam, Guatemala, examined. 2 Rynchops nigra intermedia Rendahl: Nearest to R. n. cinerascens, of Ama- zonia, but light edges of lateral rectrices more broadly edged with white, and white tips to secondaries likewise conspicuously wider, while the upper parts are less deeply blackish. It is with considerable reluctance that we adopt Rendahl's name for the Pacific race of South America. R. m. intermedia was based upon a single male from San Juan del Norte, Caribbean Nicaragua, which we have not seen. How- 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 341 Rhynchops nigra (not of Linnaeus) Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 385, 1828 Conception, Chile; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 119, 1843 coast of Chile; Tschudi, Peru, Reiseskizzen, 1, p. 35, 1846 Valparaiso, Chile; idem, Unters. Fauna Peru., Orn., p. 306, 1846 Chile (Iquique, Tarapac&; Arica, Tacna) and Peru (Islay, Arequipa; Ilo, Moquegua); Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 2, p. 474, 1854 coast of Chile; Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, pp. 110, 111, 1858 Conception, Chile; Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 165, 1860 Chafiaral, Atacama, Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860 Babahoyo, Ecuador; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 151, 1865 Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340 Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 290, 1868 Conception, Chile, to Peru; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 566 part, Pacific coast of South America to Conception; Pelzeln, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 23, p. 159, 1873 Callao, Peru; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 359, 1876 Lake Titi- caca, Peru (one spec.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 568, 1877 Rio Cachapoal, Colchagua, Chile; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 409, 1884 Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 Chanaral, Atacama, Chile; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 416, 1903 part, Los Sabalos, Nicaragua. Rhynchops melanura (not of Swainson) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 Ancud, Chiloe", Chile; Cunningham, Not. Nat. Hist. Straits Magellan, p. 365, 1871 Ancud; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 562 Chorillos, Peru (crit.); Saunders, I.e., 1882, p. 522 Coquimbo Bay, Chile; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 156, 1896 part, spec, a, m-v, Yucatan (Cozumel Island, Feb.), "Straits of Magellan," Chile (Vina del Mar, Valparaiso; Coquimbo), and Peru (Callao); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896 Chile; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 417, 1903 Cozumel Island, Yucatan. Rhynchops cinerascens (not of Spix) Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 258 Trujillo, Peru. Rynchops cinerascens Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 455, 1919 part, Pacific coast of Ecuador to Chile and Cozumel Island, Yucatan. Rynchops nigra cinerascens Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 187, 1926 Gulf of Guayaquil and Puna Island, western Ecuador. Rynchops nigra intermedia Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 403, 1932 Papudo, Aconcagua, Chile (crit.; range in Chile); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 349, 1934 (range); Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 545 (crit.; range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1171 (in text), 1936 Paracas Bay, Peru (meas.); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 62, 1938 Arica, Tacna, Chile (Sept.). ever, a female from Cozumel Island, off Yucatan, while very nearly identical in coloration with birds from Chile, is decidedly smaller, as has been noticed by Griscom. Unfortunately, the specimen, which, by the way, was taken in winter (February) along with migratory individuals of the North American Skimmer, is immature. Without a series of breeding specimens from the Caribbean coast of Central America, the problem cannot be satisfactorily solved. Ten specimens from Chile, two from the Peruvian coast (Trujillo, Callao), and one from Cozumel Island examined. 342 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chilo4 Island, Chile; 1 accidental (?) on the Caribbean coast of Central America (Cozumel Island, off Yucatan; San Juan del Norte and Los Sabalos, Nicaragua); casual on Lake Titicaca, Peru. Field Museum Collection. 4: Ecuador (Rio San Antonio, Pro- vince de los Rios, 1); Chile (Papudo, Aconcagua, 3). *Rynchops nigra cinerascens Spix. 2 DUSKY-TAILED SKIMMER. Rhynchops cinerascens Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 80, pi. 102, 1825 "in locis ripariis flum. Amazonum," Brazil (descr. of immature; type lost, cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 715, 1906); Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 139 sand banks of the Apure River, Vene- zuela; Young, I.e., 1928, p. 767 Blairmont, British Guiana; Davis, I.e., 1935, p. 531 Rupununi and upper Essequibo rivers, British Guiana. Rhynchops brevirostris Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 81, pi. 103, 1825 [Amazon River] Brazil (descr. of young; type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 715, 1906). Rhyncops melanurus Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 340, Dec. 31, 1837 coast of Demerara (type in collection of Mr. Schomburgk). Rhynchops melanurus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 761, 1849 coast region, upper Essequibo, and Rupununi River. Rhynchops nigra (not of Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 77, 1858 Rio Napo, Ecuador; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 534, 1866 Trinidad; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 324, 1870 part, Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, Matto Grosso, and Cajutuba, Para, Brazil; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 384 Dique, Rio Magdalena, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 566 part, Rio Ucayali, Rio Napo, Matto Grosso, and Cajutuba; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 310 lower Ucayali and Rio Huallaga, Peru; Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 654, 1895 Margarita Island, Venezuela (June- July). Rhynchops melanura Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 201 lower Ucayali, Peru (egg descr.); iidem, I.e., 1867, p. 593 Mexiana Island, Brazil; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 437, 1886 part, east Peruvian locali- ties; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 156, 1896 piart, spec, b-1, Venezuela, British Guiana (Rupununi River, Ourumee), Surinam, Mexiana Island, and Peru (Ucayali River, Yurimaguas). 1 The locality "Straits of Magellan," attached to a specimen in the British Museum, is open to doubt. 2 An earlier name is probably Rynchops fulva Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 138, 1758), based exclusively upon "Rygchopsalia fulva, rostro nigro" Barrere (Orn. Spec. Nov., Perpignan, 1745, p. 20; French Guiana). The bird is described as similar in size and shape to the same author's "Rygchopsalia dorso nigro, ventre albo" (I.e.), but is said to have the upper parts "fulvus" instead of sooty black, and the bill entirely "black" (without red at the base). The color of the dorsal parts might easily be applied to the brown-backed juvenile plumage, though the dusky reddish bill can hardly be called "black" in that stage. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 343 Rhynchops nigra cinerascens Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 132, 1902 Caicara, Orinoco River, Venezuela (crit.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, "1904," p. 452, 1905 Rio Jurua, Brazil; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 310, 1908 French Guiana; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 254, 1909 San Vicente and Rio Amores, Santa F6, Argentina (Nov. 11); Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 74, 1909 mouth of Rio San Juan, Vene- zuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 80, 1914 Marajo (Cururu, Tapera, Magoary), Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 222, 1917 lower Magdalena up to Giradot, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 44, 1918 Tijgerbank, Surinam; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 154, 1938 Rio Jurua, Brazil; Wetmore, Caldasia, 3, p. 115, 1944 (dist. chars.; range). Rynchops nigra cinerascens Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 55, 1906 Port-of- Spain, Trinidad (June; crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 43, 1907 Rio Jurua; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 192, 1913 La Pedrita, Rio Uracoa, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 374, 1916 Orinoco Valley; Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 214, 1919 Chaco Argentine (ex Hartert and Venturi) (dist. char.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 152, 1928 Rio Para, Para, Brazil; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 350, 1934 (range); Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 545 (range); Danforth, Auk, 53, p. 82, 1936 Glover's Island, Grenada (July 31). Rynchops cinerascens Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 455, 1919 part, eastern Ecuador and Peru, Trinidad. Rynchops nigra subsp. Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 297 Trinidad waters on Gulf of Paria side. Range. Northern, half of South America (except the Pacific coast) from the Magdalena Valley, Colombia, the north coast of Venezuela, the island of Trinidad, and the Guianas south to the Amazon Valley and the northern confines of Matto Grosso; casual in the Lesser Antilles (Glover's Island, Grenada) and in northern Argentina (San Vicente, Rio Amores, Santa F<; Nov. II). 1 Field Museum Collection 6: Peru (Lagunas, Loreto, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, 4); Brazil (Conceicao, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 1). *Rynchops nigra intercedens Saunders. SOUTHERN SKIMMER. Rhynchops intercedens Saunders, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 4, p. xxvi, March 20, 1895 "on the coast of South Brazil and Argentina, ascending the Parana and Paraguay to their head-waters" (type, from Sao Paulo, Brazil, in British Museum examined); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 155, 188 Sao Paulo, Santa Catharina, and Buenos Aires; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 236 Paraguayan Chaco; Lillo, Apunt. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 22, 1909 Ojo de Agua, i Allowing the usual amount of individual variation, we find it impracticable to separate Trinidad and Venezuelan birds from those of Amazonia Twc .adults from the Chaco Santafecino (San Vicente and Rio Amores , Nov. "> dark sooty brown axillaries and under wing coverts, can hardly be told *" skins. The occurrence of such individuals so far south is certainly remarkable. 344 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Santiago del Estero; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 254, 1909 Est. San Martino Monte and Avellanedo, Buenos Aires; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 193, 1910 (descr.; range excl. Chile and Peru). R(h)ynchops nigra (not of Linnaeus) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 877, 1833 Espirito Santo and Belmonte rivers, eastern Brazil; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 143, 1841 Maldonado, Uruguay (May), and Rio Parana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 454, 1856 seacoast of southeastern Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 267, 1860 Rio Parana; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 520, 1861 Rio Parana; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 634 Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 324, 1870 part, Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Irisanga), Goyaz (Araguay), and Matto Grosso (Rio de Cabagal, Caigara); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 279, 1874 Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 200 Buenos Aires; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 628 Monte Grande, Buenos Aires; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 37, 1887 Rio Pilcomayo; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 98, 1910 Brazil (near Sambaiba, Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia; Ilha Grande, Lagoa do Parnagua, Piauhy). Rhynchops melanura (not of Swainson) Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 193, 1889 Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 470 Buenos Aires (Cape San Antonio), Chaco (Riacho Ancho), and Paraguay (Colonia Risso, Puerto Braga); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 73 Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. Rynchops nigra intercedens Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 442, 1899 Iguape, Sao Paulo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 43, 1907 Sao Paulo (Campinas, Sao Sebastiao, Itapura, Iguape) and "Amazonia inferior"; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 453, 1919 part, southern Brazil, Para- guay, Uruguay, and Argentina; Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 24, 1927 Rio Lujan (Escobar), Buenos Aires; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., . Zool. Ser., 12, p. 497, 1929 Piauhy and Maranhao, Brazil; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 52, 1930 Lapango, Formosa (crit.; range in part); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 76, 1930 Matto Grosso; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 376, 1934 Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 350, 1934 (range); Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 545 (dist. char.; range); Wetmore, Caldasia, 3, p. 117, 1944 (dist. chars.; range). Rynchops intercedens Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 102, 1908 Rio Araguaya, Goyaz (crit.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 214, 1919 (dist. char.; range); Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 13, 1920 coast of Montevideo, Uruguay; Daguerre, l.c., p. 261, 1922 Rosas, Buenos Aires; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 166, 1927 Rio Parana, near Santa Elena, Entre Rios. Rynchops nigra subsp. intercedens Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 212, 1910 (range- in Argentina). Rhynchops nigra intercedens Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 242, 1923 Piauhy (Lago do Parnagua, Urubu Grande, Colonia Floriano, Sao Gongalinho, Queimadas) and Maranhao (Boa Vista); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul, 22, p. 155, 1938 Maranhao (Boa Vista), 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 345 Espirito Santo (Rio Doce), Minas Geraes (Pirapora, Rio Sao Francisco), Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Campinas, Rio Parana, Presidente Epitacio), and Rio Grande do Sul (Itaquy). Range. Coasts and rivers of eastern and southern Brazil, from Maranhao and Piauhy to Rio Grande do Sul; Uruguay; Paraguay; and northern Argentina south to Cordoba and province of Buenos Aires. Field Museum Collection. 4: Brazil (Lagoa Grande, Goyas, 3); Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 1). Suborder ALCAE 1 Family ALCIDAE. Auks Genus PLOTUS Gunnerus Plotus eller Plautus Gunnerus, Trondh. Selsk. Skrifter, 1, p. 263, pi. 6, 1761 type, by monotypy, Plotus eller Plautus columbarius Gunnerus=AJca alle Linnaeus. Alle Link, Beschr. Naturh. Samml. Univ. Rostock, 1, p. 46, 1806 type, by monotypy, Alle nigricans Link=AZca alle Linnaeus. Mergulus Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 67, 1816 type, by orig. desig., "Petit Plongeon noir et blanc" Edwards=AZca alle Linnaeus. Arctica G. R. Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 98, 1841-new name for Mergulus Vieillot. *Plotus alle alle (Linnaeus). DOVEKIE. Aka Alle Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 131, 1758-based chiefly on "The Small Black and White Diver" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 91, pi. 91, and "Mergus melanoleucus, rostro acuto brevi" Willoughby, Orn. , p. 261, pi. 59, "in Europae, Americae arcticae Oceano." " Plotus eller Plautus columbarius Gunnerus, Trondh. Selsk. Skrifter, 1, p. 263, pi. 6, 1761 coast of Norway. Aka Candida Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 26, 1764 Greenland (probably an albinistic specimen). Aka Alee Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 554, 1789-America and Europe. Alle nigricans Link, Beschr. Naturh. Samml. Univ. Rostock, 1, p. 46, 1806 new name for Aka Alle Linnaeus. Colymbus glocitans O'Reilly, Greenland, p. 146, pi. 14, fig. 1, 1818 Davis's Strait, Greenland. i For a review of the Atlantic Alcidae see Salomonsen, K. Vet. 0. Vitterh. Samh. Goteborg Handl., F. 6, ser. B., 3, No. 5, p. 60, May 8, 1944. ' The two specimens examined by Edwards in London were of unknown origin, while the drawing in the possession of Sir Thomas Brown which ' *rved as basis for Willoughby's account, represented a bird found on the sea coasts, pre sumably near Norwich, England. 346 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Mergultis melanoleucos Leach, in Ross, Voy. Disc. Baffin's Bay, App. 2, p. L, 1819 west coast of Greenland (type not extant). Uria minor Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Klinste, 2, sec. 1, p. 406, 1819 arctic seas between Greenland and Iceland. Cephus nanus Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), p. 188, 1828 Scandinavia. Mergulus arcticus Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 994, 1831 Green- land (no type extant). Mergulus alle Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 228, 1898 Greenland. Alle alle Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 569, 1898 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 215, 1919 (life hist.); L^ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, pp. 100, 125, 1932 Liverpool coast, Greenland (breeding). Plautus alle Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 707, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Plotus alle Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1769, 1921 (monog.). Plautus alle alle Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 351, 1934 (range). Alle alle alle Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 332, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic). Range. Breeds on the coasts and islands of northern Greenland, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitzbergen, Bear Island, and Novaya Zemlya; winters south to New Jersey (casually to Florida and Cuba) 1 and western Europe, the Azores, and Canary Islands. 2 Field Museum Collection. 29: Greenland, east coast (68 30' N.- 24 W., 3; Liverpool Land, 71 10' N., 1; King Oscar Fjord, 1); Newfoundland (Codroy, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1); Nova Scotia (Yarmouth, 1; Halifax, 12; Dover, 2); Maine (Hancock County, 1; Knox County, 1); Massachusetts (Chatham, 2); New York (Amagansett, 2); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1). Genus PINGUINUS Bonnaterre 3 Plautus (not of Gunnerus, 1761) Brunnich, Zool. Fund., p. 78, 1771 type, by monotypy, "Brillefuglen"=AZca impennis Linnaeus. Pinguinus Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Me"th., Orn., livr. 47, pp. Ixxxiii, 28, 1791 type, by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 562, 1898), Alca impennis Linnaeus. Pinguin Fischer de Waldheim, Naturg. Mus. Paris, 2, p. 188, 1803 (emenda- tion). 1 Cf. Bruner, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 8, p. 51, 1934, and Falcon, I.e., 14, p. 98, 1940. 2 A nearly allied, larger race, P. alle polaris (Stenhouse), breeds on Franz Josef Land. 3 Doubtfully separable from Alca Linnaeus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 347 Torda Dume'ril, Zool. Anal., p. 72, 1806 type, by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 562, 1898), Alca impennis Linnaeus. Mataeoptera Gloger, Gemeinn. Hand- und Hilfsb. Naturg., 1, p. 475, 1842 type, by orig. desig., Alca impennis Linnaeus. Gyralca Steenstrup, Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 1855, p. 114 type, by orig. desig., Alca impennis Linnaeus. Pinguinus impennis (Linnaeus). GREAT AUK. Alca impennis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 130, 1758 principally based upon Faun. Svec., No. 119, "in Europa arctica" (type locality, Norwegian seas, ex Faun. Svec.); Winge, Medd. Gr^nl., 21, p. 235, 1898 (former occurrence in Greenland). Alca maior Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Kiinste, 2, p. 407, 1819. Plautus impennis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 563, 1898 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 208, 1919 (life hist.). Pinguinus impennis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 711, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 351, 1934 (range). Alca (Pinguinus) impennis Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1767, 1921 (monog.). Range. Extinct. Bred formerly on Funk Island off Newfound- land and extralimitally on Iceland, the Faroes, St. Kilda, and the Orkney Islands; occurred also in southern Greenland, on the Ameri- can coast south to Massachusetts (occasionally to Florida) and on the European side of the Atlantic to the British Isles, Denmark, and southern Spain. Genus ALCA Linnaeus Alca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 130, 1758-type, by tautonymy, "Alca"=AZca torda Linnaeus. Pingouin Lacepede, in Buffon, Hist. Nat., Quadr., 14, 6d. Didot, p. 313, 1799 (1802) type, by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 564, 1898), Alca torda Linnaeus. *Alca torda torda Linnaeus. RAZOR-BILLED AUK. Alca Torda Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 130, 1758-based chiefly on Faun Svec., No. 120, "in Europae borealis oceano" (restricted type locality, Karlso Islands, Gotland, Sweden, ex Faun. Svec.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 565, 1898 (monog., excl. of British Isles); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 233, 1898-Greenland; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat Mus., 50, (8), p. 714, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p 199 1919 (We hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 351, 1934 (range in part); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 329, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic). Alca glacialis Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Europ. Vogel, 2, p. 949, Iff-exl ;reme north of Europe; idem, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 1004, 1831 348 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Greenland and Faroes (type lost; type locality, as designated by Ticehurst [Ibis, 1936, p. 383], Greenland). Alca briinnichi Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), p. 190, 1828 new name for Alca Tor da Linnaeus. Alca islandica Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vo'g. Deuts., p. 1005, pi. 46, fig. 2, 1831 Iceland (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 61, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Range. Breeds in America from southern Greenland and central Labrador south to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia (Fundy Bay) and extralimi tally in Iceland and northern Europe; 1 winters south to Long Island, casually to North Carolina. Field Museum Collection. 17: Labrador (Jack Lane Bay, 2; Tinker Island, 3; Lettel Land Islands, 2); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 6); Nova Scotia (Dover, 1); Maine (Eastport, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 1; Duxbury, 1). Genus URIA Brisson Uria Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 52, 6, p. 70, 1760 type, by tautonymy, " Uria"= Colymbus aalge Pontoppidan. Lomvia Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Pftersb., 2, col. 345, 1837 type, by tautonymy, Alca lomvia Linnaeus. Cataractes "Moehring" G. R. Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 98, 1841 type, by orig. desig., Colymbus troille Linnaeus. *Uria lomvia lomvia (Linnaeus). BRUNNICH'S MURRE. AlcaLomvia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 130, 1758 based on "Lomvia" Clusius, Willoughby, and Raius, and "Guillemot" Albin, Nat. Hist. Bds., 1, p. 80, pi. 84 (restricted type locality, Greenland [ex Albin], cf. Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1773, 1921). Colymbus Troille Linnaeus, Fauna Svec., ed. altera, p. 52, 1761 based on Martens, Spitzberg. oder Groenl. Reise Beschr., p. 57, pi. M, fig. A, "in alto mari septentrionali"=Magdalena Bay, Spitzbergen; cf. Jourdain, Ibis, 1923, pp. 436-439.* Uria Svarbag Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 27, 1764 Iceland. Uria Brilnnichii Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 12, (2), p. 538, 1819 Davis's Straits and occasionally in Baffin's Bay, Greenland (location of type unknown). 1 Replaced in the British Isles, on the coast of Brittany, and on the Faroes by the smaller A. torda britannica Ticehurst (Ibis, 1936, p. 383; type, from Skomer Island, Pembrokeshire, in the British Museum). 1 In this paper, the late F. C. R. Jourdain not only demonstrated that the "Lumbe" of Martens referred to Briinnich's Murre, but also unraveled the mystery surrounding A[nton] [Rollandson] Martin, whose diary of a voyage to the North Polar region was published in "Ymer" for 1882. , 1948 BIRDS OP THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 349 Una Francsii "Leach" Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 12, (2), p. 538 (in text), 1819 (cf. also p. 588). 1 Uria polaris Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Eur. Vogel, 2, p. 931, 1824 northern Greenland in summer (probable type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 61, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Uria lomvia Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 577, 1898 (in part). Uria arra (not of Pallas) Winge, Medd. Gr^nl., 21, p. 222, 1898 Greenland. Uria lomvia lomvia Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 726, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 189, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1773, 1921 (monog.); L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, pp. 100, 125, 1932 Scoresby Sound, Greenland; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 352, 1934 (range); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 331, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 238, 1946 Baffin Island (status). Range. Breeds, from southern Ellesmere Island, northern Green- land, Spitzbergen, and Franz Josef Land south to Hudson Bay, islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, southern Greenland, Iceland, the Murman Coast, and Novaya Zemlya; winters south to Long Island, the British Isles, and the coasts of the Baltic Sea. Field Museum Collection 27 : Arctic Canada (Resolution Island, 1); Greenland (Sukkertoppen, 2; Agpamuit, 1; Rathbone Island, east coast, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 6; Bird Rock, 1); New Brunswick (Grand Manan, 1); Nova Scotia (Dover, 2; Halifax, 2); Maine (Bangor, 3; Eastport, 1); Connecticut (Stamford, 2; New Haven County, 4). *Uria lomvia arra (Pallas). PALLAS'S MURRE. Cepphus Arra Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 347, 1811 Kamchatka. Uria lomvia arra Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 730, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 196, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1774, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 28, 1923 Pribilof Islands (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 352, 1934 (range in part). ft ange Breeds on coasts and islands of northeastern Siberia, from Kamtchatka north to Wrangell and Herald Islands; 2 the Com- i Uria Francsii can be regarded merely as a substitute name for U. Brunnichii, lacking, as it does, any kind of description, and this in spite of the fact that the "species" is stated (p. 588) to have been discovered by Mr. Francs near Ferroe and afterwards secured by Lieutenant Parry on the west coast of Greenland. * Portenko (Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 22, pp. 226, 227, Oct. 30, 1937) separates U. lomvia arroides, from Franz Josef Land; U.I eleonorae, from Preobrashenje Island, Chatanga Bay, Siberia; and (C. R. Acad. Sci. Moscou, n.s., 43, p. 2^6, 1944) Uria lomvia heckeri, from Wrangell Island. 350 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII mander and Kurile Islands; and in northwestern North America from Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, to the Aleutian Islands, and Kodiak Island; winters in the Bering Sea and in the North Pacific south to Japan and Vancouver Island. Field Museum Collection. 6: Alaska (Diomede Islands, 2; St. George Island, 1; Bluff City, 1; Bethel, 1); British Columbia (Van- couver Island, 1). *Uria aalge 1 aalge (Pontoppidan). MURRE. Colymbus aalge Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, 1, p. 621, pi. 26, 1763 Denmark and Iceland (type locality restricted to Iceland by Salomonsen, Ibis, 1932, p. 130); Mathews and Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 5, p. 49, 1923 (nomencl.). Uria alga Brunnich, Orn. Bor., p. 28, 1764 no locality given. Uria ringvia Briinnich, 2 Orn. -Bor., p. 28, 1764 Iceland; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 719, 1919 (monog.; in part). Uria lacrymans (Lapylaie MS.) Valenciennes, in Choris, Voy. Pitt, autour du Monde, Aleout., p. 27, pi. 23, 1822 Newfoundland (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 60, 1929). Uria lachrymans Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 638, 1831 Newfoundland (Lapylaie) and "lies Ateoutiennes (Choris)," errore (type, from Newfoundland, in the Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 60, 1929). Uria troile (not Colymbus Troille Linnaeus) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 573, 1898 (in part); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 221, 1898 Greenland. Uria troille troille Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 721, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 172, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1771, 1921 (monog.; in part). Uria aalge aalge Salomonsen, Ibis, 1932, p. 130 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 352, 1934 (range); Johnson, Bd. Banding, Boston, 11, p. 1, 1940 (range; population and migration in eastern North America). Uria aalge Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 330, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic). Range. Breeds from southern Labrador and southern Green- land south to Newfoundland, Magdalen Islands, and Nova Scotia (Fundy Bay), and extralimitally in Iceland and on the coasts of Norway; winters south to Maine. 1 A critical review of the races of this species has been published by Salomonsen (Ibis, 1932, pp. 128-132). It should be consulted by those interested in the extra- limital forms. 1 The status of Uria ringvia, the "White-eyed Murre," has been settled by Johnson (Auk, 55, pp. 56-61, pi. 5, 1938). There can be no longer any question that, far from being a distinct species, it is merely an individual mutation. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 351 Field Museum Collection. 8: Labrador (Lance au Loup, 1; Lettel Land Island, Davis Inlet, 1); Newfoundland (unspecified, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 5). *Uria aalge inornata Salomonsen. 1 BERING SEA MURRE. Uria aalge inornata Salomonsen, Ibis, (13), 2, p. 128, Jan., 1932 St. Matthews Island, Bering Sea (type in U. S. National Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 353, 1934 (range). Uria troille californica (not Catarractes californicus Bryant) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 724, 1919 (monog.; in part, from Washington northward); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 182, 1919 (life hist.; range in part); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 26, 1923 Pribilof Islands. Uria aalge californica Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 270, 1944 Semidi and Kagamil Islands, Alaska (nesting colonies). Range. Breeds on the coast and islands of Bering Sea and adjacent parts of the North Pacific from the Aleutian Islands south to Oregon (Three Arch Rocks), and to Sakhalin and northern Japan. Field Museum Collection. 12: Alaska (Diomede Islands, 1; Little Diomede Island, 2; Dall Island, 2; Bethel, 2; Bluff City, 1); Oregon (Netarts, 4). *Uria aalge californica (Bryant). CALIFORNIA MURRE. Catarractes californicus Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 8, p. 142, 1861 Farrelones [=Farallon] Islands, near San Francisco, California (type not now extant; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 274, 1932). Uria troille californica Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 724, 1919 (monog.; in part, as to California); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 182, 1919 (life hist.; in part, as to California). Uria aalge californicus(a) Salomonsen, Ibis, 1932, p. 130 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 353, 1934 (range); Bangs, in Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 92, p. 58, 1943 (note on type). Range. Resident on the coast of California, breeding on the Farallons and San Miguel Island. Field Museum Collection. 42: California (Point Reyes, 1; Monterey, 20; Pacific Grove, 16; Carmel, 2; Moss Landing, 2; Mussel Rock, San Mateo County, 1). Genus CEPPHUS Pallas Cepphus Pallas, Spic. Zool., 1, fasc. 5, p. 33, 1769-type, by monotypy, Cepphus lacteolus Pa\\as=Alca grylle Linnaeus. itfrfa aalge inornata Salomonsen: Similar to U. a %V<^J$J less reddish brown, and wings decidedly longer. Wing, 210-224 (again. 210, in californica'). 352 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Grylle Leach, in Ross, Voy. Disc. Baffins Bay, App. II, p. li, 1819 based on "[Les] Cephus" Cuvier, Reg. Anim., 1, p. 510, "1817" (=Dec. 7, 1816), type, by tautonymy, Colymbus Grylle Gmelm=Alca grylle Linnaeus. Pseuduria (Sharpe MS.) Coues, Osprey, 3, p. 144, "May" (=June 10), 1899; Sharpe, Hand List Gen. Spec. Bds., 1, p. 131, July 12, 1899 type, by subs, desig. (Sharpe, Zool. Rec. for 1899, Aves, p. 42, 1900), Cepphus columba Pallas. *Cepphus grylle mandtii (Mandt). MANDT'S GUILLEMOT. Uria mandtii (Lichtenstein MS.) Mandt, Obs. Hist. Nat. Itin. Groenl., p. 30, 1822 Spitzbergen (type in Berlin Museum). Uria gladalis Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Eur. Vogel, 2, p. 924, 1824 "bewohnt die zwischen den Eisfeldern des Nordens liegenden Klippen und Felsenin- seln" (type, from Spitzbergen, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 61, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Uria mandti Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 584, 1898 (monog.). Cepphus grylle (not Alca grylle Linnaeus) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 214, 1898 Greenland (in part). Cepphus mandtii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 737, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.; in part); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 162, 1919 (life hist.). Cepphus grylle mandtii Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 354, 1934 (range); Herring, Rep. Fifth Thule Exped., 2, No. 6, p. 84, 1937 (tax.; range); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 530, 1943 Foxe Basin (nesting). Uria grylle mandtii Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1935, p. 854 Jan Mayen (breeding). Range. Breeds from Melville Island to northern Greenland north of Lat. 75 and extralimitally on Jan Mayen, Spitzbergen, Bear Island, Novaya Zemlya, coasts of western Taimyr Peninsula, Franz Josef Land, New Siberian Islands, Herald and Wrangell Islands, and the Arctic coast of northeastern Siberia. Winters southward to Massachusetts (at least casually) and St. Michaels, Alaska. Field Museum Collection. 4: Alaska (Point Barrow, 3; Sledge Island, 1). *Cepphus grylle arcticus (C. L. Brehm). 1 ARCTIC GUILLEMOT. Uria arctica C. L. Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Eur. Vogel, 2, p. 923, 1824 Green- land (type no longer extant). Cepphus grylle (not Alca grylle Linnaeus) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 214, 1898 Greenland (in part). 1 Cepphus grylle arcticus (C. L. Brehm), described by Austin as being inter- mediate between mandtii and grylle with respect to the amount of white on the outer primaries and the extent of black at the base of the white greater secondary wing coverts, seems to be an intergrade, as has been pointed out by Gross, who challenges its claims to recognition. According to his findings, birds from the Button Islands show complete intergradation, so that the problem seems to require further investigation with the help of more comprehensive material. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 353 Cepphus grylle arcticus Austin, Bull. N. E. Bird Banding Assoc., 5, pp. 1-6, 1929; idem, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 7, pp. 136-139, 1932 (char.; meas.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 354, 1934 (range); Gross, Auk, 54, pp. 33-34, 1937 (crit.); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 238, 1946 Baffin Island (nesting). Range. Breeds on both coasts of Greenland at least to Lat. 72 N., on southeastern Baffin Island, and in Labrador south to Hamilton Inlet (probably also on Iceland). Field Museum Collection. 26: Arctic Canada (Countess of War- wick Sound, 2); Greenland (Holsteinborg, 1; Sukkertoppen, 2; Simiutak, 1; Cape Tattershall, 2; Godthaab, 1); Labrador (Gannet Islands, 2; Jack Lane Bay, 3; Port Manvers, 1; Hopedale, 2; Indian Harbor, 2; Merrifield Bay, 4; Bowdoin Bay, 2; unspecified, 1). *Cepphus grylle grylle (Linnaeus). 1 BLACK GUILLEMOT. Alca Grylle Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 130, 1758 based principally on Faun. Svec., No. 124, Gotland, Sweden. Colymbus grylloides Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, 1, p. 621, 1763 Denmark. Cepphus ladeolus Pallas, Spic. ZooL, 1, fasc. 5, p. 33, 1769 between Katwyk and Scheveningen, Holland (color variety). Una nivea Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., livr. 47, p. 37, 1791 substitute name for Cepphus lacteolus Pallas. Una leucoptera Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 14, p. 35, 1817 locality unknown (no type extant). Grylle scapularis Leach, in Ross, Voy. Disc. Baffin's Bay, App. II, p. li, 1819 evidently intended as a new name for Alca grylle Linnaeus. Cephus Meisneri C. L. Brehm, 2 Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 389, 1831 Greenland (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 61, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Cepphus grylle Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 733, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.; range in part); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 156, 1919 (life hist.) ; Wynne- Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 335, 1935 Gulf of St. Lawrence; Gross, Auk, 54, p. 33, 1937 (crit.; range). Cepphus grylle grylle Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 354, 1934 (range). 3 1 For a review of the races of this species and the description of a proposed new race Cephus grylle ultimus (type in the Copenhagen Museum from Frozen Strait, Melville Peninsula, Canada) see Salomonsen (K. Vet. 0. Vitterh. Samh., Goteborg, Handl. F. 6, Ser. B., 3, No. 5, p. 60, May 8, 1944). 2 Uria Meisneri Brehm (Isis, 1826, col. 985) is a nomen nudum. 3 Quite doubtful is Uria motzfeldi Benicken (Isis, 1824, Heft 8, col. 889, Aug., 1824 Greenland), redescribed subsequently by Faber (I.e., Heft 9, col. 981) as Uria unicolor. Stejneger (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, pp. 210-216, 1884) gave the whole history of this problematical Cepphus motzfeldti, which various authors, including Hartert, regard as a melanistic mutation of C. grylle (or rather its Greenland representative). Cf., however, Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 742, 1919, and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, No. 6, p. 1, 1941. 354 FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. Breeds from southern Labrador and Newfoundland south to the coast of Maine and extralimitally from Scandinavia east to the White Sea and south to the British Isles and the Baltic Sea; in winter south to Long Island, New York. Field Museum Collection. 21: Quebec (Bird Rock, 1; Magdalen Islands, 9; Grosse He de Kamouraska, 1; St. Andre", 2); Newfound- land (Codroy, 1); Nova Scotia (Seal Island, 2); New Brunswick (Grand Manan, 1; Grand Manan Island, 2; unspecified, 1); Maine (Eastport, 1). *Cepphus columba columba Pallas. PIGEON GUILLEMOT. Cepphus columba Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 348, 1811 Kamchatka and Bering Straits; Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 21, 1885 Bering and Copper Islands (crit.; meas.); Ridgway, I.e., 50, (8), p. 740, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 167, 1919 (life hist.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 25, 1923 Pribilof Islands (winter visitant). Uria columba Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 586, 1898 (monog.). Una columba columba Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 130, 1920 Bering and Copper Islands (crit.); idem, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1777, 1921 (monog.). Cepphus columba columba Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 354, 1934 (range). Cepphus columba kaiurka Portenko, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 22, p. 228, Oct. 30, 1937 Copper Island, Bering Sea (type in Leningrad Museum). Range. Breeds on the islands in Bering Sea and on the Pacific coast and islands of North America from the Aleutian Islands 1 south to British Columbia (Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands), Washington (Puget Sound region), Oregon (Three Arch Rocks) and California (Santa Barbara Islands and the Farallons) ; extralimitally on Kamtehatka, the Chukchi Peninsula, and north to Herald and Wrangell Islands; winters from the Pribilof and Aleutian Islands south to California. 2 Field Museum Collection. 32: Alaska (Diomede Islands, 1; Little Diomede Island, 2; St. Lawrence Island, 1; Canoe Bay, 1; Ball Island, 1; Unalaska, 1; Unimak Island, 1); British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 3) ; Washington (Clallam Bay, 2; Port Townsend, 1 Subdivision of the Pigeon Guillemot on the basis of size has been attempted by Portenko, but it seems to be impracticable. Birds from the Commander Islands and the Aleutians are stated to be smaller (wing of males, 171-176, against 181-189; of females, 168-172, against 185-195). While this difference holds in a good many cases, we find the wings in a male from Copper Island to be fully 182, and in others from California (Farallon Islands) to range from 176 to 180 mm. The divergency thus seems to be too slight to be expressed in nomenclature. 2 About the alleged occurrence in Unalaska of Cepphus carbo Pallas, cf. Stej- neger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, pp. 225-227, 1884. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 355 7); California (Del Monte County, 1; Point Reyes, 1; San Francisco, 1; Carmel Bay, 5; Moss Landing, 1; San Miguel Island, 1; Santa Cruz County, 2). Genus BRACHYRAMPHUS Brandt Brachyramphus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. PStersb., 2, col. 346, 1837 type, by subs, desig. (G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 77, 1840), B. mar- moratus (La.th.)=Colymbus marmoratus Gmelin. Brachyrhamphus Brandt, Isis, 1837, col. 502 (emendation). Apobapton Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., 2, col. 346, 1837 type, by subs, desig., Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 498, 1884, Colymbus marmoratus Gmelin. Anobapton G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 77, 1840 emendation of Apobapton Brandt. Micruria (not of Reiter, 1875) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 594, 1898 (no type specified). Endomychura Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 201 new name for Micruria Ogilvie-Grant, preoccupied (type, by orig. desig., Brachyramphus hypoleucus Xantus). *Brachyramphus marmoratus marmoratus (Gmelin). MARBLED MURRELET. Colymbus marmoratus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 583, 1789 based on "Marbled Guillemot" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 517, pi. 22, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 336, pi. 96, "in America occidentali et Camts- chatca"= Prince William Sound, Alaska (ex Pennant). Brachyramphus tfrangelii(i) Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Pe'tersb., 2, col. 346, 1837 Aleutian Islands (type in Leningrad Museum ;= winter plumage). Uria townsendi Audubon, Bds. Amer., folio ed., pi. 430, 1838; idem, Orn. Biogr., 5, p. 251, 1839 near mouth of Columbia River (type apparently lost; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 17). Brachyrhamphus marmoratus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 61 (monog.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 590, 1898 (monog.); Barber, Murrelet, 22, p. 38, 1941 Coos River (juvenile taken). Brachyrhamphus wrangeli Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 63 Sitka and Puget Sound (monog.). Brachyramphus marmoratus Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 21, p. 38, 1901 Cumshewa and Skidegate Inlets, Queen Charlotte Islands; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 746, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 141, 1919 (life hist.); Sutton and Semple, Auk, 58, p. 580, 1941 Vancouver Island (egg). Brachyramphus marmoratus marmoratus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 355, 1934 (range). 356 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. Breeds on the Queen Charlotte Islands and probably within its summer range extending from Unalaska and Kodiak Islands to the coast of Humboldt County, California; winters south to San Diego, California. Field Museum Collection. 34: Alaska (Icy Strait, 7; Baranof Island, 2; Howkan, 1; Skagway, 1; Sitka, 1); British Columbia (Quatsino, 2; Comox, Vancouver Island, 2); Washington (Clallam Bay, 2; Port Townsend, 8); California (Monterey, 4; Pacific Grove, 2; Santa Cruz, 1; Capitola Harbor, 1). *Brachyramphus brevirostris (Vigors). KITTLITZ'S MURRELET. Uria brevirostris Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 47, Oct., 1828 Jan., 1829, p. 357, 1829 "San Bias" [Nayarit], Mexico, emire= North Pacific Ocean (type in British Museum); idem, Zool. Voy. Blossom, Birds, p. 32, 1839 (no locality). Brachyramphus Kittlitzii(i) Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., 2, col. 346, 1837 [Petropaulski], Kamchatka (type in Leningrad Museum); Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 44, pi. 1, 1887 Unalaska Harbor (summer plumage). Brachyramphus brevirostris Stejneger, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 3, p. 211, 1886 (crit.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 593, 1898 (monog.; type listed); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 749, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 146, 1919 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 355, 1934 (range); Ford, Auk, 53, p. 214, 1936 Wales Mountain, Alaska (breeding). Range. Occurs in summer on the coast and islands of Alaska east to Glacier Bay (definite breeding records from Mount Pavloff, and Hill Point, near Prince of Wales), in the Aleutian Islands, and extralimitally on islands in the Bering Sea, in Kamtchatka, and northeastern Siberia; winters south to the Kurile Islands and northern Japan. Field Museum Collection. 11: Alaska (Barrow, 2; Diomede Islands, 2; Nome, 2; Icy Strait, 2; Morzhovoi Bay, 1; Unimak Island, 1; Unalaska Island, 1). *Brachyramphus hypoleucus hypoleucus Xantus. 1 XANTUS' MURRELET. Brachyrhamphus hypoleucus Xantus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for Nov., 1859, p. 299, 1860 "Cape San Lucas," Lower California (type, from 1 Brachyramphus hypoleucus hypoleucus Xantus, according to Green and Arnold, is restricted to Guadalupe Island, and, while agreeing with the coastal form of California and Lower California in all essential features, may be recognized 8194 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 357 "fourteen miles off the coast of Cape San Lucas," 1 in U. S. National Museum). Brachyramphus hypoleucus Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 15, 1902 part, Cape San Lucas region, Lower California; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 281, 1926 Melpomene Cove, Guadalupe Island; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 355, 1934 (range in part). Endomychura hypoleuca Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 752, 1919 part, Cape San Lucas region and Guadalupe Island (descr. of "winter plumage"); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 56, 1928 part, Cape San Lucas region; Green and Arnold, Condor, 41, p. 25, 1939 Guadalupe Island and Cape San Lucas region (crit.; char.). Brachyramphus hypoleucus hypoleucus van Rossem, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11), 4, p. 442, 1939 (range). Range. Breeds on Guadalupe Island, off Lower California; found once in the waters off Cape San Lucas. Field Museum Collection. 2: Guadalupe Island, 2. *Brachyramphus hypoleucus scrippsi (Green and Arnold). 2 SCRIPPS'S MURRELET. Endomychura hypoleuca scrippsi Green and Arnold, Condor, 41, p. 28, Jan. 17, 1939 Anacapa Island, California (type in coll. of San Diego Society of Natural History). Brachyrhamphus hypoleucus (not of Xantus) Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 64 part, San Diego, California (descr.); Goss, Auk, 1, p. 396, 1884 off San Diego, California (May 20); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 149, 1919 (life hist.); van Rossem, Condor, 28, pp. 80-82, 1926 California and Lower California (excl. of Guadalupe Island) (char.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 355, 1934 (range in part). Endomychura hypoleuca Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 752, 1919 part, "breeding plumage" and range excl. of Cape San Lucas and Guada- lupe Island (full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 56, 1928 Lower California (excepting Cape San Lucas region). Brachyramphus hypoleucus scrippsae van Rossem, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11), 4, p. 442, 1939 (range). Range. Breeds on coastal islands of California and Lower California from Anacapa Island to Natividad Island; winters north to Point Arena, Mendocino County, California. by the white, instead of slaty-black, color of the loral, suborbital, and auricular regions. The type and another specimen from the waters off Cape San Lucas were found to be identical with breeding birds from Guadalupe Island. 1 Cf. Green and Arnold, Condor, 41, p. 25 (in text), 1939. 2 Brachyramphus hypoleucus scrippsi (Green and Arnold): Similar to the nomi- nate race, but with loral, suborbital, and auricular regions slaty-black instead of white. 358 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Mitseum Collection. 21: California (Pacific Beach, 1; off San Diego, 1; Monterey County, 1; Orange County, 1; Ventura County, 3); Lower California (Coronados Islands, 14). Brachyramphus hypoleucus pontilis van Rossem. 1 SAN BENITO ISLAND MURRELET. Brachyramphus hypoleucus pontilis van Rossem, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11), 4, p. 441, Oct., 1939 San Benito Islands, off central Lower California, Mexico (type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Micruria hypoleuca Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 594, 1898 San Benito Islands, Lower California (descr.). Range. Breeds on the San Benito Islands off the Pacific coast of Lower California, Mexico. Said to occur also (not breeding) along the adjacent mainland (Port San Bartolome*). *Brachyramphus hypoleucus craveri (Salvador!). 2 CRAVERI'S MURRELET. Uria Craveri Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 8, p. 387, 1865 Gulf of California, Lat. 27 50' 12* N., Long. 110 10' 45" W. 3 (type in Turin Museum). Brachyrhamphus craveri Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 32, 1877 Raza Island, Gulf of California (crit.; habits; nest and eggs descr.). Micrura craveri Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 595, 1898 (descr. of type erroneously credited to "near Cape San Lucas, South California"). Brachyramphus craveri Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 16, 1902 San Jose and Espiritu Santo Islands, Gulf of California (crit.; char.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 153, 1919 (life hist.); van Rossem, Condor, 28, pp. 80-83, 1926 (char.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 356, 1934 (range). Endomychura craven Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 753, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 58, 1928 Lower California; Green and Arnold, Condor, 41, pp. 26-28, 1939 near Guadalupe Island and off San Diego (disc.). 1 Brachyramphus hypoleucus pontilis van Rossem is said to resemble most closely B. h. scrippsi, but to differ by having the inner webs of the outer primaries with a light brown area next to the shaft and the neck outline between dorsal and ventral areas very close to that of B. h. craveri. The bill shape is intermediate between that of scrippsi and craveri. We have seen no specimens. 2 Brachyramphus hypoleucus craveri (Salvadori) differs markedly from typical B. hypoleucus by longer, slenderer bill; grayish white, dusky-mottled (not pure white) quill-lining; pale grayish brown instead of pure white inner webs of outer primaries; more brownish (less sooty) upper parts; finally by the dark dorsal coloration encroaching onto the sides of the foreneck. 8 Probably Raza Island (cf. Cooke, Auk, 33, p. 80, 1910). 948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 359 Brachyramphus hypoleucus craveri van Rossem, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11), 4, p. 443, 1939 (range); idem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 96, 1945 Gulf of California (resident). Range. Breeds on various islands in the Gulf of California; ccurs in post-breeding season on the Pacific coast from Monterey lay south along the Lower California Peninsula. Field Museum Collection. 8: Mexico, Lower California (off Idefonso Island, 4; between Isla Estaban and Isla Rasa, 2; Rattler sland, 1; Georges Island, 1). Genus SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS Brandt Synthliboramphus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. PStersb., 2, col. 347, 1837 type, by subs, desig. (G. R. Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 77, 1840), Alca antiqua Gmelin. Synthliborhamphus G. R. Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 98, 1841 (emendation). Rhamphosynthlipis Cones, Key N. Amer. Bds., 5th ed., 2, p. 1075, Dec., 1903 type, by monotypy, Uria vntmizusume Temminck. Synthliboramphus antiquus (Gmelin). ANCIENT MURRELET. Alca antiqua Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 554, 1789 based on "Ancient Auk" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p^ 512, "from the west of North America to Kam- tschatka and the Kuril Island" (type now in Liverpool Museum; cf. Forbes and Robinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., 2, p. 52, 1899). Uria senicula Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 367, 1811 Kurile and Aleutian Islands, Kamchatka, and Penshina Bay. Brachyramphus brachypterus (Kittlitz MS.) Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. PStersb., 2, col. 346, 1837 Unalaska (type in Leningrad Museum). Mergulus cirrhocephalus Vigors, Zool. Voy. "Blossom," Birds, p. 32, 1839 no locality stated = northwest coast of America (type in British Museum). 1 Uria cana Kittlitz, 2 Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 288, 1858 Amachnak Island, Alaska (type in Leningrad Museum). Synthliborhamphus antiquus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 56 (monog.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 596, 1898 (monog.). Synthliboramphus antiquus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 757, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 132, 1919 (life hist.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 24, 1923 St. Paul and St. George Islands, Pribilofs; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 56, 1928 near Ensenada, Lower California (Dec. 25, 1927); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 356, 1934 (range). 1 Though not listed as such, spec, w (of S. antiquus), presented by Sir E. Belcher, First Lieutenant of the "Blossom," is without much question the type )f Mergulus cirrhocephalus Vigors. 2 In Lutke", Voy. Se"niavine, 3, p. 272, 1836, Uria cana is a nomen nudum. 360 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. Breeds in northwestern North America from the Aleu- tian Islands and Kodiak Island to southeastern Alaska (St. Lazaria and Forrester Islands) and the Queen Charlotte Islands (Sangar Island) and extralimitally in northeastern Asia south to Cheefoo, Shantung, China; winters south to southern California and north- western Lower California (one record from near Ensenada). Field Museum Collection. 26: Alaska (Aleutian Islands, 4; Howkan, 3; Prince of Wales Island, 1; Forrester Island, 1; Ball Island, 2); British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 1); California (Monterey, 6; Pacific Beach, 1; Pacific Grove, 5; San Clemente Island, 1; Hyperion, 1). Genus PTYCHORAMPHUS Brandt Ptychoramphus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. P6tersb., 2, col. 346, 1837 type, by monotypy, Uria aleutica Pallas. Ptychorhamphus Brandt, Isis, 1837, col. 502 (emendation). *Ptychoramphus aleuticus aleuticus (Pallas). CASSIN'S AUKLET. Uria aleutica Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 370, 1811 "ad Oceanum orientalem"= North Pacific Ocean. Mergulus cassinii Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2, for Aug., 1845, p. 266, pub. Dec. 5, 1845 California (type in coll. of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 19, and Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 275, 1932). Ptychorhamphus aleuticus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 52 (monog.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 599, 1898 (monog.). Ptychoramphus aleuticus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 761, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 110, 1919 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 56, 1932 Lower California (resident); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 356, 1934 (range); Slipp, Murrelet, 23, p. 18, 1942 Puget Sound. Range. Breeds on the coast of North America, from the Aleutian Islands and southern Alaska south to Lat. 30 N., on the western coast of Lower California. Field Museum Collection. 36: California (off Shore Rock, Hum- boldt County, 6; Farallon Islands, 2; San Francisco, 1; Pacific Grove, 14; Carmel Bay, 1; Pacific Beach, 1; San Clemente Island, 8; Catalina Islands, 1; San Miguel Island, 1); Mexico (Los Coronados Islands, Lower California, 1). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 361 Ptychoramphus aleuticus australis van Rossem. 1 SAN BENITO ISLAND AUKLET. Ptychoramphus aleuticus australis van Rossem, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11), 4, p. 443, Oct., 1939 West San Benito Island, Lower California (type in Dickey Collection, now in University of California at Los Angeles). Range. From San Benito Island south to San Roque Island. Genus CYCLORRHYNCHUS Kaup Cyclorrhynchus Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Eur. Thierw., p. 155, 1829 type, by monotypy, Alca psittacula Pallas. Ombria Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft 4, p. 3, 1831 type, by orig. desig., Alca psittacula Pallas. *Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus (Pallas). PAROQUET AUKLET. Alca psittacula Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. 5, p. 15, pi. 2, and pi. 5, figs. 4-6, 1769 Kamchatka and islands toward Japan and North America (type, from Kamchatka [ex Steller], in Leningrad Museum). Ombria psittacula Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft 4, p. 3, pi. 17, 1831 St. Paul Island (descr.; crit.). Simorhynchus psittaculus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 36 (monog.). Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 38, pi. 4, fig. 6, and pi. 5, fig. 1, 1885 Bering and Copper Island (nomencl.; crit.; habits); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 357, 1934 (range); Storer, Condor, 46, p. 244, 1944 Marin County, California. Phaleris psittaculus(a) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 607, 1898 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 764, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 116, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1788, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 20, 1923 Pribilof Islands. Range Breeds from the northeastern coast of Siberia (Chukchi Peninsula) and northwestern Alaska (including Diomede, St. Law- rence, Hall, St. Matthews, Pribilof, Walrus, and Otter Islands) south to the Commander, Aleutian, and Shumagin Islands; winters to Sakhalin, the Kurile Islands, and coast of central California. Field Museum Collection. 15: Alaska (Diomede Islands, 9; Little Diomede Island, 2; King Island, 1; Nome, 1; Amchitka Island, 1); (?) Arctic America (Franklin Bay, 1). * Ptychoramphus aleuticus australis van Rossem is said to differ from i the tvDical race only by its size. Adult males have wings from 110 to 115 mm whEhe like se?in P. a. aleuticus has them from 118 to 128. No measurements are given for females. 362 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Genus AETHIA Merrem Aethia Merrem, Vers. Grundr. Allg. Gesch. Nat. Einth. Vogel, 1, Tentamen Nat. Syst. Av., pp. 7, 13, 20, 1788 type, by monotypy, Alca cristatella Pallas (cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 23, pp. 339-340, 1916). Simorhynchus Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Ktinste, 2, p. 405, 1819 type, by orig. desig. and monotypy, Alca cristatella Pallas. Phaleris Temminck, Man. Orn., 2nd e"d., 1, p. cxii, Oct., 1820 type, by subs, desig. (G. R. Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 77, 1840), Alca tetracula Pallas=AZca cristatella Pallas. Tyloramphus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., 2, col. 348, 1837 type, by monotypy, Alca cristatella Pallas. Ciceronia Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. 53, 1852 (=1853) type, by orig. desig., Phaleris nodirostra Bonaparte=AZca pygmaea Gmelin. Alcella Stone, Auk, 24, pp. 197, 198, 1907 type, by orig. desig., Alca pygmaea Gmelin. *Aethia cristatella (Pallas). CRESTED AUKLET. Alca cristatella Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. 5, p. 20, pi. 3, and pi. 5, figs. 7-9, 1769 Kamchatka (type in Leningrad Museum). 1 Alca tetracula Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. 5, p. 24, pi. 4, and pi. 5, figs. 10-12, 1769 Kamchatka (type 2 in Leningrad Museum=winter plumage). Alca cristata P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 104, 1776 based on Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. 5, pi. 3. Uria dubia Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 371, 1811 Awacha Bay, Kam- chatka (descr. of young). Phaleris superciliosa (not Mormon superciliosa Lichtenstein) Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 66, 1838 based on Audubon, Bds. Amer., pi. 402. Simorhynchus cristatellus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 37 (monog.); Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 32, pi. 4, figs. 4, 5, and pi. 5, fig. 2, 1885 Bering Island (plumages); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 601, 1898 (monog.). Simorhynchus tetraculus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 43 (monog. ;= winter plumage). Aethia cristatella Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 775, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 120, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1783, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 21, 1923 Pribilof Islands (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 357, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds on the coasts and islands of Bering Sea and con- tiguous parts of the North Pacific south to Kodiak Island, the Aleu- tian and Commander Islands, Kamtchatka, and the Kurile Islands; 1 Pallas expressly states (p. 19) that he described and figured the specimens sent by Steller to the Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg. 2 Likewise collected by Steller. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 363 ranges in summer north to the Arctic coast of Alaska, Herald and Wrangell Islands, etc. Field Museum Collection 2Q: Alaska (Diomede Islands, 12; Little Diomede Island, 1; St. Lawrence Island, 1; St. Paul Island, 5; St. George Island, 1). *Aethia pusilla (Pallas). LEAST AUKLET. Uria pusilla Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 373, 1811 Kamchatka (descr. excl. of synonyms). Phaleris microceros Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., 2, col. 346, 1837 no locality stated (type in Leningrad Museum). Phaleris nodirostris Audubon, Bds. Amer., folio ed., pi. 402, fig. 3, 1838; idem, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 101, 1839 said to occur on the northwest coast (type in coll. of Zoological Society of London). Phaleris nodirostra Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 66, 1838 based on Audubon, Bds. Amer., pi. 402 [fig. 3]. Simorhynchus microceros Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 46 (monog.). Simorhynchus pusillus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 48 (monog.); Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 35, pi. 4, fig. 3, and pi. 5, fig. 5, 1885 Bering Island (soft parts; molt; plumages); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 605, 1898 (monog.). Ciceronia pusilla Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 768, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Aethia pusilla Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 128, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1786, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 23, 1923 Pribilof Islands (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 358, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds in northeastern Siberia (Chukchi Peninsula), on islands in Bering Sea (Diomede, St. Lawrence, King, and the Pribilof s), on the Aleutians, and at Cape Lisburne, Alaska; occasional at Point Barrow, Alaska; winters south to Washington (Tacoma) and Japan. Field Museum Collection. 36: Alaska (Diomede Islands, 16; Little Diomede Island, 3; island off Nome, 2; St. George Island, 7; St. Paul Island, 8). Aethia pygmaea (Gmelin). WHISKERED AUKLET. Alca pygmaea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 555, 1789 based on "Pigmy Auk" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 513, Bird Island, Bering Sea. Alca camtschatica Lepechin, Nov. Act. Petrop., 12, p. 369, pi. 8, 1801 "in insulis inter Americam Septentrionalem et Kamtschatcam sitis." Uria mystacea Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 372, 1811 Kurile Islands. 364 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Mormon superciliosa Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 89, Sept., 1823 new name for Phaleris cristatella (not Alca cristatella Pallas) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 34, pi. 200, May, 1823. Simorhynchus cassini Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 45 Ounimak Pass, Unalaska Island, Alaska (type in U. S. National Museum; descr. of young). Simorhynchus camtschaticus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 41 (monog.). Simorhynchus pygmaeus Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 25, pi. 4, figs. 1, 2, and pi. 5, figs. 3, 4, 1885 Bering and Copper Islands (plumages; habits); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 603, 1898 (monog.). Alcella pygmaea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 771, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Aethia pygmaea Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 125, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1785, 1921 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 358, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds on the Kuriles, in Kamtchatka, and on the Com- mander Islands, possibly on some of the Aleutians east to Unalaska; chiefly resident, but recorded in winter from northern Japan (Yesso). Genus CERORHINCA Bonaparte Cerorhinca Bonaparte, 1 Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, p. 427, 1828 type, by monotypy, Cerorhinca occidentalis Bonaparte =Alca monocerata Pallas. Chimerina Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft 3, p. 2, 1829 type, by [virtual] monotypy, Chimerina cornuta Eschscholtz = A Ua monocerata Pallas. *Cerorhinca monocerata (Pallas). RHINOCEROS AUKLET. Alca monocerata Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 362, 1811 Cape St. Elias and Kodiak Island, Alaska (type lost). Phaleris cerorhynca Bonaparte, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 9, p. 53, Jan., 1827 west coast of North America (type, without exact locality other than North Pacific, in coll. of C. L. Bonaparte, now in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 60, 1929). Cerorhinca occidentalis Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, p. 428, 1828 new name for Phaleris cerorhinca Bonaparte. Chimerina cornuta Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft 3, p. 2, pi. 12, 1829 St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands (type probably in Leningrad Museum). Cerorhina suckleyi Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 906, 1858 Fort Steilacoom, Washington (type in U. S. National Museum). Ceratorhyncha monocerata Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 28 (monog.). 1 Variously "emended" by Bonaparte and others to Ceratorrhina, Ceratorhina, Cerorhina, Ceratorhynchus, Ceratorhyncha, and Cerorhyncha. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 365 Sagmatorrhina suckleyi Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 32 (monog.). Cerorhyncha monocerata Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 609, 1898 (monog.). Cerorhinca monocerata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 779, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 104, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1788, 1921 (monog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 56, 1928 Lower California (winter); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 358, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds (chiefly on islands) in northwestern North America from southern Alaska (Forrester Island, St. Lazaria Island, and Egg Island) west to the Aleutian Islands and south to Washing- ton (Destruction Island) and extralimitally in Kamtchatka, on the Kurile Islands, in Hokkaido, and Korea; winters at sea south to Lower California and Japan. Field Museum Collection. 41: Alaska (Howkan, 2; Ball Island, 3; Forrester Island, 2); British Columbia (mouth of Skeena River, 1; Prince Rupert, 1); Washington (Puget Sound, 1); California (Monterey, 5; Pacific Grove, 13; Cypress Point, 2; Santa Cruz Island, 1; Santa Monica, 1; Hyperion, 2; off San Diego, 1; Pacific Beach, 6). Genus FRATERCULA Brisson Fratercula Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 52, 6, p. 81, 1760 type, by tautonymy, "Fra- tercula" =AZca arctica Linnaeus. Mormon Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Av., p. 283, 1811 substitute name for Fratercula Brisson. Larva Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 67, 1816 type, by orig. desig., "Macareux"=AZca arctica Linnaeus. Ceratoblepharum Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. Pftersb., 2, col. 348, 1837 type, by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 615, 1898), Alca arctica Linnaeus. *Fratercula arctica naumanni Norton. 1 LARGE-BILLED PUFFIN. Fratercula arctica naumanni Norton, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 2, (5), pp. 144 (note), 145, pi. 2, fig. 3, May 20, 1901 near Hakluyt's Head, Spitsbergen (type in U. S. National Museum); 2 Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 788, 1919 (monog.; part, Spitsbergen); Bent, I.e., 107, 1 Fratercula arctica naumanni Norton differs from the nominate race by longer wings and tail as well as larger, deeper bill. Its range seems to be restricted to Spitzbergen and northwestern Greenland. 2 Although reference is made to Mormon glacialis (not of Temminck) Naumann, Isis, 1821, col. 782, pi. 7, fig. 2, where a bird of unspecified origin is discussed and 366 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 96, 1919 northwestern Greenland (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1792, 1921 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 358, 1934 (range in part); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, Erganzungsb., p. 506, 1938 (range). Fratercula glacialis (not Mormon glacialis Temminck) Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 23 Port Foulke, Greenland (crit.). Fratercula arctica (not Alca arctica Linnaeus) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 616, 1898 part, spec. c"-g", Spitsbergen; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 239, 1898 part, Disco Bay, Greenland (meas.). Range. Northwestern Greenland (from Smith Sound to Disco Bay) and Spitzbergen, possibly also Franz Josef Land. Field Museum Collection. 3: Greenland (unspecified, 1; Rath- bone's Island, 1; Lat. 68 N., 1). *Fratercula arctica arctica (Linnaeus). PUFFIN. Alca arctica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 130, 1758 based principally on Faun. Svec., No. 118, "in rupibus et praecipitiis montium maris atlantici" = Norway . Alca deleta Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 25, 1764 Iceland. Alca labradorica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 550, 1789 based on "Labrador Auk" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 512, Labrador (=young). Alca labradora Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 793, 1790 based on the same. (l)Mormon glacialis (Leach MS.) Temminck, Man. Orn., 2nd ed., 2, p. 933, Oct., 1820 "aux c6tes septentrionales d'Ame'rique." l Mormon polaris Brehm, Isis, 1826, col. 985 Greenland (type lost). Fratercula arctica Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 616, 1898 (in part); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 239, 1898 Greenland (in part, Julianehaab, etc.); Norton, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 140, pi. 2, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 1901 Labrador (crit.); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 336, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic). Fratercula arctica arctica Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 784, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 89, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1792, 1921 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 359, 1934 (range); Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1935, p. 855 Jan Mayen (crit.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, Erganzungsb., p. 506, 1938 (range). Range. Breeds from southern Greenland and Ungava south to the coasts of Maine and Nova Scotia and extralimitally on Iceland, figured, Norton clearly based the measurements (p. 145) and the drawing of the bill on U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 86019, from Hakluyt's Head, Spitzbergen, which consequently must be regarded as the type. 1 Temminck's diagnosis, though rather ambiguous, appears to have been taken from specimens in the British Museum obtained by Captain Ross, as has been pointed out by Norton (Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 2, pp. 143-144, 1901). We do not know what has become of them, and unless they can be found, the exact meaning of Temminck's name will remain in doubt. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 367 Jan Mayen, Bear Island, northern Scandinavia, the Murman coast, and Novaya Zemlya; in winter south to Massachusetts, Long Island, and eastern Pennsylvania. Field Museum Collection. 25: Greenland, west coast (Sukker- toppen, 2); Labrador (Gannett Island, 3; Davis Inlet, 1; Lettel Land Island, 3; Lance au Loup, 2); Quebec (Cape Whittle, 1; Magdalen Islands, 4; Bayonne Islands, 2; Bird Rocks, 4); Nova Scotia (Dover, 1); Maine (Eastport, 1); Massachusetts (Massa- chusetts Bay, 1). *Fratercula corniculata (Naumann). HORNED PUFFIN. Mormon corniculata Naumann, Isis, 1821, (2), col. 782, pi. 7, figs. 3, 4 Kamchatka (location of type not stated). Fratercula corniculata Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 24 (monog.); Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 59, pi. 3, 1885 Bering Island (crit.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 620, 1898 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 789, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.) ; Bent, I.e., 107, p. 97, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1796, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 19, 1923 Pribilof Islands (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 359, 1934 (range). Range Breeds on the coast and islands of Bering Sea and ad- jacent parts of the Arctic and North Pacific Ocean from Koliuchin Island and northern Alaska (Cape Lisburne) south to the Kurile and Commander Islands and Forrester Island, Alaska; winters south to Japan (Hondo) and the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, and California. Field Museum Collection. 27 : Alaska (Little Diomede Island, 3; King Island, 1; St. Michael, 5; St. Paul Island, 1; St. George Island, 3; Bluff City, 8; Morzhovoi Bay, 3; Unimak Island, 1); Califor- nia (Eureka, 1; Pacific Grove, 1). Genus LUNDA Pallas Lunda Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 363, 1811 type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 76, 1840), Alca cirrhata Pallas. Gymnoblepharum Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. PStersb., 2, col. 349, 1837- type, by monotypy, Alca cirrhata Pallas. Sagmatorrhina Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 19, "1851," p. 202, pub. June 29, 1853 type, by monotypy, Sagmatorrhina lathami Bonaparte= Alca cirrhata Pallas. Cheniscus (not of Eyton, 1838) G. R. Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 127, 1855 type, by orig. descr., Alca cirrhata Gmelin (= Pallas). 368 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Lunda cirrhata (Pallas). TUFTED PUFFIN. Alca cirrhata Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. 5, p. 9, pi. 1, and pi. 5, figs. 1-3, 1769 seas between Kamchatka, America, and the Kurile Islands (cotypes [ex Steller and Krascheninikof] in Leningrad Museum). [Fratercula] carinata Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 15, Oct. 28-Jan., 1829, p. 358 (in text), 1829 no locality indicated (type not known to be extant). Sagmatorrhina lathami Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 19, "1851," p. 202, pi. 44, pub. June 29, 1853 "north-western Arctic regions of America" (type in British Museum ;= young); Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 31, fig. 3 (crit.). Lunda cirrhata Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 26 (monog.); Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 43, pis. 1, 2, 1885 Bering Island (molt; plumages; shedding of bill); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 612, 1898 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 793, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 82, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1790, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 17, 1923 Pribilof Islands (breeding); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 235, 1928 "Lower California" (occurrence questionable); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 359, 1934 (range). Range. Breeds from the north coast of Chukchi Peninsula, Koliuchin Island, and northern Alaska (Cape Lisburne) south on the coasts and islands of Bering Sea and the North Pacific Ocean to the Kurile Islands and the Santa Barbara Islands, California. Field Museum Collection. 23: Alaska (Little Diomede Island, 1; Diomede Islands, 2; St. George Island, 1; Teller,'!; Howkan, 1; Unimak Island, 1); Oregon (Tillamook County, 1); California (Farallon Islands, 1; Eureka, 7; Trinidad, 1; Westport, 5; San Miguel Island, 1). INDEX Current names in boldfaced type aalge, Colymbus, 348, 350 aalge, Uria, 350 Actia, 180 Actidurus, 86 ACTITIS, 122 Actiturus, 86 Actochelidon, 323 Actodromas, 180 acuflavida, Sterna, 328 acuflavidus, Thalasseus, 328, 329 acuminata, Erolia, 194, 195 acuminata, Heterppygia, 195 acuminata, Pisobia, 195 acuminata, Tringa, 192, 195 acuminatus, Totanus, 180, 194 acutirostris, Sterna, 303 Adelarus, 253 adspersa, Limosa, 102, 104 Aegialeus, 51 Aegialites, 51 Aegialitis, 51 Aegialophilus, 51 AETHIA, 362 affinis, Larus, 264 Aganaphron, 331 alba, Arenaria, 171 alba, Calidris, 171 alba, Chionis, 240 alba, Crocethia, 169, 171 alba, Gygis, 337, 338 alba, Pagophila, 253 alba, Scolopax, 100 alba, Sterna, 337 alba, Trynga, 169 alba, Vaginalis, 240, 241 albifrons, Sterna, 294, 301, 321, 322 albipennis, Larus, 282 albus, Larus, 252, 286 ALCA, 347 Alcella, 362 aleutica, Sterna, 313 aleutica, Uria, 360 aleuticus, Ptychoramphus, 360 aleuticus, Ptychorhamphus, 360 alexandrinus, Aegialites, 57 alexandrinus, Charadrius, 51, 59 alle, Alca, 345 alle, Alle, 346 alle, Mergulus, 346 alle, Plautus, 346 alle, Plotus, 345, 346 Alphagygis, 337 alpina, Erolia, 199, 200 alpina, Pelidna, 200 alpina, Tringa, 179, 180, 200 alticola, Aegialitis, 63 alticola, Charadrius, 63, 64 altifrons, Charadrius, 45 altifrons, Pluvialis, 44, 45 Amblyrhynchus, 221 americana, Calidris, 170 americana, Fedoa, 100, 104 americana, Microptera, 164 americana, Pelidna, 186, 200 americana, Recurvirostra, 214, 215 americana, Sterna, 321 americana, Tringa, 200 americanus, Anoiis, 335, 336 americanus, Charadrius, 47 americanus, Himantopus, 215 Americanus, Laroides, 263 americanus, Megalopterus, 336 americanus, Numenius, 95, 98, 99 americanus, Oedicnemus, 226 americanus, Pluvialis, 47 americanus, Scolopax, 147 anaestheta, Haliplana, 313 anaestheta, Sterna, 313, 314 anaethetus, Sterna, 302, 313 Ancylocheilus, 180 andina, Capella, 156 andina, Gallinago, 156 andina, Recurvirostra, 215 andina, Scolopax, 156 andinus, Himantopus, 216 anglica, Gelochelidon, 297, 298, 299 anglica, Sterna, 297, 298, 299 angustirostris, Phalaropus, 219 annulata, Hiaticula, 51, 52 annuligerus, Charadrius, 61 Anobapton, 355 ANGUS, 331 Anousella, 332 antarctica, Catharacta, 244, 245 antarctica, Lestris, 242, 244 antarctica, Magalestris, 244 antarctica, Megalestris, 245 antarctica, Sterna, 303 antarcticus, Lestris, 244 antarcticus, Lobipes, 219 antarcticus, Phalaropus, 220 antarcticus, Stercorarius, 242, 244, 245 Anteliotringa, 166 antillarum, Sterna, 320, 323 antillarum, Sternula, 320, 321, 322 antiqua, Alca, 359 antiquus, Synthliboramphus, 359 antiquus, Synthliborhamphus, 359 antistropha, Sterna, 307 APHRIZA, 132 369 370 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Appbapton, 355 apricaria, Pluvialis, 45 apricarius, Charadrius, 44, 45 apricarius, Pluvialis, 45 aranea, Gelochelidon, 297, 298 aranea, Sterna, 298, 299, 303 aranea, Viralva, 299 Arctica, 345 arctica, Alca, 365, 366 arctica, Calidris, 200 arctica, Erolia, 199, 200 arctica, Fratercula, 366 arctica, Sterna, 306 arctica, Uria, 352 arcticus, Cepphus, 352, 353 arcticus, Haematopus, 20 arcticus, Larus, 263 arcticus, Mergulus, 346 ARENARIA, 134, 169 arenaria, Arenaria, 171 arenaria, Calidris, 170 arenaria, Tringa, 169, 170 argentatus, Larus, 263, 264, 266 argentea, Sterna, 319, 321 argenteus, Larus, 264 arquata, Numenius, 98 arquata, Scolopax, 98 Arquatella, 180 arquatus, Numenius, 98 Arra, Cepphus, 349 arra, Uria, 349 articus, Haematopus, 20 Asarcia, 1 asiaticus, Charadrius, 76 Atalolestris, 246 ater, Haematopus, 15, 26, 28 athalassos, Sterna, 321 atlanticus, Anoiis, 336, 337 atlanticus, Megalopterus, 336 atricapilla, Tringa, 13 atricapillus, Numenius, 93 Atricilla, 254 atricilla, Chroicocephalus, 274 atricilla, Hydrocoloeus, 275 atricilla, Larus, 254, 273, 274, 275, 277 atricilla, Xema, 274 atrifrons, Charadrius, 51 atrofasciata, Sterna, 307 ATTAGIS, 228 audubonii, Hemipalama, 203 audubonii, Tringa, 203 aurea, Pluvialis, 44 aurita, Pisobia, 195 australasiana, Limosa, 103 australis, Limosa, 101 australis, Ptychoramphus, 361 australis, Squatarola, 41 australis, Tringa, 166 austrinus, Larus, 273 Avosetta, 214 avosetta, Recurvirostra, 214 azarae, Aegialitis, 65 azarae, Charadrius, 60, 65 azarae, Dpminicanus, 272 azarae, Hiaticula, 60, 65 azarae, Larus, 272 azarai, Charadrius, 65 bachmani, Haematopus, 15, 16, 26 bairdi(i), Pisobia, 189 bairdi(i), Tringa, 188, 192 bairdii, Actpdromas, 188 bairdii, Calidris, 189 bairdii, Erolia, 188, 189 bairdii(i), Heteropygia, 188 barrovianus, Larus, 260, 261 bartrami, Actitis, 87 BARTRAMIA, 86 bartramia, Totanus, 87 bartramia, Tringa, 86, 87 Bartramius, 86 bartramius, Actitis, 87 bartramius, Actiturus, 87 bartramius, Totanus, 86 bartramius (a), Tringoides, 87 baueri, Limosa, 102, 103 baueri, Vetola, 103 Belanopterus, 29 belcheri, Larus, 256 beldingi, Charadrius, 72 beldingi, Pagolla, 72 BELONOPTERUS, 29 bifasci at a, Hiaticula, 61 bistriatus, Burhinus, 224, 225, 226 bistriatus, Charadrius, 224 bistriatus, Oedicnemus, 224, 225, 226 Blasipus, 254 bolivianus, Thinocorus, 236 bonapartei(ii), Tringa, 180, 185 bonaparti, Larus, 284 bonapartii, Chroicocephalus, 283 bonapartii, Larus, 278, 283 borealis, Mesoscolopax, 91 borealis, Numenius, 90, 95 borealis, Phaeopus, 92 borealis, Rissa, 286 borealis, Ryncops, 339 borealis, Scolopax, 90 borealis, Strepsilas, 133 borealis, Tringa, 133 brachypterus, Brachyramphus, 359 BRACHYRAMPHUS, 355 Brachyrhamphus, 355 brachyrhyiichus, Larus, 257, 258, 259 brachyrhynchus, Rissa, 287 brachytarsa, Pagophila, 253 brachytarsus, Larus, 253 brachytarsus, Pagophila, 253 brasiliensis, Gallinago, 151 brasiliensis, Haematopus, 20 brasiliensis, Himantopus, 213 brasiliensis, Numenius, 95 brasiliensis, (?)Parra, 11 INDEX 371 brasiliensis, Scolopax, 150, 151 braziliensis, Gallinago, 151, 152 braziliensis, Scolopax, 145, 150 brehmi, Gallinago, 140 brevipes, Limosa, 103 brevipes, Heteractitis, 130, 131 brevipes, Heteroscelus, 130, 131 brevipes, Totanus, 130 brevipes, Tringa, 131 brevirostris, Brachyramphus, 356 brevirostris, Charadrius, 53 brevirostris, Numenius, 90 brevirostris, Rhynchops, 342 brevirostris, Rissa, 288 brevirostris, Tringa, 174 brevirostris, Uria, 356 bridgesii, Blasipus, 255 bridgesii, Larus, 254, 255 Brissonii, Pelidna, 174 browni, Sterna, 322 browni, Sternula, 323 bruchi, Gavina, 258 briinnichi, Alca, 348 brunnichii, Rissa, 286 Brunnichii, Uria, 348 buffoni, Stercorarius, 250 buffonii, Lestris, 250 Buphagus, 241 BURHINUS, 224 Cabanisii, Tringa, 177 cajennensis, Tringa, 29, 30 CALIDRIS, 166, 169 calidris, Charadrius, 169 calidris, Tringa, 166, 170 californica, Uria, 351 californicus, Catarrhactes, 351 californicus, Larus, 266 caligatus, Totanus, 116 campestris, Totanus, 87 campestris, Tringa, 90, 185 camtschatica, Alca, 363 camtschaticus, Simorhynchus, 364 cana, Uria, 359 Candida, Alca, 345 Candida, Gygis, 337, 338 Candida, Sterna, 337, 338 candidus, Larus, 252 cantiaca, Sterna, 323 cantiacus, Thalasseus, 323 cantianus, Aegialitis, 57 cantianus, Aegialophilus, 51 cantianus, Charadrius, 51, 60 Canus, 166 canus, Larus, 259 canuti, Tringa, 167 Canutus, 166 canutus, Calidris, 167, 168 canutus, Canutus, 167, 168 canutus(a), Tringa, 166, 168 CAPELLA, 145 Capella, Vanellus, 28 capistratus, Larus, 253 carinata, [Fratercula], 368 caspia, Hydroprogne, 301 caspia, Sterna, 300 caspius, Charadrius, 76 caspius, Thalasseus, 301 cassini, Simorhynchus, 364 cassinii, Mergulus, 360 cassinii, Sterna, 303 Cataractes, 348 catarractes, Larus, 241, 242 catarractes, Lestris, 242, 244 catarrhactes, Megalestris, 241, 242 catarrhactes, Stercorarius, 242 catesbaei, Atricilla, 274 catesbyi, Atricilla, 274 CATHARACTA, 241 CATOPTROPHORUS, 126 Catosparactes, 252 cautiaca, Sterna, 328 cavennensis, Belanopterus, 37 cayamensis, Belonopterus, 36 cayana, Sterna, 324 cayanensis, Sterna, 326 cayanensis, Vanellus, 30, 32 cayannensis, Belonopterus, 31 cayanus, Charadrius, 35, 37 cayanus, Hoplopterus, 35, 39 cayanus, Hoploxypterus, 37, 38 cayanus, Philomachus, 32, 35 cayanus, Vanellus, 35, 39 cayennensis, Belonopterus, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36 cayennensis, Parra, 29, 30, 35 cayennensis, Sterna, 324 cayennensis, Vanellus, 30, 32, 35 CEPPHUS, 351 Cepphus, Catharacta, 248 Ceratoblepharum, 365 Ceratorhina, 364 Ceratorhyncha, 364 Ceratorhynchus, 364 Ceratorrhina, 364 Cerorhina, 364 CERORHINCA, 364 Cerorhyncha, 364 cerorhyncha, Phaleris, 364 Cetosparactes, 252 chalcopterus, Laroides, 262 chapmani, Chubbia, 161 CHARADRIUS, 51 cheeputi, Attagis, 232 Cheimonea, 286 Chelido, 302 Chema, 290 Cheniscus, 367 chilensis, Belonopterus, 30, 34, 36 chilensis, Catharacta, 242, 243 chilensis, Gallinago, 155 chilensis, Megalestris, 242, 243 chilensis, Parra, 33, 35 chilensis, Philomachus, 35 372 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII chilensis, Scolopax, 155 chilensis, Stercorarius, 242 chilensis, Totanus, 113 chilensis, Vanellus, 33, 35, 36 chimborazensis, Attagis, 228 Chimerina, 364 CHIONIS, 240 chionis, Vaginalis, 240 CHLIDONIAS, 291 chloripoda, Phaetusa, 296 chloropoda, Phaetusa, 295, 296 chloropoda, Sterna, 294 chloropygius, Rhynchophilus, 116 chlorppygius, Totanus, 106, 116 Chroicocephalus, 253 CHUBBIA, 160 Ciceronia, 362 Cinclus, 134 Cinclus, Charadrius, 135 cinclus, Tringa, 179, 180 cincta, Squatarola, 82 cinctus, Vanellus, 81, 82 cinerarius, Larus, 286 cinerascens, Phalaropus, 219 cinerascens, Rhynchops, 341, 342, 343 cinerascens, Rynchops, 339, 341, 342, 343 cinerea, Procelsterna, 331 cinerea, Squatarola, 41 cinerea, Tringa, 166 cinereo-caudatus, Larus, 279 cinereus, Anous, 331 cinereus, Phalaropus, 219 cinnamomea, Tringa, 116, 120, 121 cinnamomeus, Helodromas, 120, 121 cinnamomeus, Totanus, 120 cinnamomina, Charadrius, 76 cinnamomina, Pagolla, 75 cinnamominus, Charadrius, 75, 76 circumcinctus, Aegialitis, 56 circumcinctus, Charadrius, 56 Cirrepidesmus, 51 cirrhata, Alca, 367, 368 cirrhata, Lunda, 368 cirrhepidesmos, Charadrius, 51 Cirrhocephala, 254 cirrhocephalum, Xema, 282 cirrhocephalus, Hydrocoloeus, 277 cirrhocephalus, Larus, 282 cirrhocephalus, Mergulus, 359 cirrhocephalus, Xema, 282 cirrocephalus, Larus, 254, 275, 276, 277 clarkii, Catharacta, 245 coccineirostris, Sterna, 306 coelestis, Scolopax, 145 Coleoramphus, 240 collaris, Aegialites, 67 collaris, Aegialitis, 65 collaris, Charadrius, 60, 64, 67 collaris, Hiaticula, 65 collaris, Morinella, 134, 135 collaris, Strepsilas, 135, 136 columba, Cepphus, 352, 354 columba, Uria, 354 columbarius, Plautus, 345 comata, Sterna, 327 consul, Larus, 260 cooperi, Tringa, 185 Coprotheres, 246 Coprotheres, Catharacta, 248 cordifera, Parra, 2 corniculata, Fratercula, 367 corniculata, Mormon, 367 cornuta, Chimerina, 364 couesi, Arquatella, 196, 197, 198, 199 couesi, Erolia, 196, 197, 198, 199 couesi, Tringa, 196, 198 Cracticornis, 90 crassirostris, Charadrius, 73 crassirostris, Larus, 254 crassirostris, Octhodromus, 76 crassirostris, Pagolla, 76 crassirostris, Totanus, 127 crassirostris, Tringa, 169 craveri, Brachyramphus, 358, 359 craveri, Endomychura, 358 craveri, Micrura, 358 Craveri, Uria, 358 crawfordi, Gygis, 337 CREAGRUS, 288 crepidatus, Larus, 248 crepidatus, Stercorarius, 249 crissalis, Haliplana, 316 crissalis, Sterna, 316 cristata, Alca, 362 cristatella, Aethia, 362 cristatella, Alca, 362 cristatellus, Simorhynchus, 362 cristatus, Vanellus, 28 CROCETHIA, 169 Crymophila, 217 Crymophilus, 217 cucullatus, Chroicocephalus, 280 cucullatus, Larus, 279 cuneicauda, Glareola, 235 cuneicauda, Thinocorus, 235, 236 curonicus, Charadrius, 51 CYCLORRHYNCHUS, 361 cynosurae, Squatarola, 43 damacensis, Totanus, 180, 181 damacensis, Tringa, 181 delawarensis, Larus, 257 deleta, Alca, 366 delicata, Capella, 147, 148 delicata, Gallinago, 148, 151 delicata, Scolopax, 147 Delopygia, 180 diamesus, Anoiis, 335 diamesus, Micranous, 335 Dipsaleon, 302 dominica, Pluvialis, 45, 48, 49 Dominicanus, 253 INDEX 373 dominicanus, Larus, 253, 270, 272, 273 dominicensis, Burhinus, 227 dominicensis, Oedicnemus, 227 dominicensis, Tringa, 192 dominicus, Charadrius, 45, 47, 50 dominicus, Pluvialis, 47, 48 d'orbignianus, Tinochorus, 234 d'orbignyanus, Tinochorus, 234 dorsalis(a), Jacana, 12 dorsalis, Tringa, 191 dougalli(i), Sterna, 312 dougallii, Sterna, 311, 312 douglasii, Scolopax, 147 douglasii, Tringa, 203 Dromicus, 78 drummondii, Scolopax, 147 dubia, Uria, 362 durnfordi, Haematopus, 23, 24 durvillei, Squatarola, 83 eburnea, Pagophila, 252, 253 eburneus, Larus, 252 eburneus, Pagophila, 253 edwardsii, Limosa, 100 elegans, Sterna, 326, 327, 328 elegans, Thalasseus, 327 Endomychura, 355 Epitelarus, 251 Epitelolarus, 251 EREUNETES, 173 EROLIA, 179 erythropus, Larus, 282 erythrorhyncha, Sterna, 325 erythrorhynchos, Sterna, 324 eschscholtzii, Tinochorus, 238 EUDROMIAS, 80 Euliga, 86 Euligia, 86 EUPODA, 76 Eupodella, 76 Eupodes, 76 europaea, Rusticola, 163 eurygnatha, Sterna, 326 eurygnatha, Thalasseus, 326 eurygnathus, Thalasseus, 326 EURYNORHYNCHUS, 178 exilis, Sterna, 292, 319 Fabricii, Larus, 267 faeroeensis, Capella, 146 Faeroeensis, Telmatias, 146 falklandica(us), Aegialitis, 62 falklandica, Attagis, 231 falklandica, Leucopolius, 62 falklandica, Megalestris, 244 falklandica, Oegialitis, 63 falklandica, Pernettyva, 62 falklandicus, Aegialites, 62 falklandicus, Attagis, 231 falklandicus, Charadrius, 51, 61, 62 falklandicus, Leucopolius, 63 falklandicus, Tetrao, 231 fasciatus, Limnodromus, 141 fasciolata, Scolopax, 147 Fedoa, 100, 224 fedoa, Limosa, 104 fedoa, Scolopax, 100, 104 fedoa, Vetola, 105 femoralis, Numenius, 97 ferruginea, Erolia, 202 ferrugineicollis, Totanus, 143 Ferrugineus, Tringa, 202 fimbriatus, Phalaropus, 223 fissipes, Hydrochelidon, 292 fitzgeraldi, Attagis, 230 flavipes, Gambetta, 108 flavipes, Neoglottis, 109 flavipes, Scolopax, 106 flavipes, Tringa, 106, 109 flavirostris, Charadrius, 51 floridanus, Glottis, 115 fluviatilis, Sterna, 304, 305 forsteri, Chionis, 240 forsteri, Sterna, 310 foxii, Limosa, 102 Francsii, Uria, 349 franklini, Chroicocephalus, 280 franklini, Larus, 254 franklini, Xema, 279 franklinii(i), Lams, 279 FRATERCULA, 365 frazari, Haematopus, 16, 17, 22 frazari, Totanus, 113 frenata, Gallinago, 150, 154, 156 frenata, Scolopax, 150, 153, 156 frenata, Sterna, 320 frenatus, Phalaropus, 223 fretensis, Belonopterus, 34, 37 frobeenii, Sterna, 304 frobeni. Sterna, 304 frobenii, Larus, 257 frobenii, Sterna, 304 fulicaria, Tringa, 217 fulicarius, Crymophilus, 218 fulicarius, Phalaropus, 217 fuliginosa, Haliplana, 315, 316 fuliginosa, Sterna, 302, 314, 316 fuliginosus, Blasipus, 254 fuliginosus, Haematopus, 26 fuliginosus, Larus, 254, 255 fuliginosus, Onychoprion, 315 fuliginosus, Totanus, 131 fulva, Pluvialis, 49, 50 fulvus, Charadrius, 47, 49, 50 fulvus, Pluvialis, 48, 50 furcata, Creagrus, 289 furcata, Xema, 289 furcatum, Xema, 289 furcatus, Creagrus, 288, 289 furcatus, Larus, 288 furcatus, Xema, 288 fusca, Hiaticula, 82 fusca, Squatarola, 82 374 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII fusca, Tringa, 219 fuscata, Sterna, 302, 314, 315 fuscicollis, Actodromas, 186 fuscicollis, Calidris, 187 fuscicollis, Erolia, 185, 187 fuscicollis, Heteropygia, 186 fuscicollis, Pisobia, 186 fuscicollis, Tringa, 180, 185 fuscocapillus, Totanus, 106 fuscus, Larus, 264, 266, 267 gaini, Sterna, 308 galapagensis, Anoiis, 334 galapagensis, Haematopus, 16, 21, 23 galeata, Gallinula, 6 galericulata, Sterna, 324, 326, 327 Gallinago, 145, 160 gallinago, Capella, 146, 147, 150 gallinago, Gallinago, 146 gallinago, Scolopax, 145 gallinula, Limnocryptes, 165 gallinula, Scolopax, 165 Gavia, 28 gayi, Attagis, 228, 229, 230 GELOCHELIDON, 297 georgiae, Sterna, 308 gigantea, Capella, 159 gigantea, Gallinago, 159, 163 gigantea, Homoptilura, 159 gigantea, Scolopax, 158, 159 gigantea, Xylocota, 159 glacialis, Alca, 347 glacialis, Fratercula, 366 glacialis, Larus, 260 glacialis, (?)Mormon, 366 glacialis, Tringa, 221 glacialis, Una, 352 glareola, Rhyacophilus, 122 glareola, Totanus, 122 glareola, Tringa, 105, 122 glaucescens, Larus, 261 glaucodes, Larus, 280, 281 glaucoides, Larus, 262, 263, 265, 283 glaucopterus, Larus, 261 glaucopus, Charadrius, 49 glaucotes, Chroicocephalum, 282 glaucotis, Larus, 283 Glaucus, 253 glaucus, Larus, 253, 260 glocitans, Colymbus, 345 Glottis, 105 glottis, Totanus, 105, 115 gracilis, Aegialitis, 67 gracilis, Charadrius, 67 gracilis, Sterna, 312 gracilis, Tringa, 198 grisea, Calidris, 171 grisea, Scolopax, 140, 143 grisescens, Belonopterus, 33 grisescens, Vanellus, 33, 36 griseus, Eurynorhynchus, 178, 179 griseus, Limnodromus, 142, 143, 144 griseus, Macrorhamphus, 141, 142, 144 gronvoldi, Gelochelidon, 299 Grylle, 352 grylle, Alca, 351, 353 grylle, Cepphus, 352, 353 grylloides, Colymbus, 353 Guinetta, 122 gusdurnfordi, Haematopus, 24 guttata, Sterna, 302 Gyges, 337 GYGIS, 337 Gylochelidon, 300 Gymnoblepharum, 367 gymnostoma, Jacana, 2, 4 gymnostoma, Parra, 2 Gyralca, 347 haemastica, Limosa, 100, 101 haemastica, Scolopax, 100 haemastica, Vetula, 101 HAEMATOPUS, 15 haematorhynchus, Larus, 251 haematorhynchus, Leucophaeus, 251 Haliplana, 302 havelli, Sterna, 310 heermanni, Adelarus, 356 heermanni, Blasipus, 256 heermanni, Larus, 255 Helodromas, 105 Helopus, 300 helvetica, Squatarola, 41, 42 helvetica, Tringa, 41 Hemipalama, 173 henderspni, Limnodromus, 140, 142 Heteractitis, 130 Heteropoda, 173 Heteropygia, 180 Heteroscelis, 130 HETEROSCELUS, 130 hiaticola, Aegialitis, 52 Hiaticula, 51 hiaticula, Aegialitis, 52, 54 Hiaticula, Charadrios, 51 hiaticula, Charadrius, 51, 52, 56 hiaticula, Tringa, 52 hilairea, Rhynchaea, 13, 14 Himantellus, 209 HIMANTOPUS, 209 himantopus, Charadrius, 209 himantopus, Ereunetes, 204 himantopus, Hemipalama, 204 himantopus, Himantopus, 211, 214 himantopus, Micropalama, 202, 223 himantopus, Totanus, 204 himantopus, Tringa, 202, 203 hirundinacea, Sterna, 302 hirundo, Sterna, 301, 303, 304, 305 310 Hodites, 126 Holopodius, 221 Homoptilura, 145 INDEX 375 Homoscolopax, 160 HOPLOXYPTERUS, 37 hudsonica (us), Limosa, 100 hudsonica, Numenius, 95 hudsonica, Scolopax, 100 hudsonica, Tringa, 136 hudsonicus, Numenius, 92, 93, 96, 98 hudsonicus, Phaeopus, 95, 96 hudsonius, Numenius, 95 hutchinsii, Larus, 260 hybrida, Hydrochelidon, 292 hybrida, Sterna, 291 Hydrochelidon, 291 Hydrocolocus, 253 HYDROPROGNE, 300 hyperborea, Tringa, 219 hyperboreus, Larus, 253, 259, 260, 262, 266 hyperboreus, Lobipes, 217, 220 hyperboreus, Phalaropus, 219 hypoleuca, Endomychura, 357 hypoleuca, Micruria, 358 hypoleucos, Actitis, 122 hypoleucos, Tringa, 122 hypoleucus, Brachyramphus, 355, 356, 357 hypomelaena, Jacana, 5, 6, 7 hypomelaena, Parra, 5 hypomelaena(?), Parra, 2 hypomelanus, Charadrius, 41 hypomelus, Charadrius, 41 Hypsibates, 209 lamaicensis, Charadrius, 70 iardreka, Scolopax, 100 ichla, Thalasseus, 328 imitatrix, Procelsterna, 331 impennis, Alca, 346, 347 impennis, Pinguinus, 347 impennis, Plautus, 347 imperator, Hydroprogne, 301 imperator, Thalasseus, 301 imperialis, Chubbia, 160 imperialis, Gallinago, 160 imperialis, Homoscolopax, 160 imperialis, Scolopax, 160 Inca, 329 inca, Anous, 330 inca, Larosterna, 329, 330 inca, Naenia, 330 inca, Noddi, 330 inca, Sterna, 329, 330 incana, Scolopax, 131 incana, Tringa, 132 incanus, Heteractitis, 132 incanus, Heteroscelus, 131, 132 incanus, Lobipes, 223 incanus, Totanus, 132 ingae, Thinocorus, 232, 233, 235 innotata, Capella, 157 inornata, Symphemia, 128 inornata, Uria, 351 inornatus, Catoptrophorus, 128, 129 intercedens, Rhynchops, 343 intercedens, Rynchops, 340, 343, 344 intermedia, Jacana, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12 intermedia, Parra, 10 intermedia, Rynchops, 340, 341 intermedius, Belonopterus, 33 intermedius, Numenius, 95 interpres, Arenaria, 135, 136, 138 interpres, Cinclus, 136 interpres, Morinella, 137 interpres, Strepsilas, 135, 136 interpres, Tringa, 134, 135 islandica, Alca, 348 islandica, Tringa, 168 islandicus, Larus, 260 islandicus, Numenius, 92, 93 JACANA, 1 jacana, Jacana, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 35 Jacana, Parra, 1, 8, 9, 10, 11 Jadreka, Scolopax, 100 jamesoni, Capella, 161 jamesoni, Chubbia, 160, 161 jamesoni, Gallinago, 161 jamesoni, Scolopax, 161 jamesoni, Xylocota, 160 jassana, Parra, 11 jourdaini, Phalaropus, 218 kaiurka, Cepphus, 354 Kittlitzii(i), Brachyramphus, 356 Kittlitzii, Chroicocephalus, 379 Kotzebui, 288 Kotzebuii, Rissa, 288 kumlieni, Larus, 265 labradora, Alca, 366 labradorica, Alca, 366 lachrymans, Uria, 350 lactea, Chionis, 241 lacteolus, Cepphus, 351, 353 lampronotus, Belonopterus, 30, 31, 33 lampronotus, Charadrius, 30, 31 lapponica, Limosa, 102, 103 lapponica, Scolopax, 100, 103 Laropis, 297 LAROSTERNA, 329 LARUS, 253 Larva, 365 larvatus, Charadrius, 65 lathami, Sagmatorrhina, 367, 368 laticauda, Bartramia, 86, 87 latreillii, Attagis, 228, 229, 230 Leimonites, 179 Leptodactylus, 85 Leptopus, 85 Leptosceles, 85 Leptoscelis, 85 lessonii, Dromicus, 78 376 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Leucanous, 337 leuceretes, Larus, 260 lewcocapillus, Anous, 332 leucocapillus, Micranous, 336 leucoceps, Gavia, 332 leucopareia, Hydrochelidon, 292 leucopareia, Sterna, 291 leucophaea, Calidris, 171 leucophaea, Scolopax, 143 leucophaea, Tringa, 171 LEUCOPHAEUS, 250, 251 leucophthalmus, Larus, 253 leucopodus, Haematopus, 24 Leucopolius, 51 leucopolius, Charadrius, 51 leucoptera, Chlidonias, 291, 292 leucoptera, Hydrochelidon, 291 leucoptera, Sterna, 291 leucoptera, Una, 353 leucopterus, Larus, 260, 262, 263 leucopus, Haematopus, 21, 25 leucopus, Ostralega, 26 leucurus, Himantopus, 210 leucurus, Scolopax, 145, 146 L'Herminieri, Anous, 315 Limnocinclus, 180 LIMNODROMUS, 140 LIMOSA, 99, 100 limosa, Limosa, 99 limosa, Scolopax, 100 livens, Larus, 269, 270 lobata, Tringa, 219 lobatus, Lobipes, 219, 220 lobatus, Phalaropus, 220, 223 LOBIPES, 219 lomatina, Tringa, 166 Lomyia, 348 lomvia, Alca, 348 lomvia, Uria, 348, 349 longicauda, Actiturus, 88 longicauda, Bartratnia, 86, 88 longicauda, Lestris, 250 longicauda, Tringa, 86 longicaudatus, Actiturus, 87 longicaudis, Catoptrophorus, 127 longicaudus, Actiturus, 88 longicaudus, Stercorarius, 246, 249 longirostra, Numenius, 98 Longirostris, 140 longirostris, Heteropoda, 177 longirostris, Numenius, 98 longirostris, Scolopax, 140 lonnbergi, Catharacta, 245, 246 lorata, Sterna, 319 loricata, Sterna, 319 low!, Jacana, 1, 4 luctuosa, Sterna, 317 luctuosus, Haem[atopus], 26 LUNDA, 367 luzoniensis, Numenius, 93 luzoniensis, Scolopax, 93 LYMNOCRYPTES, 165 Lymnodromus, 140 maccormicki, Catharacta, 246 maccormicki, Megalestris, 246 maccormicki, Stercorarius, 246 Macdougalli, Sterna, 312 Machetes, 208 Machophilus, 208 Macrodura, 145 macroptera, Atricilla, 274 macroptera, Tringa, 116 macropterus, Totanus, 116 Macroramphus, 140 Macrotarsus, 209 macroura, Sterna, 307 macrura, Sterna, 306 macularia, Actitis, 122, 125 macularia, Tringa, 122 macularius (a), Actitis, 123 macularius, Totanus, 123, 125 macularius, Tringites, 125 macularius (a), Tringoides, 123 maculata, Actodromas, 192 maculata, Heterppygia, 192 maculata, Pisobia, 192 maculata, Sterna, 319 maculata, Tringa, 188, 190 maculatus, Totanus, 105, 111 maculipennis, Hydrocoloeus, 283 maculipennis, Larus, 276, 280, 283 magellanica, Capella, 153, 155 magellanica, Gallinago, 153, 155 magellanica, Scolopax, 154 magellanicus, Scolopax, 153, 154 magnirostris, Charadrius, 224 magnirostris, Phaetusa, 294 magnirostris, Sterna, 293, 294 magnirostris, Thalasseus, 294 magnus, Schoeniclus, 169 major, Alca, 347 major, Cirrhocephalus, 276 major, Gallinago, 145 major, Scolopax, 145 malacophaga, Haematopus, 24 malouinus, Attagis, 231, 232 Malouinus, Tetrao, 231 maluina, Attagis, 231 mandti, Uria, 352 mandtii, Cepphus, 352 mandtii, Uria, 352 marginatus, Charadrius, 51 marginatus, Larus, 283 marinus, Larus, 253, 267, 268 maritima, Arquatella, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199 ' maritima, Calidris, 195 maritima, Erolia, 195, 199 maritima, Tringa, 180, 195, 198 marmorata, Scolopax, 104 marmoratus, Brachyramphus, 355 marmoratus, Charadrius, 46 INDEX 377 marmoratus, Colymbus, 355 Mataeoptera, 347 mauri, Ereunetes, 176, 177 mauri, Heteropoda, 176 maxima, Sterna, 323, 325 maximus, Thalasseus, 323, 325 media, Capella, 145, 146 media, Gallinago, 146, 147 media, Scolopax, 145 medius, Lams, 260 Megalestris, 241 Megaloptems, 331 megalopterus, Atricilla, 274 megalopterus, Larus, 275 megalorhynchus, Charadrius, 42 megarhynchos, Squatarola, 41, 42 Meisneri, Cephus, 353 melanocephala, Arenaria, 139 melanocephalus, Strepsilas, 139 melanogaster, Vanellus, 41 melanogenys, Anous, 336 Melanolarus, 254 melanoleuca, Gambetta, 113 melanoleuca, Glottis, 113 melanoleuca, Neoglottis, 113 melanoleuca, Scolopax, 106, 110 melanoleuca, Tringa, 110, 113 melanoleucos, Mergulus, 346 melanoleucus, Totanus, 111 melanops, Sterna, 291, 292 melanoptera, Sterna, 314 melanopus, Numenius, 95, 98 melanopygia, Jacana, 6, 7, 9 melanopygia, Parra, 5, 7, 9 melanopygius, Totanus, 87 melanorhynchus, Larus, 283 melanorhynchus, Numenius, 92 melanorhynchus, Sternula, 320 melanosterna, 302 melanotis, Pisobia, 193 melanotos, Erolia, 190, 193 melanotos, Pisobia, 193 melanotos, Tringa, 188, 190, 191 melanotus, Tringa, 186 melanura, Rhynchops, 341, 342, 344 melanurus, Himantopus, 211, 212, 214 melanurus, Rhyncops, 342 melodus, Aegialeus, 56 melodus, Aegialitis, 56 melodus, Charadrius, 56 menzbieri, Limosa, 103 Mergulus, 345 meridionalis, Gelochelidon, 297 meridionalis, Scolopax, 162 meridionalis, Sterna, 297, 303 Mesoscolopax, 90 mexicana, Sterna, 322 mexicanus, Charadrius, 209 mexicanus, Himantopus, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214 mexicanus, Larus, 258 meyeri, Limosa, 102 Micranous, 331 microceros, Phaleris, 363 microceros, Simorhynchus, 363 MICROPALAMA, 202 Micropelama, 202 Microptera, 164 micropterus, Atricilla, 274 microrhyncha, Gygis, 337 microrhynchus, Numenius, 91 Micruria, 355 minima, Lymnocryptes, 165 minima, Scolopax, 165 minimus, Lymnocryptes, 165 minor, Hemipalama, 174 minor, Larus, 260 minor, Philohela, 164 minor, Rubicola, 164 minor, Rusticola, 164 minor, Scolopax, 164 minor, Uria, 346 minuta, Tringa, 179, 180 minutilla, Actodromas, 182 minutilla, Erolia, 181, 183 minutilla, Leimonites, 182 minutilla, Limonites, 182 minutilla, Pelidna, 182 minutilla, Pisobia, 182 minutilla, Tringa, 181, 182 minutus, Anous, 332 minutus, Hydrocoloeus, 284 minutus, Larus, 253, 284 minutus, Megalopterus, 335 minutus, Numenius, 90 mitchelli, Leptosceles, 86 mitchelli(i), Phegornis, 85 mitchellii, Leptopus, 85 mitchellii, Leptoscelis, 86 mitchellii, Phegornis, 85 modesta, Eudromias, 82 modesta, Squatarola, 82 modesta(us), Zonibyx, 83 modestus, Charadrius, 81, 83 modestus, Eudromias, 83 modestus, Larus, 254 modestus, Morinellus, 82 modestus, Vanellus, 82 modestus, Zonibyx, 81 molina, Belonopterus, 36 molouina, Attagis, 231 Moltke, Larus, 262 mongolus, Charadrius, 71 monocerata, Alca, 364 monocerata, Cerorhinca, 364, 365 monocerata, Ceratorhyncha, 364 montana, Eupoda, 77 montanus, Charadnus, 76, 77 montanus, Podasocys, 77 Morinella, 134 morinella, Arenaria, 135, 136, M 1 S8 morinella, Tringa, 134, 136 378 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Morinellus, 80 morinellus, Charadrius, 80, 81 morim-llus, Eudromias, 81 Mormon, 365 mulleri, Larus, 267 multistriata, Hemipalama, 203 mystacalis, Inca, 330 mystacea, Una, 363 Naenia, 329 naevius, Actidurus, 205 naevius, Charadrius, 41 naevius, Larus, 286 nana, Tringa, 182 nanus, Cephus, 346 natator, Totanus, 111 naumanni, Fratercula, 365 nebularia, Glottis, 115 nebularia, Scolopax, 115 nebularia, Tringa, 115 nebularius, Scolopax, 105 nebulosus, Charadrius, 82 necrophagus, Chionis, 241 neglectus, Epitelarus, 251 neglectus, Procellarus, 251 nelsoni, Larus, 262, 266 nelsoni, Sterna, 314 Neoglottis, 106 Neomenius, 90 Neopisobia, 180 nigellus, (?)Totanus, 170 niger, Anoiis, 331, 332 niger, Haematopus, 26 niger, Hydrochelidon, 291 nigra, Hydrochelidon, 292 nigra, Jacana, 6, 7 nigra, Parra, 6 nigra, Rhynchops, 339, 340, 341, 342, 344 nigra, Rynchops, 339, 343, 344 nigra, Scolopax, 15 nigra, Sterna, 291 nigricans, Alle, 345 nigricapillus, Stercorarius, 247 nigricollis, Himantopus, 209, 213 nigricollis, Hypsibates, 210 nigricollis, Macrotarsus, 210 nilotica, Gelochelidon, 297, 298, 300 nivalis, Coleoramphus, 240 nivea, Sterna, 338 nivea, Uria, 353 niveifrons, Charadrius, 51 niveus, Larus, 253 nivosa, Aegialitis, 59, 60 nivosa(us), Aegialitis, 57 nivosus, Aegialites, 60, 65 nivosus?, Aegialites, 59, 67 nivosus, Charadrius, 57, 58, 59, 60 nobilis, Capella, 157, 158 nobilis, Gallinago, 145, 157, 158, 162 nobilis, Scolopax, 158 Noddi, 331 nodirostra, Phaleris, 362, 363 nodirostris, Phaleris, 363 notata, Actitis, 125 novaezealandiae, Limosa, 102, 103 noveboracensis, Limnodromus, 144 noveboracensis, Scolopax, 140, 143 NUMENIUS, 90 nutans, Scolopax, 143 nuttalli, Sterna, 298 NYCTICRYPHES, 13 oahuensis, Arenaria, 135 oahuensis, Tringa, 135 oblita, Rynchops, 340 occidentalis, Aegialitis, 59, 63 occidentalis, Belonopterus, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39 occidentalis, Cerorhinca, 364 occidentalis, Charadrius, 59, 60, 63, 64, 67, 75 occidentalis, Ereunetes, 177 occidentalis, Haematopus, 24 occidentalis, Larus, 268, 269, 270 occidentalis, Numineus, 99 occidentalis, Recurvirostra, 215 occidentalis, Rhynchaea, 14 occidentalis, Vanellus, 34 oceanicus, Totanus, 131 ochropus, Helodromas, 115 ochropus, Totanus, 115 Ochthedromus, 51 Ochthodromus, 51 ocrophus, Tringa, 105, 115 Ocypetes, 232 Odurella, 145 Oedicnemus, 224, 225 Oedicnemus, Charadrius, 224 Oedicnemus, Fedoa, 224 Oerolia, 179 okenii, Charadrius, 56 Ombria, 361 Onychpprion, 302 orbignianus, Thinocorus, 234 orbignianus(?), Thinocorys, 233 orbignianus, Tinpchorus, 234 orbignyanus, Thinochorus, 234 orbignyanus, Thinocorus, 233 orbignyanus, Thinocorys, 235 orbignyanus, Thynocorus, 233 orbignyanus, Tinpchorus, 234 orbignyianus, Thinochorus, 235 orbignyianus, Thinocorus, 234, 235 orbignyianus, Tinochorus, 234 oreophilos, Charadrius, 44 Oreophilus, 78 OREOPHOLUS, 77 orientalis, Charadrius, 50 orientalis, Eurhinorhynchus, 179 ostragelus, Haematopus, 23 Ostralega, 15 Ostralegus, 15 INDEX 379 ostralegus, Haematopus, 15, 24 Oxyechus, 51 pacifica, Erolia, 200, 201 pacifica, Pelidna, 200, 201 pacifica, Scolopax, 131 pacifica, Tringa, 200 Pacificolarus, 254 Pagolla, 51 palaeartica, Xema, 291 pallescens, Stercorarius, 250 palliatus, Haematopus, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 pallida, Gallinago, 154 pallidissimus, Larus, 261 pallidus, (?)Oreophilus, 80 pallidus, Thinocorus, 235, 236 paludosa, Gallinago, 158, 162 paludosa, Scolopax, 145, 158 paludosa, Xylocota, 158 panayensis, Onychoprion, 313 paradisaea, Sterna, 306 paradisea, Sterna, 307, 312 paraguaiae, Capella, 150, 152, 155, 156 paraguaiae, Gallinago, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157 paraguaiae, Scolopax, 145, 150, 153 paraguaiae, Telmatias, 150 paraguayae, Gallinago, 151, 153 paraguia, Gallinago, 153 paraguiae, Gallinago, 153 parasitica, Lestris, 248 parasiticus, Larus, 246, 247 parasiticus, Stercorarius, 247, 248, 249, 250 pardela, Charadrius, 41 Parra, 1 parvus, Numenius, 99 patagonicus, Thinocorus, 238 Pavoncella, 208 paykullii, Scolopax, 143 pectoralis, Charadrius, 46 pectoralis, Pelidna, 191 pectoralis, Pisobia, 193 pectoralis, Tringa, 192 Pelidna, 179 Pelodes, 291 Pernettyva, 51 personatus, Chroicocephalus, 278 personatus, Larus, 278 peruviana, Jacana, 9, 10 peruvianus, Charadrius, 70, 71 peruvianus, Oxyechus, 71 peruvianus, Thihocorus, 236 petrificatus, Ereunetes, 173 Phaeopus, 90 phaeopus, Numenius, 92, 93, 95 phaeopus, Phaeopus, 93 phaeopus, Scolopax, 90, 92 Phaethusa, 294 PHAETUSA, 293, 294 PHALAROPUS, 216, 217 Phaleris, 362 PHEGORNIS, 85 Philadelphia, Chroicocephalus, 283 Philadelphia, Hydrocoloeus, 284 Philadelphia, Larus, 283, 285 Philadelphia, Sterna, 283 philadelphiae, Larus, 283 PHILOHELA, 164 PHILOMACHUS, 208 Phoetusa, 294 pikei, Sterna, 306 pileatus, Anous, 334 Pingouin, 347 Pinguin, 346 PINGUINUS, 346 pipixcan, Hydrocoloeus, 280 pipixcan, Larus, 254, 278 Pisobia, 179 pitanay, Haematopus, 22, 23, 24 Planetis, 302 platyrhynchos, Phalaropus, 217 platyrhynchus, Phalaropus, 217 platyrostris, Phalaropus, 217 Plautus, 345, 346 PLOTUS, 345 plumbea, Hydrochelidon, 292 plumbea, Sterna, 292 plumbiceps, Cirrocephalus, 276 PLUVIALIS, 44 pluvialis, Charadrius, 44, 47 PLUVIANELLUS, 84 Podasocys, 76 polaris, Mormon, 366 polaris, Uria, 349 poliocephalus, Larus, 276 pollicaris, Rissa, 287 polynesiae, Totanus, 131 pomarinus, Coprotheres, 247 pomarinus, Larus, 246 pomarinus, Lestris, 246 pomarinus, Stercorarius, 246, 247 pomatorhina, Lestris, 247 pomatorhinus, Stercorarius, 247 pontilis, Brachyramphus, 358 Pontochelidon, 300 portlandica, Sterna, 307 pratii, Haematopus, 18 prattii, Haematopus, 18 Procellarus, 251 PROCELSTERNA, 330 Prohaematopus, 15 Psalidorhamphos, 339 psammodroma, Charadrius, 52 Pseuduria, 352 psittacula, Alca, 361 psittacula, Ombria, 361 psittaculus, Cyclorrhynchus, 361 psittaculus(a), Phaleris, 361 psittaculus, Simorhynchus, 361 ptilocnemis, Arquatella, 197, 198, 199 ptilocnemis, Erolia, 197, 198 380 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII ptilocnemis, Tringa, 196, 197, 198 Ptiloscelis, 39 ptiloscelis, Vanellus, 39 PTILOSCELYS, 39 PTYCHORAMPHUS, 360 Ptychorhamphus, 360 pugnax, Machetes, 208 pugnax, Pavoncella, 208 pugnax, Philomachus, 208 pugnax, Totanus, 208 pugnax, Tringa, 208 punctatus, Macroramphus, 144 punctatus, Totanus, 116 pusilla, Aethia, 363 pusilla, Ciceronia, 363 pusilla, Erolia, 175 pusilla, Tringa, 173, 182 pusilla, Uria, 363 pusillus, Ereunetes, 173, 174, 175, 177 pusillus, Simorhynchus, 363 pygmaea, Aethia, 363, 364 pygmaea, Alcella, 364 pygm(a)eus, Eurynorhynchus, 179 pygmaeus, Simorhynchus, 364 pygmea, Platalea, 178, 179 pygmeus, Eurynorhynchus, 179 pyrocephalus, Charadrius, 61, 62 pyrrhothorax, Charadrius, 51 quarta, Erolia, 199 quoyi, Haematopus, 15, 28 ramicivorus, Thinocorus, 238 recognita, Melanosterna, 313 recognita, Sterna, 313, 314 RECURVIROSTRA, 214 regia, Sterna, 325 regius, Thalasseus, 325 resplendens, Charadrius, 39 resplendens, Ptiloscelis, 40 resplendens, Ptiloscelys, 39, 40 resplendens, Vanellus, 40 Rhamphosynthlipis, 359 Rhincops, 339 RHODOSTETHIA, 285 Rhyacophilus, 105 rhynchomega, Squatarola, 42 Rhynchophilus, 106 Rhynchops, 339 Richardsonii, Larus, 285 Richardsonii, Lestris, 248 ridgwayi, Anous, 333 ridibundus, Larus, 253, 274, 275 Riga, Larus, 286 ringvia, Uria, 350 RISSA, 286 Rissa, Larus, 286 robusta, Tringa, 106 robustus, Totanus, 106 rogersi, Calidris, 166 rosea, Rhodostethia, 285 rosea, Sterna, 312 roseiventris, Gavia, 282 roseiventris, Larus, 282 roseus, Larus, 285 roseus, Rhodostethia, 285 Rossia, 285 rossii, Larus, 285, 286 Rostratula, 13 rousseaui, Anous, 334 royana, Gygis, 338 rubecola, Charadrius, 82, 83 rubecola, Squatarola, 82 rubidus, Charadrius, 170 rubidus, Oxyechus, 70 rufa, Tringa, 166, 167 rufescens, Actitis, 206 rufescens, Phalaropus, 217 rufescens, Tringa, 205 rufescens, Tringites, 206 rufescens, Tringoides, 206 rufescens, Tryngites, 205 ruficollis, Charadrius, 78 ruficollis, Erolia, 180 ruficollis, Limonites, 180 ruficollis, Oreophilus, 78, 79 ruficollis, Oreopholus, 78, 79 ruficollis, Phalaropus, 219 ruficollis, Pisobia, 180 ruficollis, Trynga, 180, 181 rufinucha, Aegialitis, 73, 76 rufinucha, Charadrius, 74 rufinucha, Octhodromus, 76 rufinucha, Pagolla, 74 rufinuchus, Ochthodromus, 76 rufiventris, Numenius, 95 rufus, Calidris, 166, 167, 168 rufus, Canutus, 167 rufus, Numenius, 95 rufus, Phalaropus, 217 rumicivorus, Thinocorus, 232, 236, 237 rumicivorus, Tinochorus, 238 russata, (?)Gallinago, 146 Rusticola, 163, 164 rusticola, Scolopax, 163 Rusticula, 163 rusticula, Scolopax, 163 Rygchopsalia, 339 RYNCHOPS, 339 sabini, Larus, 289, 290 sabini, Xema, 290 sabini (i), Xema, 290 Sagmatorrhina, 367 sakhalina, Erolia, 201 sakhalina, Pelidna, 200, 201 sandvicensis, Sterna, 323 sasashew, Totanus, 111 scapularis, Grylle, 353 scapularis, Jacana, 9, 10 schinzi, Pelidna, 185 schinzii, Erolia, 199 INDEX 381 schinzii, Schaeniclus, 188 schinzii, Tringa, 186, 200 schistisagus, Larus, 268 Schleepii, Lestris, 248 Schoeniclus, 180 scolopacea, Limosa, 140 scolopaceus, Limnodromus, 140, 141, 142 scolopaceus, Macroramphus, 141 scolopaceus, (?)Macrorhamphus, 142 scolopacina, Gallinago, 146, 148 SCOLOPAX, 163 scoresbii, Gabianus, 252 scoresbii, Larus, 251 scoresbii, Leucophaeus, 251, 257 scoresbyi, Leucophaeus, 251 scrippsae, Brachyramphus, 357 scrippsi, Brachyramphus, 357 scrippsi, Endomychura, 357 Semi-alba, Sterna, 338 semi-collaris, Nycticryphes, 13, 15 semicollaris, Rhynchaea, 14 semicollaris, Rostratula, 14 semi-collaris, Totanus, 13 semipalmata, Heteropoda, 175 semipalmata, Scolopax, 126, 127 semipalmata, Symphemia, 127, 129 semipalmata, Tringa, 173 semipalmatus (a), Aegialeus, 53 semipalmatus, Aegialitis, 54 semipalmatus, Catoptrophorus, 127 129 semipalmatus, Charadrius, 51, 52, 54 semipalmatus, Ereunetes, 174 semipalmatus, Scolopax, 126 semipalmatus, Totanus, 126, 127 senicula, Uria, 359 septentrionalis, Aegialitis, 52 septentrionalis, Charadrius, 52 septentrionalis, Rissa, 259 serranus, Hydrocoloeus, 278 serranus, Larus, 274, 277, 278, 282, 284 serrata, Sterna, 302 sibiricus, Larus, 280 simonsi, Attagis, 229 simonsi, Oreophilus, 79, 80 Simorhynchus, 362 simplex, Phaetusa, 294, 296 simplex, Sterna, 293, 294 skottsbergii, Procelsterna, 330, 331 skua, Buphagus, 242 skua, Catharacta, 241, 242, 243 skua, Megalestris, 242 skua, Stercorarius, 242 smithsonianus, Larus, 263, 264, 265, 268 sociabilis, Charadrius, 84 sociabilis, Pluvianellus, 84 socialis, Pluvianellus, 84 solitaria, Tringa, 106, 116, 118, 120, 121 solitaries, Helodromas, 117, 118, 120 solitarius, Rhyacophilus, 117 solitarius, Totanus, 117 solitarius, Tringa, 119 spadicea, Sterna, 315 spectabilis, Scolopax, 162 speculifera, Sterna, 294 speculiferus, Totanus, 129 spinosa, Asarcia, 3 spinosa, Fulica, 2 spinosa, Jacana, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12 spinosa, Parra, 1 spinosus, Charadrius, 37 spinosus, Hoplopterus, 39 SQUATAROLA, 41 squatarola, Charadrius, 42 squatarola, Squatarola, 41, 42, 43 squatarola, Tringa, 41 staebleri, Sterna, 323 stagnalis, Totanus, 109 stagnatilis, Totanus, 108, 113 STEGANOPUS, 221 stenodactylus, Phalaropus, 223 STERCORARIUS, 246 STERNA, 301, 302 Sternolophota, 329 Sternula, 301 stolatus, Charadrius, 37 Stolida, 331 stolida, Sterna, 331, 332 stolidus, Anoiis, 332, 333, 334, 335 stolidus, Megalopterus, 334 Strepsilas, 134 stricklandi, Capella, 163 stricklandi, Gallinago, 160 stricklandi, Gallinazo, 162 stricklandi, Xylocota, 162 stricklandii, Chubbia, 162, 163 stricklandii(i), Gallinago, 162 stricklandii, Scolopax, 160, 162 subarquata, Scolopax, 180, 202 subarquata, Tringa, 202 subarquatus, Ancylochilus, 202 subleucopterus, Laroides, 263 subminuta, Erolia, 181 subminuta, Pisobia, 181 subminuta, Tringa, 180, 181 subruficollis, Tringa, 205 subruficollis, Tringites, 207 subruficollis, Tryngites, 205, 206 subulirostris, Chroicocephalus, 283 suckleyi, Cerorhina, 364 suckleyi, Larus, 259 suckleyi, Sagmatorrhina, 365 superciliaris, Burhinus, 228 superciliaris, Oedicnenus, 228 superciliaris, Sterna, 317, 319 superciliaris, Sternula, 319 superciliosa, Mormon, 364 superciliosa, Phaleris, 362 382 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII superciliosus, Anous, 333 surinamensis, Chlidonias, 292, 293 surinamensis, Hydrochelidon, 292 surinamensis, Sterna, 291, 292 Svarbag, Uria, 348 swainsoni, Thinocorus, 238 Symphemia, 173 SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS, 359 Synthliborhamphus, 359 tahitensis, Numenius, 97 tahitiensis, Numenius, 97 tahitiensis, Phaeopus, 97 tahitiensis, Scolopax, 97 taitensis, Charadrius, 49 Telmatias, 145 temminckii, Tringa, 179 tenuirostris, Aegialeus, 59 tenuirostris, Aegialitis, 59 tenuirostris, Anous, 336 tenuirostris, Calidris, 169 tenuirostris, Charadrius, 58, 59 tenuirostris, Sterna, 331 tenuirostris, Totanus, 166, 169 tephras, Stercorarius, 248 tereticollis, Sterna, 330 teretirostris, Sterna, 330 ternominatus, Charadrius, 69, 70 testacea, Erolia, 202 testacea, Scolopax, 179, 180, 202 tetracula, Alca, 362 tetraculus, Simorhynchus, 362 THALASSEUS, 323, 326 Thalassites, 293 thayeri, Larus, 262, 265 THINOCORUS, 232 Thinocorys, 232 tibialis, Numenius, 97 Tinochorus, 232 Torda, 347 torda, Alca, 347 torquata, Scolopax, 90 torquatus, Charadrius, 70 torquatus, Ocypetes, 232, 238 torquatus, Oxyechus, 70 totanirostris, Charadrius, 79 totanirostris, Morinellus, 78 totanirostris, Oreophilus, 78, 79, 80 totanirostris, Oreopholus, 77, 78 Totanus, 105 totanus, Scolopax, 105, 111 totanus, Totanus, 106 townsendi, Aphriza, 132 townsendi, Haematopus, 27 townsendi, Tringa, 133 townsendi, Uria, 355 townsendii, Aphriza, 133 trachydactyla, Scolopax, 147 tricolor, Phalaropus, 223 tricolor, Steganopus, 221 tridactyla, Rissa, 286 tridactylus, Larus, 286 tridactylus, Rissa, 286 trifasciata, Hiaticula, 62 trifasciatus, Charadrius, 61 trifasciatus, Hiaticula, 61 TRINGA, 105, 188 Tringites, 205 Tringoides, 122 Trobeni, Sterna, 304 troile, Uria, 350 troille, Colymbus, 348 troille, Uria, 350, 351 trudeaui, Sterna, 308 Trudeaui, Thalasseus, 310 TRYNGITES, 205 Tryngodes, 122 tschegrava, Hydroprogne, 300, 301 tschegrava, Sterna, 300 tschuktschorum, Arquatella, 196 tschuktschorum Erolia, 196, 197 tschuktschorum, Xema, 290 tundrae, Charadrius, 54 Tylpramphus, 362 typicus, Charadrius, 45 typicus, Larus, 264 undulata, Capella, 158 undulata, Homoptilura, 158 undulata, Scolopax, 145, 158 unicolor?, Haematopus, 28 URIA, 348 uropygialis, Limosa, 102, 103 urvillii, Eudromias, 82 urvillii(ei), Squatarola, 82 urvillii, Tringa, 81 Vaginalis, 240 vaginalis, Chionis, 241 VANELLUS, 28 vanellus, Tringa, 28 vanellus, Vanellus, 28, 29 vanrossemi, Gelochelidon, 297 varia, Tringa, 41 variabilis, Asarcia, 3 variabilis, Parra, 1, 2 variegata, Erolia, 179 variegatus, Numenius, 93 variegatus, Tantalus, 93 variegatus, Totanus, 87 vegae, Larus, 262, 265, 266 venturii, Thinocorus, 238 veredus, Charadrius, 76 verreauxi, Larus, 272 Vetola, 100 vigilans, Burhinus, 225 violacea, Jacana, 2, 3 violacea, Parra, 2 Viralva, 291 virgata, Aphriza, 133 virgata, Strepsilas, 134 virgata, Tringa, 132, 133 virgatus, Strepsilas, 134 virgianus, Charadrius, 49 INDEX 383 virginiacus, Charadrius, 46 virginianicus, Charadrius, 47 virginianus, Charadrius, 47 virginicus, Charadrius, 46, 47 virgininus, Charadrius, 46 vittata, Sterna, 308 vocifer, Aedicnemus, 226 vocifer, Burhinus, 225, 226, 227 vocifer, Oedicnemus, 227 vocifera, Aegialitis, 68, 71 vociferus, Aegialites, 71 vociferus, Charadrius, 51, 68, 71 vociferus, Dominicanus, 272 vociferus, Oxyechus, 68, 70, 71 vociferus, Scolopax, 111 vulgaris, Arenaria, 169, 170 vulgaris, Phalaropus, 219 vulgaris, Rusticola, 163 vulgaris, Vanellus, 28 Warnecki, Larus, 288 wiedi, Actitis, 125 wilsoni, Catharacta, 246 wilsoni, Charadrius, 73, 74 wilsoni, Eudromias, 74 wilsoni(i) Gallinago, 147 wilsoni, Ochthodromus, 72, 73, 76 Wilsoni (ii), Phalaropus, 222 wilsoni, Scolopax, 148 wilsoni, Squatarola, 42 wilsoni, Steganopus, 223 wilsoni, Sterna, 304 wilsonia, Aegialitis, 72, 73 wilsonia, Charadrius, 51, 73, 74 wilsonia, Ochthodromus, 74 wilsonia, Pagolla, 74 wilsoniana, Aegialitis, 72 wilsonianus, Aegialites, 72, 73 wilsonii, Charadrius, 73 wilsonii, Phalaropus, 221 wilsonii', Scolopax, 147 wilsonii, Sterna, 303 wilsonii, Tringa, 182 wilsonii, Xema, 274 wilsonius, Aegialites, 73, 76 wilsonius, Aegialitis, 72 wilsonius, Charadrius, 73 wilsonius, Ochthodromus, 72, 73, 74 Winterfeldti, Charadrius, 133 woznesenskii, Xema, 290 wrangeli, Brachyrhamphus, 355 wrangelii(i), Brachyramphus, 355 wumizusume, Uria, 359 wymani, Larus, 269 xanthocheilus, Charadrius, 49 XEMA, 289 Xylocota, 145 Zema, 289 ZONIBYX, 81 zonorhynchus, Gavina, 258 zonorhynchus, Larus, 258 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBAN*