Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum 
Volume I 
London 
1874 
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/ 

CATALOGUE 

OF THE 

BIRDS 


BRITISH MUSEUM. 

VOLUME I. 

LONDOX: 
PRIXTEP BY ORDER OF TEE TRUSTEES. 
1874. 


' MUSLIM • 
'V.OOLOUKTM 

IjiMVERSlTATIS 

Fldl), Gun,. 
BEROLIN". 


s 

CATALOGUE 

ACCIPITRES, 


OR 

DIUBNAL BIRDS OF PREY, 


o r THE 
COLLECTION 

OF THE 

BRITISH MUSEUM. 

E. BOWDLER SHARPE. 
LONDON: 
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 
1874. 

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, 
RED E*ION COURT, FLEET STREET. 


PEEPACE. 

THIS volume contains a complete account of all the species of 
Diurnal Birds of Prey known at present, 377 in number, of which 
only about twenty-five are desiderata in the Collection of the British 
Museum. In the year 1848, when the Catalogue of Aocvpitres 
prepared by the late Mr. G-eorge Eobert Gray was published by 
order of the Trustees, 198 species were contained in the Museum. 

This Catalogue has been prepared by Mr. R. B. Sharpe, one 
of the Senior Assistants in the Department of Zoology. 

J. E. GRAY. 
British Museum, 
June 1, 1874, 


INTRODUCTION. 

THE total number of species of Diurnal Birds of Prey at present 
known amounts to 377. Of these, about 23 are doubtful or 
problematical; and of the remaining 354, 326 are represented in 
the collection of the British Museum. 

The total number of specimens enumerated in this volume amounts 
to 2466. Of the numerous acquisitions by which the collection has 
recently been enriched, the following are the most important:— 

1. The complete collection of Mr. Wallace, which was secured last 
year by the Trustees, and supplied a considerable number of desiderata, 
besides completing the series of many Moluccan species. 
2. The collection of Birds of Prey of John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., 
including the series of Falcons described and figured by him in the 
' Birds of Great Britain.' 
3. The entire collection of birds formed by Major J. Hayes Lloyd 
in Kattiawar, and presented by him to the Museum. 
4. A large collection of South-African birds, presented by John 
Ilocke, Esq. 
5. A series of many fine specimens of some of the rarer European 
Birds of Prey, presented by Baron A. von Hxigel. 
6. The collection of Eagles made by Dr. Strader in the district 
of the Southern Ural and adjacent parts. 
The list of desiderata has also been considerably decreased by 
presents from the following gentlemen:—Professor Schlegel, Dr. 
Westerman, Captain Shelley, Mr. W. Wilson Saunders, Yiscount 
Walden, Messrs. Henry Ansell, A. Bouvier, Howard Saunders, W. 

T. Blanford, J. H. Grurney, Captain Unwin, Professor Newton, and 
the Eev. Chancellor Augustus Morgan. 
Vii i INTE0BTJCTI03S". 

The special thanks of the Author for valuable assistance and loan 
of specimens are due to the Marquis of Huntly, Prof. Peters, Dr. 
Otto Finsch, Dr. Cabanis, Prof. Barboza du Bocage, Dr. Dubois, 
Count Salvador!, Messrs. Salvin and Godman, G. Gillett, H. E. 
Dresser, Basil Brooke, and Canon Tristram. 

It remains only to explain the affixes to the names of the persons 
from whom the specimens were obtained. "[P.]" means "Presented 
by; " «[C.]" = "Collected by;" «[E.]"="Obtained by 
exchange." 

R. B. SHARPE. 
British Museum, 
June 1,1874, 


SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 


Suborder FALCONES. 

Fam. VULTURIDJE. 

1. Vultur, M s
§ 1. monachus* B,
2.QyV&98to>..:
t 1. Mvus, Gma.Myj^Gmy3. Hspaniolensis, Sharpe

y. Mvescens, Hume,...

2. himalayensis, Hume

3. kolbi, Baud.

4. rueppelli, Brehm

5. in&icus/*Scop

6. pallescens, Himie

3. Pseudogyps, Sharpe' 1. "ben^aleiisis, Gm2. afacanus^ Sahad

4. Otog^ps, Gray

1. auricxdarjga Daud. ....

2. ^^^Scop

5. Lophogyps, Sharpe ......

1. occipitalis, Burch

C. l$ea$Mdn^Sawgnsi. percnopterus, L.
«^2. g^^S^ffis, Zath:3. pileatus, Bwrch

4. tttO&acKus, Temm. ....

7. Sar<5brbampmiSy Dumeril,,
? i- «nSa& &

2. a&quatorialis. Sharpe,...

8. Catftfltk/lSr


 1. P» i

9. OaffiSSsrtes, F.

1. atratus, Bartr »».,
MjU*A%f,. 10. (EfopsT^ar^^
/fafiSfa "i i. aura^X

2. pernigra, Sharpe

3. ialHandiea, 5^pe ....

4. uriibitmga, Pefe-5. califoraiana, $tot>

I Fam. FALCONID^. 

Subfam. PoLYBOMN-ae. 
Page 

2 11. Polyborus, V. f! 
3 n L tharus, MoL 31 

4 2. cheriway, Jacq 33 

12. Ibycter, K 34 

5 

1. ater, V. 35 

5 

2. americanus, Bodd. .... 35

6 

3. megalopteras, Meyen .. 36 

7 

4. albigularis, Gould,. 37 

8 

5. carunculatus, Des Murs 38 

8 

6. australis, Gm 38 

9 

7. cbimachima, V, 39 10 f 8. cbimango, V, 41^ 

 11 

13. Cariama, Briss 42 

 11 

1. cristata, X 42 

 11 

2. burmeisteri, JELartl, .... 43 

 12 

14. Serpentarius, Cuv 44 

 13 

, 1. secretarius, Scop....... 45 


 13 
14 


Subfam. ACCIPITBINJE. 

 15 

15. Polyboroides, Smith 47 

 15 

1. radiatus, Scop 48 

 16 

2. typicus, Smuh 48 

 17 

16. Circus, Lacip 50 

 18 
18 


11. cyaneus, X 52 

 19 2. hudsoniusj X 55 

 20 3. cinereus, V, 56 

* 4. spilonotus, Kawp ...... 58 

 so 

5, maillardi, Verr 59 

 21 6. maurus, Temm 60 
22 &7. melanoleucus, Font. .. 61 
22 8. maculosus, V. 62 

 23 9. assimilis, X $ & 63 
24 110, pygargus, X.. 64 
25 011. macrurus, Gm 67 
25 j 12. seruginosus, L 69 
26 13. ranivorus, Daud, ...... 71 
27 14. gouldi, Bp. 72 
28 15. macroscelis; A. Neuri. .. 73 

 28 

SYSTEMATIC IKDEX. 

17. Micrastur, Gray

1. seroitorquatus, V

2. mirartdollei, Schl.

3. ruficollis, V.

4. gilvicollis, V.

5. guerilla, Cass

6. zonotJiorax, Cab

7. eastanilius, Bp

18. Geranospizias, Kaup ....

1. csBrulescens, V.

2. niger, Bu Bub

19. Urotriorcbis, Sharpe ....

1. macrurus, Hartl ......

20. Erythrocnema, Sharpe....

1. unieincta, Temm

21. Melierax, Gray

1. eanorus, Phi

2. poliopterus, Cab

3. polyzonus, ffiipp

4. gabar, Baud.

5. niger, B. 8f V.

6. metabates, Heiigl

22. Astur, Zacep"; 1. palumbarius, L

2. bensti, Sch

3. atricapillus, Wils

4. tachiro, Baud.

a. tacbiro, Baud. .
j8. macroscelides, Hartl

5. tousseneHi, Verr

6. trinotatus, Bp

7. muelleri, Watt.

8. biogaster, Mull % Sehl

9. sylvestris, Wall

10. trivirgatus, Temm

11. griseiceps, Schl

12. brutus, Poll

13. tibialis, Verr

14. badius, Gm

a. badius, GmjS. poliopsis, Hume

y. brevipes, Severte

b. spbenuras, Pupp

e. polyzonoides, Smith .,

15. soloensis, Lath

16. cueuloides, Temm

17. franciscse, Smith

18. polioeepbalus, Gray

19. cinereus, V.

20. novse-bollandise, Gm. ..

a. novse-bollandise, Gm.
j3. leucosomus, Sharpe ..

21. baplocbrous, Selater

22. albigularis, Gray

23. poliogaster, Temm. ....

24. pectoralis, Bp .

 74 
75 
76 
76 
78 
79 
79 
80 
80 
81 
82 j 
83 
83 I 
84 I 
85 
86 
87 
88 i 
88 i 
89 
91 
92 
92 [ 
95 
97 
97 ' 
99 ! 
99 I 
100 i 
101 I 

 101 
102 
104 
104 
105 
106 
107 
108 
109 
109 
110 
Ill 
112 
113 
114 
115 
116 
117 
117 
118 
118 
119 
119 
120 
120 
121 

Page 

25. rufitorques, Peak 121 
2G. griseigularis, Gray .... 122 

a. griseogularis, Gray .. 122 
jS. henicogramnras, Gray 124 

27. torquatus, Temm 125 
28. approximans, V. <$* H.. 126 
' 29. craentus, Gould 127 
30. wallacii, Sharpe 128 


23. Nisoides,Poto 129 

1. moreli, Pollen 129 

24. Aceipiter, Briss 130 
*j 1. nisus, L. 132 

2. fuscus, Gm 135 

3. cooperi, Bp 137 

4. tinus, Lath. 139 

5. minullus, Baud 140 

a. minullus, Baud. .... 140 
]3. erytbropus, Hartl .. 141 

6. cirrbocepbalus, V. .... 141 

7. madagascariensis, Verr. 143 

8. collaris, Selater. 144 

9. rubricollis, Wall 144 

10. erytbraueben, Gray .... 145 

11. rbodogaster, Schl 145 

12. sulaensi8; Schl 146 

13. erytbrocnemis, Selater.. 147 

14. cbionogaster, Kaup .... 148 

15. rufiventris, Smith 148 

16. ventralis, Selater 149 

17. bartlaubii, Verr 150 

18. virgatus, Temm 150 

19. guttata, F. 152 

20. pileatus. Temm 153 
2Lbieolor? F............. 154 

22. cbilensis, Ph. fy L 155 

23. melanoleucus, Smith .. 156 

Subfam. BTTTEONINJEL 

25. Urospizias, Sharpe 159 

1. radiatus, Lath 159 

j 25*. Heterospizias, Skeerpe .. 160 

1. meridionalis, La€h. .... 160 

26. Tacbytriorcbis, Kmp ..... 161 

1. albicaudatus, K 162 

2. abbreviate, Cab 163 
f 27. Buteo, V. 164 * 
j 1. melanoleuciis, V. ...... 168 

2. galapagensis, Gould.... 170 

[ 3. poliosomus, Q. §* &. 171 

4. erytbroEota, Kmg .... 172 

5. jakal? Bawd. 173 

6. augiir, Itypp. 175 

7. augnralis, Sahad. 175 

* 8. ferox, Gm 176 

9. desertorum, Baud. .... 179 

10. plumipes, JSodgs. 180 

SYSTEM m e IN DUX, 

XI 

^ 11. heroilasius, T. &$.,... 182 

12. brachypterus, Peh 183 

13. obsoletus, Gm 184 
^ 14 vulgaris, Leach 180 

< 15. borealis, Gm 188 

a. borealis, Gm 188 
/3. niontanus, Nuit 180 

16. harlani, Auclub 191 

17. lineatus, Gm 191 

18. latissimus, Wils 193 

28. Archibuteo, Brehm 195 
rj 1. lagopus, Gm 196 

2. sancti joharmis, Gm. .. 197 

3. strophiatus, Hodgs 199 

4. feiTugmeus, Zicht 199 

29. Buteola, Sharpe 201 

1. brachyura, V. 201 

30. Asturina, V. 202 

1. mti&n, Lath , 203 

2. plagiata, Schl 204 

3. ruficauda, Scl $ Salv. .. 205 

4. pucherani, J. 8p E. Very. 205 

5. magnirostris, Gm 207 

0. nattereri, Scl $ Salo. .. 208 

7. leucorrhoa, Q. fy G 209 

31. Busarellus, Lafr 210 

1. nigricollis, Lath 211 

32. Buteo^allus, Less 212 

1. seqxdnoctialis, Gm 212 

33. Urubitinga, Lafr 212 

1. zonura, Shaw 213 

2. anthracina, Nifcsch .... 215 

3. schistaeea, Swidev 216 

4. plumbea, Salvin 216 

5. albicollis, Lath 216 

6. gh.iesbrecb.ti, JDu Bus .. 217 

7. palliata, Pek 218 

8. lacemulata, T&mvn 218 

9. kmyi,Bp 219 

10. melanops, Lath 220 

11. semiplumbea, Lawr 220 

12. princeps, Sclater 220 

34. Harpyhaliaetus, Lafr,.... 221 

1. coronatus, F. 221 

35. Morphnus, Cuv 222 

1. guianensis, Baud 222 

36. Thrasaetus, Gh*ay.... — 223 

1. harpyia, L 224 

Subfam. AQUILINE. 

37. Gypaetus, Storr 228 

1. barbate, L. .. 228 

2. ossifragus, Saw 230 I 

38. IJroaetiis, Kaup 231 ' 

1. audax, Lath... 231 . 
4, 30. Aqiiila, Briss* .. 232 I 

1. verreauxi, Less 234 

* 2. clxrysaekiH, L 235 

3. heliaca, Sao 23rt 

4. adalberti, Brehm 23i) 

5. mogilnik, Gm 240 

6. rapax, Temm 242 

7. vindhiana, Frankl 243 

8. wahlbergi, Sundev 245 

9. maculata, Gm 240 
a, maculata, Gm 246 
/3. hastata, Less 248 
y, clanga, Pad 248 

40. Nisaetus, Hodgs 249 

1. fasciatus, F. 250 

2. spilogaster, Bp 252 
f) 3. pennatus, Gm 253 

4. morplmoides, Gould.... 254 

41. Lophotriorchis, Sharpe .. 255 

1. lrienori, Geoffr 255 

2. isidorii, JDes Murs ,.,. 256 

42. Neopus, Jerd 256 

1. malayensis, Temm 257 

43. Spiziastur, Sharpe 258 

1. melanoleucus, V. 258 

44. Spizaetus, F. 259 

1. mauduyti, Baud. 262 

2. tyramius, Max 264 

3. bellicosus, Dattd 205 

4. coronatus, L 266 

5. nipalensis, Ilodys. .... 267 

6. cirrhatus, Gm 269 

7. lanceolate, Bp 270 

8. alboniger, Blyth 271 

9. limnaetus, Honf 272 

10. gurneyi, Gray ,..•.... 273 

11. africanus, Cats 259 

12. andamaiiensis, Tytler ., 260 

13. sphinx, Hume 201 

14. pMLippensis, Gumey .. 261 

45. Lophoaetus, Kaup 274 

1. occipitalis, Baud. 274 

46. ABtunnula,, FinscJiSrHartl. 275 

1. rnonogrammiea, Temm,. 275 

a.rnonogrammiea, TVMM. 275 
j3. rnexidionalis, Hartl., 277 

47. Herpetotheres, F., 277 

1. cachmnans, L 27K 

48. Dryotriorchis, Shelley 278 

1. spectabilis, Schl 279 
^49. Oircaetus, F. 280 
tfl.gafficus, Gm 280 

2. cinereus, F. 282 

3. beaudouinii, Verr. $ Bes 
Murs 284 

4. fasciolatus, Kaup 285 

5. cmerascens, Midi 285 

SYSTEMATIC OTDEX. 

50. Spilomis, Gray,., 287 

1. clteela, Lath 287 

a. eheela, Lath 287 
$. uielanotis, Jerd. .... 289 

2. paHidus, Walden ...... 290 

3. baeba,Baud.. 290 

a. bacba, Baud. . 290 
jS. elgini, Tijtler 291 

4. rufipectus, Gould 291 

5. sulaensis, Schl. 292 

6. bolospilus, Vig 293 

51. Butastur, JSodgs 294 
** 1. teesa, Frank!. 295 

2. liyenter, Temm 296 

3. indicus, Gm. 297 

4. riifipeiniis, Sundev 299 
-i 52. Helotarsus, Smith 299 

1. ecaudatus, Baud. 300 

2. leueonotus, Hiipp 301 

53. Haliaetus, Savign 301 
' 1. albieillus, X 302 

2. leueocephalua, X 304 

3. pelagicus, Tall. 306 

4. leucogaster, Gm 307 

0. leucorypnus, Pall. .... 308 

6. vocifer, Baud. 310, 

7. Tociferoides, Bes Murs.. 311 
, 54. GypoMerax, Itiipp 312 

1. angolensis, Gm 312 

55. Haliastur, Selbg 312 

* 1. Indus, Bodd. 313 

a. Indus, Bodd. 313 
#. Intermedius, Gurney . 314 

y. girrenera, V. 315 

2. spfienurus, V. .... 316 

56. Elanoides, V 317 

1. fureatos, X 317 

57. Naueleras, Vig 318 

1. riocourij V. 318 

58. Milvus, Savigny 319 

1. ictiims, /Sir??. .......... 319 


2. eegyptius, Gm 320 

3. korshun, Gm 322 

4. affinis, Gould 323 

5. palustris, Anders 325 

0. melanotis, T. § S. .... 324 

7. govinda, Sykes ........ 325 


59. Lopboictinia, Kaup 326 

1. isura, Gould 326 

60. Bostrbamns, Less. ...... 327 

1. sociabilis, V, 327 
% tsenluras, Cah. 328 

3. leucopygtts, Spix ...... 328 

61. Leptodon, Sundev 329 

1. uncinatus, Temm.. 330 

2. megarbynebus, Xte^Tfwrs 332 

3. wilsoni, Cass 333 

4. cayennensis, Gm 333 

62. Gypoictinia, Kaup 335 

1. melanosterna, Goidd .. 335 

63. Elanus, Savign 336 

1. cseruleus, Besf. 336 

2. bypoleucus, Goidd 338 

3. axillaris, Lath 338 

4. leucurus, V. 339 

5. scriptus, Gould 340 

64. Gampsonyx, Vig 340 

1. swainsoni, Vig 340 

65. Henicopernis, Sharpe 341 

1. longicauda, Gam 341 

66. Machserhamphus, Westerm. 342 

1. alcinus, Westerm 342 

2. anderssoni, Gurney .... 343 

67. Pernis, Cuv 343 
C 1. apivorus, X 344 

2. ptHonorbyncbus, Temm. 347 

3. celebensis, Walden 349 

Subfam. FALCONTN-^E. 

Q8. Baza, JSodgs 351 

1. lopbotes*, Temm 352 

2. madagascariensis, Smith 353 

3. cuciiloides, Sw 354 

4. yerreauxii, Lafr 354 

5. magnirostris, Gray .... 356 

6. erytbrotborax, Sharpe .. 357 

7. sumatrensis, Lafr 357 

8. subcristata, Gould .... 357 

9. reinwardti, Mull, $ Schl 358 

10. rufa, Schl 360 

69. Harpagus, Vig 360 

1. diodon, Temm. 361 

2. bidentatus, Lath. ...... 362 

3. fasciatus, Lawr. . 363 

70. Ictinia, V. 364 

1. plurabea, Gm 364 

2. mississipiensis, Wils. .. 365 

71. Mlcrobierax, Sharpe .... 366 

1. cssrulescens, X 366 

2. fringillarius, Brap 367 

3. melanoleticus, Blyth.... 368 

4. erytbrogenys, Vig 369 

72. PolioHerax, Kaup ^ 369 

1. semitorquatus, Smith .. 370 

2. insignia, Walden 370 

73. Spiziapteryx, Kaup 371 

1. circiimcinctus, Kaup .. 371 

74. 
Harpa, Bp 372 
L novse zealandise, Gm. .. 372 

a. novse zealandise, Gm.. 372 
/3. australis, H.8?J..... 373 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Xlll 
Page 

75. Falco, Cuv. 374 

1. communis, Gm 376 
2. peregrinator, Sundev. .. 382 
3. mmoT,Bp 383 
4. eassini, Sharpe 384 
5. melanogenys, Gould 385 
6. barbarus^ Z: 380 
7. MByTonicus, Gumey .. 387 
8. f&3S^ff£1Sbhl 389 
9. trayjsttfeus,, Schl 391 
10. biarmicus, Temm 391 
11. jiiggur, J.B. Gray .... 393 
12. Ir^oteucixs, Gould .... 394 
13. subniger, Gray 394 
rf 14. subbuteo, L 395 
15. si^jusj Horsf. 397 
16. feEgiosus, Sharpe 397 
17. lunulatus, Lath 398 
18. <antfartp8tot& 400 
19. fu¥eb-caerulescens, V. .. 400 
20. aJIWs ; Vaud. .... 401 
21. JS^^Gm 402 
22. cKicquera, Baud....... 403 
23. ruficollis; Sw 404 
24. eleonorse, Gene 404 
25. cdtteoldtf, Temm 405 
26. reffulus, Pall 406 
27. columbarius, L. ...... 408 

76. Hierofalco, Cuv 410 

1. canjicas^ Gm 411 

2. islandus, Gm 414 

3. bolboelli, Sharpe 415 

4. gyrfalco, L 416 

5. saker, Gm 417 

6. mexicaims, Schl 420 

77. Hieracidea, Gould 420 
*> 1. berigora, Vig. $r H. 421 

2. orientalis, Schl 422 

78. Cerclmeis, Boie 423 
l) 1. tmnuncula, L 425 

2. rtfpeiSta, Baud. 429 

3. moluccensis; H. § X .. 430 

4. cencbroides, Vig. § H,.. 431 

5. rHJntcoloides, Smith .... 432 
6. alop^T jSew^?. 432 
» 7, tf^tSfii* Gumey 433 
8. punctata, Temm 434 

9. gracilisj Less 435 
, 10. naiimanm, Fleisch .... 435 

11. ^i^nemis^" Swinh 437 

12. sparveria, L 437 

113. dQminiQensis, Gm 439 

14. cinnamoniina, Sw 439 

15. isabellina, Sw 441 

16. leucophrys, Bidgw 442 

17. sparverioides, Vig 443 
i 18. vespertina. L. ........ 443 

19. ttinimBSfadde 445 

20. ar^aca^ V. 446 

21. dicTEersom, Sclater .... 447 

22. zoniventriSj Peters 447 

Suborder PANDIONES. 

79. Pandion, Sav 448 

1. haliaetus, L 449 

a. baliaetus, L 449 
j3. leucoeepbalus, Gould. 451 

80. Polioaetus, Kaup 452 

1. icbthyaetus, Horsf. 452 

2. hurnilis, Mull. $ 'Schl.. 454 

CATALOGUE 

OP 

BIRDS. 

Order I. ACCIPITRES. 

Bill short, strong, stout at the base, the culmen 
strongly curved, the direction of the tip perpendicular. 
Feet strong, armed with powerful talons of an elongated 
conical shape, curved, sharp, and rather smooth. 
Talons capable of being bent under the feet, the inner 
one stronger than the others and more curved. 

Of. SundevaU, AY. Tent. p. 102 (1873). 

Synopsis of Suborders. 

a. "With no facial disk; plumage compact; nostrils 
generally not concealed "by bristles. 
a\ Outer toe not reversible : FALCOUES. 

V. Outer toe reversible 
PAEDIQKES. 
h. "With, a facial disk; plumage soft and fluffy; nostrils 
usually bidden by stiff bristles STKIGKES. 
Suborder FALCONES. 

Outer toe not reversible; toes devoid of feathers; eyes 
placed laterally in the head; cere, as a rule, not hidden by 
bristles, generally soft and fleshy, but often horny. 

Synojpsis of Families. 

a. Head naked, or clothed with down; no true 
feathers on crown of head ! VulturidaB, p. 2. 
6. Head 
covered with feathers ; true feathers 
always present on crown of head Falconidae, p. 30. 
VOL* I. 
B 

YT7LTTJRIDJE. 

Family VULTURIDiE. 

Head and neck more or less bare, or only clothed with short 
stubby down; never any true feathers on crown of head. 

a. Nostrils not perforated 
Subfam. VULTtttlXJB, p. 2. 
b. 
Nostrils without bony septum, perforated. 
Subfam. SARCOREAJIPJUXJE, p. 20. 
Subfam. I. VULTURINJ E (OLD-WORLD VULTURES). 

Key to the Geaera. 

a. Nostrils rounded 
1. VuLTrR, p. 2. 
b. Nostrils perpendicular, rather oral in shape. 
a". Tarsus shorter than middle toe*. 
a'". Fourteen tail-feathers 2. GYPS, p. 4. 
b'". Twelve tail-feathers 3. PSEUDOG-YFS, p. 11. 

b". 
Tarsus longer, than middle toe. 
c'". Head bare, with fleshy folds and a neck-
lappet 4. OTOGYPS, p. 13. 
d'". Head covered with down, forming an 
occipital ridge j no neck-lappet.... 5. LOPHOGYPS, p. 15. 

c. Nostrils horizontal 
C. NEOFHBOX? p. 10. 
1. VULTUE. 
Type. 
Vultur, Briss. Orn. i. p. 453 (1760) , V. monachus. 
iEgypius, Savigny, Syst. Ois. cTEgypte, p. 230 (1808).. V. monachus. 
Polypteryx, itodgs. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 81 (1844) V. monachus. 

/ • \ iSk 

Bill of Vultur monachus. 

Range. All countries bordering the Mediterranean; eastwards to 
India and China. 

* The unwieldy scutellation of the foot in Vultures rendering it almost impossible 
to obtain precise measurements, the generic characters have been drawn 
from the skeleton 
1 . YtrLTTTB. 
1. VuHnir monaclnis. 
e Crested or Coped Black Vulture, Edwards, Glean, ii. p. 171, 

pi. 290 (1760). 

Le Vautour, JBriss. Orn. i. p. 453 (1700); Buff. PI Enl i. pi. 425, 

Le Vautour noir, JBriss. torn, cit p. 457 (17C0). 

Le Vautour d?Arable, JBriss. torn. cit. Suppl p. 29 (1760), 

Vultur nionachus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 122 (1766, ex Edio.); Shaio, Gm. 

Zool. yii. pt. 1, p. 23, pis. 7, 8, 9 (1809); Gmy, Gen. of JB. i. p. 5 
(1844); Cass. Cat. Visit. Phil Mus. p. 1 (1849) ; JBp. Consp. I p. 11 
(1850) j StricH. Orn. Syn. p. 7 (1855); Jerd. JB. of Lid. I p. 6 
(1862) ; Schl. Mus. P.-JB. Vult. p. 9 (1862) ; Gurnet/, Cat. Rapt. JB. 

p. 67 (1864); JDegl. § Gerbe, Orn. Mr. i. p. 5 (1867); JEeugl. Orn. 
N.O.-Afr. i. p. 11 (1869); Hume, Hough Notes, i. p. 1(1869); 
Gray, JBJand-l. of JB. i. p. 2 (1869); Salvad. Faun. dJItat. TJcc. p. 1 
(1871); SwinK. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 338 ; Shelley, JB. of Egypt, p. 209 
(1872); Dresser, JB. of Eur. pt. xiii. (1872). 
Arabian Vulture, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 8 (1781). 

Cinereous Vulture, Lath. Gm. Syn. i. p. 14 (1781). 

Black Vulture, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 16 (1781). 

Vultur cinereus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 247 (1788); Meyer ti. Wolf, Taschenb. 

I p. 4, pi. 2 (1810); Temnz. Man. cPOrn. i. p. 4 (1820); Mum. Vog. 
Eeutschl. i. p. 155, pi. 1 (1822); Werner, Atlas, Eapaees, pi. 2 
(1827); JBrehm, Vog. Eeutschl p. 8, pi. 2. %. 1 (1831); Gould, B. 
of Eur. i. pi. 2 (1837); Strkkl Orn. Sun. p. 6 $855); Jaub. $ 
Earth. Pack Orn. p. 20, pi. 1 (1859); Pelz. Verh. z.,b. Wien, 1862, 

p. 126; Bree, B. of Eur. i. p. 7 (i860). 
Vultur arrianus, Baud. torn. cit. p. 18 (1800). 

Vultur niger, Baud. torn. cit. p. 17 (1800) ; LicM. Verz. Eoubl p. 62 

(1823) ; Vieill. et Oudart, Gal Ois. i. p. 4, pi. 1 (1825); Brehm, 

Vog. Eeutschl p. 9 (1831). 

^figypius niger, Savigny, Syst. Ois. dEgypte, p. 237 (1809). 

. Gyps cinereus, JBp. Conzp. Libt B. Eh/. fy JSr. Am. p. 2 (1838); Keys. 

$ Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 133 (1840). 

iEgypius cinereus, JBp. Cat. Met. TJcc. Europ. p. 17 (1842). 

Polypteryx cinereus, Hodgs. in Grays Zool. Misc.. p. 81 (1844); Blyih, 

Ami. N. JBJ. xiii p. 115 (1844). 

Adult. Entirely black, with, chocolate-brown reflections; crop-
patch black; head covered with thick velvety down, collecting towards 
the occiput and forming there a conspicuous patch; down on 
sides of face more bristly, especially on the lores; above the eye 
and on the cheeks the down is rather more silky, and produced in a 
couple of elongated tufts ; all the rest of the head and neck, both 
behind and laterally, is bare, of a livid flesh-colour in life; chin 
covered with bristly down, becoming scantier on the throat, on the 
lower part of which is a small projecting tuft of feathers; bill black; 
f~et yellowish; iris dark brown*. Total length about 42 inches, 
culmen 3*3, wing about 30, tarsus 4. 

* I have endeavoured to draw the descriptions of the soft parts from the best 
authorities, to whom, however, it is impossible, to refer in detail. I may mention 
my indebtedness to the following ornithologists in regard to this portion of the 
B2 

VTJLTTTEIDJS. 

Very old. Much paler than the foregoing, of a light brown colour; 
breast-feathers and those of the ruff fulvescent at their tips, giving 
a somewhat streaked appearance; beak much mixed with yellowish, 
the lower mandible especially*. 
Hab. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. Seville, Spain. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. HP.]. Specimen 
figured in Dresser's iBirds of Europe.' 
b. Ad. sk. Xanthus. Sir C. Fellowes [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. N.E. Africa. Frankfort Museum. 
d.e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.] 
/ . JUY. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
g. Ad, sk. Ningpo, China. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.j. 
h. Ad. sk. Purchased. 

2. GYPS. 
Type. 
Gyps, Savigny, Syst Ois. d'Egypte, p. 201 (1809) G-. fulyus. 

Bill of Gyps fuhus. 

Range. The whole of Africa, except the forest regions of the west 
coast; all the countries bordering the Mediterranean; E. Europe as 
high as 59°; eastwards through Persia to India, and thence into 
Siam and down the Malayan peninsula. 

Key to the JS 

«. Height of bill along anterior margii 
to cere itself. 
a'. Feathers of lower back and rumr 

a pale shaft-stripe. 
a", under wing-coyerts ashy or tawny rufous.. fulvus, p. o. 
h". Under wing-coyerts white. 

a'". Largest; under surface nearly white, the 
shaft-streaks obsoletely indicated..., Mmalayensis, p. 8 

work:—Mr. J.H.G-urney, Prof. Newton, Messrs. Blanford, Jesse, Heuglin,Ayres| 
Jerdon, Swinhoe, Dresser, Cassin, Coues, Andersson, and others, but perhaps mort 
especially to the recent works of Mr. A. O. Hume, where this yery important 
feature of ornithology is treated in the most complete manner possible. j 

* This stage, which was erroneously described as the young in Dresser^ 
1 Birds of Europe,' is really the plumage of a very old bird, as I am informec 
by Major Irby, who has studied the living birds in their wild state. 
2 . GYPS. 
b!". Smallest; under surface entirely creamy 
white kolbi, p. 8. 
b'. Feathers of lower back and rump not paler-
centred, brown with broad fulvous tips rueppelli, p. 9. 

b. Cere exceeding in length the height of bill j lower 
back and rump whitish, with a faint margin of 
pale brown on each feather .. . .^ indicus, p. 10. 
After a lengthened study of the Griffon Vultures I have come to 
the conclusion that there are only five distinguishable species. 

G. indicus is at once separated by its unusually bare head and 
thin bill; but the remaining species are more difficult to define. 
G. ruepjpelli when fully adult is unmistakable,' but when young 
more nearly resembles the other Griffons. G. Jcolbi is characterized 
by its light and almost uniform coloration, and looks much more 
distinct when seen alive side by side with the true G. fulvus; and 
G. liimalayensis is a large edition of G. kolbi, but is further remarkable 
for its brown-coloured young. The true G. fulvus (that is to 
say, the bird best agreeing with Albin's plate on which Gmelin 
founded his species) seems to be the Vulture from Eastern Europe, 
extending westwards as far as Sardinia; for the types of 67. occidentalism 
SchL, which I saw recently in the Leiden Museum, agree with 
the Dalmatian specimens. In Spain and Algeria, however, the 
Griffons are smaller and more rufous, and approach the Indian birds 
which Mr. Hume has named G. fulvescens. Taking, therefore, the 
three birds mentioned as subspecies of one well-marked form, we 
can separate them as follows.— 
a. 
Crop-patch dark brown. 
a'. General colour pale ashy fulvus. 
b'. General colour rufescent fulvescens. 
b. Crop-patch tawny, like rest of plumage hispaniolemix. 
Amidst the variations of plumage, however, it appears to me to be 
difficult to draw an exact line between these three subspecies. 

1. Gyps fulvus. 
The Vulture, Albin, N. H. Birds, iii. p. 1, pi. 1 (1740). 
Le Vautour fauve, Briss. Orn. i. p. 462 (1760). 
Le Percnoptere, Buff: PI Bnl. i. pL 42G (1770). 
Le Griffon, Buff. Hist Nat Ois. i. p. 158, pi. v. (1770) 
Le Vautour, Buff. Hist Nat Ois. i. pi. v. (1770, plate only). 
Fulvous Vulture, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. 1, p. 17 (1781). 
Vultur fulvus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 249 (1788, ex Lath.) ; Temm. Man. i. 


p. 7 (1820); Gould, B. Bur. i. pi. 1 (1837); Schl u. Susem. Vog. 
Eur. p. 12, pis. 3, Sa (1839); Naum. Vog. Beutschl. xiii. Taf. 338 
(18C0) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 199 (1870) j Fmsch # Hartl. Vog. 
Ostafr. p. 31 (1870). 
Vultur percnopterus, Shaw fy Nodder, Nat Misc. iv. pi. 141 (1793). 
Vultur trencalos, BecJist Naturg. DeutscM. ii. p. 491 (1805). 
Gyps vulgaris, Sav. Syst Ois. d'Egypte, p. 232 (1800). 
Vultur leucocephalus, Meyer u. Wolf Taschenb. L p. 7 (1810). 
Vultur persicus, Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-As. i. p. 377 (1811). 
Vultur vulgaris, Bonn, et Vieill. Em. Mtth. iii. p. 3170 (1823). 


0 VULTTTEIJDJS. 

Vultur albicollis, Lindermayer, Isis, 1843, p. 326 {ex Brehm). 
Gyps fulvus. Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 6 (1844); Cass. Cat. Vult. Phil 
Mus. p. 2 (1849)• Bp. Consp. i. p. 10 (1850) ; Fritsch, Vog. Bur. 

p. % Taf. 1. fig. 3 (1858) • Peh. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 129 rw"'
7I 2

JDe ™" ' "' ~ '"-"~ ~ "r - "^ ^

p. 2 . 
Vultur fulvus occidentalism Schl JRev. CriL p. xii (1844)• id. 31ns. P.„ 
X J?. Vult. p. 6 (1802). 
^ Gyps occidentalism J8p. Cbwsp. i. p. 10 (1650) * Salvad. Uec. Sardegn. 

p. 14 (1864); De<tl. § Gerbe, Orn. Bur. p. 11 (1867)-Fritsch, 
Vog. Eur. p. 3 (1870). 
Gyps albicollis, Brehm, No-urn. i. Heft iii. p. 23 (1851). 
Vultur segyptius, Licht. Nomencl. AD. p. 1 (1854). 
Vultur kolbii, Erhard, Naum. 1858, p. 16. 
Vultur fulvus orientalis, Schl Mus. P.~B. Vult. p. 6 (1862). 

Adult Buff white* upper parts ashy fulvous, the interscapulars 
with obsolete whitish shaft-stripes, some of them darker brown, 
giving a mottled appearance, others shaded with grey ; wing-eoveits 
a little paler than the back, shaded with ashy, greater series dark 
brown at base, edged and broadly tipped with creamy white ; lower 
back and rump dark brown, the feathers centred with fulvous ; upper 
tail-coverts pale ochraceous buff; quills and tail black, with a slight 
brownish shade, the outer secondaries broadly edged with ashy, the 
inner ones tipped with ochraceous buff; crop-patch brown ; under 
surface of body pale creamy brown, with very narrow whitish shaft-
stripes ; cere bluish black ; bill yellowish white horn-colour; feet 
lead-colour; iris reddish orange. Total length about 40 inches, 
culmen 3*7, wing about 29, tail 12, tarsus (in skeleton) 4*4, 
middle toe 4-9. 

Hah. Eastern Europe, from below 59° X lat. in the Ural as far 
westward as Sardinia, sometimes ranging into the central portions ; 
accidental in the British Islands; (?) X.E. Africa. 

a. Ad. sk.
' ' " st. 
South Hungary. 
Dalmatia. 
Baron A. von Hugel [P.]. 
Purchased. 
itit on. 
Athens. 
[South Africa?] 
C. W. L. Merlin, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
Zoological Society. 

Subsp. a. Gyps hispaniolensis, nob. 

Vultur fulvus, Naum. Vog. Beutsehl i. p. 162, Taf. 2 (1822) ; Werner, 
Atlas, Kapaces, pi. 2 (1827); Schl ti. Susem. Vog. Bur. p. 12, pi. 2 
(1839); Dubois, Ois. d?Eur. pis. 2, 3 (1862). 

Vultur chassefiente, Biipp. X. IK Vog. p. 47 (183*5). 
Vultur kolbii, Carst Naum. ii. Heft i. p. 76 (1852). 
? Vultur fulvus occidentals, Beugl Orn. NO^Afr. L p. 1 (1869.). 


Advlt. Above ashy fawn-colour, with a slight greyish shade near 
the base of the feathers, the median wing-coverts paler and more 
fulveseent towards the tips, greater series dark brown, shading into 
ashy and thence into fulvous at the tips; rump and upper tail


\ 

2 . O-YPS. 
/ 

coverts rufous fawn-colour, with whitish shaft-stripes; quills and 
tail black, the latter as well as the secondaries somewhat shaded 
with brown ; ruff of lanceolate feathers, whitish, with fawn-coloured 
margins ; crop-patch rufous fawn-colour, as also the rest of the 
under surface, each feather plainly streaked down the centre with 
whitish. Total length about 37 inches, culmen 3-5, wing 27, tail 
12-5, tarsus (in skin) about 4*3, middle toe about 4*8. 

Hah. Spain and Northern Africa, ranging far into the interior; 
(?) N.E. Africa. 

Obs. The Griffon Vulture of N.E. Africa still requires identification 
; and I have not been able to examine specimens. The bird 
procured by Major Denham in Central Africa, and still preserved in 
the Museum, appears to me to belong to the rufous race of Algeria 
and Spain; on the other hand Mr. E. C. Taylor tells me that he never 
saw the slightest difference between the Gyps of Egypt and the 
ordinary Griffon of the other countries of S.E. Europe; but he collected 
no specimens. If Dr. von Heugiin's identification be correct, 
the bird from N.E. Africa may be the true G. fulvus; or, again, 
both races may occur there, the one coming from the north, the 
other from the west. On this subject see Yon Heugiin's recent remarks 
(Nachtr. Orn.^f.-Afr. p. 1). 

a. Ad. sk. Southern Spain. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
k Ad. sk. Europe. Purchased. 
c. Ad. sk. Central Africa. Major Denham [P.]. 
d. Sternum. Purchased. 
Subsp. /3. Gyps Mvescens. 

Gyps fulvus, Jerdon, B. Inch i. p. 8 (1802). 
Gvps Mvescens, Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 35G; id. Rough J\Tote$, i. p. 15 
"(1869); Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 158; Jerdon, Ibis, 1871. p. 235: 
Hume,'Sir. Ki.^MQ. 

Adult. Above rufous ashy, the interscapular^ region rather darker 

and browner, the wing-coverts paler and more decidedly washed 

with ash-colour; lower back and rump brown, with distinct central 

streaks of fulvous white, the upper tail-coverts more clearly rufco


cent; quills brownish black, the primaries distinctly shaded with 

ashy grey, the secondaries externally washed and tipped with rufous 

ashy; tail black, the feathers shaded with brown on their margins ; 

head rather thickly clothed 'with yellowish-white down, a little more-

scanty on the neck, round tie hinder part of which is a thick ruff 

of white feathers; crop-patch dark brown; rest of under surface 

fulvous brown, with distinct whitish central stripes, the under wing-

coverts somewhat darker. Total length about 40 inches, culmen 3*7* 

wing 30, tail 12*5, tarsus 5*2. 

Young. Buff composed of lanceolate feathers, brown, mesially 

streaked with whitish; plumage paler than in the adults, all the 

feathers plainly streaked with fulvous, the under surface very di


stinctly striped. 

Bab. Sindh, N.W. Provinces, and Himalayas in India. 

8 VTCnTEIDJK. 
<*. Juv. st,
b, c. Ad. st.
d. Skeleton.
e,f. Skulls.
g. Sternum. 
India. 
Nepal. 
J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.]. 
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.\ 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.\ 
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 

2. Gyps hintalayensis. 
Vultur indicus, Tcmm. PI Col i. pi. 26 (1824) $ Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 

1844, p. 3. 
Gyps indicus, Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 468. 
Vultur fulvus indicus, Schl Mus. P.-B. Vult. p. 7 (1862). 
Ologjps fulvus, Tytler, Ibis, 1868, p. 194. 
Gyps hirnalayensis, Hume, Rough Motes, i. p. 14 (1869); Jerdon, Ibis, 

1871, n. 285. 
Gyps nivicola, Severfzow, Turhest. Jevotn. p. Ill, pi. vii. (1873). 

Adult. General colour pale creamy whitish, -with a little browner 
shade on the interseapulary region; lower back white, shading into 
pale creamy fawn-colour on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-
coverts a little paler and more creamy than the back, greater series 
dark brown, externally Washed with ashy and tipped with fulvous; 
quills black, the secondaries brownish, the innermost inclining to fulvous 
towards the tip; tail black, with a brownish shade; ruff round 
the neck whitish, the feathers rather filamentous; under surface pale 
creamy white, the flank-feathers and under tail-coverts washed with 
pale fawn-colour, giving the appearance of very pale whitish streaks, 
these, however, being nearly obsolete on the under surface; crop-
patch whitish fawn-colour; cere pale brown; bill very pale horny 
green, Husky at tip; legs dingy greenish grey or white. Total 
length about 42 inches, culmen 3*6; wing 31, tail 15, tarsus 4*8, 
middle toe 5*4. * 

Young. Totally different from the adult, and resembling that of 

67. indicus or Ps. bengalensis. Entire plumage dark chocolate-brown, 
with central streaks of paler brown, those on the ruff and under surface 
being lighter, more fulveseent, and consequently more distinct. 
. 
- ""T-^nlAvas from Cabool to Bootan; Turkestan. 
India. Zoological Society. 
Nepal. B. H. ^Hodgson, Esq. {P. 
Nepal. B. I I Hodgson, Esq. [P." 

3. Gyps kolbi. (Plate I.) 
Le Ohasse-fiente, Levaill Ois. d?Afr. i. p. 44, pi. 10 (1799). 

Vultur kolbii, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 15 (1800, ex Levaill.): Lath, Ind. 

Om. Sappl ii. p. 1 (1801). 
Vultur fulvus, Smith, 8. Aft: Q. Journ. i. p. 11 (1830). 
Vultur indicus, Cass. Cat. 'Vult. Phil Mus. p. 2 (1849). 
Gyps kolbii, Pp. Consp. i. p. 10 (1850) ; Pelz. VerJi. z -b. Wien, 1862, 

p. 129 j Gray, Hand-l of B. i. p. 2 (1869) ; Sottza, Cat. Lisb. Mus. 
p. 30 (1869); Gurnet/ in Anderss. B. Bam. L. p. 5 (1871). 
Gvps fulvus, Gurney, Ibis, 1859, pp. 235, 236; Bayard, B. of S. Afr. 
p. 6 (1867); Gumey, Ibis, 1868, p. 403; Ayres'Ibis, 1809, p. 286; 
Layard, Ibis, I860, p. 68. 
Vultur fulvus kolbei, Schl Mus. P.-B. Vult. p. 7 (1862). 

2. GYPfl. 
Athrit. Down on head and neck more scanty than In G.fulvus; 
upper paris pale fulvous, Home of the interscapulars dark brown, 
giving a moitlod appearance, others shaded with grey; wing-coverls 
pale fulvouH, nhaded with ashy, greater series dark brown at base, 
edged and broadly lipped with creamy buff; lower back and rump 
dark brown on the margins of the feathers, the centre fulvous ; upper 
tail-coverts clear fulvous ; quills and toil black, with a slight brownish 
shade, inner secondaries broadly edged and tipped with ashy buff; 
crop-patch pale brown ; rest of under surface of body pale creamy 
white, without any shaft-stripes; cere livid; bill horn-colour, paler 
on the mil men; logs and feet livid blue, with shades of dirty green; 
claws black ; iris light brown or reddish hazel. Total length about 
iti) inches, culm en 3'5, wing 2*7, tail 10, tarsus about 4*2, middle 
toe 4\S. 

Voting. Head and neck with even less down on it than the adult; 
upper surface a little more tawny, and more mottled with dark brown; 
under surface pale creamy white, with pale brownish margins to the 
breast-feathers, scarcely, however, producing a striped appearance. 

Hah. South Africa, to the Zambesi on the east, and to Damara 
Land on the west coast, but more sparingly in the latter country. 

a. Ad. sk. Orange River, S. Africa. M. Verreaux [0.1 
b. Juv. st. Cape of Good Hope. South-African Museum. 
4. Gyps rneppelli. 

Vultur kolbii, Cretzsvhm. Atlas Miijip. Yog, p. 47, t. £2 (1820, nee 

Daiuh). 

Gyps fuhus, Mupp. Myt>t. Ziehen, p. 1) (1845). 

Gjps vulgaris, Bp. Comsp. i. p. 10 (1850); Horsf. § Moore, Cat B. 

Mas. B. I. a p. 4 (1854); Layard, B S. Afr. p. 7 (1807, nee Sav.). 

Vultur ruppeilii, Brehn, JVaam. 1852, llefV 3, p. 44 (desa. aria.); 
llemjl Onu X.O,~Afr. I p. 5 (18C0): Buibch u. Ilartl. Yog. Qstafr. 
p. *'],'], note (1870). 

Gyps magniiicus, Mull Beitr. Cm. Afr, t 5 (1854); id. Xf. 0.1854, 

p. 380. 
Gyps ruppoliii, Bona}), Mew et Mag. de Zaol 1854, p. 530; Bek. Verb. 
s.-b. 71 ten, 1802, p. 180; Brehm, Meis. Ilab'eseh, p. 240 (1803): 
Antin. Cat Uce. p. 3 (1805) ; Gray, IIunZ-L of B. i. p. 2 (1809) ,-
Blanf. Goal cy Zool Ahjss. p. 285 (1870); Gitmea in Anderss. B. 
Dam. I. p. 5(1871). J 

Vultur fulvus riippelli, ScU. Mas. B.-B. Vult p. 7 (1802). 

Nearly adult. Down on head golden yellow: ruff yellowish white ; 
interscapular and scapular feathers dark brown, with a conspicuous 
crescentic edging of fulvous white; wing-coverts creamy white, the 
brown bases showing plainly on the median and greater series, the 
latter conspicuously tipped with creamy white, as also are the inner 
secondaries; quills black, primaries washed with chocolate-brown ; 
lower back and rump dark brown, narrowly edged with creamy 
white, the upper tail-coverts more broadly; tail black, slightly 
shaded with chocolate-brown ; crop-patch deep chocolate-brown ; 
under surface dull creamy buff, some of the flank-feathers showing 
the brown bases; under wing-coverts dark brown, with cream


^TTLTtTttTDJK. 

coloured tips; bill deep orange, inclining to greenish horn-colour on 

edge of upper and on the whole of lower mandible; cere black; feet 

black; iris nearly black. Total length about 40 inches, oilmen 3*8, 

wing 25*5, tail 11, tarsus about 4/7, middle too 5-3. 

Hah. N.E. Africa generally; & Africa, Natal on the east and 

Ovampo Land on the west coast. 

a. 9 st. AngolltHa. Shoa, Oct. 1842 (Harris). Secretary of State for 
* India [P.]. 
h, <$ sk. AngoMa, Shoa, Oct. 1842 (Harris). Secretary of State for 
India [P.]. 
<. <$ sk. Angollnla, Shoa, Oct. 1842 (Harris). Hon. E. I. Co. [P.]. 


5. Gyps indicus. 
Le Grand Vautour de& Indes, Noim. Voi/. Inch Or. ii. p. 183, pi 105 

(1782). 

Vultur indicus, Scop.Del Faun.etFlor. Imabr. ii. p.85(1780, cjrSom.). 

Indian Vulture, Lath. Gen. St/a. SuppL p. 0 (1787). 

Vultur teimicepi, Ilodgs. in J. JE. Gray's Zool. Mibc. p. 81 (1844). 

Gyps tenuirostris, G. It Gray, Gen. of'B. i. p. G, pi. 3 (1844, ex Hodys. 

Icon.); id. Cat. Aceipitr.1844:, p. 4; J. JEJ. Gray, Cat. Mamm. # 
Birds Ilodgs. p. 38 (1840); Cat*. Cat VuU. Phil. Mus. p. 2 (1849); 
Gray, Cat. Mamm. &-c. Ilodgs. p. 10 (1863). 

Gyps indicus, 
Blyth, Cat. B.% Mas. As. Soc. Bene/, p. 33 (1849); 
llorsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mm. & I Co. i. p. 4 (1854) ; Strickl. 
Onu Syn. p. 10 (1855); Jerd. B. of Bid. i. p. 9 (1862); Gray, 
Cat. Slamm, fyc. Iloch/s. p. 16 (1863); Gurnei/, Cat. Rapt. B. 
Korio. Mas. p. 74 (1864) ; Gray, Iland-l of B. I p. 2 (1869). 

Nearly adult. Head bare, long and slender; ruff dark brown, the 
feathers mesially streaked with fulvous; upper surface of body dark 
brown, all the feathers streaked down the centre with fulvous, the 
wing-coverts a little paler with more distinct streaks; lower back 
and rump creamy white, the feathers washed with brown on their 
edges; quills and tail black, the latter as well as the secondaries 
slightly washed with brown; crop-patch brown; under surface 
light brown, the feathers broadly streaked with creamy white, the 
thighs, abdomen, and under tail-coverts decidedly paler; under 
wing-coverts wlniish, the small marginal ones dark brown with 
creamy-while shaft-stripes; bill dark horn-brown, yellowish on 
culmen and towards the tip; feet dusky cinereous; hides brown. 

Total lengih about 06 inches, culmen 3*75, wing 2d, tail 11, tarsus 
about 4*5, middle too 5-5. 

Yoimy. Head with scattered white down; upper surface, including 
lower back and rump, with distinct fulvous edgings and more or 
less distinct shaft-stripes; entire under surface dark brown with 
very broad cream-coloured median streaks to the feathers. 

Qf. Hume, Rough Nofes, i. p. 25. 
Hah. Indian peninsula, Burmah, Siam, and Malayan peninsula. 
a, b. Juv. st. India. 

c. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. Type of 
G. tenuiceps and G. tenuirostris. 
d< Ad. sk. India. Colonel Cobbe [0.]. 

3 . PSEUDOGYPS. 
I have not had an opportunity of examining the following 
species:— 

6. &yps palleseens. 
Gyps indicuSj Hume, Bough Xotes, i. p. 21 (1869). 
Gyps pallescerts, Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 150 (1873). 


" I hare some reasons for believing that the Subhimalayan Thin-
billed Vulture, which seems always to breed on trees (Hodgson's 

G. teniticeps, as his drawings clearly prove), at all times apparently 
a darker bird, is distinct from our < plainsJ species, which always 
breeds on cliffs, the adult of which is very pale. If this be so, then 
it remains to make certain whether Scopoli's name of indicus really 
applies to our bird? which is apparently doubtful. If not, the bird 
described by me will need a name, and may perhaps stand as G. 
jjalltsceas, nobis/' (Hume, 1. c.) 
If the difference between these Thin-billed Vultures should turn 
out to be of specific value, the bird here described by Mr. Hume 
must surely be the true Viilivr indicus, as far as Sonnerafs description 
and figure will allow us to determine, and the Himalayan bird 
will stand as G. tenuirostris, Hodgs. 

3. PSSUDOGYTS. 
Pseudogyps, Sliarpe, Ann. K. II. (4) xi. p. 138 (1873). Type. 
Ps. bengalensis. 
Range. Indian peninsula and Malacca; X.E. Africa, Senegal. 

Key to the Species. 
Black : crop-patch black bengalensis, p. 11. 
Browner: crop-patch brown afrieanus, p. 12. 

1. Pseudogyps bengalensis. 
Bengal Vulture, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt 1, p. 10, pi. 1 (1781). 

Vultur bengalensis, Gm. St/si. Nat. i, p. 245 (1788) j J. JS. Gray, 
III Iml Zool pi. 15. tig. 1 (1830); Schl Mus. P.-B. Vult. p. 8 
{1802). 

Vultur leucocephalus, var. p, Lath. Inch 0?n. i. p. 3 (1790). 
Le Changoun, Levaill Ok. cTAfr. i. p. 6*0, pi. 11 (1799). 
Vultur cnangoun, Baud. Traiie, ii. p. 14 (1800, ex Levaill). 
Changoun Vulture, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 13 (1801). 
Vultur leuconotus, J. JS. Gray, III. hid. Zool i. pi. 14 (1830) j Blyth, 


Ann. X S. xiii. p. Ho (1844). 
Vultur Indus, Less, in Belang. Voy. Zool. p. 211 (1834). 
Gvps bengalensis, G. Ii. Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 0 (1844); Cass. Cat 

v Vult Phil Mus. p. 2 (1849); Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. Benq. 

p. 33 (1849) ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 11 (1850) ; Gould, B. of Asia, pt 3 
(1851); Horsf. £ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. L Co. i. p. 4 (1854); 
Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 11 (1855); Pelz. Verh. z.-b. JVirn, 18(52, 
p. 130: Jerd. B. of Ind. I p. 90 (18G2); Gray, Hand-l. of B. i. 
p. 2(1809). 
Pseudogyps bengalensis, Sharpe, Ann. X. H. (4) xi. p. 133 (1873). 
VVLTTJBXDM. 

Adult, Head and neck bare, with a few dull brown bristles on 

«** crown and nape; ruff white, rather scanty; upper surface of body 
black, the wing-coverts somewhat tinged with brown; lower back 
and rump white; upper tail-coverts black, some of them white externally; 
quills and tail black, the secondaries externally washed 
with greyish brown; crop-patch black; under surface of body 
deep chocolate-brown, almost black, streaked with narrow shaft-
si ripes of fulvous; under wing-coverts white, those adjoining the 
carpal margin black; cere horny black; upper mandible greyish 
white, bluish grey at tip; lower mandible dusky, inclining to dull 
lead-colour at the base. Total length about 30 inches, culmen 3*1, 
wing 23*5, tail 11, tarsus 4*2, middle toe 4*7. 

Young. General colour above chocolate-brown, some of the 
feathers slightly paler-margined, especially on the wing-coverts; 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rather paler, with fulvous 
shaft-stripes; wings and tail as in adult, but the grey shade on 
secondaries more dingy; head and neck covered with white stubby 
down, more scanty on sides of face, which are for the most part 
bare; crop-patch deep fulvous brown: ruff composed of lanceolate 
feathers, white with fulvous-brown margins ; under surface of body 
pale russet, with obsolete narrow whitish shaft-silipes, with heie 
and there a feather of darker brown showing; under wing-coverts 
darker brown, striped like the breast. 

Hah. Indian peninsula, eastward to Assam and Burmah; Malayan 
peninsula to Penang. 

a. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.I. 
5, c, d. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. |_P."1. 
e. Ad. sk. India. Dr. Royle [P.]. 
/. Ad. sk. India. 
g. Juv. st. India. South-African Museum. 
h. Skeleton. Zoological Society. 

2. Pseudogyps africaims. 
Gyps bengalensis, Rilpp. Syst. TJebers. p. 9 (1845). 
Vultur bengalensis, Brehm, J. f. 0. 1855, p. 486; Heugl. J. f, O. 
1864, p. 241. 
Vultur moschatus, Wiirtt Naum. 1857, p. 432 (descr. nulla) : Heugl 

J.f. 0.1807, p. 290. 
Gyps indicus, Hartl J.f.O. 1861, p. 97. , 
Gyps tenuirostris, Antin. Cat. Descr. TJcc. p. 5 (1805) ; id. J. f 0. 
1866, n. 116. 
Gyps africanus, Salvad. Not. Stor. R. Accad. Torin. 7 May, 1865, 

p. 133; Heuql J.f 0. 1867, p. 199; Hume, Rough Note^i. p. 31 
(1869) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 230. 
Gyps moschatus, Salvad. ut supra. 
Vultur leuconotus africanus, Heugl, Oi-n. N. O.-Afr. i. p. 6 (18G9); 

id. Naclvtr. p. iii. 
Pseudogyps moschatus, Sharpe, Ann. K IL (4) xi. p. 133 (1873). 

Adult. General colour deep brown, some of the feathers on the 
back and wing-coverts blackish brown; lower back and rump pure 
white ; upper tail-coverts brown, some inclining to blackish; quills 

4 . 
OTOGYPS. 
13 

and tail black, the secondaries with an external ashy-grey shade; 
ruff white, rather scanty; crop-patch brown; rest of under surface 
pale brown with very narrow yellowish-white shaft-lines; bill 
horn-black, the culmen yellowish; feet dusky plumbeous; iris 
umber-brown. Total length about 30 inches, culmen 3*2, wing 
about 22, tail 9, tarsus about 4*5, middle toe 5. 

Immature female. Pulvous brown, the secondaries lighter and 
more ashy; quills and tail blackish brown, the former externally 
shaded with greyish; lower back and rump white; upper tail-
coverts brown, terminally washed with fulvous white; crop-patch 
brown; rest of under surface brown, paler and more fulveseent in 
centre of body, the feathers with pale fulvous-white central streaks, 
very indistinct. Total length 34 inches, culmen 3*15, wing 24-5, 
tail 11*5, tarsus 3-5. 

Hob. ^Torth-eastern Africa, from Khartoum southwards to 
Abyssinia and upper White~£File district; Senegambia on the west 

coast. 
a. <$ ad. sk. Africa. Dr. Lidth de Jeude. 
b. 2 J*"3-®k. Senegal (Marohe). M. Bouvier [E.]. 

4. OTOGYPS. 
Type. 
Otogyps, Gray, List of Genera of B. 1841, p. 2 0. auricularis. 
Hemigyps, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844).. 0. calvus. 

Range. Southern and North-eastern Africa,' apparently absent on 
the west coast. India generally and Siam. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Larger : brown; inner face of thighs feathered..., auricularis, p. 13. 
b. Smaller: black; inner face of thighs hare calvus, p. 14. 
1. 
Otogyps auricularis *. 
. 
L'Oricou, Levailknt, Ois. cPAjr. i.p. 36, pi. 9 (1799). 
Vultur auricularis, Band. Traite, ii. p. 10 (1800, ex LevaiU.) ; Smith9 

S. Afr. Q. Journ. I p. 13 (1829); less. Traite, p. 22 (1831): Bp. 
Co?isp. i. p. 10 (1850); Feb. Verk z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 126; SeM. 
Mus. P.-B. Vult. p. 9 (1862); Gurney, Cat. Bapt. B. p. 57 (1864); 
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 675: Antin, Cat. Descr. JJcc. p. 6 (1865); 
Heiigl Orn. K O.-Afr. i. p. 8 (1869.) 
Vultur auriculatus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 24, pi. 10 (1809). 
Vultur tracheliotus, Wolf, Abbild. naiurg. Gegenst pi. 5 (1816). 
Vultur segypius, Temm. PL Col i. pi. 407 (1826, plate only); Bupp. 


N. With. Vog. p. 47 (1835). 
Vultur imperialis, Temm. Bl. Col. i. pi. 426 (1827). 
Vultur nubicus, H. Smith in Griffith's An. Kingd. i. p. 164, pi. — 
(1829) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 10 (1850). 
Otogyps auriculari*3, G. R. Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 6 (1844); Cass. 
Cat. Vult. Phil. Mus. p. 1 (1849); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. 

* The 3ST.E -African bird has not* such krge wattles, and is considered by 
some to be a distinct species. 
YULTtTKIDiE. 

E. L Co. i. p. 3 (1854); 8trickl. Orn. Syn. p. 8 (1855); Jaub. § 
Barth. Rich. Orn. i. p. 21 (1859); Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, 
p. 127; Brehm, Reise n. Habeseh, p. 246 (1863) ; Layard, B. S. 
Afr. p. 5 (1867); Gray, Hand-l of B. i. 5.2 (1869); Blanf. Geol 
ty Zool of Abyss, p. 286 (1870) ; Gurney inAnderss.B. Dam. Ld. 
p. 2 (1872); Shelley, B. of Egypt, p. 210 (1872). 
Adult. Above brown, a little paler on the margins of the feathers ; 
quills and tail blackish; secondaries washed with chocolate-brown, 
the inner ones paler, margined like the back; crop-patch brown ; 
under surface of body thickly clothed with white down, the feathers 
lanceolate, brown<with paler edgings; under wing- and tail-coverts 
brown, the latter somewhat more rounded in shape ; head and neck 
entirely bare, with folds on the hinder neck; above the eye and 
on the throat a few hair-like bristles, and a few downy bristles 
round the ear-orifice; on the lower part of neck some short downy 
brown feathers, below which a ruff of brown plumes encircles the 
hinder neck, the lateral ones somewhat elongated and pendent, but 
not joining underneath; cere lavender-grey; bill deep yellow, 
brownish near the base; feet lavender-grey; iris deep brown. 
Total length 45 inches, culnien 5, wing 30, tail 14, tarsus 5*3, and 
middle toe 4-9 in skeleton. 

Young. Similar to the adult, but the margins to the feathers 
rather paler and more distinct; a little more down on the head, and 
the down clothing the lower surface of the body inclining to fulvous. 

Hab. Southern and North-eastern Africa into Egypt; occasional 
in Southern Europe. 

a. Ad. sk.
b. Juv.st.
c. d. Sk. 
Egypt. 
Shoa (Karris). 
Abyssinia (Harris) 
J. Burton, Esq. [P.]. 
Hon. E. I. Company [P.]. 
Secretary of State for India [P.]. 
e. Ad. st.
/ . Juv. st. 
Africa. 
South Africa. 
Dr. Lidth de Jeude. 
South-African Museum. 

2. Otogyps calvus, 
Vautour roval de Pondicherry, Sonn. Voy. Bid. Or. ii. p. 182, pi. 104 
(1782). " 

Tultur calvus, Scop. Bel. Faun, et Flor. Insubr. ii. p. 85 (1786, ex 
Sonn.) ; Schl Mus. P-B. Vult. p. 8 (1862) 5 Pels. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 
1862, p. 128 \ Gurney, Cat Rapt. B. p. 06 (1864) ; Hume, Rough 
Notes, i. p. 8 (1869). 

Vultur pondicerianus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 7 (1790); Baud. Ann. Mus. 

i. p. 286, pi. xx. (1802) ; Temm. PI Col i. pi. 2 (1820) ; Gray, III 
Ind. Zool i. pi. 15. fig. 2 (1830) ; Less. Traits, p. 23 (1831). 
Otogyps calvus, G. R. Gray, Gen. ofB. i. p. 4 (1844); J. E. Gray, Cat. 
Mamm. 8f B. JS7ep. Hodgs. p. 38 (1846); Cass. Cat Vult Phil 
Mus. p. 1 (1849) ; Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. Beng. p. 32 (1849) ; 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 10 (1850) ; JEbrsf. Sf Moore, Cat B. Mus. E. L Co. 

i. p. 2 (1854) ; Bp. Rev. et Mag. deZool. 1854, p. 531; Strickl Orn. 
Syn. p. 8 (1855) ; Gozdd, B. of Asia, pt. xii. (1860); Jerd. B. of Ind. 
i. p. 7 (1862) j Gray, Cat Mamm. $c. JSfep. Hodgs. p. 16 (1863). 
Otogyps pondicerianus, Blyth, Ann. Ar. H. xiii. p. 115 (1844). 
Hemigyps pondicerianus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844). 
Gyps calvus, Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 233; Home, Ibis, 1871, p. 112. 
5 . LOPHOGYPS, 
15 

Adult Glossy black, inclining to brown on lower back and rump, 
some of the scapulars also washed with brown; quills black with 
white shafts, shading into brownish towards the tips; the primaries 
washed with grey near the base, the secondaries whity brown, 
blackish towards their tips; tail black, shaded with brown, the 
shafts brownish ; crop-patch black ; a conspicuous circlet of white 
down across the breast, and a patch just above the thigh-joint; 
under surface of body deep black; inner face of thighs bare ; round 
the neck a small ruff of black plumes, somewhat impending on each 
side of the breast, so as to overshadow the two bare patches which 
are conspicuous on each side of the chest; bill horn-black; feet dull 
red; iris reddish brown. Total length about 31 inches, culmen 2-5, 
wing 24*5, tail 11, tarsus 44, middle toe 3-8 (in skeleton), 
r Young. Pale brown, without any indication of grey on any part 
of the wings ; under surface also pale brown, the white downy pectoral 
ruff not developed to any extent; head covered with whitish 
down above, becoming brown towards the nape and round the 
ear-orifice; neck-lappet almost as much developed as in the adults. 

Hah. India generally, eastwards to Siam. 

a. Ad. sk. India. Colonel Cobbe [0.]. 
b. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. India. 

5. 
LOPHOGYPS. 
Type. 
Lophogyps, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 531.... L. occipitalis. 
Range. North-eastern Africa and Southern Africa; probably the 
whole of the eastern side of the continent; on the western side only 
occurring in Senegal. 

1. Lophogyps occipitalis. 
Abyssinian Vulture, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. i. p. 31 (182J:). 

Vultnr occipitalis, Burch. Trav. ii. p. 329 (1824, descr. orig.) ; Temm. 
PL Col i. pi. 13 (1824); Cretzschm. in Hupp. Atl. p. 3o, t. 22 
(1826); Smith, S. Afr. Q. Jour. i. p. 15 (1829); Hupp. N. W. 
Vog. p. 43 (1835) ; Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 5 (1844); Cass. Cat 
Vxdt Phil Mus. p. 1 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 11 (1860); Schl Mus. 
P.-B. Vult. p. 8 (1862); Pek. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 126; Brehm, 
Reis. Habesch,?. 243 (1863) ; Gumey, Cat Rapt B. p. 65 (1864) ; 
Layardy B. S. Afr. p. 5 (1867) ; Finschu. Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 33 
(1870) ; Gurney inAnderss. B. of Dam. Zd. p. 4 (1872). 

Vultur galericulatus, Less. Traite, p. 23 (1831) ; Pucher. Rev. et Mag. 
de Zool. 1850, p. 208. 
Vultur eulophus, JEhr. in Mus. Berol; Licht Nomencl Av. Mas. 
Berol p. 1 (1854). 

Lophogyps occipitalis, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 531. 

Vultur chincou {nee Daud.), Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 7 (1855); Gray, 

Ha?id-l. ofB. i.p. 2 (1869) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, pp. 422, 588. 

Adult Crown of head covered with dense white down, collecting 
into a ridge on the occiput, more thinly distributed on the hinder 

YTTLTTJItlDiE. 

neck; sides of face more or less bare, with, thin downy white hair 
or white down on the sides of face and throat; lower neck bare all 
round; ruff dark brown, not meeting underneath or impending on 
the breast; general plumage abore and below blackish brown, the 
lower back and rump much paler brown; median and greater wing-
coverts margined more or less with whitish, more conspicuous on the 
former; quills and tail black, the latter glossed with brown, the 
secondaries greyish brown on the outer webs, whitish on the inner 
ones, the inner secondaries pure white, those adjoining the back of 
the same colour as the latter; crop-patch white; abdomen, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts pure white; under wing-coverts brown, the 
lower ones white at the tip ; bill blood-red, black at tip, blue at base; 
feet flesh-colour; iris umber-brown. Total length 32 inches, oilmen 
3*55, wing 26-5, tail 12*2, tarsus 4*9, middle toe 4*4. 

Young. Paler brown, with dark brown feathers everywhere appearing 
; the down on the head, crop-patch, white wing-feathers, 
and abdomen tinged here and there with brownish. 

Rah. The same as that of the genus. 
a. 1mm, sk. Abyssinia. Frankfort Museum. 
h. Ad. sk. Kurrickaine, S. Africa. M. Verreaux. 

6. OT30PHE01T. Tjp e 
Neophron, Savigny,Syst. Ok. d'Ugypte, p. 238 (1808) N. percnopterus. 
Percnopterus, JRafinesque, Analyse, p. 69 N. percnopterus. 
Necrosyrtes, Gloger, Handb. Naturg. p. 236 (1842)^. N. monachus. 
Gypiscus, JSundev. Av. Tent p. 110 (1873) \ N. pileatus. 

Bill of Neophron 
'percnopterus. 

Range. Occasionally in Northern Europe. Found in all the countries 
bordering the Mediterranean and Red Seas, and occurs also in 
Southern Africa, extending to Persia and the countries fringing the 
Persian Gulf to the peninsula of India, over the whole of which it 
is distributed. 

Key to the £pecie$* 

a. 
White; fore part of chest bare. 
a'. Larger j bill horn-brown; wings reaching to 
tail , percnopterus, p. 17. 
6'. Smaller; bill yellow; wings not reaching to 
tail , gingmianus, p. 18. 

h. Chocolate-brown; a fur-like chest-patch. 
6. NEOPHRON. 

er. Larger j neck-hackles evenly encircling the 
neck pileatus, p. 18. 
df. Smaller,* neck-hackles somewhat ascending 
towards the nape monaehus, p. 19. 

1. Feopknm percnopterus. 
Le Vautour brun, Briss. Orn. i. p. 455 (1760) • Buff. H. N. Ois. i. 

p. 167 (1770). 
Le Vautour d'Egypte, Briss, Orn. i. p. 457 (1760). 
Le Vautour a, teste blanche, Briss. Orn. i. p. 466 (1760). 
Vultur percnopterus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 123 (1766); Yarn Hist. Brit 

B. i. p. 1 (1843). 
Le Petit Vautour, Buff. EL. N. Ois. i. p. 164 (1770). 
Vautour de Norwege, Buff. PI. Enl i. pi. 429 (1770). 
Vautour de Malthe, Buff PI Enl i. p. 142, pi. 427 (1770). 
Ash-coloured Vulture, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 13 (1781). 
Maltese Vulture, Lath. torn. eit. p. 15 (1781). 
Egyptian Vulture, Lath. torn. cit. p. 31 (1781). 
Vultur fuscus, Bodd. Tall. PI Enl. p. 25 (1783). 
Vultur leucocephalus, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 248 (1788). 
Vultur fuscus, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 248 (1788). 
Eachamah, Bruce, Trav. v. App. p. 163, pi. (1790). 
Vultur stercorarius, La Peyr. N. 8chw. Abh. iii. p. 
Vultur percnopterus, „var. y. capensis, Liehi, Cat. Per. Nat Rami. 

p. 2 (1793). 
L'Guri-gourap, Levaill. Ois. dAfr. i. p. Q2, pi. 14 (1799). 
Vultur albus, Laud. Traite, ii. p. 21 (1800). 
Neophron percnopterus, 8av. Ois. d'Egypte, p. 239 (1809); Vieill. et 
Oudart, Gal Ois. I p. 7, pi. ii. (1825) • Jard. fy Selby, III. Orn. I 
pi. 33 (c. 1835) ; Gould, B. of Eur. i. pi. 3 (1837) ; Gray, Gm. of 

B. i. p. 3 (1844); Cass. Cat Vult Phil. Mus. p. 3 (1849); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 11 (1850); 8trichl. Orn. 8yn. p. 12 (1855); Schl. Mus. 
P.-B.VvLlt. p. $ (1862); Pelz. Verk z.-b. Wien, ;1862, p. 133; 
Gurney, Cat Papt B. p. 53 (1864); Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 3 (1867); 
Degl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 12 (1867); Ileugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. 

i. p. 13 (1869); Blanf. Geol. § Zool Abyss, p. 287 (1870); Finsch 

u. Marti Tog. Ostafr. p. 33 (1870); Newton, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. 

p. 6 (1871) ; Salvad. Faun. dLtal Uce. p. 3 (1871);; Shelley, B. of 
Egypt, p. 211 (1872) ,• Gurney in Anderss. B. Earn. Ld. p. 1 (1872). 
Vultur meleagris, Pall. Zoogr. JRosso-Asiat i. p. 377 (1811). 
Cathartes percnopterus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. t, p. 8 (1820); Naum* 

V. B. i. p. 5, Taf. 1, fig. 1 (1822); Brehm, V. 2). p. 5, Taf. 1. %. 1 
(1831). 
Cathartes meleagrides, Temm. PI. Col i. genre Catharte(1824): Less. 
Man. i. p. 74 (1828). 
Percnopterus aegyptiacus, Steph. Gen. Zool xiii. pt. 2, p. 7 (1826). 
Neophron aegyptiacus, 8?mth, 8. Afr. Q. Journ. i p. 16 (1829). 
Cathartes europasus, Brehm, Isis, 1840, p. 599. 
Cathartes capensis, Brehm, ut supra. 

Adult. General plumage white, the neck-hackles, which extend 
nearly to the occiput, somewhat tinged with rusty; primaries black, 
externally ashy white at the base • secondaries dark brown, externally 
ashy white, shading into dark brown again towards the tips of 
the feathers; head bare, with a little scanty down on the throat and 
vol.. r. c 

YULTUBmaS. 

a few whitish feathers in front of the eye; chest bare; bill pale 
horny brown; feet and legs yellowish white; irides red or reddish 
brown. Total length 25 inches, culmen 2-8, wing 19-2, tail 10, 
tarsus 3*5. 

Young. Blackish brown, the feathers tipped with fulvous. As 
the bird progresses in age the interscapulars and wing-coverts become 
more or less of an ochre colour, thence changing into the white of 
the adult. 

Hal. The same as that of the genus, occurring probably in N.W, 

India, but its eastern range undetermined. 

a. Ad. sk. Aries. Baron Laugier de Chartrouse. 
1, c. Juv. st. Aries. Baron Laugier de Chartrouse. 
d. Juv. sk. France. 
Baron Laugier de Chartrouse. 
e. cT ad. sk. Gennesareth. Canon Tristram [C.]. 
/ . Juv. St. Africa. 
q. Ad. sk. Egypt. 
)i. 2 ad. sk. Zoulla, Jan. 20,1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.1 
i. 
5 imm. sk. Senafe, June 13,1868. W.T. Blanford, Esq. [0]. 
IQf. Blanford, I.e.] 
j. $ st. Angollala, Shoa. 
Sir W. C. Harris [CI. 
k. S ad. sk. Angollala, Shoa. 
Sir W. C. Harris [C.l 
[Of. Horsf. & Moore, I. c] 
Z, m. Skeleton. Purchased. 

n. Skeleton. 
Zoological Society. 
o. Skeleton. 
p. Sternum. 
W. T. Blanford; Esq. [0.]. 
2. Neophron giaginiainis. 
Vautour de Gingi, Sonn. Voy. Lid. Or. ii. p. 184 (1782). 
Gingi Vulture, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. p. 7 (1787); id. Gen. Hist. B. 


i. p. 27, pi. 5 (1821). 
Vultur ginginianus, Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 7 (1790) ; Laud. Traiti, ii. 
p. 20 (1800) ; Bonn, et Vieill. Bnc. MStk iii. p. 1169 (1828). 
Neophron percnopterus, Blyth, Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 115 (1844); Horsf. 
fy Moore, Cat. B. Mus. JE. I. Co. i. p. 6 (1854); Jerd. B. of Lnd. i. 

p. 12 (1862); Brooks, Lbis, 1869, p. 43; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 236. 
Neophron ginginianus, Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 233; Tytler, Ibis, 1866, 
p. 194: Gray, Hand-l. of B. i. p. 4 (1869); Hume, Rough Notes* i. 
p. 31 (1869), 
Exactly similar to the foregoing, but smaller; bill yellow; wings 

not reaching to the tail. Total length about 21 inches, culmen 2*9, 

wing 15*5, tail 9-5, tarsus 3*4. 

Hah. Indian peninsula; probably coexistent with JV. joercnojotei^us 

in N.W. India. 

a. Ad. sk. India. Major-General T. Hardwicke [P.]. 
b. Imm. st. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [C.] 
3. Neophron pileatus. 
Vultur pileatus, Burchell, Trav. ii. p. 195 (1824). 

Neophron carunculatus, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 17 (1829). 

Neophron pHeatus, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 3 (1844) ; Cass. Cat. Vult. 

Phil Mm. p. 3 (1849); Bp. Comp. i. p. 11 (1850); Schl Mus. P.


6. NEOPHRON. 
10 

B. Vult. p. 5 (1862); Gumey, Cat. Rapt. B. p. 53 (1864, pt.); 
Zagard, B. S. Afr. p. 4 (1867) j Gray, Hand4. of B. i. p. 4 (1869) j 
Finsch u. Hartl. Vdg. Ostafr* p. 35 (1870) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. 
Dam. Ld. p. 2 (1872). 
Adult, Chocolate-brown; quills and tail black; crown of bead, 
sides of face, throat, and fore neck bare, of a purple colour in life; 
eyelashes and bristles on the lores black; whole of hind neck up 
to the occiput covered with thick fluffy down, of a whitish colour 
tinged with brown; a patch on the lower throat and the neck-
hackles dark brown; crop-patch pale creamy brown, encircled on 
the upper and lower margins by conspicuous patches of white down; 
inner face of thighs also covered with white down; bill greenish 
black towards the base, dark horn-colour near the tip; feet greenish 
blue, claws black; iris dark brown. Total length about 26 inches, 
culmen 2*7, wing 20, tail 10*5, tarsus about 3*7. 

Young. Yery similar to adult, but having the down on the hind 
neck entirely dark brown and extending more on to the crown of 
the head; crop-patch and mner face of thighs dark brown, the white 
down so conspicuous in the adults being absent; head sparsely 
sprinkled with black down, collecting towards the nape. 

Hab. South Africa. 
a. Ad. sk. South Africa. South-African Museum. 
b. Juv. st. South Africa. South-African Museum. 
c. Pull. st. South Africa. South-African Museum, 

4. Neophron monachus. 
Cathartes monachus, Temm. B. Col i. pi. 222 (1823): JBCartl. J.f. 0. 

1855, p. 860. 
Percnopterus monachus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt 2, p. 7 (1826). -
Percnopterus niger, Less. Traite, p. 29 (1831). 
Neophron monachus, Jard. $• SeUby, III. Orn. i.; text to pi. 33 (c, 1835). 
Necrosyrtes monachus, Gloger, Handb. Naturg. p. 236 (1842). 
Neophron pileatus, Hartl. Beitr. Orn. W. Afr. p. 14 (1852) ; Rorsf. " 

$ Moore, Cat B. Mus. JS. I. Co. i. p. 8 (1854); Hartl. Orn. W. Afr. 
pp. 1, 269 (1857); Peh. Verh.z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 133; SchkMus. 
B.-B. Vult, p. 5 (1862) ; Brehm, Beise n. Habesck, p. 234 (1863); 
Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 15 (1869); Blanf. Geol.tyZool. Abyss. 

p. 287 (1870); Mnsoh, Tr. Z. 8. vii. p. 200 (1870). 
Adult. Similar to N. pileatus, but smaller, with a longer and 
more attenuated bill; the feathers of the neck ascending somewhat 
towards the nape. Total length 24 inches, culmen 3, wing 18*5, 
tail 10, tarsus about 3*3. 

Young. Differs from adult exactly as in N. pileatus. 
Hab. North-eastern and Western Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. West Africa. J. a. Children, Esq. [P.]. 
b. Juv. sk. Itiver Niger. Dr. Baikie [O.l. 
c. <$ st. Ankober. 
Sir W. 0. Harris [0.1 

d. (S juv.sk. Efat, April 1842. Sir W. C.Harris [C.l 
e. $ sk. Zoulla. W.T.Blanfoxd,Esq.[C.l 
[Cf Blanf. I.e.] 
/. Skeleton. 

c2 

VXTLTURID^l. 

Subfamily II. SARCORHAMPHIK/E (NEW-WORLD 
VULTURES). 


Key to the Genera. 

st. Head with an erect fleshy caruncle; wings 
more than twice length of tail, rounded, 
the secondaries and primaries about 
equal. 


a\ Outer toe (3*2) about equal to inner toe 7. SABCOBHAMPHTTS, p. 20. 

V. Outer toe (3*0) longer than inner toe 
(2-5) 8. CATHABTES, p. 22. 
b. Head naked, with no erect caruncle 5 tail 
more than half the length of wings, 
which are pointed, the mimaries always 
exceeding the secondaries in length. 
c\ Tail square; distance between tips of 
secondaries and tips of primaries less 
than tarsus 9. CATHABISTES, p. 23. 

d'. Tail rounded; distance between tips of 
secondaries and tips of primaries more 
than tarsus 10. OENOPS, p. 25. 


7. SAECORHAMPHUS. ^ 
Sarcoramphus, Dumfril, Zool Anal p. 32 (1806) S. gryphus. 
Gryphus, Bonap. Kev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 530 .. S. gryphus. 
Range. The western coast of South America and the eastern 

coast to 41° S. lat. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Larger; black, with grey on the wings; bill 
with a white apex gryphus, p. 20, 
b. Smaller; all brown; bill brownish black ... . cequatorialis, p. 21. 
1. Sarcorhamphtis gryphus*. 
Le Condor, JBriss. Orn. i. p. 473 (1760). 
Vultur gryphus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 121 (1766); Eumb. fy Bonpl Obs. 


Zool p. 26, pi. viii. (1811). 
Vultur magellanicus, Shaw, Mus. Lever, i. p. 1, pi. 1 (1792). 
Vultur condor, Shaw, Gen. Zool. i. p. 2, pis. 2, 3, 4 (1809). 
Gypagus gryffus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'JStst Nat. xxxvi. p. 450 (1819). 
Oathartes gryphus, Temm. PI Col i. pis. 133,408, 494 (1823) 5 Bonap. 

Am. Orn. iv. p. 1, pi. xxii. (1833): Mtzseh, Pteryl p. 71 (1840): 
Schl. Mus. P.-B. Vult. p. 1 (1862). 
Gypagus condor, Vieill Gal Ois. i. p. 11 (1825). 

* The Condor from Chili and the Straits of Magellan is always a much finer 
bird, with more distinct and larger wattles. When we know more of these birds, 

it may prove to be a distinct species, in which case it must be called Sarcorham


phus magettanicus. 

21 

7 . SAECOKHAMPHTTS. 
Sarcoramphus gryphus, JSteph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 6 (1826); Barw. 
Voy. Beagle, p. 1 (1841) ; Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 4 (1844); Cass. 
Cat Vult Mus. PMlad. p. 4 (1849); &p. Consp. i. p. 9 (1850); 

Bilra, Denhschr. Ah. Wien, v. (2) p. 128 (1853) ; Strickl. Orn. Sijn. 

p. 4 (1855) j Cass. U. S. Astr. Fxp. p. 172 (1855); id. B. Calif. 
p. 60 (1856) ; ^m. JRew. Xa Pto, ii. p. 433 (1861); Gumey, 
Cat. Rapt. B. Norw. Mm. p. 37 (1864). 
Sarcoramphus condor, Less. Traite, p. 25 (1831) ; Tschudi <$• Cab. F. 

P. Aves, p. 59 (1845); Gay, Faun. Oiil. Zool. i. p. 194, pi. 1 (1847> 
Gryphus cuntur, Bp. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1854, p. 530. 
Sarcoramphus papa, Cunningham, Sir. Magell. pp. 114, 303 (1871). 
Adult male. Glossy black; median and greater wing-coverts, as 
well as the inner primaries and all the secondaries, externally margined 
with ashy white, the latter more broadly, so that the whole 
of the outer web and the greater part of the inner one is entirely 
ashy white with a narrow black edging at the tip; round the neck 
a ruff of soft white down; head and neck all round as well as the 
centre of the chest bare, the former sparsely covered with brownish 
down of a tolerably stiff character; head wattled, with a large 
caruncle; neck crinkled; throat with a wattled appendage; chest 
with a pendent wattle; bill horn-brown at base, apical half ivory-
white ; feet black, slightly tinged with grey; iris pale brown. Total 
length about 38 inches, culmen from anterior point of caruncle 2*7, 
wing about 29, tail about 14, tarsus in skeleton 4*5, middle toe in 
skeleton 5*5. 

Adult female. Smaller than the male, with no caruncles on the 
head or neck; iris carbuncle-red. 
Hal. S, America; Chilian Andes, ranging on the east coast to the 
Eio JSFegro (Darwin), and on the west coast to Ecuador (Orion). 

a. $ ad. st.
b. 2 a<l- st. 
S. America. 
S. America. 
J. Gould, Esq^. 
c. 2 ad. sk.
d. Pull. st. 
S. America. G. E. Waterhouse, Esq. [P.]. 
Hatched hi Zool. Gardens 
e. Skeleton. 
(of. P. Z. S. 1846, p. 44). 

2. Sarcorhamphus sequatorialis. 
Vultur griphus, Eydoux 8f SouleyeL Voy. Bonite, Zool p. 75; Atlas, 
Ois. pi 2 (1841). 
Sarcorhamphus gryphus, Orion, Ann. N. M, (4) viii. p. 185 (1871). 

Smaller than 8. gryjpJiits; entirely brown in plumage; bill blackish, 
Eab. Ecuador; Quito (Orion)-, ?Columbia (Wyatt). 
The paper by Professor Orton (I.e.) gives additional weight to 

the opinion that there is a second species of Condor. The specimen 
figured by Eydoux and Souleyet seems to belong to the smaller species, 
which is distinctly stated, in the paper above referred to, to be 
not the young of S. gryphus. A specimen was living in the spring 
of 1873 in the Zoological Gardens at Amsterdam, apparently fully 
adult, with a perfectly formed erect wattle, but brown in colour all 
over. 

YTTLTURUfcBw 

8. CATHARTES. 
_ 
Type. 
Cathartes, Uliger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av. p. 236 (1811) .. C. papa. 
Gypagus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 21 (1816) C. papa. 
Gyparchus, Gloger, Kandb. Naturg. p. 235 (1842) ., 0. papa. 
Range. S. America, from Brazil (a little below 20° S. lai), north


wards to Mexico; Trinidad. 

1. Cathartes papa*. 
The King of the Vultures, Edw. N. H. Birds, i. p. 2 (J 743). 
Le Eoi des Vautours, JBriss. Orn. Lp. 470; pi. XXXYL (1760). 
Vultur papa, Linn. S. K i. p. 122 (1766) ; Baud. Traite. ii. p. 9, pi. 1 


(1800). 
L'Urubu. on Eoi des Vautours de Cayenne. Buff. PI. Mil i. pi. 428 

(1770), 
Le Eoi des Yautours varied Levaitt. Ois. cFAfr. i. p. 59, pi. 13 (1799). 
Cathartes papa, Bliger, Prodr. p. 236 (1811) ; Spuv, Av. Bras. p. 1? 

tab. 1 (1824) ; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 56 (1830); Kutt. Man. I p. 39 
(1840) ; Nitrnch, Pteryl p. 72 (1840) ; ML Mus. P.-B. Yult p. 1 
(1862). 

Gypagus papa, Vieill. N. Diet, xxxvi. p. 456 (1819) ; VieilL et Oudart7 
Gal. des Ois. i. p. 11, pi. 3 (1825). 
Sarcorhamphus papa, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 4 (1844) ; Cass. Cat. Vxdi. 
Phil. Mus. p. 4 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 9 (1850) ; Bztrm. Th. Bra®. 

ii. p. 28 (1855) 5 Cass. B. Calif, p. 61 (1855) ; Liot. Ois. Trimd. 
p. 1 (1866) ; Cones. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1866, p. 49 : Peh. Orn. Bras. 
p. 1 (1871). 
Gyparchus papa, Scl 8r Sah, Ibis, 1859, p. 214; Gurney, Cat. Bkipt 
B. Narw. Mus. p. 35 (1864). 
Adult male. Head and neck bare, the sides of the face, and especially 
the region of the ear, much crinkled; in front of the nostril 
an erect fleshy caruncle; fore part of head covered with greyish 
black hairy bristles; on each side of the lower mandible and under 
the eye a profusion of black hair-like bristles running into a line 
below the auricular region; another broad line of black bristles 
running from the hinder part of each eye, uniting on the occiput, 
and there separating on each side of the nuchal caruncle; no distinct 
ruff; round the neck the feathers deep slaty grey, meeting on the 
fore neck, inclining to black on the hind neck; interscapulary region, 
scapulars, lesser and median wing-coverts cream-colour, almost 
amounting to pale fawn ; greater wing-coverts black, rather broadly 
margined externally with ashy brown; inner secondaries quite black, 
with somewhat of a greenish tinge; lower back and rump, upper 

* 
CATHARTES SACEE. 
Vultur sacra, Bartr. Trav. K $ S. Carolfyc. p. 150 (1791). 
Sareoramphus sacer, Cass. B. Calif, p. 59 (1855). 
This species, not met with since Bartram's time, still remains undiscovered. 
It is closely allied to C. papa, from which it appears to differ chiefly in its white 
tail. No bird answering to Bartram's description has been found in the locality. 
(Of Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 313, 1871.) 

9 . pATBTlBISTES. 
tail-eoverts, and entire tail black; chest bare; rest of tbe tinder 
surface white, more or less tinged with cream-colour; bill yellowish 
horn-colour, dark brown at base; feet black, tinged with grey; iris 
pure white. Total length 27 inches, culmen from anterior edge of 
caruncle 2*1, wing 19*5, tail 10, tarsus in skeleton 3-65, middle toe 
in skeleton 3*8. 

Young female. Black, with obsolete brownish margins to the 
feathers, more distinct on the wing-coverts; plumes round the neck 
also black; under surface of the body white ; upper neck bare all 
round, as also the centre of the throat • no folds of skin on side of 
face * crown (except a bare patch on the hinder part) and sides of 
the face, as well as a line running down the nape, covered with 
bristly hair, greyish in colour, but black on the latter; oyer the 
nostril a small single upright caruncle; iris yellowish grey. 

Eob« The same as that* of the genus. 

<$ ad. sk. 
c? ad. sk. 
S. America. 
Mexico. 
The Earl of Derby [P.]. 
Purchased. 
2 imm. st. 
Head. 
Skeleton. 
British Guiana. 
E. Amazon. 
Sir R. Schomburgk [P.l 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.j . 
Purchased. 
Skeleton. 
Skull. 
Zool. Society of London. 
h. Sternum. Admiral Sir E. Belcher [P.]• 

3. CATHARISTES. 
Type. 
Catharista, Vieill. Analyse, p. 21 (1816) 0. atratus. 
Cathartes, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 4 (1844, nee Illig), et auct. 

recent 
Coragyps, Bp. Mev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 530 0. atratus. 

Wing of Catharistes atratus, 

Mange. The whole of South America as far as 40° S. lat, scarcely 
so far on the western coast; the whole of Central America, extending 
through the southern and eastern United States nearly up to 
the 40th parallel, but not seen on the Pacific coast. 

i 

VXTLTTTEUD^l. 

1. Catharistes atratus*. 
Vautour du BrSsil, Buff. PI. Fnl. i. pi. 187 (1770). 
Vultur atratus, Bartram, Trav. JST. 8r S. Carol $e. p. 289 (1791) ; 

Wils. Am. Orn. ix. p. 104, pi. lxxv. %. 2 (1814). 
Vultur aura, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 19 (1800, nee £.). 
Mbu, Azarji, Apunt. i. p. 19 (1802). 
Vultur urubu, Vieill. Ois. d'Am. Sept pi. 11 (1807). 
Catharista urubu, Vieill. N. Diet. xii. p. 401 (1817). 
Catliartes foetens, Licht. Verz. Doubl p. 63 (1823, ex Illiger, Mus. 

Berol) : Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. Abth. i. p. 58 (1830); Gray, 
Gen. ofB. i. p. 4 (1844); TschudiSf Cab. F*. P. Tog. p. 15 (1845)• 
Cab. in Schomb. Peis. iii. p. 742 (1848); Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wim, 
1862, p. 131 • id. Peise Nov. Vb'g. p. 3 (1865)• id. Orn. Bras. p. 1 
(1867); Uot. Ois. Trinid. p. 2 (1866). 

Catliartes aura, Spiv, Av. Bras. i. p. 2 (1824, nee L.). 
Percnopterus urubu, Bteph. Gen. Zool xiii. pt. 2, p. 7 (1826). 
Cathartes urubu, Less. Traite, p. 27 (1831)• JD'Orb. Voy. Am. Mer. 


p. 31, pi. 1. figs. 1,2 (1835) ; Gay, Faun. CM. Zool. p. 200 (1847); 
Burnt. Th. Bras. ii. p. 32 (1855). 
Catliartes atratus, Sw. §* Pick. Faun. B.-A. Birds, p. 6 (1831)• Aud. 

B. Am. fol. pi. cyi. et ed. 8vo, i. p. 17, pi. 3 (1839); Bp. Consp. i. 
p. 9 (1850) : Bibra, Denlcschr. Ah. Wien, v. p. 128 (1853) ; Cass. 
TJ. S. Astr. Fxp. p. 173 (1855); Strichl Orn. Syn. p. 2 (1855) ; 
Cass. B. Calif, p. 58 (1855); id. TJ. S. Fxpl. Exp. p. 85 (1858); 
Sel. Sf Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 213 ; Cass. B. N. Am. p. 5 (I860); Sold. 
Mus. P.-B. Vult. p. 2 (1862) ; Gurney, Cat. Papt. B. p. 47 (1864) ; 
Baird, Ibis, 1868, p. 274• Cunningh. Sir. Magell. p. 248 (1871) ; 
Allen, Bull. Uarv. Coll ii. p. 313 (1871)• Scl. fy Salv. Nbmend. Av. 
Neotr. p. 123 (1873). ^ , 

Vultur iota, Jar dine, ed. Wils. Am. Orn. iii. p. 236 (1832). 
Catliartes iota, Nutt. Man. i. p. 47 (1840); Cass. Cat Vult. Phil Mus. 


p. 4 (1849). _ 
Catliartes brasiliensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 9 (1850): Cass. TJ. S. Fxpl. 
Fxp. p. 86 (1858). 
Coragyps atratus, Bp. Pev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 530. 
Coragyps brasiliensis, Bp. ut supra. 
Catliartes atratus brasiliensis, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Vult. p. 3 (1862). 
Catharista atrata, Gray, Uand-l, of B. i. p. 3 (1869). 

Adult. Black, with, a slight brownish shade on the inner secondaries 
• the feathers of the neck ascending triangularly to the nape; 
shafts of primaries white above and below; tail square, not perceptibly 
paler below, shafts of feathers brown above, white below; 
head bare, with black bristly down, black with caruncles of the same 
colour; bill and feet bluish; iris dark brown. Total length about 
25 inches, culmen 2*85, wing 17*5, tail 8*5, tarsus about 3*35, middle 
toe about 3*9. 

Nestling. Covered with long woolly down of a dull tawny colour, 
inclining to dusky fulvous on the centre of the back, neck, and 
abdomen. 

* I have not for the present separated C. brasiliensis as a species, the only 
difference being apparently its slightly smaller size (cf. Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. 
ii. p. 313). A Chilian specimen measures—total length about 25 inches, culmen 
2*35, wing 16*3, tail 8, tarsus 3*1. 
10 . (ENOPS. 
Hob. The same as that of the genus. 
a, b. Ad. sk. N. America. J. J. Audubon, Esq. [P.]. 

c. Pull. st. Costa Rica. 0. Salvin, Esq. [P.]. 
d. 
<$ ad. sir. Chili. E. C. Reed, Esq. [0.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Buenos Ayres. Purchased. 
/, Skeleton. Zool. Society of London. 
10. (ENOPS*. 
Oatharista et Cathartes, and. recent. 
Wing of (E?iops aura. 

Range. The whole of S. America and the Falkland Islands, Central 
America and the whole of K America as far as 49° K lat., not 
reaching quite as high on the eastern side ; Cuba and Jamaica, but 
not in S. Domingo or Porto Rico. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Smaller; wing not exceeding 25 inches in length. 
a'. Shafts of primaries brown above. 
a". Plumage black, wings washed with brown ; 
head red aura, p. 25. 
b". Plumage all black; head yellow $>ernigra} p. 26. 
c". Plumage black, wings washed externally 

with ashy grey; head pink faUdandica9 p. 27. 
b'. Shafts of primaries white above and below; head 
orange urubztinga, p. 28. 

b. Larger j wing 30-31 inches long californiana, p. 28. 
1. (Eiiops amaf. 
The Turkey Buzzard, Catesbtj, N. H. Carol i. p. 6, pi. 6 (1731). 
Vultur aura, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 122 (1766) j Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 2 
bis (1807) ; Wits. Am. Orn. ix. p. 96, pi. lxxv. fig. 2 (1814), 
Vultur iota, Molina, Saggio St. N. Chili, p. 235 (1786). 

* olvos, vinum; wt|/, facies. 
t What the Turkey Vulture of Trinidad (L&ot. Ois. Trimd. p. 2, 1866) may 
be I do not know; but it is not improbably the true OS. aura% which may range 
TOL. I. B 

rrLTUKiD-s;. 

Catharista aura, Vieill. Analyse, p. 22 (1816); id. et Oud. Gal Ois. 

i. p. 16, pi. 4 (1825) j Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 3 (1809). 
Cathartes aura, Illiq. Prodr. p. 236 (1811) j Vig. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 2S4 
(1826); Sw. \ kick. F. Bor.-A?n. p. 4 (1831); And. B. Am. fol. 
pi. cli. et ed. 8vo, i. p. 15, pi. 2 (1839); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 4 
(1844); Gosse, B. Jam. p. 9 (1847) ; Cass. Cat. Vult. Phil. Mus. 

p. 5 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 9 (1850); StrhJd. Oni. Syn. p. 1 
(1855) ; Cass. B. Calif, p. 57 (1855) j Max. J.f. 0. 1856, p. 119; 
Cass, in Bairds B. *N Am. p. 4 (1860); SchL Mm. P.-B.Yult. 
p. 3(1862); Peh, Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 132; Gurnet/, Cat 
Rapt. B. Kono. Mus. p. 42 (1864); Herr. Nat Mex. i. p. 17 
(1870) ; Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 310 (1871). 
Cathartes ruficollis, Spix, Av. Bras, i. p. 2 (1824). 
if iPerciiopterus aura, Steph. Gen. Zool xiii. pt. 2, p. 7 (1826). 


v ^iCatkartes urbicola, Des Murs, Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1853, p. 153. 
£ pto* Cathartes ricordi, JDes Murs, ut supra. 
| / Cathartes septentrionalis, WiedM.f. O. 1856. p. 119. 

':

 Catharista hurroviana, Sharpe, Ann. K JBC. (4) xi. p. 133 (1873, err. ). 

Adult. Black, with a bluish-purple gloss, the feathers more or 

ess brown towards their edges; quills dark brown, the secondaries 

paler, shafts of primaries brown above, white underneath; tail 

brownish black ; under surface of the body a little darker than the 

upper; crop-patch bare; head and neck bare, in life bright red ; 

bill very pale yellow; legs and feet pale yellowish white; iris brown. 

Total length about 
30 inches, culmen 2*55, wing 21*7, tail 11*5, 

tarsus 2*9. 

Hob. North America from about 49° 1ST. lat. on the west coast, 

and New Brunswick on the east; southwards to Honduras; B. 

America; Chili; ?Brazil. 

a, b. Ad. sk. 
X. America. J. J. Audubon, Esq. 

N. America. 
E. Doubledav, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. 
N. America. 
Lord Odo Russell [P.]d. 
Ad. sk. 
I Salt-Spring Island,) D L u [p^ 

J uJ 

e. 
$ juv. sk. j \_ancouver island. \__ _ 
West side of Rocky " J. K Lord, Esq. ~J?.\
/ . Sk. 

Mountains. 

g. Var. st. 
Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. (C. burroviana, 
Sharpe, /. c. err. I. 
A, i. Juv. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
Jc. $ ad. sk. Santiago, Chili. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. rP.]. 
/, m. J ad. sk. Andes of Chili. E. C. Reed, Esq. ICT. 

n. Sternum of sp. g. 
P. H. Gosse, Esq." 
o. Skeleton. 
Zoological Society. 
p. Skeleton. 
Purchased. 
2. (Enops pendgra*. 
Cathartes aura, ? Wied, Beitr. Naturg, Brasil iiL Abth. 1, p. 64 (1830); 
JD'Ork Toy. Am. Mer. Zool p. 38, pL 1. figs. 3, 4 (1835); Tschudi 
$ Cab. F. P., Vog. p. 16 (1845) ; Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 30 (1855) ; 

into "Venezuela and G-uiana, in the same way that Polyborus cheriway does, being 
replaced from Amazonia southwards as a resident by (E. p&rnigra.

* Excellent critical notes on the Turkey Vultures will be found from the pen 
of Mr. J. A. Allen (Bull. Hary. Coll. ii. p. 311), m which he points out that 
10 . CE50PS. 
Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 1 (1867); Scl $ Salv. P. Z. & 1867, p. 988; 

iid. Xomencl Av. Xeotr. p. 123 (1873). 
Cathartes iota, Cass. U. S. Expl Exp. p. 83, pi. 1 (1858). 
Cathartes urubitinga, Scl # Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 589. 

Adult. Entirely black, with purplish reflections ; shafts of quills 
and tail-feathers brown above, white below, the lower surface of 
both ashy brown, much paler than the upper; head yellow; iris 
white. Total length 25 inches, culmen 2*75, wing 19-75, tail 11, 
tarsus 2-5. 

Eab. Gruiana, Amazonia, and Peru. 

a. Ad. sk. North side of River Amazon. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C], 
b. Juv. sk. Arequipa, Peru, July 30,1807. H. Whitely, Esq. [C.J. 
3. (Enops falklandica. (Plate II. tig. 1.) 

Cathartes aura, Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 149 • Cunningh. 
Ibis, 1868, 

p. 494,-Scl Sf Sab. Ibis, 1869, p. 284; Cunningh. Sir. of Magell 
p. 355 (1871). 
Oatkarista falklandica, Sharpe, Ann. IT. H. (4) xi. p. 133 (1873). 
Adult Black, with a blue gloss, some of the wing-coverts and 
inner secondaries inclining to brownish; median wing-coverts and 
secondaries very distinctly shaded with whitish ashy; quills brown, 
slightly paler externally, shafts brown above, white beneath; tail 
brown, with a slight greenish gloss near the base, the under surface 
paler and inclining to ashy white; crop-patch bare ; under surface 
of body black, with a slight greenish gloss; head and neck bare, 
pink in life ; no distinct ruff, but the feathers of the neck slightly 
impending on the crop; iris brown; feet pink. Total length about 
29 inches, culmen 3-1, wing about 19*2, tail 10*8, tarsus 2-6*. 

Hal. Falkland Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. Berkeley Sound, F. I. Antarctic Expedition. Type of species, 
b. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Expedition. 
Cassin described (Enops iota at one time as smaller, and at another as larger 
than (E. aura. The specimen figured by Cassin as (E. iota (Molina) is the 
small black species of Amazonia and Peru, here named (E. pernigra. He does 
not mention that a Chilian specimen is figured; and as Turkey Vultures were 
collected in many localities by the expedition, it is probable that the bird figured 
was not from Chili. All the specimens I have seen from the latter country 
seem identical with 0, aura of N. America; but D'Orbigny's coloured plate 
illustrates a bird distinct from that species, and doubtless my (Enops pernigra. 
The ordinary Vulture of Western Brazil still remains unidentified by me; but 
should it be the same as the Amazonian bird, the species may have to be called 
(Enops ntficollis (Spix). My birds' heads, however, are so distinctly yellow 
that I cannot believe in their identity with Spix's species. They are also rather 
smaller than the Turkey Vulture of N. America, and always of a deeper black 
colour, as is shown by Cassin's excellent figure (I <?.). Mr, Allen, moreover, 
states that the Brazilian bird is identical with the Chilian, I examined a bird 
from Surinam in the Leiden Museum, and believe it to be identical with (E. 
pernigra, and not with (E. aura. It measured 26 inches in length, and had the 
wing'21. Another from Brazil (No. 5 of Schlegel's Cat.) was 24*5 inches long, 

and measured 20*5 in the wing. 

* There can be little doubt that this species is quite distinct from (E. aitra, 
which it resembles 
much in plumage, but is distinguished by the grey on the 
D 2 

 YULTXJEIDJE. 
/># '» * S> .Vt l* 

4. (Enops ^arabiMnga*. (Plate II. fig. 2.) 
Yellow-necked Carrion-Orow, Banyan, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 54. 

Catliartes 
urubitinga, Pelz. Sitz. Ahacl. Wien, xliv. p. 7 (1861, ear 
NaU. MS.)) id. Verh. &-&. TFasre, 1862, p. 133; &?H Mm. P.-B. 
Vult. p. 4 (1862)• Scl P. Z. S. 1863, p. 225; Gurnet/, Cat. Rapt. 

B. Korw. Mus. p. 46 (1864) j Pelz. Oni. Bras. p. 1 (1871); Sel 
8f Salv. Nomencl Av. Keotr. p. 123 (1873). 
Catliartes aura, Scl § Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 753, et 1873, p. 301. 
Catharista urubitinga, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 3 (1869). 

Adult. Black, the feathers of the neck ascending to the nape triangularly 
; shafts to primaries above and below white ; head orange 
in life. Total length about 25 inches, culmen 2*75, wing 19, tail 
10, tarsus 2-71. 

Hah. S. America, from Brazil northwards to Surinam and British 

Guiana. 
a. Ad. st.
h. Ad. sk. 
Surinam. 
Ckyavetas, E. Peru. 
Soc. " Natura Artis Magistral' 
Amsterdam [P.]. 
E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.]. 

5. (Enops californiana. 
Vultur californianus, Shaw $* Noddw*, Nat Misc. ix. p. 1, pi. 301 

r (1797); Vieill. N. Diet, xxxvi. p. 450 {1819);> 
Vultur columbianus, Ord, in Gtithrie's Geogr.ii. p. 315 (1815). 
Cathartes californianus, Bam. JSlem. Orn. Tii. p. 23 (1823) ; And. B. 

wings. It is about the size of that species, the largest specimen of true G2. aura 
in the collection being one from North America, presented by Lord Odo Bussell, 
and measuring as follows—total length about 29 inches, wing 19*8, tail 11*3, 
tarsus 2-7; with this the above measurements should be compared. 

* In the ' Annals' for February 1873, I was inclined to unite this species 
with (Enops burroviana of Cassin, and suggested that a specimen in the national 
collection from Jamaica might be that species; but Mr. Elliot, who has described 
and figured the type (I. c), and who thus knows the species, assures me that the 
Jamaican bird can be nothing but (E. aura. Br. Sclater also tells me that he 
examined the type specimen in Philadelphia, and believes that (E. burroviana 
is only a small (K aura ; and Mr. Elliot does not give much credit to it as a 
species. The latter gentleman makes no mention of the shafts of the quills in 
his description; and as this is (with the orarge head) the character of (E. urubitinga, 
it seems best to keep the two species separate until such time as a 
comparison of actual specimens shall dissipate the uncertainty. Mr. Allen 
(Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 312) also regards the species as based upon an " unusually 
small specimen " of (E. aura. The synonymy is as follows:— 
(ENOPS BURROVIANA. 
Cathartes burrovianus, Cass. Pr. PMh Acad. ii. p. 212 (1845); id Cat Vvlt 
Phdad. Mus. p. 5 (1849); id. B. Calif, p. 59 (1855); id. U.S.Expl Exp. 

p. 84 (1858); id. in BaircTs B. N. AM. p. 6 (18130): Scl. P. Z. & 1857, 
p. 3; Sol. $ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 213; Bresser, Ms, 1865, p. 322-Elliot. 
B. N. Am. ii pi. xxvi. (1866). F 
Catharista burroviana, Gray, Hand-l B. I p. 3 (1869); SMrpe, Ann. K Ii. 
t Measurements of a pair in the Leiden Museum :— 
$. Total length 22*5 inches, culm. 2*3, wing 20, tail 10*2, tarsus 2*45 
?. Total length 22 inches, wing 20, tarsus 24. 

10 . (EKOPS. 
29 

Am. foL IT. pi. 426, et 8vo ed. i. p. 12, pi. 1 (1839); Gray &> Mitch. 
Gen. ofB. i. p. 4, pi. 2 (1844); COBS. Cat Vult Phil Mus. p. 4 
(1849); Bonap. Co?isp. Gen. Av. p. 9 (1850) ; A. S. Taylor, Zool 
1855, p. 4632; SiricH. Orn. Syn. p. 3 (1855) ; Cass, B. Calif, p. 58 
(1855); >&M. JEwwE. D« . i. p. 170, F0V7. pi. 1. fig. 8 (1857) ; 
Cfcss. JB. 3T. -4»I. i. p. 5 (1860) ; Scl Ibis, I860, p. 278, pis. 8,9; ScM. 
Mus. Pays-Bas, Vultures, p. 2 (1862); Gurney, Cat. Bapt B. 
None. Mus. p. 39 (1864); Scl. P. Z. B. 1866, p. 366; Cooper, B. 
Calif, ed. Baird, p. 496 (1870). 

Cathartes vulturinus, Temm. PL Col i. pi. 31 (1824). 

Sareorharophiis califomianus, Steph. Gen. Zool xiii. pt. 2, p. 6 (1826) ; 
Sw. fy Bioh. F. Bor.-Am. p. 1 (1831) ; Idcht. Abh. Berlin Ahad. 
1838, tab. 1. 

Oatharista californiana, Gray, Ha)id-l of i?.i.p. 3 (1869). 

Adult. Entire head and neck bare, in life orange-yellow and red, 
excepting a few bristles on the forehead, extending to the base of 
the beak and in front of the eye; general colour black, all the 
feathers margined with brown, the rump less distinctly; a few interseapulary 
plumes shaded with ashy grey; inner greater wing-coverts 
and secondaries broadly margined externally with buffy white; outer 
secondaries shaded with grey; quills and tail black; round the neck 
a ruff of lanceolate feathers; a bare patch on the breast; under surface 
of body brownish black; the breast-feathers lanceolate like 
those of the ruff; bill yellowish ; feet bluish black; iris carmine. 
Total length about 40 inches, culmen from anterior point of nostril 
3*4, wing about 30, tail 15-5, tarsus 4*3, middle toe 5*3. 

Young, Similar to adult, but the brown edgings to the upper 
plumage a little paler and more conspicuous; the grey shade on 
secondaries very indistinct, and whitish wing-bar absent; head and 
neck sparsely covered with woolly brown down; feathers of the ruff 
and breast not so distinctly lanceolate; bill entirely horn-brown, 
inclining to whitish towards the tips ; iris hazel. 

Hah. "Western side of Forth America; California and Oregon; 
seldom north of the river Columbia. 

a. Ad. sk. California. A. Menzies, Esq. [P.], Type of the 
species figured by Shaw and 
Temminck. 
b. Ad. sk. Monterey, Cal. {Taylor). J. H. Gurney, Esq. [E.I 
c. JUT. st. Monterey, Cal. (Taylor). J. H. G-urney, Esq. [E.J. 
d. Skeleton. Zoological Society. 
FAXCO^TDJE. 

Family FALCONIDvE. 

Crown of head always clothed with feathers, though the sides of 
the face are often more or less bare. 

a. Both outer and inner toe connected to middle 
toe by basal interdigital membrane .. POLYJBORINJE^ p. 30. 
b. 
Outer toe only connected to middle toe by interdigital 
membrane. 
a'. Tibia and tarsus to all intents equal in 

length, the difference between them 

not so great as length of hind claw. ACCIPITRHrJ£,v.4S. 

b'. Tibia much longer than tarsus, always 

exceeding it by more than length of 

hind claw. 

a". Hinder aspect of tarsus scaled BUTEONIXJE, p. 158. 
b". Hinder aspect of tarsus reticulate. 
a'". Commissure of bill simply festooned 
AQUILIXAE, p. 225. 
b"'. Commissure of bill distinctly 
toothed..... ". FALCONIXM^.Zm. 

Subfamily III. POLYBORIX.E. 

AH the toes connected near the base by interdigital membrane; 
sides of face for the most part bare. 

The members of this subfamily are chiefly American, and are 
rather Gallinaceous in their habits, thus approaching the Turkey 
Yultures, with which they are closely associated by Professor Sundevall 
(AY. Tent pp. 109-111). Several subgenera axe included 
within the genus Ibycter, but are treated here as of subordinate 
rank in the face of the instability of the characters and the gradual 
gradation of one form towards another. The same idea was once 
entertained by Br. Kaup (Arch. f. Naturg. vol. xvii. 1850, p. 41) 
before he had " given up subgenera, and had raised all subgenera 
established by him to the dignity of genera" (P. Z. S. 1867, 

p. 169). 
Key to the Genera. 

u. Middle tail-feathers not elongated. 
a'. Nostrils oval ... . 11. POLTTBOBUS, p. SI. 
V. Nostrils round 
12. IBYCTEB, p. 34. 
b. Middle tail-feathers extremely elongated; 
head with elongated plumes. 
a\ 
Nostrils vertical ovals; forehead with 
erect crest. 13. OAIIIAMA, p. 42. 

V. Nostrils perpendicular ovals; forehead 
not crested 14. SJSBPENTARXITS, p. 44. 
11 . JPOLTBORTJS. 

11. 
POLYBOEUS. 
Type. 
Polyborus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 22 (1816) P. tharus. 
Caracara, Less. TraiU, p. 34 (1831) P. tharus. 

Bill of Polyborus tharus. 

Range. The whole of Southern and Central America, extending 
into the southern provinces of JTorth America. 

Key to the Sjpedes. 

a. Lower back and rump brown, barred with white tharus, p. 31. 

b. Lower back and rump uniform dark brown cheriway, p. S3. 

1. Polyborus tharus*. 

Le Busard du Bresil, Briss. Orn. i. p. 40-5 (1760). 
Falco tharus, Molina, Sagqio St. Nat. Chil. p. 264 (1782). 
Falco planeus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 257 (1788). 
Falco brasiliensis, Gm. S. X. i. p. 262 (1788) j Max. Beitr. iii. p. 190 
(1830). 
Vultur cheriway, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 8 (1790). 
Vultur planeus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 8 (1790). 
Falco ekziiw&y, Licht. Verz. Doubly. 60 (1823). 
Polyborus brasiliensis, Vig. Zool. Journ. L p\320 (1824); Swains. Zool. 
Illustr. ser. % pi. 2 (1832); Bp. Comp. i. p. 13 (1850) ; Pelz. Verh. 
z.-b. Wim, 1862, p. 137; Schl Mus. P.-B. Polybori, p. 2 (1862, pt.); 
Pek. Orn. Bras. p. 303 (1871). 
Polyborus vulgaris, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 3, pi. 1 (1824); Vieill. Gal. 
Ois. L p. 23, pi. 7 (1825)j Less. TraiU, p. 34 (1831); J)'Orb. Voy. 
Am. MSrid., Zool p. 55 (1835); Tsehudi, Faun. Peruana,] p. 77 
(1845); Bitrm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 41 (1856). 
Circaetus brasiliensis, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 328 (1829). 
Pandion caracara, G. B. Gray, in Griff, ed. Cuv. An. Kingd. vL 

p. 235 (1829). 

* Brown's " Tawny Vulture " has been considered by some ornithologists to 
be a Polyborus. The figure is not recognizable; but if the locality, " Falkland 
Islands," is correct, it is probably the young of Ibycter australis, as Polyborus 
does not occur there. The synonymy is as follows:— 
Tawny Vulture, Brown, III. Zool. pi. 1 (1766). 
Falco ambustus, Gm. S. & i. p. 252 (1788, ex Brown). 
Vultur ambustus, Lath, Ind. Orn. i.p. 8 (1790). 
<3ypaetus ambustus, Baud. TraiU, ii. p. 26 (1800). 
Spizaetus ambustus, Bonn, et Vieill Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1254 (1823). 
Polyborus ambustus, Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 19 (1855). 

PAICOXEDJE. 

Caxacam vulgaris, Less. TraiU, p. 34 (1831). 
Aquila cheriway, Mei/en, JBeiir. p. Q§ (1834). 
Polyborus tharus, Strickl. Orn, Syn. p. 18 (1855); Gurney, Cat Rapt 


B. Norw. Mus. p. 17 (1864) j Gray, Hand-l i. p. 17 (1864); Scl $ 
Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 123 (1873). 
Nestling, Covered with, down of a dull white colour, through, which 

the feathers which are appearing are of a sepia-brown colour, with 

pale rufous margins. 

Young. Crown of head dark brown, with dull rufous tips to some 
of the feathers; sides of face tawny buff, with slight indications of 
black bristles on the lores, cheeks, and under the eye ; upper surface 
of body light brown, the feathers streaked down the centre with 
yellowish white, widening out towards the apex of the feather, the 
rump-feathers irregularly streaked and barred with the same, the 
stripes on the sides of the neck inclining to tawny; primaries dark 
brown; secondaries lighter brown, like the back, tipped with yellowish 
white; primaries whitish for two thirds of their length, 
freckled and vermieulated with brown above, uniform yellowish white 
underneath, the shafts whitish; tail yellowish white, with about 
fourteen conspicuous cross bands, and having a very broad subterminal 
bar of brown, somewhat tinged with rufous; under surface 
of body dusky brown, with distinct central streaks of yellowish 
white to all the feathers, broader on the breast, and narrower on 
the throat and Hanks; thighs and vent-feathers dull rufous brown, 
with scarcely any indication of central stripes; under tail-coverts 
dull whitish; under wing-coverts brown, the outer ones somewhat 
washed with rufous. Total length 26 inches, culmen 2*1, wing 
17-9, taH 11-3, tarsus 3*8. 

Adult Above blackish brown, the secondaries more inclining to 
brown, with paler edges; crown of head crested, blackish brown in 
colour; sides of face and neck all round huffy white, with more or 
less distinct black bars; entire back, including rump and upper 
tail-coverts, dark brown, with narrow whitish cross bars; tail buffy 
white, with a very broad blackish-brown band at the tip, and more 
or less distinct brown bars across the lower part of the tail, more 
pronounced on outer feathers; quills as described in young bird, but 
the whitish colour not so extended on primaries; throat pure huffy 
white, like sides of face; fore neck and breast white, with distinct 
blackish cross bars; under surface of body blackish brown, the 
feathers of the lower breast with narrow whitish margins; under 
wing-coverts and thigh-feathers nearly uniform dark brown; under 
tail-coverts buffy white, with narrow brown cross bars; bare 
crop-patch yellow; cere and bare space round eye carmine-red, 
tinged with yellow; bill dark horn-blue; feet yellow; iris brown. 
Total length 22 inches, culmen 2*05, wing 15*5, tail 9'5, tarsus 
3-8. 

Hah. The whole of South America, from Tierra del Puego and 
Patagonia as far north as 20° S. Iat. on the west, and the Amazon 
on the eastern side. 

11 * POLYBOEUS. 

33 

a. Juv. st South America. 
b. Juv. st. South America. Sir*W.Burnett and AdmiralFitzroyfP.I. 
c. Pull. st. South America. SirW. Burnett and AdmiralFitzroy [P,*|. 
d. JUT. sk. South America. Sir W. Burnett and Admiral Fitzroy [P. J. 
e. Ad. sk. Hermit Island. The Admiralty [P.], 
/ . Ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty [P.]. 
g. Ad. sk. Island of Mexiana. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
h. Juv. sk. Island of Mexiana. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 
i. Ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro. Dr. Wuckerer [C.]. 
k. Skeleton. Purchased. 
/. Skeleton. Zoological Society. 
2. Polyborus eheriway. 
Falco eheriway, Jacq. Beiir. p. 17, tab. 4 (1784). 
Polyhorus brasiliensis, Audub. B. Am. fol. pi. 161 et ed. 8vo, i. 


p. 21, pL 4 (1839); Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll ii. p. 337 (1871). 
Polyhorus eheriway, Cab. in Sehonib. Bets. Guian. iii. p. 741 (1848). 
Polyhoras tharus, Cass. B. Calif, p. 113 (1855); id. in Baird's B. JSf. 
Am. p. 45 (I860;. 

Polyhorus auduboni, Cass. Br. Fhil, Acad. 1865, p. 2; Baird in 
Cooper, B. Calif, i. p. 492 (1871); GundL J. f. 0.1871, p. 357; 
Sol $ Sah. Nomend. Av. Neotr. p. 123 (1873).* 

Polyborus tharus, yar. auduboni, Cows, Key, p. 220 (1872). 

Adult female. Upper surface black, the lower back and rump included 
; the upper tail-coverts white with remains of a few narrow 
blackish cross bars; hind neck and interScapulary region, crossed 
with creamy buff bars, giving a very distinctly waved appearance; 
wings black, the greater coverts and outer margin of secondaries 
somewhat shaded with brownish; primaries white at base, freckled 
arid barred with dusky brown for the greater part of their extent, the 
inner web whitish below, with faint indications of dusky cross barsj 
tail creamy buff, crossed with thirteen or fourteen cross bars of 
dusky black, the terminal third entirely black, forming a very broad 
band across the end of the feather; ear-coverts, sides of neck, and 
fore neck uniform creamy buff, the upper breast crossed with black 
bars; remainder of breast and thighs black; the abdomen and under 
tail- coverts creamy buff, a few bars of this colour extending up on 
to the black of the lower breast; under wing-coverts black; cere, 
loral spaces, and cheeks bright red; bill pale bluish, edged with 
yellow; feet yellow; iris dark brown. Total length 23 inches, 
culmen 2-25, wing 16*5, tail 9-5, tarsus 3*4. 


Adult male. Similar to, but a little smaller than, the female. 
Total length 23 inches, wing 15-8, tail 9, tarsus 3*4. 


Young. Above dark brown washed with paler brown, the lower 
back and rump uniform with rest of back; upper tail-coverts white, 
very slightly mottled with brown; tail marked as in adult, but the 
bars brown instead of black; feathers of interscapulary region 
broadly margined and streaked along the shaft with buffy white; 
wings brown, the innermost secondaries and a few of the greater 
coverts tipped with buffy white, primaries white mottled with brown 
bars near the base; sides of face, throat, fore neck, abdomen, and 


VOL. I. E 

FALCONmX. 

under tail-coverts creamy white; rest of under surface brown, with 
huffy white margins to the feathers; the upper breast-feathers 
broadly streaked with buffy white down the centre. 

Hob. The extreme southern States of Korth America, adjoining 
the Gulf of Mexico, and including California and Elorida, thence 
throughout Central America into Southern America, through Columbia 
to Ecuador on the west, and into Guiana on the east coast; 

Cuba, Trinidad. 
a. Ad. sk. British Guiana. Sir R. Schomburgk [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Island of Puna. G. Barclay, Esq. [P.J. 
c. JUT. sk, ? 
d. Ad. sk. Valencia, Venezuela, A. Goering, Esq. [C.]. 

12. IBYCTEE* 
Type. 
Ibycter, Vieill. Analyse, p. 22 (1816) I. amerieanus. 
Daptrius, Vieill. Analyse, p. 22 (1816) .. I. ater. 
Gymnops, Spix, Av. Bras, i. p. 11 (1824) I. ater. 
Milvago, Spix, Av. Bras, i. p. 12 (1824) I. chiniachima. 
Phaleobaenus, Lafr. in D'Orb. Did. iii.p. 151 (1848) I. megaloptenis. 
Senex, J. JB. Gray in Jard. Sf Selby, III. Orn. n. s. 

pi. 24 (1839) I. australis. 
Aetriorchis, Kaitp, Classif. Saug. it. Vog. p. 124 (1844) I. australis. 
Helotriorchis, Mdeh, Av. Syst. Nat. pi. xcyiii. {1850) I. australis. 

Bill of Ibycter ater. 

Range. The entire continent of South America with Tierra del 

* IBYCTEE GYMNOCEPHALUS. 
Ibycter gymnocephalus, D' Orbigny, Toy. Am. Mirid. Zool. p. 50 (1835); 

Strickl. Orn. By%. p. 24 (1855); Gray, Hand-l i. p. 5 (1869). 
Sab. Coehabamba, Bolivia. 
A species of which examples were only seen but never procured by D'Orbigny; 

so that no type is in existence. 

IBYCTEE FASCIATUS. 

Gymnops fasciatus, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 10, pi. 4 (1824). 
Circaetus fasciatus, Cuv. Bhgne An. i. p. 338 (1828). 
Pandion fasciatus, Gray in Griffith ed. Cuv. Birds, i. p. 41 (1829). 
Pandion strigilatus, Gray, torn, cit. p. 42 (1829). 
Caracara fasciatus, Less. TraiU, p. 35 (1831). 


Ibycter fasciatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 9 (1844); BtricH. Orn. Syn. p. 23 


(1855); Gray,* Hand-l i. p. 5 (1869). 
Sab. Jurua river, Brazil (Bpix). 
Unrecognized since Spix's time. If distinct, it must be closely allied to I. ater, 

but has the base of the tail much more extensively white with broad black bar*. 

12 . IBYCTEK. 
35 

Fuego and the Falkland Islands, extending into Central America as 
far north as Guatemala and Honduras. 

Key to the Species, 

c Throat and chest white, spotted with black . eanmetzlatus, p. 38. 

a. Thighs Mack ............ . ater, p. 35. 
h. Thighs white. 
d. Tail Mack ,.. , amerieantcSj p. 35. 
V. Tail tipped with white. 
d\ Throat and chest Mack , megabpterm, p. 36. 
b". Throat and chest white albigularis, p. 37. 
n 


e. Thighs bright tawny rufous australis, p. 38. 
cl Thighs ocliraceous buff. 
ef. Under surface of body, including under wing-
coverts, ochraeeous buff chimachima, p. 39. 
$. 
Under surface of body brownish ochre, with dark 
brown shaft-stripes j under wing-coverts dark 
rufous brown ..,..,. chimango, p. 41. 

1. Ibycter ater* 
Daptrius ater, Vieill Analyse, p. 22 (1816); Vig. Zool. Jour. L 
p. 336 (1824) ; Vieill $ Oud. Gal Ois. pi. 5 (1825) ,• Cab. in Schomb. 
Beis. Guian. iii. p. 742 (1848). 
Falco aterrimus, Temm. PI Col i. pis. 37, 342 (1823). 
Gymnops aterrimus, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 11 (1824). 
Cn'caetus aterrimus, Cuv. Pegne An. i. p. 328 (1828). 
Daptrius aterrimus, Less. Man. d'Om. i. p. 75 (1828). 
Ibycter ater, Sw. Classif. B. ii. p. 209 (1837) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 9, 

pi. 5. %. 1 (1844); &p. Consp. i. p. 12 (1850) j Striekl Orn. Syn. 

p. 23 (1855) j Pek. Verh. %,-b. Wien, 1862, p. 135; Schl. Mus. P.~ 
B. Polybori, p. 7 (1862) ; Gurney, Cat Rapt. B. Norw. Mm. p. 29 
(1864) j Pek. Orn. Bras. pp. 2, 392 (1871); Sol § Sah. Nomrncl 
Av. JSTeotr. p. 122 (1873). 
MHvago aterrimus, Burm, Th. Bras. ii. p. 39 (1856). 

Adult. Entirely black with greenish reflections, excepting a white 
band across the base of the tail; cere and sides of face bare and of 
a red colour. Total length 16-5 inches, culmen 1*45, wing 12*7, 
tail 8, tarsus 2*05. 

Hob. The whole of the Amazon district, reaching into Ecuador 
on the west, into British Guiana on the north, and extending along 
Eastern Brazil as far as 30° S. lat. 

a. Ad. sk. S. America. Mr. Leadbeater. 
b. Ad. sk. S. America. 
c. Ad. sk. Para. A. B. Wallace, Esq.. [0.]. 
d. Skeleton. Purchased. 
e* Sternum. Zoological Society. 
2. Ibycter americanus. 
Aigle d'Amerique, Buff. PI JEkl i. pi. 417. 
Bed-throated Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 97 (1781). 
Falco americanus, JBodcL Tall PI Phi p. 25 (1783). 
Falco aquilinus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 280 (1788). 

B2 

EALCOSIDJS. 

Falco formosus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 38 (1790). 
Ealco nudicollis, Baud. Traiie, ii. p. 79 (1800). 
Circaetus aquilinus, Cuv. Begne An. i. p. 317 (1817). 
Gymnops aquilinus, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 11 (1824). 
Ibycter aquilinus, Vig. ZooL Jburn. i. p. 336 (1824); Gray, Gen. B. 


i. p. 9 (1844); Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 742 (1848) * 
Bp. Oonsp. i. p. 12 (1850). 
Poly "boras aquilinus, Less. Man. d?Orn. i. p. 88 (1828). 
Ibycter americanus, Gray, Gen. B. App. p. 1 (1849) ; Strickl. Orn. 

Syn. p. 22 (1855); ScM. Mm. P~B. Polvbori, p. 9 (18G2); Peh. 
Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 134; id. Orn. Bras. pp. 2, 392 (1871) ; 
Gtirney, Cat. Bapt. B. Noriv. Mus. p. 29 (1864); Scl §• Sah\ 
Nomencl AD. Neotr. p. 122 (1873). 

Milvago nudicollis, Burnt. Th. Bras. ii. p. 37 (1856). 
Ibycter formosus, Peh. Verh. z.-h. Wien, 1862, p. 134; id. Orn. Bras. 
pp. 2, 392 (1871) ; Scl # Sab. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 122 (1873). 

Adult male. Black, with, steel-green reflections and sometimes 
slightly shaded with ashy grey; ear-coverts decidedly shaded with 
ashy grey; entire abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts white; 
bare space before the eye and throat deep red; cere blue; mandibles 
yellow; iris deep red. Total length 19*5 inches, culmen 1*6? 
wing 13-6, tail 9% tarsus 2. 

Female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 24 inches* 
wing 15-5, tarsus 2*3 *\ 

Hab. The whole of Amazonia, Ecuador, and Columbia, reaching 
to the southward along eastern Brazil as far south as the Tropic of 
Capricorn, and ranging along the western coast of Central America 
to Guatemala and Honduras. 

a. 3 ad. sk. S. America. Purchased. 
b. 5 ad. sk. S. America. Purchased. 
e. <$ ad. sk. Guayaquil. G. Barclay, Esq. [P.]. 
d. £ ad. sk.
e. $ ad. sk. 
Para. 
\7eragua. 
A. K. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
M. E. Aree* [O.]. 

3. Ibycter megalopterus. 
Aquila megaloptera, Meyen, Beitr. p. 64, pi. 7 (1834). 
Phalcobsenus montanus, D' Orb. Voy. Am. Mhid.' Ois. p. 51, pi. 2 
(1835). 
Milvago montanus, Darw. Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 13 (1841); Peh. 
Verh. z.~b. Wien, 1862, p. 135. 

Milvago megalopterus, JDarwin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 13 (1841); 
Gray, Cat Accipitr. 1848, p. 30; Stricti. Orn. Syn. p. 21 (1855); 
Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 5 (1869); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. 

p. 122 (1873). 
Polyborus megalopterus, Cab. $ Tsehudi, Faim. Peruana, pp. 16, 78 
(1845); Schl Mus. P-B. Polybori, p. 4 (1872). 
Phalcobamus megalopterus, 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 13 (1850); Gurney, Cat. 
Bapt. B. Nona. Mus. p. 24 (1864). 

* Von Pelzeln's L formosus (ex Lath.) is surely nothing but the female of /. 
americanus, witness sexed specimens in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and 
Grodman. 
12. IBrCIER. 37 
Milvago crassirostris, Pelz. Sits. AJcad. Wien, xliv. p. 7 (1861); id. 
Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 136. 

Young. Above rufous brown, with distinct ochraeeous-buff tips 

to most of the feathers of the upper surface, a little less distinct on 

the wing-coverts; head more decidedly rufous, with longitudinal 

fulvous tips; under surface of body uniform dull rufous brown, the 

lower abdomen and thighs broadly mottled with pale fulvous, the 

under tail-coverts almost entirely of the latter colour; quills dark 

brown, inclining to greyish on the outer margin of the primaries, 

the primary coverts and primaries conspicuously white on the inner 

web and less so on the outer, the latter margined and the former 

spotted with brown; upper tail-coverts very long, creamy white, 

barred with brown on inner web; tail dull rufous brown, dull ochre 

on the inner web, inclining to white towards the tips of the feathers, 

many of the feathers mottled with rufous brown near the base; 

under wing-coverts rufous brown, tipped with fulvous, the greater 

ones dull ochre margined with brown. Total length 22 inches, 

culmen 1*65, wing 15*1, tail 8*5, tarsus 3-05. 

Adult Head crested, the feathers of the crown recurved; upper 

surface glossy black, with greenish reflections; primaries black; 

secondaries shaded with chocolata-brown; all the quills tipped with 

ashy white; upper tail-coverts white; tail black, white at base, and 

broadly tipped with the same; sides of face and neck and under


pays as far as the lower breast black; abdomen, thighs, and under 

tail-coverts white, the flanks somewhat mixed with black, which 

extends some way from the breast; under wing-coverts white, as 

also the small plumes along the bend of the wing; cere and lores 

bare and yellow; bill yellow, horn-blue at base of both mandibles ; 

cere and bare space round eye bright orange; feet orange-yellow; 

iris brown. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 14'6, tail 8*5, 

tarsus 1*6. 

Hob. Pacific side of the Andes in Chili, Bolivia, and Peru. 

a. Ad. sk. Cordillera of Chili, Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.]. 
h. Juv, sk. Chili. Mr. P. Brydges [C.l 
e. Juv. sk. Chili. C. Crawley, Esq. [P.], 
d. Ad. sk. Chili. Zoological Society, 
e. Juv. st. Chili. Zoological Society. 
/ . Juv. sk. Arequipa, July 11,1867. Henry Whitely, Esq., Jun. [C.". 
g. Ad. sk. Tinta, July 27,1868. Henry Whitely, Esq., Jun. [P.I. 
h. £ ad. sk. Tinta, June 28,1869. Henry Whitely, Esq., Jun. I P.J. 
I S juv. sk. Tinta, June 28,1869. Henry Whitely, Esq., Jun. [P.], 
h. Skeleton. 
4. Ibycter albigtilaris. 
Polyborus albogularis, Gould, P. Z. S.1837, p. 9. 

Milvago albogularis, JDarwin, Vox/, Beagle, Birds, p. 13, pi. 1 (1841); 
Strichl Orn. Syn. p. 22 (1855); 8cl Ibis, 1861, p. 23; Gray, 
Xand-l I p. 5 (1869); Scl $ Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 122 
(1873). 

Not quite adult (type). Above brownish black, with several rufous


FALC0NID.3E. 

brown feathers on the sides of the neck (the remains of young plumage) 
; feathers of crown slightly recurved; all the quills tipped 
with white; upper tail-coverts white; tail brown, white at base and 
at tip; under surface of body entirely white, with one black plume 
on the throat, and the sides of the body irregularly marked with 
black, which occupies the most part of the inner and a great deal 
of the outer web of the feathers; under wing-coverts white; primaries 
white at immediate base, with broad black bars. Total 
length 21 inches, culmen 1*65, wing 15-6, tail 9*3, tarsus 3*1. 

Hah. Patagonia. 

a. $ st. Santa Cruz, Patagonia. C. Darwin, Esq. [C.]. Type of species. 
5. Ibycter carmculattts. 
Phalcobsenus carunculatus, Des Murs, Bev. ei Mag. de Zool 18537 
p. 154: Gurnet/, Cat. Bapt. B. Norio. Mus. p. 25 (1864). 
Milvago megalopterus, Scl P. Z. S. 1858, p. 555 (nee Meyen)* 
Milvago carunculatus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 81; id. Ibis, 1861, p. 19, 
pi. 1; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 5 (1869); Scl. fy Salv. Arome?wl Ac. 
Neofr. p. 122 (1873). 

Adult. Above glossy black, the feathers of the head recurved; 
rump and upper tail-coverts pure white; quills Hack; both primaries 
and secondaries broadly tipped with white; tail black, with a 
broad terminal band of white; entire breast black, each feather 
with a large tear-shaped drop of white along the centre; under tail-
coverts, vent, and thighs pure white, as also are the under wing-
coverts and axillaries; bare skin of face and throat wrinkled and 
deep orange-colour, as also the cere; irides hazel. Total length 
19*5 inches, culmen 2, wing 15-5, tail 8*8, tarsus 3*2. 

Hah. Highlands of Ecuador and Kew Granada. 

a. Ad. sk. Ecuador. R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.] 
6. Ibycter australis. 
Statenland Eagle, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 40 (1781). 

Falco australis, Gm. S. K i. p. 259 (1788). 

Morphnus novae zealandise, Cuv. Begne An. i. p. 318 (1817). 

Falco novae zealandise, Temm. PI Col. i. pis. 192, 224 (1823). 

Polyborus novee zealandise, Vig. Zool. Jonrn. i. p. 336 (1824) ; Dar


win, Journ. Voy. Adv. 8f Beagle, p. 66 (1839). 

Circaetus novas zealandise, Cuv. Begne An. i. p. 328 (1829). 

Circaetus antarcticus, Less. Traite, p. 49 (1831), 

Polyborus brasiliensis, King, Voy. Beagle, i. p. 532 (1839). 

Senex australis, J. E. Gray in Jardine §* Selby, III. Orn. n. s. pL 24 

(1839) ; Gurney, Cat. Bapt. B. Arorw. Mus. p. 20 (1864). 

Milvago leiicuras, Darwin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 15 (18417 ex Forst.); 

Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 5 (1869). 

Vultur plancus, Forst. Descr. Ani?n. p. 321 (1844). 

Aetriorchis novse zealandiae, Kaup, Classif. Saugeth. u. Vog. p. 124 

(1844). 

Milvago 
australis, Gray, Cat. Aceipitr. 1848, p. 30; Strichl Orn. 
Syn. p. 21 (1855); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 150; Peh. Verh. z.-b. 
Wien, 1862, p. 136; Scl # Salv. Nomencl Av. Keotr. p. 122 
(1873). 

12 . IBYCTEE. 
Ibycter australis, Kaup, Arch.f. Naturg. xvi. p. 41 (1850). 
Polyboras australis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 13 (1850); Schl Mm. P.-B. 
Polybori, p. 3 (1862). 
Aetriorcliis australis, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 11. 

Adult. Above black; the nape and bind neck covered with lan


ceolate streaks of white, as also a few of the outer upper tail-coverts; 

quills dark brown, very slightly tipped with whitish; tail black, 

broadly tipped with white; under surface of body black, with very 

distinct lanceolate white streaks on the throat and breast, reduced 

to tiny white apical spots on the feathers of the abdomen; inner 

face of thighs and vent-feathers tawny; under 
tail-coverts black, 

with whitish margins; under wing-coverts black, the outer ones 

externally tawny; crop-patch lemon-yellow; bill yellowish, bluish 

horn-colour at base; cere and feet of a bright lemon-yellow; iris 

dark brown. Total length 25 inches, culmen 1*9, wing 16*7, tail 

11, tarsus 3*35. 

Young, Above smoky brown, clearer on the wings; head and 
neck blackish, the sides of the latter rufous ochre, with brownish 
margins to the feathers; the feathers of the crown and nape with 
narrow and indistinct fulvous tips; quills brown, primaries clear 
ochre at base; upper tail-coverts and tail ochraceous brown, deeper 
brown on the external margins; under surface of body smoky brown, 
with rufous-brown centres to the breast-feathers, not very distinct; 
bill horn-brown, yellowish at tip of lower mandible; cere and feet 
slate-colour. Total length 24*5 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 16*5, 
tail 10*5, tarsus 3. 

Hah. Falkland Islands. 
a, h. Ad. sk. S. America [?]. Purchased. 

c. Juv. st. Straits of Magellan [?]. The Admiralty [P.]. 
d. Juv. sk. Berkeley Sound. The Admiralty [P.], 
e. Ad. sk. S. Salvador Bay, E. Falkland. Antarctic Expedition. 
/ . Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Expedition. 
g. 
Juv. sk. Falkland Islands. Sir "W. Burnett and 
Adm. Fitzroy [P.]. 
7. Ibycter cMmachima. 
Chimachima, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 50 (1802). 

Polyboras chimachima, Vieill N.Dict v.p. 259 (1816); B>Orh Voy. 

Am. Mir. p. 63 (1835); Schl. Mm. B.-B. Polybori, p. 5 (1862). 

Falco crotophagus, Max. Bets. Bras. i. p. 297 (1820). 

Falco degener, Lkht. Vers. DoM. p. 61 (1823). 

Milvago ochrocephalus, Spin, Ad. Bras. i. p. 12, pL 5 (1824); Burm. 

Th.Bras.il p. 36 (1856). 

Gymnops strigilatus, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 10, pi. 4 (1824). 

Polyboras degener, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 336 (1824). 

Haliaetus ochrocenhala, Quv. Begne An. i. p. 327 (1829). 

Haliaetus chimachima, Less. Traits, p. 43 (1831). 

Milvago chimachima, Gray, List Gen, B. p. 2 (1841); Cab. in Schomb. 

Bets. Guian. iii. p. 741 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 12 (1850) ; Strichl 
Orn. Sgn. p. 20 (1855); Feb. Verh. s.-6. Wien. 1862, p. 137; Qwney, 
Cat Bapt. B. Norw. Mas. p. 27 (1864); Gray, Band-l B. i. p. 5 

PALCOKIDJE. 

(1869) * Pek. Orn. Bras. pp. 2, 392 (1871) ; Scl $ Safa KomeneL 
Av. JV^r.p.l22(1873). 
Ibycter ehimachima, Kawp, Areh.f. Natterg. vol. xvi. p. 41 (1850). 

Young. Above rather rufous brown, with, distinct straw-coloured 
margins to most of the feathers of the back; the head minutely 
spotted with straw-colour, and streaked more distinctly with the 
same on the sides of the crown, especially over the eye, where a 
distinct eyebrow is formed; the hind neck more distinctly streaked 
with straw-colour, the sides of the neck being entirely of the latter 
colour, some of the feathers with brown margins; feathers behind 
the eye and ear-coverts uniform brown, the latter with somewhat of 
a rufous tint; fore part of cheeks and chin almost uniform yellowish 
white; rest of under surface deep straw-yellow or ochre, the feathers 
margined with brown on the chest, causing a striped appearance; the 
flanks and thigh-feathers spotted on both webs or barred across with 
brown; the under tail-coverts uniform straw-yellow; quills dark 
brown; primaries externally whitish at base, freckled with brown ; 
all the quills white at base of inner web, shading into rufous, barred 
with dark brown, the bars on the primaries narrower; under wing-
coverts rufous-ochre, thickly barred with dark brown ; upper tail-
coverts pale buny cream-colour, "with indistinct remains of brown 
bars; tail-feathers also cream-coloured, crossed with seven bars of 
dark brown somewhat washed with rufous; the tips whitish, preceded 
by a very broad subterminal band of dark brown. Total 
length 16 inches, wing 11*2, tarsus 2*05. 

The progress from the young to the adult stage seems to be effected 
by a gradual change of the feather, the brown on the head, neck, 
and under parts gradually disappearing, and the cream-coloured 
centres widening out until they occupy the whole of the feather. 
The brown bars on the lower part of the tail also diminish in extent 
and grow narrower. 

Adult. Above brown, with pale ashy brown margins to the 
feathers of the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts; quills dark sepia-
brown ; secondaries of the same colour as the back, all tipped with 
whity brown; primaries white at base of both webs; head and 
neck all round (excepting a little streak of brown behind the eye) 
and entire underparts, including the under wing- and tail-eoverts, 
white ; upper tail-coverts and tail for two thirds of its length white, 
the latter barred with brown, the middle feathers also somewhat 
freckled with brown; the terminal third of the tail blackish brown, 
forming a broad dark band slightly tipped with white; feet pale 
yellow; bare space round eye tinged with rose-colour; iris whitish. 
Total length 16 inches, culmen 1*35, wing 10*5, tail 7*2, tarsus 2. 

Hob. The whole of Brazil north of the Tropic of Capricorn, along 
the frontiers of Paraguay, not south of 28° S. lat. All Amazonia, 
extending through Columbia into Panama. 

a. Ad. sk. S. America. 
I. Juv. st. S. America. 
c. Ad. sk. Bahia. Sudbury Museum. 

12 . IBYCTER. 
41 

s^*

d. $ J11V- Island of Mexiana. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Island of Mexiana. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.1. 
/. 2 &Y. sk Barm, Rio Negro. A. R. Wallace, Esq.fa.]. 
g. Ad. sk. Bogota. R. B, Sharpe, EstL [P.], 
h. Ad. sk. Bay of Panama. Oapt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood [P.], 
8. Ibycter chimango. 
Chiinango, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 47 (1802). 
Polyborus chimango, Vieill. N. Diet v. p. 260 (1816) ; Cab. $ Tsck 
Faun. Peruan. p. 79 (1845); D'Orb. Voy. Am. Mirid. Ois, p. 60 
(1835) j Schl Mus. P.-B. Polybori, p. 6 (1862). 
Haliaetus chimango, Less. Traite, p. 43 (1831). 
Aquila pezopora, Meyen, Beitr. p. 62, pi. 6 (1834). 
Milvago chimango, Banc. Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 14 (1841); Gray fy 
Mitch. Gen. B. i. pi. 5 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 13 (1850) ; Stnckl 
Orn. Syn. p. 20 (1855); Pelz. Verh. z.-h. Wien, 1862, p. 136; Gurney, 
Cat. JRapL B. Norm. Mus. p. 26 (1864); Gray, Kand-l. B, i. p. 5 
(1869) j Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 392 (1871); Sol. §• Salv. Mmencl Av. 
Neotr. p. 122 (1873). 
Milvago pezoporus, Darwin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 13 (1841) • Strickl 
Om. Syn. p. 20 (1855). 
Ibycter cnimango, Kaup, Arckf. Nattcrg. xvi. p. 41 (1850). 
Adult. Above rufous brown, with ashy-brown margins to the 
feathers, not very distinctly indicated; head and neck more decidedly 
rufous, with longitudinal black centres to the feathers, giving 
a somewhat striped appearance; wing-coverts coloured like the 
back; primary coverts whitish, freckled minutely with greyish 
brown, with three very indistinct narrow cross lines of brown; quills 
deep brown, with white shafts, and externally shaded with ashy 
grey; secondaries coloured like back; primaries whitish at base, 
externally freckled with greyish brown like the primary coverts; 
inner face of quills at base buff, more rufous towards the inner ones, 
which are also slightly barred; upper tail-coverts dull white; tail 
ashy grey, whitish at base, minutely freckled with greyish brown 
and crossed with a broad subterminal band of dark brown, the tip 
whity brown; frontal feathers and a narrow superciliary line terminating 
above the ear black; sides of face and of neck brownish 
ochre; the cheeks slightly streaked with black; under surface of 
body brownish ochre, with distinct shaft-stripes of dark brown, and 
the feathers inclining to whitish ashy at tip, causing a somewhat 
mottled appearance; thighs and under tail-coverts paler ochre, the 
latter inclining to whitish; under wing-coverts rufous brown, barred 
with ochre, the greater ones entirely of the latter colour, with narrow 
brown cross bars; cere dull pink; feet bright yellow; iris 
hazel-brown. Total length 15*7 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 11-5, 
tail 6*7, tarsus 2-55. 
Young, Yery similar to adult, but more rufous; the feathers of 
the upper surface tipped with whitish, and the under surface also 
more distinctly mottled with the latter colour; thighs deep rufous 
ochre; quills much as in adult, but the base of primaries and the 
primary coverts more coarsely vermiculated and washed with rufous; 
tail creamy buff at base, shading into rufous at tip, all very coarsely 


42 
FALCOISTDJS. 

freckled with, dark brown, except the extremities of the feathers, 
which, do not, however, show a very distinct band. 

The type of Mr. Gould's M. hypersiictus is in the Museum, and is, 
I believe, the very old bird of this species in bleached plumage. At 
the same time it presents many differences from the bird which I 
have considered to be the adult, viz. in the breadth and purity of the 
white margins of the back-feathers, in the pure white primary coverts 
which are not freckled, but show five narrow brown cross bars, and 
especially in the total absence of any subterminal bar on the tail-
feathers. The latter are ochraceous buff, with narrow greyish brown 
bars on the inner webs, broader and more vermiculated on the 
outer; the two centre feathers entirely covered with ashy-brown 
frecklings. 

Hah. The southern portion of the South-American continent and 
Tierra del Euego, ranging on the west coast as high as 20° S. lat.; 
but in the central portions not higher than the Tropic of Capricorn, 
and only extending in Eastern Brazil to the districts north of Bio, 

a. Ad. sk. S. America. 
5. Juv. sk.
c. Ad. st.
d. Ad. st.
e. d ad. sk. 
S. America. 
Maldonado. 
Port Desire. 
Chili. 
Antarctic Expedition [C.J. 
Chas. Darwin, Esq. [0.] 
Chas. Darwin, Esq. [_C.j . Type 
of P. hyperbtictu$~1 Gould. * 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

13. CAEIAttA. 
Type.
Cariama, JBriss. Orn. v. p. 516 ». 0. cristata. 
Microdactyhis, Qeoffr, Ann. du Mus. xiii. p. 370 

(1809) 0- cristata. 
Dicholophus, IlUger, Prodr. Syst. p. 253 (1811) ..., 0. cristata, 
Lophorhynchus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 59 (lol6) ...... 0. cristata. 
Sariama, Bp. Comp. ii. p. 103 (1857) 0. cristata. 
Chunga, Reich. Naturg. Tauhen, p. 159 (1880)...... C. burmeisteri. 
Chunnia, Burm. La-Plata Reis. ii. p. 508 (1881) .... 0. burmeisteri. 

Cf. Smidev. Av. Tent. p. Ill; Parkery Micr. Joum, 
1872, p. 45. 

Range. South America: campos of Brazil and western provinces 
of Argentine Eepublic. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Largerj sandy brown; frontal plumes 3 inches in 
length; no superciliary streak; tail tipped with 
white cristata, p. 42. 
b. 
Smaller; ashy grey; frontal plumes 1 inch in length ; 
a distinct white superciliary streak; tail tipped 
with ashy grey #. burmeisteri^. 4&. 
1. Cariama cristata, 
Palamedea cristata, Linn. S. K i. p. 232 (1706). 
Le Cariama, Buff. JET. N. Ois. viii. p. 172 (1783). 
Saria, Azara, Apunt. iiL p. 101 (1805). 

13 . CA&LOIA. 
Microdactylias marcgravii, Geoffr. Ann. du Mm. xiii, p. 370, pi. xxvi. 
(1809). '* 

Dieholophus crisfcatus, Uliger, Prodr. p. 253 (1811) j Temm. PI Col 
I pi. 237 (1823) ; Max. Ahbitd. Naturg. Bras. Tog. pi. 4 (c. 1825); 
id. Beitr. iv. pt. 2, p. 570 (1833); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 401 
(1856) ; P A Orn. Bras. pp. 299,455 (1871). 

Cariama saurophaga, VmlL eb Oud. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 148, pi. cclix. 
(1834). 
Cariama eristata, Gray, Cat. Grall<s} p. 73 (1844) ; id. Hand-l. B. iii. 

p. 23 (1871) ; Scl $ Salv.Nommcl. Av. Neotr. p. 141 (1873). 
Sariama cristata^ Bp. Consp. ii. p. 103 (1857). 
Adult Above sandy brown, minutely and indistinctly vermiculated 
with fulvous; wing-coverts paler and more ashy grey, somewhat 
tinged here and there with rufous, and vernriculated with 
numerous cross lines of ashy brown; quills dark brown, shaded 
externally with ashy grey, the secondaries also washed with rufous 
and vermiculated on the outer web with ashy brown, the inner web 
tipped and crossed with four or lire bars of buny white, slightly 
mottled wifch brown; lower back and rump dull brown, the outer 
upper tail-coverts ashy fulvous, vermiculated with brown; tail 
black, the two centre feathers browner, all the rest broadly tipped 
with white, and having bufry white bases mottled with dark brown; 
head and neck ashy fulvous, numerously vermiculated with blackish 
cross lines and tinged with rufous; all the shaft-feathers whitish 
along the shafts, causing a distinctly streaked appearance; the head 
ornamented with a tuft of erect plumes on the forehead, with a full 
and pendent crest hanging down the hinder neck; lores whitish; 
under surface of body sandy buff, the vermiculations small, and the 
light central streaks down each feather very apparent on the throat 
and breast; the streaks much wider on the flanks and thighs, 
spreading over nearly the whole feather, which has only a few brown 
vermiculations on the margin; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts 
uniform fulvous; under wing-coverts ashy, with narrow brown vermiculations, 
the greater ones fulvous, with broad transverse bars of 
brown; bill cinnabar-red, paler in the young bird; lores greyish 
flesh-colour; the bare orbit bluish; iris dark yellow, paler in the old 
bird. Total length 36 inches, culmen 2-6, wing 14*8, tail 13, 
tarsus 7*5. 

Hah. Campos of Brazil and Northern Paraguay. 

a. Ad. sk. Brazil. 
e. Ad.' st * Deformed [ef. Giinther, Ann.N.H.(4)x. p.67(1872)]. 
d. Skeleton. Mr. Tyler [P.]. 
2. Cariama burmeistert 

Dicholophus burmeisteri, Hartl P. Z. S. I860, p. 335; Smd. Av. Tent. 

p. Ill (1873). • 
Chimga burmeisteri, Beich. Naturg. Tauben, p. 160 (1860); ScL 
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 666, pi. xxxvi.; Scl % Sab. Nommcl Av. Neotr. 
p. 141(1873). 
Churmia burmeisteri, Burm. La-Plata Bets. ii. p. 508 (1861). 
Cariama burmeisteri, GrayfHand4. B. iii. p. 23 (1871). 
FA.1C0MDJ2. 

Adult. General plumage ashy grey, a little browner on the back, 
and everywhere minutely vermiculated with, dusky brown, the lower 
back and rump less plainly irrorated; bead with a frontal and 
nuchal crest, but not nearly so much developed as in Q, cristata; 
lores and a distinct eyebrow white; head, neck, and breast greyer 
than the rest of the body, the two former more coarsely vermieulated; 
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts pure white; under 
wing-coverts greyish like breast, and vermiculated in the same way, 
the lower ones barred alternately with black and white ; quills black, 
externally shaded with ashy grey, the inner secondaries rather 
browner, and vermiculated on the outer margin with brown, the inner 
webs marked with seven or eight white bars, on which appear slight 
remains of vermiculations ; upper tail-coverts and two centre tail-
feathers ashy grey, with minute vermiculations, the others more 
coarsely mottled, and crossed towards the tip with two black bars, 
the subterminal one the broadest; bill black; feet brown; iris 
reddish brown. Total length 31 inches; culmen 2-25, wing 12*8, 
tail 13-5, tarsus 5*8. 

Eab. Provinces of Catamarca and Tucuman. in the Argentine 

Eepubhc. 
a. Ad. st.
b. Skeleton. 
Argentine Republic. Prof. Burmeister [P.]. 
14. SEEPENTAEIUS*. 

Serpentarius, Cuv. Tall EUm. d'Sist Nat. p. 254 Type. 

(1798) . S. secretarius. 
Secretarius, Baud. TraitS, ii. p. 29 (1800) ..... . S. secretarius. 
Gypogeramis, Illiger, Brodr. p. 234 (1811).. .., . S. secretarius. 
Ophiotheres, Vi&itt. Analyse, p. 59 (1816) S. secretarius. 

Foot of JSerpentaHtts secretarius. 

* By Strickland and others the generic name of Sagittarius has been used 
from Vosmaer's ' Besch. AMk. RoofVogel' (1769); but a reference to the work 
shows that Tosrnaer never used the word in a generic sense at all. 
14 . SEJRPENTi.EItrS. 

Range. The whole of Southern Africa, from Benguela on the west 
to the Zambesi on the east coast; KE . Africa, from below Khartoom 
southwards to the Upper White Nile, and through the whole of 
Abyssinia; "W. Africa, Senegambia. 

1. Serpentarius secretaries. 

Sagittarius, Vosm. Besehr. Afrik. Hoofv. p. 1 (1769). 
Le Secretaire, 8<mn. Voy. JSf. Guin. pi. 50 (1776). 
Le Message du Cap de Bonne-Esperance, Buff. PL Enl. viii. pi. 721 
(1783). 
Falco serpentarius, Miller. Various Suhj. N. B, pi 18A, B (1785); 
Gm. &JVr.i.p.250(1788). 
Otis secretarius, Scop. Bel. Faun, et Flor. Insuhr. ii. p. 93 (1786). 
Vultur serpentarius, Lath. Lnd. Orn. i. p. 8 (1790). 
Vultur secretarius, Shaw, Cim. Phys. pi. 28 (1796). 
Le Mangeur de Serpens. Levaill Ois. cPAfr. i. pi. 25 (1799) : Sund. 
Crit. om Levaill. p. 26 (1857). 
Secretarius reptilivorus7 Baud. Traite, ii. p. 29, pi. xi. (1806), 
Serpentarius arricanus, Shaw, Gm. Zool vii p. 46, pi. 14 (1809). 
Gypogeranus serpentarius, Illiger, Prodr. p. 234 (1811) ; Pp. Consp. 

i. p. 12 (1850); Haril Orn. W. Afr. p. 17 (1857) : Eeugl Orn. 
MO.-AfrA. $.78(1869). -
Ophiotheres cristatus, Vieill. JV*. Diet. xxx. p. 468 (1819): id. et Oud. 
Gal Ois. ii. p. 151, pi. 260 (1834). 
Gypogeranus reptilivorus, JRanz. Blem. Zool iii. p. 50 (1823). 
Gypogeranus africanus, Steph. Gen. Zool xiii. p. 4 (1826): Bubois. 
Orn. Gal. pi. 55 (1839). 
Serpentarius cristatus, Less. Traite, p. 16, pi. 3. fig. 2 (1831). 
Gypogeranus cauensis, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 104. 
Gypogeranus philippensis, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 105. 
Gypogeranus gambiensis, id. ut supra. 
Serpentarius reptilivorus, Gray, Lict Gen. B. p. 6 (1840) j Verr. 

P. Z. S. 1856, p. 348; Gurnet/, Cat. Papt. B. Korw. Mvs. p. 8 
(1864) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 33 (1SU7) j Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 38 
t (1869). 
Serpentarius secretarius, Gray, Cat, Acciptr. Brit Mus. p. 77 (1848). 
Sagittarius secretarius, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p, 144 (1855) j Gurney in 
Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 34 (1872). 
Serpentarius orientalis, Verr. P. Z. S.1856, p. 352. 
Astur secretarius, ScU. Mus. P.~B. Astures, p. 28 (1862). 
Sagittarius serpentarius, Finsch u. Hartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 93 (1870). 

Adult. General colour delicate ashy grey, the feathers of the throat 
and sides of face with narrow central white shaft-streaks; an elegant 
tuft of long and slightly spatulate plumes springing from occiput 
and nape, entirely black, or grey with a black tip; quills entirely 
black, as also the primary coverts; lower back and rump black, the 
feathers of the latter slightly barred with white; upper tail-coverts 
white; two centre tail-feathers elongated, clear ashy grey tipped 
with white, before which a black band, the remainder duller ashy 
grey, inclining more or less to whitish on inner web, tipped with 
white, and crossed with two bands of black, the subterminal one 
much the broadest; breast and under wing-coverts white, slightly 

FALCOlSriD-E. 

shaded with ashy; tMgiis and abdomen black; under tail-coverts 
white; cere yellow; bare space round eye orange-yellow; feet duB. 
flesh-colour; iris hazel. Total length 50 inches, cnlmen 3, wing 
25*5, tail 23, tarsus 13*5. 

Young. Coloured like the adult, but duller; head distinctly 
crested; upper wing- and upper and under tail-coverts marked with 
subterminal spots of dusky brown; the black thighs and abdomen 
with cross lines of dusky brown; iris grey. 

Hab. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Major-Gen. T. Hardwicke [P.] 
b. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. 
c. <? ]uv. st. S. Africa. Sir A. Smith [0.1 
d. AJL sk. Lake Ashangi, April 29, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
1868. 
e. Skeleton. 
/. Sternum. "W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0,], 
Subfamily IV. ACCIPITEIKffi. 

Outer toe connected to middle toe bj an interdigital membrane; 
tibia and tarsus to all intents equal in length, the difference between 
them not so great as the length of hind claw. 

Key to the Genera* 

a. Lores entirely bare, as well as the sides of 
the face and region of the mouth, extending 
above the eye and over the ear-
coverts 15. PonYBOEOIDES, 
b. Sides of face feathered, the lores always fur- p. 47. 
nished with bristles. 
a'. Hinder aspect of tarsus reticulate. 
a". Nostrils oval, with no bony excrescence 
: ; 16. Crncus, p. 50. 
b". Nostrils round, with a bony excrescence 
17. MiCBAsrun, p. 74. 
b\ Hinder aspect of tarsus scaled. 
c", Bidge of bill measured from margin of 

cere greater than half length of 

middle toe without claw. 

<?'". Commissure slightly festooned. 

c'"\ Outer toe very short, equal to 

two thirds of length of inner toe 

(without claw) ,* thigh-feathers 

close-set, having no overhang


ing tuft of feathers ......... . 18. GBRANOSPIZIAS, 


d"". Outer toe longer than inner toe p. 80. 
without claw; thighs with overhanging 
tuffc of plumes ; tail 
longer than mng 19. IBOTKIOBCHIS, 

p. 83. 
15 . POLYBOEOIDES. 
e"". Outer toe about equal to inner 
toe without claw; thighs with 
overhanging tuft of feathers. 


aa. Nostrils with bony tubercle 
near upper margin. 

m'. Feathering of tarsus extendingturther 
down thanlength 
of middle toe (without 
claw); tarsus scaled right 
across, only the, hinder margin 
of outer aspect reticulate 
20. EBYTHBOCJSEMA, 

bb\ Feathering of tarsus not ex- p. 84. 
tending so far down as 
length of middle toe; tarsus 
scaled in front, reticulate on 
outer aspect ..... . 21. MELIEBAX, p. 86. 

bh. Nostrils oval, with no bony 
tubercle. 22. ASTTTB, p. 92. 
dm. Commissure perfectly straight.... 23. JSISOIDES, p. 129. 

d". Eidge of bill, measured from anterior 
margin of cere, less than half middle 
toe without claw 24. ACCIPITEB, p. 130. 

15. POLYBOKOIDES, -. 
Type. 
Polyboroides, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 106 (1830).. P. typicus. 
Gymnogenys, Less. Traite, p. 64 (1831) P. radiatus. 

Bill of JPolyboroides typicus. 
Batige. Africa generally and Madagascar. 
Key to the Bjpecies* 


a. Silver-grey, thinly V 1 with black below ... . radiatus, p. 48. 
b. Bark grey, thickiv * ' ^ith. black below typhus, p. 48. 
 TJLLGOISXDM. 

1. Polyhoroides radiatus. 
L'Autour gris a ventre ray<5 de Madagascar. Sonn. Voy. Ind. p. 181, 

pi. 183 (1782). 
Vultur radiatus, Scop. Del Faun, et Flor. Insubr. ii. p. 85 (1786). 
Madagascar Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. p. 32 (1787). 
Falco niadagascariensis, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 75 (1800). 
Sparviua madagascariensis, Vieill JVC Diet, x. p. 339 (1817). 
Falco gymnogenys, Temm. PI Col i. pi. 307 (1820). 
Nisus gymnogenys, Cuv. Regn. An. i. p. 334 (1829). 
Gymnogenys madagascariensis, Less. Traite, p. 64 (1831). 
Polyboroides radiatus, Gray, List Gen. J?, p. 5 (1840) ; id. Gen. B. i. 

p. 31, pi. 11.fig. 2 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 12 (1850); JZartl Faun. 
Madag. p. 21 (1861) ; Scl P. Z. S. 1863, p. 161; Grand. Rev. et 
Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 321. 
Gymnogenys radiatus, Kaup, Mus. Sench. iii. p. 260 (1845). 
Circaetus radiatus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 262. 
Polyboroides madagascariensis, Roch #• E. Newt. Ibis, 1862, p. 269. 
Nisus radiatus, 8eht Mus. P.-B. Revue Aceipitr. p. 100 (1873). 


Adult male. Above silvery grey, with a few indistinct whitish 
edgings to the scapulars; quills black, with a distinct white margin 
at the tip, the basal portion of the inner web greyish white mottled 
with black, occupying more than half of the inner secondaries, so 
that the black forms a broad subterminal bar; lower back and rump 
ashy white, barred with black; upper tail-coverts black, broadly 
tipped and irregularly barred with white; tail black, slightly mottled 
with white at immediate base, tipped with white and crossed with a 
broad white band across the middle; throat and chest silvery grey, 
like back; rest of under surface white, narrowly but regularly barred 
across with black, the under wing-and tail-coverts uniform with breast; 
cere and bare skin round eye flesh-colour; feet yellow; iris black *. 
Total length 23*5 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 15*5, tail 12, tarsns 3*5. 

Adult female. Total length 21 inches, culmentail 12, tarsus 4*15, middle toe 1*6 (Mus, Lugd.\ 
Hah. Madagascar. 
a. <$ ad. sk. Madagascar. 
IS, wing 16, 
Purchased. 
2. Polyboroides typicus. 

Polyboroides typicus, 8mith, 8. Afr. Q. J. i. p. 107 (1830); id. IlL 
Zool 8. Afr. pis. 81, 82 (1849); Marti, Orn. IF. Afr. pp. 2, 269 
(1857),-Cass. Proc. Phil. Acad. 1859, p. 30; 8el P. Z. S. 1863, 

p. 162; Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 32 (1867); Gurn. Ibis, 1868, p. 146 j 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 194 • Fimeh u. Karil Yog. Ostafr. p. 95(1870); 
Boeage, Jom. Lisa. 1873, p. 3. 
Serpentarius typicus, Guer. et Lafr. in Ferret et Gal. Toy. Abms. ZooL 

iii. p. 181 (1847). 
Gymnogenys melanostictus, Lichi. Komench p. 5 (1854). 
Polyboroides radiatus, 8tricTd. Orn. *vn. p. 143 (1855); Gurney, Ibis* 
1859, p. 153 • id. Cat. Rapt. B. K Hus. p. 12 (1864); Heugl Orn. 
N.O.-Afr. p. 76 (1869). 

* These soft parts are taken from Ctu c correctly given would 
form a specific difference, as the A&iean sx , bare part of the face 
yellow. Mr. E. Newton, however, gives that car bird as yellow. 
Cf. the accurate remarks in Mr. G-urney's * Cata. 
15 . POLYBOK0IDES. 
49 

Gyninogenys malzacii, *7", $* E. Ver?\ JRev. et Mag. de Zool. 1855, p. 349, 
pi. 18. 
Nistis radiatus, SchJ. Mus. P.-JB. Astures, p. 54 (18G2). 
Gymnogenys africanus, Heugl. J.f. 0. 1867, p. 292. 

Young. General colour brown, with, rather paler margins to the 
feathers, which are whitish at base; quills blackish brown; the 
secondaries paler brown, like the back, the latter much mottled 
with white near the base; all the quills barred across with dark 
brown; tail brown, tipped with fulvous, and crossed with five bars 
of darker brown; head much crested, all the feathers fulvous at 
their base and on their margins, brown in the centre, somewhat 
tinged with rufous, especially on the sides of the crown and of the 
neck; forehead whitish, slightly streaked with dark brown ; a few 
feathers under the eye and on fore part of cheeks black; throat and 
breast buffy white, the feathers mesially streaked with dark brown 
and washed with sandy rufous; the lower breast sandy rufous, with 
fulvous tips; the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts barred 
with fulvous and sandy rufous, the latter with dark brown; under 
wing-coverts fulvous, mottled with rufous or rufous brown; the 
lower ones brown at tips, like under surface of wing. 

Adult, Above dark grey, extending all round the neck and occu-^ 
pying the entire throat and chest; rest of the under surface, including 
the under wing- and tail-coverts, crossed with rather broad 
alternate bars of black and white; primaries and their coverts 
black, tipped with white, and inclining to ashy grey at base, more 
especially on the inner web, which is also somewhat freckled with 
brown; secondaries grey, tipped with white, before which is a broad 
black bar, sometimes represented by a spot of more or less extent 
on the adjoining scapulars; tail black, tipped with white, with a 
distinct broad bar of dull white, mottled with black about a third 
of its length from the tip, and indications of a second bar about the 
same distance from the base; upper tail-coverts grey; the lower ones 
black, tipped with white, and crossed with other bars of white near 
the base; cere and bare skin round the eye light yellow; feet bright 
yellow; iris very dark brown. Total length 24*5 inches, culmen 1*45, 
wing 16*6, tail 11*5, tarsus 4. 

Adult female. Slightly larger than the male. Total length 27*5 
inches, wing 19, tail 12, tarsus 4*15. 

Hah W. Africa, from Senegambia to Gaboon; S.W. Africa, Benguela; 
S. Africa, from the Cape Colony through Natal to the Zambesi 
; N.E. Africa, from Senaar into Abyssinia and along the White 

Nile nearly to the Equator. 
a. $ ad. st.
h. Juv. st. 
South Africa. 
South Africa. 
S.-AMcan Museum. 
S.-AMcan Museum. 
Type of species. 
t 
c. Ad. st.
d. Ad. sk.
e,/. Ad, st.
g. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
i. Juv. sk 
South Africa. 
South Africa. 
West Africa. 
Ashantee. 
Fantee. 
Gabjon. 
Sir Henry Ellis [PA 
John Rocke, Esq. [P.]. 
John Gould, Esq. 
Captain Shelley [P.1 
H. T. Ansell, Esq. [P.]. 
VOL. I . F 

PALCOXIBJE. 

i6. emeus. 

Type. 
Circus, Lacep. Mim. de VInsL iii. p. 506 (1806) C. cyaneus. 
Pygargus, Koch, Sgst. Baier. Zool p. 127 (1816) .. C. cyaneus. 
Strigieeps, Bp. Saggio Distr. Met. Anim. Vertebr. 

p. 37 (1831) C. cyaneus. 
Glaucopteryx, Kaup, Class, Saug. u. Vo'g. p. 113 (1844) 0. eineraceus. 
Spizacercus, Kaup, Mus. Sendenb. iii. p. 258 (1845) C. maculosus. 
Spilocircus, Kmtp, Isis, 1847, p. 89 C. assimilis. 
Pterocircus, Xaup, Arch. f. Naturg. xvi. p. 32 (1850) C. pvgargus, 
Cf. Smmders, Ibis, 1873, p. 232. 

Head of Circus cyanexa,. 

Range. The greater part of the Old and Xew "Worlds, excepting the 
following localities, from which no Harrier has yet been recorded :— 
Russia and Siberia, north of 60° X lat.; Arctic America north of 
the Tropic of Cancer; Persia and Arabia: East Africa; West Africa 
(except the Gambia and Accra district); S. Madagascar; the southern 
part of the Indo-Chinese subregion; Lido-Malayan and Austro-
Malayan subregions (excepting Celebes); western and northern 
Australia west of 140° E. long.; Oceania (except Yanua Levu and 
Viti Levu); S. America, Columbia, Amazonia, and north-eastern 
Brazil. 

Keg to the Species. 
Adults ;-— 


a. Thighs uniform white. 
a!. Middle tail-feathers plain ashy grey. 
a'. Throat and chest bluish ashy. 
a"'. Upper tail-coverts white. 
a"". Above pure bluish ashy, the 
throat similar cyaneus d, p. 52. 
b"". Above greyish, the back brownish 
ash-colour; the throat 
strongly mixed with the same 
colour .. hudsoniu8 <$, p. 55. 

bT". Upper tail-coverts white, banded 
with ashy grey. macrurus cf, p. 07. 
h". Throat and chest white, streaked with 

black. 
<?'". Primaries banded underneath sptimoftis <$ * P- 5S. 
d"'. Primaries uniform below. maHiardi, p. 59. 

c". Throat and chest entirely black ..... . melanoleucus $ J , p. 61, 

V. Middle tail-feathers barred ., maculosus <£, p. 1*2. 
b. Thighs white, distinctly barred across with 
orange rufous cinerem <$ t p. 50. 
16. caucus. 
c. Thighs white, with rufous streaks or spots. 
a\ Throat and chest ashy grey pygargus $, p. 64. 
h\ Throat and breast streaked with brown. 
a". Under wing-coverts and central tail-
feathers uniform gouldi ad., p. 72, 

b'\ Under wing-coverts fulvous, more or 
less streaked or spotted with brown; 
tail-feathers banded. 


a ". Fifth primary escailoped on outer 
web. 
a"". Tarsus 3*5 inches in length hudsonius $ ad., p. 5o. 
\sPih™ius

b"\ Tarsus 3-1-3*15 inchesa ?/*•* Pv^. 
(cyaneus $ ad., p. o2. 
c"'f. Tarsus 4 inches gouldi $ ad., p. 72. 
V". Outer margin of fifth primary entire. 

dmt

> Notch in second primary an inch 
or more distant from tip of 
coverts pygargns ? ad., p. 64. 

e"". Notch in second primary nearly or 
quite hidden by coverts maerurus $ ad., p. 67. 

d. Thighs rufous, generally uniform or spotted 
or margined with white, 
a\ Tail uniform grey carugitiosus <$ $ ad.. 
h'. Tail distinctly banded. p. 69. 
a". Under wing-coverts white, mesially 
streaked with pale rufous* breast 
light brown, with white margins, 
_ producing a streaked appearance .. ranivorus £ $ ad., p. 71, 
b". Under wing-coverts and breast rufous, 
numerously spotted with white, 
giving a somewhat barred appearance 
asdmilis <$ 5 ac^-P- 63. 

e". 
Under wing-coverts black, spotted with 
white • breast black, streaked with 
white ; maeuhzus §, p. 62. 

e. Thighs black. 
e'. Tail banded. 
a11. Upper tail-coverts white mawus, p. 60. 


btf 

. Upper tail-coverts black pygargus, var., p. 64. 
if. Tail uniform grey tsmginosus, var., p. 69. 

Young :— 

a. Outer web of fifth primary notched. 
a\ Chest perfectly uniform, with no streaks. 
a". Chin or throat and centre of breast 
creamy buff. 
a"f. Inner web of primaries uniform ceruginosus, p. 69. 
V". Inner web of primaries barred or 

mottled with brown ranivorus, p. 71. 
5". Chin and throat uniform with breast 
and back gouldi, p. 72. 
h\ Chest light or dark, butjalways distinctly 
streaked. 
e". Outer tail-feather uniform below. 
a"'. Head whitish, with narrow black 
streaks ,, c&ruginosus, p. 69. 
F2 


FALCONIDJE. 

d'". Head uniform dark brown, with 
slight fulvous streaks c/ouldi, p. 72. 
d". Outer tail-feather always distinctly 
barred below. 


e". Quills uniform below, light-coloured 
at base of inner web, but not 
barred. 


e"". Upper tail-coverts white, with 
narrow brown centres cyayieus, p. 52. 
f". Upper tail-coverts brown, tipped 
with white assimilis, p. 63. 
f". Quills barred below. 
g "r'. Under wing-coverts buff or tawny 
with brown streaks. 

act. Interspaces of quills and tail-
feathers below white, the 
black bars contrasting strongly manrus, p. CO. 

bb. Interspaces below fulvous, with 

brown cross bars. 
aa'. Breast uniform tawny hwhonius. p. 55. 
bb'. Breast fulvous, with brown 

streaks. 
aa". Larger; wing 13-5-15 . . cyaneus, p. 52. 
bb". Smaller j wing 12*2 ... . cinereus, p. 56. 

h"". Under wing-coverts black ... . macufosus, p. 02. 

b. 
Outer edge of fifth primary entire. 
a'. Notch in second primary an inch or more 
distant from the coverts pygargm, p. 64. 
b'. Notch in second primary nearly or quite 
hidden by the coverts macrurw, p. 07. 


1. Circus cyaneus. 
The Blue Hawk, Echo. Glean, i. p. 33, pi. 225 (1758). 
Le Faucon a collier (J) , Briss. urn. i. p. 345 (1760). 
Le Faucon de Montagne cendr£, Briss. Orn. i. p. 355 (1780). 
Falco cyaneus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 126 (1766, ex Bdiv.) ; Mcmiag. Tram. 


Linn. Soc. ix. p. 182 (1808); Temm. Man. dC Orn. i. p. 72 (1820); 
Werner, Atlas, Bapaces, pi. 2% (1827) ; Schl. $* Sasem. Yog. Bur. 
Taf. 37 (1839) j Nordm. inBemid. Very. Buss. Mir. iii. p. 107(1840); 
Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 94 (1843). 

Soubuse, Buff. Bl. Bnl i. pis. 443, 480 (1783). 
Oiseau St. Martin, Buff. Bl Enl i. pi. 459 (1783). 
Falco griseus, Gin, S. iVr. i. p. 275 (1788, ex Lath.). 
Circus gallinarius, Savign. Ois. d'Bgypte, p. 264(1810) : Less. Traite. 


p. 84 (1831). 
Accipiter variabilis, Ball Zoogr. Bosso-As. i. p. 364 (1811). 
Circus variegatus, Vieill N. Dirt. iv. p. 466 (1816). 
Pygargus dispar, Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool p. 127 (1816). 
Circus aegithus, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. &c. Brit Mm. x>p. 9, 10 
(1816). 
Falco strigiceps, Miss. Orn. Suec. L p. 21 (1817). 
Falco pygargus, Naum. Yog. Deutschl. L p. 391, pL 38. fes. 2, 39 

(1822). 
Circus cyaneus, Bote, Ids, 1822, p. 549; Selby, Brit B. i. p. 68, x>l. x 
(1883); Gould, B. Bur. L pi. 33 (1837) ; Macgill, Hist. Brit. * iii. 

p. 366 (1840); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 32, pi. 11. fig. 1 (1845); Jchl 
16. ciECirs. 
53 

Tog. Nederl. pis. 15-17 (1854) ; Strichl Orn. Syn. p. 147 (1855) ; 
Hewits. Fggs Brit. B. i. p. 47 (1856); Sund. Sv. Fogl. pi. xxviiL 
figs. 1,2 (1859); Schl. Mus. JP.-3. Oirci, p. 1 (1862) ; Jerd.B. Lid. 

i. p. 95 (1862) ; Badde, Meis&n im Sud. v. Ost-Sibir. Zool. ii. p. 119 
(1868); Newt. Ooth. Wolley. p. 145 (1864) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. 
pt. xii. (1867); Degl $ Gerbe, Orn. Mir. I. p. 107 (1867) ; JSeugl. 
Orn. NO.-Afr. i. p. 104 (1869) ; Gray, Eand4. B. i. p. 37 (1869); 
JEheme, Bough Notes, ii p. 293 (1870); Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. 
p. 132 (1871); Salvad. Faun. Ital Uce. p. 24 (1871); Swinh. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 342; Shelley, B.Egypt, p. 182 (1872); Schl. Mus. P.-B. 
Bevue Accipitr. p. 39 (1873). 
Circus pygargus, Staph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 41 (1826). 

Circus cinereus, Brehm, Tog. Deutschl. p. 94 (1831). 

Euteo cyaneus, Jenyns, Man. Brit. Tertebr. p. 89 (1835). 

Strigiceps pygargus, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. § N. Am. p. 5 (1838). 

Strigiceps cyaneus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 35 (1850); Fritsch, Tog. Fur. 

Taf. 9. fig. 6, Ta£ 10. fig. 8 (1858) ; Loche, Fxpl. Alg. Ois. i. p. 90 

(1867). 
Strigiceps nigripennis, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 269. 
Strigiceps pattens, Brehm, torn. tit. p. 269. 
Strigiceps einereus, Brehm, torn. tit. p, 269, 


Young male. Distinguished from the adult female by the length of 
the wing, which does not reach 14 inches in length. Brown, like the 
latter, but always more rufous, especially underneath and about the 
head and neck; facial ruff clear fulvous, streaked with dark brown; 
feathers above, around, and below the eye pure white, forming a very 
conspicuous facial patch; under surface of body tawny rufous, with 
dark brown streaks, narrower towards the abdomen; upper tail-coverts 
white, with mesial streaks of rufous brown; tail tawny rufous, fulvous 
at tip, with four broad cross bands of black• the interspaces 
ashy on the two central feathers only. 

Adult male. Above clear bluish ash-colour, paler and more silver? 
grey on greater wing-coverts, which are also slightly margined with 
whitish; below clear bluish ashy as far as the lower breast; the 
rest of the under surface pure white, including the under wing-
coverts and axillary plumes; frontal plumes and lores whitish, the 
facial ruff also slightly mottled with white; secondary quills silvery 
grey with black shafts and an indistinct blackish subterminal band, 
much more distinct below; the primaries blackish both above and 
below, white at base of inner web; upper tail-coverts white; tail 
ashy grey, tipped with white; the four centre feathers entirely uniform, 
with white shafts, the others more and more white on inner 
web? and having more or less remains of ashy bars; cere yellow; 
bill bluish black; feet yellow; claws black; iris yellow. Total 
length 22 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 13*6-13*8, tail 8*5-9*0; tarsus 
2*9. 

Adult female. Above brown; the feathers of the crown slightly 
washed with rufous, with which colour the feathers are margined; 
the nape and hind neck pale tawny fulvous, broadly streaked with 
dark brown; scapulars and wing-coverts spotted with large oval 
marks of pale tawny buff; quills brown, tipped with whitish; the 
secondaries externally washed with ashy grey, barred with blackish 

FALCOJSTD^J. 

brown, showing more plainly on under surface, wMch is ashy white, 

washed with rufous on inner web; upper tail-coverts white; tail 

greyish brown, tipped with whitish, crossed with five bands of darker 

brown, the subterminal one much broader; the interspaces on the 

outer feathers pale creamy buff, more or less shaded with ashy on 

outer Web; frontal feathers and plumes above and below the eye 

whitish; ear-coverts and cheeks rufous, streaked with dark brown; 

facial ruff buffy white, streaked with brown; sides of neck and under 

surface of body pale tawny buff, inclining to whitish on lower breast 

and abdomen, broadly streaked with brown, rather more narrowly 

on abdomen and thighs, where the streaks are washed with rufous; 

under wing-coverts coloured like the back; flanks and axillaries 

dark brown, spotted on both webs with rounded spots of creamy 

buff; cere greenish yellow; bill blackish; feet yellow; iris reddish 

brown. Total length 21-5 inches, wing 15*0-15*8, tail 10*5-11*0, 

tarsus 3*15. 

Obs. By the rufous bars on the tail a young female can be distin


guished from an old bird. In both sexes the streaks on the breast 

become narrower with age, though the females of English birds are 

more broadly streaked below, and are darker than those from 

Europe or India. The males are supposed to breed in the brown 

plumage, and do not get the blue dress till the second autumn, when 

it is assumed by a moult. 

Eab. Throughout Europe and Siberia, extending a little above 

the line of 60° N. lat., and ascending westwards from about 50° 

E. long, northwards to the top of Norway. Found in all countries 
bordering the Mediterranean, and extending in winter to N.E. 
Africa, N. India, and China. 
a 5 juv. st, Great Britain. 

b. $ ad. sk. Devonshire. Colonel Montagu [P.]. 
Cj d. $ juv. st. Devonshire. Colonel Montagu [P. ?. 
e. 2 a(h st. Norfolk. J. Scales, Esq. fP.]. ~ 
fiff-d 2 juv. sk. Thuringia. R. B. Sharpe, Ssq. fP. . 
h. $ ad. sk. R. Wolga. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. rPA 
i, h. $ juv. st. Archangel. R. B. Sharpe, E«q. [P. . 
h ni. $'juv. st. Archangel. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. P. I 
n. $ ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. f P.]. 
o* p. (S tjuv. bk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. "PA 
f[, r. $ juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.j. 
s. $ ad. sk. China. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.j. 
t-6 juv. sk. Shanghai. — Webb, Esq. |TJ. 
?/. 2 a(** s^» 

FoMen. J. Gould, Esq, fP.l 

v% d ad. sk. 

Kultuk, May 18,1871. Dr. DybowsM [&£ 

%o. Skeleton. 

Purchased. 

x,j/. Sternum. 

z. Sternum. 
J. Ray, Esq. [P.]. 
a'. Sternum. 

Purchased. 

b'. Sternum. 

B. II Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
16 . CTECUS. 
55 

2. Circus ku&sGnms. 
The Ring-tailed Hawk, Edwards, Birds, iii. pi. 107 (1750). 
The Marsh Hawk, Mm. Glean, ii. pL 291. %. 1 (1760). 
L'Epervier de la Baye de Hudson, JBriss. Orn. JSuppL p. 18 (1760, 


ex JEdte.). 
Falco hudsonius, Linn. S. X. L p. 128 (1766, ex Edw.). 
Falco fuliginosus, Gin. 8. X. i. p. 278 (1788) j Wife. Am. Orn. vi. 

p. 67; pL 51. %. 2 (Lbl2). 
Falco europogistus, Baud. Trait4, ii. p. 110 (1800). 
Circus europogistus, VieilL Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 8 (1807). 
Circus hudsordus, VieilL Ois. Am. Sept pi. 9 (1807) ; Cass. B. Calif. 
p. 10tt (18-55) ; Striehl. Or a. Syn. p. 150 (1853); Cass, in Baud, 
B. X. Am. p. 38 (1860)-7Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 37 (1869); Cooper, 
B. Calif, p. 490 (1871); Boss,B. Canad. p. 6 (1871); Sol. % Salv. 
Xomenel. Av. Xeotr. p. 138 (1873). 

Circus variegatus, VieilL Ois. Am. Sept. p. 37 (1807). 

Circus uligiuostiSj VieilL torn. tit. p. 37 (1807). 

Falco cyaneus, Audnh. B. Am. pi. 358 (c. 1826); Bp. Am. Orn. ii. 

pL 2 (1828). 

Circus eyaneus, Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. p. 33 (ltf28); Audub. B. X. 

Am. i. p. 105, pi. xxiv. (1839) $ Allen, Bull. Ham. Coll. ii. p. 331 

(1871). 

Buteo eyaneus, Tar. araerieanus, 8w.fyJRich, Faun. Bor.-Am. p. 5o, 

pi. 29 (1831). 

Strigiceps uliginosiis, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. 8c X. Am. p. 5 (1838). 

Strigiceps hud&onius, Bp. Consp. i. p. 35 (1850). 

Circus cyaneus hudsonicus, Schl. Mas. P.-B. Circi, p. 2 (1862) ; id. 

llecue, p. 48 (1873). 

Young. Above ashy brown with rufous margins to the feathers, 
especially distinct on head and hind neck, causing a streaked appearance 
; the wing-coverts conspicuously margined, and marked on 
both webs with large spots of tawny fulvous; quills dark brown, 
tipped with whitish, the primaries shaded externally with ashy grey 
and barred on both webs with darker brown, more distinct below, 
especially on the inner web, which is whitish washed with rufous 
near the base; upper tail-coverts pure white, with remains of narrow 
brown streaks on a few of the feathers; middle tail-feathers 
tawny fulvous tipped with war* sh and crossed with four black bars, 
except the central feathers, which are ashy grey with five blackish 
cross bars, the subterminal one always broadest; sides of face, facial 
ruff, throat, and chest deep tawny rufous with dark brown centres 
to the feathers, especially broad and distinct on the latter; rest of 
under surface rich tawny buff with minute mesial spots of rufous, 
except on the flanks and sides of body, where they form conspicuous 
mottiings; axillaries ashy brown with large spots of creamy buff on 
both webs ; under wing-coverts tawny buff, with small dark-brown 
spots and streaks. 

Adult male. Above dull bluish grey, darker and inclining to 
brownish on the head, back, and scapulars; the nape somewhat 
mottled with buffy white; upper tail-coverts white; lores, eyebrow, 
and feathers under the eye white, the ear-coverts and facialruff 
ashy grey, the latter slightly tinged with brownish; chin whitish; 

FALC0NID-2E. 

throat, sides of neck, and breast dull ashy grey, the latter with a 
slight shade of ashy brown on the lower part; rest of under surface 
white with a few very small dart-shaped rufous specks; under 
wing-coverts white, the inner ones with narrow longitudinal shaft-
lines ; primaries dark brown, externally shaded with ashy grey, the 
secondaries entirely ashy grey with a broad subterminal bar before 
the tip, which is narrowly white; inner lining of wing white; tail 
dull ashy grey, externally shaded with brownish, the central feathers 
uniform, the outer ones with five or six blackish bars; bill horn-
blue ; feet yellow ; iris yellow. Total length 19 inches, culmen 1-2, 
wing 14, tail 9, tarsus 3. 

Adult female. Above brown, somewhat mottled on scapulars and 
wing-coverts with partially concealed spots of tawny buff, with 
which the latter are also margined; head streaked with rufous, the 
hind neck with white; lores and feathers under the eye whitish ; 
the cheeks and ear-coverts dark brown rery slightly streaked with 
whitish ; facial ruif huffy white, streaked with dark brown; quills 
brown slightly tipped with whitish, barred with dark brown, showing 
more |}lainly underneath, where the inner web is white, primaries 
externally shaded with ashy grey ; upper tail-coverts white 
with a few streaks of rufous on the outermost; tail ashy grey with 
five bars of dark brown, the interspaces inclining more or less to 
rufous or rufous white on the outer feathers; under surface of body 
buify white with broad streaks of brown on the breast, narrower 
and more tinged with tawny rufous on lower breast, thighs, and 
abdomen; under tail-coverts with a few diamond-shaped spots of 
pale rufous; under wing-coverts coloured and streaked like the 
breast. Total length 20 inches, wing 15, tail 10*5, tarsus 3*5. 

Hob. The whole of N. America below the Tropic of Cancer to 

Panama. 
a. 5 ad. st,
h. <$ jav. sk.
c. $ juv. sk.
d, e. $ ad. sk.
f, g, h, i. Juv. sk.
*k, I Juv. sk.
m. Juv. sk. 
Repulse Bay. 
N. America. 
N. America. 
British Columbia. 
British Columbia. 
Vancouver Island. 
Rio Sacramento, Cal. 
John Rae, Esq. [P.]* 
Dr. Ridgeway [P.~C 
E. Doubledav, Esq". ^P.]. 
J. K. Lord, tsq. [Of. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [C«*. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. ,C*. 
Gr. Barclay, Esq. [P.*. 

3. Circus cinerens. 
Ceniciento, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 145 (1802) ; Marti lnd, Azara, p. 3 
(1847}. 

Circus cinereus, Vieill N. Diet iv. p. 454 (1816); D'Orb. Voy. Am. 
Mer. Zool p. 110 (1835) ; Darw. Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 30 (1841); 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 32 (1845); Striekl. Orn. Syn. p. 150 (lb55); 
Barm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 117 (1856)j id. La PL Beis. ii. p. 430 (1M); 
Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 152; SQM. Mm. P.-B. Circi, p. 5 (lb«2)j 
Beh. Orn. Bras. p. 399 (1871) : JScl & Salv. Kommd. Av. Xeotr. 

p. 118 (1873). 
. Circus campestris, Bonn, et Vieill Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1213 (IbM, ex 
Azara). 
Falco histrionicus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Uranie, p. 93, pis. 15,16 (1824;. 

16 . CZECHS. 
Circus histrionicus, Mng, Zool Journ. iii. p. 425 (1827). 
Circus poliopterus, Cab. fy Tsck F. P. Aves, p. 113, Taf. 3 (1845): 


Schl Mm, P.-J9. Circi, p. 6 (1862). 
Strfopiceps histrionicus, JBp* Consp. i. p. 35 (1850). 
Spiziacircus histrionicus/jT«i«p, CWr. Orrc. 1850, p. 59. 


Young. Above dark brown, the head and neck streaked and the 
wing-coverts broadly margined with tawny buff, the scapulars and 
greater coverts having concealed spots of the same; upper tail-
coverts white, some of them slightly washed with pale rufous near 
the tip; quills dark brown tipped with fulvous, the primaries externally 
shaded with ashy grey, barred on both webs with darker 
brown, more distinctly underneath, where the feathers are whitish 
tinged with rufous on inner web; tail pale tawny tipped with buff, 
excepting the two centre feathers, which are ashy grey, the latter 
with five, and the rest with four black bands, the subterminal one 
being the broadest; lores whitish; cheeks and ear-coverts deep 
rufous, slightly streaked with dark brown; facial ruff fulvous with 
narrow dark brown streaks ; rest of under surface pale tawny fulvous, 
inclining to creamy buff on abdomen, the chest broadly, the 
rest of the body narrowly streaked with dark brown; under wing-
coverts buff, streaked with dee]} rufous; axillaries rufous brown, 
with large spots of creamy buff on both webs. 

Adult male. Entire upper surface, including the sides of the face 
and of the neck as well as the throat and fore neck, bluish ashcolour, 
the wing-coverts with obsolete white margins, and the fore 
neck crossed with a few broad white bars ; primaries blackish, externally 
washed with ashy grey; the secondaries entirely ashy grey, 
like the back, with narrow white tips to the feathers, before which 
runs a distinct subterminal bar of blackish brown; upper tail-
coverts white; tail ashy grey tipped with white, before which is a 
broad subterminal bar of dark ash-colour, all the feathers but the 
two central ones shaded with brownish, and inclining to white on 
the inner web, and marked with two or three ill-defined blackish 
bars washed with rufous on the outermost feather; under surface 
of body numerously crossed with distinct bars of orange tawny and 
white; under wing-coverts white, as also the inner lining of the 
quills; under surface of tail pure white, with faint indications of 
bars on the inner web, the subterminal one alone being very 
distinct. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 12-2, tail 8*25, 
tarsus 2-8. 

Adult female. Larger than male, and somewhat differently 
coloured. Above brown, the feathers of the crown slightly streaked 
with rufous, the hind neck with white, outer wing-coverts tipped 
with white, the smallest with fulvous; scapulars, wing-coverts, and 
quills ashy grey barred across with brown, the subterminal bar very-
broad and distinct, showing more clearly on the primaries, which 
are of a clearer ash-colour; upper tail-coverts white, with pale 
reddish bars and subterminal spots; centre tail-feathers ashy grey 
tipped with whity brown, and having five blackish cross bands; the 
rest of the feathers buffy, more or less shaded with ashy, externally 

PALCONIDJE. 

white, with, four blackish cross bands changing to rufous on outermost 
feathers; lores, eyebrow, and sides of face dull whitish, streaked 
with dark brown; facial ruff brown, strongly mottled with white; 
sides of neck and breast brown, the latter conspicuously ocellated 
with white spots; rest of under surface of body barred with orange-
tawny and white, the latter in the form of large spots on both wTebs. 
Total length 20 inches, wing 14*25, tail 10, tarsus 3. 

Hob. South America to about 25° S. lat. on the west, and about 
32° S. lat. on the east coast. 


a, h. <$ juv. sk. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Expedition. 

c. 
<$ ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Sir W. Burnett and 
Admiral Fitzroy [P.]. 
d. <S ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty [P.]. 
e. § ad. sk. Chili. Mr. Brydges [C.j. 
f. $ juv. sk. Chili. Mr. Brydges [C.J. 
ffy h. $ $ ad. sk. Chili. E. C. 'Reed. Esq. re.'. 
*. cTjuv.sk. Chili. E. C. Keed, Esq. [C.]. 
k. Skeleton. 
Purchased. 
4. Circus spilonotus. 
Circus spilonotus, JEuaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 59: Strickl. Oni. Syn. 

p. 157 (1855)• Swinhoe, Ibis, 1803, p. 213, pi. v., I&05, p. 230, et 
1870, p. 87; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 36 (1809;: Stc'mh. P. X. 8. IbTh 
p. 342; Taczan. J.f.O. 1872, p. 349. 
Adult male. Above blackish, the nape and hind neck streaked w ith 
white, the neck more broadly; scapulars and wing-coverts tipped 
and spotted with ashy white, the least wing-coverts along the edge 
of the wing entirely white narrowly streaked with blackish; upper 
tail-coverts white, with remains of ashy-brown bars; the feathers of 
the lower rump blackish, spotted and barred on both webs with 
white; tail silvery ash-colour, whitish at the tips and on the inner 
webs; outer cubital coverts, primary coverts, and outer secondaries 
silvery ashy tipped with white; the innermost secondaries brown or 
ashy grey barred with brown; primaries blackish, more or less 
washed with ashy grey, especially on the outer web; the secondaries 
white underneath, the primaries white at base of inner web; sides 
of face and ear-coverts blackish; sides of neck and facial ruff blackish, 
streaked with white; under surface of body white, including the 
under wing- and tail-coverts; the throat and breast streaked longitudinally 
with black, the latter more narrowly ,* legs rich chrome-
yellow, ochreous on the tarsi. Total length 20 inches, culmen 1*8, 
wing 15*5, tail 9,o> tarsus 3*8. 

Adult female. Above brown slightly shaded with ashy, the dorsal 
feathers obsoletely margined with dull rufous; the crown and hind 
neck tawny buff, paler on the neck, all the feathers mesially streaked 
with brown; the scapulars and wing-coverts margined and barred 
with tawny or fulvous, the least wing-coverts more conspicuously 
margined with rufous ; quills brown, narrowly tipped with whitish, 
externally shaded with ashy grey, the secondaries less distinctly, 

16 . CIECTJS. 
and all barred across with darker brown; tinder surface of wing 
white, the dark bars showing very distinctly; lower back and rump 
brown, the feathers distinctly tipped with pale rufous; upper tail-
coverts pure white; tail ashy grey, tipped with fulvous and crossed 
with five blackish bands, the subterminal one much the broadest, 
the ashy grey interspaces inclining to or replaced by pale tawny on 
the outer feathers; lores as well as a distinct eyebrow and ear-
coverts buffv white; sides of face and of neck, as well as the facial 
ruff, rufous buff streaked with dark brown; under surface of body 
creamy buff, with central pointed marks of rufous brown to the 
feathers, more distinct on the fore neck and under wing- and tail-
coverts • flank-feathers and axillaries rufous brown, with large 
rounded spots of creamy buff on both webs; under wing-coverts 
and thighs creamy buff, with irregular central streaks of rufous 
brown occupying the major part of the greater under wing-coverts. 
Total length 23 inches, wing l|-5, tail 11, tarsus 3-1. 

Sab. Bauria southwards through Eastern China to the Malayan 
peninsula and the Philippines. 

a. $ ad. sk. Philippine Islands, Hugh Curuing, Esq, [C.]. 
b. c? ad. sk.
c. c? juv. sk.
il 2 ad. sk.
e. cjjuv.sk. 
Philippine Islands. 
FoMen, China. 
Fokien, China. 
Dauria, May 22,1873.
Type °^ species. 
Zoological Societv. 
J. Gould, Esq. [3?.]. 
J". Gfould, Esq. I P.J. 
Dr. Dybowski [C.]. 

5. Circus maillardi. 
Circus melanoleucus, Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 21 (1861). 

Circus maillardi, Verr. in Maill Vile de la Reun. ii. p. 12 (1863); 
Scl Ibis, 1863, p. 163, pi. 4, et 1864, p. 298; Schl. fy Poll Faun. 
Madag. Ois. p. 40 (1868); Gumey, Ibis, 1869, p. 450 ; Gray, 
Hand-L B. i. p. 36 (1869); Schl. Mm. F.-B. Revue Aceipitr. p. 51 

(1873). 

Young. Above deep chocolate-brown, with pale rufous edges to 
the feathers of the crown and wing-coverts; nape and hind neck 
rufous buff, streaked with dark brown; sides of face and of neck, 
as well as entire underparts, dark brown, with rufous margins to 
the feathers, the chin paler and more fulvous and streaked with 
dark brown; thighs and under tail-coverts deep rufous, the latter 
brown in the centre; upper tail-coverts rufous, the outer ones more 
inclining to fulvous, with dark brown centres; tail chocolate-brown, 
inclining to blackish towards the tip, which is rufous ochre; quills 
black, the secondaries tipped with ashy brown, lighter and more 
ashy below, the primaries whitish at immediate base. Total length 
20 inches, wing 13*9, tarsus 3*05. (Mus. Lugd.) 

Adult. Above black, the nape and hind neck streaked with white; 
the least wing-coverts running along the bend of wing margined 
with white, the outer median ones with grey * the greater coverts 
clear ashy grey, with a large subterminal black mark, giving the 
appearance of an irregular bar,- primaries black; secondaries ashy 
grey, tipped with white, and subterminally marked with black, the 

FALCONIB^:. 

innermost uniform with the back; the under surface of the wings 

blackish, with a good deal of white on inner webs of the quills, 

especially the median ones, bub no bars; rump blackish, with 

white tips to the feathers; upper tail-coverts white; tail silvery 

ash-colour, with remains of a black subterminal band and a few 

spots of the same on the outer feathers, the under surface of the tail 

whiter, especially on the inner webs; sides of face and of neck 

entirely black, the latter streaked with white; lower surface of body 

pure white, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries; the 

throat and breast broadly streaked with black, diminishing to nar


row shaft-lines on lower breast. Total length 20 inches, culmen 

1*45, wing 14*1, tail 9*3, tarsus 3*35, middle toe 1-75 (Afus. Lugd.). 

Hah* Reunion and Joanna Island. 

a. Pull. sk. Reunion. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
6. Circus matures. 
Palco mauras, Tem?n. PL Col. i. pi. 401 (1828). 
Circus lalandii, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 388 (1830). 
Circus maurus, Less. TraiU, p. 87 (1831)• Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 32 


(1845;,- Smith, III Zool S. Afr. Avea, pi. 58 (1841) ; Stricld. Orn. 
Syn. p. 153 (1855); Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 48 (1858) ; Zayard, 

B. S. Afr. p. 35 (1807) • Gumey, in uinderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 33 
(1872). 
Strigiceps maurus, Kaap, Mus. Senck. iii. p. 258 (1845), 
Circus ater, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. p. 80 (1848). 
Strigiceps ater, Bp. Consp. i. p. 35 (1850). 


Young. Above deep chocolate-brown, with broad margins of rufous 
buff to the feathers; the head deep brown, the hinder pail with 
broad rufous margins to the feathers; nape varied with white ; a 
distinct eyebrow, and the sides of the face buffy white, the hinder 
ear-coverts tinged with rufous and (as well as the cheeks) narrowly 
lined with brown; behind the ear a facial ruff of brown feathers; 
sides of neck and under surface of body deep ochraeeous buff, the 
breast-feathers marked" at the base with dark brown, taking the 
form 'of stripes on the flanks; under wing-coverts coloured and 
marked with brown like the breast; axillaries dark brown, with 
large spots of white on both webs; primaries ashy grey, tipped with 
fulvous,'barred across with brown, more particularly on the inner 
web, these bars plainer underneath where the inner web is white; 
the secondaries coloured like the back, the lower surface brown, 
with distinct bars of ashy grey; upper tail-coverts white, the lower 
ones slightly marked with brown; tail black, broadly tipped with 
buffy white and crossed with four bars of ashy grey, the base of the 
tail white. 

Adult. G-eneral colour brownish black, decidedly browner below ; 
the under wing- and tail-coverts blackish like rest of under surface; 
upper tail-coverts white, the lower ones subterminally spotted v ith 
black; primary coverts blackish, barred across with ashy grey ; 
primaries externally ashy grey, brown at tips; the longer primai if*s 
brown, externally silvery grey; the secondaries brownish black like 

16 . CIECTJS. 
61 

the back, very slightly shaded with grey externally; inner webs of all 
the quills below white, with a broad terminal band of brown on the 
secondaries, which have also remains of other bars; tail black, tipped 
with dull white, and crossed with three bars of ashy grey, the immediate 
base of the tail white, as also are all the cross bars underneath. 
Total length 17 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 13-5, tail 9*7, 
tarsus 2*75. 

Adult female. Larger than the male. Total length 22 inches, 
wing 15, tail 10*5, tarsus 3*1. 
Hah. South Africa. 

a. Pull. sk. Cape Colony. J. Verreaux [0.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Gape Colony. S. African Museum. 
c. d. Juv. sk. Cape Colony. ~ S. African Museum. 
A Ad. sk. South Africa. X Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
7. Circus melanoleucus. 
Falco melanoleucus, Ford. Indiseh. Zool. p. 12, pi. 11 (1781). 
Faucon a collier des indes, Sonn. Voy. Ind. ii. p. 182 (1782). 
Black-and-White Falcon, Pmn. Ind. Zool p. 33, pi. 2 (1790). 
Tchoug, L&vaiM. Ok. (FAfr. i. p. 133, pi. 32 (1799) * Sund. Crit om 


LemilL p. 27 (1857). 

Circus melanoleucus, Vidll N. Diet dJKkt. Nat. iv. p. 465 (1816); 
Let*. Traite, p. 87 (1831) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 32 (1845); Strickl. 
Om. Syn. p. 154 (1855) j Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 98 (1862); Sehl Mm. 
R-B. bird, p. 8 (1802) : Gray, Hand-l B. I p. 37 (1869) -Eume, 
Bough Notes, ii. p. 307 (1870) * Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 34 • Boldsw. 

P. Z. S. 1872, p. 414. 
Stiigiceps melanoleucus, Kaup, Mus. Senck. iii. p. 258 (1845) • Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 35 (1850). 

Adult male. Upper parts glossy black, the rump and upper tail-
coverts white, the latter with two or three broad cross bars of black 
or ashy grey, the former also shaded with grey; wing-coverts silvery 
grey, margined with white, with a broad band of black feathers 
extending from the bend of the wing parallel with its margin and 
joining the median coverts, which are also black * primaries black, 
the primary coverts and secondaries silvery grey, except the innermost, 
which are also black * tail entirely silvery grey, tipped with 
white, below and on the inner webs white ; sides of face and neck, 
throat, and chest glossy black; rest of under surface, including the 
under wing- and tail-coverts, pure white; bill and cere black; feet 
yellow; iris yellow. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1, wing 14, 
tail 8*5, tarsus 3. 


Adidt female. Larger than the male, and washed on the back with 
slaty grey. Total length 2 inches, wing 15*4, tail 10, tarsus 3*3. 
Hah. Eastern Asia; eastern side of Indian peninsula andBurmah; 
northwards to Mongolia, Amoor Land, and Northern China. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
b 9 ad. sk. Assam. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
c. <$ ad. sk. India. X Gould, Esq. [P.J. 
d. <?ad. sk. India. 
e. (S ad. sk. River Ussouri. Purchased. 
FALCO^ID^. 

8. Circus maculosus. 
Alilargo, Azara, Apunt. p. 136 (1802) ; Hartl. 2nd. Asara} p. 3 

(1847). 
Aquila maculosa, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 3 bis (1807). 
Circus macropterus, Vieill M Diet. iv. p. 458 (1816); Gray, Gen. 

B. i p. 32 (1845); Bp. Consp. i. p. 34 (1850); Schl Mus. P.-B. 
Circi, p. 8 (1862) $ Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 49 '(1866) : Pels. Orn. 
Bras. pp. 8, 399 (1871); Scl. # Sdlv. Xommcl Av. Xeotr. p. 118 
(1873). 
Circus albicollis, Vieill N. Diet. tfHisi. JSrat. iv. p. 456 (1816). 

Circus leucophrys, Vieill N. Diet. iv. p. 464 (1816). 

Morphnus maculosus, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 319 (1817). 

Salvador Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 276 (1821). 

Falco palustris, Temm. PI Col i. pi. 22 (1824) j Max. Beitr. I p. 224 

(1830). 

Circus palustris, Less. Man. dIOrn. i p. 105 (1828). 

Circus superciliosus, Less. Traite, p. 87, pi. 3. fig. 1 (1831); Burm. 

Th. Bras. ii. p. 116 (1856). 

Buteo macropterus, If Orb. Voy. Am. Mer. Zool p. 112 (1835-41). 

Harpyia maculosa, Sw. Classif. B. ii. p. 208 (1837). 

Circus megaspHus, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 10; JDarxo. Voy. Beagle, 

Birds, p. 29 (1841) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 32, pi. 11 (1845); Strickl 

Om. Syn. p. 156 (1855). 
Spizocircus macropterus, Xaup, Mus. Senckenb. iii. p. 258 (1845). 
Circus maculosa, StrieM. Orn. Syn. p. 155 (1855). 

Young. Above brown, the feathers tipped with tawny rufous, 
deeper and more distinct on the crown; nape varied with buff; 
forehead, fore part of cheeks, and throat whitish; ear-coverts dark 
brown; facial ruff fulvous, slightly streaked with dark brown; 
primary coverts brown, like the rest of the wing-coverts, and tipped 
with tawny in the same manner; quills ashy grey, barred with 
blackish brown, all the feathers dark brown towards the lips, which 
are narrowly margined with fulvous, inner secondaries uniform with 
back; upper tail-coverts white, barred with brown or rufous brown; 
tail ashy grey, with four black bands; under surface of body dark 
brown, the feathers narrowly margined with fulvous, producing a 
streaked appearance; the thighs and under tail-coverts deep chestnut, 
the latter spotted with buff. 

Adult. Above black, with a slaty blue gloss; a narrow frontal 
band, extending backwards and forming an eyebrow, white, as also 
the fore part of cheeks ; rest of sides of face black like head, the 
facial ruff slightly spotted with white; greater wing-coverts, primary 
coverts, and quills bluish grey, banded with blackish brown, the 
primaries sepia-brown towards the tips, with bands of darker brown; 
inner secondaries blackish, like back; the under surface of the wing 
ashy grey;" the inner web of the primaries tinged with rufous near 
the base; lower back and rump uniform blackish; the upper tail-
coverts white, with more or less distinct remains of rufous-brown 
cross bars; tail ashy grey, tipped with whitish, and crossed with 
six bars of black, the subterminal one broadest; the inner webs of 
the feathers white, the black bars on the outer rectrices washed more 
or less distinctly with rufous; chin whitish; throat and fore neck 

16 . CIRCUS. 
Mack, the ruff plainly varied with, white ; under surface of body 
white, the breast with, a few narrow spots or streaks of black, the 
flanks and axillaries barred across with rufous brown; the vent and 
thighs almost destitute of marks, and the under tail-coverts with 
only a few rufous bars; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, 
plentifully barred across with black; bill black; cere bluish; feet 
yellow; iris yellow. Total length 20 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 17, 
tail 10, tarsus 3*2. 

Hah. The eastern side of S. America, from the Straits of Magellan 
to Venezuela, Trinidad, and British Guiana, though not yet absolutely 
recorded from Amazonia or Northern Brazil. 

a. JUT. sk. Maldonado. C. Darwin, Esq. [0.]. Type of C. megaspilus. 
b. Ad. sk. S. America. Purchased. 
c. Ad. sk. S. America. Purchased. 
(I JUT. st. Cayenne. Purchased. 
9. Circus assimilis. 
Circus assimilis, Jard. 8? Selby, III Orn, ser. 1, pi. 51 (1826); Schl. 

Mus. P.-B. Circi, p. 9 (1862) J id. Vog. Mderl Ind. Valkv. pp. 29, 

67, pi. 20.figs. 2, 3 (1866); Wall Ibis, 1868, p. 19: Wald. Tr.Z. & 

viii.?.38(1871). 

Circus jardinii, Gould, P. Z. S.1837, p. 141; id. Syn. B. Austr. part 3 

(1838) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 32 (1845) ; Gould, B. Austr. I pL 27 

(1848); Stnrt, Exp. C. Austr. ii. App. p. 16 (1849) ; Strickl 

Orn. Syn. p. 154 (1855); Gould, Handb. i. p. 60 (1865) ; Gray, 

&and-l B. i. p. 37 (1869) ; Schl Mus. P.-B. Berne Accipitr. p. 50 

(1873). 

Spilocircus jardinii, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 102. 
Strigiceps jardinii; Bp. Consp. i. p. 34 (1850). 


Young. Above ashy brown, the feathers broadly margined with 
pale tawny buff; the head and least wing-coverts deep rusty, with a 
few central streaks of dark brown; sides of face and of neck, as well 
as facial ruff, similarly coloured, but with rather broader streaks of 
brown; primaries black, secondaries browner, with tawny buff tips; 
all the quills pale ashy below on inner web, washed with rufous and 
mottled with ashy brown near base of primaries, barred with the 
same colour on the secondaries, the primaries coppery brown underneath 
towards their tips ; upper tail-coverts white, washed with 
rufous, and having dark brown centres; tail sepia-brown, tipped with 
tawny buff and crossed with six bands of black, the subterminal one 
being the broadest; under surface of body pale tawny buff, inclining 
to white on abdomen and thighs, narrowly streaked with dark brown 
on the breast; the under wing-coverts coloured like the latter, but 
with rather broader streaks, the lower ones barred with ashy brown 
and pale tawny buff; axillaries brown, margined and notched with 
pale tawny. 

Adult male. Above pale bluish slate-colour, the dorsal feathers, 
scapulars, and wing-coverts with margins or terminal spots of white, 
and having also large concealed white spots on the body of the 
feather; crown of head, cheeks, and ear-coverts, as well as the least 

FALC0NID-2E. 

wing-coverts, bright brick-red; facial raff pale bluish grey; quills 
bluish grey, the primaries browner at tip and on inner web, the 
secondaries barred with brown and tipped with white, the subterminal 
bar broadest; lower surface of wing pale ash-colour, the bars 
more distinct on inner web, which is washed with pale rufous on the 
primaries ; upper tail-coverts deep ashy brown, tipped and spotted 
on both webs with white, sometimes forming bars across, the outer 
ones barred with rufous and white; tail bluish ashy, tipped with 
white, and crossed with seven bands of black; under surface of body 
rufous, sprinkled all over with rounded white spots, the under wing-
coverts and axillaries similarly coloured; the breast less plentifully 
spotted and inclining more or less to ashy grey, the spots on the 
under tail-coverts larger and taking the form of bars, the thighs also 
narrowly barred with white ; cere olive-yellow; bill blue at base, 
black on culmen and at tip ; legs yellow; iris yellow. Total length 
22 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 15-9, tail 10*8, tarsus 3*5. 

Adult female. Larger than the male. Total length 24*5 inches, 

wing 18, tail 11-5, tarsus 4-2. 

Obs. Examples vary somewhat in colouring, especially in the size 
and number of white spots below. The Cape-York bird (vide infra) 
has more grey on the crown than the others, and the facial ruff below 
the throat is spotted with white. The breast has less ashy grey 
than usual; and the white spots are of large size, and continued all 
over the chest. The bars on the tail vary, probably with age, some 
specimens not having more than six. 

Hob. Eastern Australia, from New South TVales to Cape York; 

Celebes. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
b. Ad.sk. Australia. Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.]. 
c. Juv. sk. Australia. Lady Carington [P.]. 
d. Juv. sk. Woody Wallis's Island. Earl of Deroy [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Liverpool Plains, N.S.W. J. Gould, Esq. 
/. Ad. sk. Cape York. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
V. Juv. sk. Cape York. J. Gould, Esq. 
X. Ad. sk. N.E. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.]. 
i. Ad.sk. Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. \C.\ 
k. 3 ad. sk. Makassar. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
10. Circus pygargns. 
The Ring-tail, Albin, Birds, ii. pi. 5 (1738)*. 
Palco pygargus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 148 (1766, ex Albin). 
Falco cinerarius, Mont Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. p. 188 (1808). 
Falco hyemalis, Penn. Brit. Zool i. p. 243 (1812): Yarr. Brit B. i. 


p. 100(1843). 
Circus cinerarius, Leach, Syst Cat Mam. $c. Brit Mus. p. 9 (1816) ; 
* Albin'a description of the hen Ring-tail is scarcely clear enough to indicate 
the species; but the description of the male and thefigure clearly refer to Circus 
cinerarius of Montagu. I am also unable to identify his " Cock Ring-tail or 
Hen Harrier" (iii. pi. 3, 1740). This is possibly C. cyaneus, to which it has 
always been referred. 
16 . CIECTTS. 
65 

StricH. Orn. Sun. p. 152 (1855): Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. 

p. 33 (1872). 
Circus ater, Vieill. N. Diet, iv. p. 459 (1816); Pucker. Rev. et Maq. 
de Zool 1850, *p. 82. 
Circus montagui, Vieill. N. Diet xxxi. p. 411 (1819); id. et OuTdt Gal. 
Ois. L pi. 13 (1825); Less. TraiM, p. 84 (1831). 
Falco cineraceus, Temm. Man. i. p. 76 (1820); Naum. Vog. Deutschl. 

i. p. 402, pi. 40 (1822) ; Werner, Atlas, Kapaces, pi. 29 (1827) : 
Schl & Susem, Vog. Eur. Taf. 38, 88 a (1839). 
Circus cinerascens, Steph. Gen. Zool xiii. p. 41 (1825) ; Gray, Gen. 

B. i. p. 32 (1845) ; Schl Vog. Nederl pis. 18,19 (1854); id. Mm, 
P.-B. Circi, p. 3 (1862) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 34 (1867) ; Heugl 
Orn. KO.-Afr, i. p. 105 (1869); Schl Mus. P-B. Revue Aceiptr. 
p. 49 (1873). I 
Buteo eineraeeus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 55 (1828). 
Circus cineraceus, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 338 (1829); Gould, B. Eur. 
I pi. 35 (1837); Macgill Mist. Brit. B. iii. p. 378 (1840); Remits. 
Eggs Brit. B. i. p. 49, pi. xvi. %. 2 (1856) j Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 97 
(1862) 5 Newt. Ooth. WoUey. p. 148 (1864) ; Montess. Rev. et Mag. 
1865, p. 809, pis. 25,26 j Sundev. Sv. Fogl. p. 225, pi. Ixidi.figs. 2,3 
(1866) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. pt xii, (1867) j JDegl. et Gerhe, Orn. 
Europ. i. p. 109 (1867); Gray, Rand-l B. i. p. 37 (1869); Rume, 
Rough Notes, ii. p. 303 (1870); Blanf. GeoL §> Zool Abyss, p. 301 
(1870) ; Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 138 (1871) j Sahad. Faun. 
Hal. TJcc. p. 26 (1871) j Szoinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 342: Roldsw. 

P. Z. S. 1872, p. 413; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 184 (1872). 
Circus pratorum, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 95 (1831). 
Falco cinerascens, Barb. Rev. Zool 1838, p. 121. 
Strigiceps cineraceus, Bp. Comjp. List B. Eur.fyN. Am. p. 5 (1838) ; 
id. Consp. i. p. 35 (1850) ; Locke, Expl. Sci. Alger. Ois. i. p. 85 

(1867}. 
Circus nipalensis, Rodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844). 
Glaucopteryx cinerascens, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 58. 
Strigiceps pratorum, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 269. 
Strigiceps elegans, id. torn. cit. p. 269. 
Strigiceps cinerascens, Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 9. fig. 7, tab. 10.fig.3 

(1858). 

Young. Above brown, all the feathers narrowly margined with 
pale tawny excepting the tipper tail-coverts, which are very broadly 
and conspicuously margined; head and neck rich tawny, with brown 
centres to the feathers, producing a mottled appearance; lores, a 
distinct eyebrow, and the fore part of the ear-coverts pure white, 
the cheeks and hinder part of ear-coverts dark brown, the latter 
washed with rufous; quills entirely blackish brown, with narrow 
white tips, the primaries externally shaded with ashy and barred 
across with blackish—these bars more distinct underneath, where the 
lining of the quills is ashy white, inclining to rufous near base of 
inner web; upper tail-coverts white, with narrow shaft-lines of dark 
brown, the higher ones washed with tawny; tail deep tawny, inclining 
to buff at tip, and crossed with four or ixve blackish bands, the 
central feathers uniform ashy brown with five distinct cross bands 
of black; throat whitish ; facial ruff and entire under surface of 
body clear tawny, with a few central streaks of reddish brown on the 
upper breast, flanks, and upper wing-coverts. 

VOL. i. ® 

6t> 
PALCOMD^J. 

Adult male. Above bluish grey, the wing-coverts a little darker 
and slightly mottled, with a terminal spot of dark ash-colour; primary 
coverts and secondaries silvery grey, narrowly tipped with 
white, and crossed with two bands of black, the lower one concealed 
by the greater wing-coverts, but plain enough on under surface, 
whieh is whitish ashy; primaries black, the inner ones shaded with 
grey towards tips and on the inner web ; upper tail-coverts white, 
shading into ashy grey at the tips, which are subterminally deep ashcolour, 
sometimes two bands of ashy grey on the feathers; tail 
cindery grey, the two central feathers uniform, the rest banded across 
with five broad bars of ashy black, inclining gradually to and becoming 
tawny rufous on the outer feathers, the interspaces on these being 
white; lores whitish; facial ruff cindery grey like head; throat and 
entire breast pale bluish grey; abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under 
wing- and tad-coverts white, with distinct longitudinal streaks of 
rufous fawn ; the axiilaries with large diamond-shaped cross markings 
of the same colour; cere greenish yellow; bill blackish; feet 
yellow; iris yellow. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 15, 
tail 2'b, tarsus 2*3*. 

Adult female. Above nearly uniform brown, with very slight remains 
of fulvous margins to the feathers, more distinct on the innermost 
wing-coverts; head and hind neck streaked with pale rufous, 
as also the facial ruff and sides of the neck; ear-coverts nearly 
uniform brown, feathers under the eye whitish; quills dark brown, 
the primary coverts and primaries shaded with grey externally, 
barred with darker brown, more distinct underneath, where the quills 
are fulvous white on inner web, the inner secondaries brown like the 
back; upper tail-coverts white; tail brown, tipped with paler 
brown, and crossed with five bands of darker brown, the interspaces 
paler and more rufescent on outer rectrices, inclining to whitish on 
inner web ; under surface of body huffy white, with rufous centres 
to the feathers, giving a distinctly striped appearance; cere dull 
yellow; bill black; feet yellow; iris hazel. Total length 19 inches, 
wing 15-3, tail 8*7, tarsus 1*4. 

Hah. Europe generally to the south of 60° X. lat.; ranging in 
winter through Palestine and along the Xile to Abyssinia and South 
Africa; all over India and Ceylon, and to the river Yangtze in 
China. 

a. 
<$ ad. sk. Devonshire. CoL Montagu [P.]. Type 
of Fcdco dnerarius. 
h. $ juv. st. Devonshire. CoL Montagu [P.T 
c. <? ad. sk. Wiltshire. CoL Montagu [P.J. 
d. £ ad. sk. Oxfordshire. Miss Moreland [P.], 
e. 2 ad. sk. Great Britain. Sir A, Molesworth [P.]. 
/ . <? ad. sk. Europe. Purchased. 
* Supposing that all the grey-plumaged birds are males, as is always stated, 
the wing varies from 13-5 to 15*5, which is the length of the brown-plumaged 

female. It seems to me by no means improbable that the old female may re


semble the old male, though taking perhaps a longer time to gain the adult 

plumage. 

16 . CIRCUS. 
g. $ var. st. Europe. Purchased. 
h. <$ ad. sk. Madras. Dr. Jerdon [P.l 
i. $ juv. sk. Nepal. B.H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.1 
h. $ juv. sk. Geylon. E. L. Layard, Esq. [0.1. 
1. c? juv, sk. Bogos Land. Herr Esler [0.1 
m. $ ad. sk. Eikhullut, March 27, 1868. W.T.Blanford,Esq. [0.]. 
n. <$ ad. sk. Eikhullut, March 27, 1868. W.T.Blanford,Esq. "0.1 
o. S juv.s^* Amba, Samhar, Aug. 18,1368. W.T.Blanford,Esq. "0.1. 
p. § ad. sk. 
£. <£ ad. st, Cape of Good Hope. 
r. Skeleton. Purchased. 
s. Skeleton. Zoological Society. 
i. Sternum. J. Kae, Esq. [P.]. 
u. Sternum. B.H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
11. Circus maenmis. 
Accipiter macrourus, S. G. Gmel K Comm. Petrop, xx. p. 439, pis. viii. 

& ix. (1771). 
Falco niacrurus, Gm. S. JV. i. p. 269 (1788). 
Circus swainsonii, Smith. S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 384 (1830) ,* Gray, 

Gen. B. i. p. 32 (1845); Smith, III S. Afr. Zool pis. 43,44 (1849); 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 35 (1850); Started. Orn. Syn. p. 151 (1855),-Kuril 
0/72. W. Afr. p, 16 (1857) ; Schl Mus. P.-B. Oirci, p. 4 (1862); 
Jerd. B. Bid. i. p. 96 (1862) ; Bed. u. Gerhe, Orn. Bur. i. p. Ill 
(1867) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 34 (1867) ; Hmgl Orn. N.O.-Afr. 

i. p. 105 (1869); Blanf Geol $c. Abi/ss. p. 301 (1870); JSume, 
Bough Xotes, ii. p. 298 (1870); Salvad. Faun. Hal. Ucc. p. 25 (1871); 
Gurney m Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 32 (1872). 
Circus superciliaris*, Smith. S. Afr. Q. Jour. i. p, 385 (1830). 
Circus cyaneus, Franld. P. Z. S. 1830, p. 115. 
Circus albescens, Less. Traiie, p. 85 (1831). 
Circus pallidus, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. SO; Gould, B. Bur. i. pi. 34 


(1837); Sund. Sv. Fogl p. 224, pi. lxxii. f. 4 (1866); Gray, Hand-l 

B. i. p. 37 (1869); Finseh, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 203 (1870); Swinh. 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 342; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 183 (1872); Hume, Str. 
F I p. 160 (1873). 
Circus dalmatinus, Bupp. Mus. Smckerib. ii. p. 177, pi. 11 (1837). 
Strigiceps pallidus, Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. Sf 2V. Am. p. 5 (1838). 
Falco pallidus. Schl u. Suse?n, Vog. Fur. Taf. 30 (1839); Temm. Man. 

<fOr».iv.p.594(1840). 
Circus sequipar, Pueher. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 14 j Cromm. Nederl Tijds. 

ii. p. 66 (1867\ 
Glaucopteryx pallidus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 58. 
Strigiceps swamsoni, Bp. Bev. Crit Ois. d'Fur. p. 133 (1850) ; Fritsch, 
Vog. Fur. tab. 9. fig. 8, tab. 10. fig. 2 (1858) • Loche, Fxpl Sei 
Alger. Ois. i. p. 88 (1867). 
Strigiceps desertorum, Brehm, Kaum. 1855, p. 269. 

Adult male. Above pale bluish grey, the crown and interscapular^ 
region very slightly darker; lores, a distinct eyebrow and sides of 
face white, the ear-coverts slightly streaked with ashy; under surface 
of body white with a slight greyish shade on the facial ruff, on 

* Printed sitperaliaris, but doubtless a misprint for superciliaris, a title justified 
by the type specimen. 
c*2 

FALCOKID^. 

the sides of the "breast, and on the greater under wing-coverts; quills 
blackish brown, primaries externally washed with ashy grey, the 
secondaries entirely of the latter colour and tipped with white; primaries 
white at base of inner web, the rest of the quills entirely 
white underneath, the secondaries with a nearly obsolete greyish 
subterminal band; upper tail-coverts white, barred across with ashy 
grey; middle tail-feathers uniform ashy grey, the rest white with 
seven or eight bars of ashy grey, all tipped with white, under surface 
of tail entirely white, the bars less distinct. Bill black; feet 
yellow; iris yellow. Total length 17-5 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 

13-2, tail 8-8, tarsus 2-65. 
Adult female. Above brown, the head and hind neck streaked 
with tawny fulvous, with which most of the feathers of the upper 
surface are margined and tipped, the small wing-coverts especially 
broadly; frontal feathers, a superciliary line as well as a spot below 
the eye white; cheeks and ear-coverts dark brown, very slightly 
streaked with tawny; facial ruff dark brown, plainly streaked with 
creamy buff; wings nearly uniform sepia-brown, tipped with buffy 
white, primaries externally shaded with ashy grey; primaries plainly, 
secondaries obsoletely barred with darker brown, plainer underneath, 
where the inner webs arc creamy buff; upper tail-coverts white, 
barred across or diamond-spotted with dark brown; tail pale tawny, 
crossed with four broad blackish bars, the interspaces inclining to 
white on the outer feathers, the black bars replaced by rufous on 
external reetrix, the two centre feathers ashy brown, with six 
blackish brown cross bars, the subterminal one broadest; under surface 
of body creamy white, with broad longitudinal streaks of brown 
on chest, becoming narrower and more rufous on lower breast and 
abdomen; under tail-coverts clearly rufescent; under wing-coverts 
creamy buff, with diamond-shaped spots and streaks of brown, the 
lower series barred across with blackish; axillaries brown, inclining to 
rufous, with large oval spots of falvous on both webs; cere greenish 
yellow; bill horny black, gape dull greenish; feet yellow; iris dark 
hazel. Total length 20-5 inches, wing 14-7, tail 10*5, tarsus 2*9. 
Young, Brown, like the old female, but not so much variegated 
above, with tawny margins to the feathers; under surface entirely 
pale fawn-colour, the facial ruff of this same colour, and therefore 
contrasting in marked prominence with the dark brown cheeks and 
ear-coverts, the flank-feathers and axillaries with indistinct brown 
central streaks; frontal feathers, superciliary streak, and spot under 
the eye whitish; upper tail-coverts white, spotted with pale rufous; 
tail much as in old female, but the dark bars only rive in number. 
Hal. Europe generally, as far north as 60° X. lat., and about S° 

E. long.: in winter in Africa, except the forest-region of the west 
coast; all India and Ceylon, Burmah, and to the river Yangtze in 
China. 
a. <$ ad. sk. Athens. C. W. L. Merlin, Esq. [P.]. 
K S ad. sk. Southern Ural. Dr. Strader [C.]. 
c. 3 ad. sk. Mesopotamia. Euphrates Expedition [C.X 
d. 
2 ad. sk. Kaikote, Kattiawar, Capt J. Haves Lloyd LP J* 
lSTov. 10,1871. 
16. CIRCUS. 
e. J juv. sk. Bajkote, Kattiawar, Capt. J. Hayes Lloyd [P.]. 
XSOY. 10, 1871. 
/, g. £ ad. sk. Punjaub. Major-Gen. Sir F. Hearsey [0.]. 
h. <$ ad. sk. Deecan (Burgess). J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
I S ad. sk. Bdliar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.I. 
&. c? JUT. sk. Bekar. B. 11. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]* 
I (S juv. sk. Kepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.I. 
m. cS ad. sk. Zoulla, Annesley Bay, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [O.J. 
Feb. 19,1868. 
n. § ad. sk. Bissao. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [T.J. 
o. 2 ad. sk. Transvaal. A. Foresnian, Esq. [P. J. 
p. $ ad. sk. Cape Colonv. 
q. ? juv. st. Cape Colony. Sir A. Smith [0.]. Type of C. 
superciliaris. 

12. Circus sernginosus. 
The Moor-Buzzard, Alhin, Birds, i. pi. 3 (1731). 
Le Busard de Marais, Briss. Orn. i. p. 401 (1760). 
Le Busard roux, Briss, Orn. i. p. 404 (1760). 
Falco aeruginosa, Linn, S. N. L p. 130 (1766); Buff. PI Eul. i. p. 424 


(1783). 
La Harpaye, Buff, PL Enl i. pi. 460 (1783). 
Falco rufus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 26(3 (1788, ex Buff.); Temm. Man. i. p. 69 

(1820) ; Naum. Tog. Deutschl. I p. 378, Taf 37, 38. fig. 1 (1822;; 
Werner, Atlas, Rapaees, p. 27 (1827); Schl. u. Susem. Vog. Bur. 
Taf. 36 (1839); Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 90 (1840). 

Falco arundinaceus, Bechst. Orn. Tasehenb. p. 23 (1802). 
Circus seruffinosus, Savign. Syst. Ois.Egypte, p,90 (1809); Bess. TraiU, 


p. 86 (1831) j Macgill. Brit. B. iii. p. 382 (1840) ; Gray, Gen. B. 
i. p. 32 (1845); Bp. Consp. i. p. 34 (1850); Schl. Vog. Nederl 
pis. 20-22 (1854) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 14G (1855); Heicits. Eggs 
Brit. B. i. p. 44 (1856); Fritseh, Vog. Eur. tab. 9. fig. 5, tab. 10. 
figs. 5-7 (1858); Schl Mus. P.-B. Oirci, p. 11 (1802) ; Jerd. B. 
Ind. i. p. 99 (1862); Newt. Oath. Wolley. p. 143 (1864); Bottom, 
Ucc. Bomb. i. pis. 31, 81a (1865); Sundev. Sv. Fogl p. 222, 
pi. xxviii. figs. 4, 5 (1866); Locke, Expl. Sci. Alger. Ois. p. 82 
(1867); JDegl §* Gerbe, Orn. Europ. L p. 105 (1867); Gotdd, B. Gt. 
Br. pt. xiii. (1868); Gray, Hand-L B. I p. 36 (1869); Heugl Orn. 
N.O.-Afr. p. 103 (1869); Blanf. Geol. $ Zool Abi/ss.p. 301 (1870); 
Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 314 (1870); Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 147; 
Saload. Faun. ltd. Ucc. p. 24 (1871); Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. 

p. 127 (1871); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 181 (1872); Socage, Jorn. 
Lisb. 1872, p. 1; Hume, Stray F. i. p. 160 (1873); Schl. Mus. P.-B. 
Hevue Aceipitr. p. 50 (1873). 
Circus rufus, Savign. Syst. Ois. Eqypie, p. 91 (1809); Less. Traite. 

p. 86 (1831) ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 37 (1837). 
Accipiter circus, Pall. Zoogr. Bosso~A$. i. p. 362 (1811). 
Pygargus rufus, Koch, Syst. Baier, Zool. i. p. 119 (1816). 
Buteo seruginosus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 55 (1828). 
Circus variegatus, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1830, p.* 81. 
Circus arundinaceus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 91 (1831). 
Circus aquaticus, Brehm, Isis, 1832, p. 836. 
Circus sykesii, Less. Compl. Buff. vii. p. 161 (1836). 
Buteo rufus, Couch, Com. Faun. p. 11 (1838). 
Young. Nearly uniform chocolate-brown, the feathers of the upper 

FAXCONTB^. 

surface washed with, rufous on their margins; the upper tail-coverts 
and under surface more decidedly rufous brown; crown of head, 
throat, and cheeks creamy "buff, the feathers of the hinder neck, 
wing-coverts, and centre of breast often showing margins of this 
colour, giving a streaked appearance and indicating approaching 
adolescence ; wings brown, the primaries much darker; tail uniform 
brown, very slightly mottled with rufous. 

Ohs. Both sexes appear to be alike when young, and to pass 
through the same changes till the adult stage is reached. The latter 
may be known by the bluish-grey wings and tail. 

Adult male. Above dark brown, with slight remains of rufous 
margins to the feathers of the upper surface, the least wing-coverts 
buffy white with dark brown centres; outer greater coverts, primary 
coverts, and secondaries bluish ashy, with very slight white 
tips; the innermost secondaries brown, more or less washed with 
ashy grey ; primaries blackish brown, much paler at the tips, creamy 
white at base of inner web, increasing in extent towards the secondaries, 
which are entirely light ashy below; upper tail-coverts white, 
somewhat washed with gvej and tinged with rufous; tail uniform 
bluish ash-colour, paler and a little more fulvescent beneath; entire 
head and neck creamy buff, streaked with dark brown, the inter-
scapulary region also slightly streaked; facial ruff indistinct, being 
coloured like the rest of the head and neck; sides of face and throat 

white with narrow streaks of dark brown, the hinder margin of ear-
coverts nearly uniform brown; under surface of body creamy buff, 
the breast longitudinally streaked with brown; the abdomen and 
thighs more decidedly rufescent, but appearing partially streaked by 
reason of the fulvous margins to the feathers; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries uniform buffy white, the latter with a narrow longitudinal 
shaft-line of brown; cere greenish yellow; bill blackish; 
feet yellow, claws black; iris bright yeEow. Total length 22-5 
inches, culmen 1*55, wing 16, tail 10, tarsus 3-4. 

Adult female. Slightly larger than male* Total length 23 inches^ 
wing 17, tail 11, tarsus 3*8. 

Hah. Europe generally, seldom north of 60° N. lat., rare in 
Siberia, but occurring in China, Japan, and the Philippines in winter, 
as well as the whole of India and N.E. Africa, occurring at that 
season in S. Africa also. 

a. 2 juv. St. Carmarthenshire. Col. Montagu [P.]. 
b. Juv. var. st. Norfolk. J. Scales, Esq. [P.]. 
c. $ juv. St. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [C.l. 
d. cJ ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker t C.J. 
e. § juv. St. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [C.J. 
/. Ad. var. st. Great Britain. J. Gould, Esq. 
9cj 
ad. st. Europe. D. W. Mitchell, Esq. [P.]. 
h. cJ juv. sk. Near Bremen. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. (PA 
i. $ ad. sk. Athens. 0. W. L. Merlin, Esq. [P.]. 
> <$ ad. sk. Gennesareth, Canon Tristram [C.l. 
h. $ juv. sk. Gennesareth. Canon Tristram [C. J. 
i c? ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. J. 
m, m\m". .luv.sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. \ 

16 . CIKCTJ3. 
71 

n. 3 ad. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
o. $ juv. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
p. (S juv. sk. Moorshedabad. Colonel Cobbe fC]. 
q. 2 JUY* s^* Darjiling. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
r. c? ^d. sk. China. J. E. Eeeves, Esq. [P.I. 
s. c? juv. sk. CMiia. J. E. Eeeves, Esq. [P.J. 
i. JUT. sk. Formosa. E. Swinhoe, Esq. [0.1 
u. 5 juv. st. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.]. 
v. Juv. sk. Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.]. 
w,x. Skeleton. Purcbased. 
y. Sternum. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
z. Sternum. J. Eae, Esq. [P.]. 

13. Circus ranivorus. 
Le Grenouillard, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. pi. 23 (1799); Sund. Crit. om 

Levaill p. 25 (1&57). 
Falco ranivoras, Baud. Traitt, ii. p. 170 (1800). 
Circus ranivorus, Cuv. BJegne An. 1 p. 858 (1829); Less. TraiU, p. 86 

(1831); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 32 (1845); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 151 
(1855); Grill, Zool Anteckn. p. 48 (1858); Gum. Ibis, 1859, p. 242; 
Sehl Mm. P.-B. Circi, p. 11 (1862); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 35 
(1867) ; Bocage, Jorn. Lhb. 1868, p. 47; Gray, MandA. B. i. p. 36 
(1869); Finsoh u. JBCartl. Tog. Ostafr. p. 97 (1870); Gurney in 
Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 34 (1872). 

Circus levaillantii, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 387 (1830). 
Palco pygargus, Kaup, Thierr. ii. p. 254 (1836). 
PygargTis ranivorus, Kaup, Classif. S'dug. u. Vog. p. 113 (1844). 


Young. Above brown, with a chocolate gloss, the feathers margined 
with dull rufous, very distinct on the least wing-coverts and 
head; quills dark brown, tipped with paler brown, the inner webs 
lighter and mottled with rufous, especially near base; rump dark 
brown, the lower feathers tipped with rufous; the upper tail-coverts 
entirely rufous, tipped with fulvous; tail ashy brown, tipped with 
fulvous, crossed with six bars of dark brown, the interspaces on the 
outer feathers more or less inclining to rufous; sides of face brown, 
the feathers over and under the eye whitish; facial ruff dark brown, 
with very slight streaks of fulvous; under surface of body chocolate-
brown, gradually inclining to deep rufous on the abdomen and thighs, 
the under wing-coverts rather brighter rufous, the centre of the 
breast slightly varied with fulvous streaks. 

Adult male. Above brown, the feathers margined on both sides 
with fulvous, those of the hind neck with white, causing a distinctly 
streaked appearance; upper wing-coverts orange-rufous, distinctly 
spotted on both webs and tipped with white; greater coverts brown, 
tipped with white, the outermost externally shaded with ashy grey; 
primary coverts and quills dull ashy grey, barred with blackish brown, 
the subterminal bar being the broadest; the secondaries browner, 
tipped with white, the cross bars almost imperceptible above, but 
plainer underneath; the inner web for the most part white; rump 
ashy brown, the feathers tipped with orange-rufous; upper tail-
coverts clear orange-rufous, slightly shaded with brownish and tipped 
with white; tail dull ashy grey, tipped with whitish and crossed 

FiXCOKED-aB. 

with eight bands of sepia-brown; the outer feathers for the most 
part orange-rufous; the ashy-grey bars distinct only towards the 
tips, the basal bars mixed with or entirely obscured by rufous; head 
and sides of face brown, slightly washed with rufous and streaked 
with darker brown; frontal feathers and those round the eye whitish; 
facial ruff rather distinct brown, streaked with pure white; under 
surface of body dull brown on the breast, shading into orange-rufous 
on the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts, the feathers distinctly 
margined with white, causing a streaked appearance; under wing-
coverts white, with arrow-shaped central spots of clear orange-rufous; 
feet light yellow; iris yellow. Total length 20*5 inches, culmen 1*85, 
wing 15-3, tail 9*5, tarsus 3*2. 

Adult female, Yery similar to the male, but more distinctly 
streaked on the abdomen and thighs, which are not so bright rufous 
and have very broad white margins; tail banded with brown and 
dull rufous, with no ashy-grey shade. Total length 21-5 inches, 
wing 15*6, tail 9*5, tarsus 3*2. 

Eab. South Africa, below 10° S. lat. 

a. Pull st. Blauw Berg, S. Africa. M. J. Verreaux [CJ. 
b. § juv. sk. Latakoo. M. J. Yerreaux [C.J. 
c. d. Juv. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
a<i* s

e, f. tf 2t« South Africa. S. African Museum. 

y. <$ ad. sk. South Africa.J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. ^ "" "~ "* 
h. Ad. sk. South Africa. John Eoeke, Esq. [P]. 
14. Circus gouldi 
Circus assimilis, Gould, B. Austr. i. pi. 26 (1848) * Strickl. Orn. Syn, 
p. 155 (1855) j Cass. U. 8. Expl. Exp. p. 101 (1858); Gould, 
JSCandb. B. Austr. L p. 58 (1865) ; Fimch u. BCartl Faim. C&n&r. 
Polyn. Orc.p.7 (1867); Gray, Hand-!. JB.Lp. 36 (1869); Mutton, 
Ibis, 1870, u. 392 j SchL Mus. P.-B. Heme Aceipitr. p. 51 (1873). 
Circus approximans, Peak, U. 8. Expl. Exp. p. 64 (1848). 
Circus gouldi, Bp, Co?isp. i. p. 34 (1850); id. Rev. Zool 1850, p. 491; 
Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 215; Boiler9 B. N. Zeal part 1 (1872). 
Circus wolfi, Gumey, P. Z. S. I860, p. 823, pi. xliv. 

Young. Above uniform sooty brown; the nape and hind neck 

streaked with rich fulvous; the upper tail-coverts tawny rufous, 

shaded mesially with brown; wings brown, like back; the primaries 

blacker; the secondaries narrowly margined with fulvous towards 

the tips; the inner web fulvous, washed with rufous near the base; 

under the eye a patch of fulvous feathers; under surface of body 

chocolate-brown, gradually becoming deep chestnut on abdomen, 

thighs, and under tail-coverts; tail nearly uniform brown, tipped 

with pale tawny buff; the outer feathers more or less tawny rufous 

near the base, mottled with brown, remains of obsolete dark brown 

bars being apparent on the centre feathers in certain lights. 

Adult. Above earthy brown; the nape and hind neck slightly 

streaked with buff; most of the dorsal feathers with central markings 

of darker brown; quills brown, shaded externally with ashy grey ; 

the secondaries narrowly tipped with fulvous, all with more or less 

16 . CIKCXJS. 
73 

distinct remains of blackish, forming on some of the secondaries a 
distinct subterminal spot; upper tail-coverts white, on some of them 
a slight spot of pale rufous; tail ashy grey, tipped with white; the 
central feathers entirely grey, the exterior ones gradually becoming 
more and more tawny rufous near the base, with a few dark brown 
mottlings; frontal and superciliary feathers dull whitish, not very 
distinct; sides of face and of neck dull rufous brown, streaked with 
dark brown; facial ruff rufous buff, streaked with blackish, and 
mottled with white; under surface of body creamy white, with distinct 
streaks of pale rufous brown along the centre of the feathers, 
broader on the under wing-coverts, and very narrow on the thighs 
and under tail-coverts; culmen pale greenish yellow; bill dark 
brown, bluish at base; tarsi greenish white; feet yellowish buff; 
iris yellow. Total length 21*5 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 16*25, 
tail 9*8, tarsus 3*9, 


Hah, Southern and Eastern Australia, as high as 20° N. lat.; Few 
Zealand, New Caledonia*, and the Fiji Islands. 


a. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir D, Cooper, Bart. [P.]. 
h. Juv. si S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.l 
c. Juv. sk. S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P. J. 
d Juv. sk. Waffis Island. Earl of Derby [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Eeed Beds, S. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
/. Juv. sk. Eeed Beds, S. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [P.J. 
</. 2 a(*-sk Banks's Peninsula, N. Z. R B. Sharpe, Esq. [P]. 
h, i Juv. sk. New Zealand. Antarctic Expedition. 
/. Juv. sk. New Zealand. Sir George Grey [P.J. 
k, Z, m. Juv. sk. New Zealand. Sir Everard Home, Bart. [P.l. 
n. Var. st. New Zealand. Sir Everard Home, Bart. [P.l. 
• o. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir Everard Home, Bart. [P.J. 
p. Juv. sk. New Zealand. Purchased. 
I have not had an opportunity of examining the following species:— 

15. Circus macroscelis. 
Circus macrosceles, A. Newton, P. Z. S.1863, p. 180; 22. Nexut. Ibis. 
1863, p. 337; Gurney, Ibis, 1869, p. 451; Gray, Hand-l. R i. 

p. 36 (1869). 
Immature male. Of the general appearance of Circus cyaneus, but 
of a much larger size. In colour exactly resembling examples of 
Circus cyaneus of the same age, but having the central stripes to the 
feathers of the belly longer, the tail-coverts broader, and the cross 
bars of the wings more narrow and more brightly marked; cere 
yellow; bill horn-colour, black at tip; feet yellow, claws black; 
iris yellow (Newton). Total length 22*75 inches, culmen 2, wing 
a little over 15, tail 10, tarsus 4, middle toe with claw 2*75. 

Mob. Madagascar. 

Obs. Professor Schlegel, in his lately published (Eevue' (p. 50), 
doubtfully refers this bird to C. assimilis of Australia. The latter is 
the only species which approaches it in length of tarsus; but at the 

* The Harrierfrom this locality, the true (J.wolfi} may turn out to be distinct. 
 FALCOKID-aS. 

same time it is a Marsh-Harrier, while Professor Newton allies his 
species to the Hen-Harrier. 

17. MIC&ASTUK. 
Braehypterus, Less. Compl Buff. vii. p. 113 (1886, Tjpe. 
nee Kugel) 31. semitorquatus. 
Carnifex, Less. Rev. Zool 1842, p. 378 (nee Sun


$ev\ 31. semltorquatus. 
Micrastur, £r ^ List Gen. B. p. 6 (1841) ., M. semitorquatus. 
Clirnacocercus, Cab. in Tschudi, Faun. JPeruan. 

Fog. p. 98 (1845) M. gilvicollis. 
Rhynchomegus, Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, 


p. 
537 M. semitorqiiatns. 
Cf. Sol. $ Sah. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 364. 
v ^ 

Bill of Micrastur. 

Range. From Southern Mexico throughout the whole of Columbia, 
Amazonia, Guiana, and Brazil, extending into Bolivia and Pent on 
the western side of the continent and to Rio on the eastern coast 

Key to the Species, 

a. Larger: underneath entirely uniform, not 
barred. 
a'. With a white or creamy-buff collar round 
hind neck semitorquatus, p. 75. 
b\ "With no collar mirandolld, p. 76. 

b. Smaller: underneath barred in a most regular 
manner. 
c'. Flanks white, barred with greyish black. 
c'r. Above uniform slate-colour, brown, or 
blackish grey, 
cm. Pore neck more or less tinged with 
orange-rufous rujicollw d7 p. 76. 
d"f. Pore neck barred with white and 
black. 
c"". Lower abdomen and vent white .. gtlmeoHu tf 2 ? P- 7$d"". 
Lower abdomen and vent di


stinctly barred like rest of under 
surface gueriUa £ p. 79. 

dn> Back rufous or rufous brown; head ashy 
grey or greyish black, in evident contrast. 


e'". Chest orange-rufous ruficollk %, p. 76. 

17 . MICKASTUB. 
/"'• G1hest white, barred with greyish 

black 

e"". Head and sides of neck ashy grey. guerilla $, p. 79. 

f". Head and sides of neck greyish 

black, the latter slightly washed 

with rufous >.. zonothorax $, p. 79. 

d'. Flanks uniform bright chestnut. cmianilius, p. 80. 

1. Mcrastur semitorquatas. 
Negribkneo, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 124 (1802). 

Faxado, Azara, Apunt i. p. 126 (1802). 

Sparvius semitorquatus, Vieill. N. Diet d?Hht Nat p. 322 (1817). 

Falco leucomelas, Licht, Vera. Doubl p. 62 (1823, ex IUiger, MS.). 

Falco brachypterus, Tmim. PL Col. i. pis. 116, 141 (1824). 

Astnr brachypterus, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 9 (1824). 

Ni&us brachypterus, Less. Man. ffOrn. i. p. 98(1828); Schl. Mus. 

P.~B. Astures, p. 52 (1862). 
Camifex naso, Zess. Eev. Zool 1842, p. 379. 
Mcrastur brachypterus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 6 (1841); id. Gen. 

B. i p. 28, pi. 10. %. 1 (1849); Bp. Comp. i. p. 30 (1850); Pek. 
Bets. Nov. Fog. p. 12 (1865); Gray, Mand4. B. I p. 31 (1869) ; 
Pek. Orn. Bras. pp. 7, 398 (1871). 
Falco percontator, Cabot, Bost. Joum* N. JBC. iv. p. 462 (1844). 
Herpetotheres brachypteras, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 71. 
Rhynchomegus brachypterus, Bp. Bev. et Mag. de ZooL 1854, p. 537. 
Micrastur semitorquatus. Strickl. 0?-n. Syn. p. 122 (1855); 861. & 

JSah. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 365. 
Climacocercus semitorquatus, Cab. J. f. O. 1865, p. 407. 


Young* Above dull chocolate-brown; the crown and sides of face 
uniform; the ear-coverts slightly fulvescent near the base; back 
and wing-coverts barred and slightly tipped with pale tawny rufous; 
collar round neck rufous buff, mottled with dark brown; quills 
brown, like back, and barred with rufous in same manner; upper 
tail-coverts brown, barred across with rufous white; tail brown, 
narrowly tipped with white and crossed with six bands of white 
washed with rufous; under surface of body white; the throat unspotted; 
the breast thickly barred with brown strongly washed 
with rufous, becoming broader and blacker on the flanks, thighs, and 
under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts white, spotted and barred 
with dark brown like the breast. 

Adult. Head and upper surface of body blackish, as well as a line 
drawn down the side of the face along the hinder margin of the ear-
coverts ; sides of face, a collar round the hind neck, and entire under 
parts pale oehreous fawn, including the under wing-and tail-coverts; 
the hind neck with a few blackish cross markings; quills uniform 
with back, the primaries a little browner externally, all barred with 
white on the inner web; upper tail-coverts blackish, barred and 
tipped with white; tail blackish, tipped with white and crossed with 
three bands of white, not strictly conterminous on outer feathers. 
Total length 20 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 10*4, tail 10-3, tarsus 3*25. 

Ob$. Yery old birds appear to become quite white below and to 
have a white collar. 

FALCOfflD-E. 

Eab. Sparingly distributed through, central America from Southern 
Mexico and Yucatan, throughout Few Granada and the countries 
south of the Orinoco, and all Brazil to Paraguay and Rio, not occurring 
in "Western Amazonia. 

Ad. st.
b. Juv. st. 
Bahia.
Bahia. 
Sudbury Museum. 
Sudbury Museum. 
c. Juv. st. Brazil. Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. New Granada. Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
/ . Juv. st. S. America. Zoological Society. 

2. Micrastur miraadollei 
Astur mirandollei, 
SchL Nederl. Tijdschr. i. p. 131 (1863); id. Mus. 
P.-B. Astures, p. 27 (1862). 
Micrastur macrorhvnehus, Pelz. Reis. Nov. Vog. p. 11 (1865, ex Nati. 
MS.); id. Orn. Bras. p. 7 (1871). 
Micrastur mirandolei, SclfySah. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 365; Gray, LTand-L 

B. i. p. 31 (1869). 
Adult female (type of species). Above uniform clear slate-colour, 
the fore part of the ear-coverts inclining to whitish at the base of 
the plumes • head darker slate-colour than the back ; quills brown, 
barred above with ashy brown and below with ashy white ; tail 
black, tipped with ashy and crossed with three bands of ashy brown 
above, whitish below, with an ill-defined line of white visible even 
on upper surface ; entire under surface of body silky white, with a 
very faint greyish lustre on the throat, and a few obsolete greyish 
bars on the sides of the breast; some of the flank-feathers with a 
black shaft-stripe fading into white towards the tip; under wing-
coverts white, the lower ones as well as the bases of the quills 
broadly barred with black; bill horn-black, yellow at base of both 
mandibles; feet yellowish. Total length 17*5 inches, culmen 1*25, 
wing 9*8, tail 8*2, tarsus 2*9. (Mus. Lugd.) 

Bab. Amazonia and Guiana. 

3. Micrastur rnficollis. 
Sparvius ruficollis, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. x. p. 322 (1817); 

Pucker. Pec. et Mag. de ZooL 1850, p. 91. ^ \ 
Falco leucauchen, Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 36 (1823). * 
Palco xanthothorax, Temni. PI Col. i. pi 92 (1824) ; Spiv, Av. Bras. 

i. p. 19 (1824). 
Astur xanthothorax, Vig. Zool. Jour. i. p. 338 (1824). 
Nisus xanthothorax, Less. Man. cVOim. i. p. 96 (1828); SchL Mus. 
P.-B. Astures, p. 50 (1862). 
Astur leucauchen, Bess. Man. cVOrn. i. p. 94 (1828). 
Nisus leucauchen, Less. Trade, p. 60 (1831). 
Micrastur xanthothorax, Gray, Cat.Accipitr.^. 69 (1848); Cass. Proc. 

Phil. Ac. 1848, p. 88 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 28 (1849) * Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 30 (1850); StricU. Orn. Syn. p. 122 (1855); Gray, IIand4. B. 
i. p. 31 (1869); Sol. fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 366. 
Micrastur leucauchen, 
Gray, Cat. Aceipitr. 1848, p. 69; Cass. Pr. 
Phil. Acad. 1848, p. 88; Strichl. Orn. Syn. p. 123 (1855J; Gray, 
Eand-l. B, i. p. 31 (1869) ; ScL fy Salv. P. Z. S. 18C0, p. 367. * 

17 . MICKASTTJK. 
• Herpetotlieres xanthothorax, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 71. 
Climacocercus xantliothorax, Burin. Th. Bras, ii. p. 85 (1855). 
Cliniaeoeercus ruficollis, Cab. J.f. 0. I860, p. 40. 
Micrastur gilvicollls (ad.), Feb. Beis. Nov. Yog. p. 10 (1865, teste ScL 
fySalv.). 

Nisus ruficollis, Schl Mus. P.~B. Berne Accipitr. p. 98 (1873). 

Young. Head uniform dull brown, a distinct eyebrow and sides 
of face whitish; the hinder margin of ear-coverts distinctly brown, 
below which a circular line of whitish feathers forming an imperfect 
ruff; sides of neck dull rufous brown, the nape much mottled with 
white; upper surface of body dull rufous brown, with numerous 
spots and half bars of white or rufous white, more distinct on the 
wing-coverts, and very large on the upper tail-coverts; quills brown, 
barred on both webs with dull rufous, inclining to white on innermost 
secondaries; under surface of quills with broad white bars on 
inner webs, tinged with rufous on the primaries; tail black, tipped 
with white and crossed with four irregular but distinct bars of 
white; under surface of body bufiy white, crossed with numerous 
wavy lines of brown, gradually disappearing towards the abdomen, 
a little broader on upper breast, where they are tinged with rufous; 
under wing-coverts uniform white. 

Adult male (M. hucawJien). Above dull slate-colour, the sides 
of the face and neck also slaty grey, but a little paler than the 
upper surface ; quills brown above, ashy brown below, barred with 
white on inner web; upper tail-coverts slate-colour, like back ; 
tail blackish, tipped with buffy white, and crossed with three 
whitish bands, these shaded with ashy on the external feathers; 
under surface of body greyish white, the throat unbarred; but 
all the rest, excepting the fore neck, which is dull orange-rufous, 
with numerous bars of greyish black, becoming narrower on thighs 

and abdomen. Total length 13 inches, wing 6*9, tail 6*8, tarsus 

245. 
Adult- female. Head uniform greyish brown, with a slight olive 
tinge on the forehead; rest of upper surface brownish rufous, 
brighter and more orange-coloured on the back and sides of neck, 
thence extending across the chest; sides of face dull rufous, the 
cheeks brownish, the ear-coverts whitish at base and washed with 
grey along their upper margin; an imperfect ruff of circular feathers 
dull rufous also; throat whitish, washed with rufous ; rest of under 
surface, including under wing- and tail-coverts, white, numerously 
barred with greyish black, the bars on the upper breast broader 
and tinged with rufous; quills brown, with rufous shafts, and externally 
washed with rufous, and broadly barred on the inner web 
with white; tail dark brown, washed with rufous near the base, 
tipped with white and crossed with four narrow and not strictly 
conterminous white bars. Total length 13*5 inches, oilmen 0*9, 
wing 7*65, tail 7*4, tarsus 2*6. 

Hab. Eastern South America; Venezuela and Guiana; Central 
Brazil as far as Eio, between about 10° S. lat. and the Tropic of 
Capricorn. 

78 EAICONIBJE. 
a. 5 ad. sk. S. America. 
b. Juv. St. S. America. J. Gould, Esq. JP.]. 
c. Ad. sk. S. America. Zoological Society. 
d. Ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk Brazil. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
/ . Juv. sk. 
g, h. cJ ad. sk. 
i. $ ad. sk. 
Bahia. 
Bahia. 
Bahia. 
Purcliased. 
Dr. Wucherer [0.]. 
I)r. Wucherer [C.J. 

4. Merastar gilvicollis. 
Sparvius gilvicollis, Vieill. JV. Diet. d^Hist. Nat x. p. 323 (1817); 
Pucher. Rev. et Mag. de ZooL 18-50, p. 91. 
Nisus concentricus, Xess. TraiU, p. 60 (1831, e# Ittigerf MS.) j &M. 
Jfete. P.-.B. Astures, 5. 51 (1862). 
Olimacocercus concentricus, Cab. in Tsch. Faun. Peraan. Vog. p. 98 
(1844); id. in Schomh. Pels. Guian. p. 738 (1848) 5 Burm. Th. Bras. 

ii. p. 86 (1855). 
Micrastur concentricus, Gray, Gm. B. p. 28 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i 
p. 30 (1850); StricH. Orn. Syn. p. 123 (1850); Pelz. Orn. Bras. 
pp. 7, 399 (1871). 
Herpetotheres concentricus, Kaitp, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 71. 
Olimacocercus gilvicollis, Cab. J.f.O. 1805, p. 407. 
Micrastur gilvicollis, Pels. JReis. jfrov. Vog. p. 10 (1805); Set. 8c Salv. 

P. Z. S. 1869, p. 368 ; Gray, Kand-l B. i. p. 31 (1809) ; Pelz. Orn. 
Bras. pp. 7, 309 (1871). 
Adult female. Above blackish, with a very slight shade of brown 
in some lights, the upper tail-coverts slightly spotted with white 
near the base; frontal feathers and cheeks whitish, the hinder 
margin of ear-coverts blackish, behind this an imperfect ruff, the 
feathers composing which have white bases; quills a little browner 
than the back, barred on inner web with white; tail black, ixpped 
with white and crossed with four irregular white bars; under surface 
of body white, the throat unspotted, the remainder crossed with 
numerous wavy lines of blackish brown, with a faint fulvous tinge 
on upper breast, the bars gradually disappearing towards the abdomen 
and under tail-coverts, and very slightly indicated on under 
wing-coverts. Total length 14*5 inches, culmen 1, wing 7*15, tail 
7-3, tarsus 2-45. 

Adult male. Above dull ashy brown, clearer on the head and sides 
of the face; quills coloured like the back, a little browner externally, 
and barred with white on the inner web; tail blackish, very slightly 
tipped with white, and crossed with four white bands (three on 
central tail-feathers) ,* under surface of body dull white, the throat 
entirely of this colour, the breast minutely barred with wavy lines 
of greyish black, the sides of the upper breast washed with ashy, 
and the bars gradually decreasing on the abdomen, thighs, and under 
wing- and tail-coverts. Total length 13*5 inches, wing 6-6, tail 6*5, 
tarsus 1*2. 

Hob. S. America, from Few Granada and the countries south 
of the Orinoco, throughout the whole of Amazonia to Peru, and 
through Brazil to a little below 20° S. lat. 

17 . MICEASTUR. 
79 

a. $ ad. sk Capim Eiver. A. K. Wallace, Esq. [C.l 
b. £ ad. sk. Para. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [O.J. 
c. <? ad. sk Bogota. Purchased. 
d. Juv. sk. Bogota. Purchased. 
e. $ &&*s^* Trinidad. Purchased. 

5. Mcrastur guerilla. 
Mcrastur guerilla, Cass. JProc. Phil. Acad. 1848, p. 87* Gray, Gen. 
B. i. p. 28 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 30 (1850); Cass. Journ. Phil 
Acad. i. pi. xl. (1850); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 123 (1855); Gray, 
JHand-l B. i. p. 31 (1869); Sol §• Sah. P. Z. S.1869, p. 368. 
Micrastur coneentricus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 285. 

Micrastur gilvicollis, Scl 8f Sah. Ibis, 1859, p. 218. 

Micrastur xanthothorax, Set. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 358. 

Young. Head blackish; back deep blackish brown, shaded with 
chocolate, especially on wing-coverts, crossed with small and nearly 
obsolete bars of dull rufous; feathers of nape and sides of neck 
white in their centres, forming a conspicuous ruff; sides of face 
blackish brown; cheeks white at base of feathers ; throat and fore 
neck white; rest of under surface buffy white, crossed with brown 
bars, decreasing in extent towards thighs and abdomen, very minute 
on tinder wing-coverts, and absent on under tail-coverts; quills uniform 
with back and obsoletely barred with rufous in the same manner, 
broadly barred with white on inner web below; upper tail-coverts 
uniform with back, the lower ones spotted with white; tail blackish, 
tipped with white, and crossed with five irregular bands of white. 

Adult male. Above uniform blackish slate-colour, the sides of the 
face uniform with the head, outermost greater wing-coverts washed 
with brown; primary coverts and quills dull brown, barred with 
white on inner web, the primaries only near the base; tail blackish, 
tipped with buny white, and crossed with three irregular whitish 
bands; throat and cheeks pale grey; rest of under surface dull 
white, thickly barred with greyish black, the bars very close-set on 
the breast, and much wider apart on the abdomen, thighs, and under 
tail-coverts. Total length. 14 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 6*95, tail 
6*9, tarsus 2*4. 

Adult female. Similar to male, but more broadly barred underneath 
; the back chocolate-brown like the wings, the blackish-grey 
head contrasting plainly. Total length 14 inches, wing 7*3, tail 7*25, 
tarsus 2-5. 

Hah. The whole of Central America, from Southern Mexico to 
Panama, extending into Ecuador. 

a. $ ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
h. 2 ad* sk. Jalapa. R. De Oca [0.1. 
c. S juv. sk. Jalapa. B. Be Oca [O.j. 
6. Micrastur zonothorax. 
Olimacocercus zonothorax, Cab. J. f. O. 1865, p. 406. 
Micrastur zonothorax, Scl Sf Sah. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 366; Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 31 (1869). 

Adult (type of species). Above chocolate-brown, the head a little 

FALCOKIDiE, 

more ashy; sides of face and of neck and entire throat ashy brown ; 

wings uniform with the back; primaries a little darker brown, the 

secondaries barred with white on the inner web, as also are the 

primaries near the base; upper tail-coverts ashy brown with white 

cross bars; tail blackish, narrowly tipped with white and crossed 

with three narrow white bands; entire under surface of body thickly 

barred with black and white, including the under wing- and tail-

coverts. Total length 16 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 7*1; tail 7*1, 

tarsus 2-35. (Mus. Berol.) 

Hah. Kew Granada and Venezuela. 

7. Mcrastur castanilius. 
Accipiter castanilius, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1853, p. 578; Set P. Z. S. 1806, 
p. 304; Scl § Sah. Ex. Orn. pi. xviii. (1867). 
Micrastur castanilius, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 31 (18G9). 
Nisus castanilius, Giebel,'Tlies.Orn. p. 263 (1872). 
Adult. Above slate-colour, the head lighter and more slaty blue, 
the ear-coverts and cheeks uniform with the crown; throat white, 
slightly varied with ashy cross bars; centre of the body banded 
alternately with white and bright chestnut, some of the bars of the 
latter also margined with ashy grey; entire sides of the body, including 
the flanks and thighs, bright chestnut; lower abdomen and 
under wing- and tail-coverts white, with a few indistinct bars of 
ashy; quills brown, barred above with darker brown, the under 
surface white near the base, ashy towards the tips, against which the 
cross bars show plainly; tail brown, obscurely crossed with three 
bands of blackish brown, tipped with white and largely spotted with 
white on the inner web, forming two ill-defined bars, a little more 
indistinct on the under surface, which is altogether lighter; bill 
black; feet yellow, claws horn-brown. Total length 11 inches, 
culmen 0-85, wing 6*1, tail 5'5, tarsus 2*1. 

Hab. ~Eew Granada. 

a. Ad. sk. S. America. " Purchased. 
18. GEKAffOSPIZIAS. 
Ischnosceles, Strickl. Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 409 (1844, nee *3?ype. 
Burm.) G. caerulescens. 
Geranospiza, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 183 G. czertilescens. 
Geranopus, Kemp, Ccmtr. Orn. 1850, p. 65 G. caerulescens. 
Geranospizias, JSmtdev. Av. Tmt. p. 107 (1873) ..... . G. casrulescens. 

Range. Throughout Central America from Southern Mexieo to 
Panama, and in South America occurring in Ecuador, Guiana, and 
Amazonia westwards to about 70° W. long., and throughout Southern 
Brazil into Bolivia. 

Key to the /Species* 

a. General colour slaty blue, with a few white cross 
bars below , cmruhscens^ p. 81. 
b. Slaty black, almost entirely uniform niger, p. 82. 
18 . GEPAXOSPIZnS. 
1. Geranospizias caerulescens. 
Aploniado, Azara, Apiint, L p. 101 (1802). 
Sparvius caerulescens, Vieill. j\r. Diet. d'Sist. Nat x. p. 318 0.817^ * 
Pucker. Per. Zool. 1850, p. 90. " 
Falco hemidactylus, Temm. PI. Col i. pi. 3 (1820): Max. Beitr iii 

p. 97 (1830). 
Faleo gracilis, Temm. PI Col. i. pi. 91 (1824). 
Astur hemidactylus, Vig. Zool. 3own. i. p. 338 (1824). 
Astur gracilis, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 (1824). 
Nisus gracilis, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 96 (1828) : Burm, Th. Bras ii 
p. 124 (1855). 
Nisus hemidactvlus, Less. Man. i. p. 98 (1828); JD'Orb, Voir Am 
Mer. p. 86 (1835); Sehl Mm. P.-B. Astures, p. 53 (1862). 
Ischnosceles gracilis, StricJd. Ann. X. S. xiii. p. 409 (1844); id. Om 
Syn. p. 124 (1855). 
Geranospiza gracilis, Kaap, Isis, 1847, p. 183; Gray, Cat. Actipitr. 
1848, p. 68; id. Gen. B. p. 28 (1849) j Bp. Consp. i. p. 30 (1850). 
Ischnosceles hemidactvlus, Marti. Ind. Azara. p. 2: Gray, Gen, B, 

i. pi. 10. fig. 6 (1849). 7 
Geraoopus gracilis, Kaup. Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 65; Pelz. Om, Bras, 
pp. 7, 398 (1871). 
Ischnosceles casrulescens, StricJd. Orn. Syn. p. 124 (1855). 
Geranopus heniidactylus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 7, 398 (1871). 
Geranospizias hemidactylus, Bund. Av. Tent. p. 107 (1873). 

Tibia and foot of G. cmrulescens. 

Adult male (type of G. liemidactylus). Above slaty blue, the nape 
slightly mottled with "white, the upper tail-coverts also spotted with 
white on the outer web; sides of head and neck and entire under 
surface bluish grey like the back, with slight remains of whitish cross 
bars on the upper part of thighs and lower under tail-coverts, the 
rest of the latter white at base, shading into ochraceous, with an 

VOL. i. H 

82 TALCO^ID-S. 

indistinct subterminal bar of blackish; under wing-coverts slaty 
blue, with irregular white cross markings; quills black, the secondaries 
slaty blue like the back, the first five primaries with a large 
white spot on the inner web, becoming obsolete on the fifth; tail 
ochraceous, crossed with two broad bands of black, and mottled on 
outer web with greyish; on the middle tail-feather the interspaces 
white mottled with grey; bill bluish, the culmen black; legs and 
feet red; iris red. Total length 16-5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 9-7, 
tail 8, tarsus 2*8. (Mus. Lugd.) 

Female (not quite adult, fig. in PL Col. 91). Similar to male but 
barred with whitish on underparts ; sides of face and throat whitish, 
streaked with slaty blue; tail ochre, with three black bands, the 
lower one imperfect, the middle feathers fresh moulted, and, as in 
the old male, having the interspaces white, mottled with ashy grey. 
Total length 20'5 inches, wing 12-9, tail 10-2, tarsus 3*8. (Mus. Lugd.) 

Young. Upper surface pale bluish ash-colour, with remains of 
white transverse barring on the crown, sides of face, and lower back; 
upper surface of wing crossed with numerous white transverse bars, 
reduced to whitish vermiculations on the secondaries, which are also 
rather broadly tipped with white; quills black, with ashy grey cross 
bars, slightly mottled with white on inner web; lower surface of 
quills black, primaries barred and secondaries veraiiculated with 
white on inner web; tail ochraceous fawn, tipped with ashy white 
and crossed with two broad bands of black, the centre feathers 
having remains of a third and basal band, the median band not 
continuous on the two outer feathers; throat whitish, mottled with 
ashy grey; rest of under surface ashy grey, transversely banded 
with white, the bars very broad on the flanks and narrower on the 
thighs. 

Sab. The same as that of the genus as regards South America only. 

a. (S ad. sk. Island of Pima. G. Barclay, Esq. [P.j. 
b. Vix ad. sk. Buenos Ayres. Purchased. 
uv* st*

c. 2 j Bolivia. " Mr. Brydges [0.]. 
d. S juv. st. S. America. Purchased. 
2. G-eranospizdas niger. 
Ischnosceles niger, Du Bits, Bull. Acad. Boy. BTILV. xiv. p. 102 (1847); 
id. Esq. Orn. pi. 16 (1848); StrickL Om. Syn. p. 125 (1855). 
Geranospiza nigra, Gray, Gen. B. p. 28 (1849); Bp. Cmup. i. p. SO 

(looO). 
Icbnoscelis aterriinus, Liclit. KomencL Av. p. 4 (1854). 
Geranospiza gracilis, ScL P. Z. S. 1856, p. 284. 
Geranospiza cseruleseens, ScL fy Sah. Ihis7 1859, p. 218. 


Adult. Everywhere slaty black, the remains of narrow white bars 
visible only on the under wing-coverts and thigh-feathers; the under 
tail-coverts buff at the base and tips; quills slaty black, the white 
bar on the lower surface so conspicuous in the young stage reduced 
to a large spot of white on the seven outer primaries, diminishing 
gradually in size towards the innermost of these; tail buff, crossed 
with two broad bands of black, the buff-coloured median bar shaded 

19 . XJHOTRIORCBLIS. 
with brown on the outer feathers; cere black; bill black, with a 
yellow spot on lower mandible; legs blood-orange; iris burnt-
sienna, the outer portion lighter-coloured. Total length 19 inches, 
culmen 1*4, wing 12*3, tail 9*8, tarsus 3*6. 

Hah. Central America, from Southern Mexico to Panama. 

a. Ad. sk. 
Mexico. Purchased. 
19. UKOTEI0RCHIS*. 
Mange. Western Africa, from the Gold Coast to Gaboon. 
1. Urotriorchis macrurus. 
Astur macrurus, Marti J.f O.1855, p. 353 {ex Temm. MS. in Mus. 
Lugd.); Kara. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 11 (1857) ; id. J.f. 0.1861, p. 100; 
Schl. Mus. P.~B. Astures, p. 25 (1862); id. Ned. Tijdsekr. ii. 

p. 155 (1864); Gray, Kand-l B. i. p. 29 (1869); Sharpy Ihis, 
1870, p. 58, pL iii.; Schl Heme Aceipitr. p. 66 (1873). 
Micrastur 
macrurus, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1859, p. 33; Du ChaMIu, 
Bq. Afr. p. 472 (1861). 

Young (type of species). General colour clear sepia-brown, the 
nape, hind neck, and bases of scapulars varied with white, and the 
upper tail-coverts barred and broadly tipped with white; ear-
coverts brown, tinged, as well as the eyebrows, with rufous; cheeks 
slightly streaked with white; quills brown, barred with darker 
brown, and narrowly tipped with ochraceous white, the secondaries 
slightly margined and tinged with pale ochre on inner web, the 
bars plainer on under surface of wing, where the quills are white 
at base, ashy white at tip; tail ashy brown, tipped with white and 
crossed with five bands of dark sepia-brown, each bar rufescent and 
whitish on lower margin; under surface of body white, the throat 
and chest with dark brown streaks, becoming oval spots on the 
breast and bars on the flanks and thighs; under wing- and tail-
coverts white, with a large subterminal spot of black. Total length 
23*5 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 12*4, tail 14*2, tarsus 3*4, middle 
toe 1*9. {Mus. Lugd.) 

Adult female. Above slaty grey, much clearer on the head and 
upper back; upper tail-coverts white; tail very long, blackish tipped 
with white, and marked with four spots of white besides, scarcely 
amounting to incontinuous bars; quills dark brown above, imperceptibly 
banded with blackish, the under surface paler and more ashy 
white, against which the bars show more strongly; sides of face and 
of neck as well as the throat clear slaty grey, the chin whitish; rest 
of under surface deep vinous chestnut, the under tail-coverts white; 
bill leaden black; feet orange-yellow, claws black; iris orange. 
Total length 24 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 12*1, tail 14, tarsus 3*1. 

Adult mule. Above blue-grey, lighter on the head and nape; 
upper tail-coverts pure white, forming a conspicuous patch; quills 
externally deep brownish grey, with broad obscure black bands; 

* 
ovpaf cauda, rpdpxijs, avis accipitrina. 

H2 

FUX'ONIDJ:. 

beneath a little paler grey, pure white at base, banded with brownish 
grey, these bands being very narrow at the base of the quill, and 
gradually getting broader towards the tip of the feather ; tail very 
long and graduated, black above, paler blackish grey beneath, all 
the feathers irregularly banded and broadly tipped with white, the 
bands at the base of the middle feather slightly narrower; throat 
whitish ; rest of under surface of body, with the under wing-coverts, 
dull leaden grey ; vent and under tail-coverts white ; feathers of 
leg dull grey; bill black; feet yellow, claws black. Total length 
24 inches, culmcn 1*4, wing 12, tail 13, tarsus 8, middle toe 1*8, 
hind toe 1. 

Hah. The same as that of the genus. 

a. J ad. sk. Denkera (Ussher). Oapt. G. E. Shelley [P.]. 
20. ERYTHROCNEMA4-. 
Urubithiga, aurt. recent, (ex Less. err.). 

Oraxirex, Bp. et auct. Amer. pcthsun (?iec Gould). 

Bill and tarsus of ErytJirocnema vnicincla. 

liange. South America, from Chili on the western coast and the 
neighbourhood of Buenos Ayres on the eastern, throughout the 
entire continent and Central America into Texas, California, and 
Arizona in North. America. 

* epvBpo^ riffm; Rvfipr}, tibia. 
It is probably owing to the difficulty of consulting Lesson's portion of the 
{ Complements de Buffon' that this bird has always been referred to a supposed 
genus Urubithiga of that author. On looking at vol. vii. (p. G4) it will be seen 
that he speaks of " Les Urubitinga," but by no means intends the worn in a 
gener o sense. Craiirex of G-ould is founded on the "Buzzard of the Galapagos, 
which is one of the large-billed Buteone^ of the B. erythwio+vs group {vide 
infra). Although by most Anivican authors placed alon« with the Pofyborf, 
the type of this new genus appears to me closer to A&tur, and to replace 
Melierax in the New World. 

2< I. ERYIHROCSEM A. 

85 

1. Erythrocnema ludcincta. 
Gavilan mixto obscuro y can«ala, Azara, Apunt i. p. 94 (1802) ; 

Marti Inch Azara7 p. 2Y1S47). 
Falco unieinctus, Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 813 (1824). 
Morpknus unieinctus, Less. Man. i. p. 90 (1828). 
Astur unieinctus, Cuv. Pk/rie An. i. p. 332 (J 829); 6-Vay, 6?e?«. B. 

J. p. 27 (1849); Strickl. Orn. Stjn. p. 221 (1855). 
Xk s unicinctiis, Zes*. Traite, p. (51 (1831). 
Falco harrisii, ^/ . JB. JV. ^4w. pi. 392 (1831); id. Orn. Biogr. v. 
p. 30 (1849). ' 
Buteo harrisii, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $- X. Am. p. 3 (1838): 
Audub. Sgn. B. X. Am. p. 5 (1839). 
Buteo unieinctus, Gray, Cat Accipitr. 1844, p. 18; id. Iland-L i. 

p. 7 (I860). 
Polvborus tseniurus, Tschudi, Arch. f. Xaturg. 1844, p. 2C3 : id. Faun. 
Peruan. pi. 1 (1844). 
Hypomorphnus unieinctus, Cab. Arch f. Xaturg. 1844, p. 221; Cab. 
§ Tsehudi, Faun. Peruan. pp. 17, 85 (1844). " 
Spizageranus unieinctus, Kaup. Mm. Senck. iii. p. 260 (1845): Scl. 

P. Z. S. I860, p. 288. 
Craxirex unieinctus, Bp. JZev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 537. 
Asturina unieincta, Burm. TJi. Bras. ii. p. 82 (1855); id. Reis. La 
Plata-Si. ii. p. 436 (18(51) ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Asturina?, p. 2 (1862). 
Urubitinga unieincta, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 150; Peh. Orn. Bras. 
pp: 2, 394 (1871). 
Craxirex harrisii, Cones, Pr. Phil. Acad. 1806, p. 49: Cooper. B. 
Calif. ed.Baird, p. 493 (1870). 
Buteo unieinctus, Tar. harri&ii, Coues, Key X. A. Birds, p. 215 
(1872J. 

Young. Brown with, rufous margins to the feathers, especially on 
the head, forming a distinct eyebrow ; lores and feathers below the 
eye whitish ; sides of face and neck behind, as well as on the sides, 
rufous ochre, with brown centres to the feathers; wing-coverts 
plainly margined with rufous, the greater and median series largely 
Taried with rufous ochre spots and half bars; primaries brown, externally 
shaded with grey, the secondaries paler with rufeseent tips, 
all barred with darker brown, plainer towards tips of inner webs on 
under surface, which is creamy shading into ashy white; upper 
tail-coverts ochraeeous white, with a few small spots of brown ; tail 
brown, rufeseent on the inner web, tipped broadly with pale rufous 
shading into burly white, and crossed with sixteen or seventeen 
bands of darker brown; under surface of body rich ocbre, the 
throat sparsely streaked with dark brown, the breast with large 
oval drops, inclining to arrow-shaped marks on the flanks and nearly 
absent on the vent and under tail-coverts; thighs very narrowly 
crossed with zigzag bars of dark brown. 

Adult. Above dusky black, deeper on head; lores whitish; sides 
of face black, slightly streaked with white; under surface of body 
dusky black; thighs bright rufous; vent and under tail-coverts 
white; under wing-coverts rufous, slightly barred with black; 
upper wing-coverts dusky brown with rufous margins, especially on 
the least wing-coverts, which are rufous with brown centres; pri


FAIC02STDJB. 

maries black, externally shaded with ashy grey; the secondaries 
browner, like the hack, and tipped with whitish, the inner web of 
the quills white with brown mottlings; upper tail-coverts conspicuously 
creamy white; tail blackish brown, with a tolerably broad 
terminal band of white, the lower surface of tail somewhat paler, 
whitish near the base. Total length 23 inches, culmen 1*8, wing 
14-6, tail 9-5, tarsus 3-8. 

Hdb. Prom the southernmost States of ISTorth America throughout 

Central and South America to Chili. 

a. Ad. sk. Chili. Mr. Bridges [C.X 
Santiago, Chili. E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.1 
b. $ ad. sk. 
cSantiago, Chili. E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.J. 

> 2 juv* sk. 

Valparaiso. Sir W. Burnett and Admiral 

d. Juv. st, 
Fitzroy [P.]. 

e. Ad. sk. Buenos Ayres. Purchased. 
/ . $ juy. sk. Bahia. Dr. "Wucherer [C.]. 
21. MELIERAX 
Type. 
Melierax, Gray, List Gen. B. i. p. 5 (1840) . M. canorus. 

Tarsus of Melierax jpolyzonm. 

Range. Over the whole of Africa, including the ^.-African coast 
near Tangier, excepting the west coast between Senegambia and 
Angola. 

Key to the Sjpeaes. 

a. Chest ashy grey; abdomen white, barred with greyish 
black, 
a'. Middle tail-feathers not barred. 
a". Upper tail-coverts pure white. 
a'". Secondaries externally white canorm, p. 87. 

21 . MELIERAX. 
b"\ Secondaries abhy grey, tipped with white.. poliopterus, p. 88. 
b". Upper-tail-coverts white, barred with slaty 
grey polysomia p. 88. 
b'. Middle tail-feathers "barred yabar, p. 89. 

h. Under surface entirely black ., niger, p. 91. 
1. Melierax caaonxs. 
Falco canorus, Eishch, in Thimb. Diss. Ac. iii. p. 264 (1799). 

Le Faucon chanteur, LevailL Ois. cTAfr. i. p. 117, pi. 27 (1799); 

JSundev. Crib. p. 26 (1857). 

Falco musicus, Bawl. Traite, ii. p. 116 (1800). 

Chanting Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. SuppL ii. p. 40 (1802). 

Nisus musicus, Cm. Rbgne, An. i. p. 321 (1817). 

Sparvius musicus, Vieill. N. Diet d'Eist Nat x. p. 338 (1817). 

Ierax musicus. Crunch, App. Tuckey Exp. Congo, p. 407 (1818). 

Accipiter musicus, Vig. Zool Jour. i. p. 338 (1824). 

Nisus canorus, Less. Tratie, p. Q2 (1831). 

Astur musicus, Sw. Classif. B. ii. p. 215 (1837); ScM. Mus. R~B. 

Astures, p. 20 (1862). 
Melierax musicus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 5 (1840); Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 34 (1850); Strickl Dm. Sijn. p. 142 (1855); Grill, Zool 
Anteckn. p. 49 (1858); Zayard, B. S. Afr. p. 31 (1867) ; Gray. 
Eancte B. i. p. 36 (1869); Anderss. B. bam. Ld. p. 26 (1872). 
Melierax cantans, Katip} Isis, 1847, p. 192. 
Melierax canorus, Fimch u. JGCartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 92 (1870). 


Nestling. Covered witb dusky down, the bead ornamented with 
extraordinarily long and erect filamentous down. 

Young. Above brown, the feathers very faintly edged with paler 
brown, the median and greater wing-coverts paler brown than the 
back; quills dark brown, whitish at the base and for a considerable 
extent, slightly freckled with brown on the white interspaces, and 
indistinctly barred with dark brown; tipper tail-coverts and tail 
white, mottled with brown; tail brown, tipped with paler and indistinctly 
barred across with blackish brown, under surface paler 
and more ashy white, the dark bars contrasting more plainly; 
hinder part and sides of neck as well as the throat slightly varied 
with white, giving somewhat of a striped appearance; chest pale 
brown, mottled with dark brown centres to the feathers; rest of 
under surface dull rufous, barred indistinctly with greyish brown 
and mottled with white, the spots being more distinct and oeellated 
on the flanks; under wing-coverts pale rufous, varied with white, 
the lower ones barred across with ashy grey; iris dark brown. 

Adult Above bluish ash-colour, darker on the head and sides of 
the face ; the wing-coverts rather lighter, the greater ones whitish, 
more or less freckled or vermieulated with ashy grey; primaries 
black, inclining to ashy grey on the outer web; the secondaries 
white, more or less minutely freckled with ashy grey; the inner 
secondaries entirely grey, some of them washed with brown; upper 
tail-coverts and base of tail white, the latter somewhat freckled 
with ashy grey; tail greyish black above with a conspicuous white 
tip, the outer feather almost entirely white with remains of blackish 
bars, more especially on the outer web, the next feather white with 

EALCOXIDJE. 

broad black bars, the white decreasing in extent towards the centre 
feathers; lores rufous, feathers in front of the eye 1>lack; throat 
and breast entirely bluish ash-colour; rest of the under surface 
white, thickly crossed with narrow wavy bars of greyish black; 
under wing- and tail-coverts almost entirely white, with only a few 
irregular wavy cross lines on the lower ones; cere bright brick-red; 
bill horn-colour, bright red at base; legs and feet vermilion-red; 
iris dark reddish brown. Total length 21 inches, culmen l*oo? 
wing 14*8, tail 11, tarsus 4*4. 

Bab. South Africa, below 15° S. lat. 

a. Juv. sk. South Africa. Sir A, Smith [C.]. 
b. Juv. sk. South Africa. J. Rocke, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Juv. st. South Africa. 31. J. Yerreaux [0.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. Purchased. 
e. Pull. st. Karee River. M. J. Yerreaux [C.]. 
/. Ad. sk. JDamara Land. Sir J. Alexander [CI. 
g. Juv. sk. Dauiara Land. Sir J. Alexander J_C.]. 
2. ICelierax poliopterus. 
Melierax 
poliopterus, Cab. in Deel-ens lieis. iii, Voy. p. 40 (1809); 
Finsch u. liartl Voy. Ostafr. p. 02 (1870). 

Adult (type of species). Above dark slate-colour; hind neck, sides 
of face, entire throat and chest, and the whole of the wings light 
ashy grey; secondaries tipped with white; primaries black, externally 
shaded with ashy grey; upper tail-coverts white, the exterior 
basal ones narrowly barred with blackish; tail black, greyish at 
base of tail and tipped with white; lower surface of tail whitish; 
rest of under surface of body white, with narrow greyish black bars, 
the axillaries similar * lower under tail-coverts pure white; under 
wing-coverts white, with greyish black bars, somewhat narrower 
than on the breast. Total length 19 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 12*8? 
tail 9*2, tarsus 3*75. (Mtts. Berol.) 

Hab. Umba River, E. Africa. 

3. Melierax polyzonns. 
Astur niusicus, Vig. App. JDenh. Trav. p. 195 (1826). 
Palco polyzonus, Ftiipp. N. Wirb. p. 36, pi. 15 (1835). 
Astur polyzonus, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 31; ScM. Mm, P.~B« 

Astures, p. 21 (1862); Hmigl Orn. K.O.-Afr. p. 6 (1869). 
Melierax polyzonus, Bi'(pp> Syst. Uebers. p. 12* (1845); Bp. Consp. L 

p. 34 (1850)* StrieM. Orn. Syn. p. 143 (1855); fyeke, Ibis, 1860, 
p. 244; Gray, Sand-l B. I p. 3G (1869); Finsch, Tr. Z. 8. vii 
p. 208 (1870); id. u. Sartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 90 (1870J; Blanf. 
Geol & Zool Abyss, p. 291 (1870); Giirney in Anderss. B. Bam. 
Ld. p. 27 (1872). 
Nisus polyzonus, Ferr. et Gal. Voy. Abyss. Zool p. 179 (1847). 
Melierax musicus, Horsf. 4" Moore, Cat. B. Mus. F. I. Co. L p. 40 
(1854)"; Bartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 12 (1857). 

Young. Above pale earthy brown; the hind neck somewhat 
mottled and streaked with whitish: ear-coverts a little darker 

21 . 31ELHSRAX. 
89 

brown; wing-coverts paler brown, with, fulvous edgings to the 
feathers; quills brown, the primaries with a slight greyish shade 
externally, the secondaries paler and tipped with fulvous; the 
tinder surface of quills white for the greater part of their length, 
with zigzag bars of blackish, more pronounced below than above; 
tail brown above, banded with blackish brown ; the feathers whitish 
on the inner web, increasing in extent towards the outer feathers, 
where it forms broad white bands; the under surface of the tail 
creamy white, with broad bands of brown; throat white, streaked 
with pale rufous; chest clouded with pale rufous, slightly mottled 

with whitish, the shafts of the feathers indicated by a dark brown 
line; rest of under surface whitish, crossed with numerous bars of 
pale rufous, narrower on the under wing- and tail-coverts. 

Adult male. Above light bluish slate-colour, the sides of the face 
and region of the eye a little darker; lesser wing-coverts coloured 
like the back, the greater ones rather lighter and slightly freckled 
externally with white; primaries blackish, externally shaded with 
ashy grey; the secondaries pale greyish, freckled with white; the 
inner secondaries entirely grey, like the back, none of the quills 
barred; upper tail-coverts white, crossed with numerous bars of 
slaty grey; tail blackish, white at the immediate base and at the 
tips, the three outermost feathers plainly crossed with four white 
bands, the next more indistinctly, and the middle ones not at all 
barred; under surface of tail whitish, the bands very distinct; lores 
rufeseent: throat and chest ashy grey; rest of the body white, 
minutely barred with ashy grey, scarcely less thickly on the under 

tail-coverts, but much fewer on the under wing-coverts, which are 
therefore purer white; cere vermilion; bill horn-black, vermilion 
at base ; feet vermilion; iris pale umber-brown. Total length 20-5 
inches, culmen 1*4, wing 12*5, tail 9, tarsus 3*5. 

Adult female, A little larger than the male. Total length 21 
inches, wing 13*4. 
Hah. All N.E. Africa, extending right across the continent to 
Senegambia; once in Damara Land. 

a. Ad. sk. River Gambia, Governor Kendall [C I 
b, c, d. Ad. sk. Shoa.# _ Sir W. 0. Harris [O.J. 
e. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. 
/ . Juv. st. Abyssinia. Dr. E. Riippell [0.]. 
ff. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. 
h. Ad. sk. Kordofan. Consul Petheriek [0.]. 
t. Juv. st. White Nile. F. Galton, Esq. [P.]. 
j , h. Ad. sk. Bogos Land. Herr Esler [0.1 
X Ju*7. sk. Bogos Land. Herr Esler [0.1. 
m. <J ad sk. Amba. Samhar, "W". T. Blanford, Esq. [CI. 
Aug. 18, 1868. 
n. Sternum. "W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. 

4. Melierax gabar. 
Le Gabar, Zevaill. Ow. SAfr. i. p. 136, pi. 33 (1799). 
Falco gabar, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 87 (1800, ex Levaill.) -JBree, JB. Eur. 


i. p. 51 (1866). 
FA.LCQKLDM. 

Sparvius gabar, Vieill 2V. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. x. p. 323 (1817). 

msus gabar, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 321 (1817)• Less. Traite, p. 60 
(1831); Sehl Mas. P-B. Astures, p. 48 (1862): Heugl Orn. 
NO.-Afr. i. p. 73 (1869); Finsch u. Hartl Yog. Osiafr. p. 86 
(1870); Finsch, Tr. Z. S vii. p. 207 (1870). 

Sparvius leucorrhous, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth.ill. p. 1269 (1823). 
Accipiter gabar, Vig. Zool Jour. i. p. 338 (1824) ; Smith, S.-Afr. 

Q. Jour. i. p. 225 (1830); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 29 (1849); Strwkl 
$ Scl Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 142; Strickl Orn. Sy?Cp. 112 (1855); 
Smith, Ihis, 1868, p. 436; Shelley, JB. Egypt, p. 186 {1872). 
Accipiter erythrorhvnehus, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 121, et Classif. 

B. ii. p. 215 (1837). 
Micronisus 
gabar, Gray, Lid, Gen. B. p. 5 (1840); Kaup, Classif. 
Saug. u. Yog. p. 119 (1844), et Contr. Orn. 1850, pi 66; Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 33 (1850); id. Rev. et Mag, 1854, p. 538; Grill, Zool Antechn. 
p. 48 (1858); Hartl J. f. 0.1861, p. 101; Scl Ibis, 1864, 
p. 306; Gray, Hand4. B. i. p/35 (1869). 
Astur gabar, Schl Rev. Crit. p. v (1844); Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. 
p. 13 (1857). 
Micronisus niloticus, Sandev. CEfv. K. Vet. Ahad. Fork StocM. 1850, 
p. 132. 
Melierax gabar, Hartl Ahhandl Geb. Xatarw. Hamb. 18*52. p. 15; 
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 30 (1867); Gumey, Ibis, 1868, p. 145, et 
1869, p. 288; Anderss. B. Bam. Ld., ed. Gumey,-p. 28 (1872). 

Accipiter sphenurus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1853, p. 215 (Jui\). 
Micronisus gabarinus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 538. 
Astur micronisus, Beaum. Naum. 1856, p. 267. 
Micronisus gabar, var. nilotica, Heugl Ibis, 1861, p. 74. 
Melierax niloticusr Gumey, Ibis, 1809, p. 289. 
Nisus niloticus, Blanf Geol fy Zool Abyss, p. 292 (1870). 


Adult male. Above ashy grey, & little darker on the sides of the 
face, inclining to blackish, round the eye; wing-coverts and secondaries 
ashy grey like the back, the latter plainly tipped with white ; 
the primaries brown, externally shaded with ashy grey, the inner 
ones tipped with white; all the quills barred with blackish, these 
bars being more distinct on the under surface of the wing, which is 
ashy white, shading into pure white at the base; rump blackish ; 
upper tail-coverts white, forming a broad bar across the root of the 
tail; tail white at the immediate base, and tipped v,ith the same 
colour, otherwise alternately banded with ashy brown and black, the 
black bars being four in number; the outer feathers paler, and the 
ashy cross bars more or less whitish; sides of face and neck, as well 
as the whole throat and chest, ashy grey; rest of the under surface 

white, transversely banded with ashy grey, the bars becoming thinner 
and more linear on the lower flanks and thigh-feathers; under tail-
coverts white; under wing-coverts white, banded with ashy grey 
like the breast; cere reddish orange; bill dusky horn-colour, reddish 
at base; feet bright reddish orange; iris brilliant purple*. Total 
length 11*5 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 7*1, tail 5*9, tarsus 1*0. 

Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length 
13*6 inches, wing 8*3, tarsus 2'1. 

* According to Andersson. Von Heuglin gives if as scarlet. 
21 . MELIEBJLX. 
91 

Yoiaig. Brown, with, rufous edgings to the feathers of the upper 
surface; quills and tail tipped with white, otherwise like the adult; 
crown of the head and neck much mottled with rufous; the nape 
slightly streaked with white ; the ear-coverts rufous, slightly streaked 
with brown; throat and chest rufous, with very distinct streaks of 
dark brown down the centre of the feathers; rest of the under surface 
rufous white, narrowly banded with dark brown; the under 
tail-coverts bnffy white, slightly marked with rufous; the under 
wing-coverts white, washed with rufous and mottled with brown; 
cere, base of bill, feet, and iris yellow. 

Hah* Africa generally, except the west coast, from Sierra Leone 
to Angola. Said to occur sometimes in Southern Europe. 

a. <$ juv. st.
b. § ad. sk. 
Latakoo, S. Africa. 
Elephant River, S.
Africa. 
M. J. Verreaux [0.1 
M. J. Verreaux [O.J. 
c J juv. st. Sunday River,
Africa. 
S. M. J. Verreaux [0.]. 
d. Juv. st. South Africa. S,-African Museum. 
c. <£ ad- st.
/ , J ad. sk.
g, h. & ad. sk.
I 2 a& s&* 
South Africa. 
South Africa. 
Tete, Zambesi. 
Fifth Cataract of theNile. 
Zoological Society. 
Dr. Livingstone £0.1. 
F. Galton, Esq. [C.J. 
j . $ juv. sk. Kbrdofan, Aug. 20,1848. 
Consul Petherick [0.1. 
k, 2 ad. sk.
/. 2 juv. sk.
m. <$ ad. sk. 
Bogos Land. 
Bogos Land. 
Ailat. Samhar,
June 29, 1868. 
Heir Esler [0.1. 
Herr Esler [0.1. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.]. 
«. Sternum. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.]. 

5. ILelierax niger. 
Sparvius niger, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. MUh. iii. p. 1269 (1823); Vieill. 
et Oud. Gal des Ois. i. pi. 22 (1825). 

Kisus niger, Cuv* Mhgm Anim, i. p. 334 (1829); Less. TraiU, p. 59 
(1881)5 JSmgl Orn. N.O.-Afr. I p. 74 (1869); Blanf. Geol $ 
Zool Abyss, p. 29S (1870); Mnsch u. Marti. Vog. O&tafr. p. 89 
(1870) ; Mnsch, Ir. Z. S. vii. p. 207 (1870). 

Accipiter niger, Gould, Syn. B. Amir, part 3 (1838); Gray, Cat 

Accipitr. p. 37 (1844); Strichl Orn. Syn. p. 113 (1855). 
Falco carbonarius, Ztcht. Verz. Vog. Kaffernl. p. 11 (1842). 
Circus maurus, Hupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 12 (1845, err.). 
Accipiter carbonarius, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 29 (1849); StricTd. 

P. Z. S.1850, p. 215. 
Micronisus niger, Bp. Consp. i. p. 33 (1850); id. Bev. et Mag. de 
Zool ia54,p.538; JSeugllbis, 1861, p. 74; 8&!&>,1864,p.306; 
Gray, Sand-l B. i. p. 35 (1869). 

Astur niger, Marti. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 14 (1857). 

Micronisus miltopus, Meugl J,f. 0.1861, p. 429. 

Melierax niger, Jbuyard, B. 8 Afr. p. 31 (3 867) ', Anderss. B. Dam. 

Id,, ed. Gurney, p. 29 (1872). 

* After careful comparison, I am not able to separate the northern and southern 
specimens of this bird specifically* 
FALCONIM. 

Adult male. Entirely black, the tail crossed with, three, sometimes 
four, dusky irregular bars, brown above, whitish beneath; quills 
blackish brown, white beneath, with blackish cross bars more distinct 
below; cere cinnabar-red; bill black, the base cinnahar-redj as 
also the feet; iris scarlet. Total length 11*3 inches, culmen 0*75, 
wing 7*1, tail 5*4, tarsus 1*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total 
length 13 inches, wing 8*1, tarsus 2*15. 
Hah. The same as that of M. gabar. 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. 
b. Ad. sk. South Africa. 
c. Ad. sk. South Africa. South-African Museum. 
d. Ad. sk.
e. <S ad. sk.
/ . Sternum. 
Daniara Land. 
Kokai, Lebka,
July 13, 1868. 
0. J. Andersson [C.]. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C-l. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C]. 

I have not had an opportunity of examining the following species 
:— 

6. Kelierax metabates. 
Melierax metabates, Hengl. Ibis, 1861, p. 72. 
Astur metabates, HeugL Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 63 (I860): Gray, JZand-I. 


B. i. p. 36 (1869). 
Allied to M. polyzonus, but a little less, and differs in its more 
robust feet and bill, the former being yellow ; the colour of the back 
darker; shoulder-feathers coloured like the back; the outer webs 
of the first tail-feather banded six or seven times; the tips of the 
lateral tail-feathers much more narrowly white; the moustachial 
region, as well as the region of the eye and the ear-coverts, uniform 
with the crown; cere and iris pale yellow. Total length of male 
scarcely 15 inches; hill from front 1*25, from gape 1*3, height of bill 
8*5 (?1*5); wing 12; tail 7*5, middle toe and claw 2*4, hind toe 
and claw 1*7; tarsus 3*2 (French) inches. (Von Heugl'm.) 

Fab. White Me. 
This seems to me a very doubtful species, the characters brought 
forward by Dr. von Heuglin appearing to me to be characteristic of 
an old bird of M. polyzonus. The difference in the proportions of 
the two birds may ultimately turn out to be of importance; but I 
see no clearly distinguishing character at present. 

22. ASTUE,. 
Type. 
Astur, ZacSp. MSm. de VInsb. iii. p. 505 (1801) A. palumbarius. 
Daedaliom Sav, JDesor. Egypte, p. 207 (1809) A. palumbarius. 
Sparvrus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 24 (1816) A. palumbarius. 
Tachyspiza, Kaup, Class. Sdug. u. Toy, p. 116 

(1844} A. soloensis. 
Lophospiza, id. torn, tit p. 118 (1844) A. trivirgatus. 
Leucospiza, id. torn. cit. p. 119 (1844) A. novas hollandise. 
Scelospiza, Kaup, Ms, 1847, p. 173 A. franciscae. 

22 . ASTUB. 
v_ 

Head and foot of A. pahimbarius. 

Range. The whole of Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia; Oceania 

as far as the Piji Islands; all North America and the Brazilian sub


region of South America. 

Key to the Species. 

a. With a conspicuous line of -white skirting the crown 
from above the hinder ear-coverts. 
a'. Underparts distinctly barred with greyish brown. 
a". Larger : tarsus much shorter in proportion 
(c?=30, 5=3-4) pahmbanus,Q5. 
b". Smaller : tarsus much longer in proportion 
(c? =8-15, 2 =3-7) Jimsti, p. 97. 

V. Underparts merely freckled with ashy, not barred atricapillus, p. 97. 
b. Sides of crown uniform with crown itself. 
c'. Xo red nape-band. 
c". Centre tail-feathers with large white spots on 
inner web. 
a"1. Underneath banded tachiro, p. 99. 

a. Bars narrow; head slaty brown .. taehiro, 
p. 99. 
$. Bars broad j head bluish slaty j sides of body 
uniform rufous macroscelides, p. 100. 
W". Underneath uniform. 
a\ Thighs clear vinous toussenellii, p. 101. 
¥. Thighs white trinotatus, p. 101. 

d". Central tail-feathers ashy grey or ashy brown, 
with no white spots on inner web. 
c"'. Axillaries and under surface rich vinous red, 


inclining to chestnut. 
cK Larger: inner web of quills barred...... muelleri^ p. 102. 
dK Smaller: inner web of guillsnearly uniform hiogaster^. 104. 

d"'. Axillaries pale salmon-rufous sykestris, p. 104. 

e"'. Axillaries pure white, buffy white, or white 
narrowly barred with rufous, greyish, or 
black. ^ 


e4. Thighs white, barred with black j occipital 
crest distinct. 


FALCO^IDJS. 

a5. Uniform greyish above, chest rufous ..... . trwirgaiits, p. 10-5. 
bs. Above brown, head only grey ; chest white, 
with blackish stripes griseiceps, p. 106. 
fi. Thighs rufous buff, with narrow rufous bars. 
c5. Breast transversely barred bridm, p. 107. 

d5

< Breast uniform in centre, above uniform 
blackish tibialis, p, 108. 
g*. Thighs uniform white, or at most only slightly 
barred with rufous. 
e5. Breast barred badim, p. 109. 
aB, Much the largest • wing nearly 9 inches 
in length in $ a. brevipes, p. 111. 
¥. Smaller: wing in $ not exceeding 8*5 
inches in either sex. 
a7. Delicate salmon-rufous below. 

a8. Larger (especially in § ) ; dark bluish 
grey above; upper breast always 
barred ./3. badhis, p. 109. 

b8. Smaller and much clearer bluish grey. 
a?. Upper breast becoming uniform 
with age... .y. spfienurus, p. 112, 

59. Lower surface of body broadly 
barred with vinous red.. 5. poliopsis, 
p. 110. 
b7 

. Dull rufous underneath, never so clear 
as in the other species .. e. polyzonoides, 
p. 113. 

f5. Breast entirely uniform (with a few faint 
irregular bars in A. dnereus). 
cs. Lower breastand upper abdomen rufescent. 


c7. Lower surface of body and thighs vinous 
chestnut; under wing-coverts whitish, 
with a distinct tinge of buff soloensis, p. 114, 

d?, Lower surface of body pale rufous 
mixed with ashy; thighs white, 
slightly mottled with greyish; under 
wing-coverts pure white cueuhides, p. llo. 

d?. Lower breast and abdomen pure white. 
6?7. Ear-coverts ashy grey, or white washed 
with ashy grey. 
c8. Tail ashy grey. 


c9. Sides ot chest entirely uniform. 
a*. Upper surface entirely uniform, francisca, p. 116. 
5*. Mantle and head delicate bluish 

grey, paler than back poliocephalmj 
d?. Sides of chest with a few irregular p. 117. 
wavy lines cimreus, p. 117. 
d8. Tail uniform white novee haiiandi^ 
«?9. Larger: wing in <£ 10*4 inches, in p. 118, 
§ 12-6... .a. novcahottandi(Bf p. 118. 
/ 8 . Smaller: wing in <$ 7*8 inches, 
/3. Uucosomnsy p. 119. 

/ 7 . Ear-coverts jet-black, like rest of head. [119. 
c8. Throat and chest black hapiochrous} p. 
f\ Throat and chest white aibiguiaris7f, 120. 

/'". Axillaries pure aslry grey, like the rest of the 
breast and thighs .. poliogmter^, 120, 


22 . ASTTJK. 

95 

d\ With a distinct red band round the hind neck. 
e". Ear-coverts rufous like hind neck pectoralis, p. 121. 
f". Ear-coverts grey. 
{/'". Underneath pale vinous, with scarcely 
any indication of cross bands. 
hl. Under wing-coverts uniform white.. rufitorques,^. 121. 
**, Under wing-coverts vinous, with 
scarcely any remains of cross bars. griseigularis, p. 122. 

<75. Larger: wing not exceeding 10*5 
inches .. a. griseigtdaris, p. 122. 
A5. Smaller: wing not exceeding 9-75 
inches. .jS. henicogrammtis,^. 124. 
h'". Underneath white, with pale vinous 
cross bars torquatus, p. 125. 
e'. Sides of neck rufous, forming an indistinct 
and interrupted nape-band. 
g". Thighs barred with white and rufous. 
*'". Underneath brown, with white cross bars approximans, p. 126. 
k"'. Underneath white, with pale rufous 
cross bars cruentus, p. 127. 
h". Thighs uniform vinous salmon- colour .. xmUacii, p. 128. 

1. Astur palumbarius. 

The Goshawk, Albin, N. tf. Birds, ii. p. 8, pi. 8 (1734),* Salvin $ 
Brodr. Falconry, p. 103, pis. xviii. xix. (1855). 
I/Autour, Briss. Orn. i. p. 317 (1760); Buff. PI Bnl i. pi. 418 
(1770); Schl. 8f Verst. TraiU Feme. pis. x. & xi. (1844). 
Le Gros Busard, Briss. Orn. i. p. 398 (1760). 
Le Busard varie, Briss. Orn. i. p. 400 (1760). 
Falco palumbarius, Linn. S, N. i. p. 130 (1760); Baud. TraiU, pis. 
1, 2 (1800); Temm. Man. oVOrn. i. p. 55 (1820); Naum. Tog. 
Dmtschl i. p. 249, pis. 17, 18 (1822); Werner, Atlas, Bapaces, 
pi. 21 (1827) ; Schl. u. Susem. Vog. Bur. Taf. 28 (1839-45): Tarr. 
Brit. B. i. p. 57 (1843). 
L'Autour sors, Buff. PL Bnl. i. pi. 461 (1770). 
Falco margmatus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 26 (1790). 
Falco albescens, Bodd. Tall. PI. Bnl p. 25 (1783). 
Falco dubius, Sparrm. Mm. Carls, pi. 26 (1787); Sundev. Crit. p. 6 (1858). 
Falco gallinarius,, Gm. S. N i. p. 266 (1788). 
Falco naevius, Gm. S. N. i. p. 266 (1788). 
Falco incertus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 32 (1790). 
Dsedalion palumbarius, Savigny, Hist. Nat. Ois. dEgypte, p. 267 
(1808); Less. Tram, p. 65 (1831). 
Acclpiter astur, Pall. Zoogr. Bosso~As. i. p. 367 (1811). 
Sparvius palumbarius, Vieill. N Did. dMist. Nat. x. p. 331 (1817); 
Bom, Orn. Prov. i. p. 65, pi. 15 (1825). 
Astur palumbarius, Cuv. Begne Anim. i. p. 320 (1817); Gould, B. 
Bur. i. pi. 17 (1837); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 27, pi. 10.fig. 1 (1849); 
Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 66; Kjcerb. Orn. Ban. Aft. iv. fig. 5 
(1851) j Eorsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mm. B. I. Co. i. p*. 41 (1854) ; 
SeM. Vog, Nederl. pis. 11, 12 (1854-58); Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool 
1854, p. 538; StricU. Orn. Syn. p. 116 (1855) ; HewiU. Bggs Br. 

B. i. p. 34, pi. xi. (1856); tfritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. i. (1858); Schl 
Dierh Nederl Vog. pi. 1. figs. 9, 10, 10a (1861) ; id. Mm. P.-B, 
Astures, p. 16 (1862) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 45 (1862); Newt. OaOi. 
WoUey. p. 73 "(1864); Locke, Bxpl Algir. p. 70 (1867); Degl % 

P4.LC0KTD.aS. 

Gerbe, Orn. Burop. i. p. 96 (1867) ; Hpmey. J.f. 0. 1868, p. 253 : 
JEezigl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 59 (1839) ; Swidei\ Si\ Fogl pi. xxvii. 
figs. % 3 (1809); Hwne, Rough Notes, i. p. 112 (1869) ; Gray, 
IIand4. B. i. p. 29 (1869) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. part xv.' (1869) ; 
Salvad. Faun. Hal. Uec. p. 14 (1871) • Newt. ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. 

p. 83 (1871); Je-d. Ibis, 1871, p. 243 / Swinh. B. Z. & 1871, p. 341; 
FmschyNiaetr. Heugly. xxiv (1871); Shelley, B. Egypt,p. 185 (1872). 
Buteo palumbariusj Flem. Brit. An. i. p. 54 (1828). 
Astur gallinarum, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 83 (1831). 
Accipiter palumbarius, Maegill. Brit B. iii. p. 340 (1840). 
Astur indicus, Sodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 ('1844). 
Astur brackyrhynckus, Brehm, Naitm. 1855, p. 209. 
Astur paradoxus, Brehm, Naum. 1855,, p. 269. 

Young. Above brown, the scapulars and wing - coverts Jargely 
marked at their bases with white, all the feathers of the upper 
surface broadly margined with ochraceous buff; head and neck 
rufous ochre, the nape inclining to whitish, the crown broadly 
streaked with dark brown, the hind neck largely marked with 
spade-shaped spots of the same colour; forehead, eyebrow, and 
sides of the face whitish, narrowly streaked with dark brown ; 
under surface of body ochraceous buff, inclining to white on the 
throat and under tail-coverts, the entire under surface streaked 
with dark brown, narrowly on the throat, thighs, and under tail-
coverts, more broadly on the chest and breast, developing into large 
oval or spade-shaped spots on the flanks; under wing-coverts 
ochraceous buff, spotted or streaked with dark brown, the axillaries 
barred with the same colour; quills pale brown, barred with darker 
brown, and externally freckled or spotted as well as broadly tipped 
with ochraceous buff; tail light brown, crossed with five distinct 
bands of darker brown and broadly tipped with white, the pale 
brown interspaces minutely freckled with darker brown and shading 
into white on either margin, forming a white edging to the dark 
brown cross bands; feet yellowish brown, claws black; cere, bill, 
and iris as in adults. 

Adult male. Above ashy brown ; the quills brown, barred with 
darker brown, the lower surface of the wing ashy grey, inclining to 
white near the base, with dark brown cross bars becoming obsolete 
on the inner quills ; tail ashy brown, tipped with white and crossed 
with four * broad bands of dark brown, the lower one concealed by 
the upper tail-coverts, the lowest of which are tipped with whitish; 
crown of head, ear-coverts, and sides of neck blackish, the hinder 
neck slightly mottled with white; lores, cheeks, and a line above 
the ear-coverts white, streaked with blackish; under surface white, 
the black shaft-streaks distinctly indicated on the throat and breast, 
all the lower parts thickly crossed with ashy brown bars, a little 
less distinct on the thighs, the under tail-coverts entirely white ; 
cere yellow; bill bluish horn-colour; iris orange. Total length 19-5 
inches, culmen 1*5, wing 12*2, tail 9, tarsus 3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total length 
23 inches, wing 14, tarsus 3*4. 

* A specimen in the collection has the bands quite obsolete 
22 . ASTTTR. 
Bab. Europe generally and Siberia to Kamtsehatka, apparently 
reaching beyond 60° N. lat. only in Scandinavia, extending in winter 
to Algeria, Palestine, Egypt, the Himalayas, and Northern China. 

a, b. 6 2 ad. sk. Europe. Purchased. 

G. $ ad. sk. Europe, 
el $ ad. sk. Europe. 
e. S jnv. st. Great Britain, 
f,ff. 3 § ad. sk. Norfolk. 
h. S jnv. sk Upsala, April 3,1872. Purchased. 
i.kj,m. (S 2 juv. st. Archangel. R. B. Skarpe, Esq. [P.]. 
?z,o. Pull. st. Archangel. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.I. 

p. <$ ad. sk. Thiiringia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
q,r. <$ $ ad. st Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. 
s,t <J J ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. "P. 
w. 2 2UT-s^* Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. "P. 
v. 2 JUT-gt* Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. "P. 
«?. 2 JnT-s^* Corea, 
Purchased. 
?/. Sternum. Purchased. 

x. Sternum. 
s,a'. Skull. Dr. Giinther, 

2. Astur hensti. 
Astur hensti, Schl. Mm. P.-B. Eevue Accipitr. p. 62 (1873), 
Adult female (Type of species). Above sepia-brown, the head and 
neck, as well as the interscapulary region, blackish slate-colour, 
with indications of whitish mottling over the eye and on the sides 
of the hinder "crown ; nape varied with white ; ear-coverts blackish, 
like the crown; cheeks whitish, freckled with black; nnder surface 
of body white, everywhere thickly and broadly barred with slaty 
Mack, especially on the thighs, but the bars less distinct and less 
numerous on the under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
exactly like the breast; quills sepia-brown like the back, with 
indistinct bars of darker brown, a little plainer, but very irregular 
underneath, where the interspaces are greyish white; tail sepia^ 
brown, slightly tipped with white and crossed with six irregular 
and not conterminous bands of blackish brown, a little plainer and 
paler brown underneath, where the colour is ashy white; bill 
blackish horn-colour, the tooth on the upper and the base of the 
under mandible yellowish. Total length 23 inches, culmen 1*25, 
wing 13, tail 11*3, tarsus 3-7, middle toe (without claw) 2*35. 

(Miis. Lugd.) 
Adult male. Similar to the female, but smaller. Total length IB 
inches, wing 11-1, tarsus 3*15. (Mus. Lugd.) 
Hah. Madagascar, 

3, Astur atricapillus. 

Falco atricapillus, Wils. Am. Orn. vi. pi. 52. fig. 3 (1812). 

Snarvius atricapillus, Bonn, et Vieill JEnc. Meth. iii. p. 1274 (1823). 

Hierofalco atricapillus, Cm. Meqne Anim. i. p. 323 (1829). 

Falco regalis, Temm. PI. Col. i. pL 495 (1830). 

Astur atricapillus, Bp. Ota. R A. Cm. p. 33 (1830); Jard. $ &%, 

VOL. I* I 

FAIiCOSlD^E. 

Ill Orn. iiL pi. cxxi. (c. 1835); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 27 (1849); 
Kemp, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 60; Bp. Com]), i. p. 31 (1850j ; Cass. 

B. Calif, p. 93 (1855); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 118 (1855) ; Cass, in 
Baird, B. iV". Am. p. 15 (1860); Schl Mus. B.~B. Astures, p. 17 
(1862) ; Gray, Hand-l B. I p. 29 (1869); Cooper, B. Calif, ed. 
Baird, p. 467 (1870); Ketvt ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 87 (1871). 
Astur paluinbarius (nee Limi.), Stv. $ Mich. Faun. Bor.-Am. Birds, 

p. 39, pi. xxvi. (1831); Audub. B. Am. i. p. 95, pi. xxii. (1839). 
Dsedalion pietiun, Less. Traiie, p. 67 (1831); Pucker. Met. et Mag. 
de Zool 1850, p. 211. 
Falco palumbarius, And. B. JSf. Am. fol. pi. 141, et Orn. Biogr. ii. 

p. 241 (1834). 
Young. Above dark brown, the feathers edged and tipped with 
rufous; the head streaked with rufous, the nape mottled with 
white; the eyebrow and cheeks oehraceous buff, with narrow streaks 
of dark brown; quills brown, barred with darker brown, the secondaries 
slightly tipped with whitish; the under surface ashy white, 
yellowish at base, with dark brown bars, dissolving into freckles on 
the inner quills; tail ashy brown, tipped with whitish, and crossed 
with four bands of dark brown, the basal one concealed and nearly 
obsolete; under surface of body deep rufous ochre, narrowly streaked 
on the throat, and more broadly on the chest, with blackish brown, 
inclining to large heart-shaped spots on the flanks; under wing-
coverts coloured like the breast; the axillaries barred with dark 
brown. 

Adidt. Above bluish ash-colour, the black shaft-stripes distinctly 
indicated, the lower upper tail-coverts tipped with white; quills 
brown, barred with darker brown, the secondaries washed with 
bluish ash-colour; tail brown, shaded with the same ashy colour as 
the back, crossed with four more or less obsolete bands of darker 
brown, and tipped with, white; crown of head and ear-coverts jet-
black, the nape somewhat varied with white; lores whitish; a line 
from behind the eye above the ear-coverts white, narrowly streaked 
with blackish; cheeks, sides of neck, and entire under surface greyish 
white, freckled and vermiculated with ashy brown, taking the form 
of irregular and ill-defined bars on the flanks, abdomen, and thighs, 
the black shaft-stripes very distinct on the chest; under tail-coverts 
white; under wing-coverts white, barred and freckled with ashy 
brown; cere yellow; bill bluish Mack; legs yellow; iris yellow. 
Total length. 20-5 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 12*9* tail 9-5. tarsus 2-9, 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 24 
inches, wing 13*9, tarsus 3*1. 
flab. The whole of ]NTorth America, rarer in the Southern States; 
of accidental occurrence in Europe. 

a. $ juv. st. N. America. 
b. $ ad. sic. J ad. sk. 
N. America. 
N. America. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
Mr. J. Kiid*-r. 
(I Jjuv.sk. Repulse Bay. John liae, Esq. IT.". 
e.
/.
//. 
5juv.sk. 
S juv. sk. 
S ad. st 
British Columbia. 
West side of Rockv Mountains. 
N,W. America. " 
J. K. Lord, Esq. C.]. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. "IK . 
Purchased. 

22. ASTira. 
4. Astur tacMro. 
Le Taehiro, Levaill Ois, dAfr. i, pi. 24 (1799). 
Falco tachiro, Daml Traite, ii p. 90 (1800): Temrn, PI Col. I pis. 377, 
420(1327). * > 
Buteo tachiro, Vig. Zool Jour. i. p. 340 (1824). 
Msus tacliiro, Less. Man. cTOm. i. p. 98 (1828); Kmip, Contr. Orn. 
1850, p. 64; Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 5385 Schl Mus. 
P.-JB. Astures, p. 46 (1862); Finsch «. Marti Vog. Ostafr. p. 78 
(1870) j Blanf. Geol $ Zool Abyss, p. 291 (1870) j Schl Mus. P.-B. 
Revue Accipitr. p. 96 (1873). 
Xisus polvzonus, Less. Traite, p. 58 (1831): Puclier. Bev. et Mag. 
de Zool 1850, p. 209. 
Falco unduliventer, Bupp. Xeite Wirb. p. 40, Taf. 18.fig. 1 (1835). 
Accipiter tachiro, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 36; id. Gen. B. I 

p. 29 (1849) ; Bp. Camp. i. p. 32 (1850) ; Strichl Orn. Syn. p. 114 
(1855); Gurmij, ito,18o9, p. 241 j #& 75w, 1864, p. 306; Layard, 
B. S. Afr. p. 28 (1867) : Gtirney in Anderss, B. bam. Ld. p. 29 
(1872); 
Msus unduliventer, Miipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 12 (1845) ; $?M iV. T. D. 

iii. p. 359 (1866) ; Hmgl Orn. KO.-Afr. I p. 67 (1869). 
Accipiter polyzontis, Des Murs, Icon, Orn. pi. Ixi. (1848). 
Micronisus tacliiro, Griilj Zool Antechn. p. 48 (1858). 
Accipiter unduliventris, Heugl Zbis, 1861, p. 75. 

Accipiter polyzonoides, Anderss* P. Z. S. 1864, p. 4 (tapw). 

Micronisus zonarius, Socage, Jorn. Lisb. 1870, p. 40. 

Young female. Above brown, with distinct edgings of pale rufous 
to the feathers; the crown, nape, and sides of neck mottled with 
white, the two latter more distinctly washed with rufous; the 
scapulars and secondaries also with concealed spots of white; quills 
and tail light brown, margined with pale rufous and barred with 
darker brown, bars four in number on the tail-feathers, which are 
tipped with buffy white ; the under surface of both wings and tail 
paler and more ashy grey in colour, the bars showing more distinctly; 
sides of face whitish, slightly streaked with brown, the upper margin 
of the ear-coverts entirely of the latter colour; under surface 
of body creamy white, the throat with a distinct central streak of 
dark brown and a faint moustachial line on each side, the chest 
streaked with broad brown spots of an oval shape, becoming rather 
more barred on the flanks and thighs, much smaller on the latter, 
the under tail-coverts scarcely marked at all; under wing-coverts 
creamy buff, with only a few scattered brown markings; cere dark 
green; bill black, blue at base• feet yellow; iris dark greenish 
brown. Total length 14*5 inches, wing 8*4, tarsus 2*6. 

Adult female. Above dark brown, inclining to slate-colour on the 
head and sides of face, the nape slightly mottled with white; quills 
brown, barred with darker brown, more distinct underneath, where 
the lower surface of the quills is greyish white; tail brown, tipped 
with white and crossed with three broad bars of dark brown, the 
light-brown interspaces shading into white on the inner web, forming 
a conspicuous spot even on the two centre feathers; sides of 
face and neck uniform with the head; under surface of body whitish, 
crossed with numerous broad bars of pale rufous, each bar having 

i2 

100 FALCONID-E. 

another conterminous one of dusky brown; the flanks and thighs 
bright rust-red, the former with slight remains of white cross bars; 
under tail-coverts white* under wing-coverts buny white, with a 
few indistinct rufous cross markings, the axillaries entirely rufous ; 
sides of the upper chest inclining to uniform ashy brown ; cere olive-
green ; bill black, bluish at base; legs dingy chrome; iris orange. 
Total length 16 inches, oilmen 1*05, wing 8*5, tail 7*5, tarsus 2-65. 

Adult male. Similar to the old female, but a little smaller. Total 
length 13*5 inches, wing 8*5, tarsus 2-55. 
Hah. Southern and Forth-eastern Africa. 

a. cS ad. sk. South Africa. S.-AMean Museum. 
b. 2 juv. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [0.1 
c. Pull. st. South Africa. 1L X Verreaux [C.l 
d. Juv. st. South Africa. M. J. Verreaux j_0 J. 
e. Juv. st. Shupanga, Zambesi. Dr. J. Kirk [C I 
/. 2 ad. sk. Shoa. " Sir W. 0. Hams [C.l 
g. Skeleton. Zoological Society. 
5. Subsp. a. Astur macroscelides. (Plate III.) 
Astur macroscelides, Hartl. J. f, 0. 1855, pp. 8-54, 360 (ex Temm. 
MS.); id. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 12 (1S57). 
Accipiter zonarius, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 15 (1857, ex Temm. 318.); 

Gray, Uand-l B. i. p. 82 (1869); 'SJiarpe, ML\ lt>70, p. 59, 
Nisus zonarius, SchL Mus. P.-JB. Astures, p. 47 (1862). 
Nisus unduliventer (pt), SchL Mm. T.~B. Revue AceipHr. p. 96 

(1873). 

Adult male (type of A. zonarius). Above bluish slate-colour, clearer 
on the head and hind neck; ear-coverts bluish like the head, the 
cheeks a little lighter and more ashy; wing-coverts darker than the 
back; quills brown, barred with blackish, the secondaries uniform 
with the back, the bars plainer underneath, the quills greyish white 
at base* tail black, tipped with dull white, and crossed with three 
bars of ashy brown by no means distinct, the corresponding bars 
below ashy white; middle tail-feathers with three large spots of 
white on the inner web; throat white, slightly mottled with bluish 
ash-colour• remainder of under surface white, crossed with numerous 
broad bars of clear rufous, decreasing in number towards the abdomen, 
the under tail-coverts pure white; sides of breast, flanks, and 
thighs uniform clear rufous ; under wing-coverts pure white, with 
slight marks of brown on lower series. Total length 14 inches, 
culmen 1, wing 7*9, tail 6*7, tarsus 2*5, middle toe 1*1. (31us. 
Lugd.) 

Adult female. Similar to, but larger than, adult male. Total 
length 17 inches, wing 8*8, tail 8*3, tarsus 2*95, middle toe 1-3. 

(Mm. Lugd.) 

Young (type of species). Above brown, with slight rufous edgingn 
to the wing-coverts • head and nape slightly varied with white, as 
also a tolerably distinct eyebrow ; ear-coverts uniform dark brown ; 
cheeks white, streaked with brown, the throat white, with a central 
streak of blackish brown; remainder of under surface white, the 

22. ASITK. 
101 
centre of the "body and under tail-coverts unspotted, the breast with 
large ovate blackish drops, the sides of the body broadly barred 
with the same colour; under wing-coverts uniform white, with a 
few large spots of blackish brown on the lower ones; quills brown, 
barred with darker brown, more distinctly below, where the feathers 
are white at the base of the inner web, shading into greyish towards 
the tips; tail brown above, tipped with ashy, greyish asheolour 
below, crossed with five bars of blackish brown, some of the 
brown interspaces paler on the centre tail-feathers, but not exhibiting 
white spots, which seem peculiar to the adult. (Mus. LugcL) 

Hah. Gold Coast to Gaboon. 

a,b. $ 2 ad. sk. Eiver Ranger, Gaboon. H. T. Ansell, Esq. [P.]. 

c. 
S juv. sk. Eiver Ogowe, Gaboon M. Bouvier [E.]. 
(Marche et de Compiegne). 
Obs. Professor Schlegel, in his late i Revue' (7. c), separates A. 
uudvUventer from A. tachiro, uniting to the former the West-African 

A. zoaarhts (vel macroseelides). I cannot separate the North-east-
African bird from the true A. tachiro; but those from the Gold 
Coast are always much brighter blue above and more uniform 
rufous on the sides of the body, while those from Gaboon form a 
still more intensified race. 
6. Astur toussenelii (Plate VI. tig. 1.) 
Xisus toussenelii, Verr. JRev. et Mag. 1854, p. 538; J. 8? B. Verr. J. 
f. O. 1855, p. 101; ILartL Dm. W.-Afr. p. 15 (1857); id. J.f. 0. 
1&01, p. 101. 
Accipiter toussenellii, StrickL 0m. Syn. p. 116 (1855); Cass, Pr. 
Phil. Acad. 1859, p. 31; JDuchaillu, Eq. Afr. p. 472 (1861); Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 32 (1869). 

Adult. Above blackish slate-colour, the head and neck clear slaty 
blue, paler on the sides of the face; throat white, the lower part 
washed slightly with vinous; rest of under surface, including the 
thighs, deep vinous salmon-colour, with slight remains of whitish 
cross bars on the breast; the lower abdomen, vent, inner face of 
thighs and under wing- and tail-coverts white; quills slaty black 
above, white at base of inner web, shading into ashy white towards 
the tips of the feathers, crossed with a few blackish bars; tail black, 
tipped with white, greyish below, crossed with two bands of white, 
which also appear irregularly on the upper surface of the middle 
feathers, where they occur on both webs. Total length 15 inches, 
culmen 1, wing 8, tail 7, tarsus 2*5. 

Hal. Gaboon, 

a. Ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Verreaux. Type of the species. 
7. Astur trinotattis. 
Accipiter trinotatus, JBp. Consp. I p. 33 (1850, ex Temm. MS. in Mus. 
jdigd.); StrwJd. Orn. Syn. p. 115 (1855); Wall Ibis, 1868, p. 8; 
Gray, Ilmid-l K i. p. 34 (1869). 

102 FALCONH)^. 

Astur trinotatus, Bp. Hev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 490. 
Spaxvius trinotatus, Bp. JRev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538. 
Nisus trinotatus, Schl. Mus. JP.-B. Astuies, p. 45 (1862); id. Yog. 


Nederl Ind. Valhv. pp. 27, 65, pL 19. figs, 1-3 (1866); id. Memw 
Actipitr. p. 90 (1873). 
ErytTirospiza trinotata, EJaup, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 172: Walden, Tr. Z. 

8. viii. p. 33 (1872). 
Young. Above bright ferruginous red, the head and hind neck 
streaked with blackish, the wings entirely rufous, the shafts of the 
quills above black, and the primaries barred with black on the Inner 
web near the base; upper tail-coverts and tail black, the latter 
largely spotted with white, as in the adult, the two outer feathers 
more or less bright red, barred with black, which is overspreading 
the whole feather, showing that the change of colour in the tail is 
gradually assumed without a moult; sides of the face rufous brown, 
streaked with black, the lores buff; under surface of body bufTy 
white, the throat narrowly, the breast more broadly streaked with 
dark brown, somewhat tinged with rufous; the abdomen, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts rich buff, unstriped; under wing-coverts 
yellowish buff, also extending over the base of the quills. 

Another young specimen in Mr. "Wallace's collection has the throat 
and breast thickly streaked with black, which also extends over the 
head, and gives a mottled appearance to the interseapulary region. 
This bird also shows the gradual spreading of the black on the red 
tail, a most anomalous change of plumage, as the tail-feathers are 
generally changed by a direct moult in the Birds of Prey. 

Adult male. Above blackish slate-colour, inclining to clear bluish 
grey on the head and neck, and to pale cinereous on the sides of 
the face; throat white, washed with greyish; remainder of under 
surface clear vinous salmon-colour, the lower abdomen, thighs, and 
under wing- and tail-coverts pure white ; quills slaty black, white 
at base of inner web, with some bars of blackish on the under 
surface; tail slaty black, slightly tipped with white, and crossed 
underneath with two bars of white, this being confined to the inner 
web; cere above the nostrils and bill black; orbits orange-yellow; feet 
deep orange-yellow; iris chrome-yellow. Total length 11*5 inches, 
culmen 0-8, wing 6*3, tail 5*5, tarsus 2. 

Female. Similar to the male, but slightly larger. Total length 
12 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 6*7, tail 5*8, tarsus 2. 

Hal. Celebes. 
a,b. <$ 2 ad. sk. Menado, N, Celebes. 
c. <$ juv. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Menado, N. Celebes. 
31enado, N. Celebes. 7 u. ... 
e. $ juv. st.
f. $ juv. sk& h» cf ? ad. sk. 
Menado, N. Celebes. 
Makassar, Celebes. 
Celebes. 
A. R. Wallace, 
A. R. Wallace, 
J. Gould, Esq. 
Esq. [ CEsq. \ C.I, 
. 

8. Astur mueHeri 
Accipiter muelleri, Wall. P. Z. S.1865, p. 475; id. Ihk, 1868. p. 9: 
Gray, Kand-l B. i. p. 35 {1869). 

22 . ASTUR. 
103 
Kisus cruentus, Schl Vog. Neclerl bid. ValH\ pi. 14.fig. 1 (1806). 
Accipiter griseogularis (pt.), Kaup, P. Z. S. 18(57, p. 175. 
Xisus ralilleri, Giebel, Oni. Hies. p. 204 (1872). 
Nisus rufitorques (pt.), Schl Mus. P.-JB. Revue Acdpitr. p. 80 (1873). 


Young. Above brown, with pale rufous margins to the feathers, 
the nape and crown slaty brown, a great deal mottled with white; 
the scapulars also conspicuously white at their base; sides of face 
and neck, as also a distinct eyebrow, white, with distinct streaks of 
greyish brown; under surface of body creamy white, the throat with 
a narrow median line of greyish brown, the chest with larger and 
more oval drops, the breast with heart-shaped spots and bars, the 
abdomen with dart-shaped bars; thighs barred across with pale 
rufous; quills and tail above brown, with faintly indicated bars of 
darker brown, the under surface paler and more ashy, inclining to 
pale rufous towards the base of the inner web, the cross bars more 
distinctly indicated. Total length 18*5 inches, wing 10, tail 8-5, 
tarsus 24 , middle toe (without claw) 1*4. 

Adult female. Above deep slaty grey more or less washed with 
ashy grey, the nape slightly mottled with white; quills uniform 
with the back above, pale ashy below, white at the base, slightly 
washed with pale rufous and barred across with darker ash-colour; 
tail deep slate-colour, with eight or nine blackish bars on the inner 
webs, very indistinct above and scarcely plainer on the under surface, 
which is ashy white, the bars entirely absent on the outer 
feather; sides of the head and of the neck slaty grey like the head; 

throat slaty grey, much mottled with white and washed with rufous; 

rest of the under surface rich vinous chestnut, with a few whitish 

cross bars here and there, doubtless remains of immaturity; under 

wing- and tail-coverts coloured like the breast, but the white cross 

bars a little more distinct; cere bright yellow; bill black, bluish at 

base; feet bright yellow. Total length 19 inches, culmen 1*4, 

wing 10*1, tail 0*3, tarsus 2*8. 

Adult male. Similar to the female, but smaller. Total length 

13*5 inches, culmen 1*8, wing 8*85, tail 7*6, tarsus 2*7, middle 

toe 1*2. 

Hub. Gilolo and Morty Island. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. Gilolo. A. R. Wallace^ Esq. [O.]. 
sk*
Type of species. 
b. 2 Juv- Morty Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
e. 
c? ad. sk. Weda, Gilolo. Leiden Museum [P.]. 
Ob$. Mr. Wallace was quite right, in my opinion, to separate this 
bird, which "is a large edition of A. hiogaster. It is, however, not 
strictly allied to that bird as regards its wings, which are distinctly 
barred on the under surface. Independently of its uniform appearance 
above, and the want of the rufous nape-band, it can always be 
told from A. griseogularis by its much shorter middle toe, which 
measures only 1-3-1*4 inch without ftie claw against 1*65-1*7 inch 
in the other species (females measured). 

104 FALCONID-aE. 

9. Astnr Mogaster. 
Falco Mogaster, MUSI. 8f SchL Naturl Gesch. p. 110 (1839-1844): 

Bp. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1850, p. 490. 
Accipiter hiogaster, Bp. Comp. i. p. 33 (1850); Hoinlr. Sf Jaeq. Voy. 
Pole Sud, Zool p. 48, pi. 2. fig. 1 (1853) ; Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 112 
(1855) ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 8; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 34 (1869). 

Sparvins Mogaster, Bp. JRev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538. 

Astur Mogaster, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 343. 

Nisus Mogaster, Sold. Mus. P.~B. Astures, p. 43 (1862)j id. Yog. 

Nederl Lid. Valhv. pp. 27, 65, pi. 19 (1866) j id. Revue Accipitr. 

p. 89 (1873). 
Erythrospiza Mogaster, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 173. 
Erythrospiza Mogastra, Walde?i, Tr* Z. S. viii. p. 34 (1872). 
Young. Above brownish slate-colour, the feathers of the nape 
white at the "base and slightly tinged with rufous, the wing-coverts 
and secondaries margined with rufons; quills and tail dark "brown, 
paler at the tips, crossed with numerous bands of blackish, the 
inner webs of both pale rufous at the base, and having the under 
surface lighter, with the cross bars more plainly developed than on 
the upper surface ; sides of the face deep slaty, like the head; entire 
under surface white, with a few spots and bars of brown on the 
lower breast, flanks, and thighs ; the under wing-coverts pale fawn, 
spotted with brown, a few rufous feathers appearing on the chest. 
Total length 14 inches, wing 8-5, tarsus 2-25. 

Adult female. Above deep bluish slate-colour, the wings and tail 
a little duller; primaries ashy underneath, pale rufous near the 
base; sides of the face and of the neck bluish slate-colour, like the 
rest of the head; entire under surface deep cinnamon rufous ; the 
throat entirely uniform with the breast, as also are the under wing-
and tail-coverts; cere, orbits, and feet orange, claws black; bill 
black, orange at base of under mandible; iris (Leej> orange-yellow. 
Total length 15*8 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 2*5, tail 7, tarsus 2-25. 

Adult male. Similar to the old female, but smaller. Total length 
12*5 inches, wing 7*7, tarsus 2*1. 
Hab. Ceram and Amboina. 

a. $ ad. st, Amboina. Leiden Museum ""P.j. 
b. S juv. st. Amboina. Leiden Museum [P. J. 
c. J ad. sk. Amboina. A. E. Wallace, Esq. ^C], 
d. $ ad. sk. Amboina. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [?.]. 
e. 2 JlIV*sk* Amboina. U. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.j. 
/ . Juv. sk. Ceram. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [&]. 

10. Astur sylvestris. 
Accipiter sylvestris, Wall P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 484,487 ; id. Ibis, 1808, 
p. 10; Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 34 (18(39). 
Nisus torquatus, Schl Voy. Nederl. Iml Valhv. pi. 17. fig. 3 (1866). 
Uraspiza torquata (pt.), Kaup, P. Z. S. 1807, p. 17G. 
Adult male (type of species). Above pale ashy grey, the crown 
delicate bluish grey, the hinder neck slightly washed with salmoncolour 
on the sides, not forming by any means a distinct nape-band; 

22 . ASTUB. 
105 

sides of the face grey like the head, but paler; throat greyish white, 
washed with pale salmon- colour; underneath delicate salmon-colour, 
uniform on the breast, sides of the body and flanks exhibiting remains 
of whitish bars on lower breast; under tail-coverts pure white; 
under wing-coTerts and axiilaries very pale salmon-colour, the lower 
coverts whitish; quills and tail-feathers uniform slaty grey above, 
the inner webs white at the base, some of them exhibiting faint remains 
of greyish cross bars; bill black; feet and cere yellow. Total 
length 12 inches, culmen 1, wing 7*4, tail 5-8, tarsus 1-9. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 
14 inches, wing 8*1, tail 6*7, tarsus 2-1. 

Hah. Flores. 
a, I. S ad. ak.
c. 2 ad. sk.
d. <J juv. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
Flores. 
Flores. 
Flores. 
Flores. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq,. [G.]. 
Type of species. 
A. ft. Wallace, Esq [0.1. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.1. 
A. B. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 

11. Astur trivirgatus. 
Falco trivirgatus, Temm. PL Col. i. gl. 303 (1824). 
2sisus trivirgatus, Less, Man. d)Om. i. p. 98 (1828). 
Astur trivirgatus, Cuv. Pegne An. i. p. 332 (1829) ; Gray, Gen. P. 

i. p. 27 (1849); Pp. Comp. i. p. 31 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. 
p. 221 (1855); Jerd. P. Ind. i. p. 47 (1862); ScM. Mus. P.-P. 
Astures, p. 22 (1862) j id. Vog. Nederl Lid. Valkv. pp. 18, 57, 
pi. 10 (18150) ; Wall. Ibis, 18(58, p. 6 ; Gray, IIand4. i. p. 30 (1869); 
Holdsw. P. Z..S. 1872, p. 410; tichl. Revue Accipitr. p. 65 (1873). 
Dsedalion trivirgatum, Less. Traiie, p. 66 (1831). 
Spizaetus rufitinctus, M-CleU. P. Z. tf. 1839, p. 153. 
Astur palumbarius, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 85 (J839). 
Astur eristatus, Gray, Aim. N. H. xi. p. 371 (1843). 
Astur indicus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 81 (1844); Gray, Cat 


Accipitr. 1844,^ p. 33. 

Lophospizia trivirgatus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 65; Gray, Cat. 
Hodgs. Coll 1863, p. 19? Hume, Pough Notes, i. p. 116 (1869); 
Swirik. P. Z. S.1871, p. 341. 

Young. Above brown, with a fully developed occipital crest, upper 
tail-coverts banded with darker brown and tipped with white; 
quills and tail much as in the adult, the latter with five cross bands 
of darker brown; under surface of body white, the throat with the 
three characteristic streaks like the adult, the breast broadly streaked 
with pale rufous, inclining to dark brown in the centre of the chest, 
the lower breast and abdomen barred with pale rufous, the bars 
narrower and darker on the thighs; under tail-coverts white, with 
a few narrow nearly obsolete cross bars; under wing-coverts buff, 
spotted and barred with dark brown. 

Adult male. Above slaty grey, the upper tail-coverts^ blacldsh 
and tipped with white ; head and neck clearer slaty grey, including 
a conspicuous occipital crest, the sides of the neck somewhat tinged 
with rufous; quills browner than the back, primaries with rufescent 
shafts, barred above with dark brown, much plainer underneath, 

PALCO^IDJE. 

where the quills are white at the base of the inner web ; tail ashy 
brown, paler at tip, crossed with four bands of dark brown; throat 
white, with a distinct black moustaehial streak on each side and a 
broad median line; chest clear tawny rufous; rest of under surface 
white, broadly banded with pale rufous, each bar of this colour 
haying a conterminous brown bar, the thighs thickly barred with 
ashy brown without any rufous tinge; under tail-coverts white; 
under wing-coverts white, spotted with brown or rufous brown, and 
the axillaries similarly barred; cere orange-yellow; bill black, leadcolour 
at base; cheeks and orbits orange; feet yellow; iris orange-
yellow. Total length 14 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 7*8, tail 6-3, 
tarsus 2*2. 

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but much larger. Total 
length 18 inches, wing 9-7, tarsus 2-7. 

Hah. The hilly parts of India and Ceylon, not extending into the 
North-west Provinces. Sumatra, Java, Southern Borneo, Philippine 
Islands, and Formosa; probably occurring in suitable localities 
throughout the Indo-Chinese region, but not yet known further 
eastward than Assam. 

Ohs. The specimens from Nepal are much larger, and may prove 
to be a distinct race, in which case they will bear the name of Astur 
indicus. Professor Schlegel has already drawn attention to this 
large form (' Astures/ p. 22, note), which he calls A. trivirgatus 
indicus* The Museum specimens are, unfortunately, not sexed, so 
that the exact comparison of the sexes cannot at present be instituted. 
They measure in the wing 10*6 inches. The Ceylonese 
bird appears to agree with the Malayan form; and Mr. Swinhoe 
says the same of the Foxmosan examples. 

a. $ ad. sk. E. Java. A. B, Wallace, Esq. [0.1. 
b. S juv. sk. Mount Ophir, Malacca. A. B. Wallace, Esq.. [C.J. 
c. tf juv. st. Borneo. Bajah Brooke [P.]. 
d. <$ juv. st. Borneo. 
e. d ad. sk. Ceylon. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.]. 
/. $ ad. sk. Purchased. 
g. Skeleton. Purchased. 
Large race (A. indicus). 

a. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
b, c, &, Ad. juv. st. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.[. 
e. Sternum. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. J. 
12. Astur griseiceps. 
Astur griseiceps, Schl. Mm. P.-J9. Astures, p. 28 (1862); Wall Ibis, 
1864, p. 184, pi. 5; S6KL Vog. NederL Ind. Valhv. pp. 19, 58, 
pi. 11. figs. 1, 2 (1866) ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 6 j Gray, EandA. B. 
I p. 30 (1869); Schl Kevue Aceipitr. p. 67 (1873). 

Lophospiza griseiceps, Kaup, P. Z. S.1867, p. 178; Waldm, Ti\ Z. S. 
viiL p. 33 (1872). 

Young, Above brown, the feathers with a purplish gloss and 
slightly tipped with fulvous, the bases to the wing-coverts and sea


22 . ASTTTR. 
pulars conspicuously while, tho head and him! neck also washed 
with rufous and much varied with white ; quills dark brown, I Sir 
secondaries paler, handed with blackish brown, a little more dwtint't 
on the under surface, where the feathers are white at their bants 
shading into ashy brown towards tho tips; tail brown, barred with 
darker brown, tipped with whitish, the bars on the outer tail-
feathers obsolete; under surface of tail whitish ashy, the cross barn 
very distinct, except on the outer feathers; widen of faro rufous 
brown, darkest on upper margin of ear-coverts; under surface of 
body creamy white, the throat with a broad line of black down tho 
centre and another running along the lower margin of each cheek, 
but not so distinct as the central one, the breast sparsely marked 
with oval spots of pale rufous, brown in the centre; the thighs 
scantily marked with tiny spots of brown; under wing-and tail-

coverts white, the former with a wash of pale fawn. 
Mature. Above brown, the head and a alight occipital crest of the 
same colour, the upper tail-coverts tipped with white; quills brown, 
banded with darker brown, the under surface whitish ashy, the 
bands showing more distinctly; tail pale brown above, whitish grey 
beneath, tipped with whitish, crossed with four bands of blackish 
brown; under surface of body white, with two nioustaclrial and one 
central streak of blackish, as in the young bird, the breast streaked 
with broad oval drops of pale rufous, collecting on the sides of the 
breast and giving a clouded appearance to this part; the flanks 
and thighs barred with dull rufous brown; the under wing-and 
tail-coverts white, the former tinged with pale fawn. 
Adult. General plumage brown, like the foregoing, but having 
the whole head slaty grey; the bars on the wings and tail not so 
broad or distinct, the basal one of the latter nearly obsolete; the 
gular and moustachial streaks slaty black; rest of under surface 
white, marked with broad streaks of brown, the thighs rather narrowly 
but distinctly barred with blackish; cere and orbits leadcolour, 
tinged with yellow; bill black, lead-colour at base; feet 
lemon yellow; iris golden orange. Total length 15%5 inches, culmen 
1*2, wing 8*1, tail 6-8, tarsus 2-25. 
Hab. Celebes. 

a, b. 6 2 iuv. sk. Celebes. J. Gould, Esq. 
c 2 ad. sk. Tondano, Celebes. A. E. Wallace, Enq. {0.1. 
d 2 ad st. Menado, Celebes. A. E. Wallace 1%, f(\I 
e' juv. st. Menado, Celebes. A. It. Wallace, Escj, [1.]. 

f. e ad. sk . Makassar. A. It. Wallace, Enq. \CVr 
13. Astur brutus. 
SchL 6c ML

Nisus brutus, Poll. Nederl. Tijdschr, iii. p. 80 (1806); S< 

Faun. Madag. Ois. p. 88, pi. 12. fig. 2 (1808); HSchL 1 
Mevue Accipitr. . 

jcaun. irxwww/. v«». p* *-"-. r*-— 

Revue Accipitr, p 
pp. 9 
995
55 (1878) 
(1878)(1878).. 
Hand4 R I. . .to (iK>J).

Micronisu
MicronisuMicronisus
ss 
brutus 
brutusbrutus,
,, Gray, 
Gray,Gray, Hand~l B. i. p 
pp. $5 (1S00). 

r brutus, Gurnet/, Ibtsf 1869, p. 44*5.

Accipite
AccipiteAccipiter brutus, Gurnet/, Ibkf 1869, p. 448. 
Adult male. Above brownish ash-colour, the nape varied with 

108 FALCONLDJE. 

white, the head tinged with dull vinous rufous, more distinct on the 
eyebrow, and occupying the whole of the sides of the face and neck; 
wing-coverts a little darker than the back; quills brown, barred 
with darker brown, the secondaries uniform with the back, the bars 
more distinct on the underside of the quills, where the inner web 
is ochraceous buff; tail-feathers brown, slightly rufescent on their 
margins, crossed with six bands of dark brown, the subterminal 
one rather broader; under surface of body white, slightly tinged 
with rufous, and having a narrow line of dark brown down the 
centre of the throat; remainder of under surface white, thickly 
barred with rufous, the bars becoming narrower on the flanks; 
thighs pale rufous buff, with narrow rufous bars; under tail-coverts 
white; under wing-coverts pale rufous buff, the axillaries whitish 
with remains of rufous cross bars. Total length 10*7 inches, culmen 
0*75, wing 5*6, tail 4*8, tarsus 185. (Jlus. Lugcl.) 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but having a more distinct 
rufous shade on the hind neck. Total length 12-5 inches, wing 6-4:5, 
tail 5*7, tarsus 1*9. (Mus. Lugcl.) 

Hah. Mayotte. 
Obs. This species may easily be confounded with the young of A. 
francescce in barred plumage; but the male of the latter, when it 
approaches the present species, has the remains of rufous edgings 
above, showing that it is a young bird. The full-grown female of 

A. francescce, when it has a bared under surface and no remains of 
rufous margins above,* can be distinguished from A. brutus by its 
grey cheeks and by the absence of any rufous shade on the neck. 
A. bruins may almost always be told by its rufescent thighs. 
14. Astur tibialis. 
Astur tibialis, Verr. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 100; Gray, Hand-l B. I p. 29 
(1869). 
Accipiter hartlaubi, Sharye, P. Z. S. 1871? p. 613 Qapsu). 

Adult (?). Above dark blackish brown, with narrow and almost 
obsolete rufous edgings to the feathers; quills blackish brown, with 
the same obsolete rufous edgings; under surface of wing much 
lighter and inclining to pale rufous, with very distinct black cross 
bars and tips to the feathers; tail very dark brown, barred across 
with blackish brown and pale rufous, the outer feathers quite plain, 
and all the tail-feathers tipped with pale rufous; throat white; rest 
of under surface of body rust-colour, lighter and more inclining to 
white down the centre of the body, the flanks very distinctly marked 
with diamond-shaped spots of blackish brown; legs deep rustcolour, 
with indistinct black transverse bars; under wing-coverts 

pale rust-colour, with a few blackish spots on the lower feathers 
and axillary plumes; bill black, yellowish at gape and at base of 
lower mandible; legs deep yellow, claws black. Total length 
13-7 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 7*5, tail 7*4, tarsus 2*8, (Mus. G« E. 
Shelley.) 

Hah. W. Africa, from Senegambia to Cameroons. 

22. AsirB. 
109 

Obs. There can be no doubt that Mr. Guraey and I were wron^ 
in determining the bird here described to be the young of A. JiarU 
lanbi. Although bearing great resemblance in immature plumage, 
1 have since determined that A. hartlaubi is a true Sparrow-Hawk; 
and Mr. Stevenson, who kindly measured the type in the Norwich 
Museum for^me, has convinced me that it is also a member of the 
genus Accipiter, whereas the bird in question is a veritable Goshawk, 
and agrees sufficiently well with A. tibialis to warrant its being 
referred to that species. 

15. Astur badius. 
This species includes five races or subspecies, which, although 
recognizable to the experienced eye, yet present so many closely 
allied characters, that no certain distinction can be drawn between 
them. 

Subsp. a. Asf e badius. 

The Brown Hawk, Brown, III Zool p. 6, pi. 3 (1776). 
Falco badius, Gm. 8. JSf. i. p. 280 (1788.' ex Brown); Baud. Traite, 


ii. p. 8® (1800). 
Falco brownii, Shaw, Gen. Zool. viL pt. 1, p. 169 (1809). 
Sparvius badius, Vieill. & Diet cTHist. Nat. x. p. 318 (1817). 
Falco dussumieri, Temm. Pi Col. i. pis. 308, 336 (1824). 
Nisus dussumieri, Zess. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 99 (1828) j id. Traite, p. 59 
(1831); Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1834, p. 538. 
Astur dussumieri, Cuv. Begne An. i. p. 332 (1829); Blyth, Ann. N. 

H. sii. p. 91 (1843); id. J. A. S. B. xii. p. 308 (1843). 
Accipiter dukhunensis, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 79, et J. A. S. B. hi. 
p. 419 (1834) ; Jerd. Madr. Jour. x. j . 83 (1839). 
Accipiter badius, SiricM. Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 33 (1844); Gray, Gm. 
B. i. p. 29 (1849) $ Striekl Orn. 8yn. p. 106 (1855) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 
1870, p. 424. 
Accipiter scutarius, Hodgs. in Graifs Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844). 
Accipiter fringillaroides, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844). 
Astur badius, Kaup, Ms, 1847, p. 190. 
Astur bifasciatus, Peak, U. 8. Bxpl Bxp. p. 70, pi. 20 (1848) j Earth 

Arch. f. Naturg. 1852, p. 96. 
Micronisus badius, Bp. Consp. i. p. 33 (1850) ; Blyth, I. A. 8. B. 

xix. p. 332 (1850); Kaup, Cont Orn. 1850, p. 66; Jerd. B. Ind. 
i. p. 48 (1862); Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 16; Beav. P. Z. S. 1868, 
p. 394 ; Mime, Bough Notes, i. p. 117 (1869); Gray, Hand-l B. 
i. p. 35 (1869) ; Eoldsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 411. 
Nisus badius, Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 538; 8chl. Mm. 
P.-B. Astures, 5. 48 (1862) ; id. Nederl Tidschr. iii. p. 359 (1866) j 
id. Bemie Aceipitr. p. 92 (1873). 

Young. Above ashy brown, all the feathers edged with pale 
rufous, the head and neck more plainly washed with this colour, 
and mottled with white; lores and a distinct eyebrow whitish, the 
latter streaked with dark brown; ear-coverts pale brown, tinged 
with rufous and narrowly streaked with darker brown ; under surface 
of body white, the under tail-coverts unstreaked, the throat 
with a broad central line of dark brown, the breast streaked with 

Ill) FALCONIDJE. 

longitudinal drops of pale rufous, taking the form of bars on the 
sides of the body and flanks, but especially on the thighs, which are 
plainly barred; under wing-coverts buff, the upper ones streaked 
and the lower ones barred with dark brown; quills brown, barred 
with darker brown, the secondaries tipped with buff; the tail ashy 
brown, with five or six dark brown bands, nine on the outermost 
feather; the under surface of both quills and tail-feathers burly 
white, the bands showing more distinctly ; cere yellow ; bill bluish, 
dusky at tip; feet yellow,* iris pale yellow. 

Adult. Above bluish grey, the nape mottled with white, concealed 
spots of which are also on the scapulars and secondaries- the 
latter bluish grey like the back, the primaries dusky black, barred 
with deeper black, these bars showing more plainly on the under 
surface, which is greyish white, tinged with, buff near the base of 
the inner webs ; tail ashy grey, tipped with white, crossed with six 
blackish, bars, more numerous but less distinct on the outermost 
feather, and altogether obsolete on the two centre ones; sides of 
face ashy grey like the head, but paler; throat white, with an indistinct 
dusky streak down the centre; rest of the under surface 
deep salmon-rufous, with narrow cross bars of white, the lower 
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts entirely white; under wing-
coverts buffy white, with a few indistinct marks of brown on the 

lower ones; cere bright yellow• feet dark buffy yellow ; iris deep 
orange. Total length 13*4 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 7*9, tail 6*3, 
tarsus 2. 

Adult female. Similar to male, but larger. Total length 14*5 
inches, wing 8*3, tarsus 2*15. 
Eab. The whole of the Indian peninsula and Ceylon, extending 
westwards into Scinde and Afghanistan. 

a. c? ad. sk. India. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
b, c. $ 2 ad. sk. India. Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.]. 
d. <$ ad. sk. India. Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P. . 
e. <$ juv. sk. Deccan (Burgess). J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
/. 6 juv. st. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
g,h. $ ad. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.1. 
*. ? juv. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. ; P.I. 
hhm-6 2 juv. st. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.I. 
n,o. <$ $ juv, sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson. Esq. fPA 
p. $ ad. sk, Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.I. 
q. Pull. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
r. Ad. sk. Darjiling. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [F.J. 
s,t. 6 $ juv. sk. Kattiawar. Capt. Hayes Lloyd, FP.1 
n. 2 ad. st, Madras. Sir W. Elliot [Pi]. 
Subsp. /3. Astux poliopsis. 

Micronisus badius, Scl Ibis, 1864, p. 246; Swinh Ibu\ 1870, n. 84 • 
id. P. Z. $. 1871, p. 411. ' 'F ' 
Accipiter poliopsis, J3umef Stray Feathers, 1874. 

Adult. Very similar to A. badius, which it replaces to the eastward 
of Bengal. Much paler blue above and below, banded with 

22. ASTTJR. Ill 
broader and brighter vinous bands than its near ally. Total length 
11 inches, eulnien 0*7, wing 7'3, tail 6*1, tarsus 1*95. 
Hub. Bnrmah, Tenasserim, Siam, and Camboja; Formosa, Hainan. 

a. Ad. sk. Tenasserim. J. D. 0. Packman, Esq. [P.]. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Camboja. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
c. d imm. sk. Bangkok (Conrad). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

Subsp. y. Astur brevipes. 

Astur brevipes, Setertz. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Ifoscoii. xxxiii. p. 234, 

tab. i.-iii. (1850). 
Accipiter sphenurus, Gimieij, Ibis, 1859, p. 390 (nee Hupp.). 
Accipiter guraeyi, Bree, B. Bur. iv. p. 18o (1863). 
Accipiter brevipes, Tristram, Ibis, 1865, p. 260; Schluter, Zool. Ga?± 

1869, p. 374; Ehves $ Bzwkleu, Ibis, 1870, p. 75: Sharps & Dresser, 

B. Bur. p t ix. (1871;. 
Mieronisus brevipes, Newt Ibis, 1865, p. 342; Dresser, P. Z. S, 1871, 
p. 103. 
jMicronisus badius, De FUippi, Viagg, Pers. p. 345 (1865). 
Accipiter badius, Alteon, Bev. et Mag. de Zool 1867, p. 1. 
Falco badius, Krwper, J.f. 0. 1869, p. 25. 
Young* Above ashy brown, the feathers margined with rufous, 
especially distinct on the head, the scapulars with concealed white 
spots, and the nape mottled with white • a distinct superciliary line 
and the sides of the face white, streaked with greyish brown * throat 
white, with a distinct black streak down the centre • rest of under 
surface of body white, with broad tear-shaped spots of rufous brown 
on the breast, represented by oval spots of the same colour on the 
flanks and by bars on the lower breast; flanks buny white, with 
numerous spear-shaped markings of pale rufous, less plentiful on 
the abdomen, and diminishing in number on the under tail-coverts; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries buffy white, the former spotted 

and the latter barred with rufous brown; quills dark brown, the 
secondaries shaded with ashy and tipped with rufous, all the quills 
barred with darker brown on the inner web, more distinct underneath, 
where the interspaces are pale rufous ,* tail ashy brown above, 
whitish ashy below, tipped with rufous buff and crossed with five 
blackish bars • iris blackish brown. 

Adult male. Above blackish slate-colour on the back, the head 
and lower back paler and more slaty grey, the scapulars with concealed 
white spots ; wings uniform with the back, the wing-coverts 
and secondaries washed with slaty grey, the primaries blackish 
brown; inner surface of wing greyish, white near the base of inner 
webs, which have also a few dark bars more or less obsolete; tail 
slaty grey, paler at the tip, crossed with five bars of dark brown, 
obsolete on the two middle and outer feathers, the under surface of 
the tail paler and more ashy, with the cross bars more distinct; 
sides of face and neck pale ashy; throat whitish; breast white, 
thickly crossed with bars of delicate salmon-colour, collecting on the 
upper breast, which has a uniform appearance, gradually becoming 
less distinct on the abdomen and thighs and under wing-coverts; 

112 FALCOXIDJE. 

under tail-coverts white; bill horn-blue; feet yellow; Iris deep 
yellow. Total length 13*5 inches, culrnen 0*85, wing 9*1, tail 7, 
tarsus 2*1. 

Adult female. Altogether duller in colour, but larger than the 
male, the transverse barring on the under surface much broader 
and not of such a bright vinous tint. Total length 16*2 inches, 
wing 9*8, tail 7, tarsus 2*1. 

Hob. Central Russia, Turkey, Asia Minor, Greece, and Persia, 
extending into Syria in winter. 

a. 5 ad. sk. Timok River, Servia Baron A. von Hiigel "P." (cf. 
(tfodek). Schliiter, Zool. Gait he). 
b. $ juv. sk Smyrna, Aug. 1858 J. H. Girrney, Esq. [P.". 
\Go7izenbach). 
c. <$ juv. st. Damascus. 

Subsp. L Astur spheunrus. 

Falco sphenurus, Bilpp. Keue Wirb. p. 42 (18-35). 
Accipiter brachydactylus, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 118 (1837); Strickl 
Om. Syn. p. 114 (1855). 

Nisus sphenurus, Hupp, Syst. Uebers. pp. 6,11, pi. 2(1845}; Bp. Jtev. 
et May. de Zool 1854, p. 538; Blanf. Geol. $ Zool Abyss, p. 294 
(1870). 

Astur rueppellii, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 189. 
Micronisus rueppellii, Kemp, Conir. Orn. 1850, p. (56. 
Accipiter sphenurus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 29 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. 


p. 32 (1850) ; Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 113 (1855) j JBCeugh Ibis, 1861, 
p. 74 
Melierax sphenurus, Hartl. Abhandl. Geb. naturiv. Ha?nb. 1852, p. 15. 
Nisus hybris, LicJii. Nbmeneh An. p. 4 (1854, ex EJir. MS.). 
Astur brachydactylus, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 14 (1857). ' 
Accipiter polioparej us, Heugh J.f. 0.1861, p. 428. 
Micronisus guttatus, Heugh J.f.O. 1861, p. 430. 
Micronisus badius, Heugh Peterm. Miiih. 1861, p. 20. 
Micronisus sphenurus, Heugh Peterm. Mitth. 1801, p. 20; Brehm, 
Beise n. Habesch, p. 207 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 35 (1869), 
Nisus badius; Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. I p. 70 (1869) ; Finseh, Tr. Z. 
S vii. p. 205 (1871). 
Nisus brachydactylus, Giebel, Orn. Ties. p. 263 (1872). 

Young. Above ashy brown, with rufous margins to the feathers, 
especially distinct on the head and nape, the latter mottled with 
white; an indistinct superciliary streak white, streaked with dark 
brown; ear-coverts rufous brown, streaked with greyish brown ; 
throat white, with a broad central streak of greyish brown, and a 
few streaks of the same on the lower throat; rest of under surface 
white, with distinct oval drops of rufous brown on the chest, somewhat 
inclining to bars on the sides of the body; thighs barred on 
the upper and spotted on the lower part with pale rufous brown ; 
abdomen and under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts buffy 

white, with broad spots and bars of brown; quills dark brown, the 
secondaries shaded with ashy grey, all plainly crossed with blackish 
bars, more distinct underneath, where the quills are buff-coloured 
near the base of the inner web ; tail ashy grey, with a whitish tip, 

22 . ASTtfR. 
113 
crossed with seven distinct blackish bars, more distinct on the 
under surface, which is whitish, and more numerous on the outer 
feather; iris yellow. 

Adult male. Clear bluish ashy above, with concealed white markings 
on the scapulars and inner secondaries, the sides of the face 
paler ashy grey; throat white, with scarcely any indication of a 
central streak; under surface of body dull salmon-rufous, barred 
with white, the bars gradually diminishing on the thighs; under 
tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts bufty white, with faint 
indications of dusky cross bars; the axillaries plainly barred with 
dull salmon-rufous like the chest; secondaries uniform with the 
back, primaries blackish externally, shaded with ashy, otherwise 
barred like the young bird; tail bluish ashy above, tipped with 
white, the cross bars about six in number, but nearly obsolete on 
the central and outer tail-feathers, being more numerous but reduced 
to narrow lines on the latter; cere yellow; bill black; feet 
dark yellow; iris orange, deepening to scarlet with age. Total 
length 11-5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 7, tail 5*7, tarsus 1*85. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 12-3 
inches, wing 7*6. 

Yery old birds lose the barred character of the upper part of the 
breast, it becoming gradually merged by the disappearance of the 
whitish cross bars, leaving this part uniform. 

Hah. N.E. Africa and Senegambia. 

a. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Purchased. 
b. <$ ad. sk. West Africa. Earl of Derby [P.1 
c. $ ad. sk. West Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.t 
d. J juv. sk. West Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.I. 
e7f. S 2 ad. sk. Bogos Land. Herr Esler [0.1 
ffX 6 S juv. sk. Bogos Land. Herr Esler [0.]. 
i. $ juv. sk. Anseba valley. W. T. Blanfoxd, Esq. [0.1. 
j. 
£ ad. sk. Mohaber, Lebka valley, W.T.Blanford,Esq. [C.]. 
July 8,1868. 
k. 
S juv. sk. Mohaber, Lebka valley, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.]. 
July 8,1868. 
Subsp. e. Astur polyzonoides. 
Accipiter polyzonoides, Smith, III. Zool S. Afr. pi. 11 (1849)• Layard, 

B. S. Afr. p. 29 (1867) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 144; Ayres, Ibis, 
1869, p. 289 ; Gumey in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld., p. 38 (1872). 
Nisus polyzonoides, Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538. 
Mieronisus polyzonoides, Sol. Ibis, i864, p. 300; Gray, Hand-l B. 

i. p. 35; Bocage, Joni. Acad. Lisb. 1870, p. 338. 
Nisus badius, Mnsch fy Hartl Yog. Ostafr. p. 81 (1870). 
Adult. Above clear ashy grey, the concealed base of the scapulars 
white, with which the nape also is mottled; sides of the face ashy 
grey like the head, but a little paler ; wing-coverts rather darker 
than the back, and of a deeper slate-colour; quills brown, paler on 
the outer web, the secondaries ashy grey like the back, all the quills 
barred with blackish on the inner web, more plainly on the under 
surface, which is for the most part white; tail ashy brown, whitish 

voi,. I. 
K 

114 ffALCOXIDJE. 

at tip, crossed with five bars of darker brown, nearly obsolete 
towards the base of the centre feathers, but very distinct on the 
under surface, which is whitish; under surface of body whitish, 
the throat indistinctly, but all the rest of the body plainly, crossed 
with numerous bars of very pale rufous, narrower on the abdomen 
and thighs; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts similar 
to the breast; bill blackish, base of upper mandible yellow, of lower 
one bluish black; feet yellow; iris bright orange. Total length 
13 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 7*65, tail 6-1, tarsus 1-8. 
Hob. South Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. Type of species. 

b. Juv. st. South Africa. Earl of Derby [P.]. 

16. Astur soloensis. (Plate IY.fig. 1.) 

Faleo soloensis, Lath. Gen. Hist i. p. 209 (1821). 
Daedalion soloensis, Horsf. Tr. Linn. JSoc. xiii. p. 137 (1822). 
Falco nisus (small var.); Raffl. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 278 (1822). 
Accipiter soloensis, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 (1824) ; Gray, Gen. B. 


i. p. 29 (1849); Strickl. Orn. Sim. p. 107 (1855); Sioink. P Z. S. 
1862, p. 315 • ScL P. Z. S. 1863, p. 207. 
Astur soloensis, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 94 (1828). 
Nisus cuculoides, Less. Man. cVOm. i. p. 97 (1828) ; id. Traite, p. 61 
(1831). 
Nisus minutus, Less. Traite, p. 60 (1831); Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1850, 

p. 210. 
Tachyspiza soloensis, Kemp, Classif. Saug. u. Vog. p. 117 (1844) ; id. 
Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 63; Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 538; 
Kaup, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 172; Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. pp. 34, 110 
(1872). 
Micronisus soloensis, Gray, Cat. Aceipitr. B. M. p. 75 (1848); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 33 (1850) ; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. B. L Co. i. 

p. 38 (1854); Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 344; Swinh. P. Z. & 1863, 

p. 261; Peh. Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 12 (1865); Wall. Ibis, 1868, 

p. 12; Gray, Mand-l. B. i. p. 35 (1869); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, 

p. 342. 
Micronisus badius, Sicirih. Ibis, 1860, p. 359, 
Accipiter virgatus, Siuirih. Ibis, 1861, p. 264. 
Nisus soloensis, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 44 (1862); Blyth, Ibisf 
1863, p. 16; Schl Vog. Nederl. Ind., Valhv. pp. 28, 66, pi. 19. figs. 
4-6 (1866); id. Revue Aceipitr. p. 97 (1873). 

Young. Above brown, with rufous edgings to the feathers, a little 
broader on the upper tail-coverts, the sides of the neck washed with 
rufous, the nape mottled with white; crown, blackish, an ill-defined 
eyebrow and fore part of the cheeks white, narrowly lined with 
blackish brown; the ear-coverts brown, slightly washed with dull 
rufous; throat bufiy white, with a mousiachial line on each, and a 
median streak of brown ; rest of under surface buify white, the 
chest broadly streaked and the breast and flanks barred with pale 
rufous ; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts clear buff, 
the lowest ones spotted with blackish; quills dark brown, slightly 
tipped with whitish, very indistinctly barred above with darker 
brown, underneath bufiy white at the base of the inner web, in


22. \STUU. 115 
distinctly barred with dark brown, visible only on the inner webs ; 
tail ashy brown, whitish at tip, crowed with live barn of darker 
brown, tho under surface whitish ashy, tho cross buns more distinct, 
except on the outer web, where they are almost obsolete. 

Adult. The adult plumage appears to be gained by a gradual 
mcrsion of the rufous stripes on the breast. Above light bluish 
grey, some of the feathers margined with darker grey ; sides of faeo 
and neck grey like the head, but a little more dingy"; under surface 
of the body pale buffy vinous, the throat, thinks, and thighs, as well 
as the under wing- and tail-eoverts, white, with a slight greyish 
shade on the sides of the breast; quills black externally, shaded 
with ashy grey, under surface white at base of inner web, but 
having no distinct bars above or below; tail dull bluish grey above, 
ashy whito beneath, with four or rive indistinct cross bands of dark 
brown, a little plainer underneath, but these not strictly continuous; 
cere yellow; gape and orbits yellowish; bill black, lead-colour at 
base ; feet yellow ; iris yellow. Total length 11 *8 inches, oilmen 
0*75, wing 7*9, tail 5*4, tarsus 1-9, 

Obs* A specimen from the Philippines, nearly adult in every respect, 
is much deeper slate-colour above, and far more ruddy and 
vinous below, than the one described. 

Eab. China, from Pekin southwards throughout the Malayan 
peninsula and the archipelago generally to New Guinea, 

a. $ ad. sk.
6. $ ;juv. sk,
c. J juv. sk.
d. $ juv. sk,
e. $ ad. sk.
f. Imm. st.
ff. Ad. st,
h. Ad. sk. 
Java. 
MalaccaSumatra. 
Batchian. 
New Guinea. 
Java. 
Philippine Islands. 
J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
A, R. Wallace, Esq. [C 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. f 0. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0 
A. R.Wallace, Esq. [0 \ 
E. Wilson, Esq, [P.]. 
Hugh Cuming, Esq. [0,]. 
z. $ ad. sk.
k, I $ ^d. sk.
m. Skeleton. 
Pescadores, April 1860. 
Amoy, April 20, 1807.
* 
R. Swinhoe, Esq. I CI. 
R. Svinhoe, B«q. [Cj. 
Purchased. 

17. Astnr cuctiloides. (Plate IV. fig. 2.) 
Falco cuculoides, Temm. PI Col I pis. 110, 129 (1823). 
Nisus cuculoides. Less, Man. d'Orn. I p. 97 (1828); id. TrmU\ p. 01 
(1881). 

Adult. Above light slaty grey, the margins to the feathers rather 
darker, the ear-coverts and sides of neck a little paler than the 
upper surface; lores slightly whitish; under surface of body very 
pale vinous, somewhat tinged with ashy on sides of breast and 
throat, the latter being otherwise whitish; lower flanks, abdomen, 
under tail-coverts, and thighs white, the latter indistinctly dusted 
with ashy; under wing-coverts and axilhmes pure white ; upper 
wing-coverts slaty grey like back; quills blackish, shaded above 
with slaty grey, lower surface of primaries black, all the quills 
white at base of inner web, more extended on the secondaries, which 
sare ashy grey towards the tips; tail deep slatv grey, nearly uniform 

K2' 

116 FALCONIDiE. 

above, greyish ash-colour below, inclining to white near base of 
feathers and crossed with five bands of darker brown, the snbterminal 
one broadest; cere yellow; bill horn-brown; feet yellow, 
claws black; iris dark brown. Total length 12*2 inches, culmen 
0*75, wing 8, tail 5, tarsns 2. 

Hah. North China, southwards to the Moluccas. 

a. Ad. sk. North China. — Fortune, Esq. ~L\~. 
b. Ad. sk. Celebes. J. Grould, Esq. _P~r. ~ 
18. Astnr franciscse. 
Acoipiter francesii, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Jour. ii. p. 280 (1834) : Gray, 
Cat. Accipitr. p. 36 (1844)f id Gen B. i. p. 29 (1849;; Marti. 
Ann. Ar. H. (2) ii. p. 387 (1848) ; Stricld. Orn. Sya. p. 115 (1655; ; 
Marti. Faun. Madag. p. 20 (1861}; Sel Ibis, 1864. p. 298, pi. vii.; 
Grand. Rev. et Maq. de Zool 1867, p. 32); ScM. § Poll. Faun. 
Madag. Ois. p. 36 (1868); Sharpe. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 8m. 

Nisus francesii, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 173; Sckl. P. Z. 61 1866, p. 420; 
id. Mm. P-B. Mevue Accipitr. p. 94 (1873). 
Micronisus francesii, Bp. Consp. i, p. 33 (1850); Gray, Haud~l B. i. 

p. 35 (1869). 
Scelospiza francesii, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 63. 
Scelospiza franciscse, Bp. JRev. et Jlag. de Zool. 1854, p. oSB. 
Nisus madagassariensis, Haril. Faun. Madag, p. 20 (lbOlj; Jtvfh fy 
B. Neict. Ibis, 1862, p. 268; JB. Xeict Ibis, 1863, p. 337. 
Micronisus inadagascariensis, A. Newt. P. Z. & 1865, p. 833. 
Aceipiter franciscae; Gumey, Ibi$7186(>? p. 447. 
Young. Above brown, the nape and hind neck strongly mottled 
with white, of which the bases are composed ; quills brown, somewhat 
shaded with rufous externally, and barred across with darker 
brown; tail brown, more or less washed with rufous and crossed 
with eight bars of darker brown; underneath dull white, transversely 
banded with broad vinous-brown bars, less distinct on the 
throat, cheeks, and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts oehraceous, 
barred with brown. 


Adult male. Above clear slate-colour, a little paler on the sides of 
the neck; lores and sides of face white; the ear-coverts a little 
shaded with dusky; under surface of body, including the under 
wing- and tail-coverts entirely white ; wings a little darker slatecolour 
than the back, the secondaries washed with paler grey with 
concealed white bases; primaries blackish brown, barred with black 
on the inner web, more distinctly on the lower face of the wing, 
which is white near the base; tail ashy brown, with seven bars of 
darker brown on the inner web, becoming obsolete on the outermost 
and two centre rectrices, more distinct on the under surface 
of the feathers, which are pale greyish; bill bluish black; feet yel


low; iris yellow. Total length 11*3 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 6'2, 
tail 5*5, tarsus 2. 
Adult female. Larger than the male. Total length 13 inches, 
wing 6-85, tail 6*4, tarsus 2-05. 
Hub. Madagascar and Joanna Island. 

22 . ASTUB. 
117 
a. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Sir A. Smith [0.]. Type of 
ppecies. 
b, c, d. J juv. sk. X.E. Madagascar. Heer D. C. Van Dam [0.]. 


e. Juv. sk. S.E. Madagascar. Mr. A. Crossley [0.]. 
/. Ad. sk. ? 
g. Juv. st. Madagascar. 
h. 
<J ad. sk. Mouroundava, S.W. Ma- Heer D. C. Tan Dam [0.]. 
dascascar. 
i. 
2 juv. sk. Mouroundava, S.W. Ma- Heer D. 0. Van Dam [0.]. 
dagascar. 
j. S ad. sk. Joanna Island. Bartle Frere, Esq. [P.]. 
19. Astur poliocephalus. 
Accipiter poliocephalus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 170; id. Cat. B. N. 
Guin. p. 16 (1859); ScL P. Z. S. I860, p. 322, pi. x.; Kaup, P. Z. S. 
1837, p. 177 j Wall Ibis, 1808, p. 12; Gray, Sand-l B. i. p. 34 
(1809). 
Xisus poliocephalus, Schh NederL Tijdsch. iii. p. 328 (1866) j id. Mus, 
P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 88 (1873). 
Young. Above pale brown, the head and neck washed with rufous, 
all the feathers margined with pale rufous; quills brown, pale 
rufous underneath, half barred across with brown near the base; 
tail brown, crossed with numerous bars of darker brown, about 
eleven in number, the outer feathers washed with rufous near the 
base; sides of face and neck pale rufous, the ear-coverts slightly 
shaded with brown ; under surface of body buny white, irregularly 
streaked or barred with pale rufous; thighs and under wing-coverts 
clear pale rufous; under tail-coverts white, only slightly washed 
with rufous. 
Adult female (type of species). Entire head, neck, and interscapulary 
region delicate ashy grey; rest of the upper surface bluish 
slate-colour, the quills and tail a little darker, the quills white at 
the base of the inner web, indistinctly barred half across with blackish 
; outer tail-feathers a Ettle inclining to brownish, whitish ashy 
underneath, crossed both above and below with distinct blackish 
bars; sides of face very pale ashy grey: entire under surface of body 
white, including the under wing- and tail-coverts; cere, orbits, and 
feet orange-red; iris deep olive-brown. Total length 15 inches, 
culmen 1-3, wing 8*4, tail 6'8, tarsus 2-55. 
Adult male. Similar to the female, but smaller. Total length 
12-8 inches, wing 7*8, tail 6-3, tarsus 2*35, middle toe 1*05. {Mus. 
Lttgd.) 
Hab. Hew Guinea and the Aru Islands. 

a. $ ad. sk. Aru Islands. A. K. Wallace, Esq. [C] Type of species. 
b. Ad, sk. Salwatti. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.1 
e. S juv. st. Dorey. A. K. Wallace, Esq. [O.J 
20. Astur cinereus. 
Sparvius cinereus, Vieill. N. Diet x. p. 338 (1817). 
Astur rayi, Viq. Trans, Linn. 8oc. xv. p. 180 (1827); Bp. Consp. I 


p. 31 (1850)'; Gray, Rand-l B. I p. 30 (1869). 
Astur novae hollandiaa, Gould, B. Austr. i. pi. 14 (1848). 
118 FALCONED^. 

Leucospizia rayi, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850. p. 67; Gould, Haadb. B. 
Austr. i. p. 38 (1865). 
Adult male. Above brownish ash-colour, the feathers with concealed 
spots of white near the base, the head clearer and more slaty 
grey; lores, sides of the face, and neck pale ashy, varied with whitish; 
under surface white, numerously but indistinctly barred with dull 
ashy, these bars gradually decreasing in size on the belly and disappearing 
entirely on the abdomen, thighs, and under wing- and 
tail-coverts; wing-coverts like the back, the quills dark brown, 
secondaries externally shaded with ashy grey, the innermost pale 
brownish ash-colour, white at the base and on the inner web, which 
is barred with brownish, the quills barred with dark brown, more 
plainly underneath, where the feathers are white at the base; tail 
pale brown, whitish underneath, numerously but indistinctly barred 
with darker brown ; cere yellowish orange; bill black; feet yellow^ 
claws black; iris yellow. Total length 16*5 inches, culm en 1*2, 
wing 10-25, tail 7*8, tarsus 2*7. 
Adult female. Larger than the male. A specimen in the collection 
has the wing-coverts and tail tipped with whitish, and the bars 
on the breast, which are a little more distinct than in the preceding 
specimen, are mixed with brown, evidently the signs of immaturity. 
Total length 20 inches, wing 12*25, tarsus 2-05. 
A younger bird does not exhibit the whitish margins to the wing-
coverts, but has the markings on the chest more elongate, these, as 
well as the other pectoral markings, being very broad and distinct 
and brownish in colour; iris brown. 
Hal. New South Wales and South Australia, extending along the 
entire eastern side of the continent to Cape York. 

a. $ inmi. sk.
b. <$ ad. st.
e. § ad. sk.
d, e. d $ ad. sk. 
Australia. 
New Holland. 
N.E. Australia. 
Cape York. 
Linnean Society [P.],
A. rayi. 
Lady Carington [P.X 
Purchased. 
J. Gould, Esq. [P."?, 
Type of 
21. Astur novas hollandise. 

New-Holland White Eagle, Lath. Gen. Syn. I p. 40 (1781). 

Falco novse hollandise, Gm. S. Ar. i. p. 264 (1788, ex Lath.). 

Eaico albus, White, Voy. K. S. W. pL 35 (1790). 

Fair Falcon, Lath. Gm. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 54 (1801). 

Falco clarus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. ii. p, xiii (1801). 

Sparvius niveus, VieUl. N. Diet. x. p. 338 (1817). 

Astur novse hollandise, Vig. Zool. Jour. i. p. 338 (1824); Govid, 

Synops. B. Aust. pt. 3 (1838); Gray, Gm. B. i. p. 27 (1849): Bp. 

Consp. i. p. 31 (1850); Striehl. Orn. Syn. p. 118 (1855); Sehl Mm. 

P.-B. Astures, p. 20 (1862); Gray, BLand-l. B. i. p. 29 (1869) • 

Sehl Berne Aceipitr. p. 63 (1873). 

Astur albus, Jard. fy Selby, III. Orn. i. p. 1, pi. 1 (c. 1830), 

Dsedalion candidum, Less. Traite, p. 66, pL 12. fig. 1 (1831). 

Falco leucaetus, Forster, Descr. An. p. 70 (1844). 

Leucospizia novae hollandiae, Kaup, Classif. Simg. it. Voy p 119 

(1844); id. Co?itr. Orn. 1850, ja. 67; Gould. Sandb. B. Austr i 

p. 38 (1865). 
22. A.STUR. 
119 
Young. Above brown, most of the feathers white for their basal 
half and pale brown at tips; cheeks pure white and sides of neck 
white, only slightly mottled with pale brown; quills brown, with 
pale rufous brown shafts, the primaries white at the base of the 
inner web, the inner secondaries white above for the greater part 
of the feather; tail pale brown, narrowly but indistinctly barred 
with darker brown, the shafts pale rufous brown, changing to pure 
white, a shade of which is also spreading on the feathers near the 
shaft of some of the tail-feathers, upper surface of tail dull whitish, 
the cross bars obsolete; under surface pure white. Total length 
16*5 inches, wing 10, tarsus 2-75. 

Adult male. Everywhere pure white ; cere orange-yellow; gape 
bright yellow; bill black; legs bright yellow; iris pale carmine. 
Total length 16 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 10*4, tail 8, tarsus 2-75. 

Adult female. Pure white like the male, but a little larger. Total 
length 20 inches, wing. 12-61, tarsus 3*2. 
Hah. Tasmania, New South Wales, and South Australia. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Van Diemen's Land. Dr. Macbraire [P.]. 
5". <$ juv. st. Bed Wallis Island. Earl of Derby [P.]. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Australia. Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.]. 
d. J ad. sk. Australia. Sir D. Cooper, Bart. [P.J. 
e. J ad. sk. Australia. Sir Everard Home, Bart. [P.], 

Subsp. a. Astur leucosomns. 
Astur novse hollandise, Sclil. Vog. Ned. Ind. pp. 19, 58, pi. 11.fig.3 
(1806, nee am.). 
Adult male. Similar to A. novce liaTlandke and uniformly white 
like that species, but very much- smaller ; cere yellow; bill black; 
feet citron-yellow; iris orange-yellow. Total length 12*3 inches, 
culmen 1*1, wing 7*8, tail 5-9, tarsus 2*25, middle toe 1*2. (Mus. 
Lugd.) 
Hab. New Guinea and adjacent islands. 

22. Astur haplochrous. 
Accipiter 
haplochrous, Sclater, Ibis, 1859, p. 275, pi. viii.; Verr. et 
Des Micrs, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 385; Gray, &and-l. B. i. 

p. 34 (1809). 
Nisus haplochrous, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 263 (1872); Schl. Mus. P.-B. 
Revue Accipitr. p. 91 (1873). 

Young. Above brown, the feathers margined with rufous ochre, 
the hind neck, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts tinged with ochraceousbufT; 
the crown slightly streaked with rufous, with a broad 
whitish eyebrow, narrowly streaked with dark brown ; sides of the 
face and neck ochraceous buff, streaked with dark brown, tinged with 
rufous on the ear-coverts; under surface of the body clear ochraceous 
buff, the throat streaked with dark brown, forming a line down 
the centre, the breast marked with oval spots of dark brown, taking 
the form of arrow-shaped or linear bars on the sides of the body 

120 
FALCONID-aS. 

and flanks, becoming fewer in number on the abdomen and tinder 
tail-eoverts; thighs pale fawn, with dart-shaped bars of dark brown; 
under wing-coverts and axillaries also pale fawn, the former spotted, 
the latter barred, with dark brown; quills and tail brown, slightly 
tipped with whitish, numerously barred with dark brown, more 
conspicuously underneath, where the inner webs are of a pale fawncolour. 


Adult. Above deep blackish slate-colour, including the sides of 
the head, neck, throat, and breast; rest of the under surface white, 
including the under wing- and tail-coverts; inner face of the wing 
and tail white, numerously barred with blackish, only seen above 
indistinctly on the inner web; bill black; feet and iris yellow. 
Total length 16 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 9*7, tail 7*6, tarsus 2-J5. 

Hab. New Caledonia. 
a. § ad.
b. <S ad. 
New Caledonia. 
New Caledonia. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 
c. <S juv. sk. New Caledonia. Purchased. 

23. Astur albignlaris. 
Accipiter albogularis, 
Gray, Ann. N. H, (4) v. p. 327 (1870); id. in 
Brenchley, Cruise of the l Curagoa/ p. 354, pi. 1 (1873). 

Adult Above black, including the lores and sides of the face and 
of the neck; quills and tail black, whitish at the base of the inner 
web, shading into ashy grey towards the tips, the latter barred with 
blackish on the median rectriees; under surface entirely white, 
shaded with greyish (apparently remains of vermiculations) on the 
sides of the upper breast; under wing-coverts and axillaries white. 
Total length 18 inches, culmen 1*35, wing 10, tail 8, tarsus 2*65. 

Hab, Solomon Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. Recherche Bay, San Chris- Julius Brenchley, Esq. [P.], 
toval Island, Type of species. 
24. Asttrr poliogaster. 
Falco poliogaster, 
Temm. PI Col i. pi. 264 (1824, ex Xafterer, 
MS.). 
Astur poliogaster, Vig. Zool Jour. i. p. 338 (1S24) ; Gray. Gen. 2?. 

i. p. 27 (1849) ; Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 121 (1855). 
Nisus poliogaster, Less. Traits, p. 02 (1831); Schl Mus. P,~B. 
Astures, p. 43 (1862) ; id. Revue Aceiptr. p. 96 (1873). 
Asturina poliogastra, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 198, et Contr. Orn. 1850, 

p. 67; Bp. Consp. i. p. 30 (1850). 
Cooperastur poliogaster, Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 538. 
Accipiter poliogaster, Gray, Kand-l i. p. 33 (1869) ; Beh. Orn, Bras. 
p. 8 (1871). 
Adult male (type of species). Above dark leaden grey, the ear-
coverts and sides of the neck uniform with the crown, which is 
slightly darker than the back, as also are the wing-coverts ; upper 
tail-coverts tipped with clear ashy grey; quills brown, with rufous 

22. ASTFR. 
121 

brown shafts ; the secondaries leaden grey like the back, the quills 
barred with darker brown, these bars showing more plainly underneath, 
where the lower surface of the wings is ashy white, inclining 
to pure white near the base of inner web ; tail black, tipped with 
whitish, and crossed with three narrow bars of clear ashy grey, a 
little rufeseent near the shafts ; entire under surface, including the 
under tail-coverts, pale grey, the throat and under wing-coverts 
whiter, the shafts darker, showing a hair-like stripe. Total length 
17 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 9*8, tail 7*8, tarsus 2-15, middle toe 
1*4. (litis. Lugd.) 

Rah. Brazil. 

25. Astur pectoralis. 
Astur pectoralis, Bp. Bev. ei Mag. de Zool 1850, p. 490; Schl Mus. 
P.-B. Astures, p; 18 (1862) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 6, 398 (1871) * 
Schl. Heme Accipiir. p. 63 (1873), 

Oooperastur pectoralis, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 588. 
Accipiter pectoralis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 33 (1869) ; Scl $ Sah. 
Mmenal Av. JSTeotr. p. 120 (1873). 

Female, not quite adult. Above brown, with tips of rather paler 
brown to the feathers of the middle back, scapulars, and secondaries; 
the greater part of the wing-coverts, the interscapular region, and 
the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black, with white tips; 
crown of head crested, pure black; ear-coverts and sides of neck rich 
rufous, forming a broad collar round the back of the latter; feathers 
below the eye and a faintly indicated moustachial streak black; 
throat white, a central streak and a few feathers on the lower part 
black; fore neck and chest rufous like the hind neck, the centre 
varied with black and white; rest of under surface white, with very 
broad and distinct bars of jet-black on the flanks and thighs, smaller 
and less distinct in the centre of the body; under wing-coverts and 
axillaries white like the breast, and similarly barred with black; 
quills brown, barred above with darker brown, the under surface 
ashy white, with a few greyish black cross bars; tail ashy brown, 
with four broad black bars, equally distinct on the under surface, 
which is ashy white; bill horn-brown, yellowish at base ; feet yellow. 
Total length 19 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 11, tail 8*5, tarsus 2*4. 

(Mus. Lugd.) 
Hah. Brazil. 

26. Astnr rufitorques. 
Epervier 
oc^anien, 5 , Hombr. fy Jacq. Voy. Bole Sud, Atlas, pi. 2. 
ftg. 2 (1842-53). 
Astur rufitorques, Peak, U. S. Expl Exp. p. 68, pi. 19 (1848) • Marti 
Ibis, 1864, p. 232. 
Accipiter ruiitorques, Hombr. fy Jacq. Voy. Bole Sud, Zool. iii. p. 49 
(1853); Cass. U. S. Expl Exp. p. 90, pi. 2.figs. 1, 2 (1858); Gray, 

B. Trop. Isl. Bacif. Ocean, p. 2 (1859) • id. Hand-l B. i. p. 34 
(1869). 
rv WON in.is. 

Aatur oruoniuH, MWA W. limit. Faune Centml-PJyn. Orn. p. it 
(18U7). 
NisuH mtitor([u<H, Svht. Mm. /»-//. ZiVrw Awipitr. p. Hi (187*1)*. 

Youny. Almve elear brown, with iiidieuUouB of pale rulbuH mar^inn 
to the wing-covtTiH and wajmlnrH ; tho hinder neck clearly rufeaoont, 
mottled with brown, and slightly varied with white ; head inclining 
to ashy grey; throat dull while ; rest of under Hurlaco white, with 
oval drops of pale rafoun, taking tho form of bars on the hides of 
breast and flanks; tho thighs and under tail-covertn uniform pale 
rufous, slightly mottled with remains of brown markings ; quills and 
tail dull brown, with more or loss distinct bars of darker brown, 
plainer on the inner webn; the under surface of both paler and 
more ashy, washed with pale rufous near tho base of tho inner 
webs. 

The above short description of tho young bird refers to a specimen 
in the Museum which m beginning to show signs of adolescence, as 
may be seen by the ashy grey on the head and the prcsenceof two 
fresh feathers on the back, which are also grey. The markings on 
the breast-feathers are altering in shape and turning to bars, 
while at tho same time the stage of plumage is becoming perfected 
by the shooting of new feathers, as is usual in this section of the 
genus. 

Adult male. Above delicate bluish grey or dove-colour, the wings 
and tail uniform with the back, the primaries only a little darker and 
more blackish; the under surface of both quills and tail pale ashy, 
almost white; hinder part of neck delicate vinous; sides of face ashy 
grey like the head, but a little paler; throat white ; rest of under 
surface very pale vinous, lighter towards the abdomen and thighs and 
under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts white. Total length 13-5 
inches, culmen 0*85, wing 8*1, tail 0*1, tarsus 2*2. 

Adult femah. Similar to the male, but larger and more slateeoloured; 
tho neck-collar and the under surface deeper vinous. Total 
length 16*5 inches, wing 9*(J, tail 7*1, tarsus 2*0. 

Ilah. Fiji Islands. 
«>&* d 2 ad. sk. Island of Matuku. R M. Eayner, Esq. [0.]. Voyage 
of the* Herald.7 
c« S iuv. st. Viti Leva. F. M. Eayner. Esq. [C I Voyage 
of the'Herald? 

d. S ad. sk. Fiji Islands. 
e. $ ad. sk. Itewa. Julius Brenchley, Esq. [P.], 
27. Astnr griseigularis. 
Astur griseogularis, Qrmjt P. Z. S.1800, p. 343. 

Nisus 
cruentua, JSehl 31m. I\-B. Astures, p. 40 (1862); id. Vog. 
Nederl Ind., 7WU pi. 14. %s. 3, 4>PL 15. figs. 1-3, pi. 16.figs. 1, 
% (18<5(>). 

* Although Professor Schlegel recognizes this species by its name in the place 
quoted, he adds as synonyms three species which are in this work treated as 

distinct. These are -NOB. 8, 27, and 28 of the present genus. 

22 , ASTUR. 123 

Accipitor griseogularis, Wall P, Z. S. 1805, p. 474; id. Ibis, 1808, 

p. 0; Gmih lland-L B. i. p. 34 (1860). 
.Krytlivospiza griaeogularia, Kaiq>, P. -2/. »• 1807, p. 174. 
Nisus griseigularis, O'wM, Irte. O^. p. 263 (1872). 
Yoimj male. Above dark brown with rufous edgings to the feathers, 
the head blacker, the nape and hind neck much mottled with white, 
and the bases to the interscapular feathers, as well as the scapulars 
and secondaries, conspicuously white ; quills and tail brown, paler 
at the tips, with numerous bars of darker brown, about twelve or 
thirteen in number on the latter, the bars mucb paler on the under 
surface of both, which is whitish ashy, washed with pale rufous near 
the base; sides of face and a distinct eyebrow white, streaked with 
blackish brown, the car-coverts clouded with ashy brown; under 
surface of body whitish, with a streak of sepia-brown down the 
centre of the throat, the chest marked with oval drops of sepia-brown, 
the breast barred with brown, slightly tinged with rufous; thighs 
whitish, broadly barred with pale rufous; under tail-coverts white, 
sparingly barred with dark brown; under wing-coverts fulvous, with 
dark brown cross bars, somewhat tinged with rufous. Total length 
18 inches, tail 8-8, tarsus 2-75. 

Adult female. Above ashy grey, the head much lighter, especially 
the sides of the face and throat, which are pale bluish grey; sides 
and hinder part of the neck, including the interscapulary region, 
light vinous chestnut; wings blackish slate-colour, uniform pale 
ashy underneath, without any bars; tail ashy brown, clearer brown 
on the inner web, with very faint indications of darker brown bars, 
underneath uniform pale ashy, without cross bars ; under surface of 
body clear vinous red, the chest uniform, the rest of the body with 
faint indications of whitish cross bars ; under wing-coverts uniform 
with the breast; cere yellowish ; bill black, lead-colour at base; feet 
olive or ochre-yellow. Total length 19 inches, culmen 1-6, wing 
10-5, tail 9, tarsus 2-85. 

Adult male. Similar to the female, but smaller. Total length 
17 inches, culmen 1%5, wing 9*9, tail 8-25, tarsus 2-5. 

Obs. The beautiful series of this species brought home by Mr. 
Wallace enables us to see how the different changes from the young 
plumage to the old are brought about. In the first stage the young 
bird resembles other Goshawks, being streaked on the chest, barred 
on the breast; but in its changes it closely follows the example of the 
small Mlcronisi, of which this group of Hawks seem to be distant 
relations. Both above and below the plumage is changed partially 
by a moult and partially by an absolute change of feather. Many 
new plumes appear on the breast, showing that the next dress will 
be of a vinous red colour with whitish cross bars. At the same time 
it appears that, after the manner of Sparrowhawks and Goshawks, 
some of the oval drops on the chest break up into bars, which are 
darker and not of so clear a rufous colour as the fresh-moulted feathers. 
"While these changes take place below, a slight shade of vinous 
begins to appear on the hind neck, which, however, never shows very 
clearly till the bird is quite old; and as this character increases in 

124 FALCG3STD.E. 

intensity with, age, Mr. Wallace's Acclpiter muelleri, being fully 
adult, could not possibly be a specimen of A. griseigitlaris which has 
" lost the nape-band/7 as Professor Kaup suggests. 

Hab. Batchian, Gilolo, and Ternate. 

a. J ad. sk. 
b. 2 juv. sk. 
o. Imni. st. 
d, e. J juv. sk. 
f. Juv. sk. 
g. Imro. st. 
h. tf ad. sk. 
i, J juv. sk. 
Batcliian. 

Batchian. 

Batcliian. 

Gilolo. 
Gilolo. 
Gilolo. 
Ternate. 
Temate. 

A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
Type of species. 
A. R. "Wallace, Esq. [C."1 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. i C.]' 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. fC.J 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. "C.T 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. "C.7 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. ^Cj* 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. *C._/ 
Subsp. a. Astur henicogrammns. 

Astur henicogrammus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 343. 
Accipiter equatorialis, Wall P. Z. S. 186-5, p. 474 ; id. Ibis, 1868, 

p. 10 j Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 34 (1869). 
Nisus cruentus, Schl Vog. Nederl Ind. Valkv. pi. 14. %. 2 {18116j. 
Erythrospiza griseogularis (pt.j, Kaup7 P. Z. A 1867, p. 175. 
Nisus equatorialis, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 262 (1872). 
Young (type of-4. lienicogrammus). Above brown ; all the feathers 
barred and tipped with rufous, white at their bases and sometimes 
barred across the middle with white; the hinder part of the head 
strongly inclining to slaty grey; head dark brown, the feathers 
having white bases and being slightly washed with rufous; forehead, 
a broad eyebrow, and sides of the face white, the latter strongly 
streaked with dark brown; entire wings and. tail ashy brown, 
banded with rufous like the back; throat white, streaked down the 
centre and spotted on the lower parts with dark brown; rebt of 
under surface white, barred on the chest with dusky brown tinged 
with rufous, on the breast and abdomen with clear rufous; under 
wing-coverts ochraeeous buff, spotted with dark brown tinged with 
rufous. Total length 15 inches, culmen 1-1, wing S'6y tail 7*8, 
tarsus 2*6. 

Adult Above ashy, neck a little paler; the wing-eoverts darker 
and more slaty; the primaries externally shaded with ashy grey, 
the secondaries entirely of the latter colour; the underside of 
the quills clear whitish ash-colour, deepening into ashy brown 
towards the tips of the feathers; tail ashy grey, browner on the 
inner webs, where there are remains of obsolete bars, the under 
surface clear ashy • back of the neck and upper part of interscapulary 
region pale vinous salmon-colour; sides of face and throat pale 
ashy grey, with a slight salmon tinge on the latter * rest of under 
surface, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries, uniform 
vinous salmon-colour* cere, eyelids, and feet orange-yellow; bill 
black; iris golden orange-yellow. Total length 14*5 inches, culmen 
1-2, wing 8*1, tail 6-8, tarsus 2*1. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total 
length 16-5 inches, wing 9-1, tail 7*35, tarsus 2*35. 
Hab. Molucca Islands. 

22, ASTUR. 125 
a. Juv. sk. E. Gilolo. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C,]. 
h. $ ad. sk.
c,d. <$ $ ad, ske. $ ad. st.
/ . j imm. sk.
g. $ juv. sk.
h. Ad. st 
Gilolo. 
Mortv Island. 
BatcMan. 
Waigiou, 
Waigiou. 
SaTwatti.
Type of species. 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
Type of A. equatorial^. 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0." 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0.* 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [ C 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0.1. 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [r 

Obs. This race or subspecies very closely resembles A. griseigularis, 
but is much, smaller. The young bird is quite different, recalling 
rather that of A. irinotatus. 

28. Astur torquatus, 
Falco torquatus, Temm. PL Col i. pi. 43 (1823). 
Urospizia torquatus, Kaup} Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 64 $ Bp. Rev. et Mag. 
tie Zool 1854, p. 538. 
Msus torquatus, Schl Mm. P.-B. Astures, p. 40 (1862); id. Vog. 
Nederl Ind., Valkv. pp. 25,68, pi. 17.figs.1,2,4 (1866) ,* id. JRevue 
Aceipitr. p. 91 (1873). 
Accipiter craentus, Wall. P. Z. 3. 1863, p. 22. 
Uraspiza torquata, Kaup, P. Z. B. 1867, p. 176. 
Accipiter torquatus, Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 11; Gray, JSand-l B. i. 

p. 34 (1809;. 
Adidt. Above greyisb brown; the head and wing-coverts clearer 
slate-colour ; nape mottled with white; hinder part of neck brick-
red, shading even over the interscapulary region and scapulars; 
quills dark brown, shaded externally with slaty grey, the secondaries 
more conspicuously; the under surface of the quills paler, whitish 
near the base, shading into clearer ashy towards the tips, with 
several indistinct bars of dark brown on the inner web ; tail ashy 
brown, slightly rufescent above, with twelve or thirteen cross bands 
of darker brown, more distinct underneath, where the- colour is pale 
ashy, tinged with light rufous near the base; the outermost feather 
almost uniform ashy, the bars obsolete ; sides of face ashy grey, a 
little clearer than the crown; throat whitish, freckled with remains 
of greyish cross bars; under surface of body white, distinctly barred 
with clear pale rufous, the bars decreasing in width towards the 
abdomen; thighs and under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts 
white, the inner ones narrowly barred with pale rufous; cere 
greenish yellow; bill lead-colour; feet orange-yellow; iris orange-
yellow. Total length 17 inches, culmen 0-75, -wing 10*4, tail 8*2, 
tarsus 2'65* 

Edb. Timor. 

a. S ad. sk. East Timor. A. E. Wallace, Esq. 
5. J ad. sk. East Timor. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0.1. 
c, d, e. $ juv. sk. East Timor. A. E. Wallace, Esq. 
/. $ ad. sk. East Timor. A. E. Wallace, Esq. 
g. tf juv. st East Timor. A. E. Wallace, Esq. 
126 PALCO^IDJS. 

29. Astur approximans *. 
Falco raiiatus, Temm. PL Col i. pi. 123 (1823, nee Lath). 
Astur radiatus, Vigors <$• BCorsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 181 (1&2*). 
Astur fasciatus, iid. torn. cit. p. 181 (1827). 
Astur approximans, iid. torn. cit. p. 181 (1827); Gould, St/n. B. 


Austr. pt. 3 (1838); id. B. Austr. i. pi. 17 (1848); Start, Exp. 
Centr. Austr. App. p. 15 (1849) ; Pek. Sitz. Akad. Wien, Lri. p. 62 
(1861) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 41 (1885). 

Accipiter approximans, Stricld. Ann. K. _Bf. xi. p. 335 (1843); Grmj, 
Gen. B. L p. 29 (1849) ; Bp. Comp. i. p. S3 (1850) ; Strtckl Orn. 
Syn. p. Il l (1855); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 34 <1809j. 

Urospiza approximans, Bp. Bei\ et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 533. 
Nisus approximans, Schl.Mus. P.-B. Astures,p. 42 (1&C2J; 2V?. Bevue 
Accipitr. p. 79 (1873). 

Young. Above brown, the feathers edged with pale rufous ; forehead, 
eyebrow, and sides of face white, streaked with dark brown : 
the nape much mixed with white; quills and tail brown, with 
whitish tips, barred with numerous narrow bands of darker brown, 
thirteen or fourteen in number on the latter, the under surface of 
both glossy white; the bars more indistinct near the base, which is 
shaded with pale rufous ; under surface of body white, with an ill-
defined streak of dark brown down the throat; the chest streaked 
with broad oval drops of pale rufous ; the breast and flanks broadly 
barred with the same colour, especially on the thighs and under 
tail-coverts; under wing-coverts buffy white, with pale rufous 
cross bars; cere, gape, and base of bill bluish lead-colour, the latter 
blackish at tip; feet gamboge-yellow; iris beautiful yellow. 

Adult female. Above dull ashy brown; the hinder part of the 
neck dull vinous red; quills uniform brown above, with a slight 
shade of ashy on the secondaries; the inner webs slightly paler, 
with obsolete remains of darker brown bars; the under surface of 
the quills ashy grey, with a pale rufous shade near the base, inclining 
to dark brown towards the tips, with notches of the same 
colour; tail ashy brown above, glistening white beneath, with indistinct 
remains of darker bars, about fourteen in number, on the 
inner webs; sides of face dark ashy brown, like the head; throat 
dull white, mottled with transverse remains of ashy bars; remainder 
of under surface dull rufous, barred with numerous narrow lines 
of whitish, each bar having a conterminous bar of ashy above and 
below; under wing-coverts dull rufous, more broadly barred with 
fulvous: cere "greenish yellow; bill dusky, olive-green at base, 
as also the gape; feet yellow, claws black; iris bright yellowish 
orange. Total length 20 inches, oilmen 1*3, wing 12*25, tail 10, 
tarsus 3*2. 

* Under the title of A. approximans Mr. E. P. Ramsay makes remarks on a 
Goshawk from Port Denison, which he was inclined to separate from the present 
species. I am not aware that any further description, has been published (ef.
Ibis, 1866, p. 326). W 
22. ASTnt. 127 
Adult male. Similar to the female, but smaller. Total length 
15 inches, wing 10*2, tail 8*5, tarsus 3*15. 

Obs. The male of Astur approce-imans may always "be told from 
the female of Aceipiter drrlwcephaliis by its long tail, which measures 
8 to 8*5 in the former, whereas the length of the latter never 
exceeds 7*2 or 7*3 inches. Along with this character will be found 
the slender middle toe of the Aceipiter. 

Sab. Eastern Australia, from Yan Diemen's Land and Few 
South Wales to a little above 20° S. lat.; Few Caledonia; Norfolk 

Island. 
a.
b.
c 
$ juv, st. 
$ ad. sk. 
2 JUT*s^* 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Linnean Society [P.]. 
Linnean Society |_P.j. 
d} e. $ J juv. sk. 
/ . J ad. sk. 
~g. 6 juv. sk. 
h. $ juv. sk. 
*. $ juv. sk. 
j . Jjuv.sk. 
k. (S ad. sk. 
1 <$ juv. sk. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Van Diemen's Land. 
New South Wales. 
S. Australia. 
" The Depot, lat. 29° 
40'." 
Type of species. 
Linnean Society [P.], 
Types of A. fasciatus. 
Lady Carington [P.], 
A. Cunningham, Esq. [P.]. 
Sir D. Cooper, Bart. [P.]. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
Sir George Grey [P.], 
Capt. Start [P.J. 
m. $ juv. sk. Port Curtis. Voyage ofsnake/ 
the •"Battlen, 
o. £ ad. juv. sk. 
p. $ juv. sk. 
Gould's Island. 
N. Australia. 
J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 
J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P. j . 

30. Astur cruentus. 
Astur cruentus, Gould) P. Z. S. 1842, p. 113; id. B. Amtr. i. pi. 18 
(1848) • id. Kandh. B. Austr. i. p. 43 (1865). 
Aceipiter cruentus, G?^^ Gen. B. i. p. 29 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 38 

(1850). 
Urospizia cruentus, Kaup7 Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 65. 
Urospiza cruenta, Kemp, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 176. 


Adult. Above ashy grey, with a bluish shade, especially distinct 
on the crown, sides of face, and wing-coverts • nape somewhat varied 
with white; sides of neck dull vinous, forming an imperfect collar 
round hind neck ; quills ashy grey, the primaries blacker, externally 
washed with ashy, all numerously barred with darker brown on 
inner webs; the lower surface ashy whitish, with a pale salmonsrufous 
tinge on inner web; the bars by no means distinct near 
base; tail ashy grey above, with a slight bluish shade, slightly 
tipped with ashy white, and crossed with fifteen or sixteen dusky 
bars, almost obsolete on the two central feathers; throat dull white, 
mottled all over with ashy brown bars; rest of under surface dull 
white, crossed with numerous bars of very pale vinous, inclining to 
grey on the lower under wing-coverts; cere dull yellow; bill blue at 
base, black at tip; feet pale yellow, claws black; iris bright yellow. 

123 PALCONIDiE. 

Total length 21*5 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 12*5, tail 11, tarsus 3*4, 

(Mu$. Cantabr.) 

Hah. Western Australia. 

31. Astewalladi*. (Plate Y.) 
Astur approxinians, Wall. Ibis, 1SG8, p. 12 (nee Vig. $ Horsf.). 

Adult male (Lomboek). Above ashy brown, the head more de


cidedly greyish; sides of the face ashy grey, paler than the crown; 

sides of the neck deep vinous salmon-colour, forming an ill-defined 

collar round the back of the neck; throat pale rufous, mottled with 

indistinct white and ashy grey cross bars; rest of under surface 

rich vinous salmon-colour, with indistinct remains of white cross 

bars on the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts; thighs uni


form vinous salmon-colour • under wing-coverts coloured and faintly 

barred like the breast, the axillaries uniform vinous; quills ashy 

brown, more or less shaded with grey, indistinctly crossed with 

numerous bars of darker brown, a little more distinct on the under 

surface, which is pale rufous at base of inner webs, shading into 

ashy grey at the tips ; tail-feathers uniform ashy brown above, with 

remains of thirteen or fourteen bars of darker brown, plainer under


neath, where the feathers are ashy white* bill dusky, tip black; 

feet yellowish; iris brown. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1*15, 

wing 10*55, tail 8*6, tarsus 2-55. 

Young female (Bouru). Above brown, the wing- and tail-coverts 
with clear rufous margins; the nape mottled with white, the hind 
neck with rufous ochre; eyebrow and sides of face and throat 
white, thickly streaked with dark brown; rest of under surface 
white, the breast obscured with numerous large spade-shaped mark


* ASTUR, sp. 
Mr. Wallace's collection has a young bird from IJomboek, which I cannot 

identify. From its rufous coloration it seems to belong to the A, trinotatus 

group. 

Young. Above rufous, the feathers creamy white at their bases, barred and 
centred with ashy brown; nape slightly streaked with creamy buff; sides of 
face and neck entirely rufous, streaked with ashy brown, with faint indications 
of a buff eyebrow; win g-coverts ashy brown, with broad rufous .margins; quills 
ashy brown, narrowly margined and tipped with rufous, barred with darker 
brown, more plainly seen on the under surface, which is pale rufous at base of 
inner web, ashy grey towards the tips; tail ashy brown, tipped with pale brown, 
washed externally with rufous, crossed with ten narrow bars of darker brown 
more distinct on the under surface, the feathers being pale rufous at base of 
inner web; under surface of body creamy buff; the throat with a broad central 
line of greyish brown, the entire'breast streaked with longitudinal markings of 
brown, the under tail-coverts whitish with rufous-brown spots; thighs pale 
fawn-colour, spotted and barred with clear rufous; under wing-coverts buffy 
fawn-colour, streaked with rufous brown; cere pale yellow; bill black; feet 
pale yellow; iris olive. Total length 16 inches, culmen 1, wing 8*9, tail 7*3, 
tarsus 1-35. 

This may be the young of Astur wallacii; but the bird from Bouru is what I 
consider to be really the young of that species. 

28 . XISOIDES, 
129 
ings of dark brown, the lower breast barred with rufous brown, the 
bars becoming wider apart on the abdomen and under tail-coverts, 
and more distinctly rufous on the thighs; quills brown, numerously 
barred with darker brown on the inner webs, becoming obsolete on 
the bases of the latter, which are pale rufous underneath; tail brown, 
crossed with about eighteen bars of darker brown, the under surface 
lighter and ashy white in colour. Total length 18*5 inches, oilmen 
1*15, wing 10*4, tail 8-B, tarsus 2*7. 

The young bird described has been considered to belong to A. 
torquatus by llr. "Wallace; but its fades certainly refers it to a 
species allied to A. approooimans, as does also the sequence of change 
in its progress towards maturity, of which evidences are beginning 
to appear in the Bouru specimen. I think that there can be little 
doubt of its being the young of A. walladi. 

Sab. Lombock, Bouru. 

a. $ ad. sk. Lombock. A. B. "Wallace, Esq. [0.1 
b. J juv. sk. Bouru. A, B. Wallace, Esq. [0.1. 
23. 
MSOIDES, _ 
Type. 
Xisuoides, Pollen, Bull Soc. Sc. Peun. 1866, p. 62 N. moreli 

Bill of Nisoides moreh (after Schlegel). 

Range. Madagascar. 

1. Msoides morel! 
Nisuoides moreli, Pollen, Bull Soc. Sc. Peun. 1866, p. 62. 
Msoides moreli, Newton, ZooL Pec. iii. p. 73 (1867). 
Accipiter moreli, Grand. Pev. et Mag. de Zool 1867, p. 320; Gurnet/. 


Ibis, 1870, p. 448. 
Nisus morelii, Schl fy Poll. Faun. Madag. Ois. p. 39, pi. 12. fig. 3 
(1868) ; Schl. Pevue Acdpitr. p. 95 (1873). 
Micronisus moreli, Gray, Sand-l. B. i. p. 35 (1869). 
Young male. Above rather light brown, with remains of rufous 
edges on the upper surface, more distinct on the head and least 
wing-coverts; nape much varied with white • ear-coverts rufous 
brown; an indistinct eyebrow and cheeks buffy white, streaked 
with brown; quills and tail much as in the adult bird, but rather 
paler; underneath buffy white, with broad blackish markings in 
the centre of the throat, causing very distinct streaks, the remainder 
of the under surface barred with dark brown with a rufous tinge; 
the bars smaller and more like spots on the chest; wing 5*95. 
Adult male (type of species). Above slaty black, the nape 
VOL. I. Ii 

13n PALCOXIBJE. 

mottled with white, as also the base of the scapulars; upper tail-

coverts slightly tipped with white; ear-coverts slaty black like 

head; cheeks, lores, and an indistinct eyebrow whitish, slightly 

tinged with rnfons and streaked with black; quills and tail dark 

brown, barred with blackish brown, plainer below, where the under 
surface is ashy white, rufeseent at the base of the inner webs; the 
tail ashy brown at tip, and crossed with about eight bands, the subterminal 
one broader; under surface of body white, the throat and 
chest washed with rufous ochre, the throat mesially streaked with 
narrow black lines, the entire breast barred with rufous brown, 
narrower on the thighs, and almost disappearing on the under tail-
coverts; under wing-coverts rufous ochre, barred with blackish; 
bill black; feet yellow, nails black; iris pure white. Total length 
11-5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 8, tail 5*3, tarsus 2, middle toe 0*98. 
{Mm. Lugd.) 
Hab. TTest coast of Madagascar. 

24. ACCIP1TER. 
Type. 
Accipiter, BrUs. Oni. i. p. 310 (1700) ... . A. nisus. 
Xi^us. Cuv. Zcrrms Anat. Comp. i. tabl. oK (1799) A. nisus. 
lerax, Leach, tiyrf* Cat Mcnnm. <Vc Brit Mm. p. 10 

{1^1C>) A. nisus. 
Ilieraspiza, Kaup, Class, bang, u. Vog.^. 110 (1844) .... A. iirgatuc. 
Coopera-tur, Bp. Rev. H Mug. de Zool. 1^54^ p. oSS ... . A. nisus. 
Tera-pira. Kaup* P. Z. S. Ib07, p. 171...., A. virgatu^. 

Bill and foot of Accipitu m$as. 

Range. The four quarters of the globe, excepting Oceania, west 
of Australia, and Xew Guinea. 

Key to ilia Species. 

a, Thighs banded. 
a'. No collar round neck. 
a". Bars on tail not exceeding five. 

24 , 
ACCIPITEK. 131 

a'". Xo white spots on centre tail-feathers*, 
upper tail-coverts sometimes 
slig'Mly margined at tip 
with white. 


a"". Cheeks and ear-coverts rufous, or 
ashy white tinged with rufous. 


aa. TheVufous bars underneath narnower 
than the intervening 
white spaces nisus, p. 132. 

bb, The rufous bars broader than 
the white interspaces. 
ad. Smaller j wing* in c? 7*15 
inches, in § 8*25 fuseus, p. 135. 
bb\ Larger; wing in S 9*3 
inches, in 5 10-3 cooperi, p. 137. 

b"". Ear-coverts greyish, like rest of 
crown j wing not exceeding 
6'Q inches " tinus, p. 139. 

b'"' Centre tail-feathers with conspicuous 
white spots,* upper tail-coverts 
white mmulkis, p. 140. 

a. 
Larger,* darker,* more broadly 
barred below, a. erythropus^. 141. 
/3. Smaller,* more grey; bars below 
narrower, ft. minullus, p. 140. 
b", Bars on tail about 14 in number cirrhocejihaluSj p. 141. 
c". Tail quite uniform madagascariensiS) p. 143. 

V. White collar round neck cottaris, p. 144. 
b. Thighs uniform. 
a'. Eufous collar round neck. 
a". Larger j underneath grey rubricollis, p. 144. 
b". Smaller* underneath vinous erythrattchen, p. 145. 


V. No rufous collar. 
c". Thighs grey. 
c"r. Ear-coverts and sides of neck grey.. rhodogaster, p. 145. 
d'". Ear-coverts and sides of neck rufous sulaemis, p. 146. 

d". Thighs rufous or ochraceous. 

e"\ Ear-coverts and breast white. 
fw. Thighs rufous erythrocnemis, p. 147. 
yw. Thighs ochraceous cMonog<aster', p. 148. 

f'\ 
Ear-coverts and breast rufous. 
h"". Larger- wing in £ 8-2 inches; 
in $ 9*4 mfiventris, p. 148. 
$"\ Smaller* wing in £ 7, in g 8., centralis, p. 149. 
g"\ Ear-coverts grey. 
h"". Large white spots on centre tail-
feathers hartlaiibi, p. 150. 
f". No white spots on centre tail-. 
feathers. 

m. Breast rufous. 
m'. Smaller* under wing-coverts 
buff* wing in <$ 6*6 inches, 
in 5 7*4 virgatus, p. 150. 

ri. 
Larger; under wing-coverts 
rufous, like breast; wing in 
S 8*5 inches, $ 10*5 guttafus, p. 152. 

n. Breast cinereous. 
T.2 
132 FAWomnM. 

o. Breast uniform grey. 
o'. Under wing-coverts deep 
rufous pileaius, p. 153. 
p'. Under wing-coverts wliite.. bicolor, p. 154. 

p. Breast spotted with white chilensis, p. 155. 
Thighs black melanoleuciiSj p. 156. 
1. Accipiter nisus*. 
The Sparrow-Hawk, Albin, Nat. Hist B. i. pi. 5 (1731). 
L'Epervier, Briss. Orn. i. p. 310 (1760) ; Buff. Bl. Enl. i. pis. 412, 

467 (1783). 
L'Epervier tachete, JBriss, Orn. i. p. 314 (1760). 
Le petit Epervier, Briss. Orn. i, p. 315, pi. 30. fig. 1 (1760). 
Ealco nisus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 130 (1766) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl. i. 

p. 258, Taf. 19, 20 (1822); Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 62 (1843); Schl u. 
Susem. Vog. Bur. Taf. 29/1839). 
Ealco minutus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 131 (1766, ex Briss.). 
Ealco nisus major, Behher, Teutsche Orn. Heft iii. pis. 1, 2 (c. 1800). 
Ealco nisus minor, Belcher, Teutsche 0?m. Heffc iii. pis. 3. 4, 5 

(c. 1800). 
Dsedalion fringillarius, Savign. Ois. d'Egypte, p. 270 (1808). 
Accipiter nisus, Pall. Zooqr. Bosso-As. L p. 370 (1811); Gray, Gen. 
B. i. p. 29, pi. 10. fig. 4 (1849); JBp. Consp. I p. 32 (1850); Strichl 
Om. Syn. p. 104 (1855); Reicits. Eqqs Brit B. I. p. 35 Q85IJ); 
Fritsch, Vog. Bur. tab. 4. fiss. 3, 4, 5 (18oS) ; Jercl B. Ind. i. p. 51 
(1862) -, Neict. Oath. Wolley. p. 79 (1864) ; Gould, B. Gt Br. pt v. 
(1865) ; Brodr. Falc. lav. pi. ii. (1805) ; Deql et Get-be, Orn. Bur. 
i. p. 99 (1867); Loehe, Expl Sci. Alger, i. p. 72 (1807) ; Bettmii, 
Ucc. Bomb. ii. tav. 58 (18f9); Gray] JBand-l. B. i. p. 31 (1869); 
Siime, Bough Notes, i. p. 124 (1869) j Neict. ed. Yarr. Brit B. L 
p. 88 (1871) ; Sdvad. Faun. Ital Uce.y. 15 (1871); Sicinh. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 3415 Sharpe § Dresser, B. Eur. pt. ix. (1871); Shelley, 
B. Egypt, p. 185 (1872) ; Hume, Stray F. i. p. 124 (1873). 
Jerax fringillarius, Leach, Syst Cat. Mamm. §*c. Brit. Mzi$. p. 10 
(1816). 
Sparvius nisus, Vieill. N. Bid. x. p. 319 (1817). 
Accipiter fringillarius, Vig. Zool. Jour. i. p. 338 (1824); Gould, B. 

Eur. i. pi. 18 (1837). 
Buteo nisus, Flem. Brit. An. i. p. 55 (1828). 
Nisus communis, Less. Traite, p. 58 (1831). 
Nisus elegans, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 86 (1831). 


* The present species will be found fully treated of in Part ix. of Sharpe and 
Dresser's 'Birds of Europe.' There I was inclined to consider Mr. Hume's 
Accipiter melanoschistus a good species; but a further experience of Accipitrine 
birds induces me to,think that it may be only a dark race of the ordinary 
Sparrow-Hawk. I say this under reserve, as I nave not yet seen a specimen 
labelled by Mr. Hume himself, and only judge by examples in the British Museum 
and Lord Walden's collection. At present, also, I believe Hodgson's A. 
bubtypims to be only a common Sparrow-Hawk. Should Mr. Hume's bird be 
distinct, the synonymy will be as follows:— 
ACCIPITER MELANOSCHISTUS. 
Accipiter melanoschistus, Hume, Ibis, I860, p. 356; id. Bovgh Notes, i. 

p. 128 (1869); Sharpe $ Dresser, B. Eur. pt. ix. (A. nisus), p. 16 (1871). 
Niaus melanoschistus, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 263 (1872). 
24 . ACCIPITEB. 133 
Nisus fiingillarum, Brehm, to?n.tit. p. 87 (1881). 
Nisus peregrinus, Brehm, torn. cit. p. 88 (1831). 
Faleo nisosiinilis, TickeU, J. A. S. B. ii. p. 571 (1833). 
Astur nisus^ Keys. % Bias. Wirb. Bur* p. 140 (1840) j Baillyy Orn. 


Sav. i. p. 75 (1853): Dubois, Ois. Belg. pis. 15, 16 (1854); iSchl. 
Yog. Xederl. pis. 13, 14 (1854) : Siaulev. Sv. Fool p. 220, pi. xxviii. 
fig. 1 (1860). 
Accipiter nisosunilis, Blyth, J. A. & B. xii. p. 311 (1843) ,* SiricJcl 

Orn. Sign, p. 105 (1855). 
Accipiter subtypicus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844). 
Astur major, Begl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 86 (1849). 
Nisus fnnsillaritts, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 64; Schl Mus. P.-B. 

Astnres, p. 28 (1862); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 65 (1809) j 

Schl. Bevue Accipitr, p. 68 (1873). 
Xisus major, Jaah., Mots. Eur. Orn. p. 29 (1851). 
jN'isus intercedens, Brehm, Nawn. 1855, p. 269. 


Nestling. Clothed with white down; the feathers of the back deep 
sepia-brown, with rufous margins; breast fulvous fawn, the chest 
longitudinally streaked with brown, inclining to arrow-head markings 
on the abdomen and to bars on the flanks. 

Young. Above sepia-brown, all the feathers plainly margined with 

- rufous, more especially on the crown; occiput and nape mottled with 
white; a distinct eyebrow, cheeks, and ear-coverts white, streaked 
with blackish, the hinder margin of the latter brown, washed with 
rufous; quills brown, inclining to ashy brown externally, the secondaries 
narrowly margined and tipped with rufous; all the quills 
barred across with darker brown, more distinct on the lower surface, 
wrhich is whitish ; tail ashy brown, slightly tipped with whitish, and 
crossed with five bars of dark brown; under surface of body white, 
the throat narrowly streaked with black, the breast barred with 
rufous brown, or marked with spade-shaped spots of brown tinged 
with rufous, the flanks and thighs distinctly barred with dark 
brown ; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts buffy white, 
numerously spotted or half-barred with dark brown; cere yellow; 
bill horn-colour, the lower mandible yellowish at base; feet yellow,* 
iris yellow. 
Adidt male. Above bluish slate-colour, the black shafts distinct on 
some of the rump-feathers; wings bluish slaty, the primaries browner 
and barred with darker brown, more distinct below, where the inner 
webs of the quills are ashy white somewhat tinged with rufous; tail 
also bluish slaty, but a little browner than the back, slightly tipped 
with whitish and crossed with four bars of darker brown; nape 
slightly mottled with white; forehead and eyebrow slightly washed 
with rufous; lores whitish; cheeks and ear-coverts bright rufous, 
the upper margin of the latter slaty like the sides of the neck; throat 
whitish, washed with rufous ; rest of under surface white, the breast 
narrowly barred across with bright rufous, some of the bars tinged 
with brown, becoming narrower towards the abdomen and thighs, 
wrhieh are nearly entirely white; flanks bright rufous; under tail-
coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the former 
spotted, the latter barred with brown ; cere yellow; bill dark 


134 
PALCO^IDJ?. 

horn-blue, base of lower mandible yellowish; feet yellow; iris 
orange. Total length 13 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 8*15, tail 6*3, 
tarsus 2-3. 

Adult female. Larger than the male, and paler grey above; below 
barred with brown, more or less tinged with rufous in young examples, 
but becoming slaty grey hi old specimens, which also have a 
rufous tuft on the flanks. Total length 15*5 inches, wing 9-5, tail 7, 
tarsus 2-5. 

Hab. The whole of Europe and Northern Asia, extending 
in winter into Algeria, N.E. Africa, the Indian peninsula, and 

China. 

a. <$ ad. sk. 
6. <$ ad. sk. 
c. § ad. sk. 
cl J ad. sk 
e. Pull. sk. 
/ . ? juv. sk. 
g. cJjuv.sk. 
h. Juv. sk. 
i,k. S $ juv. st. 
I Pull, St. 

m. $ imni. st. 
w. $ acl. sk. 
England. 
England. 
England, Nov. 24,1873. 
Stonyhurst, Lancashire. 
Iletliersett, Norfolk. 
Ilethersett, Norfolk. 
Norwich, Norfolk. 
Lowestoft, Suffolk. 
Saffron Walden, Essex. 


Cambridgeshire. 
Cambridgeshire. 
Uckfield, Sussex. 

°7 V' c? $ juv. s^- Cookham, Berks. 

q, $ ad. sk.

r, s. $ $ ad. sk. 
t S ad. sk. 

ii, v, <$ jav. sk. 

w. J juv. st. 
x\ PuU.sk. 
?/,s. Sjuv.sk. 
a'. $ ad. sk. 
&'» o\ S juv. st. 

d\ $ alb. st 
e\ S ad. sk. 
/'. J ad. sk. 

tf. <$ juv. sk.

 Avington, Hants, Nov. 11, 1873. 

Wiltshire. 

Pembrokeshire. 

Monmouthshire. 

Monmouthshire. 

Wermland, July 8,1871.
Skgne, S. Sweden, Oct. 14, 18G9.
SkSne, S. Sweden, Oct. 10, 1869.
Archangel.


Germany.


Kiel.


Belgium.


 Tangiers. 

A. D. Bartlett Esq. 
[P.]. 
A. Cooper, Esq., 
E.A. fr.]. 
Baron A. von Hiia-el 
[p.]. 

Baron A. von Hiigel 

Baron A. von IIUS-PI 
J, Edmund ITartinsr, 
Esq. [P.]. 

J. 
Edmund Halting, 
Esq. [P.]. 
J. Edmund Hartinpr, 
Esa. [P.]. 
Mr. J. Clark [CA 
Mr. J. Baker TCI. 
Mr. J. Baker fCA 

J. 
Edmund Hafting, 
Esq. [P.]. 
It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[p.]. 
Captain Shelley 
Col. Montagu [P.]. 
Rev. A. Morgan 

[p.]. 
flev. A. Morgan 

Rev. A. Morgan 

[p.]. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 

 P. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
[PA 
Dr. Ejaup [P.I 

 M. E. Boie [P.]. 
Brussels Museum 
[p.i. 
J. 
Edmund Hailing, 
Esq. [P.J. 
24 . VCCI PITER. 
VSo 

h\ 5 juv. sk. Algeria. R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 

rp i 

i'. $ jur. sk. Egypt. W. B. D. Tumbull, 
Esq. [P.]. 
k'. JjuT.sk, Kirjath Jeaiim. Canon Tristram 

[0-]


I'. S ad. sk Jericho. Canon Tristram 

[C.j. 
m'. $ ad. sk. Xanthus. 

SirC.FellowesfT.I 

§ a<i-s^


n' o\Bagdad. K. Loftus, Esq. P. . 
p'. S ad. sk. Seinde (Dr. Gould). J. Gould, Esq. T. I 
q, r'. $ JUT. st. Nepal. B. H.Hodgson.Esq, 

.«', f. c? ad. sk. Nepal. B. H.Hodgson, Esq. 

u\ ?;'. S $ juv. sk. Nepal. B. H.Hodgson.Esq. 

LI3-]
«;', #'. Skeleton. Purchased. 
t/,rf. Sternum. Purchased. 


Subsp. a. -4. melanoschisius. 

<t, b, $ vix ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

2. Accipiter fuscns *. 
American Brown Hawk, Lath. Gen. Syn. i, p. 08 (1781). 
Dubious Falcon, Pemi. Arctic Zool p. 213 (1785). 
Folco fuscus, Gm. S. A7", i. p. 280 (1788); Audub. B. Am. pi. 374, el 


Om. Biogr. IT. p. 522 (1838). 
Falco dubius, Gm. S. N. i. p. 281 (1788). 
Accipiter striatus, Vieill Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 14 (1807) ; Strickl On?. 

Syn. p. 109 (1855). 
Falco Tieillotinus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 204 (1809). 
F'alco velox, Wils. Am. Orn. v. p. 116, pi. 45. fig. 1 (1812). 
Falco pennsylTanicus, Wils. Am. Orn. vi. p. 1, pi. 40. fig. 1 (1812). 
Sparvius striatus, Vieill. N. Diet. x. p. 828 (1817). 
Accipiter ardesiaceus, Bonn, et Vieill Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1274 (1823). 
Accipiter velox, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 (1824). 
Accipiter pennsylTanicus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 (1824)$ Swains, 

Faun. Bor.-Am. Birds^ p. 44 (1831). 
Astur pennsylTanicus, Less. Man. oVOm. i. p. 92 (1828). 
Nisus striatus, Cim. Begne An. i. p. 334 (1829). 
Nisus pennsylTanicus, Cuv. M. A. i. p. 334 (1829). 
Astur velox, Jameson, ed. Wils. Am. Orn. i. p. 68 (1831). 
Nisus malfini, Less. Traite, p. 58 (1831). 


* ACCIPITER FJRINGILLOIDES. 
Accipiter fringilloides, Vig. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 434 (1828); ScL & Sal v. 
Nomenel Av. Neotr. p. 120 (1873). 
Nisus fringilloides, D' Orbigny, in Bamon de la Sagra, H. N. Cuba, Ois. 

p. 18 (1839). 
Bab. Cuba. 
Supposed by nearly all ornithologists to be the same as A. fuscus; and in this 
opinion I am inclined to agree. 

136 FALC02TOJE. 

Ac^ipiter fuseus, Bp. Cornp. Zist B. Eur. $ W. Am. p. 5 (1888) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 29 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 32 (1850); Cass. 

B. Calif. $ Texas, p. 95 (1855) ; Sirickl. Orn. Syn. p. 108 (1855); 
Cass, in Bairds B. JV*. Am. p. 18 (1860) ; Gray, Eand-l B. i. p. 32 
(1869) ; Allen, Bull. Marv. Coll. ii. p. 319 (1871) ; Cooper, B. Calif. 
ed. Baird, p. 466 (1871) ; Coues, Key N. A. Birds, p. 212 (1872) ; 
Adams, Bambles, p. 297 (1873) ; Scl <§* Salv. JSToniencl Av. Neoir. 
p. 120 (1873). 
Astur fuscus, Dekay, Zool N. York, Orn. p. 17, pi. 2. fig. 2 (1844). 
Nisus fuseus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 64; Schl. Mus. P.-B. 
Astnres, p. 30 (1862); id. Revue Accipitr. p. 69 (1873). 

Young male. Above brown, with distinct rufous edgings to the 
feathers, the nape, bases of the scapulars, and upper tail-coverts 
varied with white; quills brown, with narrow fulvous margins and 
tips, barred with darker brown, more distinct below; tail brown, 
shaded with ashy above, tipped with white, and crossed with four 
blackish bands; forehead, eyebrow, and sides of face white, streaked 
with dark brown, especially the ear-coverts, which are nearly entirely 
brown on their hinder margin; throat bufFy white, with 
narrow blackish streaks; rest of under surface white, the breast 
streaked with pale rufous, the abdomen and flanks numerously 
marked with spade-shaped spots or bars of the ,^ame colour, the 
thighs very broadly barred with brighter rufous, nearly uniform at 
base; under tail-coverts white, with spade-shaped spots of very pale 
rufous; under wing-coverts buff, narrowly streaked or spotted with 
dark brown ; cere yellow; bill dark bluish horn-colour; tarsi 
yellow. 

Adult male. Above slaty blue, the head and wing-coverts rather 

darker, shaft-stripes black and tolerably distinct; tail-coverts very 

narrowly tipped with white, as also the secondaries, which are slaty 

blue like the back; primaries brown, all the quills barred with 

darker brown, more distinct below, where the inner webs are ashy 

white; tail slaty blue, narrowly tipped with white, and crossed with 

four blackish bands, the subterminal one broadest; lores, frontal 

feathers, and an indistinct eyebrow whitish, with narrow black 

streaks; sides of face white, streaked with blackish, the ear-coverts 

and sides of neck inclining to bright rufous; throat white, with 

narrow blackish shaft-lines; under surface of body white, broadly 

barred with pale rufous, diminishing in extent towards the abdomen, 

but very distinct on the thighs; under wing-coverts buffy white, 

with small spots of black, becoming larger on the lower series; cere 

greenish yellow; bill black; feet greenish yellow; his brilliant 

yellow. Total length 11*3 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 7*15, tail 6, 

tarsus 2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but not so bright rufous un


derneath. Total length 14 inches, wing 8-25, tail &6, tarsus 2*15. 

Hal. The whole of North America, extending in winter into Cen


tral America, to Guatemala and Yeragua. 

«. <$ juv. st. Quebec. D. W. Mitchell, Esq. 

[P.]. 

24 . ACCIPITER. 
b. 
9. juv. st Delaware, U.S.A. E. Doubleday, Esq. 
[P.]. 
e. d. S ]uy. sk. N. America. E. B. Skarpe. Esq. 
[p.]. 
e. $ juv. sk. N. America. 
E. B. Skarpe, Esq. 
/. S j^T. sk. N.W, America. 
#. 6 3&v. sk X. America. 
h, i. 3 JUT. sk. West side of Rocky Mountains. J.K. Lord, Esq. [IV 
./? &. d juv. sk Vancouver's Island. J. K. Lord, Esq. [0.' 


2 JllT* s^


 Vancouver's Island. J. K. Lord, Esq. [C. 

m. 2 juv. sk. California. Purckased. 
n,o. d $ ad. sk. Jalapa. E. de Oca [0.]. 
3. Accipiter cooperi*. 
Ealco cooperi, Bp. Am. Orn. i. pi. 10. fig. 1 (1828). 
Ealco stanleyi, And. B. Am. pis. 36, ill, et Orn. Biogr. i. p. 186 


Accipiter mexicanus, Swains. Faun. Bor.~Am, Birds, p. 45 (1831); 
Cass. B. Calif, p. 96 (1855); Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 109 (1855)$ 
Cass, in Bairis B. N. Am. p. 17 (1860) j Gray, tfand-l. B. i. p. 33 
(1869); Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 465 (1871). 

Astur cooperi, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. 8f N. Am. p. 5 (1838): Jard. 
ed. Wils. Am. Orn. p. 685 (1840). 
Accipiter cooperi, Cray, Cat. Aceipitr. p. 38 (1848); id. Gen. B. i. 

p. 29 (1849); Cass. B. Calif, p. 96 (1855); id. in Baird1 s B. K. 
Am. p. 16 (1860); Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 321 (1871) j 
Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 404 (1871); Cones, Key N. A. Birds, 
p. 212 (1872) ; Adams, Rambles, p. 297 (1873) ; Sel fy Salv. No-
mend. An. Keotr. p. 129 (1873). 
Oooperastur stanleyi, Bp. JRev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 538. 
Nisus cooperi, Schl. Mns. P.-B. Bevue Aceipitr. p. 73 (1873). 

Young male. Beep "brown above with, a chocolate gloss, all the 
feathers of the upper surface broadly edged with rufous; head and 
hind neck rufous, the feathers mesially streaked with black, the 
occiput, nape, and scapulars slightly varied with white at the bases 
of the feathers; sides of face rufous, with narrow lines of black; 
quills ashy brown, the secondaries with pale rufous tips, all barred 
across with blackish brown, showing more plainly underneath, where 
the under surface is ashy white; tail clear brownish ash-colour, 
broadly tipped with white and crossed with four broad black bars; 


* A . GUNDLACHII. 
Accipiter cooperi, Lembeye, Aws Cuba, p. 17 (1850). 
Accipiter pileatus, Lembeye, I.e. p. 125 (1850). 
Astur pileatus, Cab. u. Gundl J. f. O. 1854, Extrab. p. lxxxii. 
Accipiter gundlachii, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 252 (1862); Scl. f 


Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 170 (1869); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 33 (1869); Gundl. 
J"./. 0.1871, p. 367. 
Sab. Cuba. 
I have never seen this species, which will probably prove on examination to 
be identical with the small, richly coloured form of A. cooperi called by Swain-
son A. mcceicanus. 

138 PALC0NID-2J. 

upper tail-coverts inclining to ashy, broadly tipped with rufous, the 
lower ones with, white, with, which, also many of them are spotted; 
under surface of body dull rufous, inclining to white on the throat, 
belly, and under tail-coverts * the throat narrowly streaked with 
black, the breast more broadly, and the flanks and thighs with large 
bars or spade-shaped spots; under tail-coverts white, with longitudinal 
black streaks- under wing-coverts rufous, with black streaks 
widening out into bars on the lower series. 

Ohs. The " brown-and-white" dress, as the next plumage may 
be called, is the one in which the young A. cooperi generally appears 
in museums. It is apparently gained without a moult from 
the first stage by the rufous margins on the upper surface becoming 
paler, and the white bases to the feathers becoming so extended that 
the hind head and neck as well as the side face become streaked 
with white. The dark centres to the feathers of the nape have a 
tendency to narrow* so that this part also has a very streaked appearance. 
On the breast the streaks become narrower by degrees, 
those on the sides of the body being still a little the broadest, the 
bars on the flanks dissolving and leaving these parts more or less 
distinctly streaked. Under tail-coverts pure white; throat generally 
streaked with black, but this character is so variable that sometimes 
the throat is quite white, with only a few hair-like lines. These 
are probably birds which have been hatched out earlier, and in 

whom the characteristic development of a streaked plumage has 
more chance of being perfected. The adult plumage must be gained 
by a moult. 

Adult male. Above bluish slate-colour, the head darker and the 
wing-coverts also a shade deeper grey than the back, th.e shaft-
stripes distinct on upper surface; lores and eyebrow whitish; cheeks 
ashy with a slight rufous tinge, and narrowly lined with black; quills 
brown, externally shaded with slaty, the secondaries grey Eke the 
back, all barred with darker brown, more distinct below, where the 
under surface is whitish ashy• upper tail-coverts tipped with white; 
tail bluish slate-colour, with a broad white tip and crossed with 
three bars of greyish black- the lower surface greyish white; throat 
white, streaked with narrow blackish shaft-lines and tinged with 
rufous on lower part; rest of under surface clear rufous, spotted on 
both webs or else barred with white, the upper breast more or less 
uniform rufous; under wing-coverts rufous white, the upper ones 
streaked, the lower ones spotted with rufous; under taii-coverts 
white. Total length 15*5 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 0*3, tail 7'9, 
tarsus 2*7, middle toe 1*5. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 17*5 
inches, wing 10*3, tail 8*8, tarsus 3. 

Hob. Middle and southern States of North America, southwards 
to Guatemala and Costa Eica. 

a. $ juv. st. Quebec. D. W. Mitchell, Esq. [P.]. 
b. cJ ,]uv. st. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.], 
c. $ juv. st. West side of Rocky MounJ. 
K. Lord, Esq. FP, j . 
tains. 

24 . ACC1PITEK. 139 
d. 2 JUT-s&* ^"* America. R. B. Skarpe, Esq. [P.]. 
e. (S juv. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
4. Accipiter JuHtg'. ^ ^ u 

Falco timis, Zktf/i. Jw7. Or;*, i. p. 50 (1790). 
Sparvius subniger, Vieill & Diet. x. p. 319 (1817); Pucker. Mev. 
Zool 1850, p. 92. 
Sparvius minutus, T7«#. IV7". Dwtf. x. p. 828 (1817); Pucker. Mev. 
Zool 1850, p. *93, 
Xisus malfini, Less. Traits, p. 58 (1831) ; Pucker. Mev. Zool 1850, 

p. 209. 
Accipiter tinus, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 72; id. Gen. B. p. 29, 
pi. 10 (1849) 5 Bp. Consp. i. p. 32 (1850); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 33 
(1869); Feb. Orn. Bras. pp. 8, 399 (1871): Scl § Sato. Mmenrt. 
Av. Keotr. p. 120 (1873). 

Hieraspizia tinus, Kaup, Contr, Orn. 1850, p. 63. 

leraspiza tinus, Bp. Mev. et May. de Zool 1854, p. 538. 

leraspiza fontanieri, Bp. Mev. et May. de Zool. 1854, p. 538. 

Accipiter superciliosiis, StricU. Orn. Syn. p. 115 (1855). 

Xisus tinus, Burin. Th. Bras. ii. p. 70 (1855); SckL Mus. P.-B. 

Astures, p. 33 (1862); id. Berne Accipitr. p. 77 (1873). 
Teraspiza turns, Kanp, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 171. 
Young. Above dull emnamon-rufous, the head blackish, leaving 
only a rufous eyebrow, and the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts 
slightly mottled with black centres to some of the feathers; sides of 
face and throat pale rufous, the latter inclining to whitish; under 
surface cinnamon-buff, with indications of brown cross bars, the 
thighs and under tail-coverts deeper-coloured and more uniform; 
under wing-coverts uniform cinnamon-buff; wings cinnamon like 
rest of back, primaries externally dusky brown as also at tip and 
barred with the same on the inner web; tail cinnamon, with six 
black bars, two concealed by the upper tail-coverts. 
Immature. Above brown, the feathers margined with rufous, the 
head blackish; sides of face greyish white, streaked with dark brown; 
throat white; sides of neck and rest of under surface white, thickly 
barred with pale rufous, these bars becoming narrower towards the 
lower abdomen; quills and tail much as in the adult, the secondaries 
margined with rufous, the tail marked with white at the base and 
crossed with five bands of dark brown. 
Adult male. Above slaty-grey, the head darker, sides of the face 
and neck a little paler grey, throat pure white; rest of under surface 
white, very minutely banded with greyish brown, almost 
amounting to mere transvermiculations, the thighs barred like the 
breast; under wing- and tail-coverts white, the transverse markings 
almost obsolete; wing-coverts and quills a little browner than the 
back, the secondaries with concealed spots of white; the primaries 
barred with dark brown, plainer underneath, where the quills are 
white at the base of the inner web; tail ashy brown, lighter at the 
tip and crossed with four bars of darker brown, more distinct underneath 
where the interspaces are creamy white, but obsolete on the 
outermost feather. Total length 8-8 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 5-4, 
tail 3*9, tarsus 1*6. 

14o FALCOKID-SE. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 1U-5 
inches, wing 6*6, tail 4*8, tarsus 1*8. 
Hah. From Guatemala and Yeragua southwards throughout 

Guiana and Brazil, 
a. $ ad. sk. South America. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
b. S ad. sk. South America. Purchased. 

5. Accipiter mimOlTis. 
Le Minnie, ZevaiZL Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 140, pi. 34 (1799). 

Falco minullus, Baud. Traits, ii. p. 88 (1800). 

Sjjarvius minullus, Vieill. N. Diet d'Kist. Nat. x. p. 326 (1817). 

Nisus minullus, Cuv. Megne An. i. p. 321 (1817); Grill, Zool. An


iechn. p. 48 (1858); Hartl. J.f. 0.1861, p. 101; Sehl. Mm. P.-B. 
Astures, p. 34 (1862) ; JSeugl. Orn. N.O.~Afr. i. p. 69 (1869); 
Finsch 8f EartL Vog. Ostafr. p. 85 (1870). 

Accipiter minullus, Vig. Zool. Joimi. i. p. 338 (1824); Smithy S. Afr. 

Q. Journ.Lp. 226 (1830); Gray, Gen.B. i. p. 29 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. 
p. 32 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 113 (1855); Gumey, Ibis, 185% 
p. 242; Heugl. Ibis, 1861, p.* 75; Sch Ibis, 18(54, p. 306; Gumey, 
Ibis, 1868, p. 144; Gray, &and~l B. i. p. 33 (I860; ; Sharpe, 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 134; Gumey, in Anderss. B. Dam. Id. p. 31 
(1872). 
Hieraspiza minulla, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 63. 
Nisus satrapa, lielit. Xomend. Av. p. 4 (1S54). 
Nisus binotatus, Licht. Xomend. p. 4 (1&54). 
Accipiter polyzonoides, Bianc. Spec. Zool. Mosamh. xviii. p. 318, 

tab. iii. (1867, nee Smith). 
Teraspiza minulla, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1807, p. 171. 

Young. Above brown, with pale rufous edgings to the feathers, 
the crown blackish; wings browner than in the adult, the secondaries 
tipped with pale rufous barred with darker brown, more distinct 
underneath, where the interspaces are rufous ochre; tail 
brown, whitish at tip, crossed with four bands of darker brown, the 
interspaces light brown somewhat varied with whitish; the under 
surface of the tail rufous buff, with distinct cross bands more numerous 
on the outer feather; under surface of body miffy white, covered 
with oval spots of dark brown, widening into bands on the flanks, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts (Leej) ochre, 
streaked and barred with dark brown; the nape varied with white 
and the upper tail-coverts white at base, as in adult; iris yellow. 

Adult male. Above deep slaty black, the hind neck slightly mottled 
with white; sides of face and neck uniform with the crown; the 
upper tail-coverts white at base, the lower ones also conspicuously 
tipped with white; tail blackish brown, tipped with white, with two 
faintly indicated bands of paler brown, the line of these cross bands 
being indicated by two large spots of white on the inner web; under 
surface of tail paler brown, barred distinctly and tipped with white, 
the outermost feather entirely ashy white, with eight or nine bars of 
dark brown; under surface of body white, the sides bright chestnut, 
the lower throat and under tail-coverts indistinctly but the 
breast plainly though narrowly barred with rufous, most of the bars 

24. ACCIPITER. 
141 

having a conterminous line of dark brown; under wing-coverts deep 
ochre, streaked or barred with dark brown. Total length 9*7 inches, 
cnlmen 0*7, wing 5*8, tail 4*6, tarsus 1*7. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 11*5 
inches, wing 6*6, tarsus 1*75. 
Eab. South Africa generally, extending to Mozambique on the 
east, and to Angola on the west coast. 

a. S juv. &k. Swarte Kop, S. Africa. M. J. Verreaux [0.1. 
b. ? juv. st. South Africa. M. X Verreaux [C.]. 
c. j ad. sk. South Africa. S.-Afriean Museum. 
d. J ad. sk. South Africa. S.-African Museum. 
e,f. d2 ad. sk. Natal. J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.]. 
y. 6 juv. sk. Eland's Post, S.E. Africa R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
(T. Atmore). 
h. 
d1 juv. sk. Gahmgo, Loanda, Aug. 15, J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [0.]. 
1869. 
Subsp. a. Accipiter erythropus. 
Nisus erythropus, JSartl J. f. 0.1855, p. 354 (ex Temm. MS. in 
Mm. Lugd.) * id. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 16 (1857) • Schl. Mus. P.-B. 
Astures, p. 35 (1869). 
Accipiter erythropus, Gray, Sand-l B. i. p. 33 (1869). 
Adult male (type of species). Above blackish brown, with concealed 
white bases to the feathers of the occiput, hind neck, and 
scapulars ; upper tail-coverts very broadly and conspicuously white; 
ear-coverts and cheeks blackish brown, very little lighter than the 
upper surface; entire throat, vent, and under tail-coverts pure white; 
remainder of under surface white, barred across with blackish brown, 
inclining to rufous on the sides of the chest and thighs; flanks bright 
rufous; under wing-coverts ochraceous buff, with a few blackish 
markings on the lower series; quills brown, barred with darker 
brown, more distinct underneath, where the inner web is for the 
most part ochraceous buff; tail brown, crossed with five bars of 
blackish brown *. the inner web largely notched with white, spots of 
which are, apparent even on the two centre feathers; cere and legs 
red *. bill horn-black. Total length 10 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 6, 
tail 4*5, tarsus 1*8, middle toe 1*05. (Mus. Lugd.) 
Eab. "West Africa, Gold Coast. 

6. Accipiter cixrhocephalus. 
New Holland Sparrow-Hawk, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 51 (1801). 

Falco nisus, var., Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. ii. p. xi (1801). 

Sparvius cirrhocephalus, Vieill. N. Diet. x. p. 329 (1817). 

Accipiter torquatus, Vig. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 182 (1827); Gould, 

Syn. B. Austr. pt. 3 (1838) ; id. B. Amir. i. pi. 19 (1848) ; Bp. 

Oonsp. i. p. 33 (1850) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 45 (1865). 
Nisus australis, Less. TraiU, p. 61 (1831). 
Urospiza torquata, Kaup, Ms, 1847, p. 181. 
Accipiter cirrhocephalus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 29(1849). 
Accipiter melanops, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. Il l (1855). 
Nisus cirrhocephalus, Schl Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 38 (1862). 
Urospiza cirrhocephala, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 176. 

142 FJLLCOSIDJE. 

Young. Brown above, with, rufous edgings to the feathers; the 

nape and hind neck mottled with white, and strongly washed with 

rufous ; sides of the face dusky brown; the fore part of the cheeks 

and an indistinct frontal line whitish, streaked with dark brown; 

quills and tail brown, tipped with pale rufous, numerously barred 

with, darker brown, more distinct on the tail, which is slightly 

shaded with ashy; the under surface of the wing and tail whitisb 

ashy, shaded with rufous near the base, the cross bars being particu


larly distinct; under surface of body white, the throat narrowly 

streaked with dark brown; the chest marked with broad oval streaks 

of pale rufous brown; the breast and flanks barred with the same 

colour; the cross bars on the under wing- and tail-coverts less 

numerous, and of a darker brown; the flanks very broadly barred 

with pale rufous. 

Ohs. The present species follows the rule of most other Sparrow-

Hawks in the changes of plumage characteristic of the progress to 

maturity, the longitudinal spots gradually dissolving and widening 

out into bars, as I have shown to be the case in the common A. 

nisus (cf. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 418). 

Adult male. Above bluish ash-colour; the head and wing-coverts 
rather darker ; the back of the neck bright vinous red ; nape slightly 
mottled with white, and the scapulars and secondaries with concealed 
white spots ; quills brown, externally shaded with ash-colour; 
the secondaries entirely ashy grey, like the back ; all the quills very 
numerously banded with dark ashy brown, more distinct underneath, 
where the interspaces are whitish; tail-feathers brown, strongly 
shaded with bluish ashy on the upper surface, which is almost 
entirely uniform; the under surface paler and more whitish ashy, 
with very numerous bars of dark brown on the inner web ; throat 
bufry white, with remains of ashy transverse markings; rest of 
under surface broadly barred with vinous red and ashy white ; the 
ashy shade on the cross bars more distinct on the flanks; the thighs 
very thickly barred, but the abdomen and under tail-coverts less 
numerously than the breast; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
coloured like the breast; cere and gape yellowish green ; bill black, 
lead-coloured at base ; feet yellow, slightly tinged with green ; iris 
yellow. Total length 12-3 inches, erdmen 0-8, wing 8-3, tail 6*4, 
tarsus 2-25. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 

14*5 inches, wing 10, tarsus 2*6. 

Hob. The whole of Australia. 

a. $ ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
h, c, d. $ ad. juv. st. S. Australia. Sir George Grey [P.]. 
e, (S ad. sk. S. Australia. 0. D. E. Fortrram, Esq. [P.]. 
/. $ juv. st. Adelaide, S. Aus- C. D, E. Fortaun, Esq. [P.J. 
tralia. 
f/. Pull. sk. Port Lincoln, S. J. Goulcl^ Esq. 
Australia. 
h, I $ ad. juv. sk, Interior of Aus- Captain Start [P.]. 
tralia. 

24 . ACCIPITER. 143 
j . k. 2 2UY' sk-" Tn e Depot, lat Captain Sturt [P.]. 
993 40V > 
/. 2 juv. sk. " First Greek, lat 
30° oO' Dec 
Captain Sturt [P.]. 
1844." 
m. Jad.s k w The Depot, Victoria 
Biver,Gct 
J. R Elsey, Esq. [P.], 
1855.'* 
d. <$ ad. sk. Queensland. Purchased. 
o. Skeleton. Voyage of the ; Kattlesnake.' 

7. Accipiter madagascariensis. 
Accipiter madagascariensis, Verr. & Afr. Q. Jour. ii. p. 282 (1834) ; 
Gray, Cat Accipitr. p. 35 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 32 (1850); 

^ Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 114 (1855) j Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 32 (1869). 
2\isus madagascaiiensiSj Kaup7 Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 64. 
Accipiter lantzii, Verr, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1866, p. 353, pi. 18; 

Grand, op. tit. 1867, p. 320. 
Nisus lantzii; Schl. # Boll Faun. Madag. Ok. p. 35, pi. 13 (1868)• 
Schl Jfus. B,~B. Revue Accipitr. p. 72 (1873). 

Young female. Above brown, with distinct ochraceous margins 
to feathers of upper surface, inclining to rufous on the least wing-
coverts ; crown brown in centre, with rufous margins to the feathers ; 
the superciliary line and the hind neck ochre, with a rufous tinge 
and with brown centres to the feathers, causing a slightly streaked 
appearance; the nape mottled with white; quills brown, barred 
with darker brown, more distinct underneath, where the inner web 
is whitish ashy at base; secondaries brown, like the back, with 
four distinct external bars, tipped with ochraceous buff and narrowly 
margined with the same externally; tail ashy brown, tipped 
with whitish and crossed with sis bars of darker brown, plainer on 
under surface, which is ashy white; ear-coverts rufescent; cheeks 
white, narrowly streaked with dark brown; throat white, with a 
few streaks of dark brown down the centre; remainder of under 
surface white, with broad oval drops of pale rufous brown on the 
breast, rounder on the abdomen and thighs, and developing into 
bars on the flanks; under tail-coverts white, with a few irregular 
brown spots; under wing-coverts ochraceous white, with brown 
spots like breast. Total length 13-8 inches, wing 8*7, tail 7*3 ; 
tarsus 2-35; middle toe 1*65. (Mus. Lugd.) 

Adult female. Above blackish brown, slightly washed with slatecolour, 
the latter shade more distinct on the head and hind neck, 
especially the latter; ear-coverts greyish black; the lower margins, 
as well as the cheeks, whitish, narrowly streaked with black; quills 
and tail perfectly uniform blackish brown above, with bars of whitish 
ash-colour underneath, not very distinct, but plainer towards the base; 
under surface of body white, thickly barred with greyish black• the 
under wing-coverts uniform with the breast; a few narrow streaks 
of greyish black on the throat; under tail-coverts pure white; tarsi 
greenish yellow; iris yellow. Total length. 15 inches, culmen 0*95, 
wing 8*8, tail 7*5, tarsus 2*4, middle toe 1-7. (Mus. Lugd.) 

144 FALCONIBJE. 

Adult male (type of species). Similar to the female, but smaller. 
Total length 11*5 inches, wing 7*15, tail 5*7, tarsus 2-1. 
Hab. Madagascar. 

a. $ ad. sk. Madagascar. South-African Museum. Type of species. 
8. Accipiter eollaris. 
Micronisus eollaris, Kaup^ MS. in Mus. Brit, unde 
Accipiter eollaris, Sel Ibis, I860, p. 148, pi. 6 * Gray, Hand-l B, i. 


p. 33 (1869) ; Sel % Sah. Nomwicl Av, Weoir, p. 120 (1873). 
Nisus eollaris, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 263 (1872). 
Immature. Above sooty brown ; the head blackish; the sides of 
the face and an ill-defined half-collar round the neck white, barred 
with dark brown; quills brown, barred with darker brown, more 
distinct underneath, where the interspaces are whitish; tail ashy 
brown, crossed with five bars of dark brown, the under surface paler 
and whitish ashy, the brown bars more distinct than above, except 
on the outer web, where they are nearly obsolete; throat white; 
rest of under surface white, broadly barred with brown somewhat 

tinged with pale rufous, narrower on the under tail-coverts; the 
thighs almost uniform brown, with slight remains of whitish cross 
bars. Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 1, wing 7*1, tail 5-2, 
tarsus 2. 

Hab. New Granada. 

a. Ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased. Type of species. 
9. Accipiter rubricollis. 
Nisus cirrhocephalus ceramensis, Sckl Mus, P.-B. Astures. p. ;i9 
(1862). 
Accipiter rubricollis, Wall P. Z, S, 1863, pp. 19, 21, pi. iv.; id. Ibis, 
1868, p. 7; Gray, Han&-1 B. i. p. 34 (1869). 
Nisus erythrauchen (pi), Schi. Vog. Xederl Incl, Valkv. pp. 22? 60, 

pi. 13. &g. 2 (1866); id, Bev. Aehipitr. p. 78 (1873). 
Uraspiza erythrauchen (pt.), Jtaup, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 177. 
Nisus rubricollis, Giebel, Thes, Orn, p. 264 (1872). 


Young, Crown and sides of head blackish brown; an indistinct 
eyebrow and the cheeks white, streaked with brown; upper surface 
of body brown, with rufous margins to the feathers; the hinder 
neck mixed with white and washed with vinous red; quills brown, 
numerously barred with darker brown; inner web rufeseent from 
the base upwards, and the outer web spotted with rufous, so as to 
give the appearance of five bars across the wing; tail ashy brown, 
the tip lighter, crossed with fen bars of darker brown, the lighter 
brown interspaces shaded with rufous near the base; under surface 
of body creamy buff; the throat with a central streak of greyish 
brown; the breast longitudinally streaked with pale brown, more 
narrowly on the lower breast, abdomen, and thighs; under wing


24 . ACCIPITER. 
145 
coverts rufous buff, streaked with, dark brown, inclining to bars on 

the lower series and axillaries. 

Adult female (type of species). Above blackish slate-colour, with 

a distinct shade of clearer ashy grey on the head and back; hinder 

part of neck and upper interseapulary region rich vinous chestnut; 

sides of face clear ashy grey, a little lighter than the crown; entire 

under surface pale ashy grey, whitish on the throat and abdomen; 

the sides of the neck rich vinous chestnut, shading slightly on the 

sides of the upper breast; under wing-coverts oehraceous, tinged 

with ashy grey, more plainly on the axillaries; quills and tail above 

black washed with slaty, numerously barred with blackish and 

washed with pale rufous at base of inner webs; the bands on the 

tail-feathers ten or eleven in number, obsolete on the outermost ,* 

cere yellow; bill black, lead-colour at base; feet yellow; iris golden 

yellow. Total length 14-7 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 8-5, tail 6*8, 

tarsus 2*4. 

Hal. Morty Island; Bouru. 

a. 
2 ad, sk. Bourn, A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
Type of species. 
b. $ juv. sk. Bourn. A. R, Wallace, Esq. [0.1 
e. Juv. sk. Morty Island. A. R. Wallace, Esc[. [0.j. 
10. Accipiter erythrauchen. 
Accipiter 
erythrauehen, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 344; Wall. Ibis, 
1868, p. 7 ; Gray, HandA. JB. i. p. 34 (1869). 
Nisus erytkrauehen, Schl. Vog. Nederl Ind., Valkv. pp. 22,60, pi. 13. 
figs. 1, 3, 4 (1866) ; id. Rev. Accipitr. p. 78 (1873). 
Uraspiza erytkrauehen, Kaup, P. Z. JS. 1867, p. 177. 

Adult male (type of species). Above uniform blackish slate-colour; 
the hinder part of the neck rich vinous chestnut; sides of face and 
entire throat pale grey, the latter even lighter than the ear-coverts• 
quills and tail blackish slate-colour, a little browner on the inner web, 
where are remains of more or less distinct blackish cross bars; the 
under surface of both paler and more ashy, washed with rufous at 
the base of inner webs; under surface of body uniform clear vinous, 
shading off much paler on the thighs; lower abdomen and under 
tail-coverts white ,* under wing-coverts vinous, with indistinct greyish 
mottlings. Total length 11 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 6*7, tail 
5*4, tarsus 2*1. 

Adult female. Similar to male, but larger. Total length 13*9 
inches, wing 8'2, tail 6*2, tarsus 2-25. (3Ius. Lugd.) 
Hob. Gilolo, Batehian. 

a. 
S ad. sk. E. Gilolo. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
Type of species. 
11. Accipiter rhodogaster. 
Nisus virgatus rhodogaster, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 32 (1862). 
Accipiter rhodogaster, Gurney, His, 1863, p. 450; Wall Ibis, 1868, 

p. 7 ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 33 (1869). 
VOL. I. M 
146 FALCOSIBJG. 

Nisus rhodogaster, SchL Yog. Nederl. Ind.f Valkv. pp. 21, 60, pi-12. 

figs. 5, 6 (1866) ; id. JRemce Acdpitr. p. 76 (1878). 

Teraspiza rhodogaster, Kemp, P. Z. S.1867, n. 171. 

Teraspiza rhodogastra, Waldm7 Tr. Z. 8. viii. pp. 38, 109, pi 3d. 

(1872). 

Young. Bright chestnut-red, the hind neck mottled with white, 
all the feathers of the upper surface subtermmaily spotted with 
black, especially on the head, which gains therefrom a blackish 
appearance; sides of face whitish, streaked with black; under 
surface creamy white, the lower abdomen and under tail-coverts 
unstriped, the throat bordered on each side with a moustachial line 
of black, with another central streak down the centre; the breast 
washed with rufous and broadly streaked with black; under wing-
coverts rufous buff, minutely spotted with black; secondaries rufous 
like the back, barred with black, somewhat overspreading the rufous 
interspaces; primaries brown, tipped and spotted externally with 
rufous and crossed with bands of darker brown, the lower surface of 
quills rufous buff on inner web, with the bars of dark brown more 
conspicuous ; tail rufous, crossed with four bands of dark brown. 

Adult. Above deep bluish grey, a little clearer on the head and 
hind neck, the sides of the face and of the neck very pale bluish 
grey; throat whitish, shaded with grey; rest of under surface clear 
vinous red, not very deep, the lower abdomen and under tail-
coverts whitish, the thighs and under wing-coverts white, shaded 
with ashy grey, the latter also slightly mottled with blackish spots ; 
wing-coverts and quills blackish slate-colour, the primaries a little 
more brown, the under surface white at base, shading into ashy at 
tip, with dark brown cross bars, more indistinct on the secondaries ; 
tail blackish slate-colour above, whitish ashy below, with four or 
five cross bars of dark brown on all except the outermost feather. 
where they are nearly obsolete, the bars almost invisible on the 
upper surface; cere dusky yellow; bill black; feet yellow; iris 
bright chrome-yellow. Total length 11 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 
6-5, tail 5*1, tarsus 2*1. 

Hah. Celebes. 

a. $ ad. sk. Macassar. A. B. Wallace, Esq. [C.l 
b. <S juv. sk. Macassar. A. It. Wallace, Esq. LC.j . 
c. <$ ad. sk. Celebes (Von JRosenberg). Leiden Museum [P.J 
12. Accipiter sulaensis. 
Nisus sulaensis, Schl Vog. Kederl. Indn Valkv. pp. 26, 64, pi. 10. 

figs. 3, 4 (1866). 

Uraspiza sulaensis, Kaup, P. Z. S.1867, p. 176. 

Accipiter sulaensis, Wall. Ibis. 1868, p. 10 -Gray, Hand~l. B. I. p. 34 

(1869). 

Nisus rhodogaster (pi), Schl* Heme Aecipitr. p. 76 (1873). 

Adult female (type of species). Above dark slaty grey, clearer 
grey on the head and hind neck, the wing-coverts rather darker 
than the back; primaries dark brown, with numerous bars of 

24 . ACCIPITER. 147 
blackish brown, showing more distinctly underneath, where the 

bases to the quills are white ; secondaries grey, like the back; tail 

slaty grey, the cross bars almost obsolete, the under surface ashy 

white, outer tail-feathers browner, the bars absent on the outer


most ; cheeks, ear-coverts, sides of neck and breast vinous red, 

gradually shading off into greyish on the flanks and thighs; throat 

and under tail-coverts whitish; under wing-coverts white, the lower 

ones with small blackish spots, the outer ones washed with greyish. 

Total length 13 inches, culmen 1, wing 6*9, tail 5-$, tarsus 2-15, 

middle toe (without claw) 1*3. {Mus. Lugd.) 

Hah. Sula Islands. 

13. Aecipiter erythrocnemis. 
Falco nisus, Max. Beitr. Orn. Bras. Hi. Abth. 1, p. Il l (1830). 
Aecipiter ervthroenerais, Gray, Cat, Accipiir. Brit, Mm. p. 70 (1848); 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 32 (1850); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 116 (1855) ; Set 

P. Z. S. 1855, p. 134, et 1860, p. 70, et 1866, p. 303; Scl 8? Sah. 
Ex. Orn. pL xviL (1867); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 32 (1869) j Scl 
Jr Sedv. Nomencl Av. JSTeoir. p. 120 (1873). 
Nisus fidngillarius, subsp. erythrocneinius, Kaup} Wiegm. Arch. Bd. i. 

Nisus erythrocnemius, Kaupf Contr. Orn. 1850; p. 64 ; Schl. Mus. 
P.-B. Berne Accipitr. p. 70 (1873). 
Nisus striatus, Btvrm. Tk Bras. ii. p. 71 (1856). 

Young. Above brown, the head darker, all the feathers of the 
wing-coverts and scapulars edged with pale rufous; cheeks whitish, 
tinged with rufous on the ear-coverts, the upper margins of which 
are brown; under surface of body white, barred across with pale 
rufous, the shaft-Hues distinctly indicated, and the rufous bars eonterminously 
barred with dusky; sides of body and thigh-feathers 
pale rufous; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts buffy 
white, with small bars of dusky brown, the axillaries pale rufous, 
obscurely barred with dusky brown; quills brown, barred with 
darker brown, shafts rufescent, secondaries slightly tipped with 
whitish; tail ashy brown, paler at the tip, crossed with five bands 
of darker brown. 

Adult (type of species). Above light slaty grey, the ear-coverts 
coloured like the head; cheeks white, narrowly streaked with dark 
brown ; under surface of body white, with a few remains of dark 
shaft-lines* and dusky bars on the chest and sides of the body; 
thighs bright chestnut; under tail-coverts white; under wing-
coverts also white, the lower ones barred with ashy brown; quills 
brown, secondaries washed with slaty grey, primaries barred with 
blackish brown, more distinctly on the under surface of the wing, 
where the interspaces are white or whitish ashy; tail brown, slightly 
tipped with whitish and crossed with four bars of ashy brown, the 
corresponding bars being whitish ashy on the lower surface; bill 
blackish horn-colour, yellowish at base of lower mandible; legs 
yellow; claws horn-brown; iris yellow. Total length 11 inches, 
culmen 0*75, wing 6*7, tail 5*7, tarsus 2. 

M2 

148 FALC<mD.£i. 

Rob. Brazil and Bolivia. 

a. c? ad* st Brazil [?]. Purchased*. 
k $ juv. st. Brazil. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.], 
e. $ |uv. sk. Brazil. Purcliased. 
cl $ juv. sk. BaMa. Dr. Wucherer [C.]. 
*• <5 juv. st- Bolivia. Mr. Brydges [U.]. 
14. Accipiter cMonogastsr. 
Nisus cMonogaster, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 41. 

Accipiter cMonogaster, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 588 ; Scl. 
£ Salv. Ex. Orn. pi. xiv. (1807) j £my, Hand-l B. i. p. 82 (1809); 
Scl 8f Salv. Somencl Av. Xeotr. p. 120 (1873). 

Accipiter erythrocnemius, Scl & Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 218; Salv. Ibis, 
1801, p. 140. 

Adult Above dark brown, the head blackish, the nape somewhat 
mottled with white, concealed spots of which mark the scapulars 
and inner secondaries ; quills brown, barred with darker brown, the 
secondaries very slightly tipped with whitish, the shafts rufous 
brown,'under surface of wing whitish, inclining to greyish white 
towards the tips, the dark brown bars very broad and distinct 
underneath ; tail pale brown, inclining to whitish at the tips, crossed 
with four bars of darker brown; lores whitish; sides of the face 
white, with narrow lines of brown on the cheeks, the upper margin 
of the ear-coverts and the sides of the neek dark brown; under 
surface of body white, with narrow shaft-streaks of dark brown; 
the thighs pale ochre, unstriped ; under tail-coverts entirely white ; 
under wing-coverts white, slightly tinged with fulvous, with narrow 
brown shaft-streaks. Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 
7-3, tail 5*9, tarsus 2. 

Hah From Guatemala to Venezuela. 

a. Ad. sk. Caracas. Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk. Guatemala. TV\ Wilson Saunders, Esq. [P.], 
15. Accipiter rufiventris. 
Accipiter raiiventris, Smith, S, Afr. Q. Jburn. L p. 231 (April 1830); 
Gray, Gen. B. L p. 29 (1849); Bp. Consp. I p. 32 (1850); id. Rev. 
et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 538; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 29 (1867) ; 
Gray7 Hand-l B. L p. 32 (1869); Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam* 
Zd. p. 32 (1872). 

Falco exilis, Temm. PI Col i. p i 496 (May 1830). 
Falco perspicillarist Hupp. Neue Wirb. p. 41, pi. 18. Hg. 2 (1835). 
Dsedalion perspicillaris, Mupjx Syst. Uebers. p. 11 (1846). 
Accipiter exilis, Striekh Orn. Syn. p. 107 (1855) j Gurney, Ibis, 1859, 


p. 242. 
Nisus rafiventris, Grill, Zool Anteehi. p. 48 (1858); Heugl. Orn. 
if.0.-4/r, p. 66 (1869) ; Sckl Mm. P.--S. Berne Acdpitr. p. 69 
(1873). 

Accipiter perspiciHaris, Heugl, Ibis, 1861, p. 75. 
Nisus MngiBarras raliventris, ScM. Mm. P.-B. Astures, p. 30 (1862). 


* Said to have been from Jamaica, colleefeed hj Gosse, but the register probably 
erroneous. 
24. ACCIPITEE. 
Adult male. Above deep slate-colour, the scapulars with concealed 
white spots, and the nape also mottled with white; quills ashy 
brown, barred with darker brown, plainer underneath, where the 
interspaces are white or ashy white, the secondaries shaded with 
slate-colour above and tipped with light ashy; tail ashy brown, 
tipped with white and crossed with four bands of dark brown; sides 
of face tawny rufous, excepting a shade of slaty grey on the upper 
margin of the ear-coverts; throat white; rest of under surface 
uniform tawny rufous, under tail-coverts white; under wing-
coverts tawny buff, the axillaries slightly tipped with whitish; cere 
and orbits yellow; bill black, bluish at base; feet yellow; iris fiery 
yellow. Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 8-2, tail 6-3, 
tarsus 2-05. 

Adult female. A little larger than the male, but similar in colour. 
Total length 14 inches, wing 9*4, tarsus 2-25. 

Hah. Southern and Korfch-eastern Africa. 

a. $ ad. sk. Cape Colony. Sir A. Smith [0.1 
h. <$ ad. sk. South Africa. M. J. Verreaux [0.1 
c. <^ imm. st. Cat River, S. Africa. M. J. Verreaux f0.1 
d. tf ad. sk. Shoa. Sir W. 0. Hams [0.1 
e. <$ ad. sk. Shoa. Sir W. 0. Harris [0.1. 

16. Accipiter ventralis. 
Accipiter erythrocnemius ?} Scl P. Z. S.1855; p. 134. 
Accipiter ventralis, Scl P. Z. S. 1866, p. 303; Scl $ Salv. Ex. Orn. 


p. 25, pi. xiii. (1867); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 32 (1869); Scl $ 
Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 120 (1873). 
Accipiter nigriplumbeus, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1869, p. 270, 

Young. Above dark brown, the nape washed and all the feathers 
of the upper surface edged with rufous; sides of face rufous, 
streaked with dark brown; under surface bufry white, narrowly 
lined on the throat with dark brown, the chest streaked with brown, 
somewhat tinged with rufous on some of the feathers, on the lower 
breast and abdomen widening out into bars, the under tail-coverts 
white, narrowly lined with brown down the shaft; thighs bright 
chestnut; under wing-coverts white, washed with ochre, and plentifully 
spotted or barred with blackish ; quills dark brown, with bars 
of still darker brown, almost invisible above, but plainer underneath, 
where the interspaces are ashy white; tail blackish brown, 
tipped with whitish and crossed with four bands of ashy grey; bill 
blackish horn-colour, yellowish at the base of the lower mandible; 
feet yellow, claws black; iris yellow. 

Adult male. Beep slaty grey, including the sides of the face and 
ear-coverts; the entire under surface bright chestnut, the cheeks 
also washed with this colour, a few whitish cross bars remaining 
on the lower abdomen; under wing-coverts rufous, the lower ones 
somewhat inclining to ashy white, barred across with blackish ; 
quills black, the secondaries slaty grey like the back, the under 
surface ashy grey, white near the base, crossed with broad blackish 
bands; tail black, tipped with whitish and barred across with four 

150 
FALCO^IDiE. 

bands of "brownish ashy; bill blackish horn-colour, yellowish at base 
of lower mandible; feet yellow, nails horn-brown. Total length 
10*5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 7, tail 6, tarsus 2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 13-5 
inches, wing 8, tail 7*5, tarsus 2*2. 
Hah. Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador. 

a. c? ad. sk. Bogota. 
Purchased. 
6. c? juv. sk. Bogota. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq, [P.]. 
c. <$ juv. st. Concordia, New Granada. T. K. Salmon, Esq. TC.j. 
d. $ ad. sk. New Granada. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [T.J. 
e. $ ad. sk. Cosmpata, Nov. 10, 1871. Henry Whitely, Esq. [P.]. 
17. Accipiter hartlauM. (Plate YI. fig. 2.) 
Nisus hartlaubii, Verr. in Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 15 (1857) ; Hartl. 
t. c. p. 262 (1857); id. J.f.O. 1801, p. 101. 
Accipiter hartlaubii, 
Cass. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 32; Duchaillu, 
JEq. Afr. p, 472 (1861) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 32 (1869) ; Sharpe, 

Adult male. Above deep slaty black, the head and wing-coverts 
darker and almost jet-black, the ear-coverts decidedly inclining to 
greyish ; quills black, greyish white underneath at base of inner 
web, where there are remains of a few blackish bars ; lower upper 
tail-coverts white, forming a band across the root of tail; tail black, 
the outer feathers brownish, underneath greyish black, with two 
bars of white on the inner web, appearing even on the centre feathers 
in the form of two rounded spots of white ; throat white, inclining 
to ashy grey on the fore neck; remainder of under surface vinous 
chestnut, the thighs included • vent and under tail-coverts white, 
slightly varied with obsolete greyish black bars, more distinct on the 
lower tail-coverts. Total length 9*8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 6-5, 
tail 4*4, tarsus 1*7, middle toe 1*05. (Mus. Bruce.) 

Bab. Gaboon. 
<u (S ad. sk. River Ogowe, Gaboon (Marclie M. E. Bouvier [E.]. 
et de Compiegne). 
18. Accipiter virgatus. 

Falco virgatus, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 109 (1823, ex Beinw. MS.). 
Accipiter virgatus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 (1824); Gray, Gen. B. 

i. p. 29 (1849); Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. A. S. B. p. 22 (1849); id. J. 
A. JS. B. xix. p. 331 (1850); Bp. Consp. i. p. 32 (1850) ; Horsf. §* 
Moore, Cat. B. Mus. J2. I. Co. i. p. 37 (1854); Moore, P. Z. S. 
1854, p. 260* StricH. Orn. Syn. p. 106 (1855); Jerd. B. Ind. i. 
p. 52 (1862); Set P. Z. S. 1863, p. 207; Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 15; 
Gumey, t c. p. 366, et 1865, p. 236; Swinh. t. e. p. 108; Bear. 
P. Z. S. 1868, p. 395; Wall. Ibis, 1868. p. 6; Hume, Bough Notes, 
i. p. 132 (1869); Gray, Hand-l. B. i p. 33 (1869); Jerd. Ibis, 
1871, p. 243; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 411. 
Nisus virgatus, Less. Man. d'Om. i. p. 97 (1828) ; Bp. Rev. et Mag. 
de Zool. 1854, p. 538; Schl Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 32 (1862); 
id. Vog. Nederl. Ind., Valkv. pp. 20, 59, pi. 12. figs. 1-4 (1866); id. 
Revue Accipitr. p. 74 (1873). 

24. ACCIPITEE. 151 
Accipiter dussumieri (nee Te?nm.)) Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 79; 

Kodgs. J. A. S. B. xii p. 308 (1843). 
Nisus manillensis, Meyen, JBeitr. p. 694, Taf. ix. (1834) *. 
Accipiter besra, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 84 (1839) ; id. III. Ind. Orn. 

pi. 4 (1847). 
Accipiter fringillarius, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 84 (1839). 
Accipiter minutus, Blyth{ J. A. S. B. xi. p. 882 (1842). 
Accipiter afhnis, Jffodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844). 
Accipiter nisoides, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 727 (1847); id. Cat. B. 

Mus. A. 8. B. p. 22 (1849); id. Ibis, 1865, p, 28, et 1866, p. 240, 

et 1870, p. 158. 
Hieraspiza virgatus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 63. 
Astur gularis, Temm. Sf Schl, Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 5, pi. 2 (1850). 
Accipiter gularis, Bp. Mev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538; Gurney, 

Ibis, 1865, p. 547; Swinh. P. Z. S.1871, p. 34$ 
Micronisus badius, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 359, et 3661, p. 263. 
Micronisus, sp., Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 25. 
Micronisus gularis, Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 212. 
Accipiter stevensoni, Gurney, Ibis, 1863, p. 447, pi. xi.; Swinh. 

P. Z. S.1863, p. 261, et 1870, p. 600, et 1871, p. 341 ; Gray, JEand-l. 
B. I p. 32 (1869). 
Accipiter gularis, Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 89* 
Micronisus virgatus, Swinh. Ibis, 1866, p. 403. 
Teraspiza virgata, Kaup, P. Z. S.1867, p. 171. 
Young. Above brown, the feathers margined with rufous or 
rufous ochre, the crown blackish brown, the nape mixed with 
white and the scapulars and upper tail-coverts with concealed white 
spots; over the eye a streak of white narrowly lined with dark 
brown; sides of the face and neck white, streaked with dark brown, 
the latter washed with rufous; ear-coverts pale brown, darker on 
their hinder margin; under surface of body white, the throat with 
a distinct line of blackish down the centre, the chest streaked with 
dark brown in the centre and with pale rufous on the sides, the 
breast and abdomen marked with heart-shaped spots of pale rufous, 
developing into bars on the thighs; under tail-coverts white; under 
wing-coverts buiry white, the lesser ones streaked, the greater ones 
spotted with dark brown; quills brown, the secondaries margined 
with rufous ochre, barred with darker brown, more distinct 'underneath, 
where the feathers are bnffy white, shading into ashy brown 
at the tips; tail ashy brown, tipped with whitish and crossed with 
four bands of darker brown, the under surface ashy white, all the 
bars very plain, the outer tail-feather having seven. 

O65. By the gradual spreading of the streaks until they assume 
the form of bands, the next plumage is very different from the 
young stage just described, especially as the light rufous streaks on 
the side of the chest merge entirely, and present a thoroughly uniform 
appearance, as do also the sides of the face and neck. Erom 
this stage the under surface gradually becomes uniform bright 
rufous without any change of feather, the white interspaces on the 
breast gradually disappearing. This seems to be the usual mode of 

* I haye'examined the type in the Berlin Museum. 
152 yixco3srn>js. 

procedure in the female; but the male would appear to gain his 
adult dress without the intervening varied stage just noticed. 
Judging from a specimen collected in Eastern Timor by Mr. "Wallace, 
the plumage no sooner widens out from stripes to bars than they at 
once merge, and the bird becomes rufous underneath very rapidly. 

Adult male. Above deep blackish slate-colour, the nape slightly 
mottled with white, the crown and wing-eoverts a little darker; 
quills dark brown, shaded with slate-colour, without any bars above, 
the under surfaee paler and more ashy, inclining to pale rufous near 
the base of inner web, with blackish cross bars; tail ashy grey above, 
whitish ashy beneath, paler at tip, and crossed with three bars of 
slaty black; ear-coverts and sides of neck slaty grey, the latter 
washed with rufous; fore part of cheeks and throat buiry white, 
with a few indistinct blackish shaft-lines here and there; rest of 
under surface bright vinous chestnut, much paler on the thighs; 
abdomen and under tail-coverts white; under wing-eoverts rich 
ochre, the lower ones and the axillaries irregularly barred with 
brownish; cere yellow; bill black, lead-colour at base; feet pale 
orange-yellow; iris yellow. Total length 11 inches, culm en 0*75, 
wing 6-6, tail 5*1, tarsus 1*9. 

Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length 
13 inches, wing 7*4, tarsus 2-2. 
Hah. Eastern Asia, from Northern China and Japan, throughout 
the Indian peninsula and the Indo-lf alayan subregion *. 

a. S ad. sk. Etawah, N.W. India. Purchased. 
1. 5 irnm. st. 
c. 2 2UY' s"k 
d. § juv. sk. 
e. (S ad. sk. 
/. c? juv. sk. 
g. £ imm. sk. 
k 5 ad. sk. 
i. S juv. st. 
j . S ad. sk. 
k. $ j uv -sk* 
I S juv, sk. 
m. $ ad. sk. 
Madras. 
Nepal, 
Nepal. 
Malacca. 
Java. 
E. Timor. 
Philippine Islands. 
Philippine Islands. 
Cochin China. 
Off coast of Cochin China, 
Nov. 11,1871 (Conrad). 
Off the Natuna Islands^ 
Nov. 14,1871 (Conrad). 
China. 
Dr. Jerdon [P.], 
B. EL Hodgson, Esq. [PA 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [PA 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.t 
Hon. E. India Co. [P. J. "* 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C/J. 
Hugh Cuming, Esq. f 0.1 
Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C. f. 
E. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [PA" 
E. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [PA 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.". 
Purchased. 
n. $ juv. sk 
o,p7q. $ ad.sk. 
r. cS juv. st. 
& Sternum. 
Fokien, China. 
Chefoo. China, May 1873. 
Japan. 
J. Gould, Esq. [PA 
E. Swinhoe, Esq. fC.]» 
Leiden Museum [P.]. 
Purchased. 

19, Acdpiter guttatos. 

Esparvero pardo y goteado, Azara, Apunt. i. p, 113 (1802). * 
Sparvius guttata, Vieill N. Diet x, p. 325 (1817). 
Accipiter guttatus, StrickL Orn. St/n. p. 110 (1855) $ Sel fy Safa. Ex. 


* A larger series of specimens may ultimately prove the distinctness of Mr. 
Gurney's Accipiter stevensonL 

24 . ACCTPITEB. 153 
Om. W* 16% 170, pL ixxv. (1869); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 33 
(1869) • JSW: 4' Sdv. Pommel Av. tfeotr. p. 120 (1873). 

Male {nearly adult). Above slaty grey, the head blackish, the 
nape varied with white ; wings dull brown, the quills barred with 
darker brown, the interspaces ashy white below, so that the cross 
bars are more distinct, inner secondaries slaty grey like back; tail 
ashy brown, narrowly tipped with white, and crossed with four 
bars of darker brown, lower surface ashy white, the bars more 
distinct except on outermost feather, where nearly obsolete• throat 
white, tinged with rufous, the feathers narrowly centred with black 
shaft-lines: rest of under surface pale fawn-rufous, the thighs a 
little deeper-coloured, the breast mottled with white spots and half-
bars ; the sides of the face and of the neck clear slaty grey, the sides 
of the upper breast washed with the same colour; under tail-coverts 
white, with a few subterminal rufous spots; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries entirely pale fawn-rufous, like breast. Total length 
15*2 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 8*5, tail 6-8, tarsus 2*4. 

Adult female. Similar to the male but larger. Total length 
18 inches, wing 10*5, tail 8m59 tarsus 2-65. 
Hah. Paraguay and Bolivia. 
a, b. <$ ? ad. sk. Bolivia. Mr. Brydges [P.], Specimens figured 
in ' Exotic Ornithology. 

20. Accipiter pileatus. 
Falco pileatus, Temm. JPl Col I pi. 205 (1824); Max. Beitr, iii. 
p. 107 (1830). 
Accipiter pileatus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 (1824) ; Gray, Gen. B. 
L p. 29 (1849) * Bp. Consp. i. p. 32 (1850); Strickl %Orn. Syn. 

p. 109 (1855) ; Scl & Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 170 (1869); Gray, Eand-L 
B. i. p. 33 (1869) j Feb. Orn. Bras. i. pp. 8, 399 (1871)* Scl §• 
Salt*. Komenel Av. Neotr. p. 120 (1873). 
Kisus pileatus, Less. Man. d' 0?-n. i, p. 98 (1828) ; Burm. Th. Bras. 

ii. p. 73 (1855) • Schl Mm. P.-J?. Astures, p. 36 (1862) * id. Mevue 
Accipitr. p. 70 (1873). 
Cooperastur pileatus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 538. 
Falco beskii, LicJit. Nomencl Av. p. 4 (1854). 

Young female. Above brown, much darker on head and wing-
coverts, all the feathers margined with rufous buff, more distinct on 
the fore part of crown; scapulars, upper tail-coverts, and secondaries 
much varied with white, taking the form of bars on many of 
the latter, which are also tipped with white or fulvous; quills 
brown, barred with darker brown, showing more distinctly below, 
where the interspaces are ashy white ; tail brown, tipped with bufry 
white, and crossed with four broad bands of dark brown, the interspaces 
creamy white below; a tolerably distinct eyebrow and sides 
of face buffy white, narrowly streaked with blackish; sides of neck 
and hinder part of same buffy white, with broad brown longitudinal 
centres, causing a streaked appearance, and forming a collar round 
the hinder neck * nnder surface of body buffy white, with a few 
irregular blackish spots on npper breast, the sides of the latter and 

154 FALCCXNIDJE. 

the thighs largely spotted and barred with blackish brown, as also 
the axlllaries; the under wing-coverts fulvous, with dark brown 
streaks. 

Adult female. Above dusky slate-colour, the bead blackish; sides 
of face and under surface of body clear slaty blue, with distinct 
blackish shaft-stripes, the throat paler and more whitish; thighs 
bright tawny rufous, with which the featbers on the side of the 
vent are also tinged; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts 
tawny rufous, rather duller than the thighs ; upper wing-coverts a 
little darker than the back, but the secondaries uniform with the 
latter; primaries brown externally, shaded with ashy and barred 
with blackish, showing more distinctly below, where the interspaces 
are ashy white; tail ashy grey, slightly tipped with whitish and 
crossed with five distinct bands of black, the subterminal one much 
the broadest, the interspaces white below. Total length 17*5 incbes, 
culmen 1*2, wing 10*4, tail 8*7, tarsus 2-65. 

Adult male. Similar to the female, but smaller, and having only 

four bands on the tail. 
Hah. Brazil. 
a, b. <$ $ ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased. 
e. J juv. St. 
d. J juv. sk. 
e. 2 j uv * sfc-
/ . S a<i« s^« 
Brazil. 
Brazil. 
Brazil. 
Brazil [?\ 
Zoological Society. 
Purchased. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
Zoological Society*. 

21. Accipiter bicolor. 
Sparvius bicolor, Vieill N. Diet x. p. 325 (1817) ; Pueher. Met:. ZooL 
1850, p. 92. 
Nisus variatus, Less. Trotti, p. 01 (1831); Pueher. Red. ZooL 1850, 

pp. 6,210. 
Accipiter sexfasciatus, Sw. An. in Menag. p. 282 (1837). 
Nisus sexfasciatus, Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 736 (1848). 
Micrastur dynaites, Verr. in Bp. Notes Orn. p. 4 (1854). 
Bhynchomegas dynastes, Bp. Notes Orn. p. 4 (1854). 
Cooperastur bicolor, Bp. Bev. et Mag. de ZooL 18*54, p. 538. 
Astur sexfascjatus, Lichi. Nomencl. Av. p. 4 (1854). 
Accipiter bicolor, StrieM. Orn. Syn. p. 110 (1855) ; ScL 4' Salv, Ex. 

Orn. pp. 137, 170, pi. Ixix. (1868) • Gray, Hand-!. B. i. p. 33 
(1869); Bel 8? Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 120 (1873). 
Accipiter pileatus (lapsu), Sol P. Z. S.1859, p. 389; Sah. Ibis, 1861, 

p. 355; Lawr. An. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 289 (1862), ix. p. 134 (1864). 
Accipiter erythrocnemis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 96 {lapsu). 
Nisus bicolor, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 263 (1872). 
Young. Above dark brown, the head black, the feathers margined 
with rufous, especially tbe upper tail-coverts, wMch bave 
also indications of white bars; quills very deep brown, with, pale 
rufous tips, barred across with blackish brown, very distinct underneath, 
where the interspaces are ashy white; tail ashy brown, 
tipped and mottled near the sbaffcs with white, and crossed with 

* Marked as from the Straits of Magellan (Capt. King), but clearly in error. 
24 . ACCIPITJ3K. 155 
four or five bars of black; over the eye an indistinct line of deep 
fulvous, streaked -with blackish; sides of face and under surface 
rich fawn-colour, entirely uniform, the throat whitish, and the 
upper margin of ear-coverts brown; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
fawn-coloured, like the breast; round the hind neck a collar 
of rufous fawn. 

Adult male. Above deep slate-colour, the head blackish, the wing-
coverts a little darker than the back; quills brown externally, 
shaded with, slaty grey, and barred with darker brown, more distinct 
below, where the interspaces are ashy white, the innermost secondaries 
slaty grey, like the back; tail ashy brown, shaded with slaty 
grey and crossed with four black bars, the subterminaL one extremely 
broad; sides of face, sides of neck, and under surface of 
body clear slaty blue, the thighs bright tawny rufous; under tail-
coverts white; under wing-coverts white, the outer margin rufous 
along the carpal bend, the axillaries ashy grey. Total length 
13-5 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 9*75, tail 7*3, tarsus 2-25. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller, the tail crossed 
with iive bands, one concealed. Total length 17*5 inches, wing 
10, tail 8-6, tarsus 3. 

Hah, Southern Mexico, throughout Central America to Ecuador, 
New Granada, and Guiana in South America. 

a, h. $ $ ad. sk. Columbia. Purchased. 
c} d. S ? juv. st.
e. S ad. sk. 
New Granada. 
New Granada. 
Purchased of M. Verreaux. 
Purchased. 
/ .
g.
h. 
$ juv. st. 
? juv. sk. 
6 $ juv. sk. 
Cayenne. 
British Guiana. 
Veragua. 
E. Wilson, Esg. [P.]. 
Zoological Society. 
Mr. E. Arce* [C.]. 

22. Accipiter chilensis. 
Aceipiter chilensis, Philippiu. ZandbsArch. f. Katurg. 1864, p. 43; 
Scl P. Z. S. 1867, p. 329; Scl. $ Salv. Ex. Orn. pp. 73, 170, 
pi. xxxvii (1867); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 33 (1869); Scl $ Salv. 
Nommcl Av. Motr. p. 120 (1873). 

Accipiter cooperi, Peh. Peise Nov. Tog. p. 13 (1865). 
Nisus chilensis, Giebel, Orn. Thes. p. 263 (1872). 

Yow&g. Above brown, with distinct rufous margins, the head 
blackish and the margins very distinct, the nape white, the hind 
neck fulvous, the feathers broadly streaked down the centre with 
brown; quills brown, barred with darker brown, the secondaries tipped 
and spotted with white, the latter markings concealed, the interspaces 
ashy white below; tail ashy brown, tipped with white and crossed 
with six blackish bars, showing more distinctly on the under surface, 
which is ashy white; ear-coverts whitish, streaked with brown, the 
hinder margin of the latter entirely brown; under surface of body 
creamy buff, with broad oval streaks of dark brown, more distinct on 
the flanks; thighs rufous, barred and spotted with dark brown; 
under wing-coverts rufous buff, the axillaries whitish, barred with 
rufous brown. 

Adult female. Above dull brownish slate-colour, deeper and more 

156 $&LCOmi)M. 

blackish on the head, paler and clearer slaty grey on the sides of 

face and neck and hinder neck; quills brown, barred with darker 

brown, showing very distinctly nnderneath, where the interspaces • 

are ashy white; tail ashy brown, slightly tipped with white and 

crossed with six black bars, the basal one concealed and indistinct, 

the under surface of tail ashy white, the cross bars very distinct; 

throat whitish, streaked and mottled with ashy brown spots; rest 

of under surface ashy grey with large white spots forming bars on 

some of the feathers, these spots mostly margined conterminously 

with brownish; the breast more or less shaded with rufous, the ab


domen distinctly banded; thighs rich tawny rufous; under tail-

coverts pure white; under wing-coverts rufous, mottled with brown 

spots; the axillaries rufous, barred with white, with brown margins 

like the breast-feathers. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 

9-9, tail 8-2, tarsus 3*9. 

Adult male. Smaller than the female. Total length 15*8 inches, 

wing 8-5, tail 7*8, tarsus 2*5. 

Hab. Chili. 

a. 2 ad- st. Straits of Magellan (King). Zoological Society. 
b- 6 ,juv. sk. Straits of Magellan (King). The Admiralty. 
c. $ juv. sk. Chili. The Admiralty. 
d. 2 ad. sk. Chili. Mr. Brydges [C.1 
e. (S juv. sk. Chili. Mr. Brydges [C.]. 
f, 9-3 ? j uv -sk- Santiago, Chili. E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.l 
h. <$ ad. sk. Santiago, Chili. E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.J. 
23. Accipiter melanoleucus. 
Accipiter melanoleucus, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Jour. i. p. 229 (1830). 

Astur smithii, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 196; id. Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 60. 

Astur melanoleucus, Smith, 111. 8. Afr, Zool pi. 18 (1849); Gray, 

Gen. B. i, p. 27 (1849).; Bp. Consp. i. p. 31 (18-50); Strickl Orn. 

Syn. p. 121 (1855); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. pp. 11, 269 (1857) ; Schl. 

3Ius. P.-B. Astures, p. 15 (1802) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 27 (1867); 

JBCeugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 60 (1869); Gray, Hund-l B. i. p. 29 

(1869). 

Astur apoxypterus., Licht. Noynencl. p. 4 (1854). 
Astur hypoxanthusj Licht t c. p. 4 (1854). 
Astur temminckii, Rartl. J.f.O. 1855, p. 353 (ex Pel, MS.). 
Nisus verxeauxii, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 37 (1862). 
Astur verreauxii, Gray, JBLand-l. B. i. p. 29 (1869). 
Nisus melanoleucus, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 74 (1873). 


Young. Above brown, with narrow fulvous edgings to the feathers, 
the scapulars and wing-coverts showing large marks of white near 
their bases; head and neck fulvous washed with rufous and longitudinally 
streaked with dark brown; greater wing- and upper tail-
coverts broadly tipped with whitish buff or pale rufous; quills dark 
brown, the secondaries tipped with fulvous, indistinctly barred with 
blacMsh brown above, under surface fulvous, barred with dark 
brown, the fulvous interspaces sometimes extending to the outer 
web of the first primaries; tail brown, tipped with fulvous and 
crossed with five broad bands of darker brown, the subterminal one 

*L Uil* 

24 . ACCIPITER. 
157 
almost obsolete, the others having a narrow marginal line of bu% 
white; under surface of body fulvous, washed with rusty red on the 
breast, and more especially on the under wing-coverts and thighs; 
throat paler fulvous, the black shaft-lines forming a narrow streak 
down the centre, otherwise unspotted; the breast broadly streaked 
with central brown markings to the feathers, much narrower and 
more linear on the lower breast, and disappearing on the abdomen 
and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts rufous, with a few 
narrow shaft-lines of black, the axillaries a little more distinctly 
marked with black; cere yellowish green; bill black, dusky bluish 
at tip; feet pale yellow; iris light dusky brown. 

Mature. Above blackish brown, the hind neck slightly varied with 
white; quills brown, with rufous brown shafts, the primaries indistinctly 
banded with darker brown above, under surface of wing 
paler, white at base of inner web, freckled on the inner and barred 
on the outer with ashy brown; tail brown, slightly tipped with 
whitish and crossed with five broad but indistinct bands of darker 
brown; under surface of body white, the sides of breast, flanks, and 
thigh-feathers blackish brown, very slightly varied with white; 
under wing- and tail-coverts white, one of the former marked with 
brown. Total length 18-2 inches, cuimen 1-3, wing 11, tail 8-5, 
tarsus 2*8. 

Adult. Everywhere deep black; the quills browner, indistinctly 
barred with blackish above, the under surface paler, ashy brown at 
tips, buffy white at base, the black cross bands distinctly indicated; 
upper tail-coverts and base of tail somewhat mottled with white; 
tail brown, with five distinct cross bands of blackish, under surface 
ashy white, the bars rather distinctly indicated; under surface of 
body black, most of the feathers with concealed white bases or spots 
on them; cere yellow, with greenish tinge; bill rich brown, base of 
lower mandible yellow; feet greenish yellow; iris yellow. Total 
length 21 inches, cuimen 145, wing 13*7, tail 10, tarsus 3*25. 

Eab. South Africa. W. Africa: Gold Coast, Gaboon, and Niger 
districts. N.E. Africa: Abyssinia. Very rarely in last-mentioned 
localities. 

a, b. J juv. sk. S. Africa. South-African Museum. 

c. 2 
ad. st. S. Africa. Sir A. Smith [0.]. 
Type of species. 
d. <$ ad, st. Eiver Niger. Dr. Baikie [C.l. 
e. $ ad. sk. River Niger. Dr. Baikie [0.]. 
/ . $ juv. sk. River Danger, Gaboon. H. T. Ansell, Esq. [P.]. 
158 
PALCONIDJE. 

Subfamily V. BUTEONTME. 

Outer toe only connected to middle toe by interdigital membrane; 
tibia much longer than tarsus, exceeding it by more than the length 
of hind claw*. 

Key to the genera f. 

a. 
Distance between tips of primaries and tips of 
secondaries equal to or greater than the 
length of tarsus. 
a'. Bidge of hill (without cere) less than half 

the length of middle toe (without claw).. 25. Unospizix\s,p.l59. 

b\ Ridge of hill greater than half length of 

middle toe. 

a". Tail about equal to twice the tarsus; 

wings reaching up to or beyond the tail. 

a'". Nostrils round, with large tubercular 

process 
25*. HETEBOSPIZIAS, 

b'". Nostrils oval, with no tubercular pro- p. 160. 

cess 
26. TACHYTBIOBCHIS, 

b". Tail longer than twice tarsus; wings not p. 161. 

reaching to tip of tail. 

c"\ Nostrils long ovals, with no tubercle. 

cK Tarsus bare 
27. BUTEO, p. 104. 

d\ Tarsus feathered to the toes 28. ABCHIBUTEO, 

d"'. Nostrils round, with distinct central p. 195. 
tubercle ^ . . 29. BUTEOLA, p. 201. 
e'". Nostrils oval, with indistinct and concealed 
tubercle at base of upper margin 30. ASTXBINA, p. 202. 

o. Distance between tips of primaries and secondaries 
less than length of tarsus. 
c\ No perceptible crest. 


* I have done my utmost to secure the exact; relative dimensions of these two 
bones; but the scantiness of osteological material renders positive identification 
in many cases impossible. At any rate the probability that some genera placed 
by me among the Buteoninffi may some day be found to belong to the Aecipitrinae 
only proves the truth of Professor SundevalFs remark that the two subfamilies 
are hardly separable (Av. Tent. p. 107). 
f One genus remains still unknown to me, Onychotes of Eidgway (Pr. Phil. 

Acad. 1870, p. 142):— 

" Nostril nearly circular, with a conspicuous (not central) tubercle. Tarsus 

very long and slender; toes moderate; claws very long, strong, and sharp, but 

only slightly curved. Tibial feathers short, close, not reaching below the joint. 

Wing very short, much rounded and very concave beneath; 4th quill longest, 

1st shorter than 9th. Tail moderate, rounded." 

Type 0. grueberi, Eidgway, I. c. 

Bab. 
California [?]. 

Mr. Eidgway has privately communicated to me the following additional 

details in answer to my inquiries:—" The posterior face of the tarsus has a row 

of transverse scutelks, as in. Buteo. The tarsus is longer than the distance from 

the ends of the secondaries to the tip of the primaries. The tips of the pri


maries reach to about the middle of the tail, which, however, is comparatively 

short; they fall short of the end of the tail by about the length of the tarsus. 

The nostrils are nearly round* they are not overhung by any perceptible mem


brane, though the upper part of the nasal aperture is filled by the tumid sMn of 

the cere, much as in Buteo &c. The soles of the feet are as m Buteo. The 

distance from ends of secondaries to tips of primaries is 2*50 inches. Length 

of tarsus 2*70 inches, middle toe 1*45, hind toe O80." 

From a comparison of these details with the above table it will be seen that 
Onychotes is closely allied to, if not identical with, Urubitinga. 

25. uRospiziAs.
cn. Sole of foot covered with rugose and 
thorny spicules (like an Gsprey) 81. BTTSABELLTJS, 
<l'\ Soles of feet ordinary, smooth. p. 210. 
c1". "Wing falling short of tail by less than 
hind toe (without claw) ...... . 32, BUTEQGALLUS, 
dw. Distance between tips of wing and tail p. 212. 
greater than hind toe................ 33. UBUBITING-A, 
d'. A crest from four to fire inches long. p. 212. 

e". Distance between summit of nostril and 
culmen less than length of nostril itself. 
etn. Tail short, not three times as long as 


tarsus 34. HABPYHALIAETUS, 
/'" . Tail very long, niore than four times as p. 221. 
^ long as tarsus 35. MOBPHNITS, p. 222. 
f". Distance between summit of nostril and 
culmen greater than length of nostril itself 36. THBASAETUS, 

p. 223. 
25. UEOSPIZIAS. ^e 
Urospiza, Kaup, Muz. SmeJzenb. iii. p. 2-59 (1845) IT. radiatus. 

Range. Eastern and Central Australia, from E". S. Wales to Port 
Essington, excepting the Cape York peninsula, in which direction 
only known from lat. 40°. 

1. UrospMas radiatus. 
Radiated Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl ii. p. S3, pi. 121 (1801). 
Faleo radiatus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. ii. p. 12 (1801). 
Sparvius radiatus, Vieill N. Diet. x. p. 340 (1817). 
Haliaetus caleyi, Vig. fy Horsf, Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 186 (1827). 
Nisus radiatus", Less. Man. d'Orn. p. 97 (1828). 
Astur radiatus, Gray, Ann. N. H. xi. p. 189 (1843); Gould, B. Austr. 


i. pi. 10 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 27 (1849) • Bp. Consp. i. p. 31 
(1850); Btrickl Orn. Syn. p. 119 (1855); Schl Mm. R-B. Astures, 
p. 15 (1862); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. I p, 441 (1865); Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 29 (1869). 
Aeeipiter radiatus, Gould, Ann. N. H. xi. p. 335 (1843). 
"Urospiza radiata, Kaup, Mm. Senck. iii. p. 259 (1845). 
Astur testaceus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 367, et Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 66. 
Urospizia tricolor, Bp. JRev. et May. de Zool. 1854, p. 538. 

Adult male. Above bright rufous, the feathers of the head and 
neck mesially streaked with black; all the feathers of the npper 
surface black in the centre, rufous on the margins; the tipper tail-
coverts almost entirely rufous; quills dark brown, externally shaded 
with ashy brown, the secondaries washed with rufous before their 
tips, which are white, shafts of primaries whitish, under surface of 
wing ashy white near the base, with irregular mottling of dark 
brown, as if the remains of bars; tail clear greyish ash-colour, 
tipped with pale rufous and washed with bright rufous near the 
base, all the feathers irregularly barred with dark brown, the subterminal 
band being the most distinct; under surface of tail whitish, 
washed with rufous near the base of the inner webs, the cross bars 
very indistinctly indicated; under surface of body bright rufous, the 
throat and fore part of cheeks paler and more ochraceous, all the 

160 FALCOBTID-E. 

feathers narrowly but distinctly streaked with black, obsolete on the 
thighs and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts rufous, streaked 
with black, those on the edge of the wing more broadly marked. 
Total length 20 inches, admen 1-4, wing 14*5, tail 9*5, tarsus 3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male and a very little larger. Total 
length 20 inches, wing 14-8, tarsus 3. 
Hal. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Lnmean Society [P.]. Type of 
H. caleyi. 
b. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Gapt. Chamber?, ILK [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Bourke, River Darling. John Gould, Esq. 
d. Skeleton. Zoological Society. 
25*. HETEBOSPIZIAS*. 
Urubitinga, auet. aliq. 
Spizigeranus, Gray, Handel B. i. p. 9 (18695 nee Kaup). 


Nostril of H. meiidionalis, showing tubercular process. 

Range. The northern and central portions of the South American 
continent from Columbia and Guiana southwards to 20° S. lat., 
ranging on the east coast to the provinces of Bio and Paraguay. 

1. HeterospMas meridionalis. 
Eufous-headed Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl p. S3 (1787). 

Falco meridionalis, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 36 (1790). 

Gavilan de estero Acanelada, Assam, Apunt. i. p. 72 (1802) ; Marti 

Ind. Azara} p. 1 (1847). 

Circus rufdlus, Vieill N. Diet, iv. p. 466 (1816). 

Falco ratikns, IdcM. Verz. Boull p. 60 (1823); Temm. PI Col I. 

pi. 25 (1824). 

Abulia buzonj Spzz, Av. Bras, i. p. 6 (1824). 

Circus rutilans; Steph. Gen* Zool xiii. p. 43 (1826), 

Buteo ratilans, Less. Man. cFOrn. i. p. 104 (1828). 

Hypomorphnus rutilans, Cab. Areh. f. Naburg. 1844? p. 204; id. $-

TscJiudij Faun. Perucm. pp. 17, 84 (1844). 

Bupornis meridionalis, Kaup, Conir. Orn. 1850? p. 68, 

Astur rafulus, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 422 (1855). 

, Asturina rutilans, Burm. Th. Bras. iL p. 80 (1856). 

Buteogallus meridionalis, Sel P. Z. S. I860, p. 288. 

Buteo meridkmalis, Behl Mm. P.-B. Buteones, p. 17 (1862); Gray, 

Hmd-l B. i. p. 9 (1869): Sehl Mm. P*-B. Berne Accipiir, p. 110 
(1873). r 
Urubitinga meridionalis, Bel. fy Sah. P. Z. S. 1867, p. §89, et 1869, 

* &repos, alter; <r7riZ'ta$t accipiter. 
26. TACSYTBIOBCHIS. 161 
p. 252; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 382; Pek. Orn. Bras. pp. 7, 394 
(1871); ScL 4- Sah\ Xomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 119 (1873). 
Young. Dusky black above, the tail with two or three white bars 
near base in addition to the median and terminal bands; crown 
blackish, the feathers obscurely notched and barred with rufous; 
hind neck and underparts pale rufous, thickly barred with dusky 
black; least wing-coverts bright rufous, centred and barred with 
blackish, rest of the wing-coverts dusky black like the back, mottled 
with pale rufous near tips; quills much as in adult, but having remains 
of black bars across the rufous basal portion. 

The progress to the adult plumage appears to proceed by a gradual 
change of feather, the bars on the lower surface narrowing and 
gradually becoming obsolete. The dusky black on the dorsal feathers 
becomes much broken into zigzag bars; and the rufous spreads towards 
the shaft of the feather, but is once more confined to the 
margin when the slaty grey shade of the adult plumage commences 
to occupy the centre of the feather. 

Adult Head rufous, the lores whitish, ear-coverts and sides of 
face light ashy grey; back and scapulars pale slaty grey, all the 
feathers margined with rufous; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts blackish, the latter glossed with purple and tipped with 
white; least wing-coverts bright rufous, the remainder pale slaty 
with broad rufous tips, the median ones also margined with rufous ; 
quills rufous, primaries black towards tip, secondaries with a broad 
subterminal band of purplish brown, the innermost entirely of the 
latter colour; tail purplish black, mottled and washed with rufous 
^near the base, broadly tipped with white and banded across the 
middle with* a distinct white bar; under surface of body rufous, the 
entire breast covered with obsolete remains of narrow blackish bars; 
thighs and under wing- and tail-eoverts uniform bright rufous. 

Total length 20 inches, culmen 1*55, wing 16-5, tail 8*3, tarsus 4*15. 

Adult female. Larger than male. Total length r24 inches, wing 
18*3, tail 10, tarsus 4*8. 
Hah. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Juv. st.
bf c. Ad, st. 
S. America. 
S. America. 
Baron Laugier de Chartrouse. 
d. S ad. sk. Merida. Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk,
/ . Ad. sk. 
Mexico. 
Island of Mexiana. 
Mr. Hartweg. 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0.1, 

26. TACHYTEXOBCHia 
Tachytriorchis, Kaup, Classif. Sling, ti. Vog. p. 123 Type. 
(1844) \ ' T. albicaudatus. 

Eange. Eastern and Central Brazil from the Tropic of Capricorn 
northwards to Guiana and Columbia, along the western coast of 
Central America into the south-western boundary of the United 
States. 

VOL. I. N 

102 FALC0KIDJ5. 

Nostril of T. albicaudatus, with no tubercular process. 

Key t& the Species. 

a. Underneath white ; throat black ; tail white, with 
black band aJbieaudaius, p. IC*£. 
b. Underneath entirely black; tail black^banded with 
grey ..,.. ahlreidatu^ p. 163» 
1. Tachytriorchis alMcau&atusr. 
Aquila coliblanca, Azara, Aptrnt. i. n. 69 (1802). 
Buteo albieaudatus, Vieill. N. Diet iv. p. 477 (1816),-Pucker. Bev* 
etMag. 1850, p. 87; Strickl. Orn. Stjn. p. 35 (1855). 
Spizaetus leucurus, Vieill. N. J>ict. xxxii. ]>. 59 (1819). 
Falco pterocles, Temm. JPl Col i. pis. 56, 139 (1823). 
Buteo pterocles, ZebS. Man. cVOm. i. p. 103 (1828) ; Gray, Gen. B. 
i p. 12 (1849); Cab. in Schomh. Meis. Guian. iii. p. 739 (1848) ; 
Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 49 (1855) ; SchL Mm. P.-B. Buteones, p. 1% 
(1862) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 8 (1869) ; Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 3? 
396 (1871); Set. $ Salv. Nbmencl Av. Neotr. p. 119 (1873); SchL 
Mus. P.-B. Revue, Acevpitr. p. 110 (187S). 
Buteo albicauda, less. TraiU, p. 81, pi. 15. fig. 2 (1831); Pxcker. Bet\ 
et Mag. de Zool 1850, p. 214. 
Tachytriorchis pterocles, Kaup, Classify Saug. u. Voq. p. 123 (1844) ; 
id. Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 75; Bp. Consp. i. p. 17 (1850). 
Buteo-tricolor, Haril. Ind. Azara, p. 1 (1847, nee ~DJOrb.)* 

Buteo leueuras, Zafr. Bev. Zool. 1849, p. 100. 

Young. General plumage Mack, the bases to the feathers white> 
the small wing-coverts margined, and the scapulars with concealed 
rufous spots, indicative of the approaching rufous of the adult; 
greater wing-coverts indistinctly margined with, paler brown; quills 
blackish brown, shaded externally with ashy grey, and barred with, 
blackish, the secondaries browner, barred with blackish, all the bars 
showing more plainly below on the inner web, which is more or less"
hite from the base upwards; upper tail-coverts brown, white at 
\e, the outer ones white, tipped with brown; tail bluish grey, 
"* w* T 6 or 17 blackish bands, somewhat indistinctly; head 

sly white, an indistinct eyebrow, sides of 
necK ana mnaer pari, of the latter streaked with fulvous or bufly 
white; throat black; under surface of body fulvous, more or less 
varied with black on each feather, taking the form of "bars on the 
flanks and thighs and almost disappearing on the under tail-coverts; 
under wing-coverts white, mottled with black, like the breast; axillaries 
black, tipped and spotted with white. 

Adult male. Above slaty grey, darker on the head, the small scapulars 
and some of the least wing-coverts ferruginous; lower back, 

*$# 


26 . TACHYTKIORCMS. 
163 

rump, and upper tail-coverts pure white, the uppermost feathers of 
the former slightly tinged with ferruginous; tail silvery grey, the 
centre feathers white, crossed with eight or nine slaty bars, tipped 
with white or ashy white, before which is a broad subterminal band 
of black; sides of face and throat deep slaty grey; rest of under 
surface white, including the under wing- and tail-coverts, the axillaries 
numerously barred with slaty black, sometimes tinged with 
rufous, the flanks barred in the same manner, but less distinctly 
and more narrowly; upper wing-coverts slaty black, darker than 
the back, with indications of blackish bars on the greater coverts; 
quills black, inclining to ashy grey near the base, with blackish 
cross bars, inner web whitish ashy at base, the cross bars broader 
and more distinct. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 17, 
tail 7, tarsus 3*4. 


Female (young). Total length 22 inches, wing 18*5, tail 5*5, 
tarsus 3*7. 
Hah. Eastern and Central Brazil, Guiana, and Columbia, ranging 
into Central America as far as Southern Mexico. 
a, b. (S ad. sk. South America. 

e. $ jun. st. South America. Zoological Society. 
d. $ juv. st. South America. Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.]. 
e. S juv. st. Caracas. Mr. Dyson [€,]. 
f. $ ad. sk. Concordia, New Granada. T. K. Salmon, Esq. [CJ. 
g. ? juv. sk. Demerara. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J 
2. Tachytriorehis abbreviate. 
Buteo albonotatus, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 17 (descr. nuXld) ; 
id. Gen. B. i. p. 12 (1849) ; Stricld. Orn. Syn. p. 31 (1855); Sol. 8? 
Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 217; Gray, KmdA. B. I p. 8 (1869), 

Buteo abbreviates, Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 739 (1848) ; 
Sol. # Salv. NomencL Av. Neotr. p. 118 (1873). 
Tachytriorehis albonotatus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 75; Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 17 (1850). 

Buteo zonocercus, Sol P. Z. S. 1858, p. 130; id. Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 263, 
pi. 59 (1858); Sol % Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 217; Coues, Br. Bhil, 
Acad. 1866, p. 46; JUot. Ois. Trinid. p. 9 (1866); Elliot, B. Nt 
Am. ii. pi. xxxiii. (1869); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 8 (1869) ; Cooper, 

B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 479 (1870): Coues, Key 2V. Am. B. p. 217 
(1872). _m * ' 
Buteo cabanisii, SehL Mm. B.-B. Buteones, p. 11 (1862). 
Astur cabanisii, Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 30 (1869). 

Adult. Entirely black, the nape varied with white bases to the 
feathers; lores white; quills black, secondaries a little browner; 
tail black, slightly tipped with ashy white, and banded across the 
middle with ashy grey, white on the inner web, with remains of a 
second narrower grey band below the broad median one; cere 
yellow; bill black, whitish at base; feet yellow; iris reddish 
brown. Total length 22 inches, culmen 1*55, wing 16*25, tail 8*5, 
tarsus 2*9. 

Nearly adult (type of B. albonotatus). Black, the lojres conspicuously 
white, nearly all the feathers with concealed white spots, a 
N2 

lt?4 FJLLCONIDJK. 

little more conspicuous on the throat and breast; primaries deej> 
black, externally shaded with ashy, secondaries a little browner, the 
inner web barred with white; tail ashy brown, more decidedly ashy 
towards the base, the feathers tipped with white on the inner web, 
and crossed with seven or eight Mack bars, not including the subterminal 
band, which is very broad; the under surface of both the 
wings and tail white, the black bands very distinct. Total length 
21*o inches, cnhnen 1*8, wing 16*6, tail 9*8, tarsus 3. 

Hah, From Arizona and California southwards along the western 
coast of Central America to Guiana and Trinidad, 

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. John Taylor3 Es<£. [P J. Type of B. albmioiatus. 
k Ad. st 
Mexico. 

27. BUTEO. „. 
Type. 
Bate©, Cuv. X«f Anaf. Com]). 1. tabl. ois. (1800) .. B. vulgaris, 
CraxireXj Gould, in Darw. Toy. Beagle, Birds, p. 22 


(1641/ ...................... .* B. galapagensis. 
Geranoaetus, Kaup, Classif, Saug. u. Yog. p. 122 

(1 t;441 B. melanoleueus 
Buta<jui2a, Ilodgs. in Gray's Z00L JLTi.se. p. 81 (1844 J B. &rox. 
INycilopturni-j, Kaup, 1M*% 1S47. p. 32ii .......... B. lati^imus. 
Hett-roaetus, Kaup, Cmtr. Oru, ISoO, p. 74 ..... . B. melanoleucus. 

Jfosfeil and foot of Butm o&mMm. 

Range. The whole of the lew World, likewise the entire Old 
World, excepting the Indo-Malayan subregion, and the whole of 
Australasia and Oceania, In all of which it is absent. 

27 . 
BUXEO. 165 
Key 
to the Specks. 

I. 
Tail generally uniform, with no complete bars across the feathers, except 
the subterminal one, which is often absent altogether* 
A. Tail rufous or ashy rufous* 
a. 
Head and ear-coverts Mack. 
a'. Underparts uniform black, or white with black throat. 
augur ad., p. 175. 
b'. Underparts Mack, the centre of the breast more or less rufous. 
jackal ad.j p. 17S. 


b. Head and ear-coverts rufous or rufous huff? often varied with brown 
streaks, more rarely whitish (in JB. ferox). 
c\ Cheeks whitish or rufous white, streaked with dark brown or rufous 
a\ Much larger j wing in $ about 17*7 inches, in $ 18*4. 
ferox ad., 170, 
b"» Smaller; wing not exceeding 15 inches desertorum ad., p. 179. 
df. Cheeks black moManm vix ad., p. 189. 

e. Head and ear-coverts smoky brown. 
e\ 
Breast whitish. 
c". Thighs white borealis ad., p. 188. 
cT. Thighs rufescent monianus ad., p. 189. 

f. 
Breast and thighs more or less inclining to brown. 
mmiiamts ad., p. 189. 
</. Breast and underparts generally smoky^ brown, tinged with rufous, or 
rufous streaked and barred with blackish 
montanus ad., p. 189 
(calurus), 

B. Tail brown* 
d. Under surface uniform smoky black 
augur juv.(var. melanoi.), 
p. 175. 
e. Under surface white, varied with brown streaks. 
plumipes ]uv. {japonieus), 
p. 180. 
0. Tail ashy grey mottled with black, with a subtermiml bar of the 
latter colour, 
f 
Much larger (length 28 inches) $ below ochre, streaked with black. 
melanoleuctis juv., p. 108. 

g. 
Much smaller (length 23 inches) j below uniform black. 
harlani ad., p. 191. 
D. Tail black, tipped toith white tnelanoleucus ad., p. 168. 
II. 
Tail brown of some shade or other, varying from light brown to sooty, 
greyish, or blackish brown, often nearly black, but always with some 
distinct transverse ba?-s * * bars mi tail never exceeding L3, generally 
less than 11. 
h 
Smaller wing-coverts brown or black, never more than slightly margined 
with rufous or fulvous. 

* B. ferox and B. plumipes have often nearly uniform ashy brown tails, with 
very few remains of bars; but the indications of the latter can generally be 
traced by holding the tail towards one away from the light. 
166 FALCOSTDJB. 

A'. Under surface uniform. 
e". With 12 bars on penultimate tail-feather (viewed from below), 
galapagensis ad., p. 170. 
/"• Bars on penultimate tail-feather always less than 12. 

a"'. General colour sooty black; tail distinctly barred; subterminal 
band distinct ob&oletus ad., 184 
V". General colour smoky brown; tail with indistinct cross 

bands, subterminal one imperceptible. 
phimipes ad., p. 180. 
?. Under surface particoloured. 
g". Thighs uniform. 
c1". Thighs white or buffy white, unspotted, 
a*. Upper tail-coverts barred or spotted with white; tail whitish 
at base. 
a5. Bare part of tarsus (measured on inner side) greater than 
middle toe without claw. 
aG. Upper breast white, with a few spots only. 
a7. Throat brown, with narrow white streaks. 
vulgaris juv., p. 186, 
b7 

. Throat quite white, uniform obsohtusJUT,, p. 184. 
c7. Throat white, with central streak of brown. 
Hneatus juv., p. 101. 
br\ Upper breast uniform rufous brown. 
obsoletus vix ad. (insignatm), 
p. 184. 
b\ Bare part of tarsus on inner side less than middle toe 
(without claw) plumipes juv. (=japonicus), 
p. 180. 
IK Upper tail-coverts ashy brown like tail, with rufous tips. 
augur juv., p. 175. 
d'". Thighs uniform brown externally, sometimes with remains 
of slight rufescent margins. 
c4. General colour sooty black or sooty "brown $ not more than 
9 bars on tail to be distinguished. 
c\ Much larger (length 28 inches). 
e6. Throat sooty brown, xiniform. ferox ad. (fuliginosus, 
Hume), p. 176. 
cP. Throat white, streaked with brown. 
Jimulasius, p. 182. 
cP. Smaller; length not more than 22 inches. 
e6. No rufous on tall, except a slight tinge on apical band. 
obsoletus ad., p. 184. 
/ 3 . Upper tail-coverts and tail washed with rufous. 
iesertorum ad., p. 179. 
dK General colour clear brown; bars on tail from 10 to 13. 
e5. Bars equidistant on tail, which is not washed with rufous; 
upper tail-coverts not washed with rufous. 
g&* tinder tail-coverts white, with a few longitudinal 
streaks or spots of light brown, vulgaris ad., p. 180. 
AQ. Under tail-coverts white, with broad bars or arrow-head 
spots of dark brown , obsohtm ad., p. 184. 
f5 

. Bars on tail not equidistant throughout, the subterminal 
one broader; tail washed with rufous. 
i6 

. Bare part of tarsus on inner side greater than middle 
toe without claw. 
a7. Upper tail-coverts not spotted with rufous. 

27 . 
BUTEO* 187 
«s. Breast and thighs tawny rufous. 
desertonwi ad., 279. 
b*. Breast and thighs rufous brown. 
vulgaris ad., p. 188. 
b7. Upper tail-coverts spotted with rufous. 
desertorum ad., p. 179. 
&6. Bare part of tarsus on inner side less than middle toe 
without claw ,• thighs and breast bright tawny rufous. 
plumipes ad, (Japonicus), 

p. 180. 
h". Thighs particoloured. 
e'r\ Thighs white, mottled with brown, or with rufous spots or bars. 
e\ Subterminal bar on tail broader than outer toe (with claw); 
bars on tail not more than six in number. 
laiissimus ad., p. 193. 
f-. Subterminal bar decidedly less than outer toe. 
lB, Outer upper tail-coverts not barred across, but sometimes 
notched or mottled with white near the base. 
c7. Primaries barred alternately for whole extent below. 
bracliypterus, p* 183. 
d1. Primaries white at base, uniform brown for apical half. 
cB. Bare part of tarsus on inner side greater than middle 
toe without claw ohsoktus juv., p. 184. 
#. 
Bare part of tarsus on inner side less than middle 
toe phtmipesyxv* (japonicus,) 

p. 180. 
»i°. Outer upper tail-coverts distinctly barred across with 
white or rufous. 
e Throat white in centre, not streaked with brown. 

7*
e\ Tail distinctly barred. 
a9. Bars on tail not more than 7 in number. 
laiissimus juv., p. 193. 

59. Bars on tail more than 7. 
aa. Tail sepia-brown, barred across with blackish 
brown, below whitish. 

montanus juv. (varius), 

p. 189, 
bb. Tail ashy rufous, with brown cross bars, below 
rufescent borealis juv., p. 188. 
f8. Tail nearly entirely rufous, the bars very indistinct. 
borealis ad., p. 188. 

f1 

. Throat white, streaked with brown. 
g3. Tail rufous, withnarrow and indistinct blackish bars. 
borealis ad., montanus ad. 
(calurus), p. 189. 
A8. Tail sepia, more or less tinged with rufous, always 

regularly barred with dark brown. 
c9. Bars on tail 6 or 7 .. laiissimus juv., p. 193. 
d?. Bars on tail more than 7. 

borealis juv., p. 188. 
f". Thighs rufous, or brown mottled with rufous, more rarely 
with whitish. 
g7. Throat whitish, or white streaked with brown. 
i8. Inner web of first primary white with no bars. 
eB. Under tail-coverts clear rufous, or slightly barred 
with brighter rufous. 

168 
FALCONIDJE. 

ec. Upper tail-coverts ashy brown like back, with 
margins of pale greyish brown. 
jackal juv.j p. ITS. 
del Upper tail-coverts rufous. 
desertonmi ad., p. 179. 
f\ Under tail-coverts whitish or buff. 
ee. Ear-coverts whitish like the head. 
ferox ad., p. 178. 
ff. Ear-coverts whitish, head brown. 
ad. Centre of chest white, streaked with brown. 
vulgaris ad., 186. 
hb'. Chest uniform white. 
desertorum \UY.(capensis), 

p. 179. 
\ Inner web of first primary white, with slight remains 
of bars. 
g2. Ear-coverts and sides of face like head. 
gg. 
Upper tail-coverts broadly tipped with white. 
montanus (cahcrus) ad., 

p. 189.^ 
hh. Upper tail-coverts not tipped with white, but 
barred with ochraceous buff. 
harkmi]vL\., p. 191. 
IP. Ear-coverts whitish, head brown: upper tail-
coverts uniform, not tipped with white. 
plumipes juv. (japomctfs), 
p. 180. 
A7 

. Throat uniform brown or rufous brown. 
i*. Eufous brown underneath, mottled with darker 
brown and rufous .. montanus (calurus) ad.T 

p. 189. 
79 
. Underneath pale rufous, jackal ad., p. 173. 

i, Smaller wing-coverts conspicuously margined with rufous, forming a 
shoulder-patch; quills distinctly spotted with white externally; tail 
with from four to six alternate bars of black and pure white. 

Uneatus ad., p. 191. 

III. Tail bluish grey, with from fourteen to seventeen distinct 
cross bars on middle feather, 
erytkronotzis, p. 172; poliosomits, p. 171 $ galapagensis juv., p. 170. 

IV. Tail white, all the feathers narrowly barred across with blackish 
and crossed with a broad subtermmal bar of tlie same. 
a. 
Under surface of body white. 
a\ Eaek slaty blue ...»•.. erythronotm <$, p. 172. 
j3\ Back rufous erythrmiotus § , p. 172. 
p. 
Under surface of body leaden grey ....... . poliosomm, p. 171. 
1. Buteomelanoleucus*. 
Aqnila obscura y blanca, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 61 (1802). 

* " Why it should be called a * Sea-Eagle' I do not know " (W. B. Lee, Ibis, 
1873, p. 136). Of, also SundevaU, AT. Tent p. 107 (1873). 
27. BUTEO. 169 
Aquila parda, Azara, torn. tit. p. 65 (1802). 

Spizaetus nielanoleueus, VieilL N. Diet, xxxii. p. 57 (1819), 

Spizaetus fusceseens, Vieill torn, cit. p. 55 (1819). 

Falco aguia, Temm. PL Col i. pi. 302 (1824). 

Haliaetus aguia, Cuv. Begm An. i. p. 827 (1829); Less, Traite. p. 42 

(1831). 

Haliaetus melanoleucus, DP Orb.fy Lafr. Syn. Av. p. 3 (1838) ; I)1 Orb. 

Toy. Am. Merkl. Ois. p. 76 (1847); Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 54 

(1855); GrayK Sand-l B. i. p. 17 (1869). 

Geranoaetus aguia, JShnp, Ciassif. Saug. u. Vogel, p. 122 (1844) ; Bp, 

Consp. i. p. 15 (1850). 

Euteo aguia, Cab. u. Tbclmdi, Arch. f. Katurg. 1844, p. 264, et Faun. 

Peruan. p. 89 (1844) ; Simdeo. Av. Tent. p. 107 (1873). 

Pontoaetus nielanoleueus, Grayf Gen. B. i. p. 18 (1845). 

Cuncuma melanoleucus, Gray, Cat. Aecipitr. 1848, p. 25. 

Heteroaetus aguia, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 74. 

Geranoaetus melanoleucus, Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 55 (1855); Burnt. 

Beise La PL St. ii. p. 425 (1861); Pelz. Reise Nov. Toy. p. 7 

(1865); id. Orn. Bras. pp. 49, 397 (1871); Scl $ Sah. Mmeticl. 

Av. Neotr. p. 119 (1873). 

Asturina melanoleuea, JSchl Mm. P.-B. Asturinse, p. 5 (1862); id. 

Revue Accipitr. p. 102 (1873). 

Young male. Above dusky brown, the wing-coverts black, these as 
well as the scapulars slightly mottled with rufous, the upper tail-
coverts also barred and mottled with the same; crown of the head 
and nape ochraeeous buff, longitudinally streaked with black, the 
interscapulary feathers black in the centre, with broad rufous margins 
; quills black, the secondaries browner and tipped with fulvous, 
all quills mottled with ashy grey on both webs above and below, the 
primaries near the base, the secondaries for the greater part of their 
extent, and varied with white below on the inner web ; tail ashy 
grey, mottled with black, more indistinctly towards the apex, which 
is entirely black; sides of face and throat whitish, the latter as well 
as the cheeks streaked with black; breast bright ochre, with a few 
streaks and spots of black; rest of under surface, including under 
wing- and tail-coverts, blackish, mottled and barred with ochre or 
rufous ochre; the axiUaries more distinctly mottled with rufous. 
Total length 26 inches, wing 19*8, tail 11*5, tarsus 4*2. 

Obs. The black of the underparts appears to spread over the entire 
breast, where it remains, while the rufous and ochraeeous 
colouring of the young disappears by degrees; the mottlings on the 
abdomen break up into regular narrow bars. 

Adult male. Above black, including the quills, which are externally 
shaded with aslry grey; least and median coverts ashy grey, the 
inner ones inclining to silvery grey, all finely and irregularly crossed 
with black bars* becoming broader on the median coverts and disappearing 
on the greater coverts, which are entirely black; upper taficoverts 
and tail black, tipped with white; lores whitish; sides of 
face and throat whitish ash-colour, with narrow blackish streaks, 
more distinct on the ear-coverts ; chest black, with sometimes a few 
white tips to the feathers (the remains of immaturity); rest of under 

170 flAXCONIDJE. 

surface, including the under wing- and tail-coverts, ashy white, 
crossed with numerous bars of ashy black. Total length 28 inches, 
culmen 2*5, tail 10, tarsus 4*15. 

Adult female. Larger than the male. Total length 31 inches, 
wing 23*7, tail 11-5, tarsus 4*15. 

Hah. Chill and Patagonia, ranging north into Southern Brazil, 
and thence to Columbia. 

a. $ ad. sk. S. America. Purchased. 
h. J ad. st.
c. J ad. sk.
d. c? juv. sk. 
Eastern Patagonia. 
Eio Negro, Patagonia. 
Chili (Seed). 
Sir W. Burnett and Admiral 
Fitzroy [P.]. 
W. H. Hudson, Esq. [C.]. 
W. Wilson .Saunders, Esq. 
e. JUT. sk.
/. Skeleton. 
Chili. Mr. Brydges [C.]. 
Zoological Society. 

2. Buteo galapagensis. 
Polyborus galapagoensis, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 0. 
Craxirex galapagoensis, Gould, in Darw. Zoot. Beagle^ Birds, p. 23 
(1841) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 34 (1850). 
Buteo galopagoensis, Gray, Cat. Aceipitr. 1844, p. 18 *. id. Gen. B. i. 

p. 12' (1849) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 7 (1869). 
Buteo leueops, Gray, Cat. Aceipitr. 1848, p. 86. 
Pcecilopternis infulatus, Kaup, Conir. Orn. 1850, p. 70. 
Buteo galapagensis, Sund. P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 125,127 j Scl # Sah. 
Nomencl. Ai\ Neotr. p. 119 (1873). 

Young. Above dark brown, the feathers margined with rufous, 
the nape much mixed with white, and the lores very conspicuously 
white, the wing-coverts and scapulars with broad rufous or 
rufous-buff bars and margins ; quills black, externally shaded with 
ashy grey, the secondaries browner, tipped with rufous buff, all 
barred with dark brown, these bars conspicuous below on inner 
web of secondaries, but absent on primaries, which have the inner 
web pure white with a few ashy grey mottlings; upper tail-coverts 
rufous, broadly banded with black; the outer ones creamy white, 
with rufous cross markings; tail ashy grey, tipped with whity 
brown, and crossed with about seventeen blackish bars, the subterminal 
one being .a little broader; eyebrow and sides of face deep 
ochre, streaked with black; cheeks and throat blackish; under surface 
of body ochraceous buff, streaked with black, the breast with 
rufous brown, broader on the sides of the body; the beEy with triangular 
spots of rufous brown, narrower and paler rufous on thighs 
and under tail-eoverts; under wing-coverts spotted and streaked 
with rufous brown. Total length 21 inches, wing 14*5, tail 9*25, 
tarsus 3*35. 

Adult male (type of species). Everywhere sooty black, with a 
brownish shade, especially distinct on the wing-coverts; quills 
black, the secondaries browner and tipped with buffy white, the primaries 
externally shaded with ashy, aE barred with blackish brown, 

27. BUTEO. 
171 
more distinctly below* where the interspaces are dull ashy white ; 
tail greyish brown, tipped with fulvous, and crossed with thirteen 
blackish bars, the subterminai one slightly the broadest; under 
surface of body sooty black, with a clearer shade of brown, more 
distinct on under wing-coverts, which are also tinged with rufous. 
Total length 20*5 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 15*15, tail 9-2, 
tarsus 2*85. 

Female (young). Rather larger than the male. Total length 
23*5 inches, wing 17*3, tail 11, tarsus 3*35. 
Hah. Galapagos Islands. 

a. $ 
ad. sk. Galapagos Islands (Darwin)* Zoological Society. Type 
of species. 
b. ? juy. st. Galapagos Islands (Darwin). Zoological Society. 
c. $ juv. sk. Galapagos Islands. Sir W. Burnett and Admiral 
Fitzroy[P.], Type 
of B. kueops. 
3. Buteo poliosomm 
Falco polyosoma, Quay et Gaim. Voy. de V JJran. Ois. p. 92, pi. 14 

(1824). 

Astur polvosoma, Cuv. Mgne An. i. p. 332 (1829). 

Buteo poliosoma, Les§. Traite, p. 82 (1831) -Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 219 

(1865) 5 ScL P. Z. S. 18G0, p. 384; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 151; Scl 
£ Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 119 (1873). 

Adult. Bluish slate-colour above and below, a little clearer about 
the head and throat; lores whitish; upper and under tail-coverts 
white, with slaty grey cross bars and mottlings of the same colour; 
tail whit., crossed with about nine narrow bands of slaty grey, and 
a very broad subterminai band of slaty black; primaries black, externally 
shaded with silvery grey, the secondaries entirely slaty grey 
like the back, tipped with white; primaries white at base of inner 
web, with remains of dusky slate-coloured bars. Total length 22 
inches, culmen 1*4, wing 15*25, tail 8*5, tarsus 3*4. 

Female (? in changing plumage). All over blackish slate-colour, 

excepting the hinder neck, the entire mantle 
and upper scapulars, 

the centre of the breast, extending on to the chest and centre of the 

abdomen, all these rufous portions of the body more or less obscured 

with slate-colour; quills black, silvery grey near the base, barred 

with black; inner face of quills ashy white, with a few dusky cross 

bars; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy, the former 

slightly washed with rufous; tail ashy white, with about nine 

narrow bars and a broad subterminai band of slate-colour, less 

distinct below. Total length 22*5 inches, culmen 1*75, wing 15, 

tail 9, tarsus 3*5. 

Hal* Falkland Islands, Chili, and Tierra del Fuego. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Port Famine, S. Patagonia (King). Zoological Society. 
b. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Expedition, 
c. Ad. sk. OhHi. 
Mr. Brydges [0.]. 
172 PALCONID-E. 

4. Buteo erytliroiiotus*. 
Haliaetus erythronotus, King, ZooL Jour. ill. p. 424 (1827). 
Aquila "braccata, Meyen, Beitr. p. Go (1834), 
Buteo varius, Gould, P. Z. S.1837, p. 10; Banc. Toy, Beagle, Birds, 


p. M (1841) ; Cass. U.S. JSxpl Exp. Orn. p. 92, pi. 3. %. 1 (1838); 
Scl. P. Z. S. I860, p. 384. 
Buteo tricolor, JD'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. p. 6 (1838) ; B'Orh. Voy. 
Am. Mend. pp. 69, 106, pi. 30 (c. 1840). 
Buteo imicolor, I)7 Orb. et Lafr. Syn, Av. p. 7 (1838). 
Buteo erythronotus, Barwi?i, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 20 (1841) ; 

Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 34 (1855) ; Scl P. Z. S. 18C0, p. 384, et Ibis, 

1800, p. 25, pi. 1. &g. 3; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. lol; Scl # Sale. 

Komencl Av. Keotr. p. 119 (1873). 

Hyponiorphnus leucurus, Lafr. Rev. Zool 1849, p. 388. 

Peeeiloptemis erythronotus, Kattp, Conir. Orn. 1830, p. 70; Bp, 

Comp. i. p. 17 (1850). 

Buteo braccliatus, JPelz. Verk z.-b. Wien, 1802, p. 142. 

Buteo polvosorna, Schl 3£tis. P.-P. Buteones, p. 12 (1802) ; id. Revue 

Aceipitr. p. 109 (1873). 
Buteo albicaudatus, Scl. £ Sah. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 180. 


Young. Above dark brown, the interscapulary feathers margined 
with dark rufous, the margins on the rest of the back and wing-
coverts rufous buff or pale rufous; the scapulars, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts also barred with the latter colours: head dark brown, 
the nape buffy white, with narrow brown streaks ; sides of head 
behind the eye, ear-coverts, and sides of neck ochraceous buff, narrowly 
streaked with dark brown; lores and a narrow frontal line 
white; cheeks dark brown, forming a distinct moustache; under 
surface of body ochraceous buff, the throat thickly streaked with dark 
brown, the breast largely spotted and narrowly streaked with the 
same; abdomen paler fulvous, irregularly barred and spotted with 
rufous brown, the thighs and under tail-eoverts triangularly barred 
with pale rufous; under wing-coverts ochraceous buff, with rufous 
brown spots, the greater ones white barred with ashy brown ; primary 
coverts and primaries ashy brown, with a clear shade of grey 
externally, and crossed with narrow bars of dark brown; secondaries 
browner than the primaries, tipped with buff, and more numerously 
barred; tail ashy grey above, ashy white below, whity brown at 
tip, and crossed with fifteen or sixteen bars of ashy brown, disappearing 
towards the base of the feathers. 

Adult male. Above clear slaty blue; quills black, externally 

* The following has been thought to be the young of this species; but from 
the plate published it seems to me to be nearer to P. borealk. 
BUTEO COOPEEI. 
Buteo cooperi, Cass. Pr. JPMl Acad. 1850, p. 253, and in Baird, B. JV. Am. 

p. 31, pi. 16 (18G0); Cooper, B. Calif, p. 472 (1871); Cones, Key N. 
Am.B. p. 216 (1872). * K ' 
Bab. Santa Clara County, California. 

Only one specimen known. 

27. Brim 
173 
shaded with silvery grey, the secondaries broadly tipped with white; 
tail white, tipped with greyish white, crossed with ten or eleven 
narrow bars of grey, and subterminally banded with slaty black; 
upper tail-coverts white, with a few indications of narrow slaty bars; 
lores white; cheeks white, narrowly lined with slaty grey ; entire 
under surface of body white, including the under wing-eoverts; many 
of the feathers on the sides of breast and flanks Internally slaty 
grey and externally barred with the same colour. Total length 
21 inches, enlmen 1*55, wing 15, tail 9, tarsus 3*3. 

Advlt female. Similar to the male below, but larger, and distinguished 
by its bright brick-red back and scapulars, traces of which 
coloration extend over the upper wing- and tail-coverts, as well as 
the secondaries, which have evident blackish cross bars. Total 
length 25 inches, wing 18*5, tail 10, tarsus 3*7. 

Hah. Falkland Islands; from Patagonia (as high as 40° S. lat. 
on east coast) along the western coast of South America into Peru. 

a. $ ad. sk. East Falkland. Antarctic Expedition. 
b. <5* var. st, Port Louis, Falkland Isl. Antarctic Expedition. 
«. ? juv. st. 
Berkeley Sound, E. FalkAntarctic 
Expedition. 
land. 

d. 2 ad. sk. Falkland Islands. The Admiralty [P.l. 
e. $ juv. sk Falkland Islands. The Admiralty pP.1. 
f. 5 ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty [P.l. 
7/. 2 J^T- at. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty [P. j . 
h. 2 juv. sk. Falkland Islands. J. Gould, Esq. 
i. 2 3UYt s^* Falkland Islands. J. Macgillivray, Esq. 
7i. cJjuv.sk. Falkland Islands. Oapt. Kellett and Lieut. 
Wood [P.]. 
/. 
$ ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Sir W. Burnett and Admiral 
Fitzroy [P.]. 

m. 
2 Juv-st* Santa Cruz, S. Patagonia Zoological Society. Type 
(Barivin). of B. varins. 
n. $ juv. sk. Island of Masafuera. E. C. Pteed, Esq. [C.]. 
o. d juv. sk. Cosnipata, Peru, July II. Whitely Esq., Jun. 
1871. 
p. 
2 ^d. sk. Oeackuapata, Peru, Oct. II. Whitely, Esq., Jun. 
14,1871. [P.]. 
q, r, <J $ var. nk. Ccachuapata, Peru, Oct. H. Whitelv, Esq., Jun. 
14, 1871. [P.]. * 
s, $ ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. E. 0. Eeed, Esq. [0.1 
t 2 Juv sk. E, 0. Eeed, Esq. [C.j. 


.Straits of Magellan. 


5. Buteo jakaL 
Le Rounoir, Levaill Ois. cTAjr. i. p. 73, pi. 16 (1799). 
Faico jakal, Baud. TraiM, ii. p. 161 (1800, ex Levaill.) 
Buteo jakal, Vig. Zool. Jour. i. p. 340 (1824); Gray, Gen. B. i. 


p. 11 (1849) ; JSJavp, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 76; Bp. Comp. 1. p. 19 
(I860); Striehl Orn. Syn. p. 33 (1855); Schl Mus. P.-J?. Buteones, 
p. 14 (1862) • Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 8 (1867); Gurney in 
Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 31 (1872). 
Buteo jacal, GrUl9 Zool. Anteehi. p. 49 (1858). 

174 FALCOXCDJS. 

Nestling, Covered with white down, the shooting feathers ashy 
brown, washed with rufous. 

Young, in change* Ashy brown above, the feathers paler and more 
whity brown on their margins, the scapulars, as well as many 
feathers of the head, neck, and interscapulary region, externally inclining 
to bright fawn; feathers of hind neck dark brown, some of 
the dorsal feathers black; quills black, externally shaded with ashy, 
the secondaries paler brown, all white at base of inner web, the 
secondaries barred towards the tip with ashy brown; tail ashy 
brown, washed on outer web with rufous, and crossed with eleven 
or twelve bars of blackish brown, disappearing towards base* sides 
of face and throat rather dusky brown, inclining to blackish; rest of 
under surface bright fawn, the flanks and thighs slightly washed with 
greyish ashy; under wing-coverts rufous fawn, the lower ones dark 
brown; on breast a few white feathers, more or less mixed with 
black, are appearing. 

The adult plumage is apparently gained by a moult, which, however, 
does not immediately complete the full dress, as the fresh 
feathers on the under surface have a good deal of rufous on them, 
and then rapidly change to black. The brown cross bars on the tail 
disappear by degrees, foreshowing the uniformity of the new tail, 
which, when put on by a moult, is clear chestnut, excepting a subterminal 
patch of black, scarcely to be called a bar. The uniform 
character of the thighs with the re&t of the under surface, and then-
rapid change to black, along with the breast-feathers, is a character 
unlike B. vulgaris and B. desertomm. 

Adult male. Every where sooty black; tail chestnut-red, with a 
black subterminal band; centre of chest whitish or rafous white, 
more or less mottled with black, being the remains of immaturity, 
as also are the white edgings to the feathers of the abdomen and 
thighs, and rufous on the under tail-coverts; quills black, primaries 
externally ashy grey, secondaries whitish, both conspicuously barred 
with black; under surface of wing white, the secondaries barred 
with blackish on the inner web, and crossed with a broad black 
subterminal band; primaries black at tip ; lores whitish; cere 
yellow; bill black, whitish at base ; feet yellow; iris ochraceous 
grey. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-85, wing 17, tail 8, 
tarsus 3*3. 

Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length 
23 inches, wing 18, tail 9, tarsus 0*7. 
Bob. South Africa, below 24° S. lat. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.]. 

c. $ ad. sk. Knysna. M. J. Verreaux [C] 
d. $ juv. st. Van Staden River. M. X Verreaux [i 
e. 2 uiv. st. Constance, S. Africa. M. J. Verreaux [< 
/. Pull. st. Swarte Land, S. Africa. M. J. Verreaux [ig, h. Skeletons. Purchased. 
27. BUTEO. 
175 

6. Buteo augur* 
Buteo 
augur, Riipp. Xeite Wirh. Vog. p. 38, Ta£ 16 (1835); Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 11 (1849); Kemp, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 76; Bp. Consp. 
I p. 19 (1850); JSorsf. Sr Moore, Cat B. Mas. E. L Co. i. p. 60 
(1854); SiricM. Om.\$yn. p. 34 (1855); Schl. Mzis, P.-B. Buteones, 
p. 15 (1862); Pek. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 143; Gray, 
Hand-L B. I p. 7 (1869); Hough Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 92 (1869); 
Finsch, Tr. Z. S. TO. p. 202 (1870); Blanf. Geol 8c Zool Abyss. 

p. 297 (1870) ; Finsch $ Mart?. Vog. Osta/r. p. 57 (1870). 
Buteo hydrophilus, Bilpp. Nene Wirb. p. 39, Taf. 17 (1835). * 
Young. Above uniform dark brown, the nape streaked with white; 
sides and hinder part of neck streaked with rufous buff; lores whitish; 
sides of face and under surface of body creamy buff, much marked 
with brown on the throat and cheeks, forming a distinct moustachial 
indication on the latter; sides of breast and abdomen, as well as 
under wing-coverts, distinctly marked with dark brown; thighs uniform 
ochraceous buff; upper tail-coverts ashy brown, tipped with 
rufous; tail ashy brown, with a whity brown tip, and crossed with 
twelve or thirteen bands of darker brown; quills ashy brown, 
externally ashy near the base, and barred with dark brown, the 
inner web of quills white, the tips black both above and below, 
.secondaries with more or less distinct bars of dark brown below; 
iris umber-brown. 

Adult male. Above black, pure white below and on sides of neck; 
cheeks, ear-coverts, and throat black, the latter somewhat streaked 
with white, the flanks slightly marked with black; upper tail-coverts 
rufous with black tips; tail bright tawny, with a blackish patch 
towards the tip of outer web; quills black at tip, ashy grey near 
the base, the secondaries paler and more silvery grey, all crossed with 

* 
BCTEO AUGUEALIS. 
Buteo augaS, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 6; id. Beise Babesch, p. 248 

(1863). 

Buteo desertorum, Antin. Cat Bescr. Uec. p. 12 (1S65). 

Buteo auguralis, Salvad. Atti Soc. Ital. Be. Kat. viii p. 377 (1865); 

Soma, Cat. Mm. Lisb. p. 37 (1869); Bocagc, Jam. Lisb. ii. p. 337 
(1869), Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vfi p. 313 (1870); Salvad. Atti B. Accad. 
Tor. 1870, p. 726; Set P. Z. & 1871, p. 494. 

Buteo delalandi, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1 p. 131 (1867). 
Buteo anceps, Heugl Orn. KO.-Afr. p. 93 (1869). 


I have not yet seen this species, and, therefore, have not been able to place it 
in my synoptic table. Eull descriptions are given by Count Salvador* and Prof. 
Barboza duBocage; and the following remarks by Dr. Otto Finsch will give a 
good idea of its relations to B. augur:— 

" In any case this species, although allied to JB. augur, is well distinguished, 
not only by its inferior size, but also by the very different coloration. The crop 
and breast are dark red-brown, the remaining underparts white, with conspicuous 
dark cordiform spots ; under tail-coverts and thighs uniform white; the greater 
portion of the inner web of the secondaries is white, with five or six narrow, incomplete, 
dark cross bands, whereas in B. augur iheve are from nine to eleven 
complete dark cross bands." 

176 FALOONID-E. 

black bars; Tinder -wing-coverts white, as also the inner web of the 

quills; cere and feet yellow; iris yellowish brown. 

In the foregoing stage, which does not occur in the allied Buteo 
jalcal, the under tail-coverts always incline more or less to rufous, 
which sometimes extends halfway up these coverts. Although, 
through the progress to maturity, the plumages are so different, yet 
in the fully adult black dress it is almost impossible to distinguish 
the present bird from B. jacal; and the only difference that I can 
see is, that in the latter species the silvery grey on the wing 
is lighter, while the tail is darker and more decided chestnut. The 
black markings on the latter never reach quite to the end, but are 
always subterminal, and form a more or less perfect band. 

Old male. Black, the base of the quills externally ashy grey with 
black bars; the tail rufous, with black markings near the tip. 
Total length 20 inches, culmen 1*55, wing 10*3, tail 7*5, tarsus 
3*6. 

Old female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total length 
24-5 inches, wing 18*75, tail 9, tarsus 3*6. 
Hah. North-eastern Africa • the highlands of Abyssinia and adjacent 
countries. 

a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. I)r. Ruppell [C.l 
h. $ juv. st. Abyssinia. Dr. Itiippdl |_C.1. 
c. Ad. sk. Shoa. Hon. East-India Co. "P.]. 
d. $ ad. sk. Ankober, Bee. 1841 (Harris). Secretary of State for India 
[P.]-" 

eif-6 ? sk. Ankober, Dec. 1841 (Harris), Secretary of State for India 

F*l* * 

g. Ad. sk. Adigrat, Tigrl "W. T. Blanford, Esq. re. 
h. Ad. sk. Wombarat Pass. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
u Sternum. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
7. Buteo ferox. 
Falco ferox, S. G. Gmelin, X. Comm. Ac. Peirop. xv. p. 442, t. x. 

(1769). 
Falco rufmus, Cretzschm. in Hupp. Atlas, p. 40, t. 27 (182G). 
Buteo canescens, Hodqs. Beng. Sport. Mag. 18OG9 p. lfcO; Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 18 (1850) • Jerd.B. of Ind. i. p. 88 (1802) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1803, 
p. 20. 
Buteo longipes, Jerd. Madr. Jour. x. p. 75 (1839). 
Butaqnila leucocephala, Hodgs. in Gray's Zooi. Misc. p. 81 (1844). 
Buteo leucocephalus, Hodgs. P. Z. S.1845, p. 37. 
Buteo aquilimis, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 170 (1845); Jerd. B. Ind. 
i. p. 90 (1862); Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 20; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 339; 
Hume 8? Henders. Lahore to YarL p. 175 (1850). 
Buteo rufinus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 11 (1849]; Bp. Cmwp. L p. 18 (1850). 
Buteo leucurus, J. Fr. Naum. Naumannia, 1853, p. 256, t. 3, 4 (nee 

Zafr.). 
Butaetus leucurus, Naum. %• Moeschl. Naum. 1853, p. 290. 
Buteo ferox, Thien. If. 0.1853, p. 108; Sehl Mus. P.-B. Buteones, 

p. 9 (1862); Gray, Hand~l B. I p. 6 (1869) ; Heugl Orn. N.O.-
Afr. I p. 89 (18C&) • Hume, Bough Notes, ii. p. 274 (1870); Jerd. 
Ibis, 1871, p. 338; Sahad, Faun. Ital Ucc. p. 12 (1871); Shelley, 
27. BUTEO. 177 
B. of Egypt, p. 201, pi. ix. (1872) j Hume, Stray F. p. 159 (1873); 
Schl Mus. P.-B. Beime Aceipitr. p. 107 (1873). 
Buteo eximros, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855;, p. 4. 
Buteo pectoralis, Strickl Orn, Syn. p. 3-5 (1855). 
Limnosalius africanus, Wiirt, Naum* 1857, p. 432. 
Buteo ferox, var. obscura, Pels. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 147. 
Buteo fuliginosus, Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 356. 

Young. Above rufous, tlie feathers centred with brown, forming 
narrowly longitudinal streaks on the head and hind neck, which are 
paler and more fulvous than the rest of the hack; small wing-coverts 
tawny rufous, with narrow brown central streaks, the rest of the 
wing-coverts pale brown, margined and barred on the outer web 
with pale rufous, the inner web whitish; primaries dark brown, 
shaded with ashy grey on the outer web, which is indistinctly 
barred with dark brown, and washed with rufous near the base; 
secondaries rather paler brown, tipped with buffy white and barred 
on the inner web with dark brown like the primaries, the inner 
lining of the quills pure white, the secondaries only showing remains 
of bars on inner web; lower back and rump darker brown 
than the upper part, notched and margined with rufous; upper tail-
coverts bufly white on outer web, rufous on inner, with dark brown 
shaft-stripes and remains of brownish bars; tail ashy brown, tipped 
with fulvous and shaded with ashy grey, inclining to rufous near 
the tip, all the feathers whitish at base and on the inner web, and 
having more or less distinct remains of brown cross bars; sides of 
face and underparts creamy buff, streaked with dark brown, those 
on the cheeks a little broader and showing a tolerably defined moustachial 
line; the lower flank-feathers more largely marked with 
rufous brown, which occupies the greater part of the feather; thighs 
strongly tinged with rufous, the brown central streaks a little 
broader and more pronounced; under wing-coverts creamy buff, 
narrowly streaked with rufous brown, the outer ones entirely brown 
on the outer edges. 

The bird above described is manifestly quite young, from the pale 
and narrowly streaked character of the underparts; it was killed 
by Messrs. JDickson and Ross on the 3rd of August 1843. The 
under surface in this species darkens with age until the old bird 
arrives at the uniform sooty brown plumage, in which it is very rare 
in collections. The red tail cannot be regarded as a sign of actual 
immaturity; for the birds breed in this stage, and even then they 
seem to put on a rufous tail shaded with silvery grey before absolutely 
attaining the grey tail banded with dark brown which characterizes 
the last stage of this species. It would appear, therefore, 
that the different changes are very gradual, and occupy a long time. 

Adult male in breeding-plumage (Volga, May 1870). Above brown, 
all the feathers broadly margined with tawny rufous, except on the 
lower back and rump, where the feathers are uniform brown; entire 
head and neck tawny, with narrow brown streaks down the centres 
of the feathers, more distinct on the nape; sides of head and ear-
coverts whitish, with narrow rufous shaft-lines; entire under sur-

VOL. i. o 

178 
PALCONTD-E. 

face rich tawny, deepening Into chestnut on the abdomen and thighs, 
the throat and chest narrowly shafted with dark brown, a little 
broader on the breast and decidedly more distinct on the thighs, 
where the centres to the feathers are also brown; nnder wing-coverts 
and axillaries rich tawny, the outer median ones externally and the 
greater coverts brown; upper wing-coverts brown, edged with rufous 
like back, the least ones more broadly; quills dark brown, the 
primaries externally shaded with silvery grey, the secondaries a 
little paler, especially the inner ones, which are light brown like 
the back, the primaries pure white for greater part of Inner web, 
secondaries mottled and broadly barred with brown; upper tail-
coverts brown, the external ones bright tawny; tail pale rufous, 
with white shafts, and inclining to whitish towards base of centre 
feathers, the two outer ones externally shaded with ashy grey, and 
marked near the end with an irregular spot of brown; cere yellowish 
green; orbita1 uge dusky greenish* bill brownish plumbeous, 
yellow at gape, tip black; feet dingy or pale lemon-yellow ; 
iris brownish yellow. Total length 26 inches, culmen 1*9, wing 
17*7, tail 10*5, tarsus 3*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but slightly larger. Total 
length 26 inches, culmen 1*9, wing 18*4, tail 10*5, tarsus 3*5*. 

Prom this stage the bird gradually becomes more sooty, and in 
the last rufous plumage closely resembles B. deserterurn, espeeiaHy 
as the tail becomes ashy brown, tipped with rufous and slightly 
washed with the same, and crossed with nine or ten bands of darker 
brown, more conspicuous on Inner web, which is for the most part 
whitish. Capt. Shelley shot a specimen In this stage along with 
red-tailed birds in Egypt. 

Very old (type of B. aquilinvs, figured, PL Till.) . Everywhere 
dusky brown, the head and neck streaked with whitish, with which 
also the centre of the breast Is varied, the throat and chest slightly 
washed with rufous, all these characters being the remains of the 
previous plumage; tail ashy brown with white shafts, crossed with 
about nine bars of dark brown as above noted, these bars not 
always conterminous. Total length 27 inches, wing 18*3, tail 11, 
tarsus 3*5. 

Eah. KE. Africa to South-eastern Europe; Persia, Sclnde, XW. 
India and Himalayas. 

a. <J ad. sk. Favoom, Egypt Capt G. E. Shelley [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Plain of Gennesaret Canon Tristram. 
c. Juv. sk. 
Erzeroom, Aug. S, 1839 J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
(Dickson and Moss), 
d. Ad. sk. Teheran, Persia. 0. Darwin, Esq. [P.]. 
*>/• 6* ? ad. sk. River Volga. Purchased. 
/'. Ad. sk. Southern Ural. [Br. Strader [CJ. 
g} h. Ad. sk. Himalaya Mountains. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.l 
I Ad. st Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l 
J,k, l,m}n,ri. Ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H, Hodgson, Esq. [P.J* 
* Described from a pair of breeding birds shot in the Volga district m May 
1870 and now in Mr. Howard Saunders's collection. 
27 . BTFTEO. 179 
o. Ad. st.
p, q. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sks. Ad. sk.
t. Skeleton. 
Nepaul. 
India (Dr. Jerdon). 
India. 
Mussoorie Hills. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [
Type of B. aquilinm. 
X Gould, Esq. [P.], 
J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
Major Godwin-Austen. 
Purchased. 
P.J. 

8, Buteo desertorum. 

Le Bougri, ZevaSL Ois. dAfr. I p. 77, pi. 17 (1799). 
Falco desertorum, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 164 (1800). 
Bateo desertorum, Vieill. 1ST. Diet. dHist Wat. iv. p. 478 (1816); 


Gurney, Ibis, 1862, p. 361; Schl Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 5 (1862); 
Begl Sr Gerbe, Orn. Europ. i p. 55 (1867); Layard, B. S. Afr. 

p. 9 (1867); Seugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 90 (1869); Gray, Hand-l 
B. i. p. 6 (1869); mime, Rough Notes, ii. p. 268 (1870); Jerd. 
Ibis, 1871, p. 338; Shelley, B. of Egypt, p. 201 (1872); Anderss. 
B. Dam, Id. p. 12 (1872); Shelley and Buckley, Ms, 1872, p. 292; 
Schl Mevue Accipiir. p. 106 (1873). ., i 
Buteo rufiventer, Jerd. IE. Ind. Orn. pi. 2 *(1847). 
Buteo cirtensis. Zevaill,jun., Expl, Sci. de FAlgSrie, pi. 3 (1850). 

"^ 
Buteo capensis, Temm. 8? Schl Faun. Jap.. Aves. p. 16 (1850); Gray, 
Hand-l BA. $.7 (1869). 
Buteo tachardus, Bp. Consp. L p. 18 (1850); Hartt. Orn. W.-Afr. 

p. 2 (1857). 
Buteo vulpinus, Lichi. Nomencl. Av. p. 3 (1854). 
Buteo minor, JBCeugl Syst. Uebers. p. 5 (1856). 
Buteo vulgaris, var. capensis, Feb. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 144, 
Buteo vulgaris, Jerdon, B. Ind. i. p. 87 (1862). 
Buteo delalandi, Bes Murs, JRev. et Mag. de Zool. 1863, p. 52. 
Ealco tachardus, Bree, B. Eur. i. p. 97 (1866). 
Buteo cirtensis, Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger, i. p. 44 (1867). 
Buteo rufinus, Taczan. J.f.O. 1870, p. 37. 
Buteo ferox, Heugl. torn. cii. p. 384. 
Immature* Above dull "brown, the new feathers on the hack and 
neck being deep sepia-brown with rufous edges; the upper tail-
coverts also mottled with rufous near the base; crown paler brown; 
lores whitish; sides of face and of neck tawny rufous, with narrow 
black centres; under surface of body pure white; the throat narrowly 
lined with rufous; the breast thickly spotted with rufous 
brown, becoming duller brown on the belly and flanks, which are 
more sparingly marked; the thighs merely spotted here and there; 
under wing-coverts white, with a few narrow streaks of dark brown; 
quills brown, barred with darker brown, the inner lining white for 
the greater part of their extent; the primaries externally pale ashy 
near the base; tail dull rufous, the extreme base white, all the 
feathers mottled with dark brown, collecting near the end of the 
tail, which is usually uniform dark brown. Total length 20 inches, 
culmen 1-35, wing 13*5, tail 7*6, tarsus 2*9, bare part of same in 
front to root of middle toe 1*5. 

Adult. Above brown, the feathers conspicuously margined with rufous, 
except on the lower back and rump; the head and neck entirely 
tawny rufous, the feathers narrowly streaked down the centre with 
dark brown; sides of face whitish, washed with, rufous and narrowly 
shafted with dark brown ; under surface of body tawny rufous, some 

o2 

180 FALCONBXEI. 

of the feathers of the lower breast tipped with creamy huff, the 
under tail-coverts inclining to this colour, as also the middle of the 
breast; the throat and chest narrowly streaked with dark brown ; 
the thighs and flanks more uniform rufous, somewhat shaded with 
ashy brown; under wing-coverts creamy buff, with rufous central 
streaks, the outermost and greater series inclining to ashy brown; 
upper wing-coverts dark brown, margined with rufous like the back; 
primaries black, externally shaded with ashy grey; the secondaries 
lighter brown, tipped with whity brown; the under surface of quills 
white at base of inner web, shading into ashy white gradually towards 
the tips; upper tail-coverts rufous at tip and on outer web; 
tail rufous, yellowish at tip, with an indistinctly indicated subterminal 
bar of brown; shafts white, all the feathers shading off into 
brown on their outer margin, the external feather shaded with clear 
ashy grey; cere lemon-yellow; bill dark lead-colour, lighter near 
throat and cere; feet lemon-yellow; iris light hazel or yellowish. 
Total length 21 inches, culmen 1*55, wing 13*4, tail 7*8, tarsus 3. 

Like the other Buzzards of the Old World, this species gradually 
gets darker with age, and the tail appears to alter to an almost 
uniform smoky brown, tipped with fulvous and washed with rufous, 
with indications of bars more or less distinct. The few examples 
examined from Northern Africa appear larger than others from India 
and Africa proper, and approach more nearly certain stages of Buteo 
ferox. The birds described are South- African examples, as being 
the typical birds. 

Rah. The whole of Africa above and below the Sahara, Southeastern 
Europe, and the entire Indian peninsula. 

a. Ad. sk. 
k Ad. sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
d. J juv. st. 
e. Ad. sk. 
South Africa 
(E. L. Layard), 
South Africa. 
South Africa. 
Grahoon. 
Etawah. 
Zoological Society. [QCScIater, 
List. Yertebr. p. 211, sp. aJ 
Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
Sir A. Smith [O.J. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 
/. Ad. sk. 
g. Ad.st. 
A. Ad. sk. 
Nepaul. 
Madras. 
Morocco. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
Dr. Jerdon. 
Purchased. 
i, h, I Ad. sk, Southern Ural. Dr. Strader [0.]. 

9. Buteo plumipes. (Plate Til . fig. 1.) 
Oircus plumipes, Modgs. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 81 (1844). 

Buteo plumipes, Hodgs, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 37; Gray, Gen, B. i. p. 11 
(1849) ; Kaup, Oontr. Orn* 1850, p. 77 ; Bp. Gonsp. AD. i. p. 19 
(1850),* StricU. Orn. Syn. p. 38 (1856) j Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 91 
(1862) j Myth, Ibis, 1863, p. 21, et 1866, p. 245; Gray, Hand4. 
j?. I p. 7 (1869); Hume, Bough Notes, ii. p. 285 (18ft)): Jerd. 
Ik's, 1871, p. 340; Blanf. Ms, 1872, p. 87. 

Archibuteo plumipes, Blyth, J. A. & B, xix. p. 338 (1850). 

Palco buteo japomcus, Temm. $ Schl Faun. Jap. |*.16 (1850). 
Buteo vulgaris japcmicus, iid. ut supra, pis. vi. & YL B. 
Buteo japonicus, Bp, Consp. I p. 18 (1850); 8cM. Mm. P„~B. Bute-


ones, p. 7 (1862); Blalist. Ibis, 1802, p. 314; Gray, Han&-1 B. I 

p. 6 (1869); Sumh. Ibis, 1870, p. 87; Jerd, Ibis, 1871, p. 337; 
8chl, Rente Aceipitr. p. 106 (1873). 
27 . BXJXEO. 18 L 
Buteo vulgaris, Blgth, Ibis, 1863, p. 20. 

Buteo asi&tieus, Stoinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 339. 

Young. Above pale brown; scapulars and feathers of the hind 
neck washed with rufous on their outer margins, the whole of the 
upper plumage much varied with white bases to the feathers and 
also on the inner web, especially on the upper tail-coverts; head and 
hind neck distinctly streaked with white; lores, a distinct eyebrow, 
and ear-coverts white, the latter rufescent on their upper margin; 
the cheeks plainly streaked with brown, forming a distinct moustache 
; under surface of body white, with a few narrow streaks of 
brown on the throat and sides of chest, becoming broader on the 
lower flanks; thighs and under tail-coverts entirely white; under 
wing-coverts yellowish white, streaked with dark brown; primaries 
dark brown, shaded externally with ashy near the base; secondaries 
paler brown, like the back, and tipped with whitish; the inner 
face of the quills white for two thirds of their length; tail-feathers 
pale brown, darker towards the tips, which are whitish; the bases of 
the feathers white, mottled with brown, this coloration extending up 
the inner web ; all the rectrices with indistinct cross bars of darker 
brown. Total length 21 inches, wing 14*8, tail 9, tarsus 2*8, bare 
part of tarsus in front to base of middle toe 0*95, on side to sole of 
tarsus 0*55. 

Adult Above dark purplish brown, the feathers rufescent on their 
margins; sides of face and neck rufous, streaked with dark brown 
down the centre of the feather; lores whitish; sides of face also 
rufous; the upper margin of ear-coverts dark brown, and the cheeks 
blackish, forming a strongly pronounced moustache; under surface of 
the body rufous, plainly streaked with blackish on the chin, and less 
distinctly on the throat; chest almost uniform rufous, varied only by 
a black shaft-stripe and a few fulvous spots on some of the feathers; 
the feathers of the lower breast entirely fulvous white, irregularly 
barred with rufous brown; the lower flanks uniform dull brown, 
slightly washed with rufous; thighs clearer rufous, with fulvous 
margins to the feathers; lower abdomen, vent, and under tail-
coverts creamy buff, varied with indistinct remains of rufous bars; 
under wing-coverts uniform smoky brown, the inner ones rufous at 
tip; the axiilaries and small coverts round the carpal joint ochraceous 
buff, varied with rufous in the centre; upper wing-coverts 
dark brown, like the back, the greater coverts varied with pale 
rufous on their inner webs; primaries blackish, secondaries paler 
brown, with whitish tips, inner face of quills white for greater 
part of their length, the secondaries irregularly mottled or barred 
with brown; tail brown, tipped with whitish, before which is an 
indistinctly indicated band of purplish brown; the tail washed with 
rufous, and crossed with only three or four distinguishable bars of 
darker brown, those near the base dissolved into brown mottlings. 
Total length 21*5 inches, culmen 1*35, wing 15*7, tail 9, tarsus 3, 
bare part of same in front to root of middle toe 1*2, on side to sole 
of foot 1*65. 

Very old (type of species, figured in Plate YIL), Everywhere dull 

182 
FALC0NIDJ2. 

smoky brown; the wing-coverts and scapulars lighter; primaries 

dark brown, inclining to purplish brown towards the tips; the inner 

web bufrj white, barred with brown; shafts whitish; secondaries 

paler brown like the back; tail uniform smoky brown, with whitish 

shafts and pale whity brown tips, showing under certain lights ob


solete remains of light cross bars, which are still distinctly indicated 

on the inner web and tinder surface of the tail, which is ashy white; 

lores whitish; sides of face and of neck, as weE as the entire under 

surface of the body, including the under wing- and tail-coverts, 

uniform smoky brown, somewhat washed with rufous on the sides 

of the face and throat. Total length 20 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 

15*4, tail 9, tarsus 3, bare part of tarsus in front 1*1 to the root of 

middle toe, on the side to sole of foot 1. 

Notwithstanding the opinion of Macgillivray and others that 

Buzzards get whiter as they grow older, my belief is that the con


trary is the case, though it must be remembered that Macgillivray's 

observations were made on British specimens, which are certainly 

darker than continental birds, and apparently so from the nest. 

"With regard to the present species I am nearly convinced that Buteo 

jplumijpes of Hodgson is nothing more than the fully mature bird of 

B. jagonicus. In the 'Fauna Japonica' the quite young bird, 
answering to the same stage of B. vulgaris, is figured (pi. vi. B) ; 
and on pi. vi. is an illustration of an older bird, showing the passage 
from the young stage to that which I have described as the adult. 
In this plumage it closely resembles B. deseriorum^ and may be 
doing duty for that species in some Indian collections. In the specimen 
described by me the fuliginous colouring of the back, flanks, 
and under wing-coverts shows the first approach to that uniform 
coloration which is supposed to be the characteristic of BuUo 
plumipes. 
Sab. From Kepaul and Sikhim eastwards through China to 
Japan. 

a. Ad. sk. JNepauL B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
Type of species. 
b, c. Juv. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

d. Juv. st. FoMen, China. J. Gould, Esq. [P.l. 
e}f, ff. Juv. sk. FoMen, China. J. Gould, Esq. LP.j. 
hj%. Ad. sk. FoMen, China. J. Gould, Esq. [P.j. 
j\ Juv. st. Japan. Dr. Lidth de Jeude. 
h, Juv. st. Japan. Purchased. 
10. Buteo hemilappfc 
Buteo hemilasius, 
Temm. 8r JSehl Fmn. Japon*, Aves, p» 18, pi. vii. 
(1850); Schl. Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 3 (1862). 
Buteo asiaticus, Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 244: Hume* Bough Notes, n. 

p. 288 (1870). 
Archibuteo hemilasius, Gray, Sand-L B. i. p, 10 (1869)* 
Archibiiteo aquilinus, Stoinh P. Z. &1871, p. 339. 
Buteo asiaticus, Schl Mus. P.-B. Mews Accipitr. p. 107 (1873). 
Young female (type of species, in rather bleached plumage). 
Whity brown, darker on the lower back and least wing-coverts, the 

27. BUTEO. 
183 
latter slightly margined with rufous; greater wing-coverts brown, 
tipped with whity brown; tipper tail-coverts tipped with white and 
a little barred with pale brown near the edges; head white, the 
centre of the crown dark brown, the feathers of the head and hind 
neek margined with rufous; sides of face white, the cheeks streaked 
with brown, as also the upper margin of the ear-coverts; under 
surface of body white, the centre of the breast entirely so; lower 
throat and breast longitudinally marked with pale brown, somewhat 
margined with rufous on the feathers of the latter; abdomen clouded 
with ashy brown, the thighs entirely of the latter colour, a few of the 
longer feathers spotted and tipped with white; under tail-coverts 
white; under wing-coverts dark brown, washed with rufous and 
ochre, the carpal ones for the most part white; quills brown, 
secondaries light brown like the back, and inclining to whitish ashy 
along the terminal margin, the primaries externally shaded with 
greyish; all the quills white at base and for the greater part of the 
inner web, irregularly barred with dark brown, more plainly on the 
inner web ; tail ashy brown, tipped with white and crossed with 11 
or 12 bars of dark brown, disappearing near the base, where all the 

feathers are white, which encroaches on the middle feathers; the 
inner webs of all the feathers for the most part white. Total 
length 24*5 inches, culmen 1#7, wing 19, tail 11, tarsus 3*55. (Mies* 
Lugd.) 

Hah. Eastern Siberia, Northern China, and Japan. 

a. 
$ ad. sk JDauria, April 18,1873. Dr. Dy^bowski [0.1 
b. Juv. sk. Shanghai. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [0. j. 
The types originally described were two in number; but more recently 
Prof. SchLegel (Revue, Z. c.) has referred the male to Buteo 
plumipes, and in this he is apparently right. I subjoin the description 
I made of this supposed male of B. Jiemilasius in the Leiden 
Museum:— 

Male. Altogether darker brown, apparently not so bleached; the 
eyebrow white and also the ear-coverts, causing the brown cheeks to 
stand out in bolder relief and appear like a broad moustachial streak; 
under surface of body white, the chest and entire thighs and under 
tail-coverts white, the throat narrowly and distinctly barred with 
dark brown, the streaks on the breast paler brown and less defined; 
flanks entirely brown; tail uniform brown, paler at the tip, with 
remains of darker brown cross bars; the under surface white, 
as also the base of the tail above, but not spreading on to the 
centre as in the female. Total length 20*5 inches, wing 10, tail 10, 
tarsus 2*9. 

B. Tiemilasius may be regarded as a gigantic edition of B.glumipes. 
11. Buteo brachypterm 
Buteo 
brachypterus. Peh. in Marti Faun. Madag. p. 1 (1861) ; id. 
Vert. z.-b. Wim, 1862, p. 145; Roch Sf & Newt. Ibis, 1862, p. 267, 
pi viii. j Schl P. Z. B. 1866, p. 420 $ 8chl # Poll Faun. Madag. 
Ok. p. 44 (1868); Gray, Jffand-l B. I p. 6 (1869); Gurnet/, 

184 PALOOKID-Sl. 

Ibis, 1869, p. 449; Schl Mm. P.~B., Mevue Accipitr. p. 108 
(1873). 
Buteo desertorum, Grand. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 319. 

Adult. Above pale brown, the feathers on the head and interscapula 
r region darker, the crown and nape more or less streaked with 
white; lores whitish; sides of face and of neck pale rufous, narrowly 
streaked with darker brown, the ear-coverts whitish,- throat and 
breast white, the former narrowly, the latter very broadly streaked 
with pale brown, especially on the sides of the breast; belly and 
thighs uniform pale brown, the feathers slightly tipped with whitish 
and whitish also at base, especially on the lower abdomen and under 
tail-coverts, which are entirely whitish with large sub terminal spots 
of pale brown; under wing-coverts whitish, largely marked with 
rufous brown; upper wing-coverts pale brown like back, the outermost 
slightly darker, the innermost greater coverts, as well as the 
scapulars, varied with white markings on the inner web ,* quills 
brown, tipped with whitish, the secondaries more broadly, all barred 
with darker brown, less distinctly on the primaries, which are rather 
darker brown than the secondaries; the inner web of the quills 
white for two thirds of their length; tail pale brown, tipped with 
whitish, and crossed with six or seven rather broad bands of 
darker brown; cere yellowish; bill horn-colour; feet yellow; iris 
brown. Total length 18-5 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 11-8, tail 7*7, 
tarsus 2-75. 

Younger. Yery little different from the adult, but rather more 
streaked on the head with white; the lower parts of the body not 
so uniform, especially on. the abdomen, which is much mottled with 
white. Total length 17*5 inches, wing 12-2. 

Hal, Madagascar. 

a. <$ st. Madagascar. P. Pollen and D. 0. "Van Bam [0.]. 
6. 3 sk. - N.E. Madagascar, 1869. D. C. Van Dam [C.]. 
e. § a& sk* Mouroimdara, S.W. D. C. Van Dam [0. j . 
Madagascar. 
12. Buteo obsolete. 
Buzzard Falcon, Perm. Arctie Zool. ii. p. 207 (1785). 
Plain Falcon, Penn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 208 (1785). 
Palco obsoletus, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 268 (1788, ex Penn,). 
Palco "buteo, Auduh. B. JSf. Am. fol. pi. ccclxxii. (1831); id. Orn. 
Biogr. iv. p. 508 (1838). 
Buteo vulgaris, 8w. &• Rich. Faun, Bor.-Am, Birds, p. 47, pi. 27 
(1831). 

Buteo swainsoni, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $* N. Am. p. 3 (1838); id, 
Consp, Av. i. p. 19 (1850) ; Cass. B. Calif. $ Texas, p. 98 (1855); 
id. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1855, p. 280; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 30 (1855) j 
Cms. in Baird, B. N. Am. p. 19, pi. xiii. (1860); Peiz. Verk z.-6. 
Wien, 1862, p. 150 j Gray, BLand-l. B. i. p. 7 (1869) j Cooper, B. 
Calif, ed. Baird, p. 476 (1871); Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 217 
(1872); Set $ Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 119 (1873). 

Buteo bairdii, Boy, Pr, Phil. Acad. 1853, p. 451; Cassin, op. tit. 1856, 
p, 279 j id. B. Calif. & Texas, pp. 99, 257, pi. 41 (1855) : 8tricH. 
Orn, 8yn. p. 37 (1855) ; Gray, kand-l B. I p. 8 (1869). 

27 . BUTJiO. 185 
Buteo oxypterus, Cass, Pr. Phil. Acad, 1855, p. 282; Strickl Orn. 

38 (1855) ; Cass, in Baird>s B. N. Am. p. 23, pi. 15. fig. 2 
(1860) ; Gray, JETand-L B. i p. 8 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. 
Baird, y. 480 (1871); Coues, Key to N. Am. B. p. 218 (1872). 
Buteo insignatus, Cass. B. Calif, fy Texas, p. 102, pi. 31 (1855); 
Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 38 (1855) ; Set P. Z. S. 1856, p. 285 ; Cass, in 
Baird, B. N. Am. p. 23 (1860) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i p. 8 (1869) ; 

Cooper, B, Calif ed. Baird, p. 474 (1871). 
Buteola insignata, Bp. C. It. xlii. p. 956 (1856). 
Buteo Miginosus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 356, et Tr. Z. 8. iv. p. 267, 
pi. Ixii. (1858); Cass, in Baird" s B. N. Am. pi. 15. Rg. 1 (1860); 

Bah. Ibis, 1860, p. 401; Gray, BTand-l. B. i. p. 7 (1869). 
Buteo haiiani, Bryant, Proc. Bost Soc. N. K. viii. p. 115 (1862). 

Young. Above dull brown, interscapulary region a little darker; 
lores whitish.; ear-coverts whitish, narrowly streaked with dark 
"brown, the upper margin nearly uniform brown, as also are the cheeks, 
eyebrow, sides of neck, and hinder part of the latter, streaked with 
-white; quills brown, inclining to blackish brown at tip; primaries 
^lightly shaded externally with ashy, and barred with darker brown; 
primaries white for greater part of inner web below, secondaries 
fcarred with dark brown; upper tail-coverts slightly tipped with 
fulvous, and having concealed spots of white at base; tail inclining 
-fco ashy brown, whity brown at extreme tip, and crossed with nine 

or ten bands of darker brown; under surface of body white, narrowly 
streaked on the throat and more broadly on the breast with 
dark brown, inclining to spots on lower chest and to distinct 
t>ars on the under tail-coverts, the markings larger on sides 
of breast, flanks, and thighs, producing a nearly uniform appearance; 
under wing-coverts brown, with a few white margins and bars. 
Adult female. Nearly uniform sooty brown, the wing-coverts and 
scapulars paler on their margins; lores whitish; throat slightly 
streaked with white; fore neck and centre of breast slightly mottled 
-with fulvous or white spots and bars, the remains of previous 
plumage; under tail-coverts buffy white, barred across with dark 
fxrown; tail brown, conspicuously tipped with rufous white, and 
crossed with seven or eight bars of darker brown, the subterminal 
one being the broadest; cere yellowish; bill bluish black; feet yellowish 
; iris light brown. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 
15-9, tail 9*3, tarsus 3*15. 

Fully adult (B. fuliginosus). Everywhere sooty black, with a few 
more or less concealed whitish bars on the upper and under tail-
coverts ; inner lining of wing white; tail ashy brown, crossed 
-with nine bars of black, the terminal one being the broadest. 
Total length 21 inches, culmen 1*35, wing 13*5, tail 7*5, tarsus 2*55. 

Hal. The whole of North America, ranging in winter as far south 

as Patagonia. 
&f b. Ad. sk. North America. Purchased. 
cd.
o.
y, 
Ad. st. 
Ad. sk. 
Ad. sk. 
y. Juv. sk. 
Mexico. 
California. 
Patagonia 
Patagonia 
M. A. Boucard [C.l. 
Mr. Hardy [0.]. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 

186 •FAIJCOXJDM, 

13. Buteo vulgaris. 

The Puttock or Buzzard, Albin, N. H. Birds, i. p. 1, pi. 1 (1738). 
La Buse, Briss. Orn. i. p. 406 (1760); Buff. PI. Enl I pl/419 
(1770). 
Falco buteo, Linn. S. N. i. p. 127 (1766, ex Albin) ; Naum. Vog, 
Deutschl i. Taf. 32, 33 (1822).; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 76 (1843). 
V Aquila glaucopis, Merrem, Beitr. ii. p. 22, Taf. 7 (1786). 
Falco glaueopis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 255 (1788). 
? Falco versicolor, Gm. S. N. i. p. 272 (1788). 
Faleo albus, Baud. Traiie, ii. p. 155 (1800). 
Accipiter buteo, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat i. p. 362 (1811). 
Buteo vulgaris, Leach, Sysi. Cat. Mamm. $ B. B?*it Mus. p. 10 
(1816) $ Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 46 (1826) ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 14 
(1837); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 11 (1849) j Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, 

p. 77; Schl. Vog. Nederl. pis. 35, 36 (1854) ; StricH. Orn. Sijn. 

p. 27 (1855); Peh. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 144; Jerd. B. 2nd. 

i. p. 87 (1862) j Schl Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 3 (1862) $ Gould, 

B. Gt. Br. pt iv. (1863); Newt. Ooth. Wolleij. p. 138 (1864); 
Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. xxviii. fig. 4 (1869); JETeugl. Orn. NO.-Afr. 

p. 91 (1869) ;'JStime,Rough Notes, ii. p. 261 (1870) j Salvad. Faun. 
Ital Ucc. p. 11 (1871) ; Newt ed. Yarr. Brit B. i. p. 100 (1871); 
Shelley, B. of Egypt, p. 200 (1S72) ; Schl. Revue Aceipitr. p. 105 (1873). 
Buteo fasciatus, Vieill Faune Franc, p. 17, pi. 8. fig. 1 (c. 1820j. 
Buteo mutans, Vieill Faun. Franc, p. 38, pi. 8. fig. 2 (c. 1820), 
Falco nmtans, Savi, Nuov. Giom. Pi&a, xxii. p. 64 (1^22). 
Falco fasciatus, Savi, Nuov. Giom. Pisa, xxii. p. 00 (1822); Rou.r, 
Orn. Prov. pis. 20,21,22 (1825); Sam, Orn. Tosc. in. p. 195 <1831;. 
Falco pojana, Savi, Nuov. Giom. Pisa, xxii. p. 68 (1822) ,• id. Orn. 
Tosc. ill. p. 197 (1831). 
Buteo communis, Less. Traite, p. 78 (1831). 
Buteo septentrionalis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl p. 42 (1831). 
Buteo medius, Brehm, V. D. p. 43 (1831). 
Buteo mururn, Brehm, V. D. p. 44 (1831). 
Buteo fuseus, Macgill Hist. Brit B. iii. p. 183 (1840). 
Fale8 albidus, De Selys, Faun. Belg. p. 55 (1842, nee Gm.)* 
Falco variegatus, Be Selys, F. B. p. 54 (1842, nee Gm.). 
Buteo cinereus, Bp. Ccmsp. i. p. 18 (1850); Locke, Expl. Alger. Ois. 

p. 41 (1867). 
Buteo variabilis, Bailly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 127 (1853). 
Buteo major, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 268. 
Buteo minor, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 268. 
Buteo vulgaris, var. obscura, Peh. Verh. z.~b. Wien, 1862, p. 144. 
Buteo vulgaris, var. etrusca, Peh. torn, cit p. 144. 
Buteo minor, Peh. torn. cit. p. 144 (jiec ECeugl.). 

Nestling. Covered with white down ; the sprouting feathers dark 
"brown with rufous margins. 
Young from the nest Above sooty brown, most of the feathers with 
plain rufous margins and mottled with rufous on both webs, having 
also one or two rounded white spots concealed near the base; head 
and hind neck dark brown, the feathers margined with pale ochre, 
producing a streaked appearance; sides of face light brown, streaked 
with darker brown; chin white; cheeks and throat white, with small 
streaks of dark brown; breast sooty brown, occupying the centre of 
the feathers, which are ochre at base and near the tip ; centre of the 

27. BUTEO. 187 
belly ochre, slightly spotted with sooty brown, the under tail-coverts 
narrowly streaked with the latter colour; flanks sooty brown, margined 
with ochre and mottled at base with white spots; thighs sooty 
brown, with broad ochraceous margins ; quills, as far as developed, 
blackish brown, the secondaries more chocolate, barred with blackish 
brown on the inner web, very distinctly on the secondaries, where 
the interspaces are ashy white; tail brown, tipped with pale rufous, 
and barred with blackish brown. 

Young (fully grown). Answering almost precisely to the foregoing 
description ; quills dark brown, secondaries with ashy white tips, 
white for the greater part of the inner web, the primaries inclining 
above to ashy brown on the basal half, with three cross bars of dark 
brown; tail ashy brown, with pale rufous tips, crossed with ten bars 
of darker brown, the basal ones less strongly denned and merged 
together, the interspaces strongly shaded with rufous, and mottled 
with dark brown vermieulations. 

Adult male. Above ashy brown, the scapulars and wing-coverts 
rather paler and inclining to whitish on their margins; the nape 
slightly streaked with white, as also the forehead and sides of the 
face, more especially the hind part of the cheeks; under surface of 
body yellowish white, the flanks and thighs more or less uniform 
brown, mottled with white spots near the base of the feathers, and 
slightly margined with rufous, the throat very narrowly streaked 
with brown, the breast more broadly, but the marks here of unequal 
width and more or less narrowing or breaking up, the abdomen again 
narrowly streaked; under tail-coverts bufry white, with a few subterminal 
spots of brown; primaries dark brown, externally shaded 
with ashy grey, and crossed with bars of darker brown, less distinct 
on the secondaries, which are paler brown like the back; all the 
quills white for two thirds of the inner web; tail ashy brown, slightly 
rufescent towards the tip, and crossed with twelve or thirteen bands 
of darker brown; cere yellow; bill bluish black, darker towards 
tip; feet yellow; iris yellowish brown. Total length 22 inches, 
culmen 1-45, wing 15, tail 9, tarsus 3*1. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather clearer brown and 
a little more rufescent, especially on the chest and thighs, which are 
more uniform than in the male described. Total length 23 inches, 
wing 16-5, tail 9-5, tarsus 3*1. 

Rah. Europe generally, but replaced in $F. Africa and in Eastern 
Europe, from the Yolga districts and Southern Ural, by B* deser


torum. 
a* Ad. sk. Great Britain. 
h. Ad. sk. Wales. 
c. Ad. st.
d. 3 ad. st.
e. Pull. st.
/*. J ad. st.
g. c? ad. sk.
h. Juv. sk.
t. Ad. sk. 
Monmouthshire. 
Devonshire. 
Devonshire. 
Devonshire. 
Hickling, Norfolk. 
Europe. 
Europe. 
Bev. A. Morgan [P.]. 
G. Leach, Esq. HP.]. 
G. Leach, Esq. [P.J. 
Baron A. von Hiigel [0.]. 
M. Baillon. 
M, Baillon. 

188 FALCONIILE. 
k Pull. St. Purchased. 
I Ad. sk. 
m. Juv. sk. 
n, o. Ad. sk. 
p. Ad. sk. 
#-#. Juv. sk. 
y. <$ juv. sk. 
1 
Archangel. 
Belgium, June 15, 1872. 
Thuringia. 
Thuringia, autumn of 1873. 
Thuringia. 
Thuringia, autumn of 1872. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Brussels Museum [P J. 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. fP." 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P / 
E. B. SharpeJ Esq. I P." 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P / 

%, a, b\ § juv.sk. Thuringia, autumn of 1872 E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P/ 

and 1873. 
c\ S ad. sk. Turkey in Europe (Robson). J. Gould, Esq. [P.], 
ef. Ad. sk. Asia Minor {Robson), J. Gould, Esq. [P.I. 
e'. Ad. sk. Plain of Acre. Canon Tristram [C.]. 

/' . Skeleton. Zoological Society. 
g\ Skeleton. Purchased. 
h',i'. Skulls. Dr. Giinther. 

Jc'. Skulls. W. Yarrell, Esq. [P.]. 

^~j' . Sterna. Purchased. 

14. Buteo borealls. 
American Buzzard, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 49 (1781). 
Bed-tailed Buzzard, Penn. Arctic Zool. p. 205 (17bo). 
Leverian Falcon, Penn. torn. cit. p. 200 {1785). 
Falco borealis, Gm. S. 2V". i. p. 200 (1788j ; Wils. Am. Onu vi. p. 75, 


pi. 52.fig. 1 (1812); Atidub. B. Am. pi. 51, et Ora. Biogr. i. p. 205 
(1831). 
Ealco leverianus, Gm. S. X. i. p. 206 (1788 J ; Wik. Am. Onu vL 

p. 78, pi. 52. fig. 2 (1812). 
Accipiter ruficaudus, Vieill Ois. Am. Sept pi. 14 bis (1807). 
Buteo ferruginieaudus, Vieill torn, cit pi. 6 (1807). 
Buteo americanus, Vieill. X. Diet iv. p. 477 (1816). 
Buteo boreaiis, Vieill X. Diet IT. p. 478 (1816) ; Less. TraiU, p. 70 
(1831) j Sw. §* Mich. Faun. Bor.-Am. Bird®, p. 50 (1831) ; Gosse, 

B. Jam. p. 11, pi. 2 (1849) j Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 11 (1849); Bp. 
Consp. I p. 19 (1850) ; Cass. B. Calif, p. 97 (1855) $ Strickl. Orn. 
Syn. p. 29 (1855) ; Cass, m Beard'* B. X. Am. p. 25 (1860): 
Bryant, Pr. Bost JSoc. X. M. Tiii. p. 108 (1862) j Pelz. VerL z,-b. 
Wien, 1862, p. 148; Schl Mm. P.-B. Buteones, p. 8 (1862); Gray, 
JSand-l B. i. p. 7 (1869); Allen, Bull tfarv. Coll. ii. p. 323 (1871) : 
Coues, Key X. Am. B. p. 216 (1872) j Gundl. J. f. O. 1872, p. 366; 
Schl Revue Accipitr. p. 107 (1873); Set &- Salv. Ko?nmcl Av. 
Xeotr. p. 118 (1873). 
Buteo leverianus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 340 (1824). 
Astur boreaiis, Cuv. Regn. An. i p. 332 (1829), 
Astur leverianus, Cuv. torn, cit p. 332 (1829). 
Buteo ventralis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 10; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 


Birds, p. 27 (1841); Gray, Cat Accipitr. 1844, p. 18 ; Strichl Orn. 
Syn. p. 31 (1855); ^ Cass. XI. S. Exph Exp. p. 94, pi. iii.fig. 2 (1858). 
Pcecilopternis boreaiis, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 332. 

Young. Above brown, the head and hind neck streaked with 
white ; lores whitish, as also sides of face, streaked with brown, the 
cheeks uniform dark brown; the greater wing-coverts and upper 
tail-coverts tipped and Irregularly barred with white; quills 
brown, rather darker towards the tips and barred with dark brown, 
secondaries broadly tipped with white, the' inner webs white, the 

27. BUTEO. 189 
secondaries barred with brownish ; tail brown, slightly washed with 
rufous, tipped with whitish and crossed with nine bars of darker 
brown ; nnder surface of body pure white, the chest entirely so, the 
throat narrowly streaked with dark brown, a little broader on the 
breast, and inclining to arrow-shaped spots on the Hanks and 
abdomen; under tail-coverts pure white; thighs white, with small 
transverse spots of pale rufous; under wing-coverts white, with a 
few spots of dark brown. 

Male. Uniform brown, the greater coverts lighter and varied with 
whitish spots and bars ; upper tail-coverts buny white, with rufous 
brown cross bars; tail uniform tawny rufous, tipped with buny 
white, and crossed with a subterminal band of blackish brown; sides 
of face uniform brown like the head; under surface of body whitish, 
the breast streaked and the abdomen mottled with bars of dark 
brown; cere and gape greenish yellow; bill bluish black; feet 
yellow; iris pale amber. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1*55, 
wing 15-4, tail 8-5, tarsus 3*6. 

Adult female. Larger than male. Total length 25 inches, wing 
17*5, tail 9*5, tarsus 3*8. 
EaL Eastern States of RForth America, extending to Cuba, Jamaica, 
and the "West Indies. 

a. Ad. sk. N. America. * Admiral Back [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. N. America. *Sir John Franklin [P.]. 
c. Juv. st. Quebec. D. W. Mitchell, Esq. [P.], 
d. e. Ad. sk. Delaware, XL S. E. Doubleday, Esq. [P.]. 
/ , g. Juv. st. Delaware, U, S. E. Doubleday, Esq. "P.*. 
h. Juv. sk. Delaware, CJ. S. E. Doubleday, Esq. "P.]. 
*. Juv. st. S. Nevis, W. I. W. Cottle, Esq. [P.J. 
h. Juv. sk. Jamaica. Purchased. 

Subsp. a. Buteo montanust. 
Buteo montanus, Nutt. Man. i. p. 112 (1833); Cass, in Bawd's B. 

N. Am. p. 26 (1860)* Gray, Kand-l. B. i. p. 7 (1869); Cooper, 
B. CaMf. ed. Baird, p. 469 (1871). 
Buteo calurus, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1855, p. 281* Strichl. Orn. Syn. 
p. 38 (1855) ; Cass, in Bairtfs B. K Am. p. 22, pi. 14 (I860); 
Gray, JSand-L B. i p. 7 (1869) j Cooper, B. Calif ed. Baird, p. 471 
Young (with tufts of down still adhering to tips of tail-feathers). 
Above dark brown, the head and nape streaked with deep rufous 
ochre, with which also the dorsal feathers are slightly, and the 
scapulars and wing-coverts conspicuously margined; small coverts 
terminally spotted and the greater series plainly half-barred with 
white; feathers of lower back and rump margined with rufous; 
upper tail-coverts broadly barred with brown and white, the latter 
often tinged with rufous on inner web; tail sepia-brown, plainly 
tipped with white and crossed with nine bars of darker brown; 

* Collected during the Northern Land Expedition. 
t Another subspecies not seen by me is Buteo leucamnus, Kidgway, in Coues's 
Key, p. 216 (1872), Hah. Cape S. Lucas. 

19 0 FA1C0XIDJE. 

quills brown, primaries black at tip, slightly tipped with whitish, 
barred with darker and more purplish brown, lower surface of quills 
white, secondaries barred with brown; eyebrow and sides of face 
rufous, streaked with brown ; cheeks nearly uniform dark brown; 
lores white; under surface of body yellowish buff, the throat slightly, 
the breast more broadly streaked with brown, belly and flanks conspicuously 
marked with large trefoil spots of dark brown; flanks 
barred with pale rufous brown; under tail-coverts almost entirely 
white; under wing-coverts white, the small ones largely, the greater 
ones more minutely, spotted with dark brown. 

Adult female. Above dark brown, a little lighter on the scapulars 
and wing-coverts, which are varied slightly with fulvous brown tips 
and mottlings; upper tail-coverts and tail clear tawny, slightly 
mottled and barred with rufous, remains of ten bars being distinguishable 
on the latter; lores whitish; head and neck all round, 
including throat and under surface of body, smoky brown, the neck 
slightly and the chest very plainly inclining to rufous, of which 
there are a few remains of bars on the thighs; under tail-coverts 
rufous, barred with smoky brown; under surface of tail creamy 
rufous, with scarcely any indications of bars; under wing-coverts 
uniform smoky brown, the lower ones whitish, with brown bars. 
Total length 24*5 inches, culmen 1*8, wing 17, tail 9-2, tarsus 3*8, 

Adult male. Exactly similar to the female, but smaller. Total 
length 21*5 inches, wing 16*1, tail 9, tarsus 3*6. 

Sab. Western 3forth America, throughout Central America, and 
ranging in winter to the southernmost parts of the South American 

continent. 
a. Juv. st.
5. $ ad. sk. 
Sumass Prairie, B. C. 
West side of RockyMountains. 
J. IL Lord, Esq. [0.1. 
J. K, Lord, Esq. [C, J. 
c,d.S $ juv. sk. West side of RockyMountains. 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.], 
e. Juv. sk.
/ . Ad. st.
g. $ ad. st.
h. § ad. st.
i. J ad. sk,
h. tf juv. sk.
I tf ad. skm. Juv. sk.
n. Ad. sk. 
California. 
San Francisco, Gal. 
Mexico. 
Mexico. 
Mexico. 
Mexico. 
Mexico. 
San Jose^ Costa Rica. 
Guatemala. 
G. Barclay, Esq. [P.], 
Admiral Sir E. Belcher [P.]. 
Purchased. 
M. A. Boucard [C.]. 
Zoological Society. 
Purchased. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
H. Van Patten [C.]. 
Purchased, 
o. Ad. sk. Panama. Purchased. 
p. Juv. st. Sta. Cruz, Patagonia. C. Darwin, Esq. [C.]. Type 

of JB. ventralw. 

The case of the Peregrines appears to repeat itself here in the 
Red-tailed Buzzards of America, inasmuch as the western birds are 
different, being much larger, more powerful, and darker-plumaged 
than the eastern or ordinary specimens of B. borealis. The Museum 
contains a fine series; and if the whole of the plumages of B. borealis 
are represented (which is perhaps doubtful), the western bird 
must be specifically separated, or must at least rank as a subspecies. 

27. BCTEO. 191 
15. Buteo harlani 
Falco harlani, And. B.Am, i. pi. lxxxvi.; id. Orn. Biogr. p. 441 (1830). 

Buteo harlani, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Am. p. 3 (1888); Gray, 
Cat. Aseipiir. 1844, p. IS; Cass. B. Calif, p. 101 (1855); StriekL 
Om. Syn. p. 31 (1855); ScL P. Z. S. 1857, p. 211; Cooper, B. Calif, 
ed. Baird, p. 473 (1871) ; (hues, Key to N. Am. B. p. 216 (1872). 

Adult (type of species). Uniform deep brown with a chocolate 
gloss, the scapulars and wing-coverts with concealed ashy brown 
bands and tips, the former as well as the feathers of the head and 
hind neck much varied with white at the base; quills brown, 
externally ashy grey, inclining to silvery grey on outer web of 
primaries, all barred across with darker brown, the inner webs 
white below, the cross bars distinct towards the tips, but reduced 
to frecklings towards the base, the primaries uniform brown for 
apical half; upper tail-coverts brown, mottled and barred with 
rufous on the central and with white on the outer ones; tail ashy 
grey above, washed with rufous, tipped with rufous white or ashy 
white, before which a broad subterminal bar of black, all the rest 
of the feathers mottled and freckled with black, the under surface 
of the tail white, with a few blackish frecklings; sides of head and 
under surface of body sooty brown, the cheeks blackish, and the 
generality of the feathers varied with white bases; under tail-
coverts brown, washed with rufous or with white, with which they 
are also barred and tipped. Total length 22-5 inches, culmen (imperfect, 
about) 1*7, wing 15*3, tail 10, tarsus 3*4. 

Young. Beep brown, some of the feathers of the head and inter-
scapulary region slightly margined with ochraceous buff, the upper 
tail-coverts barred on outer and spotted on inner web with the same 
colour; the median coverts notched on the inner web with whitish 
buff; primaries blackish, the secondaries deep brown, barred with 
blackish brown, the bars showing very distinctly below, where the 
inner webs are whitish; tail brown, tinged with pale rufous, tipped 
with whity brown and crossed with twelve bars of deeper brown; 
sides of face and of neck deep brown, the feathers margined with 
ochraceous, causing a distinctly streaked appearance, the cheeks 
blackish; under surface of body deep brown, broadly streaked with 
ochraceous, which forms broad margins or spots on the feathers, 
the thighs rufeseent, with broad bars of dark brown; under tail-
coverts barred across with dark brown and pale fulvous; under 
wing-coverts dark brown, the feathers barred, spotted, or margined 
with rufous ochre. 

Hah. Southern United States to Guatemala. 

a. Ad. sk. Louisiania. J. J. Audubon, Esq. [P.]. Type of species. 
b. Imm, sk. Western Mexico. Purchased. 
16. Buteo lineatas. 
Barred-breasted Buzzard, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 56 (1781). 
Eed-shouldered Falcon, Penn. Arctic Zool p. 206 (1785), 
Winter Falcon, Penn. torn, tit p. 207 (1785). 


192 EALCOSIDJE. 

Falco lineatus, £w. S. K L p. 268 (1788); Wils. Am. Orn. vi. p. B6, 
pi. 53. fig. 3 (1812) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. I p. 296 (1831). 
Falco hyemalis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 274 (1788); Wih. Am. 0m. iv. 

p. 78. pi. 35 (1811); And. B. Am. I pis. 56, 71, «* 0r». -S%n i. 
p. 364 (1831). 
Circus hyemalis, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 7 (1807). 
Buteo fuscus, Vieill torn. tit. pi. 5 (1807). 
Nisus hiemalis, Cwv. Regne An. i. p. 334 (1829). 
Astur fuscus, Bp. Oss. Regno An. Cut. p. 37 (1830). 
Buteo hienialis, Less. TraiU, p. 81 (1831). 
Astur hiemalis, Jard. ed. Wih. Am. Orn. ii. p. 72, pi. 35. %. 1 (1832). v 
Buteo lineatus, Jard. ed. Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 290 (1832) ; Gray, 
Gen. B. p. 12 (1849) ; Bp. Cmisp. i. p. 19 (1850); Cass. B. Calif. 

p. 99 (1855) ; Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 31 (1855); Cass, in Bairns B. 
N.Am. p. 28 (1860); Feb. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 150; ScM. 
Mus. P.-B, Buteones, p. 20 (1862); Gray, JELand-l. B. i. p. 7 
(1869) ; Allen, Bull Harv. Coll ii. p. 329 (1871) ; Corns, Key JV. 
Am. B. p. 217 (1872) ; &?J. # Sate. Xommcl. Av. Xeotr. p. 119 
(1873) ; Schl Revue Accipitr. p. 108 (1873). 
Poecilopternis lineatus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 330. 
Buteo elegans, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1855, p. 281; Strickl Orn. Syn. 


p. 38 (1855); Cass, in Baird's B. N. Am. p. 28 (1860); Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 7 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 477 
(1871). 
Young. Above brown, the head, nape, and sides of neck much 
streaked with white; the dorsal and scapular feathers with white 
bases to the feathers, more or less concealed and margined with 
ochraceous buff, more inclining to rufous on the small wing-coverts; 
greater and median coverts brown, margined and barred with 
white, forming a distinct pattern ; quills brown, tipped with white, 
primaries white or rufous, white along basal half of outer web, the 
secondaries less conspicuously so, all barred with darker brown, 
inner web white, the bars distinct on secondaries, but obsolete on 
primaries; upper tail-coverts white, with spots of brown, the subterminal 
one large and rounded; tail pale tawny rufous near the 
base, ashy brown towards the tip, which is white, and crossed with 
eight or nine bars of darker brown, of greater or less distinctness ; 
lores, eyebrow, and sides of face white; cheeks dark brown, forming 
a distinct stripe ; sides of neck brown, streaked with white ; under 
surface of body white, the throat narrowly streaked with brown 
down the centre, the breast with larger spade-shaped spots of 
brown, inclining to oval drops on flanks, and gradually vanishing 
on thighs and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts buffy white, 
with a few longitudinal streaks of brown. 

Adult. Above brown, with rufous buff margins to the feathers, 
producing a somewhat streaked appearance, especially on the head 
and neck, where the margins are much paler; lores and frontal 
feathers white; ear-coverts whitish, narrowly streaked with brown; 
cheeks dark brown, with slight rufescent streaks; least wing-
coverts tawny rufous, forming a conspicuous shonlder-patch, the 
feathers dark brown in the centre; rest of wing-coverts ashy brown, 
externally spotted with white, forming a chequered pattern on the 

27 . BT7TE0. 193 
outer aspect of wing; quills also ashy brown, marked externally 

with white in the same manner, the primaries slightly margined 

with rufous on outer web, secondaries paler and obsoletely barred 

across with light brown, tipped, but not so distinctly spotted, with 

white; under surface of wing whitish, barred across with pale 

brown, the subterminal bar broadest; feathers of back rufeseent, 

with brown tips; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dark 

brown, the latter tipped and barred with white; tail black, tipped 

narrowly with white, and crossed with five narrow bands of white, 

two of them concealed; under surface of body pale rufous, with 

faint whitish cross bars ; throat browner, streaked with dull white, 

the breast-feathers also distinctly marked with central stripes of 

dark brown; thighs buff, with rufous cross bars ; under tail


coTerts white, with slight remains of rufous barring; under wing-

coverts rufous buff, streaked with darker rufous or brown, the axil


laries barred across with darker rufous; lower under wing-coverts 

whitish, barred with ashy brown; cere yellow; bill bluish black; 

feet yellow; claws black; iris bright amber. Total length 21 inches, 

culmen 1*4, wing 13*2, tail 8'5, tarsus 3*1. 

Hab* North America, to which it is confined, wintering in Texas 

and the southernmost States. 

a. Juv. st. Delaware, U.S.A. E. Doubleday, Esq. [P.]. 
' b. Ad. sk. Delaware, U.S.A. E. Doubleday, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Juv. st. San Francisco, Cal. Oapt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. N. America. J. Gould, Esq. 
e. Juv. sk. California. G. Barclay, Esq. [P.]. 
/ . $ juv. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
g. $ ad. sk. ~W. Mexico. Purchased. 
A. 5 juv. sk. W. Mexico. Purchased. 
i. Skeleton. 
17. Buteo latissimus. 
Falco pennsylvanicus, Wils. Am. Orn. vi. p. 92, pi. 54 fig. 1 (1812, 

nee v. pi. 46. fig. 1) ; Aud. B. Am, i. pi. 91, et Orn. Biogr. L p. 461 

(1831). 

Falco latissimus, Wils, ut supra (in later published copies). 

Falco wilsoni, Bp, Journ. Ac. Sc. N. Y. (teste Strickland). 

Sparvius platypteras, Bonn, et Vieill Eric. MSth. iii. p. 1273 (1823). 

Astur pennsylvanicus, Ciw. JRegne An. i. p. 332 (1829). 

Buteo pennsylvanicus, Bp. Oss. Beg. An. Cuv. p. 35 (1830); Gray, 

Gen. B. i. p. 12 (1849); Cass. B. Calif, p. 100 (1855) j Strichl Orn. 
Sun. p. 32 (1855) 5 Cass, in Baird, A 2T. Am. p. 30 (1860); Schl 
Mus. P.~B. Buteones, p. 20 (1862) 5 Gray, BCand-l B. i. p. 7 (1809); 
Allen, Bull Barv. Coll. ii. p. 330 (1871); Gundl. J. f. 0.1871, 

p. 266; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 396 (1871); Cones, Key JV. Am. B. 
p. 217 (1872); Schl Revue Accipitr. p. 109 (1873) ; Scl # Salv. 
Nbmmel. Av. Neotr. p. 119 (1873). 
Astur latissimus, Jard. ed. Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 294 (1832). 
Pcecilopternis wilsoni, Kemp, Isis, 1847, p. 330. 
Buteo wilsoni, Bp. Consp. i. p. 19 (1850). 

Young. Above brown; the feathers of the back somewhat washed 

VOL. I. p 

194 FALCOaiDiE. 

with, rufous on their margins ; head and nape streaked with white, 
the latter more plainly; lores whitish; sides of face white, the 
ear-coverts streaked with dark brown; cheeks entirely brown, 
forming a distinct facial stripe; under surface of body white; 
throat with a mesial streak of dark brown, breast broadly streaked 
with the same, the markings on the flanks and thighs more oval in 
shape and tinged with rufous; under tail-coverts white; under 
wing-coverts white, with a few longitudinal spots of dark brown ; 
upper wing-coverts like back; quills brown, indistinctly barred 
with dark brown, obsolete on outer web of primaries; inner web of 
quills white, with dark brown bars on secondaries; upper tail-coverts 
spotted on both webs and tipped with white; tail light brown, crossed 
with five or six bands of darker brown. 

As in most other Buzzards, the change from young to adult plumage 
is characterized by a darker and more uniform plumage beneath. 
This is acquired by a direct change of feather, the brown 
centres to the feathers widening out and occupying the greater part 
of the feather; and then, by the inroad of the white spots, a mottled 
appearance is produced on the breast and a barred plumage on the 
abdomen, where the white extends across the feathers. 

Adult female. Above brown; the nape mottled with bufly white ; 
the wings rather lighter than the back, the tips to the secondaries 
whitish, but otherwise coloured as in the young; outer upper tail-
coverts tipped with white; tail brown, tipped with brownish white, 
and crossed with two bands only of the same colour ; lores whitish ; 
sides of face rufous brown, streaked with blackish brown; the cheeks 
blackish ; throat buff, streaked with blackish brown; breast rufous 
brown, mottled with white spots of irregular shape on both webs 
of the feathers, taking the form of regular bars on the belly and 
flanks, which are barred with rufous and white, the thighs more 
narrowly and the under tail-coverts very sparingly; under wing-
coverts buff, with smaE rufous markings; cere and gape yellow; 
bill black, bluish at base; feet dirty orange-yellow; iris bright 
amber. Total length 16 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 11*4, tail 7, 
tarsus 2-6. 

Adult male. Similar to the female, but not quite so rufous, and 
smaller in size. Total length 15 inches, wing 10*7, tail 6*8, tarsus 
2-35. 

Eab. Eastern ISTorth America and the Antilles, ranging south 
through the whole of Central America into Columbia and Epper 
Amazonia. 

a. <$ juv. St. Quebec. D. W. Mitchell. Esq. [P.]. 
k cf ad. sk. Quebec. D. W. Mitchell, Esq. [P.]. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Poland, Ohio. Professor Kirtland [P. i. 
d. $ ad. sk. Caracas. Mr. Dyson [C.]. 
e. 3 ad. sk. Chamicuros, Peruvian E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.]. 
Amazons, Jan. 1,1868. 
5 ad. sk. Chamicuros, Peruvian E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.]. 
Amazons, Dec. 30,1867. 
9> c? juv. sk Panama. Purchased. 

28. ARCHrBTJTEO. 
28. 
ARCHIBTJTEO. 
Type. 
Archibuteo, Hrehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1269 A. lagopus. 
Triorcliis, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 84 (1829).... A. lagopus. 
Butaetes, Less. TraiU, p. 83 (3831) A. lagopus. 
Lagopus, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 37 A. ferrugineus. 
Hemiaetus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 81 (1844) A. strophiatus. 

•" iff*"' 
Tarsus of Archibuteo lagopus, with feathering parted to show scales 

Hange, The whole of North America and Mexico. All the 
northern and central portions of Europe, as well as northern Asia 
generally, not entering the Indian peninsula. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Planks and thighs brown. 
a\ Crown of head, throat, and chest white or 
bufly white, streaked with brown lagoptis, p. 196. 
b'. Similar to above, but much darker, and 
haying a greater extent of black on lower 
surface sanctijohannis} p. 107. 

c\ 
Crown of head, throat, and chest uniform 
brown sfrophiatuSj p. 199. 

b. Flanks white; thighs bright chestnut fawncolour 
, ferritffineu&j p. 199. 
1>2 

196 PA.LC0tfID.2B. 

1. Archibuteo lagopus. 
Le Fancon a teste blanche, Briss. Orn. i. p. 325 (1760). 

Falco lagopus, Gm. S. W. i. p. 260 (1788, ex Briimi.); Xaum. Vog. 

DeutscM. i. p. 35% Taf. 34 (1822); Schl. u. Susem. Vog. Eur. Taf. 34 

(1839). 

Falco sclavonicus, Lath. 2nd. Orn. p. 26 (1790). 

La JBuse gant^e, Levaill. Ok. dAfr. i. p. 79, pi. 18 (1799). 

Buteo pennatus, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 156 (1800). 

Falco plumipes, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 163 (1800, ex Levaill.). 

Buteo lagopus, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. fye. Brit. Mils. p. 10 (1816); 

Gould, B. Eur. i. pi 15 (1838); Macgill Brit. B. iii. p. 193 (1840); 
Yarr. Brit B. i. p. 87 (1843); Bailly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 133 (1853); 
Schl Vog. Nederl pis. 33, 34 (1854); Midd. Sibir. Beis. p. 126 
(1853); Schl. Mm. P.-B. Buteones, p. 1 (1862): Sundev. Sv. Fogl 

p. 227, pi. xxvii. fig. 5 (1869); Newt. ed. Yarn Brit. B. i. p. 117 
(1871); Schl. Heme Aecip.tr. p. 105 (1873). 
Archibuteo planiceps, Brehm, Vog. DeutscM. p. 40 (1831). 
Archibuteo alticeps, Brelim, torn. cit. p. 41 (1831). 
Butaetes buteo, Less. Traiie, p. 82 (1831). 
Butaetes lagopus, Bp. Conip. List B. Eur. fy N. Am. p. 3 (1838). 
Archibuteo lagopus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 3 (1841); id. Gen. B. L 

p. 12, pi. 5. fig. 1 (1849) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 38 (1855) ; Fritsch, 
Vog. Eur. p. 20, Taf. 5. fig. 9 (1858); Xeici. Ooth. Wolley. p. 121 
(1864) ; Degl $ Gerhe} Orn. Europ. i. p. 64 (1861); Gray, Ilaml-l. 
B. i. p. 9 (1869); Salvud. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 10 (1871). 
Adult female. Entire bead and neck white, streaked with dark 
brown, more especially on the cheeks and sides of neck; upper surface 
of body deep brown; the scapulars and least wing-coverts with 
conspicuous white bases, and most of the feathers margined with 
fawn-colour, producing a somewhat streaked appearance; quills 
brown, the primaries externally ashy grey, and inclining to blackish 
brown towards the tip, the secondaries browner, and tipped narrowly 
with whitish, all the quills white for greater extent of inner 
web; upper tail-coverts pure white, with a distinct subterminal bar 
of blackish brown; tail white for two thirds of its length, shading 
off into ashy brown tinged with rufous, with a broad subterminal 
band of black before a whitish tip; under surface of body white ; 
the throat washed with buff like the sides of the neck and narrowly 
streaked with dark brown, these streaks broader but more irregular 
in shape on the breast; belly and flanks entirely dark brown, except 
in the centre of the abdomen, which is mottled with fulvous; thighs 
and tarsal feathers fulvous white, with numerous spots of brown; 
under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts white, streaked more 
or less with dark brown, the lower series white at base, ashy brown 
towards tip; cere yellow; bill dark horn-colour; feet yellow; claws 
dark horn-colour; iris hazel. Total length 26 inches, culmen 1*459 

wing 18*7, tail 10, tarsus 3*1. 

Adult male. A little smaller than the female. Total length 

22-5 inches, wing 17*1, tail 10, tarsus 2-8. 

Young.^ Differing very little from the adult bird, from which it 

may be distinguished by its browner colour, especially on the under 

parts, by the more streaked appearance of the breast, and by the 

28 . ABCHIBTJTEO. 
197 

greater extent of brown on the tail, which occupies the terminal 
half, and does not exhibit a perceptible subterminal band. 

Hah. The northern and central portions of Europe and Siberia, 
becoming rarer in the central parts, and of accidental occurrence in 
Southern Europe, occasionally visiting South Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Great Britain. 
b. JUT. st. Norfolk. 
c. 2 Juv-s**
d. e. <$ § ad. st.
f. $ ad. st.
V, h. d $ ad. sk.
L 3 ad. sk.
k. Juv. sk.
I. Juv. sk.
m. Juv. st.
n. Juv. sk.
o. Sternum. 
Kent. 
Epping Forest. 
Europe. 
Thuringia. 
Thuringia. 
Southern Ural. 
Sarepta. 
Port Natal. 
Port Natal. 
Br. Latham [P.], 
H. Doubleday, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 
Dr. Strader [O.j. 
Dr. Strader [C.I. 
Sir A. Smith [U.J. 
Sir A. Smith [C.J. 
W. Yarrell, Esq. p\]. 

2. Archibuteo sancti johannis. 
S. John's Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 77 (1781); Penn. Arctic Zool 
Birds, p. 200, pi. ix. %. 2 (1785). 
Placentia Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. I p. 76 (1781). 
Falco sancti johannis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 273 (1788). 
Falco spadiceus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 273 (1788). 
Buteo spadiceus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 34 (1807). 
Falco lagopus, Wih. Am. Orn. iv. pi. 33. fig. 1 (1811) ,* Audub. B. 

Am. pis. 166,422, et Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 377 (1831). 
Falco mger, Wih. Am. Orn. v. pi. 53. figs. 1, 2 (1812). 
Buteo ater, Vieill. N. Diet. iv. p. 482 (1816). 
Buteo mger, Steph. Gen. Zool xiii. p. 47 (1826). 
Buteo sancti johannis, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 323 (1817); Jard. ed. 

Wih. Am. Orn. ii. pp. 287,288 (1832) j Schl Mus. B.-B. Buteones, 

p. 3 (1862). 
Buteo lagopus, Sw. $* Mich. Faun. Bor.-Am. Birds, p. 52 (1831). 
Butaetes sancti johannis, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. & N. Am. p. 3 
(1838). 

Archibuteo sancti johannis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 12 (1849); Bp. Consp. 
L p. 18 (1850) ; Cass. B. Calif. § Texas, p. 103 (1855) j Strickl 
Orn. Syn. p. 40 (1855) ; Cass! in Baird, B. K Am. p. 32 (1860); 
Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 10 (1869): Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird. 

p. 485 (1870). 
Archibuteo 
lagopus, Cass. B. Calif. §* Texas, p. 104 (1855) j id. in 
Baird, B. Jv. Am. p. 32 (1860) ; Ball $ Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. 

p. 272 (1869); Cooper, B. Calif p. 483 (1870). 
Archibuteo niger, Feb. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 153. 
Archibuteo lagopus, var. sancti-johannis, Coues, Key to N. Am. B. 
p. 218 (1872). 
Young. Above brown; the feathers of the back, scapulars, and 
wing-coverts margined with ochraceous buff or fawn-colour, most 
of the feathers with conspicuous white bases; the lower back and 
rump uniform ashy brown; the outer upper tail-coverts white, tinged 
with fulvous, and subterminaUy spotted with dark brown; quills 
brown, the secondaries lighter, and tipped with whitish, the inner 

198 tfALCOMDJS. 

web white for the greater part, blackish towards the tip; tail white 
at base, shading into ashy grey, and becoming brown before the 
immediate tip, which is dull white; on the inner webs of some of 
the feathers are some brown spots and bars; head and neck ochraceous 
buff, narrowly streaked with brown, forming on the sides of 
the face a tolerably defined malar stripe; under surface of body 
ochraceous buff, streaked broadly with brown on the breast, and 
more narrowly on the thighs, which are of a deeper ochre; the under 
tail-coverts bufiy white; flanks and abdomen uniform blackish brown; 
under wing-coverts ochraceous, with brown or rufous-brown streaks, 
the lower series entirely dark brown. 

Adult. Above blackish brown, with slight rufous margins to the 
interscapular? feathers and wing-coverts; the scapulars barred with 
fulvous or buoy fawn-colour; lower back and rump blackish brown, 
the upper tail-coverts white, tinged with deep ochre, and barred 
more or less completely with black; tail white at base and at tip, 
uniform brown for rest of extent, washed with rufous or greyish, 
and becoming subterminally blackish brown; quills much as in 
preceding plumage, but more distinctly shaded with grey externally, 
and more plainly barred with brown on the inner web ; head, neck, 
and sides of face whitish, with broad dark brown centres to the 
feathers, which are thus distinctly streaked, the cheeks more plainly, 
thus forming a well-defined malar stripe; under surface of body 
ochraceous buff; the throat streaked with brown, becoming much 
broader on the breast; the thighs widely banded with dark brown ; 
centre of abdomen and under tail-coverts uniform ochraceous; flanks 
and abdomen deep blackish brown, extending a good way up the 
breast; under wing-coverts black, varied with fulvous margins and 
spots, broader on the innermost feathers and axillaries; cere yellow; 
bill blackish; feet yellow; iris yellow. Total length 22 inches, 
culmen 1*5, wing 16*4, tail 9*5, tarsus 2*8. 

Variety. General colour above and below sooty black, with conspicuous 
white lores and frontal feathers, many of the feathers 
slightly shaded with rufous on their margins; nape and hind neck 
whitish; scapulars and wing-coverts with more or less concealed 
spots of white or pale ashy brown; quills blackish, barred with 
lighter brown, externally shaded with ashy grey; upper tail-coverts 
and tail blackish, tipped with ashy white, the latter crossed with 
four or ftve bands of ashy brown, inclining to whity brown on 
inner web. Total length 24 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 17, tail 10, 
tarsus 2*8. 

Hal. Confined to "8orth America. 

a. (S var. sk. Delaware, U.S.A. E. Doubleday, Esq. [P.], 
b. Ad. sk. Labrador. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Sumass Prairie, British J. K. Lord, Esq. [CI]. 
Columbia. 
ij e*,/, Juv. sk Sumass Prairie, British J. K. Lord, Esq. [0.]. 
Columbia. 

28 . AECHIBUTEO. 
3. Archibuteo strophiatus. (Plate YII. fig. 2.) 
Hemiaetos strophiatus, Hodgs. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844). 

Archibuteo strophiatus, Gray, Cat Mamm. & B. Nepal Hodgs. p. 39 

(1846); id. Gen. B. I p. 12 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. I p. 18 (1850) : 

Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 75; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 340. 

Archibuteo hemiptilopus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 1 (1846) *. Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 12 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 18 (1850) ; Jerd. B. Ind. 

i. p. 94 (1862); Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 20; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 10 
(1869); Hume. Rough Notes, ii. p. 232 (1870): id. Stray F L 
p. 315 (1873). 
Archibuteo cryptogenys, Hodgs. Cede. Journ. N. H. viii. p. 94, pi. 5. 
fig. 1 (1847). 
Archibuteo aquilinus, StrickL Orn. Syn. p. 41 (1855). 
Archibuteo asiaticus, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 10 (1869). 
Archibuteo leucoptera, Hume, Stray F. i. p. 318 (1873). 


Adult (type of species). Above brown, rather darker on the inter-
scapulary region, scapulars and wing-coverts margined with paler 
brown; head lighter brown than the back, the hind neck streaked with 
white; lores whitish; an indistinct blackish eyebrow; sides of face 
and neck brown, the ear-coverts varied with fulvous on upper 
margin; entire under surface of body brown, including the tarsal 
feathers, which extend to the root of the toes ; chin slightly varied 
with white, and across the breast a broad irregular band of white, 
many of the breast-feathers slightly shading off into paler brown on 
their margins; quills dark brown, primaries with a slight greyish 
shade externally, secondaries tipped with buffy white, the innermost 
paler brown like the back; primaries white at base of inner web, 
extending a little higher up on the secondaries, which are, however, 
mottled with brown; tail brown above, ashy white beneath, the shafts 
white and the tips buffy white, the feathers crossed with traces of 
seven or eight bars of dark brown, the subterminal one very broad, 
all the others more or less dissolved. Total length 27 inches, culmen 
1*9, wing 19*4, tail 11, tarsus 3-6. 

Hob. ftFepal and Thibet, 
«. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. Type of species 
and specimen figured. 

4. Archibuteo fsmapSsm. 
Falco ferrugineus, Licht. Abhandl. K. Akad. Berlin, 1838, p. 428, 

Lagopus ferrugineus, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 37. 

Archibuteo regalis, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 18^4, p. 19 \ id. and Mitch. 

Gen. J?.pirS(1849).^*^ ^ * 6M" ' • 

Archibuteo ferrugineus, Gray, Gen. B. p. 12 (1849); Cass.B. Calif. 

$ 
Tex. pp. 104, 159, pi. xxvi. (1855); StricH. Orn. Syn. p. 40 

(1855) ; Cass, in BaircTs B. N. Am. p. 34 (1860) ; Gray, Hand-h 

B. i. p. 10 (18C9); Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 482 (1870;; 
Cones, Key N. Am. B. p. 218 (1872). 
Buteo 
californicus, Hid chins, Calif. Mag., March 18-17 (teUe 
Cassin). 

200 FALCONIDJL 


Young. Above brown, the feathers of the nape, back, and scapulars 
white at base, and more or less broadly margined with pale 
fawn-colour; wings much as in the adult, but without any very 
broad rufous margins above; upper tail-coverts brown, tipped with 
rufous, the outer ones pure white, with a broad subterminal spot of 
Hack; tail ashy brown, shaded with clearer grey, and tipped with 
whity brown, before which is a slight indication of a dark brown 
subterminal bar, irregular spots of the same being on most of the 
feathers, all of which have the basal part white; lores whitish, with 

•narrow brown streaks; head brown, with pale fulvous margins to 
the feathers, giving a streaked appearance ; sides of face and of neck 
pure white, streaked with dark brown, more uniform and tinged 
with rufous on the upper margin of the ear-coverts• under surface 
of body pure white, with a few streaks of brown on the side of the 
breast, represented on the flanks by large arrow-shaped spots, much 
smaller on the thighs; tarsal feathers dark brown, varied with 
white ; under wing- and tail-coverts white, the latter streaked with 
brown. 
Adult. Above bright chestnut-fawn, with centres of dark brown 
to the feathers, giving a streaked appearance, the greater wing-
coverts brown, broadly but irregularly margined with pale rufous; 
head, neck, and interscapulary region white, numerously streaked 
with dark brown centres to the feathers, broader on the latter, so 
that it appears nearly uniform brown; ear-coverts blackish; cheeks 
and sides of neck white, with distinct streaks of black; quills deep 
brown, the primaries externally shaded with silvery grey, less distinct 
on the secondaries, which are obscurely barred with darker brown 
and tipped with whitish; lower surface of primaries white for greater 
extent of inner web, blackish towards tip, the secondaries ashy 
white beneath, with remains of cross bars; upper tail-coverts bright 
fawn, irregularly marked down the centre with dark brown, and 
more or less white near the base; tail pale fawn-colour, shaded with 
light ashy grey, and mottled with brown towards the base, which is 
white, as also the inner webs and tips of the feathers* under 
surface of body pure white, with faint fawn-coloured streaks on 
the chest, the flanks more or less distinctly barred with rufous 
brown; thighs bright chestnut-fawn, barred across with dark 
brown, the tarsal feathers rufous brown; under wing-coverts 
white, with a few indications of fawn-coloured spots and streaks; 
cere yellow; bill blackish horn-colour; feet yellow; iris brown. 
Total length 26 inches, culmen 1*9, wing 18*35, tail 10*7, 
tarsus 4-5. 

• Eal. The south-western States of Morfch America to Mexico. 
a. Ad. sk. Real del Monte, Mexico. John PMlipps, Esq. [P.] 
b. Juv. st. Mexico. Zoological Society. 
c. Ad, sk. Mexico. 
v& Juv. st. California. Purchased. 
1 

29 . BUTEOLA. 201 
29. BUTEOLA. 
Type. 

Buteola, Bp. C. R. xli. p. 651 (1855) B. brachyura. 

Bill of Buteola brachyura. 

Range. From Yeragua, in Central America, through Guiana, into 
Amazonia and Peru. 

1. Buteola brachytira. 
Buteo brachyurus, Vieill N. Diet. iv. p. 477 (1816); Gray, Gen. B. L 
p. 12 (1849) ; Backer. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850. p. 80; Bp. torn. 
tit. p. 481; Bah. P. Z. B. 1870, p. 215. 
Falco albifrons, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 187 (1830). 
Buteo melanoleucus, Less. TraiU, p. 82 (1831). 
Astur poliogaster, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. p. 66 (1848). 
Asturina albifrons, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 200; Bp. Consp. i. p. 31 

(1850). 
Astur poliogaster, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. p. 66 (1848). 
Asturina brachyura, Bp, Rev. et Mag. 1850, p. 489 : BtricH. Orn. Byn. 

p. 42 (1855). 
Asturina diadema, Kaup, Rev. et Mag. 1850, p. 489. 
Buteola brachyura, Bp. C. R. xli. p. 651 (1855); Bel $ Bah. P. Z. S. 
1869, p. 130; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 118 (1873). 
Buteo albifrons, Bchl. Mus. B.-B. Buteones, p. 10 (1862); id. Revue 
Accipitr. p. 109 (1873). 

Buteo minutus, Pelz. Sitz. AJcad. Wien, xli v. p. 14 (1862) • id. Verh. 
z.-b.Wien, 1862, p. 141; id. Reis. Mvara, Tog. p. 16 (1865); id. 
Orn. Bras. pp. 3,396 (1871). 

Astur brachyura, Gray, Kand-l. i. p. 30 (1869). 
Buteola minuta, Giebel^ Orn. Thes. i. p. 517 (1872). 


Adult. Entire upper surface, including the sides of the face and 
of the neck, slaty black; a conspicuous loral spot and entire under 
surface white, slightly shaded with dark brown on the sides of the 
breast; quills blackish brown, the secondaries a little clearer brown 
tipped with dull white, the quills white at the base of inner web, the 
primaries freckled and the secondaries indistinctly barred with 
blackish brown; upper tail-coverts shaded with ashy brown near 
the tips, the outermost with concealed white bars; tail ashy brown, 
tipped with dull white, crossed with four bars of blackish brown, the 
under surface paler and inclining to greyish white, causing the 
black cross bands to appear more distinct; under wing-coverts 
white. Total length 15*5 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 1V"6, tail 6-3, 
tarsus 2*25. 

202 
FALCONIDJE. 

Young. Yery similar to the adult, but browner above, the feathers 
being margined with fulvous; the crown and sides of face streaked 
with pale ochre; the under surface, especially the under wing-
coverts, washed with ochre. 

Black variety. All over sooty black, excepting a few streaks of 
white on the forehead, ear-coverts, and throat; the bases of all the 
breast-feathers white; quills black, the secondaries a little browner, 
and decidedly paler brown at tips; tail brown, tipped with paler 
brown, and crossed with eight blackish bands, these being browner 
underneath but very plain, as the interspaces are ashy white; lower 
under wing-eoverts barred with white, the bases of the quills white 
on the inner web for a great extent. Total length 16 inches, 
culmen 1*25, wing 12, tail 6-6, tarsus 2-2, middle toe 1*4. {Mus. 
Lugd.) 

Hah. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Purchased. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Brazil. 
d. Ad. sk. S. America. 
Purchased. 
30. ASTUKmA. 
Type.
Asturina, Vieill. Analyse, p. 24 (1816) A. nitida. 
Rupornis, Kaup, Classif. Stiug. u. Vog. p. 120 (1844} A. magrnirostriij. 
Asturisca, Swidev. Ai\ Tent p. 107 (1873), 

Of. Sdater # Salvin, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 129. 

BIU of Asturina pucheranL 

Range. Prom South-eastern Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru, 
throughout Amazonia, Guiana, and Columbia, Central America, into 
the south-eastern States of N". America. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Thighs banded. 
a'. Thighs white, banded with blackish or ashy 
grey. 
a". Above ashy grey, with transverse whitish 
bands niiida^ p. 203. 
b"> Above uniform dark ashy grey plagiaia, p. 204. 

V. Thighs buff, banded with rufous. 
<?". Bands on tail rufous. 
a'". Head and throat ashy grey; base of primaries 
deep ferruginous rujicauda, p. 205. 
&*". Head 
and throat dark brown; base of 
primaries buff intcherani, p. 205. 

30. ASTUBI^A. 
203 
d". Bands on tail ashy. 

c'". Chest ashy grey 5 hands on breast and 

thighs white, with rufous or pale ashy 

bars 
magnirostris, p. 207, 

d'". Chest rufous ; bands on breast buff, barred 
with rufous nattereri, p. 208. 

b. Thighs uniform, not banded ; plumage black above 
and below leucorrhoa, p. 209. 
1. Astiuma rritida. 
Plumbeous Falcon, Lath, Gen. Syn. Suppl p. 37 (1787). 
Falco nitidus, Lath. Lnd. Orn. i. p. 41 (1790) : Temm. PL Col i. pis. 


87, 294 (1824). 
Azulejo, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 167 (1802). 
Asturina cinerea, Vieill. Analyse, p. 68 (1816) : id. et Oud. Gal. Ois. 

i. pi. 20 (1825). 
Astur nitidus, 
Fig. Zool Journ. i. p. 338 (1824); JD'Orh Voy. Am. 
Mirid. Ois. p. 95 (1847) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 27 (1849) j Burnt. Th. 
Bras.il, p. 68 (1856): Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 46 (1866): Gray. Kand-l 

B.l p. 30(1869). 
Cymincfis cinerea, Less. Man. i. p. 91 (1828). 
Astur striolatus, Cuv. Begne An. i. p. 332 (1829). 
Falco striolatus, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 209 (1830). 
Dsedalion nitidus, Less. Traite, p. Q^> (1831). 
Asturina nitida, Cab. in Schomb. Bets. Guian. iii. p. 737 (1848); JBp. 
Consp. i. p. 30 (1850); Strichl. Orn. Syn. p. 42 (1855); Sold. Mus. 

P.-B. Asturina*, p. 1 (1862) ; Scl $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 130; 

Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 3, 395 (1871) ; Scl $ Salv. Nomencl p. 118 

(1873). 

Asturisca nitida, Sundev* Tent. p. 107 (1873). 

Adult. Above ashy grey, everywhere barred with dull white, the 
head and neck much lighter, secondaries broadly tipped with white; 
primaries dark brown, inclining to ashy grey on the outer web, barred 
with blackish; tinder surface of quills white at the base and on the 
inner web, barred with dusky black; lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts uniform deep ashy, incliuing to blackish, the latter 
broadly tipped with white; tail ashy black above, tipped with 
whitish, and crossed with a broad whitish bar about a third of its 
length from the tip; the under surface paler, and crossed with a 
second lower bar of white; forehead, sides of face, and throat dull 
whitish; rest of under surface transversely barred with ashy grey 
and white, more narrowly on the thigh-feathers; under wing- and 
tail-coverts white, the former with a few bars of ashy grey. Total 
length 16*3 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 9*8, tail 6*8, tarsus 2*6. 

Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length 

18 inches, wing 10*5, tarsus 2*8. 

Young. Above brown, most of the feathers margined and washed 
near the base with rufous; crown of head buffy white, broadly 
streaked with dark brown; forehead, as well as a distinct eyebrow, 
sides of the face, and throat buffy white, unspotted, except as regards 
a few marks of dark brown on the latter; rest of under surface 
buffy white, scantily marked with large spots of dark brown at the 


204 
PALcoNmas. 

tips of the feathers; thighs, under wing-, and tail-coverts clear 
creamy buff; quills creamy buff at base, shading into rufous and 
brown at the tips of the feathers; all the quills barred with blackish 
brown, showing more plainly underneath, the secondaries entirely 
brown, barred only on the inner web; tail alternately barred with 
buffy white and blackish brown, the bars of the latter colour being 
five in number; all the outer feathers, especially the ones having the 
fulvous bars, more or less shaded with ashy brown. 

Hab. Erom S.E. Brazil, throughout Amazonia, Guiana, and Columbia, 
into Panama, 

a. Juv. sk. S. America. 
b. $ ad. sk. BaMa. 
Sudbury Museum. 
c. $ juv. sk. Bahia. 
Dr. Wucherer [C], 
d. <$ ad. sk. North side of River Amazon. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
<?• $ juv. sk. Caracas. Mr. Dyson [0.1 
/. Ad. sk. Demarara. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
g. S ad. sk. South America. Dr. Lidth de Jeude. 
h. $ juv. st. South America. Dr. Lidth de Jeude. 
i. Skeleton. 
Zoological Society. 
2. Asturina plagiata. 
Buteo plagiatus, Licht Nomenel. p. 3 (1854). 
Asiurina nitida (nee Lath.), Cass, in Baird, B. X Am. p. 3o (I860) • 
Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 480 (1870). 

Asturina plagiata, 
Schl. Mus. P.-B. Asturinse, p. 1 Q8G2); Sd. § 
Sah. P. £ S. 1869, p. 131, et Ex. Orn. p. 179, pL xc. (1869); 
Finsch, Abhandl. Ver. Bremen^ 1870, p. 325; Cones, Key W. Am. B, 

p. 218 (1870) * 8d. $ Salv. Mmencl p. 118 (1873). 
Astur plagiatus, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 30 (1869). 
Adult. Above clear ashy grey, not crossed with, whitish bars, the 
head and neck a little lighter, with rather distinct dusky shaft-stripes, 
the lores whitish; primaries blackish, externally shaded with ashy 
grey, the secondaries more decidedly ashy grey like the back, tipped 
with white• all the quills indistinctly barred with blackish, a little 
plainer on the under surface of the wing, which is for the most part 
white; lower upper tail-coverts white for their apical half, the outer 
ones also nearly all white, forming a bar across the base of the tail ; 
tail blackish, tipped with white, and crossed with a distinct band of 
whitish across the middle of the tail, with remains of a lower one 
visible near the base of the tail*. chin whitish, with narrow dusky 
shaft-lines; chest ashy grey, with dusky shaft-lines, varied with 
more or less distinct bars of white, the lower breast, abdomen, and 
thighs banded with white and dull ashy grey, narrower on the 
latter; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts white, with a 
few cross markings of ashy grey; cere and feet yellow. Total 
length 17*5 inches, culmen 1*45, wing 11*1, tail 7*3, tarsus 2-85.' 
. Young. Above brown, the feathers edged with pale rufous, and 
mottled with white at the base and on the sides of the dorsal 
feathers; crown and sides of the face and neck whitish, broadly 
mottled and streaked with dark brown; quills dark brown, the pri


30. AsrtiRixA. 205 
marles blackish, with no perceptible bars on the upper surface, except 
a dark purplish brown subterminal shade on the secondaries ; 
the inner face of the wing buffy white, with a few indistinct bars on 
the inner secondaries; upper tail-coverts dark brown, barred and 
tipped with white; tail brown, tipped with white, before which a 
subterminal indistinct bar of purplish brown, the bars on the other 
feathers principally on the inner webs, and nowhere very distinct; 
under surface of body creamy white, with longitudinal or rounded 
spots of pale rufous, especially distinct on the thighs, less distinct on 
the under wing-coverts, and nearly obsolete on the under tail-
coverts. 

Hah. From Costa Eica and Guatemala northwards to Arizona and 

Illinois. 
a. Juv. sk,
b. Ad. stc. Ad. st.
d. Juv. st.
«?. Skeleton. 
Mexico. 
Guatemala. 
Guatemala. 
Mexico. 
Purchased. 
0. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
Purchased. 
3. Asturina ruficauda. 

Asturina magnirostris, Scl P. Z. S. 1856, p. 285 (nee Gm.); ScL fy 
8afo. Ibis, 1859, p. 217. 
Asturina ruficauda, ScL 8f Safa. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 133, et Ex. Orn. 
pi. Ixxxviii. (1869), et Nomencl p. 118 (1873). 
Adult. Above dull ashy grey, a little clearer on the head and 
sides of the face, the upper tail-coverts tipped with white, and 
barred with black and pale rufous or buff; wing-coverts slightly 
darker and more brown than the back; quills deep chestnut, inclining 
gradually to dark brown at the tips, barred with blackish, 
the bars paler and broader on the secondaries, the outermost of 
which are ashy brown externally, the inner ones uniform ashy, like 
the back; inner face of the wing rufous, the primaries barred and 
tipped with dark brown, the bars becoming obsolete towards the 
inner quills; tail rufous, tipped with ashy, and banded across with 
four broad bars of blackish brown; throat and chest dull ashy grey, 
the former somewhat varied with white, the latter with rufous; 
rest of under surface pale rufous, banded alternately with that 
colour and white, with a few bars of ashy on the breast; under 
tail-eoverts buffy white, with a few obsolete bars of rufous; thighs 
barred with fulvous and pale rufous; under wing-coverts buff, 
slightly spotted and barred with pale rufous, the axillaries plainly 
barred with buff and pale rufous. 
Mab. Central America, from S. Mexico to Panama. 

a. Ad. sk, Chiriqui Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood [P.l 
b. Ad. sk. Pearl Island, Bay of Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood [P.]. 
Panama. 
<?. Ad. sk. Bio Negro, Brazil. Purchased. 

4. Asturina pucherani. 
Esparvero inday£, Azara, Apimt. i. p. 131 (1802). 
206 FALCOTTDJN. 

Astur magniroatris, D'Orb. Voy. Am. Merid. Ois. p. 91(1847) ; HartL 

lnd.Azara,-$.} (1847). 

Falco gularis, Licht. in Mus. Beroln unde 

Rupornis gularis, Licht, JVbmencl p. 3 (1854, descr. nulla). 

Asturiiia pucherani, J. #• E. Verr. Rev. et Mac/, de Zool 1855, p. 350; 

Scl $ Scdv. P. Z. S. I860, p. 133, et Ex. brn. pi. lxxxk. (1869), 

et Nomencl. p. 118 (1873). 

Asturiiia gulans, Schl Mus. P.-B. Asturinse, p. 4 (1862). 

Astur puclierani, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 30 (1869). 

Adult. Above brown, some of the wing-coverts margined with, 
pale rufous, probably the remains of immaturity, the outermost 
upper tail-eoverts fulvous, barred with, rufous; primary coverts 
rufous, mottled and banded near the base, and broadly tipped with 
dark brown; quills deep chestnut, barred and tipped with dark 
brown, the secondaries externally brown, the innermost uniform 
brown, like the back, inclining to dark brown near their tips ; 
inner surface of wing creamy rufous, inclining to chestnut towards 
the tips of the feathers, the primaries externally creamy rufous 
near the base, forming rather a conspicuous mark on the wing, the 
two outermost primaries for the most part brown, rufous only near 
the base, and distinctly barred with dark brown; tail pale rufous, 
crossed with five bands of dark brown, the two basal ones indistinct, 
and not strictly continuous ; head and neck all round a little darker 
brown than the back, blackish on the cheeks and above the eye; 
lores white, the throat also streaked with white; rest of the under 
surface buiry white, very narrowly and indistinctly barred with 
pale rufous, almost obsolete on the chest; under tail-coverts uniform 
buiry white; under wing-coverts pale rufous. Total length 
18 inches, culmen 1-35, wing 10*9, tail 8*2, tarsus 2-65. 

Young. Above brown, the feathers edged with fulvous, the upper 
tail-coverts buff, broadly barred with brown; wings much as in the 
adult, but paler rufous, especially the exterior patch on the primaries, 
which is light buff, barred with blackish; tail with five 
bands of dark brown, as in the adult, but all broad and clearly defined, 
the basal bar very distinct, the interspaces cinereous, the 
lower ones approaching to rufous; the crown, and especially the 
hind neck streaked with light buff; a distinct eyebrow and the 
sides of the face also buff, narrowly streaked with dark brown; 
upper margin of ear-coverts entirely dark brown ; under surface of 
body buffy white, the throat very narrowly, the chest very broadly 
streaked with pale brown, the latter with a slight wash of rufous; 
lower breast crossed with bars of pale rufous, those in the centre of 
the body heart-shaped, the thighs buff, thickly barred with rufous; 
under wing- and tail-coverts buffy white, sparsely marked wish 
brown bars, the former also slightly washed with pale rufous. 

&ab. S.E. Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia. 

a. Juv, sk. South America. W. Wilson Saunders, Esq, [P.]. 
b. Juv. st. South America. Purchased. 
c. Ad. sk. Bolivia. Mr. Brydges [0.]. 
30 . ASTTJRIKl. 
207 

5. Astuxina magnixostris. 
L'Epervier a gros "bee de Cayenne, Buff. PI. Enl i. pL 464. 
Great-billed Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. p. 103 (1781). 
Falco magnirostris, Gm. S. JST. I p. 282 (1788). 
Astur magnirostris, Vigors, Zool Journ. i. p. 338 (1824); Gray, Gen. 


B. i. p. 27 (1849); Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 120 (1855); Gray, 
Bancl-l B. i. p. 30 (1869). 

Falco insectivorus (pt), Spice, Av. Bras. i. p. 17, t. 8 a (1824). 

Nisus magnirostris, Less. Man. i. p. 96 (1828). 

Bupomis magnirostris, Xaup, Classif. Sancj. u. Vog. p. 120 (1844): 

Cab. in Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 737 (1848). 

Asturina magnirostris, Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 261 j Scl ty Salv. P. Z. S. 

1869, p. 131; iid. Nom&ncl p. 118 (1873). 

Astur rnacrorhynchus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 6, 398 (1871). 

Young. Above blackish brown, the bead and bind neck streaked 
with white, the scapulars also with large concealed white spots of 
the same; upper tail-coverts ochraeeous, with arrow-shaped bars of 
brown; scapulars dark brown, like the back, with somewhat paler 
margins. 

Adult male. Above pale ashy grey, the upper tail-coverts alter-* 
** 
nately banded with black and white, the greater wing-coverts a 
little darker ash-colour than the back; primary coverts and quills 
rufous at the base, ashy brown at the tips, the outer secondaries 
externally ashy grey, the inner ones entirely of this colour, like the 
back, the primaries narrowly and irregularly barred with blackish, 
broader but less distinct on the secondaries, the inner face of the 
wing pale rufous, the bars nearly obsolete; tail ashy grey, with 
three broad cross bands of black• sides of face, throat, and chest 
ashy grey, like the back, the chin a little inclining to whitish; rest 
of under surface white, with broad bands of pale rufous on the 
breast, becoming very narrow and inclining to ashy grey on the 
abdomen, flanks, and thigh-feathers; under wing-and tail-coverts 
white, with a few indistinct ashy bars, almost obsolete except on 
the lower under wing-coverts.. Total length 14 inches, culmen 1*3, 
wing 8*7, tail 6*2, tarsus 2-5. 

Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length 
15 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 8-9, tail 6-5, tarsus 2*5. 
Rah. Columbia, Guiana, and Amazonia. 

a. ad. sk. Santa Marta. W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. 
[P.]. 
b. 2 ad. sk. Antioquia, New Granada. T. K. Salmon. Esq. ["0.1 
c. g ad. sk. Concordia, New Granada. T. K. Salmon, Esq. [0.1. 
d. 2 ad. sk. Caracas. Mr. Dyson [C.]. 
a*. <$ ad. sk. Venezuela. A. Goering, Esq. [0.1 
<?. S ad. sk. I. of Mexiana. A. B. Wallace, Esq. [C.l. 
/. Ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.]. 

g. 2 a^* stBritish Guiana. Boyal Geographical So-


ciety [P.]. 

h. $ ad. sk. British Guiana. Sir B. Schomburgk [P.l 
i. Ad. sk. Demarara. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
h. <$ ad. sk. S. America. D.W.Mitchell, Esq. [P.l 
1 2 ad. sk. S. America. D. W. Mitchell, Esq. [P,j. 

208 FALCONIDJS. 

6. Asturina nattereri. 
Falco niagnirostris (pt.), Spix, Av. Bras. L p. 18 (1824), 
Falco magnirostris, Temm. Bl. Col i. pi. 86 (1824) * Max. Beitr. iii. 


p. 102 (1830). 
Nisus magnirostris, Cab. <$• Tsch. Faun. Beruan. p. 104 (1844-46) ; 
Btirm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 76 (1856). 
Astur magnirostris, Belz. Orn. Bras. pp. 6, 398 (1869-71). 
Asturina nattereri, Scl. Sf Salv. B. Z. 8. 1809, p. 132; ud. Ex, Orn. 

pi. kxxvii. (1869); Ud. Komencl p. 118 (1873). 

Adult. Above ashy brown, the head much clearer and inclining 
to ashy grey; quills deep chestnut, inclining to brown at the tips, 
the exterior primaries brown on the outer web, the secondaries externally 
ashy brown, the innermost entirely of that colour, like the 
back, all the quills marked with narrow black bars, a little broader 
but more indistinct on the secondaries, the inner face of the wing 
pale creamy rufous, with slight indications of blackish bars; lower 
upper tail-coverts bufiy white, tinged with ochre, and barred with 
dark brown; tail clear ashy brown, tipped with whitish, and crossed 
with three bands of blackish; throat ashy grey, slightly varied with 
whitish; chest pale rufous, the shafts distinctly indicated by narrow 
central black lines; rest of the under surface fulvous, barred with 
pale rufous, decreasing in number and distinctness on the abdomen 
and under wing- and tail-coverts; the thighs fulvous, very thickly 
banded with pale rufous. Total length 14*5 inches, culmen 1*3, 
wing 9*2, tail fro, tarsus 2*4. 

Young. Above brown, some of the wing-eoverts margined with 
fulvous or pale rufous; forehead, crown of head, and hind neck, as 
well as the interseapulary region, varied with creamy white; a 
tolerably distinct eyebrow, cheeks, and ear-coverts creamy white, 
streaked with brown; quills brown, barred with bkcMsh, the 
secondaries tipped with dull white, the inner webs creamy buff at 
the base, slightly washed with rufous, the cross bars showing very 
plainly on the light ground; upper tail-coverts creamy buff, barred 
with brown; tail ashy brown, inclining to creamy buff at the base, 
especially on the inner web, crossed with five bars of dark brown, 
and tipped with dull white; under surface bufiy white, the throat 
narrowly, the chest broadly streaked with dark brown, the streaks 
on the latter widening out towards the tip of the feather; the lower 
breast and flanks spotted and barred with heart- or arrow-shaped 
spots of pale rufous, each spot enclosed in a narrow border of brown; 
vent and under tail-coverts huffy wrhite, unspotted; thighs buff, 
thickly banded with pale rufous; under wing-coverts buff, with 
numerous pale rufous cross markings, the axillaries plainly barred 
with rufous, the lower coverts spotted with blacMsh. 

Ohs. The next stage is very similar, being a little more uniform 

dark brown above, with few rufous edgings to the feathers: the 

markings on the breast are more rufous, and the bars on the inner 

face of the wing narrow, while a clearer shade of rufous is also 

here apparent; the throat streaked with ashy brown. The progress 

30 . ASTTJEINA. 
20 9 
towards maturity is marked by the gradual widening of the lon


gitudinal spots on the chest, with which a shade of ashy brown gra


dually mingles and overspreads the whole of the throat and chest• 

the rufous bars on the belly and thighs gradually become narrower, 

and the bars on the wing disappear by degrees, leaving the inner 

surface of the wing more or less uniformly rufous towards the base 

of the quills. 

Bab. S.E. Brazil and Peru. 

a. Ad. sk. South America. J. J. Audubon, Esq. 
b. Juv. sk. South America. J. J. Audubon, Esq. 
Cj d. Juv. sk. BaBa. Dr. Wucherer [0.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Brazil. Lord Stuart de Kothsay [P.]. 
/ . 2 ad. sk. Brazil. Mr. Olaussen [P.], 
g. Juv. sk. Brazil. Mr. Olaussen ![P.J. 
h. Juv. sk. Oosnipata, Peru, H. Whitely, Esq. [0.]. 
June 2, 1871. 
i. 
$ ad. sk. Oosnipata, Peru, H. Whitely, Esq. [0.]. 
June 2, 1871. 
fa 
Ad. st. Oosnipata, Peru, H. Whitely, Esq. [C.]. 
June % 1871. 

7. Asturina leucorrhoa. 
Falco leucorrhous, Quoy et Gaim. Toy. de VTJran. p. 91, pi. IS 
(1824). 
Astur leucorrlious, Vigors, Zool, Journ. iii. p. 271 (1827) ; Gray, Gen. 

B. i. p. 27 (1849); StrieU, Orn. Syn. p. 120 (1855); Pet. Orn. 
Bras. pp. 7, 398 (1871); Gray, BCand-l B. i. p. 30 (1869). 

Dsedalion leucorrhous, Less. Traite, p. 66 (1831). 

Nisus leucorrhous, Cab. Sf Tsch. Arch. f. Naturg. 1844, p. 265; iid. 

Faun. Peruan., Vbg. pp. 18,103 (1844). 

Asturina leucorrhoa, Bp. Consp. i. p. 30 (1850); SchL Mm. P.-B, 

Asturinge, p. 5 (1862); 
Bel & Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 134;] iid. 

Nomencl p. 118 (1873). 

Adult. Uniform black, the lower upper tail-coverts white, forming 
a bar across the^base of tail; tail black, white at immediate 
base, and crossed above by a single bar of ashy brown about one 
third of the length of the tail from the tip, which also inclines to 
ashy, the under surface of tail crossed with two distinct white bands; 
under surface of body black, like the upper, the tibial plumes rufous; 
under tail-coverts bufly white; under wing-coverts creamy buff, the 
axillaries and lower coverts slightly spotted with black; inner surface 
of wing black, the primaries barred with white near the base, 
the secondaries with ashy grey. Total length 14*5 inches, culmen 1, 
wing 8*5, tail 6-5, tarsus 2*3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total 
length 15 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 9, tail 6*7, tarsus 2*3. 

Young. Above dark brown, much mottled with rufous, the scapulars 
and wing-coverts notched or barred as well as edged with 
the latter colour; quills pale creamy buff at base, shading into 
rufous towards the tip, which is dark brown, the secondaries externally 
dark brown, rufous on the inner web and at the tip, the 

VOL. i. 
a 

210 FALCONID^. 

innermost entirely Brown, like the back, all the quills barred aboTe 
with blackish, broader but more indistinct on the secondaries; lower 
upper tail-eoverts creamy buff, as is also the tail at the base; tail-
feathers alternately barred with black and creamy white, tipped 
with the latter colour, with an ashy shade overspreading the whitish 
bars; head and neck creamy buff, the latter slightly washed with 
rufous; the crown and nape streaked with dark brown centres to 
the feathers, the forehead and a broad eyebrow uniformly creamy 
buff, as are also the sides of the face, except the upper margin of 
the ear-coverts, which is brown; under surface of the body rich 
creamy buff, all the feathers of the breast and abdomen broadly 
streaked down the centre with dark brown; throat, under wing-
and tail-coverts unspotted. 

Obs. A specimen in the collection shows the progress towards 
maturity, in the disappearance of the rufous mottling on the upper 
surfaces, while a uniform black shade is spreading over the bird 
both above and below; the thighs rufous; on the tail two ashy 
brown bands, the basal one, however, becoming obsolete. 

ffaft, Brazil, Peru, and Columbia. 

a. Juv. sk. Trinidad. 
b. Ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased, 
c. Ad. sk. Brazil. 
d. 2 juv. st. Caracas. Mr. Dyson [C.]. 
31. BUSAEELLUa 
Busarellus, Lafr. in J7 Orb. Diet cPIEd* Nat. i i pp. 785? ^JP^786(
1842) B. nigricoffis. 
Ichthyoborus, Kaup} Conir. Orn. 1850, p. 70 .... B. nigricollis. 

Hind toe of Busarellus nigrieoUis> to show spicules. 
llange. Brazil, Amazonia, and Guiana. 

31 . BTJSARELLUS. 
211 

1. Busarellus nigricollis. 
Busard roux de Cayenne, Maud. line. Meth. p. 543 (1784). 
Black-necked Falcon, Lath, Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 80 (1787). 
Falco nigricollis, Lath. hid. Orn. i. p. 35 (1790). 
Le Buserai, Levaill Ois. d?Afr. i. p. 84, pi. 20 (1799): Smidev. Crib 


om Levaill p. 25 (18-58). 
Falco busarellus, Baud, Traite, ii. p. 108 (1800, ex Levaill). 
Buzzaret, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl ii. p. 32 (1801). 
Oabeza blanca, Azara, Apunb i. p. 78 (1802). 
Falco melanobronchos, Shaw, Gen. Zool vii. p. 167 (1809). 
Circus leucocephalus, Vieill. N. Diet. iv. p. 465 (1816). 
Buteo nigricollis, Vieill. K Bid. iv. p. 473 (1816); Gray, Gen. B. i. 

p. 15 (1845)• Bueher. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1850, p. 85• Burnt. Th. 
Bras. ii p. 47 (1856); Sehl. Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 17 (1862) j 
Gray, Kand-l. i. p. 9 (1869). 
Circus busarellus, Bonn, et Vieill. JEnc. Meth. iii. p. 1212 (1823). 
Buteo busarellus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 340 (1824) ; Gray, Gen. B, i. 

p. 15 (1845). 
Aquila milvoides, Spix, Av. Bras. i. pi. 1 d (1824). 
Morplmus milyoides, Cuv. Regne An. L p. 330 (1829). 
Haliaetus milvoides, Gray, Cab Aceipitr. 1844, p. 12; id. Gen. B. i. 
p. 17 (1845). 
Morplmus nigricollis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 1 (1849). 
ButeogaUus busarellus, Bp. Comp. i. p. 17 (1850). 
Ichthyoborus nigricollis, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 7Q: Feb. Om. 
Bras.^. 3, 394(1871). 
ButeogaUus nigricollis, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 43 (1855) • Scl §* Sah. 
Mmencl p. 119 (1873). 

Adult male. Above bright chestnut, with narrow black shaft-
stripes to the feathers of the back and wing-coverts; greater coverts 
blackish on the inner web, the outermost of this series, as well as 
the primary coverts, entirely black; quills black above and below; 
secondaries browner, and tipped with fulvous, and more or less 
chestnut at base of inner web; the innermost bright chestnut, like 
hack, shafted with black and more or less inclining to blackish on 
both webs; npper tail-coverts bright chestnut; tail chestnut at 
base, black for apical half, narrowly tipped with whitish, the chestnut 
base crossed with three or four bands of black; head and neck 
all round creamy buff, narrowly streaked with black on the crown; 
lower part of throat black, forming a conspicuous patch; rest of 
under surface uniform bright chestnut, except on fore neck, which 
inclines to fulvous; under wing-coverts and axillaries chestnut, a 
little darker than the breast. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1*85, 
wing 15, tail 7*5, tarsus 3*35. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total 
length 22-B inches, wing 18*1, tail 8, tarsus 3*8. 
Hah. The same as that of the genus. 

a. $ ad. st.
h. Ad. st.
c. (S ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Brazil. 
Brazil. 
Island of Mexiana. 
Demerara. 
Major-Gen. T. Hardwicke [P.]. 
Br. J. E. Gray [P.]. 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Q2 

212 FALCOKIDiE. 

32. BUTEOGALLTIS. Type 
Buteogallus, Less. Traits, p. 83 (1831) B. aequinoctialis. 
Mange. Guiana and Columbia. 

1. Buteogallus sequinoctialis. 
Palco sequinoctialis, Gm. S. N.i. p. 265 (1788). 
Le Buson, Levaill Ois. eFAfr. i. p. 86, pi. 21 (1799) j Simdev. Crit 

om Levaill. p. 25 (1858). 
Falco buson, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 168 (1800). 
Buteo buson, Vigors, Zool. Journ. i. p. 340 (1824). 
ButeogaUus cathartoides, Less. Traite, p. 83 (1831). 
Buteogallus buson, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 2 (1840); Bp. Consp. i. 

Daptrius buson, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. p. 14 (1844). 

Morpbnus buson, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 15 (1845). 

Buteo aequinoctialis, Gray, Cat. Accipit). 1848, p. 37; Strickl. Orn. 

JSyn. p. 42 (1855): Schl. Mm. B.-B. Buteones, p. 18 (1862) ; Gray, 

Kand-l B. i. p. 9'(1869). 

Morpbnus sequinoctialis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 1 (1849). 

Hyporaorphnus sequinoetialis, Sundev. Crit. om Levaill. p. 25 (1858). 

Buteogallus sequinoctialis, Scl fy Salv. Xomencl. p. 119 (1873). 

Adult Above black, with rufous margins to tbe dorsal featbers 
and wing-coverts; head entirely black, as also the lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts, the latter with narrow white tips; quills 
bright chestnut; primaries externally slaty black ; secondaries with 
a broad band of black across the tips, the innermost brown, with 
paler tips ; tail black, plainly tipped with white, and barred across 
the middle with another indistinct band of white, plainer on the 
inner webs; throat dusky black; rest of under surface bright rufous, 
numerously crossed with black bars, narrower on thighs, and reduced 
to vermiculations on under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts rufous, 
barred with black like the breast, some of the outer ones largely 
marked with black; cere and orbits yellow; bill yellow at base, 
horn-brown towards tip; feet yellow. Total length 19 inches, culmen 
1*7, wing 13-25, tail 7*5, tarsus 3*5. 

Hah. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. si British Guiana. Eoyal Geographical Society [P.], 
b, c. Ad. sk, Demerara. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
33. URUBITOrGA. _ 
Type. 
Urabitinga, Less. Bev. Zool. 1839, p. 132 Typo nullo 1 
TJrubitinga, Lafr. in JD'Orb. Diet. d?Hist. Nat. ii. 


p. 786 (1842, ex Less.) TJ. zonura. 
Hyporaorphnus, Cab. Wiegm, Arch. 1844, p. 263 .. U. zonuxa. 
Spizigeranus, Kaup, Classif. Saicg. u. Vdg. p. 120 
(1844) TJ. zonura. 
Leucoptemis, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 210 TJ. melanops. 
Pseudastur, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Beng. 


p. 24 (1849) , TJ. lacernulata. 
33 . uiajBixiJStfA. 

213 

Rang<$• South America, from Peru, Southern Brazil, Paraguay, and 
Bolivia, northwards throughout the whole continent, and ranging 
into Central America as far north as Mexico. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Breast black. 
a\ Upper tail-coverts white zomira, p. 213. 
b'. Upper tail-coverts black, with a very narrow 
white terminal edging ,, anthraoina, p. 215. * 

b. Breast slaty grey, like back. 

d. Under wing-coverts slaty 
sehistacea, p. 216. 

d. Under wing-coverts white plumbea, p. 216. 

c. Breast white. 
e\ Upper tail-coverts pure white. 
a". Tail black, with white tip albicollis, p. 216. 
b". Tail white, with black subterminal band. ghiesbrechti, p. 217. 

f. 
Upper tail-coverts black or slaty grey, with 
white spots or bars. 
<?". Tail pure white, black at base palliaia, p. 218. 
d!\ Tail with a black terminal or subterminal 
band. 
a'". Primaries not banded underneath .... laeerntdata, p. 218. 
b"\ Primaries banded underneath. 
#'"'. Ear-coverts white. 
aa. Tail with one median white band 
only; head blackish haupi, p. 219. 
bb, Tail with two bands of white,* 
head white, streaked with black . melanops, p. 220. 
5"". Ear-coverts slaty grey, like the head setniplwrnbea, p. 220. 

d. Breast white, everywhere barred with slaty 
black princeps, p. 220. 

1. Urubitiuga zoaxtra. 

L'AIgle du Bre*sil, Briss. Orn. i. n. 445 (1760). 
Brasflian Eagle, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 41 (1781). 
Faleo urubitinga, Gm. S. K, I p. 265 (1788) • Temm. PL Col. i. 
pL 55 (1825). 
&a*"viian mixto chorreado, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 88 (1802) j Hartl Ind. 
^izara, p. 2 (1847). 
Gravilan mixto pintado, Azara. t. c. p. 92 (1802) • Kartl. t. c. p. 2 
(1847). 
Ga^ilan mixto negro, Azara, t c. p. 96 (1802) j Marti, t c. p. 2 
(1847). 
Falco zonurus, Shaw, Gen. Zool vii. p. 62 (1809). 
Pandion fulvus, Vieill. K Diet iii. p. 163 (1816). 
Spizaetus niger, Vieill. op. eit xxxii. p. 57 (1819). 
Spizaetus ater, Vieill. torn. cit. p. 58 (1819). 
Aquila urubitinga, Spice, Av. Bras. i. pi. 1 b (1824). 
Achilla picta, Spix, torn. eit. pi. 1 c (1824). 
Morphnus urubitinga, Cuv. Itegne An. i. p. 330 (1829) ; DOrb. Voy. 

A.m. MSrid., Ois. p. 84 (1847) • Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 15, pi. 7. fig. 6 
(1845). 
Harpyia urubitinga, Sw. Classif. B. ii. p. 208 (1837). 
Hypomorphnus urubitinga, Cab. #• Tschudi, Arch. f. Naturg. 1844, 

214 FALCONtDJE. 

p. 263; iid. Faun. Peruan. pp. 16,84 (1844); Cab. in Schomh. Heis. 
Guian. iii. p. 740 (1848); Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 42 (1856). 
Falco longipes, Illiger, in Mus. JBerol, unde 
TJrubitinga longipes, Bp. Consp. i. p. 29 (1850). 
Morphnus brasiliensis, Strichl. Orn. Syn. p. 24 (1855). 
Urubitinga zonura, Scl. P. Z. S.1858. p. 129: Sel. &• Salv. Nomencl. 

p. 119 (1873). 
Asturina urubitinga, Sclil Mus, JP.-B. Asturinso, p. 6(1862): id. Revue, 
p. 103 (1873). 
Buteo urubitinga, Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 9 (1869). 
Urubitinga brasiliensis, Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 2, 393 (1871). 
Young. Above brown; the dorsal feathers more or less margined 
and barred with rufous; the head streaked with deep ochre, of which 
colour there is also a distinct eyebrow; sides of face and under surface 
of body deep ochre; the upper margin of ear-coverts dark brown, 
and the sides of neck streaked with the same colour; the breast 
sparingly spotted with dark brown, the spots diminishing in number 
towards the abdomen, and changing to bars on the thighs and 
under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts deep ochre, with blackish 
spots ; upper wing-coverts a little browner than the back and much 
mottled, with rufous margins to the greater series; primaries black, 
secondaries browner, barred with black, showing more plainly on 
the inner web, which is ochraceous in the primaries, rufous in the 
secondaries; upper tail-coverts ochraceous white, the middle ones 
blackish at base and along shaft; tail ashy brown, tipped with 
whity brown, crossed with eight or nine bars of darker brown, the 
subterminal one being the broadest. 

Obs. The bars on the tail dissolve into irregular mottlings, and are 
never quite conterminous on each side of the shaft. At the same 
time as the bird's plumage begins to get black by the gradual extension 
of the dark centres to the feathers, a new tail is assumed by 
a moult, the apical half of which is black, the basal half ashy brown, 
with numerous black mottlings (as in the preceding tail), but with 
the white of the adult plumage already appearing in a greater or less 
degree; the base of the tail is black at first, but this gradually disappears 
with age. 

Adult male. Entirely black; upper tail-coverts for the most part 
white, especially the external ones; tail white at base (generally 
with remains of black) and at tip, with a broad black band across 
the lower half. Total length 22-5 inches, culmen 2*25, wing 15*3, 
tail 9, tarsus 4*45. 

Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length 25 
inches, wing 15*9, tail 10, tarsus 4*8. 
Sab. Brazil, through Amazonia and Guiana, into Central America 

to Costa Eica. 
a. Ad. st.
5. Ad. st.
c. Juv. st. 
S. America. 
S. America. 
S. America. 
D. W. Mitchell, Es<^ [P.] *. 
Zoological Society. 
Purchased. 

* Said to be from the "West Indies " (cf. Gray Cat. Acoipitr. 1848, p. 21). 
215

33 . UETJBIXINGA. 
d, e. Juv. sk. S. America. . Purchased. 
/ . Ad. st.
g. Ad. sk. 
Para. 
Island of Mexiana. 
' R. Graham, Esg. [P/j. 
A. R. "Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
h. Juv. st. ti. Ad. sk. '
7c. Ad. sk.
I Skeleton. 
Cayenne. 
Demerara. 
Costa Rica. 
Purchased. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Mr. van Patten [C.J. 
Zoological Society. 

2. Tfrubitinga anthracina. 
Falco anthracinus, Licht in Mtis. Berol., uncle Nitzsch, Pteryh p. 83 
(1840); Lafr. Rev. Zool 1848, p. 240. 
Morphnus mexicanus, Bu Bus, Mull. Acad. Brux. xiv. pt. % p. 102 
(1847) ; Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 240. 

Urubitinga anthracina, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 241; Scl F. Z. S. 
1858, p. 129; Scl. § Sah. Ibis, 1859, p. 216; JPelz. Orn. Bras. p. 394 
(1871); Scl Sr Sah. Nomencl. p. 119 (1873). 

Urubitinga mexieanus, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 488. 
Morphnus urubitinga, Lembeye^ Aves de Cuba, pi. 3. fig. 3 (1850). 
Hypomorphmis anthracinus, IAcM. Nomencl p. 1 (1854). 
Hypomorphnus gundlachii, Cab. J.f 0.1854, Extrah. p. lxxx; Fimch, 


P. Z. S. 1870, p. 554 j Gundl. J.f. 0. 1871, p. 365. 
Morphnus anthracinus, Strichl Orn. Syn. p. 25 (1855). 
Asturina anthracina, Schl Mm. P.~B. Astiirinse, p» 8 (1862). 
Astur unicinctus, Liot, Ois. Trinid. p. 44 (1866). 
Buteo anthracinus, Gray, Hand4, i. p. 9 (1869). 
Young. Above chocolate-brown, black on the head and interscapular 
region, which are both streaked with ochraceous buff, forming 
an eyebrow; the wing-coverts irregularly marked with rufous, 
especially on the greater series; primaries black; secondaries brown, 
like the back, all barred with blackish, more plainly on inner web, 
which is buff in the primaries, rufous in the secondaries; upper tail-
coverts black, washed with rufous, and barred with white or bufry 
white ; tail white at base, gradually inclining to brownish towards 
tip, which is white, the basal half with indications of six more or 
less complete black bands, and the apical half with two bands, the 
subterminal one broader and more brown in colour; sides of face 
and of neck ochraceous buff, strongly streaked with black; the upper 
margin of ear-coverts and cheeks entirely black; lores buff; under 
surface of body ochraceous buff, streaked with black, very minutely 
on throat and largely on sides of breast and flanks, the latter being 
almost uniform brownish black; thighs, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts barred across with black, less numerously on the latter; under 
wing-coverts ochraceous buff, with large heart-shaped spots of black* 

Obs. The change from the young to the adult dress being effected 
by a gradual spreading of the black centres to the feathers till all 
the ochre or buff coloration is absorbed, remains of this are seen in 
many adult birds, particularly on the sides of the face and under 
the wings. 

Adult male. Entirely black ; nape slightly varied with buffcoloured 
bases to the feathers; upper and under tail-coverts narrowly 
tipped with white ; quills black above and below; tail black, nar


216 
FAXCOKID^. 

rowly tipped with white, and crossed with a broad white band in 
the centre of the tail, rather irregular on its upper outline. Total 
length 23-5 inches, cnlmen 1*75, wing 15, tail 9, tarsus 3*9. 

Hah. Cuba and Central America, southwards from S. Mexico; 
doubtfully in Trinidad and Brazil. 

a. Ad. sk. Central America. 
hf c. Ad. sk. Mexico. 
d. Juv. st.
e. Ad. sk.
/ . Juv. st. 
Mexico. 
Central America. 
Yera Paz, Guatemala. 
Capt. Kellett and lieut. 
Wood [P.]. 
Capt. Kellett and Lieut. 
Wood [P.]. 
O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. 

3. TJrubitiiiga schistacea. 
Astmina schistacea, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1849, p. 132 • 

Schl. Mm. T.-B. Asturinse, p. 8 (1862). 
Hypomorphnus ardesiacus, Licht. Nomencl p. 1 (1854). 
Urabitinga schistacea, Scl Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 261, pi. 58 (1858); Pels. 

Orn. Bras. pp. 2, 394 (1871). 
Buteo sdbdstaceus, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 9 (1869). 
Leucopternis schistacea, Salv. Ibis, 1872, p. 243; Scl. § Saiv. Nomencl, 

p. 119 (1873). 
Adult female. Everywhere uniform bluish slate-colour, a little 
darker on the head and sides of face; tail black, narrowly tipped 
with white, and crossed with a distinct white band across the 
middle. Total length 18*5 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 11*9, tail 7*8, 
tarsus 3*2. 

Hah. Amazonia and Columbia. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. Upper Ucayali River. E. Bartlett, Esq. £0.1. 
3 ad. sk. Upper Ucayali River. E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.j. 
4. Urabitinga plumbea. 
Leucopternis plumbea, Salvinf Ih%s} 1872, p, 240, pi, viii; Scl. 8c 
Salv. Nomencl p. 119 (1873). 

Adult (type of species). Everywhere leaden grey; wing-coverts 
and grails black, the latter whitish at base of inner web; upper 
tail-coverts and tail black, the latter with a single bar of white somewhat 
shaded with ashy across the middle; tibial plumes indistinctly 
barred with white; under wing-coverts white; cere, orbits, and feet 
orange: bill and claws black. Total length 14*5 inches, culmen 1*5, 
wing 9*8, tail 6*7, tarsus 2-5, (Mm. Salvin amd Godman.) 

Hob. Ecuador and Panama. 

a. Ad. sk. Panama. 
Purchased. 
5. Urabitinga albicollis. 
White-necked Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl p. 30 (1787). 
Ealco albicollis, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 36 (1790). 

33 . TJKTJBITINGA. 
217 

Falco picatus, Shaw, Gen. Zool vii. pi 1, p. 167 (1809). 
Buteo melanotus, VieilL Nouv. D-ict. iv. p. 472 (1816) ; Pucker. Rev. 


et Mag. 1850, p. 84. 
Falco poecilonotus, Temm. PI Col i. pi. 9 (1824). 
Buteo poecilonotus, Vigors, Zool Joiirn. i. p. 340 (1824) ; Gray, Gen. 

P. i. p. 12 (1849); Leot. Ok. Trinid. p. 7 (1866). 
Leucoptemis albicollis, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 210 j Pp. Consp. i. p. 19 
(1250); Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 140; Scl 8f Salv. Ex. Orn. 

p. 122 (1868); Fmsch, P.Z.S. 1870, p. 555; Peh. Orn. Pros. 
pp. 3, 395 (1871) ; Salvin. Ibis, 1872. p. 242: Scl & Salv. Mmencl. 
p. 119(1873). 
Buteo albicollis, Gray, Cat. Acdpitr. 1848, p. 38; id. Gen. P. i. 
p. 12 (1849); StricH. Orn. Syn. p. 37 (1855); P. C. Taylor. Ibis, 
1864, p. 180; Gray, Kand-l P. i. p. 8 (1869). 
Leucoptemis poecilonotus, Pp. Rev. et Mag. 1850, p. 481. 
Tachytoiorcbis albicollis, Pp. C. R. xli. p. 651 (1855). 
Astuxina albicollis, Schl Mus. P.-P. Asturinae, p. 9 (1862). 

Adult. Above slaty black, the interscapulary feathers much varied 
with white bases and margins, sometimes also barred with white on 
the outer web; wing-coverts like the back, but less distinctly varied 
with white; quills slaty black, the secondaries a little browner, 
broadly tipped with white, some of the outer ones indistinctly barred 
with darker brown; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail pure 
white, the latter with a broad subterminal band of black; head 
white, streaked with black; sides of face, neck all round, and entire 
under surface white. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-7, wing 14, 

tail 9, tarsus 3*25. 
Hah. Amazonia, Guiana, Venezuela, and Trinidad, 
a. Ad. sk. S. America. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Trinidad. Purchased. 

6. TJrubitinga ghiesbrechti. 
Buteo 
ghiesbrechti, JDit Pus, JBsq. Orn. pi. 1 (1845); Strickl Orn. 
Syn. p. 36 (1855); Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 227; Scl. $ Salv. Ibis, 
1859, p. 217; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 289 (1861); Salv. 

P. Z. S. 1867, p. 158; Gray, Hand-l P. i. p. 8 (1869). 
Leucoptemis ghiesbrechti, Pp. Rev. Zool 1850, p. 481; Scl & Salv. 
Px. Orn. p. 121 (1868); Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 215; id. Ibis, 1872, 

p. 242; Scl. 8f Salv. Nomenel p. 119 (1873). 
Tachytriorchis ghiesbrechti, Pp. C. R. xli. p. 651 (1855). 
Astuxina ghiesbrechtii, Schl Mus. P.-P. Asturinae, p. 11 (1862). 
Adult. Snowy white above and below; a slight shade of greyish 
on upper margin of ear-coverts; tail with a broad subterminal band 
of black; small wing-coverts white, like back, only a few of the 
outermost irregularly marked with black on their external webs; 
greater coverts black, white at base and at tip; primary coverts and 
primaries black, scarcely tipped at all with white; secondaries also 
black, with very broad white tips, the innermost ones for the most 
part white, irregularly marked in the middle with black, in the form 
of more or less broken bars; under wing-coverts and inner lining 

FAXCOKID^;. 

218 

of wing white, the primaries inclining to greyish, and barred with 

black on inner web; bill lead-colour; feet yellow, nails black. Total 

length 23*5 inches, culmen 1-75, wing 14*8, tail 8'5, tarsus 3*65. 

Ilab. Prom Southern Mexico to Panama. 

a. Ad. st Mexico. Purchased. 
7. Urubitinga palliata. 
Falco palliatus, Natberer, MS.9 tmdh 
Leucopternis palliata, Peh. Site. Akad. Wien, xliv. p. 11 (1861),* id, 
Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 141; ScL # Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 97, 
pi. xlix. (1868) • Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 3 (1871) • ScL £f Salv, Nomencl 

p. 119 (1873). 
Buteo pohonotus, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. Brit Mus. 1844, p. 17 (descr. 
nulla) ; Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 37 (1855) j Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 8 
(1869). 

Leucopternis polionota, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 212 • Bp, Consp. i. p. 19 
(1850). 
Asturina melanonota, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Asturina}, p. 10 (1862, nee 
Vieill.) • id. Bevue Accipitr. p. 103 (1873). 

Adult Above blackish slate-colour, the feathers of the back and 
scapulars white at base, tipped with white, and irregularly spotted or 
barred with the same, most of the latter spots being concealed, the 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts much barred and broadly 
tipped with white; head and neck all round, as well as the under 
surface, including under wing- and tail-coverts, pure white; upper 
wing-coverts blackish slate-colour, with a few white spots and tips 
to the feathers; quills black, externally shaded with slaty grey, the 
secondaries broadly tipped with white; inner web white at base, 
with indistinct blackish bars; tail black at base, white for terminal 
half; " cere pale yellow; feet pale orange-yellow, claws black; iris 
not very dark brown " (Natterer). Total length 21 inches, euimen 
1-7, wing 15-5, tail 9, tarsus 3-8. 

Ilab. Southern Brazil. 

a. Ad. sk. South America. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. South America. Sir A. Smith. 
Types of B. polionotus. 
8. Urubitinga lacemulata. 
Falco lacemulatus, Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 437 (1827). 
Buteo lacemulatusy Cim. B. A. i. p. 337 (1829): Strickl Orn. Syn. 
^ p. 34 (1855). . J 
Falco skotopteros, Max. Beitr. iii. pt. 1. p. 204 (1830). 
Leucopternis scotoptera, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 211; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. 

187% p. 242; ScL 8f Sab. Nomencl. p. 119 (1873). 

Buteo scotopterus, Gray, Cat Accipitr. Brit Mus. 1848, p. 38; 

Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 51 (1856); Gray, Band-L I p. 8 (1869). 

Leucopternis lacemulata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 19 (1850). 

A&lurina scotoptera, Schl. Mus. P.~B. Asturinje, p. 11 (1862) 

«'W. luwmriNCM. 

Adultt Head and neck all round pure white, ilin latter with a 

delicate Hhade of greyish; rent of upper Hurfaeo dark Hlato-eotour, 

with a few more or IOHH concealed npotH and barn of white on the 

inner web of the feathers, more distinct OIL 1 ha lower bark, rump, 

unci upper tuil-covorlH, the latter ntrongly barred across with white, 

and mottled with the name on (ho outer web; primaries blackish, 

the primary eovertn and HoeowlarioN dark nlatj, with almost imper


ceptible while tips; tail slaty black at bane, white for apical half, 

with a dihtinet wubterminai black band; the under surface of tail 

white, the black banal part indicated by greyish bars on inner web, 

but the Hubterminal band \ery dihtinet; entire under surface of 

body, including under wing- and tail-coverts, pure white; inner 

web of quillB white at base, the secondaries with greyish bars. 

Total length 20 inches, culmen 1*0, wing 12*4, tail 7*0, tarsus 3-2. 

Ymnitj, Differs from the adult in having the feathers of the head 

and neck meaially streaked with slaty black, the wing-coverts tipped 

with white, and the white spots on the inner webs of dorsal feathers 

mora conspicuous. 

Hub* Southern Brazil. 

a, K Ad. sk. Bahia. Dr. Wuckerer [C.]. 

c. Ad. «t. S. America. Purchased. 
tl Ad. si BogotH Purchased. 
9, XJrubitmga katipi 
Leacopteniis kaupi, Bp. JRn\ et May, tie Zoo?. 1850, p. 481. 
Leueopteniis kuhlii, Bp, Corntp, i p. 10 (1850, l<qw()* 
Huteo kaupi, SfrwKL Orn, Npn, p. tf7 (1855). 
Leucopternis Hupereiliaris, IMz. A'/fa. Aktu?. THVw, xliv. p. 10(1861); 
id. tWL z.-b. JJu% IM&, p. 140; M. #tia?v>IK & & 1807, p. 580; 
iid. Jir. Orn. p. 75, pi, xxwiii. (1807), etp. 122 (1808); Petz. Orn. 
Bras, pp. tf, .W> (1871) j Main lhi% 1872, p. 212; M fy iSuh. 
Nomtnei p, 110 (18?;!), 
Aktturina Hupwiiiarin, Nvh?* Mus. P.-B. Aaturiua), p. 12 (1862). 
Buteo knhffi, Grt% IlamU B, I p. 8 (1800). 
AdtiL Above slaty Mack; over the eye a broad white stripe; 
nape aid hind neck streaked with white, with which the feathers 
are narrowly margined; lores and feathers round the eye, above the 
ear-covert«, black; feathers of interscapulary region with concealed 
white banes; quills dark brown, crossed with blackish bars, more 
dihtinet on inner web, which is ashy grey underneath, inclining to 
white near the basse; tail black, tipped with aahy brown, with a 
band of white across the middle, the outer feather varied with white 
at the bane of inner web; siden of face and of neck white, narrowly 
streaked with black ; under surface white, with a few narrow streaks 
of black on the aides of client; under wing-coverts white. Total 
length 15%> inches, culmen 1/4, wing 8*7, tail 0*2, tarsus 2*4. 
Hah, Brazil, in the vicinity of Para. 

u% h, Ad, st. S. America. Purchased. 

xxicornvM. 

10. Urnbitiiiga melanops. 
Streaked Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl I. p. 34 (1787). 
Falco nielanops, Lath Ind. Orn. i. p. 37 (1790); Temm. PL Col. J. 


pi. 105 (1824). 
Dsedalion nielanops, Vigors, Zool. Jour. i. p. 338 (1824). 
Astur nielanops, Less. Man. cFOrn. i. p. 94 (1828). 
Leucoptemis melanops, Eaup, Isis, 1847, p. 210; Bp. Ccmsp. i p. 19 

(1850); Feb. Verh. z.-h. Wien, 1862, p. 140; Scl § Sah. Ex. Orn. 

p. 122 (1868); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 3, 395 (1871),* Sah. Ibis, 1872, 
p. 242; Sol $ Sah. Nomencl p. 119 (1873). 
Buteo melanops, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 12 (1849); Strickl Orn. Syn. 
p. 36 (1855) 5 Gray, Kand~l B. i. p. 8 (1869). 
Asturina nielanops, Schl Mus. P.-B. Asturinae, p. 10 (1862). 
Adult. Entire head and neck white, with narrow black shaft-
lines * lores, feathers round the eye above the ear-coverts black; 
rest of the upper surface black, ocellated with white spots to the 
feathers, less distinct on the wing-coverts, which are somewhat 
tipped with white; tail black, tipped with whity brown, and broadly 
banded with white at about a third of its length from tip. Total 
length 16*8 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 9-1, tail 6-5, tarsus 2-65. 

Hah. Amazonia and Guiana. 
a. Ad. sk. S. America. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased. 
11. Urubitiuga semiplumbea. 

Leucoptemis semiplumbea, Later. Ann. Lyc. JV. T. vii. p. 288 (1861); 

Scl $ Sah. Ex. Orn. pi. Ixi. (1868) j Sah. Ibis, 187% p. 243; Scl 

% Sah, Komenel. p. 119 (1873). 
Buteo semiplumbeus, Gray, Sand-l B. i. p. 9 (1869). 

Adult female. Above dark slaty grey, the wing-coverts rather 
blacker; quills black, the secondaries more slaty below, white at 
base, ashy grey towards tip, the inner web more or less distinctly 
barred with greyish black; upper tail-coverts and tail black, the 
latter with a single band of white across the middle; sides of face 
and of neck ashy grey, like the head; entire under surface of body, 
including under wing- and tail-coverts, pure white, with a few 
black shaft-stripes on sides of throat and breast; cere and orbits 
orange-yellow; bill black; feet orange, claws black. Total length 
15 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 8*27 tail 7-8, tarsus 2*4. {2£u$. Salvin 
and Godman.) 

Mob. Panama and Costa Eica. 

12. Urubitiiiga princeps. 
Leucoptemis princeps, Scl P. Z. S. 1865, p. 429, pi. xxiv.; Scl fy 
Sah. Ex. Orn. p. 122 (1868)j Sah. Ibis, 1872, p. 243; Sel \ 
Sah. Nomencl p. 119 (1873). 

Buteo princeps, Gray, ifrand-L P. i. p. 9 (1869). 

Adult female (type of species). Above slaty black, with a marginal 
shade of ashy grey to the feathers, those of the nape white at base, the 

34 . HARPYHALIAETUS. 
221 

inner secondaries varied "with white spots on the inner web ; entire 
sides of face, throat, and fore neck slaty black like the back; rest of 
under surface of body white, plentifully barred across with black, a 
little more narrowly on the thighs and under wing-coverts; quills 
slaty black, the secondaries indistinctly banded with grey, the lower 
surface of quills paler grey, the inner web barred or mottled with 
white near the base; tail greenish black, with a single band of 
white across the middle; cere and orbits yellow* bill likewise pale 
yellow, black near base, and lead-coloured towards the tip; feet 
yellow, claws black. Total length 23 inches, culmen 2*1, wing 15*2, 
tail 9, tarsus 3*8. (Mus. Salvin and Godman.) 

Adult male. A little smaller than the female. Total length 22 
inches, culmen 2, wing 14*9, tail 8*5, tarsus 3*7. (Mm. Salvin and 
Godman.) 

Hah. Costa Rica. 

34. HAKPYHALIAETUS*. m-
Type. 
Harpyhaliaetus, Lafr. Mev. Zool. 1842, p. 173 ., H. coronatus. 
Urabitornis, Verr. R Z. 8. 1856, p, 145 H. coronatus, var. [?] 

=H. solitarius. 

Bill of Harpyhaliaetus coronatits (reduced). 

Mange. South America, from Chili and 1ST. Patagonia as far north 
as Yeragua in Central America. 

1. Harpyhaliaetus coronatus. 
Aquila coronada, Azara. Apunt. i. p. 50 (1802) : Hard. Ind. Azara. 

p. 1 (1847). 
Harpyia coronata, Vieill. N. Diet, xiv. p. 237 (1817). 
Falco coronatus, Temm. PL Col i. pi. 234 (1823). 
Circaetus coronatus, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 328 (1829); Less. Traite, 
p. 48 (1831) ; Gray, Gen. B. p. 16 (1845) * DOrb. Voy. Am. Mend., 
Ois. p. 75 (1847); Gray, Hand4. JB. i. p. 14 (1869) • Pelz. Orn. 
Bras. pp. 4, 397 (1871). 
* In uniting TJrubifornis to Harpyhaliaetus, I must state my inability to find 
any generic distinction between them. At present I believe that there is only 
one species, but admit the possibility of two distinct kinds being differentiated, 
the grey bird (H. coronatus) having a more southern distribution than the black 
one (H. solitaries). 
222 FALCOETDJS. 

Harpyhaliaetus coronatus, Lafr. B. Z. 18427 p. 173; ScL fy Sah\ 
Nomencl p. 119 (1873). 
Circaetus solitarius, Cab. §• Tsch. Arck.f. Naturg, 1844, p. 264; Tick. 

Faun. Peruan., fog. p. 94, Taf. 2 (1844). 
Asturina azarse, iCawp, isis, 1847, p. 209. 
Thrasaetus coronata, Pp. Consp. i. p. 29 (1850). r 
Urubitornis solitaria, Ferr. P. £ A 1856, p. 14& jSfcfo. P. £ S. 1870, 

p. 214; ScL §* &*&;. Nomencl p. 119 (1873). 
Asturina coronata, £?/*/. Mm. P.-P. Asturinse, p. 12 (1802). 
Adult. Above ashy brown, with, a chocolate gloss, and having a 
distinct shade of greyish on the least wing-coverts and interscapulars 
feathers; a long occipital crest, the feathers of which are darker 
than the crown; a broad streak behind the eye buhy white, with 
narrow dark centres to the feathers; sides of face and of neck 
whitish, with ashy brown centres to the feathers ; the upper margin 
of the ear-coverts entirely ashy brown ; under surface of body clear 
ashy brown, with whity brown margins to the thigh-feathers and 
under tail-coverts, broader on the latter; thighs blackish, deepening 
in colour towards the tarsal joint; under wing-coverts clear ashy, 
much varied with white streaks and margins to the feathers ; quills 
blackish, the primaries externally shaded with grey near the base, 
the secondaries ashy grey, mottled with black and narrowly tipped 
with whitish, before which is a broad subterminal band of black, 
the inner secondaries like the back; rump and upper tail-coverts 

deep ashy brown, the latter broadly tipped with white ; tail black, 
narrowly tipped with white, and crossed with a broad median band 
of white, with remains of a second band nearer the base of the outer 
feathers; beak bluish horn-colour, clear yellow at base; feet deep 
yellow; iris reddish brown. Total length 33 inches, cnlmen 3, 
wing 22-2, tail 13*5, tarsus 5*1. 

Hah. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. S. America. Purchased. 
b. Juv. st.
c. Var. st. 
S. America. 
Chili. 
E. 
Wilson, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 

35. 1E0RPHFCJS. 
Type. 

Morphnus, Cuv. Eegne An. i. p. 318 (1817) M. guianensia. 
Range. Amazonia and Guiana, ranging into Panama. 

1. Morphnns guianensm 
Petit Aigle de la Guiane, Maud. Em. Meth. p. 1257 (1784). 
Falco guianensis, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 78 (1800, ex Mwtiugt). 
Falco sonnini, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 67 (1809). 
Falco delicatus, Shaw, torn. tit. p. 68 (1809). 
Morphnus guianensis, Cuv. Pegne An. i. p. 318 (1817); Grat/, Gen 


P. I p. 15 (1845) j Pp. Comp. i. p. 30 (1850); StrwU. Orn. SmC 
p. 24 (1855); Purm. Th. Pros. ii. p. m (1856); Gray, Mand-LP„ 
i. p. 16 (1869) 5 Peh. Orn. Pros. pp. 4, 397 (1871): Scl & Sab. 
Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 120 (1873). 
Spizaetus variegatus, Ponn. et Vieill Enc. MitTt. ill p. 1257 (1823). 
Morphnus sonnini, Steph. Gen. Zool xiii. p. 18 (1825), 

36 . THEASAETUS. 
223 

Morphiras cristatus, Less, Traite, p. 51,t.11. fig. 2 (1831). 

Harpyia guianensis, Steams. Classify B. ii. p. 208 (1837). 

Thrasaetus guianensis, Kaup7 Mus* SencJzmb. iii. p. 260 (1845). 

Astur guiauensis, SehL Mm. ~P,-B. Astures, p. 25 (1862). 

Adult female* Above black, somewhat shaded with brown on tbe 
margins of the feathers, tbe upper tail-coverts tipped witb white, 
the outermost also barred, especially near the base, which is entirely 
white; upper wing-coverts black, with ashy white margins, producing 
a barred appearance, the greater series ashy brown, barred 
with black and mottled with darker brown on the interspaces; 
quills black, somewhat mottled with ashy brown, externally and 
narrowly tipped with whity brown, the secondaries more distinctly; 
tail black, tipped with whity brown and crossed with three bands 
of ashy brown, mottled with darker brown, the base of the tail 
somewhat varied with whitish; head and neck greyish brown, with 
more or less distinct hoary margins to the feathers, plainer on the 
ear-coverts; head with a long crest, the feathers of which are 
brown, more or less white at base, with a distinct subterminal spot 
of black; chest ashy brown, clearer than the head, and having faint 
hoary margins to the feathers; rest of tinder surface of body white, 
with pale rufous cross bars, darker and browner on the thighs, and 
gradually disappearing on the under tail-coverts; under wing-
coverts white; inner lining of quills ashy white, mottled with 
brown and crossed with broad blackish bands. Total length 36 
inches, culmen 2*4, wing 19*3, tail 17, tarsus 4*6. 

Bab. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. British Guiana. Sir H. Schomburgk TO.]. 
h. 2 *&• st- Peruvian Andes. E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.j. 
c. Ad. sk. ^PPer Amazon. A. B. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
d. Skeleton. Purchased. 
36. THBASAETTJS. 
Type. 
Harpyia, Vieill. Analyse, p. 24 (1816) T. harpyia. 
Thrasaetus, Gray, P. Z. S.1837, p. 108 T. harpyia. 
Nothrophrontes, Ghger, Kandb. Naturg. p. 219 (1842).... T. harpyia. 

Bill of Thrasaetus harpyia (reduced). 

224 FALCONIB^). 

Eange, South America from Bolivia and Paraguay, northwards 
through, the whole of Amazonia and Columbia to Mexico. 


1. Thrasaetus harpyia. 

L'Aigle hupe* du Bmsil, JBriss. Orn. i. p. 446 (1760). 
Yultur harpyia, Linn. S. K. i. p. 121 (1766). 
Caracca Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 81 (1781). 
Crested Falcon, Dillon, Trav. Spain, p. 80, pi. 3 (1782). 
Vtiltur coronatus, Jacquin, Beitr* p. 15 (1784). 
Grand Aigle de la Guiane, Maud. Ene. Meth. iii. p. 1250 (1784). 
Falco jacquini, Gm. S. JST. i. p. 251 (1783). 
Falco harpyia, Gm. S. K i. p. 251 (1788). 
Falco cristatus, Gnu S. N. i. p. 260 (1788). 
Falco destructor, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 60 (1800) ; Temm. PL Col I 
pi. 14 (1824). 
Gypaetus harpyia, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 27 (1800). 
Gypaetus coronatus, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 28 (1800). 
L'Ouira ouassou, Sonn, ed. Buff. H. N. xxxviii. p. 47, pi. 7. fig. 1 
(1806). 
Falco imperialis, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 52, pi. 15 (1809). 
Falco regalis, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 515 (1809). 
Falco caracca, Shaw, Gen. Zool vii. p. 64 (1809). 
Falco calquin, Molin. St. Chili, p. 220 (1810). 
Harpyia destructor, Cuv. JRegne An. i. p. 317 (1817) ,* B'Orb. Voy. 
Am. Merid., Ok. p. 81 (1847); Barm. Th. Bras, if, p. 59 (1856). 
Harpyia maxima, Bonn, et Vieill. JSnc. Meth. iii. p. 1249 (1823). 
Harpyia imperialis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 17 (1820). 
Harpyia ferox, Less. Traite, p. 50 (1831). 
Thrasaetus harpyia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 108; id. Gm. B. L 

p. 15 (1845),-Bp. Consp. i. p. 29 (1850); Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 26 
(1855) ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 16 (1869); Sel $ Sah. Nommcl AD. 
Neotr. p. 120 (1873). 
Nothrophrontes destructor, Gloyerf JSandb. Naturg. p. 219 (1842). 
Morptoms harpyia, Cab. § Tsch. Arch. f. Naturg. 1844, p. 265 ; Peb. 
Orn. Bras. p. 4 (1871). 
Morpkrrus destructor, Idcht Nomencl. p. 2 (1854). 
Astur harpyia, Schl Mm. P.~B. Astures, p. 25 (1862). 

Young. Upper surface black, the lower back and rump crossed 
with distinct ashy grey bars, the median and greater wing-coverts 
mottled with ashy brown, taking the form of bars on the latter; 
head and neck all round ashy grey, blacker on the crown, the long 
crest-feathers very plainly blackish, towards their tips; scapulars 
and quills brown, externally shaded with grey and mottled with 
black, forming a distinct subterminal band on the scapulars and 
secondaries, which are tipped with whity brown ; lower surface of 
wing ashy white, the black bands yery distinct below, except near 
bases of inner webs, which are mottled only with black; tail-
feathers ashy brown, inclining near base to bluish ash-colour, tipped 
with whitish and crossed with five broad bands of black, the 
subterminal one much the broadest; throat ashy grey like head, 
remainder of under surface of body white, with a broad band of 
glossy black feathers across the chest, the thighs barred with black; 
under wing-coverts and feathers round the bend of the wing white, 

AQUILINE. 225 

most of them subterminally black, causing a more or less distinctly 
mottled appearance. 

Adult. General colour of upper surface ashy grey, the head and 
neck all round, as well as the entire under surface of the body, 
white, excepting the long crest-feathers and an indistinct chest-
band, which incline to ashy grey; wing-coverts and scapulars generally 
darker ashy, slightly mottled with black, the median coverts 
inclining to whity brown; quills blackish, externally shaded and 
mottled with greyish, the secondaries more decidedly of the latter 
colour with black motthngs; tail-feathers ashy brown, externally 
shaded with grey, and crossed with six imperfect bands of black, 
with which the interspaces are plentifully mottled; bill black ; 
feet yellow ; iris brown. Total length 38 inches, culmen 3*1, 
wing 22*3, tail 16, tarsus 4-8. 

Rah. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. South America. Zoological Society. 
b, c. Imm. st. British Guiana. Sir R. Schomburgk [C.]. 
d,e,f. Skeletons. Zoological Society. 
Subfamily VI. AQUILIN-ZB. 

Outer toe only connected to middle toe by membrane; tibia much 
longer than tarsus, exceeding it by more than length of hind claw; 
tarsus more than half the length of the tibia, and reticulate on 
hinder aspect; bill festooned but not toothed. 

Key to the Genera* 

a. Nostrils hidden by stiff bristles; chin with a 
long tuft of black bristly hairs 37. GYPAETTJS, p. 228. 
b. Nostrils visible; no chin-tuft. 
a'. Tarsi clothed with feathers all round to 
base of toes. 
a". Tail strongly graduated, wedge-shaped 
when closed, the middle feathers exceeding 
the outer ones by more than 
length of tarsus 38. UROAETUS, p. 231, 

b". Tail nearly square or only moderately 
rounded, the difference in length of 
middle and outer tail-feathers inappreciable 
and less than length of tarsus. 


a"f. Distance between tips of primaries 
and tips of secondaries greater than 
length of tarsus. 


a4, Claws curved and powerful, the 
outer toe with its claw exceeding 
in length the circumference of 
inner claw. 


VOL. I. K 

226 
PALCOXIDJS. 

as. No elongated crest; ridge of bill 
(without cere) greater tlian 
inner toe (without claw) measured 
from extremity of tarsal 
feathers

65. No elongated occipital crest; inner 
toe measured as above equal 
to circumference of culmen ..
c5. Crest long and wedge-shaped, 
longer than outer toe and clawj 
circumference of culmen decidedly 
less than length of inner 

toe

b\ Claws nearly straight; the circumference 
of inner claw exceeding 
the length of outer toe even with 
its claw included

c4. Claws rounded and powerful ,* the 
circumference of inner claw about 
equal to the length of outer toe 
and claw

b"r. Distance between tips of primaries 
and tips of secondaries less than 
length of tarsus. 

d4. Crest-feathers sometimes full} developed, 
sometimes absent; wings 
short, falling short of tail by more 
than length of crest. *.

e4. Crest-feathers extremely long and 
pendent, far exceeding in length 
the distance by which the wings 
fall short of the tail.,

//. Tarsi bare on lower portion. 
c". Bare part of tarsus equal to or longer 
than middle toe without claw. 
c"\ Nostrils with osseous margin. 

f\ Nostrils circular. 
cP. Tarsi transversely plated in front.
e5. Tarsi reticulate m front

if. Nostrils perpendicular ovals.

f\ Crest-feathers lanceolate in shape, 
about equal in length to middle 
toe with claw. 

a6. Wing short, less than once and 
a half the length of tail¥. Wing long, more than once and

a half the length of tail ... .

<f. 
Crest-feathers rounded, longer 
than middle toe with claw..
cF". Nostrils oval, with a superior membrane 
, ..,.«.
d". Bare part of tarsus less than middle toe 
without claw. 
e"\ Nostrils more or less perpendicular 
ovals, with bony margin all round. 
h K Eyebrow feathered. 

 39. AQTJILA, p. 232. 
40. NISAETITS, p. 249. 
41. LOPHOTBIOBCKES, 
p. 255. 
42. NEOPTFS, p. 256. 
43. SPIZIASTTTB, p. 258. 
44. SPIZAETUS, p. 259. 
45. LOPHOAETUS, p. 274. 
4(5. ASTUBIN~OXA, p. 275. 

 47. HEBPETQTHEBES, 
p. 277. 
48. DBYOTBIOBCHIS, 
p. 278. 
49. CIHUAETUS, p. 280. 
50. SPILOBNIS, p. 287. 
51. BUTASTUB, p. 294. 
AQUILIM;. 

hs, Crest-feathers rounded j wing exceeding 
tip of tail by more than 
length of tarsus

&. Crest-feathers lanceolate; wings 
reaching nearly or quite to tip 
of tail

i4. Eyebrow bare.
'". Nostrils circular, with bony marginall round

"'. Nostrils oblique, generally closed in 
with a superior membrane, so as to 
render the nasal opening almost 
linear in character. 
k4. Tail forked, outer tail-feather longest. 
&5. Distance between tips of primaries 
and tips of secondaries 
equal to fork of tail. 

cP. Wing extremely long, exceed-* 
ing length of tail by more 
than twice the length of tarsus


dP. Wing yery long, but not exceeding 
length of tail by twice 
length of tarsus

W Distance between tips of primaries 
and tips of secondaries 
greater than difference between 
longest and shortest tail-feather 
(I e. fork of tail). 
eG. Distance from angle of mouth 
to anterior margin of nostril 
greater than distance from 
latter point to tip of beak ..
f6. Distances as aboye measured 
equalg%. Distance from angle of mouthto nostril less than distance 

 52. HELOTARSUS, p. 299. 
53. HALIAETTTS, p. 301. 
54 GTYPOHIERAX, 
p. 312. 
55. HALIASTUR, p. 312. 
5&. ELANOH>ES; p. 317. 

 57. NAUCLEEUS, p. 318. 
58. MXLVTJS, p. 319. 
59. LOPHOICTESTIA, 
p. 326. 
from latter point to tip of beak 60. ROSTHRAMXJS, 
IK Tail rounded, outer feather shorter p. 327. 
than middle one. 
m5. Ridge of bill (without cere) great


er than half of middle toe (without 
claw). 

h6. Loral space bare ..........


i*. Loral space feathered. 
a7. Wings reaching right to end 
of tail. 
a8. Bare part of tarsus in front 
greater than half of middle 
toe (without claw)..
bB. Bare part of tarsus in frontless than middle toe 
(without claw)
h7. Wings falling short of tailby at least as much as, or 

 61. LEPTQDON, p. 329. 
62. GYPOICTTNIA, * 
p. 335. 
63. ELANTJS, p. 336. 
* 
R2 

228 FALCONIDJS. 

even more than, length, of 

tarsus. 

e8. Tail not four times length 

of tarsus 64. GAMI>SONYX? p. 340. 

d8. Tail very long, more than 

five times length of tarsus 65. HENTCOPEBXIS, 

\ Ridge of bill (without cere) less p. 841. 

than*half of middle toe (with


out claw). 

hB. Bill weak and slightly keeled; 

loral plumes produced above 

half the nostril 66. MACBTEIBHAMPHUS, 

I6. Bill stout; loral plumes not p. 342. 

produced beyond posterior 

margin of nostril...". 67. FERRIS, p. 343. 

37. &YPAETUS. Type # 
Gypaetus, Storr, Alpenreise, p. 69 (1784) G. barbatus. 
Gyptus, Burner. Zool. Anal p. 34 (1806) G. barbatus. 
Phene, Savign. Syst. Ois cVEgypte, p. 242 (1800) G. otsifragus. 

Range. The mountains of countries bordering the Mediterranean, 
and extending through Central Asia and the Himalaya Mountains to 
Northern China. Africa; in Egypt and N.E. Africa, and in S. 
Africa. 

Keg to the Species. 

a. Tarsus feathered to the toes; cheeks marked with 
black barbatus, p. 228. 
b. Tarsus bare towards the lower part; cheeks white. ossifragm, p. 230. 
1. GypaettLS barbatus. 
The Bearded Vulture, Edw. N. H. Birds, iii. pi. 106 (1750). 
Le Vautour dore^ Brim. Orn. i. p. 458 (1760). 
Le Vautour des Aloes, Briss. Orn. i p. 464 (1760). 
Vultur barbatus, Linn. 8. K i. g. 123 (1766). 
Falco magnus, Gm. Beis. Sihir. ill. pi. 38 (1774). 
Gypaetus grandis, Starr, Alpenreise, p. 69 (1784), 
Gypaetus barbatus, Storr, Alpenreise, p. 69 (1784); Naum, Vog. 


Beutschl 1 Taf. 4, 5 (1822); Werner, Atl Bapaces, pi. 5 (1827); 
Gould, B. Eur. i. pL 4 (1837) ; SchL u. Smem. Vog. Bur. Taf. 5,6, 
(1839); Gray, Gen. Bl i. p. 2, pi. 1 (1844); Bp. Oomp. I p. 11 
(1850); Midd. Sibir. Bern., Vog. p. 124 (1851); Striekl, Orn. Syn. 

p. 15 (1855); Eritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 1. rigs. 6, 7 (1858) ; SchL 
Mm. B-B. Vultures, p. 10 (1862); Beiz, Verh. z.~b. Wten, 1862, 
p. 125; Jerd. B, Ind. I p. 13 (1862); Badde, Beis. Sibir. Vog. 
p. 79 (1863) ; Newt. Ooih. While}, p. 8 (1864); Garmy, Cat. Mapt 
B. Norm. Mm. p. 81 (1864); Bree, B. Eur. i.j». 12 (1866) j Degl 
et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. I p. 16 (1867); Loche, JSxpl. Alger. I p. '14 
(1867); Gray, Hand-l B, i. p. 1 (1869); Hume, Bough Notes, L 
p.35 (1869); Sdoad. Faun. Ital Xfce. p. 4 (1871); Swmh.P. Z. S. 
I mf 

37- GVPAUTrs, 229 

1871, p. 337; Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xv. (1872); Hume, Str. F. i. 

p. 151 {1873); id. § Menders. Lahore to Tark p. 170 (1873). 
Vultur barbartfs, Gm. 8. K i. p. 250 (1788). 
Falco barb&tus, Gm. 8. K i p. 252 (1788). 
Gypaetus aureus, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 25 (1800, ex Briss.). 
Gypaetus alpinus, Baud. t. c. p. 25, pi. 10 (1800). 
Gypaetus castaneus, Baud. i. c. p. 26 (1800). 
Vultur leucocephalus, Meyer in Meyer u. Wolf, Taschenb, deutseh, 
Vogelk. i. p. 9, Taf. 3 (1810). 

Vultur ruelanocephalus, Meyer, t. c. p. 10, Taf. 1 (1810) ; Wolf, Ab


bild. merkw. Geqemt. pi. 15 (181(3). 

Phene ossifraga, Vieill et Oud. Gal. Ois. pi. 8 (1825). 

Gypaetus hemalachanus, Sutton, J. A. S. B. vii. p. 22 (1838). 
^_ - Gypaetus subalpinus, Brelim, Ms, 1810, p. 771. 

Gypaetus altaicus, Gebler, Bull 8oc. Acad. 8L Petersb. vi. p. 292 (1840). 

Gypaetus barbatus occidentals, 8eM. Rev. Grit. p. xiii (1844). 

Gypaetus occidentalis, Bp. Con ip. i. p. 11. (1850); 8alvad. Cat. Ucc. 

8ard. p. 16 (1864); Lilford, Ibis, 1865, p. 109. 
Gypaetus Hieridionalis, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 267. 
Gypaetus orientalis, Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 25 (lapsu). 


Young. Head and nape all round including the tbroat blackish 
brown, with a tawny featber appearing bere and tbere; rest of tbe 
plumage ligbt brown, varied with an occasional dark brown featber 
appearing, some of tbe dorsal plumes creamy white, as also are 
several of the wing-coverts; quills and tail paler than in the adults; 
the inner secondaries shaded with ashy; bill dull horn-colour; feet 
dull lead-colour, claws black; iris hazel-brown. 

Adult. Above black, on the rump a few brown feathers, some of 

the scapulars washed with ochre-brown, shafts of all the back-

feathers white, more or less tinged with tawny buff, especially on 

the wing-coverts, where they somewhat dilate towards the apex; 

quills brown, externally washed with ashy, the secondaries with 

ochre-brown, the shafts of all white, those of the primaries some


what yellowish; tail brown, shafts white, some of the outer feathers 

more ashy; head white, the elongated lanceolate nape-feathers 

tinged with bright tawny; crown of the head and sides of the face 

white; bristles over the nostrils and a broad line on each side of the 

crown black; a few black feathers on the ceral portion of the beak, 

and along the crown of the head, being a little more distinct on the 

occiput; under the eye a tinge of tawny; on the cheeks a few black 

feathers forming a black line below the ear; on the chin a tuft of 

long black bristles; entire under surface of the body rich tawny, 

with a few whitish feathers showing here and there; under wing-

coverts dark brown, with pale tawny shaft-streaks dilated slightly 

at the apex; some of the feathers on the sides of the breast and the 

axillaries broadly margined with blackish brown; bill bluish horn


colour, the tip darker; feet lead-colour, claws horn-brown; iris pale 

orange, sclerotic membrane blood-red. Total length about 41 inches, 

culmen 3*7, wing 29*5, tail 20, tarsus 4 (in skeleton 3*4). 

Nestling. Covered with dense smoky brown down, the feathers, 

where they are appearing, being dark chocolate-brown, with a pur


230 
FALCO:HID:E. 

pHsh gloss, tlie back and breast-feathers clearly tipped with whitish, 
and some of the wing-coverts also washed with whitish towards the 

Obs. A nestling procured by Mr. A. B. Brooke in Sardinia, covered 
with yellowish down is figured in part sv. of Dresser s <* Birds of 
Europe' (cf. Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 143). 

Hab. The mountains of Southern Europe and N.E. Africa, extending 
eastwards from Asia llinor and Palestine through Central 
Asia to the Himalayas and Northern China. 

a. Pall. sk. Gaitanes, S. Spain. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. [Spec. fig. 
in Dresser, B. Eur. pi. 3.] 
b. 2 &&' sk- Granada. Howard Saunders, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Juv. sk. Athens. ^ C. "W. L. Merlin, Esq. [P.]. 
d. Juv. st. Himalaya Mountains. 
e. f. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.1 
g. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
h. Ad. sk. China. J. E. Reeves, Esq. [P.]. 
i. Skull. 
Dr. Gunther. 
h. Skull. 
Hon. E. I. Co. 
2. Gypaetus ossiiragTis. 
Nisser or Golden Ea^le, Bruce, Trav. Abyss, v. App. pi. 31 {1790). 
Phene ossifcaga, Savign. Syst. Ois. (TEyypte, p. 245 (1809). 
Gypaetus barbatus, ISmith, S.-Afr. Q. Jburn. i. p. 105 (18S0); Des 


murs in Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss, Ois. p. 43 (1845); Heugl J.f.O. 

1862, p. 295; Schl Mus. B.-B. Jtevue Aecipitr. p. 141 (1875, 

pt.). 

Gypaetus 
meridionalis, Keys^ $* Bias, Wifb. Eur. p. xxviii (1840) ; 
ttxipp. Si/st. Uebers. p. 9, pi. 1 (1845); Btrickl Orn. Syn. p. 17 
(1866); Bayard, B. & Afr. p. 2 (1867); Bhnf. Geol $ Zool Abyss, 

p. 298 (1870); Finsch, 'Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 200 (1870). 
Gypaetus nudipes, Brehm, Isis, 1847, p. 772; Bp. Ccmsp. i. p. 10 
(1850); Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 125; Gray. Hand~l B. L 

p. 1 (1869); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 209 (1872). 
Gypaetus barbatus meridionalis, 
Schl. 3£us. P.-B. Vultures, p, 10 
(1862); Heugl Orn. KO.-Afr. I p. 17 (1869). 

Similar to G. barbatus, but wanting the black markings on the 
cheeks, which are entirely white, and having the lower part of the 
tarsus not feathered. Total length about §8 inches, culmen 3*8, 
wing about 29, tail about 18*5, tarsus 4. 

Young. Besides the difference in the feathering of the tarsus, the 
young bird differs from that of G. barbatus in having the cheeks 
browner and not so intermixed with black. 

Hab. Mountainous parts of Egypt, N.E. Africa, and Southern 
Africa. 

a. $ ad. sk. Ankober, Dec. 1841. Sir W. C. Harris [C. 
b. <$ juv. st. Ankober, Dec. 1841. Sir W. C. Harris [CJ 
c. Juv. sk. Angollala, Shoa, Oct 1841. Sir W. C. Harris [0. 
d. Juv. sk. Angollala, Shoa. Sir W. C. Harris [ C 
4flPki* 

38 . TJROAETTTS. 231 
e. Juv. st. Abyssinia. Sir W. 0. Harris [CI. 
/ . $ juv. sk. Senafe, March 11. 180*. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
38. UBOAETTJS. m 
Type. 

Uroaetus, Kemp, Classify Sdug. u. Vog. p. 121 (1844)...... U. audax. 

Range. Australia and Yan Diemen?s Land. 

1. Uroaetus audax. 
Bold Vulture, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 10 (1801). 

Vultur audax, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. 2 (1801). 

Mountain Eagle, Collins, N. S. W. p. 526, pi. 31 (1804). 

Aquila albirostris, Vieill X, Diet i. p. 229 (1818); Pucher. Rev. et 

Mag. tie Zool. 1850, p. 81. 

Falco fueosus, Temm. Rl Col. i. pi. 32 (1824). 

Aquila fueosa, Vig. Zool Jour. i. p. 337 (1824)* Gould, Syn, R. 

Austr. pt. iii. (1838); id. R. Austr. i. pi. 1 (1848). 
Aquila audax, Gray, Ann. JV. H. xi. p. 189 (1842) ; id. Gen. R. i. 

p. 14 (1845); Rp. Consp. I p. 14 (1850JY Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 62 
(1855); Schl Mus. P.-R. Aquil*e, p. 10 (1862); Gould. RCandb. 
R. Austr. i. p. 8 (1865)• Biggies, Orn. Austr. pt. xviii (1868); 
Gray, Hdnd-l R. i. p. 11 (1869). 
XJroaetus fueosus, Kaup, Classif. Saug. u. Vog. p. 121 (1844). 
Aquila cimeicaudata, Rrehm, Isis, 1845, p. 356. 

Adult male. General colour black above and below, the wingeoverts 
and scapulars slightly varied with a few pale brown margins 
to the feathers, apparently disappearing with age ; head black, with 
white bases to the feathers, causing a slightly streaked appearance ; 
nape and hind neck bright tawny chestnut, the feathers mesiaUy 
streaked with black; quills black, the primaries slightly inclining 
to pale brown at base, the secondaries also faintly mottled with 
brown; all the quills whitish at base of inner web, mottled with 
brown; upper tail-coverts paler brown, somewhat shaded with ashy, 
and inclining to dark brown in the centre of the feather, mottled 
with white near the base; tail black, whitish at base of inner web, 
with a few mottlings of the same extending up the inner web of the 
feathers; under surface of body black, the under tail-coverts paler 
brown; cere and orbits yellowish white• bill yellowish horn-colour, 
passing into black at tip; feet light yellow; iris hazel. Total 
length 38 inches, culmen 3, wing 24*2, tail 17*5, tarsus 4*8. 

Young. Above bright rufous fawn, the crown inclining to dark 
brown, the neck-feathers mesially streaked and tipped with fulvous, 
the scapulars darker brown, with distinct central streaks; least 
wing-coverts dark brown, with whity brown margins, the median 
coverts bright rufous fawn; greater coverts dark brown, indistinctly 
barred with ashy brown; quills blackish, the secondaries indistinctly 
barred with chocolate-brown, the innermost pale brown, mottled 
with darker brown, the primaries externally shaded with ashy near 

232 FALCONID^. 

the base, and the outer secondaries slightly shaded with ashy on the 
external interspaces, the lower surface of the quills brown, mottled 
with ashy brown and white near base of inner web ; tail black, with 
dull fawn-coloured tip and indistinct mottlings and bars of brown* 
more distinct on inner web; cheeks and throat blackish; rest of 
under surface brown, the centre of the chest and under tail-coverts 
bright fawn, the breast mesially streaked and tipjed with pale fawn, 
less strongly marked on the abdomen and flanks ; under wing-coverts 
brown, slightly tipped with rufous, the plumes on the bend of the 
wing entirely of the latter colour; axillaries ashy brown, with pale 
rufous tips. 

Hab. The same as that of the genus. 

a. $ ad. sk. Australia. Lady Carington FP.". 
b. Juy. st. S. Australia. Sir &. Grey PP. J 
c. JUT. sk. Australia. W. Marten Smith, Esq. 
df e. <$ ad. sk. Van Diemen's Land. The Admiralty [P.l 

/". c? ad. sk. Van Diemen's Land. The Admiralty [P.J. 
g, <$ ad. sk. Van Diemen's Land. J. Gould, Esq". 
K Juy. sk. Interior of xlustralia Captain Start [P.]. 

(the Depot, lat. 29° 40'). 

39. ACHILLA. 
Type. 

Jt y jytr. 

Aquila, JBtiss. Orn. i. p. 419 (1760) A. ehrysaetu*. 
Pteroaetus, Kaup, Classif. Sang, tt. Tog, p. 120 (1844) A. verreatodL 

Head and foot of Aqmla chr^saetm. 

Range. The whole of Europe, Africa, and Asia, but not extending 
to the Malayan or Australian regions; K". America, as far 
as Mexico. 

39 . AQTTIIA. 
Key to the Species. 

a. Lower back and rump pure white
b. Lower back and rump fulvous or dark brown, 
a'. With white scapular feathers. 
a". Base of tail ashy grey, with black bands. 
a"f. Carpal plumes blackish, like rest of 
wing-covertsV". Carpal plumes white, like scapulars ..
b"'. Base of tail whiteb\ Scapulars brown, either pale or dark, uniformwith rest of upper surface. 
c". Under surface of body uniform. 
<•'". Basal half of tail uniform whited"'. Tail brown at base. 

a1. Tail uniform below. 
a5. Under surface of body blackish or 
deep chocolate-brown. 

233 

verreauxi ad., p. 234. 

heliaca ad., p. 238. *" 
adalberti ad., p. 239. 
chrysaebus juv. (barilielemyi), 
p. 235. 

chrysaetus]uv., p. 235. 

a6. Larger: wing, <$ 21*4 inches, 

g 20*5¥. Smaller: wing, S 19 inches, 
$ 19*75¥. Under surface of body pale fawncolour 
or ashy brown. 
cB. Larger: wing, $ 25*25 inches, $ 
28*2d*. Smaller : wing, $ 23 inches, 
$ 24*5ee. Smallest: wing, cT 20 inches, 

$ 22-2. 
a7. Underneath fawn-colour ... .
¥. Underneath ashy brown

b\ Tail more or less distinctly barredbelow. 

clanga ad., p. 248. 
maculata ad., p. 246. 

verreauxi juv., p. 234. 
adalbeHi'yiv., p. 239. 

rapax ad., p. 242. 
rapax juv. (albicans), 

 p. 243. 
c5. Much larger: wing 22 to 27 inches 

in length. 

y*6. Primary coverts entirely uniform chrysaetus ad., p. 235. 

g*. Primary coverts with a pale ful


vous tip, nearly an inch broad, mogilnih vix ad., p. 240. 
aT\ Smaller: wing not exceeding 22 
inches in length $ primary coverts 

narrowly paler at tip. 
c7. Underneath tawnyd?* Underneath ashy browne7. Underneath dark brown. 

as. Small wing-coverts tipped 
with white spots * nostrils 
rounded

bB. Small wing-coverts uniform, 
or with narrow white margins 
; nostrils oval

f7 

. Underneath white, with a few 
brown barsd'. Under surface of body parti- coloured. 
e'". Tail with bars underneath. 
c4. Tail barred to the base.

 vindhiana ad., p. 243. 
vindhiana juv,, p. 243. 

hastaia ad., p. 248. 
wahTbergii ad., p. 245. 
wahTbergii juv., p. 245. 
* 

234 
FALCONIB-aR. 

e5. Thighs uniform dark brown chrysaeim ad., p« 23<*>. 
f\ Thighs uniform fulvous ... . heliaca juv., p. 238. 
g5. Thighs light fulvous, with hrown 

margins, streaked or mottled with 
dark brown, like rest of under 
surface heliaca juv., p. 238. 

h\ Thighs deep tawny, or %h t ashy 
fulvous, with brown shaft-stripes, rapax JUT., p. 242. 
i5. Thighs white, with a few brown 
bars wahlhergi JUY., p. 245. 
dK Tail uniform at base macvluia juv., p. 246. 
/"'. Tail not barred below. 

e4-. Cheeks tawny or pale fulvous. 
ks. Entire under surface'streaked heliaca juv., p. 238. 
I5. Under surface uniform, only the 

chest streaked. 
A8. Chest light fawn, a few feathers 
margined with brown adalberti juv., p. 239. 
i6. Chest blackish, with central 
streaks of tawny brown ..... . rapax, p. 242. 
/l . Cheeks dark brown or blackish. 
m5. Chest uniform dark brown. 
h&. Larger: wing, $ 20 inches, $ 
22*3 ... rapax, p. 242, 
I8. Smaller: winsr, <$ 19-20 inches, 
$21-22 ..7 vhidhiana^.MX 

n'\ Chest dark brown, the feathers 
mesially streaked with paler 
brown. 


mG. Wing-coverts with large o^al 
tips of white. 
g7. Larger: wing in g 20*8 inches, 
in $ 21*4 .... elanga juv., p. 248. 
h1. Smaller: wing in $ 19 inches, 
in § 19*75 maeidaia juv., p. 246. 
nQ. Wing-coverts not spotted with 
white rapax, p. 242. 

1. Acprila verreanxi*. 
Aquila 
verreauxi, Less. Cent Zool p. 105, pi. 38 (1880); id. in 
Belang. Voy, Zool p. 210 (1834); Desjfurs, in ZefTToy. Abyss. 
Zool p. 49, pi. iv. (c. 1848); tibiekl. Orn. Sun. p. 03 (1855): 
Layard, B. & Afr. p. 11 (1867). 

* It is impossible to adopt the name of imttwrina for this species, as Daudin 
founded this title on LevaiUant's *' Caffre," which, in the exercise of charity, we 
may imagine to have been intended for the Black Eagle of South Africa"; but 
inasmuch as he omits all mention of the characteristic white back, and describes 
its habits most erroneously, we cannot allow his name to take precedence over 
Lesson's description, which is most exact. The following synonymy applies to 
Levaillant's species:— 
Le Oaffre, XevaUl OU. tfAfr. I p. 28, pi. 6 (1799). 
JFalco vulturinus, Baud. TraiU, ii p. 53 (1800, ex Lemill). 
Gypaetus caffer, Banz. Mem. Zool iii p. 45. 
Haliaetus vulturinus, Vig, Zool Journ* i. p. 336 (1824). 


i M jMfAt^i 

39 . AQUILA. 235 
Aquila vulturina, Smith, S.-Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 112 (1830, nee Daud.); 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 16 (1845) ; id. Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 12; Bp. 
Co?isp. i. p. 14 (1850) ; StricH. Orn. Syn. p. 63 (1855) ; 8chl. Mus. 
P.-B. Aquila}, p. 9 (1862) j Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 49 (1869) ; 
Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 11 (1869); Gurney, Anderss. B. Dam, Ld. 

p. 5 (1872). 
Aquila nigra, James, Mem. Wern. Soc. vii. p. 483 (1835). 
Pteroaetus verreauxii, Kaup, Chssif. Saug. u. Yog. p. 120 (1844). 
Pteroaetus vulturina, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 09. 
Aquila leucoprymna, Licht. KomencL p. 397 (1854). 
Young male. General colour clear fawn-colour both above and 
below, paler and more fulvescent on the sides of face, throat, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts ; some of the scapular feathers with margins 
of dark brown, appearing slightly streaked ; least wing-coverts uniform 
fawn-colour, the median series pale brown at base with fawncoloured 
tips, the greater and primary coverts, as well as secondaries, 
blackish brown, broadly tipped with fawn-colour; the primaries 
entirely blackish; lower surface of wing ashy brown, inclining to deep 
brown towards tips of primaries; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts uniform pale fawn-colour; tail brown, tipped with buffy 
fawn-colour; under wing-coverts uniform fawn like the breast, the 
lower series ashy brown like the wing-lining. Total length 36 inches, 
wing 25*25, tail 15, tarsus 4*6. 

Adult female. Entirely black both above and below; back and 
rump white, as also some of the scapulars, the whole of which are 
white at their bases ; upper tail-coverts also pure white, excepting 
the lowest ones, which are black; tail entirely black, with faint indications 
of five or six brown bars on the basal half; quills blackish, 
the primaries externally shaded with ashy grey, and conspicuously 
mottled with pale brown near the base, the primary coverts similarly 
marked, the secondaries also with slight indications of pale brown 
bars on inner web ; cere and orbits yellow; bill leaden horn-colour; 
feet yellow; iris pale umber-brown. Total length 37 inches, culmen 
3-2, wing 26-2, tail 13*5, tarsus 4*2. 

Hah South Africa and !NJE. Africa. 

a. Ad. at. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [O.]. 
b. Ad. sk. South Africa, Messrs. Smith & Co. [P.]. 
c. Juv. st. South Africa. Purchased. 
2. Aquila chrysaetus. 
White-tailed Eagle, Edwards, N. H. Birds, pi. 1 (1743). 
L'Aigle, Briss. Orn. i. p. 419 (1760). 
L'Aigle Wane, Briss. t c.p. 424 (1760, var.). 
L'Aigle dore", Briss. t c. p. 431 (1760). 
L'Aigle noir, Briss. t.c. p. 434 (1760). 
L'Aigle commun, Buff. PI JEnl 409. 
Le Grand Aigle, Buff. PI. Enl. 410. 
Faieo chrysaetus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 125 (1766); Yarr. Brit. B, i. p. 7 


(1841) j Naum. Yog. Deutschl. xiii. Taf. 339 (1860). 
Falco fulvus, Linn. 8. 2Vr. i. p. 125 (1766) ; Wils. Am. Orn. vii. pi. 55. 
fig. 1 (1813) ; Naum. V. D. i. p. 208, Taf. 8, 9 (1822) ; Werner, 

236 FALCOXID.®. 

Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 15 (1827) ; SchL u. Susem. Tog. Eur. Taf. It?, 

17 (1839). 

Black-backed Eagle, Brown, HI Zool. pi. 2 (177G). 

3Mco melanaetus, Gm. S. A7", i. p. 254 (1788). 

Falco canadensis, Gm. S. Ff. i. p. 2o6 (1788). 

Falco albus, Gm. S. IY. i. p. 257 (1788, var.). 

Falco niger, Gm. S. AT. i. p. 259 (1788, ex Brown). 

Falco cvgneus, Lath. Ind. Orn. L p. 14 (1790, var.). 

Falco melanonotus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 16 (1790, ex Broicn). 

Falco aquila, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 47 (1800). 

Aquila falva, Sav. Beser. Ois. ofEgypte, p. 251 (1809) ; Meyer, in 

Wolfu.Mey. Taschenb. deutsch. VogelLly. 14(1810); SchL Toy. 

Nederl pis. 23,24,25 (1854); id. Mm. P.-B. Aquil©, p. 1 (1862) ; 

Begl. et Gerbe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 20 (1867) : Loche, Expl. Set. Alger. 

Ois. p. 19 (1867) j JSeugl Orn. KO.-Afr. i. p. 43 (1869) ; Shelley, 

B. Egypt, p. 205 (1872). 
Aquila nobilis, Fall Zoogr. Rosso-As. i. p. 338 (1811). 
Aquila regalis, Temm. Man. d?Om. ed. i. p. 10 (1815). 
Aquila chrysaetus, Bumont, Bid. Set. Nat. i. p. 339 (1816) ; Sw. <J" 
Rich. Faun. B.-Am., Birds, p. 12 (1831) ; Gould, B. Eur. I. pi. f> 
(1837) ; Audul. B. Am. i. p. 50, pi. xli. (1839); Macgill. Brit. B. 

iii. p. 204 (1840) ; Gray, Gen. B. I. p. 13, pi. 7. fig. 1 (1845) ; Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 13; Cass. B. Calif, p. 109 (1855) ; Shield. Orn. Syn. 
p. 55 (1855) ; Fritsch, Vou. Eur. tab. vii. figs. 1-3 (1858); Sunder. 
Sv. Foql. pi. xxx. fig. 1 (c. I860); Jerd. B. Ind. I p. 55 < L-62); 
Gould] B. Gt. Br. pt. 3 (1863); Feb. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1863, p. 153; 
Radde, Reis. Sibir. Tog. p. 83 (1803): XeicL Ooth. Wallet/, p. 8 
(1864); Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 10 (18f»9): Hume, Rough* Notes, 
i. p. 139 (1869); Newt, ed. Tarr. Brit B. L p. 11 (1871); Stcinh. 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 338; Salmd. Faun. Mat Uec. p. 5 <1871); 
Coues, Key N Am. B. p. 219 (1872); JBktme, Sir. F. i- p. 157 
(1873). 
Aquila regia, Less. Trade, p. 30, pi. 8. fig. 1 (1831). 
Aquila dapbanea, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool Mise. p. 81 (1844). 
Falco rmperialis, Crespon, Faun. Merid. i. p. 131 (1844). 
Aquila barthelemyi, Jaub. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 545 ; id. et Barih. Lap. 


Rich. Orn. p. 3i, pi. 2 (1850) ; Murie, P. Z. S.1870, p. 80. 
. Aquila fuscicapilla, Brehm, Namn. 1855, p. 267. 
Aquila canadensis, Cass, in BairoTs B. N. Am. p. 41 (1860) ; Ball §• 
Bonn. Tr. Chic. Acad. I p. 272 (1869); Cooper, B. Calif. edBaird, 

p. 449 (1870). " i J 
Nestling. Clotbed with pure wbite down, the feathers visible being 
of a glossy chocolate- (almost bronzy) brown, the quills and tail-
feathers blackish, the latter with bujfy white tips; feathers of the 
head and neck rufous brown. 

Young. Above brown, all the feathers with broad white bases, 
showing conspicuously on the disarrangement of the feathers ; lores 
whitish; crown of head and ear-coverts Hack, the latter slightly 
streaked with rufous; hind head and neck tawny rufous, the bases 
to the feathers smoky brown; entire under surface of body light 
brown, the feathers with broad white bases, the tbroat blackish, the 
thighs and under tail-coverts tawny rufous; quills blackish, the 
secondaries browner, especially the innermost; under surface of wing 
blackish, the inner primaries white for more than half of inner web; 

39. AQ,UILA. 237 
upper tail-coverts black, washted with rufous on outer web, the bases 
white; tail ashy white at base, gradually mottled with brown, the 
terminal third black, forming a very broad band. (Specimen in 
change from first to second plumage.) 

Adult male. Above blackish brown, with slightly paler margins to 
the interscapular feathers and wing-coverts; greater wing-coverts 
and scapulars with ashy white bases, mottled with brown; quills 
blackish, the secondaries ashy grey, mottled with brown, the terminal 
third of the feather blackish, the lower surface of the wing ashy 
brown, with slight paler brown mottlings on the inner secondaries; 
tail blackish at tip, browner towards the base, with an irregular grey 
band across the middle of the tail, the basal portion more or less 
mottled with ashy grey ; the lower surface of the tail as dark as the 
upper, the single grey bar distinctly indicated; crown of head brown; 
nape and hind neck rich tawny, the feathers lanceolate in shape, 
with brown bases, appearing as if streaked; lores whitish; sides of 
face light tawny, paler than neck ; cheeks and entire under surface 
of body blackish, the feathers mostly brown at base, the leg-feathers 
and under wing-coverts pale brown ; under wing-coverts blackish; 
cere yellow; bill bluish horn-colour, darker at tip; feet yellow, 
claws black ; iris hazel. Total length 32 inches, culmen 2-6, wing 
24-5, tail 13, tarsus 3-7. 

Atkdt female. Larger than the male. Total length 35*5 inches, 
wing 27-5, tail 14, tarsus 3#8. 
Hah. The whole of Europe and Northern Asia, extending into 
India and 2sTorth China; N. America, as far south as Mexico *. 

«, h. Pull. st.
e. Juv. st.
<r/,e. c?$ad. st.
/ . Pull. st.
//. Ad, st.
A. Q juv. sk. 
Orkneys. 
Orkneys. 
Orkneys. 
Europe. 
Archangel. 
SkSne, S. Sweden,
Nov. 5,1872. 
Mr. Bullock. 
Mr. Bullock. 
Mr. Bullock. 
Purchased. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Mr. Meves [C.]. 
i. Juv. st.
h. $ ad. sk.
/. Juv. st. 
Tunis. 
Huzara, N. Punjab. 
Huzara, N. Punjab. 
L. Fraser, Esq. [O.J. 
Oapt. Unwin JP.J. 
Oapt. Unwin [P.J. 
m. Juv. sk. India. 
n. Ad. sk.
o. (S ad. sk.
p. Ad. st.
q. Juv. st.
r. Juv. st. 
Nepal. 
N. America. 
N. America. 
N. America. 
Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.J. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
Zoological Society. 
Hudson's Bay Oo. [P.J. 
Purchased. 

* I cannot separate A. canadensis, the old birds of which appear to he indistinguishable. 
The young ones from America wear a peculiarly light plumage 
on the head and neck, and are of large size, though in this respect they are 
equalled by Himalayan specimens. Capt. Unwinds female bird, from Huzara, 
measures:—total length 40 inches, wing 27*9, tail 15, tarsus 4. These measurements, 
which are from the skin, somewhat surpass those of the bird when measured 
in the flesh. A North-American specimen measures:—total length 
41 inches, wing 26*23, tail 16*5, tarsus 4*1. 
238 
PALC0NIB-3E. 

s. Ad. sk. Fort Simpson. Bernard H. Boss, Esq. [P.]. 
•L 
Skeleton. Zoological Society [A, barthelemyi], 
I 
3. Abulia heliaca. 
Aquila heliaca, Savign, Descr. Egypte, p. 459, pi. 12 (1809); Vieill 1 
et Oud. Gal Ois. pi. 9 (1825); Gould, B. Eur. pi. 5 (1887) ; Gray, 
Gen, B. i. p. 1-3 (1845); Bp. Camp. i. p. IS (1850) ; Fritsch, Vog. , 
Eur. tab. 8. figs. 1-3 (1858) j Jaub. et Bartk. Zap. Mich. 0nt.p*35 
(1859). 

Aquila chrysaetos, Zeis, Ami. Wetter. iL p. 170 (1810, nee Z.). 

Falco inrperialis, Bechst. Taschenb. Yog. Beutsehl. iii. p. 553 (1812) ; 
Mum. Vog. Beutsehl i. p. 201, Taf. 6, 7 (1822), et xiii. Taf. 340 
(1860); Werner, Ail Bapaces, pi. 14 (1827) ; Schl «. Susem. Vog, 
Eur. Taf. 14,15 (1839) ; Bree, B. Eur. I p. 58 (186*6). 


Aquila inrperialis, Cuv. Fegne An. i. p. 325 (1829) ; Gray, IE. Ind. 
ZooL ii pi. 28 (1833) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 57 (1862); Felz. Verh. 
z.-b. Wten, 1862, p. 155; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur A. p. 24 (1867); 
Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 10 (1869) ; Hume, Bough Notes, l. p. 142 
(1869) ,• Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 201 (1870) ; Salvad. Faun. Hal 
Uce. p. 6 (1871); Sound. F. Z. S. 1871, p. 37 ; Anders, t c. p. 686*; 
id. P. Z. S.1872, p. 620; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 205 (1872) : Hume, 
Stray F. i. p. 157 (1873). 


Aquila crassipes, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 81 (1844); Brooks, 

F. Z. S, 1872, p. 503; Anders. F. Z. S.Jb72, p. 020. 
Aquila mogilnik, Stricll Orn. Syn. p. 57 (1855); Sehl Mm. P.-JB. 
Aquilae, p. 3 (1862); Heugl Orn. X.O.-Afr. i. p. 44 (1869); 
Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xix. (1&73). 


Aquila riparia, Wurt MS.; Heugl. Naum. 1857, p. 432, 
Aquila bifaseiata, Saund. P. Z. S. 1871, p- 37 ; Swinh. t, c. p. 338, 


Young, Above rather light brown, the back-feathers mostly shaded 
down the middle with ashy and on the margins with purplish ; all 
the feathers of the upper surface pointed with buify fawn-colour, 
giving a spotted character to the plumage; head and neck tawny 
buff, the feathers with clear brown bases, which show through more 
or less, and impart a streaked appearance; the plumes of the hind 
neck long and lanceolate, brown, like back, with tawny streaks down 
the centre; wing-coverts brown, pointed with fulvous like the back; 
the greater and median coverts with broad whitish buff terminal 
spots, widening up the shafts of the feathers; quills blackish, the 
secondaries rather browner, and broadly tipped with whitish buff; 
feathers of hinder back and rump tawny fulvous,, with dark brown 
lateral margins, spreading more over the plames of the latter part; 
upper tail-coverts buffy white, in strong contrast to tail; tail uniform 
brown, tipped with buffy white ; under surface light tawny fulvous, 
nearly uniform on the throat, abdomen, thighs, leg-feathers, and 
under tail-coverts; the whole of the breast-feathers laterally margined 
with brown, producing a distinctly streaked appearance; under 
wing-coverts rufous fawn-colour, streaked with brown, the lower 
series ashy brown, like the inner lining of the wing; bill and feet 
as in adult. 

Obs. The change from the striped under surface to the adult seems 

""W i'l 

39 . AOJFILA. 239 
to be effected mostly by a gradual change in the coloration of the 
feather, by means of the spreading of the brown colour. At present 
I have seen no specimen in actual moult; yet it is very probable that 
a partial moult occurs, and that the new feathers, which are particoloured, 
gradually get entirely black. The Museum contains an 
example, in full progress towards the black dress, killed in the 
month of April, probably in the second year of the bird's age. 

Adult male. Blackish brown above, much Hghter brown on the 
upper part of the back and on the upper tail-coverts, which are 
mottled with white near the base, and broadly tipped with the same; 
many of the scapulars pure white, forming a conspicuous patch, 
which, however, is confined to the scapulars themselves; the least 
wing-coverts slightly mottled with brown, but not with white, near 
the carpal bend; rest of wing-coverts blackish brown, uniform with 
interscapulary region; quills blackish, the primaries externally 
shaded with ashy grey, the secondaries browner, the innermost 
slightly tipped with buffy white; the lower surface of wing ashy 
brown, the primaries mottled with whitish at base of inner web; tail 
ashy grey for a little more than the basal two thirds, shaded with 
silvery grey, and mottled with blackish brown, forming indistinct and 
broken bars on some of the feathers, the terminal third blackish 
brown, with a narrow tip of fulvous; head and neck light fulvous, 
with fawn-coloured bases to some of the nape-feathers ; feathers of 
hind neck dark fawn-brown, with light buff tips and dark brown 
centres ; forehead and anterior part of crown blackish, as well as 
the feathers over the eye* sides of face and of neck light fulvous like 
the crown, the feathers under the eyes inclining to brown• cheeks 
and entire underparts blackish, the under tail-coverts tawny buff, 
with dark-brown shaft-lines and whitish tips to the feathers; under 
wing-coverts and axillaries blackish, like the breast; cere pale 
yellow; bill bluish, darker at tip; feet pale yellow; iris brownish 
yellow. Total length 31 inches, culmen 2-6, wing 22-6, tail 11*3, 
tarsus 3*9. 

Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length 
32 inches', wing 23-75, tail 11*5, tarsus 3*85. 
Hab. South-eastern Europe, eastwards throughout UsTorthern India 
to China. Yery rarely ranging into Central Europe. 

«. c? ad. sk.
h 2 ad. stc. Juv. sk.
d. 6 v. ad.sk. 
Ober Kovil, LowerHungary (Modek). 
S^ Europe. 
S. Europe. 
S. Ural. 
Baron A. von Hiigel [P.] 
Dr. Kaup. 
Dr. Kaup. 
Dr. Strader [C.l. 
f. a, Juv. st.
h. Juv. sk.
u Juv. sk.
h. Sternum. 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 
Behar. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P."' 
B, H. Hodgson, Esq. 'P. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. 

4. Aquila adalberti. 
Aquila adalberti major, Brehm, Ber, Vers, deutscli. Orn. Ges. 1860, 
p. te. 
240 FALCONID-E. 

Aquila adalberti minor, Brehm, I c. (I860). 
Aquila heliaca, Socage, Listruc. jprat. Prod Zool. p. 76 (lb62j ; !*/


ford, Ibis, 1865, p. 171. 
Aquila imperialism Saunders, Ibis, 1870, p. 61._ 
Aquila leucolena, Dresser, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 864. 
Aquila adalberti, Dresser, B. Eur. part xviii. (1873). 

Adult female. Crown of head black, the eyebrow, sides of face, 
hinder part and sides of neck sandy brown, inclining to tawny 
brown on the bases of some of the feathers; general colour of upper 
surface black, the feathers of the npper interscapulary region margined 
with dark brown, a few with whity brown; wings blackish, 
some of the innermost secondaries brown, and marbled with whity 
brown on the outer web, the wing-coverts also a little browner than 
the back, all those running right along the edge of the wing from 
the carpus thus forming a continuous shoulder-patch; some of the 
upper scapulars pure white, continuous with the white shoulder; 
quills black, primaries externally brownish, the secondaries rather 
browner; lower surface of the wing ashy brown, the outer primaries 
slightly marbled with whitish near the base ; upper tail-coverts 
slightly tipped with bnify whitish; basal two thirds of tail ashy 
grey, more or less mottled with brown, the terminal third blackish 
brown, with a narrow whity brown tip, the lower surface of the 
tail much paler than the upper, the basal part ashy white, strongly 
mottled with brown; entire under surface of body blackish, the 
chest-feathers slightly inclining to brown, those on the lower tarsus 
whity brown; under"tail-coverts fulveseent at base; cere and gape 
waxy yellow; bill bluish horn-colour; feet yellow; iris fight 
brownish grey. Total length 82 inches, culmen 2*9, wing 23-1, 
tail 12-75, tarsus 3-9. 

Young female. General colour light fawn-colour, the head, scapulars, 
some of the dorsal feathers, and the greater wing-coverts inclining 
to bright tawny; npper tail-coverts pale fulvous, lighter 
than the rest of the back; outer greater coverts ashy brown, with 
broad whitish margins; primary coverts dark brown, tipped with 
pale brown; quills black, the secondaries "browner, externally 
shaded with ashy grey, and terminally margined with huffy white, 
the innermost inclining to pale brown, like the back; tail uniform 
brown, tipped with fulvous, the centre feathers shaded with ashy; 
under surface of body rich fawn, rather paler on the abdomen, 
thighs, and leg-feathers. Total length 34 inches, wing 24*5, tail 
13*5, tarsus 4. ' 
Eab. Spain and U.W. Africa. 

a, $ ad. sk. Seville (Ruiz), Purchased. 
b, 5 juv. sk.
c, Juv. st. 
Seville (Ruiz). 
S. Europe. 
' Purcif&ed. 
E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]# 

5. Aquila mogilaik. 
Aquila mogikiik, Gm. N. Oomm. Petrap. xv. p. 44*\ pi. xL b (1770). 
Russian Eagle, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 43 (1781). 
Falco mogilnik, Gm. 8. N. I p. 259 (1788). 


39 . AQUILA. 241 
Aquila bifasciata, J. E. Gray, in Gray $ Hardzo. III. Inch Zool i. pi. 17 
(1832); G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 1 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 14 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 58 (1855) $ Anders. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 621 ; Brooks, J. A. S. B. 1873, p. 145. 
Aquila nrpalensis, Hodgs. Asiat. Res. xviii. pt. 2, p. 13, pi. 1 (1833). 
Aquila orientalis, Cab. J.f. 0. 1854, p. 369. 
Aquila mogiliiik bifasciata, Schl. Mtts. JP.-B. Aquilae, p. 3 (1862). 
Aquila clanga, Pels. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 156; Newt. Oath. 

Wolley. p. 43 (1864). 
Aquila imperialis, Radde, Reis. Sibir. p. 81 (1863). 
Aquila amurensis, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 338. 


Adult male. Upper surface pale brown, the head rather darker, 
as well as some of the scapulars and the inner secondaries• lesser 
and median wing-coverts pale brown, like back, some of the latter 
slightly tipped with fulvous, the greater ones dark brown, rather 
more distinctly tipped with fulvous; primary coverts and quills 
deep brown, slightly tipped with buffy fawn-colour, some of the 
fresh-moulted primaries clear ashy grey, with broad fawn-coloured 
tips, lower surface of wing blackish, the base of inner web slightly 
mottled with greyish near the base; lower back and rump pale 
brown, the upper tail-coverts white; tail brown, with pale fulvous 
tip, and having indistinct ashy bars; lores whitish* rest of under 
surface of body pale brown, the under wing-coverts- very slightly 
darker, the lowest series quite white; cere, gape, and base of lower 
mandible deep yellow; bill horn-black; feet deep yellow; iris dark 
brown. Total length 30 inches, culmen 3, wing 22, tail 11*7, 
tarsus 4. 

Adult female. Total length 30 inches, wing 23*2, tail 11*5, 
tarsus 4. 

Young male. Above ashy brown, shaded with glossy purplish 
brown on the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts ,* median and greater 
coverts blackish, shaded with ashy grey, and broadly tipped with 
bright ochraceous fawn-colour, paling into fulvous on the extreme 
tip, forming a triple band across the wing; primary coverts and 
quills blackish, broadly tipped with fawn-colour, like the wing-
coverts, both webs distinctly though irregularly barred with silvery 
grey, these bars showing very distinctly on the secondaries underneath 
; the primaries black below, greyish on the inner web, thickly 
mottled with brownish; lower back and rump ashy brown, like the 
head, the lower feathers of the latter part more or less marked with 
fawn-colour; the upper tail-coverts entirely fawn-colour, paling into 
fulvous on their tips ; tail dark brown, with a broad terminal band 
of fawn-colour, mottled conspicuously with ashy grey on the outer 
feathers, and taking the form of imperfect bars on the middle ones, 
sometimes eight or nine being distinguishable; sides of face and of 
neck, as well as entire under surface of body, ashy brown, paler on 
tarsal feathers; under tail-coverts pale buffy fawn, some of the 
under wing-coverts also marked with a terminal triangular spot of 
the same colour; bill (in dried specimen) black, yellow at gape and 
base of lower mandible ; cere greenish; feet yellow, claws black, 

VOL. i. s 

24:2 TALCOXIDiE. 
Hah. South-eastern Europe, 2T/VY. India, and the Himalayas, 
extending into Eastern Siberia. 

tf. <$ juv. sk.
b, c. S ad. sk. 
Sarepta, Sept. 1875. 
Southern Ural. 
Baron A. von Hiigel. 
Br. Strader ^C.~\ 
dj e. 5 ad. sk.
/, Juv. st.
g, h. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk. 
Southern Ural. 
Nepaul. 
Nepaul. 
India. 
Dr. Strader *C]. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.~, 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. "P.". 
Purchased." 

6. Aquila rapax. 
Falco rapax, Temm. PI Col i. pi. 455 (1828). 
Aquila senegala, Cuv. Pegne AM. i p. 326 (1829); Gray. Gen. B. i. 


p. 13 (1845); Pucker. Pei\ et Mag. de Zool 1850, pp. 4, 208; 
Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 3 (1857); Layard, B. of S. Afr. p. 10 
(1867). 
Aquila nsevioides, Ouv. Pegne An. i. p. 326 (1829); Gray, Gen. B. 

i. p. 13.£1845); Pitcher. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 5 j Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 14; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 59 (1855); Pels. Verk. z,-h. 
Wien, 1862, p. 158; Sckl Mus. P.-B. Aquilse, p. 3 (1862); Lilford, 
Ibis, 1865, p. 172, pi. 5; Locke, Expl titi. Alger, i. p. 25 (lbG7): 
Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 30 (1867); Gray, Sand-l i. p. 10 
(1869); Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 6b7; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 205 
(1872); Gurney, in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 6 (1872). 
Aquila choka, S?nith, S.-Afr. Q. Jo-urn. i. p. 114 (1830). 
Aquila rapax, Less. Trmte, p. 37 (1831); Heitgl. Orn. N.O.-Afr, i. 


p. 45 (1809); Blanf. Geol § Zool Abyss. p.*295 (1870); Fimih, 
Tr. Z. 8. vil. p. 201 (1870) ; id. u. Hartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 44 (1870). 
Aquila vulturina, Benn. Gard. Z. 8. ii. p. 288 (1831"). 
Aquila albicans, Rupp. K Wirb. p. Si, pi 13 (1835). 
Falco belisarius, LevaiU. ExpL Sel Alger. Ois. pi. 2 (1850). 
Aquila raptor^ A. BreJmt, Kaum. 1855, pp. 13, 267. 
Aquila variegata, C. L. JBrehm, Naum. t c. p. 267. 
Aquila substriata, JETeugl, Syst. Uehers. p. 6 (1856). 
Aquila isabellina, Heugl. t c. p. 6 (1856). 
Aquila lestris, L, Breh?n, Ber. Orn. Vers. JSttdtg. I860, p. 55. 

Young. Above light tawny, rather paler and more ashy on the 
lesser wing-coverts and scapulars; the median coverts ashy brown 
at base, with tawny ends; greater and primary coverts, as well as 
secondaries, chocolate-brown, with tawny tips to the feathers, which 
are subterminally shaded with ashy; primaries blackish, shaded 
near the base with clear ashy, the under surface of the wing uniform 
ashy brown, the primaries gradually chocolate-brown towards 
tips, the secondaries tipped with fulvous; lower back and rump 
tawny, the upper tail-coverts paler and more fulvous ; tail uniform 
brown, shaded with ashy, and broadly tipped with fulvous; entire 
under surface of body light tawny, paler on the throat, legs, and 
under tail-coverts, the breast-feathers having a slight ashy shade ; 
under wing-coverts also paler, the lower series ashy brown, Hke the 
wing-lining; cere and gape yellow; bill dark horn-colour, livid at 
base, the under mandible yellow; iris pale yellow, freckled with 
brown, with a narrow exterior edging of dark brown. Total length 
28 inches, culmen 2-2, wing 20, tail 10*5, tarsus 3*4. 

39 . AQUILA. 243 
Adult female. General colour above deep brown, some of the 

feathers with paler brown centres, the wing-coverts tipped with 

paler brown, forming a conspicuous spot on some of the feathers; 

primaries blackish, their coverts as well as the secondaries chocolate-

brown, tipped with fulvous, some of the outer secondaries shading 

subterminally into ashy grey, under surface of wing ashy brown, 

shading into darker brown towards tips of primaries, the inner webs 

slightly mottled with greyish ; lower back paler and more fulvous 

brown, the rump darker, the upper tail-coverts whity brown; tail 

almost uniform brown, with fulvous tips, some of the feathers with 

very slight mottlings of grey ; hind neck and sides of face streaked 

with pale fulvous; entire under surface of body dark brown, the 

breast terminally streaked with fulvous, more broadly on the 

abdomen, the thighs fulvous brown, with darker brown margins, as 

also the under tail-coverts, some of which are faintly margined with 

brown; under wing-coverts fulvous brown, darker on the edges, the 

lower series ashy brown, like the inner lining of wing; iris brown, 

Total length 31 inches, wing 22-2, tail 12, tarsus 3*7. 

Hah. Africa generally, being found in Algeria and ~E.W. Africa, 

extending rarely into Southern Spain. K.W. India. 

a. Juv. st. Senegal. Baron Laugier de Oharirotise. 
b. Juv, st. Abyssinia. Frankfort Museum. 
c, d. Inim, st. Shoa. Sir W. 0. Harris •0.1 
e, 5 ad. sk. Ankober, Dec, 1841. Sir W. 0. Harris [0.1. 
f. $ imm. sk. Angollala, Shoa. Sir W. C. Harris 
o.| 

g, h. Juv. sk. Bogos Land. Herr Esler [0.1 

t. $ ad. sk. Amba, Sainhar. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.1 
k. <3 ad. sk. SenafS, March 9,1868. W. T. Blanford. Esq. [Q,]. 
/. Ad. sk. Snewberg, S. Africa. Purchased. 
m. Irani, st. South Africa. South-African Museum. 
n. Skeleton. Zoological Societv. 
o. Sternum. W. T. Blanford, £«1. [11], 
7. Aqidia viaidhiana *, 
* Aquila vindhiana. Franklin* P. Z. $, .1831, p. 114: Strickl. Orn. %n. 
p. 59 (1855). 
Aquila punctata, Gray, in Gray & Hardw. III. Ind. Zool. 1 pi. 16 
(1832). 
Aquila fusca, id. op. cit. ii. pi. 26 (1833). 


* It is doubtful whether A. vindhiana should be considered more than a 
small race of A. rapax, the adult plumages being very similar, but the young 
apparently different. This, however, depends on the question whether we 
really know the young bird of A. vindhiana in Europe. Mr. W. E. Brooks Las 
written voluminous papers on the Eagle question, and has made some interesting 
identifications, one of the last of them being the existence of three species of 
the A. rapaso group, which he distinguishes as A. fulvescem, Gray, A. vindhiana, 
Frankl., and A. fzevioides, Cuv. The characters of these three exist in their 
rounded or vertical nostril and their plain or barred tail. On the strength of 
these points I cannot at present follow Mr. Brooks in distinguishing A. fulvescem 
from A. vindhiana, as I have seen specimens of the latter with an unbarred 
tail and yet possessing a vertical nostril, while I have also seen A. rapax 
from Africa with the same characters. [Cf. Brooks Ibis, 1874, p. 84.] 
s2 

244 FALCOXIDJB. 

Aquila fulveseens, id. op. ciL ii. pL 29 (1833) ; Jerd. B. 2nd. i. p. 60 
(1862) ; Gray, JBand-l B. L p. 10 (1869); Hume, Bough Notes, L 

p. 173 (1869) j id. Sir. F. i. p. 158 (1873). 
Aquila nsevia, Blyth, Asm. N. S. xiii. p. 114 (1844). 
Young. Above glossy purplish brown with distinct fulvous tips 
to the feathers, broader on lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts; head and neck all round, as well as entire underparts 
greyish mouse-colour, with distinct points to all the feathers of the 
head and neck, particularly thick on the latter, absent on the under 
surface, excepting a few faint remains on the tips of the abdominal 
and lower throat-feathers; lores and chin whitish, with narrow 
blackish shaft-Hues, the latter also apparent on the cheeks and ear-
coverts, which are mouse-grey, like the breast; tarsal feathers and 
under tail-coverts more fulvescent; under wing-coverts mouSe-grey, 
with pale fulvous tips; upper wing-coverts ashy brown, with a very 
slight purplish gloss, but not so dark as the back, nor so grey as 
the head, though tipped like the latter with fulvous ; greater and 
primary coverts, as well as secondaries, deep brown, with tolerably 
broad whitish ends; primaries black, slightly shaded with hmwn 
near the base; lower surface of wing ashy brow n, blackish towards 
tips of primaries, the inner webs of all slightly mottled w ith greyish ; 

tail purplish brown, tipped with huffy white, Ml the feathers shaded 
with ashy grey, taking the form of indistinct bar» on the centre 
feathers, on which remains of eleven or twelve can be counted. 
Total length 28 inches, wing 20*75, tail 11, tarsus 3-2. 

Adult female. General colour fulvous brown, most of the feathers 
with, lighter margins, especially on the least wing-coverts; the 
median coverts darker brown, but not so glossy as the back, with 
fulvous margins; greater and primary coverts, as well as secondaries, 
tipped with fulvous; primaries bkekish, externally shaded 
with ashy grey, forming distinct bands on both webs, these bands 
more vermicukted on the lower surface, the inner webs of the quills 
being ashy brown, shading into deep brown towards the tips of the 
primaries; tail dark brown, tipped with fulvous, the feathers shaded 
with ashy grey, forming eight or nine distinct bars on centre 
feathers; head and neck rather paler than the back, the feathers of 
the latter part margined with fulvous, giving a very mealy appearance, 
sides of face also light fulvous; under surface of body pale 
fulvous brown, lighter on the throat, leg-feathers, and under tail-
coverts, many of the breast-feathers mottled with ashy brown near 
the base; under wing-coverts rather lighter than the breast, many 
of the feathers whity brown on their margins and near the base, 
the lower series ashy brown, like the inner lining of the wing; cere 
and gape deep yellow; feet yellow; iris hazel-brown. Total length 
27 inches, culmen 2-5, wing 21-75, tail 11*5, tarsus 3*3. 

Adult male, Total length 28 inches, wing 20-5, tail 11, tarsus 3-4. 

Hal. India. 
a. Juv. sth. <$ ad. sk.
c, d. Imm. sk. 
Mia. 
India. 
Kattiawax. 
J. B. Reeves, Esq, [R]. 
Br. Bums [F.#X * 
Oapt. J. Hayes Lloyd [P.], 

39. AQUILA. 245 
e. Imm. sk. Western Ghats. J. Gould, Esq. [P. j . 
f. Juv. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. fP.l 
g. Ad. sk. Madras. Sir W. EUiot [P.]. 
\ t. df $ juv. sk. DarjiMng. R B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l 
h. J juv. sk. Darjiling, R. B. SIiarpe? Esq. [P.j. 
/. S ad. sk.. Darjilhig. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 

8. Aqtrila wahlbergi 
Aquila wahlbergii, Sundev.(Efv. K. Akad. Stoekh. 18o0, p. 109; Fimch 
u. Harti. Yog. Ostafr. p. 51 (1870); Salvad. Faun. ltd. Uec. p. 7 
Aquila brehmii, Mull Naum. 1851, p. 24*. 

Aquila desmursi, Verr. in JSartl. Orn. W.-Afi\ p. 4 (1857) j Gurney, 
Tr. Z. & IT. p. B06, pi. 77 (1802). 

Head of Aquila waMbergi. 

Adult female. Above brown, the feathers with distinct paler 
brown margins; head with a distinct occipital crest; wing-coverts 
uniform with back, the margins whity brown; primaries blackish, 
secondaries browner, the innermost uniform with back and margined 
in the same manner; tail nearly uniform dark brown, tipped 
with whitish, and obsoletely barred with lighter brown on the inner 
web ; sides of head fulvous brown, forming a sort of eyebrow, the 
sides of the neck of the same colour; ear-coverts and cheeks uniform 
dark brown; under surface whity brown, much mixed with 
dark brown on the throat, chest, and entire breast; under tail-coverts 
nearly uniform whity brown; under wing-coverts dark brown, the 
outermost whity brown ; inner lining of wing nearly uniform ashy 
brown, rather lighter near the base, inclining to whitish at the base 
of the inner web of first primary. Total length 26 inches, culmen 2, 
wing 18, tail 10, tarsus 3. 

Young male. Above brown, with paler margins to the feathers, 
very broad on the interscapulary region; crown of the head rather 
paler brown, slightly varied with whitish bases to the feathers; from 
the occiput a long pendent crest of dark brown feathers; sides of 
head, forming an eyebrow, sides of face and of neck, as well as 
entire under surface of body, white, the ear-coverts slightly mottled 

* This species should be united to A. wahlbergil, according to Drs. Finseh 
and Hartlaub; but Br. yon Heuglin (Om. N.O.-Afr. p. 48) says that he has 
examined Von Midler's type and it is a young A. pennata. Heuglin, however, 
apparently does not know A, dcb/nurtti. 
246 FALCONED JB. 

with brown, and a few remains of brown bars on the flanks and 
under tail-coverts, a little more distinct on the latter; under wing-
coverts white, with a few brown bars, principally on the outer edge 
of the wing; quills black, the secondaries browner, with whitish 
apical margins, the under surface ashy brown, paler towards the 
base and inclining to white near base of outer primaries; tail 
blackish, inclining to light brown at tip and obsoletely barred with 
brown on the inner webs of the feathers. Total length 23*5 inches, 
wing 16, tail 9*5, tarsus 3. 

Hab. The whole of Africa; said to have occurred once in Italy. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Biseao. M. Terreaux. 
h. $ juv. st. Bissao. il. Verreatix. 
9. Aquila maculata*. 

L'Aigle tachet6, Briss. Orn. i. p. 425 (1760). 
Rough-footed Eagle, Lath. Gen. Synt i. p. 37 (1781). 
Spotted Eagle, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 38 (1781). 
? Ealco nsevius, Gm. S. JST, i. p. 258 (1788); JVawn. Vog. Dewtschl i. 


p. 217, pL 10, 11. figs. 1, 2 (1822) • Werner, Atlas, Kapaces, pi. Its 
(1827)5 Schl. u. Susem. Vog. Eur. Taf. 20, 21 (1839). 
Faleo maculatus, Gm. S. X. i. p. 258 (1788). 
Aquila melanaetus, Savign. Syst. Ois. dEgypte, p. 253, pi. 1, 2. fig. 1 

(1809). 
Aquila nsevia, Meyer, in Meyer u. Wolf, TascJienb. deuUch. Voqelk. i. 

p. 19 (1810); Gould, B. Bur. i. pi. 8 (1837); Gray, Gen. B. i. 
p. 13 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 14 (1850); Striehl Orn. Syn. p. 58 
(1855); Fritsch, For/. Eur. tab. 6. %. 3, tab. 8. fig. 4*{1858); 
Jaub. et Barth. Lap. Bieh. Orn. p. 37 (1859) ; Schl Mm. P.-B. 
Aquila^ p. 6 (1862); Feb. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 157; Kewt. 
Oath WoUey. p. 44 (1864); Wolf, Zool 8k. pi. xxxi. (1865); Loehe, 
Expl Sti. Alger. Ois. I p. 28 (1807) ; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. 
p. 26 (1867); Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 11 (1869); Meugl Orn. KO.~ 
Afr. i. p. 47 (1869); Gould, B. Gt. Br. pt, xvii. (1870) ; Kewt. ed. 
Yarn Brit. B. i. p. 20 (1871); Salvad. Faun. Ital Uec. p. 6 (1871); 
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 206 (1872). 
Aquila planga, Bonn, et Vieill Enc. MUh. iii. p. 1190 (1823). 
Aquila bifaseiata, Brehm, Vog. JDeutscM. p. 25 (1831, ex Sbrnsch., nee 


Gray). 
Aquila pomarina, Brehm, Vog. Eeutschl. p. 27 {1831). 
Aquila nsevia, var. pallida, Liehi. J. f. O. 1853, p. 69, pi. iv. 
Aquila fusca, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 268. 
Aquila subnsevia, Brehm, ut supra. 
Aquila fulviventris, Brehm, ut supra. 
Aquila maculata, Dresser, Ann. M H, 1874, iiii. p. 373. 

Adult male. Above pale brown, some of the feathers on the back 
and scapulars darker brown, the latter particularly so; wing-coverts 
with plain whity brown margins, very distinct on the least series, 
obsolete on the greater ones, which are darker brown; quills blackish, 
externally shaded with ashy on the primaries, the secondaries 
browner, with pale Mvescent apical margins; lower back and rump 

* There is so much difference of opinion as to which is the true F. naemm of 
(rmelm, that it is best to adopt the title of A. maculata for the species. 
39 . JLUXTLLA. 247 
pale brown, some of the feathers with a terminal triangular spot of 
buff, the lower upper tail-coverts entirely buffy white; tail almost 
uniform brown, slightly inclining to ashy grey on the middle of the 
centre feathers, the inner webs somewhat inclining to bronzy brown, 
the tips fulveseent, the outer feathers dimly barred on inner web 
with blackish brown; the lower surface of both quills and tail ashy 
brown, the latter indistinctly mottled; head and neck light brown, 
the hinder neck pale straw-colour, a few tips of the same colour 
being visible on the upper interscapulary plumes; cheeks and entire 
under surface of body pale brown, lighter and more fulveseent on 
the under tail-coverts, a few of the chest-feathers rather darker 
brown, with fulvous brown centres; under wing-coverts brown, 
rather darker than breast, a few with irregular whitish tips, the 
lowest series darker and more ashy brown, uniform with the wing-
lining; cere yellow; bill bluish horn-colour, lighter near base; feet 
yellow; iris hazel. Total length 24*5 inches, culmen 1*75, wing 
19, tail 9*25, tarsus 3*45. (Dcmtztg, mus. H. E* Dresser.) 

Adult female. Larger than the male. Total length 26 inches, 
wing 19-75, tail 10, tarsus 3*6. (Brunswick, mus. H, E. D.) 

Young male. Above brown, paler on the head, the feathers of the 
crown tipped with fulvous, the plumes of the hind neck with a 
longitudinal fulvous streak towards the tip, giving a distinctly 
lanceolate appearance, the nape-feathers entirely ochraceous buff, 
forming a patch; wing-coverts brown like back, the outer median 
and greater series longitudinally streaked with white, forming a 
larger and more rounded spot on the greater and primary coverts; 
quills blackish, shaded externally with brown, the innermost secondaries 
much paler brown, with a large oval spot of white at the tip, 
as on the coverts, the outer secondaries slightly tipped with whity 
brown, inner lining of wings uniform ashy brown, the secondaries 
paler, with slight remains of ashy whitish cross bars on inner web ; 
scapulars with a terminal whitish shaft-streak, larger on the lowest 
ones but less distinct, because over-shaded with brown; upper tail-
coverts pale brown, whitish on outer webs, which are more or less 
mottled with brownish; tail perfectly uniform dark brown, tipped 
with whitish, but having no traces of barring above, and only the 
faintest appearance of ashy bars towards the tips of the feathers 
below; sides of face and throat pale buffy brown; rest of under 
surface of body from the lower throat pale brown, with whitish 
centres to the feathers, larger and forming a cluster down the middle 
of the breast, which preserves a lighter appearance, the stripes 
on the lower throat and flanks more linear and deeper ochraceous, 
whitish and forming a triangular apical spot on the thigh-feathers; 
tarsal feathers pale brown; under tail-coverts buffy white; under 
wing-coverts pale brown, with a few whitish shaft-streaks on the 
outermost small coverts, the lower series ashy-brown, like the lining 
of the wings, the outer ones slightly whitish at tips and bases, the 
first primaries very faintly mottled with whitish at base. Total 
length 25 inches, wing 18*5, tail 9*5, tarsus 3*4. 

Hah. Central Europe, extending into Northern Germany and 

yALCONUXJE. 

Poland, going southward in winter to Egypt and Africa. Of rarer 

occurrence in the southern and western countries of Europe. 

a. Juv. st. Xanthus. Sir 0. Fellows [P. j . 
Subsp. a. Aquila hastata. 

Morphnus hastatus, Less. Toy. Belang. p. 217 (1834), 
^ Limnaetus unicolor, Blyth, J. A. S. B: xii. p. 128 (1843). 

Limnaetus hastatus, Blyth, Ann. 2Vr. S. xiii. p, 114 (1844). 

Spizaetus punctate, Jerd. Madr. Jmirn. xiii. p. 164 (1844). 

Spizaetus hastatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 14 (1845); StrieTd. Orn. Syn. 

p. 72 (1855). 
Aquila hastata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 7 (1846) j Jerd. B. Bid. i. 
p. 62 (1862) ; Gray, Hand~l i. p. 11 (1869); Mime, Bough Motes, 
l p. 180 j Anders. P. Z. S.1871, p. 622. 
Aquila nsevia, Brooks, 8tr. F. i. p. 293 (1873). 

Of this species, to unite which with A. ncevia I cannot quite agree 
with Mr. Brooks, I subjoin the measurements of a pair sexed by 
that gentleman and sent to Mr. H. E. Dresser:— 

Adult S. Total length 23 inches, culmen 2S, wing 19-15, tail 
9-5, tarsus 3*9. 

Adult $ . Total length 24*5, wing 19-5, tail 10, tarsus 3*9. 

Although, as Mr. Brooks says, some examples are difficult, if not 
impossible, to tell from A. ncevia of Europe, I must coincide with 
Messrs. Garney and Dresser that the young are not quite the same; 
and I have never seen any adult European birds with the small white 
spots on the least wing-coverts, which frequently occur in A. hastata. 
This character appears to me to be probably a sign of the adult 
plumage, and may perhaps present a character of importance in 
distinguishing A. hastata from A* ncevia* 

Hob. Indian peninsula. 

a. Ad. sk. Behar. B. BL Hodgson, Esq. [P.1 
b. Juv. sk. Nepatd. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [PA 
e, d, e. <$ ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.1. 
/. $ juv. sk, Darjiling. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
g. (S ad. sk, r 
h. Sternum. B. H, Hodgson, Esq, [P.]. 

Subsp. h. Aquila clanga. 

Aquila clanga, Pall. Zoogn Bosso-Asiai. i. p. 351 (1811) ; 8ehl Fog. 
Nederl. pi. 26 (1854); Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 267; JDegl et Gerbe, 
Orn. Eur. p. 28 (1867); Gray, Hand-l L p. 28 (1869). 

Aquila vittata, Hodgs. in Gray's ZooL Miser). 81 (1844). 
Aquila fusco-ater, Wodzicki,^aum. 1851, p. 10. 
Aquila unicolor, Brehm, Mtunh?l855, p. 267. 
Aquila nsevia, 8ehrench, Beis. Amurl. Vog. p. 220 (18*59); lAnderm. 


Tog. Griech. p. 26 (1860); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 59 (1862); Madde, 
Beis. 8ibir. Tog. p. 85 (1863) ; Hume, Bough Mies, I. p. 162 (I860): 
Anders. P. Z. S.1871, p. 686; Hume, 8tr. R L p. 158 (1873). 

Falco clanga, Naum. Tog. Beutschl xiii. Taf. 342,346 (18(D). 

Adult female. Similar to A. ncevia, but a very much larger and 
more powerful bird, and apparently never becoming so light brown 

39. AQJJILA. 249 
in plumage. Total length 29 incites, culmen 2-4, wing 21*4, tail 
11-8, tarsus 4*2. 
Adult male. Bather smaller than the female. Total length 26-5 
inches, wing 20*5, tail 10*5, tarsus 3*9. 

Young male. Above brilliant purplish brown, the head and neck 
rather duller, with lanceolate apical streaks of dingy buff on the 
nape and hind neck; wing-coverts purplish brown like back, with 
a few dull white longitudinal streaks on the median coverts, much 
larger and forming distinct oval spots on the primary and greater 
coverts, also very distinct and forming longitudinal oval spots at the 
tips of the scapulars • quills blackish, the secondaries rather browner, 
with obsolete blackish bars, and distinctly spotted with the same 
oval markings as the scapulars; lower back and rump with distinct 
triangular spots of oehxaceous buff, the upper tail-coverts almost 
uniform buffy white; tail-feathers blackish, shading towards the end 
into brown, and tipped with whity brown, crossed with three or four 
blackish-brown bars near the tips; under surface of body blackish, 
the chin browner, the breast streaked with pale brown down the 
centre of the feathers, rather more ochraceous on the abdomen and 
leg-feathers; under tail-coverts ochraceous buff; under wing.coverts 
uniform blackish, the axillaries rather browner; the lower series of 
under wing-coverts ashy brown, like inner lining of wing, and conspicuously 
white at base like the primaries. Total length 26 inches, 
wing 20, tail 10, tarsus 3*9. (Albania, mas. H. E. Dresser.) 

Hob. South-eastern Europe, very rarely extending into Poland 
and Germany; ranging eastwards into Siberia and India. 

a. Ad. sk. Southern Russia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
b, c. 2 ad. sk. Southern Ural. Dr. Strader [0.1. 
d. <$ ad. sk. Southern Ural. Dr. StraderfO.j. 
e,f. Ad. sk. Bagdad. K. Loftus, Esq. [PA 
g. Juv. st. Bagdad. 3L Loftus, Esq. [P.J. 
h. $ ad. sk. Madras. Dr. Jerdon [P.]. 
I $ ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
k. $ ad. sk. Darjiling. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

40. 3TISAETUS, 
Type. 
Nisaetus, JSodgs. J. A. S. B. v. p. 227 (1836) N. fasciatus. 
Eutolmaetus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 174 (1845) N. fasciatus. 
Butaetus, Blyth {I. c.) nee Less. .,...,,... N. pennatus. 
Hieraetus, Kemp, Mm. Senchenb. iii. p. 260 (1845) N. pennatus. 
Tolmaetus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 5 (1846) N. fasciatus. 
Psendaetus, Bp. Cat. Ois. Bur. JParzud. p. 1 (1856) N. fasciatus. 
Aquilastur, Brehm, Ber. Orn. Vers. Stuttg. I860, p. 53... . N. fasciatus. 

Range. The whole of Africa; countries bordering the Mediterranean 
* the whole of India and Ceylon; Australia. 

Key to the Sjpedes. 

a. Breast pure white, streaked with black. 
a'. Primaries banded below: greater series of 
under wing-coverts blackish fasciatus ad., p. 250. 

250 
PALCOXID^i). 

V. 
Primaries not banded below: greater under 
wing~coverts white, like wing-lining.... spilogabter ad.; p. '2-5*2, 
b. Breast bufly white or light rufous, streaked 
with blackish brown. 
c\ 
Primaries banded below. 
a". Larger: wing in $ about 19*6 inches, in 


o 21 fasciaius JUT., p. 250. 
b". Smaller; wing 15 inches morphnoides ad., p. 254. 
d'. Primaries uniform below. 
c". Wing in <$ 17*6, in 2 18*3 inches spihgaster juv., p. 2-52. 
d". Wing in <$ 13*7 inches, in 2 l®'& pennatus ad., p. 253. 

c. Breast clove-brown, with narrow black streaks pennatus ^UY*, p. 253. 
1. Msaetns fasciatus. 
Aquila fasciat% Vieill Mem. Linn. Soc. Paris, p. 152 (1822); SfriclL 
Orn. 8yn. p. 01 (1855) - Degl et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 33 (1807); 
Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 8 (1871). 

Falco bonellii, Temm. PI. Col i. pi. 2bB (1824); Savi, Orn. Tose. L 

p. 24 (1827) } Marm. Mem. Accad. R. Torino, xxxvii. p. 110, pi. L 
(1840). 
Aquila intermedia, Boitanl Ois. d'Eur. p. (1^25), 
Aquila bonellii, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 83 <182fc); Gould, B. Eur. i. 

pi. 7 (1837) ; Schl. u. Susem. Vog. Bur. Taf. 18 (163U) ; Gray, Gen. 
B. i. p. 14 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. I p. 14 (lb5G) ; Hartl.rn. W.-Af). 
p. 3 (1857); Fritseh, Vog. Eur.T&L G.fig*. 4, 5 <15OH>; Jauh. tt 
Barth. Lap. Pick. Orn. p. 10, pi. 4 (1859); tichl. Mu*. P.-B. Aquila?, 

p. 9(1862); Gray, Hand-l I p. 12 (1S09); Heugl. Orn. KO.~ 
Afr. i. p. 49 (1869) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p."206 (1872). 
Nisaetus grandis, Sodgs. J. A. S. B. v. p. 230 (1836) ; Jerd. Ill 2nd. 
Orn. pi. 1(1847) 
Nisaetus niveus, Jerd. Madr. Journ, x. pp. 09, 234 (1839), 
Spizaetus grandis, Bhjtk, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 301 (1843). 
Aquila nipalensis, ITodgs. in Grag^s ZooL Misc. p. 81 (1844). 
Aquila xubriventer; Sodgs. t. c. p. 81 (1844). 
Eutolmaetus bonellii, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 174 (1845), et xix. 

p. 335 (1850); Hume, Bough Notes, l. p. 189 (18C9). 
Tolmaetus bonellii, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 5 (1846), 
Nisaetus strenuus, Jerd. III. 2nd. Orn. pi. 1 (1847). 
Aquila wiedii, Brehm, Naum. 1855, pp. 2-5, 268. 
Pseudaetus bonellii, Bp. Cat Ois. Eur. Parzud. p. 1 (1850) ; Locke, 
Expl Alger. Ois. I p. 29 (1867); JBume, Sir. F. i p. 158 {1873). 
Aquilastur bonellii, Brehm^ Ber. Orn. Vers. Stuttg. i860, p. 53. 
Aquilastur wiedii, Brehm, tit supra. 
Nisaetus bonellii, Jerd. B. ImL I p. 67 (1862); Hokhw. P. Z. S. 1872, 

p. 411. 
Nestling. Above umber-brown, with whitish margins to the small 
wing-coverts and tipper tail-eoverts, broader on the latter, these 
being slightly mottled with paler brown; greater wing-coverts and 
secondaries purplish brown, the latter terminally margined with 
buffy white, the primaries blackish both above and below, the 
secondaries whitish below, with dark brown bars; tail greyish 
brown, broadly tipped with bully white, with two distinct cross 
bands of dark brown, the subterminal one broader; head and neck 
brown, with rafons margins, the ear-coverts more rufous ; underneath 

40 . NISABTUS. 251 
rich, fawn-colour, paler on the tarsal feathers and under wing-coverts, 
the breast-feathers mesially streaked with blackish shaft-stripes. 

Young. The nestling described is so advanced in plumage as to 
show nearly all the characteristics of the fully grown young bird. 
Some. points, however, are not fully developed, and require a short 
description of the second stage. General colour brown, with black 
shaft-stripes and faint fulvous-brown margins to the feathers, the 
head and neck fawn-colour like the underparts, with distinct blackish 
shaft-stripes, as also the under wing-coverts and axillaries* quills 
dark brown, broadly tipped with buny white, and mottled with ashy 
grey externally towards the tips, crossed with distinct bars of darker 
brown, the innermost secondaries uniform brown like the back; tail 
ashy brown, mottled with rufous and shaded with the same towards 
the tips, with indications of dark brown spots near the shafts of the 
centre feathers, inclining to bars on the inner webs of the others, 
but with no appearance of a sub terminal band. 

Adult female. Above deep brown, the feathers white at base, 
some of them paler-margined, the eyebrow and sides of neck 
streaked with white• sides of face white, the cheeks distinctly 
streaked with brown, the ear-coverts more narrowly, the hinder 
margin of the latter inclining to rufous; under surface of body 
white, with distinct blackish brown shaft-stripes of unequal breadth, 
the flanks irregularly barred and marked with arrow-head markings 
of dark brown; leg-feathers more or less pale brown, varied with 
dark brown, and irregularly spotted with white• under wing-coverts 
white, streaked with black, the lower ones entirely black, with white 
tips; axillaries white, barred and streaked with blackish, the remains 
apparently of a uniform blackish feather ; quills deep brown, 
much mottled with white on inner web; tail ashy brown, more or 
less inclining to grey, with five or six indistinct bars of brown near 
the base, and a broad subterminal band of dark brown, the tips of 
the feathers fulvous; cere and gape dingy yellow, bluish about 
nostrils ; bill horn-black, bluish grey at base; feet whitish brown, 
tinged with yellow, claws black• iris yellow. Total length 26 inches, 
culmen 2*5, wing 21, tail 11*5, tarsus 4. 

Adult male. Bather smaller than the female. Total length 29 
inches, wing 19*6, tail 11, tarsus 3*5. 
Hah. All the countries of Southern Europe, on both sides of the 
Mediterranean; the entire Indian peninsula. 

a. Juv. sk.
b. Juv. st.
c. d. Pull. st.
e. § ad. sk.
/ . $ ad. st.
g. Ad. st.
h. Juv. st. 
Italy. 
Tangier. 
Tunis. 
Tunis. 
Tunis. 
India. 
India. 
Purchased. 
K. Warren, Esq. [P.]. 
L. Eraser, Esq. [0.1 
L. Fraser, Esq. [O.J. 
Sir T. Eeade [Pi]. 
J. H. Reeves, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
i. Juv. sk. India. Purchased. 
j . $ imm. sk. Eajkote, Kattiawar,
Jan. 1, 1871. 
Capt. J. Hayes Lloyd [P.], 
k. Juv. sk.
I Juv. st. 
Madras. 
Nepal. 
Dr. Jerdon [P.]. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

252 
FALCOxma:. 

m9 n, o. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. LP ". 
p, q. Ad. sk. Nepal. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. (P.j. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. JP.]. 
r, 5. Imm. sk. Nepal. 

J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
t. Ad. sk. Assam. 
Prince Frederick of Sckleswig


u. Juv. sk. India. 
Holstein [R]. 

v. Skeleton. 
Zoological Society. 
L. Fraser, Esq. rG.~. 
to. Skeleton. 

B. H. Hodgson^Esq. [P.]. 
xyy. Sterna. 

2. Msaetus spilogaster. 
Spizaetus spilogaster, Bp. Rev. ei Mag. de Zool 1850, p. 487 (ex JDu 
Bus, MS.); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 73 (1855) ; Schl Mus. P.-B. Astures, 
p. 12 (1862); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 14 (1807) ; Heugl 0m. 
N.O.-Afr. i. p. 57 (1869); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 13 (1809); 
Finsch u. Hartl. Vdg. Ostafr. p. 48 (1870) ; Bocage, Jonu Lisb. 
1873, p. 3 j £cM. Revue Acdpitr. p. 59 (1873J. 

Spizaetus zonurus, 
Mull Naum. 1850, p. 27; id. Beitn Orn. Afr. 
Taf. 1 (1853). 
Aquila bonellii, Brehm, J. f O. 1853, p. 204; Heugl. J. f. O. lbOI, 

p. 193; Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 11 (1*07). 
Spizaetus leucostignia, Heugl. Syst. Uehers. p. 7 (1850). 
Spizaetus ayresii, Gtmiey, Ibis, 1862, p. 149, pi. 4; id. Ibis, lb* *4, p. 350. 
Aquila fa&ciata, Gurnet/, Ibis, 1868, p. 138. 
Pseudaetus spilogaster, Gurneyy in Anders*, p. 7 (1872). 
Young. Above brown, with slight spots and mottlings of white 
at the base of the scapulars and tipper tail-coverts; head also dark 
brown, the hinder neck and sides of the face dull tawny rufous, 
with black streaks, more distinct on the latter, and forming a kind 
of irregular moustache; under surface of body uniform tawny 
rufous, a little paler on the feathers of the throat; under tail-
coverts and outermost under wing-coverts, chin, and chest with a 
few lanceolate elongated black streaks; the lower under wing-
coverts with large spots of black; quills dark brown, the secondaries 
paler brown, tipped and irregularly marked, on both webs with 
white, the inner webs white at base, shading off into ashy white 
before the tips, which are dark brown, the dark brown cross bars 
showing more plainly; tail-feathers ashy grey above, tipped with 
white, ashy white below, and crossed with seven blackish bands not 
well denned, and often merging into each other ; cere greenish yellow 
; bill ash-colour, black at tip; feet greenish yellow; iris light 
yellow. Total length 24*5 inches, wing 17*6, tail 11*3, tarsus 4. 

Adult female. Above brownish black, the head streaked, and the 
back, scapulars, and wing-coverts conspicuously varied with large 
spots of white; primaries externally ashy, and blackish brown, at 
tips, the secondaries mottled with brown or ashy and dark brown 
at tips; upper tail-coverts brown, largely banded and tipped with 
white; tail ashy grey, with a broad dark band at tip, the remainder 
of the feathers mottled with remains of brown bars; cheeks white, 
slightly streaked with black; under surface of body pure white, 
with black streaks on the breast and irregular large spots on the 
under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts black, some feathers mar


40 . XISABTUS. 
253 
gined with white ; cere bright yellow; bill bluish, the base of the 
lower mandible yellow; feet bright yellow, talons horn-black; iris 
bright yellow. Total length 26*5 inches, culmen 1/9, wing 18*3, tail 
11*4, tarsus 3-9. 

Adult male, Yery similar to the female, but with the white spots 
on the upper surface less distinct, and the streaks on the lower surface 
more distinct. 

Hab. ISTorth-eastern Africa, extending along the eastern coast and 
over the whole of South Africa as far as Benguela on the western 
coast. 

a, b. 5 juv. sk. Bogos Land. Herr Esler [0.]. 

c. $ ad. sk. Abyssinia. Purchased. 
3. Msaetus pennatus. 
Le Faucon patu, Briss. Oni. vi. App. p. 22, pi. 1 (1760). 

Falco pennatus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 272 (1788); Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 33 


(1824); Wernert Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 17 (1827) ; Schl. u. Susem. Vog. 

Eur. Taf. 2'2 (1839); Naum. Vog. Deidschl. xiii. Taf. 343 (1868). -•— 

Aquila pennata, 
Vig. Zool. Jour. i. p. 337 (1824); Gmdd, B. Eur. i. 
pi. 9 (1837); Gray, Gen. B. I p. 14 (1845); Bp. Consp. I p. 14 
(1850) j Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 60 (1855) 5 Haril Oni, W.-Afr. p. 4 
(1857); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 5. figs. 3, 4, 5 (1858) ; Jaub. et 
Bavtiu Mich. Orn. p.*36, pi. 3 (1859) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 63 (1862) ; 
Schl Mus. JP.-B. Aqwlse, p. 87 (1862); Dresser, P. Z. S.1866, p. 377; 
Degl et Get-be, Orn. Eur. i. p. 36 (1867): Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 10 
(1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 12 (1869); Heugl Orn. tf.O.-Afr. 

p. 47 (1869); Sahad. Faun. ItaL Ucc. p. 7 (1871); Boldsw. R Z. S. 
1872, p. 411; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 207 (1872) ;' Krilper, J. f. O. 
1872, p. 59; JELoltz, t. c. p. 286; Schl Berne Accipitr. p. 116 (1873). 
Aquila mimita, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 29, pi. 2. fig. 2 (1831) : 

Goebel,J.f. 0.1872, p. 454. 
Spizaetus roilvoides, Jerd. Madr. Jour. x. p. 75 (1839). 
Butaetus pennatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 174 (1845), 
Hieraetus pennatus, Kaup, Mus. Sencheub. iii. p. 260 (1845); Blyth, 

J. A. S. B. xv. p. 7 (1845); Loche, Expl. Alger, i. p. 132 (1867) ; 
Hume, Bough Notes, i. p. 182 (1869) ; Gurney. in Anderss. B. Dam. 
Zd. p. 7 (1872). 
Aquila brehmii, Mull. Naum, 1852, p. 24; Brehm, op. cit. 1853, 

p. 268. 
Aquila longicaudata, JECeugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 6 (1856). 
Nestling. Entirely covered with white down, the head very much 

crested. 

Adult female* Above brown, the scapulars with a purplish shade, 

some of the highest plumes of the latter pure white, forming a 

shoulder-patch, the lowest broadly bordered with buny white, as 

also are all the wing-coverts; lesser and median coverts slightly 

shaded with pale fawn-colour, the greater ones purplish brown, with 

a broad edging of buffy white; quills blackish, secondaries purplish 

brown, terminally margined with buffy white, the innermost very pale 

whity brown; lower surface of quills dark brown, inclining to ashy 

white near base of inner web, the secondaries indistinctly barred 

with dull whitish ; lower back and rump dark purplish brown, the 

254 FiXCONIDJB. 

upper tail-coverts dull fawn-brown, shading into buffy white on their 
margins and tips; tail dull sepia-brown, slightly shaded ^ with ashy, 
and tipped with dull white, crossed with four or five indistinct bars 
of darker brown, the feathers inclining to dark brown towards the 
tips, but not forming a distinct subterminal band; head and neck 
fawn-colour, with lanceolate central streaks of dark brown, the 
cheeks streaked distinctly with blackish; frontal plumes whitish; 
under surface of body buffy white, the throat and chest inclining to 
dull fawn-colour, the throat broadly streaked with black down the 
centre, the chest also streaked with dark brown, becoming narrower 
on the breast, and disappearing on the abdomen, thighs, and under 
tail-coyerts ; under wing-coverts white, scarcely streaked with dark 
brown shaft-lines, the greater ones with large blackish spots; cere 
and gape bright wax-yellow; bill bluish black, pale blue at base ; 
feet pale wax-yellow; iris pale brown. Total length 24 inches, enlmen 
1*7, wing 16*5, tail 10, tarsus 2*8. 

Adult male. Smaller than the female. Total length 19 inches, 

wing 13*7, tail 8, tarsus 2*4. 

Young. Differs from the adult in the colour of its under surface, 
which is entirely dull brown, with distinct black shaft-lines, the 
thighs and under tail-coverts a little more sandy, the tarsal feathers 
buffy white ; upper surface purplish brown, the scapulars and wing-
coverts lighter than the back and broadly edged with whitish, the 
upper tail-coverts almost entirely whitish; uppermost scapulars 
white, forming a larger patch than in the adult; head dull fawn, 
not so rufous as in the old bird, distinctly streaked with black, the 
cheeks and throat strongly inclining to dark brown ; quills and tail 
much as in the adult. 

Hah. Southern and Eorth-eastern Africa, all the countries bordering 
the Mediterranean, South-eastern Europe, entire Indian 
peninsula and Ceylon. 

a. Pull. st. Europe. J. Gould, Esq. 
b. S JUT. st. Europe. Purchased. 
c. (3 ad. sk. Spain. Purchased. 
d. 2 j 11 ^ . st. Egypt. \V. B. D. Turnbuil, Esq. ^P-Ie. 
§ ad. ak. South Africa. South-African Museum. 
/ . $ JUT. St. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. "P.", 
g* 2 a& st


A. Skeleton. Zoological Society. 
i. Sternum. B, H. Hodgson, Esq. 'JP.\ 
4. Msaetus morphnoi&es. 
Aquila morphnoides, Gould, P. Z. 8, 1840, p. 161; Gray, Gen. 3. L 
p. 14 (1845); Gould, B. Austr. I pi 2 (1848)-7 Bp. Camp. I p. 14 
(1850): mrickl Orn. 8m. p. 62 (1855): Gray. Hmd-h 3. i p. 12 
(1869). i 
Butaetus morphnoides, 3lyth, X A. 8. B. adv. p. 546 (1845). 
Hieraetus cristate, Blyth, J. A. S. B* xv. p. 4 (1846). 
Hieraetus morphnoides, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 243; Gmdd. Ranib* B. 


Amtr. i. p. 11 (1865). 

Adult Face, crown of the head, and throat blackish brown, tinged 

41 . LOPH0TRIOBCHI3. 
255 

with rufous, giving it a striated appearance, and bounded in front 
above the nostrils with whitish; feathers at the back of the head, 
which are lengthened into a short occipital crest, back and sides of 
the neck, all the under surface, thighs, and under tail-coverts rufous, 
all but the thighs and under tail-coverts with a stripe of black down 
the centre of each feather; back, rump, and wings brown, the centre 
of the wing lighter; primaries brownish black, becoming darker at 
the tip, and barred throughout with greyish buff, which is conspicuous 
on the under surface, but scarcely perceptible on the upper, 
except at the base of the inner webs; under surface of the wing 
mottled with reddish brown and black; tail mottled greyish brown, 
crossed by seven or eight distinct bars of blackish brown, the tips 
being lighter; cere and bill lead-colour, passing into black at the 
tip; eye reddish hazel, surrounded by a blackish brown eyelash; 
feet lead-colour. Total length 21J inches; bill If; wing 15; tail 
91 ; tarsus 2^. (Gould.) 

Hah. S. Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. Queensland. M. A. Bouvier [E.]. 
41. 10PH0TRI0ECHIS* 
Spizaetus et Limnaetus (pi), auct. 
Head of Lophotriorchis Meneri. 

Bmige. Columbian subregion in South America; Indo-Malayan 
subregion in Asia. 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Smaller; wing 14*1 inches; chest white, with black 
streaks Mene7*i, p. 255. 
b. Larger; wing 20-2 inches; chest rufous, with black 
streaks isidorii, p. 256. 

 1. LophotriorcMs Meneri. 
Asta kieneri, Geoffroy St.-Hil Mev. Zool 1845, pi. 35 (1835). 
Spizaetus albogularis, Tick. J. A. S. B. xi. u. 456 (1842). 
Limnaetus kieneri, StricJd. Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 33 (1844); Jerd. B. 


Ind. i. p. 74 (1862). 
Spizaetus kieneri, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 14 (1845); Bp. Consp. i. p. 29 
(1850) ; Strichl Orn. Syn. p. 71 (1855); Schl Mus. JP.-B. Astures, 

p. 11 (1862) ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 14; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 216 
* \&/.os. crista, rpiopx^, ^?'*s (tceipiirma. 
256 PALCOKIBJE. 

(1869); Gray, Hand-l i. p. 213 (1869); Hume, Str. F. I p. 311 
(1878); Schl Revue Accipitr. p. 58 (1873). 
Nisaetus kieneri, Jerd. Ill Rid. Orn. p. 5 (1847). 

Adult. Above black, with an occipital crest 2-4 inches in length ; 
ear-coverts somewhat mixed with whitish; cheeks, throat, and 
breast pure white, with a few narrow black shaft-lines on the side 
of the latter; rest of under surface, including under wing- and tail-
coverts, tawny rufous, streaked with black shaft-stripes, rather 
broader on the flanks, where they are more merged; wings black, 
some of the feathers externally brownish, the inner lining of quills 
whitish ashy, with a few blackish bars on the inner web of the 
primaries, the secondaries narrowly tipped with white; tail black, 
very slightly tipped with whity brown, and with indications of 
brown cross bands under certain lights, the lower surface of the tail 
ashy white, with a subterminai brown bar; cere yellow; bill leaden 
blue; feet yellow, claws black; iris brown. Total length 21 inches, 
culmen 1*5, wing 144, tail 8*3, tarsus 2*9. 

Hah. The Indian peninsula, Malacca, and Borneo. 

a. Ad. si India. Purchased. 
b. $ ad. sk. Sarawak, Borneo. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.~. 
2. Lophotriorchis isidorii. 

Falco isidorei, Des Mursf Rev. Zool 1845, p. 176*. 
Aquila isidori, Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pi. 1 (1845). 
Circaetus isidori, Gray, Gen. R. iiL App. p. 1 (1849). 
Spizaetus isidori, Rp. Conzp. i. p. 29 (1850); Strickl Orn. &yn. p. 72 


(1855); Gray, Hand-l i. p. 12 (1869); ScL $ Salt. KomencL p. 120 
(1873). 
Adult Above glossy black, the head ornamented with a crest 
3-3 inches long; quills also black, the primaries ashy grey at base, 
with a broad black tip; tail ashy grey for two thirds of its length, 
the remaining third being black, with a slight ashy brown tip; sides 
of face and throat black; rest of under surface tawny rufous, with 
central black streaks of irregular width to some of the feathers; 
flanks and external thigh-feathers black; under wing-coverts rufous, 
with black stripes like the breast. Total length 26-5 inches, 
culmen 2-5, wing 20*2, tail 13, tarsus 4-6. 
Hah. Columbia. 

a. Ad. sk. Bogota (Chesterton). W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. [P.]. 
42. HEOPTFS. 
Heteropus, Hodgs. J. A. S. R. xii. p. 127 (1843, nee Bum. Type. 
etBibr.im) H. malayensis. 
Neopus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 81 (1844).... H. malayeneis. 
Qnychaetus, Kaup, Classif. Saug. u. Vog. p. 120 (1844). H. malayensis. 
Ictmaetus, Jerd. Ann. JSf. H. xiii. p. 114 (1844) . H. malayensis. 

Range. The entire Indian peninsula in suitable localities, Ceylon, 
Buraah, extending down the Malayan peninsula to Java, Sumatra, 
Celebes, and Ternate. 

42. NEOPTJS. 
257 

Foot of Neopus malayenm (reduced). 

1. Keopus malayensis. 
Falco malayensis, Temm. PL Col i. pi. 117 (1824, ex Beinw. MS.). 
Aguila malayensis, V%g. Zool Journ. i. p. 337 (1824); Gray, Gen. B» 

I. p. 14 (1845); Bp. Consp. I p. 14 (I860): StricU. Orn. 8yn. pp. 60 
220 (1865); 8eM. Mm. P.-B. Aquilee, p. 11 (1862); id. Fog. NederL 
Ind. Vcdkv. pp. 8, 49, pi 3. figs. 1, 2 (1866),- Gray, Mand-l 
L p. 11 (1869) ; JSchl Berne Aceipitr. p. 117 (1873). 
Aquila makyana, Less. TraitS, p. 39 (1831). 
Aquila pernigra, BLodgs. J A. 8. B. v. p. 227 (1836). 
Heteropus perniger, Modgs. J. A. S. B. xii p. 127 (1843). 
Nisaetus ovivorus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 157 (1844). 
Ictinaetus perniger, Blyth^ Ami. N. JET. xiii. p. 114 (1844). 
Neopus perniger, Hodgs. m Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844). 
Ictinaetus malayensis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 7 (1846). 
Neopus malayensis, JSorsf.fyMoore, Cat B. Mm. B. I. Co. i. p. 381 


(1854); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 65 (1862); Beav. P. Z. S.1868, p. 396, 
pLxxxiv.,- WaU.Ibis,lS68^.1S; mime,BoughJVote»,i.p.l87(1869); 
Wald. Tr. Z. 8. viii. p. 34 (1872); Holdsw. P. Z. S.1872, p, 411. 

Yomuj. Above brown, all the wing-coverts and the secondaries 
with buffy white spots at their tips, minute on the former, larger on 
the latter and also distinct on the feathers of the lower back; upper 
tail-coverts very broadly tipped with white; primaries black, slightly 
mottled with white at the base of the inner web, less distinct on the 
secondaries; tail-feathers black, the centre ones browner, all crossed 
with indistinct bands of ashy brown, rather inclining to whitish on 
the inner web of the onter feathers; head slightly crested, brown, 
with ochre-coloured margins to the feathers, reduced to narrow 
lines on the forehead; sides of crown, cheeks, and throat buffy 
ochre, a few feathers below the eye and some narrow streaks on the 
throat blackish; rest of the under surface of body rich buffy ochre, 
with margins of dark brown to the feathers, giving a strongly 
striped appearance, the margins less distinct on the abdomen, thighs, 
and flanks, which are less striped in consequence; vent and feathers 
on the tarsus uniform buffy ochre, the under tail-coverts with brown 

v shaft-stripes and mottled with brown on the outer web; under 
wing-coverts ochre, uniform with the breast, the lower ones mottled, 
and the axillaries margined with dark brown. Total length 27*5 
inches, culmen 1*7, wing 21 '2, tail 12, tarsus 3*1. (Mus. Lugd.) 
VOL. i. x 

258 FALCOtflDJE. 

The adult plumage of Neojpus seems to be gained by a partial 
moult on the upper surface, while the brown edgings to the crown 
and feathers of the under surface gradually occupy the whole of the 
feathers and produce a uniform appearance. 

Adult female. All over black, the quills mottled with white near the 
base ; tail-feathers more or less distinctly barred with ashy above, appearing 
as if mottled with white underneath; cere and gape deep yellow; 
bill greenish horny, black at tip; feet deep yellow; iris dark brown. 
Total length 29-5 inches, culmen 2-05, wing 22*7, tail 12-8, tarsus 3*4. 

Bab. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. India. Prince Frederick of Schleswig-
Ilolstein [P.]. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Nepaul. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. 
d. Ad. sk. Nepatil. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
e. Ad. sk. Ceylon. H. Cuming, Esq. [C.]. 
/. Imm. sk. Malayan archipelago. Leiden Museum [P.], 

43. SPIZIA.STUB*. 
Type. 
Spizastur, Gray. List Gen. B. p. 3 (1841) ,. S. melanoleucus. 

Foot of Sgizictstur melanoleucus. 

Range. From Guatemala in Central America southwards to Brazil. 

1. Spiziastur melanolenciis. 
Buteo melanoleucus, Vieill N. Diet iv. p. 482 (1816): id. et Oud. 

Gal Ois. pi. 14 (1825). 
Falco atricapillus. Tenon. PI Col i. pi. 79 (1823). 
Morpknus atricapillus, Vigors, Zool Journ. i. p. 325 (1824). 


* This genus is often ascribed to Lesson, who, however, only used the name 
"Les Spwtastures" for a group of Hawks in the same way that he used "Lea 
Gymnogenes" (Compl. Buff, vii. p. 92, 1837). 
44 . SPIZAETUS. 259 
Astur atrieapillus, Less. Man. d'Om. i. p. 93 (1828). 
Spizastur atrieapillus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 3 (1841) j Kaup, Mm, 
Sench. ill. p. 259 (1845). 
Spizaetus atrieapillus, Gray, Gen. B. p. 14 (1845); Burm, Th, Bras. 

p. 65, note (1856); Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 4 (1871). 
Spizaetus melanoleucus, Bp. Consp. I. p. 28 (1850); Strickl. Orn. Syn. 
p. 73 (1855); Schl Mus. B.-B. Astures, p. 14 (1862); Gray, Hand-l 
i. p. 12 (1869); Scl $ Salv. Nomencl p. 120 (1873). 
Adult male. Above blackish, deeper on the interseapulary region 
and wing-coverts; quills dark brown, slightly tipped with fulvous, 
and barred across with blackish brown, the primaries externally 
shaded with greyish, the innermost secondaries paler than the back; 
upper tail-coverts paler brown, with indistinct margins of whity 
brown; tail ashy brown, slightly tipped with fulvous, and crossed 
with four blackish bands, the subterminal one decidedly broader; 
head, neck, and entire under surface of body pure white, with the 
exception of a few black markings on the nape and occipital crest; 
under wing- and tail-coverts white; inner lining of quills white, 
the primaries blackish towards the tip, the secondaries inclining to 
ashy white, with more or less distinct cross bars of dark brown. 
Total length 21 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 15, tail 9*1, tarsus 2*9. 

Female. A little larger than the male. Total length 24 inches, 
wing 16-4, tail 9*5, tarsus 3*2. The specimen in the Museum is 
apparently a little younger than the male, at least as regards the 
tail, which has six black cross bands of nearly equal breadth. 

Hah. The same as that of the genus. 

a. J ad. sk. South America. 
h. <£ ad. sk. South America. Purchased, 
44. SPIZAETUS*. 
Type. 

Spizaetus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 24 (1816) S. niauduyti. 
Plumipeda, Fkm. BUI. Zool. ii. p. 284 (18221 ,. S. niauduyti. 
Limnaetus, Vigors, Mem. Maffl. p. 649 (1830) .. S. caligatus. 
Pternura, Kaup, Mus. JSenckenh. iii. p. 259 (1845) S. tyrannus. 


Head of Spizaetus mau&uyii (reduced). 

* The following species have not been examined by me :— 
SPIZAETUS AFRICANUS. 
I/imnaetus afrjcanus, Cass. Bros. Bhil. Acad. 1865, p. 4. 
Spizaetus africanus* Gray, Band-l. B. i. p. 13 (1869). 

" General form yery strong; bill rgher short, fully curved ; edge of upper 

2(30 FALCONID^I. 

Range. The whole of Central and Southern America, excepting the 
extreme south of the latter continent; the whole of Africa; entire 
Indian peninsula and Ceylon; all the Indo-Malayan subregion and 
Celebes; Formosa; Japan. 

mandible lobed; wing moderate, fourth and fifth quills longest and nearly 
equal; tail rather long; tarsi thick and densely feathered to the toes, the bases 
of which are also feathered; toes and claws very strong; entire upper parts 
brownish black; plumage of the back and neck behind white at base ; rump and 
upper tail-coverts with concealed large spots of white; quills brownish black on 
their outer surface, with a few transverse bands of a darker shade of the same 
colour, and with a large space on their inner webs white; under surface of quills 
white, with about three transverse bands of black; entire underparts white; 
flanks, under tail-coverts, and tibial plumes externally with large spots of 
brownish black, and narrowly tipped with white, on its under surface ashy white, 
with a few transverse bands of black; under wing-coverts white, with large spots 
of black; tarsi white; cere and toes yellow; bill dark bluish brown ; axillary 
feathers brownish black, the black spots on the under wing-coverts unitedly form 
a large space of that colour on the under surface of the wings. Total length 
about 22 inches, wing 14, tail 9£, tarsus 2| ; bill from corner of mouth to tip of 
upper mandible li inch. (Cassin, I, c.) 

Hah. Ogobai river, Gaboon. 

My belief is that, could specimens be compared, this supposed species would 
very probably turn out to be the crested Aqinla wahlbergu in the plumage figured 
by Mr* Gunity (Tr Z. S. iv. pi. 77. fig. 2). 

SPIZAETUS ANDAMANENSIS. 

Spizaetus andamanensis, Tytler, Pr. A. S. B. 1865, p. 112; Beav. Pus, 
1867, p. 315; Hume, Bough Notes, i. p. 203 (I860); Ball, Sir. F. i. p. 52 
(1873). 

Adult male. Head with the traces of a crest, and of a light brown colour, 
striped with dark brown ; each feather is, for the basal three fourths, white, and 
one fourth from the tip light brown, with a longitudinal dark brown stripe in 
the centre, which gives an appearance of light brown to the head; but on the 
feathers being in the slightest ruffled the head assumes an albescent appearance. 
Back, wings, and tail brown; but, from the greater portion of the base of each 
feather being white or light brown, the upper surface of the bird assumes a 
mottled appearance of brown and white, the brown being darkest in the centre 
of the back, quill-feathers, and tail. The greatest portion of the inner web of 
the quill-feathers is white, which gives a white appearance to the under surface 
of the wing, which is most striking when the bird is flying. The primaries are 
dark towards their points; but all the wing-feathers are more or less conspicuously 
banded with four or five dark brown bars. This is also the case with the 
feathers of the tail. All the under surface is white, streaked with longitudinal 
brown marks on the breast, flanks, and centre of abdomen. Some of the under 
wing-coverts have three or four dark brown bands; and immediately under the 
bend the feathers of the wing are streaked with rufous; this is also the case with 
the thighs and some of the lower tail-coverts and white feathers of the densely 
feathered tarsus. The toes are yellowish, with black claws; cere greenish slaty; 
bill dark blackish slaty; irides dark reddish brown. The two outermost lateral 
tail-feathers, when observed from beneath, have a very albescent appearance, 
with dark dots near the tips, and traces of spots of the same colour going towards 
the base. Total length 24 inches, bill along curve from edge of cere 

1-37, wing 13-75, tail 10*15, tarsus 3*65. {Tt/tler, in Hume's * Bough Notes,' 
le.) 

Adult female. Total length 25*25 inches, wing 14-25, tail 10*25, tarsus 3*6. 
(Tf/fler,) 
Hah. Andaman Islands. 

44 . SPIZAETUS. 
Key to the tijpecies* 
€t. Chest uniform. 


a. Chest chocolate-brown or blackish. 
d\ Tail banded across. 
a1". {Smaller: breast uniform black ..... . tyratmus ad., p. 264. 
b"!. Larger: breast white, with a few black 

^spots here and there bellicosim ad., p. 26-3. 
b". Tail perfectly uniform, or with a few irregular 
and indistinct remains of bands. 
<?'''. Larger; wing in <J 19*7 inches, in $ 
21 gttmeyi ad., p. 273. 
<f". Smaller; wing not exceeding 16*5 
inches „ Umnaetus ad., p. 27*2, 
b1. Chest white. 

,!

c.. Lower flanks barred. 

e"T. Smaller: wing 13-16 inches, crest 3 
inches long, tarsal feathers barred 
across mauduyti j uv\, p. 262. 

/"'. Larger: wing 19-22 inches ; tarsal 
plumes pure white, or with a few scattered 
spots of black coronatm juv., p. 266. 

d". Lower flanks pure white. 

g'". Larger: tarsal feathers produced to 
between inner and middle toes, and 
faintly barred with fulvous nipalensis juv., p. 267. 

SPIZAETUS SPHINX. 

Spizaetus sphynx, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 323 (1873). 

A single skin of a Spizaetus is in the Museum, with no history attached, which 
1 feel inclined to refer to S. sphhtx of Hume. It agrees exactly in description, but 
is, larger, being perhaps a female. I can hardly believe, however, that the bird 
can be separated from S. eirrhaivi; but perhaps I have not got Mr. Hume's 
actual species before me. The broad subterminal bar and preceding interspace 
occur in young Madras specimens, and in one immature bird from Nepal. 

SPIZAETUS PHILIPPINENSIS. 

Spizaetus philippensis, Gumeyi in Gould? $ B. Asia, pt. xv. (1863); Gray, 
Hand-l B. I p. 13 (1869). 

The general colour of the upper surface in this species is a dark umber-brown; 
but the base of the feathers of the crest is white, and the margins of the other 
occipital feathers are of a light yellowish brown. Some of the scapulars and 
other alar feathers (especially the latter) are slightly tipped with the same; the 
tail, which is of a somewhat lighter brown than the back, is tipped with a very 
narrow edging of white, and is also crossed by seven blackish brown bars, the 
upper one, however, being somewhat indistinct, and the two lower being separated 
by an interval which is twice the breadth of the spaces between the other 
bars. The throat has a broad blackish band running down the centre, with two 
similar and nearly parallel bands proceeding from the corners of the mouth, the 
three bands all merging in a cluster of dark-brown lanceolate marks upon the 
upper portion of tKe breast, the intervals between these markings, and also the 
whole sternal and abdominal regions, being tinged with a yellowish rufous; the 
under tail-coverts are barred with brown and white, the former bars being much 
broader than the latter; and the thighs and toes are marked throughout their 
length with narrow, equidistant, transverse bars of the same colour. Total 
length 25 inches, crest 2|, wing from carpal joint 14f, tail 111, tarsus 3|, middle 

toe and claw 3. 

262 
FALCQ^IDJS. 

h"'. Smaller : tarsal plumes pure white, 
and not extending beyond joints of 
toes Hmnaetus juv., p. 272. 

b. Ohest particoloured. 
c\ Penultimate interspace of tail broader than 
subterminal band. 
e". Abdomen barred across. 
i"\ Under wing-coverts whitish, spotted 
with black, like chest albomger ad., p. 271. 
k'". Under wing-coverts bufiy white, unspotted 
albomger juv., p. 271. 
I'", Under wing-coverts thickly barred with 
black, like breast; chest rufous lanceolaius ad., p. 270. 
f". Abdomen and entire breast broadly 
streaked with brownish black ....... . chrhatus inrm., p. 289. 
gTt, Abdomen uniform brown drrhatus ad., p. 269. 
h'\ Abdomen' "white, faintly mottled with 

rufous, not barred or streaked; tarsal 
plumes thickly barred with black lanceolaixm juv.,p.270. 
d\ Subterminal band of tail greater than or 
equal to penultimate interspace. 
i". Ear-coverts and sides of neck uniform, not 
streaked or mottled. 

•mf". 
Upper tail-coverts uniform with tail, 
and barred with black in the same 
manner. [p. 262. 
a4. Thighs white, barred with black.... maudmjti ad. et juv., 
b\ Thighs black, barred with white.... tyrannm vix ad'., 
n'". Upper tail-coverts dark brown, tipped p. 264. 

and barred with white. 
<j4. Bands on tail 3 coranattm ad., p. 266. 
dK Bands on tail 10 hellicosm jixv., p. 265. 

&". Ear-coverts and sides of neck fulvous, 
streaked with brown. 


ow. Tail-bands 5, counting the concealed 
basal one; under surface rufescent or [p. 267. 
brown, with faint white bars........ nipalensis ad. et num., 

pm. Tail-bands 7 eirrhatits juv., p. 269. 
q'". Tail-bands 8, very narrow ..... . Hmnaetus iuv., p. 272. 
r'". TaH-bands 6. 

^4. Abdomen burly white, with faint 
rufous bars . nipalenms juv., p. 267. 
/4. Underneath black, barred with white, tyranmm JUY., p. 264. 

$"'. Tail nearly uniform, the bands very indistinct 
; upper tail-coverts brown, the 
tips whitish gurneyi juv., p. 273. 

1. Spkaetus mauduyti 
I/Aigle hupe* de BrSsil, JBriss. Orn. i. p. 446 (1760). 
Grand Autour de la Cayenne, Maud. ike. MMh p. 500 (1784). 
Aigle moyen de Guiane, id. t. e. p. 475 (1784). 
L'Autour huppe*, LevaiU. Ow. L p. 114, pi. 26 (1799). 
Ealco mauduyti, Baud, Traite, ii. p. 73 (1800, ex Maud.). 
Falco ornatus, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 77 (1800, ex ZevatU.): Mas. Beitn 


iii. p. 78 (1820). 
44. SPIZJLETUS. 263 
Esparvero calzado, Azara, Apimt. i, p. 106 (1802); Marti. Bid, Azara, 

p. 2 (1847). 
Falco superbus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 64 (1809). 
Aquila urutaurana, Dumont, Diet ScL Nat. i. p. 358 (1810). 
Morphnus ornatus, Cuv. Hegne AJI. i. p. 319 (1817). 
Plumipeda superba, Flem. Phil. Zool ii. £. 234 (1822). 
Spizaetus ornatus, VieilL N. I>ict. xxxii. p. 60 (1819); id. et Oud. 
Gal Ois. pi. 21 (1825); Gray, Gen. B. p. 14, pi. 7. %. 2 (1845) ; 
Bp. Consp. Ac. i. p. 28 (1850) ; Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 67 (1855) j 
Burm. Th. Bras. Th. ii. p. 60. note (1856) ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Astures; 
p. 2 (1862) ; Zeot. Ois. Trinicl. p. 10 (1866) ; Graij, Sand-l 

B. i. p. 12 (1869); Finseh, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 555; Pek. 0?vi.Bra$. 
pp. 4, 397 (1871) ; Scl $ Salv. Nomencl p. 20 (1873) ; J8W& Jfccwe 
Accijntr. p. 52 (1873). 
Harpyia ornata, /Sj?£r, Jip. Bras. p. 8 (1824). 
Morphnus mauduyti, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 18 (1826). 


Adult male. Above black, with an occipital crest 3 inches long; 
all the feathers brown at the base, the scapulars and inner secondaries 
brown, barred with blackish; quills brown, slightly tipped .with, 
whity brown, and barred across with blackish, the secondaries less 
distinctly; lower surface of the wing ashy white, with distinct 
blackish bars on the primaries, almost obsolete on the secondaries; 
tail brown, crossed with fire blackish bands of equal breadth; ear-
coverts, sides of neck, and hind part of latter bright tawny rufous, 
with a distinct broad moustachial streak of black drawn from below 
the eye; throat pure white, unspotted; rest of under surface white, 
the sides of the chest bright tawny rufous, with a few central streaks 
of black in the middle; lower breast and abdomen thickly banded 
with deep black, more closely on the thighs and tarsal feathers, and 
more widely on the under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts white, 
largely spotted with black. Total length 24 inches, culmen 1*9, 
wing 13*4, tail 10*8, tarsus 3*5. 

Adult female. Larger than the male. Total length 28*5 inches, 
wing 16-2, tail 13, tarsus 3*6. The specimen in the Museum, 
though not quite so full-plumaged as the male, has the centre tail-
feathers fully moulted, showing that, when adult, the species has 
only four broad bands of black. 

Young* Much browner than the adult, the interscapulary region 
and wing-coverts slightly darker; quills much as in the adult, as 
also the tail, excepting that the latter has six blackish cross bands ; 
head and neck all round buny white, with a slight wash of fawncolour 
here and there; an occipital crest as long as in adult; rest of 
under surface of body white, with a few oval spots of black in the 
centre; the sides of the body broadly banded with black, the tarsal 
feathers more narrowly but more thickly banded; under tail-coverts 
entirely white; under wing-coverts white, with large and distinct 
spots of black. 
Hab. Central America, and South America as far as Paraguay. 

a. S ad. sk. Brazil. 
b. Juv. sk. Brazil. 
e. $ ad. sk. Panama. O. Salvin, Esq. 

2U FALC0JTCDJ3. 
d Juv. st.
A& s]£ 
Coban, Guatemala. 
Bahia. 
Oapt, Kellett and Lieut. 
"Wood [P.]. 
Dr. Wucherer [0.]. 
f. Skeleton. Zoological Society. 

2. Spizaetus tyrannus. 
Falco tyrannus, Max. Meis. Bras. i. p. 360 (1820) j Temm. PL Col. 
i. pi. 73 (1823). 
Harpyia bracchata, Spix, Av. Bras. i. pi. 3 (1824). 
Aquila tyrannus, Less. Man. tfOrn. I. p. 84 (1828). 
Astur tyrannus, Less. Man. tfOrn. ip» 92 (1828). 
Morphnus tyrannus, Cuv. Begne An. i. p. 331 (18291 
Pternnra tyrannus, Kaup, Mus. Senchenb. iii. p. 259 (1845). 
Spizaetus tyrannus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 14 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. i. 
p. 29 (1850) j Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 69 (1855) ; Burm. Th. Bras. ii. 
p 62 (1856) ; Gray, Sand-l. B. i. p. 12 (1869)* Beh. Orn. Bras. 
pp 4,397 (1871); Set.fy Bah. Nomencl p. 120 (1873); Sehl. Revue 
3ca^r.p.59(1873). 
Spizaetus bracchatus, Des Murs, B. Z. 1847, p. 323• Lafr. It. Z. 1848, 

p. 134; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 68 (1855)• Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 12 
(1866). 
Spizaetus spixii, Des Murs, B. Z. 1847, p. 325. 

Adult. Black above and below, the wing-coverts a little browner, 
tbe leg-feathers, as well as the under wing- and tail~covei*ts, slightly 
varied with a few bars or spots of white, more distinctly inclining to 
bars on the latter; quills deep brown, externally shaded with ashy 
grey, and broadly banded with black; the lower surface of the wing 
blackish brown, with three irregular bands of ashy white; upper 
tail-coverts black, with a narrow tip and a few indistinct spots of 
white; tail black, crossed with four bands of ashy brown, the basal 
one very narrow and indistinct. Total length 29 Inches, cuhnen 1-9, 

wing 18-6, tail 15*5, tarsus 3*5. 
Adult female. Total length 26 inches, wing 16, tail 13, tarsus 3*6. 
Young. Above deep chocolate-brown, blackish on the Interscapu


lary region, the wing-coverts with small apical spots or margins of 
white, the median and greater series indistinctly barred with ashy 
brown; quills deep brown, tipped with whitish, and broadly 
banded with black, the interspaces externally shaded with greyish, 
with which the primaries are outwardly washed • lower back and 
rump blackish brown, with concealed bars of white, more distinct on 
the upper tail-coverts, which are also broadly tipped with white; tail 
chocolate-brown, shaded with ashy grey, tipped with whity brown, 
and crossed with six broad blackish bands; head white, with broad 
black tips to the feathers, especially distinct on the nape * sides of 
the face blackish, streaked with white, the sides of the neck pale 
brown, with large subterminal black spots; cheeks and throat pure 
white, with a few narrow black lines on the former; chest white, 
with a few broad streaks of black in the centre, the sides of the 
breast brown, varied with broad mesial streaks of black; rest of 
under surface of body black, thickly spotted with white, inclining to 
bars on the Hanks and leg-feathers; tinder wing-coverts black, 

44 . SPL2AETTTS. 
265 

barred and spotted with white like the breast; quills and tail below 
regularly barred with black and ashy white. 
Eab. From. Guatemala, in Central America, southwards to Brazil. 

a. Juv. st. South America. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. 
c. Juv. St. 
Bogota. 
Choctum, Vera Paz, 
Guatemala. 
Purchased. 
0. Salvin, Esq. [P.]. 
d. J imm. sk. 
e. J ad. sk. 
Oapim river. 
Demerara. 
A. R. "Wallace, Esq. [0.1. 
R. B. Sharpe,Esq. [P.]. 

3. Spizaetus bellicosus. 
Le GrifFard, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 1, pi. 1 (1799); Sundev. Krit. 

om Levaill p. 23 (1858). 
Falco bellicosus, Baud. TraiU, ii. p. 38 (1800, ex Levaill.), 
Falco arniiger, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 57 (1809). 
Aquila bellicosa, Bnniont, Diet Sci. Nat. i. p. 347 (1816); Gray, Gen. 

B. i. p. 34 (1845) j Smith, III. Zool S. Afr. Aves, pi. 42 (1849): 
Strichl Orn. Syn. p. 61 (1855). 
Aquila armiger, Otiv. Regne An. i. p. 315 (1817). 
Eutolmaetus bellicosus, Myth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 174 (1845). 
Tolmaetus bellicosus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 5 (1846). 
Spizaetus bellicosus, Kawp, Isis} 1847, p. 147; Bp. Consp. i. p. 28 

(1850) ; Haiti. Orn. W.-Afr. p/5 (1857); Schl Mm. P.-B. Astures, 

p. 57 (1862) j Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 13 (1867); Heugl. Orn. 
N.O.-Afr. i. p. 59 (18G9) ; Gray, Hand4. i. p. 13 (1869); Schl. 
Bevue Accipitr. p. 59 (1873). 
Pseudaetus bellicosus, Gurney, in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 8 (1872). 

Young female. General colour pale brown, with white margins to 
the feathers of the upper surface, very distinct on the wing-coverts; 
feathers of the head and neck white, with a large terminal spot of 
pale brown; greater and primary wing-coverts and quiUs ashy 
brown, broadly tipped with whitish, and barred across with darker 
brown; these bars distinct underneath, where the quills are ashy 
grey from the base upwards towards the tips, which are blackish 
brown; upper tail-coverts pale brown, with darker brown bars; 
tail ashy brown, with buffy white tips, and crossed with eleven 
bands of darker brown; under surface of body entirely buffy white, 
with a few spots of dark brown on the chest and under wing-
coverts. 

Adult female. Above dark sepia-brown, with faint edgings of paler 
brown to the dorsal feathers and wing-coverts, the greater series of 
which, as well as the scapulars, are indistinctly barred with ashy 
brown ; quills dark brown, tipped with bufly white, and crossed with 
blackish brown, the sub terminal band broader on the secondaries, 
the primaries externally shaded with ashy grey; upper tail-coverts 
brown, with faint bands of darker brown, and tipped with fulvous; 
tail dark brown, tipped with buffy white, and crossed with six bands 
of ashy grey, the basal one often indistinct; head dark brown, with 
narrow whity brown margins, all the feathers white at base, showing 
more conspicuously on the neck, where the margins to the feathers 

are broader; sides of face and throat white, with a few brown 
streaks on the ear-coverts; fore neck and chest uniform dark brown; 

2m FALCOKID^. 

rest of under surface white, with sparsely distributed spots of dark 

brown, larger and more cordiforni on the flanks, and smaller on the 

leg-feathers; under wing-coverts white, spotted and mesially streaked 

with dark brown, the greater ones entirely brown, shaded with ashy, 

and tipped with bufty white; cere bluish; bill black, bluish at 

gape ; feet pale yellow, claws black; iris dull yellowish *. Total 

length 38 inches, culmen 3, wing 2ro, tail 14, tarsus 5-2. 

Hal. South Africa. ^^"^ 

a. 2 ad. sk. South Africa. S.-African Museum. 
h. 2 JUF. sk. Snewberg, South Africa. Purchased. 
c. Skeleton. Zoological Society. 
4. Spizaetns coxonatus. 
Crowned Eagle, JBdwards, Gleanings7 pi. 224 (1758J. 

Aigle liupe d'Afrique, Briss. Orn. I. p. 448 (1760). 

Falco coronatus, Linn. S. K i. p. 124 (1766). 

Le Blanchard, Levaill Ois. d?Afr. i. p. 12, pi. 3 (1799); Sundev. Krii. 

om Lev. p. 23 (1858). 

Falco albescens, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 45 (1800, ex Levaill). 

Aquila albescens, JDumont, Diet Sci. Xat. i. p. 3(31 (1810j. 

Morphnus albescens, Cuv. Begne An. i. p. 331 (1829). 

Ilarpyia albescens, Stv. Classif. B. ii. p. 208 (1837). 

Spizaetus albescens, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 14 (184*5); StrickL Orn. Sun, 

p.68(1855). 
Aquila coronata, Gray, Gen. B. I p. 14 (1845) j Smith, III. Zool. S. 
Afr. pis. 40, 41 (1847). 
Spizaetus coronatus, Bp. Cunsp. i. p. 28 (1850); StrickL Orn. Syn. 

p. m (1855); Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 5 (1857); JSehi. Mm. P.-B. 
Astures, p. 3 (1862); Layard, Br A Afr. p. 12 (1869); id. Ibis, 
1869, p. 362; Sharjpe, t. c. p. 387; Gray, JBand-L I p. 13 (1869). 
Young male. Above brown, with indistinct bands of darker brown, 
the subtermrnal spot often strongly pronounced; all the feathers of 
the upper surface broadly margined with white, small bands of which 
colour appear on the outer web of the upper tail-coverts; tail brown, 
tipped with white, externally shaded with ashy grey on the interspaces 
; trie lower surface of the wing white, mottled with ashy 
grey and barred with blackish on inner web of secondaries; the 
primaries ashy grey towards their tips, and distinctly banded with 
blackish brown; tail black, tipped with whitish, and crossed with 
three distinct bands of ashy grey, inclining to brown on inner web; 
head and neck wbite, with a slight tinge of fawn on the hinder part 
of the latter; under surface of body entirely white, with a few 
distinct broad bars of dark brown on the sides of the vent; the 
outer aspect of the thighs largely spotted with dark brown; under 
wing-coverts white, the greater ones with a broad subterminal bar 
of black. Total length 32 inches, culmen 2-5? wing 19*1, tail 13*6, 
tarsus 3-8. 

Admit female. Above black, with a brownish shade on the greater 
wing-eoverts and scapulars near their bases; quills pale brown, 

* These soft parts taken from a living bird in the Antwerp Grardens. Another 
one, not apparently different in plumagej bad a brighter yellow iris. 
44 . SPIZAETUS. 267 
slightly tipped with whitish, externally shaded with clear ashy grey, 
inclining to whitish near outer base of primaries; all the quills with 
a broad subterminal band of greenish black, most of the quills exhibiting 
remains of a second dark brown bar near the base ; innermost 
secondaries with three distinct bands of dark brown; upper 
tail-coverts greenish black, tipped and spotted with white; tail 
black, tipped with pale brown and crossed with two broad bands of 
ashy grey, with remains of a third basal one on the outermost feathers 
; crown and occipital crest blackish brown, with faint indications 
of pale brown tips to the feathers; sides of face and of neck 
earthy brown; the cheeks and throat blackish brown; under surface 
of body yellowish buff, broadly banded with black, these bands being 
so thick on the chest as to render it almost entirely black, the buff 
being confined to the base of the feathers ; under tail-coverts barred 
with black and white; thighs black, thickly spotted and barred with 
dull white; under wing-coverts deep chestnut, slightly streaked 
down the centre with black, the median ones broadly tipped with 
black, the lower ones uniform blackish, with white tips and bases to 
the feathers; bill horn-colour, yellow at base and gape; feet pale 
yellow; iris yellow. Total length 39 inches, culmen 2-8, wing 22-2, 

tail 16, tarsus 4*1. 
Hab. South and "West Africa. 
a. $ juv. st.
b. 2 ad^ st. 
South Africa. 
South Africa. 
S. -African Museum. 
S.-African Museum. 
c. <$ juv. st. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [0.]. 

5. Spizaetus nipalensis. 
Nisaetus nipalensis, Hodgs. J, A. S. B. v. p. 229, pi. 7 (1836). 
Nisaetus pulcher, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. vi. p. 361 (1837). 
Nisaetus pallidus, Hodgs. I s. c. (1837). 
Spizaetus grandis, Gray, Cat. Acoipitr. 1844, p. 8. 
Spizaetus pulcher, Gray, t. c. p. 8 (1844). 
Spizaetus nipalensis, Gray, t. c. p. 8 (1844); BIyth, J. A. S. B. xix. 


p. 333 (1850) ; Strickl Orn. 8yn. p. 69 (1855) ; Gray, Hand-l B. 
i. p. 13 (1869) ; Hume. Rough Notes, i. p. 210 (1869) ; Swmh. P. 
Z. 8.1871, p. 339. 
Spizaetus cirrhatus, Gray, Cat Accipitr. 1848, p. 16. 
Spizaetus orientalis, Temm, # Schl F. J". Aves, pi. 3 (1850) \ Bp. Consp. 
Limnaetus nipalensis, Jerd. B, Ind. i. p. 73 (1862) : Holdsw. P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 411. 

Nestling. Clothed with white down; the feathers deep brown, 
broadly margined with ochraeeous buff, especially on the head, which 
is much crested • the feathers of the crown deep ochraeeous, with a 
broad blackish subterminal band; underneath buffy white, all the 
feathers distinctly streaked with rufous brown. 

Young. Above brown, the feathers lighter at the base and whitish 
on the margins; the median and greater wing-eoverts whity brown, 
broadly tipped with white and darker brown in the centre of the 
feathers ; quills deep purplish brown, broadly tipped with whitish, 

PALCONIBuE. 

268 

banded with dark brown, plainer on the inner web, especially underneath, 
where the inner web is ashy white ; rump dark brown, tipped 
with whitish; the long upper tail-eoverts whity brown, faintly 
barred and tipped with white; tail pale brown, tipped with white 
and crossed with six bands of darker brown of rather unequal 
breadth, the subterminal one the broadest; head and neck all 
round white, with broad dark centres to most of the feathers, causing 
a spotted appearance; an occipital crest 3*9 inches long, the 
feathers black, margined and tipped with white; the ear-coverts and 
cheeks narrowly streaked with black; under surface of body white, 
with a few streaks of dark brown on the chest, rather broader on 
the sides of the body; the lower flanks and thighs pale brownish, 
with faint bars of white; under wing-coverts white, the lower ones 
with subterminal spots of dark brown; cere hoary black; bill black; 
feet dirty yellowish white; iris yellow. Total length 30 inches, 
wing 18-8, tail 12-6, tarsus 3'9. 

Adult male. Above very dark brown, the feathers slightly mar gined 
with paler brown; the wing-coverts and secondaries rather 
lighter, excepting just before the tips, which are dark brown, the 
latter also regularly barred across with this latter colour, these bars 
much more distinct below, where the lower surface of the quills is 
whitish grey; upper tail-coverts somewhat lighter brown than the 
back, narrowly tipped and more broadly barred with dull whitish; 
tail pale brown, somewhat washed with ashy, tipped with whity 
brown and crossed with four broad bands of blackish brown, the 
subterminal one broader than the penultimate interbpace ; head 
blackish, the feathers slightly margined with fulvous brown, causing 
a streaked appearance, which is much more distinct on the hind 
neck; an oecipital crest 2*8 inches long, blackish, with narrow whitybrown 
tips; cheeks and ear-coverts blackish brown; throat white, 
with a broad streak of black down the centre; chest fawn-brown, 
with broad black centres to the feathers, giving a distinctly striped 
aspect; the rest of the under surface brown, largely spotted on the 
breast with white, changing into distinct bars on the flanks and 
thighs, which are darker brown; the tarsal feathers and under tail-
coverts rather paler brown, barred with white; under wing-coverts 
fawn-brown like the chest, spotted with dark brown; the lower 
series white, • barred with dark brown. Total length 28 inches, 
cuhnen 1*9, wing 18*5, tail 13, tarsus 3*9. 

Adult female. Larger than the male. Total length 32 inches, 
wing 20, tail 13, tarsus 4*2. 
Hab. The Himalayas, hills of Southern India, and Ceylon. 

a. S ad. sk. India. Major-General Hardwicke [J?.]. 
b. $ ad. sk. India. J. B,. Beeves, Esq. [P.]. 
e. 2 ad. sk. India. X Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
d, e, /. Ad. sk. Nepaul. B. EL Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
g. Juv. st. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.t 
h, i Ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
k, I Juv. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
m. Pull sk. . Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.t 
n. Sternum. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 

44 . SPTZAETVS. 2G9 
6. Spizaetus cirrhatus. 
Le Faucon hupe" des Indes, Briss. Orn. i. p. 360 (1760, ex Willub.). 

Ceylonese Crested Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. L p. 80 (1781). 

Falco cirrhatus, Gm. S. JV. i. p. 274 (1788, ex Briss.). 

Falco ceylanensis, Gm. S. 2V. i. p. 275 (1788, ex Lath.). 

Falco cristatellus, Temm. JPl. CoL i. pi. 282 (1824). 

Astur cristatellus, Less. Man. cFOm. i. p. 94 (1828). 

Morphnus cristatellus, Less. Traits, p. 52 (1831). 

Spizaetns cristatellus, Jard. $* Selby, III. Orn. ii. pi. 66 (P1832); 

Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 14 (1845). 

Nisaetus cristatellus, Elliot, Madr. Journ, x. p. 234 (1839): Jerd. 

Ill hid. Orn. p. 6 (1847). 

Nisaetus cirrhatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv, p. 174 (1845). 

Limnaetus cirrhatus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 1 (1849) ,• Kaup, 

Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 61. 
Spizaetns cirrhatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 29 (1850); Strzckl. Orn. Syn. 

p. 69 (1855); Gray, Hand-l. B. L p. 13 (1869) ; Hume, Bough 
Notes, L p. 206 (1869); Schl Revue Aceipitr, p. 52 (1873,^.). * 
Limnaetus cristatellus, Jerd. B. Lid, i. p. 71 (1862)$ Holdsw. P. Z, S. 
1872, p. 411. 

Young female. Above dark brown, with paler margins and bases 
to the feathers; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts decidedly 
paler than the back; the median and greater coverts paler 
brown than the smallest ones, much varied with white bases and 
margins to the feathers; quills brown, barred across with dark 
brown ; the primaries externally shaded with ashy grey, the secondaries 
tipped with bnffy white; all the bars very distinct below, 
the inner lining of the wing being white shading into ashy grey 
towards the tips of the feathers; tail pale brown, barred across 
with five bands of dark brown, the snbterminal one equal to or 
narrower than the penultimate interspace; head and neck dull fawncolour, 
with blackish centres to the feathers, much broader on the 
hind neck, narrow and hair-like on the sides of face and ear-coverts; 
the cheeks again more broadly streaked, forming an irregular moustache 
; an occipital crest 4*1 inches long, black, with buffy white 
tips and margins ; under surface of body entirely white, the lower 

throat and chest longitudinally streaked with blackish brown ; the 
breast with a few streaks of pale rufous brown, widening into broad 
spots on the abdomen ; sides of body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts pale fawn-brown; the axillaries a little brighter, and 
slightly mottled with white; under wing-coverts white, with 
distinct blackish spots, largest on the lower series ; iris dun-brown. 
Total length 29 inches, culmen 1*75, wing 17*4, tail 13, tarsus 4*3. 

Adult male. Above brown, with faint margins of paler brown on 
the dorsal feathers; the neck and interscapulary region varied with 
pale almost whity brown bases to the feathers, which are streaked 
with dark brown along the shaft; the head darker brown, with much 
broader dark brown centres; an occipital crest of pure black feathers 
3-8 inches in length, the long plumes not tipped with white, but 
whitish at immediate base; wing-coverts dark brown, with faint 
margins of pale brown, I he greater series decidedly lighter; quills 

270 FALCCOTDJE. 

rich brown, barred across with blackish brown; the secondaries 
tipped with buffy white, the innermost rather paler brown than the 
back, all the bars showing* plainly below, where the inner lining of 
the wing is white at base, shading into ashy white towards the tip ; 
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform brown, a little 
paler than the back; tail light brown, with three bands of dark 
brown, then an interspace of 1*7 inch, and finally a broad subterminal 
band 1*5 inch in extent; sides of face and of neck light brown, 
with central streaks of black; throat white, with a broad black 
central streak, and bordered on each side with a distinct moustachial 
streak ; under surface of body brown, slightly inclining to rufous on 
the chest, to the feathers of which the white bases impart a somewhat 
streaked appearance; the thighs decidedly paler brown; under 
wing-coverts rufous brown, with dark shaft-stripes, the outermost 
blackish brown, with pale fulvous margins; the lower series white, 
centred or barred with blackish brown ; cere pale yellow; feet yellow 
; iris yellow. Total length 26-5 inches, culmen (broken) about 
1*75, wing 16, tail 11, tarsus 3-9. 

Adult female. Yery similar to the foregoing, but not so uniform 
below; tail with four bands, the penultimate interspace broader 
than the sub terminal band; the crest 3-7 inches long, black in 
colour, but showing very slight traces of pale margins of brown, the 
smallest plumes very distinctly bordered with buffy white. Total 
length 82 inches, wing 17*8, tail 12*75, tarsus 4*1. 
Hah. Central and Southern India and Ceylon. 

a. Ad. sk. India. Hon. East-India Co. [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. India. 
c. Juv. st. India. 
d, e. Juv. sk. 
/ . Ad. sk. 
g. $ juv. sk. 
\ i <$ ? ad. sk. 
j , h. Juv. sk. 
1. Juv. sk. 
m. Sternum. 
Nepaul. 
Benar. 
Western Ghats. 
Madras. 
Madras. 
Ceylon. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l 
J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
Br. Jerdon [P.]. 
Br. Jerdon [P.], 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

7. Spizaetus lanceolatus. 
Spizaetus lanceolatus, Bp. Consp. L p. 29 (1850): Wall. Ibis. 1808, 

p. 13; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 13 (1869). 
Spizaetus fasciolatus, Temm. 8f Schl Faun. Jap. p. 8 (1850). 
Spizaetus cirrhatus, SchL Vog, Kederl Lid. Valkv. pi. 7. figs. 2, 3 
(1866); id. Bev. Accipiir. p. 52 (1873, pi). 
Limnaetus lanceolatus, Wald. Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 34 (1872). 
Adult female. Above deep sepia-brown, the head blackish; nape 
and hind neck pale rufous-brown, with median centres of dark 
brown; wings brown, the lesser wing-coverts a little blacker; primaries 
also rather darker brown, barred with blackish brown, more 
distinctly below, where the inner lining of the wing is ashy whitish, 
the bars nearly or quite obsolete on the secondaries, all the quills 
very narrowly margined with white at the tips; upper tail-coverts 

44, SPIZAETUS. 271 

and tail deep sepia, narrowly tipped with white, the latter with 
two distinct-whity brown bands and indications of a third one 
nearer the base; an indistinct eyebrow and sides of the face dull 
rufous, with blackish streaks down the centre of each feather; 
throat white, with a broad median and lateral (malar) streak of 
black; breast pale rufous, the fore neck strongly marked with broad 
black centres to the feathers; rest of under surface dull white, 
thickly banded with broad bars of dark sepia-brown, narrower on 
the flanks and thighs; under wing-coverts white, barred with dark 
brown, like the abdomen; bill black; feet pale lemon-yellow; iris 
yellow. Total length 25-5 inches, culmen 1*65,wing 14*8, tail 10*8, 
tarsus 3*25. 

Young male. Brown, like the adult, the white bases to the feathers 
showing conspicuously; quills and tail much as in adult, the latter 
with more bars on the outer feathers; head and neck white, the 
feathers more or less washed with rufous, with small dark streaks 
down the feathers, much broader on the hind neck; under surface 
of body buffy white, the breast strongly rufescent, the chest with 
broad central streaks of black, the breast varied with white bars ; 
thighs and under tail-coverts white, thickly barred with dark brown, 
the latter more broadly; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, 
more or less distinctly barred with blackish brown. Total length 
25 inches, wing 18*8, tail 10*8, tarsus 3*2. 

Hah. Celebes. 
a. Juv. sk.
b. J ad. sk.
c. <$ ad. sk. 
Celebes. 
Menado, Celebes. 
Macassar, Celebes. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.1 
A. R. "Wallace, Esq. [O.j. 

8. Spizaetus alboniger. 
Xisaetus alboniger, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 173 (1845). 
Spizaetus borneonensis, Gray, Cat Accipitr. 1848, p. 10. *
*** *~~ 
Spizaetus albordger, Blyth, J, A. S. B. xix. p. 385 (1850) ; Strichl. 
Orn. Syn. p, 71 (1855); Gould, B. Asia, pt. xv. (1863); Wall. 
Ibis, 1808, p. 215; Gray, Eand-l B. i. p. 18 (1869). 
Spizaetus nanus, Wall Ibis, 1868, p. 14, pi. 1. 
Adult Above black, with an occipital crest 2*75 inches in length, 
the latter tipped with white; quills dark brown, narrowly tipped 
with whitish, crossed with bands of black, the subterminal one very 
broad; tail ashy brown, with two bands of black, one basal, the 
other subterminal; lores whitish, the sides of the face black, like 
the crown; a broad moustachial streak of black; under surface of 
body white, the breast plainly marked with large drops of black, 
the belly and thighs thickly banded with black, the abdomen and 
under tail-coverts a little more broadly; under wing-coverts white, 
sparingly barred with black. Total length 22*5 inches, culmen 1*4, 
wing 13, tail 9*5, tarsus 3*3. 
Young. Above pale brown, the back, scapulars, and small wing-
coverts darker, the greater coverts, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts 
tipped with white; head and neck fawn-brown, the nuchal feathers 
rather darker in the centre; an occipital crest (1*95 inch long) 

272 
FALCOXID^. 

black, with broad white tips to the feathers; sides of face pale 
fawn-colour; under surface of body buffy white, with a tinge of 
fawn-colour on the breast, a little deeper on the thighs, some of the 
flank-feathers brownish; under wing-coverts buffy white; quills 
brown, the primaries blackish, indistinctly barred with darker 
brown, not very plain below, where the inner lining of the wing is 
glossy white ; tail brown, tipped with whitish, and crossed with three 
bands of blackish brown, the subterminal one much the broadest. 
Total length 19-5 inches, wing 11*2, tail 9, tarsus 3. 
Eab. Malacca and Borneo. 

a. 
Juv. st. Borneo. J. Low, Esq. [C.j. Type of S. 
borneonensis. 

b. Juv. sk. Sarawak, Borneo. ' A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. Type 
of S. nanus. 

c. Ad. sk. Sunda Islands. Purchased. 

9. Spizaetus limnaetus. 

Falco limnaetus, JSorsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 138 (1822) ; id. Zool. 
Res. Java, pi. 36 (1824); Temm. PI. Col i. pi. 134 (1824). 
Falco caligatus, Rqffl. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 278 (1822). 
Falco niveus, Temm. PI. Col. i. pi. 127 (1823). 
Morphnus linmaetus, Vig. Zool Journ. i. p. 325 (1824). 
Morphnus niveus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 19 (1825). 
Astur niveus, Less. Man. cPOrn. i. p. 94 (1828). 
Astur linmaetus, Less. Man. cFOrn. i. p. 94 (1828). 
Limnaetus caligatus, Vig. Mem. Raffl. p. 649 (1830). 
Linmaetus horsfieldii, tig. Mem. Raffl. p. 049 (1830). 
Spizaetus niveus, Blyth, Ann. 2VT. H. xii. p. 91 (1843). 
Linmaetus nivetis, StrickL Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 33 (1844); Jerd. B. 
Ind. 1 p. 71 (1862). 
Linmaetus unicolor, Blyth, Ann. N. JEL. xiii. p. 114 (1844). 
Spizaetus caligatus, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 8; id. Gen. B. i. 

p. 14 (1845); StrickL Orn. Syn. p. 70 (1855); Schl Mus. P.-B. 
Astures, p. 6 (1862, pt.); id. Fog. Nederl. Ind. Valkv. pp. 14, 53, 
pis. 6, 7. figs. 1, 8 (1866); Wall. Ihis71868, p. 13; Gray, Band-l 

B. L p. 13 (1869); Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 198 (1869). 
Spizaetus linmaetus. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 14 (1845): StrickL Orn. 
Syn. p. 71 (1855). 
Nisaetus caligatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 174 (1845). 
Spizaetus nipalensis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 1179 (1847). 
Nisaetus niveus, Jerd. Ill Ind. Orn. p. 5 (1847). 
Spizaetus cirmtus (pt.), Schl. Mus. P.-B. Reme Accipitr. p. 52 
(1873). 
Nestling. Covered with snow-white down, the crown of the head 
inclining to fawn-colour, the sprouting feathers blackish brown, the 
greater wing-eoverts tipped with white; the few breast-feathers 
visible white, with broad blackish cross bars. 
Young (type of species). Above clear brown, with faint terminal 
margins of fulvous brown, the buff-coloured bases showing very conspicuously 
on all the upper parts, but especially distinct on the 
wing-coverts, which are also broadly margined with buffy white; 
quills deep brown, ihe secondaries lighter and more purplish brown., 

4-i. BPIZAlillW. 
273 

broadly tipped with bully while, and indistinctly barred with dark or 
brown, plainer on the inner web, especially underneath, where it In 
ashy white on the primaries and greyinh on Ihe secondaries; lower 
back and rump pale brown, the upper lail-coverts brownish bull*; 
tail brown, tipped with huffy white and crossed with six equidistant 
bands of darker brown; head and nook whitish buff, the sides of tho 
latter washed with sandy rufous, and mottled with dark brown in 
tho centres of tho feathers; under surface of body buffy white, 
washed with pale fawn-colour on the sides of tho body and thighs, 
with a few indistinct spots of the same on the chest; under wing-
coverts white, spotted with dark brown, the spots larger on the greater 
series ; iris brownish. Total length 24 inches, wing 15-3, tail (not 
fully grown) 9*5, tarsus 3*7. 

Another young bird, collected by Mr. Wallace, is rather larger in 
general bulk than the foregoing example, though having the wing 
of tho same length. It is purer white below, with a shade of dark 
brown on the lower flanks, and a few distinct oval spots of brown 
on the breast. Tho centre tail-feather has seven bands of dark 
brown. 

Adult Above and below deep chocolate-brown, inclining to 
blackish on the head and back, the quills and tail blackish, the 
shafts of the latter brownish, the inner webs of tho quills clear 
ashy; tail-feathers below ashy white, brownish towards the tips, 
the penultimate ones with remains of irregular cross markings; cere 
yellowish; feet pale yellow; iris bright yellow. Total length 25 
inches, culmen 1*7, wing 16, tail 11, tarsus 4*1. 

Bab. Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Malacca, reaching northwards into 
the Eastern Himalayahs and Lower Bengal. 

a. Pull. st. Sumatra. Purchased. 
b. Juv. sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
d. Ad. sk. 
Sumatra. 
Java. 
Java. 
Sir S. Rallies [C.l. Type of 8. ealiyattts. 
A. R. Wallace, Ksq. [i1.J 
Purchased. 
e. Juv. sk. Java. R. B. Sharpe.Esq, [P.]. 
f.
}/. 
Juv. sk. 
Skeleton. 
Penang. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 10.]. 

10. Spizaetus gnrneyi. 
Aquila 
gurnevi, Gray, 1\ Z. 8. I860, p. 342, pi. 105) j Wall Ibis, 
18U8, p. 13; GraylHmid-l B. i. p. 11 (IhOt)}. 
Spizaetus gurneyi, held. Mm. P.-B. Astures, p. 14 (1802); id. Voq. 
Nederl Ind. pp. 17, 5(i, pi. 9 (1800); Ph. Verh. z.-b. Wien} 1872, 

p. 425; Schl. lievm Aceijutr. p. 00 (lfc73). 
Adult female. All over blackish brown, the head, sides of face, 
and throat purer black, the greater wing-coverts and inner secondaries 
a little lighter brown; primaries blackibh, externally shaded 
with ashy grey near the base; tail blackish, shaded on the outer 
web with ashy grey, very distinct at the base of the centre feathers, 
which have indications of six or seven not continuous grey bars; 
under surface of both wings and tail more brown than the upper, 
the 
shafts white, and the inner webs whitish ashy for the greater 
VOL. i.

 v 

274 
FALCONIDJS. 

part of their extent from the base upwards. Total length 30 inches, 
culmen 2*35, wing 21, tail 13*5, tarsus 3-6. (2£us. LugcL) 
Adult male. Similar to the female, but smaller. Total length 
24 inches, wing 19-7, tail 13-7, tarsus 3*1. u 

Young female (type of species). Above light brown, the interscapulary 
region darker, and having dull rufous tips to the feathers; 
wing-coverts and scapulars pale fulvous at the tips, some of the least 
ones margined with dull rufous; some of the median and all the 
greater wing-coverts blackish brown, with broad, irregular bars of 
ashy grey; quills blackish brown, narrowly tipped with fulvous, 
and irregularly mottled and shaded with silvery grey, the innermost 
secondaries dark brown, with grey shading only near the base ; 
lower surface of wing greyish, the primaries gradually blackish 
towards tips, and irregularly mottled on the inner web, the secondaries 
with distinct dark brown cross bands; lower back and rump 
pale brown, the upper tail-coverts broadly margined with fulvous; 
tail dark brown, with indications of five or six blackibh brown 
bands, the interspaces more or less inclining to silvery grey, very 
distinct on the centre feathers ; head and neck all round dull tawny 
rufous, the feathers of the crown and nape slightly lipped with 
fulvous; under surface of body dull fawn-colour, deeper and more 
tawny on the breast, and inclining to fulvous on the abdomen and 
under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts deep fawn-colour, like the 
breast; cere and bill bluish white, the tip of the latter darker; feet 
white; iris yellowish olive. 

Hal. Batehian, Gilolo, Temate, Am Islands, "Waigiou, Xew 
Guinea. 

a. 
2 iinm. sk. Waigiou. A. B. Wallace, Esq. T\], 
Type of 'pecies. 
b. J juv. sk. Gilolo ( Von Rosenberg). Leiclen Museum TV], 
45. LOPHOAETUS. T 
Type. 
Morphnus, Kaup, Mus. S&nckenb. Hi. p, 259 (1845) .. L. occipitalis. 
Loplioaetus, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 1C5 L. occipitalis. 

Head of Lophoaetus occipitalis (reduced). 

Range. The whole of Africa. 

1. Lophoaetns occipitalis. 
Black Eagle, Bruce, Trav. Abyss, v. App. p. 160, pL S2 (1710). 
Le Hiippaid, LevailL Ois. tTAfr. i. p. 8, pi. 2 (1799) : &undei\ KriL 
om Levmll p. 50 (1858). 

40 . ASTTJRIXTJLA. 
275 

Falco occipitalis, Baud, Traite, ii. p. 40 (1800), 
Falco senegalensis, Dated. Traite, ii. p. 41 (1800). 
Morplmus occipitalis, "Vig. ZooL Journ. i. pp. 323, 337 (1825); Less. 


Traite, p. 54, pi. 13.fig. 1 (1831). 
Harpyia occipitalis, Sioains. Classtf. B. ii. p. 208 (1837). 
Spizaetus occipitalis, Gray, Gen. B. i, p. 14 (1845); Bp. Consp. p. 28 

(1850) • Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E. I. Co. i. p. 35 (1854); 
Strickl Orn. tiyn. p. 72 (1855); Earth Om. W.-Afr. p. 5(1857) ; 
id. Orn. Madag. p. 16 (1861); Schl Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 25 
(1862); Scl Ibis, 1864, p. 303 ; Kirk, t c. p. 315; Layard, B. 8. 
Afr. p. 13 (1867) ; Schl $ Poll. Faun. Madag. Ois. p. 35 (1868) ; 
Gray, Rand-l B. i. p. 13 (1869); K&ngl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 57 
(1869) ; Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 71; Gumey, t. c. p. 147; Finsch § 
HaHl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 50 (1870). 

Lophoaetus occipitalis, Kaap, Isis, 1847, p. 165. 

Adult female. Always chocolate-brown, with, some of the feathers 
on the back and wing-coverts inclining to paler brown; head 
rather darker, blackish, with a black occipital crest 4-2 inches 
long• bases of the crest-feathers and a few spots on the outer upper 
tail-coyerts white; tail dark brown, the immediate base white, the 
basal band white, the others more or less whity brown ; quills dark 
brown, white at base, banded with paler brown above, whitish 
below, the secondaries more indistinctly, the inner ones quite uniform 
with the rest of the back; under wing-coverts for the most part 
white, the inner ones and the tips of the greater ones brown• axillaries 
brown; legs white, more or less washed with brownish• forehead 
whitish ; bill bluish, black at tip ; cere pale yellow; feet light 
yellow, claws black. Total length 21*5 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 
15*9, tail 8*5, tarsus 3*7. 

Adult male. Eather smaller than the female. Total length 
21 inches, wing 15*1, tail 8*5, tarsus 4. 
Hah. The same as that of the genus. 


a. J ad. sk. South Africa. John Kocke, Esq. [P.], 
h.* (S ad. sk. Lower Shire valley. Dr. Kirk [C.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Port Natal. Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. Snewberg, S. Africa. Purchased. 
e. <$ ad. sk. Ogowe Biver, Gaboon M. A. Bouvier [E.]. 
(Marche et de Compiegne). 
f, g}< h. Skeletons. Purchased. 

46. ASTURINULA-
Type. 
Kaupifalco, Bp. JRev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 555. A. monogranimiea. 
Asturinula, Finsch u. Marti. Vog. Ostafr. p. 59 

(1870) A. monogrammica. 

Mange. The whole of Africa, except the southern portion. 

1. Asturinula monogrammica. 
Falco monogrammicus, Temm. PL Col i. pi. 314 (1824). 
Astur monogrammicus, Less. Man, i. p. 93 (1828) ; Siuains. B. W. 
v2 

276 FALC0NID-3E. 

Afr. I pi. 4 (1837); Strict*. Orn. Syn. p. 121 (1855); Hartl. Orn. 
W.-Afr. p. 18 (1857); Schl. Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 24 (1862); 
K&ugl. Orn. MO.-Afr. p. 64 (1869); Schl. Mevue Acciptir. $. 67 

Leg of JjsturiniJa Monogram?hi< a. 

Adult. Above dark slaty grey, the head and sides of the face 
lighter, the wing-coverts also a little paler grey, the edge of the wing 
white, with which colour the outermost of the upper primary coverts 
is edged; quills blackish, all tipped, and the outermost edged, with 
white, the secondaries ashy grey like the back and more broadly 
tipped; all the quills white at the base of the inner web, extending 
in notches for some distance up the feather; lower back and rump 
blackish; the upper tail-coverts and immediate base of tail white, 
forming a broad band; tail blackish, broadly tipped with white, and 
having one conspicuous white band across the centre; lores and 
feathers in front of the eye whitish; throat white, with a very broad 
streak of black down the centre; fore neck, sides of neck, and chest 
ashy grey; rest of under surface, including the flanks and auxiliaries, 
thickly barred with white and ashy brown; under wing- and tail-
coverts white; cere, orbits, and base of lower mandible bright 
cinnabar-red; bill dark leaden horn-eolour; feet vermilion; iris 
umber-brown. Total length 12 inches, oilmen 1*1, wing 8*9, 
tail 5*8, tarsus 1*95. 

Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length 
13*5 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 9*5, tail 6*5, tarsus 2*1. 
Hah. Western and Korth-eastern Africa, as far south as Zanzibar 
in Eastern Africa. 

47. HEEPETOTHEBES. 
277 

a. Ad. sk. Eiver Gambia. Governor Kendall [P.l 
b. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Governor Eendall [P.J. 
c. Ad. sk. Senegal. Earl of Derby [P.]. 
el Ad. sk. Senegal. Rev. D. E. Morgan [P.], 
e. Ad. sk. Mombas (Wakefield). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
/ . Skeleton. Zoological Society. 
Subsp. a. Astnrinxda meridionalis. 
Micronisus nionogrammicus, var. meridionalis. Eartt, P. Z. S.1860, 

p. 109. 
Micronisus monogrammicus, JBocage, Jorn. Lisb, 1867, pp. 132, 331. 
Melierax monogrammicus, Sharpe, P. Z. S.1870, p. 150. 
Asturinula monogrammica, ttmch u. Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 60 (1870, 
Kaupifalco monogrammicus, Gurnet/ in Aaiderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 26 
(1872). 

Very similar to M. monogrammicus, but having the bands on the 
lower parts much broader and darker, especially on the thigh-
feathers, the white band on the tail much narrower, and the throat-
stripe indistinct. Total length 13-8 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 8'8t 
tail 5*9, tarsus 1*95. 

Hah. Erom Angola to Damara Land on the west coast, and Zambesi 
on the east coast of Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Ambriz. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.]. Type of species. 
47. HEKPETOTHE&ES* w 
Type. 
Herpetotheres, Vieill. JSf. Diet, xviii. p. 317 (1817) H. cachinnans. 
Cachinna, Fleming, Phil Zool ii. p. 236 (1822) H. cachinnans. 
Macagua, Less. TraiU, p. 68 (1831) H. cachinnans. 

Foot of Merpetotlieres cachinnans. 

Barge. Erom Bolivia and* Paraguay northwards throughout the 
whole country to Southern Mexico. 
» 

* Mr. G. E. Grray (Hand-1. i. p. 31) adds Physeia of Vieillot (Analyse, p. 24, 
1816), founded on the Falco swffiator of Iinnasus (S N. p. 127), a species often 
referred to H. cachinnans, but not sufficiently recognizable to allow of any certainty 
in the determination. 
278 
FALCONIDJE. 

1. Jlerpetotheres cacMnnans. 
Falco cackinnans, Linn. S. JSr. i. p. 128 (1766). 
Maea^-Lia, Azara, Apimt. i. p. 81 (1802)-Hartl Inch Azar. p. 2 
(1847). 
Astur caehinnans, Cuv. JRk/ue An. i. p. 320 (1817) ; Spix, Av. Bras. 

i. p. 8, tab. ill. a (1824); Sckl Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 26 (1862) • id. 
Revue Acdptr. p. 08 (1873). 
Hernetotkeres 
cachinnans, Vieill N. Diet cTHist. Nat. xviii. p. 317 
(1817) ; id. et Oud. Gal Ois. i. p. 47, pi. 19 (1825); Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 30 (1850) ; Strichl. Orn. Sign, p. 75 (1855) ; Bur?n. Th. Bras. ii. 
p. 90 (1855); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 31 (1869); Pelz. Orn. Bras. 
pp. 7, 398 (1871); Sal $ Salv. Nomencl p. 122 (1873). 
Cachinna cachinnans, Flem. Phil Zool ii. p. 236 (1822). 
Dsedalion cachinnans, Vig. Zool. Jonrn. i. p. 338 (1824). 
Macagua cachinnans, Less. Traite, p. 68 (1831). 
Cachinna herpetotheres, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 15, pi. 7. fig. 4 (1845). 
Circaetus cachinnans, Kaup7 Mus. Senckeiib. iii. p. 260 (1845). 

Adult. Erown above, with faint indications of paler edgings to the 
feathers, the lower upper tail-coverts creamy buff; head crested, the 
crown buffy white, forming a cap, with narrow brown shaft-streaks 
to the feathers ; feathers all round the eye, hinder cheeks, ear-coverts, 
and a broad nuchal band black; a small spot under the eye, fore 
part of cheeks, sides of neck, and a collar round the same, as well 
as the entire underparts, buffy white; wing-coverts brown like the 
back; quills brown, creamy buff at the base, gradually shading into 
rufous, and barred with black, the inner primaries externally creamy 
buff at the base, forming a conspicuous patch on the wing; tail 
alternately banded with dark brown and creamy buff, the outer 
feather almost entirely creamy buff, with very narrow cross bars; 
cere orange; bill black ; feet orange ; iris hazel. Total length 
18 inches, culmen 1*35, wing 11*2, tail 9*3, tarsus 2*4. 

Young. Yery similar to the adult, but having plainer margins to 
the feathers of the upper surface; the* under surface, especially the 
under wing-coverts and axillaries, strongly shaded with ochre; 
the rufous on the quills extending further down towards the tip 
of the feathers; the bands on the tail more strongly tinged with 
ochre. 
Hob. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Jun. st.
b. Ad. sk. 
British Guiana. 
Honduras. 
Royal Geographical Society [P.]. 
c. Jnv. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/ . Skeleton. 
I. of Mexiana. 
Demerara. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [O.]. 
H. JB. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
L. Fraser, Esq. [0.]. 

48. BRYOTEIOECHIS. • 
Type. 
Dryotriorchis, Shelley, Ibis, 1874, p. 90 D. spectabilis. 
Range. Gold Coast, probably reaching to Gaboon. 

J S mtvoriuoueuH, *j"\) 

Bill of Dn/ofriotrliis A^HVJM///S. 

1. Dryotriorchis spectabilis . 
Afctur spectabilis, /SWW. xT«W Tijdsrhr. I, p. 1,1, pi. 0 (IS(Ji); ///•<«/, 
J5Ta»^iJB.i.p.20(1809). l 
Dryotriorchis spectabilis, Shelley, Ibis, 1874, p. 1)1. 

-irM*. Above dark brown on the head and interscapulary region * 

which are shaded with ashy grey, the feathers of the nape and hind 

neck with conspicuous white bases, as also the scapulars; wing-

coverts brown, the least ones with narrow white edgings; greater 

coverts and quills brown, barred with darker brown, the inner web 

of the quills white from the base upwards, the bars showing very 

plainly below; upper tail-coverts dark brown, tipped with white, 

before which the feathers are subterminally darker brown ; tail 

brown, barred across with six blackish bands narrowly tipped with 

white; sides of face and of neck pale ashy brown, with a distinct 

moustachial stripe of black; under surface of body white, the tin oat 

and chest washed with buffy fawn-colour, the forme r wlih a broad 

central streak of black; breast and belly with distinct black spot \ on 

the tip of each feather, the lower abdomen and under tail-coverts 

with small spots of rufous; axillaris, flanks, and thighs broadly 

barred with blackish, the latter more regularly : under wing-coverts 

buffy white, distinctly spotted with black. Total length "J"J'»m> inches, 

culmen 1-9, wing 11-9, tail 10-4, tarsus 2*45, {Mas. 6% E. 

ShelUy.) 

Younger (type of species). General colour brown, the dorsal 
feathers darker brown, the least wing-coverts and the upper tail-
coverts with small buffy white spots at the tips of the feathers; bases 
of the feathers of the crown, hind neck, scapulars, greater wing-
coverts, and rump white, causing a slightly streaked appearance on 
the head and neck; throat white, with a central black streak and a 
narrow moustachial line on each side ; rest of under surface white, 
tinged with rufous on the chest and Hanks wherever there are black 
bars; chest conspicuously spotted with black, the flanks broadly 
barred with brown, the abdomen less distinctly spotted with black, 

* This is very probably the bird referred to by Casein (Pr. Phil. Acad. 18<»f», 
p, 2) as Spilomis baeha, from 0jiboon. 
280 FALCONID^. 

the spots smaller on the under tail-coverts and thighs, the latter 
more strongly tinged with rufous; under wing-coverts white, sparsely 
spotted with black, the axillaries broadly barred; quills and tail 
brown, with widely separated bars of black, fiye in number on the 
latter, more distinct below, the under surface being white, shading 
into whitibh ashy towards the tip ; cere yellow; bill horn-brown, 
yellow at base ; feet yellow, claws blackish. Total length 21-5 inches, 
culmen 1*8, wing 12-15, tail 9*7, tarsus 2*9. (Mus. Liigd.). 

Bah. The same as that of the genus. 

49. CIRCAETUS. 
Type 
Chcaetus, Vieill Analyse, p. 23 (1816) 0. gallic us. 

Head of Circaetus gallwus (reduced). 

Range. The whole of Africa, Southern and Central Europe, the 
Indian peninsula, Timor, and Mores. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Chest white, streaked with brown gallicm ad., p. 280. 
b. Chest uniform brown or greyish. 
a\ Abdomen quite white cinerms ad., p. 282. 
b\ Abdomen white, barred across with 
brown. 
a". Larger; four bands on tail leaudouinii ad., p. 284 
b". Smaller; three bands on tail ..... . fasciofatm ad., p. 285. 

c\ Abdomen greyish brown, with a few 
white bands on thighs cinerascens ad., p. 285. 
d1. Abdomen earthy brown. 
c". Tail black, with three or four narrow 
brown cross bands cinerms imm., p. 282, 

d". Tail black, with a broad central 
band of whity brown, as broad as 
the subterminal black band cinerascens imm., p. 285. 

c. Chest orange tawny cinerms juv., p. 282. 
1. Circaetus gallicxts, 
Le Jean-le-Blanc, Briss, Orn, I p. 443 (1770); Buff. PL Bnl L
l x Jy v

pi. 413.

49. CIECAETUS. 281 
Falco gallieus, Gm. S. N. L p. 295 (1788). 
Aquila leucamphomma, Beither, Teutsche Orn. Heft 9 (1804). 
Falco leucopsis, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl ii. p. 572 (1805) ; Nordm. 


in DSmid. Voy. iii. p. 95 (1840). 
Aquila braehydactyla, Wolf, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. i. p. 21 (1810); 

Bailly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 108 (185S). 
Accipiter hypoleucus, Fall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. L p. 354 (1811). 
Falco brackydactylus, Temm. Man. p. 15 (1815) $ Naum. Vo'g. 

Deutschl. I p. 236, pi. 15 (1822); Schl u. Susem. Vog. Eur. Taf. 35 a 
(1839). 

Cireaetus gallicus, Vieill N. Diet. (TJSid. Nat. vii. p. 137 (1817) ; 
Gould, B. Eur, i. pi. 13 (1837); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 16, pL 7. fig. 7 
(1845) ; JBp. Consp. I p. 16 (1850) ; Strichl Orn. Syn. p. 45 (1855); 
Marti Orn. W.-Afr. p. 6 (1857) ; Fritsch, Vo'g. Eur. tab. 6. %. 6 
(1859); Schl Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 23 (1802); Feb. Verh. z.-b. 
Wien, 1862, p. 169; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 76 (1802); Schl Vog. Nederl 
Ind. Valkv. pp. 35, 70, pi. 24. lig. 1 (1866); JDegl. et Gerbe, Orn. 
Europ. i. p. 50 (1867) $ Gray, Mand-l. B. i. p. 14 (1809); Hume, 
Bough Notes, i. p. 217 (1869); Heuql Orn. N. O.-Afr. i. p. 82 (1869); 
Salvad. Faun. Ital Ucc. p. 10 (1871) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 202 
(1872); Schl Berne Aceipitr. p. 112 (1873). 

Cireaetus bractydactylus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 336 (1824). 
Cireaetus leucopsis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl p. 36 (1831). 
Cireaetus anguiirm, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl p. 37 (1831). 
Cireaetus liypoleueus, Eeyseti. u. Bias. Wirh. Eur. pp. 29,137 (1840); 


Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 16 (1845); Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 268. 
Aquila gallica, De Selys, Faune Beige, p. 53 (1844). 
Cireaetus meridionalis, A. Brehm, J. f. 0.1854, Extrah. p. xviL 
Cireaetus orientalis, Brehm, Naum. 1*855, p. 268. 

Young from the nest. Above earthy brown; all the feathers white 
at base, very conspicuous on nape and hind neck; scapulars and 
wing-feathers edged with pale brown, producing a somewhat variegated 
appearance; quills blackish, with pale brown tips; the secondaries 
chocolate-brown, externally margined with pale brown; 
tail chocolate-brown, with conspicuous white tip; under surface 
pale earthy brown with somewhat of a rufous tinge; feathers of the 
lower breast and abdomen white with terminal spots of brown and 
irregular bars of the same colour; under wing-coverts sirnilarly 
coloured. 

Full-grown young Mrd. Like the preceding in most respects; quills 
and tail, not developed in the nestling, coloured as follows:—primaries 
blackish, secondaries dark brown, except some of the inner ones 
which are pale earthy brown like the back; inner lining of quills 
white, shading into ashy white, the tips and inner margin deep 
brown; the secondaries subterminally pale brown when seen from 
below; tail brown, with narrow whity-brown tip, crossed with four 
bands of darker brown, not very distinct on lower surface, which is 
whitish. 

Adult male. Above dark brown with a purplish gloss; the wing-
coverts rather paler, especially on their margins ; head rather more 
ashy brown; the forehead and lores whitish, with narrow hair-like 
lines of black, a streak of which overhangs the eyebrow; sides of 
face whitish on the anterior part, which is furnished with black hair


282 FALCO;NIDJL 

like bristles; the hinder part of the ear-coverts and cheeks brown, 
like the sides of the neck; under surface of body white, the throat 
narrowly streaked with brown with a distinct central shaft-stripe of 
black; the flanks barred with brown at wide intervals, these bars 
disappearing on the thighs and under tail-coverts, which are almost 
entirely white; under wing-coverts and asillaries white, with irregularly 
defined spots or bars of brown; quills black, the secondaries 
browner, especially the inner ones, which are pale brown like the 
greater wing-coverts, the outer ones glossed with purplish and narrowly 
tipped with white; inner lining of quills white, excepting the 
tips and the inner margin of primaries, which are deep brown; 
secondaries barred with dark brown, the subterminal band very 
broad; some of the upper tail-coverts notched externally and tipped 
with white; tail brown, plainly tipped with white and crossed with 
three bars of blackish brown; cere whitish, tinged in places with 
bluish grey; bill pale greyish blue at base, blackish horny at tip ; 
feet pale earthy greyish brown; iris bright orange-yellow. Total 
length 26 inches, culmen 2-15, wing 19-65, tail 11*5, tarsus 3*7. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 31 
inches, wing 21*3, tail 12*5, tarsus 4. 

Hah. AH the countries bordering the Mediterranean, extending 
into south-eastern and, more rarely, into Central Europe. The whole 
of the Indian peninsula, Timor, Mores. 

a. S &d. sk. 
b. 2 a<i* s t 
c. Pull. St. 
d. Juv. sk. 
e. $ ad. sk. 
/. ? ad. sk. 
g. $ ad. sk. 
h. Ad. sk. 
i. Ad. sk. 
k. Ad. sk. 
Montpellier. 
Italy. 
Tunis. 
Bogos Land. 
Mount OarmeL 
India. 
Kattiawar. 
Madras. 
Behar. 
Nepal. 
Baron Laugier de Ohartrouse. 
Purchased, 
L. Eraser, Esq. [C.]. 
Herx Esler [C.]. 
Canon Tristram [0.1. 
J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.]. 
Captain J. Hayes Lloyd [P.], 
Dr. Jerdon [P.l 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
1. Skeleton. 

2. Circaetus cinereus. 
Circaetus cinereus, Vieill JV1 Diet, xxiii. p. 445 (1818); id. et Oud. 
Gal. Ois. pi. 12 (1825); Less, Traite, p. 48 (1831); Gray, Gen. B. 
i p. 16 (1845) *? Bp. Cornp. I p. 16 (1850); ScTil 3Ius. P.-B. Buteones, 
p. 25 (1862) • Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. ii. p. 39 (1868) ; Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 14 (1869) ; ECeugl. Orn. KO.~Afr. I p. 85 (1869) • 
Mnsch u. Marti. Tog. Ostafr. p. 54 (1870): 

Circaetus pectoralis, Smith, 8. Afr. Q. Jburn. i p. 109 (1830); Strickl. 
Orn. Syn. p. 47 (1855) : Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Id. p. 10 
(1872). 

Circaetus thoracicus, Less. Traite, p. 48 (1831); Gray. Gen. B. I. 

p. 16 (1845). 
Ealco funereus, Mwpp. N. W. Vog. p. 35, pi. 14 (18S5). 
Faleo thoracicus, Quo. \ Pucher. Bev. et Mag. de 2k>ol. 1850, p. 6. 
Circaetus thoracicus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 16 (1850); Marti Orn. W.-Afr. 
p. 6, 269 (1857) j Grill, Zool Ant&ckn. p. 50 (1858) ; Verr. et Des 
"ur$, Ibis, 1862, p. 209; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 15 (1867); Grayf
Mm 

49 . CIECiJETtJS. 283 
Hand-L B. L p. 14 (1869) ; Umgl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 84 
(1809). 
Circaetus firaereus, Antin. Cat. TJcc. p. 11 (I860) ; Hartmcmn, J.f.O. 
1866, p. 123. 

Young. Above brown; the feathers of the head and upper surface 
broadly margined with light tawny or pale fulvous ; quills blackish, 
the secondaries browner, all broadly margined and tipped with pale 
tawny, inner webs white below; the secondaries ashy grey towards 
their tips; tail brown, tipped with fulvous and crossed with three 
indistinct bands of ashy grey; head and neck tawny, with narrow 
central shaft-stripes of dark brown, much broader on hind neck; 
lores whitish; over the eye a narrow line of black feathers; ear-
coverts a little browner than the head, washed with tawny and narrowly 
streaked with darker brown; under surface of body light 
orange tawny; the throat whitish and streaked with narrow shaft-
lines of dark brown extending on to the chest, but absent on breast 
and abdomen, which are much varied with white bases and bars to 
the feathers; the under tail-coverts white, with broad bars of 
tawny. 

Mature. Dark brown above and below; the feathers of the upper 
surface margined with paler brown; lores whitish ; a narrow malar 
and superciliary streak of black feathers; quills blackish, the secondaries 
browner, with narrow tips of whity brown; the inner web of 
the quills ashy white with mott&igs of pure white; tail ashy brown, 
tipped with whitish and crossed with four blackish bands, the two 
basal ones often merged and indistinct; feathers of the lower surface 
brown like the upper, but most of the feathers with scarcely 
concealed white bases, showing more distinctly on the abdomen and 
flanks; under wing-coverts much varied with white, especially 
on the outer margin, where the feathers are white spotted with 
brown. 

Adult Above brownish black, some of the wing-coverts and scapulars 
with narrow whitish margins; quills blackish, the secondaries 
tipped with white and broadly barred across with ashy grey, with 
which also the primaries are washed externally; greater wing-
coverts also barred with ashy grey like the secondaries; outer upper 
tail-coverts narrowly tipped and broadly barred on external web 
only with white; tail ashy brown tipped with whitish and crossed 
with four distinct blackish bands ; lores whitish, as also the feathers 
at base of lower mandible; over the eye a distinct narrow line of 
black feathers; throat blackish, slightly streaked with white; chest 
uniform brownish black; rest of under surface of body, including 
the under wing- and tail-eoverts, pure white; cere and gape olive-
yellow; bill blackish; iris fulvescent. Total length 29 inches, 
culmen 2*15, wing 21, tail 11, tarsus 3*85. 

Adult female, A little larger than the male. Total length 30 
inches, wing 22-5, tail 12-5, tarsus 3-95. 
Sab. The whole of Africa, excepting the forest-region on the west 
coast. 

284 -FALCOKTDM. 

a. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Earl of Derby [P.]. 
h. $ ad. sk. * Cape of Good Hope. Baron Laugier de Chartrouse. 
e. Juv. sk. Cape of Good Hope. S.-African Museum. 
d. $ ad. sk. Snewberg, S. Africa. Purchased. 
<?, f. Juv. st. Port Natal. Purchased. 
g. Skeleton. Purchased. 
3. Circaetus beau&oiiraii. 
Circaetus faseiatus, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 7 (1856, deser. nulla): id. 

Dm. N.O.-Afr. p. 86 (1869). 

Circaetus beaudouinii^ Verr. et Des Murs, Ibis, 1862, p. 212; Sckl 

Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 25 (1862); Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 14 

(1869). 

Circaetus thoracieus (lapstc), Souza. Cat. Accipitr* Zisb. Mus. p. 37 

(1869) ; Bocage, Jorn. Zisb. 1871, p. 3. 

Circaetus gallicus (pt.), Schl Rmme Aecipitr. p. 112 (1873). 

Young. Above brown, with paler margins to the feathers; the 
lesser and median wing-coverts rather lighter than the back; quills 
blackish, the secondaries glossy brown, the innermost much paler 
brown, like the wing-coverts ; the lower surface of the wing white 
for the greater part of the inner web ; the secondaries whitish ashy 
underneath, with indistinct brownish bands ,* tail nearly -uniform 
brown, darker on the outer web; the tips of the feathers whity 
brown, the lower surface whitish, with indications of three or four 
dusky brown cross bands; head pale brown, with narrow blackish 
shaft-lines, the feathers more or less whitish near the base, producing 
a streaked appearance; lores, feathers round the eye, and sides 
of face white, with narrow blackish shaft-lines; over the eye a narrow 
black line, forming an eyebrow; cheeks and entire throat fulvous 
brown, narrowly streaked with black along the shafts of the feathers; 
rest of under surface fulvous brown, the bases of the feathers on 
the abdomen white, causing a slightly barred appearance; under 
tail-coverts white, with broad fulvous-brown bars; under wing-
coverts nearly uniform fulvous brown, showing the white bases to 
the feathers very slightly; the lower series white, with an indistinct 
subterminal spot of pale brown. 

Adult female. Above ashy brown with somewhat of a purplish 
gloss; the wing-coverts lighter than the back, some of the greater 
coverts narrowly margined with whitish, some of the outer upper 
tail-coverts broadly tipped and barred on the outer web with white; 
quills blackish, externally shaded with ashy grey; the secondaries 
tipped with whitish and barred with ashy grey and dark brown; 
the lower surface of the wing white, shading into ashy brown towards 
the tips, the secondaries with distinct bars of darker brown; 
tail ashy brown, tipped with whitish and crossed with four distinct 
bands of blackish brown; sides of head ashy brown ; the lores and 
feathers round the eye whitish, with a narrow superciliary line of 
black feathers; throat pale ashy brown, with white bases to the 
feathers, causing a slightly varied appearance; chest uniform ashy 

49 . CIRCAETTJS. 285 
brown• rest of under surface white, regularly crossed with narrow 
bands of ashy brown, less distinct on the thighs and under wing-
coverts ; under wing-coverts white, the axillaries barred with ashy 
brown like the breast; cere and base of bill yellow; bill blackish 
towards tip; feet yellow; iris yellow. Total length 32 inches, culmen 
1*9, wing 20*5, tail 11, tarsus 3*65. 

Hah. Senegambia and Forth-eastern Africa. 

a. $ ad. sk. Bissao. M. Beaudouin [0/ 
ft. $ juv. st. Bissao. M. Beaudouin [0/ 
c. Juv.sk. f Senegal. Baron Laugier de'Ckartrouse. 
4. Circaetus fasciolatus. 
Gircaetus fasciolatus, Gray, Cat. Accipitr, p. 18 (1848); 8t?*icM. Orn. 
Syn. p. 48 (1855) j Gurney, Ibis, 1861, p. 130, et 1862, p. 35, pi. 3; 
Verr. et Des Mun, Ibis, 1862, p. 211 j Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 14 
{1869). 

Spilornis fasciolatus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 72. 
Gircaetus gallicus (pt), Schl. Bevue Accipitr. p. 112 (1873). 


Adult (type of species). Above blackish, with paler margins to 
the feathers of the upper surface, inclining to white on the greater 
wing-coverts, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts; quills blackish, 
tipped with white, the primaries externally shaded with ashy 
grey; the secondaries browner, barred across with blackish brown, 
the subterminal band being much the broadest; the inner web of 
the quills white or ashy white, the cross bars very distinct below ; 
tail pale ashy brown, tipped with white and crossed with four 
broad black bands, the ashy brown interspaces tinged slightly with 
whity brown; head and neck ashy brown, a little darker on the 
crown, with a narrow line of black over the eye; throat and chest 
fulvous brown, with more or less concealed spots of white; rest of 
under surface white, broadly barred across with rather darker brown 
deepest on the flanks; the under tail-coverts quite white, as also 
the under wing-coverts, the latter of which have a few markings of 
pale brown • axillaries white, regularly barred across with pale 
brown; cere yellow; bill bluish, black towards tip; feet yellow * 
iris yellow. Total length 25 inches, cuhnen 1*9, wing 14*6, tail 
10*5, tarsus 3*4. 

Hob. Natal. 

a. Ad. sk. Port Natal. Purchased. Type of species. 
5. CircaetTLs cinerascens. 
Oircaetus cinerascens, Mutt, Naum. 1851, Heft iv. p. 27 * id. Beitr. 
Fog. Afr. Lief. ii. pi. 6 (1853) : Strichl. Orn. Syn. p. 48 (1855): 
Sharpe] P. Z. S. 1870, p. 149. 

Gircaetus zoirarus, Br. v. Wurt. MS.; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 8 (1856), 
et Ibis, 1860, p. 410, pi. xv. ,* Verr. et Des Mun, Ibis, 1862, p. 209 • 
Scl Ibis, 1864, p. 304 • Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 14 (1869) • Souza, 
Cat. Accipitr. Lisb. Mm. p. 35 (3869); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. 

p. 86, Taf. 3 (1869) ; Schl Revue Accipitr. p. 113 (1873). 
Gircaetus melanotis, Verr. in Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 7 (1857). 
286 FALCONIILE. 

Young. Above brown, with margins of paler brown, especially 
the wing-coverts; quills pale brown, the outer web blackish, and 
also the tips of the feathers, especially the secondaries; the primaries 
externally lighter brown near the base with bars of darker 
brown, remains of which are on the inner webs, tolerably distinct 
on the lower surface of the secondaries, the inner webs of all quills 
below being whitish; tail whity brown, darker brown on the margins 
of all the feathers, which are white at immediate base and 
crossed with two black bars, one very broad and subterminal, the 
other narrower and crossing the tail just below ^o.e upper tail-, 
coverts; head and neck all round whitish, the crown darker brown, 
with which the other feathers are also narrowly streaked: ear-
coverts ashy grey, darker on the hinder margin; under surface of 
body white, the feathers washed with pale brown, more plainly on 
the lower breast; the thighs and vent-feathers entirely pale brown, 
slightly varied with a few white margins ; under wing-coverts nearly 
entirely white, a few of the feathers slightly spotted with brown; 
cere and feet pale ochre-yellow; iris pale ochre. 

Mature. Above brown• the feathers mostly shaded" with 'ashygrey 
and faintly margined with paler brown ; quills brown, the 
primaries externally shaded with ashy grey; the secondaries tipped 
with whitish and barred across with black and ashy grey, the subterminal 
hand much the broadest; the inner web of the quills 
whitish, with distinct though somewhat irregular remains of bars ; 
tail whitish, shaded externally and tipped with pale brown, crossed 
with three blackish bands, one very indistinct at the base of the 
tail, another crossing it at about the extremity of the upper tail-
coverts, and the third very broad and subterminal; head and neck 
all round a little more ashy brown than the back, the crown slightly 
darker, the lores and feathers under the eye whitish; entire under 
surface of body ashy brown, some of the feathers shaded with grey; 
the thighs and lower abdomen somewhat barred with white; the 
under tail-coverts almost entirely white, with brown cross bands ; 
under wing-coverts pure white. 

Adult female. Differs from the foregoing in being much more 
distinctly shaded with grey both above and below, and having more 
distinct whitish bands on the abdomen, showing also on the breast; 
cere and orbits orange-yellow ; bill leaden blue, yellow at base and 
blackish at tip ; feet orange-yellow; iris yellow. Total length 27*5 
inches, culmen 2, wing 16-1, tail 9*8, tarsus 3*4. 

Male. A little smaller than the female. Total length 20 inches, 
wing 15, tail 9*5, tarsus 3. 

a. $ ad. sk. Bissao. M. Beaudouin [C.J. 
h. $ juv. st. Bissao. M. Beaudouin [C.J. 
c. <$ juv. sk. Bissao. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
d, e. 2 a&* s ^ Elver Shire. Br. Livingstone [C.j. 
/? 9-6 ? ad. sk. Zambesi. Br. Bickerson [P.], 
h. 2 &d. sk. Rio Dande, Angola, J. J. Monteiro. Esq. fC.l 
Jan. 28, 1809? 

50 . SPILORNIS. 287 
50. SPILOE^IS. * 
Type. 
Kematornis, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830-31, p. 170 (nee Sw.). S. clieela. 
Spilornis, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 3 (1840) S. bacha. 
Ophoaetus, Jerd. Mad?-. Journ. xiii. p. 159 (1844) S. rnelanotis. 

Range. Indian peninsula, with the Andaman Islands and Ceylon, 
extending throughout the Indo-ilalayan subregion and islands to 
Celebes, the Sula group, and the Philippines, reaching to Southern 
China and Formosa. 

*\ 
Key to the Species, 


a. Chest uniform. 
a'. Chest brown. 
a". Pale brown above and below, the spots more 
or less obscurely indicated. 
a"!. Very large and robust• wing varj ing from 
15 to 20*5 inches cheela, p. 287. 
b!". Very much smaller and slighter; wing not 
^tceeding 14*5 inches pallidas, p. 290. 
b''. General colour dark brown; the spots shown 
in bold relief bacha, p. 290. 
b'. Chest rufous. 
c". Chest deep rufous; belly spotted with white.. rujipecttis, p. 291. 
d". Chest pale rufous; belly narrowly banded with 

rufous and broadly with white sulaensis, p. 292. 

b. Chest and back spotted with white holosjjilus, p. 293. 
1. Spilornis cheela. 
Cheela Falcon, Lath. Gen, Syn. Sitppl p. 33 (1787). 
Falco cheela, Lath. Lid, Orn. i. p. 14 (1790). 
Falco albidus, Temm. PI Col. i. pi. 19 (1824, ex Guv.). 
Cymindis albidus, Vigors, Zool. Journ. i. p. 324 (1824). 
Buteo albidus, CUD. JRegne An. i. p. 337 (1829). 
Hsematoxnis undulatus, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830-31, p. 171 j Gould, 


Cent. Jffimal B. pi. 1 (1832). 
Circaetus nipalensis, JHodqs. As. Mesearch, xviii. pt. 2, p. 17, pi. 2 

(1833). 
Haliaetus bacha, Meyen, Beitr. p. 68 (1834). 
Spilornis undulata, Gray, Cat. Aceipitr. 1844, p. 10. 
Circaetus undulatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 16 (1845). 
Hsematomis cheela, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 179 (1845) • Sorsf. § 

Moore, Cat. B. Mus. B. I. Co. i. p. 50 (1854). 
Circaetus cheela, Gray, Cat. Aceipitr. 1848, p. 18 ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. 

et 1866, p. 243? Hume, JR. N. i. p. 222 (1869); Shrink. P. Z. S. 

1871, p. 340. 
Spilornis orientalis, Gitrney, Ibis, 1866, p. 243 (lapsu). 
Spilornis hoya; SwinJi. Ibis, I860, pp. 304, 399 - Gumey, t c. p. 421. 

Nestling. Covered with white down, but already the sprouting 
feathers forming a crest • the plumage* as far as developed blackish 

288 PALCONID-E. 

brown, with pale fulvous margins on the upper surface; the breast-
feathers tawny brown, already showing small white spots. 

Young, Above brown, with large spots of dark brown near the 
end of each feather, which is slightly tipped with fulvous• the bases 
to the feathers white; the upper tail-coverts tipped and barred on 
the outer web with the same; wing-coverts blackish brown, the 
least ones apically margined with white ,* the greater series whity 
brown, more or less entirely white on inner web, mesially streaked 
with dark brown, widening into a spatulate apical spot; quills dark 
brown tipped with white, the secondaries more broadly, barred across 
with blackish* brown, very distinct underneath, where the inner webs 
are for the most part white; tail ashy brown, tipped with white and 
crossed with three broad bands of darker brown, with indications of 
irregular whitish lines on the interspaces; head and neck all round 
white, with a narrow shaft-stripe and diamond-shaped apical spot 
of dark brown ; the ear-coverts and cheeks nearly uniform brown ; 
under surface of body white, with broad streaks of brown on the 
breast, becoming very narrow and linear on the flanks; the thighs 
narrowly barred with brown; under wing-coverts whito, with large 
oval spots of rufous brown on the innermost, and having bars of 
brown on the lower series. 

Mature female. Head much crested, jet-black, with conspicuous 
white bases to the feathers, those of the nape tipped with dull ochraceous; 
rest of upper surface of body purplish brown, paler on the 
interscapulary region; the wing-coverts blacker, with remains of 
white tips, which are less distinct on the scapulars, but very broad 
on the upper tail-coverts; quills brown, tipped with white and 
mottled slightly on the outer web, but more on the inner, with the 
same; all the quills dark brown at base, and having a broad subterminal 
band of blackish brown, the primaries showing a second dark 
brown band near the base; the inner web of the quills below whitish, 
showing the bands very distinctly; tail black, narrowly tipped with 
whitish and crossed with a very broad median band of pale whity 
brown; sides of face and chin blackish with a distinct greyish shade, 
the latter showing slight tips of fulvous to the feathers; rest of 
under surface pale ochreous brown, with distinct but irregular transverse 
lines of dark brown, the rest of the under surface with large 
spots of white, rather oblong in shape, and mostly margined above 
and below with black, changing to bars on the thighs and under 
tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and auxiliaries light rufous, with 
very distinct oval spots of white. Total length BO inches, culmen 
2*25, wing 20-5, tail 13, tarsus 4*5. 

Adult male. Smaller than the female. Total length 28 inches, 
wing 18*5, tail 12, tarsus 4-15. The adult bird differs from the 
foregoing in having the chest perfectly uniform brown, with no 
trace of cross barrings on the under surface; the breast and lower 
parts very largely and distinctly spotted with white; cere, loral 
skin, and gape bright yellow; bill slaty plumbeous at base, bluish 
black at tip and on culmen ; feet pale dingy yellow; iris intense 
yellow* 

50 . SPILOKNIS. 289 
Eab. Himalaya Mountains eastwards to China and Formosa. 
«. Juv. sk. India. Major-General Hardwicke [P.]. 

b. $ ad. sk. Himalayas. 
c. $ ad. sk. Himalayas. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
d. e. Pull. st. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
f, g. <$ ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
h, I $ ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
Ji-n. $ ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
o, p. Imm. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
q. 5 ad. sk. Assam. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
r. Sternum. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
s. Sternum. B. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.j. 
t. Skull. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
Subsp. a. Spilornis melanotis. 

Oircaetus undulatus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 70 (1839)* 
Buteo melanotis, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 165 (1844). 
Hsematornis spilogaster, Myth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 351 (1852); Zm/ardf 


Ann. 2V. H. xii. p. 100 (1853). 
Oircaetus cheela, Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeyl. p. 17 (1852), 
Haematornis cheela, Beav. Ibis, 1867, p. 314. 
Spilornis rutherfordi, Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 8o; id. P. Z. & 1871, 

p. 340 5 Wald. Ibis, 1873, p. 298. 
Spilornis spilogaster, Blanf. J. A. S. B. 1871, p. 270. 
Spilornis bacha, Moldsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 412. 
Oircaetus rutherfordi, Giebel, Orn. The*, p. 702 (1872). 
Spilornis davisoni, Emrne, Str. F. L pp. 305, 422 (1873). 
Similar in all respects to 8. cheela, but very much smaller, appearing 
to be a southern representative of that bird. A specimen from 
Hainan, one of the types of 8. rutherfordi, measures:—total length 
27 inches, wing 17*8, tail 11, tarsus 3*8. The colour is rather 
duller brown than in other Indian examples. With the above dimensions 
may be compared a bird from Murshedabad:—total length 
25 inches, wing 16*8, tail 10*8, tarsus 3-65. Mr. Hume gives the 
following measurements of his new Andaman species, 8. davisoni 
( $ ):—total length 24 inches, wing 15 inches; and I believe that 
a gradual gradation may be found. The uniform chest, which scfae 
naturalists think a distinguishing character, exists m fully adult 
birds of 8. cheela from the Himalayas. It is possible that 8. pal* 
lidus may some day be united as a further diminutive race of the 
southern form; but its extremely small size and pale coloration induce 
me at present to keep it distinct. 

Hab. Central and Southern India, Andaman Islands, and Ceylon, 
extending eastwards through the Indo-Chinese countries to 
Hainan. 

a. Juv. st. Madras. Dr. Jerdon f
P^ 

b. Juv. sk. Madras. Br. Jerdon 
c. Ad. sk. Murshedabad. Colonel CobbeJ[C.l 
d. Ad. st Hainan. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [O.]. 
VOL. I. 

X 

290 FALCOXIDJE. 

2. Spilornis pallidas. (Plate IX.) 
Spilomis cheela, Wall. Ih's, 18G8, p. 15. 
Spilornis pallidus, Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 363. 


Adult male. Above pale brown, with indistinct margins of fulvous 
brown to the feathers, the scapulars slightly spotted with white at 
the tip; the upper tail-coyerts broadly tipped with white; upper 
wing-coverts blacker, with two distinct white spots at the tip of each 
feather; quills ashy brown, broadly tipped with buffy white, with 
two broad bands of blackish brown, one subterminal and the other 
near the base; the lower surface of the wing ashy whitish, the bands 
very distinct below; tail dark brown, tipped with buffy white and 
crossed with a broad median band of pale whity brown shaded with 
ashy; head much crested, jet-black with white bases to the feathers; 
the nape-feathers with slight rufous tips; sides of the face and throat 
clear bluish grey; sides of the neck and chest uniform pale brown; 
rest of under surface of body pale brown with distinct rounded spots 
of white, taking rather the form of bars on the thighs and under 
tail-coverts; the under wing-coverts paler and more rufescent, with 
numerous spots and bars of white. Total length 21 inches, culmcn 
1*8, wing 14, tail 8'8, tarsus 3-25. 

Tounr/ female. Pale brown above with lighter margins ; the fea


thers of crown white, with a black terminal spot; the body below 
3 brown; the throat and chest veirnieulated with cross lines of 
k brown, with a few white spots on the abdomen, turning to bars 
the thighs and under tail-coverts * tail brown at base, with two 

_ . id black bands, the basal one with slight indications of a whitish 
band immediately preceding the lower of the two, and a broad subterminal 
whity brown band. Total length 24*5 inches, wing 14-3, 
tail 9*4, tarsus 3. 

Hub. Borneo. 

a. S ad. sk. Borneo. Bajah Brooke [P.]. 
b. $ imm. sk. Sarawak. A.*E. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
3. Spilornis bacha, 
Le Bacha, Levaill Ois. d7Afr. i. p. 69, pi. 15 (1799); 8midev. Krit. 

om Levaill. p. 25 (1858). 
Falco backa, baud. Traite, ii. p. 43 (1800, ex Zevaill), 
Faico bido, Sorsf. Tr. Linn. 8oe. xiii p. 137 (1822). 
Oymindis bacha, Vigors, Zool Jour. i. p. 324 (1824). 
Bufeo bacha, Vigors, Mem. Raffl. p. 650 (1830). 
Hsematornis bacha, Vigors, P. Z. S.1830-31, p. 170; Sorsf. $• Moore, 

Cat B. Mus. E. I, Co. I p. 49 (1854). 
Spilornis bacha, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 3 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 10 
. (18-50); Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 12; Wall Ibis, 1868, p. 15; Hume, 

Bough Notes, i. p. 230 (1869). 

€ircaetus bacha, Gray, Gen. B. I p. 16 (1845) ; 8ckl Mus. P.-B. Buteones, 
p. 26 (1862); id. Vog. Mderl Ind. ValJw. pp. 36, 71, pi. 22. 
figs. 1-3 (1866); Gray, ITand-l B. i. p. 14 (1869). 

Hsematornis bido, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. 8. B. p. 19 (1849). 
Circaetus bascha, SchL Mm. P.-J5. Bemte Accipitr. p. 113 (1873). 

50. SPILORNIS. 
291 
Adult male. Head largely crested, jet-black with white bases to 
the feathers; upper surface of body brown, the wing-coverts with a 
few minute spots of white on the margins of the feathers; quills 
black, the primary coverts and secondaries narrowly tipped with 
white, the primaries somewhat shaded with ashy grey externally 
and crossed with two brown bands, one broad and very distinct, the 
other basal and nearly obsolete, these bars less distinct above on the 
secondaries, but rather plainer below; upper tail-coverts and tail 
blacMsh brown, slightly tipped with whitish, the latter crossed with 
a broad median band of pale ashy brown, with indications of a 
second basal one only visible below; sides of head and throat 
blackish, the cheeks somewhat shaded with ashy grey; remainder 
of under surface of body brown, the chest uniform, the breast with 
distinct oval spots of white on both webs, more numerous on the 
thighs and inclining to bars on the flanks and under tail-coverts; 
under wing-coverts paler brown, thickly varied with oval spots of 
white, larger and further apart on the axillaries and greater coverts; 
cere yellow; bill black, horn-coloured at tip; feet orange-yellow; 
iris yellow. Total length 24*5 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 16, tail 
10, tarsus 3*4. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 
26 inches, wing 16*5, tail 10-5, tarsus 3*75. 
Hab. Java, Sumatra, and Malacca. 
a, b. S ? ad. sk. E. Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [P.]. 
2 a(i* sk E JFava A R

c.----- Wallace, Esq. [P.]. 

d. S juv. st. Java. Purchased. 
e. 2 ad. sk. Java. Hon. East-India Co. [P.]. 
/ . Skeleton. Purchased. 
Subsp. a. Spilornis elgini. 

Hsematornis spilogaster, Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 343. 
Hsematornis elgini, Tytler, J. A. S. B. xxxii. p. 87 (1863): Blyth. 
Ibis, 1863, p. 118; Bern. Ibis, 1867, p. 314. 
Spilornis bacha, Gurney, Ibk, 1867, p. 466; Kume, Bough Notes, i. 

p. 230 (1869); Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 335; Ball, Str. F. i. p. 52 (1873) : 
Hume, t c. p. 306 (1873). 
Spilornis elgini, Beav. Ibis, 1867, p. 314; Walden, Ibis, 1873, p. 299. 
Differs in no respect from S. bacha of Java, excepting that it is 
very much blacker, and the white spots are therefore very distinct 
indeed. Total length 22-5 inches, wing 15*6, tail 10-2, tarsus 3*6. 
(Mus. Walden.) 

a. Skeleton. 
Zoological Society. 
4. Spilornis rufipectus. 
Spilornis rufipectus, 
GouU, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 222; id. B. of Asia, 
part xii. (1860); Wall Ibis, 1868, p. 16; Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. 

p. 35 (1871). 
Circaetus bacha celebensis, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 27 (1862). 
Circaetus rufipectus, Schl Vog. Nederl Ind. Valkv. pp. 37, 72, pi. 23. 
figs. 1-3 (1866) ; Gray, Hand~l. B. i. p. 15 (1869); Schl Mus. P.-B. 
Bevm Accipitr. p. 114 (1873), 
x2 

292 PALCG^IDJB. 

Adult male. Head crested, Mack; upper surface of body purplish 
"brown, the upper tail-coverts slightly tipped with white; quills 
brown, tipped with white, with a broad sub terminal band of purplish 
brown, the secondaries also margined externally with purplish brown, 
the primaries banded with dark brown below, secondaries brown, 
more thickly spotted with white towards the base of the inner web; 
tail brown," tipped with white and crossed with three bands of 
purplish brown, the two basal ones being indistinct and almost 
merged together, the subterminal one nearly black, and the interspace 
before it inclining to whity brown; hinder neck brown, 
darker in the centre of the feathers, which are tipped with rufous, 
as are also some of the under feathers of the crest; sides of face and 
throat bluish ash-colour, the latter inclining to blackish, especially 
on the lower margin; chest uniform dull rufous; rest of under 
surface rufous brown, with large spots and bars of white on each 
web, producing a barred appearance; thighs white, numerously 
barred with ashy brown, the under tail-coverts also, but less numerously, 
barred ; under wing-coverts rufous brown, marked like the 
belly with white spots, the small coverts on the edge of the wing 
for the most part white; cere yellow; bill black; feet yellow; iris 
yellow. Total length 17*6 inches, culmen 1*45, wing 18*3, tail 9'5t 
tarsus 3*1, middle toe 1*5. 

Hah. Celebes. 

a. Ad. sk. Macassar, Celebes. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. Time of species. 
h, e. Ad. sk. Macassar, Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [CJ. 
d. $ ad. sk. Macassar, Celebes. A. H. Wallace? Esq. [0.1. 
e, $ juv. sk. Macassar, Celebes. A. "R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 
5. Spilornis sulaensis. 
Circaetus sulaensis, Schl Vog. Nederl Ind. pp. 38,72. pi. 23. figs. 4-6 

(1866); Gray, ffand-l B. i. p. 15 (1869). 

Spilornis sulaensis, Wdl. Ibis, 1868, p. 16. 

Circaetus rufipectus sulaensis, Schl Mns. P.-B. Bevus Accipitr. p. 114 

(1873). 

Young. Above brown, with rufous margins to the feathers, the 
bases of which are fulvous, causing a slightly mottled appearance; 
head, much crested, and hind neck creamy buff, with dark brown 
longitudinal centres to the feathers; ear-coverts blackish; cheeks 
and under surface of the body creamy buff, inclining to white on 
the abdomen; under tail-coverts entirely white, the breast distinctly 
streaked with dark brown, the lower parts with narrower and more 
rufous streaks, widening out into dart-shaped spots on the flanks ; 
quills brown, barred with darker brown, the inner web white at 
base, xhe secondaries tipped with white and barred plainly on the 
inner web, which is rufous white; upper tail-coverts brown, broadly 
tipped with white; tail brown, tipped with whitish and crossed with 
four bars of darker brown, after which a whity brown interspace, 
and then a broad subterminal band of black, the under surface of 
the tail ashy white, purer white towards the base of the inner web, 

50 . SPILORNIS. 293 
with indistinct remains of bars. Total length about 19 inches, 
wing 13*7, tarsus 3-05. (Mus. Lugd.) 


Adult male (type of species). Above brown, the wing-coverts and 
feathers of the middle back darker and more purplish brown, the 
upper tail-coverts barred and tipped with white; crown of head 
black, the nape a little varied, and the under crest-feathers slightly-
tipped with rufous; hind neck rufous, the feathers dark brown in 
the centre; sides of face and throat ashy grey, with a whitish malar 
stripe on each side; chest very pale tawny, the lower parts rufous 
brown, broadly barred across with white, the bars sometimes not 
complete; thighs white, barred with brown; under tail-coverts 
white, with a few remains of brown bars; quills brown, barred with 
darker purplish brown, the secondaries paler and tipped with white, 
all the quills white for the greater part of the inner web, the bars 
more distinctly indicated; tail pale ashy brown above, tipped with 
white, and crossed with three basal bars of dark brown, and a subterminal 
band much broader and darker, the under surface of the 
tail ashy white, the bars not very distinctly indicated. Total length 
17 inches, culmen 1*55, wing 12*2, tail 8'5, tarsus 2-9, middle toe 
1*4. (Mus. Lugd.) 


Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total 
length 18 inches, wing 124, tail 8*9, tarsus 2-95. (Mus. Lugd.) 
Hdb. Sula Islands. 


a. Ad. sk. Sula Islands. Purchased. 
b. $ ad. sL Sula Islands. A. B. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
6. Spiloruis holospilus. 
Buteo holospilus, Vigors, P. Z. S.1830-31, p. 96. 
Hsematornis holospilus, Vigors, t c. p. 170 * Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. 
Mus. JE. I. Co. i. p. 50 (1854). 
Spilomis holospilus, Gray, Cat Accijpitr. p. 10 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 17 (1850); Sirichl Orn. Syn. p. 45 (1855); Blyth, Ibis, 1866, 
p. 243; ^#.1^,1868,^16. 
Circaetus holospilus, Gray # Mitch. Gen. of B. i. p. 16, pi. 7 (1845); 
Schl. Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 28 (1862) • Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 14 
(1869); Schl R&oue Aceipitr. p. 114 (1873). 

Adult Above pale brown with a purplish gloss, and irregularly 
spotted or margined with white at the tip; hind neck and interscapula 
r region lighter than the rest of the back, the feathers tipped 
with pale rufous, and ocellated with large rounded spots of white; 
head much crested, ashy black, the feathers slightly margined with 
rufous and spotted with white; sides of face and throat ashy grey, 
the latter varied with oval markings of whitish; under surface of 
body very light tawny, ocellated all over with spots or half bars of 
white, the latter more distinct on the under tail-coverts, the thighs 
and under wing-coverts a little darker and more thickly spotted 
with white; wing-coverts dark brown, minutely spotted with white; 
primaries brown, whitish on inner web, black at tip, and crossed with 
a bar of black about the middle of the feather; secondaries pale 
brown like the back, with white tips and faint indications of obso


294 PALCOira>JG. 

lete whitish bars on the feathers; upper tail-coverts brown, darker 
before the tips, which are white, and having remains of rounded 
white spots concealed or obscured by the brown colour of the 
feathers; tail pale brown, narrowly tipped with whity brown, and 
crossed with two broad bands of blackish brown, one sub terminal 
and the other about the middle of the tail, a band of light brown 
before the lower black band, and a broad band of whity brown between 
the two black bands ; bill leaden black, yellow at base of both 
mandibles. Total length 25 inches, culmen 1*8, wing 14*5, tail 10, 
tarsus 8*55. 

Young. Above brown, the feathers tipped with pale rufous, the 
white bases very conspicuous, especially on the wing-coverts, which 
appear lighter than the back; head, which is largely crested, and 
hind neck rufous, the feathers buffy white at the base, with a chestnut-
brown subterminal spot; ear-coverts and sides of face uniform 
dark brown; throat white; rest of under surface of body fulvous 
washed with rufous, more especially on the breast-feathers, which 
have dark brown shafts; under wing-coverts fulvous, washed with 
tawny rufous ; primaries dark brown, secondaries rather lighter like 
the back, and tipped with huffy white, all the quills white at base 
of inner web, and barred with darker brown, showing more plainly 
underneath, as the interspaces are whitish ashy; tail brown, washed 
with rufous near the base, and slightly tipped with fulvous, crossed 
with four or five bars of dark brown, the basal ones indistinct and 
more or less dissolved into mottlings. 

Sab. Philippine Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. Manilla. J. Gould, Esq. 
b. Juv. sk. Cataguan. H. Ouming, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Juv. st, Mindanao. 
4. Ad, st* Philippine Islands. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.]. 
51. BUTASTUR. Type 
Butastur, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. xii. p. 311 (1843) B. teesa. 
Poliornis, Kaup, Classif. Saitg. u. V6g. p. 122 (1844) .. B. teesa. 

Bill of Butastur teem. 

Range. From North China and Japan throughout Indo-Chinese 
countries and Malayan subregion to Few Guinea; Indian peninsula; 
2ST.E. Africa. 

51 . 
BTJTASTUK. 295 
Key to the Species. 

a. 
Tail rufous, with indistinct cross bands of dark brown. 
a'. Primary coverts brown, like the quills teesa, p. 295. 
b\ Primary coverts rufous, like the quills livmter, p. 296. 
b. Tail ashy brown, with, dark brown cross bands. 
c'. Tail-coverts not tipped with white; primary coverts 
rufous rufipennis, p. 299. 
d\ 
Tail-coverts tipped with pure white; primary 
coverts blackish indieus, p. 297. 

1. Butastur teesa. 
Zuggun Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist i. p. 190 (1821). 

Circus teesa, Franhl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 115 (descr. orig.). 

Astur hyder, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 79. 

Buteo teesa, Gray 8f Hardw. III. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 30 (1833); Jerd. 

Madr. Jour. x. p. 77 (1839); Schl Mm. P.-JB. Buteones, p. 22 

(1862). 

Butastur teesa, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. xii. p. 311 (1843). 

Poliornis teesa, Xaup, Classify Saug. u. Vog. p. 122 (1844) ; Gray, 

Gen. B. i. p. 30 (1849) j Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. A. S. B. p. 21 (1849); 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 18 (1850) ; StricH. Orn. Syn. p. 125 (1855) ,* Jerd. 

B. Ind. i. p. 92 (1862); Gray, Handrl B. i. p. 15 (1869) j Hume, 
Hough Notes, ii. p. 286 (1870) ; id. Stray F. p. 159 (1873). 
Adult female. Above pale rufous brown, darker and more decided 
brown on the head and hind neck, the nape-feathers for the 
most part white and conspicuously showing; all the feathers of 
upper surface with more or less distinct black shaft-stripes, and 
many of them mottled with ashy fulvous on their margins; wing-
coverts like the back, excepting the median series, which are lighter 
and much varied with whitish or rufous buff; primary coverts 
blackish, externally shaded with ashy; quills pale brown, rufescent 
near shafts, the primaries externally ashy grey, barred and broadly 
tipped with dark brown, the secondaries pale brown like the back, 
the innermost also slightly mottled with whitish; inner lining of 
wing pure white, the secondaries inclining to greyish, with indications 
of obsolete greyish cross bars; upper tail-coverts pale rufous, 
the lower ones with indications of greyish black cross bars; tail 
pale rufous, tipped with buffy white, and crossed with six or seven 
indistinct bars of greyish black, the subterminal one darker and 
broader; sides of face rufous brown; throat yellowish white, bordered 
on each side with a moustachial line of black, and having a 
broad stripe of the same down the centre; breast pale rufous brown, 
somewhat varied with yellowish white spots, more or less distinct on 
both sides of the feather; rest of under surface buffy white, barred 
with pale rufous, less distinct on the thighs and under tail-coverts; 
under wing-coverts white, the median ones streaked and subterminally 
spotted with rufous brown; cere, gape, and base of lower 
mandible bright orange; the tip of the bill black, the intermediate 
part fleshy; feet dingy orange-yellow; iris pale yellowish white, 
eyelid orange-yellow. Total length 18*5 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 
12-2, tail 7*8, tarsus 2-55, 

296 PALCOlSriDJE. 

Adult male. Similar to the adult female, but smaller. Total 
length 16 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 11-7, tail 6-9, tarsus 2-5. 

Young, Above ashy brown, the feathers tipped with whitish, more 
distinctly on the wing-coverts, the greater series of which have very 
broad whitish spots and tips, contrasting strongly with the back; 
quills and tail much as in the adult, but the latter not so rufous ; 
head and hind neck oehraceous buff, the nape whitish, with narrow 
central lines of blackish brown; sides of face and throat whitish, 
with faint indications of the moustachial line and throat-streak; 
breast bufTy white, with numerous mesial streaks of dark brown; 
thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts white. 

Hah. Plains of India, extending eastwards to Assam, and westwards 
to Scinde. 

a. Ad. sk. Gangoutra, Himalavas. 
I. Pull. st. Nepaul. " B. H. Hodgson, Esq. rp.l 
c, d. Ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. pP.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. |_P.]. 
/ . 2 ad* sk. Kattiavrar, Nov. 2, 1871. Capt. J. Hayes Lloyd [P.j. 
g. $ ad. sk. Badrachellam, south of W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.j. 
Godavery. 
h. Skeleton. " B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

2. Butastnx liventer. 
Falco liventer, Temm. PI Col i. pi. 438 (1827). 
Buteo liventer, Cuv. Begne An. i. p. 337 (1829) ; Temm. %• ScM. F. 


J. Aves, p. 21 (1850) ; ScM. Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 21 (1862); 
id. Vog. Kederl. 2nd. VaUcv. pp. 32, G9, pi. 21. fig. 1 (1866); id. 
Heme Aceipiir. p. Il l (1873). 
Buteo pallidus, Less. Traite, p. 82 (1831). 
Astur liventer, Gray, Cat Accipitr. p. 34 (1844). 
Poliomis liventer, Kaupf Classif. Sdug. u. Vog. p. 122 (1844) ; Gray, 


Gen. B. i. p. 30 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 18 (1850); Strickl. Orn. 
Syn. p. 126 (1855); Wall Ibis, 1868; p. 19; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 

p. 16 (1869); Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 37 (1872); Hume. Stray 
>.i.p.319ti873). F ^ 
Adult female (type of species). Above brownish ashy, clear ashy 
on the head, hind neck, and wing-coverts, especially the greater 
series, the shaft-stripes somewhat distinctly indicated; ear-coverts 
pale ashy; upper tail-coverts also ashy, but strongly tinged with 
rufous; quills rufous, externally ashy grey, brown at their tips and 
barred with dark brown, these bars disappearing towards the base 
of the inner web, which is white; secondaries ashy brown like the 
back, more or less inclining to rufons on outer web; throat whitish, 
somewhat mottled with ashy grey; rest of under surface clear ashcoloux, 
with blackish shaft-stripes clearly indicated, and remains of 
a few whitish bars on the flanks; thighs and under wing- and tail-
coverts pure white; tail rufous, distinctly margined and tipped with 
ashy grey, and crossed with six blackish bars, the subterminal one 
being a little broader; cere and orbits yellow; bill yellow, the tip 
black; feet yellow; iris pale yellow. Total length 17 inches, culmen 
1-45, wing 11-8, tail 7, tarsus 2*65, middle toe 1*4. 

51 . BtrXASTUB. 
297 

Young. Much darker above and below than the adult, the feathers 
of the upper surface brown with rufous margins; forehead whitish, 
as also a tolerably distinct eyebrow; crown of head and neck brown, 
with rufous margins, giving a distinctly streaked appearance; nape 
mixed with white; ear-coverts ashy brown; throat white, with a 
central blackish stripe, and bordered on each side with a blackish 
moustachial line; under surface of body ashy brown, mottled with 
pale rufous spots on both webs of the breast-feathers, the abdomen 
barred more or less distinctly with creamy buff; thighs and under 
tail-coverts pure white; wings and tail much as in the adult; cere 
and orbits yellow; bill yellow, black at tip; feet yellow; " iris pale 
lead-colour, not yellow" (A. B. W.). Total length 16-2 inches, 
culmen 1*3, wing 11*2, tail 6-6, tarsus 2-5. 

Another young bird in the Leiden Museum did not differ so much 
from the adult as the one just described. It was much browner on 
the head, had a white eyebrow and the nape also varied with white; 
it had likewise remains of white on the wing-coverts. 

Rah. Prom Burmah and Siam to Celebes, occurring in Java and 

Timor. 
a. cT ad. sk. Malay archipelago. Leiden Museum [P.], 
b. <$ juv. sk. Macassar. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
3. Butastnr indicus. 

Javan Hawk, Lath. Gen. Syn. SuppL p. 32* (1787). 
Falco indicus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 264(1788, ex Lath.). 
Falco javanieus, Lath. Gen. Hist, i. p, 163 (1821). 
Falco poliogenys, Temm. PI. Col i. pi. 325 (1825). 
Astur poliogenys. Gray, Cat. Aceipitr. 1844, p. 34. 
Buteo fasciatus, A. Kay, Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 146 (1844). 
Astur barbatus, JEyton, Ann. N. H. xvi. p. 228 (1845). 
Buteo pygmaeus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 177 (1845); id. Cat. B. 


Mus. A. S. B. p. 29 (1849). 
Poliornis indicus, Gray, Cat. Aceipitr. 1848, p. 68; Strichl. Orn. Syn. 

p. 125 (1855); Waldrn, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 37 (1872), 
Poliornis pyrrhogenys, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 30 (1849). 
Poliornis poliogenys, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 30 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. 
p. 18 (1850),- Wall Ibis, 1868, p. 19 j Gray, Band-l B. i. p. 16 
(1869); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 341. 
Buteo pyrrhogenys, Temm. %• Schl. F. J. Aves, p. 21, pi. 7B (1850). 
Buteo poliogenys, Schl Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 22 (1862); id. Vog. 

Nederl Ind. pp. 33, 70, pi. 21. figs. 2,3 (1866) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1866, 

p. 247; Schl Revue Aceipitr. p. Il l (1873). 
Poliornis barbatus, Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 15 (1869). 
Adult Above brown, inclining to ashy on the head and upper 
back, and to rufous on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, 
the latter of which are plainly barred and broadly tipped with pure 
white; forehead white; sides of face clear ashy grey; sides of neck 
ashy brown, uniform with the interscapulary region; wing-coverts 
rufous brown, mottled with clearer rufous; primary coverts rufous, 
externally mottled and broadly tipped with black; quills rufous, 
narrowly tipped with bufry white, primaries brown externally and 

29 8 FALCONIDiE. 

towards their tips, also barred with dark brown on their inner webs, 
the secondaries ashy brown, inclining gradually to whity brown at 
their tips, washed with rufous and barred with dark brown, the 
lower surface of the wing creamy white on the inner webs of the 
quills, somewhat washed with rufous; tail ashy brown, whity brown 
at tip and crossed with three or four broad bars of blackish brown, 
the lower surface ashy white, the bars showing more plainly, except 
on the outermost feather, where they are obsolete; throat white, 
with a mesial line of ashy brown, as well as two not very distinct 
moustachial streaks; upper breast ashy brown, washed with rufous, 
the lower breast and abdomen barred with white and rufous brown, 
the latter bars decreasing towards the vent and thighs, and totally 
absent on the under tail-coverts; nnder wing-coverts with slight 
cross markings of pale rufous; bill leaden black, yellow at base; 
cere and feet yellow; iris yellow*. Total length 18*5 inches, culm en 

1-3, wing 13*1, tail 7-9, tarsus 2*4. 
Adult female. Larger than the male. Total length 18*5 inches, 
wing 13-6, tail 8*4, tarsus 2*45. 

Young, Considerably different from the adult. Above dark brown, 
the wing-coverts washed with rufous and tipped with dull white, 
the greater ones with rufous or rufous white spots on both webs, 
giving a mottled appearance to these parts • forehead and eyebrow 
creamy white • crown and hind neck brown, the feathers margined 
with creamy white, giving a striped appearance, the latter also 
slightly washed with rufous ; sides of face ashy brown, streaked with 
darker brown, the fore part of cheeks white; under surface of body 
creamy buff, the throat with a central blackish streak on the lower 
part; centre of chest streaked with dark brown, the breast with pale 
chestnut, becoming spade-shaped spots on the flanks, but narrowing 
to small streaks on the thighs, and disappearing altogether on the 
under tail-coverts, which are creamy buff; under wing-coverts 
creamy buff, with a few rufous-brown marks on the lower series, and 
bars of the same on the axillaries; upper tail-coverts brown, white 

at the base and at the tips, and having the outer margin also white; 
tail ashy brown, tipped with pale rufous brown and crossed with 
Ave bars of darker brown, the subterminal one broader; quills dark 
brown, the secondaries paler, the base of the inner web white, with 
remains of ashy bars on the inner secondaries; cere and feet yellow; 
bill black; iris yellowf. 

Hah. Eastern Asia, from Japan southwards along the coast of 
China to Formosa, thence found in Tenasserim and Malacca, through 
the Malayan islands as far as Kew Guinea. 

a. £ ad. sk. Japan. Purchased. 
h. S ad. sk. Fokien, China. J. Gould, Esq. [P.J. 
<?. $ j uv - sk. Philippine Islands. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
d. j juv. st. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.]. 
* For a full description of the soft parts of this species, cf. Swinhoe, Ibis, 
367, p. 412. l 
t From a living bird in the Zoological Gardens of Eotterdam. 


52 . HELOTARSUS. 
299 

e. Juv. st. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.]. 
f. 
c? ad. sk. Malacca. Andrew Charlton, Esq. [P.]. Type 
of A. barbatus. 
g. ($ juv. st. Borneo. 
h. Juv. sk Menado, Celebes. J. Gould, Esq, 
i. Skeleton. 
Dr. Meyer [C.]. 
4. Butastur rnf pennis. 
Poliornis nrfipennis, Sund. (Efv. Vet. Akad. Fdrh. Stockh. 1850, p. 131; 
Pels. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1862, p. 151; Heugl Orn. KO.-Afr. p. 95 
(18C9); Gray, JSand-L B. i. p. 16 (1869). 

Buteo rufipennis, Sfrickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 214, pi. xxii.; id. Orn. Syn. 

p. 86 (1855); SeM. Mus. P.-B. Buteones, p. 25 (1862); id. Heme 
Accipitr. p. Il l (1873). 
Poliornis percnopsis, Du Bus, JEsq. Orn. pi. 29 (1850). 
Circus naulleri, JSeiigl. Kaum. 1851, pt. 8, p. 36, pi. 1. 


Adult. Above cinereous brown, with distinct black shaft-stripes, 
the feathers margined with rufous, more distinct on the hind neck; 
the head and neck rather darker than the rest of the upper surface; 
lores whitish, cheeks inclining to blackish cinereous, the ear-coverts 
distinctly washed with ashy grey; primary coverts rufous* quills 
rufous, tipped with whitish, before which is a broad subterminal bar 
of blackish brown, secondaries more plainly tipped with whitish and 
washed with cinereous brown, the innermost ones entirely of the 
latter colour, and agreeing with the back, the lower surface of the 
quills much paler, the feathers white for the greater part of the inner 
web; tail entirely cinereous brown, tipped with whitish and crossed 
on all but the centre feathers with three or four blackish bands more 
or less distinct, the under surface whitish, the bands a little more 
distinct; throat creamy buff; rest of under surface pale rufous, with 
narrow central shaft-streaks, a little broader on the sides of the body, 
and gradually disappearing towards the abdomen, till they become 
absent on the thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts, the latter of which 
are whitish at base; under -wing-coverts entirely white; cere and 
lores bright yellow; terminal half of bill dusky black, orange-yellow 
at base; feet yellow; iris bright yellow. Total length 16'5 inches, 
culmen 1*15, wing 12*3, tail 7*5, tarsus 2-5. 

Young. Differs from the adult in being much lighter in colour; 
head and neck dark brown, washed with rufous and streaked with 
whitish, forming a rather distinct eyebrow; underparts pale rufous 
buff, the throat and abdomen whitish, with a few streaks of black 
down the centre of the breast-feathers. 

Hob. North-eastern Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Kordofan. Consul Petherick [C.]. 
b. Ad. sk. N.E. Africa. J. H. Gurney, Esq. 
c. Juv. st. N.E. Africa. 
52. HELOTAESUS. 
Type 
Helotarsus, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p, 110 (1830) .. H. ecaudatus. 
Terathopius, Less. TraiU, p. 47 (1831) H. ecaudatus. 


FALCOISTDJE. 

soo 

Head of Helotarsus ecavdatus (reduced). 

Mange. The whole of Africa, below the Sahara. 

1. Helotarsus ecan&atus. 
Le Bateleur, Levaill. Ois. d"Afr. i. p. 31, pis. 7, 8 (1799) j Sundew 

Krit. o?n Levaill p. 24 (1858). 
Falco ecaudatus, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 54 (1800, ex Levaill.). 
Aquila ecaudata, Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat. i. p. 356 (1810). 
Circaetus ecaudatus, Cuv. Regne An. L p. 828 (1829); SchL Mm. 

R.~R. Buteones, p. 28 (1862) ; id. Revue Accipitr. p. 115 (1S73). 
Helotarsus typus, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 110 (1830). 
Terathropius ecaudatus, Less. Traite7 p. 47 (1831). 
Helotarsus ecaudatus, Gray, List Gen. R. p. 3 (1840), et Gen. R. i, 

p. 18, pi. 7. fipr. 11 (1845) ,* £W Ji^rs w Lefebv. Voy. Abyss. 
Ois. p. 06, pi. 11 (1849) ; Rp. Consp. I p. 716 {IboOj ; #/ne/J. Or*. 
%». p 76 (1855); i&wtf. O/u W.-Afr. p. 7 (1857) ; Grill, Zool. 
Aniechn. p. 51 (1858) • Relz. Verli. z.-b.Wien, 1863, p. 594; Lm/ard, 
R. S. Afr. p. 18 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l R. I. p. 17 (1869); lleugl. 
Orn. N. O.-Afr. i. p. 80 (1869) ; Rocage, Jorn. Lisb. ii p. 337 (1869) • 
Finsch, Tr. Z. S. TO. p. 202 (1870); Rlanf. Geol. $ Zool. Abyss. 
p. 296 (1870); Fin&eh u. Hartl. Yog. Osiafr. p. 51 (1870); Gurney 
in Anderss. R. Dam. Ld. p. 10 (1872), 
Helotarsus brachyurus, Rrehm, J. f O. 1858, p. 491. 
Falco brevieaudatus, Relz. Verh. s.-h. Wien. 1863. p. 594 (ex Natt. 

MS.). 
Helotarsus ecaudatus, var, fasciatus, JEeugl. Orn. IF. O.-Afr. i. p. 81 
(1869). 
Nestling. Covered with dense white down, the feathers, which 
are visible, being blackish brown, with very broad rufous margins, 
the head and neck almost entirely rufous, with dull brown bases to 
the feathers. 
Adult male. Head (very much crested) and neck all round, as well 
as the entire parts, glossy black; hind neck and back rich maroon, 
the lower back rather paler than the interscapular^ region * scapulars 
black; wing-coverts bronzy brown, the greater coverts rather 
darker and blackish at base; quills blackish, externally shaded with 
grey, the secondaries ashy grey, with black tips, the innermost black, 
like the scapulars• tail deep maroon, as also the under tail-coverts; 
under wing-coverts white; inner lining of wing grey, the secondaries 
white underneath; axillaries black; cere and orbits coral-red; bill 
black; feet coral-red; iris brown. Total length 21 inches, culmen 
2-5, wing 21*2, tail 4*5, tarsus 3*2. 
Adult female. Larger than the male. Total length 25 inches, 
wing 21*5, tail 5, tarsus 3*2. 

53. HALIAErUS. 
301 

Young. Above dark brown, with dull fawn-coloured margins to 
the feathers, the interscapulary region and greater wing-coverts 
blacker, as also are the centres to the other wing-coverts; head 
and neck lighter than the back, washed with sandy colour, the sides 
of the face entirely sandy rufous; quills black, the secondaries externally 
washed with bronzy brown, and slightly tipped with rufous, 
the lower surface of the quills ashy grey, inclining to blackish at 
the tips of the primaries; upper tail-coverts rather lighter brown 
than the back, with margins of paler brown; tail black, shaded 
with bronzy brown, and tipped with rufous, nnder surface ashy; 
nnder surface of body brown, with light edgings to the feathers, 
inclining to rufous on the breast, and to whity brown on the abdomen, 
the throat light brown; thighs blackish, as also the under 
wing-coverts, the latter slightly margined with rufous. 

Hab. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Pull. st. Snewberg, S. Africa. Purchased. 
b. Juv. st. S. Africa. Purchased. 
c. Ad. sk. S. Africa. Purchased. 
d. J ad. sk. Kordofan. Consul Petherick [C.l 
e. S ad. sk. Bedjuk, Anseba valley. "W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
/. Skeleton. Zoological Society. 
2. Helotarstts lettconotus. 
Helotarsus leuconotus, Hupp- Syst. Uebers. p. 10 (1845, ex Wilrt. 
MS.)-, Gray, Hand-IB. i. p. 18 (1869). 

Exactly similar to H, ecaudatus, of which it is perhaps the fully 
adult bird, but having the back creamy fulvous. Total length 
22 inches, culmen 2*4, tail 4*2, tarsus 3*1. 

Hob. North -eastern and Southern Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 
b. Skeleton. Zoological Society. 
53. HALIAETUS. 
Type. 
Haliaetus, Savign. Syst. Ois. d'Egypte, p. 254 (1809) H. albicillus. 
Cuncuma, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. vi. p. 367 (1837) H. leucoryphus. 
Pontoaetus, Kanp, Classif. Saug. u. Vog. p. 122 (1844) H. leucogaster. 
Thalassoaetus, Kaup, t. c. p. 123 H. pelagicus. 
Pontoaetus, Kaup, Mus. Bench, iii. p. 261 (1845) ... . H. leucogaster. 
Blagrus, Blyth, Cat B. Mus. A. 8. B. p. 30 (1849) .. H. leucogaster. 

Head of HaUaetm alhicillus (reduced). 

302 
PAICOSTDJE. 

Mange. The whole of Europe, Africa, Asia, Indo- and Austro-
Malasia, Australia, Oceania, £L America. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Tail pure white. 
a'. Belly brown. 
a". Wing- coverts pure white pelagiaus ad., p. SOS. 
h". Winsr-coverts brownish. 


a'". Head and neck dark brown, uniform 
with back ..... ... pelagicus inmt., p. 300. 
h'". Head and neck ashy brown, lighter 
than back ....." albidllus ad., p. 802. 

c'". Head and neck pure white. 
«*. Under wing-coverts dark brown leucocephalus ad., p. 304. 
b4. Under wing-coverts chestnut .. vociferoides ad., p. 311. 

b'. Belly chestnut 
vocifer acl, p. 310. 

b. Tail black, with broad terminal band of 
white leucogasier ad., p. SOT. 
c. Tail white, with broad terminal band of 
black. 
cf. "Wing-coverts uniform with rest of back; 
breast uniform leiicoryphm ad., p. 308. 
d'. Wing-coverts broadly margined with 
chestnut ; breast white, slightly 
streaked with blackish... ."../. vocifer juv., p. 310. 


d. Tail variegated, mottled and vermiculated 
with brown and white. 
e\ Bill leaden blue 
c". Wing not exceeding 24 inches ... . leucogaster juv.j p. 307. 

d". Wing 24-26 inches lf>teUus\vsr.tf. 302 
D [leucocephalus juv., p. 304. 

/'. 
Bill yellow, culmen horn-brown. 
e". Head and back uniform leucoryp&its vis ad., p. 308. 
fr'. Head lighter than back albieiiius juv., p. 302. 

e. Tail perfectly uniform 
leucoryphm juv., p. 308. 
1. Haliaetus alMcfflus. 
The Golden Eagle, Albin, X. JS. Birds, ii. pi 1 (1738), 
1/Aigle a queue blanche, Briss. Orn. i. p. 427 (1760). 
Le Petit Aigle a queue blanche, Briss, t c. p. 429 (1760). 
Le Grand Aigle du mer, Briss. t. c. p. 437 (1760); Buff. M. Enl i. 


pis. 112,415. 
Vultur albicilia, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 123 (1766). 
Falco ossifragus, Linn. 8. K. i. p. 124 (17J36). 
Falco albicilia, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 253 (1788); Naum. Vog. Deztisehl i. 

p. 224, pis. 12, 13, 14 (1822); Werner, Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 19 
(1827); KiUl Kupf, Vog. pi. 2. fig. 2 (1832); Sckl u. Susem. Vdq. 
Bur. Taf. 25, ^ (c. 1839); Nordm. in Dhnid. Fop. p. 98 (1840); 
Yarr.Br.B.i. p. 18(1841). 
Falco melanaetus, Gm. 8. K i. p. 254 (1788). 
Falco albicaudus, Gm. 8. N. I p. 258 (1788). 
Falco hinnularius, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 15 (1790). 
Falco pygargus, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 62 (1800, ex Briss.). 
Haliaetus nisus, 8avign. JDescr. Egypte, Ok. p. 253 (1809); Less. 


Trai64, p. 40, pi. 8. fig. 2 (1831); 

53 . HALIAETUS. 
303 

Aquila leucocephala, Meyer in Wolf u. Mey. Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. 

p. 10, pi. 4 (1810). 
Aquila albicilla, Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-As. i. p. 345 (1811) ; Midd. Sibir. 
Beis. Zool. j>. 125 (1851). 
Haliaetus 
albicilla, Leach, Syst Cat. Mamm. fyc. Brit Mas. p. 9 
(1816); Cuv. Ber/ne An. i. p. 315 (1817) ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 10 
(1837); Macgllh Brit. B. iii. p. 221 (1840); Gray, Gen. B. i. 

p. 17, pi. 7. fig. 8 (1845); Bp. Consp. i. p. 15 (1850; ; Schl. Vog. 
Nederl. pis. 28, 29 (1854); Cass. B. Calif, p. Il l (1855); Strickl. 
Orn. Syn. p. 48 (1855); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 7. figs. 4^5 (1858); 
Cass, in Bawd's B. N. Am. p. 43 (I860); Schrenk, Beis. Amtirl. 
p. 223 (1860) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. xxx. figs. 2, 3 (c. 1860) ; Schl. 
Mus. P.-JB. Aquilas, p. 11 (1862) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. pi 3 (1863); 
Peh. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1863, p. 587; Badde, JReis. Sibir. Vog. p. 95 
(1863); Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 252; Newt Ooth. Wolley. p. 345 
(1864) ; Scl P. Z. S. 18C5, p. 731; Deql. et Go-be, Orn. Eur. i. 
p. 39 (1867) ; Heugl. Vog. N.O.-Afr. p. 51 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. 
B. i. p. 16 (1869); Satvad. Faun. ltd. Ucc. p. 9 (1871); Swinh. 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 339; Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 25 (1871) ; 
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 204 (1872); Hume, Str. F. i. p. 159 (1873) $ 
Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 117 (1873). 
Falco albicilla borealis, Fciber, Isis, 1827, p. 56. 
Haliaetus groenlandicus, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 267. 
Haliaetus boreaKs, Brehm, I. c. 
Haliaetus islandicus, Brehm, I, c. 
Haliaetus orientalis, Brehm, I. c. 
Haliaetus cinereus, Brehm, I. c. 
Plaliaetus funereus, Brehm, I. c. 
Haliaetus pelagicus, Hume, Bough Notes, ii. p. 252 (1870, lapsu). 
Haliaetus brooksi, Hume, Ibis, 1870, p, 438. 


Nestling. Covered with brownish white down, the shooting 
feathers chocolate-brown in colour, those on the back with paler 
brown margins. 

Young. Head and neck all ronnd blackish brown, the long 
feathers of the latter slightly tipped with fulvous brown, less distinct 
on the crown; the bases of the plumes o£ the hind neck 
fulvous brown, with terminal marks of dark brown ; the whole of 
the back, scapulars, and median wing-coverts bright fnlvous brown, 
with large brown markings of darker brown towards the tips, 
causing a very greatly mottled appearance on the upper surface; 
least and greater wing-coverts dark brown, the latter slightly mottled 
with whity brown, the inner secondaries also varied in the same 
manner, the quills otherwise much as in the adult; lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts light brown, the long plumes of the 
latter mottled with whity brown; tail whity brown, the middle 
feathers more decidedly whitish, all irregularly mottled with greyish 
brown, the margins of the feathers being broadly of this colour; 
throat dark brown, the bases of the feathers conspicuously white; 
sides of the face nearly uniform dark brown, the ear-coverts faintly 
streaked with ashy brown ; rest of under surface mottled like the 
back, the bases of the "feathers being fulvous brown, marked down 
the centre and at the tip with dark brown; the under tail-coverts 
and thighs rather more uniform, and the under wing-coverts entirely 

304 FALCO^ED^. 

dark brown; cere yellowish brown; bill black; feet yellow; iris 
brown. 

Adult female. Above brown, more or less tinged with sandy on 
the neck and wing-coverts, many of the feathers margined with 
pale brown or ashy £~ey, with an occasional whity brown feather 
interspersed; head and sides of face decidedly shaded with ashy 
grey, the ear-coverts browner; median and greater wing-coverts 
glossy brown, with whity-brown margins; quills black, with brown 
shafts, the primaries externally shaded with ashy, the secondaries 
glossy brown like the back, shading into darker brown towards 
their tips; lower back and rump dark brown; the long upper tail-
coverts white, slightly varied at the base and at the tip with brown; 
tail pure white; under surface of body brown, the throat and chest 
whity brown, with dark brown central streaks, some of the feathers 
shaded with ashy; under wing-coverts and inner lining of wing 
dark brown, the latter inclining to ashy; cere and bill yellow; feet 
yellow, claws black; iris straw-yellow. Total length 38 inches, 
culmen 3*8, wing 26-3, tail 13*5, tarsus 4*6. 

Adult male. Smaller than the female. Total length 33*5 inches, 
wing 24*5, tail 11, tarsus 4*1. 

Hah. Greenland, Iceland, Fsero Islands, the whole of Europe and 
jSTorthern Asia, occurring in Kamtschatka, the Aleutian Islands, and 
Japan, and extending into China as far as Amoy. It is also found 
in Seinde and ESW. India. 

a. Pull. st. Orkneys. Mr. Bullock. 
b. Ad. sk. Shropshire. Mr. Bullock. 
c. Juv. sk. Shropshire. Mr. Bullock. 
d. Ad. sk. Kent. Colonel Montagu [P.] 
e. Vix ad. sk. Greenland. Br. Wm. Durrant [P. J. 
/. Ad. sk. Greenland. 
g, h, i. Juv. st. Greenland. Governor Holboll [C.]. 
h, I Skeleton. Zoological Society. 
m,n,o. Sterna. Purchased. 

2. Haliaetas lencocephalns. 
The Bald Eagle, Catesb. N. H. Carol, i. pi 1 (1731). 
L'Aigle a teste blanche, Brks. Orn. i. p. 422 (1760); Buffi PL BnL 
L pi. 411. 
Falco leucocephala, Linn. 8. N. i p. 124 (1766); WHs. Am. Orn. iv. 

p. 89, pi. m (1811); Werner, Atlas, Eapaces, pi. 26 (1827); Aud. 
B. Am. pi. 31, id. Orn. Biogr. ip . 160 (1831); Schl u. Smem. 
Tog. Bur. Taf. 27 (1839): Naum. Vog. BeutscU. xiii. Taf. 344, 345 
(1860). 
Falco pygargus, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 62 (1800). 

Aquila leucocephala, Vieill Ois. d*Am. Sept. pi. Il l (1807). 

Haliaetus leucocephalus, Savign. JDescr. d'Bggpte, On* p. 257 (1809); 

Sw. # Bieh. F. Bor.-Am. Birds, p. 15 (1831); Gmdd, B. Bw. i. 
pi. 11 (1837); And. B. N. Am. I p. 59, pi. 14 (1839) ; Gray, Grn. 

B. i. p. 17 (1845); Bp. Consp. i p. 15 (1850) j Cam. B. Calif, 
p. Il l (1855); Strickl. Orn. Sgn. p. 50 (1855); Cass, in Bairtfs B, 
N. Am. p. 43 (1860) * JSehl Mus. P.-B. Aqpilse, p. 12 (1862) ; 
Peh. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 1863, p. 588; Ikgl et Gerbe, Orn. Eur.'I 
305 

53 . HALIAETUS. 
p. 42 (1867) j Gray, IZand-l B. I p. 16 (1869)• Ball $• Bami. 
Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 273 (1869)-Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, 
p. 451 (1870) j Allen, Bull Harv. Coll ii. p. 333 (1872); Coues, Key 
JSf. A. Birds, p. 219 (1872)* Mnsch, Ahhandl Brem. iii. p. 22 
(1872) ; Schl Revue Accipitr. p. 117 (1873). 
Falco ossifragus, Wils. Am. Orn. vii. pi. 55. ng. 2 (1813). 

Aquila pygargus, Dumonti, Xtict Sci. Nat. i. p. 348 (1816). 

Falco washingtonianus, Nutt. Man. Orn. p. 67 (1822). 

Falco washingtonii* Andub. Mag. 1ST. H. i. p. 115 (1829),- id. B. 

Am. pi. 11, et Orn. Biogr. i. p. 58 (1831). 

Haliaetus washingtonii, Jard. ed. Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 92 (1832) j 

Aud. B. Am. i. p. 53, pi. 13 (1839); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 17 (1845); 

Cass. B. Calif, p. 110 (1855)* Strickl Orn. Sijn. p. 51 (1855) * 

Cass, in Baird, B. N. Am. p. 42 (1860). 

Pandion washingtonii, Haym. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1856, p. 286. 

Adult female. Above rich, dark brown, almost black, the dorsal 
feathers rather lighter towards their tips, the whole of the wing-
coverts conspicuously paler-margined, so that they appear much 
lighter brown than the back ; quills blackish, the secondaries 
browner, with slight whity-brown terminal margins, inner lining 
of wing ashy black, with pale mottlings near base of inner web* 
lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail pure white; head and 
neck all round white ; rest of under surface of body brown, many 
of the feathers darker brown, the leg-feathers and all the under 
wing-coverts and axillaries dark brown; under tail-coverts pure 
white; cere, bill, and feet yellow; iris yellow. Total length 38 
inches, culmen 3*75, wing 26, tail 13*5, tarsus 4*4. 

Adult male. Rather smaller than the female. Total length 36 
inches, wing 24*1, tail 12*5, tarsus 4*3. 

Young. Above light brown, the feathers whitish at base, and blackish 
towards their tips, the scapulars slightly shaded with greyish 
and mottled with brown ; wing-coverts rather darker brown, with 
small whity-brown tips, the greater coverts largely mottled with 
white near the base, especially on the inner web; quills blackish, 
with whity-brown terminal margins, the tips of the innermost 
secondaries whitish vermiculated with dark brown, inner lining of 
wings ashy black, the secondaries whitish on inner web, mottled 
with black; lower back and rump lighter brown than the back, the 
bases of the feathers whity brown, the upper tail-coverts darker * 
tail dull white, more or less black on both webs, increasing towards 
the outer feathers, all the centres of the feathers variously mottled 
with black; lores whitish • head and neck black, the feathers long 
and lanceolate, with indistinct brown points; throat white, streaked 
with brown; rest of under surface pale brown, the breast and thighs 
blackish brown, streaked with lighter brown down the centres of 
the feathers ; the under tail-coverts whitish, mottled on either web 
with dark brown; under wing-coverts blackish, more or less conspicuously 
white at the base ; bill brownish black - irides brown. 

* " Immature H. leucocephalus average larger than the adults. The famous 
* Bird of Washington.' is a case in point."—Corns, I. c. 
VOL. I. 
X 

306 PAXCOXID-2B. 
Hab. The whole of Forth America, as far south as Elorida, Cali


fornia, and Mexico. 
a. <$ ad. stb. $ ad. st.
c. $ juv. st.
d. $ juv. st.
e,f. Juv. sk.
g, h. Ad. sk.
I Juv. sk.
h91, m. Skeletons.
n, o. Skulls. 
N. America. 
K America. 
N. America. 
N. America. 
Orcas Island. 
British Columbia. 
British Columbia. 
Earl of Derby [P.]. 
Hudson's Bar Co. [P.]. 
Hudson's Bay Co, [P.]. 
Purchased. 
Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
J. K Lord, Esq. [C.l 
J. K Lord, Esq. [C.J. 
Zoological Society. 

3. Haliaetus pelagicus. 
Aquila pelagica, Pall Zoogr. Rosso-As. i. p. 343,pi. 18 (1811),* KM. 
Kupf. Tog. p. 3, pi. 2.fig.1 (1832) 5 Midd. Sibir. Reise, Zool p. 125 

Falco leucopterus, Temtn. PI Col I pi. 489 (1824). 
Faico imperator, KM. Kupf. Vog, p. 3 (1832). 
Thalassaetus pelagicus, Kaup, Mus. Senck, iii. p. 261 (1845). 
Haliaetus pelagicus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 1 (1849) ; Temm. 8? 


Schl F. J. Aves, p. 11, pi. 4 (1850); Pp. Consp. i. p. 15 (1850); 
Cass. B. Calif, pp. 31,110, pi. 6 (1855); Strickl. Orn. St/n. p. 51 
(1855) • Schrenk, Reis. Amur!. Zool p. 222 (1859) ; Cass, in Baird, 

B. N. A. p. 42 (I860) ; Schl Mus. P.-B. Aquilae, p. 14 (1862) 5 
ffliot, B. Ar. Am. part 6 (1867) ; Homey. J. f 0. 1868, p. 248; 
Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 17 (1869)• Simnli. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 339 • Coues, 
Key N. A. Birds, p. 220 (1872). 
Adult. General colour brown, the feathers of the back imperceptibly 
whitish at the tips, with ashy streaks on the whole head, 
neck, and under surface; forehead and a few feathers near the gape 
white; quills blackish, the secondaries, as well as the greater wing-
coverts, brown like the back, with paler brown edges; the following 
parts white—lesser and median wing-coverts, forming a 
large patch, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, the entire thighs and 
under tail-coverts* under wing-coverts brown, those along the carpal 
joint white, the long vent-feathers brown, like the rest of the under 
surface* cere, orbits, and bill bright yellow; feet deep yellow, with 
horn-brown nails. Total length 41 inches, culmen 4*5, wing 24*4, 
tail 15*1, tarsus 4*9, middle toe 3*1. (Mm. Lugd.) 

Young. Similar to the adult, but not so rich brown, the streaks 
on the head and underparts more distinct down the centre of the 
feathers; scapulars white at the base, becoming mottled with brown 
towards the middle of the feathers; the small and median wing-
coverts brown like the back, the greater coverts and inner secondaries 
white at the base and along the inner web, as also the feathers of 
the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the latter especially 
being brown towards the tips; tail white, with brown mottling 
towards the tip, and especially on the exterior web of the outer 
feather; thighs brown, very slightly mottled with white, as also 
the vent-feathers, which show rather more white. Total length 

53 . HALIAETUS, 307 
about 38 inches, oilmen 4-65, wing 27*1, tail 15, tarsus 4*9, middle 
toe 2-85. 

* Hah. KE . Siberia and N. China, Japan, Kamtschatka, " Still to 
be detected in iNbrth America" (Coues), 
a. Juv. st, Kamtschatka. 
6. Skeleton. Purchased. 
4. Haliaetus leucogaster. 

White-bellied Eagle, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 33 (1781). 
Falco leucogaster, Gm. S. N. i. p. 257 (1788, ex Lath.); Temm. PI 
Col i. pi. 49 (1823). 
Le Blagre, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. pL 5 (1797) * Sund. Krit. om Levaill. 

p. 23 (1858). 
Falco blagrus, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 70 (1800, ex Levaill). 
Haliaetus blagrus, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 316 (1817); Smith, S.-Afr. 
Q. Joicrn. i. p. 108 (1830) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 15 (1850). 
Falco dimidiatus, Raffi. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii.p. 277 (1822). 
Pandion blagrus, Bonn, et Vieill JBne. Meth. iii. p. 1200 (1823). 
Haliaetus leucogaster, Vig. Zool Journ. i. p. 336 (1824); Gould, Syn. 
B. Austr. pt. 3, pi. 37.fig. 1 (1838); Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 53 (1855); 
Schl Mus. P.-B. Aquil», p. 14 (1862); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 85 (1862) ; 
Schl Vog. Nederl 2nd. Vaffcv. pp. 9, 50, pi. 4. figs. 1, 2 (1866) ; 
Finseh u. JECartl Faun. Cmtralpolyn. p. 1 (1867); Gray, Hand I. B. 
i. p. 17 (1869); Hume, Rough Notes, I p. 259 (1869) ; Schl. Mus. 
P.-B. Revue Accipitr.^. 117 (1873). 
Haliaetus dimidiatus, Vig. Mem. Raffl. p. 648 (1830) ; Gray, Gen. B. 
I p. 17 (1845) ; StricU. Orn. Syn. p. 54 (1855). 
Haliaetus sphenurus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, pp. 97,138: id. Syn. B. 
Austr. pt. 3, pi. 37.fig. 2 (1838). 
Ichthyaetus cultrunguis, Blyth, J. A. S.B. xi, p. 110 (1842). 
Ichthyaetus leucogaster, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1844, p. 13 ; Gould, B. 

Austr. i. pi. 3 (1848) ; Biggies, Orn. Austr. pt. 5 (1866). 
Pontoaetus leucogaster, Gray, Gen.BA. p. 18 (1845); Pek. Verh. z.-h. 

73^,1863, p. 591. 
Pontoaetus blagrus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 18 (1845). 
Cuncuma leucogaster, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848. p. 24: Wall. Ibis, 

1868, p. 15; Wald. Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 35 (1872). 
Blagrus leucogaster, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 30 (1849); id. 

J. A. S. B. xix. p. 34l (1850); id. Ibis, 1863, p. 22; Swinh. Ibis, 
1870, p. 86. 
Ichthyaetus blagrus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 116 (1849). 
Polioaetus leucogaster, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 13 (1863). 

Adult Head and neck all round, as well as entire underparts, 
including the under tail- and wing-coverts, white, some of the 
outermost of the latter shaded with grey, the greater series ashy 
grey with white bases; upper surface of body ashy grey, slightly 
shaded with brownish, the upper feathers of the interscapulary region 
and scapulars narrowly margined with white; primaries blackish, 
externally shaded with ashy grey, the secondaries uniform, slightly 
tipped with white, the lower surface of the wing ashy grey, inclining 
to blackish towards the tips of the feathers; tail black, the terminal 
third white, forming a conspicuous band; cere, lores, and orbital 

Y2 

308 FALCOHIDJE. 

ridge bluish lead-colour, slightly tinged with green; feet yellowish 
white; iris olive-brown. Total length 28 inches, culmen 2-§, wing 
22-3, tail 9-5, tarsus 4. 

Adult female. Slightly larger than the male. Total length 
28 inches, wing 23*2, tail 11, tarsus 4*2. 

Young. Above brown, the feathers margined with paler brown, 
with dull whitish shaft-stripes, widening out towards the tips of the 
feathers; lower back and rump rather darker than the rest of the 
back, with distinct white streaks ; quills deep brown, the secondaries 
paler brown like the back and tipped with bufTy white, all the quills 
more or less distinctly barred with darker brown, especially towards 
the tip of inner web, which is whitish underneath for the greater 
part of its length; tail dark brown, tipped with whitish, and crossed 
with three ill-defined bars of paler brown, much mottled with darker 
brown, and shaded with whitish; head and neck dark brown, 
distinctly streaked with bufTy white, less broadly on the sides of the 
face * throat sandy buff, with paler central streaks to the feathers; 
rest of under surface rufescent brown, with distinct buffy white 
shaft-streaks, widening out towards the apex of the feathers, the 
abdominal plumes and under tail-coverts for the most part white, 
irregularly mottled with reddish brown. 

Sab. The whole of India and Ceylon, throughout the entire 
Malay archipelago and Australia, ranging into Western Polynesia, 
where it has been said to occur in the Priendly Islands. 

a. 5 ad. sk. New Holland. Lady Carington [P.]. 
b. Juv. sk. 
c. Juv. sk. 
d. Juv. sk. 
New Holland. 
Port Essington. 
Tasmania. 
Lady Carington [P.]. 
Capt. Chambers, R.N. [P.]. 
J. G-ould, Esq. 
e* Juv. sk. Ysabel, Solomon Islands. Julius Brenchlev, Esq. [P.]. 
f. Juv. sk. 
g, Adf sk. 
\ Juv. sk. 
i. $ ad. sk. 
Aru Islands. 
Morty Island. 
Malacca. 
Luzon. 
A. R. Wahace,*Esq. f 0." 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0 / 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0/ 
* 
. 
. 
Purchased. 
j \ Juv. st, 
k. Juv. st. 
. Luzon. 
Philippine Islands. 
Purchased. 
Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.]. 
1 Ad. sk. 
m. Ad. sk, 
Madras. 
Gape of Good Hope. 
Br. Jerdon [P.]. 
31. Jules Yerreaux [C.]. 
n. Skeleton. 
o. Skull. 
Zoological Societv." 
Capt. Stanley [P.*] 

With regard to the last specimen (m) I may state that I have also 
seen two adult specimens, both of which I was assured came direct 
from the Cape ; but of this fact I could not satisfy myself perfectly. 
Mr. Cassin has recorded this species under the name of H. blagrus (Pr. 
Phil. Acad. 1865, p. 4) from Gaboon; so that it seems probable that 
this or an allied Sea-Eagle remains to be discovered in Africa. 

5. Haliaetus leucoryplms. 
Aquila leucorypha, Pall. JRets. Urns. Beichs, i. p. 454 (1771). 
White-crowned Eagle, Lath. Gm. Syn. ip . 42 (1781). 
Falco leueoryphus, Gm. S. JSf. i. p. 259 (1788) ; ScH. u. Susem. Vog. 


,»«-. Taf.27« (1839). 

53 . HALIAETUS. 
309 

Falco fulviventer, Vieill. JSf. Diet, xxviii. p. 283 (1819) ; Pucker. Rev. 

et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 81. 
Falco macei, Temm. PI. Col. i. pis. 8,223 (1824). 
Haliaetus macei, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 336 (1824) • Gray, Gen. B. i. 

p. 17 (1845) j Bp. Consp. i. p. 15 (1850) ; Striclcl. Orn. Syn. p. 52 
(1855) : Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 17 (1869) j Hume, Sir. F. i.p. 159 
(1873). 
Aquila macei, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 84 (1828). 
Haliaetus unicolor, Gray 8f Hardw. Ill Ind. ZooL pi. 19 (1832)• Jerd. 


Ibis, 1871, p. 236. 
Haliaetus albipes, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. v. p. 228 (1836). 
Cuncuma albipes, Kodgs. J A. S. B. vi. p. 367 (1837). 
Haliaetus leucoryphus, Keys. $* Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xxx (1840); 

Strichl. Orn. %w.p. 52 (1855) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 8. figs. 5, 6 
(1858) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Aquilse, p. 590 (1862); Feb. Verh. z.-b. 
Wien, 1863, p. 589• Degl § Gerbe, Orn. Fur. i. p. 45 (1867)• Gray, 
Hand-l i. p. 17 (1869); Hume, Bough Notes, ii. p. 242 (187t>); 
Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 336: Hume &• Kende7*s. Lahore to Yarh. p. 173 
(1873). 

Ichtkyaetus leucoryphus, Blyth, Ann. N. H. xiv. p. 37 (1844). 
Haliaetus lanceatus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844). 
Pontoaetus macei, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 280. 
Cuncuma macei, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 23. 
Pontoaetus leucoryphus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 2 (1849). 
Aquila deserticola, Fversm. Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc. xxv. p. 545, tab. 8 


(1852). 
Haliaetus fulviventer, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 82 (1862). 


Adult male. Above dark brown, with a slight purplish gloss, some 
of the greater coverts slightly margined with paler brown; quills 
blackish, the secondaries rather browner, like the scapularies, the 
lower surface of the quills brown, inclining to bluish ash-colour on 
the inner web of the primaries, some of the secondaries mottled with 
white near the base of the inner web; lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts purplish brown, some of the outermost of the latter 
whitish at base; tail white, blackish at base, and having a broad 
terminal band of black; head, hind neck, and interscapulary region 
sandy brown, darker brown on the head, and more tawny on the 
hind neck, the feathers of which are streaked with fulvous; sides of 
face and throat buffy white, the latter with narrow whitish streaks 
down the centre of the feather; rest of under surface of body dull 
fulvous brown, lighter on the chest, where the feathers are paler-
centred, and deeper brown on the flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries blackish brown, slightly 
mottled with white, especially near the base of the median lower 
coverts; cere pale bluish green; nostrils, gape, and base of lower 
mandible bluish* upper mandible greenish horn-colour, dusky at tip; 
feet greyish white; iris pale brownish yellow. Total length 30 inches, 
culmen 2*6, wing 22-2, tail 12-2, tarsus 3*6. 

Adult female. Rather larger than the male. Total length 33 inches, 
wing 24*4, tail 11*7, tarsus 4-3. 
Young. Above dark brown, the feathers of the back deeper towards 
their bases, the wing-coverts lighter than the back, the median series 

310 lAJLCOmDM. 

and the upper tail-coverts plainly margined with whity brown; 
greater coverts dark brown, with whity-brown tips; quills blackish, 
externally shaded with ashy, the innermost secondaries dark brown 
like the back, lower surface of quills ashy brown, some of the innermost 
primaries inclining to whitish on inner web; tail dark brown, 
shaded with ashy above and below; head, neck, and nnderparts 
fulvous brown, deeper on the head, and varied with white bases to 
the abdominal plumes and under tail-coverts, the head and neck 
rather darker than the nnderparts, and streaked with sandy brown, 
the chest and breast-feathers with broad whity-brown margins and 
tips; under wing-coverts dull brown, margined with paler brown, 
the median series streaked with whity brown, the greater ones ashy 
white at the base, and mottled along the shaft towards the tip, which 
is also white ; feet clear pale lemon-yellow. 

MaK Prom the Caspian eastwards to India and Burmah. 

a. Ad. st.
b. Pull, sk, 
India. 
India. 
Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.]. 
Purchased. 
c. Ad. sk.
(I Juv. st.
e. Ad. st.
/. Juv. sk.
g. Juv. st.* 
hj i. Sternum. 
Behar. 
Beliar. 
Nepaul. 
Nepaul. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P." 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P/ 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P/ 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

6. Haliaetus vocifer. 
Le Vocifer, Levaill Ois. cTAfr. i. p. 17,pi. 4 (1799). 
Ealco Yocifer, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 66" (1800, ex Levaill). 
Aquila vocifera, Bum. Diet. 8c. Nat. i.p. 355 (1816). 
Haliaetus vocifer, Cuv. Begne An. i. p. 816 (1817); Gray, Gen. B. I. 


p. 16 (1845) ; Des Murs, Iconogr. Orn. pi. 8 (1845) ; Bp. Ccmsp. i. 
p. 15 (1850) 5 Striekl Orn. Byn. p. 51 (1855); Marti. Orn, W.-Afr. 
p. 8 (1857) j Sohl Mm. P.-B. Aquilse,p. 16 (1862); Bayard, B. S. 
Afr. p. 17 (1867); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 53 (1869) ; Gray, 
Hand-l i. p. 53 (1869) ; Finsch u. Hartl. Fog. Ostafr. p. 38 (1870); 
Gumey in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 9 (1872). 
Pontoaetus vocifer, Kaup, Classif. Sang. u. Vog. p. 122 (1844). 
Cuncuma vocifer, Gray, Cat. Accipiir. 1848, p. 25. 
Haliaetus damans, C. Breh?n, J.f.O. 1853, p. 199. 
Pandion vocifer, var. orientaus, Meugl. J. f. O. 1863, p. 8. 


Adult female. Entire head and neck, including the interscapular 
region above and the entire breast below, pure white ; tail also entirely 
white ; remainder of lower parts, including the thighs, sides 
of body, under wing-coverts, and axillaries, deep chestnut; rest of 
upper surface blackish brown, the primaries quite black, greyish on 
their under surface; least wing-coverts entirely rufous, and those 
along the carpal bend margined with rufous; cere and orbits very 
pale yellow; bill bluish, pale yellow at base; feet yellow; iris 

* Marked by Mr. Gk E. Gray as the true B. Uucoryphus (Pall.), but without 
any register or trace of its origin. 

311 

53 . HALIAETTTS. 
clear hazel. Total length 25 inches, culmen 2*5, wing 20-5, tail 9*3, 

tarsus 4. 

Adult male. Similar to, but smaller than the female. Total length 

22 inches, wing 19-2, tarsus 3*6. 

Young. Differs from the adult principally in being more dingily 

coloured and in not showing the contrast of colours as in the latter; 

thus the whole of the head, neck, and breast are more or less brown 

in the young, though generally giving indications of approaching 

whiteness, especially about the ears and lower breast, the crown 

being the last to change; least wing-coverts blackish, with rufous 

margins, the rest dark brown, but the greater ones for the most part 

white, causing a large patch across the wing; lower parts of the 

belly brown, more or less varied with white, the thighs inclining to 

rufous; tail ashy white, brown at the tip, and more or less brown 

on the rest of the feather; gape whitish yellow; orbits and f^re 

dusky; bill dusky bluish; iris darker hazel than in the adult. 

Hah. The whole of Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Port Natal. Purchased. 
b. d juv. st. Buffalo River, S. Africa. M. Jules Verreaux [0.1 
o, $ juv. st. S. Africa. M. Jules Verreaux [C.J. 
d. $ ad. sk. S. Africa. Purchased. 
e. c? ad. sk. Fifth Cataract of the Nile. F. Galton, Esq. [P.]. 
/ . Skeleton. Zoological Society. 
7. Haliaetus vociferoides. 
Haliaetus vociferoides, Des Murs, R. Z. 1845, p. 175*; id. Iconogr. 
Orn. pi. 7 (1845); JBp. Consp. i. p. 15 (1850); Strichl Orn. Syn. 

p. 52 (1855); Marti. Faun. Madag. p. 16 (1861); SchL P. Z. S. 
1866, p. 420; Gray, Hand-l P. i. p. 17 (1869). 
Haliaetus vociferator, Sch. fy Poll F. M. Ozs. p. 42, pi. 15 (1868); 
Schl. Mus. P.-P. JRevue Accipitr. p. 118 (1873). 
Nearly adult. Above dark brown, the wing-coverts with rufous 
edgings and spots; head paler brown, a little varied with ashy 
white, and inclining to blackish above the ear-coverts, the latter 
quite white, the sides of the neck and hind neck streaked with 
white; throat pale rufous, slightly varied with white, and streaked 
with dark brown; rest of under surface brown, the upper breast 
streaked longitudinally with rufous; lower under tail-coverts and 
tail white; quills dark brown, the primaries blackish, the secondaries 
slightly tipped with white, the lower surface of the wings 
ashy grey; under wing-coverts dark brown, inclining to rufous at 
tip; bill black; feet greyish; iris salmon-colour. Total length 
24 inches, culmen 2-5, wing 20*4, tail 9-5, tarsus 3-8, middle toe 
2-45. (Mus. Lugd.) 

Another specimen in the Leiden Museum is apparently younger, 
and has the head and hind neck streaked with rufous, the whole of 
the sides of the face and throat rufous, and the breast again plainly 
streaked, many of the wing-coverts and feathers of the lower belly 
and thighs tipped with fulvous; ear-coverts ashy grey; cere and 
lores greyish; bill black; feet greyish ; iris brown. 

Eab. Madagascar. 

312 FALCOKIDJS. 

54. GYPOHIERAX. 
Type. 
Gypohierax, Biipp. Keue Wirb. p. 46 (1835) G. angolensis. 
Racama, J. JE. Gray in G. B. Gray's List of Genera, 

p. 1 (1840) G. angolensis. 
Range. "West Africa, from Senegambia to Angola. East Africa, 
Island of Pemba, near Zanzibar. 

1. Gypohierax angolensis. 
Angola Vulture; Penn. Tour in Wales, i. p. 307, pi. 16 (1778). 
Falco angolensis, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 252 (1788, ex Term?). 
Vultur angolensis, Lath. Ind. urn. i. p. 7 (1790): Shaw, Mus. Lever. 


p. 153, pi. 37 (1792). 
Gypaetus angolensis, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 27 (1800). 
Polyborus hypoleucus, Benn. P. Z. S. 1830-31, p. 13: id. Gard. Zool 
Soc. ii. p. 303 (1831). 
Gypohierax angolensis, Biipp. M W. p. 46 (1835, note); Gray, Gen. 

B. i. p. 7, pi. 4 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 12 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. 
Syn. p. 14 (1855) ; Hartl. Orn. W.~Afr. pp. 1, 246 (1857) ; Pelz. 
Verh. z.~b. Wien, 1861, p. 134; Wolf, Zool Sk. pi. 38 (1861); 
Gurney, Cat. Bapt. B. JVbriu. Mies, p. 80 (1864); Gray, Hand-l. 
B. i. p. 4 (1869); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 18703 p. 146; Finsch u. Hartl. 
Yog. Ostafr. p. 37 (1870); Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 106. 
Racama angolensis, J. JE. Gray in G. B. Graxfs List Gen. B. p. 1 (1840). 
Vultur hypoleucus, Jard. §* Selby, 111. Orn. ser. 2, pi. 13 (c. 1840). 
Haliaetus angolensis, Schh Kazan. 1852, p. 24; id. Mus. P.-B. 

Aquila3, p. 18 (1862); id. Berne Aecipitr. p. 119 (1873). 
Adtdt male. General colour white; scapulars black, except 
the very highest, which are mottled with white; quills black, 
the primaries for the most part white, excepting the tips, which 
are black, and the outer web, which is more or less mottled 
with black, the inner web less so; tail black, with a very broad 
white tip, forming a terminal band; all the rest of the body white; 
head slightly crested; cere grey; bare skin of face flesh-colour; 
feet rosy flesh-colour; iris light yellow. Total length 23 inches, 
culmen 2-5, wing 17*2, tail 8*8, tarsus 3*35. 
Adult female* Similar to male, but larger. Total length 24*5 
inches, culmen 2*7, wing 17, tail 9*5, tarsus 3*5. (Mus. Lugd.) 
Sab. The same as that of the genus. 

a. J ad. sk. Kattenbella, Benguela. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.]. 
b. Ad. sk. River Oongo. J. Cranch, Esq. [P.l 
c. Ad. sk. Gaboon. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. River Niger. Dr. BaiMe [P.]. 
e. (S ad. st Fernando Po. L. Fraser, Esq. [C.]. 
/. Ad. sk. Fantee. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [PA 
g. Juv. sk. Fantee. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
55. HALIASTUR. m 
Type. 
Haliastur, Selby, Cat. Gen. # Stibg. Typ. p. 3 (1840) .... EL indus. 
Dentiger, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844) ... . PL indus. 
Ictinoaetus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 73 H. indus. 
Milvaquila, Burnt. Verz. Zool Mus. Halle, p. 24 (1850).. H. indus. 

313 

55 . HALIASTUR. 

Bill of Haliastur indus. 

Range. Indian peninsula and Ceylon; Indo- and Austro-Malayan 
subregions ; Australia and New Caledonia. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Tail maroon, with broad whitish tip; head and 
neck white indus, p. 313. 
a'. Black shaft-stripes on head and neck very 
distinct, a. indus, p. 313. 

V. Black shaft-stripes narrow and indistinct. 
/3. intermedium, p. 314. 
c'. No black shaft-stripes, y. girrenera, p. 315. 


b. Tail uniform ashy brown; head and neck sandycoloured, 
with fulvous streaks sphemrus, p. 316. 

1. Haliastur indtis. 

L'Aigle de Pondichery, Briss. Orn. i. p. 450, pi. xxxv. (1760). 
Agile des Grandes Indes, Buff. B. JSnl i. pi. 416 (1770), 
Falco indus, Bodd. Tail. PI JSnl 25 (1783). 
Falco pondicerianus, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 265 (1788). 
Haliaetus pondicerianus, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 316 (1817). 
Haliaetus garuda, Less. Traite, p. 44 (1831). 
Milvus pondicerianus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 72 (1839). 
Haliastur pondecerianus, Selby, Cat. Gen. $* Subg. Types, p. 3 (1840). 
Dentiger pondicerianus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844). 
Milvus ? rotundicauda, Hodgs. ut supra, p. 81 (1844). 
Haliastur indus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 18 (1845); Blyth, Cat B. Mm. 


A. 8. B. p. 31 (1849); Striate Orn. 8yn. p. 73 (1855); Jerd. B. 
Ind. i. p. 101 (1862); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 18 (1869) j Hume, 
Rough Notes, ri. p. 316 (1870): midsw. P.Z.8. 1872, p. 414; 
Hume, Str. F. p. 160 (1873). 
Ictinaetus indus, Kaup, Arch.f. Isfaturg. xvi. p. 39 (1850). 
Haliastur ponticerianus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 15 (1850). 
Ictinoaetus pondicerianus, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 73. 
Haliaetus indus, 8ch. Mus. P.-B, Aquilse, p. 19 (1862) j id. Revue 
Accipitr. p. 119 (1873). 

Adult. Head and neck all round, throat, and entire breast white, 
with very distinct black shaft-stripes; rest of the plumage maroon 
chestnut, paler on the secondaries and tail, especially on the latter, 
where it fades off into fulvous white at the tip, the black shaft-
stripes everywhere distinct; primaries black, outer secondaries also 
brownish at tip, the inner lining of the wing pale creamy rufous, 

314 FAXCOOTDJE. 

the primaries black below, rufeseent only at base of inner web; 
under wing-coverts deep maroou, with, black shaft-stripes, except 
the greater series, which are pale rufous shaded with ashy; cere 
and bill blackish brown; feet light greenish yellow; iris brown. 
Total length 20 inches, oilmen 1*55, wing 14*7, tail 8-1, tarsus 2*1. 

Young. Above deep brown, the interscapulary feathers inclining 
to dull maroon towards their tips, the rest of the feathers of the 
upper surface tipped with rufous, and most of them externally 
shaded with ashy grey; head and neck pale rufous, with buffywhite 
centres and tips to the feathers, giving a streaked appearance, 
as in a young Milvus ; forehead, lores, and sides of face white, with 
narrow black shaft-lines to the feathers; the ear-coverts slightly 
washed with brown, their hinder margin distinctly brown; chin 
whitish; rest of under surface pale rufous brown, the shaft-stripes 
distinct, all the feathers with central streaks of buffy white, the 
chest-feathers darker, and washed with brown on both margins, 
thighs and under tail-coverts inclining to maroon; under wing-
coverts and axillaries clear brown, tipped with rufous or maroon, 
and centred with black shaft-streaks. 

Hah. India and Ceylon, on sea-coasts and in vicinity of lakes, 
extending westwards into Upper Sindh, and eastwards to Burmah. 

a. Ad. sk.
h. Juv. sk. 
Meerut. 
Balacherry, Kattiawar,
Oct. 14, 1871. 
J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
Capt J. Haves Lloyd [P.], 
c. Juv. st.
d. Skeleton. 
Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
e. Skeleton. 

As this species extends eastwards a variation takes place in the 
coloration of the head, neck, and breast, by reason of the marked 
attenuation of the black shaft-stripes to the feathers of these parts. 
The Javan bird has been separated as a species; but so gradual are 
the changes in this respect, and so thoroughly coincident with a 
change of locality, that I cannot allow full specific rank to either of 
the two subspecies mentioned below. Ear the sake of convenience, 
however, I keep their synonymy distinct. The Indian birds have 
the shaft-stripes strongly pronounced; but the birds from Siam, the 
Philippines, Malacca, Java, and Borneo have very narrow black 
shaft-lines, which diminish in intensity in the Timor specimens, are 
less distinct in Celebean examples (ef. SchL Mus. P.-B. Aqitilce, 

p. 20), and almost absent in those from Bourn. In all other islands 
of the Malayan archipelago they are entirely wanting, and the 
birds have white heads and breasts, as in the true U. girrenera of 
Australia. The latter are a little smaller, and have the young 
generally rather lighter in colour than in the typical H, Indus, 
Subsp. a. Haliastnr intermedins. 

Haliaetos pondicerianus, Morsf. Tr. IAnn. Soc. xiii. p. 1S6 (1822); 

Meyen, JBeitr. p. 69 (1834). 
Falco pondicerianus, Maffi. Tr. L. S. xiii. p. 278 (1822). 
HaLiastur intermedius, Gurneg, Ibis, 1865, p. 28. 

55. HALIASTTJK. 
315 

Haliastur indus, Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 28; Wall Ibis, 1868, p. 16. 
Haliaetus indus, Schl Vog. JVederl Ind. Valhv. pi. 4. fig. 4 (1866, 
nee fig. 3). 

Adult. Similar to H. indus, but having tlie black shaft-stripes on 
the head, hind neck, and breast narrower and less distinct; bill 
pale lead-colour, tip yellowish; cere and feet pale yellow; iris dull 
yellow. 

Young. Similar to that of H. indus, but a little more sandy in 
colour. 
Hob. Siam, Malay peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Timor, Elores, Philippines, 
Borneo, Banka. 
Var. Celebes, Bouru. 

a. 2 ad. sk. E. Java, 1861. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Java. Hon. East-India Company [P.], 
c. Juv. st. Java. Hon. East-India Company[ P.J. 
d. Juv. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
e. Juv. si Philippine Islands. 
/. tf ad. sk. E. Timor. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C[ 
g. 2 juv, st. Macassar, Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C/ 
h. 2 ad. sk. Bouru. A. R. Wallace, Esq. LC." 
i. Skeleton. Zoological Society. 
Subsp. /3. Haliastur girrenera. 
Falco ponticerianus, Shaw § Nodd. Nat. Misc. x. pi. 389 (1799). 
White-headed Rufous Eagle, Lath. Gen. Mist i. p. 218 (1821). 
Haliaetus girrenera, Vieill. <§r Oud. Gal. Ois. i. pi. x. (1825). 
Haliaetus leucosternus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 138 ,* id. Syn. B. 
Austr. iii. pi. 3. fig. 1 (1838). 
Haliastur leucosternus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 18 (1845); Gould, B. 
Austr. i. pi. 4 (c. 1845); Bp. Consp. i. p. 15 (1850) ; Strickl Orn. 
Syn. p. 75 (1855) j Gotild, Handb. i. p. 17 (1865) ; Wall Ibis, 
1868, p. 16 ; Gray, JEand-l B. i. p. 18 (1869) j Biggies, Orn. Austr. 
pt. 17 (1870); Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 35 (1872). 
Ictinoaetus leucosternus, Kaup, Conir. Orn. 1850, p. 73. 
Haliaetus indus, Schl Vog. Nederl Ind. Valhv. p. 51, pi. 4. fig. 3 
(1866). 

Adult male. Head and neck all round, occupying the interscapulary 
region above and the entire breast below, snowy white; the 
rest of the body bright maroon, the tail broadly whitish at tip; primaries 
blackish brown, rufous at base of both webs, and inclining to 
whitish at immediate base of inner web; cere pale yellow; orbits 
smoke-grey; bill pale yellow, bluish at base, light horn-colour at 
tip; tarsi cream-yellow. Total length 20 inches, culmen 1*45, wing 
14*2, tail 7-8, tarsus 2-1. 

Adult female. Similar to adult male, but a little larger. Total 
length 21 inches, wing 15-3, tarsus 2-1. 

Young. Above dull maroon-brown, the dorsal feathers tipped, and 
the interscapulary ones mesially streaked with fulvous; head and 
neck creamy white, the feathers brown at base and on their edges, 
causing a somewhat striped appearance on the latter part; sides of 
face ashy brown; throat creamy white; breast-feathers pale rufous 

316 FALCCmDJS. 

brown, mesially streaked with creamy white; lower abdomen, thighs, 

and under tail-coverts creamy white, with pale rufous margins, a 

little brighter than on the breast; primaries purplish black, secon


daries rufous, tipped with whitish, and shaded along each side of the 

shaft with more or less distinct purplish brown, especially the inner


most, which are almost entirely of the latter colour; tail-feathers 

rufous, tipped with whitish, shaded in the centre with brown, 

which colour overspreads the apical portion of the outermost. 

Hab. Northern and eastern parts of Australia, New Guinea, Am


boina, Batchian,Ternate,Morty Island, Celebes, Louisiade archipelago. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Lady Carrington [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Port Essington. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 
e. 2 ad. sk. Louisiade archipelago. Voyage of the ' Rattlesnake.' 
d. 2 ad. sk. Dorey. A. R. Wallace, Esq. 0.} 
e. c? ad. sk. Batchian. A. R. Wallace, Esq. •Q.' 
/ . Ad. sk. Morty Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. c: 
<?. $ juv. sk. Morty Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. c: 
h. S ad. sk. Ternate. A. R. Wallace, Esq. c: 
i. 2 j uv * s^* Amboyna. A. R. Wallace, Esq. c: 
J. Ad. sk. Amboyna. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P], 
2. Haliastur sphenuxus. 
Cinereous Eagle, var., Lath. Gen. Si/n. Suppl. p. 18 (1801). 
Milvus sphenurus, Vieill. N. Diet. iVHist. Nat. xx. p. o(54 (1818) ; id. 
et Oud. Gal. Ois. I pi. XT. (1825). 
Haliaetus canorus, Viq. <§* Ilorsf. Tr.Linn. 3. xv. p. 187 (1826); Goidd}
Syn. B. Austr. pt. lii pi. 8. fig. 2 £18-38). 
Haliastur sphenurus, Grayy Gen. B. i. p. 18 (1845) ; Gotdd, B. Austr, 

i. pi. o (c. 184*5); Bp. Consp. i. p. 15 (1850); StrickL Orn. %n. 
p. 74 (1855); Vert, et JDes Mars, Bev. et Mag. de ZooL I860, p. 385; 
Goidd, Mandb. B. Austr. i. p. 20 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 18 
(1869). 
Ictinoaetus canorus, Kaup, Cmiir. Orn. 1850, p. 73. 
Haliaetus sphenurus, SchL 3fus. P.-B, Aquilae. p. 21 (1862); id. 
Bevue Aecipitr. p. 123 (1873). 
Adult Above ashy brown, darker and more chocolate-brown on 
the scapulars and wing-coverts ; head washed with rufous; feathers 
of the hind neck fulvous in the centre, producing a streaked appearance 
; sides of face and throat fulvous; breast dull ochraceous, the 
bases of the feathers whitish, as also a streak towards the tip of the 
feathers, which being bordered with brown on the breast causes the 
feathers of this part to appear much striped; the flanks narrowly 
black-shafted; under tail-coverts and thighs whitish, with dark 
brown shafts; under wing-coverts ochraceous, like breast, barred 
and streaked with dark brown; primary coverts and primaries 
brownish black, the latter rufous white at base of inner web; 
greater coverts and secondaries deep sepia-brown; tail greyish 
brown, paler and more ashy at tips and towards the base of the 
• outer feathers; the inner web mottled with greyish brown, the remains 
of obsolete bars; cere and bill greyish; feet pale bluish white; 
iris bright hazel. Total length 22 inches, culmen 1*7, wing 16*6, 
tail 10*5, tarsus 2-35. 

56 . ELANOIDES. 
317 

Young, Similar to the adult, but muck paler, the wing-coverts 
tipped with fulvous, and the head streaked with rufous or rufous 
buff; under surface of body fulvous white, with faint indications of 
dark brown streaks and margins to the feathers of the breast. 
Hab. The whole of Australia and Few Caledonia. 

a. Vix ad. sk. S. Australia. Sir George Gfrey HP-]b. 
Ad. st. S. Australia. Sir George Grey [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Dr. Sihbald [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Port Essington. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.]. 
e. 2 ad. sk. Perth, W. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [0.1. 
f. Ad. sk. N.E. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.l. 
g. Ad. sk. Australia. Linnean Society [P.]. 
Type of H. canorus. 

56. ELAWOIDES. 
Typo. 
Elanoides, VieillN.Diet. d'Hist Nat xxiv. p. 101 (1818).. E. furcatus. 

Range. Central and southern States of F . America, southwards to 
Columbia and Brazil. Accidental in Europe. 

1. Elanoides farcatm 
The Swallow-tailed Hawk, Catesby, N. H. Carol i. p. 4, pi. 4 (1731). 
Le Milan de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. i. p. 418 (1760). 
Falco furcatus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 129 (1766); Shaw $ Nodd. Nat. 


Misc. pi. 204 (1795) ; Baud. Traite, ii. p. 152 (1800); Wils. Am. 
Orn. vi. p. 70, pi. 51. figs. 1-3 (1812): Schl. u. Susem. Fog. Eur. 
Taf. 32. fig. 1 (1839). 

Cola-tixera, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 169 (1802). 

Milvus furcatus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept p. 38, pi. 10 (1807). 

Elanoides yetapa, JBonn. et Vieill Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1205 (1823). 

Elanoides furcatus, Bonn, et Vieill. Em. Meth. iii. p. 1205 (1823) 

StricH. Orn. Sijn. p. 141 (1855) ; Scl $ Sato. Ibis, 1859, p. 220 

Owen, Ibis, 1860, p. 240; Schl Mm. P.-B. Milvi, p. 5 (1862) 

Scl. Sf Salv. No?nencl p. 121 (1873). 
Elanus furcatus, Vig. Zool Jour. i. p. 340 (1824). 

Nauclerus furcatus, 
Vig. Zool Journ. ii. p. 387 (1825); Gould, B. 
Eur. i. pi. 30 (1837); And, B. Am. fol. pi. 72, et ed. 8vo, i. p. 78, 
pi. 18 (1839) ,* Dehay, Nat. Hht. N. Y Birds, p. 12, pi. 7. % 15 
(1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 25, pi. 9. fig. 9 (1845) $ Marti Ind. 
Azara, p. 57 (1847) ; Cab. in Schmnb. Bets. Guian. iii. p. 735 (1848); 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 21 (1850) ; Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 57; Burm. 
Th. Bras. ii. p. 110 (1856); Cass, in Baird's B. N. Am. p. 36 (1860); 
Dresser. Ibis, 1865, p. 325; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 30 (1866) ; Gundl 

J.f. 0/1871, p. 370; Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit B. p. 103 (1871); Pelz. 
Orn. Bras. p. 6 (1871). 
Falco yetapa, Mace. Beitr. Orn. Bras. iii. Abth. i. p. 141 (1830). 
Nauclerus forficatus, Ridgxmy, Br. JPhil. Acad. 1870, p. 144. 

Adult Head and neck all round, as well as the hinder part of 
back and rump and entire under surface, pure white; rest of the 
body blackish, with varying shades according to the light; the wings 
shaded externally with ashy grey, glossed with purple or bronzy 
green, the latter especially distinct on the two outer tail-feathers; 

318 
PALCONIDJE. 

the interseapulary region and lesser wing-coverts deep velvety brown; 

upper tail-coverts white at their bases, shaded with grey and glossed 

with greenish; under wing-coverts and bases of inner secondaries 

white; bill dark horn-bine; feet light milk-blue; iris rich dark 

reddish brown. Total length 21 inches, cnlmen 1*3, wing 16*25, 

tail to tip of outer reetrix 13*1, tarsus 1*4. 

Sab. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. S. America. Baron Laugier de Oliartrouse. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Brazil. Lord Stuart de Kothsay [P.]. 
d. Skeleton. 
Purchased. 
57. NATJCLEETJS. Type. 
Nauclerus, Vigors, Zool Jour. ii. p. 386 (1825) N. riocouri. 
Chehctinia, Less. 1843 (teste Gray, uhi ?). 
Chelidopteryx, Kaup, Mus. Senchmb. iii p. 258 (1845) N. riocouri. 
Cypselopteryx, Kaup, 1851 (teste Gray, uM?). 

Range. Western and Forth-eastern Africa. 

1. Fauclerus riocouri 
Elanoides riocouri, 
Vieill et Ond. Gal Ois. i. p. 43, pi. 16 (c. 182,3) • 
Bonn, et Vieill Eric. Metk. iii. p. 1206 (1823) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. 

p. 142 (1855); Schl Handb. JDierk. i. p. 1<>7, pi. 1. fig. 5 (1857) ; 
id. Mus. P.-B. MUvi, p. 5 (1862) ; Heuql. Orn. K.O.-Afr. i. p. 102 
(1871). 
Falco riocouri, Temm. PI Col i. pi. 85 (1824). 
Elanus riocouri, Vig. Zool Jour. i. p. 340 (1824). 
Nauclerus riocouri, Vig. Zool Jour. i. p. 386 (1825); Less. Tmite, 


p. 73 (1831) 5 Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 25 (1845) • Bp. Consp. L p. 22 
(1850),* Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 11 (1857). 
Nauclerus africanus, Sw. Classif. B. ii. p. 210 (1837). 
Chelidopteryx riocourii, Kaup7 Mus. JSenckenb. iii. p. 258 (1845) • id. 

Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 57. 
ILilvus riocouri, Giebel, Orn. Thes. p. 86 (1874). 


Adult Above cinereous, interseapulary region and scapulars 
slightly darker; quills ashy grey, paler beneath, the feathers inclining 
to white at the base, especially on the inner web of secondaries, 
which are white at their tips externally also; tail-feathers externally 
ashy grey, brownish on the inner web, the greater portion of which 
from the base upwards is white; forehead and indistinct eyebrow 
whitish; cheeks, ear-coverts, sides of neek, and entire underparts 
pure white; the under wing-coverts with a broad patch of black 
running down their whole extent parallel with the exterior margin * 
bill greenish dusky; feet yellow; iris red. Total length 14*5 inches, 
culmen 0*65, wing 9*95, tail 7*8, tarsus 1*2. 

Hob. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. sk. W. A*frica. Captain Sabine HP.!. 
b. Ad. sk. W. Africa, Captain Sabine [P.1. 
c\ Ad. sk. Dakar, Senegal. M. A. Bouvier [P. j . 
58. MILTUS.
58. mLvxra 
Type. 
Milvus, Cuv. Leg. Anat. Co?np. i. tabl. Ois. (1800) M. regalis. 
Hydroictinia, Kaup, Classif. 8dug. u. Vog. p. 115 (1844) M. migrans. 

^"^^ 

^S . Ja^a, 

isje^ 

Head of Milvus regalis. 

Range. The whole of Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. 

jSTeytfo £Ae Species, 

a. Tail rufous* general colour rufous ictinusj p. 319, 
b. Tail brown, with blackish bars; general colour 
brown. 
a\ Bill yellow cegyptius, p. 320. 
b'. Bill black. 

a". No perceptible patch of white at base of primaries. 
a"'. Larger j head and throat white with black 
stripes,* wing over 17 inches horscliun, p. 322. 
&'". Smaller; wing under 16 inches; head and 
throat brownish affinis, p. 323. 
b", A perceptible patch of white at base of primaries. 


c'". Larger, with the white on the under face of 
quills more extended; rufous brown, the 
vent and under tail-coverts clear rufous.. melanotis, p, 324. 

dnt 

. Smaller, the white on inner face of quills 
less apparent; brownish in colour, the 
vent and under tail-coverts fulvous govinda, p. 325. 

1. Milvus ictiuus. 
The Kite or Glead, Albin, K H. Birds, i. pi. 4 (1738). 
Le Milan royal, Briss. Orn. i. p. 414, pi. 33 (1760). 
Falco milvus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 126 (1766) • Naum. Vog. Deutschl i. 


p. 333, Taf.31. fig. 1 (1822): Werner, Atlas, Rapaces,pi.23(1827); 
Schl u. Susem. Vog. Bur. Taf. 30. fig. 1 (1839) ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. 
p. 66 (1843). 
Le Milan, Buff. PI JEW. i. pi. 422 (1770). 
? Milvus castaneus, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 148 (1800). 
Milvus ictinus, 8avign. Syst. Ois. d'Egypte, p. 259 (1809) ; Newt. 
Ooth. Wolley. p. 112 (1864) ; id. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 92 (1871). 
Aecipiter milvus, Pall. Zoogr, Rosso-As. i. p. 356 (1811). 

320 FALCONED JE. 

Milvus regalis, Roux, Orn. Prov. I p. 44, pis. 26,27 (1825); Macgitt. 
Brit. B. iii. p. 265 (1840) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 24 (1845); Bp. 
C&mp. i. p. 21 (1850); Schl Vog. Nedsrl Lid. pi. 31 (1854)^ Strichl 
Om. Syn. p. 132 (1855); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. p. 235, pi xxix. fig. 4 
(1858; j JFWfccA, J%. Bur. Taf. 6. fig. 7 (1858) : Schl. Mm. P.-B. 
Milvi, p. 1 (1862); Begl et Gerbe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 64 (1867); Loche, 
Bxpl. Sel Alger. Ok. I. p. 76 (1867) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. pt. xiii 
(1868) ; Gray, BTand-l i. p. 26 (1869) ; BLeugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. 

p. 97 (1869); Salvad. Faun. Hal. Ucc. p. 13 (1871); Shelley, B. 
Egypt, p. 195 (1872) ; Schl Heme Accipitr. p. 126 (1873). 
Milvus ruber, Brehm, Vog. DeutscM. p. 50 (1831). 
Milvus vulgaris, Selhy, Br. B: L p. 74, pi. 5 (1833); Gould, B. Bur. 

i. pi. 28 (1837). 
Adult. Above brown, tlie centres of tlie feathers darker with 
rufous edgings, gradually shading into buff on the extreme margin; 
the wing-coverts decidedly paler-edged; primary coverts and primaries 
black, white at the base of the inner web; the secondaries 
paler brown, with rafescent margins ; lower back and rump dark 
brown; the upper tail-coverts rufous, washed with brown; tail 
rufous with fulvous tips, the centre feathers paler; the outer feathers 
dark brown on the outer web, especially towards the tip ; the inner 
web partially barred with dark brown; head, sides of the face, and 
throat whitish streaked with dark brown, more narrowly on the two 
latter; chest pale rufous, the feathers margined with fulvous and 
broadly streaked down the centre with brown; rest of under surface 
bright rufous, with longitudinal central streaks of dark brown, very 
narrow on the thighs and under tail-coverts ; lower wing-coverts 
and axillaries dark brown, margined with deep rufous, the lowest 
ones greyish; cere yellow; bill horn-colour; feet yellow ; iris yellow. 
Total length 24 inches, culmen 1*8, wing 20*4, tail 15, tarsus 
2-2. 

Hal. Europe generally, breeding in Southern Scandinavia as far 
as 61° S". lat. llarer in Eastern Europe. 

a. Ad. sk. Great Britain. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Oaermarthenshire. Colonel Montagu [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. France. Baron Laugier de Chartrouse. 
d. c? jnv. sk. Thuringia* R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
e. Sternum. J. Ray, Esq. [P.]. 
/ . Sternum. Mr. Yarrell, 
g. Sternum. 
h. Skull. Mr. YarreU. 
t. Skull. Wiirtemberg. Dr. Giinther. 
2. IGlvus aegyptius. 
Arabian Kite, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 61 (1781). 
Falco segyptius, Gm. S. K i. p. 261 (1788, ex Forsh.); Bree, B. Bur. 


i. p. 105 (1866). 
Falco forskahli, Gm. S. iV. i. p. 261 (1788, ex Forsh). 
Le Parasite, Lemitt. Ok, d"Afr. i. p. 88, pi. 22 (1799). 
Falco parasitus, Baud. TraiU, ii. p. 150 (1800, ex Leuaitt,). 
Falco parasiticus, Lath. Lnd. Orn. Suppl. p. v (1801): Schl u. Susem. 
Vog. Bur. Taf. 31 (1839). 

58. MILVUS. 321 
Milvus aetolius, Savign. Syst. Ois. d'Fgypte, p. 260, pi. 3. fig. 1 
(1809). 
Milvus parasiticus, Less. TraiU,^. 71, pi. 14,fig.1 (1831); Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 21 (1850); Sartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 10 (1857) ; Frttsch, Vog. 
Fur. tab. 10. fig. 1 (1858)• Haril Faun. Madag. p. 19 (1861); 
Bayard, B. 8. Afr. p. 25 (18G7). 
Milvus segyptius, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. p. 44 (1848); Schl. Mus. 
P.-B. Milvi, p. 3 (i8G2); Newt. Ootk Wolley. p. 118 (1864) ; 
Loche, Fxpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. I p. 77 (1867) ; Schl.fy Boll. Faun. 
Madag., Ois. p. 44 (1868); Gray, Kand-l. B. i. p. 27 (1869); Blanf. 
Geol. §• Zool. Abyss, p. 300 (1870); Shelleij, B. Egypt, p. 196 (1872). 

Milvus leucorkynchus, L. Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 268. 

Milvus forskahii, StricH. Orn. Syn. p. 134 (1855); Heuql. Om. N.O.-
Afr. i. p. 98 (1869) ; Fmsch, Tr. Z. 8. vii. p. 203 (1870) ; id. u. 
Marti. Vog. Ostafr. p. 03 (1870); Gurney, in Aaderss. B. Dam. 
Ld. p. 22^(1872). 

Hydroictinia parasitica, A. Brehm, Illustr. Tliierl. iii. p. 493 (1866). 

Adult Above brown, the feathers very faintly paler-edged, the 
wing-coverts much lighter, the greater ones especially, with distinct 
blackish shaft-stripes; primaries brownish black, the secondaries 
paler brown, barred with dark brown on the inner web; under 
surface of wing pale brown, whitish near the base of the quills, 
barred with dark brown; tail brown, almost rufous brown, narrowly 
tipped with fulvous, with seven or eight more or less distinct cross 
bands of black; head and neck clear brown, very slightly inclining 
to rufous, with dark brown shaft-stripes; forehead, sides of the 
face, and throat greyish white, with narrow blackish shaft-streaks; 
under surface rufous brown, with narrow blackish shaft-stripes; 
the lower abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts clearer rufous, 
narrower and almost obsolete on the abdomen, thighs, and under 
tail-coverts; under wing-coverts rufous, with black shaft-stripes, 
some of the median ones shaded with blackish, the lower ones 
greyish, with blackish cross bars; cere and bill bright yellow; feet 
yellow; iris umber-brown. Total length 22'5 inches, culmen 1*8, 
wing 17*9, tail 11, tarsus 2*15. 

Young. Above glossy chocolate-brown, all the feathers tipped 
with ochre and streaked down the centre with black, the wing-
coverts more broadly tipped; crown rufous, shading into buff at 
the tips of the feathers, which are plainly streaked with black; 
under surface brown, the feathers very broadly ochre down the 
centre, shading into whitish on the abdomen; bill black. 

Hal. The whole of Africa and Madagascar, extending into Southeastern 
Europe^Greece, and Dalmatia. 

a, b. Ad. stc,d. Juv.sk.
e. Ad. st.
f. <S ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
A. $ vis ad. sk.
i. S ad. sk. 
Egypt. 
Egypt. 
Shoa. 
Ankober, Feb. 1842. 
Angollallah, Oct. 1842. 
Senate, Feb. 25,1868. 
Lake Ashangi, April 3,1868. 
W. B. D. Tumbull, Esq. [P.], 
Capt. Shelley '[P.]» 
Hon. E. I. Oo. [P.] 
Sir W. C. Harris [0.1 
Sir W. 0. Harris [C.j. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. fC.]. 
"W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C. 
k Ad. sk. River Niger. Dr. Baikie [P.]. 
VOL. I. Z 

32 2 FALCONIDJE. 
Z. Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk. 
South Africa. 
South Africa. 
Earl of Derby. 
South-African Museum. 
n> Ad. sk. Madagascar. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]* 

3. Milvus korschuiL 
Le Milan noir, Briss. Orn. i. p. 413 (1760)-Buff. Ft. Bnl i. pL 472. 
Accipiter korschun, Gm. N. Comm. Petrop. xv. p. 444 (1771). 
Austrian Kite, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 62 (1781). 
Eussian Kite, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 63 (1781). 
Falco migrans, JBodd. Tall PI Enl.y. 28 (1783). 
Falco austriacus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 262 (1788). 
Falco ater, Gm. S. N. i. p. 262 (1788); Werner', Atlas, Rapaces, 


pi. 24 (1827) ; ScM. u. Susem. Vog. Bur. Taf. 30. % . 2 (1839) j 

JBree, B. Bur. i. p. 101 (1866). 
MILYUS russicus, Baud. TraitS, ii. p. 148 (1800). 
Milvus castaneus, Baud. t. e. p. 148 (1800). 
Milvus austriacus, Band, t e. p. 149 (1800). 
Milvus ater, Baud, t c. p. 149 (1800) ; Sundev. SD. Fogl p. 236 

(1858) 5 Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 25 (1867). 
Falco fusco-ater, Meyer} in Mey. 21. Wolf. Tasehmh, deutschl Vogdfa. 

i. p. 27 (1810) ; Naum. Yog. Beutsehl I Taf. 81. tig. 2 (1822). 
Accipiter regalis, Pall Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 356 (1811). 
Milvus fuscus, Brehm, Vog. Beutsch. p. 53 (1831). 
Milvus niger, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. 4' N. Am. p. 4 (1838); Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 24 (1845); Bp. Comp. i. p. (1850) -FriUch, Tog. 
Bur. tab. 9. %. 2 (1858) 5 Loche, Bxpl. Sci AlgSr., Ois. i. p. 77 
(1867) ; Begl et Gerhe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 65 (1867); Sakad. Faun, 
Ita\ Ucc. p. 13 (1871). 

Hydroictinia ater, Kaup, Classif. Saug. u. Vog. p. 115 (1844). 
Milvus aatolius, ScM. Vog. Nederl pi. 32 (1854); id. Mus. P.-B. 
Milvi, 5. 2 (1862); Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. L p. 98 (1869). 
Milvus migrans, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 133 (1855); Newt. Ooth. WoMey. 

p. 116 (1864)$ Gray, Hand-L I p. 26 (1869); Blanf. Geol. Sf 
2ml. Ahyss. p. 300 (1870) 5 Finseh, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 203 (1870); 
id. n. HarU, Vog. Ostafr. p. 61 (1870)* Stdnh. P. Z. S. 1871, 
p. 341 j Neat. ed. Yarr. 1. p. 97 (1871) ; Shelley} B. Fgypt, p. 197 
(1872) j ScM. Berne Accipttr. p. 126 (1873). 
Adult Above dark brown, the median wing-coverts paler and 
more fulvous brown, with blackish shaft-stripes• quills dark brown, 
the secondaries rather lighter and paler on the inner web; under 
surface of the wing ashy brown, paler at base; tail dark brown, 
inclining to rufous brown at the tip, barred with very indistinct 
bands of dark brown, scarcely visible; head and throat all round 
whitish, the ear-coverts washed with brown, all the feathers narrowly 
but distinctly streaked with dark brown; rest of under 
surface rufous brown, inclining to clear rufous on the abdomen, the 
breast broadly streaked with dark brown, the abdomen, flanks, and 
under tail-coverts more narrowly; under wing-coverts dull brown, 
washed with rufous and streaked with dark brown, the lower ones 
ashy brown; cere and gape orange ; bill black, yellowish at base; 
feet yellow, claws black; iris pale greyish yellow, surrounded by a 
black line. Total length 22 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 18-1, tail 11, 

tarsus 2-2. 

58. MILVUS. 
323 
Hdb. The whole of Africa and Madagascar; Southern and "Western 
Europe; accidental in England, rarer in Germany, but occurring in 
Southern Scandinavia; South-eastern Europe, probably extending 
into Central Asia as far as Afghanistan. 

a. Ad. sk. Sweden. Baron Laugier de Ohartrouse. 
b. Ad. sk. Southern Ural. Dr. Strader [0.]. 
c. d. tf ad. sk. Plain of G-ennesaret. Canon Tristram [0.]. 
e. S ad. sk. Senafe\ May 28,1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.1 
/. <S juv. sk. Zoulla, Jan. 9,1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.J. 
g. 3 ad. sk. Angollallah. Sir W. C. Harris [0.]. 
h. Juv. sk, Senegal. M. L. Laglaize [0.1 
i9 k. Ad. sk. Mayo, Cape-Verdelslands. M. A. Bouvier [C. j , 
/. Skeleton. Zoological Society. 
m, n. Sterna. 
4. Milvus affinis. 
Milvus 
affinis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 140; id. $yn. B. Austr. 
pt. iii. (1838) j Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 24 (1845): Gould, B. Austr. 

l. pi. 21 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 21 (1850) j Schl. Mm. P.-B. 
Milvi, p. 3 (1862)• Gould, JSandb. B. Austr. i. p. 49 (1865); Schl. 
Vog. NederL Ind. Valhv. pp. 30, 67, pi. 20. fig. 1 (1866); JDiggl. 
Orn. Austr. pt. 1 (1866)• Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 13; Gray, JBCand-l. 

B. i. p. 27 (1869); Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 343,-Wald. Tr. Z. & viii. 
p. 36 (1871). 
Adult. Above blackish brown, the median wing-coverts much 
paler, with distinct black shaft-stripes; primaries blackish, the 
secondaries paler brown, especially on the inner web; under surface 
of4 the wing pale brown, inclining to ashy near the base; tail dark 
-brown, more ashy underneath, with remains of dark bars on the 
centre feathers; head a little paler brown, slightly washed with 
rufous, and distinctly streaked with blackish; lores and ear-coverts 
shaded with blackish; chin whitish, with distinct black shaft-
stripes ; under surface of body dull rufous brown, inclining to dusky 
on the chest and flanks, all the feathers distinctly but narrowly 
streaked along the shaft with black; under wing-coverts rufous 
brown, the least ones more decidedly rufous, with distinct blackish 
shaft-stripes, the lower ones ashy like the inner surface of the 
quills; cere yellow; bill blackish; feet yellow; iris brown. Total 
length 20 inches, culmen 1*55, wing 16*5, tail 10*7, tarsus 2*05. 

Young. Brown, all the feathers tipped with rufous; head and 
neck pale rufous, margined with brown; the black shaft-stripes 
everywhere very distinct; under surface distinctly striped, all the 
feathers pale rufous down the centre, margined on both sides with 
brown, with a narrow black shafVstripe; sides of the face rufous 
brown, feathers over the eye and upper margin of ear-coverts 
blacKsh. 

Hab. Australia and Malaisia, ranging as far north as Chusan; 
probably occurring in India. 

a, b. Ad. st.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Juv. st. 
Australia. 
Cape York. 
N.E. Australia. 
Lady Carington [P.]. 
J. Gould, Esq. [P.1 
Sir T. Mitchell [P.], 
z2 

324 S-ALCONID-fi. 
e. Ad. sfc.
/, jr. Ad. sk.
%, i. Ad. sk.
h. JUT. sk.
I. 2 Juv-sk-
tn. 2 ad-s&* 
N.E. Australia. 
N.W. Australia. 
Interior of S. Australia. 
Interior of S. Australia. 
Macassar, Celebes.
E - Timor. 
Sir T. Mitchell [P. \ 
J. E. Elsey, Esq. [P.]. 
Gapt. Start [C.]. 
Capt Start [C.J. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.7. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [O.J


5. MHvus melauotis. 
Milvus melanotis, Temm. et Sold. Faun* Jap. Aves, p. 14, pis. 5, OB 
f ? 1845) j (?r^, few. .5. i. p. 24 (1845); Blanf. J. A. S. B. 1872, 

p. 153. 
Milvus niger, Tar. melanotis, SckreriL, Reis. AmurL, Vog* p. 234 
(1860). 
MIITUS niger, Radde, Meis. Sibir., Tog. p. 135, Taf. 1. fig. 1 (18153); 
Homey. J.f. 0.1868, p. 252. 
Milvus major, Hmne. Rough Notes, ii. p. 326 (1870) ; Jercl Ibis, 1872> 

p. 312; Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 100 (1873), 
Milvus goTinda, Swinh. P. Z. S.1871, p. 341; 8chl Mm. R-3. Revue 
Accipitr. p. 126 (1873). 

Adult male. Above dark chocolate-brown, with, a slight purplish 
reflection, the head and neck inclining to rufous, and distinctly 
streaked down the centre with black; the wing-coverts a little paler 
brown, especially the median ones, the lesser series strongly washed 
with rufous, all with distinct black shaft-stripes ; greater coverts 
and quills dark brown, the secondaries paler brown, the primaries 
blackish, all the quills very distinctly white at the base of the inner 
web, which is sometimes slightly mottled with brown; tail rather 
pale brown, darker on the outer web of the external feathers, the 
centre feathers with a slight rufous tinge, and distinctly "barred 
with darker brown, these bars distinct on the inner web only of the 
other feathers; under surface of the tail whitish or brownish &shy7 
the bars more or less distinct; lores, forehead, and cheeks white, 
with narrow little black shaft-lines; ear-coverts dark brown, 
shading into black on their upper margin; throat white, tinged 
with rufous on the lower part, with distinct shaft-lines of dark 
brown; rest of under surface deep rufous brown, shading into 
clear rufous on the abdomen and under tail-coverts; chest a little 
darker, with broad central black streaks, on each side of which 
the feather is a little clearer rufous, giving rather a distinct striped 
appearance ; under wing-coverts dark brown, washed with rufous, 
the lower ones ashy brown, notched or barred with white on the 
inner web; cere pale greenish yellow; bill horn-black; feet dull 
yeEow, toes mingled dingy greenish and yellow ; iris reddish 
brown. Total length 25*5 inches, culnien 2, wing 21, tail 13-2, 
tarsus 2-5. 

Young. Bark brown, the scapulars and inner secondaries shading 
into ochraceous brown and buff at their tips; the head, neck, and 
wing-coverts thickly tipped with white; tail not very distinctly 
barred above or below; throat dull ochre; breast very dark brown, 
with very broad central streaks of cream-colour, slightly washed 
with rufous, the abdomen and under tail-coverts ochraceous buff; 

53. ^ILVTTS. 
325 
cere greyish white; bill black; feet bluish white; iris reddish 
brown *. 
Hob. Japan and China to Formosa ; Indian peninsula. 

«. Juv. st.
b. Jnv.sk. 
Japan. 
Formosa. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
e. Juv. sk.
f. Juv. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
h Act st.
i. Juv. sk.
A\ Juv. st.
I 2 ad. sk 
Fokien, China. 
Amoy. 
Chefoo, Sept. 6, 1873. 
Shanghai 
Grangoutra, Himalaya Mts. 
Nepaul. 
Nepaul. 
Behar. 
Godavery valley. 
J. Gould, Esq. [P.l 
B. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.l 
B. Swinhoe, Esq. [O.J. 
J. Webb, Esq. 
B, H. Hodgson, Esq. f PA 
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. LP.l 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [PA 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.], 

8. Milvas govindaf. 
Milvus govinda, 
Sylzes. P. Z. S. 1832, p. 81; Bp. Ctonsp. i. p. 21 
(1850) j 8chl Mus. P.-3. Milvi, p. 2 (1862) ; Jerd. B. Bid. i. 

p. 104 (1802) 5 Gray, Hand-l B. I. p. 26 (1869) ; JSume, Bough 
Notes, ii p. 320 (1870) j Soldsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 414,-Blanf. J 
A. 8. B. 1872, p. 43; Sume <§r Senders. Lahore to Yark. p. 176 
(1873) j Ball, Sir. F. i. p. 53 (1873). 
Milvus cheela, Jerd. 3£adr. Jaunt, x, p. 71 (1839) : Gray. Gen. B* 

p. 24 (1845). 
Milvus aler, JBFyth, Cat B. Mus. A. 8. B. p. 31 (1849). 
Adult male. Above brown, the head and neck slightly rufeseent, 
and very distinctly striped down the centre of each feather with 
black; scapulars and wing-coverts edged with buff, the latter with 
distinct black shaft-stripes, the median coverts rather paler brown; 
greater coverts and quills dark chocolate-brown, the inner secondaries 
paler, the primaries darker and more inclining to blackish 
brown, all the quills indistinctly white near the base, mottled with 
brown, the white only conspicuous on the primaries; tail-feathers 
brown, especially on the external web of the outermost, all tipped 
with bufty white, and rather distinctly barred with blackish; the 
under surface whitish on the inner web, more or less mottled and 
barred with brown; sides of the face whitish, with narrow brown 
shaft-streaks, the ear-coverts entirely brown on their upper margin; 
throat whitish, with brown shaft-stripes ; rest of under surface dull 
rufous brown, inclining to buff on the vent and under tail-coverts, 
all the breast-feathers paler and more fulvescent along each side of 
the shaft, which is dark brown, producing a somewhat striped 
appearance; under wing-coverts rufous brown, with dark brown 
centres to the feathers, the lower ones more ashy brown; cere and 
gape yellow; bill black or blackish horny; feet wax-yellow; iris 
yellowish brown. Total length 20 inches, culmen 1-8, wing 19*2, 
tail 13, tarsus 2-3. 

Young. Brown like the adult, but much more mottled, all the 

* Soft parts from two Japanese birds living in the Rotterdam G-ardens. 
j* Mr. A. Anderson has described a new species (Mzlvus palustris) from N.W-* 
India. The paper arrived too late to allow of its insertion bore, but it wiU b© 
noticed in the ' Addenda.' 

326 FALCOHIDJE. 

feathers of the tipper surface broadly tipped with whitish; the 
under surface deep rufous brown, all the feathers broadly streaked 
down the centre with cream-colour; the tail less distinctly barred 
above than the adult, but much more plainly and numerously underneath 
; cere greenish grey; feet very pale greenish grey; iris brown. 

Hah. Indian peninsula and the Himalayas. 

a. Juv. st. India. J. E. Eeeves, Esq. [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H Hodgson, Esq. [P.I. 
d. Juv. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. LP.[. 
e. Sternum. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
59. LOPHOICTINIA. Type. 
Lophoictinia, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 117 L. Isuia. 
Head of Lophoictinia isura* 
Range, Australia. 


1. Lophoictiaia isum 
Milvus isurus, Gould, P. Z. S.1887, p. 140; id. Syn. B. Amtr. pi HI 
(1838) j Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 24 (1845) ; Gould, B. Amtr. L pi. 22 
(1848) j Bp, Comp. L p. 21 (1850); Schl Mm. P.-B. Milvi, p. 4 
(1862) ; Gould, Hanoi). B. Amtr. i. p. 51 (1865) : Gray, Hand-l 

B. i p. 27 (1869). * 
Lophoictinia isura, Kaup, Im} 1847, p. 117. 
Milvus pacificus, BtricM. Orn. Syn. p. 135 (1855). 
Adult Above blackish brown, the median and greater coverts 
paler brown, slightly washed with rufous, dark brown in the centre 
of the feathers; primary coverts dark brown, banded with blackish; 
primaries dark brown, externally shaded with grey, the secondaries 
rather paler, all the feathers banded with black, the subterminal 
band very broad; lower surface of the wing ashy grey, white at the 
base of quills, distinctly banded with blacMsh; tail dark brown, 
shaded with ashy above and slightly tipped with whitish, banded 
with black, the subterminal bar broadest; head distinctly crested, 
dark rufous, streaked with black down the centre of the feathers; 
forehead, lores, fore part of cheeks, and throat whitish, with narrow 
blackish shaft-stripes; ear-coverts grey; under surface of the body 
rufous, the sides of the neck slightly shaded with grey, the chest 
thickly marked with broad black centres to the feathers, diminishing 

60 . ROSTHKAMUS. 
to narrow black shaft-stripes on the lower breast and abdomen, the 
flanks indistinctly barred near the base with brown; under tail-
coverts fulvous, washed with rufous; under wing-coverts rufous, 
with black shaft-stripes, the lower ones greyish; cere and base of 
bill greyish white, the tips of the latter blackish; feet greyish 
white; iris pale yelLow. Total length 19 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 
18-1, tail 10-3, tarsus 1-9. 

Young, Paler than the adult, the rufous colour nowhere so rich, 
and the black chest-markings almost wanting; no grey on cheeks or 
sides of neck. 

Hob. Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. Swan River, Australia. Purchased. 
b. Juv. st. Australia. 
Zoological Society. 
60. ROSTHRAMUS. 
Type. 
Rosthramus, Less. Traits, p. 55 (1831) R. sociabilis. 
Hamirostrum, Sundev. av. Tent, p. 108 (1873) R. sociabilis. 

Bill and foot of Rosthramus leucopygus. 

Range. Florida, Antilles, Gfuiana, Amazonia to Brazil and Peru. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Upper tail-coverts grey, like back. 
a'. Tail ^rey, with a broad black band at tip ... . sociabilis, p. 327. 
V. 
Tail grey, with white base, and three white 
bands across it taniwrus, p. 328. 
b. Upper and under tail-coverts white leucqpygus, p. 328. 
1. Rosthramus sociabilis. 
Gavilan del estero sociabile, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 84 (1802); Hartl. 

Ind. Azara, p. 2 (1847). t 
Herpetotheres sociabilis, Vieill. Ni Diet, xviii. p. 318 (ex Asara). 
Falco hamatus, Bliger, in Temm. PI. Col. i. pis. 61,231 (1823); Max. 

JBeitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 182 (1830). 
Buteo hamatus, Bonn, et Vieill Em. MHh. iii. p. 1223 (1823). 
Cymindis hamatus, Vigors, Zool Journ. i. p. 337 (1824). 

328 
FALCOyiDJE. 

Rosthramus niger, Less. Traite, p. 56 (1831). 
Rosthranius hauiatus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 25 (1845); Bp. Consp. i. 


p. 20 (1850) ; Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Gmmi. iii. p. '736 (1848). 
Roslhranms sociabilis, SlricH. Orn. Syn. p. 1*36 (1855) ; Scl. 4* Salv. 
Nomencl. p. 121 (1873). 
Ibycter sociabilis3 Schl. Mus. P.~B. Polybori, p. 7 (1862); id, Revue7 

p. 138 (1873). 
Adult. Entirely bluish slate-eolour, the bead, neck, and underparts 
rather inclining to leaden grey; secondaries as well as primaries 
and their coverts blackish, with a very slight gloss of greenish; 
tail grey, with a broad terminal band of black; cere, lores, angle of 
mouth, and bare part of lower mandible intense orange-yellow; iris 
blood-red. Total length 13*5 inches, cnlmen 1*8, wing 11*7, tail 
5'5, tarsus 2, middle toe 1*35. (Mus. Lugd.) 

Young male. Very similar to that of R. leucopygus, and having 
the base of tail-feathers and upper tail-coverts whitish, and the tips 
of the tail ashy brown. It is smaller, however, than that species: 
wing 12*5 inches, tail 6*8, tarsus 1-8. (Mus. Lugd.) 

A young female in the Leiden Museum had the wing 12, tail 6*1, 
tarsus 1*9. 
Hab. Eastern Brazil northwards to Ghiiana. 

2. Rosthramus teutons. < 
Rosthranius 
taeniurus, Cab. J. f. O. 1854, p. Ixxx* Scl. 8? Sab. 
Komencl p. 121 (1873). 

Similar to R. sociabilis, having a dark rump, with a white base 
to the tail and three bands across the latter, two basal and one 
median. Total length 15 inches, culmen 1*85, wing 11*6, tail 6-6, 
tarsus 1*95. (Mus. BeroL) 

Sab. Para. 

I regret that when in Berlin I did not more fully describe the 
type, from which, however, the measurements are taken. I fancied 
at the time that it was not distinct from one of the other two 
species; but I have not been able to reconcile it with either of them. 
The species of Rostlwamus are not well known, and their characters 
and geographical distribution still require working out with a good 
series. 

3. Rosthramus lencopygtts. ^ "' -* 
Cymindis leucopygus, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 7, pi. 2 (1824). 
Rosthramus sociabilis, D'Orb. Voy. Amir. M&rid., Ois. p. 73 (1847); 
COBS. B. Calif. 8? Texas, p. 107 (1855) ; id. in Baird, B. N. Am. 

p. 38 (1860) * Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 27 (1869): Cmws, Key N. Am. 
B. p. 211 (1872); Maynard, B. Florida, pL 1 (1872). 
Rosthramus hainatus, Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 46 (1856); id. La Plata 
Reise, ii. p. 435 (1861): LM. Ois. Trinid. p. 31 (1866): Peh. Orn. 
Bras. pp. 6, 398 (1871). 

Ibycter leucopygus, Schl Mus. P.-B. Polybori, p. 8 (1862) * id. Revue, 

p. 138 (1873). 
Eosthramus leucopygus, Scl fy Salv. Nommcl p. 121 (1873). 
Adult Entirely slaty black, with a slight brownish shade on the 
wings and scapulars; tipper and under tail-coverts and base of tail 


61 . IEPTODON. 329 
white; rest of tail black, tipped with white, before which a subterminal 
bar of ashy brown; cere and orbits bright yellow; bill entirely 
black; feet deep yellow, claws black. Total length 18 inches, culmen 
1*5, wing 14*1, tail 8, tarsus 1*95. 

Young. Above dark brown, the wing-coverts margined and externally 
spotted with rufous; forehead, eyebrow, and cheeks whitish, 
narrowly streaked with dark brown; crown slightly varied with 
rufous; hinder part of ear-coverts and sides of neck dark brown, 
the latter feathers margined with white, and looking as if streaked; 
quills dark brown, barred with black, the secondaries tipped with 
pale rufous, inner surface of quills white at the base, with more or 
less irregular bars of dark brown; rump, upper tail-coverts, and 
base of tail white * rest of tail dark brown, paler and more ashy 
underneath, tipped with pale brown; under surface of body whitish, 
the throat narrowly, the breast very broadly streaked with dark 
brown, the sides of chest and flanks entirely brown, scarcely at all 
varied with white; under wing-coverts and axillaries dark brown, 
margined and barred with rufous. 

Ohs. On comparing adults of B. leucojpygus with B. sociahilis in 
the Leiden Museum, I noted that the former is a much larger and 
blacker bird, and is further distinguished by having the base of tail 
and the terminal band on the same, as well as the upper and under 
tail-coverts, white. Young birds measured as follows:— $ (no. 1 
of Sehlegel's Cat.), wing 13*6 inches, tail 7*9, tarsus 1*85; J (no« 2 
of Cat.), wing 14, tail 8, tarsus 1*9. 

Hab. Florida and Antilles* Guiana; Columbia; Amazonia and 
Brazil. 

a. Jitv. st. British Guiana. Sir E. Schomburgk [P.]. 
b. Juv. sk. Demerara. H. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
c. Juv. st. Bogota. Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased. 
e. Juv. sk. Pebas; Aug. 28,1872. J. Hauxwell, Esq. [C.]. 
/ . Juv. sk. Venezuela. Purchased. 
g. Ad. sk. S. America. Purchased. 
61. LEPTODOK 
Cymindis, Cuv. Begne An. i. p. 319 (1817, nee Latr. Type. 

1806) * C. cayennensis. 

Leptodon, Sundev. K Vet. Ahad. Kandl. 1835; p. 114 C. cayennensis. 

Odontriorchis, Kaup} Classif. Sdug. u. Vdg. p. 124.. C. cayennensis. 

Eegerhinus, Kaup, Mm. Senck. iii. p. 262 (1846) .. C. uncinatus. 

Head of Leptodon uncinatus. 

330 tfAJMOOTXEi. 

Mange. From Central America throughout Guiana and Columbia 
to Southern Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru. 

Key to the Sjoeeies. 

a. Chest uniform. 
a'. Chest blackish brown. 
a". Larger; cnlmen 2*5 inches ..... . megarhynchus var., p. 332. 
b". Smaller; culmen 1-55-1-65 inch .. uneinatus var., p. 330. 
b'. Chest uniform blue uneinatus ad., p. 330. 
c'. Chest pure or buffy -white, or white 
washed with greyish. 
e". Hinder neck blue-grey, like head., cayemmisis ad., p. 333. 
d". "Hinder neck pure white. 

a"'. Forehead brown, like the crown tmcinatm juv., p. 330. 
b"\ Forehead white, crown of head 
brown cayennensis imm., p. 333. 

b. Chest particoloured. 
d'. Under surface white, longitudinally 
streaked with dark brown cayennensis juv., p. 333. 
e'. Under surface white, transversely 
crossed with irregular narrow bars 
of brown. 

e'\ Bill black uneinatus juv,, p. 330. 
f". Bill yellowish wilsomjxrv., p. 333. 
/' . Under surface chestnut, with white or 
fulvous cross bars uneinatus imm., p. 330. 


<f. Under surface white, with blue-grey 
cross bands. 
g". Bill yellowish wikoni ad., p. 333. 
h". Bill black. 


c"'. Larger; culmen 2*5 inches ... . megarhynchus ad., p. 332. 
d!n. Smaller; culmen 1*55-1*65 inch uneinatus ad., p. 330. 
k\ Under surface blue, with a few narrow 

white cross bars. 
$'. Larger; bill longer (vide supra) .. megarhynchus ad., p. 332. * 
k". Smaller; bill shorter (vide supra) . uneinatus ad., p. 330. 

1. Leptodon~imeimtus,//C 
Falco uneinatus, Temm. PI Col 103,104, J05 (1824, ex Mlig.). 
Falco vitticaudus, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 178 (1830). 
Cymindis uneinatus, Less, Man. d? Orn. i. p. 91 (1828); Gray, Gen. 


B. i p. 25, pi. 9. fig. 7 (1845); Bp. Consp. i. p. 21 (1850) ; JBurm. 
Th, Bras. ii. p. 108 (1856); Zeot. Ois. Trinid. p. 36 (1866); Gray, 
Mand-l B. L p. 136 (1869); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 5, 398 (1871); 
SchL Berne, p. 136 (1873); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 419; 86k $ 
Sab. Womencl p. 122 (1873). 
Cymindis cuculoides, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 209 (1837). 
RegerMnus uneinatus, Kaup, Mm. Senchenb. iii p. 262 (1845); Cab. 

m Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 736 (1848). 
Eosthramus uneinatus, Strtckl. Orn. Syn. p. 136 (1855). 
Cymindis pueherani, IAot. Ois. Trinid. p. 40 (1866); Gray, Mand-L 

B. i p. 25 (1869); Mrnch, P. Z. S.1870, p. 557. 
Cymindis boliviensis, Burm. P. Z. S.1868, p. 635; Gray. Hand-l B. 
i ? . 28 (1869). 
Cymmdis vitticaudus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 6, 398 (1871). 


61 . LEPTODON-. 331 
Young. Above brown, the dorsal feathers and wing-coverts margined 
with pale rufous, the upper tail-eoverts broadly barred and 
tipped with buff; quills dark brown, with rufous-buff tips, the primaries 
barred with dark brown above, the secondaries more or less 
distinctly barred with rufous or rufous buff; the under surface of 
the wing ashy brown, barred with darker brown, the bases of the 
feathers creamy buff, washed with rufous near the tips; tail ashy 
brown, tipped with whitish, barred across with dark brown bars, 
the interspaces on the inner web creamy buff, more or less mottled 
with brown above, at the base barred above and below with creamy 
buff, like the upper tail-coverts; crown of the head dark brown, 
with no pale margins; sides of the face and a collar round the neck 
white, slightly spotted with pale brown, the ear-coverts inclining to 
bluish grey; under surface of body white, the throat indistinctly 
spotted, and the breast narrowly barred with pale brown, the bars 
almost linear on the under tail-coverts, those on the thigh-feathers 
broader and more rufous ,* under wing-coverts and axillaries white, 
barred with pale rufous. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1*65, 
wing 10*4, tail 8*6, tarsus 1*45. 

Another specimen, still quite young, agrees with the foregoing in 
the coloration of the wings and tail, but has the edgings to the 
feathers of the upper surface very much broader, and a broad white 
tip to the tail; the sides of the face and collar round the neck are 
creamy white, without any brown spots; the under surface of the 
body is also more tree from spots, with here and there a feather appearing 
broadly barred with tawny rufous, indicative of the next 
change in the plumage. 

Mature. Altogether different from the preceding stage. Above 
leaden brown, the head more slaty, the sides of the face and chin 
clear slaty blue; round the neck a rufous collar; quills brown, with 
narrow apical margins of pale rufous or buffy white, the outer secondaries 
rufous for nearly their whole extent, the under surface of the 
wing greyish, creamy white near the base, all the quills barred 
above and below with blackish brown; tail ashy grey, crossed by 
two very broad bars of black, tipped with creamy white, before 
which an indistinct subterminal line of ashy grey is visible, some of 
the outer upper tail-coverts and base of tail slightly mottled with 
whitish; under surface of body tawny rufous, crossed with broad 
bars of ochraceous buff, the under wing-coverts similarly marked, 
the lower ones ochraceous buff, with greyish black cross bars. 

The next change seems to be in the under surface, where the 
ochre-coloured bars become quite white, and whitish bars appear on 
the grey throat. Prom this stage (to judge by our specimens) it 
changes by a partial moult, and by a gradual change of feather at 
the same time; for the bars on the breast lose by degrees their rufous 
tint and become grey, while the back also becomes slaty grey instead 
of brown; the nuchal collar gradually disappears. This gradual 
development seems to be satisfactorily traced, with the exception of 
the tail, which, instead of agreeing with that of the rufous or 
" mature " stage, has four rather narrow black bars, like the young 

332 FALC0NTD2E. 

specimen first described. This can only be accounted for by the 
fact that Hawks have really no fixed laws of change in plumage, 
and that it is impossible for any one to define exactly the regular 
sequence of the variations. Isfo two birds are exactly alike; for one 
has the head more advanced, another the tail, and vice versa. Thus 
the bird last noticed as donning his grey dress is very far advanced 
as regards his body-plumage, but has not moulted his tail, whereas 
those in the rufous dress are not so forward in their body-plumage, 
but have already the tail of the adult (one being in the act of 
moulting). 

Adult female. Slaty blue above and below; no trace of a nuchal 
collar; under surface narrowly but irregularly barred with white, 
the under tail-coverts clear buff; under wing-coverts grey, thickly 
barred with bufiy white; quills blackish, shaded with slaty grey 
above, the secondaries entirely of this colour, the under surface 
greyish white, with black bars and tips, less conspicuous on the 
upper surface; tail alternately crossed with two bands of black 
above, with a broad intermediate band of ashy grey between, narrowly 
tipped with ashy grey, barred with ochraceous buff and black 
below, the bars very broad. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1*6, 
wing 11*7, tail 7*5, tarsus 1*4. 

Adult male. A little smaller than the female. Total length 16 
inches, culmen 1*55, wing 11, tail 7*5, tarsus 1*4. 

Hab. Central America, Guiana, Amazonia, Brazil, and Bolivia. 

a. <$ ad. st.
b. Juv. st.
e. Yar. st. 
S. America. 
S. America. 
S. America. 
Dr. Gray [P.], 
Dr. Gray [P.]. 
Purchased. 
d, e. Juv. sk. S. America. 
/. Ad. st.
g. Imm. st.
h. Ad. sk.
i Ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
I Ad. sk. 
Brazil. 
S. America. 
Para. 
Bahia. 
Demerara. 
Trinidad. 
Purchased. 
Dr. Lidth de Jeude. 
P . Graham, Esq. [P.]. 
Dr. Wucherer [C.j. 
P. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
m. Skeleton. Yenezuela. Purchased. 

2. Leptodon megarhynchus. 
Begerhinus megarhynchus, Des Mur$, in Castehi. Votj. Zool., Ois. p. 9, 
pi. 1 (1855). 
Cymindis megarhynchus, Gray, JBCand-l. B. i. p. 28 (1869); ScL & 
Safo. Nomencl p. 122 (1878). 

Nearly adult. Above slaty blue, clearer on the head and darker on 
the back; wing-coverts brown, margined with deep ochre (evidently 
remains of young plumage); quills brown, shaded externally with 
ashy, the secondaries clearer brown with rufous-white tips; under 
surface of wings white at base, greyish white for the apical half, all 
the quills barred above and below with dark brown; lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts blackish brown, the latter barred near 
the base and tipped with white; tail alternately banded with black 
and ashy brown, and tipped with white, the black bands being much 
the broadest, and between them and the ashy brown bands a faint 

61 . LEPTODOF. 333 
indication of a white line; throat slatj blue, like the sides of the 
face; rest of the under surface slaty blue, banded narrowly with 
white; under wing- and tail-coverts white, with only a few nearly 
obsolete indications of narrow brownish cross bars; bill dark horn-
black, yellowish on under mandible; feet deep yellow, nails black. 
Total length 19 inches, oilmen 2'5, wing 12-3, tail 9-2, tarsus 1-6. 

Hub. Peru and Bolivia. 

a. Ad. sk. Peru. Prof. Macdonald [P.]. 
3. Leptodon wilsoni. 
Cymindis wilsonii, Cass. Joarn. Ac. Philad. 4to, i. p. 21, pi. 7 (1847); 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 21 (1850) : Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 28 (1869) ; Scl 
<$• Sah\ Komencl p. 122 (1873). 

Eegerhinus wilsonii, Kavp, Arch. f. Naiurg. 1850, p. 4.0: Gundl. J. 

f. 0. 1872, p. 360. 
Hegerhinus uncinatus, Cab. J.f. 0. 1854, p. lxxx. 
Male. Body above entirely dark brown, paler on the head; beneath 
white, every feather from the chin to the under tail-coverts 
crossed by several bars of bright rufous, and these colours extending 
upwaids into a collar around the neck ; 4th, 5th, and 6th primaries 
longest and nearly equal, external webs nearly black, internal webs 
of outer primaries white at base, and for nearly half their length, remaining 
part reddish inclining to chestnut, every primary (on its 
inner web) having two irregularly shaped black marks, and tipped 
with black. Tail of the same colour as the back, but paler, white 
at base, and crossed by about four broad bars, which are nearly 
black, the second bar from the tip accompanied by a narrow, rather 
indistinct bar of rufous; tip of tail narrowly edged with white. 
Bill very large, larger than that of any other species of this genus, 
yellowish white, inclining to bluish horn-colour at base. Total 
length 17 inches. (Gassin, I. c.) 

Female, Body above entirely light bluish ash-colour, paler on the 
head, beneath barred with the same, the bars having a ferruginous 
tinge. (Cassin, I. e.) 

Eab. Cuba. # 

4. Leptodon cayennensis. 
Cayenne Osprey, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 47 (1781). 

Petit Autour de Cayenne, Buff. PL Bnl i. pi. 473. 

Falco cayennensis. Gm. S. K I p. 263 (1788): Temm. PI. Col. i. 

pi. 270 (1824). 
Falco palliatus, Max. in Temm. PI Col i. pi. 204 (1823) ; id. Beitr. 
Naturg. Bras, iii. p. 148 (1830). 
Cymindis cayennensis, Cuv. Begne An. i. p. 319 (1817) ; Gray, Gen. 

B. i. p. 25 (1845); Bp. Consp. i. p. 20 (1850); Strickl Orn. Syn. 
p. 128 (1855); Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 107 (1856); Schl Mus. P-B. 
Pernes, p. 9 (1862); LSot Ois. Trinid. p. 34 (1866); Gray, Hand-l 
i. p. 27 (1869); Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 5, 398 (1871); Scl $ Sab. 
Mmencl p. 122 (1873) ; Schl Revue Accipitr. p. 136 (1873). 
Asturina cyanopns, Bonn, et Vieill. JEJnc. Meth. iii. p. 1261 (1823). 
Astur cayennensis, Spice, Av. Bras. i. pi. 8 c (1824). 
Buteo palliatus, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 103 (1828). 

334 PALCO^XD^. 

Buteo cayennensis, Less. Man. c^Orn. i. p. 103 (1828). 
Cyniindis buteonides, Less. TraiU, p. 55 (1831). 
Odontriorchis cayennensis, Kaup, Clussif. Saug. «. Yog. p. 124 (1844); 


Cab. in Schomb. JReis. Guian. hi. p. 736 (1848). 
Young. Above brown, all the feathers margined with pale rufous 
brown, the sides of the face and neck much paler and slightly inclining 
to rufous, the nape mixed with white* quills brown, banded 
with black, the bars on the secondaries narrower and nearly obsolete, 
these latter tipped with pale rufous; under surface of wing 
greyish, barred with brown; upper tail-coverts dark brown, banded 
with pale rufous, the lateral ones white at the base, and banded 
also with white; tail pale brown, tipped with whity brown, crossed 
by four black bars, one basal and very narrow; under surface of 
body white, streaked with long shaft-stripes of dark brown, larger 
on the sides of the breast, and forming a broad mesial streak down 
the throat, as well as a clearly defined moustachial streak along the 
lower cheek-line; under wing-coverts white, slightly washed with 
rufous, especially on the outer margin. 
Intermediate stage. This is very different from the young plumage, 
and seems to be attained by a partial, if not complete, moult. 
Upper surface dark brown, a few of the wing-coverts and the inner 
secondaries margined with pale buff or rufous, the latter more 
broadly; entire head and neck all round as well as the whole of the 
underparts pure white (in the specimen described a few brown 
feathers remaining on the crown and behind the eye); quills and 
tail-feathers as in the young. 
Erom this stage the fully adult dress is gained bj a partial moult; 
but the grey shade on the head and neck appears to be the result of 
a change in the feather itself. 
Adult female. Above glossy black, with a very slight greenish 
shade in some lights; quills slaty grey, conspicuously banded with 
black, the under surface of wing paler, white at base, ashy towards 
the apical half, broadly banded with black; upper tail-coverts black, 
barred with ashy grey; tail black, with three bands of ashy grey, 
and narrowly tipped with the same* head slaty grey, a little lighter 
on the sides of the face; entire under surface white; under wing-
coverts black, the lower ones ashy grey, those on the lower part of 
the bend of the wing white; bill horn-black; feet yellow, claws 
horn-brown. Total length 24*5 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 14*5, tail 
10*5, tarsus 1*8. 
Adult male. Similar to the female, but smaller. Total length 
18 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 13, tail 9, tarsus 1*6. 
Hal. Central America; Guiana; Amazonia ; Brazil. 

a. $ ad. sk. South America. Purchased. 
b. <$ ad. sk. South America. Purchased. 
c. d. Juv. st. South America. Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk.
/. Juv. st.
g. Juv. sk.
h. Juv. st.
*. Juv, sk 
Para. 
Caracas. 
Demerara. 
West Indies [?]. 
Honduras. 
K. Graham, Esq. [P.]. 
Mr. Dyson [C.]. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.1 
G. Whitely, Esq. [C.]. 

335 

62. GYPOICTIKIA. 
62. GYPOICTINIA. Type 
Gypoictinia, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 61 G. melanosterna. 

Tarsus of G. melanosterna, from a sketch by Dr. Dubois. 

Mange. Southern and Western Australia. 

1. (jypoictMa melanosterna. 
Buteo melanosternon, Gould, P. Z. S, 1840, p. 162; id. B. of Austr. 
i. pi. 20 (1848); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 12 (1849); Btrickl Orn. Syn. 
p. 34 (1855); Gray, BLand-l B. i. p. 7 (1869) ; Biggies, Orn. Austr. 
pt. 21 (1870). 
Gypoictinia melanosternon, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 61; Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 19 (1850); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i p. 47 (1865). 
Gypoictinia leucosternon, Kaup, Arch. f. Naturg. 1850, p, 33. 
Male. Above blackish, browner on the scapulars, lower back, and 
rump, the latter parts washed with rufous, some of the feathers 
lighter-edged; smaller wing-coverts ashy grey, each feather blackish 
in the centre, the rest of the win^-coverts black, the inner ones 
washed with rufous; quills black, the secondaries ashy grey towards 
their tips, primaries externally ashy white at base, the outer ones 
shaded with grey; primaries underneath white at base, black towards 
the tip, the secondaries greyish below; upper tail-coverts black, 
outer ones washed with rufous; tail ashy grey above, paler below, 
and inclining to white near the base; head crested, the fore part of 
crown black, the hinder part and the nape, as well as the sides of 
the neck, tawny rufous, some of the feathers black in the centre, 
producing a striped appearance; cheeks, ear-coverts, and entire 
under surface black, some of the flanks and abdominal feathers inclining 
to ashy; thighs and under tail-coverts rufous, with black 
shaft-lines; under wing-coverts blackish, the small ones varied with 
white, and some washed*with rufous.^ Total length 24 inches, culmen 
245, wing 19, tail 8*5, tsfrsus 2*65, middle toe 1*95. (Jim. 
Lugd.) 

336 
FALCOKIB^. 

63. ELA1TOS. 
Elanns, Sav. Sgst. Ois. aVEgypte, p. 274 (1809) E. e&mdeus. 
Leg of Elanvs carulevs, to show extent of tars \l feathering. 

Range. The whole of Africa, including the countries borderirg the 
African side of the Mediterranean; Indian peninsula ; Indo-Makyan 
islands, Celebes, and Australia; Southern States of Xorth America 
and the whole of Central and Southern America. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Axillaries white. 
a'. Under wing-coverts pure white, with no black 
patch. 
a". Inner lining of wing entirely dark grey ccemhm, p. 336. 
b". Inner webs of quills white towards base hypoleuctib, p. 338. 

b\ Under wing-coverts with a distinct patch of 
black near outer margin of wing. 


c". Black patch on under wing-coverts very large, 
the greater series dark ashy grey, like the 
wing-lining axillaris, p. 338. 

d". 
Black patcfi on under wing-cov erts less and 
confined to a small patch on the outermost 
greater coverts; the rest of this series white, 
slightly tinged with grey leucm-us, p. 339. 

b. Axillaries and a broad bar across the under wing-
coverts black scriptm, p. 340. 
1. Elanus csernleus. 
La petite Buse criarde, Sown. Voy. Ind. ii. n. 184 (1782). 
Falco cseruleus, Desf. Mem. Acad. JR. des Sciences, 1787, p. 503, pi. 15. 
Criard Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 38 (1787). 
Falco voeiferus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 46 (1790). 
Le Blac, Levaitt. Ois. cCAfr. i. p. 147, pis. 36, 37 (1799); Sundew 


JSrit om Levaill p. 27 (1858). 
Falco melanopterus, Baud. Traits, ii. p. 152 (1800); Schl. u. Susem. 

Yog. Eur. Tat 32 (1889); Bree, B, Bur. L p. 108 (1866). 
Falco clamosus, Shaw, @en. Zool vii p. 200 (1809). 
Elarms csesius, Savign. St/st Ois. tfEgypte, p. 274 (1809). 

63. ELANUS. 337 
Elanus melanopterus, Leach, Zool. Misc. p. 5, pi 122 (1817); Gould, 

B. Eur. i. pi. 31 (1837); Gray, Gen.B. i. p. 26 (1845); Bp. Consp. 
i. p. 22 (1850) : Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 11 (1857) j Fritseh, Tog. 
Eur. tab. 9.fig.4 (1858)• Schl. Mus. R~B. Muvi,p. 6 (1862); Jerd. 
B. Bid. i. p. 112 (1862); Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 2Q (1867) j Heugf. 
Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 100 (1869) j Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 570; 
Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 28 (1869) j Hume, Bough Notes, h. p. 21 
(1870) 5 Finsch u. Hartl Tog. Ostafr. p. 65 (1870) • Hume, Sir. F. 
I pp. 21,163 (1873); Schl. Berne Accipitr. p. 180 (1873). 
Elanoides cassius, Bonn, et Vieill Enc. Meth. hi. p. 1206 (1823). 
Buteo vociferus, Bonn, et Vieill Em. Meth. iii. p. 1220 (1823). 
Elanus minor, Bp. Consp. i. p, 22 (1850); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 28 

(1869). 

Elanus caeruleus, Strichl Orn. Syn. p. 137 (1855)• Loche, Expl Set. 
Alger., Ois. i. p. 80 (1867); JDegl et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 68 (1867); 
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 198 (1872) j Gumey, in Anderss. B. JDa?n. Ld, 

p. 20 (1872). 
Adult. Above ashy grey, lighter on the bead; forehead and a 
rather ^distinct eyebrow, lores, and sides of face white, the ear-coverts 
washed with ashy grey; feathers round the eye and eyelashes black; 
lesser and median wing-coverts and a little patch on the outer edge 
of the wing black, greater coverts ashy grey; primary coverts and 
quills ashy grey above and below, the latter white at the base, shafts 
black, smaller quills paler^ and inner secondaries darker, like the 
back; tail ashy white, the two centre feathers more ashy grey; 
under surface of body pure white, including the under wing-coverts 
and axillaries; cere, orbits, and feet yellow; bill black; iris carmine. 
Total length 13*2 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 10*6, tail 
5-6, tarsus 1*4. 
Young. Ashy brown, with broad buffy white tips to the feathers; 
tail also ashy brown, whiter on the inner web; wing-coverts black, 
as in adult, with indistinct buffy white tips; forehead and eyebrow 
white, with narrow rufous-brown streaks ; sides of face ana under 
parts silky white, the sides of the breast washed with rufous, narrow 
streaks of which also appear down the centre of the breast and on 
the flanks ; iris light brown. 
Hah. The whole of Africa, including the northern countries bordering 
the Mediterranean; South-eastern Europe: Indian peninsula, 

and Ceylon. 
a, b. Ad. st.
c. Ad. st.
d. Ad. sk.
e. Juv. sk.
/ . Ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
/ . Ad. sk.
h. Ad. st.
i. c? ad. sk.
Jc. Ad. sk.
I Ad. sk. 
• 
Egypt. 
Egypk 
Egypt. 
R. Gambia. 
R. Gambia. 
Accra. 
River Quanza. 
Zambesi. 
Transvaal. 
Transvaal. 
Natal. ^ 
W. B. D. Turnbull, Esq. [P.]. 
John Bowring, Esq. [P.J. 
Oapt. Shelley [P.]. 
Governor Rendalf [P.]. 
Purchased. 
^apt. Shelley [P.]. 
J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [0.]. 
Dr. Kirk [C.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
A. Eoresman, Esq.[J?.]. 
Purchased. 
m. (S pull. st.
n. Pull. st. 
Elephant River. 
South Africa. 
M. Verreaux [0.1 
Sir A. Smith [C.J. 
o. Ad. sk. South Africa. Earl of Derby [P.]. 
VOL. i. 2 k 

338 
FALCONIDJE. 

p. Ad. sk. South Africa. J. Bocke, Esq. [P.]. 
q, r. Ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
s. Skeleton. Purchased. 
t Skeleton. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l. 
u. Sternum. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
2. Elanus hypoleucus. 
Falco melanopterus, Horsf. Tr. Linn. &><?. xiii. p. 137 (1822). 

Elanus hypoleucus, 
Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 127; id. B. Asia, pt. xii. 
(1860) ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 17; Gray, Hand-l I. p. 28 (1869) ; 
Wald. Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 36 (1872); Schl. Mm. R-B. JReuue Accipitr. 

p. 130 (1873). 
Elanus intermedins, Schl. Mm. R-B. Milvi, p. 7 (1862); id. Vog. 
Nederl Ind. pp. 81, 68, pi. 24. figs. 2, 3 (1866); Gray, Hand-l. I. 


p. 28 (1809). 
Female, not quite adult (type of species). Above ashy grey, the 
scapulars and quills plainly tipped with white, and washed with 
rusty brown, especially on the interscapular}7 region ; crown white, 
the hinder part inclining to ashy grey, plainly streaked with rusty 
brown ; wing ashy grey, the primaries darker, all the quills, as well 
as the coverts, tipped with white, the lesser and median coverts 
black, forming a conspicuous shoulder-patch; tail white, shaded 
with ashy towards the tip, the two centre feathers entirely ashy 
grey; under surface of body entirely white, including the under 
wing-coverts; under surface of quills deep ashy grey towards the 
tip, whitish at base; cere yellow; bill black; feet yellow; iris 
red. Total length 14*5 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 12, tail 6-2, 
tarsus 1*5. 

Hah. Philippine Islands, Java, Borneo, Celebes. 

a. 
J vix ad. sk. Makassar. A. B. "Wallace, Esq. [C.]. Type 
of species. 
b. Ad. sk. Java. J. Inskipp, Esq. 
c. Ad. sk. Java. Hon. E.-India Co. [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Philippines. W. B. Pryer, Esq. [P.]. 
e. Skeleton. 
Purchased. 
3. Elanus axillaris. 
Axillary Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl ii. p. 43 (1801). 
Falco axillaris, Lath. Ind. Orn. SuppL i. p. IX (1801). 
Circus axillaris, Wzeill. & Diet d'Hist Mat iv. p. 453 (1816). 
Elanus melanopterus. Vig. Sf Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soe. xv. p. 185 


(1827). 
Elanus notatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 141; id. Syn. B. Austr. pt. 4 
(1838). 
Elanus axillaris, Gray, Arm. Ni H. xi. p. 189 (1843) ; id. Gen. B. i. 

p. 26, pi. 9. e.g. 5 (1845); Gould, B. Austr. i. pL 23 (1848); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 22 (1850); Strichl Orn. Syn. p. 139 (1855) ; Schl Mm. 
R-B. Milvi, p. 8 (1862); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 53 (1865); 
JDiqql. Orn. Austr. pt. iii. (1866) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 28 
(1869). 
Adult. Above light silvery grey, the tail whitish ashy, and the 

63. ELANUS. 339 
wing-coverts black, as in the other species; quills grey, much 
darker, almost blackish below; fore part of the head, eyebrow, sides 
of the face, and entire underparts pure white ; feathers round the 
eye black, especially in front of it; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
pure white, excepting the outer lower coverts, which are 
black, the lowest shading into greyish black; cere pale yellow; bill 
black ; feet pale yellow; iris reddish orange. Total length 13 inches, 
culmen 1, wing 11-5, tail 6*2, tarsus 1*45. 

Young. Similar to the adult, but more ashy brown, and having 
the feathers of the back, as well as the quills and tail, tipped with 
white ; fore part of head and a broad eyebrow white, with narrow 
dusky brown shaft-streaks; under surface white, streaked with 
rufous brown, the sides of the breast rather rufescent. 

Hah. Australia. 
a. Ad. sk. 
b. Juv. st. 
c. Ad. sk. 
S. Australia. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Sir George Grey [P.]. 
Lady Carington [P.l. 
Lady Carington [P.J, 
d. Ad. sk. 
e. Ad. sk. 
Port Albany. 
Interior of Australia. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 
/ . Juv. sk. Queensland. Purchased. 
g. Ad. sk. Moreton Bay. J. Goxild; Esq. [P.]. 

4. Elanus leucurus. 
Alcon bianco, Amra} Apunt i. p. 165 (1802) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 3 
(1848). 
Milvus leucurus, Vieill N. Bid. d'Hist. Nat. xx. p. 563(1818); JD'Orb. 

Voy. AmSr. MSrid., Ois. p. 98 (1847). 
Elanoides leucurus, Bom. et Vieill. Enc. Metk. iii. p. 1205 (1823). 
Ealco melanopterus, Bp. Journ. Philad. Acad. v. p. 28 (1825). 
Falco dispar, Temm. PL Col. i. pi. 319 (1825) ; Bp. Am. Orn. ii.p. 18, 

pi. 11. fig. 1 (1828); Audub. B. Am. pis. 351, 352, et Orn. Biogr.iv. 

p. 367 (1838). 
Milvus dispar, Zess. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 99 (1828). 
Elanus dispar, Cuv. Regne An. L p. 334 (1829). 
Elanus leucurus, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. 8f JV. Am. p. 4 (1838); Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 26 (1845); Cab. in Schomb. Bets. Guian. iii. p. 735 
(1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 22 (1850); Cms. B. Calif,fyTexas, p. 106 
(1855); Strichl Orn. Syn. p. 138 (1855); Burm. Th Bras. ii. p. 112 
(1856) ; Cass. inBaird's B. N. Am. p. 36 (I860) ; ScM. Mus. P.-B. 
Milvi, p. 8 (1862); Gray, Hand-l i. p. 28 (1869) \ Pelz. Orn. Bras. 
pp. 6,398 (1871); Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 489 (1872); Cows, 
liexj N. Am. B. p. 211 (1872) ; ScL $ Sah. Nomencl p. 120 (1873); 
Schl Mevue Acctpitr. p. 130 (1873). 

Adult. Above pale bluish grey, the head lighter, silvery grey, the 
forehead, eyebrow, sides of the face, and underparts pure white; 
least and median wing-coverts black, but not forming so large a black 
shoulder as in the other species ; a little patch on the outside of the 
wing black; rest of the wing-coverts and inner secondaries pale 
bluish grey like the back; primaries brown, greyish externally; tail 
pure white, the two centre feathers ashy grey ; under wing-coverts 
and axillaries entirely white, excepting the lowest, which slightly 
incline to ashy grey; a small patch of black on the outer feathers of 

2A2 

340 
FiXCOJSTBJB. 

the greater under wing-coverts; bill black; feet orange; iris 
orange-red. Total length 14-5 inches, culraen 1, wing 11*95, tail 7, 
tarsus 1*4. 

Young. As in the other species, mixed with brown above, the 
quills and tail-feathers tipped with, white; under surface streaked 
with pale rufous. 

Sab. Southern States of North America, throughout the whole of 
Central and Southern America, as far as Chili. 

a. Ad. sk. Denierara. "R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Bahia. Dr. Wucherer [C.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Bahia. Sudbury Museum. 
d. Ad. sk. Chili. Purchased. 
e. $ imm. sk. Chili. E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.]. 
f. 
Ad. sk. California. Mr. Hardy [C.]. 
g. Skeleton. 
Purchased. 
5. Elanus scriptus. 
Elanus scriptus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 80 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 26 
fl845); Goidd, B. Austr. i. pi. 24 (1848); Bp. Consp. I p. 26 
(1850); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 55 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. 

B. i. p. 28 (1869). 
Adult. Above delicate ashy white, fore part of head, sides of face, 
carpal bend of wing, and entire underparts white ; feathers in front 
of the eye and a narrow ring surrounding it black; greater and 
median coverts and a patch on the outside of the wing black, greater 
coverts greyish ash; quills brown, washed externally with grey, the 
under surface whiter, especially of the secondaries, which are also 
ashy white above like the rest of the back; tail ashy white, paler on 
the inner web; under wing-coverts and axillaries black, except the 
lower ones, which are greyish white, and those round the bend of 
the wing, which are pure white; cere yellow; bill black; feet yellow; 
iris orange. Total length 12 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 11*5, 

tail 6-5, tarsus 1*5. 

Hah. Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. Port Albanv. Purchased. 
k Ad. sk. Champion feay, W. Australia. Purchased. 
c, d7 e. Ad. sk. Interior of Australia. ^apt« Sturt [P.], 
64. GAMPS02OX 
Type. 
Gampsonyx, Vigors, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 69 (1825) G. swainsoni. 
Chondrohierax, Less. 

Range. Trinidad, Guiana, and Brazil. 

1. Oampsonyx swainsoni. 
Gamponyx swainsoni, 
Vigors, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 69 (1825); Gray, 
Gen. B. i.p. 26, pi. 9.fig. 4 (1845); Cab. in Srhomb. JReis. Guian. iii. 

p. 735 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 21 (1850) ; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 137 
(1856); Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 114 (1856); Ztot. Ois. Trznid. p. 41 
65. HENICOPERNIS. 
341 

(1868) ; Gray, IIa;id-L B. i. p. 28 (1869); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 6, 

398 (1871) ; Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl p. 121 (1873). 
Nertus rufifrons, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 314. 
Falco rufifrons, Max. Beitr. Orn. Bras. iii. p. 123 (1830). 
Elanus torquatus, Less. Traite, p. 72 (1831) ; Pticher. Rev. et Mag. de 

Zool 1850, p. 14. 
Chondrohierax rufifrons, Less. 
Elanus swainsoni, ScM. Mus. P.-B. Milvi, p. 9 (1862). 

Adult. Above leaden grey, the quills blackish, the secondaries 
broadly tipped with white ; tail above leaden black, underneath 
much paler, inclining to white on the inner web; forehead and sides 
of the face saffron-yellow ; sides of the neck and a collar encircling 
the latter white, below which is a more or less conspicuous inter-
scapulary patch of vinous red; under surface of the body entirely 
white, with a small patch of leaden black on each side of the upper 
breast; the thighs very pale rufous, as also the inner under wing-
coverts ; all the rest of the wing-coverts and the inner face of the 
quills white * bill horn-black ; feet yellow, nails black. Total 
length 8 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 5*8, tail 3*9, tarsus 1-15. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 
10*6 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 7, tail 4*6, tarsus 1*2. 
Hab. The same as that of the genus. 

a. Ad. st.
b. Ad. sk. 
Brazil. 
Brazil. 
Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
Ad. sk.e, 
Bahia. 
Guavaquil. 
Trinidad. 
Br. Wucherer [C.]. 
Capt. Kellett and. Lieut. 
Wood [P.]. 
Purchased. 

65. HENICOPEENIS. 
Type. 
Henicopernis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 153 H. longicauda. 
Range. New Guinea, Aru Islands, "Waigiou, Mysol. 

1. Henicopernis longicauda. 
Falco longicaudus, Garnot, Voy. Coq.i. p. 588, pi. 10 (1826). 
Dsedalion longicauda, Less. Traite,)*. 67 (1831). 
Astur longicaudus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 27 (1849) ; Strickl, Orn. Syn. 


p. 120 (1855). 
Henicopernis longicauda, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 153 • Wall. Ibis, 
1868, p. 17. 
Pernis longicauda, 
ScM. Nederl. Tijdschr. iii. p. 327 (1866) • Gray, 
Mand-l. B. i. p. 26 (1869)• Schl Mus. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 132 
(1873). 

Adult female. Above ashy brown, the feathers all broadly barred 
with black, excepting the lower back and rump, which is more uniform 
; the head and hind neck much varied with white, and longitudinally 
marked with blackish brown, the sides of the face more 
narrowly streaked * quills and tail ashy brown, paler at tips, and 

342 
IPAI.UOXID-E. 

crossed with broad bars of black, five in number on the latter, very 
distinct on the under surface of both, where the interspaces are ashy 
white; under surface of body creamy white, with broad longitudinal 
streaks of dark brown on the throat and breast, narrowing towards 
the lower breast, and absent on the under tail-coverts; under wing-
coverts coloured exactly like the breast, the greater ones ashy 
white, strongly barred with blackish; cere bluish white; bill nearly 
white, tip blackish; feet pale lemon-yellow or white ; iris orange-
yellow. Total length 22 inches, culmen 1*35, wing 144, tail 11*5, 
tarsus 2*05, middle toe 1*4. 

Adult male. Tery little smaller than the female. Total length 
19*5 inches, wing 13*8, tail 11*3, tarsus 1*9. 
Hob. The same as that of the genus. 

a. d ad. sk. Waigiou. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
$&. MACHJEEHAMPHUS. 
Type. 
Maelueraxnphus, If estenn. Dijcl tot d. Dierk. i. p. 29, 
^ pi. 12 (1848) M. alcinus. 
Stringonyx, Gurney, P. Z. S.18Uo, p. 61s M. anderssoni 

Bill of Machmrhamphm anderssoni. 

Range. Malacca; 8JW* Africa, Damara Land; Madagascar. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Abdomen brown; crest very long alcinus, p. 342. 
b. Abdomen white ,* crest smaller 
anderssoni^ p. 343. 
1. Machserhamplras aldnns. 
Machserhamphus alcinus, 
Westerm. JBifd. tot d. Dierk. i. p. 29, pi. 12 
(1848) j JBp. Mev. et May. 1854, p. 535 ; Strickl Dm. Syn. p. 135 
(1855) ; Sckl Handl Dierk I p. 108, pi 1. fig. 6 (1857) ; id. Mas. 
P.--B. Pernes, p. 7 (1862) j Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 502. 

Adult (type of species). Everywhere black, with a chocolate-
brown shade; an ill-defined spot above and below the eye white; 
quills and tail also black, the shafts dull white underneath ; throat 

67 . PERNIS. 
343 
and centre of chest white, the chin and a broad streak down the 
throat, as -well as the sides of the latter and a few spots on the 
lower part, black. Total length 18*5 inches, occipital crest 2*65, 
culmen 1*35, wing 14*2, tail 7*8, tarsus 2-5. (Mus. Lugd.) 

Hab. Malacca. 

2. Machserhamphxis anderssoni. 
Stringonyx anderssoni, Gurney, P. Z. S.1865, p. 618. 
Machaerhamphus alcinus {nee Westerm.), Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1866, 

p. 324 j Gumey, TV. Z. 8. vi. pi. 29 (1869): Gray. JStmd-l B. i. 
p. 26 (1869). 
Machserhamphus 
anderssoni, 8harpe, P. Z. 8, 1871, p. 601 * Gumey 
in Anderss. B. Damara Ld. p. 23 (1872). 

Adult Upper surface chocolate-brown, the head very much 
crested, the nape and some of the feathers of the upper parts somewhat 
varied with white, where the bases to the feathers show 
through ; above and below the eye a broad white line; lores 
inclining to white behind the nostril; cheeks slightly mottled with 
whitish; below the gape a line of dark brown feathers, forming a 
kind of moustache; quills dark brown, banded with white below, 
some of the inner secondaries with concealed white bars on the upper 
surface ,• tail chocolate-brown, narrowly tipped with whitish, with 
bars of paler brown on the upper surface, white on the inner web of 
outer tail-feathers and under surface of all • throat and chest white, 
with a faintly indicated streak of dark brown on the throat, and 
many streaks of dark brown on the breast, the lower part of which, 
as well as the flanks and thigh-feathers, are entirely brown, slightly 
mottled with white; lower part of abdomen and under tail-coverts 
white, the latter tipped with brown; under wing-coverts brown, 
crossed and tipped with white; bill and gape bluish lead-colour, 
black at tip of the former; tarsi and toes bluish white * iris bright 
lemon-yellow. Total length 16*8 inches, culmen 1, wing 13*9, tail 
7*3, tarsus 2*4. 

Hob. Damara Land in S.W. Africa, and Madagascar. 

a. <J ad. sk. Damara Land. C. J. Andersson, Esq. [0.]. Cf. 
Anderss. B. Dam, Ld. (I c). 
b, Ad. sk. Madagascar. Mr. Lormier [C.]. 

67. PEEKIS*. 
Type. 
Pernis, Cuv. Bhgne An. i. p. 322 (1817) .*. P. apivorus. 
Pterochalinus, Gloger, Ilandb. Naturg. p. 215 P. apivorus. 

Range. Europe and Northern Asia, extending to Japan and 
Forth China; the whole of India, with Ceylon • Java and Sumatra; 
the whole of Africa, with Madagascar. 

* I have not been able to identify or describe Pernis brachypterus of Blyth 
from Mergtri, quoted by Mr. G. R. Gray (Hand-1. i. p. 26). 
344 
FALCQIXTD^. 

Bill of Pernis apivorus. 

Key to the Specks. 

a. Chest white, with blackish brown streaks 
or sgots. 
a\ Axiliaries white, barred with brown; 
outer under wing-coverts brown, 
forming a large patch apivorus ad., p. 344, * 


b\ 
Axiliaries white, tinged or faintly 
barred with rufous buff ptilonorhynchm imm., p. 347, 

b. Chest brown, varying from light or dark 
fulvous to blackish or rufous brown. 
c*. 
Under wing-coverts trans\ ersely barred 
with black and white, like the abdomen 
* cekbemis ad., p. 349. 


<f. 
Under wing-coverts not transversely 
barred, 
a". Larger, and having a crest from 
1*4 to 3*7 inches long ptihnorhynchim jur., p. 347. 
b". Eather smaller; no distinct crest.. apivorus jur., p. 344. 

c. Chest black 
apivorus var., p. 344. 
1. Terms apivoros. 
Honey Buzzard, Albin, N. H. Birds, i. pi. 2 (1738). 
La Bondree, Briss. Orn. i. p. 410 (1760): Buff. PL Bnl i pi. 420. 
Falco apivorus, Linn. S. iV. i. p. 130 (1766J; Naum. Tog. Deutschl. 


i. p. 367, Taf. 35, 36 (1822J; Werner, Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 2Q (1827); 
SchL u. Susem. Yog. Bur. Taf. 35 (18391: Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 85 
(1841). ^ k 
Le Tachard, LevaiU. Ois. dAfr. L pi. 19 (1799): Sundet. Krit. om 

ZevailL p 25 (1858). 
Falco poliorhynchus, BecJisL Orn. Tmelimb. i. p. 19 (1802). 
Accipiter lacertarius, Pall. Zoogr. Mosso-Asiat. I. p. 359 (1811). 
Buteo apivorus, Vieill. &. Diet. d^Mst. Nat. iv. p. 479 (1816). 
AquHa variabilis, Koch, Syst. baier. ZooLjp. 115 (1816). 
Pernis apivorus, Cuv. Bkgne An. i. p. 3z2 (1817); Gotdd, B. Bur. 

i. pi. 16 (1837) ; Macgill. Brit B. iii. p. 254 (1840); Gray, Gm. 
B. L p. 24, pi. 9. fig. 3 (1845); Bp. Consp. I p. 20 (1850); ScM. 
Vog. Nederl Ind. pis. 37, 38, 39 (1854) * Btrichl. Orn. Syn. p. 129 
(1855); Marti Orn. W.-Afr. p. 10 (1857); Friisch, Vog. Bur. 
tab. 5. figs. % 7 (1858); SeJd. Mm. P.-B, Femes, p. 1 (1862); 
Newt. Ooth. Wolhy. p. 118 (1864); Gould, B. Gr. Brit. pt. x. 
(1866); Sundev. Sv. FogL p. 237, pi. xxix. figs. 2, 3 (1867); 
(57. PERNIS. 345 
Layard, B. & Afr. p. 24 (1867); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Mir. i. 

p. 61 (1867) ; Locke, J3j.pl Sci. Algety Ois. i. p. 46 (1867); Gray, 
Mand-l. B. i. p. 25 (1869); JHeugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 97 
(1869) ; Salvad. Faun. ltd. Ucc. p. 12 (1871) ; Newt. ed. Yarn 
Brit. B. i. p. 121 (1871) ; Shelley, B. JEgypt, p. 199 (1872). 
Buteo tachardus, Bonn, et Vieill. JEnc. M4th, iii. p. 224 (1823) ; 

Gurney, msK1862, p. 361; Schl. Faun. Madag. p. x (1866). 

Perais communis, Less. Traite, p. 75 (1831). 

Pernis apium, JBrehm, Yog. JDeutschl. p. 46 (1831).' 

Perais vespamm, Brehm, Vog. JDeutschl. p. 47 (1831). 

Pernis platyura, Brehm, Ncmrn. 1855, p. 268. 

Pernis tachardus, Gray, JEand4. B. i. p. 26 (1869). 

Young * (just out of the nest, the sides of the head still pen-
feathered). Above chocolate-brown, slightly more rufous on the 
hind neck, and much paler on the greater wing-coverts; shafts of 
all the feathers of upper surface blackish, and distinctly indicated; 
crown of head rather dark brown, the feathers over the eye and the 
sides of face inclining to pale tawny rufous, and rather scaly in appearance 
; under surface of body dull rufous brown, with very distinct 
black shaft-stripes, the under tail-coverts paler and more 
fulvous at base, as are also some of the breast-feathers; under wing-
coverts brown, the outermost slightly washed with rufous; upper 
wing-coverts with distinct rufous margins; upper tail-coverts pale 
brown, slightly washed with rufous buff, especially near the base; 
quills blackish brown, secondaries paler and more chocolate, and 
tipped with whitish; under surface of quills brownish, white at 
base of inner web; tail ashy brown, broadly tipped with buffy 
white, with two distinct chocolate-brown bars, one across the middle 
of the tail and one subterminal, and indications of about six or seven 
more cross bars, but all of them very indistinct and more or less 
faintly characterized and separated by very narrow interspaces of 
ashy brown; iris hazel. (Mus. Lugd. No. 10 of Schlegel's Cat.) 

Obs. No. 9 of the Leiden Museum catalogue is also a young bird 
of the year, and is very Kite-like in appearance, by reason of the 
buff points to the feathers of the head and hind neck; feathers 
round the eye and over the ear-coverts black; general colour of 
upper surface brown, as in the foregoing example, but the greater 
wing-coverts more ashy brown, and tipped with whitish; secondaries 
also tipped with white, and marked largely on the inner web; 
otherwise the wings and tail as in the foregoing; under surface also as 
in No. 10, but a little darker on the chest, where the shaft-stripes 
are broader; forehead and chin whitish. 

Ob$. A young female from Syria is a little more advanced than 
the last, and has lost almost all trace of the buff points to the head-
feathers, excepting a few remains on the hind neck; the forehead 
is white, but the absence of buff over the eye does away with the 
apparent eyebrow of the preceding bird; under surface a little 

* The series of Honey-Buzzards in the national collection not being quite 
perfect, I have compiled the description of the species from the more complete 
one in the Leiden Museum. 
34 6 PALC0XID-3B. 

paler than the foregoing, and the throat whitish, the feathers 
slightly rufescent towards their tips, and having hair-like black 
shafts, widening slightly towards the ends, and a little more distinct 
on the malar line; wings and tail nmeh as in the foregoing example, 
but the wing-coverts not distinctly tipped with white, and the bars 
on tail almost entirely absent. 

Obs. Two specimens, not quite adult, from the Gold Coast, give 
an idea of the changes which take place while the young bird is 
away in its winter quarters. They are a little older than the Syrian 
bird, but have not such a uniform tail, showing, probably, that 
whereas the latter has remains of the cross mottling only on the 
under surface of the tail, these African birds have still considerable 
remains on the upper surface, and yet as regards other points they 
are further advanced in plumage *. In general these birds resemble 
the foregoing plumage, but are a little more uniform above, and 
show scarcely any rufescent margins to the wing-coverts, the secondaries 
also being less distinctly tipped. The white forehead is ies^ 
plain in one bird than in the other ; but both have the paler throat 
and narrow shaft-lines of the preceding plumage. The chief difference 
lies in the fact that they show that the next important change 
of the young bird is on the lower parts, which become broadly 
barred with white. 

The Syrian bird shows no trace of bars, but is uniform underneath 
; the bases of the feathers, however, are whitish, and slight 
mottlings of white are apparent for some part of their extent. The 
passage from this dress to the fully adult plumage next to be described 
is apparently gained by a partial moult as weR as by a 
gradual change of colour, the latter progressing, certainly as regards 
the under surface* until the under surface becomes white with 
remains of the brown bars. The tail is changed by the time the 
grey face appears. 

Adult male. Above brown, the feathers slightly paler "on their 
margins, with a distinct black shaft-stripe, the nape-feathers conspicuously 
white at the base; greater coverts and quills much darker 
at tip, externally shaded with greyish, and having two basal bars of 
dark brown, more conspicuous below, where the feathers are whitish, 
with some slight greyish frecklings on the inner web, much more 
pronounced on the secondaries; upper tail-coverts rather paler 
brown than the back, with obsolete white tips, and rather broad 
bars of white near the base; tail pale brown, narrowly tipped with 
whitish, with which also the immediate base is mottled, the feathers 
crossed with three bands—one subbasal and rather pale brown, one 
median, and another subterminal, both the latter dark brown; head 

* This either shows that the present species does not follow the exact sequence 
of change of plumage in the case of each indiyidual (cf. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, 
p. 416), or else the more uniform tail of the Syrian bird is owing to the inherent 
melanism of the species. Certainly the melanism of many specimens 
which I haye seen affected young birds as well as old; and it is by no means a 
sign of age in Kites. Witness the specimen of Leptodm uncimdus in the Museum, 
which still retains signs of immaturity, but is uniformly fuliginous. 
67 . PEBNIS. 347 
greyish, all over, this colour extending somewhat on to the sides of 
the neck; under surface of body white, narrowly streaked with 
brown, widening out into a spade-shaped spot on the sides of the 
breast; the flanks and abdomen also slightly spotted with brown; 
under wing-eoverts brown, all the outermost entirely so, the inner 
ones and axillaries white, with a few brown spots or bars, the lower 
series white, broadly barred across with blackish; cere grey; bill 
black; feet yellow, claws black; iris straw-coloured. Total length 
25*5 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 17*2, tail 11, tarsus 2. 

Hah. Europe generally, migrating to Africa and Madagascar in 

winter. 
a. Ad. sk. 
b. Var. inelan. st. 
c 5 st. 
Europe. 
Europe. 
Yorkshire. 
Purchased. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
d. $ st. Cornwall. 
e, $ st. Great Britain. 
/. <$ ad. sk. 
g. Pull. sk. 
h. Ad. sk. 
i. Ad. sk. 
h. Juv. st. 
I. Skeleton. 
Thuringia, Aug. 1873. 
Westphalia. 
Halle, A. S. Prussia. 
Galicia. 
Madagascar. 
E. B. Skarpe, Esq. [PA 
Baron A. von Hiigel [P. 
Baron A. von Hugel [P. 
Baron A. von Hugel [P. 
Sir A. Smith [0.]. 
Purchased. 
m. Sternum. Dr. Gunther. 
n. Skull. W. Yarrell, Esq. 
o. Skull. 

2. Pernis ptiloEorhynchus. 
Falco ptilorhynehus, Temm. PL Col. I pi. 44 (1823). 
Pernis ptilonorhynchus, Steph. Gen. ZooL xiii. pi 35 (1826); Holdsw. 


P. Z. S. 1872, p. 414. 
Pernis cristata, Cuv. Regne An. L p. 335 (1829) ; Gray, Gen. B. L 
p. 24 (1845); Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 20 (1850); Strickl. Orn. Sun. 
p. 131 (1855); Jerd. B. 2nd. i. p. 108 (1862); Wall. Ibis, 186% 
p. 17; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 26 (1869); Hume, Rough Notes, 
il p. 330 (1870); Schl Mm. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 132 (1873). 
Pernis torquata, Less. Traite, p. 76 (1831); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 24 
(1845); Des Murs, Iccmogr. Orn. pi. 13 (1845); Pitcher. Rev. et 
Mag. de ZooL 1850, p. 212. 

Pernis ruficSEs, leas. I c. p. 77 (1831) ; Gray, I o. p. 24 (1845) ; 
Des Murs, I e. pi. 14 (1845); Pitcher. I c. p. 212. 
Pernis albigularis, Less. I.e. p. 77 (1831); Gray, L c. p. 24 (1845) ; 
Pucher. I c. p. 212. 

Pernis maculosa, Less, in Belong. Voy. Ind. p. 223 (1834). 

Pernis %i\iot\James. Tr. Wern. Soc. vii. p. 493 (1836). 

Pernis fflaratensis, Hodgs. in Gray's ZooL Misc. p. 81 (1844). 

Pernis apivorus, Temm. fy Schl. Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 24 (1850); 

Swinh P. Z. S. 1871, p. 341. 

Young. Above brown, the feathers white at base and darker 
brown at tips, the white bases showing very conspicuously on the 
head and hind neck, the feathers of which are bordered and tipped 
with fulvous, and have distinct subterminal spots of black; feathers 

! 

"" 343 FALCOXID.-E. 

on forehead and sides of face scaly, the lores greyish, the cheeks 
with narrow black shaft-lines, widening towards the tip; entire 
under surface of body white, with distinct longitudinal shaft-lines 
of blackish brown, broader on lower throat and sides of the latter, 
and thus forming an irregular streak on these parts; under wing-
coverts pure white, the outermost greater coverts greyish brown 
towards their tips; upper wing-coverts brown, like the back, the 
lesser ones margined with fulvous, the median and greater series 
tipped with white and barred with darker brown; quills dark 
brown, the secondaries paler and more broadly tipped with whity 
brown than the primaries; all the quills barred with darker brown, 
the inner secondaries with conterminous narrow bars of white, the 
interspaces ashy white below, showing the cross bars in strong 
relief; upper tail-coverts brown, with distinct white bars of unequal 
width; tail brown, the base white, broken up into several 
bars, the tail crossed with five broad bands of darker brown, all the 
interspaces much mottled with brown, the penultimate one broader 
than the others; feet dingy yellowish white ; iris brownish yellow. 

Intermediate stage. Entire head and neck all round, as well as 
the whole of the under surface, tawny brown, with distinct black 
shaft-streaks, the breast-feathers white at base, those of the abdomen 
and under and upper tail-coverts with broad terminal margins 
of whitish; feathers round the eye and lores slightly greyish, and 
the hinder cheeks marked with black, forming an ill-defined lateral 
throat-stripe; an occipital crest 1-5 inch long; general colour of 
back and wing-coverts purplish brown, deeper than the head, all 
the feathers margined with paler brown; primaries dark brown, 
with blackish brown cross bands, plainer and more numerous on the 
secondaries, which are paler brown, the under surface of the wing 
whitish on inner web, the bars much broken up and irregular; tail 
ashy brown, tipped with whity brown, and crossed with three distinct 
bars of blackish brown, all the interspaces likewise mottled with 
bars of pale brown and dull whity brown. 

Ohs. Great variation exists in the tone of this intervening stage, 
the colour varying from tawny to fulvous brown, while the extent 
of black stripes on the throat is also a very variable character. 

Adult General colour above and below rich chocolate-brown, 
with indistinct black shaft-stripes, the crown and sides of head, as 
well as the throat, ashy grey, the lower throat blackish; quills and 
tail much as in foregoing description, but the interspaces of each 
more or less shaded with ashy, and the mottlings on the latter very 
much reduced; cere black, greenish at nostrils and towards commissure 
; gape and greater portion of lower mandible pale blue, rest 
of bill black, with a small dingy greenish patch on each side of 
lower mandible towards base; feet beeswax-yellow; iris brilliant 
yellow. Total length 24 inches, culmen 1*85, wing 16*5, tail 11*5, 
tarsus 2-1. 

Hal. Indian peninsula, Ceylon, Burmah, Malay peninsula, Java, 
Sumatra, Banka. 

67 . PEKNTS. 349 
a. Juv. sk. India. 
b. Juv. st.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Juv. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/. Juv. sk.
g. Juv. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
I Ad. st.
7c. Juv. st.
I, m. Ad. st.
n, o. Ad.- sk.
PJ q. Juv. sk.
r. Skeleton. 
Himalaya Mountains. 
Darjiling. 
Deccan. 
Deccan. 
Madras. 
Madras. 
Madras. 
Behar. 
Nepaul. 
Nepaul. 
Nepaul. 
Nepaul. 
Purchased. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
J. Gould, Esq. [P.], 
J. Gould, Esq. [P.J. 
Dr. Jerdon [PA 
Sir W. EUiot (P.I. 
Sir W. Elliot [P.]. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq, [P. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.' 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.* 
Zoological Society. 

Obs. The young of P. jptilonorhynchus3 if they happen to be crestless, 
are indistinguishable in plumage from the immature of P. apivorus; 
and I have seen young birds from India which I could not separate 
from European examples. A natural inference is that these may not 
be P.jptilonorhynchus but P. apivorus, the young of which may migrate 
to India in the winter. The difficulty in distinguishing young birds 
is most appreciable when the Eastern specimens are without a crest, 
this latter character being most strongly developed in birds from 
Java. Examples from the latter locality in the Leiden Museum 
appeared to be inseparable from Indian birds, but had enormous 
crests. My notes on the specimens in the above museum are as 
follows:—" A young bird (No. 6 of Sehlegel's catalogue) is in tawny 
plumage, like a bird from Bengal, but entirely wants the crest, and 
is rather paler and more fulvous; the tail is ashy brown, with fourteen 
or fifteen bars of darker^ brown to be distinguished. Another 
fine bird from Java is changing from the tawny plumage to that of 
the adult with the grey face. It has a regular line running down 
the cheeks and encircling the throat, which has also a broad central 
streak; the under surface has white cross bars, commencing in the 
usual way; a black crest 3*7 inches long; tail only just shooting; 
wing 17*8." 

3. Pernis celebensis. 
Pernis cristatus, Sehl. Vog. Ned&rl Ind. Valhv. pi. 26. fig. 4 (1866). 
Pernis cristatus, var. celebensis, Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 17. 
Pernis ptilorhyncha, Wald. Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 36 (1872). 
Pernis celebensis, Wald. Tr. Z. S. viii. p. Il l (1872). 


Adult. Above chocolate-brown, the head blackish, the feathers 
of the hind neck margined with rufous, giving a striped appearance; 
lores and feathers round the eye grey; throat white, with distinct 
black shaft-stripes; a moustachial streak, as well as a central streak 
down the throat, black; chest clear tawny rufous, with broad central 
streaks of black; rest of under surface white, each feather with 
four or five broad bars of blackish brown, very distinct on the tarsal 
plumes; under wing-coverts white, with a few streaks of black and 
remains of rufous bars, the feathers round the carpal joint barred 

350 
FALCONED^. 

with black like the breast; quills dark brown, with indistinct bars 
of deeper brown, more distinct underneath, the secondaries paler 
and tipped with whitish ; tail brown, with five bars of darker brown 
and remains of other bars on the interspaces, the tip whitish. Total 
length 21*5 inches, oilmen 1*5, wing 14*7, tail 10*5, tarsus 2, middle 

toe 1*75. (Altis. Lugch) 

Hab, Celebes. 

a. Ad. sk. Celebes. J. Gould, Esq. "PA 
Subfamily VII. FALCONER. 

Outer toe only connected to middle toe by interdigital membrane; 
tibia much longer than tarsus, but the latter not contained twice in 
the former; hinder aspect of tarsus reticulate * bill distinctly toothed. 

Knj to the g titer a. 

a. Nostrils oblique or linear ovals, with distinct overhanging 
membrane, 
a\ Bill with two distinct teeth * wings not reaching 
to tail. 
a", A distinct occipital crest j no tubercle in 
nostril .. , 08. BAZA, p. 351. 
h". No occipital crest; a distinct central tubercle 
to nostril 09. IIAKPAGUS, 
b\ 
Bill with only one tooth *. wing reaching to tip p. 300. 
of tail ". 70. ICTINIA, p. 364. 

b. Nostrils perpendicular orals, with no overhanging 
membrane or central tubercle. 
c\ Bare part of tarsus in front less than outer toe. 71. MICBQHIEBAX, 
d'. Bare part of tarsus greater than outer toe and p. 366. 

Claw . .. . 
72. POLIOHTERAX, 

c. Nostrils round, with distinct central tubercle. p. 309. 
e\ Outer toe (without claw) longer than inner toe 
(without claw), 
c". Distance between tips of primaries and tips 
of secondaries less than half length of tail. 
c"\ Middle toe very short; the culmen (without 
cere) not contained twice in middle 
top (without claw) .............. 73. SFIZIAPTEBYX, 

d"'. Middle toe very long, more than twice p. 371. 
^ length of cnlinen, as above measured .. 74. HASPA, p. 372. 
d". Distance between tips of primaries and tips 
of secondaries more than naif length of tail 7*1 FALCO, p. S74. 

f. 
Outer and inner toes (measured without claws) 
about equal in length, 
e". Distance between tips of primaries and tips 
of secondaries about equal to or less than 
half the length of tail. 


08. BiZA. 
351 
e". 
Tarsus finely reticulate in front, not nearly 

twice the length of middle toe 76, HIEBOFALCO, 

f". Tarsus transversely plated near base of p. 410. 

toes, more than twice the length of the 

middle toe without claw 77. HIEBACIDEA, 

f\ 
Distance between tips of primaries and tip p. 4:s0, 

of secondaries greater than half the length 

of tail 
78. CEBCHNEIS, 

p. 428. 
68. 
BAZA. m 
Type. 
Lophotes, Less. Traite, p. 96 (1831, nee Gioma) B. lophotes. 
Baza, Hodgs. J. A. S. JB. v. p. 777 (1836) B. lophotes. 
Avieida, Sw. B. W. Afr. i. p. 104 (1887; B. cuculoides. 
Lepidogenys, J. JS. Gray, 1839, teste G. JR. Gray, List 

Gen. JB. p. 4 (1840)* B. lophotes. 
Hytiopus, Hodgs. J. A. S. & x. p. 27 (1841) B. lophotes. 
Lophastur, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 464 (1842) B. reinwardti. 

Head of Basa lophoteb. 

Range. Indian peninsula and Ceylon, extending throughout the 
Malayan peninsula and islands, as well as the Moluccas, to North 
Australia. Africa; on the west coast and in Natal. 

Key to the species. 

it. Tail black, unhanded• chest with a crescentic band 
of white lophotes, p. 352. 

b. 
Tail brown or ashy grey, barred with darker brown 
or black. 
a'. Thighs and under tail-coverts pure white or buff, 
banded with rufous. 
a". Throat streaked with brown,* chest white.... madagascariensis, 
¥. Throat and chest uniform grey. p. 353. 

a"\ 
Under wing-coverts uniform rufous; above 
brownish ash-colour cucidoides, p. 354. 
&"'. Under wing-coverts barred with rufous and 
white; above slaty grey verremm] p. 354. 
cu. Throat white or buffj washed as well as the 
chest more or less with rufous, 
e'". With a distinct throat-stripe. ^ [p. 356. 
a4. Chest grey magnirostris, 

* This generic name must have been in existence before this date, as Q-ould 
quotes it in 1837 ; but I cannot find where it was published. 
35 2 FALCONIDJB. 

b\ Chest rufous erythrothoraxj 

p. 857. 
&". IsTo throat-stripe; crest 2*3 inches long.... suinatrensis, 
h\ Thighs and under tail-coverts more or less uniform p. 357. 
deep rufous,, unhanded. 
d". Breast bufiy white, with rufous brown cross 
hands ,. suheristata, 


p. 357. 
e'f. Breast whitish, with grey cross bands ..... . reimcardti, 
p. 358. 
f". Breast chestnut, with fulvous cross hands .. rufa, p. 359. 
1. Bam lophotes. 
Cohy Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. I. p. 165, pL x. (1821); Pears. J. A. 
8. B. x. p. 631 (1841). 
Faleo lophotes, Temm. PL Col i pi. 10 (1823). 
Buteo cristatus, Bonn, et Vieill Brie. With, iii. p. 1220 (1823)* Pucher. 
JRev. ZooL 1830, p. 84; Hartl J. f. O.1855, p. 418. 
Falco lathami, J. E. Gray in Griffith's An. King. i. p. 30 (1829, 

deser. orig.); Tiekell, J. A. S. B. ii. p. 509 (1838, descr. orig.). 
Lophotes indicus, Less. Traite, p. 90 {lfe31). 
Baza sjama, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. v. p. 777 (1830). 
Lepidogenvs lathami. J. E. Gray, lfc39; teste G. E. Gray, Lid Gen. 

B. p. 4 (lS40j. 
Baza Iophoti^, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 4 {1840); id. Gen. of B. fol. 1, 
p. 23 (lb45j; BIyfh, Cat B. Mm. A. 8. B. p. 17 (1849); id. J. A. 
8. B. iix. p. 325 < 18-50); Horsf. <§* Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E. L Co. 
i. p. 62 (1«54); Strickl Orn. %«. j>. 126 (1855); Jerd. B. Bid. L 
p. Il l (1862); 8c)d. Mm. P.-B. Milvi, p. 4 (1862); Blyih, Ibis, 
1863. p. 11; Wall. EMS, 1868, p. 19; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 25 
(1869); Hume, Emtgh Notes, ii. p. 337 (1870); Holdsw. P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 415. 
Hytiopus syama, Hodgs. J. A. 8, B. x. p. 27 (1841). 
Hytiopus lophotes, Btyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 312 (1843); id. Ami. N. 


H. xii, p. 93 (1843) ; Hodgs. in Grays ZooL Misc. p. 81 (1844). 
Pernis lophotes, Xaup, Conir. Orn. 1850, p. 77. 
Aviceda lophotes, Bp. Consp. Ac, L p. 20 {1850). 
Baza indicus, Bp. JRev. et Mag. rie ZooL 1854, p. 535. 
Adult. Above glossy greenish black, with a very long occipital 
crest; quills black, greyish underneath, the secondaries for the most 
part white, especially on the outer web, marked with chestnut at the 
base and towards the tip, which is greenish black; 011 the inner 
secondaries the chestnut predominates, the white being more on the 
inner web, but the amount of these chestnut and white markings is 
very variable and sometimes extends to the scapulars; tail greenish 
black above, ashy grey beneath; entire sides of the face and neck 
as well as the throat black like the upper surface, but a little tinged 
with brown ; fore neck and chest white, forming a very broad band; 
below the latter an indistinct line of greenish black feathers, below 
which comes another broad band of chestnut, covering the upper 
breast; lower breast creamy white, banded with chestnut, the bars 
being broader on the upper part and narrower on the lower part 

68 . BAZA. 353 
and flanks; thighs, lower abdomen, and under tail-coverts greenish 
black; under wing-coverts greenish black, the lower ones ashy grey 
like the inner face of the wing ; bill and feet plumbeous; iris dark 
brown. Total length 13-9 inches, culmen 1*05, wing 9*85, tail 5*7, 
tarsus 1-3. 

A younger specimen has not such a full crest, the sides of the 
face and throat mixed with ashy brown, the chestnut shades on 
the body not so deep or so vinous as in the old birds, both the 
chestnut band on the upper breast and the bars on the lower breast 
also much more scantily developed; the black feathers of the abdomen 
and under tail-coverts slightly margined with dull ochre; 
feet fleshy grey. 


Hab. Indian peninsula, Ceylon, and Malacca. 
«. Ad. sk. Nepaul. JB. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. 

b. Juv. st. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.' 
c. Ad. sk. * Nepaul, B. H. Hodgson, Esq.JP/ 
d. Ad. sk. Malacca. Hugh Cuming, Esq. K3.I 
e. Sternum. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. IP.], 
2. Baza madagascariensis. 
Pernis madagascariensis, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. ii. p. 285X1835), 
Avicida verreauxii, Marti Orn, Madag. p. 19 (1861). 
Baza madagascariensis, Schl P. Z. S. 1866, p. 420; Sehl.fy Poll Faun. 


Madag., Ois. p. 45. pi. 16 (1868); Gurney, Ibis, 1869, p. 450; Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 25 (1869).s 
Aviceda madagascariensis, Grand. Rev. et Mag. de ZooL 18Q7, p. 319. 

Adult male. Brown, the feathers paler brown on their edges, the 
interscapulary region and least wing-coverts darker and more sepia-
brown ; the scapulars and dorsal feathers with conspicuous white 
bases when disarranged; head dark brown, slightly "tinged with rufous, 
the feathers margined with rufous, this, as well as the white 
bases to the feathers, giving a strongly streaked appearance to this 
part; crest dark brown, like the head; sides of face brown, narrowly 
streaked with white, especially on the fore part of the cheeks; 
throat ashy brown, slightly streaked with white, and having an indication 
of a median and a moustachial stripe of black on each side; 
rest of under surface white, the chest entirely so in the centre, as 
also the thighs, lower abdomen, and under tail-coverts; the sides of 
the body and upper breast spotted somewhat longitudinally with 
rufous brown; lower flanks almost uniform rufous brown; under 
wing-coverts dull rufous, with narrow white margins; primaries 
ashy brown, the secondaries brown like the back, tipped with 
whitish, all the quills distinctly banded with darker brown, plainer 
underneath against the white under surface; upper tail-coverts 
white, with broad brown tips; tail ashy grey, tipped with white 
and crossed with three bars of dark brown, the base of all the 
feathers white; bill black, yellow at base of lower mandible; 
feet whitish yellow; iris yellowish brown. Total length 17 inches, 
culmen 1*15, wing 12*5, tail 8, tarsus 1*4, middle toe 1*5. (Mu$, 
Lugd.) 

VOL. i. 2 B 

354 FAXC03TDJE. 

Adult female. Ratter larger than the male. Total length IS inches, 
oilmen 1*2, wing 13, tail 9, tarsus 1*5. 


Young male. Yery similar to adult, but rather paler brown in 
colour; quills and tail pale brown. Terr plainly banded with dark 
brown, the latter crossed with six bars ; eyebrow and sides of fare 
whitish, the ear-coverts washed with pale rufous ; throat white, 
with a distinct central streak of black down the centre, as well as a 
moustachial streak on each side; under surface as in adult, but the 
white chest a little varied with brown markings. Young birdb vary 
much, one bird in the Leiden Museum having brown thigh-feathers. 


Hah. Madagascar. 

a. 5 imm. st. Xossi-be (Pollen 4* Va/i Bam), Leidtn Museum "P.". 
3. Baza cuculoides. (Plate XI. fig. 2.) 
Avicida cuculoides, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 104. pi. 1 11537 i; Gray, 
Gen. of B. i. p. 23 fl64oj; Siuidei\ CBfr, K. Vd. Aim?. Fork. 
Stoehh. 18o0, p. 110; Up, Bev. it Mag. d*'Zovh 1^4, p. *~.j.i, SttichL 
Orn. Syn. p. 128 (lboo); Baril Orn. W.-A+'r. p. 10 f 1*%"7 : Ca*s. 
Pr. Philad. Arad. 1>30, p. 32; I)u Chaffln, £q, Afr. p. 472 < IsOl ? ; 
Haril J.f O. 1601, p. 01). 

Pernis cuculoide*, lump. Contr. Orn, 1 H."0, p. 77. 
Baza cuculoidts, S<hL Mm. B.-B. 3111 vi, p. 0 i 1 *i*"2$; Gray* Hami-I, 


B. i.p. 2*5(1*09;. 
Adult (type of species). Above a^hy brown, with a eindcry grey 
shade on the interscapulary region, the h*»vl and trt>t darker, and 
more inclining to slaty black; quills brown, very narrowly tipped 
with whitish, the under surface ashy "white, pure white near bawi of 
inner web, which is barred with dark brown, the Kiibteraiinal bar 
being very broad; upper tail-coverts brown, tipped and broadly 
barred with white; tail-feathers clear ashy grey, tipped with w hite 


and crossed with four bars of black, the basal one hidden by the 
tail-coverts, the subterminal one very broad; under surface of tail 
ashy white, pure white at base of inner web, bars more distinct on 
all except outer feather, where nearly obsolete; sides of face deep 
ashy grey; entire throat, fore neck, and chest pale ash-colour; rest 
of under surface white, with cross bars of pale tawny rufous, gradually 
decreasing in size towards the abdomen and thighs; under 
tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts uniform tawny rufous, paler 
on the lower series. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 11-0, 
tail 8, tarsus 1*2. (Mm. Cantabr.) 

Hab. West Africa. 

a. Vix ad. sk. W. Africa. R. B. Sbsrpe, Esq. [P.], 
b. Ad. sk. Gaboon (Marche et de Com- M. Bouvier PEL]. 
' pihgne). 
r 

4. Baza verreauxi 
Avicida verreauxi, Lafr. Bev. Zml. 1846, p. 130; Gray, Gen. B. L 
pi. ix. %. 2 (1846); Gurney, IMs, 1864, p. 356; Layard, B. S. Afr. 

p. 24; Qumey, lbis7 1868, p. 143. 
68. BAZA. 355 
Avicida buteoldes, Lafr. Mev, Zool 1846, p. 132 *. 
Hytiopiis cafer, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vetensk. Fork. Stoclch. I860, p. 110. 
Avicida eueuloides, G-urmy, Ibis, 1859, p. 240, 
Avicida cafer, Schl P. Z. S.1866, p. 420. 
Baza verreauxn, Gray, Mandl~B. i» p. 25 (1869). 


Adult male. Above dark ashy grey, somewhat shaded with brown, 
crown and occipital crest dark ashy; quills brown, tipped with 
whitish, externally shaded with ashy grey; under surface of wing 
white for the basal, and shading into greyish white for the apical 
half; primaries crossed by a few bars of brown above and below, 
more indistinct on the inner ones, the secondaries with a broad subterminal 
bar of dark brown; upper tail-coverts ashy grey at base, 
brown at tip, appearing slightly banded; tail slaty grey above, conspicuously 
tipped with white, crossed by four bars of black, the subterminal 
one very broad, under surface whitish, the basal bars more 
indistinct and represented on the outer feathers by a black patch on 
the outer web, extending a little across to the inner one; sides of 
the face, throat, and chest clear grey; breast pure white, banded 
with pale rufous brown, a little broader on the sides of the body, 

and gradually decreasing in size towards the flanks and under tail-
coverts, the latter of which are entirely white; under wing-coverts 
barred very thickly with pale rufous and fulvous• cere and orbits 
light yellow; bill black, bluish at base of under mandible; feet 
yellow; iris lemon-yellow. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1*05, 
wing 12*7, tail 7*9, tarsus 1*4. 

Adult female. A little browner than the male, and not so clear 
grey; bars on the breast broader and more rufous, being equally 
distinct on the flanks. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 
12*6, tail 7*9, tarsus 1*45. 

Young. Brown above, the feathers narrowly margined with fulvous, 
much broader on the secondaries; quills and tail pale brown, 
banded with blackish brown, the latter tipped with fulvous, especially 
on the outer rectrix; sides of head and neck rufous brown, 
with dark brown centres to the feathers, giving rather a streaked 
appearance; under surface of body whitish, streaked on the throat 
and banded on the breast with pale rufous, the inner face of the 
thighs also rufous; on the breast and flanks some feathers with dark 
brown oval spots, less distinct on the under tail-coverts; crest less 
developed than in the adult and dark brown in colour; iris very 

light brown. 
Hab. Fatal. 
a. Ad. stb. Juv. st.
c. Ad. sk. 
Natal. 
Natal. 
Natal. 
E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]. 
J. H. Ghirney, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 

* The type of this species is said to have come from Zanzibar; it has not been 
met with by Dr. Kirk or any subsequent observer, and is omitted in the great 
work on the birds of Eastern Africa by Drs. Finsch and Hartlaub. I have, 
however, little doubt that, if the locality should prove to be correct, the bird 
from Zanzibar will be identical with that of South Africa. 
2B2 

256 PALCOXIDJE. 

5. Baza magnirostris. (Plate X. fig. 1.) 
Baza magnirostris, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. Brit Mits. p. 19 (1844) ; 
Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 127 (18-55); Gray, ttand-l B. i. p. 25 
(1869). 

Avieeda magxiirostris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 20 (1850), et JRev. et Mag. cfe 
Zool 1854, p. 535. 
Pemis madagascariensis, Kaup} Conir. Orn. 1850, p. 77. 

Nearly adult. Crown of the head and long occipital crest black; 
feathers oyer the eye, as well as the sides and hack of the Deck, 
tawny rufous, the latter spotted with black; the sides of the face 
greyish, washed with rufous; upper surface of body brown, with a 
gloss of purplish brown, some of the feathers also shaded with 
greenish in certain lights; quills brown, tipped with whitish, barred 
with purplish brown, the secondaries very much paler brown, against 
which the bands of darker brown contrast strongly, especially the 
subterminal one, which has a distinct purplish gloss; under surface 
of quills greyish white, with dark brown bands, pure white near the 
base ; tail brown, tipped with whity brown, and crossed by three 
bands of dark purplish brown, the subterminal one being very broad, 
and glossed with greenish; under surface of tail greyish white, like 
that of the wings, the subterminal band distinctly marked, the basal 
ones very faintly, excepting on the outermost feathers, which have a 
patch of dark brown on the outer web, extending on to the inner one 
also ; under surface of the body whitish, broadly streaked on the sides 
of the throat and the chest, banded on the breast, and spotted on the 
under tail-coverts with pale rufous, darker and more inclining to 
rufous brown on the flanks and sides of the body and axillary 
plumes; down the centre of the throat, extending to the fore neck, 
a broad black streak; under wing-coverts huffy white, spotted with 
pale rufous, the lower ones barred with this colour; bill hom-black, 
browner on lower mandible; feet yellow. Total length 17*5 inches, 
culmen 1*5, wing 12*3, tail 8*1, tarsus 1*5. 

Another specimen in the national collection differs from the fore


going in not having so stout a bill, in the sides of the face heing 

more conspicuously grey, this shade also extending over the throat 

and breast, the former of which is narrowly streaked with greyish 

down the centre; the crown of the head is blackish, the feathers 

of the forehead being edged with rufous; the sides and hind part 

of the neck similarly marked, producing a striped appearance; 

occipital crest black, with a narrow white tip to one or two of the 

feathers; the bands on the breast very broad and pale rufous. 

Total length 15*3 inches, culmen 1*35, wing 11*5, tail 7*5, tarsus 

1*5. This would -apparently be the adult male, and the other 

perhaps a female not quite adult. 

JEab, Philippine Islands. 

a, J ad. st, Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.]. Type 

of species. 

b, §> juv. st Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C] 

68, BAZA.. 
357 

6. Baza erythrothoxax. (Plate X. fig. 2.) 
Baza magnirostris, Schl Vog. Nederl Ind. Valhv. pi. 28. figs. 4, 6 

(1866); Wall Ibis, 1868, p. 18, 

Baza erythrothorax, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, n. 625 (June). 

Baza celebensis, Schl Mm. P.-B. Revue Accipitr. p. 135 (1873, July). 

This species differs from the true B. magnirostris of the Philippines 
in its much larger size, dark brown colour, black head, and 
dark cinereous ear-coverts, in wanting the grey on the chest, and in 
the dark rufous brown of the under surface. This latter colour is 
especially distinct on the chest, the sides of the body and flanks 
"having a few white cross bars. Total length 17't> inches, culmen 
1-25, wing 11-5, tail 8, tarsus 1*65. 

Mr. Wallace (I. c.) gives the following note on the soft parts:— 
" Bill lead-colour, black above; feet white; iris yellow." 
Sab. Celebes. 

a. Ad. sk. Celebes. J. Gould, Esq. Type of species, 
b. Juv. sk. Celebes. J. Gould, Esq. 
c. 2 ad. sk. Macassar. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [CI, 
d. Ad. sk Sula Islands. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 
7. Baza smnatrensis. (Plate XI. fig. 1.) 
Avicida sumatrensis, Lafr. Rev. Zool 1848, p. 210. 
Baza sumatrensis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 2 (1849); Wall Ibis, 
1868, p. 18,* Gray, Kand-l. B. i. p. 25 (1869). 

Young female. Head and hind neck creamy buff, washed with 
tawny rufous, the feathers on hinder part of crown dark brown in 
the centre; occipital crest very long, black, with cream-coloured 
tip ; back brown, with fulvous edgings, the scapulars and secondaries 
further margined with white; quills ashy brown, barred with 
darker brown, the tail similarly coloured, narrowly tipped with 
white, the feathers washed externally with rufous near the base; 
the bars on the tail four in number, one being concealed, the under 
surface of both wings and tail paler and more ashy white; entire 
sides of face, throat, and underparts creamy buff, washed with pale 
tawny rufous, the breast and sides of body broadly barred with the 
latter colour • under wing-coverts creamy buff; bill black, pale at 
base beneath; feet yellowish white; iris yellow. Total length 
20*5 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 12*75, tail 9*6, tarsus 1*6. 

Hah. Sumatra. 

a. 2 vixad. sk. Sumatra. A. B. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
8. Baza subcristata. 
Lepidogenys subcristatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 140 • id. Syn. B. 
Austr. part iii. (1838); id. B. Austr. fol. i. pi. 25 (1848) * Pelz. 
Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 8 (1865). 
Baza subcristata, 
Gray, Gen. B. i, p. 23 (1845) ; StricH. 0?vi. Syn. 
p, 127 (1855) * Schl Mus. P.-B. Milvi, p. 4 (1862) -Gould, Handb. 

358 FALCONIM. 

B. Amir. i. p. 56 (1865) ; Ramsay, P. Z. S.1867, p. 392; Gray, 
Hand-l B. I. p. 25 (1869). 
Avieida suberistata, Lafr. Rev. Zool 1846, p. 127; Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 20 (1850); id. Rev. ei Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 535. 
Pernis subcristatus, JSkup, Ist$7 1847, p» 343, ei Conir. Orn. 1850, 
p. 77. 
Adult. Head and neck asliy grey, with a small occipital crest of 
black feathers ; rest of upper surface brown, the wing-coverts and 
interscapular^ region greyish black; quills dark brown, shaded 
externally with ashy grey, broadly barred with black above and 
with greyish white underneath, inner secondaries browner like the 
back; tail ashy brown, with four broad black bars, the subterminal 
one being especially broad, under surface greyish white as in the 
wing, with broad corresponding bars of black; forehead, lores, and 
sides of the face clearer cinereous than the head, as also the throat 
and chest, the latter of which is washed with rufous; breast banded 
alternately with buffy white and chestnut-brown; thighs and under 
wing- and tail-coverts buiry rufous; bill bluish hom-colour; feet 
yellowish. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 13*5, tail 9, 
tarsus 1*45. 
Young. Above paler brown than in the adult, with narrow margins 
of ochraceous buff to the dorsal feathers and wing-coverts, 
becoming broader and more white on the inner secondaries ; crown 
dark brown, as also the occipital crest, the white bases to the 
feathers rather conspicuous; forehead and sides of the face dusky 
cinereous, the former inclining to whitish; throat whitish; fore 
neck and chest buff, with a rufous tinge, which extends on to the 
sides and hinder part of the neck; breast buffy white, barred with 
rufous brown, much more narrowly than in the old bird; thighs 
and under wing- and tail-coverts rich buff, the former crossed near 
the base with a few narrow bars of rufous brown. 
There is some confusion about the Buteo cristaitts of Yieillot. 
Pucheran, in his excellent review on the types of this naturalist 
(Eev. ZooL 1850, p. 84), says that the species so called in the 

* Encyclopedic' is Baza lojphoies; and in that he is doubtless right. 
He also mentions that the bird is not mentioned in the * Kouveau 
Dietionnaire;' but, as Strickland points out, there is a Buteo cristatus 
from "Hew Holland described in this work (vol. iv. p. 481), and he 
refers Yieillot's bird to Baza mhcristata, of which it would be an 
older title. I cannot trace any likeness to this species, and consequently 
omit it from my list of synonyms. 
Hob. N. Australia. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
h. Juv. st. Australia. Purchased. 
9. Baza reiuwardtl 
Lophotes reinwardti, Mutt. & SeM. Naturl Versch. Av. p. 35, tab, 5 
(1839-44\ 
Lophaster lerdoni, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xl pt. 1, p. 464 (1842), et xv. 

68. BAZA. 359 
Baza reinwardti, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 23 (1845); Strickl Orn. Syn. 

p. 127 (1855) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Milvi, p. 5 (1862); Wall. P. Z. S. 
1863, p. 21; Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 11; Schl. Vog. Nederl Ind. Valkv. 
pp. 40, 77, pi. 27. %s. 1-3 (1866) ; Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 18 j Gray, 
Mand-l B. i. p. 25 (1869) • Schl Bevue Accipitr. p. 133 (1873). 
Pernis jerdoni, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 24 (1845). 

Avicida reinwardti, Zafr. Bev, Zool 18^6, p. 128; Bp. Bev. et May. 

de Zool 1854, p. 535. 

Baza jerdoni, Gray, Gen.B. iii. App. p. 2 (1849). 

Baza stenozona, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 169, et 1859, p. 153; Scl 

Ibis, 1860, p. 322. 

Adult. Head and neck all round, including the interscapulary 
region above and the chest below, clear slaty grey, the occipital 
crest black, contrasting strongly; scapulars and inner secondaries 
chocolate-brown; lower part of back brownish, washed with dark 
slaty, the rump and upper tail-coverts being entirely of the latter 
colour; wing-coverts ashy grey, the least ones blackish, shaded 
with green; quills and tail ashy grey above, slightly tipped with 
whitish, barred with black, the sub terminal bars on secondaries and 
tail-feathers clearly shaded with greenish, under surface ashy white, 
barred with black, the basal ones indistinct, and not carried right 
across the feather; breast bufiy white, with greyish black cross 
bars, not continued on to the abdomen, thighs, and under tail-
coverts, which are unbarred and of a clear orange-buff; under 
wing-coverts also orange-buff, the lower ones slightly marked with 
greyish black; cere lead-colour; bill black, lead-colour at base; 
feet bluish white; iris yellow. Total length 15*5 inches, culmen 1*2, 
wing 12-1, tail 7*2, tarsus 1*3. 

Young. Browner than the adult, the upper surface being entirely 
brown, with pale fulvous edgings to the feathers; quills and tail 
brown, banded with darker brown; cheeks greyish; throat buffy 
white, with a narrow central streak of greyish black; chest clouded 
with brown; rest of under surface buffy white, barred with blackish, 
more narrowly than in the adult; the thighs and under wing- and 
tail-coverts clear yellowish buff. 

Bab. Few Guinea and islands of Austro-Mak^n^subregion. 

«. $ juv. sk. Aru Islands. A. R.Wallace, Esq. [0.]; 
of B. stenozona. 
Type 
b. £ ad. sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
d. $ ad. sk. 
e. Juv. sk. 
/ . S juv. sk. 
g. $ ad. sk. 
h. c? ad. sk. 
i, 6 juv. sk. 
J. (S ad. sk. 
k. Ad. sk. 
I Ad.sk. 
m. Ad. sk. 
Amboyna. 
Amboyna. 
Bouru. 
New Guinea. 
New Guinea. 
Dorey. 
E. Timor. 
E. Timor. 
Timor Coupong. 
E, Ceram. 
Ceram. 
Ceram. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.; 
A. B. Wallace; Esq. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.1, 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
A, R. Wallace, Esq. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. 
C. 

360 PALCOXIDJE. 

10. Bazarufa. 
Baza reinwardtii, Gray, P. Z. S. I860, p. 343. 
Baza rufa, SchL Fog. Nederl Ind. Valhv. pp. 41, 78, pi. 27. %. 4, 
pi. 28. figs. 1-3 (1866); Wall Ibis, 1868, p. 8; Gray, JEand4.B, 

J. p. 25 (1869). 
-4<fofo Head all round, neck, and throat clear slaty grey, lighter 
on the forehead, darker on the hind head and crest, which incline 
to "blackish; interscapular^ region and wing-coverts deep slaty 
black, with a slight greenish gloss; scapulars and some of the inner 
secondaries deep chocolate-brown; upper tail-coverts brownish, the 
lower ones slaty black; quills deep slaty brown above, pale whitish 
slaty below, banded on both surfaces with black ; tail clearer slaty 
grey, with three bands of black, the subterminal one exceedingly 
broad and occupying nearly a quarter of the tail, under surface 
whitish, the bands faintly indicated and reduced on the outer 
feathers to a black patch on the outer web just extending on to 
the inner one ; chest rufous, slightly washed with greyish ; rest of 
under surface bright rufous, almost chestnut, with faintly indicated 
cross bars of fulvous, some of the intermediate chestnut bars having 
also a blackish shade; thighs and under tail-coverts deep rufous, 
unbarred; under wing-coverts chestnut, the axillaries paler and 
barred with dusky black ; cere lead-colour; bill black, lead-colour 
at base; feet bluish white; iris yellow. Total length 17 inches, 
culmen 1*2, wing 12*3, tail 7*8, tarsus 1*55. 

Hah. Batchian, Gilolo, Ternate, Tidore, llorty. 

a. Ad. sk. Gilolo. Purchased. 
b, e. S ad. sk. Batchian. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.1. 
d. 2 2UY-s^- Batchian. A. R.Wallace, Esq. [CA 
69. HABPAGFS. ^ 
Harpagus, Vigors, Zool Joum, i. p. 338 (1824)........ H. diodon. 
Bidens, Spix, Av. Bras, i. p. 15 (1824).... ...... H. bidentatus. 
Biodon, Less. Traits, p. 95 (1831) H. bidentatus. 
Diplodon, Nitzsch7 Pteryl p. 93 (1840).............. H. bidentatus. 

y 

\ 

Bill and foot of Barjpagus diodon. 
Range. Central America ; Guiana; Amazonia; Brazil*. Peru. 

69 . HAKPIGUS. 
361 
Key to the Species. 

a. Adult with rufous axillaries and under wing-coverts. 
Young white below, breast streaked with black; 
thighs rufous in adult and young diodon} p. 361. 
b. Adult with white or cream-coloured axillaries. 
a\ Entirely chestnut underneath or greyish, with the 
lower breast and abdomen barred with white and 
ashy grey , Mdentatus, p. 362. 

b\ 
Broadly banded underneath with chestnut and 
white fasciatusj p. 363. 

1. Harpagus diodon. 
Falco diodon, Temm. PI Col i. pi. 198 (1824); Max. Beitr. Orn. 
Bras. iii. Abth. i. p. 138 (1830); Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 102 (1856); 
Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 34 (1862); id. Revue Accipitr. p. 47 
(1S7B). 

Bidens femoralis, Spiz, Av. Bras. i. p. 15, pi. 8 (1824). 
Harpagus diodon, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 (1825); Bp. Consp. i. 


p. 28 (1850); Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 53; Bp. Bev. et Mag. 
de Zool 1854, p. 537; Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 102 (1855) ; Pels. Orn. 
Bras. p. 5 (1871),* Sol § Sah. Nommcl p. 122 (1873). 
Adult. Above slaty grey, the head a little darker; quills dark 
brown, broadly barred with white on the inner web, the inner 
secondaries slaty grey, both these and the scapulars marked with 
concealed spots of white; tail dark brown, tipped slightly with 
greyish white, with bars of greyish white, much narrower than the 
alternate brown bands; sides of face slaty grey, a little lighter than 
the head; throat and tinder tail-coverts white, the former with a 
faint indication of a blackish median line; rest of under surface 
pale grey, the thighs bright ferruginous ; under wing-coverts ferruginous, 
the lower ones white, barred with blackish; bill blackish 
brown, lower mandible yellowish; feet yellow, claws horn-brown. 
Total length 12-2 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 8*1, tail 6, tarsus 1*55. 

Young. Brown above, all the feathers edged with pale ochre; 
secondaries and tail-feathers tipped with white; nape and sides of 
neck also mottled with brown and white; fore part of cheeks white, 
streaked with brown, the rest of the side of the face brown, like the 
head, slightly varied with streaks of lighter brown; under surface 
of body white, with a narrow streak of brown down the centre of 
the throat, all the breast-feathers marked down the centre with 
pear-shaped drops of dark brown, becoming narrower and more 
linear on the abdomen; thighs pale ferruginous; under wing-
coverts pale buff, slightly spotted with black on the lower ones, the 
axillaries pale ferruginous, with indications of whitish cross bars. 

Hah. Brazil. 
a. <$ ad. sk.
b. J ad. sk.
c. tf juv. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Brazil. 
Bahia. 
Bahia. 
South America. 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Dr. Wucherer [0.1. 
Br. "Wucherer [C.J. 
Purchased. 
e. Juv. st. South America. Purchased. 

362 PALCO^IDJE. 

2. Harpagus bidentatus. 
Notched Falcon, Lath. Gm. Syn. Suppl p. 84 (1787). 
Falco bidentatus, Lath. Ind. 'Orn. I p. 38 (1790); Baud. Traite, ii. 


p. 118 (1800) j Temm. PI Col. i. pis. 38, 228 (1823); Max. Beitr. 
Om. Bras. iii Abth. i. p. 132 (1830); ScM. Mus. B.~B. Falc. p. 35 
(1862). 
Bidens rufiventer, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 14, pi. 6 (1824). 
Bidens albiventer, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 14, pi. 7 (1824). 
Harpagus bidentatus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 (1825) ; Gray, Gm. 


ofB. i. p. 22 (1844) $ Ga5. <§- Tschudi, Faun. Tertian., Yog. pp. 18, 
107 (1845) j Zizwp, Contfr. Orn. 1850, p. 54; ^j?. Cowp. p. 28 
(1850) 5 id JB«?. ei Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 537; Strickl Orn. Syn. 

p. 101 (1855); Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 100 (1856); Lawr. Ann. 
Xyc. iV. T. vii. p. 317 (1861); ScL $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 369, et 
1866, p. 198; LSot. Ois. Trinid. p. 28 (1866); Set $ Sate. P. Z. S. 
1867, pp. 753,979; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 556; Pdz. Orn. Bras. 
p. 5 (1871); Set $ Salv. Nommcl p. 122 (1873). 
Diodon brasiliensis, Less. Trait47 p. 96 (1831). 
Diodon bidentatus, D'Orh. Voy. Am. Merid., Ois. p. 122 (1835-44). 
Harpagus rufipes, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 213 (1837). 
Young. Above brown, with Tory narrow pale rufous edgings to 
the feathers; upper surface more or less mottled with white, where 
the concealed bases to the feathers show through, especially on the 
nape; quills and tail brown, tipped with white, barred with paler 
brown above, and with whitish beneath; sides of the face brown, 
except the fore part of the cheeks, which are white, with brown 
streaks; under surface of body white, the throat with a conspicuous 
mesial black streak, the throat and chest narrowly streaked with 
dark brown, flanks with a few indistinct arrow-head brown markings 
; under wing-coverts bufiy white; bill horn-brown, yellowish 
on lower mandible and along ridge of upper; feet deep yellow, 
claws black. 

From this stage the bird moults into the following plumage of 

the ML-grown bird. 

Adult male. Above clear slaty blue; tail brown, tipped and 

crossed with three narrow bands of greyish white or pale brown; 

under surface of body rich chestnut; throat white, with a broad 

mesial line of slaty black; under tail- and wing-coverts, as well as 

axillary plumes, creamy white; bill slaty black, yellowish on the 

under mandible; feet yellow, claws black. Total length 12-3 inches, 

culmen 0*9, wing 8, tail 6-2f tarsus 1-45. 

Adult female. Similar to the adult male but larger, and having 

the abdomen and thighs barred obscurely with whitish. Total 

length 15 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 9-1, tail 6*7, tarsus 1-6. 

From the above dress the bird changes again gradually, not by a 
moult apparently, into the fully mature plumage m follows;— 
Above skty black, with a tinge of clearer slaty grey on the sides of 
the face; quills blackish, barred with white underneath; tail black, 
narrowly tipped with white, with only two cross bands visible on 
the tail itself, whitish below, tinged with pale brown above; throat 
white, with the usual black streak; chest greyish, the lower ehest, 

69 . HABPAGTJS. 36a 
abdomen, and thighs banded with, grey and white; under wing-
and tail-coverts white. 

Sab. Amazonia, Guiana, Venezuela, and Columbia. 

a. $ ad. sk. Chyavetas, Peruvian Amazons. E. Bartlett, Esq. [0.1 
h. 5 juv. sk. Ohamicuros. E. Bartlett, Esq. [0.1 
c. $ ad. sk. Upper Ucayali. E. Bartlett, Esq. [0.1. 
d. Ad. sk. Rio Javari. H. W". Bates, Esq. [OJ. 
e. Juv. sk. Trinidad. 
/. $ ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased. 
g. Juv. sk. S. America. Purchased. 
7t. Ad. sk. Demerara. * R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.I 
i. Juv. sk. Demerara. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. j . 
Jc. Ad. sk. Brazil. Zoological Society. 
I. Ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased. 
3. Harpagus fasciatus. 
Harpagus fasciatus, Lawr. JPr. Fhih Acad, 1868, p. 429 j Sah. Ibis, 
1870, p. 115 j Scl 8f Sah. Nommcl p. 122 (1873). 

Adult, Above brown, with concealed spots of white on the scapulars, 
the nape also slightly mottled with white; crown and sides 
of face slaty grey; lores and a small spot of down under the eye 
whitish* throat white, with a broad line of blackish slate-colour 
down the centre; entire under surface, including the flanks, chestnut, 
broadly banded with white, with a more or less distinct slaty 
bar conterminous with the white bands, the cross bars on the chest 
not so distinct, giving a more uniform chestnut appearance to this 
part; under tail-coverts buffy white; under wing-coverts clear bun% 
with a few indistinct cross markings of brown; quills brown, barred 
with darker brown, the bars obsolete on the secondaries, the under 
surface of the wing creamy white at base, inclining to ashy white 
at tip, the cross bars showing very plainly; tail dark brown, slightly 
paler at tip, and crossed with three narrow bars of ashy brown 
shading into white on the inner web; the under surface of the tail 
paler, the cross bars broader and whiter; bill horn-blue, yellowish 
at base of lower mandible; feet orange, claws black. Total length 
13*7 inches, culmen 1, wing 8*8, tail 5*3, tarsus 1-75. (Mm. Salvin 
Sf Godman.) 

Young. Above brown, the nape mottled with white tinged with 

ochre, all the feathers of the upper surface margined with dull ful


vous ; the crown and sides of face streaked with rufous, especially 

above the eye; quills and tail much as in the adult, the whitish 

bars on the latter a little more distinct; under surface of body yel


lowish white, streaked on the throat and breast, and barred on the 

belly, flanks, and thighs with brown; under tail-coverts buny white; 

under wing-coverts clear ochre, only the lowest ones barred with 

brown. (Mus. S. £f Q.) 

Sab. From Guatemala to Panama. 

364 FiXCONID-aE. 

70. ICTINIA. Type 
Ictinia, Vieill Analyse, p. 24 (1816) I. plumbea. 
Nertus, Bote, Ms, 1828, p. 314 I plumbea, 
Poeeilopteryx, Kaup, Mus. Senckenb. iii. p. 258 (1845).. L plumbea. 

Bill of Ictinia plumbea. 

Mange. Southern States of Eorth America; Central America; 
Columbia; Guiana; Amazonia; Brazil. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Secondaries leaden blacky like rest of upper 
surface plumbea, p. 364. 
b. Secondaries silvery grey, in strong contrast to 
rest of upper surface mississipiensis, p. 365. 
1. Ictinia plumbea. 
Spotted-tailed Hobby, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 106 (1781). 

Palco plumbeus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 283 (1788); Temm. PI Col i. 

pL 180 (1823); Spix, Av. Bras. i. pi. Bb (1824); Max. Beitr. 

Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 126 (1830). 

Alcon azulezo, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 167 (1802); Kartl. hid. Azara, 

p. 3 (1847). 
Milvus cenchris, Vieill Ots. cFAmSr. Sept p. 38, pL 10 bis (1807). 
Ictinia plumbea. Vieill N. Diet. xvi. p. 76 (1817); I)1 Orb. Voy. Am. 
Mer., Ois. p. 101 (1835); Gray, Gen. B. i p. 26, pL 9. fig. 1 
(1845); Tsehudi, Faun. Peruan., Vdg. p. 112 (1845) ; Cab. in 
Schomh. Bek. Guian. iii. p. 735 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 22 
(1850); StricU. Orn. Syn. p. 140 -(1856); Burm. Th. Bras. ii. 

p. 104 (1856); ScU. Mm. P.-B. Milvi, p. 10 (1862); Leot Ois. 
Trinid. p. 142 (1866); Gray, JETand-l B. i. p. 27 (1869; ; Peh. 
Orn. Bras. pp. 6, 398 (1871); Sel $ Salv. Nomencl p. 122 $.873). 
Nertus plumbeus, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 314. 

Buteo plumbeus, Cuv. Bhgne An. i. p. 337 (1829). 

Poeeilopteryx plumbea, Kaup, Mus. Senckenb. iii. p. 258 (1845). 

Adult. Above leaden black, tbe tail included, the latter with 
three bars of white (one concealed by tbe under tail-coverts) on the 
under surface; wing-coverts leaden black, a little darker than tbe 
back; primaries rufous, leaden grey along tbe outer margin and at 
tbe tip; head paler and more slaty grey, the ear-coverts a little 
darker; feathers round the eye blackish; entire under surface slaty 
grey, the throat paler, and the under -wing-coverts and axillaries 


darker. Total length 14 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 12-6, tail 6, 
tarsus 1*5. 

70. ICTINIA. 
365 

Young. Above slaty black, the feathers of the back very narrowly 
margined with whitish, the secondaries a little more broadly, the 
head and neck streaked with white; quills black, tipped with white, 
the former more or less rufous on the base of the inner web; under 
surface whitish, the throat thickly, the breast broadly streaked with 
slaty black; thighs deep slate-colour, barred with white; under 
tail-coverts whitish, with large subterminal spots of greyish black ; 
under wing-coverts slaty black, faintly barred and tipped with 
white; tail black, tipped with white and spotted with the same on 
the inner web, forming three bars (one concealed by the under tail-
coverts) underneath, not very distinct. 

Hab. Erom Mexico throughout Central America to Brazil. 

a. <? ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. c? juv. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
S. America. 
Para. 
Concordia, New Granada. 
Guatemala. 
D. W. Mitchell, Esq. [P.]. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
T. K. Salmon, Esq. [0.]. 
Purchased. 
e. Skeleton. Purchased. 

2. Ictinia mississipiensis. 
Ealco mississipiensis, Wils. Am. Orn. iii. p. 80, pi. 25, fig. 1 (1811). 
Falco ophiophagus, Vieill N. Diet. d'Hist. JSfat. xL p. 103 (1817). 
Ictinia ophiophaga, Vieill. et Oud. Gal. Ois. p. 44, pi. 17 (1825). 
Nertus mississipiensis, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 314. 
Milvus mississipiensis, Cuv. JRegne An. i. p. 335 (1829). 
Falco plumbeus, Audub. B. Am. pi. 117, et Orn. JBiogr. ii. p. 108 


(1834). 
Ictinia plumbea, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Am. p. 4 (3838). 
Ictinia mississipiensis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 26 (1845); Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 22 (1850) ; Cass. B. Calif. $ Texas, p, 106 (1855) ; StricH. 
Orn. Syn. p. 140 (1855); Cass, in Bawd's B. K Am. p. 37 (1860); 
Sehl. Mus. P.-JS. Milvi, p. 10 (1862) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 327; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 28 (1869) ; Coues, Key JST. Am. B. p. 211 
(1872). 
Adult. Above leaden black, the tail uniform with the back, but 
totally unbarred with white; primaries black, with deep chestnut 
near the base, concealed by the feathers overlapping; the secondaries 
ashy grey, inclining to whitish, except the innermost, which are 
uniform with the back; entire head and neck all round clear grey, 
a patch in front of the eyes black; under surface clear grey, the 
throat and under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts greyish, 
paler on the inner, darker on the outer margin of the wing; bill 
black; feet orange-red; iris deep lake-red. Total length 13*5 inches, 
culmen 0*95, wing 11*8, tail 6, tarsus 1-55. 

Hab. Southern States of North America, ranging through Central 
America as far south as Guatemala. 

366 
FALCOOT>.£. 

71. MICEOHIEEAX* 
Hierax, 
Vigors, Zool. Journ. i. p. 389 (1824, nee Type. 
Leach, 1816) H. Mngillarius. 

Foot of Mierohierax ccervUsrens. 

Range. Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Burmah; Malayan peninsula 
; Java; Sumatra; Borneo ; Philippines. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Hind neck white 
ettrulescms^ p. 31 tG. 
b. Hind neck like reist of back. 
a'. Abdomen rufous . fringillariu% p. 307. 
b1 

. Abdomen white. 
a". Thighs white. Melanoleucus, p. 808. 
b". Thighs black erythrogtnysy p. 809. 


1, Mierohierax caernlescens. 
The little Blaek-and-Orange-coloured Hawk, Edw. Nat Hist B. iii. 

p. 108, pi. 108 (1750) t. 
Le Faucon de Bengale, Briss. Orn. vi. Sttppl. p. 20 f!7603 ex Edit)*). 
Falco caerulescens, Linn. S. X. i. p. 126 (17613, ex Edw.). 
Harpagus cserolescens, Sw. Classif. B. if. p. 213 (1837). 
Hierax hengalensis, Slyth, J. A. S. B. xl pt. ii. pi 789 (1842); Gray, 
Cat Mamm. $* B. Nepal, Sodgs. p. 45 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 28 
(1850). 
Hierax eutolmus v. ben<ralensisj Sodas, in Gray7s ZooL Misc. p. 81 
(1844). 
Hierax caerulescens, Gray, Gen. B. L p. 21 (1844); Strickh Orn. Syn. 

y. 102 (1855). 
Hierax eutolmus, Gray, Gen. B* i. p. 21 (1844) ; Biyih, Oat. B. Mm, 
As. Soc. Beng. p. 17 (1849); id. X A. 8. B. xix. p. 324 (1850) -
Btrichl Orn. Syn. p. 103 (1855); Jerd. B. of India, i. p. 42 (1862) 


* 
ftixpbs, parvus, Upa%, aeeipiter.
f The absence of the white nuchal collar in Edwards's plate and description 
alone prevents us from fully recognizing the bird here referred to that title. This 
discrepancy may have been caused by the state of the specimen, which is stated 
to have come out of spirits. No other member of the genus suits the description; 
but, with the above allowance being made, it coincides admirably with 
the species afterwards described as Hierax eutolmus. 

71 . MICEOHIEBA.X. 
367 

Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 11, and 1806, p. 239; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 24 
(1869) ; mime, Bough Notes, i. p. Ill (1869); Blanf Ibis, 1870, 

p. 464. 
Falco caerulescens bengalensis, SehL Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 33 (1862). 
Adult. Above dull greenish black, the greenish tinge scarcely 
perceptible *. forehead white, as well as a broad eyebrow rnnning 
down the sides of the, neck, and joining the hind neck, which is also 
white, and forms a broad collar; feathers round the eye and ear-
coverts black; quills black, notched or broadly barred with white 
on the inner web, one or two of the primaries also spotted with 
white near the base of the outer web, the secondaries greenish black 
like the wing-coverts and rest of back; tail black, spotted with 
white near the base of the inner webs, forming rather broad bars; 
cheeks and sides of neck white; underparts silky white, the throat, 
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts chestnut; sides of breast 
greenish black; wing-coverts white, some of the lower ones slightly 
spotted with black. Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3*9, 
tail 2-1, tarsus 0*8. 

Adult female. Similar to male, but a little larger. Total length 
6*4 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 4*3, tail 2-55, tarsus 0*85. 

A specimen from Cambodia and another from Pegu are slightly 
brighter in colour and have broader white foreheads than Mr. 
Hodgson's examples; otherwise I can see no differences. 

Hab. Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Arakan, Burmah, Tenasserim, Siam, 

and Cambodia. 
a. Ad. sk.
b, e. Ad. st.
d. Ad. sk.
e. Juv. sk.
/ . Ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
j , k. Sterna. 
India. 
Nepal, 
Nepal. 
Darjiling, 
Ava. 
Siam (Schomfairgk). 
Cambodia. 
Tenasserim. 
M. A. Boucard [P.], 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P-lB. 
H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. £P*1"
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.], 
J. Gould, Esq. JP.]. 
M. Mouhot [C.J. 
W. B. D. Packman, Esq. [P.]. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

2. McroMerax MngiHarras. 
Falco caerulescens (nee Linn.), BCorsf Tr. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 135 (1822); 
id. Zool Bes. Java, pi. 35 (1824) ; Temm. PI Col i. pi. 97 (1824) • 
Vieill. 8f Oud. Gal Ois. i. p. 46, pi. 18 (1825) ; Kittl Kupf. Fog. 

p. 4, pi. iii. £g. 2 (1832); Schl Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 33 (1862) ,• id. 
Vog. Nederl Ind. VaTko. pp. 7, 49, pi. 2. fig. 1 (1866). 
Falco fringillarius, Drap. Diet Class. d'Hist. Nat. vi. p. 412, pi. v. 
(1824). 
Hierax caerulescens, Vig. Zool Journ. i. p. 339 (1824) * id. Life Baffl. 

p. 649 (1830); Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 180* (1843) ; Gray, Gen. 
ofB. i. p. 21 (1844); Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 52; Bp. Consp. i. 
p. 28 (1850) ,* Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 537 ,* Moore, P. 
Z. S. 1854, p. 258; Striekl Orn. Syn. p. 102 (1855); Scl P. Z. S. 
1863, p. 206; Wall Ibis, 1868, p. 6; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 24 
(1869); Wald. Ibis, 1872, p. 362. 
Hierax malayensis, JStrichl Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 33 (1844); Gray, Gen. 
ofB. i. p. 21 (1844); Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 104 (1855); Peh. Verh. 
z.~b. Wien, xiii. p. 629 (1863); id. Beis. Nov., Vog. p. 3 (1865). 

368 FALC02TCD-E. 

Hierax fringillarius, Myth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Beng. p. 17 (1849); 
id. Ibis, 1863, p. 11; Wald. Ibis, 1871, p. 161. 
Hierax inelanoleucus, Marsf. Sf Moore, Cat B. Mus. 22. I Co. i. 

p. 16 (1854, nee Blyth). 
Adult Above deep Hue-black, with a very faint greenish tinge in 
some examples; quills and tail black, barred with white on the 
inner web ; forehead and a broad stripe from behind the eye down 
the sides of the neck white; lores, feathers round the eye, ear-
coverts, and hinder parts of cheeks black; fore part of cheeks and 
underparts silky white, the throat slightly, the abdomen and under 
tail-coverts more richly washed with ochre; sides of body, flanks, 
and outer face of thighs glossy black; bill and feet horn-brown; iris 
dark. Total length 6*1 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 8*9, tail 2-8, 
tarsus 0*85. 

Young. Like the adult, but has the bill yellow, horn-brown at 
tip, the forehead, cheeks, and streak down the sides of neck tinged 
with orange, the upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers margined with 
orange-buff. 
Hab. Malayan peninsula ; Java • Sumatra * Borneo. 

a. Ad. sk. Java. Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Java. 
Java. 
Borneo. 
Hon. East-India Co. [P.""*. 
— Xightingale, Esq. [P.], 
Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk.
/, g. Juv. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
t. 2 ad. sk.
k. Juv. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
m. Juv. sk.
n. Ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk.
q. Skeleton. 
Borneo. 
Borneo. 
Sumatra. 
Malacca. 
Malacca. 
Malacca. 
Malacca. 
Malacca. 
Malacca. 
Singapore. 
' 
Rajah Brooke ~P-> 
J. Uould, Esq."[Pi]. 
A. R. "Wallace, "Esq. [C.^. 
A. R. Wallace,, Esq. 0. . 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. *C*. 
— Harvey, Esq. "P.jl 
— Harvey, Esq. LP. . 
Walter Ewer, Esq. '"PA 
R. B. Sharps, Esq. *P.J. 
Earl of Ellen Borough [P.]. 
Purchased. 

3. McroMerax melanoleucus. 
Hierax caerulescens, Blyih, J. A. S. B. xi. pt. 1, p. 789 (1842j. 
Hierax melanoleueus, Blyth, X A. 8. B. xii. pt. 1, p. 179* (1843) ; 
id. Cat B. Mm. As. Soc. Beng. xix. p. 824 (1849); id. J. A. & B. 

xix. p. 324 (1850); Bhfth, Ibis, 1863, p. 10, and I860, p. 29 5 Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 24 (1869); Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 243. 
Adult Above entirely glossy greenish, black, the wings and tail 
uniform with the back, the latter tipped with white and marked on 
the inner web with four white bars ; quills lighter and more ashy 
below, and marked with numerous white bars 011 inner web; a 
narrow frontal line and a distinct eyebrow running down the side 
of the neck white; cheeks and ear-coverts greenish black ; entire 
under-surfaee, including the thighs as well as the under wing- and 
tail-coverts, white; bill and feet black ; iris dark. Total length 6-8 
inches, culmen 0-5, wing 4% tail 2*9, tarsus 0-95. (Mus. Walden.) 

Hal. Assam and Kachar. 

72. POLrOHIER4X. 
4. Microhierax erythrogenys. 
Hierax eiythrogenys, Vigors, P. Z. S.1831, p. 98; Blijth, J. A. S. B. 
xl pt. 2, p. 789 (1842); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 21 (1844); Fraser, 
Zool. Typ. pi. 31 (1849)• Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 52; Strickl. 
Om. Si/n. p. 102 (1855); Gray, JKand.-l. B. i. p. 24 (1869). 

Falco sericeus, KM. Kupf. Fog. p. 4, pi. Hi. fig. 3 (1832); id. Mem. 
Acad. St. Petersb. ii. p. 1, tab. 1 (1835) j Sehl Mm. P.-B. Falc. 

p. 34 (1862). 
Falco Gironnieri, Eydoux et Smdey. Voy. Bonite, Zool U p. 71, pi. 1 
Hierax sericeus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 21 (1844) ; Bp. Rev. et Mag. de 
Zool. 1854, p. 536: Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 104 (1855); Pet. Verh. 
2.-5. Wien, xiii. p. 630 (1863); Wall. Ibis, 1868, p. 6: Gray, Hand~l. 

B. 
i. p. 24 (1869). 
Adult Above glossy greenish black, primaries pure black; cheeks, 
ear-coverts, sides of the neck, and entire under surface silky white, 
the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs, as well as the lower under 
tail-coverts greenish black ; bill shiny black ; cere, orbits, and feet 
black ; iris dark brown. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 
4*4, tail 2-7, tarsus 0*85. 

Young (If. erythrogenys). Similar to the adult, but having a tinge 
of bright ochre on the ear-coverts; beak yellowish, inclining to 

horn-blue at the point. 
Hob. Philippine Islands. 
a. Juv. st. Manilla. H. Lindsay, Esq. [0.1 Type of species. 
b. Ad. sk. Manilla. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Philippine Islands. 
d*. Ad. sk. Philippine Islands. — Fortune, Esq. [0.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [0.]. 

72. P0LI0HIERAX. Type 
Polihierax, Kaup, Ids, 1847, p. 47 P. semitorquatus. 
Leg of Poliohterax semitorquatus. 
Range. N.E, Africa ; S.E. Africa ; Burmah. 


* This specimen is registered as from Northern China [cf. Cat. Accipitr. 1848, 
p. 
63], where, however, the species is not known at all. It is most probable 
VOL. i. m 2 c 
370 iULCONID-E. 

Key to tlie speaks. 

a. Hind neck white semitorqiiahts, p. 370. 
b. Hind neck slaty blue, like back uzsignis, p. 370. 
1. PolioHerax semitorquatus. 
Falco semitorquatus, Smith, Bep. Exp. Centr. Afr. p. 44 (1836), &n& 
III Ind. Orn. S. Afr. pi. 1 (1849); Strickl Om. Syn. p. 93 (1855); 
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 38 (1809). 

Hvpotriorchis semitorquatus, Gray, * Gen. B. L p. 20 (1844); Scl 

>. Z S. 1864, p. 107 ; Gray, Hand-l i. p. 22 (18159). 

Polihierax semitorquatus, Kaup, Isis, 1847. p. 47; Bp. Cmisp. i. p. 20 

(1850); Horsf. 4* Moore, Cat. B. 31m. K I Co. i. p. 16 (1854) j 

Bp. Bev. ei Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 537; Anderss. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 4; 

id. B. Dam. Ld, ed. Gmwey, p. 19 (1872). 

Hypotriorchis castanonotns, Heugl. Ibis, 1860, p. 407; Scl Mis, 1861, 

p. 346, pi. xiii.; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 22 (1869).' 
Adult male. Above "bluish grey, the head darker, the hind neck 
and upper tail-coverts pure white; quills and tail brown, spotted 
on the outer and barred on the inner webs with white, the secondaries 
and tail-feathers also tipped with white; forehead, sides of 
the face, and underparts white; under wing-coverts white, with 
indistinct brown cross bars on some of the lower ones ; bill yellow, 
horn-coloured at tip; cere, orbits, and feet yellow, claws horn-
brown. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 4*6, tail 3-2, 
tarsus 1*2. 

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the interscapular)* 
region and scapulars deep vinous chestnut. Total length 7*5 inches, 
culmen 0*5, wing 4*8, tail 3, tarsus 1*15. 

A specimen, apparently of an adult male, from Xorth-eastern 
Africa, collected by Sir W. 0. Harris, is in the Museum. It is 
rather darker grey than the South-African examples, and has the 
white bars on the under surface of the wings and tail rather 
broader. 

Hab. South-eastern and Xorth-eastern Africa. 

2. PolioMerax insignis. 
Polihierax msignis, Wald. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 627, et Itm„ 1872, pp. 200, 
471. 
Lithofaleo feildeni, Hume, J. A. S. B. 1872, p. 70. 
Adult male (type of species). Above slaty blue, with distinct 
black shaft-stripes to the feathers of the head and back; lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pure white; wing-coverts a 
little darker than the back, and not having such distinct shaft-
stripes ; primary coverts and primaries blackish, the secondaries 
somewhat washed with slaty grey, spotted externally and barred 
internally with white; tail black, tipped with white, and crossed 

that Mr. Fortune procured these birds from Manilla, whence also Mr. Swinhoe 

)m once received a collection, and I have accordingly altered the localitv of the 

specimen. 

73 . SPIZIAPTERYX. 
with three bands of white not strictly conterminous, and disappearing 
on the centre feathers ; forehead and sides of face whiter than 
the head, and narrowly streaked with black; under surface of body 
white, the flanks washed with grey, and, like the upper breast, 
streaked with black shaft-stripes; under wing-coverts white, slightly 
marked with greyish black; cere, orbits, and feet yellow; bill 
leaden black, yellow at base. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 0*85, 
wing 5*7, tail 5*2, tarsus 1*35. (Mus. Walden.) 

Female, Similar to the male, but distinguished by its bright ferruginous 
head and mantle; forehead, eyebrow, and sides of face 
ashy white, with narrow linear black shaft-stripes. Total length 
11*3 inches, wing 6-1, tail 5*2, tarsus 1*45. (Mus. Walden.) 

Bab. Yicinity of Tonghoo, Burmah. 

73. 
SPIZIAPTEEYX. _ 
s» 
^ Type. 
Spiziapteryx, Kaup, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 43 S. circumcinctus. 
Hemihierax, Burm. Peis.La Plata-St. ii. p. 437 (1861) S. circumcinctus. 

Tarsus of Spiziapteryx circumcincfvs. 

Range. Confined to the Argentine Republic. 

1. Spiziapteryx circumcinctus. 
Harpagus circumcinctus, Kaup, JP. Z. S. 1851, p. 43. 
Spiziapteryx circumcinctus, Xaup, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 43 * Pp. Pev. et 


Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 537; 8cl. $ Sah. Nomencl p. 122 (1873). 
Falco punctipennis, Burm. J.f. 0. 1860, p. 242. 
Hemihierax circumcinctus, Burm. Pels. La Plata*St. ii. p. 437 (1861). 
Falco circumcinctus, 8cL Ibis, 1862, p. 23, pi. ii. 

Above ashy brown, the head darker and inclining to blackish 

* brown; rump and upper tail-coverts creamy white ; scapulars ashy 
brown like the back, streaked with blackish brown; wing-coverts 
dark brown, with blackish streaks down the centre of each, with 
two spots of white on each side; quills blackish, with large spots 
of white on both webs ; tail black, the centre feathers tipped with 
white, the others spotted on the outer and barred on the inner web 
with white; a distinct eyebrow and a loral streak white ; sides of 
face blackish, varied with white, the hinder part of the cheeks 
white, streaked with blackish; throat dull white; rest of under 
2c2 

372 F1LC0NIBJE. 

surface ashy white, with longitudinal streaks of black down the 
centre of the feather; thighs and under tail-coverts pure white; 
under wing-coverts white, with narrow streaks of black down the 
feathers ; under surface of wing ashy brown, the inner web white 
at the base, and notched with white for the greater part of its 
length. Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing B^So, tail 5*7, 
tarsus 1*9. (2Ius. Scilvin and Godman.) 

Hah. The same as that of the genus. 

74. HAEPA. 
Type. 
Harpe. Bp. C. B. xli. p. 652 (1853) IT. nov*e zealandi®. 
Hieracidea, mtct. recent. 

Foot of Harpa norcp ZealandUP. 

Range. Xew Zealand and the Auckland Islands. 

1. Harpa novae zealaadiae. 
New-Zealand Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 57 (1781). 

Faico novae zealandise, Gm. S. X. i. p. 208 (1788, ex Lath.); Gray, 
Voy. JBreb. # Terr. Bird% p. 1 (1844|; StrieM. Orn. Syn. p. iU 
(1855) ; Sehl. Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 35 (1802) ; Polls, Tr. X. Z. Imt. 

ii. p. 51 (1869); Finsch, J. f. O. 1872. p. 87. 
Falco harpe, Gray, in JDuff. Trav. ii. App. p. IbO (1843, ex For hi. 
icon, hied.) ; Forst. Descr. Anim. p. CS (1^44). 
H}potriorcliis novse zealandiae, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 20 (1844). 
Hieracidea no\ se zealandise, Kmtp, Isis, 1847, p. 80; id. Cmitr. Orn. 

1850, p. 56; Bp. Cansp. I p. 22 (1850); id. Be v. et May. Ib54t 

p. 53d; Gray, Ibis, 18(5% p. 215: Zai/ard. Ibis, 18*33, p. 244; 
Butter, E*my Orn. X. Z. p. 0 (1805); Finsch, J.f.O. 1867, p. 243; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 22 (18H9) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1870, p. 535; 
Miction, Ibis, 1871, p. 101; id. Cat B. A'. Zeal p. 1 (1871) ; 
Butter, Ibis, 1872, p. 332, eiB. X. Zeal p. 1, pi. 1 (1872); Hutlmi, 
Ibis, 1873, p. 100; Skarpe, t c. p. 327. 
Harpe novse zealandise, Bp. C. B. xli. p. 652 (1855). 

Adult female. Ahove hlackish hrown, the crown, and nape deeper 
and blacker; the whole of the back, scapulars, and wing-eoverts 
barred across with narrow lines of pale rufous, deeper and broader 
on the upper tail-coverts, the bars on the greater wing-coverts and 
inner secondaries rufous or ashy white: quills bkcMsh brown, 
interruptedly barred externally with ashy white, banded more 
broadly on the inner webs with dull white; tail dark brown, 

74:. HARP A. 373 

tipped with rufous white and crossed by eight bauds, more or less 
distinctly indicated, of greyish white; lores whitish ; a faintly pronounced 
superciliary streak rufous, varied with black, as also are 
the sides of neck; ear-coverts blackish, and a moustachial streak 
not very distinctly separated from the ear-coverts by the rufous of 
the sides of the neck; under surface of body bufly white, with an 
ochraeeous tinge on the breast, the throat unspotted, but the breast 
and abdomen mesially streaked with dark brown, broader on the 
sides of the body, where the white forms large spots on both webs, 
giving a distinctly ocellated appearance; thighs and under tail-
coverts bright rust-colour, with narrow shaft-stripes of dark brown; 
under wing-coverts huffy white, barred across with brown, slightly 
tinged with chestnut, the axillaries distinctly ocellated with white ; 
cere pale yellow; bill bluish black, the base of lower mandible 
horn-colour; feet yellow, claws black; irides brownish yellow. 
Total length 18*5 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 11*5, tail 8*3, tarsus 2*6. 

Adult male. According to Br. Buller (I. c.) it is only a little 
smaller than the female. Wing 11-25 inches, tail 8-25, culmen 1*25, 
tarsus 2-5. 

Young. Brownish black above, without the rufescent cross markings 
; wings and tail as in adult, but the bars on the latter more 
indistinct, less continuous, and not seen on the apical portion; lores 
whitish; a very slightly indicated superciliary line deep rufous; 
facial features as in adult; throat and lower abdomen bufly white, 
with distinct brown shaft-stripes ,* rest of under surface clouded 
with brown, with black shaft-stripes, varied here and there with a 
lew ocellated rufous spots, more distinct on the flanks ; thighs and 
under tail-coverts dull chestnut, clouded with blackish centres to 
the feathers; under wing-coverts much as in adult, but the white 
markings smaller, giving a less ocellated appearance • cere and orbits 
bluish white; legs dark grey, claws black; iris black. 

Mab. The same as that of the genus. 

. a. $ ad. sk. Auckland Islands. The Admiralty [P.], 
b. J ad. sk.
c. 2 j uv * s^Auckland 
Islands. 
^ e w Zealand. 
The Admiralty [P.J._ 
Sir George Grey [P." 
d. JUT. sk. New Zealand. * Sir George Grey pEV 
e. Juv. sk.New 
Zealand. Sir George Grey [P/ 
/. Juv. sk. New Zealand. Sir George Grey [P.* 
g. 2 Juv« sk* New Zealand. Dr. Haast [0.]. 
L $ juv. sk. South Island, N. Z. Percy Earl, Esq. [0.1. 
*'. $ ad. sk. Stewart's Island, N. Z.' Capt. Stokes, R.N. [P.]. 

Subsp. a. Harpa anstralis. 

Falco brunnea (nee Bechst.), Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 188, et Syn. B. 
Austr. part iii. (1838) ; Gray, App. Bief. Trav. ii. p. 186 (1843). 
Falco anstralis, Eomlr. §* Jacq, Ann. Sci Nat. 1841, p. 312, et Fog. 
Pole Sud, Atlas, Ois. pi. 1. fig. 1 (1842-53). 

Falco ferox, Peak, U. S. ExpL Exp. p. 67 (1848). 

Falco nov*e zealandise, Hombr. 8f Jacq. Toy. Pole Sud, ZooL iii. p. 47 
(1863). 

Ieracidea novaj zealandise, Cabs. U. S. Eapl Exp. p. 89 (1858). 

374 I'ALCOKIBJE. 

Hieracldea brannea, Gray^ IMs, 1862. p. 215; Bayard^ IMs} 1863, 

p. 332; Pek. Verh. &-6. Wien> xiii. p. 620 (1863); Buller, Tr. X, 
Z. Imt. i. p. 106 (1868); Gurney, Ibis, 1870, p. 535; Buller, Ibis, 
1872, p. 3325 id. B. K Zeal p. 6 (1872). 
leraeidea branneus, Gray, JZand-I, B. i. p. 22 (1869). 
Hieracldea australis, Sharpe, Ihis, 1878, p. 327. 


Adult. Similar to ff. novce zealcmdice, but smaller and more ashy 
brown above. Hah, wing 9 inebes; female, wing 11. {BtiU^r.) 

Bab* "New Zealand. 
«. c? ad. sk. Xew Zealand. Miss R. Stone [P.]. 
& $ juv. st. xsew Zealand. Miss I t Stone [P.J. 

c. Ad. sk. New Zealand, 
fl. Jnv. sk. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes, R.X. [P.]. 
<?. SjuY.sk Chalkv Bav? K Z. Capt Stokes, P.X. [P.J. 
f. $ juv. sk Southland, N. Z. Percy Earl, Esq. fC.]. 
^. <? ad. sk. River Hntt, N. Z. P. Strange, Esq. [0.j. 
A. Juv. sk. Soutb Island, K Z. {Button). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
i Skeleton. Zoological Society. 
75. FALCON Type 
Faleo, Linn, 8. K. i. p. 124 (1706) F. communis. 
Tiimunculus, Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. i. p. 39 (1807) .. F. columbarius. 
Hypotriorchis, Bote, Ish, 1826, p. 907 F. subbuteo, 
aEsalon, Kaup, Kaiurl Sy&t. p. 40 (1829) F. regular. 
Denclxofalco, Gray, Lid Gen. B. p. 3 (1840) F. subbuteo. 
Lithofalco, Blasius F. resjuluss 
Gennaia, Kemp, Lis, 1847, p. 09 F. jutrsrur. 
Chicqnera, Bp. Rev. et. Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 535 .. F. ehicquera. 
Turumtia, Btytfa Ibis, 1863, p. 9 . F. ehicquera. 

Head and foot of Fako emmmmu. 

Mange, Tbe whole of the Old and E*ew "Worlds, excepting Oceania. 

* Notwithstanding thefine series of Falcons in the Museum, I hare in the 
present table only endeavoured to draw wp diagnostic characters of the adult 
birds, as there are several important facts still in abeyance, such as the determination 
of Fako atricepsi Hume, which I have not seen, and the distinctness of the 
southern from the northern Peregrines. Until these points are settled I have 
preferred not to attempt a full diagnosis of the young, in order to avoid confusion. 
75. 
FALCO. 
;m 

Key to the Species. 

a. 
Thighs particoloured. 
a'. Thighs transversely barred with narrow black 
lines. 
„ ^ Pr j T-I T • v (communis and al


a . Crown of head Hackish j lie? j pp 376.385. 
T ,f n * x. J i? (cMcquera, p. 403. 
6 . Crown of head rufous tn^o^, p 404. 
6'. Thighs narrowly streaked, or at most marked with 
a few arrow-head spots of blackish. 
e". Back uniform above, with a few black shaft-
stripes only. 
a"'. Everywhere clear blue-grey, the tail blue-
grey, with one broad subterminal band regtdus, p. 406. 
b'". Very much smaller and darker• tail blue-
grey, with four black bands, the subterminal 
one much the broadest eolumbarius, 

d". Back barred across. p. 408. 
d". Forehead and nape rufous; hinder crown 
bluish grey. 
a4. Much larger: wing 11*8-12 inches^ underneath 
with wavy bars babylonia^ 
¥. Smaller: wing not exceeding 11*5 inches, p. 387. 
underneath isabelline rufous barbams, p. 386, 
<V". Forehead blackish, the hinder crown and 

nape rufous. 
c\ With a very narrow frontal line of black.. feldegii, p. 389. 
d4. With a very broad frontal band of black• * 

interscapulary region blackish. 

a5. Sides of body and abdomen with distinct 
blackish spots* under surface of body 
buffy white or pale isabelline tanyplerus, p. 391. 

tf. 
Underneath entirely uniform, deep isabelline 
rufous biarmicitS) p. 391. 

d. 
Thighs and flanks nearly uniform brown, or only 
slightly mottled, with pale margins juggiir, p. 393. 
b. 
Thighs perfectly uniform. 
d\ Thighs dull brown; breast white jttggur, p. 393. 
d. 
Thighs sooty brown like breast. 
d'. Larger: wing more than 14 inches * forehead 
and throat whitish subniger, p. 394. 
f". Smaller: wing not 14 inches eleonorce, p. 404. 
/' . Thighs leaden grey like breast eoncohrj p. 405. 
g\ Thighs rufous. 

g". Throat and breast white, the latter with black 

stripes. 
d". Larger: wing 11-8-13*3 inches dkonora, p. 404. 
/'". Smaller: wing 9-6-10*0 inches subbuteo, p. 395. 

h". Throat white, breast rufous. 
g'". Chest rufous. 
e4. Sides of crown not different from crown 
itself. 


c5. No white forehead. 
ab. With a blue shade above severus, p. 397. 
bb. With a black shade above religiosus, p. 397. 

d\ 
Forehead whitibh; breast mottled or 
streaked. 

;J76 FA1COSID-E* 

<f\ Larger: flanks with greyish, bars and 
shaft-stripes; middle* tail-feathers 
plainly barred; primaries barred 
with, rufous for nearly their full 
length T.., lunulatm^ p. *&)& 

db. Smaller: flanks uniform rufous; 
middle tail-feathers not barred; 
primaries very slightly barred with 
rufous near base of inner web cttvieri, p. 400. 

f\ A broad streak of orange from hinder sides 
of crown down sides of neck fuseo-c&rulescens, 
ti". Chest black, spotted with white. p. 400. 

g4. Much larger and more powerful; chest 
entirely rufous, only the middle of the 
breast black with fulvous spots ..... . attrantius^ p. 402. 

hK Very much smaller and more slender, only 
the fore neck tinged with rufous; entire 
breast black with fulvous spots or bars. albigufaris, p. 401. 

h\ Thighs white. kypoleucus, p. 304. 

1. Falco communis*. 
Le Faucon, Bms. Orn. i. p. &>1 (1700); Buff. PL Enl. i. p. I'J7, 

pi. 421, et Hist. Xat. Ok. I p. 249 (1770). 
Le Faucon pMerin, Brk^, Orn. i. p. 341 i1700). 
Le Faucon soiv*, Buff. PL EnL i. pi. 470 (1770). 
Oriental Hawk, Ltith. Gen. Syn. Suppl p. 34* {17h7>. 
Beliree Falcon, Lath, (Jen. Syn, SuppL p. o*> (17871. 
Falco orientally Orn. 8qht. Xat. i. p. 204 (17&£, eu Lath.) i Lath. Lid. 

Orn. i. p. 22 (17110};" Baud. Traite, IL p. 7tS (1*00) { StrickL Orn. 
Syn. p. 83 (1853); 67-ay, Hani-L B. i p. 14* < 1N»0). 
Falco communis, 6*»i. *Sf, X i. p. 270 {1788, ex Buff.); Less, Traite, 

p. 88, pi. 16. fig. 1 {IfeSl); J&hL Bev. Crit. p. ii 118441; Ternm. b 
Sckl. F. J. Axat, p. 1 (1850); Bp. Cbusp. I p. 23 <1850); id. Bet. 
et May. de ZooL 18o4, p. 530; SchL Voq. Xederl p. <», pis. 1-3 
(1834) j «?. Jfe*. P.-R Falcones, p. 1 (1302): id. Yog. NederL Ind. 
Falcones, pp. % 44, pi. 1. fig. 2 (186*3); Deyl. 6* Gtrbe, Orn. Eur. 
i. p. 81 (1807); Sundev. 8t>. FoqL p.' 200, pi. xxvi. fk. 2 <1867) ; 
Hmql Orn. Xa-^r.Lp. 20 (1809); 2to«^ Cat Lid*. Mm. 
p. 42 (1869); tfa/iW. JRHW. Ital TJcc. p. 17 (ifc71): Sharpe, 
Ann. X.B. (4) xi. p. 222 (1873); &&/. Berne Accipitr. p. 32 {1873 >. 
Falco homotinus, <??«. S. X. i. p. 270 (1788, e.e Bttf.). 
Falco peregrinus, Gm. S. X. i. p. 272 "(1788, &c Briis*); 7TT&. -4M. 

Qr». ix. p. 120, pL Ixxvi. (M14); Temvu Man. dTOrn. i p. ±> 
(1820); Xaum. Vog. JDeuUchL i. Taf. 24.25 (1*22) ; HV/vw, J#AW, 

t The older authors apparently derived their nomenclature from the terras 
in use f® falconry; and it m difficult to tell what their descriptions realty were 
intended for, as in several instances it is evident the Goshawk is mixed up with 
the Peregrine. Two names have been adopted by modem writers, viz, Falco 
communis and Falco peregrinus, titles founded by Gmelm on descriptions of his 
predecessors. The latter has generally been adopted; but inasmuch as both are 
said to have yellow irides, they are both open to the same objection, though they 
are otherwise good descriptions of the Common Peregrine. 1 prefer In this ease 
to employ the title of Falco communis of Gmeiin, founded on the '* Faucon n of 
Briton and Buffon, There can be no doubt as to the species intended by the 
latter, as will be seen by the figures in the ' Planches Enluuimees.' 

75 . fALCO. 
377 
Kapaces, pi. 8 (1827); Sw. § Bich. Faun. Bar.-Am. p. 23 (1831) ; 
Gould, B. Eur. pi. 21 (1837) ; Audubon, B. N. Am. i. p. 84, pi. xx. 
(1839); Magill. Hist. Brit B. iii. p. 294(1840) ; Yarr. Hist. Brit. 

B. i. p. 32 (1843) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 19 (1844) ; Blyth, Cat. B. 
Mus. As. Soc. Beng. p. 13 (1849); Kaup, Conir. Orn. 1850, p. 55; 
Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ip . 16 (1854) ; Strichl 
Om. Syn. p. 81 (1855) ; Salvin fy Brodr. Falconry, p. 19, pis. 1-5 
(1855); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. x. figs. 8, 9 (1858); BeM. Ibis, 
1861, p. 5; Gurney, t c. p. 131; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 21 (1862); 
Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 314; Gould, B. Gt. Br. pt. 1 (1862); Pelz. 
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 206 ; Gray, Cat Brit. B. p. 11 (1863) ; Blyth, 
Ibis, 1866, p. 234; Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 194; Wall Ibis, 1868, 
p. 5; Hume, Bough Notes, i. p. 49 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 19 
(1869); Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 237 ; Newton, ed. Yarr. Brit B. p. 53 
(1871); Sicinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 340 ; Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll.il 
p. 316 (1871) ; Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 165 ; Scl. &> Salv. Nome?icl. 
p. 121(1873). 
Falco calidus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 41 (1790); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 
p. 19 (1869) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 7. 
Falco lunulatus, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 127 (1800, ex Lath.). 
Falco albietiiius, Beehst. Naturg. JDeutschl ii. p. 759 (1805). 
Falco gentilis, Wils. Mem. Went. Soc. ii. p. 587 (1818) ; Thienem. 
Abbild. Vogeleiem, Taf. Ii. figs, la-c (1844). 
j Falco comicum, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl p. 62 (1831). 
I Falco grisei?entris, Brehm, Isis, 1833, p. 778. 


Falco anatuni, 
Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. § N. Am. p. 4 (1838, ex Audubon) 
; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 16 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. p. 23 (1850); 
Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 56; Bp. Mev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, 

p. 536; Strichl. Orn. Syn. p. 83 (1855); Cass. B. Calif, p. 86 
(1855); Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 63; Scl. Sf Salv. t. c. p. 219; Cass, 
in Baird'sB. N. Am. p. 7 (1860); March, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1863, 
p. 304; Baird, Ibis, 1867, pp. 282, 288; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, 
p. 457 (1870). 
Falco micrurus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844); Jerd. Ibis, 
1871, p. 238; id. torn, cit 1872, p. 2; Sharpe, Ann. N. H. (4) xi. 

p. 223 (1873). 
Le Faucon hagard, Schl. $• Verst. Traite Fauc. pi. 11 (1853). 
Le Tiercelet sors de Faucon, iid. ut supra, pi. 12 (1853). 
Falco nigriceps, Cass. B. Calif, p. 87 (1855); id. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1855, 
p. 277; id. II. S. Astr. Exp. pi. xiv. (1855) ; Strichl Orn. Syn. 
p. m (1855); Cass, in Baird, B. N. Am. p. 8 (1860); Gurney, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 465; Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 418; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. 
Baird, p. 456 (1870); Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll ii. p. 317 (1871) ; 
Sharpe, Ann. N. H. (4) xi. p. 223 (1873). 
Falco leucogenys, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 268. 

Falco atriceps, Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 356; id. Bough Notes, i. p. 58 
(1869); id. Ibis, 1871, p. 24; Jerd. torn. cit. p. 237: Badcl, torn, 
cit. p. 363; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 2. 

Falco peregrinoides, Vian, Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 174. 
Falco brookii, Sharpe, Ann. N H. (4) xi. pp. 20, 222 (1873). 

Adult male. Above bluish, grey, much, paler on the rump and 
upper tail-coverts, barred with blackish, the bands on the last-
named parts more or less dart-shaped; head, neck, upper part of 
mantle, and wing-coverts blackish, with grey barring, more or less 
indistinct on the latter ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and a short moustachial 
band blackish; forehead whitish; sides of neck white, fbrafhg a 

378 FALC0XID3E. 

patch of white separating the ear-coverts from the hind neck; under 
surface of body white, with a tinge of pale fawn on the breast and 
lower abdomen, the throat unspotted, the chest with a few narrow 
black shaft-stripes ; rest of the under surface crossed with narrow 
bars of blackish, taking the form of spots in the centre of the breast, 
and of narrow dart-shaped lines on the under tail-coverts; quills 
brownish black, primaries slightly shaded with greyish, the secondaries 
clearer grey, crossed by dull blackish bars, the smaller median 
quills tipped with white; tail-feathers greyish, broadly barred with 
black and tipped with white, the bars more obscure towards the tip 
of the tail, which thus appears darker than the base; cere and eyelids 
yellow; bill blue, blackish towards tip; feet yellow, claws 
black; iris dark hazel-brown. Total length 15 inches, culmen 1*2, 
wing 12-12-7, tail 6>5, tarsus 2-05. 

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but larger. Total 
length 17 inches, culmen 1*35, wing 14*5, tail 7*5, tarsus 2*3. 

Young male. Brown, all the feathers margined with huffy brown, 
shading off into white on the extreme edge ; primaries dark brown, 
without any perceptible paler margin; upper tail-coverts and tail-
feathers brown, broadly tipped with buffy white, the outer web 
spotted, and the inner one barred with pale rufous, more or less 
distinct; crown of head brown, with paler edgings, like the back, 
forehead and fore part of crown, a broad streak from the hind part 
of eye to the nape, and the whole of the latter mottled with white 
and slightly tinged with rufous ; feathers in front of eye, moustachial 
streak, and feathers above the ear-coverts dark brown, the sides of the 
face and neck whitish, with a few dark brown shaft-stripes ; under 
surface of the body whitish, the throat unspotted, all the rest of the 
feathers dark brown in the centre, these central markings becoming 
broader and more dart-shaped on the sides of the body, while on the 
lower flanks they take the form of interrupted bars; cere and eyelids 
blue; feet yellow. Total length 15 inches, wing 12*2. 

Young female. Similar to the young male, but much larger. 
Total length 17 inches, wing 14. 

Young male on leaving the nest. Brown, all the feathers edged 
with rufous, a clear greyish shade pervading the upper surface, and 
particularly distinct on the secondaries ; head and neck rusty buff, 
the sides of the crown and occiput, the nape and hind neck, the 
feathers behind the eye, and the moustachial line mottled with 
blackish; under surface of the body rusty buff, with longitudinal 
median spots of dark brown, fewer on the thighs, and changing 
into bars on the under wing- and tail-coverts; throat paler and 
unspotted*. 

* The above descriptions are taken from European specimens; but I add 
gome of birds from various localities, to aid in a further examination of the 
questions at issue :— 
a. From the Ehmdat/as^—F. atriceps, Hume. 
Adult male. Upper surface pale blue-grey, lighter on the rump and upper 
tail-coverts, very narrowly barred across with greyish black, nearly obsolete on 

75. EALCO. 379 
a. 5 ad. sk. Great Britain. 
b. cJ ad. sk. Devonshire. Col, Montagu 
?•!• 

c. d juv. St. Devonshire. Col. Montagu ?•}
d. $ ad. sk. Devonshire. Col. Montagu fcp.i 
e. <$ ad. sk. Bickkam, Devon. 
the rump, but darker and more distinct on the upper parts, becoming black on 
the crown and hind neck, but still with a greyish shade; forehead scarcely at 
all whitish; lores whitish, just tipped with blackish; fore part of cheeks and 
a moustachial streak greyish black, the ear-coverts also washed with greyish; 
entire throat and the upper breast, as well as the sides of the neck, pure white, 
without any markings at all; rest of the under surface of the body white, with 
very narrow brownish cross bars, on the lower part of the breast a few small 
spots of black; -v\ing-coverts blue-grey, with nearly obsolete blackish cross 
markings, the least wing-coverts darker, like the upper back; quills black, with 
a greyish shade externally, the secondaries narrowly tipped with white, the innermost 
ones pale blue-grey like the lower back, with obsolete blackish cross 
markings; tail blue-grey, tipped with buffy white, narrowly barred with 
blackish, the whole tail much darker towards the tip, where the bars become 
broader, the subterminal one being the broadest of all; bill light blue, dark at 
the tip; cere and orbits light yellow; legs and feet rather brighter yellow ; 
iris deep brown. Total length 15*7 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 11*5, tail Q'5^ 
tarsus 1*9. 

Female. Similar to the male, but larger and rather darker. Total length 
19*5 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 134, tail 8, tarsus 2-15. 

/S. From Japan. 
Young All the feathers of the upper surface deep brown, margined with paler 
brown, the upper tail-coverts and tail with broad whitish tips; the basal half of 
the latter marked with obsolete rufous spots and bars; frontal line and lores 
whitish; crown of head dark brown, with narrow fulvous margins to the feathers; 
nape and hind neck mottled with clear fulvous, with somewhat of a 
rufous tinge; feathers under the eye blackish, produced backwards along the 
upper ear-coverts, where there is a browner tinge; cheek-stripe deep black; 
sides of the neck white, with a few central spots of black on some of the lower 
feathers ; chin and throat white, the latter with a few shaft-stripes of brown ; 
rest of the under surface whitish, with a wash of pale tawny buff from the breast 
downwards, all the feathers dark brown in the centre, giving a very broadly 
striped appearance; the under tail-coverts buff, with broad irregular bars of 
brown, somewhat arrow-shaped on the outer ones; under wing-coverts very 
dark brown, the least ones margined with buff, the greater ones and the axillaries 
spotted with buffy white; under surface of the quills spotted, the primaries 
barred near the base oi inner web with pale rufous. Total length 19 inches, 
culmen 1*35, wing 14*5, tail 8*5, tarsus 1*2. 
In my paper on Peregrines I was not certain whether the Japanese species, of 
which only young birds are in the Museum, might not prove to be the same as 
the Western-American form; but I now incline to think them only the European 
bird. 

y. From Western America, = F. nigriceps. 
Adult male. Forehead whitish; head and neck black, with a wash of grey, 
more clear on the ear-coverts, which, as well as the cheeks, are black; upper 
surface clear bluish grey, with blackish cross bands, fewer on the rump; wing-
coverts very distinctly mottled with black, edged with grey; quills blackish 
brown, with a greyish shade on the primaries, the secondaries tipped with 
whitish, the inner ones bluish grey with black cross bars; tail blackish, pale 
grey towards the base, iron-grey on the outer feathers, barred with black, more 
indistinct on the central rectriees; throat and chest pale creamy white, with a 
narrow indistinct shaft-stripe on a few of "the feathers of the latter; rest of 
the under surface white, inclining to buff in the centre of the body, and washed 

380 FALCOXIDJE. 

/ . <S ad. sk. CMswick. Purchased. 
g. 2 ad« st. Chiswick. Purchased. 
h. Pull. st. Great Britain. 
*• 6 j uv » sk. Yorkshire. J. Gould, Esq. 
&. $ ad. sk. Littlecote, Berks. J. Gould, Esq. 
J. (5* juv. sk. Scotland. J, Gould, Esq. 
«i. $ ad. sk. Stockholm, Sweden, Purchased. 
April 18, 1873. 
*#. (J juv. sk. Denmark (Benzori). Baron A. von HiigeL 
o. J ad. sk. Athens. C. W . L. Merlin, Esq. [P. I 
p. J ad. sk. Sardinia. A. B. Brooke,Esq. [P.J. One 
of the types of F. brookii. 
q.
r. 
J ad. s k 
d1 juv. sk. 
Tangiers (Oleesse). 
S.E. coast of Arabia. 
Howard Saunders, Esq. 
W . T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
5. $ Juv. sk. Crimea. J. Gould, Esq. 
t $ juv. st. Persia. K. Loffcus, Esq. [P.]. 
u. $ ad. sk. India. Zoological Society". 
v* <$ ad. sk. 
wJ 
juv. st. 
.1-. 3 juv. sk. 
y. (J ad. sk. 
z. <S ad. sk. 
a', tf juv. st. 
b'. J juv. st. 
o'. $ ad. sk. 
^/'. (J juv. sk. 
Nepaul. 
Nepaul. 
Nepaul. 
Behar. 
Madras. 
Hakodadi, Japan. 
Hakodadi, Japan. 
Greenland. 
S. Greenland, Sept. 7, 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.". 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.I. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.I. 
B. II. Hodcrson, Esq. [P. . 
Dr. Jerdon [P.". 
H. Whitelv, Esq. "V1 . 
H. Whitelv, Esq. *"C."\ 
J. Gould, Esq. ~P. \ 
E . B. Sharpe, Esq."[P/. 
1871. 
e\ J juv. sk. Fiskenaesset, GreenR. 
B. Sharpe, E*q. ~J?.\ 
land, Oct. 7,1872. 
f. 2 &&• sk, Fiskenaesset, Greenland, 
July 12,1872. 
R. B. Sharpe, Etq. [P.™. 
g\ J ad. sk. K America. Hud&on's Bay Co. [P A 
#. <3 ad. sk. 
•£'. # juv. sk. 
N. America. 
Labrador. 
Hudson's Bay Co. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
k'> J juv. sk. Labrador. Sir E. Parry "P."7 . 

with grey on the flanks and thighs,* the bars across this part of the body Tery 
scanty and narrow; bill yellowish horn-colour at the base, deeper on the 
under mandible, shading into bluish towards the tip; feet yellow, claws 
dark horn-brown. Total length 14*3 inches, culnnjja 1-2, wing 12*7, tail 6*5, 
tarsus 2. 

Female. Similar to the male, but larger, and baring the black extending from 
the head all oyer the interscapulary region, down to the lower back, without any ** 
indication of the alternate grey cross bars, which, where they occur on the rump 
and upper tail-coverts, are much broader than in the male. Total length 
18 inches, culinen 1*45, wing 14, tail 8, tarsus 2-1. 

Young female. Brownish black, the feathers of the upper surface edged with 
rufous, the tips of the upper wing- and tail-coverts inclining to fulvous; head 
and nape much mottled by fulvous margins to the feathers, especially the latter; 
from underneath the eye over the ear-eoverts a line of feathers, as also a diutinet 
malar stripe, black; ear-coverts and sides of the neck creamy buff, the latter 
streaked with blackish; throat creamy buif; rest of under surface deep ferruginous 
buff, the centres of the feathers broadly blackish brown, the markings more 
arrow-shaped on the flank-feathers, which are crossed by bars of ferruginous 
buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries very dark brown, the former barred, the 
latter spotted, with ferruginous buff. Total length 18 inches, oilmen 1-35, 
wing 14*5, tail 8*5, tarsus 2*1. 

75. FALCO. 381 
l\ c$ ad. sk. N.W. America. Capt. Oollinson [P.]. 
m'. 2 ad. sk. N.W. America. Capt. Oollinson [P. J. 
n\ 2 juv. St. Vancouver Island. J. fc. Lord, Esq. [C.l 
o'. 2 juv. St. Vancouver Island. Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
p\ , <$ ad. sk. Mexico. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

2 ad. sk. Mexico. R B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 



r'. <$ juv. St. S. Nevis, W. I. W. Cottle,TEsq. [P.]. 
s'. Skeleton. Purchased. 
t\ «'. Sterna. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
v'--s'. Sterna. Purchased. 


05s. In the ' Annals of Natural History' for March 1873 I gave 
the result of my studies on the Peregrine Ealcons in the Museum 
collection, and recognized eight species, viz.:—1. Falco communis, 
Gm.; 2. F. hroohii, Sharpe; 3. F. nigriceps, Cass.; 4. F. micrurus, 
Hodgs.; 5. F. peregrinator, Sund.; 6. F. melanogenys, Gould; 7. F. 
minor, Bp.; and 8. F. cassini, Sharpe. Since writing that article I 
have studied these Falcons in several continental museums, especially 
in the Leiden collection, where an admirahle series exists. I 
find, therefore, that some of my conclusions require modification. 
In the first place the characters of plumage in Falco brooJcii are not 
trustworthy; and all that can be said of that bird is, that it probably 
represents a small race resident in the countries bordering 
the Mediterranean Sea. Then, again, Mr. Salvin has suggested to 
me that my F. cassini is the true F. nigriceps of Cassin. On a reexamination 
of this question I must indorse my previous views on 
the subject. In their recently published * Nomenclator,' Messrs. 
Sclater and Salvin recognize only one species of Peregrine all over 
the New "World, viz. F. communis, being in this respect at variance 
with the late Mr. Cassin, Mr. Gurney, and myself. I cannot help 
thinking that any one devoting a close study to these confessedly 
difficult birds will find that there are three southern forms, confined 
to and resident in the extreme south of America, Africa, and 
Australia. At the same time the true northern type of Peregrine 
occurs, though rarely, within the domain of these resident species, 
migrating thence from the north ; and although there is not much 
difficulty about the African and Australian birds, there is a question 
as to the nomenclature,of the New-World species. It is therefore 
necessary to examine the works in which Mr. Cassin alludes to his 

* Falco nigriceps. "We find that he first speaks of it in the < Birds 
of Texas/ and fixes the date of the title as " December 1853." It 
seems clear to me that he intended the North-American bird to be 
the true F. nigriceps, as he points out the distinctions between the 
western bird and that from eastern North America (F. communis 
vel anatum). At the same time he mentions that his species goes 
down to Chili (Gilliss), and he figures a presumed Chilian specimen 
in the report on the l U. S. Astronomical Expedition' published in 
1855. This, Mr. Salvin thinks, indicates that the Chilian Peregrine 
was intended by Cassin to be the typical F. nigriceps, while I contend 
that there is nothing to show that he recognized a second form in 
South America, although there undoubtedly is such form; nor is there 
382 
FALC0ZW3Z. 

any evidence that the above-mentioned figure was taken from a Chilian 
specimen, though the inference is that this was the case; but if the 
figure is intended for the bird I call F. cassi/ii, it is not a good 
likeness at all. Until an examination of the types has taken place 
I prefer to continue my nomenclature of these American birds, 

• 
though I would not now separate specifically the eastern and western 
Peregrines of Xorth America. 
Another point remaining to be cleared up is the identity of FaTco 
atriceps of Hume, This I was inclined formerly to refer to F. m krvnts 
of Hodgson, a species which I would not now separate from the ordinary 
F. communis. But ilr. Blanford informs me that his Impression 
is that Mr. Hume's F. atriceps is the bird named by me F. pcrrgrinator, 
the true F. peregrhuiior being a Falcon from Central and 
Southern India, not at present represented in the Museum collection, 
and probably unknown to European naturalists. As, however, the 
bird 1 call F. peregrinator is undoubtedly the one thus named in 
other European museums, I must retain that title until I have the 
opportunity of examining named specimens of F. afncejts. 

2. Palco peregrinator. 
Falco peregrinator, Siuulev, Phybiogr, Tid^kr. Lund, 1&87, p. 177, 
pi. 4 (de.s'cr, orif/.); Or ay, Gen. of B. I. p. IU i 1644}; tinndev. Ann, 

X 
II. xviii. p. 4~>4 fl&40) ; 6-'/«?/, Cat. Matnm. <y B. Nt-pal Ilodr^. 
p. 44 (1840); Blyth, Cat. B.Jhti. A*, Sue. Bemj, p, 14 (IblU) : 
Bp. Consp. L p. 28 (lt>jQ); Kaup, Co/dr. Orti. 18-*30, p. *>">; Got/Id, 
B. of Asia, part iii. {Ittolj; Blyth,J. A. #, B. xix. p. ;>'2l < lnol i: 
Bp. Rev. et May. de ZooL 1>34, p. 536; Siriekl Orn. St/n. p. *4 
(1855); Jerd. B. of Iml 1. p. 2o <1*G2>: Bhjfh, 2&>, 16&3, p. is; 
Gray, lfaml-1 B, i. p. 19 11809); Hmne, Bough Xotw, i. p. *>> 
(1809); Jerd* Ibis, 1870, p. 2&f ; Sharpe, Ainu X II. (4) xi. 
p. 223 (1873). 
Falco shaheenj Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 81 (18391; id* III. Iml Orn. 
pis. xii. &xxTi5i. (1847) ; Pels. Verh. z.-b. Wienf xiii. p. 010 (18f>3f. 
Falco sultaneus, Modgs. m Grafs ZooL Misc. p. 81 (1844), 
Falco ruber, 8chl. Mm. P.-B. Fale. p. 5 (IB&Jj. 

Ad%$t female. Head, neck, interseapuiary region, and wing-
coverts deep black, with a shade of bluish grey on the latter; lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bright bluish grey, the last with 
a few nearly obsolete blackish cross markings; quills black* externally 
washed with greyish, the inner web with a few nearly obsolete 
rufous bars, the secondaries tipped with fulvous; tail bluish grey, 
darker towards the tip, which is tawny, the blackish bars nowhere 
very distinct; a frontal line of feathers slightly whitish; sides of 
the face black, the hinder ear-coverts and sides of neck creamy 
white, tinged with rufous, whieff tinge is also apparent on the nape: 
under surface deep tawny ferruginous, paler towards the throat, 
with a few spots and cross bars of black on the flanks, thighs, and 
under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts deep rufous, barred across 

with black; axillaries brown, with oval spots of buff; eere yellow; 

75. FALCO. 
383 
bill slaty blue-black at tip; feet yellow; iris deep brown. Total 
length 16 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 12, tail 6*7, tarsus 2-25. 

Young, Blackish, the nape and sides of neck mottled with rufous ; 
the wing-eoverts and secondaries margined with rufous, these margins 
being nearly obsolete on the rest of the upper surface; upper 
tail-coverts and tail blackish, barred with rufous, which is gradually 
disappearing on the central tail-feathers; under surface rich tawny, 
paler towards the chest, the throat white and unspotted, all the rest 
of the feathers longitudinally streaked with black, these central 
markings being heart- or zigzag arrow-shaped on the flanks, where, 
as well as on the under wing- and tail-coverts, they take the form 
of cross bars. 

Hob. Indian peninsula and Himalayas. 
a, b. <$ $ ad. sk. Xepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
c, $ ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 

fik.

d>e- 6 2 Jllv- Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 

3. Falco minor. (Plate XII.)* 
Falco peregrinoides, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Jovrn. i. p. 235 (1830, nee 
Temm.); Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 55. 
Falco minor, Bp. Rev. et Mag de Zool. 1830, p. 484 * id. Consp. p. 23 
(1850) ; id. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 536; StricJd. Orn. Syn. 

p. 83 (1855); Gurney, Ibis, 1861, p. 131 ; ScL Ibis, 1864, p. 298; 
Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 19 (1867); id. Ibis, 1869, p. 362; Gtirnmj, 
Ibis, 1869, p. 443; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 19 (1869); Homeyw, 
X f. 0.1871, p. 51; Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. ed. Gurney, p. 12 (1872); 
Sharpe, Ann. N. H. (4) xi. p. 224 (1873). 
Falco 
radania, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 536 (ex Verr* 
MS.); Marti Faun. Madag. p. 17 (1861); Gray, Hand-l B. i. 

p. 19 (1869). 
Falco communis, var. minor, Swidev. Krit. om Levaill p. 26 (1857). 
Falco peregrinus, var. capensis, Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 48 (1858). 
Falco communis minor, Scld. Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 4 (1862). 
Falco communis, Grand. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 7; Schl #• 
Boll Faun. Madag. Ois. p. 31 (1868). 
Falco barbarus, Blanf. Geol c/ Zool. Abyss, p. 288 (1870). 


Young. Forehead whitish; head blackish brown, with obsolete 
rufous margins, the nape and hind neck deep rufous, mottled with 
black; cheeks, region of the eyes, and upper margin of ear-coverts 
black; rest of the side of the face rufous white; upper surface of 
body deep blackish brown, with rufous margins to the feathers, 


* Levaillant's plate 28 answers, as Professor Sundevall well remarks, to this 
species, if its prominent crest did not force the conviction of its being a manufactured 
bird. Thus it must remain doubtful; but should it ever be fully 
identified (a fact very improbable to be consummated, as M. Jules Verreaux 
believes it to have been a doctored Baza), the synonymy will be as follows:— 
Le Faucon huppe, Levaill Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 121, pi. 28 (1799). 
Falco frontalis, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 118 (1800, ex Levaill); Strickl. Orn. 
Syn. p. 84 (1855). 
Falco galericulatus, Shaw, Gen, Zool vii. p. 149, pi. 20 (1809). 

384 
FALC02?ma3. 

more distinct on the upper wing-coverts, and paler on the upper 
tail-coverts, which are also barred with ashy white; tail blackish 
brown, with creamy buff tip, barred with rufous, the bars on the 
outer tail-feathers not parallel; throat creamy white ; rest of the 
under surface clear tawny, with central black markings down each 
feather, broader on the flanks and more zigzag in shape on the 
under tail-coverts; bill horn-brown, mottled with yellowish. Total 
length 12 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 9*1, tail 5, tarsus 1-6


Hab. Southern and Xorth-eastern Africa. 

a. Juv. st. South Africa. ~M. Yerreaux. 
b. Ad. sk. South Africa. J. Rocke, Esq. TP.]. 
c. 
9 ad. sk. "Waliko, Anseba vallev, W. T. Blanforcf Esq. [P.". 
July 21,1868. 
4. Falco cassini 
? Falco nigriceps, Cass, U. S. Astr. Uzped. p. 176, pi. xiv. (1855). 
Falco cassini? Sharpe, Ann. N. 2T. (4) xi. p. 22-3 (1873). 

Adult male, Above dark bluish ashy, everywhere transversely 
spotted or barred with black, the bars very broad and closely set on 
the upper part of the back, further apart and more sagittate in 
shape on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; a frontal 
line tinged with whitish, very indistinct; entire head and hind neck, 
cheeks, ear-coverts, and moustachial streak deep black, extending 
on to the interscapulary region; least wing-coverts blackish like 
the latter, the others coloured and barred like the back; quills deep 
brownish black, the primaries with obsolete grey spots near the 
base, the inner secondaries uniform with the back ; tail bluish ashy 
with black bars, which become merged towards the tip of the tail, 
so that this is conspicuously black for about a quarter of its length; 
throat itself creamy buff, unspotted; fore neck and chest pale buffy 
fawn-colour, with very narrow black shaft-lines, the shade of fawn 
extending slightly on to the breast; rest of under surface creamy 
white, with a very strong grey shade on the lower parts, thickly 
crossed with black bars ; the inner web of the quills with numerous 

* 
buffy white bars, becoming smaller and more obsolete towards the 
tips of the quills; bill orange at base, inclining gradually to bluish 
„ horn-colour towards the tip ; feet yellow, claws horn-brown. Total 
length 15-5 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 12, tail 7, tarsus 2. 
Female. Similar to the male, but larger, and without the bluish 
shade on the lower parts (being probably not so old a bird); head, 
neck, and sides of face black. Total length 20 inches, culmen 1 *S5, 
wing 13*5, tail 7*8, tarsus 1*9. 

Young male. Above deep blackish brown, the nape tinged with 
chestnut, all the feathers more or less distinctly margined with the 
same colour, except the upper tail-coverts and inner secondaries, 
which are tipped with buff; quills blackish, the inner web half 
barred with clear rufous; tail blackish, tipped with creamy buff 
and crossed with several indistinct grey bars, becoming rufous on 

75. FAico. 385 
the inner webs; forehead whitish, the feathers under the eye, fore 
part of cheeks, and inoustachial stripe deep black; throat creamy 
buff; rest of under surface deep ferruginous, paler on the lower 
abdomen, all the feathers mesially streaked with a longitudinal 
black spot, much larger and more arrow-shaped on the flank-feathers. 
Total length 16 inches, wing 12. 

Hab. Chili and adjacent countries of South America. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty [P.I 
b. $ ad. sk. Chili. II. Cuming, Esq. [0/ . 
c. J imm. sk. Chili. II. Cuming, Esq. [0 / 
d. <$ juv. sk. Santiago, Chili. E. C. Keed, Esq. [C.' 
e. <$ ad. sk. Chili. Purchased. 
5. Palco melanogenys. 
Falco peregrimis, Vig. $ JECorsf. TV. Linn. Soe. xv. p. 183 (1820) ; 
Biggies, Orn. Austr. part 20 (18158). 

Falco melanogenys, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 139; id. Syn. B. Austr. 
pt. ii. (1838); Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 19 (1844) ; Gould, B. Austr. 
fol. i. pL 8 (1848); Sturt^JExp. C. Austr. ii. App. p. 14 (1849); 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 23 (1850); id. JRev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 536 ; 
Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 56 (1855) ; Gould, Handb. B. of Austr. I p. 26 
(1865); Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 234; Gray, Hand-l of B. i. p. 19 
(1869); Sharpe, Ann. JV. IT. (4) xl p. 224 (1873). 

Falco macropus, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 341 (1837). 
Falco communis, Schl. Vallcv. Ned. 2nd. pp. 2, 44, pi. 1. fig. 2 
(1866). 

Adult male. Head and nape deep black, including the entire sides 
of the face, cheeks, and ear-coverts ; interscapulary region blackish, 
with a few obsolete transverse bars of bluish grey; rest of upper 
surface bluish ashy, barred all over with blackish, some of the bars, 
especially of the upper tail-coverts, assuming a triangular form; 
upper wing-coverts somewhat washed with brown, the grey shade 
being more perceptible on the greater series ; quills black, the 
primaries outwardly shaded with grey, outer secondaries narrowly 
tipped with creamy white, the inner ones almost entirely bluish 
grey, with obscure blackish marblings and cross bars ; tail blackish, 
with a narrow ashy white bar at the tip, the npper surface shaded 
with grey, clearer towards the base, bars on centre rectrices eleven 
in number, not including the broad subterminal black band; throat 
and upper breast deep creamy buff, the latter with a few median 
black shaft-stripes; rest of the under surface buffy white, closely 
but narrowly barred across with black, sides of body and thighs 
shaded with a, bluish grey tinge; fore part of breast and under 
wing-coverts with a strong fawn-coloured shade; bill greenish at 
base, horny black at tip, under mandible deep orange; feet yellow, 
claws black; iris dark. Total length 14*8 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 
11-8, tail 6, tarsus 2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger and more richly 
coloured; underneath deep ferruginous, paler on the chest, the 
cross barring narrow and irregular, sometimes confined to a small 

~ )L. i. 2D 

386 FALCGNIDJE. 

subterminal spot. Total length 16*5 inches, cuimen 1*45, "wing 13*3, 
tail 6-6, tarsus 2. 

Young male. Above brownish, tbe feathers edged with fulvous, 
especially distinct on the wing-coverts and secondaries; hinder neck 
marked with pale tawny; lower back and rump alternately barred 
with ashy and dark brown, the snbterminal bar being somewhat 
triangular in shape ; tail brown, similarly barred with ashy and 
tipped with fulvous ; quills dark brown, with paler edgings ; under 
surface huffy white, inclining to deep fawn on the breast and abdomen, 
which are longitudinally streaked with blackish brown, the 
flanks, under wing-coverts, and axillaiies barred with the same 
colour; cere, bill, and feet paler than in the adults. 

Young female Brown, head and cheeks blackish; feathers of 
upper surface spotted and tipped with rufous fawn; underneath 
deep buff, inclining to rufous on the abdomen, the streaks on the 
chest dart-shaped, on the abdomen oval, all very broad and distinct. 

Hah. Australia, extending northwards through the Moluccas as 
far as Java. 

a. 5 acl. st. Xew South Wales. J. Gould, E^q. 
b. $ juv. sk. New South Wales. J. Gould, Esq. 
c,d. d ? ad.sk. Australia. J. GouldtE«q. 
e. 5 juv. sk. Australia. Linnean Society. 
/. $ ad. sk. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [V.^ 
g. $ juv. sk. Queensland, Purchased. 
6. Falco barbarus. 
The Barberry Falcon, Albin, X. II Birds, SttppL iil p. % pi. 2 (1740). 
Le Faucon de Barbarie, Bri*s. Or/i. i p. 343 (1700). 
Falco baibaius, Linn. S. X. i. p. 125 (17G0); Bp. t'onsp. p. 24 (1850); 


Sakin, Ibis, 1859, p. 184. pi. 6: Trisir. t. c. p. 289; ScM. Mm. P.-B. 
Falc. p. 5 (18S2); Gray, HamU. B. i. p. 20 (lfc80); JSeugl Orn. 
KO.-Afr. I. p. 21 (1869) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital Uec p. 18 (1871); 
Shelley!, B. of Egypt, p. 1S7 (1672); Hume, Stray Feathers, L p. 10 
(1872); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 356. 

Falco peiegrinoides, Temm. PL Col. 479 (1S24). 
Falco lanarius alphanet, ScM, AbhandL Geh. ZooL p. 10 (1841). 
Falco peregrinoideSj ScM. $ Susem. Fog. Eur. Tat*. 9. fig. 1 (1839): 


Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 19 (1844); Lichi. Xomencl. p. 5 (1854); 

Fritsch, Yog. Eur. tab. % fig. 8 (1858;. 
Falco punicus, Lemill.jun. ExpL Alger., Oh. pi. 1 (1850). 
G-ennaia barbarus, Bp. Mei\ et Mag. de ZooL 1854, p. 530; Locke, 

Expl Alger, p. 55 (1867). 
Barbary Falcon, SaMn fy Brodr. Falconry, pi. xvii. (1855). 

Adult male. Above delicate bluish grey, with rather faint cross 
bars of dusky blackish, much broader on the interscapular}- region, 
and gradually fading in depth towards the lower back ; crown dusky 
brown, with a tinge of grey, the forehead buffy white, and the fore 
part of the crown slightly washed with rufous ; hind neck entirely 
rufous, here and there mottled with the greyish brown of the head; 

• feathers underneathAe eye, fore part of the ear-coverts, and cheek-
stripe blackish; Mrper part of ear-coverts and sides of neck creamy 
75 . PALCO. 
387 
white, with a slight rufous tinge; wing-coverts like the upper back, 
the bars on the greater series less strongly pronounced; quills 
blackish, shaded externally with greyish, the inner web barred with 
pale rufous, the secondaries tipped with whitish, the inner ones 
coloured like the back; tail bluish grey, inclining to ashy near the 
base, tipped with creamy buff and barred across with black, the bars 
being nearly obsolete at the base, but gradually increasing in breadth 
towards the tip; throat entirely creamy white; upper part of breast 
pale buffy fawn, unspotted; rest of under surface a little deeper in 
colour than the breast, with a greyish lustre on the flanks; the abdomen 
unspotted, but the sides of the body marked with a few 
blackish spots, inclining to bars on the under tail-coverts; under 
wing-coverts creamy white, barred with blackish, the axillaries 
more strongly tinged with fawn, and streaked down the shafts ; cere 
and base of bill yellow, horn-blue at tip ; feet yellow; iris brown. 
Total length 13-5 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 11, tail 5*5, tarsus 1*6. 

Young male. General colour dark brown, darker on the interscapula 
r region, all the feathers margined with rufous ; the lower 
back, rump, and* upper tail-coverts paler brown, with bars and 
edgings of paler rufous than the rest of the back; all the wing-
coverts very dark brown, with narrow margins of rufous; crown of 
the head paler brown, with conspicuous margins of rufous, the forehead 
and fore part of crown inclining to whitish ; nape and hind 
neck creamy white, slightly tinged with rufous and mottled with 
dark brown; sides of the face whitish, tinged with rufous, the 
feathers under the eye and cheek-stripe blackish brown ; under surface 
of the body creamy white, the throat and abdomen unspotted, 
the rest of the feathers mesially streaked with brown, narrower on 
the breast, and much broader and more rufous on the flanks, the 
under tail-coverts with a narrow pale brownish shaft-stripe, with a 
faint indication of a cross bar here and there; under wing-coverts 
creamy white, barred and spotted with rufous brown; wing-coverts 
coloured like the back and edged with rufous in the same manner, 
the secondaries tipped with fulvous, all the quills broadly barred 
with pale rufous on the inner web; tail-feathers dark brown, with 
a slight greyish lustre, tipped with creamy buff, and all barred with 
rufous; the bars sometimes not being continuous; cere bluish yellow 
; bill pale blue; feet * yellow; iris blue-black. Total length 
13-5 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 11, tail 5*7, tarsus 1*6. 

Eab. Northern and North-eastern Africa, as well as Senegambia 
on the west coast, ranging into N/W*. India and the Himalayahs. 

a. (S ad. st Nubia. Soc.<e Natura Artis Magistral Amsterdam, 
b. Juv. sk. River Gambia. Rev. D. P. Morgan [P.J* 
c. Ad. sk. Nepaul. B. EL Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
7. Falco babylonicus. 
Falco peregrinoides, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844) ; Gray, * 
Cat. Mamm. 8f Birds Nepal Hodgs. p. 44 (1846). 
Falco babylonicus, Gurnet/, Ibis, 1861, p. 218, pi. vii.; Jerd. B. of 

• 
India, i. p. 32 (1862);' Blyth, Ibis, 1868, p. 8; Jerd. Ibis, 186(5. 
2D2 
388 FALCOXn>-£. 

p. 2215 Blyihf torn, eit p. 237 ; Gotdd, B. ofAsia$ pt. xx. (lad*) 
Hume, Bough Notes, i. p. 70 (1869) j #ray, Sand-l. B. i p. 20 
(1869); jSSknpa, i5w, 1870, p. 423; Jerd. lbkf 1871, p. 240; Raddtrffa 
torn. tit. p. 306: Shelley7 B. of Egypt, p. 189 (1872). 
Adult female* Above bluish grey, the feathers with pale fulvescent 
margins, and having indistinct bars of darker grey; the lower 
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts paler and clearer blue-grey, 
transversely barred with dark grey, the bars somewhat irregular 
and arrow-shaped on the upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts coloured 
like the back, the greater series rather lighter grey; quills brown, 
externally shaded with grey, the secondaries margined and broadly 
tipped with buffy white, and barred across with darker grey, the 
bars very distinct on the lower surface of the wing, and especially 
numerous on the primaries; tail grey, tipped with fulvous and 
crossed with nine or ten bars of darker grey, the light-grey interspaces 
somewhat tinged with rufous, especially towards the base, the 
lower surface of the tail whitish, the bars being very distinct; head 
and hind neck clear rufous, the crown more or less inclined to 
greyish black, of which colour many of the feathers are composed, 
having only a slight margin of rufous ; the plumes of the nape and 
hind neck also more or less mixed with greyish black; sides of face 
buiFy white, tinged with rufous, the ear-coverts streaked with 
brown, collecting on the cheeks and forming there a distinct moustache 
; throat pure white; chest also white, with a few narrow 
central streaks of brown; remainder of under surface whitish, 
slightly tinged with buff, and numerously marked with arrow-head 
spots of brown in the centre of the body, and barred on the sides of 
the breast, tanks, and under wing-coverts with the same colour, the 
bars on the greater series of the latter very broad; the bars on the 
thighs and under tail-coverts very much narrower; cere, gape, and 
orbits bright yellow; bill blue, blackish at tip; feet bright yellow; 
iris deep brown. Total length 22*5 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 13-3, 
tail 7*7, tarsus 1-95. 

Obs. The above measurements are from the skin. Mr. Hume 
gives those of an adult female as follows:—total length 17*25 inches, 
wing 13, tail 7*25, tarsus 1-75. A young male measured by him— 
total length 16 inches, wing 11-87, tail 6, tarsus 1*87. 

Yomig male. Dark earthy brown; some of the feathers of the 
crown obscurely margined, the nape and hind neck mottled, the 
lower back and rump edged, and the upper tail-coverts also barred 
with rufous; tail dark brown, spotted on the outer web and banded 
on the inner one with rufous, the two centre feathers nearly obsoletely 
barred; quills dark brown, barred with pale buff on the inner 
web, the secondaries paler brown, edged, and spotted, on the outer 
web with rufous; feathers under the eye and cheek-stripe blackish 
brown; sides of the face and ear-coverts strongly tinged with rufous 
; throat whitish; rest of under surface earthy buff, with central 
dark brown streaks to the featihers,1nclining to bars on the vent and 
under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts brown, spotted and barred 
with clear buff; cere pale sea-green; bill pale bluish green, blackish 

75. PALCO. 
3b9 
on tke culmen and at tip; feet bright yellow; iris dark brown. 
Total length 15*5 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 12, tail 6*6, tarsus 1*9, 
Hah. 2ST.E. Africa; Mesopotamia; Central Asia, Turkestan; N,W. 
India to ^TepauL 

a. 2 ad. sk. NepauL B. H. Hodgson, Esc[. [P. 
£. $ ad. sk. NepauL B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. 
c Sternum. # B« H. Hodgson, Esq. {P.I, 
8. Falco feldeggii*. 
Falco feldeggii, Sehl. Abhandl. Geb. Zool p. 3, Taf. 10,11 (1841) • id. 
4-Susem. Vog. Eur. Taf. 8 a (1841); Zicht. KomencL p. 5 (1854); 
Brehm, Xaum. 1855, p, 268: Fritseh, Vog. Eur. tab. 5. figs. 1, 2 
(1859). . 

Falco lanarius, 
Sehl. Crit. Uebers. p. ii (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i, p. 24 
(1850); Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 284; Jattb. $ Barth. Lap. Rich. Gnu 

p. 54, pL 5 (1859) ; Schl. Mm. P.-B. Falc. p. 14 (18G2)-Gould, 
B. of Asia, p t xx. (18158); jRzrm. Ifos, 1868, p. 411; Gray, JSand-L 
B. I p. 19 (1869); jfcwy^r. Fo^ejf. DeutscM. p. 55 (18C9); &zfaraL 
Faun. ltd. Ucc. p. 17 (1871); Shelley, B. of Egypt, p. 188 (1872); 
Sehl Revue Aceipiir. p. 35 (1873). 
Falco rubeus, Thienem. Rtea, i p. 72 (1846), 
Le Lanier hagard, Schl. fy Verst. Tmiti Fauc. pi. 10 (185S). 
Gennaia lanarius, Bp. Re?;, et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 536: Loche, 


Erpl Sci Alger, p. 53 (1867). 
Lanner, Salvin § Brodr. Falconry, pi. xvi. (1855). 
Falco peregrinoides, Fritseh^ Vog. Eur. tab. 2. figs. 1, 2 (1858). 
Falco Biarroicus, Taylor, Ibh, 1859, p. 44; Adatns, Mis, 1864, p. 10, 
Falco tanypterus, Konig- Worth. Ibis, 1860, p. 122, 
Falco lanarius graecus, Sehl. Mm. P.-B. Falc. p. 15 (1862). 

Adidt nude. Above ashy brown, with fulvous margins to the feathers, 
some of which are also barred across with the same colour; 
lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dark bluish 
grey, with black cross bars, the latter shading rather into fulvous; 
wing-coverts all coloured like the upper back, with a scarcely pronounced 
grey shade; quills dark brown, externally washed with 
ashy grey; the inner web so broadly barred with whitish that the 
alternate brown bars are imperfect and very small; secondaries 
tipped with buhy white, the innermost browner and more resembling 
the wing-coverts; tail ashy brown, with a distinct greyish shade 
on the centre feathers, these more obsoletely, the others distinctly 

* Professor Schlegel named this bird as above, but afterwards reverted to the 
name of Falco lanarius, because he became convinced that it was the Lanner of 
old falconers. We have, however, to deal with the question of the proper title 
of this species according to the recognized rules of nomenclature. Falco 
lanarius is G-melin's title, taken direct from Linnseus's bird of the same name 
(Faun. Suec. p. 22. no. 62). This is irrecognizable, but looks like a young 
Peregrine; it certainly is not the Falcon now known as the trueJjanner. It is 
likewise mixed up with the Lanier of Buffon (Hist. Nat. Ois. i. P-S&3), and the 
Lanneret of Albin (Nat. Hist, of Birds, ii p. 7, pi. 7), Considering the confusion 
in which the specific name is involved, it seems better to adopt the term of 
Falco feldeggii, which undoubtedly belongs to the species. 
390 VAMMSIDm. 

crossed with pale rufous bars; entire head light brick-red, the nape 
mottled with the greyish brown of the back; a patch on the forehead 
above each eye, feathers under the latter extending along the upper 
margin of ear-coverts, and a narrow cheek-stripe black, small shaft-
lines of which also slightly streak the crown; frontal line whitish; 
ear-coverts and sides of the neck creamy white, tinged, with rufous; 
under surface creamy white, with a tinge of fawn pn the breast; 
throat and fore neck unspotted; the chest streaked, and the breast 
and abdomen dotted, with little round spots of brown, taking tbe 
form of bars on the flanks and under wing-coverts; under taH-coverts 
very pale fawn, with scarcely a mark of brown; cere and base of 
bill yellow, inclining to horn-blue at the tip; feet yellow; iris 
brown. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 18*2, tail 7*6, 
tarsus 1*95. 

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but a little larger. Total 
length 18 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 14*5, tail 8*5, tarsus 1*9. 

Young male* Brown, with rufous edgings to the feathers, these 
being buff on the secondaries; head very pale rufous, forehead 
whitish; fore part of crown black, and the whole of the latter 
streaked with black, broader on the nape; sides of face whitish, 
with narrow lines of black ; feathers over and under the eye, upper 
margin of ear-coverts, and cheek-stripe blackish; under surface 
whitish, inclining to buff on the lower parts; the throat unspotted, 
but the rest of the body covered with mesial dark brown centres to 
the feathers, more oval in shape on the flanks and narrower on the 
thighs; under tail-coverts buff, with only a narrow brown shaft-
stripe; tail dark brown, broadly tipped with creamy wiiite, the 
middle feathers spotted on both webs, the rest spotted on the outer 
and barred on the inner web with rufous; bill bluish at the base 
and tip, yellowish horn in the centre of both mandibles; feet yellowish. 
" Total length 16 inches, culmen 1, wing 11*5 (not fully 
grown), tail 7, tarsus 1*9 *. 

Hob. The countries bordering the Mediterranean, rarely extending 
into Central Europe or below Egypt into X.E. Africa. 

a. J ad, si. Cairo. Purchased. 
5. J ad. sk,
c. S juv. st.
d. 2 juv. sk. 
Egypt. 
Tunis. 
Kelamet, Habab,
July 9th, 1868. 
W. B. D. Turnbull, Esq. [P.]. 
L. Eraser, Esq. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq, [CA 

* For the description of a still younger bird, see Shelley's ' Birds of Egypt * 

(p. 189). This bird is more thickly blotched with brown on the breast, resembling 
in tbis respect the young of Falco jvggnr. It is, however, distinguished 
from this species by its pale rufous white head. The absence of rufous edgings 
to the dorsal feathers is another peculiarity; but I think there is no doubt that 
it is only a young Lanner. I think my friend Captain Shelley is wrong in supposing 
his bird with the whitish head and streaked breast to be the very old 
bird. It is, in my opinion, not aged, though nearly mature, as is shown by the 
brownish ashy colour of the tail, the bars across the dorsal plumes, the pale head, 
and the streaks on the breast, which disappear and merge into spots in the 
fully adult Lanner. 

75 . PALCO. 
391 
9. Falco tanypterus. 
Falco biarniiens, 
Riipp. Neue Wirb. p. 44 (1835); Strichl. P. Z. S. 
1850, p. 215. 
' " ~" ~" ~ p. 8, Taf. 12,13 

* n
1 p. & (1854) j iCstef. jf. X,. &. L$m, p. JLUY $ Crray,' Hand-l. 

B. i. p. 20 (1869) ; Blanf. Geol 8? Zool. Abyss, p. 289 (1870) j 
JFYwacA # JETartf. F6#. Oafo/h p. 67 (1870); jftwacfc, 2>. £. & vii. 
p. 203 (1871). 
Gennaia tanypterus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 536. 
Falco cervicalis, Horsf. # Moore, Cat. B. Mus. K L Co. i, p. 22 
(1854) ; Hartl Orn. Wesiafr. p. 261 (1857). 
Falco lanarius nubicus, Schl Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 15 (1862). 


Adult. Intermediate in plumage between F. feldeggii and F. bitirmicus. 
When quite old, it never gets entirely unspotted on the 
breast like the latter, but is always less so than in true F. feldeggii. 
It is darker than either of its allies, and in size is slightly larger, as 
will be seen by the following measurements:— 


MALE. FEMALE. 
Total length. Wing. Total length. Wing, 
inches. inches. inches. inches. 
Falco feldeggu0 17 13-2 18 14-5 
„ tanypterus .... 17 13*5 19 15 
„ Marmicus .... 15 12 16 14 

Haib. 2U3. Africa, from K'ubia to Unyamuesi: W. Africa, on the 
Niger and in Aguapim. 
&, b. <$ ad. juv. st. Shoa (Harris). Secretary of State for 
India [P.]. 

c. 
? ad. sk. Mohaber, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.]. 
July 5, 1868. 
d. 
<$ ad. sk. Waudash Pass, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.]. 
April 25,1868. 
e. J ad. sk. Bogos Land. Herr Esler [0.1 
/• ? juy. sk. Bogos Laud. Herr Esler [O.J. 
10. Falco biarmicus. 
Falco biarmicus, Temm. PI Col i. pi. 324 (1825); Gray, Gen. of B. 
i. p. 19 (1844) ; Gurney, Ibis, I860, p. 207; Layard, B. of S. Afr. 
p. 20 (1867). 
Faico chicqueroides, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 233 (1830), et 
P. Z. S.1833, p. 45. 
Falco lanarius cervicalis, Schl. Abhandl Geb. Zool p. 17 (1841, ex 
Licht. Mies. Berol). 
Gennaia cervicalis, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p.55 ; Bp* Rev. et Mag. 
de Zool. 1854, p. 536. 
Falco cervicalis, Licht Nomencl Av. p. 5 (1854); Bp. Consp. i. p. 24 
(1850) ; Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 19 (1869) ; Homeyer, J.f. 0.1871, 

p. 47 ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Damara Ld. p. 13 (1872). 
Falco lanarius capensis, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 16 (1862). 
:i92 FALCOHIILE. 

Adult male. Porehead rather broadly whitish; fore part of crown 
deep greyish black; rest of crown and nape deep brick-red, varied 
with black shaft-stripes, on the nape the black collecting in the centre 
and forming a nuchal spot, the rufous shade paler over the eye, forming 
an almost imperceptible eyebrow; cheek-stripe, feathers round 
the eye, and a line running along the upper margin of the ear-coverts 
to the nape black; ear-coverts and sides of neck rufous, slightly 
washed with buff; interscapulary region deep greyish black, some 
of the feathers slightly margined with brownish; rest of upper 
surface deep blue-grey, much paler on the rump and upper tail-
coverts ; the scapulars and inner secondaries slightly shaded with 
brownish ashy, all the feathers barred across with greyish black, 
these bars much narrower on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts ; least wing-coverts coloured like the interscapulary region, 
the median and greater series like the scapulars; quills blackish, 
primaries slightly washed with grey, secondaries narrowly tipped 
with whitish, otherwise coloured and barred like the back; tail 
ashy grey, tipped with white and barred across with greyish black; 
under surface clear cinnamon-buff, paler on the throat, in old birds 
entirely unspotted ; the wing-coverts only marked with blackish, in 
others marked on the flanks and thighs with a few spots and bars 
of black; feet yellow; bill yellow at base, horn-blue at tip; iris 
lightish brown. Total length 15 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 12, tail 7, 
tarsus 1*9. 

Adult female. A little larger than the male. Total length 16 
inches, wing 14. 

Young. Head rufous, as in the adults, and marked with black in 
the same manner, the whitish eyebrow plainer; upper surface dark 
brown, all the feathers edged with rufous, the margins of the 
secondaries and upper tail-coverts paler and more buff; tail greyish 
brown, tipped with pale rufous, and irregularly spotted and barred 
with the same colour; under surface deep fawn; the throat and 
chest paler and inclining to whitish, the latter longitudinally marked 
with blotches of brown, which become very broad on the lower 
breast; lower abdomen, under tail-coverts, and thighs clear cinnamon-
buff, only the last marked externally with brown; under wing-
coverts brown, broadly margined with fulvous, the greater ones and 
axillaries spotted with pale rufous. 

Nestliruf. Only differs from the foregoing fully-grown young bird 
in having more distinct rufous margins to the dorsal feathers, and 
in having the tail banded with rufous, these bars evidently disappearing 
very soon; head rufous. 

Bah. South Africa. 

a. <j> ad. sk. Latakoo, S. Africa. M. Verreaux [C.l 
b. Pull, st S. Africa. M. Verreaux [C. J. 
c S ad. sk. Eland's Post, S. Africa. II. B. Sharpe, Esq, 
d, <J juv. sk Eland's Post, S. Africa E. B. Sharpe, Em. 
{T. Atmore). 

75 . FALCO. 303 
11. Falco juggur. 
Luggur Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist, i p. 192 (1821). 

Falco juggifr, J. E. Gray, III. Ind. Orn. ii. pi. 26 (1833); Schl. / 
Ahhandl! Geb. Zool #c.'p. 13, Taf. 15 (1841); G. R. Gray, Gen. / 
ofB. i. p. 19 (1844); /. E. Gray, Cat. Mamm. 8f Birds Nepal 
Ilodqs. p. 43 (1846); Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. Beng. p. 13 
(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 24 (1850); Gould, B. of Asia, pt. i. 
(1850); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E. I. Co. p. 20 (1854); 
Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 79 (1855) ; Blyth, Ibis, 18(J37 p. 369; Hume, 
Rough Notes, i. p. 70 (18G9) ; Gray, Hand-l of B. 1 p. 20 (1869). 

Falco luggur, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 80 (1839); id. Ill, Ind. Orn. 

pi. xliv. (1847). 
Falco thermophilic, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81 (1844). 
Germaia }uggur, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 55; Bp. Rev. et Mag. de 

Zool. 1854, p. 536. 
Falco cherrug, Blyth, Ibis, 1862, p. 387 (err.). 
Pnigohierax juggur, Cab. J. f. O. 1872, p. 150. 


Adtdt male. Lores, forehead, and a very distinct eyebrow white; 
crown of the head dull rufous, everywhere covered with central 
shaft-markings of ashy black, the nape rather paler rufous, mottled 
with black; upper surface of the back ashy brown, with a faint 
shade of clearer grey, all the feathers margined with pale fulvous, 
the lower part of the back much clearer grey, the feathers not conspicuously 
paler-edged; wing-coverts coloured like the back, the 
carpal margin white ; quills greyish black, externally washed with 
clearer grey, narrowly margined with fulvous, the inner secondaries 
coloured like the back, obsoletely barred with ashy, the inner webs 
barred with white ; tail clear ashy grey, with a white tip, the outer 
feathers darker and banded on the inner web with whitish ashy; 
sides of the face and underparts creamy white, a line of feathers 
under the eye extending along the upper ear-coverts, and a narrow 
moustachial streak, blackish; on the lower breast a few brown 
shaft-streaks, and the flanks and thighs ashy brown, some of the 
former slightly tipped with white; under wing-coverts for the most 
part white, some of the lower ones dark brown, broadly margined 
and spotted with white; cere and gape bright yellow; bill bluish, 
black at tip; feet yellow; iris rich brown. Total length 15-5 inches, 
culmen 1, wing 11-8, tail 7, tarsus 1-95. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 17 
inches, culmen 1*35, wing 13*6, tail 8*5, tarsus 1*95. 

Young. Above dull chocolate-brown, the wing-coverts washed 
with rufous on their margins, this colour not seen on the dorsal 
plumes; quills barred on inner web with rufous buff, the small 
secondaries tipped with fulvous; tail-feathers ashy brown, with a 
conspicuous creamy white tip, the inner webs barred with pale 
rufous; forehead and distinct eyebrow whitish; crown dark brown, 
varied with rufous margins to the feathers; sides of the face whitish, 
streaked with dark brown; under surface deep chocolate-brown, 
the sides of the body and under wing-coverts slightly washed with 
rufous, some of the breast-feathers margined with whitish, giving 
a somewhat striped appearance; under tail-coverts creamy white, 

394 FALCOJSTBJS. 

with irregular bars of dark brown ; feet pale plumbeous or dull 

greenish grey; iris pale brown or brownish yellow. Total length 

15*5 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 12, tail 7-5, tarsus 1*95. 

Intermediate birds between the two stages described have more 

distinct pale margins to the upper plumage, and have more or less 

brown stripes on the chest and upper breast. 

Hal. Indian peninsula. 

a. Ad. sk. India. X R. Reeves, Esq. [P.], 
h. Ad. sk. India. J. Gould, Esq. 
c. Ad. sk. India. 
d. Ad. sk. NepauL B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
e. Juv. sk. NepauL B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
/. Juv. st. Madras. Br. Jerdon [P.j. 
g. Skeleton, Zoological Society. 
\ Sternum. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
12. Falco hypoleueus. 
Falco hypoleueus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 162 (deter, on'g.); SckL 
Ahhandl. Geo. ZooL $c. p. 1G (1841) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 19 
(1844) 5 Gould, B. Atistr. fol. i. pi. 7 (1848); Sturt, Exp. C. Amtr. 

ii. App. p. 13 (1849); Bp. Consp. I p. 24 (1850) * Strickl. Orn. 
&yn. p. 80 (1855); Gould, JSandb. B. Amir. I p. 24 (1885) $ Gray, 
Handrl. B. L p. 18 (1809). 
Gennaia hypoleucus, Kaup, Conir. Orn, 1850, p. 55. 

Hierofalco hypoleucus, Bp. Rev. ei Mag. de ZooL 1854, p. 530. 

Adult. Above ashy, with a fulvous tinge, especially at the edges 
of the feathers, with a shade of clearer grey on the wing-coverts, 
all the feathers of the upper surface distinctly centred with a blackish 
shaft-stripe; head decidedly darker and more bluish, with very 
numerous black shaft-stripes showing conspicuously; nape whitish, 
with broader stripes and a tinge of rufous at the sides; frontal line 
and sides of the face whitish, the lores black, and the upper margin 
of the ear-coverts tinged with greyish* quills blackish brown, with 
leaden-grey shafts, the secondaries tipped with bufy white and 
shaded with ashy grey; tail-feathers ashy, with a broad fulvous 
tip, with a few nearly obsolete bars of black towards the tip, the 
subterminal one being more distinct, the shafts leaden grey; under 
surface of the body entirely white, with a slight shade of buff on 
the flanks and under tail-coverts, the throat unspotted, but the rest 
of the feathers narrowly centred with a blackish shaft-stripe, almost 
obsolete on the thighs and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts 
white, rather more distinctly marked with blackish; cere, orbits, 

and gape orange-yellow; bOl yellow at base, black at tip; feet 
brilliant orange-yellow; iris dark brown. Total length 12 inches, 
1 culmen 1, wing 10*6, tail 5*5, tarsus 1*75. 
Hah. Australia, 

a. <5 ad. sk. Champion Bay, Australia. Purchased. 
13. Falco subuiger. 
Falco subniger, Gray} Ann. N. H. xi. p. 871 (1848); id. Gen. B. i. 
p. 19, pL 8 (1844) j Gould, B. Amtr. fob i pi. 9 (1848) ; Sfort, 
75 . FALCO. 395 
Exp. C. Austr. ii. App. p. 14 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 24 (1850); 
Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 80 (1855) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 18 
(1862); Gray. Hancl-l B. i. p. 18 (18G9) ; Biggies. Orn. Austr. 
pt. 9 (18C9). 
Hierofaleo subniger, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 50; Bp. Bev. et Maq. 

de Zool. 1854, p. 536. 

Adult male. Everywhere dark brown, merging into black; forehead, 
feathers below the eye, on the ear-coverts, and sides of the 
neck more or less mottled with whitish; throat white, streaked 
with brown; on the breast a few spots of buff here and there; 
nnder tail-coverts transversely barred with buffy white; wings and 
tail faintly barred underneath with very pale rufous ; cere yellow; 
bill lead-colour; legs and feet leaden yellow, claws black; iris dark 
brown. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 14*3, tail 8-8, 
tarsus 2. 

Female, Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total length 
19-5 inches, culmen 1*25, wing 15*8, tail 10*5, tarsus 2*3. 

Hob. Australia. 
a. <$ ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. 
b. 5 ad. sk.
c. § ad. sk. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
John Gould, Esq. 
John Gould, Esq. 
14. Falco subbuteo. 

The Hobby, Alibi, N. II. Birds, i. p. 6, pi. 6 (1738). 

Le Hobreau, Briss. Orn. i. p. 375 (1760). 

Falco subbuteo, Linn. 8. JV. i. p. 127 (1766); Ternm. Man. $Orn. 

i. p. 25 (1820) ; Naum. Tog. Beutschl i. p. 296, pi. 26 (1822); 
Werner, Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 9 (1827); Gould, B. JEur. i. pi. 22 
(1837); Yarr. Hist. Brit. B. i. p. 40 (1843); Schl. u. 8usem. Tog. 
Bur. Taf. 10. %. 1 (c. 1845); Kjarb. Orn. Ban. Afb. iii. fig. 1 
(1851); Schl. Tog. Nederl. pi. 8 (1854); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 85 
(1855) ; Hewits. Bggs Brit. B. i. p. 26, pi. ix. tig. I (1856); 
Fritsch, Toq. Eur. tab. iii. figs. 1, 2 (1858) : Badde, Beis. Sibir. ii. 
p. 100 (1863); Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 9; More, Ibis, 1865, p. 9; 
Goidd, B. Gt. Br. pt. viii. (1865); Farm. Ibis, 1868, p. 412 ; 
Sundev. Sv. Foal. p. 215, pi. xxvi. fig. 4 (1869); Heugl. Orn. 
N.O.-Afr. i. p. 33 (1869); Salvad. Faim. Ital. Uce. p. 20 (1871); 
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 340; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 59; Sharpe 
8r Dresser, B. Eur. pt. iv. (1871); Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 165; 
Schl Berne Aecipitr. p. 38 (1873). 
Falco barletta, Baud. Traits, ii. p. 129 (1800), 
Hypotriorckis subbuteo, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 976; Gray, Gen. of B. i. 


p. 20 (1844); Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 54; Bp. Consp. i. p. 25 
(1850) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 33 (1862); Tristr. Ibis, 1865, p. 258 ; 
JDegl $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 85 (1867); Bayard, B. 8. Afr. p. 21 
(1867); Hume, Bough Notes, i. p. 85 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. 
p. 20 (1869); Gumey in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 14 (1872). 
Palco hirundinum, Brehm, Tog. Beutschl. p. 65 (1831). 
Dendrofalco subbuteo, Gray, List Gen. of B. p. 3 (1840). 
Dendrofalco hirundinum, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 269. 
Dendrofalco arboreus, Brehm, ut supra. 
Hypotriorcbis cuvieri, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 20 (1869, nee Smith). 
Adult male. Above dark slaty grey, inclining to blackish on the 

398 Fi-LCONIDJB. 

head, much clearer on the lower back and rump; wing-coverts like 
the hack; quills blackish, tail slaty grey, both barred on the inner 
web with rufous ; forehead and eyebrow whitish, nape tinged with 
rufous; cheek-stripe, feathers below the eye, and along the upper 
margin of ear-coverts black; hinder part of cheeks, sides of neck, 
throat, and entire breast creamy white, with a rufous tinge, the 
latter broadly streaked with black down each feather, with a greyish 
shade on the flanks and vent; thighs, Tent, and under tail-coverts 
rich ferruginous; under wing-coverts bufry white, with blackish 
cross markings; cere, orbits, and feet yellow; bill bluish black, 
yellow at base; iris dark brown. Total length 11*6 inches, culmen 
0*7, wing 9*6, tail 5-5, tarsus 1*2*5. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 13*5 
inches, culmen 0*7, wing 10*6, tail 6'5, tarsus 1*4. 

Young. Greyish black, with fulvous edgings to the feathers, 
especially broad and distinct on the secondaries, rump, and crown ; 
forehead and eyebrow fulvous white ; cheek-stripe and line under the 
eye black • sides of neck, nape, and throat rich creamy buff; under 
surface creamy buff, with a rufous tinge on the thighs and under 
tail-coverts, the median markings being very broad and distinct on 
the breast, more narrow on the thighs, and confined to a long streak 
on the under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts rufous, with numerous 
black cross bars; quills and tail black, both banded on the inner 
web, and the latter tipped with rufous. 

Hub. The whole of Europe and Northern Asia, extending to India 
and X. China, and migrating in winter to K. Africa. 

bjc. tnlLst. 
<l <5 juv. st. 
e. <$ juv. st. 
/ . 2 ad. St. 
//. 5 ad. sk. 
Ji. <$ ad. sk. 
England. 
England. 
Devonshire. 
Turnham Green. 
Turnham Green, 
Sussex, April 1867. 
Fontainebleau. 
J. Scales, Esq. r PA 
Mr. J. Baker ~ LIV/ 
CoL 3Iontagu [P.]. 
Mr. X Baker [0.]. 
Mr. J. Baker [C.J. 
J. E. Harting? Esq. [P.]. 
i. $ juv. sk. 
h. $ ad. sk. 
/. <$ ad. sk. 
m. 2 ad. sk. 
n. $ ad. sk. 
o. 2 j Ilv * s** 
5 ad. sk. 
c? juv. sk 
p. 
q. 
r. 2 ad. sk 
s. 2 a(i' s** 
i. 2 JUY«s^« 
u. 2 juv« sk. 
v. S ad- sk. 
w. Skeleton. 
Fontainebleau. 
Belgium, July 27\ 1842. 
Northern Asia. 
Irtysch River. 
Archangel. 
Archangel. 
Athens. 
Turkey, Oct. 2, 1871 
(Bobsori). 
Sicily. 
Natal. 
Nepal. 
Darjiling. 
China. 
Brussels Museum [P.]. 
3Ioscow Museum [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe. Esq. r PA 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. hP.t 
C.W.L. Merlin, Esq. rP.]. 
It B. Sharpe, Esq. LF.]. 
J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
B. IL Hodgson, Esq. [PA 
J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
J. IL Reeves, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
x. Sternum. 
y. Sternum, 
z. Sternum. 
a\ Skull. Wiirtemberc 
Purchased, 
W. YarrelL Esq. [PA 
J. Rae, Esq. [P.]. 
Dr. Giinther. 
&',c\ Skull. J. Rae? Esq. [P.]. 

75 . FALCO. 307 
15. Falco severus. 
Falco severus, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 135 (1822); Striekl. Orn. 
St/n. p. 87 (1855); Schl Mm." P.-B. Pale. p. 23 (1862); Blyth, 
Ibis, 1863, p. 8; Schl Vog. Nederl. Ind. Valhv. pp. 4, 45, Taf. 2. 
figs. 2, 3 (1806); Radcl Ibis, 1871, p. 366; JSchl. Revue Accipitr. 

p. 46 (1873). 
Falco aldrovandii, Temtn. PL Col i. pL 128 (1823); Less. TraiU dOrn. 
p. 91 (1831). , 
Falco rufipedoides, Hodgs. Calc. Jotirn. JSf. II. iv. p. 283 (184». «> 
Falco guttata, Gray, Cat. Aocipitr. Brit. Mm. p. 26 (1844). n 
Hypotriorchis severus, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 20 (1844) ; Blyth, Cat. 
B. Mm. As. Soc. Beng. p. 14 (1849) ; Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, 
p. 54; Bp. Consp. i. p. 25 (1850); Horsf. 8? Moore, Cat B. Mu$. 
JE. I. Co. i. p. 23 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 34 (1802); Wall 
Ibis, 1868, p. 5; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 20 (18G9) ; Hume, Rough 
Notes, i. p. 87 (1869) ; Wald. Tr. Z. 8. viii. p. 33 (1872). 
Adult female. Above black, with, a slight slaty grey shade, more 
distinct on the lower back, rump, and tail, the bars on the latter 
being obsolete; cheeks and ear-coverts entirely black, like the head; 
under surface of body uniform bright chestnut; throat and sides of 
neck creamy white, the latter with a slight wash of chestnut; under 
wing-coverts chestnut like the breast, some of the lower ones barred 
with black ; primaries black, with a few rufous bars near the base ; 
cere, orbits, and feet yellow; bill bluish black, yellow at base ; iris 
dark brown. Total length 13*5 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 9*1, tail 
4*6, tarsus 1*4. 

Adult male. Similar to, but smaller than, the female. Total length 
11*7 inches, wing 8-5, tail 4*5, tarsus 1*15. 

Young. Similar to the adult, but the breast covered with median 
tear-shaped black spots on each feather, the tail broadly banded and 
tipped with rufous, as also are the primaries; nape slightly varied 
with rufous; throat purer white than in the adult. 

Obs. Mr. Hume describes a bird he got in very similar plumage, 
which turned out to be a female. The Museum specimen is a female 
also; and that this is an immature plumage is proved by the fact 
that another specimen from Nepal, though adult, still retains traces 
of the bars on the tail. 

Hab. Himalayas, the whole Indo-Malayan subregion, extending 
to Celebes and Few Guinea. 

a. tf ad. st.
b. 5 juv. st. 
Nepal. 
Philippine Islands. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
H. Cuming, Esq. [C.j . (Type 
of F. guttatus.) 
c. 2 ad. sk.
d. § ad. st.
e. S ad. sk.
/ . 3 ad. sk. 
Manilla. 
Makassar, Celebes. 
Makassar, Celebes. 
Salwatti, New Guinea. 
John Gould, Esq. [P.*|. 
A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.l. 
A. K. Wallace, Esq. [0.1. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.J. 

16. Falco religiosus. 
Falco frontatus, Schl Fog. Nederl Lid. Valhv. pi 2. figs. 5, 6 (1866, 
nee fig. 4). 
Immature female (Southern GiloL "" ^ rnstein in Mus. Lvgd.). 

398 FILCO^IDM. 

Upper surface, Including sides of face, entirely black, w ith narrow 
whitish tips to the secondaries ; throat and sides of neck rich bufty 
white; rest of under surface rich chestnut, with broad streaks of 
black, which become narrower on the thighs, abdomen, and under 
tail-coverts; under wing-coverts black, edged and streaked with 
chestnut; quills and tail black, with rufous bars on the inner web. 
Total length 11-8 inches, wing 9*2, tarsus 1*35. 

Adult female (marked a male in the Leiden Museum, but probably 
in error; type of the species). Smoky black above and below, some 
of the scapulars imperceptibly shading off into dull ashy brown, very 
indistinct; secondaries very narrowly tipped with buffy white; 
throat creamy white, streaked on the lower part with black; under 
surface of body black, with a few remains of chestnut edgings to the 
feathers of the abdomen and flanks; thighs chestnut, streaked with 
black; under tail-coverts black, broadly spotted and tipped with 
rufous; tail black, tipped with rufous, with a few rufous bars on the 
under surface, and also a few on the inner webs of the primaries ; 
under wing-coverts black, tipped with deep chestnut. Total length 
12-4 Inches, culmcn 0*9, wing 9*8, tail 5*7, tarsus 1-45. 

Sab. Ceram, Gilolo. 

Ohs. Professor Schlegel has figured this bird (I.e.) in its two stages 
as above described, and he now places them in the Leiden Museum 
along with F. severus instead of F. huwlatus. "Whether it i*> merely 
an accidental melanism which takes place in the southern habitat of 

F. severus, as Prince Bonaparte and Prof. Schlegel consider, we shall 
wait for a larger series to determine. At present it seems to me to 
be a distinct bird, replacing F. severus in Gilolo and Cer.iMi, the 
latter bird not reaching beyond Celebes. The title Is derived from 
Temminck's MS. name in the Leiden Museum (ef. Bp. Consp. p. 25y 
sub F* severus). 
17. EaJco Imtulatas. 
Lunated Falcon, Lath. Gen. Byn. Sttppl. ii. p. 54 (1801). 

Falco lunulatus, Lath. hid. Orn. SuppL ii. p. siii (1801); Sirickl. 

Orn. Si/n. p. 89 (1S55); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. L p. 29 (1865); 

Sckl Revue Aceipiir. p. 89 (1873). 

Sparvius lunulatus, Vieill K Diet. dfHid. XaL x. p. 824 (1817). 

Palco longipennls, Sw. An. in Menag. p. 841 (1887). 

Falco frontatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 189; id, Syn. B. Austr. 

pi. 3. fig. 1 (1838) j id. B. Austr. fol. i. pi. 10 (1848); 8chL Vog. 

Nederl Ind. pp. 5,146, pi. %figs, 4-0 (1808); I>igqL Orn. Amir. 

pt. ii. (1869). 

Hypotriorchis frontatus, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 20 (IS44); Bp. Cousp. 

p. 25 (1850) ; Kmtp, Conir. Orn. 1850, p. 55. 
Falco subbuteo frontatus, Schl Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 22 (1862). 
Hypotriorchis lunulatus, Wall Ibkf 1868, p. 5: Gray. Mand-L B. 1. 
p. 20 (1869). 
Adult male. Above slaty blue, lighter on the back and rump, 
darker and browner on the head, the nape tinged with rufous; quills 
brown, secondaries inclining to slaty blue like the back, primaries 
barred with rufous on the Inner web; tail blmsh grey, banded with 

tD. FALCO, 399 

black, all but the two centre feathers barred on the inner web and 
tipped with rufous, these bars sometimes extending slightly on to 
the inner web ; forehead and lores white* sides of face, fore part of 
the cheeks, and ear-coverts brownish black; hind part of cheeks, 
sides of neck, and throat white, slightly tinged with rufous ; under 
surface of the body pale dingy rufous, with a few shaft-stripes on the 
breast and the remains of obsolete grey cross bars on the flanks; 
under wing-coverts dingy rufous, obsoletely barred with brown and 
tipped with fulvous; cere and base of upper mandible yellow; bill 
bluish lead-colour, black at tip; feet yellow, claws black; iris blackish 
brown. Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 9*7, tail 5*9, 
tarsus 1*3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 13-5 
inches, culmen 0*85, wing 10*5, tail 6, tarsus 1*45. 

To vtig. Above slaty blue, with broad rust-coloured margins to the 
feathers, the secondaries plainly tipped with buffy white; the crown 
and upper tail-coverts rusty, being quite obscured by the margins to 
the feathers; forehead whitish; fore part of cheeks, region of the 
eye, and ear-coverts brownish black; hinder part of cheeks, sides of 
neck, and throat creamy white; chest creamy buff, tinged with rufous, 
with several dark brown streaks down the centre of the feathers; 
remainder of under surface deep rufous * the lower abdomen, vent, 
and under tail-coverts tawny buff, with a few rufous shaft-stripes 
and bars; under wing-coverts dull rufous, with oval spots of creamy 
buff; primaries dark brown, tipped with whitish and barred on the 
inner web with rufous • tail greyish above, browner beneath, all the 
feathers barred across and tipped with rufous. 

Ohs. The birds above described are certainly the adults and young 
of one and the same species. In the Museum, however, are three 
specimens, one of which is from Tasmania, and the two others simply 
marked "Australia/' but agreeing in every respect with each other : 
all the other specimens are from various parts of the Australian 
continent, as noticed below. I cannot help thinking that these three 
birds belong to a different species. They are slightly smaller than 
the male described (wing 9*4) and are very much darker, being 
black with a slight greyish shade; the throat and chest are thickly 
streaked with black, and the sides of the body mottled with blackish 
cross bars. These are, perhaps, only in the intermediate stage before 
assuming the adult dress • and this idea is favoured by the presence 
of the cross bars on the sides, remains of which are seen even in 
quite adult birds. 

Hah. The whole of Australia and Yan Diemen's Land; Mores. 

a. $ ad. sk. Australia. 
b. cf juv. st.
e. 2 ad -sk -
d. d ad. st.
e. <$ ad. st.
/ . S juv. sk.
g. § ad. sk.
h. $ ad. sk.
I Juv. sk. 
Australia. 
Australia. 
Van Piemen's Land. 
South Australia. 
Yarrundi River, N.S.W. 
Interior of S. Australia. 
Interior of S. Australia. 
N.W. Australia. 
Linnean Society [P.]. 
Sir D. Cooper [P.]. 
Konald Gunn, Esq. [P.]. 
Sir George Grey [P.]. 
X Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
Captain Sturt [P.l. 
Captain Sturt [P.l 
X K. Elsey, Esq. [P.]. 

400 
F\LCONIDJE. 

k. Ad. sk. N.E. Australia. Purchased. 
/. $ ad. sk. Flores. A. R. WaIIace; Esq. [€.]. 
18. Falco cuvieri 
Falco cuvieri, Smith, S.-Afr. Q. Journ. i. p. 392 (1830); Sharpe, 
Ibis, 187f, p. 486. 
Falco boschii, Schl Xederl Tijdsch%\ I. p. 123 (1801); t& 31k?. P.-J?. 
Falc. p. 23 (1802). 
Falco severus (pt.); Schl Mm. P.-B. Mevue AccipUr. p. 39 (1873). 

Adult male. Above dark slaty grey, inclining to black on the interscapular 
region, the scapulars and inner secondaries edged with 
paler grey, primaries dark brown; tail-feathers dark brown, with a 
slight greyish shade above, barred with fulvous underneath on the 
inner web and tipped with pale rufous; forehead inclining to buiry 
white; fore part of the cheeks, as well as a short malar stripe and a 
line under the eye along the upper ear-coverts, greyish black; rest 
of the cheeks, sides of neck, and throat white, washed with rufous; 
remainder of under surface rich rusty red, the thighs and under 
tail-coverts unspotted, the breast and sides marked with central 
streaks of black to the feathers; under wing-coverte buff, streaked 
with black; cere, orbits, and feet orange; bill dark horn-blue, yellow 
at base of lower mandible. Total length 11 inches, culmen 0*8, 
wing 8*5, tail 5, tarsus 1*2. 

Hah. South and West Africa. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Accra, July 1872. Captain G. E. Shelley [P.], 
19. Falco fusco-csBrnlescens. 
Alconcillo aplomado, Azara, Aptmt i. p. 175 (1802). 
Alconcxllo obscuro azulejo, Azara, Apunt. L p. 179 (1802). 
Falco fusco-caerulescens, Vieill. N. Did. d'Hist. Wat ad. p. 90 (1817). 


*.-. yalc o tfcoracicus, Lieht. Verz. JDoubl p. 62 (1823). 

Falco femoralis, 
Ternm. PL Col. I pis. 121, 343 (1823); Spit, Av. 
Bras. i. p. 18 (1824) ; D'Orb. Voy. Am. Merid., ZooL p. 110 (1835); 
Tschud. # Cab. Faun. Peruan. p. 108 (1845); Marti. 2nd. Asar. 

p. 3 (1847); Strichl Orn. Syn. p. 88 (1855) -Burm. Bei*. Za 
Plata, ii. p. 437 (1861); Schl Mm. P.-B. Falc p. 20 (1862); 
Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 460 (1870); Schl Berne Accipitr. 
p. 38 (1873). 
Hypotriorchis femoralis, Gray, Gen. of B. L p. 20 (1844) ; Cub. in 
Schomb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 724 (1848); Bp. Cwisp. I p,26 (1850); 
Scl §• Sah. Ibis, 1859, p. 219; Pels, Beis. Nov., Voy, p. 8 (1865); 
lAot. Ok. Trinid. p. 24 (1800) ; Scl P. Z. S,1807, pp. 330, 338 ; 
Scl $ Salv. t. c. pp. 590, 988; 1868, p. 143; 1869, pp. 155, 252; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 21 (1869); Peiz. Orn. Bras. p. 5 (1871) ; 
Scl $ Sah. Nomencl p. 121 (1873). 

iEsalon femoralis, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p, 54; Bp. Ber. et May. 
de ZooL 1854, p. 536. 
Hypotriorchis aurantius, Heerni. Pr. PhUad. Acad. 1854, p. 177, 

Adult male. Above dull slaty, lighter on the ramp and upper tail-
coverts, the latter barred and tipped with whitish; crown greyish 
black; lores and forehead whitish; from behind the eye a broad 
streak running down each side of the head and joining on the hind 

75 . PALCO. 401 
neck white, tinged on the latter part with tawny; cheek-stripe 
and a line of feathers from under the eye, running along the 
upper margin of the ear-coverts, along the sides of the neck, greyish 
black; throat and chest, along with the hinder part of cheeks 
and ear-coverts and sides of neck, bufiy white; sides of breast 
black, varied with narrow white lines, meeting across the centre of 
the body; remainder of underparts clear tawny buff; quills brown, 
externally washed with greyish, internally barred with white; 
secondaries conspicuously tipped with whitish; tail blackish brown, 
tipped with white and crossed with about six white bands; under 
wing-coverts black with white bars, all the external ones bordering 
the carpal bend pale tawny; cere and feet yellow; bill horn-brown, 
yellow at base. Total length 13*5 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 10, 
tail 7, tarsus 1-9. 

Adult female. Similar to adult male, but larger and more richly 
coloured; the stripe on the side of the head and the underparts 
rich tawny; the black on the breast not meeting across the centre 
(apparently an older specimen than the male). Total length 15*5 
inches, culmen 1*2, wing 10*5, tail 8*3, tarsus 2. 

Young. Browner than the adults; the feathers edged with paler 
brown, the chest streaked and mottled with brown centres to the 
feathers. 

Hah. From Mexico southwards throughout B. America to Peru 
and the Argentine KepubKc. 

a. 2 ,] uv ' s ^ South America. 
h. J juv« st. East Patagonia. Sir W. Burnett and Admiral 
Fitzroy [PA 
c. $ ad. sk. Ccachuapata, Peru. H. Whitely, Esq. [P.l 
d. $ ad. sk. Arequipa, Peru, H. Whitely, Esq. [C.J. 
July 2nd, 1867. 
e. 5 ad. sk. Island of Mexiana. A. B. Wallace, Esq. [0.1. 
/ . S juv. sk. Island of Mexiana. A. B. Wallace, Esq. [C.j. 
g. $ ad. sk. Mexico. John Taylor, Esq. [P.]. 

20. Falco albigularis. 
Falco aurantius, ft y, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 48 (1791). 
Falco albigularis, Baud. Traits, ii. p. 131 (1800, ex Lath. var. ft). 
Falco rufigularis, Daud. TraiU, ii. p. 131 (1800, ex Lath. var. y) ; 


Gray, Cat. Accipitr. 1848, p. 54; Strickl. Orn. St/n. p. 88 (1855). 
-^Falco aurantius, Licht Verz. JDouhl p. 61 (1823); JBurm. Th. Bras. 

ii. p. 98 (1856); Schl Mm. P.-B. Falcones, p. 24 (1862) ; Elliot, 
B. N. Am. ii. pi. xxxii. (1869); Schl. Mevue Accipitr. p. 40 
-*«™Faico thoracicus, JDonov. Nat. Rep. pi. 45 (1823). 
Bidens aurantius, Spix, Av. Bras. p. 17 (1824). 
Falco eucullatus, Sw. An. in Menag. p. 340 (1837). 
Hypotriorchis rufigularis, Gray, Gen. B. L p. 20 (1844); id. Hand4. 

B, i p. 21 (1869); JPelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 5, 397 (1871); Scl. $ Salv. 

Nommcl > 121 (1873). 
Hypotriorchis aurantiacus, Kaup, Mm. Bench, iii. p. 257 (1845). 
Falco haemorrhoidalis, Hah?i u. Kust. Vog. Lief. xv. pi. 1 (1850). 
Hypotriorchis aurantius, Bp. Consp. i. p. 25 (1850). *** 

VOL. I. 2 B 

402 FA.LCOXID.E. 

Adult male. Above black, with a slaty grey tinge on the back and 
secondaries, clearer on the rump and upper tail-coverts; quills 
black, with a narrow whitish tip to the outer secondaries; tail 
black, narrowly tipped with whitish and with three or four indistinct 
narrow bands of grey, inclining to white on the outer feathers; sides 
of the face entirely black, cheeks and ear-coverts not separated; 
throat and sides of the neck white, washed with rufous, especially 
on the latter; entire breast black, crossed with fine white bars, a 
little broader on the flanks ; thighs, abdomen, and under tail-coverts 
deep chestnut; under wing-coverts black, barred with white; bill 
deep bluish black, yellowish at base; feet yellow. Total length 
9 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 7*3, tail 4, tarsus 1*3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 12 
inches, culmen 0*95, wing 8*9, tail 5*4, tarsus 1*5. 
Hab. From Mexico southwards to the Argentine Republic. Said 
to occur in the extreme south of the United States. 

a. <$ ad. sk. South America. 
b. S ad. sk. Brazil. 
c. 
d. 
e. 
$ ad. sk. 
2 ad.sk. 
2 ad. sk. 
Brazil.
Tocantins River.
Pebas, E. Peru,
Feb. 2,1872. 
Major-General Hardwicke T?.]. 
A. B. Wallace, Esq. ~C.]. 
J. La Mert, Esq. ~C.". 
" "* 
9h. 
i. 
k. 
(S ad. sk. 
(S ad. sk. 
2 ad. sk. 
c? ad. sk. 
2 ad. sk. 
British Guiana.
Demerara.
Trinidad. 
Bay of Panama.
Bay of Panama. 
Royal Geographical Society [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. rP.~. 
Capt. Kellett and Lieut, Wood [P.]. 
Capt. Kellett and Lieut Wood P.l. 

21. Falco arrxantras. 
Orange-breasted Hobby, Lath* Gen. Syn. i. p. 105 (1781 J. 
Falco aurantius, Gm. S. K i. p. 283 (1788, ex Lath): Strickl. Orn. 
Syn. p. 89 (1855). 
Falco deiroleucus, Temm. PI Col i. pi. 348 (1825) * Gray, Gen. B. 

i. p. 19 (1844); ScKL Mus. P.-B. Ealcones, p. 24 (1862); Scl & 
Salv. Nommcl p. 121 (1873). 
Hypotriorchis aurantius, Gray, Sand-l. B. i. p. 21 (18G9). 
Hypotriorchis deiroleucus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 397 (1871). 

Adult. Above black; the feathers of the lower back, rump, and 

upper tail-coverts, as well as the scapulars and wing-coverts, conspi


cuously bordered with clear slaty grey; cheeks black, like the head; 

throat white; entire chest, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts 

rich chestnut; lower breast as well as the under wing-coverts 

black, broadly tipped and largely spotted with rufous buff, the latter 

as well as the axillaries with conspicuous rounded burl-coloured 

spots; quills black, secondaries slightly tipped with whitish, and 

scantily barred with white on the inner web; tail black, slightly 

tipped and crossed with three bars of greyish white. Total length 
12*5 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 9*45, tail 5, tarsus 1*55. 
Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 15 
inches, wing 11, tarsus 1*9. 

75 . FALCO. 403 
Young. Above black; a narrow eyebrow of dull ochre; nape 
slightly mixed with rufous; feathers of the upper surface narrowly-
edged with pale ochraceous buff, broader and whiter on the upper 
tail-coverts; quills black, the outer secondaries conspicuously tipped 
with white, with oval spots of rufous white on the inner webs; tail 
black, tipped with white, and having three or four Y-shaped bands 
of white; sides of the face black, like the crown; throat and sides 
of neck white, washed with ochre ; chest ochre, with median stripes 
of black; breast black, the feathers margined and spotted with 
ochre; thighs and abdomen ochre, with black centres to the feathers; 
under tail-cover Is white, tinged with ochre and broadly barred with 
black; under wing-coverts and axillaries black, the former edged, 
the latter spotted with ochre. Total length 15 inches, culmen 1*2, 
wing 11*2, tail 6*2, tarsus 1-65. 

Hah. From Guatemala southwards through Guiana and Brazil. 

a. $ juv. st. Bahia. 
b. tf ad. sk. Demerara. B. B. Sbarpe, Esq. [P.]. 
22. Falco chicquera. 

Le Chicquera, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 30 (1799). 

Falco chicquera, Dated. Traite, ii. p. 121 (1800, ex Levaill.); Less. 
Traits p. 90 (1831); Gould, Cent. B. Himal. Mts. pi. 2 (1832) ; 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Beng. p. 14 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 25 
(1850) ; Stricld. Orn. Syn. p. 87 (1855) ; Sundev. Krit. om Levaill 
P/ 26 (1857) ; Schl. Mus. B.~B. Bale, p. 20 (1862). 

Chicquera Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 27 (1801). 

Fasciated Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 189 (1821). 

Hypotriorchis chicquera, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 20 (1844) ; Horsf. Sf 
Moore, Cat. B. Mus. B. L Co. i. p. 23 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Lid. i. p, 36 
(1862) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 22 (1869). 
iEsalon chicquera, Kaup, Class. S'dug. u. Vog. p. Il l (1844); id. 
Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 54. 

Chicquera typus, Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p, 536. 

Turumtia chicquera, Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 9. 

Lithofalco chicquera, Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 91 (1869) : Anders. 

P. Z. S.1871, p. 681. 
Adult male. Entire head and hind neck chestnut; forehead and 

sides of the face and neck, as well as the throat, white, with faint 

indications of a chestnut moustache; a few feathers below the eye 

and a small eyebrow black; entire upper surface clear slaty blue, 

with remains of blackish cross bars, especially numerous on the wing-

coverts; tail slaty blue, narrowly barred with black, tipped with 

white, before which a broad subterminal black band; quills blackish 

brown, barred with greyish white on the inner web, the inner 

secondaries slaty blue like the back; under surface of body white, 

with a very few minute black shaft-lines on the chest, the breast 

thickly crossed with black transverse bars, a little wider on the 

under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts white, barred in the same 

manner as the breast; cere, orbits, and feet yellow, the claws black; 

bill greenish yellow at base, black at tip; iris rather light brown. 

Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 8*25, tail 6, tarsus 1-5. 
2E2 

404 VALCONID^. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 
13 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 9, tail 6*5, tarsus 1*5. 
Hah. Indian peninsula. 

a. Ad. sk. India. Dr. Babington [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Meerut J. Gould, Esq. ;_P. j . 
c. Ad. sk. Nepaiil. B. EL Hodgson, Esq. [P.l 
d. Ad. st NepauL B. H. Hodgson. Esq. UP.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Rajkote, Kattiawar, Major J. Hayes Lloyd [P."j. 
Jfune 7, 1871. 

23. Falco ruficollis. 
Tawny-headed Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 200 (1821). 

Falco ruficollis, Sw. B. W. Afr. i. p. 107, pi. 2 (1837)- Strickl. Orn. 
Syn. p. 87 (1855); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr, p. 8 (1857); Finsch $ 
Marti. Vdg. Ostafr. p. 72 (1870). 

Falco maerodactylus, Sia. Classif. B. ii. p. 212 (1837). 
Falco chicquera, Vierth. Xaum. 1852, p. 48; Heugl Orn. K. O.-Afr, 


p. 30 (1809) ; Schl. Revue Aeeipitr. p. 38 (1873). 
Chicquera ruficollis, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 53G; Gurney, 
Ibis, 1868, p. 141; Agres, Ibis, I860, p. 288; Anderss. B. Damara 
Ld. ed. Gurney, p. 14 (1872). 

Hypotriorchis ruficollis, HeugL Ibis, 1860, p. 409; Gray, Hand-l B. 

i. p. 22 (1869). 
Chicquera macrodactylus, Locke, Fxpl Sci. Alger., Ois. p. 58 (1867). 
Adult male. So similar to F. chicquera that it is probable that it 
may yet prove to be the same. It seems to be a little paler in colour, 
and to have the bars on the breast rather closer together; orbits, 
cere, tarsi, and feet yellow; bill bluish horn-colour, yellow at base; 
iris dark brown. Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 8*6, 
tail 5*8, tarsus 1*5. 

Hab. The whole of Africa. 

a. $ ad. sk. Transvaal. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
b. Ad. sk. Africa. 
24. Falco eleonorae. 
Falco eleonorse, Geni, Rev. Zool 1839, p. 105, etMem.IL Accad. Tor. 
ser, 4, torn. ii. Taf. la, 2 (1840); Temm. Man. d'Om. iv. p. 593 
(1840) j Bp. Faun. Ital. TJec. tav. 1 (1841); Schl Rev. Crit. p. iii 
(1844) ; Schl # Susem. Vdg. Bur. Taf. 63, 54 (c. 1845) * StricJd. 
Orn. Syn. p. 86 (1855); Janb. $ BaHh. Rich. Orn. p. 57. pi. 6 
(1859); Schl Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 25 (1862); Trktr. Ibis, 18G5,


p. 258; Bree, B. Fur. i. p. 44 (1866) j Begl $ Gerbe, Orn. Fur. 
i. p. 86 (1867); Saload. Faun. Ital Vcc. p. 19 (1871) ; Dresser, B. 
Fur. pt. xvi. (1873) ; Schl Reims Aeeipitr. p. 40 (1873). 
Falco arcadicus, Idnderm. Isis, 1843, p. 329, Taf. 1: StricJd. Orn. Sun. 

p. 86 (1855). > >v > > if 
Falco concolor, Muhh, Orn. Griechenl p. 14 (1844). 
Hypotriorchis arcadicus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 20 (1844). 
Hypotriorchis eleonora^ Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 20 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. 


p. 25 (1850) ; Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 55; id. Cat. Ois. Fur. 
^ Parmd. p. 2 (1856) j Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 25 j Sakin, t. c. p. 189 5 
75 . FALCO. 
405 
Hew/l. Ibis, I860, p. 408; Loche, Eupl Sci Ak/Sr., Ow.,p. GO 

(18(57) j Gurney, Ibis, 1867, p. 380, e£ 1809, p. 445* pi. xvi.; Gray, 

Hand-l B* i. p. 21 (1809); &Mu*d. Ifos, 1871, p. 58. 

Dendrofalco eleonorss, Bp. Rev. Crit. p. 131 (1850). 

Dendrofalco arcadicus, L. Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 268. 

Falco plumbeus, L. Brehm, Nairn. 1856, p. 236. 

Falco dickrous, Erhard, Namn. 1858, p. 25. 

Falco radania, Roch #• iVewf. I&&, 1862, p. 266: Maill Rhm. p. 100 

(1862). 

Adult. Everywhere dark brown, inclining to black, the quills 
blackish; tail brown, with pale rufous bars on the inner webs ; cere 
yellowish blue, orbits yellow ; feet yellow, claws black ; bill black, 
yellow at base of lower mandible ; iris dark brown. Total length 
15*5 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 13-3, tail 7-5, tarsus 1*5. 

Young. Above brown, the hind neck varied with rufous ; forehead 
and feathers over the eye whitish; throat and sides of the face and 
neck yellowish white, the cheek-stripe, as well as the feathers under 
the eye and along the upper margin of ear-coverts, dark brown; quills 
dark brown, some of the secondaries notched with rufous buff; tail 
banded alternately with pale rufous and black cross bars, almost obsolete 
on the two centre rectrices; under surface of body rufous, 
with median patches of brown on each feather, giving a somewhat 
striped appearance, some of the feathers, especially the flanks and 
thighs, washed with fulvous; the under tail-coverts less spotted; 
under wing-coverts dark brown, spotted and banded with rufous 
buff; cere pale greenish yellow; feet lemon-yellow; bill horncolour, 
lighter at base; iris dark hazel-brown. Total length 13*5 
inches, culmen 0*95, wing 11*8, tail 6, tarsus 1*35. 

Intermediate stages are often seen, when the young or " hobby " 
plumage is being gradually obscured by the approaching sooty brown 
dress of the aduit. 

«, b, c. <J $ ad. juvi st. Algeria. Purchased. 

d. Skeleton. 
Zoological Society. 
25. Falco concolor. 
Falco concolor, 
Temm. PI. Col texte to pi. 330 (1825); Gould, B. 
Eur. i. pi. 25 (1837) ; Schl u. Susem. Vog. Eur. Taf. 9. fig. 1 
(1839); Fritsch, Vbq. Eur. tab. 3. fig. 3 (1858); Kmig-Warth. 
Ibis, 1860, p. 124; JSartl. Beitr. Orn. Madag. p. 18 (1861) ; Dubois, 
Ois. dlEur. p. 22, pi. 22 (1862); Schl Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 25 
(1862); Degl. # Oerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 88 (1867); Schl. $ Poll 
Faun. Madag., Ow.p. 31, pi. 12. fig. 1 (1868) ; Eeugl Orn. N.O.-
Afr. i. p. 31 (1869); Gray, Kand-l. B. i. p. 21 (1869); Finsch u. 
Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 69, Taf. 1 (1870); Shelley, B. of Egypt, 

p. 192 (1872) ; Schl Revue Accipitr. p. 40 (1873). 
Ilypotriorchis concolor, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 20 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. 
p. 25 (1850); Horsf. # Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 23 
(1854) ; Ileugl Ibis, 1860, p. 409; Gumey, Ibis, 1869, p. 445 ; 
Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 21 (1869). 
Timmnculus concolor, Rilpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 11 (1845). 
iEsalon tibialis, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 54. 
Dendrofalco concolor, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 268, 


406 
FILCOMDJ:. 

Falco eleonorse, Hmgl. Syst. TJebers. p. 9 (185(5, nee Gent). 

* 
Falco horus, Heugl Syst. Uehers. p. 9 (1858). 
Falco cyanostolos, A. Brelmi, Naum. 1856, p. 284. 
Falco gxacilis; A. Brehm, Naum. 1856, p 232. 
Hypotriorchis torus, JELeugl. Ibisy 18U0, p. 409. 
iEsalon ardosiacus, Brehm, Bets. Habesch. p. 207 (1863, teste Heuglin), 
Adult male. Uniform leaden grey, with black shaft-stripes to the 
feathers ; quills dark brown, with whitish bands on the inner web, 
the secondaries leaden grey like the back; tail leaden grey above, 
much paler beneath, with obsolete whitish bars on the inner webs ; 
cQie and orbits bright orange-yellow*. bill dark leaden blue, yellowish 
at the base; feet bright yellow; iris umber-brown. Total 
length 12-5 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 10*4, tail 5*4, tarsus 1*35, 
middle toe 1*35. 

Female. Similar to the male, but slightly larger. Total length 
13 inches, culmen 0*95, wing 11*2, tail 6, tarsus 1*4, middle toe 1*3. 

Ohs. Very old examples become leaden black. Birds not fully 
adult have remains of bars on the inner web of the tail-feathers, 
with often some remains of rufous on the breast. 

Young male. Above slaty grey, the wing-coverts and sides of 
face darker, the feathers of the lower back and upper'tail-coverts 
tipped with dull white, the nape tinged with buny white; quills 
black above, greyish black below, the secondaries slaty grey like the 
back, tipped with whitish ; tail slaty grey, tipped with creamy white, 
the inner web with eight or nine notches of pale rufous white; 
throat and sides of face and of neck pale rufous buff; ear-coverts, 
feathers under the eye, and moustachial streak slaty black; rest of 
under surface ochraceous buff, with slaty grey centres to the feathers, 
producing a more or less striped appearance, except on the sides of 
the upper breast, which are almost uniform slaty grey; under wing-
coverts dull slaty, the lower ones barred with pale rufous, those along 
the carpal joint margined with dull ochre. Total length 11*5 inches, 
wiug 10*2, tarsus 1*3. (Mm. Lugd.) 

Hah. The coast of Eastern Africa, from the Eed Sea to Madagascar, 
in rocky localities. 

a. <$ ad. Efat (Harris). Secretary of State for India. 
26. Falco regains. 
Le Faucon de Roche, ou Eochier, Briss. Orn. i. p. 349 (1760J. 

L'Emerillon, Briss. Orn. i. p. 382 {1760}j Buffi PI Mil I pi. 468 

(1770); Schl 8f Verst. Traits Fauc. pi. ix. (1853). 

Le Eoehier, Buff. PL Mil I pi. 447 (1770). 

Falco regulus, Pall Bets. Muss. Meichs. ii. Anhang, p. 707 (1773): 

Gm. 8. JST. i. p. 285 (1788). 

Falco lithofalco, Gm. 8. M. i. p. 278 (1788) ; JRMA, Orn. JVor. p. 53 

(1825); Less. Traitf, p. 94 (1831) ; Brehm, Tag. Deutschl p. 67 

(1831); Kaup, Mm. Smckenb. iii. p. 258 (1845); Kjarh. Orn. 

Ban.Afb.iii. %.2 (1851); Degl.fyGerbe,Orn. EurA.p.91 (1867): 

Salvad. Faun. ltd. Ucc. p. 21 (1871). 

Falco 
sesalon, Gm. S. K i. p. 284 (1788); Temm. Man. i. p. 27 
(1820) j Mum. Tog. Deutschl I p. 303, Taf. 27 (1822); Werner, 

n 

75. PAIJOO. 
407 

Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 10 (1827); Gould, B. Eur. i. pi. 24 (1837) : 
Macqill. Brit. B. iii. p. 317 (1840) ; Tarr. Hut. Brit B. i. p. 48 
(1843); Tkomp. B. lrel i. p. 51 (1849) ; Midi. Sibir. Beis., Vog. 

p. 129 (1851)j Schl. Vog. Nederl. pis. 6, 7 (1854); StricH. Orn. 
Syn. p. 90 (1855) ; Mounts. Eggs Brit B. i. p. 30, pi. 10.fig*.1 
(1856;; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 3. fig. 7 (1858); Schl. Bier. 
Nederl. Vog. pi. 1. figs. 5, 6 (1801); id. Mas. B.-B. Falc. p. 19 
(1862) ; Radde, Beis. Sibir. ii. p. 101 (1863); Neict Ooth. Wolley. 
p. 105 (1864); Gould, B. Gt. Br. pt. vii. (1805) ; Sundev. Sv. 
Fogl. p. 213, pi. xxvi. fig. 3 (1869) ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl 
p. 55 (1869); Heugl. Orn. NO.-Afr. i. p. 35 (1869); Newton. 
ed. Tarr. Brit B. i. p. 74 (1871); Shelley, B. of Egypt p. 191 
(1872) ; Schl Bevue Accipitr. p. 37 (1873).' 
Falco falconiarum, Gm. S. N. i. p. 284 (1788). 
Falco smirillus, Savig?i. Ois. d'Egypte, p. 279 (1808). 
Falco sibiricus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. pt. 1, p. 207 (1809). 
Falco csesius, Meyer, Taschenh. JDeutschl. Vogelk. i. p. 60 (1810). 
Hypotriorchis aasalon, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 20 (1844); Bp. Co?isp. i. 


p. 2Q (1850); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat B. Mus. E. L Co. i. p. 24 
(1854) ; Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 7; Godman, t c. p. 79 ; Jerd. B. Bid. 
i. p. 35 (1862); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 10 ; Tristr. t c. p. 258; Farm. 
Ibis, 1868, p. 412; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 21 (1869) ; Sound. Ibis, 
1871, p. 59. 
iEsalon sesalon, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 54. 

Asalon Hthofalco, Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 536; Brehm, 
Naurn. 1855, p. 269; Sundev. Sv. Fogl pi. xxvi. fig. 3 (1809): 
Gurney, Ibis, 1872, p. 327. 

Merlin, Salvin 8f Brodr. Falconry, p. 79, pis. vii., viii. (1855). 
iEsalon orientalis, Brehm, Nation. 1855, p. 269. 
^Esalon regulus, Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 9. 
Litbofalco sesalon, Hume, Bough Notes, i. p. 89 (1869); Jerd. Ibis, 

1871, p. 242. 

Adult male. Above clear slatjc blue, paler on the rump and upper 
tail-coverts, the black shafts on all the feathers distinctly indicated; 
head dark slaty, with broad shaft-stripes; forehead, lores, and sides 
of the face whitish, with black median lines to the feathers ; eyebrow 
and nape strongly mixed with rufous; ear-coverts tinged with grey-
on the hinder part; throat pure white ; sides of the neck and entire 
underparts white, strongly washed with rufous, with distinct median 
shaft-stripes of black, these being more narrow and indistinct on the 
thighs, and rather broader on the under tail-coverts; under wing-
coverts white, spotted and barred with black; quills black, barred 
with greyish white on the inner web, and washed with bluish grey 
near the base of the outer, the inner secondaries bluish like the back, 
with black shafts; tail slaty blue, tipped with white, before which 
is a broad subterminal band of black on the inner web, underneath 
remains of other black bands ; cere yellow; bill bluish horn-colour, 
darkest at tip; feet yellow, claws black; iris dark brown. Total 
length 10 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 7*9, tail 4-5, tarsus 1*45. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total length 
12 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 8*8, tail 5-5, tarsus 1*5. 

• Young, Above brown, with a very slight shade of ashy grey, 
clearer on the rump, all the feathers margined with pale sandy 
408 PALCOISriD^. 

rufous, of which colour tliere are concealed bands on the secondaries, 
the black shaft-stripes rather indistinct, but broader on the head; 
nape mixed with white; forehead, eyebrow, and ear-coverts whitish, 
narrowly streaked with black; hinder part of ear-coverts brown, 
washed with rufous, and also a slight moustachial streak of the same 
colour; throat creamy white, with narrow indistinct brown shaft-
markings ; rest of under surface whitish, with very broad reddish 
brown streaks, varied by distinct black shaft-stripes, the thighs 
marked with smaller brown spots, the lower abdomen and under 
tail-coverts only sparsely marked with brown; sides of the body for 
the most part reddish brown, with very distinct rounded spots of 
white, giving a marbled appearance; under wing-coverts dark rufous 
brown, marbled like the flanks with white spots, some of the feathers 
also edged with whitish; quills dark brown, spotted on the outer and 
notched on the inner web with rufous, secondaries tipped with whitish; 
tail dark brown, with a whitish tip, barred across with pale rufous. 

Bab. The whole of Europe and Northern Asia, extending into 
India and China. 

a. 
b, 
€. 
Pull. sk. 
o,d. PulLst 
(S juv. sk. 
Orkneys.
Orkneys.
Freshwater, Isle of "Wight,
Oct. 3, 1871. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
Purchased. 
Baron A. von Hugel [P.]. 
f. $ juv. sk. 
92 
juv. sk. 
Freshwater, Sept. 14,1872.
Christchurch, Hants, Jan. 1,1872. 
Baron A. von Hugel [P.l 
Baron A. YOU Hiigel [P.]. 
h. 
i. 
<$ ad. sk. 
P juv. St. 
k,L tfjuv.st. 
m 
n. 
0. 
p. 
2r. 
s. 
t 
u. 
V. 
w 
cc 
2. 
2 juv. St. 
2 ad. sk. 
S ad. sk. 
c? ad. sk. 
3 ad. sk. 
g juv. sk. 
2 juv. sk. 
<$ ad. sk. 
c? juv. st. 
Juv. st. 
. S ad. sk. 
ySjuv. 
Skeleton. 
Devonshire.
Somersetshire.
Tumham Green. 
Monmouthshire.
England (Lord Saye).
Europe. 
Goodwick, Haverfordwest. 
Archangel.
Antwerp.
Valencia,Spain,Oct.6,1872.
Egypt, April 6, 1868.
Trehizond. 
Shanghai. 
Fokien, China.
Biver Ussuri (JDybmoski), 
Colonel Montagu. 
Colonel Montagu. 
Dr. Giinther [P.], 
Zoological Society. 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. HEV 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P." 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P/ 
Capt. G. E. Shelley [Kj. 
J. Gould, Esq. [P.], 
Warsaw Museum. 
Purchased. 
d , Sterna. T. Ingall, Esq. [P.]. 

27. Falco columbarius *. 
The Pigeon-Hawk, Catesby, N. H. Carolina, i. p. 3, pi. 3 (1781). 
L'Epervier de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. i. p. 378 (1760). 

* I am unacquainted with the following species:— 
EXLCO R1CHA.RDSOKII. 

Hypotriorchis richardsonii, Ridgw, JPr. PMl Acad. 1870, p. 147. 
Male. Much lighter (than H, cssahn or H. columbarim), more earthy brown 
than females of these two species. Head rery light-coloured above, approach


75 . FALCO. 409 
Falco columbarius, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 128 (1766, ex Catesby); Wils. 
Am. Orn. ii. p. 107, pi. xv. fig. 3 (1810) ; 8io.$ Rich. Faun. Bor.~ 
Am. p. 35 (1831) ; Audub. B. Am. i. p. 88, pi. xxi. (1839); Delay, 

N. Hist. N. Y. p. 15, pi. 4. fig. 9 (1843) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 17 
(1847); 8trickl Orn. 8yn. p. 92 (1855) ; Cass, in Baird's B. N. 
Am. p. 9 (1860) ; JWafcwtf. JBw, 1861, p. 315; 8chl Mus. P.-B. 
Falc. p. 19 (18G2) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 323; Cooper, B. Calif. 
ed. Baird, p. 460 (1870) ; Allen, Bull Harv. Coll ii. p. 317 (1871); 
Ross, B. Calif, p. 2 (1871) ; 8chl Revue Accipitr. p. 37 (1873). 
Dusky Falcon, Benn. Arctic Zool p. 213 (1785). 

Falco obscurus, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 281 (1788, ex fiemi.). 

Falco intermixtus, Dated. Traite, ii. p. 141 (1800). 

Tinnunculus columbarius, Vieill Ois.Amer. Sept. i. p. 39, pi. 11 (1807). 

Falco temerarius, Audub. Orn. Bioyr. i. p. 381 (1831). 

Falco auduboni, Blackmail, Researches Zool. p. 193 (1834). 

Hypotriorchis columbarius, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 20 (1844); Bp. 

Consp. i. p. 26 (1850); Cass. B. Calif, p. 90 (1855) ; Leot. Ois. 

Trinid. p. 27 (1866); Gray, Kand-l. B. i. p. 21 (1869). 

iEsalon columbarius, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 54; Bp. Rev. et 

Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 536. 

Young female. Above deep brown with a slight shade of grey, 
the feathers of the crown and the wing-coverts slightly margined 
with rufous, the nape mottled with fulvous spots, a few of which 
are also visible on the scapulars; the upper tail-coverts with distinct 
fulvous edgings; quills deep brown, slightly tipped with bufry 
white, the inner face of the quills greyish brown, with a few rufous 
spots on the inner webs; tail blackish, tipped with buffy white, and 
crossed with indications of three rufescent bands, more distinct 
underneath; lores, eyebrow, and sides of face deep ochre, streaked 
with blackish, and forming a distinct moustache on the cheeks; 
throat buffy white, with narrow blackish streaks; rest of under 
surface ochraceous, very broadly streaked with blackish brown 
centres to the feathers, becoming smaller on the thighs and under 
tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and axillaries blackish, marked 
with oval spots of buhy white, the edge of the wing varied with 
rufous. Total length 13 inches, cuhnen 0-8, wing 8-6, tail 5-8, 
tarsus 1-6. 

Adult male. Above dark slate-colour, with distinct black shaft-
stripes, the head and wing-coverts blackish slate-colour, darker than 
rest of upper surface; hind neck mottled with rufous buff; quills 
brown, externally shaded with ashy, the secondaries narrowly tipped 
with whitish, the innermost slaty grey, like the scapulars, the inner 
webs of all the quills broadly banded with whitish buff, showing 

ing white anteriorly; cheeks with the streaks exceedingly fine and scattered; 
tail crossed with six sharply defined, perfectly continuous bands of ashy white; 
inner webs of primaries with eight whitish spots; pectoral markings broad, 
sharply defined, clear light ochraceous brown, with black shaft-lines, stripes 
broadest on the flanks. 

Female. Generally similar to the male. All the feathers above with pairs of 
rounded ochraceous spots on opposite webs; secondaries crossed with three 
bands of ochraceous; bands of the tail pure white, six in number. Measurements 
of $ :—wing 9, tail 6*10. tarsus 1'40, middle toe 1*51. 

410 
TA.LCQXZDM. 

very distinctly "underneath.; tipper tail-coverts pale slaty grey, with 
distinct black shaft-stripes; tail slaty grey, tipped with fulvous, 
and crossed with four black bands, the subterminal one double the 
breadth of any of the others; forehead, eyebrow, and sides of face 
fulvous, with narrow streaks of black, broader on the cheeks; throat 
fulvous; rest of under surface ochraceous buff, with shaft-streaks of 
dark brown, those on the flanks broader, and here mottled with 
fulvous spots; under wing-coverts coloured like the breast, streaked 
and mottled with brown; cere, orbits, and feet yellow, claws black; 
iris brown. Total length 11 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 8-2, tail 5*4, 
tarsus 1*4. 

Hob. The whole of North America as far southwards as Yenezuela. 

<z. S jnv. sk N. America. 
Br. Ridgway [P.]. 
b. (S juv. st. N. America. 
Dr. Ridgway [P.I. 
e. $ juv. sk Quebec. 
D.W.Mitchell, Esq. [P.]. 
&. 2 ad

-sk-Fort Good Hope, Mackenzie-Bernard EL Ross, Esq. 
River district, May 23,1861. 
[PO


e. c? ad. sk. Fort Simpson, May 11,1862. Bernard H. Ross, Esq. 
[P-J/. 
S juv. sk. Off Malpelo Island. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. 
Wood [P.]. 

g. d 
juv. sk. At sea, lat. 13° 22'N., long. Capt. Kellett and Lieut. 
102° 4' W., about 300 miles Wood [P.]. 
off land. 
h. Skeleton. Purchased. 
*. Skeleton. Zoological Societv. 
k Sternum. P. H. Gosse, Esq! [P.]. 
76. HIER0FALC0. 
Type. 
Hierofalco, Cuv. Begne An. i. p. 312 (1817) H. candicans. 
Pnigohierax, Cab. J.f. 0. 1872, p. 156 H. sacer. 

Foot of Hierofalco candicans. 

Range. The whole of Europe and Northern Asia, the whole of 
North America as far as Mexico. 

Key to the Species, 

a. TMghs pure white, or white streaked, but never 
barred, with brown. 
a\ 
Tail white, with no complete bars on any of 
the feathers. 


76 . HLEROFALCO. 
411 

a". Head and entire underparts pure white, 
without any spots or streaks candicam ad., p. 411. 
b", Head, neck, and under surface of "body 
white, with narrow brown streaks candicam ad., p. 411. 

V. Tail white, with more or less remains of 
distinct bars. 
c". Upper surface of body white, distinctly 
barred across with black j breast pure 
white candicans ad., p. 411. 

d''. Upper surface light brown, the feathers 
broadly margined with white, spotted 
or barred near the base with the same 


^ colour candicans juv., p. 411. 
c'. Tail brown,barred on inner web with fulvous. 
e''. Larger; head white, streaked with brown j 
wing in c? 13*2 inches, in g 16*1 saker ad., p. 417. 

f'\ 
Smaller; head brown, the feathers with 
rufous margins; wing in c? 12*3 inches, 
in J 14*25 mexicanus ad,, p. 420. 

b. Thighs white, barred with black or grey. 
d'. Head and chest pure white holboelli ad., p. 415. 
e\ Head white, streaked with black. 
g". Larger; chest white, streaked with black islandus ad., p. 414. 

h". Smaller; chest pure white, not streaked holboelli ad., p. 415. 
/'. Head uniform bluish grey gyrfalco ad., p. 416. 
g\ Head brown, streaked with rufous j back 

banded with rufous,* nape rufous........ saker ad. (=inilvipes), 


c. Thighs grey, margined and barred across with p. 417. 
white gyrfalco ad., p. 416. 
d. Thighs greyish or rufous brown, these colours 
prevailing and occupying the centre of the 
feathers, which are more or less broadly margined, 
spotted, or notched with white. 
h'. Tail ashy brown, with regular narrow ful


vous bars across the feathers gyrfalco juv. p. 416. 
islandus juv, p. 414. 
holboelli juv. p. 415. 

%'. Tail nearly uniform ashy brown, with a few 
indications of spots near the tip holboelli juv., p. 415. 

k'. 
Tail rufous brown, broadly notched or barred 
with fulvous on the inner web, and having 
large rounded spots of the same colour on 
the outer web saker juv., p. 417. 


1. Hierofalco candicans*. 
Le Gerfaut, Briss. Orn. i. p. 370, pi. xxx. fig. 2 (1760). 
Gerfaut blanc des Pays du Nord, Buff. PI JSnl. i. pi. 446 (1770). 


* Gmelin appears to have derived his species from the " Gerfaut" of Brisson. 
The latter seems to have had a very good idea of the differences of the Gerfalcons, 
as also had Briinnich. Button (and from him Gmelin) at first mixed 
the three species hopelessly together, though he afterwards came to think that 
there were three different races. In the * Planches Enlumin^es' I canfind no 
evidence that he was personally acquainted with the Greenland and Iceland 
Falcons; and I cannot help thinking that thefigures in his large work were not 
412 FALCOJS TIDJ£. 

Falco islandicus, var. albus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 271 (1788, ex Brunn.). 

Falco candicans, Gm. S. N. L p. 275 (1788); Schl. Abhandl. Geb. 
Zool 4-c. p. M (1841) ; id. Rev. Crit. p. 1 (1844); Bp. Bet. Zool 
1850, p. 484. et Consp. Av. i. p. 23 (1850) -Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 77 
(1855): Beinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 4; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 7 
(1862) : Feb. Verh. z.-b. Wien, xiii. p. 597 (1808) • JVezrf. Oott. 
WolUy. p. 85 (1864) j Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 18 (1869) ; Netct. ed. 
Tarr. Brit B. i. p. 36 (1871); Harting, Handb. Brit B. p. 85 
(1872) • Gould, B. Gt Br. part xxii. (1872): Sharpe, F. Z. S. 
1873, p. 417, pi. xxxis.; Schl JReme Actipitr. p. 34 (1873). 

Falco islandicus, Lath. 2nd. Orn. i. p. 32 (1790) ; Sic. # Bich. Faun. 
Bor.-Am. p. 27 (1831) -Gould, B. Eur. i. pL 19 (1837) ; Audi. B. 
Am. fol. pi. 3(36, et ed. 8vo, i. p. 81, pi. xix. (1839)• Kolbott, Faun. 
Grarnl p. 18 (1854). 

Falco gvrfalco, Fall Zoogr. Bos$o~As. I p. 324 (1811); Bp. Cmnp. 
List B. Eur. <f N. Am. p. 4 (1838). 

Hierofalco candicans, Cut. Begne An. I. p. 312 (1817) ; Bp. JRev. et 
Mag, de Zool 1854, p. 536; Cass. Fr. Fhil Acad. 1855. p. 278; 
Begl £ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 73 (1867). 

Falco groenlandieus, Hancock, Ann. JV. IT. IL p. 247 {1839). 
Hierofalco gvrfalco, Kaup% Cordr. Orn. 1850, p. 56. 
Le Groenlandais, Schl <$• F<?rs£ 2>«/ft? ifattc. pi. 5 (1853). 
Falco islandicus candicans, Molboll, Zeittchr. Ges. Kaiurw. ill. p. 426 


(1854). 
Greenland Falcon, Salvin 4' Brodr. Falconry, pis. xli & xiii. (1855). 

Adult female. Snowy white, without any markings at all underneath 
; head likewise unspotted, with a slight greyish shade under 
the eye, and a few narrow blackish shaft-stripes on the nape; all 
the rest of the hack scantily marked with blaekibh spots of irregular 
form, some oval, some tear-shaped, and some longitudinal; quills 
white, with a large suMerminal patch of brownish black, the shafts 
Mack, all the feathers more or less irregularly spotted or notched 
with blackish on the outer web, less on the inner one, which is 
white for the greater part of its length; tail pure white, the shafts 
white, excepting on the two centre feathers, where they are blackish, 
inclining gradually to white towards the tips; cere and orbits pale 
yellow; bill pale yellow, bluish at Up; feet pale yellow; iris dark 
brown. Total length 23 inches, cuimen 1-5, wing 16*2, tail 9*5, 
tarsus 2*35. 

Young male. White, mottled all over with pale brown, which 
occupies the centre of the feathers of the upper surface, and takes 
the form of spots and irregular bars on the wing-feathers; head 
and sides of the face streaked with brown, and the under surface 
covered with longitudinal streaks of pale brown; tail white, with 
brown cross bands on the centre feathers, breaking up into irregular 

drawn from the birds themselves, but were taken from other engravings (perhaps 
Brisson's), with the contour slightly altered to suit his page, and men 
coloured from descriptions. The Norway Falcon he expressly mentions as 
having been sent to him. In the 'Histoire Naturelle,* which was published 
after the ' Planches Enlmninees/ he appears to have become acquainted with 
the Iceland Falcon, as this work contains an excellentfigure (pi. xiii.) of the 
bird, as good, indeed, as the colouredfigures in his other work are bad. 


/§»§t, I. \iMmmu, 

76, HIEROFALCO. 


mottlings on the other rcctrices. Total length 20 inches, culmen 
1-2, wing 14*5, tail 9, tarsus 2*1. 

Obs. The following is submitted as an explanation of the sequence 
of plumage in the Greenland Falcon, for further particulars and 
figures of which see P. Z. S. 1873, p. 417:—Prom the stage above 
described the young bird moults and takes a white plumage, with 
broad blackish centres to the feathers, and the stripes on the head 
rather distinct. The breast has a few spots of black, while the tail is 
white with black shafts and a few blackish mottlings, excepting the 
two centre feathers, which are barred across. In this stage it is 
figured by Mr. Gould as a supposed " dark race.'7 In gaining the 
fully adult plumage the markings on the dorsal feathers gradually 
absorb themselves, first into a broad crescent, and then by degrees 
into an arrow-shaped or ovate spot. The head loses its stripes and 
the tail its mottling and bars, becoming pure white, even the shafts 
of the latter participating in this change. There is no apparent 
difference in the colouring of the sexes; but the female is always 
the larger. There appears likewise to be no regular sequence observed 
by the different parts in change; sometimes the back is 
further advanced than the tail or breast, or, again, these may have 
more completely taken their adrft pluma^thafe the back. In its 
old stage the bird is figured by Mr. Gould as a " light race/7 the 
hinder figure in his plate being only a trifle less aged than the one 
in the foreground. 

Hah. Greenland, migrating into North-western Europe; Forth 
America. 

a. S ad. sk. 
b. 2 juv. st. 
c. $ ad. sk. 
d. 5 ad. sk. 
e. 2 ad. sk. 
/. $ juv. sk. 
g. 2 ad. sk. 
h. $ juv. sk. 
Greenland. 
Greenland. 
Greenland. 
Greenland. 
Greenland. 
Greenland (Kolboll). 
Greenland. 
Lichtenfels, S. Greenland, 
Governor Holboell [0/ 
Governor Holboell "0/ 
Governor Holboell [0/ 
Governor Holboell "0/ 
Governor Holboell [C.' 
J. Gould, Esq. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Dec. 5th, 1871. 
i. <$ ad. sk. Lichtenfels, S. Greenland, 
Octr. 11th, 1871. 
E, B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
k. J juv. sk. 
I $ ad. sk. 
Lichtenfels, S. Greenland, 
Sept. 16th, 1871. 
Fiskenaesset, Greenland, 
Dec. 21st, 1872. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
m. (S juv. sk Fiskenaesset, Greenland, 
Feb. 16th, 1873. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
m'. S imm. st, 
n. $ ad. sk. 
o. <$ juv. sk. 
p* 6 juv. sk. 
q, § juv. sk. 
r. c? juv. st. 
s. (S juv, st. 
Greenland. 
Labrador. 
Labrador. 
Labrador. 
N. America. 
Repulse Bay. 
Pembrokeshire. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
Admiral Sir G. Back [P.]. 
J. Eae, Esq. [P.]. 
Earl of Cawdor [P]. 

4L4 FALCOXIBJE. 

2. Hierofalco islan&us. 
Le Gerfant d'lslande, Briss. Orn. i. p. 733, pi. xxxi. (1760), 

Gerfaut d'Islande, Buff. PI Enl 1. pi. 210 (1770), 

Spotted Iceland Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. 1, p. 71 (1781). 

Falco islandus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 271 (1788, ex Brihm.); Newt, ed Yarr. 

Brit. B. i. p. 46 (1871); Gould, B. Gi. Br. part xxii. (1872). 
Falco islandicus, Saacoek, Ann. N. H. ii. p. 247 {1839) ; Bp. Rev, 
Zool 1850, p. 484, et Camp. i. p. 24 (1850)• Strickl Orn. Syn. 

p. 77 (1855): Feb. Verh. z.-b. Wien, xiii. p. 593 (1803); Neirt. 
Ooth. Wolley. p. 86 (1804): Gray, Hand-l B. I. p. 18 '(18C9) ; 
Hartinq, Extndb. Br. B. p. 8Q (1872); Schl Revite Accipitr. p. 34 
(1873).* 
Falco gyrfalco, Keys. u. Bias. Wirh. Eur. p. 135 (1S40). 

Falco candieans islandicus, Schl Abhandl Geb. Zool.fyc, p. 14 (1841): 

id. Bev. Crit p. 1 (1844). 

Hierofalco islandicus. Gray, List Gen. of B. p. 4 (1841) ; Bp. Bev. 

et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 7 j Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1855, p. 279: 

Degl \ Gerbe, Orn. Bump. i. p. 74 (1807). 

Le Tiercelet hagard du Faucon d'Islande. Schl fy Verst. Traiti Faue. 

pi. 6 (1853). 
Iceland Falcon, Salvin «J* Brodr. Falconry, pis. x., xi. (18oo). 
Falco sacer, Cass. B. Calif, p. 89 (1850) • Brewer, N. Am. 061. pt. L 

p. 11. 
Falco gyrfalco islandicus, Schl 31us. P.-B. Falc. p. 14 (1802). 
Adult male. Entire head white, with blackish shaft-streaks, very 
narrow on the forehead and broader on the nape, under the eye and 
over the ear-coverts a slight greyish shade; upper surface of body 
greyish brown, clearer on the rump, all the feathers tipped and 
barred across with white, these bars sometimes not continuous; quills 
dark brown, with narrow white tips, the feathers barred on the 
inner but notched and freckled on the outer web with white; tail 
ashy, with white tip, alternately barred with blackish, the intermediate 
spaces ashy white, sometimes freckled with blackish; under 
surface white, the throat almost unspotted, the chest covered with 
central streaks developing into tear-drop spots at the end; rest of 
under surface spotted with blackish, taking the form of bars on the 
sides of the body, under tail-coverts, and flanks, being rather numerous 
and close-set on the latter; under wing-coverts white, spotted 
or half-barred with blackish; bill pale horn-blue, yellow at base of 
lower mandible; cere, orbits, and feet yellow; iris dark brown. 
Total length 22 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 14*6, tail 9, tarsus 2*3. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, hut larger. Total length 24 
inches, culmen 1*4, wing 16, tail 9, tarsus 2*4. 

Young. Brown, with whitish margins to the feathers of the upper 
surface; the upper tail-coverts conspicuously marked with oval spots 
of white; tail brown, broadly banded across with whitish; head 
whitish, the feathers mesially streaked with dark brown, the hind 
neck more conspicuously mottled; under surface white, the throat 
unspotted; all the rest of the feathers conspicuously brown in the 
centre, these markings rather oval in form, excepting on the flanks, 

76. HIEKOFALCO. 
415 

where they are irregular, the brown occupying the greater portion 
of the feather; cere, orbits, and feet bluish grey. 
Hah. Iceland, migrating into North-western Europe. 

a. Ad. sk. Iceland. Purchased, 
b. Juv. st. Iceland. Purchased. 
o.
d. 
J ad. sk, 
<$ ad. sk. 
Iceland. 
Iceland {Proctor). 
J. Gould, Esq. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
*• d juv. sk.
/ . 2 Juv-s^
g. 5 ad. st.
k. Skeleton. 
Iceland (Proctor). 
Reikjavik, Iceland, 
Great Britain. 
J. Gould, Esq. 
Professor A. Newton [P.]. 
Zoological Society. 

3. Hierofalco nolboellL (Plate XIII.) 
Falco arcticus (nee Gm.), Holhoett, Zeitschr. ges. Naturio. iii. p. 426 
(1854) ; JBlobitcs, Naumannia, 1857, p. 238; id. Nacktr, Naum. Vog. 
Deutschl p. 19 (1860, nee Taf. 390. fig. 2). 

Iceland Falcon (light variety), SalvinfyBrodr, Falconry, p. 87, pi. x. 
(1855). 
Falco gyrfalco groenlandicus, 8cM. Mm. P.-B. Falcones, p. 13 (1855). 
Falco holboeili, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 415. 
Adult male. Head white, with blackish shaft-stripes, a little 
broader on the nape; rest of upper surface greyish brown, with more 
or less of a bluish shade according to the light, transversely banded 
and tipped with white; quills brown, edged and tipped with white 
and freckled on the outer webs; on the smaller secondaries are 
indistinct bands of brown, alternating with bars of greyish white, 
the latter plentifully freckled with brown; tail ashy grey, tipped with 
white, plentifully freckled with brown and showing transverse cross 
bars on the outer feathers; under surface white, the throat and chest 
entirely unspotted, the rest of the body sparingly spotted with blackish, 
taking the form of bars on the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts; 
under wing-coverts white, spotted with black; inner face of wing 
whitish, barred with black; cere and orbits yellow; bill bluish, 
yellow at base of lower mandible; feet yellow; iris dark. Total 
length 19 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 14, tail 7*5, tarsus 2*1. 
Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger, and having the tail 
regularly barred across as in adult H. islandus. Total length 20 
inches, culmen 1 -4, wing 15, tail 5*5, tarsus 2*2. 
Young male. Above brown, shaded with ashy, all the feathers 
margined with, ashy white; quills ashy brown, the secondaries with 
distinct whitish margins, much narrower on the primaries ; all the 
primaries notched with buffy white on the inner web, dissolving on 
the inner ones and absent on the secondaries; lower back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts ashy brown, the margins on the two former 
slightly rufescent, on the latter white, some of the outermost upper 
tail-coverts notched with white; tail brown, shaded with ashy, 
tipped and barred (not across) with fulvous, these bars about thirteen 
in number and often obscured by greyish mottlings; head 
ashy brown, with pale greyish margins; forehead whitish; nape 
much mottled with white; ear-coverts whitish, streaked with brown 

416 
FALCO^rms. 

and shaded with fulvous brown on their hinder margin; cheek-stripe 

ashy brown, long and narrow; throat white, with a few narrow 

streaks of brown; rest of under surface of body ashy brown, every


where mottled with bufry white, taking the form of rounded or oval 

indents to the feathers and occupying a great part of the margins of 

all; the flank-feathers more decidedly greyish brown, with irregu


larly shaped spots or notches of fulvous; centre of the body, abdomen, 

and under tail-coverts white; the centres of the feathers brown, pro


ducing a longitudinal streak; under wing-coverts ashy brown, mottled 

with white like the breast. 

Hab. Greenland. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. Greenland. J. Gould, Esq. Type of 
species. 
b. 
g ad. sk. Fiskenaesset, Green- It. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
land, Feb. 10, 1873. 
e. 
S juv. st. Fiskenaesset, Green- E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
land, Feb. 10,1873. 
d. J ad. sk. Greenland. J. Gould, Esq. 
e. 
<$ juv. sk. Godhavn, N. Green- Howard Saunders, Esq. "P.". 
land, Sept. 26, 1872 
(Whympef). 

f. Juv. sk. Greenland. Howard Saunders, E-q. 
*g. <$ ad. sk. Greenland. Governor Holboell [G.\ 
4. Hierofalco gyrfalco. 
Falco gyrfalco, Linn. Syd. Nat. i. p. 130 (1760); Sold. AbhandL Gek 
Zool. #c. p. 15 (1841); id. Rev. Crit. p. ii (1844; ; Bp. Camp. I 

p. 24 (18-50); Sehl. Vog. Nederl ^h. 4, 5 (1854) ; Striekl Orn. Syn. 
p. 78 (1855); Blmius, Naelitr. Naum. Vog. BeuUehl xiiL Taf. 301 
(I860); Sehl. Dierk. Nederl Vog. p. II," pi 1. %. 3 (1801); id. 
Mm. P.-B. Falc. p. 12 (1862); Bias. Ibis, 1862, p. 05; Kewt. Oath. 
Wolletr. p. 87, pi 0 (1864); Sunder. So. For/I. p. 200, pL xxvi. %. 1 
(1869); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 18 (1809); Gould, B. Gt Br. 
pt. xxii. (1872); Sehl. Revue Accipitr. p. 34 (1873). 
Gerfaut de Norwege, Buff. PL Fnl i. pL 462 (1770). 

Falco labradora, Audub. B. Am. pi. cxcvi. (1831). 

Le Tiercelet hagard du Gerfaut, Sehl <$• Verst TraiU Fane. pi. 7 

(1853). 

Falco gyrofalco, Thien. Abbild. Vogeleiern, Taf. Ii. figs. Sa-d (1854). 

Hierofalco gyrfalco, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 536; Degl. fy 

Gerbe, Orn. Europ. i. p. 76 (1867). 
Norway Falcon, Salvinfy Brodr. Falconry, pL xv. (1855). 
Falco norvegicus, Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 24. 
Falco gyrfalco norwegicus, Sehl Mus. P.-B, Falcones, p. 12 (1862) ; 

Bree, B. Fur. i. p. 21 (1866). 

Adult male. Above blue-grey, with broad greyish black cross 
bands, the bars alternating; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, 
and tail itself (which is minutely freckled) much clearer blue-grey, 
with narrow cross bars of greyish black, not increasing in width 
towards the tip of the tail, which is therefore not darker at its 
extremity than at the base; lores and forehead whitish; crown 
grey, mottled with black; the sides of the head from behind the eye 


76 . HIEKOFALCO. 
417 

and the nape varied with whitish; cheek-stripe, feathers under the 
eye and on the upper line of the ear-coverts, as well as the sides 
of the neck, greyish black, rest of the side face whitish, with median 
lines of black; wing-coverts like the back; quills dark brown, 
externally freckled and mottled with grey, which does not form 
regular bars, the inner secondaries exactly like the back; under 
surface of the body white, the throat unspotted, the chest longitudinally 
streaked with black, which widens out towards the apex 
of the feather; rest of the body rather scantily spotted with greyish 
black, taking the form of bars on the flanks, under tail-coverts, 
and axillaries; the under wing-coverts white, with black markings, 
scarcely to be called bars; bill blue, black at tip ; feet' yellow; iris 
dark brown. Total length 20 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 14*5, tail 8, 
tarsus 2. 

Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but larger. Total length 
21 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 15, tail 9-5, tarsus 2-15. 

Young. Brown, with fulvous spots and mottlings on the edges 
of the scapulars and inner secondaries, rather more distinct on the 
upper tail-coverts; tail dark brown, with imperfect bands of fulvous; 
all the wing-coverts and quills externaEy dotted with minute fulvous 
spots, the latter internally barred with buff; head brown, mottled 
with buffy white on the eyebrow, cheeks, sides of neck, and especially 
on the nape and hind neck; under surface white, with central 
dark brown patches on each feather, narrower on the throat; bill 
horn-blue, yellow at base of lower mandible. 

Hah. The whole of Northern Europe, extending across northern 
Asia and Forth America, migrating southwards in both continents. 

a. Vix ad. sk. Norway. Professor Newton [P.]. 
b,c. 6 $ ad. sk. Lapland (Wolley). J. Gould, Esq. [P.J. 
d. 2 juv* sk. Lapland (Wolley). J. G-ould, Esq. 
e. J juv. sk. E. Einmark, Purchased. 
Sept. 20, 1872. 
/ . <$ juv. sk. Labrador. Purchased. 
g- 2 ,j uv -st« Kotzebue's Sound. 
h. $ juv. st. * Gulf of California. Captain Kellett [P.]. 

S&. Hierofalco saker*. 

Le Sacre, Briss. Orn. i. p. 337 (1760) ; Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. i. p. 246 
(1770, nee pi. xiv.). 
Falco sacer, Gm. Syst Wat i. p. 273 (1788, ex Briss.); Schl. Bev. 
Crit p. ii (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. lii. App. p. 2 (1849); Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 24 (1850); Strichl. Orn. Syn. p. 79 (1855) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, 
p. 284; Simps. Ibis, 1860, p. 375, pl.xii. j Bree, B. of Bur. i. p. 31 
(1862) ; Jerd. B. of Ind. L p. 29 (1862) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falc. 
* This name is derived from Brisson's Sacre, -which in. turn is taken from 
Belon and the older writers, who seem to have known the true species {cf.
Schlegel,' Traite de FauconneVie,' p. 18). Professor Schlegel thinks that Buffon's 
plate in the * Histoire Naturelle' represents the Saker; but to me it looks more 
like a young Falco islandlcus; and if the specific title were founded on this 
alone, I should have rejected the name. 
VOL, X. 2 F 

418 FALCOXID-E. 

p. 16 (1862); Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 8; Tristr. Ibis, I860, p. 258; 
Farm. Ibis, 1868, p. 409; GotM, B. of Asia, pt xx. (1868) : Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 20 (1809); mime, Bough Notes, I p. 62 (1860) j 
Mho. §• Buck!. His, 1870; p. 73; Salvacl Faun. Hal Ecc. p. 16 
(1871) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 238 ; Radcl i. c. p. 365 ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 340. 
Falco lanarius, Bali. Zoogr. Rosso-As. I. p. 330 (1811) ; Temm. Man. 
cTOrn. i. p. 20 (1820); Werner, Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 7 (1827); 
Gould, B. of Eur. i. pi. 20 (1837); Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. 4-X. 
Am. p. 4 (1838); Sold. u. Su*em. Yog. Eur. Taf. 7a (1839); Cara, 
Orn. Sard. p. 6 (1842) ; J. E. Graf/, Cat. Mamm. $ Birds Xepal 
Hodas. p. 43 (1844); JSbrsf. # Moire, Cat. B Mus. E. I. Co. p. 22 
(1854) j Fritsch, Yog. Eur. tab. 2. &rs. 0, 7 (1853j ; Taylor, Ibis, 
1859, p. 43. 

Falco cherrag, J E. Gray, El Ind. Orn. ii. pi. 25 (1833V 
Falco milvipes, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 81 (1844); Jerd. 
Ibis, 1271, p. 240. 
Falco cyanopus, Thienem. Rhea, I. p. 62, Taf. 1, 2 (1846); id. Abbild. 

Vogeleiern, Taf. 51. figs. 2«, d (1834). 
Le Sacre hagard, Sold. $ Versl Trait e Fauc. pi. 9 {'I80C). 
Gennaia sacer, Bp. Rev. ei Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 536; Loehe, Expl 

Set. Alger, p. 50 (1867). 
Saker, Salvin Sf Brudr. Falconry, pi. xv. (1855). 
Falco saqer, Heugl X.O.-Afr. i. p. 27 (l&ft). 
Falco hendersoni. Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 407; id. <§* Henders. Lahore 

to Turk]}. 171.pl. 1 (1S73). 
Pnigoliierax lanariu^ Cab. J.f. 0. 1872, p. 150. 


Adult male. Head pale rufous, sometimes bleached quite white, 
with narrow blackish shaft-stripes; upper surface pale earthy 
brown, all the feathers margined with rufous; quills brown, deeply 
indented with white or rufous-white notches or bars, fewer in 
number on the secondaries; tail pale brown, barred with whitish on 
on the inner web, and ovally spotted on the outer one, these not 
being continuous or forming bars, sides of the face and tliroat pure 
white, with a few little dusky streaks on the hinder ear-coverts, 
the moustache scarcely indicated; under surface of body whitibh, 
the chest yery slightly, the breast and flanks more thickly, streaked 
down the centre with brown, these streaks somewhat widening 
towards the tip of the feather; thighs distinctly streaked with 
brown, the abdomen and under tail-coverts unspotted; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, streaked with brown, the latter brown 
in the centre, white on the margins, with a few bars at the base of 
the feather ; cere, orbits, and feet yellow; bill pale greenish horncolour, 
darker at tip, the lower mandible pale yeEow at base; iris 
brown. Total length 18*5 inches, cuJmen 1*2, wing 13*2, tail 7*3, 
tarsus 2. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but larger. Total length 
24*7 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 15*8, tail 9-8, tarsus 2-1. 


Young male. Above brown, some of the feathers shaded with 
greyish and edged with rufous, which is more conspicuous on the 
feathers of the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; the feathers 
which are appearing on the inner secondaries have conspicuous rufous 


76 . BIEBOFALCO. 
margins, with one or two creamy buff spots, as hare also the old 
feathers which remain; quills dark brown, the secondaries margined 
with whitish near the tip, and coloured as above described, the 
feathers white underneath at the base, notched with greyish near 
the shaft, the notches developing into bars towards the tip; tail 
greyish brown, tipped and spotted with white on the outer web, these 
spots being rather more oval on the inner, the middle feathers 
scarcely marked at all with faint white or buff spots, which are quite 
obsolete near the base; top of the head dark brown, slightly tinged 
with rufous and streaked with white; frontal band and a broad line 
over the ear-coverts and the hinder neck white, the two latter 
mottled with dark brown ; lores, feathers under the eye, and upper 
margin of ear-coverts greyish brown; a narrow cheek-stripe dark 
brown; sides of face and neck white, the former narrowly streaked 
withbrown, the latter plainly dotted with triangular spots of the same; 
throat, vent, and under tail-coverts white; rest of under surface 
white, with conspicuous rounded spots of dark brown on the breast, 
becoming more oval and longitudinal in shape on the lower breast 
and sides of the body; under wing-coverts brown in the centre, with 
broad white edges. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 14*7, 
tail 12*5, tarsus 2*1. 

Obs. The adult bird described is an ordinary old Saker, the fully 
adult or aged bird being very rare indeed. When in its complete 
dress this Palcon looks like a gigantic Kestrel, all the feathers of the 
upper surface, as well as the tail, being barred with pale rufous; 
the under parts are rich creamy white, with a few blackish spots on 
the lower breast and abdomen, taking the form of bars on the flanks • 
the under wing-coverts are also spotted and barred with blackish. 
The head is rufous, with blackish central streaks to the feathers ; 
forehead and cheeks whitish, the ear-coverts tinged with rufous, the 
feathers under the eye and a moustachial stripe blackish brown ; on 
the upper surface there is a slight shade of grey, especially on the 
inner secondaries and upper tail-coverts. In this state of plumage 
the bird is H. milvipes of Hodgson and H. Tiendersoni of Hume. 

Hab. South-eastern Europe; N.E. Africa, extending thence 
through Central Asia to Northern China. 

a. 2 a<*. s^b. 
$ juv. sk.
c. $ ad. sk.
d. c? ad. sk.
e. $ juv. st.
/ , $ ad. sk 
South Hungary. 
Asia Minor. 
River Volga. 
Southern Ural. 
Egypt. 
Yarkand. 
Baron A. von Hiigel [P.]. 
R B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.1 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 
Dr. Henderson [C.]. Type of 
F. hendersQtiL 
g. J }uv. st.
h. 5 mv. sk.
i. 2 Juv-s&-
Jc, cJ ad. sk. 
Nepaul 
Nepaul. 
Nepaul. 
Nepaul. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. "P.l 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l 
Type of F. miloipes. 
I. Skeleton. Purchased. 
m. Skeleton. Zoological Society. 
2*2 

420 PALCONID-B. 

6. Hierofalco mexicanm 
Falco mexicanus, Schl. Abhandl Geb. Zool. §-<?. p. 15 (1841, exLichi, 
Mtis. Berol) * Bp. Consp. i. p. 24 (1850) ; Licht Nomencl. Av. p. 5 
(1854) ; Schl. 3£us. P.-B. Falcones, p. 18 (1862); Gray, Kand-l B. 
I p. 20 (1889) ; Bidgway, Pr. Phil. Acad. 1870, p. 140; Scl <§• Salv. 
Nomencl p. 121 (1873). 

Falco polyagrus, Cass. B. Calif, p. 88 (1853) ; id. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1855, 

p. 277-, Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 85 (1855)• Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 323; 
Cones, Pr. Phil. Acad. 1866, p. 42; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 20 
(1869) ,* Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Bairdf p. 458 (1870). 
Hierofalco mexicanus, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 536. 
Pnigokierax mexicanus, Cab. J.f 0.1872, p. 156. 

Adult. General colour clear brown, the wings and tail of about the 
same colour as the back, the primaries darker brown, all the feathers 
of the upper parts margined with pale fulvous brown, broader and 
more whitish on the wing-coverts and secondary quills; tail-
feathers and upper tail-coverts brown, the inner webs darker brown, 
all conspicuously tipped and obsoletely barred with buffy white; the 
two middle feathers scarcely marked at all, the rest half-barred 
across on the inner web, and slightly spotted on the outer web near 
the tip, the bars on the outermost feather narrower and more indistinct, 
but present on the outer web also near the base ; feathers of 
the crown of the head and neck bordered with whitish, giving rather 
a distinct striped appearance, more especially on the hind neck, the 
forehead clearly whitish; sides of the face and neck whitish, with 
brown centres to the feathers; chin and top of the throat pure white; 
rest of the under surface white, with central markings of clear brown, 
rather oval in shape, giving a very distinctly striped appearance to 
this side of the body; flank-feathers darker brown, broadly margined 
with white on the outer web, and marked with a large spot of white 
about the middle of the inner one; cere, iris, legs, and feet light 
yellow, claws black ; bill bluish black. Total length 19*5 inches, 
culmen 1*4, wing 13*7, tail 9, tarsus 2-5. 

Hab. Mexico and the southern States of 3Torth America. 

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
77. HIEBACIPEA. Type 
Ieracidea, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 141 H. berigora. 
Leg of Hieracidea berigora. 

77. HIEJRACIDEJL. 421 
Range. Australia. 
Key to the Species, 
a. Thighs rufous; general colour above rufous berigora, p. 421. 
b. Thighs brown j general colour above brown orientalis, p. 422. 
1. Hieracidea berigora. 

Falco berigora, Vig.fyHorsf. Tr. Linn. Boc. xv. p. 184 (1827); Schl 
Revue Accipitr. p. 47 (1873). 
Hieracidea occidentals, Gould, P. Z, S. 1844, p. 105• Gray, Gen. B. 
I p. 20 (1844); Gould, B. Austr. i. pi. 12 (1848); JBp. Consp. i. 

p. 22 (1850) ; id. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 536; Striekl. Orn. 
Syn. p. 101 (1855) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, xiii. p. 621 (1863) ; 
Gould, Sandb. B. Austr. i. p. 33 (1865) ; Gray. JSand-l B. i. p. 22 
(1869). 
Falco berigora occidentalis, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 37 (1862). 

Adult male. Upper surface sandy brown, strongly inclined to 
rufous, with which colour most of the feathers are edged, excepting 
the scapulars and inner secondaries, where the margins incline to 
fulvous; the feathers of the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
broadly tipped with rufous ; head a little lighter than the back, with 
blackish shaft-stripes;' forehead, lores, and an indistinct eyebrow 
whitish; nape scarcely at all mixed with white; sides of the face 
creamy white, the sides of the neck slightly washed with rufous and 
narrowly streaked with brown; a narrow supraorbital line of feathers, 
as well as a moustachial streak, from the fore part of eye down the 
cheeks and the hinder part of ear-coverts, dark brown; under surface 
of body creamy white, with brownish shaft-stripes; thighs, axillaries, 
and inner under wing-coverts chestnut; outer wing-coverts 
white; quills dark brown, with a slight tinge of ashy grey, the 
secondaries paler brown, with rufous-white tips, inner surface of 
wing white, the inner webs barred with rufous above, each bar being 
almost continuous with the preceding one on the primaries; tail 
brown, tipped with white and shaded with ashy, barred with rufous, 
the bars not being continued entirely across the feather; cere pale 
yellow; orbits bluish flesh-colour; bill bluish lead-colour, black at 
tip; feet light ashy grey, tarsal scales in front yellowish white; iris 
brown. Total length 15*5 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 13, tail 7*8, 
tarsus 2'55. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little larger. Total length 
17 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 14, tail 8*8, tarsus 2*8. 

Young. Similar to the adults, but plainly spotted and banded with 
rufous above, especially on the wing-coverts and inner secondaries ; 
under surface of body for the most part pale sandy rufous, mottled 
with creamy white, where the plumage shows signs of approaching 
adolescence; thighs deep chestnut-brown, with faint cross bars of 
rufous; the facial features more pronounced than in the adult. 

Ohs. The possession by the Museum of the original types of Hieracidea 
berigora, which were received from the Linnean Society, enables 
me to prove that the H. occidentalis of Gould is the true H. 

422 
FALCOSflDJE. 

berigora. Both these species are very distinct one from the other, 
in their adult and in their young plumages. 
Hab* Australia. 
a, b. Ad. sk. Australia. Lirmean Society [P.^ Types 
of species. 

c. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.]. 
d 
<J ad. sk. Murray River, S. Aus- Sir George Grey [PA 
tralia. 


e. Ad. sk. S. Australia. Sir George Grey [P.". 
/ Ad. sk. West Australia. Sir George Qmy P.I. 
y. Ad. sk. West Australia. J. Gould, Esq. f Cf.l *" 
A, *. Ad. sk X.W. Australia. J. R. Elsey, Esq. TE\]. 
2. Hieraca&ea orientalis* 
Cream-bellied Falcon, Lath. Gem. Hist i. p. 230 (1821). 

Hieracidea berigora, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 20 (1844); Gould, B, 
Austr. i. pi. 11 (1848); Bp. Cmsp. i. p. 22 (ISoOj : Kemp, Cmiir. 
Om. 1850, p. 56; Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 536; Strickl. 
Om. Syn. p. 101 (1855); Pek. Verh. z.-b. Wien, xiiL p. 621 
(1863) ; Gould, Eandb. B. Amtr. i. p. 31 (1805) ; Pelz. Reis. Sow. 
Vog. p. 8 (18(55); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 22 CI868;. 

Faleo berigora oriental!?, SchL Xaum. 1855, p. 254. 
Falco berigora, SchL Mus. P.-B. Fide. p. 37 (1862). 


Adult male. Above brown, the feathers very slightly inclining to 
rufous on their edges, these margins being a little more distinct on 
the inner secondaries; crown slightly paler brown, with indistinct 
blackish shaft-stripes, the nape mixed with white; forehead and a 
distinct eyebrow, as well as the sides of the face and of the neck* 
creamy or huffy white; a narrow streak above the supraorbital 
ridge, as well as a scant stripe from the fore part of eye across the 
cheek, and another running under the eye along the upper margin of 
ear-coverts, blackish brown, collecting a little behind the latter; 
quills dark brown, the primaries and outer secondaries tipped with 
whitish, spotted on outer web and barred on the inner one with 
rufous, the inner face of the quills whitish, owing to all but the terminal 
bars being joined together; tail brown, with an ashy gloss on the 
upper surface, slightly tipped with white, barred with rufous on the two 
centre feathers, but not light across the feather, the others barred on 
the inner and spotted with rufous on the outer web, the latter marks 
gradually becoming less on the outer feathers; under surface of body 
creamy buff, the sides of the body and outer face of thighs brown, 
converging towards the centre of the lower breast, some of the 
feathers edged with fulvous ; under wing-coverts rich creamy buff, 
the lower ones fcand the axillaries marked with brown; cere and 

orbits pale bluish lead-colour; feet very light lead-colour; iris 
very dark brown. Total length 15*8 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 13> 
tail 8, tarsus 2*5. 


Adult female. Similar to the adult male, but larger. Total length 
17-5 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 13*9, tail 8*5, tarsus 2*65. 
Toung* "Warmer and more chocolate-brown than the adults, from 


78. CEECHKEIS. 423 
which, they are at once distinguished by the brown on the underparts, 
which in the nestling covers the whole of the breast, and as the bird 
advances in age gradually disappears, leaving the chest striped with 
brown, and the flanks much spotted with fulvous; throat and sides 
of the face ochraceous buff; forehead very indistinctly indicated, the 
moustache and feathers below the eye and behind the ear-coverts deep 
chocolate, and broader than in the adults; feathers of the upper 
surface edged with rufous, and spotted and half-barred with the same 
colour, the bars on the tail a little narrower and more rufous than in 
the adults. 

Rab. Australia and Yan Diemen's Land. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Mrs. Mauger [P.]* 
b. Ad. sk. Australia. A. Cunningham, Esq. [P.1 
c. Juv. sk. Australia. A. Cunningham, Esq. [P. |. 
d. Ad. sk. Van Diemen's Land. Ronald Gunn, Esq. [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Van Diemen's Land. J. Gould, Esq. [C.l 
fy g. Juv. sk. Van Diemen's Land. J. Gould, Esq. [0.1. 
h. $ ad. sk. Van Diemen's Land. The Admiralty [P.]. 
i. 2 ad- sk. Van Diemen's Land. The Admiralty [P.I. 
k. Ad. sk. N.W. Australia. J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.]. 
I. PuU. sk. N.E. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.]. 
78. CERCKBTEIS, 
Type. 
Cerehneis, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 976 0. rupicola. 
Erythropus, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1270 0. vespertina. 
^Egypius, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 20 (1829, nee Savign.) C. tinnuncula. 
Pannyschistes, Kaup) Natiirl. Syst p. 87 (1829) C. vespertina. 
Falcula, Hodge. J. A. S. B. 1837, p. 365 C. tinnuncula. 
Tichornis, Kemp, Classif. Sdug. u. Vog. p. 108 (1844).. C. naumanni. 
Poecilornis, Kaup, t. c. p. 108 (1844) C. sparveria. 
Dissodectes, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 248 C. dickersoni. 

Range. The whole of the Old and New Worlds, excepting Oceania. 

Key to the Species. 

«. Tail uniform, with one subterminal band only. 
a'. Tail blue. 
a". Back spotted or barred with black. 
a'". Head blue or washed with blue. 
a4. Under wing-coverts white, spotted 
with black. 

a5. Underneath rufous, streaked with 
black; throat and under tail-
coverts fulvous tinnuncula $, p. 425. 

b5. Underneath deep rufous, streaked 
with black j throat and under tail-
coverts deep buff rupicola $ , p. 429. 

b4. Under wing-coverts pure white, unspotted 
cenchroides S, p. 431. 
V". Head deep rufous, like black, streaked 
with black ?noluccensis <$, p. 430. 
b". Back uniform. 

424 
FALCON IDiE. 

c"\ "Wing-coverts rufous, only the outermost 
of greater and median series 
blue naumatmi Q , p. 435, 

dn\ "Wing-coverts blue, the innermost 
greater coverts narrowly margined 
with rufous ...................... pelwiensis <£, p. 437. 

V. 
Tail rufous. 
c". Head rufous, narrowly streaked witli black, cenckroides $,p. 431. 
d". Head marked with blue, or entirely of the 
latter colour. 
e"!. Back rufous, or rufous banded with 
black. 
<?4. Under surface of body with Mack 


spots. 
e5. Centre of crown rufous. 
if. Wing-coverts blue, spotted with 
black ..
5°. "Wing-coverts banded with rufous 
and blackd5. Crown entirely blue . .. .
d*. Under surface of body unspotted,
e5. Crown all blue; under surface of 
body pale tawny

f5 

. Crown rufous in centre ; under 
surface white .
fH, Back entirely blue, like head ....... .

b. Tail regularly banded. 
c'. Head rufous, with no hlue, 
spaneria dT? p. 437. 

dominicensis £ t p. 430. 
eitmamomma <? * 

 p. 430. 
isahellma g, p. 441. 
lei/cophys & , p. 442. 
sparverwidin g, p. 443, 

e". Tail banded with black and greyish, white, rupicolmdt* $ ad.? 

/". Tail rufous, banded with black. p. 432. 
g"\ Under wing-coverts white, unspotted.. cenckroides J jar., 
hw. Under wing-coverts white, streaked or p. 431. 
spotted with black. 
«*. Breast rufous or rufous buff, streaked 
with fulvous. 
€f» Larger: wing 10*2.............. ihmunmla $, p. 425. 

A5. Smaller: wing 0*3

/ 4 . Breast pure white, with rounded spots 
of black on the chest, changing to 
bars on the flanks

£", Under wing-coverts entirely rufous like 
breast, and finely streaked with black 
in the same manner

f. 
Tail bluish grey, banded with black. 
h'". Interscapulars region uniform rufous. 
#*. Underneath white, with small spots 
of black

W. 
Underneath rufous. 
a"5. Below uniform .................
h5. Below spotted with Mack ... .
V". Interscapulary region rufous, banded 
with black. 

naumanni § , p. 435. 
punctata ad., p. 434. 

alopex ad., p. 432. 

newtmii ad., p. 433. 

grmdlis ad., p. 435. 
newtmi <j>, p. 433. 

*4. Tail banded for entire length below.. mpicaia $ ad., p. 420. 

#;*. Tail very slightly and irregularly 

barred below, only the subteiminal 

l>an4 distinct 
mdmcensis $ ad., 

p. 430. 
425 

78. CEECHNEIS. 
m"'. Interscapulary region grey, banded 
with black vespertina £, p. 443. 

d. Head grey or bluish, or at least marked with 
blue. 
h". Back greyish, banded with black mnurensis $, p. 445. 
i". Back rufous, banded with black sparveria and allies, 

c. 
Tail bluish or blackish grey, distinctly banded $, p. 443. 
with white when spread. 
e\ Interscapular region uniform. 
k". Tail uniform above ardesiaca, p. 446. 
I". Tail banded with white for two thirds of 


its length dickersom, p. 447. 
i\ Interscapular region banded zoniventris, p. 447. 

d. 
Tail perfectly uniform. [p. 443. 
k'. Uuder wing-coverts blue-grey like breast.. vespertina $ ad., 
I'. Under wing-coverts white amurensis <? ad., 
p. 445. 
1. Cerchneis tinmuiCTLla. 
L'Epervier des Alouettes, Briss. Orn. i. p. 279 (1760). 
La Cresserelle, Briss. Orn. i. p. 393 (1760): Buff. B. Enl. i. pis. 401, 
471(1770). 
Falco tinnunculus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 127 (1766); Temm. Man. d'Orn. 

i. p. 29 (1820) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl. i p. 323, Taf. 30 (1822); 
Werner, Atlas, Kapaces, pi 12 (1827); Gould, B. Bur. i. pi. 26 
(1837); Schl. u. Susem. Vog. Eur. Taf. 11 (1839-45); Macgill. 
Hist Brit. B. iii. p. 325 (1840); Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 52 (1843); 
Kjmrb. Orn. Ban. Afb. iii. fig. 4 (1851) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl pis. 9, 
10 (1854) ; Hartl. Orn. W.~Afr. p. 9 (1857); Fntsch, Vog. Eur. 
tab. 4. figs. 6, 7 (1858) ; Schl. Mus. F.-B. Falc. p. 25 (1862); 
Degl §• Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 93 (1867); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. 
i. p. 40 (1869); Sundev. So. Fogl p. 216, pi. xxvi. figs. 5,6; Blanf. 
Geol <§* Zool. Ahjss. p. 290 (1870) ; Sharpe $ Dresser, B. Eur. pt. 2 
(1871) ; Newt ed. Yarr. Brit B. p. 79 (1871); Salvad. Faun. Ital. 
Uec. p. 22 (1871) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 194 (1872) ; Schl Berne 
Accipitr. p. 41 (1873). 
Falco alaudarius, Gm. S. N. i. p. 279 (1788, ex Briss.). 
Falco fasciatus, Retz. Faun. Suec. p. 70 (1800). 
Falco brunneus, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. p. 38 (1802). 
Oerchneis tinnuncula, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 314; Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. 


p. 73 (1831). 
Cerchneis murum, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 70 (1831). 
Oerchneis media, Brehm, ut supi*a, 
Falco architinnunculus, Brehm, ut supra. 
Tinnunculus alaudarius, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 21 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. 
i. p. 27 (1850); Kaup, Contr. Orn. I860, p. 53; Gould, B: Gt Br. 
pt. ii. (1862) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 38 (1862) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 
xiii. 
p. 623 (1863); Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p". 9; Newt. Ooth. Wolley. 
p. 80 (1864); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 9; Tristr. t c. p. 259; Hume, 
Rough Notes, i. p. 96 (1869); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 22 (1869); 
Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 205 (1870); Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 486. 
Oerchneis taeniurn, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 269. 
Cerchneis intercedens, Brehm, ut supra. 
Oerchneis accedens, Brehm, ut supra. 
Cerchneis fasciata, Brehm, ut supra. 
Cerchneis guttata, Brehm, ut supra. 
Tinnunculus tinnunculus, Heugl. Tcterm, Mitth. 1861, p. 20. 


426 FAXCOsrnxB. 

Adult male. Upper parts brick-red, with a few arrow-head markings 
of black, larger on the inner secondaries* primary coverts and 
quills dark brown, the former narrowly margined with rufous, the 
primaries notched with white for about two thirds of their length, 
the inner primaries and outer secondaries narrowly edged and tipped 
with huffy white; head and neck clear blue-grey, with narrow black 
shaft-stripes; forehead and narrow eyebrow huffy white; cheeks 
silvery grey, inclining to blackish below the eye and on the fore part 
of cheeks, forming a tolerably distinct moustache; lower back, rump, 
upper tail-coverts, and tail clear blue-grey, the latter tipped with 
ashy white, before which is a broad subterminal band of black; 
throat and under tail-coverts buff, unspotted; remainder of under 
surface rufous fawn; the chest-feathers mesially streaked with black, 
these dark centres being larger and more oval in shape on the flank-
feathers; the thighs clear rufous, unspotted; under wing-coverts 
white, spotted with black; bill bluish horn-colour, black at tip, yellowish 
at base; cere, orbits, and feet yellow; iris brown. Total 
length 12*5 inches, culm en 1*75, wing 9*2, tail 6*7, tardus 1*6. 

Adult female. Similar to the male underneath, but not so deeply 
coloured. Upper surface entirely rufous, banded with black, with a 
faint bluish shade on the rump; the upper tail-coverts inclining to 
buff; head rufous, streaked with black ; tail rufous, banded with 
black, the bars not being strictly continuous, tipped with bufry white, 
before which is a conspicuous broad band of black; facial features 
and soft parts as in the male. Total length 12*5 inches, culmen -75, 
wing 9-2, tail 6*5, tarsus 1*6. 

Young male. Resembling the old female, but rather paler and 
more distinctly striped on the breast. The tail first changes, becoming 
blue like that of the old male; and thus birds are often seen in 
partial plumage, having the blue tail of the adult male, but retaining 
the rufous head of the old female dress* 

Hab. The whole of Europe and Northern Asia, migrating in winter 
into K China, the Indian peninsula, and X.E. Africa, occasionally 
wandering into Western and Southern Africa and the Seychelles. 

Obs. In certain countries along the southern habitat of the common 
Kestrel occurs a dark resident form which has by some authors 
been considered to be a distinct species. To the westward the dark 
race is first found in Madeira and the Canaries, and does not seem 
to occur in Europe proper. In Senegambia it may also occur, as 
suggested by Mr. Godman (* Ibis,' 1872, p. 165), as "it was probably 
a dark Kestrel that Swainson named Falco^rufescens, Again, in 
Abyssinia the same dark-coloured form occurs, and has received the 
name of Falco rupicolceformis; and it is not until we get to the 
Himalayas that another intensified race is met with: here it is the 
F, inUrstincius of M'Clelland. Mr. Blyth seems to have seen a 
similar race fromBurmah, as a Kestrel is mentioned on Ms authority 
by Mr. G. R. Gray (Hand-L B. i. p. 23) under the name of Tinmmcuius 
abratm; but I have not yet succeeded in unearthing Mr. Blyth's 

own reference. In China and Japan the largest and darkest race of 

78 . CERCJfNEIS. 
427 
Common Kestrel occurs; and some remarks of mine on Mr. Swinhoe's 
excellent series will be found in Dresser's ' Birds of Europe.' 

Throughout all these dark races of Kestrel one character is predominant 
in addition to the richer and more intense coloration of the 
male bird, viz. that the female has more or less of a shade of blue 
on the rump and tail, which sometimes overspreads the whole of the 

latter. 

a. $ ad. sk. 
b. Pull. st. 
c. d. Pull. st. 
e,f.<$2 ad. sk. 
9, h> 6 2 ad. sk. 
i. 
<$ ad. sk. 
k. <S juv. sk. 
I 
<S ad. sk. 

m. $ ad. sk. 
n. <3 ad. sk. 
o. § ad. sk. 
p. (S ad. sk. 
q, r. S juv. sk. 
s. 
tf ad. sk. 
t 3 juv. sk. 
u,v. S 2 ad. sk. 

w. 2 ad. sk. 
#. 6 juv. sk. 
y. <$ juv. sk. 
a. 2 ad. sk. 
a\ b'. $ ad. sk. 

c'. 2 ad. sk. 

d'. $ juv. sk. 

e'. $ ad. sk. 
/. e ad. 

g\ c? juv. 

i 

h'9 i. Skeletons. 

k'f I'. Skeletons. 

m^n'. Skulls. 

o>. Skull. 
p'-u'. Sterna. 

a. Ad. sk. 
b. $ ad. sk. 
c 2 juv. sk. 

d. 2 ac^ 8^* 
e. $ ad. sk. 
f>0- djiw.sk. 
h, i. <$ juv. st. 
k. 2 ad. sk. 
Great Britain. 
Great Britain. 
Great Britain. 
Cambridgeshire. 
Wiltshire. 
Devonshire. 
Abo vne, Aberdeen


shire. 
Belgium, Jan. 10, 

1840. 
Thuringia. 
Hebron. 
Nazareth. 
Egypt, March 7,1868. 
Egypt. 
Annesley Bay, 

Feb. 5,1868. 
Egypt. 
Bagdad. 
Bagdad. 
Bagdad. 
Matheran, Jan. 28, 

1871. 
Kattiawar, Eeb. 22, 

1871. 
Behar. 
Behar. 
Behar. 
Northern Asia. 

E. Siberia{Bybowski). 
Ussuri 
River (Dybowski). 


a. Dark race. 
Madeira. 
Adigrat, Tigre, 
April 25, 1868. 
Adigrat, Tigre, 
April 22, 1868. 
Adigrat, Tigre, 

April 23,1868. 
Nepaul. 
Nepaul. 
Nepaul. 
Nepaul. 

A. Cooper, Esq., R.A. [P.]. 
Mr. Bullock. 
Maior-Gen.Hardwicke [P.], 
Mr. J. Clark. 
Colonel Montagu [P.]. 
Colonel Montagu [P.l. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Brussels Museum [P.]. 

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Canon Tristram [0.1. 
Canon Tristram [C.I. 
Captain Shelley [P.J. 
W. B. D. Turnbull, Esq. [P.] 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.j. 
Sir S. Baker [P. 
K Loffcus, Esq. [P. 

K. Loftus, Esq. "P. 
K. Loffcus, Esq. "K 
Major J. Hayes Lloyd [P.]/ 
Major J. Hayes Lloyd [P."|. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq, [P. 
Mr. Montairo [0.]. 
"Warsaw Museum [E.]. 
Warsaw Museum [E.J. 
Purchased. 

Purchased. 
Dr. Giinther. 

W. Yarrell, Esq. [P.]. 
J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.]. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. f P.l. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. J. 
428 
yALCOKIDJB. 

I. $ ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
m* $ juv. st. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.I. 
n, o, jp. Pull. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J, 
q. <$ ad. sk. 
FoMen, China. J. Gould, Esq. [P.J. 
r. <£ ad. sk. EoMen, China. J. Gould, Esq. 
st § ad. sk. PoMen, China. J. Could, Esq. 
t. § juv. sk. FoMen, China. J. Gould, Esq. 
u. 
tf JUY. sk. Amoy, China, Oct. E. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. 
15, 1866. 
u 
(S ad. sk. Amoy, China, Nov, B, Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. 
18bU 

w. 
$ ad. sk. Amoy, China, Dec. E. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.I 
1866. 
x. J a&* sk- Amoy, China, Jan. E. Swinhoe, Esq. [O.j. 
y> $ juv. sk. Amoy, China, Feb. E. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.L 
1867. 

z. S ad. sk. Japan. 
a\ $ ad. sk. Japan. 
/3. C. neglectus. 

a. 
$ juv. sk. St. lago, Cape-Yerd M. A. Bouvier [CV. 
axcfiipelago. 
b. 
J juv. sk. St. lago, Cape-Verd M. A. Bouvier [C.]. 
archipelago. 
The Museum contains two specimens of the Kestrel from the Cape-
Yerd Islands, recently described as Faleo neglectus by Professor 
Schlegel. The type specimen comes from St. Yincent, where it was 
collected by Mr. Keulemans; and the birds in the Museum are from 
St. lago, obtained by Mons. A. Bouvier. The latter do not bear out 
the characters which Professor Schlegel assigns to the species, at 
least as regards the banding of the underparts; but the size is certainly 
remarkably small, and the plumage very dark. In my opinion 
it is only a small dark-coloured race; and although the size is unusually 
reduced, it is approached by other specimens. "Witness the 
following measurements;— 
Total 
length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. 
<$ juv. Egypt (Shelley) .......... 14-0 9-8 7*0 1-55 
tf ad. N. Asia (MmtUiro) 18-8 10*2 6-9 1-6 
2 ad. Nazareth (Tristram). 15*0 9*5 7*0 1*6 
e ad. Adigrat (Stanford) ...... 13-8 9*5 B-8 1*45 
tf ad. Nepaul (Hodgson).. .. 13*5 9*3 7*0 1*6 
<$ juv. St. lago (Bouwer)........ 12*5 8*8 6*1 1*6 
$ juv. St. lago (Bouvier)........ 12*7 9*0 6*0 1-6 

Should a larger series show other differences, whereby to distinguish 
the species, the synonymy will be as follows:— 

Cerchmeis aeglecta, 
Falco tiommculus, Ketdem. N. T. D. iiL p. 364 (1866): Dohrn* 

J.f 0.1871, p. 4. 
J f 
IMco neglectus, 8chl Mm. P.-B. Revue Accipiir. p. 43 (1873). 
ffdb. Cape-Yerd archipelago. 

78. CEKCHNEIS. 
2. Cerchneis rupicola. 
Le Montagnard, Levaitt. Ois. d'Afr. i. p. 144, pi. 35 (1799). 

Falco rupicolus, Baud, TraiU, ii. p. 135 (1800, ex LevaUl); Smith, 

S.-Afr. Q. Journ, i. p. 237 (1830); Grill, Zool Antechn. p. 47 

(]858) j Schl. Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 27 (1862) ; & Jtawe, p. 41 

Falco capensis, Shaw, Gen. Zool vii. p. 192 (1809, ex Levaill). 
Cerclmeis rupicola, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 314. 
Cerchneis capensis, Boie, ut supra. 
Tinnunculus rupicolus, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 21 (1844); Bp. Consp. 


i. p. 27 (1850); Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 53; Bp. Bev. et Mag. 
de Zool. 1854, p. 537; Strichl. Orn. Syn. p. 97 (1855); Gutney, 
Ibis, 1859, p. 240 ; Mont. Ibis, 1862, p. 335; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, 
xiii. p. 624 (1863); Laijard, B. S. Afr. p. 22 (1867); Bocage, 
Jorn. Lisb. 1867, pp. 132, 331,1869, p. 337; Gray, Hand-l B. i. 
p. 23 (1869); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 570; Gurney, in Anderss. 
B. JDamara Ld. p. 18 (1872). 
Adult male. Head and hinder neck dull blue-grey, with black 
shaft-stripes; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts clear rufous, with 
a few black spots rather oval in shape; quills brown, the inner primaries 
and outer secondaries tipped with bufiy whitish; the inner 
secondaries brown externally, internally rufous, the innermost ones 
entirely rufous like the back, with a few arrow-head spots of 
black; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail pale bluish grey, the latter 
tipped with buffy white and crossed by a broad subterminal bar of 
black; lores whitish; sides of face dull blue-grey like the head, 
streaked with black in the same manner; under surface of body 
deep fawn; the chest striped and the sides of the body scantily 
spotted with black; the thighs, abdomen, and under tail-coverts 
unspotted, the latter a little paler; throat rufous white; under wing-
coverts white, with a few scattered longitudinal spots of black; cere, 
orbits, and feet dull yellow; bill horn-black, yellowish at base of 
both mandibles; iris dull brown. Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 
0-8, wing 10, tail 6^5, tarsus 1*65. 

Female. Similar to the male, and having the tail blue-grey, banded 
with black and tipped with pale rufous, the subterminal bar being 
very broad; head rufous, streaked with black ; the back and wing-
coverts broadly banded with arrow-head bars of black; cheeks dusky 
black, indistinctly streaked on the lower margin with pale rufous; 
under surface of body as in the male, but streaked, rather than 
spotted, with black. Total length 14 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 9*9, 
tail 6-6, tarsus 1*7. 

Sab, South Africa. 

a. Pull. st. Cape of Good Hope. M. J. Verreaux [C.]. 
b- 6 juv. st. Cape of Good Hope. J. Gould, Esq. p?.]. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. J. Gould, Esq. jJP.1. 
d. <$ ad. sk. South Africa. Earl of Derby [P.J. 
e. $ ad. sk. Angola. * J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [CI. 
/. $ ad. sk. Angola. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.J. 
g. $ ad. sk. River Loge, Angola. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.]. 
430 
FAWQSWM. 

3. Cerchneis moluccensis. 
Falco tinnunculus, Sorsf. Tr. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 13-5 (1822); Vigors, 
Life Raffi. App. p. 65*0 (1830); MuU. Sat. Gesch. Land u. Togetk. 

p. 209 (1839-44). 
Tinnunculus moluccensis, Homhr. §* Jacq. Toy. Role Sud7 ZGOI. Atlas, 
pi. 1.fi>.1 (1842), et teste, iii. p. 46 (1828); Bp. Cony. I. p. 27 
(1850)," id. Rev. ei Jlag. de Zool 1854, p. 53?: Strickl. Orn. Syn. 

p. 9G(1855); Relz. Yerh. z.-b. TYim, xlii. p. 025(1803); Wall. 
Ibis, 1808, p. 5: Gray, JSdnd-L 3. i. p. 23 (1800/; TYalden, Tr. 
Z. & viii. p. 33 11872). 
Cresserelle des 31oluques, Temm. 4' ^c^ Faun. Jap. Aves7 p. 3 
(1850). 
Tinnunculus alaudarius, Jlorsf. §* Jlbor*?, Cfa/. 5 . JLfws. i?. Z Co. i. 

p. 13(1854). 
Falco 
moluccensis, Schl. Mm. R.-R. Falc. p. 28 (1802j: itf. Fo#. 
Kederl. Ind. Yalkv. pp. 6, 47, pi. 1. figs. 3-5 (1800i-id. Revue. 

p. 42 (1873). 
Adult male. Above deep bay, nearly chestnut, with rather broad 
arrow-head spots of black, almost amounting to bands on the scapulars 
and inner secondaries ; the head and hind neck streaked with 
black; quills blackish brown, deeply notched or barred with rufous 
or rufous white on the inner web; the inner primaries tipped with 
rufous white, the secondaries deep rufous like the back ; rump, upper 
tail-coverts, and tail bluish grey, the latter paler beneath, tipped 
with huffy white, before which is a broad sub terminal bar of black ; 
forehead rufous white; cheeks silver}* whitish, streaked with black; 
throat rufous white; rest of under surface deep bay; the thighs, 
vent, and under tail-coverts unspotted; the breast longitudinally 
streaked with black, which gradually widens out into arrow-head 
bars on the flanks and sides of the body; under wing-coverts paler 
rufous, with black spots and cross markings; cere and orbits pale 
yellow ; bill deep horn-blue, lighter at base of upper and yellowish 

at base of lower mandible, the tip black; feet bright pale yellow ; 
iris dark brown. Total length 11*5 inches, colmen 0*7, wing 8*9, 
tail 5*7, tarsus 1-65. 

Female. Very similar to the male, but has a more banded upper 
surface * head rufous and the tail blue, as in the male, but with 
more or less distinct bars on the latter; on the under surface of the 
body a little more broadly banded than the male. Total length 
13 inches, wing 9*85, tarsus 1*6. 

Hab. Molucca Islands, extending to Java. 

a. <y ad. sk. East Timor. A. E. Wallace, E«q. rQ.\ 
b. $ ad. sk. East Timor. A. E. Wallace, Esq. 'C/J. 
e, d, e. Ad. sk Mores. A. E. Wallace, E>q. [0.1. 
/. <$ ad. sk. Makassar, Celebes. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.1. 
g. <S ad. sk. Giloio. A, E. Wallace, Esq. *C.\ 
h. Ad. sk. Batchian. A. E, Wallace, E&q. WC.1. 
*. 6 ad. sk. Batchian. • A. R, Wallace, Esq. r C. l 
78. CERCHtfEIS. 431 
4. Cerclmeis cenckroi&es. 
Falco cenehroides, Yig. fy Horsf. Tr. Linn, Soc. xv. p. 183 (1826) ; 
&?M. Mm. Bays-Bos, Falc. p. 29 (1862). 
Tirinunculus cenchroides, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 21 (1844) j Gould, 

B. Austr. I pi. 13 (1848); $for£, Exp. Centr. Austr. App. p. 14 
(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 27 (1850); Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 53• 
Bp. Bev. et Mag. de ZooL 1854, p. 527; Strichl Orn. Syn. p. 98 
(1855) • Peh. Verh. z.-b. Wien, xiii. p. 626 (1863) ; Gould, Bandb. 
B. Austr. i. p. 35 (1865); Biggies, Orn. Austr. pt. 8 (1869); Gray, 
Kand-l. B. i. p. 23 (1869). 
Adult male. Above pale rufous, almost unspotted, excepting a 
few central black markings to the scapular feathers and innermost 
secondaries; primaries blackish, brown, toothed with white on the 
inner web, the inner ones narrowly margined with whitish at the 
tip; head pale bluish grey, washed with rufous, the black shaft-
stripes rather distinct; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail-feathers 
clear blue-grey, the latter slightly tinged with rufous on their edges, 
tipped with white, before which is a broad subterminal band of 
black; forehead, feathers over the eye, and sides of the face whitish, 
the latter tinged with greyish; under surface of body pale tawny 
buff, inclining to clear tawny, the breast and sides of the body 
narrowly streaked with black shaft-stripes, absent on the thighs, 
abdomen, and under tail-coverts, which are much paler and more 
fulvous; under wing-coverts and lining of wing-feathers pure 
white, occupying the greater part of the primaries, which are 
notched and tipped with greyish black towards the apex only; cere 
and orbits yellowish orange; bill horn-coloured near the base, black 
towards the tip, base of under mandible yellowish; feet orange; 
iris dark. Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 9*3, tail 6-2, 
tarsus 1*5. 

Adult female. Similar to the male, but without the bluish shade 
on the head, and no blue tail, though the upper tail-coverts are 
strongly washed with blue-grey in old birds. The head is pale 
rufous like the back, with narrow linear black shaft-streaks to the 
feathers; and the tail is also pale rufous, tipped with white and 
barred across with narrow black bands, excepting the subterminal 
one, which is very broad; the outer tail-feathers much paler, almost 
inclining to whitish. Total length 12 inches, culmen 1*75, wing 9-8, 
tail 6-2, tarsus 1-5. 

Hob. Australia. 
a, b. Ad. sk. Australia. Linnean Society [P.]. Types 
of species. 

c. Ad. sk. S. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.]. 
d, e. Ad. sk. S. Australia. C. D. E, Fortnum, Esq. [P.]. 
/, g. Ad. sk. Interior of S. Australia. Capt. Sturt [P.], 
k. Ad. sk. Bourke, River Barling. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
I Ad. sk. S. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [O.J. 
k. Ad. sk. Australia. Mrs. Wise [P.]. 
I Skeleton. Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
432 
FALCOymffi. 

5. Cerclmeis rupicoloides. 
Falco rupicoloides, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Joitrn. i. p. 238 (1830;; id. Ill 
Zool. S. Afr. pi. xcii. (1849); Schl Mus. P.-B. Falc p. 29 (1862)• 
2%«(?A u. JSaril Tog. Ostqfr. p. 76 (1870). 

Tinnunculus rupicoloides, 
Gray, Gen. of B. I p, 21 f 1844;; Kemp, 
Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 53; Bp. Camp. i. p. 27 (1850; ; id. Rev. et 
Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 537; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 98 (1855); Pelz. 
Verk. z.-b. Wien, adii. p. 6'2o (1883/; Layard, B. & Afr. p. 23 
(1867) ; Gumey, Ibis, 1888, p. 142; Ay res, Ibis, 1869, p. 288 ; 
Gray, Jland-l B. i. p. 23 (I860); Gumey, in Anderss. B. Dam. Id. 

p. 19 (1872). 
Falco smitkii, Schl Mm. P.-B. Pevue Accipitr. p. 43 (1873). 
Adult male. Above tawny rufous, with, very broad cross bars of 
black, some of the feathers also tipped with fulvous, the whigcoverts 
coloured like the back, the bars on the primary coverts 
being broader and darker; quills blackish brown, the inner webs 
almost entirely white at the base, notched with rufous on the inner 
feathers, some of which are also spotted with rufous on the outer 
web as well; rump and upper tail-coverts blackish, with bars and 
margins of fulvous; tail alternately barred with black and ashy 
rufous, the former broad, the latter narrow, all the feathers tipped 
with white, before which a broad subterminal band of black, some 
of the whitish bands shaded with greyish ; head and hind neck 
rufous, streaked instead of barred with black ; forehead, eyebrow, 
and sides of the face whitish buff, narrowly lined with black; tinder-
parts dull tawny rufous, the throat, vent, thighs, and under tail-
coverts unspotted, the breast mesially streaked with brown shaft-
markings, broader on the flanks; under wing-coverts white, the 
axillaries washed with rufous, with black shaft-stripes; cere and 
eyelid yellow; bare space round eye and basal part of bill livid 
yellowish, remainder of bill horn-colour; iris whitish, deeply impregnated 
with brown. Total length 18-5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 
11, tail fro, tarsus 1*75. 

Adult female. Yery similar to the male, but the flanks more barred 
with black. Total length 13*5 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 11*4, tail 
6*5, tarsus 1*85. 

BJab. South Africa, 

a. 2 
^d. sk. South Africa. »S.-African Museum. Type 
of species. 
b. Pull. st. Black River, S. Africa. M. X Yerreaux [CV. 
c. Ad. sk. Transvaal (AyresX R. B. Sharpe, Esq."rP.". 
d. Ad. sk. South Africa. D. W, Mitchell, E-q. [P.], 
6. Cerchneis alopex, 
Falco alopex, JHeiigl Syst. Uebem. p. 10 (1856); id. Orn. KG.-Afr. 
i. p. 41 (1869); Salvad. AUi JR. Aecad. Tor. v. p. 727 (1870); 
Fimch, Nachtr. Eeugl. Orn. N.O.-Ajr. p. xvii (1871). " 
Tinnunculus alopex, Heugl. Ibis, 1861, p. 09, pi. 3; Pelz. Verk. 2.-5. 
9 Wien, xiii. p. 625 (1863); Gray, Eand-L B. I p. 23 (1809?. 
Tinnunculus rupicolus? Antin. Cat. Descr. Uec. p. 15 (1805, nee 
Baud.). 

78 . OERCHNBIS. 433 
Adult male. Everywhere foxy red, the head narrowly and the 
hack and wing-coverts a little more broadly streaked with black 
down the centre, the greater wing-eoverts with remains of blackish 
bars; quills black, narrowly margined and broadly tipped with pale 
foxy red, becoming whitish on the extreme margin, the secondaries 
coloured like the rest of the back, and mesially streaked and irregularly 
barred with black; tail foxy red, deeper than the back, 
crossed with about fifteen narrow bars of black; throat uniform 
pale foxy red; rest of under surface foxy red, with very narrow 
central streaks of black, becoming rufescent on the thighs and under 
wing- and tail-coverts; under surface of quills creamy white at base 
of inner web, shading into pale rufous, with remains of blackish 
bars, the apical portion blackish, with foxy red tips; bill bluish horncolour, 
the under mandible yellowish; orbits and cere violet leadcolour 
; feet yellow. Total length 15 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 10-6, 
tail 7-8, tarsus 1*85. 

Sab. N.E. Africa, 
a, $ ad. sk. Bogos Land, July 21,1871 It B. Sharpe, Esq, [P.]. 
(Antiriort). 

7. Cerclmeis newtonl 
Falco gracilis, Marti Faun, Madag, p. 18 (1861): Roch fy Newt 

Ibis, 1862,-p. 267. 
Falco punctatus, Schl Mus. P.-P. Fale. p. 28 (1862). 
Tinnunculus newtoni, Gurney, Ibis, 1863, p. 34, pi. ii.; Newton, t. c. 

p. 336; Grand, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 819; Gurney, Ibis, 
1869, p. 447; Gray, JECand-l. B. i. p. 23 (1869). 
Falco newtoni, ScM. P. Z. S.1866, p. 420; SckL $ Poll Faun. Madag, 
Ois. p. 32, pi. 11. figs. 1,2 (1868); Schl. Mus. P.-B, Revue Accipitr. 

p. 43 (1873). 
Adult, Above light rufous, the head and hinder neck streaked 
with narrow linear black shaft-stripes; the scapulars, wing-coverts, 
and inner secondaries spotted with arrow-head black markings, 
obsolete on the interseapulary region, which is rufous, with only a few 
black shaft-markings; rump and upper tail-coverts dark bluish grey, 
with black arrow-head central markings, larger on the latter; primaries 
blackish, notched with white or rufous white on the inner web; secondaries 
coloured like the back; tail-feathers alternately barred with 
dark bluish grey and black, the subterminal band being very broad; 
forehead, as well as a narrow eyebrow and sides of the face, white, 
the ear-coverts inclining to silvery white; under surface of body 
creamy white, slightly washed witb rufous on the chest, on which 
the central black spots on the feathers are elongated ;-on the breast 
and flanks they are more oval in shape, larger on the latter; the 
throat, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts unspotted; under 
wing-coverts white, streaked with black, the greater ones and axillaries 
marked with oval black spots, like the flanks; cere orange-
yellow ; bill horn-blue, yellowish at the base; orbits and feet orange-
yellow ; iris hazel. Total length 10*2 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 7'4, 
tail 5, tarsus 1-4. 

VOL. i. 2G 

434 PAiCONm®. 

Adult female. Similar to male, but larger. Total length 11 inches, 
wing 8*2, tarsus 1*55. 

Nestling (Mus. Lugd.). Beep rufous, broadly streaked on the head 
and neck, and barred on the back with black; tail deep rufous, 
broadly tipped with creamy buff, and barred with black, the subterminal 
band very broad; sides of face and neck pale rufous ; the 
throat, thighs, and under tail-coverts buffy white; the chest streaked 
and the breast spotted or barred with black. 

Ohs. The rufous colour on the underparts is shown by the foregoing 
bird to be a sign of youth; and remains of it are to be found 
on some of the white-breasted birds. As, however, examples of both 
sexes of white and rufous-tinted birds are killed at the same seasons 
of the year (as is shown by the carefully collected series in the 
Leiden Museum), the only way to account for these differences is by 
supposing that it is some time before the bird attains maturity, and 
probably breeds in the rufous dress. It should be noticed that the 
rufous individuals have more grey on the head than the white-
breasted ones. 

Rah. Madagascar. 

a. § ad. sk. Madagascar. Purchased. 
b. $ ad. sk. Madagascar. S.-African Museum. 
c. d. 2 ad. sk. Madagascar. Mr. Lormkr XV\ 
e. <$ ad. sk. Xossi-Be. I leer Van Dam jC.~. 
8. Cerehneis punctata. 
, p. 447; Gray, Eand-L B. I p. 28 (I860). 

Adult female. Above dull foxy rufous, with rather broad transverse 
bars of black, the head streaked with blackish shaft-stripes ; 
wing-coverts and secondaries coloured like the back, the latter 
slightly inclining to whitish at the tip; primaries blackish brown, 
deeply notched with rufous white on the inner web, and indistinctly 
margined with rufous on the outer one ; tail deep bay, with a paler 
tip, crossed by six narrower bands of black; forehead and sides of 
the face whitish, with narrow blackish shaft-lines; sides of neck, 
throat, and entire underparts white, the former unspotted, the 
latter very distinctly marked with large oval spots of brownish 
black, tinged with rufous, these spots smaller and more longitudinal 
on the centre of the breast and flanks ; cere and orbits light yellow; 
bill horn-brown, yellowish at base ; feet straw-yellow, claws nearly 
black; iris dark brown. Total length 13 inches* culmen 0*7, wing 
7*6, tail 5*8, tarsus 1-55. 

Adult male. Similar to adult female, but much smaller. Total 

length 11*5 inches, wing 7, tail 5*5, tarsus 1*5. (Mm. A. Neivton.) 

Rah. Mauritius, 

a. Ad, st. Mauritius. 
b. Ad. sk. Mauritius. E. Newton, Esq. [P.]. 
78. CEECHNEIS.
9. Cerchneis gracilis. 
Falco gracilis, Less. Traite, p. 93 (1831); Des Miirs, Iconogr. Orn, 
pi. 25 (1846); Pitcher. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 214; Hartl 
Faun. Madag. p. 18 (1861) ; Schl # Poll Faun. Madag., Ois. p. 34, 
pi. 11. figs. 4, 5 (1868). 

Tinnunctilus gracilis, 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 21 (1844); Striekl Orn. 
Syn. p. 101 (1855): F. Newt. Ibis. 1867, p. 341: Gray, lland-l 

B. i. p. 23 (1869). 
Adult male. Above deep maroon-chestnut, "with a few black 
shaft-lines and spots on the feathers, a little larger and more distinct 
on the wing-coverts and scapulars; quills blackish, notched 
on inner web with white, tinged with rufous, the secondaries alternately 
barred with rufous and black, the innermost entirely rufous, 
with a few subterminal spots or bars of black; rump and upper 
tail-coverts blue-grey; tail also blue-grey, crossed with five bands 
of black, the subterminal one very broad; head dark bluish grey, 
the lores and a narrow eyebrow whitish; sides of face light bluish 
grey, streaked with white, forming a moustache, the centre of the 
ear-coverts fulvescent; entire under surface of body isabelline 
fawn-colour, a little darker on the thighs, the under tail-coverts 
shaded with greyish; under wing-coverts white, slightly spotted 
with brown; inner lining of quills greyish brown, the inner webs 
notched with white, the bases being: entirely white; cere and 
orbital skin lemon-yellow; bill greyish horn-colour; feet lemon-
yellow, claws black; iris brown. Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 
1*65, wing 5-6, tail 4*4, tarsus 1*2. (Mus. A. Newton.) 
Adult female. Similar to the male, but having rather broader 
tail-bands, and being slightly larger. Total length 10 inches, wing 
6*3, tail 4*7, tarsus 1*2. (Mus. A. Newton.) 
A young male bird, also in Professor Newton's collection, differs 
in having its head rufous, and having the upper surface broadly 
banded with black, the under surface being also deeper rufous than 
in the adults, and spotted with black. 

Hab. Seychelles. 
a. Juv. st. Seychelles. Purchased, 
b. $ ad. sk Seychelles (Ward). E. Newton, Esq. [P.]. 

10. Cerclmeis naumanni. 
Falco naumanni, Fleisch in Fischer, Jahrg. 1818 (teste Namnann). 

Falco tinnunculoides, Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 30 (1820, ex Natt. 
MS.); Werner, Atlas, Kapaces, pi. 12 (1827); St.-Hilaire, Fxpl 
Set. MorSe, Zool p. 47, pis. ii., iii. (1833); Gould, B. Fur. i. pi. 27 
(1837); Schl in Susem. Vog. Fur. Taf. 12 (1839-45) ; Sped. Ibis, 
1863, p. 273; Free, B. Fur. i. p. 48 (1866). 

Faleo xanthonyx, Naum. Vog. Beutsch. i. p. 323 (1822, ex Natt MS.). 

Falco tinnuncularius, Roux, Orn. prov. l. p. 60, pis. 40, 41 (1825); 
Vieill Faun. Franc, p. 36, pi. 16.fig. 3 (1828). 

Falco cenchris, 
Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 322 (1829, ex Frisch, 1739); 
Naum. Vog. Deutschl. i. p. 318, Taf. 29 (1822); Fritsch, Vog. 
Furopa's, tab. 4.fig. 2 (1858) ; Schl Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 29 (1862); 

436 PALCOHTD-aE. 

Blasius, Ibis, 1862, p. 65; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 49; Begl $ Gerbe, 
Orn. JEurop. i. p. 94 (1867); Keugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i p. 43 
(1869)-Sahad. Faun. Ital Ucc. p. 22 (1871); iSfawy* $ Dresser, 

B. Eur. part 3 (1871) ; Schl. JRevue Accipitr. p. 45 (1873). 
Cerclmeis cenchiis, Brehm, Vdg. Beutsch. p. 74 (1831); Bp. Comp. 
List of B. Bur. <f & ^™- P-5 (1838). 
Tinnuneulus cenchris, Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Bur. p. 21 (1842)* Gray, 
Gen. of B. i. p. 21 (1844) ; Bp. Comp. L p. 27 (1850); Strickl. 
Orn. Syn. p. 97 (1855)* JPelz. Verh. z.-b. Wien, xiii. p. 624 (1863); 
Newt. Ooth. Wolley. p. 82 (1864); Tristr. Ibis, 1865, p. 259; 
Bayard, B. S. Afr. p. 22 (1867)* id. Ibis, 1869, p. 362• Gray, 
Eand-l B. i. p. *23 (1869) -Blanf. Geol $ Zool Abyss, p. 318 
(1870)- Gumey, in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 17 (1872). 

Tichornis cenchris, Kattp, Classif. Sang, u. Vdg. p. 108 (1844); Bp. 

Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 537. 
Poecilornis cenchris, Kaup, Conir. Orn. 1850, p. 53. 
Cerclmeis paradoxa, C. ruficeps, 0. ruiicauda, Brehm, Naum. 1855, 

p. 269. 
Adult male. Upper surface of body rich cinnamon-rufous; entire 
head and hind neck, lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail 
blue-grey, the latter tipped with white, and crossed by a broad 
subterminal band of Mack; lores and a few streaks on the cheeks 
whitish ; lesser and median wiBg-coverts cinnamon-rufous, like the 
back, a few of the outer ones of the latter series washed with blue-
grey ; the greater coverts and inner secondaries blue-grey, washed 
with rufous externally, primaries dark brown; throat deep fulvous 
white; breast pale cinnamon or vinous, with a few blackish spots 
on the breast, becoming larger on the sides of the body; thighs 
paler rufous, unspotted; abdomen and under tail-eoverts yellowish 
white; under wing-coverts white, with a few tiny blaekoval spots 
larger on the axillaries; bill lightish blue, yellow at base, and 
blackish at tip; cere, orbits, and feet beautiful yellow, the claws 
generally white, very rarely inclining to blackish; iris dark brown. 
Total length 12*5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 9*1, tail 6, tarsus 1-2. 

Adult female. Dissimilar to the male. Above tawny rufous, 
transversely crossed by bars of blackish brown, narrower and more 
obscure on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the latter 
of which are strongly inclined to grey; tail rufous, barred with 
black, tipped with whitish, before which a broad subterminal band 
of black; head and neck rather paler rufous, the former broadly, 
the latter more narrowly, streaked with blackish shaft-stripes; forehead 
and a distinct eyebrow whitish; cheeks &nd ear-coverts silvery 
white, with narrow shaft-lines of black; primaries dark brown, 
barred on the inner web with rufous, secondaries coloured like the 
back, the outer ones narrowly margined with white at the tip; 
throat, vent, and under tail-eoverts fulvous white, unspotted; breast 
inclining to rufous fawn-colour, all the feathers mesially streaked 
with blackish, these stripes being broader on the flanks, and very 
tiny on the thighs, which are also paler rufous. Total length 

12*5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 9*3, tail 5*9, tarsus 1*2. 
zoning male. Like the old female* but somewhat paler rufous. 


78 . CEKCHNEIS. 
437 
The blue tail is assumed by a moult, the blue bead being, on the 
other hand, gained by a change of feather. Birds in intermediate 
stages are often thus seen. 

Bab. Southern and South-eastern Europe, migrating in winter 
to South Africa. 

a. <S ad. sk. S. Europe. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]. 
b. $ ad. sk. Spain. Capt. Cook [P.J. 
c. <£ ad. sk. Nazareth. Canon Tristram [G.1 
d. $ ad. sk. Nazareth. Canon Tristram [0.1. 
e. J juv. sk. Eed Sea, Oct. 13,1873. E. L. Layard, Esq. f0.1 
/ . 6 ad. sk. Adigrat, Tigr£, April 27, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.]. 
1868. 

11. Cerchneis pekinensis. 
Tinnunculus cenchris, Horsf.fyMoore, Cat. B. Mm. E. I. Co, i. p. 14 
(1854) j Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 220. 
Erythropus cenchris, Jerd. B. of 2nd, i. p. 38 (1862) ; Blyth, Ibis, 
1863, p. 10 j JSkme, Hough Notes, i. p, 103 (1869). 
Falco cenchris, var. pekinensis, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 442, 448. 
Tichornis pekinensis, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 341. 

Erythropus pekinensis, Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 242. 

Adult male. Yery similar to C. naumanni, but darker and 
more vinous red above; underneath also darker-coloured and unspotted 
when, adult. The principal distinction is in the wing-
coverts, which are almost entirely blue-grey, only the very innermost 
being slightly washed with rufous. Total length 12 inches, 
culmen 0*8, wing 9*6, tail 5*8, tarsus 1*45. 

Hab. N. China; Himalayas. 

a. (S ad. sk. 
b. S ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
c. $ juv. sk. India. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
d. Sternum. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
12. Cerchneis sparveria. 
The Little Hawk, Catesby, Nat. H. Carol I p. 5, pi. 5 (1731). 

Falco sparverius, 
linn. S. N. i. p. 128 (1766, ex Catesby)', Wih. 
Am. Orn. ii. p. 117, pi. 16. fig. 1 (1810) ; Sw. fy Hick Faun. Bor.Am. 
p. 31, pi. 24 (1831) ; And. B. Am. foL pi. xxii, et ed. 8vo, 

i. p. 94, pi. 22 (1839) ; Delay, N Mst. N. Y. Birds, p. 16, pi. vii. 
^g. 6 (1843) : Cass, in Baird, B. N. Am. p. 13 (I860); Schl. Mus. 
P-B. Falc. p. 30 (1862) ; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 288; Salv. P. Z. S. 
1867, p. 158; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 462 (1870); Schl. 
Revue Aceipitr. p. 45 (1873). 
New York Merlin, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. 1, p. 107 (1781). 
Falco noveboracensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 284 (1788, ex Lath.). 
Tinnunculus sparverius, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pis. 12, 13 (1807); 


Gray, Gen. B. I p. 21 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 27 (1850); Cass. 

B. Calif, p. 92 (1855); Strichl Orn. Syn. p. 99 (1855) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 
1856, p. 285; Cass. U. S. Expl. Exp. p. 89 (1858); Scl. fy Salv, 
Ibis, 1859, p. 219; A. Sf E. Newton, t. c. pp. 63,378, pi. xii fig. 7; 
FALC0HIBJ3. 

Dresser, Ibis, I860, p. 323; Gray. HancM. B. 1. p. 21 (1869); 
Miclgw. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1870; p. 148 ; Boss, B. Canacl p. 2 (1871); 
Bel P. Z. S. 1871, p. 273 j Bah. Ibis, 1872, p. 323; Bel $ Bah. 
NmnencL p. 121 (1873), 

Cerchneis sparverius, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 8r K Am. p. 5 (1838). 
Poecilornis sparverius, Kaup^ Uontr. Orn. 1850? p. 53; Bp. Mev. et 
Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 537, 

Adult male. Hind part of the crown rufous ; forehead and lores 
whitish, fore part and sides of head as well as nape slaty blue, encircling 
the rufous crown; back vinous cinnamon, marked on the 
lower scapulars and inner secondaries with a few black cross bars; 
lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail clearer cinnamon, 
tipped with greyish white, before which is a subterminal black band, 
the outer feather also greyish white on the outer web ; wing-coverts 
entirely bright slaty blue, mesially marked with elongated oval spots 
of black; quills blackish brown, narrowly margined with paler 
brown, the inner primaries and the secondaries tipped with greyish 
white, all the quills broadly barred with white on the inner web; 
the secondaries slaty blue,, like the wing-coverts, black at the base, 
and barred with black on the inner web, though this is generally 
concealed, the innermost secondaries spotted conspicuously with 
black; cheeks and ear-coverts silvery white, somewhat shaded with 
greyish, and tinged with buff; a moustaehial streak from the fore 
part of eye along the cheeks black, as well as a patch behind the 
ear-coverts, and another on the sides of the neck; throat white, 
unspotted; rest of under surface pale nifous, inclining to cinnamon 
on the sides of the breast, and much paler on the flanks ; the thighs, 
abdomen, and under tail-coverts clear buff, unspotted, the chest 
slightly streaked, the breast and flanks spotted with black; under 
wing-coverts white, spotted and streaked with black ; feet orange ; 

bill horn-blue, yellowish at base and black at tip; iris yellow. 
Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 7*4, tail 5, tarsus 1*4. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Rufous, banded with 
greyish black, the inner primaries and secondaries greyish white at 
the tip; quills black, barred with rufous on the inner web, the 
inner secondaries uniform with the back; tail deep cinnamon, 
crossed with black bars, the tip whitish, the outer feather much 
paler, the bars narrower and not continuous on the outer web, which 
has only obsolete dark indications of them; crown rufous, with 
blackish shaft-streaks, the forehead and feathers encircling the 
crown dull slaty blue; facial features as in the male; throat "white; 
under surface of body fulvous, the abdomen and under tail-coverts 
unspotted, the breast mottled with dull brownish cinnamon, the 
centres to the feathers being of this colour, the edges fulvous; under 
wing-coverts mottled like the breast. Total length 11*2 inches, 
culmen 0*65, wing 7*9, tail 5*5, tarsus 1*45. 

Younger males have more bars on the upper surface, the remains 
oi their immature dress, which resembles the old female. Considerable 
difference exists in the shade of the cinnamon back, this 
colour appearing to me to fade from exposure. 

78 . CEECHNEIS. 
Hob. The whole of North America, extending to Central America 
and the Antilles. 

a. S ad. sk. North America. J. Gould, Esq. 
b, e. § juv* sk. Fort Simpson. B. H. Eoss, Esq. [P.]. 
d. 2 ^d*. sk. S. Juan Island. Br. Lyall [P.]. 
e. (S ad. sk. Vancouver's Island. 
/. S ad. sk. Vancouver's Island. J. K. Lord, Esq. [0." , 
g. <$ juv. sk. Vancouver's Island. J. K. Lord, Esq. *G: 
h. § ad. sk. Vancouver's Island. J. K Lord, Esq. h0.J 
i. $ ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. .
"o: 

h. 
£ ad. sk. West side of Rocky Moun-J. K. Lord, Esq. "p; . 
tains. 
1, m, n. J ad. sk. West side of Boeky Moun-J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 

o,p. $ 2 ad. sk. Mexico. 
Purchased. 

<IJ r. Skeletons. 

13. Cerclmeis dominicensis* 
L'Emerillon de St. Domingue, Briss. Orn. i. p. 389, pi. xxxii. fig. 2 

(1760). 

St. Domingo Ealcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. 1, p. 288 (1781, ex Briss.). 

Ealco dominicensis, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 288 (1788, ex LathX 

Tinnunculus dominicensis, 8trickl Orn. 8m. p. 100 (1855): Gray. 

Hand-l. B. i. p. 24 (1869). 

Palco sparverius, Salle, F. Z. S. 1857, p. 231. 

Tinnunculus sparverius. var. dominicensis, Ridgw. Pr. Phttad. Acad. 

1870, p. 149. 

Adult. Crown of the head deep rufous with blackish shaft-stripes, 
encircled on all sides with dull slaty grey; forehead and a narrow 
eyebrow whitish; sides of the face white, with the moustachial and 
other black streaks as in F. sparverius; upper surface of body dull 
ferruginous, everywhere transversely banded with black, the tail a 
little brighter, banded with black like the back; quills black, 
banded with rufous or rufous white, paler beneath, the inner secondaries 
uniform with the back and similarly barred; throat white; 
rest of under surface creamy white, with a rufous tinge, the chest 
streaked, the breast spotted with black, the spots rather large; 
under wing-coverts buffy white, with pale brown shaft-stripes. 
Total length 11 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 6-9, tail 5*7, tarsus 1*4, 

Obs. I do not know this Kestrel well, having only seen the one 
specimen described; but, as far as I have been able to make out the 
species, the sexes are both banded (cf. Ridgway, Pr. Phil. Acad. 
1870, p. 149). 

Eab. St. Domingo and St. Thomas. 

a. Ad. sk. St. Thomas, W. I. (It. 8wift). Smithsonian Institution [P.]. 
14. Cerchneis cinnamomina. 
Bidens sparverius, Spix, Av. Bras. p. 16 (1824). 
Bidens dominicensis, 8pix, Av. Bras. p. 16 (1824). 
Pal co sparverius, Max. Beitr. Orn. Bras, iii nt. 1 n. 116 (1830),


440 PALCKmDJS. 

Cab. # Tsehudi, Faun. Peruan. Fog. p. 110 (1845); Burm. Ik. 

Bras. ii. p. 93 (1856) ; id. Pern. La Plata-St. ii p. 437 (1861). 

Falco gracilis, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 281 (1837, nee Less.). 

Faieo cinnamominus, Swains. AM. in Menag. p. 281 (1837). 

Tinnunculus sparverius, Banc. Vog. Beagle, Zool. Birds, p. 29 (1838


41); Bridges, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 109; &/. P. ^. S. 1858, p. 556, et 

1867. pp. 330, 338; Scl & Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 988, et 1868, 

p. 142,* id. Ibis, 18(58, p. 188, et 1870, p. 499; Hudson, P. Z. & 
1871, p. 260; Feb. Orn. Bras. p. 5 (1871); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 
p. 382. 
Tinnunculus cinnamominus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 21 (1844): Shield. 
Om. Sgn. p. 100 (1855); Gray, JEand-J. B. i p. 24 (1809). 
Tinnimeuius cinnamomeus, Bp. Consp. p. 27 (1850). 
P<Bcilornis cirmamominiis, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zmh 1854, p. 537. 
Tinnunculus sparverms, Tar. cinnamominus, Bidgie. Pr. Philad. Acad. 

1870, p. 149. 
Tinnunculus sparverius, yar. australis, Midgir. Pr, Phil. Acad, 1870, 

p. 149. 
Adult male. Head entirely slaty blue, with blackish shaft-stripes; 
lores, forehead, an indistinct eyebrow and sides of the face white; a 
streak from the fore part of eye, down the cheeks, as well as one 
running behind the ear-coverts and another on the side of neck, 
black; nape black, nearly joining the last-mentioned Mack stripe 
on the sides of the neck; upper surface of body rich cinnamon, 
with a few blackish bars on the scapulars, broader on the lower 
ones; wing-coverts dark slaty bine, spotted with black, the primary 
coverts barred with black ; quills black, barred with white on the 
inner web, the secondaries black at base, slaty blue at tip, the innermost 
barred with Mack on the inner web; tail deep cinsaz&on, 

tipped with greyish white, before wMch a broad Mack band, the 
outer feather greyish white, barred with blaek on the inner web to 
a little beyond the shaft on the outer one, and cinnamon only for 
about half of the inner web; under surface of body bully white, 
more or less inclining to dull cinnamon on the chest (though often 
only yellowish); the sides of the body thickly sprinkled with pear-
shaped or oval spots of black; under wing-coverts and axillaries 
white, the former spotted, the latter barred with blaek; cere, orbits, 
and feet deep yellow, ©lawsblaek; bill horn-blue, yellowish at base 
of lower mandible. Total length 10-4 inches, culnien 0*85, wing 
7*4, tail 5*1, tarsus 1-4. 

Adult female. Head entirely blue like the male, or with only a 

slight tinge of rufous on the occiput; nape blaek as in male : upper 

plumage and tail cinnamon, barred across with blaek; under surface 

whitish, the chest narrowly streaked with pale rufous shaft-stripes, 

these being broader on the breast and sides of the body. Total length 

11 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 7-7, tall 5-5, tarsus 1*4. 

Obs. Peruvian examples, as well as two from Few Granada in the 

Museum, are not so thickly spotted on the flanks, and are rather 

stouter in appearance. The males measure 7*S-7*85 in the wing, 

the females 7*7, so that there is no real difference in the proportions* 

Hah, South America, from the Straits of Magellan and Patagonia 

78 . CEECHNEItf. 
441 
throughout Brazil and Peru to New Granada, but not in Venezuela 
or Guiana. 

a. A 
ad. sk. S. W. America. Oapt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood 
PP.]. 
b. $ ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty [P.]. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Valparaiso. Sir W. Burnett and Admiral 
Fitzroy [P.]. 
d. $ ad. sk. Patagonia. Sir W. Burnett and Admiral 
Pitzroy [P.]. 
e,f, 9> 6 ad. sk. Brazil. M. Olaussen [P.]. 

h. J ad. sk. Brazil. M. Cla-ussen [P.], 
i. <$ ad. sk. Brazil. Lieut. Maw [P.j. 
h. S ad. sk. Bahia. Dr. Wucherer [I*.]. 
h fn, $ 2 ad« sk. Tambo valley, Peru, H. Whitely, Esq. [0.]. 
Oct. 21,1867. 

n. 
<3 ad. sk. Tambo valley, Peru, H. Whitely, Esq. [C.]. 
June 2,1868. 
o. <$ ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased. 
P> %• <3 $ a<*-s^* New Granada. T. K Salmon, Esq. 
r. $ ad. sk. New Granada. T. K. Salmon, Esq. 
s. 5 juy. sk. New Granada. T, K. Salmon; Esq. 
15. Cerchneis isabellina. 
Emerillon de Cayenne, Bttff. Tl JEnl i. pi. 444 (1770). 
Falco isabellinus, Sw. An. in Mmag. p. 281 (1837). 
Poecilomis isabellinus, Bp. JRev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 537. 
Tinnunculus sparverius, Sol. ty Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 254. 
Tinnunculus sparverius, var. isabellinus, Mdgw. JPr, Fhilad. Acad, 
1870, p. 149. 

Falco sparverius, Finscft, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 55Q. 

Adult male. Head entirely clear slaty blue, forehead and lores 
whitish; back and scapulars pale cinnamon, the latter somewhat 
barred with black, the lower ones more distinctly; lower back, 
rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail deep cinnamon, the latter tipped 
with ashy white, before which a broad subterminal bar of black, the 
outer feather marked alternately with greyish white and black for 
about two thirds of its outer web, .and irregularly spotted with the 
same on the inner one, the second feather also a little variegated; 
wing-coverts slaty blue, indistinctly marked with black down the 
centre of the feathers ; primaries black, barred with white on the 
inner web; secondaries black at the base, slaty grey towards the tip, 
which is white, the innermost conspicuously barred with black on 
the inner web; sides of face and throat pure white; a streak from 
the fore part of eye down the cheeks, another behind the ear-coverts, 
and another on the sides of the neck, black; sides of neck and under 
surface of body pale fawn, shading into buiry white on the fLanks 
and thighs, sides of body greyish, with a few remains of black spots 
on the sides of the breast; under wing-coverts white, the lower ones 
half barred with black; bill horn-blue, yellowish at base of both 
mandibles. Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 7, tail 5, 

tarsus 1*3. 

Female, Head blue, with sometimes a very faint tinge of rufous on 

442 lALeOXWM* 

the Mud part of crown; all the upper surface as well as the tail rufous, 
barred with blaek; facial features as in male; under surface dull 
fawn-colour, ineiining to burly white on the abdomen and thighs, 
the breast narrowly streaked with brown down the centre of the 
feather. Total length 10*2 inches, culmen 0*7. wing 7*% tail 5-2, 
tarsus 1*3. 

Ols. This species, when fully adult, gets a totally blue head, like 
the southern C. cinaamomina; but it is rather smaller, more clearly 
coloured, and differs especially in the unspotted under surface. 

Hal. Guiana and Venezuela. 

a. JUT. st. South America. Type of specie-. 
h. c ad. sk Briti-h Guiana. Sir R. Scnombur^k TV 
e. g ad. sk. British Guiana. Sir 11. Sjhornburik *€V 
d. £ ad. sk. British Guiana. Sir XL Sehom I ITid "CV 
e,f. cf ad. sk. Venezuela. Mr. "W. Dv-un "C". " 
ff* 2 ad. sk. Venezuela, Mr. W. iAs,i2 7.W 
k7 L 2 ^d. sk. Caracas, Venezuela. Mr, W. Dy?un \\ \ 
10. Cerchneis leucophxys *. 
Faleo .^parvPiiu^,, If Orb, in Raima de intf'////v/t //«"•'. *\7tf. C*thu Ou. 
p. 20 ll*^f. ' 
TinnunculuA «parveriuidy, £wn*. J1«A Zyc. V. 2". % xi. p. *Ji7 il^/j, 
Faleo leucophnv, Rkhjv;mi, Pr. Philad. Acad, 1*70, p. 147. 
Tinnuneulu.* leiieopin-v*, Jiid*/rc. torn. cit. p. 14i*; *&*/. dr »Wi\ Xumcmi, 

p. 121{l&7:i> 
rbwrt^ ?M?I (aearhj adult). Head slaty blue, with a conspicuous 
patch of rufous extending from the centre parr of the eruwn to the 
occiput, the shafts blackish; forehead, lores, eyebrow, and -Ides of 
the face white; a scarcely perceptible ixiaustieiiial btreak, a** also a 
patch ruruiiag behind the ear-coverts, and another on i\m bided of 
the neck blackish; upper surface of body rufous, banded with black, 
the transverse bare nearly obsolete on the interscapular}: regiun and 
rump; quills blackish, barred on the inner web with white or rufous 
white, tipped with fulvous white, the secondaries barred with blackish 
like the back; tail chestnut, barred with Mack; under surface of 
body white, washed with rufous on sides of neck, and having a few 
indications of pale rufous stripes on the upper breast and under wing-
coverts; cere, orbits, and feet yellow; claws black ; bill (lark horn-
blue, yellowish at base; iris dark brown* Total length 9-5 inches, 
culmen 0*7, tail 4-6, tarsus 1*4. 

Hah* Cuba. 

* It seems to me that this species is the Caribbee Merlin of Latham, in which 
case it would stand as Cerchneis earribhmarim, with the following synonymy :•— 
I/Emeriilon des -Antilles, Briss. Orn. i. p. 385 (1700). 

Caribbee Merlin, Lath. Gen. Syn. L pi 1, p. 108 (1781). 

Faleo carribbaearam, Gm.fit/$t.Kuf. I p. 284 (1788, ex Lmh% 

Faleo sesalon, jar. ft Lath. "ind. Orn. i. p. 40 (1790). 

At present, however, I have not a sufficient series to determine llie que&riuxi. 

78. CEKCHNEIS. 
443 

a. 
J inini. sk. Monte Verde, Cuba, Smithsonian Institution. 
July 18, 1867 (C. 
Wright). 

17. Cerchneis sparverioides. 
Falco sparverioides, Vig. Zool. Jour. iii. p. 436 (1828); D'Orb. in 
Ramon de la Sagra, N. H. Cuba, Ois. p. 30, pi. 1 (1839); Fraser, 
Zool. Typ. pi. 30 (1849); Ridgw. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1870, p. 149. 

Tinnunculus sparverioides, Gray, Gen. of B. i. p. 21 (1844) ; Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 27 (1850); Stricld. Orn. Syn. p. 100 (1850) ; Scl. $ 
Salv. Nomencl. p. 121 (1873). 

Poecilornis sparverioides, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 53; JBp. Rev. et 
Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 537. 

Adult. Above entirely dull slaty blue, with a tinge of rufous on 
the interscapulary region; lower rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail 
deep bay, the latter tipped with ashy, before which is a tolerably 
broad bar of black; quills black, inner secondaries slaty grey like 
the back; under surface of wings whitish, with a few obsolete remains 
of bars on the primaries; sides of the face and throat whitish; 
under surface of body deep chestnut-fawn, inclining to fulvous on 
vent and base of under tail-coverts; flanks somewhat shaded with 
greyish, with indications of one or two faint blackish spots; under 
wing-coverts white, spotted with black. Total length 10 inches, oilmen 
0-65, wing 6-8, tail 4*8, tarsus 14. 

Hab. Cuba. 

a. Ad. sk. Cuba. 
18. Cerchneis vespertina. 
Vari^te singuliere du Hobreau, Buff. PI. JEJnl. i. pi. 431 (1770). 
Falco vespertinus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 129 (1766); Roux, Orn. Prov. 

i. p. m, pis. 35-38 (1825) ; Macgill. Mist. Brit. B. iii. p. 313 (1840); 
Strichl Orn. Syn. p. 93 (1855) ; SchL Mus. P.-B. Falc. p. 33(1862); 
Bias. Ibis, 1862, p. 65-, Newt Ooth. Wolley. p. 110 (1864); Degl # 
Gerbe, Orn. Europ. i. p. 89 (1867); Heugl. Orn. JV.O.-Afr. i. p. 39 
(1869); Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 21 (1871); Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. 
BA. p.69 (1871); SharpetyDresser, B. Eur.-pa,TtI(I87I); Shelley, 
B. Egypt, p. 193 (1872) ; SchL Mus. P.-B. Revue Aceipitr. p. 46 
(1873). 
Ingrian Falcon, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. 1, p. 102 (1781). 
Falco rufus, Scop, Bel. Faun, et Flor. Insubr. ii. p. 36, pi. xix. (1786). 
Falco rufipes, Besehe, Vog. Eurl p. 20, t. 3, 4 (1792) ; Temm. Man. 

d1 Orn. i. p. 33 (1820); Naum. Vog. Deutschl. i. p. 311, Taf. 28 (1822) ; 
Weryier, Atlas, Eapaces, pi. 13 (1827); EM. Eupf. Vog. p. 4, pi. 3. 
fig. 1 (1832) ; Gould, B. Bur. i. pi. 23 (1837); Sc'hl. u. Susem. Vog. 
Bur. Taf. 13 (1839-45) ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 44 (1843); Ejcerb. 
Orn. Ban. Afb. iii. fig. 3 (1851); Fritsch, Vog. Bur. tab. 3. figs. 8,9 

Falco erythrourus, Rafin. Caratt. Nuovi Gen. Avium, p. 5 (1810). 
Cerchneis vespertinus, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 314. 
Pannyschistes rufipes, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 87 (1829). 
Erythropus vespertinus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 796, et Vog. Beutschl 


p. 76 (1831); Bp. Consp. i. p. 26 (1850); id. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 
1854, p. 537; Pelz. Verh. 8.-6. Wien, xiii. p. 629 (1863) ; Zoche, 
444 PliGOKTDJE. 

Bxpl Sci. Alger., Ois. I. p. 69(1867); Socage, lorn. Lisb. 1868, p. 47 ; 
Gould. B. Gt. Br. part xvi. (1869)- Gumey, in Anderss. B. Bam. 
Ld. p. 15 (1872). 
Falco rubripes, Less. Traite, p. 93 (1831). 
Tiimunculus rufipes, JKaup, Classify Sdug. u. Vog: p. 108 (1844). 
Tinnunculiis vespertinus, Gray, Genera of B. i. p. 21 (1844); id. 
Hand-l B. i p. 23 (1869). 
Erythropus pallidus, Brehm, Kaum. 1855, p. 269. 
Erythropus minor, Brehm, ut sujira. 

Adult male. Above leaden grey, a little paler on the wing-coverts, 
the greater series of which are conspicuously silvery grey; primary 
coverts and quills silvery grey, the secondaries darker and approaching 
the colour of the hack; tail brownish Hack; under surface bluish 
grey, with faint indications of blackish shaft-stripes; lower abdomen, 
vent, under tail-coverts, and thighs rich chestnut; under wing-coverts 
leaden grey; inner lining of wing brownish black; cere, orbits, and 
feet bright brownish red• claws yellowish white, horn-coloured at 
points; bill yellowish horn-colour, blackish at tip; iris light brown. 
Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 9S7 tail 5*6, tarsus 1-15. 

Adult female. Different from the male. Above bluish grey, with 
transverse black bars on all the feathers, the interscapular^ region a 
little darker and more ashy; tail also bluish grey, with narrow black 
bars, the subterminal one much broader, the tip a little paler grey; 
quills brownish, externally ashy grey, barred on the inner web with 
whitish ,* head, hind neck, and underparts rufous, inclining to buff 
on the under tail-coverts; forehead whitish; lores and feathers 
round the eye greyish black; sides of the face and neck as well as 
the throat yellowish white, with faint indications of a pale rufous 
moustachial streak; soft parts as in the male, but less bright. Total 
length 11 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 9*7, tail 5-6, tarsus 1*15. 

Young. In general colour similar to the adult female, having the 
tail barred with black. The fore part of the head is whitish*, and 
there is a strong tinge of rufous on the edgings to the interscapulary 
region, the bases to the feathers being blackish; feathers round the 
eye and on the upper part of ear~eoverts greyish Mack, with faint 
indications of a moustachial streak; throat and sides of neck creamy 
white; under surface rufous, paler than in the old female, and 
streaked with blackish centres to the feathers, these developing into 
spots towards the end of the feather; cere, orbits, and feet reddish 
yellow; claws yellowish white, with dark grey tips. 

Hah. Eastern and Southern Europe, rare in the western portions, 
migrating to South-western Africa. 

a. Pull. st. Europe. 
b. $ ad. st.
e. S ad. sk.
d. S ad. st.
e. § ad. st.
/. $ juv. st.
g. 6 ad. sLh. S juv. sk. 
Archangel. 
Archangel. 
Athens. 
Athens. 
Athens. . 
Turkey, Oct 19,1870(JRobson). 
Asia Minor, Oct. 20,1871 (Bobson). 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P, 
C. W. L. Merlin, JEfeq. 
C. "W. L. Merlin, Esq. [P.*. 
O. W. L. Merlin, Esq. |P , 1. 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [. + 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 

78 . CERCHNEIS. 
i. 
$ ad. sk. Egypt. W. B. D. Turnbull, Esq. [P. 
&• 
6 juv. sk. Egypt. W. B. D. Tumbull, Esq. [P." 
d ad. sk. Tunis. L. Fraser, Esq.[0.]. 

m. tf ad. sk. Tangiers, June 1871 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
(Okesse). 
o,p. Skeletons. Purchased. 
q, r. Skeletons. Zoological Society. 

19. Cerclineis amurensis. 
Falco vespertinus, Schrenk, Meis. Amurl, Tog. p. 230 (1860). 
Erythropus vespertinus, Swinh. Ibis, 1861, pp. 253,327, et P. Z. S. 
1862, p. 315; Jerd. B. of Incl i. p. 40 (1862); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, 

p. 260; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 316; Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 106 
(1869); Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 243. 
Falco vespertinus, var. amurensis, Madde, Reis, Sibir. ii. p. 102, Taf. 1. 
figs. 1-3 (1863). 

Hypotriorchis concolor, Gumey, Ibis, 1866, p. 127. 

Falco amurensis, Homey. J.f.O. 1868, p. 251. 

Erytliropus amurensis, Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 41, pi. 2; Swinh. P.Z.S. 

1870, pp. 436, 448, 1871, p. 340, et Ibis, 1873, p. 96; Gurney, in 

Anderss. B. Dam. Id. p. 17 (1872). 
Tinnunculus amurensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 23 (1869). 
Falco raddei, Finsch u. Uartl Tog. Ostafr. p. 74 (1870). 


Adult male. Above leaden black, a little paler on the lower back 
and secondaries; the greater wing-coverts and primaries clearly 
washed externally with silvery grey; tail greyish black above, paler 
beneath; under surface of body pale grey; lower abdomen, thighs, 
vent, and under tail-coverts bright chestnut; under wing-coverts 
pure white; cere, orbits, and feet dark orange, claws whitish; bill 
yellowish horn-colour, blackish at tip; iris hazel. Total length 
9*5 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 9, tail 5*3, tarsus 1*15. 

Adult female. Above dull leaden grey, inclining to blackish on 
the interscapulary region, clearer on the scapulars, lower back, and 
rump, all the feathers crossed by bars of black, nowhere very distinct ; 
tail bluish grey, with narrow black bars, excepting the subterminal 
one, which is much broader; quills brownish black, externally 
washed with grey and barred with white about halfway up the inner 
web; crown of the head dull blackish, as also are the lores, feathers 
round the eye, and a slightly indicated moustachial streak; sides of 
the face and neck, as well as the throat, creamy white, unspotted; 
entire breast white, streaked with central blotches of black down 
each feather, taking the form of bars on the flanks; thighs, vent, and 
under tail-coverts very pale rufous; under wing-coverts white, spotted 
with black. Total length 10*5 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 9*5, tail 
5*3, tarsus 1*1. 

Young. Brownish, the feathers indistinctly margined at the tip 
with dull fulvous; the lower scapulars, inner secondaries, rump, and 
upper tail-coverts inclining to greyish, all tipped with fulvous and 
barred with dull black; tail grey, with distinct transverse barsof 
black; sides of the face and throat white, the nape also mixed with 
white; the lores and feathers of the eye, as well as the indistinct 

440 FALCONIDiE. 

moustache, brown; rest of under surface of body white; the breast 
thickly covered with blackish central streaks to the feathers; the 
thighs and under tail-coverts buffy white, the former tinged with 
rufous. 

Obs. The adult female of this bird closely resembles the male 
of the Common Hobby, but may be distinguished unfailingly by the 
black bars on the upper surface and on the tail, which the Hobby 
never has. The young birds are also liable to be confounded together; 
but the immature of the present species, besides having black bars 
on the secondaries and lower back, has a grey tail with conspicuous 
black transverse bars, whereas in the young Hobby the tail is blackish, 
with rufous cross bars. 

Bab. Amoor Land, North China, Nepaul, migrating along the east 
coast of Africa to Natal and the Zambesi; Bamara Land. 

a. (S ad. sk.
b, c. tf $ ad. sk.
d. e. Pull. sk. 
Peking, June 1868. 
Chefoo, May 1873. 
Chefoo, Aug. 18th,
1873. 
E. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.]. 
E. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.7. 
E. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.J. 
/ . d ad. sk. Chefoo, Sept. 29th,
1873. 
E. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.]. 
g, h. £ juv. sk.
i § ad. st.
fyl <5 2 a& sk-
m, (S ad. sk. 
Nepaul. 
Zambesi. 
Zambesi. 
Natal. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
Br. Livingstone [C.]. 
Br. Kirk [P.J. 
J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.J. 

20. Cerchneis ardesiaca. 
Falco ardosiacus, Bonn, et Vieill. Mic. Meth. i. p. 1238 (1823): HaHl 
Orn. W.~Afr. p. 9 (1857). 
Falco concolor, Temm, PI Col i. pi. 330 (1825, nee descr.) : Sw. B. 

W. Afr. i. p. 112, pi. 3 (1837). 
Falco unicolor, /Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 212 (1837). 
Hypotriorehis ardesiacus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 26 (1850); Gray. Hand-l. 
i . i. p. 21 (1869). 
Falco ardosiacus, Fritsch, Fog. Fur. tab. 3. fig. 4 (1858) ,* JSchl Mm. 
JP.-B. Falc. p. 21 (1862) j Heagl Orn. JSf.O.-Afr. i. p. 34 (1869); 
Schl. Revue Accipitr. p. 38 (1873). 

Dissodectes ardesiacus, Sol. Ibis, 1864, p. 306. 
iEsalon ardosiacus, Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 536: Soma. 
Cat Lisb. Mus. p. 44 (1869). 
Adult male. Slaty grey, with dark shaft-stripes to the feathers, especially 
distinct on the head and neck; quills dark brown, the inner 
secondaries slaty grey like the back, the outer ones clearer grey towards 
the tips; tail slaty grey, paler towards the tip, with whitish 
bands on the inner webs; under surface pale slaty grey, with black 
shaft-stripes to the feathers ;* the throat and sides of the face whitish; 
cere, orbits, and feet yellow; bill dark leaden blue; iris dark. Total 
length 14 inches, culmen 1, wing 8-9, tail 6*4, tarsus 1*6. 
Fab. Western and North-western Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. W. Africa. Captain Sabine [P. 
b. Ad. sk. W. Africa. Captain Sabine [P. 
c. Ad. sk. * Eiver Gambia. Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. Bogos Land. Herr Esler [C.J. 
78. CEECHNEIS. 
447 
21. Cerelraeis dickersoni. 
Falco dickmsonii, 
Sol P. Z. S. 1864, p. 249; id. Ibis, 1864, p. 305, 
pi. Tiii.; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 316: Fmsch u. Hartl Fog. Ostafr. 

p. 71(1870). J 
Dissodectes dickinsoni, Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 248; et Ibis, 1864, p. 306. 
HypotnorcMs dickinsonii, Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 21 (1869). 
^Esalon dicMnsonii, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. ii. p. 337 (1869). 
Adult male. Head and neck whitish ashy, with distinct blackish 
shaft-stripes to the feathers ; rest of upper surface deep brown, inclining 
to black; the quills much darker brown, banded on the inner 
web with white; rump and upper tail-coverts white, with a slight 
greyish shade; tail banded alternately with black and greyish white, 
the subterminal black bar being very broad, the tip white; throat 
whitish; rest of under surface ashy brown, with a slight greyish 
shade; under wing-coverts whitish ashy, with distinct shaft-stripes; 
cere, orbits, and feet yellow; bill bluish black, yellow at base of 
lower mandible ; iris dark brown. Total length 11 inches, culmen 
0-95, wing 8*3, tail 5, tarsus 1-6. 

Eab. E. Africa, Zambesi; S.W. Africa, Mossamedes. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Lower Shire valley. Dr. Kirk [0.1 
b. <? ad. sk. Zambesi. 
Dr. Kirk [O.J. 
22. Cercktieis zoniveutris. 
Ilvpotriorchis zoniventris, Peters, Sitz. h. Pr. Ahad. Wiss. Berlin, 
1853, p. 7; Hartl Orn. Madag. p. 17 (1861) ; Gray, Handr-l B. 
L p. 21 (1869). ^ ' 

Dissodectes zoniventris, Scl Ibis, 1864, p. 306; Gurney, Ibis, 1869, 

p. 446. 
Falco zoniventris, Schl. fy Poll Faun. Madag., Ois. p. 165 (1868)j 
Sehl litis. P.-B. Pevue Accipitr. p. 37 (1873), 

Adtdt female. Above ashy grey, the head and neck as well as the 
interscapulary region nearly uniform, with strongly pronounced black 
shaft-stripes; scapulars, wing-coverts, and inner secondaries barred 
across with greyish black, the latter slightly tipped with whitish; 
quills blackish brown, with narrow whitish tips, barred with rufous 
or greyish white on the inner web, all the feathers barred with pure 
white underneath; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts deep 
bluish grey, the latter inclining to ashy at the tips, all with distinct 
black shaft-stripes; tail black, tipped with white, the two centre 
feathers not barred, all the others more or less distinctly barred with 
greyish white; forehead and an indistinct eyebrow whitish, with 
narrow brownish streaks; sides of face ashy grey, with dusky streaks; 
throat white, the lower part rather broadly streaked with ashy brown ; 
rest of under surface dull white, broadly barred with ashy brown, a 
little darker on the Hanks and under wing-coverts; bill horn-blue, 
the under mandible yellow; feet yellowish, claws black. Total length 
12*8 inches, culmen 1, wing 9-1, tail 6-35, tarsus 1*5, middle toe 1*1. 

Adult male. Similar to the female, but a trifle smaller. Total 
length 12 inches, wing 8-75, tarsus 1-45. 

448 FALCOXIBJE. 

Young. Browner than the adult, the hind neck more streaked with 
white; a rather distinct whitish eyebrow narrowly streaked with 
blackish, as also the cheeks and sides of neck; wing-coverts and 
secondaries externally spotted with rufous, the spots on the latter 
somewhat tinged with grey; the cross markings on the^ back pale 
fulvous; primaries black, all the quills barred with white on the 
inner web; tail black, barred with rufous, Inclining to white on the 
inner web, the markings almost obsolete on the centre tail-feathers ; 
under surface of tail paler, the bars whitish ; under surface of body 
dull white, streaked on the chest and barred on the breast; abdomen 
and under wing- and tail-coverts with pale brown. 

Eab. Madagascar. 

a. $ ad. at. Mouroundava? S.W. Madagascar. Herr Tan Bam "_G.\ 
Suborder PANDIONES. 

Outer toe reversible; toes devoid of feathers ; eyes placed 
laterally In the head; no facial disk; plumage very close and 
compact; nostrils not concealed by bristles. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. Distance between tips of primaries and tips 
of secondaries greater than length of tarsus 79. PANDIOX, p. 44*1 
b. Distance between tips of primaries and secondaries 
less than length of tarsus ..... . 80. POLIO AETCS, p. 452. 
79. FJJTBIOH. 
lype. 
Pandion, Savign. Deser. Eggpte, Ok. p. 272 (1809) P. haliaetus. 
Triorches, Leaeh, Syst. Cat. JIamm. §c. Brit 3Ius. p. 10 

(1816) P. kaiiaetus. 
Baibusardus, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 51 (1828) P. haliaetus. 

Leg of Pandion haliaetus. 

79. PANDION. 449 

Mange. The whole of the Old and New Worlds, excepting the 
southern parts of South America. 

1. PandionhaJiaetns*. 

The Fishing Hawk, Catesby, N. S. Carol i. pi. 2 (1731). 
Le Faucon pescheur de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. i. p. 362 (1760). 
Aigle de Mer, Briss. Orn. i. p. 440 (1760). 
Falco haliaetus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 129 (1766) ; Namn. Vog. Deutsohl. 
I p. 241, pi. 16 (1822) ; Werner, Atlas, Rapaces, pi. 19 (1827) j 
Sehl. u. Susem. Vog. Bur. Taf. 24 (1839). 
Le Balbuzard, Buff. PI. Fnl i. pi. 414. 
Falco arundinaceus, Gm. S. N. I. p. 263 (1788). 
Falco carolinensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 263 (1788). 
Falco cayennensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 263 (1788). 
Aquila americana, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 31 (1807). 
Aquila piscatrix, Vieill Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 29, pi. 4 (1807). 
Pandion fluvialis, Savign. Descr. Fgypte, Ois. p. 272 (1809). 
Aquila haliaetus, Meyer in Meg. u. Wolf, Taschenb. i. p. 23 (1810). 
Accipiter haliaetus, Pall Zoogr. Mosso-As. i. p. 355 (1811). 
Triorches fluvialis, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. fc. B. M. p. 10 (1816). 
Aquila balbusardus, Fumont, Diet. Sci. Nat. i. p. 351 (1816). 
Pandion amerieanus, Vieill et Oud. Gal. Ois. pi. 11 (1825). 
Balbusardus haliaetus, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 51 (1828). 
Pandion haliaetus, Less. Man. d'Om. i. p. 86 (1828); Sw. $* Mich. 
Faun. Bor.-Am., Birds, p. 20 (1831) -, Gould, B. Fur. pi. 12 (1837) j 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 17, pi. 7. fig. 5 (1845); Bp. Consp. L p. 16 
(1850) j Sehl Vog. Nederl pi. 30 (1854); StricH. Orn. Syn. p. 63 
(1855) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 7 (1857); Fritsch, Vog. Fur. 
tab. 9. fig. 1 (1858); Schrenck, Meis. Amurl, Zool p. 227 (1859) j 
Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 80 (1862); Sehl Mm. P.-B. Aquilse, p. 22 (1862) j 
Madde, Meis. Sibir., Ois. p. 97 (1863); Newt. Ooth. Wolley.-^. 58 
(1864); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. xxix. fig. 1 (1866) ; Degl. 8? Gerbe, 
Om. Fur. i. p. 47 (1867); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 16 (1867) ; Kume, 
Mough Notes, i. p. 234 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l B, i. p. 15 (1869) ; 
Heugl Orn. N.O.~Afr. i. p. 54 (1869); Gould, B. Gt. Br. pt. xvii. 
(1870) ; Finsch u. Hartl Vog. Ostafr. p. 40 (1870) ; Newt. ed. 
Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 30 (1871) j Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 4 (1871); 
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 340; Coues, Fey N. Am. B. p. 219 
(1872); midsw. P. Z. S 1872, p. 412; Salvad. Faun. Ital Ucc. 

p. 9, 1872; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 203 (1872); Sehl Mm. P.-J5. 
Meme Accipitr. p. 123 (1873).' 
Pandion alticeps, Brehm, Vog. JDeutschl p. 33 (1831), 
Pandion planiceps, Brehm, Vog. JDeutschl p. 33 (1831). 
Pandion carolinensis, Audub. B. N. Am. pi. 81, et Orn. Biogr. i, 

p. 415 (1831) j Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. # N-Am. p. 3 (1838) 
id. Consp. i. p. 16 (1850) ; Cassin,B. Calif. $ Texas, p. 112 (1855) 
Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 64 (1855) ; Cass, in Baird's B. N.Am.v- 45 
(1860); Fall $ Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. p. 272 (1869); Gray, 
Hand~l B. i. p. 15 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 454 
(1870). . 
Pandion indicus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool Misc. p. 81 (1844). 

* I cannot at present see »any grounds for separating the American Osprey 
as a distinct species, or even as a subspecies or " variety," as Mr. Kidgway is 
inclined to do (33. N. Am. iii. p. 182). 
VOL. i. 2 H 

450 PAXBIONES. 

Pandion albigularis, Brehm, Kawm. 1855, p. 268. 

Pandion minor, Brehm, I c. 

Pandion fasciatus, Brefon, I.e. 

Pandion haliaetus, Tar. carolinensis, Ridgicay in Baird, Brewer <§-

Midgw. B. N. A. hi. p. 182 (1874). 

Nestling. Covered with down of a sooty brown colour, except 
along the centre of the back, along the carpal bend of the wing, on 
the breast and flanks, where it Is dusky white; all the feathers of 
the back are dark brown, with a broad tip of oehraceous buff; 
crown and ear-coverts blackish ; eyebrow and throat white. 

Young. Glossy chocolate-brown, all the feathers terminally margined 
with bufry white, these margins somewhat tinged with rufous, 
and broadest on the secondary quills and upper tail-coverts; crown 
of head black, with white or fulvous margins to the feathers, giving 
a distinctly streaked appearance; nape white, not streaked; from 
behind the eye a broad line of white runs down the side of the 
neck,'slightly streaked with black; below this another line of black 
feathers, including the ear-coverts, is conterminous; sides of face 
and entire underparts pure white, somewhat tinged here and there 
with yellowish buff; under wing-coverts white, the outer ones 
strongly washed with tawny buff, and crossed with broad bar-5 of 
dark brown ; primaries black, secondaries chocolate-brown like the 
back, and tioped in the same manner, all of them whitish at base 
of inner weB, indistinctly barred with pale brown; tail-feathers 
alternately barred with dark sepia-brown and abhy brown, tipped 
w^th whitish,, ana having whitish shafts; the bars six in number, 
and more distinct on the inner web, which is huffy white. 

* Adult. Above brown, most of the feathers with obsolete margins 
of*paler brown, more distinct on the wing-coverts; primaries black, 
secondaries brown like the back, the primaries pale, but uniform 
wldty brown below, the secondaries whitish on the inner web, with 
indistinct1 bars -Of ashy brown; tail almost uniform brown, tipped 
wi£h whity brown, and shaded with ashy externally, the inner web 
o"b|olet§ly barred with ashy brown, a little more distinct below, 
where the interspaces are whitish; head brown, with white bases 
to trie feathers % a broad white streak from behind the eye running 
down the sides ,of the neck; ear-coverts blackish brown; sides of 
neck uniform with the back; sides of face and entire underparts 
Yhifce-f -the breast varied with brown centres to the feathers of more 
pr4ess extent, the chin and fore part of cheeks also slightly streaked 
^vtth daiik browp. \ auxiliaries and a few of the flank-feathers also 
Marked with rufous brown like the breast; under wing-coverts 
btifry white, with dark brown centres, the outermost almost entirely 
fatowm/'wxth whitish tips; cere blue; bill black; feet Hue; iris 
yellow. (Tptal length 24 inches, culmen 1-75, wing 19*8, tap. 9*5, 
tarsus 2**47 
* Vhs. Ospreys seem to get whiter on the head with age; but the 
m»tiai3?^n?«iMe^breast? wqfa present unintelligible to me. It appears 
fcCbM£1$oit$y marked' in^afl old birds * but the brown centres to 
the feathep^whieh give the bird it£ mottled appearance* are never* 
79. PANDION. 
451 

exactly similar, there being a continued alteration in the pattern of 
the feather itself. At the same time two young birds, distinguished by 
the fulvous margins to the upper surface, have not a similar amount 
of brown on the breast; for in one it is almost entirely absent, 
while the other has very few markings indeed. The tail becomes, 
more uniform brown with age, so that a strongly barred tail is a 
sure sign of immaturity. 

I notice that American examples are often of a darker and richer 
brown than European examples, and are sometimes rather larger. 

Hob. The whole of Europe and Africa; northern Asia, extending 
to India and China; North America and the Antilles, ranging as far 
as the northern parts of S. America. 

a, 5. Ad. sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
d. Ad. sk. 
e. PuH. st. 
/• Ad. sk. 
gr Ad. sk. 
h, i, k. Ad. sk. 
/. Ad. sk. 
m. Ad. sk. 
ra. Juv. sk. 
o, Juv. sk. 
p. Ad. sk. 
q, r. $ J ad. sk, 
Europe. 
Devonshire. 
Lincolnshire. 
Denmark. 
DarjiHng. 
Nepaul. 
Nepaul. 
Japan. 
N. America. 
1ST. America. 
Nootka Sound. 
Sumass Prairie, B. C. 
West side of Eocky 
Mountains. 
Colonel Montagu [P.], 
Hon. C. Pelham [P.]> 
J. Gould, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J, 
Purchased. 
J. Eae, Esq. [P.l 
Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.l 
Admiral Sir E. Belcher [P.], 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [0.1 
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P. j . 
s. Ad. sk. 
t. Ad. sk. 
u. Skeleton. 
500 miles off Cape 
S. Lucas. 
Honduras. 
Captain KellettWood [P.]. 
Mr. Dyson [P.], 
Purchased, 
and Lieut. 
v. Skeleton. 
w. Sternum. 
x-b'. Sterna. 
Zoological Society. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 

Subsp.«. Paudion leucocephalus. 

Pandion leucocephalus, Gould, Syn. B. Austr. pt. iii. pi. 6 (1838) j 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 17 (1845) 5 Gould, B. Austr. I pi. 6 (1848) 5 B}K 
Consp. Av. i. p. 16 (1850); Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 65 (1855); Gould, 
Bandb. B. Austr. i. p. 15 (1869) ; Schl Vog. Nederl Ind. pp. 12, 
52, pi. 3. fig. 3 (1866) ; Wall Ibis, 1868, p. 15; Gray, Hand-l. B. 

i. p. 15 (1869). 
Pandion gouldi, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 270. 
Similar to P."haliaetus, but very much smaller ; cere bluish leadcolour 
; bill black ; feet pale bluish white; iris primrose-yellow in 
some, bright orange in others. Total length 20 inches, wing 16*3. 
A specimen killed by Mr. Wallace in New Guinea had the wing 17 
inches long. 

Hah. Australia and the Moluccas. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
h Ad. sk. Port Essington. Dr. Sibbald, K.N. [P.]. 
c Ad. sk. Port Essington, Oapt. W. Chambers, K.N. [P.], 
d Ad. sk. New Guinea. A. R "Wallace, Esq. [P.]. 
2 H 2 

452 PANDIONES. 

80. P0U0AETTJS. „ 
lype. 
Ichthyaetus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 196 *. 
Polioaetus, JTflw/?, Qontr, Qrn. 1850, p. 78 ........ P. ichthyaetus. 
Range. India; extending throughout the Indo-llalayan region 

as far as Celebes. Supposed to occur also in Oceania f. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Larger; wing 18-20*5 inches long.............. ichifoyaetus. p.452. 
b. Smaller; wing not exceeding 16-5 inches ....... . hiundis, p. 454. 
1. Polioaetus ichthyaetus. 
Palco ichthvaetus, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. adii. p. 138 (1822); id. Z. 
Res. Java] pi. 34 (1824). 

Pandion ichthyaetus, Vig. Zool. Jour. L p. 321 (1824); Gray, Cat. 
Accipiir. 1848, p. 23; Bp. Consp. i. p. 16 (lb50); Srhl Tug. 
Kederl Ind., Valko. pp. 13, G2, pi. 5. figs. 1; 2 (ISCfi); Gray, 
JIand-L B. i. p. 15 (lfcOOj. 

Haliaetus ichthvaettis, Cuv. Rlgne An. i. p. 327 (1524); Schl JIus. 

P.-B. Aquilse, p. 18 (lb(j2). 
Haliaetus umeulor, Giay 4* Hardic. III. Iml ZooK i. pi. 19 fl<*0). 
Haliaetus plumbeu*, Hudyi. J. A. S. B. \i. p. 307 (lsj" j. 
Ichthyaetus bicolor, Gray, ZiU Gen. B. L p. 4 (1&41) ; btricU. Qrn. 

Syn. p. U0 {lbo5). 
Ichthyaetus hurfeldi, Blyth, J. A. S. B. \l p. 110 (1842). 
Ichthyaetus plumb^us, Ilodgs. in Grays Zool, Mhe. p. *1 (1^44). 
Ichthjaetus hucariu5, Ilodgs in Grays Zool. M'he. p. *1 (1*44). 
Pontoaetus ichthyaetus, Gray, Gui. B. L p. 17 (1K45?; JUbfth, Cut. B. 

Mm. A. S. jB.p. 30 (1&40|; id. Ibis. lc(>% p. 22. et I s ft, p. 2*. 
Polioaetus ichthvaetus, Kaup, Contr. Qrn. 1&50, p. 7tf; /^rr/. J?, iw/. 

i. p. 81 (IbOf); Blyth, Ibis, 1*06, p. 243; Itear. 4* ^///. Ibis, 
1807, p. 316; JFW/, Ibis, 1868, p. 14; .Hiwi*, Roitgh X ii. p. 1 
(1870) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1871, p. 336; Blyth, Ibis, 1872, p. 88. 
Young. Above brown, glossed -with, chocolate, most of the feathers 
of the upper surface with paler brown margins; feathers of the 
head and hind neck mesially streaked with fulvous; blues of face a 
little paler than the head, but streaked in the same manner; under 
surface of body pale brown, inclining to rufous, and longitudinally 
streaked with whitish down the centre; the thighs white, much 
mottled with rufous brown ; lower abdomen, vent, and under tail-
coverts pure white; under wing-coverts pale brown, plainly streaked 
with white, the greater series almost entirely white, with a few 
brown markings; quills brown, white at base of inner web, the 

* This genus, employed by many eminent ornithologists, is inadmissible, as 
there is not the slightest indication of a type. 
t I am not personally acquinted with the following species:— 

POWOAETXIS SOLITAEIUS. 
Pandion solitarius, Peak, U. S. Expl Bxp. Birds, 1848, p. 02; Cass. op. cit 

p. 97, pi. iv. (1858); Gray, Band-l B. i. p. 15 (MB) 
Bab, Sandwich Islands. 
80 . POilOAETUS. 453 
white extending further on the secondaries, which have also ashy 
"brown cross bars; tail fulvous brown, mottled all over with dark 
brown, except at the tip, which is uniform dark brown, forming a 
very distinct band. 

The bird above described, though full-grown, is evidently immature 
as regards its plumage. The second stage is very similar to 
the adult hereafter described, but is by no means so grey on the 
head and throat; and the tail is nearly uniform brown in a specimen 
of Mr. Hodgson's in the Museum; only on the inner web are the 
mottlings apparent which indicate the gradual approach of the 
white tail. As will be seen in the description, the young specimen 
was further advanced as regards its tail, so that it is possible that 
the changes from first to second plumage are not effected in any 
regular sequence, as is the case also in other Accipitres. 

Adult male. Above brown, paler on the interscapulary region and 
darker on the wings, the primaries blackish; under surface of wing 
leaden brown, with a whitish spot at base of primaries; tail white, 
with a broad terminal bar of brown; entire head and neck all round 
clear ashy grey; breast brown, a little lighter than the back; belly, 
vent, thighs, lower flanks, and under tail-coverts pure white; under 
wing-coverts uniform ashy brown; cere and bill blackish; feet 
dirty yellowish white; iris brown. Total length 26 inches, culmen 
2*3, wing 18, tail 10, tarsus 3*75. 

Adult female. Similar to the male but larger. Total length 
29 inches, wing 20-4, tarsus 3*9. 

After a careful examination of Mr. Hodgson's plates, I have not 
been able to distinguish his H. jplumbeus. In size and general appearance 
it would appear to resemble P. Tiumilis; but I have never 
seen a specimen of either of these species at all approaching a uniform 
leaden grey like the bird represented, and the drawing is, perhaps, 
unfinished. The hinder figure on the plate of H. plumbem I 
am able to identify among Mr. Hodgson's specimens, as also all the 
other Hawks figured by him, excepting the grey one in question. 
Although the uniform tail he figures more resembles P. Tiumilis 
(which is now known to extend to Assam, and may therefore well 
occur in Nepal), there is not a specimen in Mr. Hodgson's collection; 
and as all his other birds of these species are in the Museum, and 
as he also figured a true P. icMhyaetus on the same plate, I consider 
B.plumbeus to be probably an unfinished picture of the large 
species. 

Hob. India, Nepal, Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes. 

a. <£ ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.] 
b. 2 ad-st- Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq | 
c, 2 juv. st. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq | 
d, e. 2 ad. sk.
/ 2 aci* st- 
Nepaul.
Java - 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq uJ* R* Beeves, Esq. [P. 
a. Q ad. sk Java. Hon. East-India Co. [P.l. 
h. S ad. sk. Sumatra, A. K. Wallace, Esq. [C/|. 
f. Sternum. 

454 
PAffDIONISS. 

2. Polioaetns Immilis. 
Falco htmiilis, Mull $ Schl. Verz, Nat. Gesch. Zool Ares, p. 47, 

pi. 6 (1839-44). 

Ichthyaetus nanus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xl p. 202 (1842); Strickl Orn. 

Syn. p. 66 (1845). 

Fandion humilis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 17 (1845) ; Bp. C<msp. i. p. 16 

(1850); Schl Vog. Kederl Lid., Valkv. pp. IS, 53, pi. 5. fig. S 

(1866); Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 244; Gray, Hmid-l B. L p. 15 

(1869). 

Pontoaetus 
nanus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 18 (1845)• Blyili, Cat. B. 
Mm. A. S. B. p. 30 (1849) ; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 22. 
Polioaetus humilis, Kaup, Gontr. Orn. 1850, p. 73; Wall Ibis, 1868, 

p. 14; Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii p. 35 (1872). 
Haliaetus humiHs, Schl Mus. P.~B. Aquike, p. 18 (1862), 
Adult female. Above ashy brown, the back and wings darker and 
more chocolate-brown, the feathers of the crown and hinder neek 
slightly fulveseent towards their tips; lores and an indistinct eyebrow 
whitish; cheeks and entire throat and breast, as well as under 
wing-coverts, entirely ashy brown, the throat and fore part of 
cheeks slightly varied with whitish streaks; lower abdomen, thighs, 
vent, and under tail-coverts white; primaries black, whitish at base 
of inner web, secondaries brown, like the back; tail pale brown at 
base, gradually becoming darker brown towards the tip, which is 
not very broadly white; a few whitish feathers on the bend of the 
wing; bill and cere dusky lead-colour; feet pale bluish white; iris 
light yellow. Total length 23 inches, culmen 2*05, wing 18*2, tail 
8*8, tarsus 2-85, middle toe 1*95. 

Young male (type in Mus. Lugd.). Above brown, with margins 
of fulvous brown to the feathers of the upper surface; the lower 
back and rump varied with white, showing at the base of the 
feathers; forehead, eyebrow, sides of face, and hind neek white, 
with pale brown margins to the feathers, giving a slightly streaked 
appearance to these parts; quills dark brown, secondaries pale 
brown, like the back; tail above brown, very slightly tipped with 
white, the middle feathers and the ends of the others darker brown, 
with remains of indistinct bars of blackish brown, all the rectrices 
white at base and on the inner web, showing very plainly underneath 
; under surface of body pure white, the breast-feathers with 
irregular margins of very pale ashy brown, a little darker on the 
greater under wing-coverts; inner lining of quills white at base. 
Total length 18*5 inches, culmen 1*8, wing 18-8, tail 7*6, tarsus 
2*85,. middle toe 1*7. 

ffab. Prom Assam down the Malayan peninsula to Sumatra and 
Celebes. 
a, tf ad. sk. India. Dr. Gray [P.]. 

6. c? ad. sk. Assam. X Gould, Esq. [P.], 
c. (J ad. sk. Malacca. 
df $ ad. sk. Macassar, Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [P.]. 
ADDENDA. 


Lsr the following pages short references are made to Mr. Bidgway's 
new synopsis of American Hawks, published in Baird, Brewer, and 
Eidgwa/s £ History of J^orth-American Birds5 (TOI. iii.). Some of 
my genera published in the present volume are anticipated in Mr. 
Eidgway's work, which only arrived in this country a few days ago, 
too late for quotation or for correction of names, as the sheets, of 
this work were nearly all printed off. 

Page 18. Neophron pileatus. v s 
h is the type of JSf. carunculatus, Smith. 

Page 25. (ENOPS. 

This genus becomes a synonym of Ehinogryphus, Eidgway, B. N". 
Am. p. 337; and the species will be R. aura, R. falMandica, R. 
jaemigra, and R. urubitinga. 

Page 25. (Enops aura* * ''' 
h91) tn. Ad. sk. California. J. H. Gurney, Esq, [P.], 

Page 28, A 
(Enops califomiana is the type of Mr. Eidgway's new genus 
TseudogryjpJms (B. K Am. p. 338). I do not see at present why 
this Yulture should be separated from Rhinogryphus; and the spe


ir

cies will probably stand as R. californianus, t*-. n\L 
Page 35. Ibycter americanns. 
/. ? ad. sk. Demerara. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P ]. 

Page 39. Ibycter chimachiina, »u t ; / 
For spec. a. S. America, read 

a. Ad. sk. British Guiana. Sir E. Schomburgk [C.]. 
Add:— ! ' lf 
u Jur. sk Demerara. • 'B. B: Shar£e; E^[Pj. " 

456 
ADDENDA. 

Page 52. Circus cyaneus. 

c\ (S ad. sk. Thuringla, autumn R. R. Sharpe, Esq. [P/j. 
of 1873. 
d\ $ juv. sk. Thuringia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

Page 56. Circus cinereus. 

 2 juv. sk. Cosnlpata, Peru, H. Whitely, Esq. [0.]. 
May 6, 1871. 
m, n. $ $ ad. sk. Peru (Jelshi). Warsaw Museum [E.]. 

Page 60. Circus maurus, 
/, Pull. sk. Cape Colony. S.-AMcan Museum. 

Page 62. Circus maculosus. 

e. Ad. sk. 
Demerara. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 
/ . Juv. sk. 
Demerara. 

Page 64. Circus pygargus. 

v. 
$ ad, sk. Thuringia, autumn R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
of 1873. 
w. 
<$ juv. sk. Thuringia, autumn R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
of 1873. 
. x, y. $ juv. sk. Thuringia, autumn R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
of 1873, 

Page 69. Circus »ruginosus. 
a\ $ ad. sk. Thuringia, autumn R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
of 1872. 


Page 76. Mcrastur raficollis. 
Type of Nothierax, Sundev. CEfV. K Vet. Akad. Porh. 1874, p. 25. 

Page 82. GerauospMas uiger. 

J. Ad. sk. Panama. 
Purchased. 
c. Ad. sk. Panama. 
Purcliased. 
Page 84. ERYTHROC^EHA. 

This becomes a synonym of Anterior or Parabuteo> Ridgway, B. ]Sr. 
Am. pp. 248, 249; and the species will stand as Anterior unicmcius, 

Page 92. 
Add as synonym to genus Astur :— 
Nisastur, Blyth, Ann. N, H. xiv. p. 35 (1844) Type A. feadius. 

Page 97. Astur atricapillus. 

- Mr. Ridgway (B. N. Am, p. 240) mentions a western form as A, 
atricapillus, var. striatulus. 
ABDEtfDA. 
457 

Page 110. 

For Accipiter poliopsis, Hume, Stray Feathers, 1874, read 
Micronisus poliopsis, JSkime, 8tr. F. ii. p. 325 (1874). 


Page 112. Astar sphennrus. 

I. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Purchased. 
Page 122. Astur griseogularis. 
Type of Chirospizias, Sundev. (Efv. K Yet. Akad. Forh. 1874, 

p. 
24. 
Page 132. Accipiter nisus. 
a. 
c? ad. sk. Fordingbridge, Hants, Baron A. von Hiigel [P.]. 
May 1,1873. 
p. $ ad. sk. Taplow, Berks. Baron A. von Hiigel [P.]. 
y. $ ad. sk. Thuringia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
d. $ ad. sk. Thuringia. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l. 
c, (. <$ juv. sk. Thuringia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 
m $ ad. sk. Shanghai, Feb. 21, R. Swinhoe, Esq. [0.1. 
1873. 

6. g 
juv. sk. South side of Lake Warsaw Museum [E.]. 
Baikal (Dybowski). 
Page 135. Accipiter fuscus. 

p. 2 juv. sk. Toronto, Canada. Purchased. 
q. S ad. sk. Panama. 
Purchased. 
Page 137. Accipiter cooper! 
Type of LeptoMerax, Sundev. (Efv. K. Yet. Akad. Eorh. 1874, 

p. 24. 
Page 139. Accipiter turns. 
c. Juv. sk. Demerara. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Page 148. Accipiter rufiveiitris. 

f. 2 ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 
Page 154. Accipiter bicolor. 

i. J ad. sk. 
Panama. Purchased. 
Page 160. Heterospizias meridionalis. " 

g. Juv. sk. Bolivia. Mr. Brydges [C.]. 
Page 167 (21 lines from bottom). 
For montanus, juv. (varius), read borealis, juv. (ventralis). 


Page 170. Buteo galapagensis. 
Type of Dromohstes, Sundev. CEfY. K. Yet. Akad. Forh. 1874, 

p. 27. 
458 ADDENDA. 

Page 175. Buteo augur. 

Type of Pterolestes, Sundev. CEfv. K. Yet. Akad. Forh. 1874, 

p. 27. 
k. $ w - sk. Lake Ashangi. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
Page 188. Buteo borealis. 

Mr. Bidgway (B. X Am. p. 258) describes new forms under the 
following names:—Buteo borealis, Tar. Jcrideri. Hab. Texas to 
Minnesota. B. borealis, var. leucasanas* Bab. Cape S. Lueas. 
B, borealis, Tar. cosiaricensis. Hab, C. America. 

Page 205. Asturina ruficauda. 

d. Ad. sk. Panama. Purchased. 
Page 210. 
Prof. Sundevall names a new genus Plangus. Type P. neogams, 

sp. n., from Brazil. (GErV. K. Yet. Akad. Porh. 1874, p. 2B.) 

Page 216. TJruhitiuga albieollis. 
c, d. 2 ad. sk. Cayenne (Jehki). Warsaw Museum [E.]. 

Page 255, Lophotriorchis Meneri 
Lord "Walden has kindly lent me a specimen of the young bird, 
which I describe. 

Young. AboTe dark brown, the feathers lighter on their margins; 
wing-coverts coloured like the back, but the greater series with 
narrow white margins; hind neck paler than back, rufous brown, 
with dark brown longitudinal centres, causing a slightly streaked 
appearanee; quills blackish, with whity brown shafts; the secondaries 
paler brown, like the scapularies, all the quills narrowly 
banded with black, nearly obsolete on the primaries, but more distinct 
on the secondaries, especially underneath, where the lining 
of the wing is whitish; tail dark brown, whitish at tip, and crossed 
with seren or eight rather narrow bands of black; crown of head 
dark brown, with tiny cream-coloured tips to the feathers; the occipital 
crest black, and 1*9 inch long; forehead and eyebrow Tery 
broad, rich creamy buff; cheeks and entire underparts creamy 
white, as also the tarsal feathers and under wing- and tail-coverts, 
the greater under wing-coverts with a few indistinct blackish bars. 
Total length 20*5 inches, wing 18*3, tail 8-5, tarsus 2-5, 

Page 258. SpMastur melanoleucus. 
c, $ &d* sk. Panama. Purchased. 

Page 289. Spiloniis melanotic 

a. Juv. sk. Godavery valley. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.], 
Page 291. Spiloniis elgraL 

6. Juv. sk. Andaman Islands. Viscount TValdeu [P.l. 
ADDENDA. 459 

Page 291. Insert:— 
Spifomis minimus, sp. n., from Camorta, Meobars, Hume, Str. F. 

i. p. 464 (1873). 
Page 325. Insert ;— 
Mr. A. Anderson has recently identified another small Indian 
Kite, which he calls M. palustris. Of this species I have not yet 
seen an example. 

Milvus palustris. 

Milvus palustris, Anders. Pr. A. 8. B. 1873, p. 142. 

"The Kite for which I have proposed this name is somewhat 
smaller than M. govinda, Sykes ; but in point of coloration it is very 
nearly a facsimile of M. major, Hume—in fact a perfect miniature of 
that species. While the amount of white under the wings, extending 
in some examples to two thirds of the length of the primaries 
(confined, however, to the inner webs), and the rich rufous tone of 
the plumage generally tend to assimilate M. palustris to M. major, 
these characters tend equally to separate the former from either of 
the other two species, viz. M. govinda and M. affinis—i. e. supposing 
the latter to be really worthy of specific distinction as an Indian 
bird. There is also a considerable amount of white and pale buff 
about the head and neck of the new bird which is never present in 
its common congener if. govinda, from which it has not hitherto 
been discriminated." 

" c$. Total length 20-20! inches, wing 16. $. Total length 
21-22 inches, wing 16f-17." (Anderson, I. c.) 

Page 328. Eosthramus leucopygus. 
Mr. Eidgway (B. 1ST. Am.) separates the Florida bird as JR. socia


hilis, var. plumbeus. 
<?. $ ad. sk.
Page 357. Baza subcristata. 
Queensland. Purchased. 
a. Ad. st.
Page 365. Ictinia inississipiensis. 
1ST. America. Purchased. 

Page 370. Poliohierax semitorguatus. 
a, b. c? 2 ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [0.]. Types of species. 

Page 376. Falco communis. 
Mr. Eidgway names a bird F. communis, Y&x.pealeL Hah. Oregon 
to Sitka (B. K Am. p. 129. 

Page 400. Falco fusco-cserxilescens. 
Mr. Eidgway (B. ST. Am. p. 155) makes this the type of a new 
subgenus lihynchofaho. 

460 ADDENDA. 

Page 402. Ealeo aura&tius. 

§ a(h s^'

c. Venezuela. Purchased. 
Page 408. Falco colnmbarins. 
Mr. Bidgway (B. N". im . p. 143) adds another variety, which lie 
calls Falco lithofalco, var. suckleyi. 
Hab. Oregon to Sitka. F. ricliardsom Is now thought not to be 
so thoroughly distinct from the other varieties. 

Page 411. Hierofalco eaxL&ieam 
Under the head of his Falco (Hierofalco) gyrfalco (B. X. Am. iii. 

p. Ill ) Mr. Bidgway treats of three races or varieties^ which he 
calls var. candicaas, var. islamlietis, var. sacer, var. labradora. 
Page 420. Hierofalco mexieanxxs. 
Mr. Bidgway (B. "$. Am. p. 109) makes two races of this bird— 
var. polyagrus, var. mexicanus, in addition to var. jvggtu\ all of 
which he considers to be varieties of F. lanarius* 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


abbreviate (Buteo), 163. 
abietinus {Falco), 377. 
accedens (Cercbneis), 425, 
adalbertf (Aquila), 239. 
segithus (Circus), 52. 
iEgypius, 2, 423. 
aegypius (Vultur), 13. 
segyptiacus (Keopbron), 

17. 
segyptiacus (Percnopterus), 
17. 
aegypticus (Falco), 320. 
©gyptius (Milvus), 321. 
segyptius (Vultur), 6. 
aquatorialis (Sarcorbamphus), 
21. 
sequinoctialis(Buteo),212. 
aequinoctialis (Buteogallus), 
212. 
aquinoctialis (Falco),212. 
sequinoetialis (Hypomorphnus), 
212. 
sjquinoctialis (Morpbims), 
212. 
aequipar (Circus), 67. 
leruginosus (Buteo), 69, 
aeruginosas (Circus), 69. 
seruginosus (Falco), 69. 
JSsalon, 374. 
cesalon (Falco), 406. 
sesalon (Hypotriorcbis), 

407. 
sesalon (Litbofalco), 407. 
jetolius(Milvus), 321,322. 
Aetriorchis, 34. 
affinis (Accipiter), 151. 
affinis (Milvus), 323. 
africanus (Gymnogenys), 

49. 
africartus (G-ypogeranus), 

45. 
africanus (Gyps), 12. 
africanus (Limnaetus), 

259. 
africanus (Limnosalius), 

177. 
africanus (Kauclerus), 

318. 
africanus (Pseudogyps). 

africanus (Serpentarius), 

45. 
africanus (Spizaetus), 259. 
aguia (Buteo), 169. 
aguia (Geranoaetus), 169. 
aguia (Haliaetus), 169. 
aguia (Heteroaetus), 169. 
alaudarius (Falco), 425. 
alaudarius (Tinnunculus), 

430. 
albescens (Aquila), 266. 
albescens (Circus), 67. 
albescens (Falco); 95,266. 
albescens (Harpyia), 266. 
albescens (Morpbnus), 

266. 
albescens (Spizaetus), 266. 
albicans (Aquila), 242. 
albieauda (Buteo), 162. 
albicaudatus (Buteo), 162, 

172. 
albicaudatus (Tacbytriorcbis), 
162. 
albicaudus (Falco), 302. 
albicilla (Aquila), 303. 
albioilla (Falco), 302. 
albicilla borealis (Falco), 

303. 
albicilla (Haliaetus), 303. 
albicilla (Vultur), 302. 
albicillus (Haliaetus), 302. 
albicollis (Asturina), 217. 
albicollis (Buteo), 217. 
albicollis (Circus), 62. 
albicollis (Falco), 216. 
albicollis (Gyps), 6. 
albicollis (Leucopternis), 

217. 
albicollis (Tacbytriorcbis), 
217. 
albicollis (Urubitinga), 

216. 
albicollis (Vultur), 6. 
albidus (Buteo), 287. 
albidus (Cymindis), 287. 
albidus (Falco), 186, 287. 
albifrons (Buteo), 201. 
albifrons (Falco), 201. 
albigularis (Astur), 120. 
albigularis (Falco), 401. 

albigularis (Ibycter), 37. 
albigularis (Pandion), 

450. 
albigularis (Pernis), 347. 
albipes (Cuncuma), 309. 
albipes (Haliaetus), 309. 
albirostris (Aquila), 231. 
albiventer (Bidens), 362. 
albogularis (Accipiter), 

120. 
albogularis (Milvago), 37. 
albogularis (Polyborus), 

Si. 

albogularis (Spizaetus), 

255. 
alboniger (Nisaetus), 271. 
alboniger (Spizaetus),271. 
albonotatus (Buteo), 163. 
albonotatus (Tacbytriorcbis), 
163. 
albus (Astur), 118: 
albus (Falco), 118, 186, 

236. 
albus (Vultur), 17. 
aleinus (Macbssrbanipbus), 
342. 
aldrovandii (Falco), 397. 
alopex (Cercbneis), 432. 
alopes (Falco), 432. 
alopex(Tiimunculus), 432. 
alpinus (Gypaetus), 229. 
altaicus (Gypaetus), 229. 
alticeps (Archibuteo),196. 
alticeps (Pandion), 449. 
ambustus (Falco), 31. 
ambustus (Gypaetus), 31. 
ambustus (Polyborus), 31. 
ambustus (Spizaetus), 31. 
ambustus (Vultur), 31. 
amerieana (Aquila), 449. 
americanus (Buteo), 188. 
americanus (Falco), 35. 
americanus (Ibycter), 35. 
americanus (Pandion), 

449. 
amurensis (Aquila), 241. 
amurensis (Cercbneis), 

445. 
amurensis (Erytbropus), 

445. 

ALPHABETICAL I^DEX, 

amurensis (Falco), 445. 
amurensis (Tinnuneulus), 

445. 
anatum (Falco), 377. 
anceps (Buteo), 175. 
andanianensis (Spizaetus), 

260. 
anderssoni (Machaerhamphus), 
343. 
anderssoni (Stringonyx), 

343. 
angolensis (Falco), 312. 
angolensis (Gypaetus), 

312. 
angolensis (Gypohierax), 

312. 
angolensis (Haliaetus), 

312. 
angolensis (Bacama), 312. 
angolensis (Vultur), 312. 
anguium (Circaetus), 281. 
antaretieus (Circaetus),38. 
Antenor, 456. 
anthracina( Asturina), 215. 
anthraeina (Urubitmga), 

215. 
anthracimis (Buteo), 215. 
anthracinus (Falco), 215. 
anthracimis (Hypomorphnus), 
215. 
anthracinus (Morphnus), 

215. 
apium (Pernis), 345. 
apivorus (Buteo), 344. 
apiTorus (Falco), 344. 
apivorus (Pernis), 344. 
apoxypterus (Astur), 156. 
approximans (Aecipiter), 

126. 
approximans (Astur), 
126,128. 
approximans (Nisus),126. 
approximans (TTrospiza), 

126. 
aquaticus (Circus), 69. 
Aquila, 232. 
aquila (Falco), 236. 
Aquilastur, 249. 
Aquilinse, 225. 
aquilinus (Archibuteo), 
182,199. 
aquilinus (Buteo), 176. 
aquilinus (Circaetus), 36. 
aquilinus (Falco), 35. 
aquilinus (Gymnops), 36. 
aquilinus (Ibycter), 36. 
aquilinus (Polyborus), 36. 
arbbreus (Dendrofalco), 

arcadicus" '(DmdrofaWil 

405. 

arcadieus (Falco), 404.^ 
arcadicus (Hypotriorchis), 

404. 
Archibuteo, 195. 
architinnunculus (Falco), 

425. 
arcticus (Faleo), 415. 
arde&iaca(Cercimeis),446. 
ardesiaceus (Aecipiter), 

135. 
ardesiacus (JEsalon). 416. 
ardesiacus (Dissodeetes), 

446. 
ardesiacus (Falco), 446. 
ardesiacus (Kypomorphnus), 
216. 
ardesiacus (Hypotriorchis), 
446. 
armiger (Aquila), 265. 
armiger (Falco), 265. 
arrianus (Vultur), 3. 
arundinaceus (Circus),69. 
arundinaceus (Falco), 69. 
asiaticus (Arciiibuteo), 

199. 
asiaticus (Buteo),]81,182. 
assimilis (Circus), 63, 72. 
Astur, 92. 
astur (Aecipiter), 95. 
Asturina, 202. 
Asturinula, 275. 
Asturisca, 202. 
ater (Buteo), 197. 
ater (Circus), 60, %h. 
ater (Daptrius), 35. 
ater (Falco), 322. 
ater (Hydroictinia), 322, 
ater (Ibycter), 35. 
ater (Milvus), 322, 325. 
ater (Spizaetus), 213. 
ater (Strigiceps), 60. 
aterrimus (Circaetus), 35. 
aterrimus (Daptrius), 35. 
aterrimus (Falco), 35. 
aterrimus (Gymnops),35. 
aterrimus (Ischnosceles), 

82. 
aterrimus (Milvago), 35. 
atrata (Catharista), 24. 
atratus (Catharistes), 24. 
atratus (Cathartes), 24. 
atratus (Coragyps), 24. 
atratus (Tinnunculus), 

426. 
atratus (Vultur), 24. 
atricapillus (Astur), 97, 

259. 
atricapillus (Falco), 97, 

258. ^ 
atricapillus (Hierofalco), 

97. 

atricapillus (Morphnus), 

258. 
atricapillus (Sparvius), 

97. 
atricapillus (Spizaetus), 

259. 
atricapillus (Spizastur), 

259. 
atriceps (Falco), 377, 378. 
audax (Aquila), 231. 
audax (Uroaetus), 231. 
audax (Vultur;, 231. 
auduboni (Falco), 409. 
auduboni (Polyborus), 33. 
augur (Buteo), 175. 
auguralis (Buteo), 175. 
aura (Cathartes), 24, 28, 

27. 
aura (GEnops), 25. 
aura (Perenopterus), 26. 
aura (Vultur), 24, 25. 
aurantiacus (Hypotriorchis), 
401. 
aurantius (Bidens), 401. 
aurantius (Falco), 401, 

402. 
aurantius (Hypotriorchis), 
402. 
aureus (Gypaetus), 299. 
auricularis (Otogyps), 13. 
auriculatus (Vultur), 13. 
australis (Aetriorehis), 39. 
australis (Falco), 38, 373. 
australis (Harpa), 373. 
australis (Hieracidea), 

374. 
australis (Ibycter), 38, 39. 
australis (Milvago), 38. 
australis pJisus), 141. 
australis (Polyborus), 39. 
australis (Senex), 38. 
australis, sparverius, var. 
(Tinnunculus), 440. 
austriacus (Faleo), 322. 
austriaeus (Milvus), 322, 
Avicida, 351. 
axillaris (Circus), 338. 
axillaris (Elairas), 338. 
axillaris (Falco), 338. 
ayresii (Spizaetus), 252. 
azarae (Asturina), 222. 

babylonicus (Faleo), 387. 
baeha (Buteo), 290. 
baebp. (Circaetus), 290. 
baeha " celebensis (Circaetus), 
291. 
baeha (Cymindis), 290. 
bacha (Falco), 290. 
baeha (Hagmatoimis), ^90. 
bacba (Haliaetw), 2&?. 

bacha (Spilornis), 289, 
290, 291. 
badius (Accipiter), 109, 

111. 
badius (Astur), 109. 
badius (Falco). 109, 111. 
badius (Micronisus), 109, 
111, 112, 114, 151. 
badius (Xibus), 109, 112, 

113. 
badius (Spamus), 109. 
bairdii (Buteo), 184. 
Balbusardus. 448. 
balbusardus (Aquila),449. 
barbarus (Faleo), 386. 
barbarus (Gennaia), 386. 
barbarus (Yultur), 229. 
barbatus (Astur), 297. 
barbatus (Falco), 229 
barbatus (Gypaetus), 228, 
230. 
barbatus meridionalis 
(Gypaetus), 230. 
barbatus occidentalis 
(Gypaetus), 229. 
barbatus (Poliomis), 297. 
barbatus (Yultur), 228. 
barletta (Falco), 393. 
barthelemyi (Aquila), 236. 
bascba (Circaetus), 290. 
Baza, 351. 
beaudouinii (Circaetus), 

284. 
belisarius (Falco), 242. 
bellicosa (Aquila), 265. 
bellicosus (Eutolmaetus), 
265. 
foellieosus (Falco), 265. 
bellicosus (Pseudaetus), 
265. 
bellicosus (Spizaetus),265. 
bellicosus (Tolmaetus), 
2Q5. 

bengalensis (Gyps),ll,12. 
bengalensis (Hierax), 367. 
bengalensis(Pseudogyps), 

11. 
bengalensis (Yultur), 11. 
berigora (Falco), 422. 
berigora(Hieracidea),422. 
berigora occidentalis 
(Falco), 421. 
berigora orientalis (Fal


co), 422. 
beskii (Falco), 153. 
besra (Accipiter), 151. 
bharatensis (Pernis), 34^. 
biarmicus (Falco), 391.' 
bicolor (Accipiter), 154. 
bidolor (Cooperastur), 

154. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

bicolor (Ichthyaetus), 

# 452. 
bicolor (Xisus), 154. 
bicolor (Sparvius), 154. 
Bidens, 360. 
bidentatus (Diodon), 362. 
bidentatus (Falco), 362. 
bidentatus (Harpagus), 

3<52. 

bido (Falco), 290. 
bido (Hseniatornis), 290. 
bifasciata (Aquila), 238, 

241, 246. 
bifasciatus (Astur), 109. 
binotatus (Kisus), 140. 
Blagrus, 301. 
blagrus(Icbtbyaetus),307. 
blagrus (Falco), 307. 
blagrru (Haliaetus), 307. 
blagrus (Pandion), 307. 
blagrus (Pontoaetus),307. 
boliriensis (Cymindis), 

330. 
bonellii (Aquila),250,252. 
bonellii (Aquilastur),250, 
bonellii (Eutolmaetus), 
250. 
bonellii (Faleo), 250. 
bonellii (Msaetus), 250. 
bonellii (Pseudaetus),250. 
bonellii (Tolmaetus), 250. 
borealis (Astur), 188. 
borealis (Buteo), 188. 
borealis (Falco), 188. 
borealis (Haliaetus), 303. 
borealis (Poecilopternis), 
188. 
borneonensis (Spizaetus), 
271. 
boschii (Faleo), 400. 
braccata (Aquila), 172. 
bracehata (Harpyia), 264. 
braecbatus (Buteo), 172. 
braccbatus (Spizaetus), 
264. 
bracbydactyla (Aquila), 
281. 
braehydactylus (Accipiter, 
112. 
braehydactylus (Astur), 

112. 
braehydactylus (Circaetus), 
281. 
braehydactylus (Falco), 

281. 
braehydactylus fNlsus), 
112. 
Brachypterus, 74. 
brachypterus (Astur), 75. 
brachypterus(Buteo),183. 
brachypterus (Falco), 75. 
brachypterus (Herpetotheres), 
75. 
brachypterus (Micrastur), 

75. 
brachypterus (Nisus), 75. 
brachypterus (Rhynckomegus), 
75. 
brachyrhynchus (Astur), 

96. 
brachyura (Astur), 201. 
braehyura (Asturina), 
201. 
brachyura (Buteola), 201. 
brachyurus (Buteo), 201. 
brachyurus (Helotarsus), 
300. 
brasiliensis (Catharistes), 
24. 
brasiliensis 
24. 
brasiliensis(Circaetus),31. 
brasiliensis (Coragyps), 
24. 
brasiliensis(Diodon), 362. 
brasiliensis (Falco), 31. 
brasiliensis (Polyborus), 
31, 38, 133. 
brasiliensis (Morphnus), 

214. 
brasiliensis (Urubitinga), 
214. 
brevicaudatus (Falco), 
300. 
brevipes (Accipiter), 111. 
brevipes (Astur), 111. 
breyipes (Micronisus), 
111. 
brehmii (Aquila), 245, 
253. brookii 
(Falco), 377. 
brooksi (Haliaetus), 303. 
brownii (Falco), 109. 
brunnea (Falco), 373. 
brunnea(Hieracidea),373. 
brunneus (Falco), 425. 
brutus (Accipiter), 107. 
brutus (Astur), 107. 
brutus (Micronisus), 107. 
brutus (Nisus), 107. 
burmeisteri (Cariama), 43. 
burmeisteri (Chunga), 43. 
burmeisteri(Chunnia) ,43. 
burmeisteri (Dicholophus), 
43. 
burroviana (Catharista), 

26, 28. 

burroviana (<EInops), 28. 
burroviantis (Cathartes), 

28. > 
Busarellus, 210. 
busarellus (Buteo), 211. 
busarellus (Buteogallus), 

211. 
busarellus (Faleo), 211. 
busarellus (Circus), 211. 
Buson, 212. 
Butaetus, 249. 
Butastur, 204, 
Buteo, 164. 
buteo (Accipiter), 186. 
buteo (Butaetes), 196. 
buteo {Falco), 184. 
buteo japonicus (Falco), 
180. 
Buteogallus, 212. 
buteoides (Ayieida), 355. 
Buteola, 201. 
buteonides (Cymmdis), 
3:34. 
Buteoninse, 158. 
DUZOII (Aquila), 160. 

cabanisii {Astur), 163. 
cabanisii (Buteo), 163. 
Caehinna, 277. 
cachinnans (Astur), 278. 
cachiimans (Caehinna), 

278. 
cachinnans (Cireaetus), 
278. 
cachinnans (Daedalion), 
278. 
cachinnans (Faleo), 278. 
cachinnans (Herpetotheres), 
278* 
caerulescens (Falco), 306. 
caerulescens bengalensis 

(Falco), 367. 
caerulescens (Geranospiza), 
82. 
caerulescens (Geranospizias), 
81. 
caerulescens (Harpagus), 

366. 
caerulescens (Hierax), 366. 
caerulescens (Iselmosceles), 
81. 
caerulescens (Microhierax), 
366. 
caerulescens (Sparvius), 

81. 
cseruleus (Elanus), 336, 
cseruleus (Falco), 336. 
eassius (Elanoides), 337* 
eaesius (Blanus), 336. 
csesjus (Falco), 407. 
cafer (Avicida), 355. 
cafer (Hytiopus), 355. 
caleyi (Haliaetus), 159. 
calidus (Falco), 377. 
califonuaoa (Catharista), 
29. 
ALPHABET1C.1L IXDEX . 

californiana (CEnops), 28. 
californianus (Cathartes), 

28. 
californianus (Bhinogryphus), 
455. 
californianusf Sarcorhamphu*), 
29. 
californianus (Vultur), 

28. 
californicus (Buteo), 199. 
caligatus (Faleo), 272. 
caligatus (Lininaetus), 
272. 
caligatus (ISisaetus). 272. 
caligatus 'Spizaetus), 272. 
calquin (Falco), 224. 
calurus (Buteo), 180. 
calTus (Gyps), 14. 
calvus (Otogyps), 14. 
ealvus (Vultur), 14. 
calzado (Esparvero), 203. 
carapestris (Circus), 50. 
canadensis (Aquila), 230. 
canadensis (Falco), 230. 
candieans (Falco«, 412. 
candicans islandicus 
(Falco), 412. 
candieans (Hierofalco), 

411. 
candidum (Dfitdalion), 
118. 
eanescens (Buteo), 170. 
canorus (Haliaetus), 310. 
canorus f Falcoj, 87. 
canorus (Ictinoaetus 1.310. 
canorus < Melieraxj, 87. 
canorus piisus), 87. 
cantans (Melierax), 87. 
capensis (Buteo), 179. 
capensis (Cathartes |» 17. 
capensis (Cerchneis), 429. 
capensis (Faleo), 420. 
capensis (Gypogeranus), 
45. 
caracara (Pandion), 31. 
earacca (Falco), 224. 
carbonari us (Accipiter), 
91. 
earbonarius (Falco), 91. 
Cariama, 42. 
Carnifex, 74. 
carolinensis (Falco), 449. 
carolinensis (Pandion), 
449. 
carunculafcus(Ibyeter),38. 
caruncuktus (MilYago), 
38. 
carunculatus (Neophron), 
18. 
carunculatus 
(Phalcobasnus), 
38. 

cassini (Faleo), 384. 
castaneus Grypaetus).229. 
castaneus (MIITUS). 322. 
castanilius (Accipiter j , 80. 
castanilius (Mierastur), 

Sa

 . .

castanilius (3Tistis), 80. 

castanonotus (Hypotri


orcliis), 370. 

Catharista. 23. 

Catharistes, 23. 

Cathartes, 22. 

cathartoides (Buteoeal


lus), 212. 
cayennensis (Astar), 333. 
cayennensis (Buteo/. 334. 
cayennensis (Cvmindis), 

333. 
cayennensis (Falco), 333. 
cavennensis (Leptodon), 
fj'jfj. 

cavennensis (Odontrior


ehis). 334. * 
celeben^is {Baza*}. 357. 
c^leben-sis t Pernx, 340. 
cenchris Cerchneia\ 436. 
cenchris (Fah*oj. 435. 
cenchris (Milvus , 304. 
cenchris'Pti:i»iIonu*j.4'}f>. 
cenchris iTichoriiia . 430. 
cenchris (Tirmuncu!us), 

430. 
cenchroides (Cercbneis), 
431. m 
cenchroides iFaleo'j, 431. 
cenchroides (Tiimunculus), 
431. 
Cerchnefe, 423. 
eervicalls (Faleo), 391. 
cervicalis (Gennaiai, .391. 
ceylanensis (Falco), 209. 
changoun (Tultur), 11. 
chassefiente (Tultur), 6. 
cheek (Cireaetusj, 287, 

289. ' 
cheek (Faleo), 287. 
cheek% Haemator nis),287* 
289. 
cheek (Milvus), 325. 
cheek (Spilornis), 287, 
290. 
Chelictinia, 318. 
Chelidopteryx, 318. 
cheriway (iCquila), 32. 
cheriway (Falco), 31, 33. 
cheriway (Polyborus), 33. 
cheriway (Vultur), 3L 
ehemig* (Falco), 418. 
Chicquera, 374. 
chicquera (JMOII), 403. 
chicquera (Falco), 403. 
chicquera (Hypotrior* 
chis), 403. 
chicquera (Lithofalco), 

403. 
chicquera (Turumtia), 

403. 
chicquero ides (Falco) ,391. 
ehilensis (Accipiter), 155. 
ehilensis (Nisus), 155. 
chiniaehima (Haliaetus), 

39. 
chiniaehima (Ibycter), 39, 

40. 
cHmacliima (Milvago), 

Ou. 

chimacliima (Polvborus), 

39. 
ehimango (Haliaetus), 

41. 
ehimango (Ibycter), 41. 
ehimango (Milvago), 41. 
ehimango (Polyborus), 

chincou (Yultur), 3, 15. 
chionogaster (Accipiter), 

148. 
chionogaster (Nisus), 

148. 
Chirospizias, 457. 
choka (Aquila), 242. 
Chondrohierax, 340. 
chrysaetos (Aquila), 238.' 
chrysaetus (Aquila), 235, 

236. 
chrysaetus (Falco), 235. 
Chunga, 42. 
Chunnia, 42. 
cineraceus (Buteo), 65. 
cineraceus (Circus), 65. 
cineraceus (Falco), 65. 
cineraceus (Strigiceps), 

65. 
cinerarius (Circus), 64. 
cinerarius (Falco), 64. 
cinerascens (Circaetus), 

285. 
cinerascens (Circus), 65. 
cinerascens (Falco), 65. 
cinerascens (Grlaucopteryx), 
65. 
cinerascens (Strigiceps), 

m. 

cinerea (Asturina), 203. 
cinereus (iEgypius), 3. 
einereus (Astur), 117. 
cinereus (Buteo), 186. 
cinereus (Circaetus), 282. 
cinereus (Circus), 53, 

56. 
cinereus (Gyps), 3. 
cinereus (Haliaetus), 303. 
TOL. I. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

cinereus (Polypteryx), 3. 
cinereus (Sparvius), 117. 
cinereus (Strigiceps), 53. 
cinereus (Vultur), 3. 
cinnamomeus (Tinnunculus), 
440. 
cinnamominus (Cerch^ 
neis), 439. 
cinnamominus (Falco), 

440. 
cinnamominus (Poecilornis), 
440. 
cinnamominus (Tinnunculus), 
440. 
Circaetus, 280. 
circumcinctus (Spiziapteryx), 
371. 
Circus, 50. 
cirratus (Spizaetus), 272. 
cirrhatus (Falco), 269. 
cirrhatus (Limnaetus), 

269. 
cirrhatus (Nisaetus), 269. 
cirrhatus (Spizaetus), 
m 267, 269, 270. 
eirrhocephala (Urospiza), 

141. 
cirrhocephalus (Accipiter), 
141. 
cirrhocephalus (Nisus), 

141. 
cirrhocephalus(Sparvius), 

141. 
cirrhocephalus ceramensis 
(Nisus), 144. 
cirtensis (Buteo), 179. 
damans (Haliaetus), 310. 
clamosus (Falco), 336. 
clanga (Aquila), 241, 

248. 
clanga (Falco), 248. 
clarus (Falco), 118. 
CHmacocercus, 74. 
coliblanca (Aquila), 162. 
collaris (Accipiter), 144. 
» collaris (Micronisus), 

144. 
collaris (Nisus), 144. 
columbarius (iEsalon), 

409. 
columbarius (Falco), 408, 

409. 
columbarius (Hypotriorchis), 
409. 
columbarius (Tinnunculus), 
409. 
columbianus (Vultur), 

28. 
communis (Buteo), 186. 
communis (Falco), 376. 
communis (Nisus), 132. 

communis (Pernis), 345. 
communis minor (Falco), 

383. 
concentricus (CHmacocercus), 
78. 
concentricus (Herpetotheres), 
78. 
concentricus (Micrastur), 

78. 
concentricus (Nisus), 78. 
concolor (Dendrofalco), 

405. 
concolor (Falco), 405. 
concolor (Hypotriorchis), 

405. 
concolor (Tinnunculus), 

405. 
condor (Gypagus), 20. 
condor (Sarcorhamphus), 

21. 
condor (Yultur), 20. 
Cooperastur, 130. 
cooperi (Accipiter), 137, 

155. 
cooperi (Astur), 137. 
cooperi (Falco), 137. 
cooperi (Nisus), 137. 
Coragyps, 23. 
coraicum (Falco), 377. 
coronada (Aquila), 221. 
coronata (Aquila), 266. 
coronata (Asturina), 

222. 
coronata (Harpyia), 

221. 
coronata (Thrasaetus), 

222. 
eoronatus (Circaetus), 

221. 
eoronatus (Falco), 221, 

266. 
eoronatus (Gypaetus), 

224. 
eoronatus (Harpyhaliaetus), 
221, 222. 
eoronatus (Spizaetus), 

266. 
eoronatus (Vultur), 224. 
costaricensis (Buteo), 458. 
crassipes (Aquila), 238. 
crassirostris (Milvago), 

37. 
Craxirex, 84. 
cristata (Cariama), 42. 
cristata (Palamedea), 42. 
cristata (Pernis), 347. 
cristata (Sariama), 43. 
cristatellus (Astur), 269. 
cristatellus (Falco), 269. 
cristatellus (Limnaetus), 

269. 
2i 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

cristatellus (Morphnus), 

269. 
cristatellus (Nisaetus), 
269. 
cristatellus (Spizaetus), 
269. 
cristatus (Astur), 105. 
cristatus (Buteo), 352. 
cristatus (Diclioloi3lius), 
43. 
cristatus (Falro), 224. 
cristatus (Hieraetus), 
254. 
cristatus (Morplinus), 
223. 
cristatus (Ophiotheres), 
45. 
cristatus (Serpentarius), 
45. 
crotophagus (Falco), 39. 
cruenta (Urospiza), 127. 
cruentus (Accipiter), 125, 
127. 
cruentus (Astur), 122, 
127. 
cruentus (Kisus), 103, 
122, 124. 
cruentus (Urospizia), 127. 
cryptogenys (Archibuteo), 

199. 
cucullatus (Falco), 401. 
cuculoides (Astur), 115. 
cueuloides (Avicida), 354. 
cuculoideg (Baza), 354. 
cueuloides (Cymindis), 
330. 
ewculoides (Falco), 115. 
cucpxloides (Nisus), 114> 
115. 
cueuloides (Pernis), 354. 
cultrunguis (Icnthyaetus), 
307. 
Cuncuma, 301. 
cuneicaudata (Aquila), 
231. 
cunfcur (Grypibus), 21. 
cyaneus (Buteo), 53. 
cyaneus (Circus), 52, 55, 
67. 
cyaneus (Falco), 52, 
55. 
cyaneus (Strigiceps), 53. 
cyaneus hudsonicus (Circus), 
55. 
cyanopus (Asturina), 


333* 
cyanopus^ (Falco), 418. 
cy^a©sy»s»(lalco), 406. 

CyBoin^^ 

Oypaetopiwy^ t!8. 

cuYieri (Falco), 400. 

cuTieri (ETypotriorcnis), 

395. 
Dadalion, 92. 
dalmatinus (Circus), 67. 
daphanea (Aquila), 236. 
Daptrius, 34. 
davisom (Spilornis), 289. 
degener (Palco), 39. 
degener (Polyborus), 39. 
deiroleueus (Falco), 402. 
deiroleucus (Hypotrior


chis), 402. 
delalandi (Buteo), 179. 
delicatus (Falcoj , 222. 
Bendrofalco, 374. 
Dentiger, 312. 
desertieola (Aquila), 309. 
desertorum (Buteo), 175, 

179, 184. 
desertorum (Falco), 179. 
desertorum (Strigieeps), 

67. 
desmursi (Aquila), 245. 
destructor (Falco), 224. 
destructor (Harpvid), 
224. 
destructor (ilorpimns), 
224. 
destructor (Xothropkrontes), 
224. 
diadema (Asturina), 201. 
Dieholophus, 42. 
diehrous (Falco), 405. 
dickersoni (Cerebrals), 

447. 
dieHnsonii (iEsalon), 
^447. 
diekinsonii (Diaiodeetes), 

447. 
dicMnsonii (Falco), 447. 
dicMnsonii (Hypotriorchis), 
447. 
dimidiatus (Falco), 307. 
dimidiatus (Haliaetus), 

307 
Diodon, 360. 
diodon (Falco), 361. *^ 
diodon (Harpagus), 361. 
Diplodon, 360. 
dispar (Elanus), 339. 
dispar (Falco), 339, 
dispar (Pygargus), 52. 
Dissodeeteg, 423. 
dominicensis (Bidens), 

439. 
dominicensis (Cerehneis), 
439. 
domi&ieensii (Falco), 
dominicensis (Tinnun


culus), 439. _ 

Dromolestes, 457. 

Bryotriorcliis. 278. 

dubius (Falco), 95, 135. 

dukhunensis (Accipiter), 

109. 
dussumieri (Accipiter \ 
151. 
dussumieri (Astur\ 109. 
dussumieri (Falco), 100. 
dussumieri (2fis»us), 1U9. 
dynastes (Micrastur), 1.34. 
dynastes (Bbynehomegas), 
154. 

ecandata (Aquila). 300. 

ecaudatus (Circaetu^l, 

300. 
eeaudatus (Falco) CU0. 
ecaudatus (Helotarsuh), 
300. 
ecaudatus (Terathn ptus), 
3<K). 
ecaudatus. lar. fasCiatus 
(Helotarsu> o*MJ. 
Elanoides. .*>17. 
Elanus, thJ'f 
elegans i Bute*/, 192. 
flegan-* (Nifcu*,, 132. 
ele^an-s 'fctrigiet'p*). *'«"*• 
eltionoroi (Dendrofalco), 

405. 
eleonora? (Falco), 44>4. 
eleonorse (Hjpotriorchis\ 
404. 
elgini (Smmntonm), 291. 
elgini (Spilotms), 29L 
elHoti (Perais), 347. 
equatorialis (Accipiter), 
124. 
equatorialis pusus), 124. 
erythrauclien (2usus), 144, 
145. 
erythrauehen (Traspiza), 
144,145. 
Erytijrocnema, 84. 
6ry&jFQcnamis(Aeftpiter), 

147,148, 140,154. 
©rytkrocnemius CKisatft, 

147. 
erytferogenys {Hierax)f 
369. 
eryfeogeiiys (Mifsrokimx),
30& 

erytteauotuf (Buteo), 
172, 
erytkxojjote (Haliaetus), 

172. 
erythronotw 
(Pceciloptemii), 
172. 

Erythropus, 423. 

erythropus (Accipiter), 

141. 
erythropus (Nisus), 141. 
erythrorhynchus (Accipiter), 
90. 
erythrothorax (Baza), 357. 
erythrurus (Falco), 443. 
eulophus (Viiltur), 15. 
europseus (Cathartes), 17. 
europogistus (Circus), 55. 
europogistus (Falco), 55. 
Eutolmaetus, 249. 
eutolmus (Hierax), 366. 
exilis (Accipiter), 148. 
exilis (Falco), 148. 
eximius (Buteo), 177. 

Falco, 374. 
faleoxiiartim (Falco), 407. 
Falconida?, 30. 
Falcula, 423. 
falMandica (Catharista), 

27. 
falklandica (CEnops), 27. 
>sciata(Aquila),250/252. 
fasciata (Cercbneis), 425. 
fasciatus (Astur), 126. 
fasciatus (Buteo), 186, 
297. 
fasciatus (Caracara), 34. 
fasciatus (Circaetus), 34, 
284. 
fasciatus (Falco), 186,425. 
fasciatus (Gymnops), 34. 
fasciatus (Harpagus),'3|3. 
fasciatus (Ibycter), 34 / 
fasciatus (Nisaetus), 250. 
fasciatus (Pandion), 450. 
fasciolatus (Circaetus), 
285. 
fasciolatus (Spilomis), 
285. 
fasciolatus (Spizaetus), 
270. 
feildeni (Iithofalco), 370. 
feld'eggii (Falco), 389. 
femoralis (iEsalon), 400. 
femoralis (Bidens), 361. 
femoralis (Falco), 400. 
femoraHs(Hypotriorchis), 
400. 
ferox (Buteo), 176, 177, 
179. 
ferox (Falco), 176. 
ferox (Harpyia), 224. 
ferruginous (Arcbibuteo), 
199. 
ferrugineus (Falco), 199. 
ferruginous (Lagopus), 
199, 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX, 

ferruginicaudus (Buteo), 

188. 
fluvialis (Pandion), 449. 
fluvialis (Triorches), 449. 
foetens (Cathartes), 24. 
fontanieri (Ieraspiza), 
139. 
forficatus (Nauclerus), 
317. 
forruosus (Falco), 36. 
formosus (Ibycter), 36. 
forskahli (Falco), 320. 
forskahli (Milvus), 321. 
francesii (Accipiter), 116. 
francesii (Micronisus), 
116. 
francesii (Msus), 116. 
francesii (Scelospiza), 
116. 
franciscse (Accipiter), 
116. 
franciscae (Astur), 116. 
franciscae (Scelospiza), 
116. 
fringillarius (Accipiter), 
132,151. 
fringillarius (Dsedalion), 

132. 
fringillarius (Falco), 367. 
fringillarius (Ierax), 132, 
367. 
fringillarius (Microhierax), 
367. 
fringillarius (Msus), 133, 

147. 
fringillarius rufiventris 
(Nisufl), 148. 
fringillaroides (Accipiter), 
109. 
fringillarum (Nisus), 133. 
fringilloides (Accipiter), 

135. 
fringilloides (Nisus), 135. 
frontatus (Falco), 398. 
frontatus(Hypotriorchis), 
398. 
fucosa (Aquila), 231. 
fucosus (Falco), 231. 
fucosus (Uroaetus), 231. 
fuHginosus (Buteo), 177, 
185. 
fuliginosus (Falco), 55. 
fulva (Aquila), 236. 
fulvescens (Aquila), 244. 
fulvescens (Gyps), 7. 
fulviventer (Falco), 309. 
fulviventer (Haliaetus), 
309. 
fulviventris (Aquila), 246. 
fulvus (Falco), 235. 
fulvus (Gyps), 5, 8, 9. 
fulvus (Otogyps), 8. 
fulvus (Pandion), 213. 
fulvus (Vultur), 5, 6, 8. 
fulvus indicus (Vultur), 8. 
fulvus kolbei (Yultur), 8. 
fulvus occidentalis (Yul


tur), 6. 
fulvus orientalis (Yultur), 

6. 
fulvus riippelli (Vultur), 
9. 
funereus (Circaetus), 283. 
funereus (Falco), 282. 
funereus (Haliaetus), 303. 
furcatus (Elanoides), 317. 
furcatus (Elanus), 317. 
furcatus (Falco), 317. 
furcatus (Milvus), 317. 
furcatus (Nauclerus), 317. 
fusca (Aquila), 243, 246. 
fuseeseens (Spizaetus), 
169. 
fuscicapilla (Aquila), 236. 
fusco-ater (Aquila), 248. 
fusco-ater (Falco), 322. 
fusco-cfleruleseens (Falco), 
400. 
fuscus (Accipiter), 135, 
136. 
fuscus (Astur), 136. 
fuscus (Buteo), 186,192. 
fuscus (Falco), 135. 
fuscus (Milvus), 322. 
fuscus (Nisus), 136. 
fuscus (Vultur), 17. 
gabar (Accipiter), 90. 
gabar (Astur}, 90. 
gabar (Falco), 89. 
gabar (Melierax), 89. 
gabar (Micronisus), 90. 
gabar fMsus), 90. 
gabar (Sparvius), 90. 
gabarinus (Micronisus), 

90. 
galapagensis (Buteo), 170. 
galapagoensis (Craxirex), 
170. 
galapagoensis (Polyborus), 
170. 
galericulatus (Vultur), 15. 
gallica (Aquila), 281. 
gallicus (Circaetus), 284, 

285. 
gallicus (Falco), 281. 
gallinarius (Circus), 52, 
gallinarum (Astur), 96. 
gambiensis (Gypogeranus), 
45. 
Oampsonyx, 340, 
2l2 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

garuda (Haliaetus), 313. 
Gennaia. 374. 
gentilis (Falco), 377Geranopus, 
80. 
Geranospiza, 80. 
Geranospiziaa, 80. 
gliiesbrechti (Buteo), 217. 
ghiesbrechti (Leucopte


rus), 217. 
ghiesbrechti (Taehytriorchis), 
217. 
ghiesbrechti (Urubitinga), 

217. 
ghiesbrechtii (Asturina), 
217. 
gilvieollis (Climacocercus), 
78. 
gilvicollis (Micrastur), 
77, 78. 
gilvicollis (Sparvius), 78. 
ginginianus (Neophron), 

18. 
ginginianus (Vultur), 18. 
girrenera (Haliaetus). 315. 
girronieri (Falco), 309. 
glaucopis (Aquila), 1SQ. 
glaucopis (Faleo), 186. 
Gkueopteryx, 50. 
gouldi (Circus), 72. 
gouldi (Pandion), 451. 
govinda (Milvus), 324, 
325. 
gracilis (Astur), 81. 
gracilis (Cerchneis), 435. 
gracilis (Falco), 81, 435, 
440. 
gracilis (Geranopus), 81. 
gracilis (Geranospiza), 81. 
gracilis (Ischnoseelis),81. 
gracilis (Msus), 81. 
grandis (Gypaetus), 228. 
granclis (Nisaetus), 250. 
grandis (Spizaetus), 250, 
267. 
griphus (Vultur), 21. 
griseiceps (Astur), 106. 
griseiceps (Lophospiza), 
106. 
griseigularis (Accipiter), 
123. 
griseigularis (Astur), 122. 
griseigularis (Nisus), 128. 
griseiventris (Falco), 377. 
griseogukris (Erythrospiza), 
123, 124. 
griseus (Falco), 52. 
grognlandious (Falco), 


412. 
|prcenlandicus (Haliaetus), 
303. 
gryffus (Gypagus), 20. 
Gryphus, 20. 
gryphus (Cathartes), 20. 
gryphus (iSareorham


phus), 20. 
gryphus (Vultur), 20. 
guerilla (Micrastur), 79. 
guianensis (Astur), 223. 
guianensis (Faleo), 222. 
guianensis (Harpyia\ 223. 
guianensis (Morphnus), 

222. 
guianensis (Thrasaetus), 
gularis (Accipiter), 151. 
gularis (Astur), 151. 
gularis (Asturina). 206. 
gularis (Falco). 206. 
gularis (Micronisus), 151. 
gularis (Rupomis), 206. 
gundlaclui (Accipiter». 

137. 
gimdlachii (Hypomorphnus>, 
215. 
gurneyi (Accipiter), 111. 
gurneyi (Aquila), 273. 
gurneyi (Spizaetusl. 273. 
guttata (Cerchneis), 425. 
guttata (Falco), 397. 
guttatus (Accipiter *, 152. 
guttatus (Micronisus), 

guttatus (Sparvius), 152. 
gyranoeephalus (Ibycter), 

*34. 
gymnogenys (Falco), 48. 
gymnogenys (Xisns), 48. 
G-ynmops, 34. 
Gypaetus, 228. 
Grypagus, 22. 
Gyparchus, 22. 
Gypiscus, 16. 
Gypogeranus, 44. 
Gypohierax, 312. 
Gypoictinia, 335. 
Gyps, 4, 
G-yptus, 228. 
gyrfalco (Faleo), 416. 
gyrfalco (Hierofalco)^^. 
gyrfalco groenlandieus 

(Faleo), 415. 
gyrfalco islandicus (Falco), 
414. 
gyrfalco norwegicus (Falco), 
416. 
gyrofalco (Falco), 416. 

Hsematornis, 287. 
h^raorrhoidalis (Falco), 

401. 
Haliaetus, 301. 
haliaetus (Accipiter), 449. 
haliaetus (Aquila), 449. 
haliaetus (Balbusardus), 

449. 
haliaetus (Falco), 449. 
haliaetus (Pandion), 449. 
Haliastur. 312. 
hamatus (Buteo), 327. 
hamatus (Cyniindis), 327. 
hamatus (Faleo), 327. 
hamatus (Rosthramus), 
328. 
Hamirostrum, 327. 
haplochrous (Accipiter), 
119. 
haplochrous (Astur), 119. 
haplochrous (Xisus). 119. 
harlani (Buteo1,185, 191. 
harlani (Falco >, 191. 
Harp a, 372. 
Harpagus, 360. 
Harpe, 372. 
harpe (Falco), 372. 
Harpvhaliaetus, 221. 
Harpyia, 223. 
harpyia (Astur), 224. 
harpyia (Falco). 224. 
harpyia (Gypaetus). 224. 
harpyia > Morphnus), 224. 
harpyia (Thrasaetus),224. 
harpyia (Vultur), 224. 
harrisii f Buteo), 85. 
harrisii (Craxirex), 85. 
harrisii (Falco), 85. 
hartlaubii (Accipiter), 
108. 150. 
hartlaubii (Xisus), 150. 
hastata (Aquila), 248. 
hastatus( Morphnus ),248. 
hastatus i Spizaetus), 248. 
heliaca (Aquila), 238.240. 
Helotarsus, 299. 
Helotriorchis, 34. 
hemalachanus(Gypaetus), 
229. 
Hemiaetus, 195. 
hemidactylus (Astur), 81. 
hemidactylus fGeranopus), 
81. 
hemidactylus (G-erano


spizias), 81. 
hemidactylus (Ischno


sceles), 81. 
hemidactylus (Nisus), 81. 
Hemigyps, 13. 
Hemihierax, 371. 
hemilasius (Archibuteo), 

182. 
hemilasius (Buteo), 182. 
hemiptilopus (Archibuteo), 
199. 
hendersoni (Falco), 419. 

hendersoni (Hierofaleo), 

419. 
henicogrammus (Astur), 
124. 
Henicopernis, 341. 
hensti (Astur), 97. 
Herpetotheres. 277. 
herpetotheres (Caehinna), 
278. 
Heteropus. 256. 
Heterospizias, 160. 
Hieracidea, 420. 
Hieraspiza, 130. 
Hierofaleo, 410. 
hiemalis (Astur), 192. 
hiemalis (Buteo,-, 192. 
Hieraetus, 249. 
Hierax, 366. 
himalayensis v&yps)» ®* 
hinnularius Falco), 302. 
hiogaster (Accipiter), 
104. 
hiogaster (Astur), 104. 
hiogaster (En throspiza), 
104. 
hiogaster (Falco), 104. 
hiogaster (Xisus), 104. 
hiogaster (riparvius\ 104 
hirundinum (Dendrofak'o). 
395. 
hirundinum (Falco), 395. 
hispaniblensis (Gyps , 6. 
histrionieus (Circus), 57. 
histrionicus (Falco), 56. 
histrionieus (Spiziacir


cus), 57. 
histrionicus (Strigieeps), 

57. 
holbtelli (Faleo), 415. 
holbcelli (Hierofaleo), 
415. 
holospilus (Buteo), 293. 
holospilus (Circaetus), 
293. 
holospilus (BQsmatornis), 
298holospilus 
(Spilornis), 

293. 
hornotinus (Falco), 376. 
horsfieldi (Ichthyaetus), 
452. 
horsfieldii (Limnaetus), 
272. 
horus (Falco), 406. 
horus (Hypotriorchis), 
406. 
hoya (Spilornis), 287. 
hucarius (Ichthyaetus), 
452. 
hudsonius (Circus), 55. 
hudsonius (Falco), 55. 
JLLl'II.iBLl'ICAL IS DBS.. 

hudsonius (Strigieeps), 

55. 
humilis (Falco), 454. 
huniilis (Haliaetus), 454. 
humilis (Pandion), 454. 
humilis (Polioaetus), 454. 
hybris (Xisus), 112. 
hyder (Astur), 295. 
Hydroietinia, 319. 
hyeinalis (Circus), 192. 
hyemalis (Falco), 64,192. 
hypoleucus (Accipiter), 
281. 
hypoleucus (Circaetus), 
281. 
hypoleucus (Elanus), 338. 
hypoleucus (Falco), 394. 
hypoleucus (Gennaia), 
394. 
hypoleucus (Hierofaleo), 
394. 
hypoleucus (Polyborus), 
312. 
hypoleucus (Vultur), 312. 
Hypoinorphnus, 212. 
Hypotriorchis, 374. 
hypoxanthus (Astur), 156. 
Hytiopus, 351. 
Ibycter, 34. 
Ichthyaetus, 452. 
ichthyaetus (Falco), 452. 
ichthyaetus (Haliaetus), 


452. 
ichthyaetus (Pandion), 
ichthyaetus (Polioaetus), 

452. 
ichthyaetus (Pontoaetus), 
452. 
Ichthyoborus, 210. 
Ictinaetus, 256, 312. 
Ictinia, 364. 
ictinus (Milvus), 319. 
Ieracidea, 420. 
Ierax, 130. 
imperator (Falco), 306. 
imperialis (Aquila), 238, 
240, 241. 
imperialis (Falco), 224, 

238. 
imperialis (Harpyia),224. 
imperialis (Vultur), 13. 
incertus (Falco), 95. 
indicus (Astur), 96, 165. 
indicus (Baza), 352. 
indicus (Butastur), 297. 
indicus (Falco), 297. 
indicus (G-yps), 8, 10, 12. 
indicus (Lophotes), 352. 
indicus (Pandion), 449. 
indicus (Poliorms), 297. 
indicus (Vultur), S, 10. 
indus (Falco), 313. 
indus (Haliaetus), 313, 

315. 
indus (Haliastur), 313, 
315. 
indus (Ictinaetus), 313. 
indus (Vultur), 11. 
iniulatus (Poecilopternis), 
170. 
in&ectivorus (Falco), 207. 
insignata (Buteola), 185, 
insignatus (Buteo), 185. 
insignis (Poliohierax), 
370. 
intercedens (Cerchneis), 
425. 
intercedens (Nisus), 133. 
intermedia (Aquila), 250. 
intermedins (Elanus), 
338. 
intermedins (Haliastur), 
314. 
intemiktus (Falco), 409. 
interstinctus (Falco), 426. 
iota (Cathartes), 24, 25, 
27. 
iota i GEnops), 27. 
isabellina (Aquila), 242. 
isabellina (Cerchneis), 
441. 
isabellinus (Falco), 441. 
isabellinus (Poecilomis), 
441. 
isabellinus (Tinnunculus), 
441. 
Ischnoseeles, 80. 
isidorei (Falco), 256. 
isidori (Aquila), 256. 
isidori (Circaetus), 256. 
isidori (Spizaetus), 256. 
isidoiii (Lophotriorehis), 
256. 
islandicus (Falco), 414. 
islandicus (Haliaetus), 


303. 
islandicus (Hierofaleo), 
414. 
islandicus candicans (Falco), 
412. 
islandus (Falco), 414. 
islandus (Hierofaleo), 

414. 
isura (Lophoictinia), 326. 
isurus (Milvus), 326. 
jaoal (Buteo), 173. 
jaequini (Falco), 224 
jakal (Buteo), 173. 
jakal (Falco), 173, 

ALPHABETICAL ISDEX. 

japoxiicus (Buteo), 180. 
jardinii (Circus), 63. 
jardinii (Spilocircus), 63. 
jardinii (Strigiceps), 63. 
javanicus (Falco), 297. 
jerdoni (Baza), 358. 
jerdoni (Lophastur), 358. 
jerdoni (Pernis), 358. 
juggur (Falco), 393. 
juggur (G-ennaia), 393. 
juggur (Pnigohierax), 

393. 
kaupi (Buteo), 219. 
kaupi (Leucopternis), 

219. 
kaupi (ITrubitinga), 219. 
Kaupifaleo, 275. 
kieneri (Astur), 255. 
kieneri (Linmaafcus), 255. 
kieneri (Lophotriorehis), 
255. 
kieneri (Xisaetus), 256. 
kieneri (Spizaetus), 255. 
kolbi (Gyps), 8. 
kolbii (Vultur), 6, 8, 9. 
korschun (Accipiter), 322. 
korschun (Milvus)/322. 
krideri (Buteo), 458. 
kuhlii (Buteo), 219. 
kuhlii (Leucopternis), 
219. 
labradora (Faleo), 416. 
lacemulata (Leucopternis), 
218. 
lacemulata (Urubitinga), 

218. 
laoeraulatus (Buteo), 218. 
lacernulatus (Falco), 218. 
lacertarius (Accipiter), 
344. 
Lagopus, 195. 
lagopus (Archibuteo), 
lagopus (Butaetes), 196, 
lagopus (Buteo), 196. 
lagopus (Falco), 196,197. 
lalan&ii (Circus), 60. 
lanarius (Faleo), 389. 
lanarius (G-ennaaa), 389. 
lanarius (Pnigohierai), 

418. 
lanarius alphanet (Falco), 
386. 
lanarius capensis (Falco), 
391. 
latemus ceimcalis(Falco), 
^rityliMgra&us (Falco), 

lanarius nubicus (Falco), 

391. 
lanceatus(Haliaetus) ,309. 
lanceolatus (Limnaetus), 
270. 
lanceolatus (Spizaetus), 
270. 
lantzii (Xisus), 143. 
lathami (Faico), 352. 
lathami (Lepidogenys), 
352. 
latissimus (Astur), 193. 
latissimus (Buteo), 193. 
latissimus (Falco), 193. 
Lepidogenys, 351. 
Leptodon,329. 
Leptohierax, 457. 
lestris (Aquila), 242. 
leucaetus (Falco), 118. 
leucamplaomma (Aquila), 
281. 
leucasanus (Buteo), 458. 
leucauehen (Astur), 76. 
leueauclien (Faleo), 76. 
leucauehen (IXierastar), 
76. 
leucauehen fXisus), 76. 
leueocephala (Aquila), 
303, 304. 
leucocephala (Butaquila), 

176. 
leueocephala (Falco),304. 
leucoeephalus (Buteo), 
176. 
leucoeephalus (Circus), 
211. 
leneocephalus(Haliaetus), 
304. 
leucoeephalus (Pan&ion), 
451. 
leucoeephalus (Vultur), 5, 
17,229. 
leucogaster (Blagrus), 

307. 
leucogaster (Cuncuma), 
307. 
leucogaster (Falco), 307. 
leucogaster (Haliaetus), 
307. 
leucogaster(Ichthyaetus)f 
307. 
leucogaster (PoHoaeius). 
307. 
leucogaster (Poatoaefcus), 
307. 
leueogenys (Falco), 377. 
leucolena (Aquila), 240. 
leueomelas (Falco)* 75. 
leuconotus (Vultur), 11, 
leueonotus africanus 
(Vultur), 12, 

leucophrys (Cerehneis), 

442. 
leucophrys (Circus), 62. 
leucophrys (Falco), 442. 
leucophrTs (Tinnunculus), 
442. 
leucoprymna (Aquila), 

235." 
leucops (Buteo). 170. 
leucopsis (Circaetus), 281. 
leucopsis (Faleo), 281. 
leucoptera (Arehibuteo), 

199. 
Leucopternis, 212. 
leucopterus (Falco), 306. 
leneoprgus (Cvmindis), 
328." 
leucopygus (Ibycter), 328. 
leueopygus (Eosthramus), 

32D.* 
leucorhynchus (Milvus). 

321. ' 
leucorrhoa (Abturina), 
209. 
leucorrhous (Astur), 209. 
leucorrlious (Dsedalion), 
209. 
leucorrhous (Falco j, 209. 
leucorrhous (Xisus), 209. 
leucorrhous (Sparvius), 
90. 
leucorypha (Aquila), 
308. 
leucoryphus (Faleo), 308. 
leucoryphus (Haliaetus), 
308. 
leucoryphus (Ichthyaetus), 
309. 
leucoryphtts(Pontoaetus)f 

309. 
leueosomus (Astur), 119. 
Leueo^piza, 92. 
leueosternon (Gypoxctiniat, 
335. 
leueosteraus (Haliastur), 

315. 
leucosternuB (let iztoaetuB), 
315. B 
ieueostigma (Spizaetus, 
252. 
leucurus (Buteo), 162$ 
176. 
leucurus (Elanoides). 339. 
leucurus (Elaous), 339. 
leucurus (Hfp>morphnua), 
172. 
leucurus (Bf ilyago), 38. 
leucurus (M&hrae), 339. 
leucurus (Spizaetus), 162. 
levaHlanth (Gwmmi, 71. 
leverianus (Astur), 188. 

leverianus (Buteo), 188. 
leverianus (Falco), 188. 
Limnaetus, 259. 
limnaetus (Astur), 272. 
limnaetus (Falco), 272. 
limnaetus (Morphnus), 

272. 
limnaetus (Spizaetus), 

272. 
lineatus (Buteo), 191. 
lineatus (Falco), 192. 
lineatus (Pcecilopternis), 

192. 
Lithofalco, 374. 
Hthofalco (JEsalon), 407. 
lithofalco (Falco), 406. 
liventer (Astur), 296. 
liventer (Butastur), 296. 
liventer (Buteo), 296. 
liventer (Falco), 296. 
liventer (Poliornis), 296. 
longicauda (Dasdalion), 

341. 
longicauda (Henicopernis), 
341. 
longicauda (Pernis), 341. 
longicaudata (Aquila), 

253. 
longicaudus (Astur), 341. 
longieaudus (Falco), 341, 
longipennis (Falco), 398. 
longipes (Buteo), 176. 
longipes (Falco), 214. 
longipes (Urubitinga), 

214. 
Lophastur, 351. 
Lophoaetus, 274. 
Lophogyps, 15. 
Lophoictinia, 326. 
Lophorhynchus, 42. 
Lophospiza, 92. 
Lophotes, 351. 
lophotes (Avicida), 352. 
lophotes (Baza), 352. 
lophotes (Falco), 352. 
lophotes (Hytiopus), 

352. 
lophotes (Pernis), 352. 
Lophotriorchis, 255. 
luggur (Falco), 393. 
luSulatus (Falco), 398. 
lunulatus (Hypotriorchis), 
398. 
lunulatus (Sparvius), 

398. 

Macagua, 277. 
macei (Aquila), 309. 
maeei (Cuncuma), 309. 
macei (Falco), 309. 
macei (Haliaetus), 309. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

macei (Pontoaetus), 309. 
Machserhamphus, 342. 
macrodactylus (Chicquera), 
404. 
macrodactylus (Falco), 

404. 
macroptei'us (Buteo), 


62. 
macropterus (Circus), 

62. 
macropterus (Spizaeircus), 
62. 
macropus (Falco), 385. 
macrorhynchus (Astur), 

207. 
macrorhynchus (Micrastur), 
76. 
macroscelides (Astur), 

100. 
macroscelis (Circus), 73. 
macrourus (Accipiter), 

67. 
macrurus (Astur), 83. 
macrurus (Circus), 67. 
macrurus (Falco), 67. 
macrurus (Micrastur), 


83. 
macrurus (TXrotriorchis), 

83. 
maculata (Aquila), 246. 
maculatus (Falco), 246. 
maculosa (Aquila), 62. 
maculosa (Circus), 62. 
maculosa (Harpyia), 62. 
maculosa (Pernis), 347. 
maculosus (Circus), 62. 
maculosus (Morphnus), 


62. 
madagascariensis (Accipiter), 
143. 
madagascariensis (Aviceda), 
353. 
madagascariensis (Bazaj, 

353. 
madagascariensis (Falco), 

48. 
madagascariensis (GJ-ymnogenys), 
48. 
madagascariensis (Msus), 
116,143. 
madagascariensis (Pernis), 
353. 
madagascariensis (Polyborides), 
48. 
madagascariensis (Sparvius), 
48. 
magellanicus (Sarcorhamphus), 
20. 
magellanicus (Vultur), 

20. 
magnificus (Gyps), 9. 

magnirostris (Astur), 205, 
207, 208. 
magnirostris (Asturina), 
205, 207. 
magnirostris (Aviceda). 

356. 
magnirostris (Baza), 356. 
magnirostris ^Faleo),207, 

208. 
magnirostris (Nisus),207, 

208. 
magnirostris (Bupornis), 

207. 
magnus (Falco), 228. 
maillardi (Circus), 59. 
major (Astur), 133. 
major (Buteo), 186. 
major (Milvus), 324. 
major (Nisus), 133. 
malayana (Aquila), 257. 
malayensis (Falco), 257. 
malayensis (Hierax), 

367. 
malayensis (Ictinaetus), 


257. 
malayensis (Neopus), 


257. 
malfmi (Nisus), 135, 


139. 
malzacii (Grymnogenys), 


49. 
manillensis (Kisus), 151. 
marcgravii (Microdactyly), 
43. 
marginatus (Falco), 95. 
mauduyti (Falco), 262. 
mauduyti (Morphnus), 

263. 
mauduyti (Spizaetus), 

262. 
maurus (Circus), 60, 

91. 
maurus (Falco), 60. 
maurus (Strigiceps), 60. 
maxima (Harpyia), 224, 
media (Cerchneis), 425. 
medius (Buteo), 186. 
megaloptex*a (Aquila), 

36. 
megalopterus (Ibycter), 

36. 
megalopterus (Milvago), 
36, 38. 
megalopterus (Phalcoboenus), 
36. 
megalopterus (Polyborus), 
36. 
megarhynchus (Cymindis), 
332. 
megarhynchus (Leptodon), 
332. 

megarnynehus (Begerhi


nus), 332. 
megaspilus (Circus), 62. 
melanaetus (Aquila), 

246. 
melanaetus (Falco), 236, 
302. 
melanobronchos (Falco), 
211. 
melanocephalus (Vultur), 
229. 
melanogenys (Falco), 385. 
melanoleuea (Asturina), 
169. 
meianoleucus (Accipiter), 
156. 
meianoleucus (Astur), 
156. 
meianoleucus (Buteo), 
168, 201, 258. 
meianoleucus (Circus),59, 

61. 
meknoleueus (Cuncuma), 
169. 
meianoleucus (Falco), 
61. 
meianoleucus (Geranoaetus), 
169. 
meianoleucus (Haliaetus), 

169. 
meianoleucus (Hierax), 
368. 
meianoleucus (Micro-
Merax), 368. 
meianoleucus (Hisus)r 

156. 
meianoleucus (Fontoaefcus), 
169. 
meianoleucus (Spizaetus), 
169,259. 
melanoleueus(Spi2aasto), 

258. 
metaoleucus($trigiceps)» 
61. 
melanonota (Asturina), 
218. 
melateonotus (Falco), 236, 
melanops (Accipiter), 
141. 
melanops (Astur), 220. 
melanops (Asturina), 320. 
melanops (Buteo), 2120. 
melanops (DsBdalion), 
220. 
melanops (Falco), 220. 
melanops (Leucopternis), 
220. 
melanops (UrnMtinga), 
22(1. 
xadancg|taiH (Elanns), 

337. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

melanopterus (Falco), 
336, 338. 
melanoschistus (Accipiter), 
132, 135. 
melanosterna (Gypoietinia), 
335. 
melanosternon (Buteo), 

335. 
melanosternon (Gypoictinia), 
335. 
melanostictus (Gyrnnogenys), 
48. 
melanotis (Buteo), 289. 
melanotis (Circaetus), 

285. 
melanotis (Milvus), 324. 
melanotis (Spilomis), 

289. 
melanotus (Buteo), 217. 
meleagrides (Cathartes), 
17. 
meleagris (Vultur), 17. 
Melierax, 80. 
meridionalis (Buteo), 
160. 
meridionalis (Buteogallusi, 
160. 
meridionalis (Circaetus), 

"ML 

meridionalis | Falco), 160. 
meridionalis (Gypaetus), 

229. 230. 
meridionalis (Heferospiziasj, 
1(50. 
meridionalis (Bupornis), 

160. 
meridionalis (Urubittnga), 
160. 
metabates (Astur), 92. 
metabates (Melierax), 92, 
mexicanus (Accipiter)* 

137. 
mexicanus (Falco), 420. 
mexicanus (Hierofalco), 
4m 

mexicanus (Hoiphmis), 

215. 
mexicanus (FnigoMerax)> 
4m 

mexicanus (TIrabitinga), 

215. 
Micrastur, 74. 
Microdactylus, 42. 
Microhieraxj 367. 
micronisus (Astur), 90. 
micrurus (Falco), 377. 
migrans (Falco), 322. 
migrans (Milvus), 322. 
Mifep*gt>. 34. 

Milvaquila, 312. 
milvipes (Falco), 419. 
milvoides (Aqufia), 211. 
milvoides (Haliaetus), 

211. 
milvoides (Morphnus), 
211. 
milvoides (Spizaetus), 
253. 
Milvus, 319. 
milvus (Accipiter), 319. 
milvus (Falco), 319. 
minor (Buteo), 179, 186. 
minor (Elanus), 337. 
minor (Erythropus), 444. 
minor (Falco), 383. 
minor (Pandion), 450. 
minulla (Bleraspiza), 
140. 
minulla (Teraspiza), 140. 
minullus (Accipiter;, 140. 
minullus (FalcoJ, 140. 
minullus (Xisus), 140. 
minullus (Sparvius), 140. 
minuta (Aquila), 2,13. 
minuta (Buteola), 201. 
minutus (Accipiter), 151. 
minutus f Buteo), 201. 
minutus (Fako), 132. 
minutus (Xisus). 114. 
minutus (£parvius), 139. 
mirandollei (A*tur), 76. 
mirandollei (Micrastur), 
76. 
mississipiensis (Falco), 
365. 
mississipiensis (Ictmia), 
365. 
mississipiensis (Miivus), 
365. 
mississipiensis (Hertus), 
365. 
mogiinik (Aquila), 238, 
240, 24L 
mogiinik (Falco), 240. 
.moluocensig (Cerchneis), 

430. 
molucoensis (Falco), 430. 
moluecensis (Tinnunculus)
» 430. 
mctaachm {O&tfaarfcesl 


19. 
monaciius (Heerosyrtes), 
m 

monachos fifeopjsronl 

19. 
mcmacb.us(]P«onopteriis)f 
19. 
monacbus (Vulto)* 3. 
iB0BOgrammicti8 (Accipiter), 
276. 

monogrammicus (Astur), 

275. 
monogrammicus (Falco), 
275. 
monogrammicus (Kaupifalco), 
276, 277. 
monogrammicus (Melierax), 
276, 277. 
monogrammicus (Mieronisus), 
276, 277. 
monogrammicus (Nisus), 

276. 
montagui (Circus), 65. 
montanus (Buteo), 189. 
montanus (Milvago), 
36. 
montanus (Phalcobsenus), 
36. 
moreli (Accipiter), 129. 
moreli (Mieronisus), 129. 
moreli (Nisoides), 129. 
moreli (Nisuoides), 129. 
morelii (Nisus), 129. 
morphnoides (Aquila), 
254. 
morpimoides (Butaetus), 
254. 
morpimoides (Hieraetus), 
254. 
morpimoides (Nisaetus), 
254. 
Morphnus, 222. 
mosehatus (Gyps), 12. 
moschalus (Pseudogyps), 
12. 
mosehatus (Vultur), 12. 
muelleri (Accipiter), 102. 
muelleri (Astur), 102. 
muelleri (Nisus), 103. 
miilleri (Circus), 299. 
murum (Buteo), 186. 
murum (Cerchneis), 425. 
musicus (Accipiter), 87. 
musicus fAstur), 87, 88. 
musicus (Falco), 87. 
musicus (Ierax), 87. 
musicus (Melierax), 87musicus 
(Nisus), 87. 
musicus (Sparvius), 87. 
mutans (Buteo), 186. 
mutans (Falco), 186. 
nasvia (Aquila), 244, 246, 

248. 
naevia, Tar. pallida (Aquila), 
246. 
nsevioides (Aquila), 242. 
nasvius (Falco), 95, 246. 
nanus (Ichthyaetus), 454, 
nanus (Pontoaetus), 454. 
nanus (Spizaetus), 271. 

ALPHABETICAL ISTDEX. 

naso (Carnifex), 75. 
nattereri (Asturina), 208. 
Nauelerus, 318. 
naumanni (Cerchneis), 

435. 
naumanni (Falco), 435. 
Neerosyrtes, 16. 
neglecta (Cerchneis), 
428. 
neglectus (Falco), 428. 
Negriblanco, 75. 
neogasus (Plangus), 458. 
Neophron, 16. 
Neopus, 256. 
Nertus, 364. 
newtoni (Cerchneis), 433. 
newtoni (Falco), 433. 
newtoni (Tinnunculus), 
433. 
niger (Accipiter), 91. 
niger (JEgypius), 3. 
niger (Archibuteo), 197. 
niger (Astur), 91. 
niger (Buteo), 197. 
niger (Falco), 197, 236. 
niger (Oeranospizias), 82. 
niger (Ischnosceles), 82. 
niger (Melierax), 91. 
niger (Mieronisus), 91. 
niger (Milvus), 322, 324. 
niger (Nisus), 91. 
niger (Percnopterus), 19. 
niger (Eosthramus), 328. 
niger (Sparvius), 91. 
niger (Spizaetus), 213. 
niger (Vultur), 3. 
nigra (Aquila), 235. 
nigra (O-eranospiza), 82. 
nigriceps (Falco), 377. 
nigricollis (Busarellus), 
211. 
nigricollis (Buteo), 211. 
nigricollis (Buteogallus), 
211. 
nigricollis (Falco), 211. 
nigricollis( Ichthy oborus), 
211. 
nigricollis (Morphnus), 
211. 
nigripennis (Strigiceps), 
53. 
nigriplumbeu8( Accipiter), 
149. 
niloticus (Melierax), 90. 
nilotieus (Mieronisus), 
90. 
niloticus (Nisus), 90. 
nipalensis (Aquila), 241, 
250. 
nipalensis(Circaetus),287. 
nipalensis (Circus), ^6, 
nipalensis (Limnaetus), 

267. 
nipalensis (Nisaetus), 
267. 
nipalensis (Spizaetus), 
267, 272. 
Nisaetus, 249. 
Nisastur, 456. 
Nisoides, 129. 
nisoides (Accipiter), 151. 
nisosimilis (Falco), 133. 
Nisuoides, 129. 
Nisus, 130. 
nisus (Accipiter), 132. 
nisus (Buteo), 132. 
nisus (Falco), 114, 132, 

141, 147. 
nisus (Haliaetus), 302. 
nisus (Sparvius), 132. 
nisus major (Falco), 

132. 
nisus minor (Falco), 132. 
nitida (Asturina), 203, 
204. 
nitida (Asturisca), 203. 
nitidus (Dn?dalion), 203. 
nitidus (Falco), 203. 
niveus (Astur), 272. 
niveus (Falco), 272. 
niveus (Limnaetus), 272. 
niveus (Morphnus), 272. 
niveus (Nisaetus), 250, 
272. 
niveus (Sparvius), 118. 
niveus (Spizaetus), 272. 
nivicola (Gryps), 8. 
nobilis (Aquila), 236. 
norwegicus (Falco), 416. 
notatus (Elanus), 338. 
Nothierax, 456. 
Nothrophronotes, 223. 
novae hollandias (Astur), 
117, 118, 119. 
novas hollandias (Falco). 

118. 
novas hollandise (Leucospizia), 
118. 
novas zealandiae (Aetriorchis), 
38. 
novas zealandias (Circaetus), 
38. 
novas zealandias (Falco), 
38, 372. 
novas zealandias (Harpa). 

372. 
novae zealandias (Hieracidea), 
372. 
novae zealandias (Hypotriorchis), 
372. 
novas 
zealandias (Morphnus), 
38. 

474 

novae zealandias (Polyborus), 
38. 
noveboracensis (Falco), 

437. 
nubieus (Tultur), 13. 
nudicollis (Falco), 36. 
nudicollis (Milvago), 36. 
nudipes (Gypaetus), 230. 
obscurus (Falco), 409. 

obsoletus (Buteo), 184. 

occidentalis (Gypaetus), 

229. 
occidentalis (Gyps), 6. 
occidentalis (Hieracidea), 
421. 
occipitalis (Falco), 275. 
occipitalis (Harpyia),275. 
occipitalis (Lopboaetus), 
274. 
occipitalis (Lopbogyps), 
15. 
occipitalis (Morpbnus), 
275. 
oceipitalis(Spizaetus), 275. 
occipitalis (Vultur), 15. 
ocbrocepbala (Haliaetus), 
39. 
ochrocepbalus (Milvago), 
39. 
Odontriorcbis, 329. 
CEnops, 25. 
Onychaetus, 256. 
opbiopbaga (Ietinia), 365. 
opbiopbagus (Falco), 365. 
Opbiotberes, 44. 
orientals (JEsalon), 407. 
orientalis (Aquila), 241. 
orientalis (Circaetus),281. 
orientalis (Falco). 376. 
orientalis (Gypaetus),229. 
orientalis(Haliaetus),303. 
orientalis (Hieracidea). 
422. 
orientalis (Serpentarius), 
45. 
orientalis (Spilornis),287. 
orientalis (Spizaetus),267, 
ornata (Harpyia), 263. 
ornatus (Falco), 262. 
ornatus (Morpbnus), 263. 
ornatus (Spizaetus), 263. 
ossifraga (Pbene), 229, 
230. 
ossifragus (Falco), 302, 
305. 
ossifragus (Gypaetus), 
230. 
Otogyps, 15. 
ovivorus (Nisaetus), 257. 
oxypterus (Buteo), 185. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

pacificus (Milvus), 326. 
pallens (Strigiceps), 53. 
pallescens (Gyps), 11. 
palliata (Leucopternis), 

218. 
palliata (TJrubitinga),218. 
palliatus (Buteo), 333. 
palliatus(Falco),218,333. 
pallidtis (Buteo), 296. 
pallidus (Circus), 67. 
pallidus (Erytbropus), 
444. 
pallidus (Falco), 67. 
pallidus (G-laucopteryx), 
67. 
pallidus (Nisaetus), 267. 
pallidus (Spiiornis), 290. 
pallidus (Strigiceps), 67. 
palumbarius (Accipiter), 
96. 
palumbarius (Astur), 95, 
105. 
palumbarius (Buteo), 96. 
palumbarius (Dsedalion), 
95. 
palumbarius (Falco), 95. 
palumbarius (Sparvius), 

95. 
palustris (Circus), 62. 
palustris (Falco), 62.^ 
palustris (Milvus), 459. 
Pandion, 448. 
Pandiones, 448. 
Pannyschistes, 423. 
papa (Catbartes), 22. 
papa (Gypagus), 22. 
papa (Gyparcbus), 22. 
papa (Sarcorbampbus), 
21, 22. 
papa (Tultur), 22. 
Parabuteo, 456. 
paradoxa (Cercbneis),436. 
paradoxus (Astur), 96. 
parasitica (Hydroictinia), 

321. 
parasiticus (Falco), 320. 
parasiticus (Milvus), 321. 
parda (Aquila), 169. 
pectoralis (Accipiter), 121. 
pectoralis (Astur), 121. 
pectoralis (Buteo), 177. 
pectoralis(Circaatus)J282. 
pectoralis (Cooperastur), 
pekinensis (Cercbneis), 

437. 
pekinensis (Erythropus), 
437. 
pekinensis (Ticbornis), 
437. 
pelagica (Aquila), 305. 
pelagicus (Haliaetus),303, 

306. 
pelagicus (Tbalassaetus), 
306. 
pelegrinoides (Faico),386. 
pennata (Aquila), 253. 
pennatus (Butaetus), 253. 
pennatu3 (Buteo), 196. 
pennatus (Falco), 253. 
pennatus (Hieraetus),253. 
pennatus (Xisaetus), 253. 
pennsylvanicus (Accipiter), 
135. 
pennsylvanicus (Astur), 
135^ 193. 
pennsylvanicus (Buteo), 

193. 
pennsylvanicus (Falco), 
135,193. 
pennsylvanicus (3Tisus), 

135. 
percnopsis (Poliornis), 
299. 
Percnopterus, 16. 
percnopterus (Catbartes), 
17. 
percnopterus(Keopbron), 
17, 18. 
percnopterus (Tultur), 5, 

17. 
percontator (Falco), 75. 
peregrinator (Falco), 382. 
peregrinoides(Falco),383» 
-386, 387. 
peregrinus (Falco), 376. 
peregrmus (Nisus), 133. 
perniger(Heteropus),257. 
pemiger (Ictinaetus), 257 . 
perniger (Neopus), 257. 
pernigra (Aquila), 257. 
pernigra (CEnops), 26. 
Pernis, 343. 
persicus (Tultur), 5. 
perspicillaris (Accipiter), 

148. 
perspicillaris (Bsedalion), 
148. 
perspicillaris (Falco), 148. 
pezopora (Aquila), 41. 
pezoporus (Milvago), 41. 
Phateobsenus, 34. 
Pbene, 228. 
pbilippensis (Gypogera-
BUS), 45. 
pbilippinensis (Spizae


picatus (Falco), 217. 
picta (Aquila), 213. 
pictum (Daedalion), 98. 
pileatus (Accipiter), 137, 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

pileatus (Astur), 137. 
pileatus (Cooperastur), 

153. 
pileatus (Falco), 153. 
pileatus (Neophron), 18, 

19. 
pileatus (Nisus), 153. 
pileatus (Vultur), 18. 
piscatrix (Aquila), 449. 
plagiata (Asturina), 204. 
plagiatus (Astur), 204. 
plagiatus (Buteo), 204. 
plancus (Vultur), 31, 38. 
planga (Aquila), 246. 
Plangus, 458. 
planiceps (Archibuteo), 

196. 
planiceps (Pandion), 449. 
platypterus (Sparvius), 

193. 
platyura (Pernis), 345. 
plumbea (Ictinia), 364. 
plumbea (Leucopternis), 

216. 
plumbea (Poecilopteryx), 

364. 
plumbea (Urubitinga), 

216. 
plumbeus (Buteo), 364. 
plumbeus (Falco), 364. 
plumbeus (Haliaetus), 

452. 
plumbeus (Nertus), 364. 
plumbeus (Bosthramus), 

459. 
Plumipeda, 259. 
plumipes (Archibuteo), 

180. 
plumipes (Buteo), 180. 
plumipes (Circus), 180, 
plumipes {Falco), 196. 
Pnigohierax, 410. 
pcecilonotus (Buteo), 217. 
pceeilonotus (Faloo), 217. 
pcecilonotus (Leucopternis), 
217. 
Poecilopteryx, 364. 
Pcecilornis, 423. 
pojana (Falco), 186. 
Polioaetus, 452. 
poliocephalus (Accipiter), 

117. 
poliocephalus (Nisus), 117. 
poliogaster (Accipiter), 

120. 
poliogaster (Astur), 120, 

201. 
poliogaster (Asturina), 

120. 
poliogaster(Cooperastur), 

poliogaster (Falco), 120. 
poliogaster (Nisus), 120. 
poliogenys (Astur), 297. 
poliogenys (Buteo), 297. 
poliogenys (Falco), 297. 
poliogenys (Poliornis), 

297. 
Poliohierax, 369. 
polionota (Leucopternis), 

218. 
polionotus (Buteo), 218. 
polioparejus (Accipiter), 

poliopsis (Accipiter), 

110. 
poliopsis (Astur), 110. 
poliopsis (Micronisus), 

457. 
poliopterus (Circus), 57. 
poliopterus (Melierax), 

88. 
Poliornis, 294. 
poliosomus (Buteo), 

171. 
polyagrus (Falco), 420. 
Polyborinas, 30. 
Polyboroides, 47. 
Polyborus, 31. 
polyosoma (Astur), 171. 
polyosoma (Buteo), 172. 
polyosoma (Falco), 171. 
Polypteryx, 2. 
polyzonoides (Accipiter), 
99, 113, 140. 
polyzonoides (Astur),113. 
polyzonoides (Micronisus), 
113. 
polyzonus (Accipiter), 

99. 
polyzonus (Astur), 88. 
polyzonus (Falco), 88. 
polyzonus (Melierax), 88. 
polyzonus (Nisus), 88,99, 

113. 
pomarina (Aquila), 246. 
pondicerianus (Dentiger), 

313. 
pondicerianus (Falco), 
313, 314. 
pondicerianus (Milvus), 

313. 
pondicerianus(Haliaetos), 

314. 
pondicerianus(Haliastur), 

313. 
pondicerianus (Hemi


gyps)>.14' _. . 
pondicerianus (Ictmoaetus), 
313. 
pondicerianus (Otogyps)7 

14. 

pondicerianus (Vultur), 

14. 
ponticerianus (Falco), 

315. 
ponticerianus (Haliastur), 

oi.o. 

Pontoaetus, 301. 
pratorum (Circus), 65. 
pratorum (Strigiceps), 65. 
princeps (Buteo), 220. 
princeps (Leucopternis), 

220. 
princeps (Urubitinga), 

220. 
Pseudaetus, 249. 
Pseudastur, 212. 
Pseudogryphus, 455. 
Pseudogyps, 11. 
Pternura, 259. 
Pteroaetus, 232. 
Pterochalinus, 343. 
Pterocircus, 50. 
pterocles (Buteo), 162. 
pterocles (Falco), 162. 
pterocles(Tachytriorchis), 

162. 
Pterolestes, 458. 
ptilonorhynchus (Falco), 

347. 
ptilonorhynchus (Pernis), 

347. 
pucherani (Astur), 206. 
pucherani (Asturina), 205, 

206. 
pucherani (Cymindis), 

330. 
pulcher (Nisaetus), 267. 
pulcher (Spizaetus), 267. 
punctata (Aquila), 243. 
punctata (Cerchneis), 

434. 
punctatus (Falco), 434. 
punctatus (Tinnunculus), 

434. 
punctatus (Spizaetus), 

248. 
punicus (Falco), 386. 
Pygargus, 50. 
pygargus (Aquila), 305. 
pygargus (Circus), 53,64. 
pygargus (Falco), 52, 64. 
71, 302, 304. 
pygargus (Strigiceps), 53. 
pygmseus (Buteo), 297. 
pyrrhogenys (Buteo), 297. 
pyrrhogenys (Poliornis), 

297. 

Eacama, 312. 
radama (Falco), 383. 
raddei (Falco), 445. 

radiata (Urospiza), 159. 

radiatus (Accipiter), 159. 

radiatus (Astur), 126,159. 

radiatus (Circaetus), 48. 

radiatus (Falco), 126,159. 

radiatus (Gyinnogenys), 

48. 
radiatus (Nisus), 48, 49, 
159. 
radiatus (Polyboroides), 
48. 
radiatus (Sparvius), 159. 
radiatus (Urospizias), 
159. 
radiatus (Yultur), 48. 
raniYorus (Circus), 71. 
ranivorus (Falco), 71. 
ranivorus (Pygargus), 71. 
rapax (Aquila), 242. 
rapax (Falco), 242. 
raptor (Aquila), 242. 
rayi (Astur), 117. 
rayi (Leucospiza), 118. 
regalis (Accipiter), 322. 
regalis (Aquila), 236. 
regalis (Archibuteo), 199. 
regalis (Falco), 97, 224. 
regalis (Milvus), 320. 
BegerMnus, 329. 
regia (Aquila), 236. 
regulus (TEsalon), 407. 
regulus (Falco), 406. 
reinwardti (Avicida), 358. 
reinwardti (Baza), 358. 
reinwardti (Lophotes), 
358. 
religiosus (Falco), 397. 
reptiliyorus (Gypogeranus), 
45. 
reptiliyorus (Secretarius), 

45. 
reptilivorus (Serpentarius), 
45. 
Khinogryphus, 455. 
rhodogaster (Accipiter), 

145. 
rhodogaster (Nisus), 146. 
rhodogaster (Teraspiza), 
146. 
Rhynchomegus, 74. 
richardsonii (Falco), 408. 
richardsonii (Hypotriorchis), 
408. 
ricordi (Cathartes), 26. 
riocouri (Chelidopteryx), 

318. 
riocouri (Elanoides), 318. 
riocouri (Elanus), 318. 
riocouri (Falco), 318. 
riocouri (Milvus), 318. 
riocouri (Nauclerus), 318. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

riparia (Aquila), 238. 
Rosthramus, 327. 
rotundicauda (Milvus ?), 

313 
ruber (Falco), 382. 
ruber (Milvus), 320. 
rubeus (Falco), 389. 
rubricollis (Accipiter), 

rubricollis (Msus), 144. 
rubripes (Falco), 444. 
rubriventer (Aquila), 250. 
rueppellii (Astur), 112. 
rueppelli (Gjps), 9. 
rueppellii (Micronisus), 

112. 
rufa (Baza), 359. 
rufescens (Falco), 426. 
ruficauda (Asturina), 205. 
ruficauda (Cerchneis), 
436. 
ruficaudus (Accipiter), 
188. 
ruficeps (Cerchneis), 436. 
ruficollis (Cathartes), 2Q. 
ruficollis (Ciiicquera),404. 
ruficollis (Climacocercus), 
77. 
ruficollis (Falco), 404. 
rufieollis (Hvpotriorehis), 
404. 
ruficollis (Micrastur), 76. 
ruficollis (Jfisus), 77. 
ruficollis i CEnops), 27. 
ruficollis (Pernis), 347. 
ruficollis (Sparvius), 76. 
rufifrons (Chondrohierax), 
341. 
rufifrons (Falco), 341. 
rufifrons (2vertus), 341. 
rufigularis (Falco), 401. 
rufigularis (Hypotrior


chis), 401. 
rufinus (Buteo), 176,179. 
rufinus (Falco), 176. 
rufipectus (Circaetus), 

291. 
rufipectus sulaensis (Circaetus), 
292. 
rufipectus (Spilorais),291. 
rufipedoides (Falco), 397. 
rufipennis (Butastur).299. 
rufipennis (Buteo), 299. 
rufipennis (Poliomis), 

299. 
rufipes (Falco), 443. 
rufipes (Harpagus), 362. 
rufipes (Pannychistes), 
44o. 
rufipes (Tinnunculus), 

rufitinctus (Spizaetus), 

105. 
rufitorques (Accipiter), 
rufitorques (Astur), 121. 
rufitorques (Xisusi 103, 

122. 
rufiventer (Bidens), 362. 
rufiventer (Buteo), 179. 
rufiventris (Accipiter), 
148. 
rufiventris (Xibus), 148. 
rufulus (Astur), 160. 
rufulus (Circus), 160. 
rufus (Buteo), 69. 
rufus t Circus), 69. 
rufus (Falco), 69, 443. 
rufus (Pygargus), 69. 
rupicola (Cerchneis), 
429. 
rupicolseformis (Falco), 
426. 
rupicoloides (Cerchneis), 
432. 
rupicoloides (Falco,, 432. 
rupicoloides (Tinnunculus 
, 432. 
rupicoliis f Falco), 429. 
rupicolus (Tinnunculus), 

429. 
Bupornis, 202. 
ruppellii (Vultur), 9. 
russicus (Milvus), 322. 
rutherfordi (Circaetus). 
2811. 
rutherfordi (Spiiornis), 


289. 
rutilans (Asturina), 160. 
rutilans (Buteo), 160. 
rutilans (Circus), 160. 
rutilans (Falco), 160. 
rutilans fHypomorphnus), 
160. 
Eypornis, 202. 


saeer (Cathartes), 22. 
sacer (Falco), 417. 
sacer (Gennaia), 418. 
sacer (Sarcorhamphus). 

22. 
sacra (Tultur), 22. 
saker (Hierofalco), 417. 
sancti johannis (Archibuteo), 
197. 
sancti johannisfButaetes). 

197. 
sancti johannis (Buteo), 
197\ 

sancti johannis (Falco), 

" 197. 
saqer (Falco), 418. 

Sarcorbamphus, 20. 
Sariama, 42. 
satrapa (Nisus), 140. 
saurophaga (Cariama),43. 
Scelospiza, 92. 
scbistaeea (Asturina),216. 
sohistacea (Leucopternis), 

216. 
schistacea (Urubitinga), 

216. 
sebistaceus (Buteo), 216. 
sclavonicus (Falco), 196. 
seotoptera (Asturina), 

218. 
scotoptera(Leucopternis), 

218. 
scotopterus (Buteo), 218. 
scriptus (Elanus), 340. 
seutarius (Accipiter), 109. 
Secretarius, 44. 
secretarius (Astur), 45. 
secretarius (Otis), 45. 
secretarius (Sagittarius), 

45. 
secretarius(Serpentarius), 

45. 
secretarius (Vultur), 45. 
semiplumbea (Leucopternis), 
220. 
semiplumbea (Urubitinga), 
220. 
semiplumbeus (Buteo), 

220. 
semitorquatus (Climacocereus;, 
75. 
semitorquatus (Falco), 


370. 
semitorquatus (Hypotriorohis), 
370. 
semitorquatus (Micrastur), 
75. 
semitorquatus (Poliobierax), 
370. 
semitorquatus (Sparvius), 

75. 
senegala (Aquila), 242. 
senegalensis (Falco), 275. 
Senex, 34. 
septentrionalis (Buteo), 

186. 
septentrionalis (Catbartes), 
26. 
Serpentarius, 44. 
serpentarius (Falco), 45. 
serpentarius (Gypogeranus), 
45. 
serpentarius (Sagittarius), 

45. 
serpentarius (Vultur), 45. 
serieeus (Falco), 369. 
sericeus (Hierax), 369. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

severus (Falco), 309. 
severus (Hypotriorcbis), 

397. 
sexfasciatus (Accipiter), 

154. 
sexfasciatus (Astur), 154. 
sexfasciatus (Nisus), 154. 
shabeen (Falco), 382. 
sibirious (Falco), 407. 
skotopterus (Falco), 218. 
smirillus (Falco), 407. 
smithii (Astur), 156. 
srnithii (Falco), 432. 
sociabilis (Herpetotheres), 

327. 
sociabilis (Ibycter), 328. 
sociabilis (Eosthramus), 

328. 
solitaria (Urubitornis), 

222. 
solitarius (Circaetus),222. 
solitarius (Pandion), 452. 
soloensis (Accipiter), 114. 
soloensis (Astur), 114. 
soloensis (Dasdalion), 114. 
soloensis (Falco), 114. 
soloensis (Micronisus), 

114. 
soloensis (Nisus), 114. 
soloensis (Tacbyspiza), 

114. 
sonnini (Falco), 222. 
sonnini (Morphnus), 222, 
spadiceus (Buteo), 197. 
sparverioides (Cercbneis), 

443. 
sparverioides (Falco),443. 
sparverioides (Pcecilornis), 
443. 
sparverioides (Tinnunculus),
443. 
sparverius (Bidens), 439. 
sparverius (Cercbneis), 

438. 
sparverius (Falco), 437. 
sparverius (Poecilornis), 


438. 
sparverius (Tinnunculus), 

437. 
Sparvius, 92. 
apectabilis (Astur), 279. 
spectabilis (Dryotriorcbis), 
279. 
spbenurus (Accipiter), 90, 
111, 112. 
spbenurus (Astur), 112. 
spbenurus (Falco), 112. 
spbenurus (Haliaetus), 
307, 316. 
spbenurus (Haliastur), 

316. 

sphenurus(Melierax), 112. 
spbenurus (Micronisus), 

112. 
spbenurus (Milvus), 316. 
spbenurus (Nisus), 112. 
spbinx (Spizaetus), 261. 
Spilocircus, 50. 
spilogaster (Hsematornis), 
289, 291. 
spilogaster (Nisaetus), 

spilogaster (Pseudaetus), 

252. 
spilogaster (Spilornis), 

289. 
spilogaster (Spizaetus), 

252. 
spilonotus (Circus), 58. 
Spilornis, 287. 
Spizaetus, 259. 
spixii (Spizaetus), 264. 
Spizacircus, 50. 
Spiziapteryx, 371. 
Spiziastur, 258. 
Spizigeranus, 212. 
stanleyi (Cooperastur), 

137. 
stanleyi (Falco), 137. 
stenozona (Baza), 358. 
stercorarius (Vultur), 17. 
stevensoni(Accipiter),151. 
strenuus (Nisaetus), 250. 
striatulus (Astur), 456. 
striatus (Accipiter), 135. 
striatus (Nisus), 135,147. 
striatus (Sparvius), 135. 
Strigiceps, 50. 
strigiceps (Falco), 52. 
strigilatus (Gymnops),39. 
strigilatus (Pandion), 34. 
Stringonyx, 342. 
striolatus (Astur), 203. 
striolatus (Falco), 203. 
stropbiatus (Arcbibuteo), 

199. 
strophiatus (Hemiaetos), 

199. 
subalpinus (Gypaetus), 

229. 
subbuteo (Dendrofalco), 

395. 
subbuteo (Falco), 395. 
subbuteo frontatus 
(Falco), 397. 
subbuteo (Hypotriorcbis), 

395. 
subcristata (Avicida), 357. 
subcristata (Baza), 357. 
subcristata (Lepidogenys), 

357. 
subcristatus (Pernis), 357. 

>478 

subnsevia (Aquila), 246. 
subniger (Falco), 394. 
subniger (Hierofalco), 

395. 
subniger (Sparvius), 139. 
substriata (Aquila), 242. 
subtypicus (Accipiter), 

133. 
suekleyi (Falco), 459. 
sulaensis (Accipiter), 146. 
sulaensis (Circaetus), 292. 
sulaensis ($"isus), 146. 
sulaensis (Spilornis), 292. 
sulaensis (Uraspiza), 146. 
sultaneus (Falco), 382. 
sumatrensis (Avicida), 

357. 
sumatrensis (Baza), 357. 
superba (Plumipeda), 263. 
superbus (Falco), 263. 
superciliaris (Asturina), 

219. ^ 
superciliaris (Circus), 67. 
superciliaris (Leucop terms), 
219. 
superciliosus (Acei|3iter), 

139. 
superciliosus (Circus), 62. 
swainsoni (Buteo), 184. 
swainsoni (Elanus), 341. 
swainsoni (Grampsonyx), 

340. 
swainsoni (Strigiceps). 67. 
swainsonii (Circus), 67. 
syama (Baza), 352. 
syama (Hytiopus), 352. 
sykesii (Circus), 69. 
sylvestris (Accipiter), 104. 
sylveatris {Astur), 104. 

taehardus (Buteo), 179, 

345. 
taehardus (Falco), 179. 
taehardus (Pernis), 345. 
tachiro (Accipiter), 99. 
tachiro (Astur), 99. 
tachiro (Buteo), 99. 
tachiro (Falco}, 99. 
tachiro (Micronisus), 99. 
tachiro (Nisus), 99, 
Tachyspiza, 92. 
Taehyfcriorchfs, 161. 
tseniura (Cerchneis), 425. 
taeniurus (Polyborus), 85. 
tseniurus (Bosthramus), 

328. 
tanypterus (Falco)* 391. 
tanypteras(Gtennaia),391. 
teesa (Butastur), 295, 
teesa (Buteo), 295. 
t^eaa (Circ«f^95. 
teesa (Poliorais), 295. 

ALPHiJBETICii INBEX. 

temerarius (Falco), 409. 
ternminclm (Astur), 156. 
tenuiceps (Yultur), 10. 
tenuirostris (Gryps), 10,12. 
Tei*aspiza, 130. 
Terathopius, 299. 
testaceus (Astur), 159. 
Thalassoaetus, 301. 
tlurus (Falco), 31. 
tharus (Polyborus), 31, 
32, 33. 
thermophilus (Falco), 

393. 
thoracieus (Circaetus), 


282. 
thoracieus (Falco), 282, 


401. * 
Thrasaetus, 223. 
tibialis (iEsalon), 405. 
tibialis (Astur), 108. 
Tiehornis, 423. 
tinnuncula (Cerchneis), 

425. 
tinnuncularius (Falco), 


435. 
tinmmculoides (Falco), 


435. 
Tinnunculus, 374. 
tinnunculus (Faleo), 425. 
tinnunculus (Tinnunculus), 
425. 
tinus (Accipiter), 139. 
tinus (Falej), 139. 
tinus (Hieraspizia), 130. 
tinus (Ieraspiza), 139. 
tinus (Kisus), 139. 
tinus (Teraspiza), 139. 
Tolmaetus, 249. 
torquata (Pernis), 347. 
torquata (Uraspiza), 125. 
torquata (Urospiza), 141. 
torquatus (Accipiter), 125, 

141. 
torquatus (Astur), 125. 
torquatus (Elanus), 341. 
torquatus (Falco), 125. 
torquatus (Klaus), 104, 

125. 
torquatus (Urospizia), 

125. 
tousseneli (Nisus), 101. 
toussenelii (Accipiter \ 

101. 
toussenelii (Astur), 101. 
tracheliotus (Yultur), 13. 
trenealos (Tultur), 5. 
tricolor (Buteo), 162,172. 
tricolor (Urospizia), 159. 
trinotata (Erythrospiza), 

trinotatus (Accipiter), 

101. 

trinotatus (Astur), 101. 
trinotatus (Xisus), 102. 
trinotatus (SparYius), 102. 
Triorehes, 448. 
Triorchis, 195. 
trivirgatum (Dsedaiion), 


105. 
trivirgatus (Astur), 105. 
trivirgatus (Falco j , 105. 
trivirgatus (Lophospizia), 

105. 
trivirgatus (Xisus), 105. 
Turumtia, 374. 
typieus (Polyboroides), 

48. 
typieus (Serpentarius), 48. 
typus (Chicquera), 403. 
typus (Helotarsus). 300. 
tyrannus (Aquila), 264. 
tyrannus (Astur). 2G4. 
tyrannus (Falco), 264. 
tyrannus (llorplinus), 

264. 
tyrannus \Pternura i, 26 L 
tyrannus (Spizaetus;. 264. 

uliginosus (Circus*, 55. 
idioino^us i.Strigiceps), 


55. 
uneinatus (Cyioindis., 


330. 
uneinatus (Falco), 330. 
uneinatus (Leptodou), 


330. 
uneinatus (Begerhinus), 
330, 333. 
uneinatus (Eostliramus), 


330. 
undulata (Spilornis), 287. 
undulatus (Circaetus), 
287, 289. 
undulatus (Bfematomis). 

287. 
unduliventer (Falco), 99. 
unduliventer (Xisus), 99. 
unduliventris (Accipiter), 

uniexnek (Astoina), 85. 
unicineta(ErytIirocnema)» 

85. 
unieiaota (Umfoifcinga), 

85. 
Tinicinctos (A&tefior),456. 
unicinctus ( Astur),85,215, 
unfoinotus (Buteo), 85. 
anicioctus (Craxxrex), 85. 
miicinctus (Faleo), 8o. 
unicinetus (Hypomorphnus)* 
85. 
unicinetus (Morphnus), 

85. 
unicinetus (ffisus), 85. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

unicinctus (Spizageranus), 

85. 
unicolor (Aquila), 248. 
unicolor (Buteo), 172. 
unicolor (Falco), 446. 
unicolor (Haliaetus), 452. 
unicolor (Limnaetus), 
248, 272. 
urbicola (Cathartes), 26. 
Uroaetus, 231. 
TJrospizias, 159. 
Urotriorehis, 83. 
Urubitinga, 84, 212. 
urubitinga (Aquila), 213. 
urubitinga (Asturina), 

urubitinga (Buteo), 214. 

urubitinga (Catharista), 

28. 
urubitinga(Cathartes),27, 

28. 
urubitinga (Falco), 213. 
urubitinga (Harpyia), 

213. 
urubitinga (Hypomorphnus), 
213. 
urubitinga (CEnops), 28. 
Urubitornis, 221. 
urubu (Cathartes), 24. 
urubu (Perenopterus), 24. 
urubu (Vultur), 24. 
urutaurana (Aquila), 263. 

variabilis (Aquila), 344. 
variabilis (Buteo), 186. 
variatus (Nisus), 154, 
variegata (Aquila), 242. 
variegatus (Circus), 52, 
55, 69. 
variegatus (Falco), 186. 
variegatus (Spizaetus), 

222. 
varius (Buteo), 172. 
velox (Accipiter), 135. 
velox (Astur), 135. 
velox (Falco), 135. 
ventralis (Accipiter), 149. 
ventralis (Buteo), 188. 
verreauxi (Aquila),, 234. 
verreauxii (Astur), 156. 
verreauxii (Avicida), 353, 

354. 
verreauxii (Baza), 354. 
verreauxii (Nisus), 156. 
verreauxii (Pteroaetus), 


235. 

vesparum (Pernis), 345. 
vespertina (Cercbneis), 

443. 
vesperfcinus (Erythropus), 

443. 
vespertinus (Falco), 443. 
vespertinus (Tinnunculus), 
444. 
vieillotinus (Falco), 135. 
vindhiana (Aquila), 243. 
virgata (Teraspiza), 151. 
virgatus (Accipiter), 114, 

150. 
virgatus (Falco), 150. 
virgatus (Hieraspiza), 151. 
virgatus (Micronisus), 

151. 
virgatus (Nisus), 150. 
vittata (Aquila), 248. 
vittieaudus (Cyniindis), 

330. 
vittieaudus (Falco), 330. 
vocifer (Cuncuma), 310. 
vocifer (Falco), 310. 
vocifer (Haliaetus), 310. 
vocifer (Pontoaetus), 310, 
vocifera (Aquila), 310. 
voeiferator (Haliaetus), 

311. 
vociferoides (Haliaetus), 

311. 
vociferus (Buteo), 337. 
vociferus (Falco), 336. 
vulgaris (Buteo), 179, 
181, 184, 186. 
vulgaris (Caracara), 32. 
vulgaris (Gyps), 5, 9. 
vulgaris (Milvus), 320. 
vulgaris (Polyborus), 31. 
vulgaris (Vultur), 3, 5. 
vulgaris, var. capensis 
(Buteo), 179. 
vulgaris, var. etrusca 
(Buteo), 186. 
vulgaris, var. obscura 
(Buteo), 186. 
vulgaris japonicus 
(Buteo), 180. 
vulpinus (Buteo), 179. 
Vultur, 2. 
Vulturidae, 2. 
vulturina (Aquila), 235, 

242. 
vulturina (Pteroaetus), 

235. 
vulturinus (Cathartes) ,29. 

wahlbergii (Aquila), 245. 
wallacii (Astur), 128. 
washingtonianus (Falco), 

305. 
wasbingtonii (Falco), 305. 
"washingtonii (Haliaetus), 

305. 
washingtonii (Pandion), 

wiedii (Aquila), 250. 
wiedii (Aquilastur), 250. 
wilsoni (Buteo), 193. 
wilsoni (Falco), 193. 
wilsoni (Leptodon), 333. 
wilsoni (Pcecilopternis), 

193. 
wilsonii (Cymindis), 333. 
wilsonii (Kegerhinus), 

333. 
wolfi (Circus), 72. 

xanthonyx (Falco), 435. 
xanthothorax (Astur), 76. 
xanthothorax (Chimacocercus), 
77. 
xanthothorax (Falco), 70. 
xanthothorax (Herpetotheres), 
77. 
xanthothorax (Micrastur), 
76, 79. 
xanthothorax (Nisus), 76. 

yetapa (Elanoides), 317. 
yetapa (Falco), 317. 

zonarius (Accipiter), 100. 
zonarius (Micronisus), 

99. 
zonarius (Nisus), 100. 
zoniventris (Cerchneis), 

447. 
zoniventris (Dissodectes), 

447. 
zoniventris (Falco), 447. 
zoniventris (Hypotriorchis), 
447. 
zonocercus (Buteo), 163. 
zonothorax (Climacocercus), 
79. 
zonothorax (Micrastur), 

79. 
zonura (Urubitinga), 213, 

214. 
zonurus (Circaefcus), 285. 
zonurus (Falco), 213. 
zonurus (Spizaetus), 252. 

Printed by TAYLOR and PBANCIS, Eed Lion Court, Fleet Street. 

LIST OF PLATES. 


Plate 
Gyps kolbi I. 
(Enops falklandica Fig. 11 J J 
urubitinga «, Pig. 2 i 
Astur macroscelides III. 
soloensis• cuculoides 
Pig. 1 \;} Kg. 2. 
yy 
• wallaeii V. 
tousseneliiAccipiter bartlaubi 
Fig. 1\} Fig. 2 
y j 
Buteo plumipes Fig. 11 yj j 
Arcbibuteo stropbiatus Fig. 2 J 
Buteo ferox YIIL 
Spilornis pallidus IX. 
Baza magnirostris Fig. 11 -^ 
erytbrotborax Fig. 2 J 
snmatrensis Fig. 11 ™ 
cuculoides .*.... Fig. 2 i 
Falco minor XII. 
Merofalco bolboeUi XIII. 
Cercbneis alopex Fig. 1 1 -^jy 
zoniventris Fig. 2 / 

Ph. I. 

Keulemans doi. Mmterii Bros. Lith. 

Gyps Itolbi 

TJ.IL 

Mntern Bros. lath 

Keuiemans del. 

1. (Envps fcdkhxrubbccu. 
2 „ Tjruhvtxjigcu. 
J?b.lll. 

K&ulemans del. - MmtemBros Litti. 

Astur macroscelules • 

M,W. 


A, 


Keulemans del. 

/ Astjjj-svleerwis. 
%: » cuculoides. 

Ph. V. 

Hi 

m 

Keulemans del. Mintern Bros. Lith 

^Astur walLacuj. 

PI. VI. 

Mmtern Bros.Lith. 

Keulemans del. 

LAjstar" tousse/uzZiz/ 
2.Accipiti>r 7ixcr£lajit>v 

J>1. Ml. 

Keulemans del. 

Mmtern Bros .Lith 

1. -Buteo phimipee. 
2. Arckihuubw strophicuhz 
PI MIL 

Keuiemans del 

Mmtern Eros .Lith. 

But co fero-r. 

PI.IX. 


Mintern Bros.lith. 

Keulemans del. 

Spilvrnzs pallidas. 

Pl.X. 

KeulerriE 

Lnn+ern Bors.lrth. 

I.Haxa/ mx^gnxrostrts. 

2. „ eryiJirothoraw. 
Pl.XI. 

Mrntem Bros. Lith 

Keulemans del. 

JBa%cu sxuncdrensis. 
„ cjxculoixles. 

pb.jni. 

' 1V * 

4 * i -' 

I.I' 

4 % I * 



,^ 


Mint era Bros. lith 

Keiiemans del 

Falco minor. 

TlJilll. 

Keulemans del. Mmtern Bros. Lith. 

Hi orritfi I s>n li nlhnsi]li i 

PL. XIV. 

Keulemans del. Mintern Bros. lith". 

1. Cerehneis alopeay. 
Z. ,, xoniventris. 
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