Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum Volume II London 1875 eBooks von / from Digitalisiert von / Digitised by Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin ?" CATALOGUE y < BIRDS BRITISH MUSEUM. VOLUME II. LONDONPRINTED BY ORDER OP THE TRUSTEES. 1875. INTRODUCTION. THE total number of the species of Owls is now about 190. The Bntibh Museum contains 153, so that 37 are still wanting to complete the collection; the specific distinction of perhaps 10 of these is dubious, The exact number of specimens of Btriges enumerated in this \oIume is 1090. Besides the series acquired by the purchase of Mr. A. E. "Wallace's collection, which contained many species before unrepresented, in addition to numerous types, no great collections of Owls have been obtained by the British Museum, as there is always great difficulty in procuring specimens of these birds. The list of desiderata, however, has been considerably decreased by purchases, as well as presents from the following gentlemen:—Viscount "Walden, Lord lilford, Baron A. von Hiigel, Major Hayes Lloyd, Captain (jr. E. Shelley, Professor Sehlegel, Messrs. John Gould, W. Wilson Saunders, Osbert Salvin, Howard Saunders, Dr. B. Hinde, Messrs. T\ E. Buckley, H. E. Blissett, and A. Bouvier. The special thanks of the author for valuable assistance and loan of specimens are due to Viscount Walden, Captain Shelley, Br. Otto Finseh, Messrs..Salvin and Godman, Howard Saunders, R. Swinhoe, Herr C. GodefTroy, of Hamburgh, Count Salvador!, of Turin; but, above all, to Mr. Allan Hume, who was so kind as to send to England a complete series of the smaller Indian Owls, including the types of many species not yet represented in European museums. The authorities of the Norwich Museum have also forwarded to London all the specimens which it was necessary to examine, including some of the rarest species. Vlll INTRODUCTION. As in the former volume, the affixes to the names of the persons from whom the specimens were obtained may be explained as follows :—" [P.] " means " Presented by ; " " [C] " = " Collected by ;" " [E.J " = " Obtained by exchange." Where Done of the above signs are used, the specimens were purchased. ft. E. oHARPE. British Museum, Nov. 22, 187f>. SYSTEMATIC Suborder STRIGES. Pam. BTJBONID^E). Subfam. BUBONINJE. 1. Ketupa, Less 1. ceylonensis, Gm 2. ftWtp^&odgs 3. javanensis, Less 2. Scolopelia,*Bpl.^Bp% ussheri, Sharpe 3. bouvieri, Sharpe 3. Bubo, Cuvier.... 1. ignavus, Forst a. ignavus., Forst Page 4 4 5 8 9 10 11 11 12 14 14 8. turcomanus, Fversm.. 17 2. virgjnianus, Gm 19 3. ascHapbus, Savign 24 4. bengaleasis, FranM..... 25 {\ 5. ca/pensisj Smith 27 6. magellanicus, Gm 29 7. irfacuToOTa V. 30 8. cinerascens, Gue'r 32 9. lacteus. Temm 33 10. cor^maftdus, Steph 35 11. simlley^ mm-pe $ Ussher 37 12. rripalensis, Hodgs 37 13. p^iEoralis, Jerd. 38 14. orientalis, Ho?msf. 39 15. leucostictus, Marti 41 16. poensis^ j£fm«r 42 17. philippinensis, Kaup .. 43 4. Scops, Savign. • 43 1. giu, Scop 47 a. giu, Scop 47 /S. capensi|| Smith .... 52 y. hen&ersoni, Cass 52 d. pennatus, Hodgs 53 c. stictonotus, Sharpe ., 54 £ jaf oniciis, T. fy S. .. 56 ij, malayanus, Hay .... 58 6. rufipennis, Sharpe .. 60 t. bruciij Hume 62 VOL. n. INDEX. Page 2. leucopsis, Hartl 311 3. spilocepbalus, Blyth.... 63 a. spilocepbalus, Blyth.. 63 /3. bambroecki, Swinh. .. 64 4. gymnopodus, Kaup.... 65 5. sunia, Hodgs 67 6. novse zealandiae, Bp. .. 43 7. megalotis, Walden 69 8. magicus, S. Mull 70 a. magicu^, S. Mull 70 /3. leucospilus, Gray.... 72 y. bburuensis, Sharpe .. 73 d. morotensis, Sharpe .. 75 e. menadensis^ Q. fy G. . 76 f. siaoensis", ""fichl 78 rj. albiventris, Sharpe .. 78 6. rutilus, BucJier 9. sjmml^Wall 10. semitorques, T. fy S. .. a. semitorques, T.fyS... /3. plumipes, Hume .... 11. lettia, Hodgs a. le^gj, Hodgs/3. elegans, Cass y. er^throcampa, Swinh, »] 12. lempiji, Horsf. a. lgimcrin, JBtorsf. 0. ulmDratilis, Swinh. .. y. malabaricus, Jerd. .. 13. leucoti^ Temm 14. sagittatus, Cass 15. bfili, Hume 16. modestus, Walden .... 17. podarginus, H.fyF..... 18. rufescens^ Horsf. 80 82 83 83 85 85 85 87 89 91 91 93 94 97 98 100 101 313 102 19. icl;eroxEyncbus, Shelley.. 103 20.flammeolu§Kaup .... 21. barbarus, Scl Sf Salv. .. 22. brasilianus, Gm cc. bmsilianua^^m/3. ustus^TSSTT. y. guatemalsp; Sharpe .. 23. asio/X. I!? b 105 107 108 108 Ill 112 114 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page a. asio, Lj3.*e5mcotti, Elliot .... y. floridanus, Ridgw. . . b. enano, Ridgiv e. trichopsis, Wagl. .... 24 crisTatus, Baud 25. stricklandi, Scl. Sf Salv. 5. NycTea, Steph*• 1. scandiaca, L 6. Surm^Bumer 1. ulula, Z .arym&xL /3. funerea", L 7. Carine - 1. noctua, Scop a. noctua, ScopjS. glaux, Savign y. plumipes, Swinli 2. spilogastra, Heugl .... 3. brama, Temm "I a. brama, Temm /3. pulchra, Hume 8. Heteroglaux, Hume 1. blewitti, Hume 9. Speotyto, Gloger 0 1. cpiQulaaa4 Mol ^ 2. guadeloupensis, Ridgzo. 10, Gymnasio, BpQ 1. nudipes, Baud. 2. laWencii. $c£ <§* Salv, .. 11. NmoxTlK^s 1. lugubris, Tick 2. oMm^Beavan 3. scutulata, Raffl. 4. ocbracea, Schl 5. pbilippensis, JBp 6. boobook? Lath a. boobook, Lath j8. oceUata,J3r.*J". ... .7.fusca,F.....; 8. novae zealandize, Gm. .. 9. maculata, V.fyH. 10. diniorpha, Salvad. 11. C2pissn& £«& 12. xuTistrigata, Gray 13. obscura, Hume 14. theomacha, Bp 15. strenua, Gould 16. numeralis, H.SrJ. 17. aruensis, Schl. 18. franseni, Schl 19. superciliaris, V. 20. puncJuTatC Q. 8r G 21. hYj^jraajnma, Gray 22. squamfpHa,l?£> 23. variegata, Q. 8r G .... .... .... .... . 114 117 118 118 119 122 124 125 125 129 129 129 131 132 133 133 135 137 138 138 138 140 141 141 142 142 147 149 149 150 151 154 155 156 167 167 168 168 170 172 173 174 175 1^5 177 177 178 178 180 181 181 181 182 183 184 185 24. bantu, Wall 18o 25. tomiata, II. $ J. 186 12. Sceloglaux, Kaitp 187 1. albifacies^ Gray 187 13. Glauciaimn, Bote 188 1. nanum; King 190 2. passerinum, L 191 G 3. &fi~pf0rb 193 4. glioma, Wagler 194 5. griseiceps, Sharpe 196 G. ^unailum, Temm 198 7. cobanense, Sharpe 199 8. ferox, V. 200 a. fexpx, T\ 200 (3. plialsenoides, Baud... 203 y. ndgwayi,*Sharpe .... 205 9. jardinujj?;? 207 10. ipejlatun^ V. 209 11. teplironotum, Sharpe .. 211 12. bjrodiei, Burt 212 13. pardalotum, Sioinh 214 14. sylvaticum, Mull 215 15. castanonotum, Blyth . . 215 16. castanopterum, Horsf. .. 216 17. radiatum, Tick 217 a. radiatum, Tick 217 /3. malabaricum, Blyth.. 218 18. cueujpjfe Gould ...... 219 19. wMtelyi. Blyth 222 20. c^^^omith 223 14. Micratbene, Coues 224 1. whitneyi, Coues 224 Subfam. SYBNTDOB. 15. Asio, Briss 225 t 1. otus, L 227 a. otus, L 227 /3. ainericanus, Steph. .. 229 2. mexicanus, Gm 231 3. imdas*, jLicni 231 4. madagascajjijm^is, Smith 232 * 5. a^clpitrinus, Pali. 234 6. capensis, Smith 239 l.$@&Wagl 241 8. granimicus, Kaup 242 9. macrurus, Kaup 242 16. Syrnium, Savign 244 ^l.alucoji. 247 2. nTvicolum, Blyth 250 3. davidi, Sharpe 251 4. einereum,,, Gm 252 5. lapBonfcumj Retz 254 6. uralense, Tall. 255 a. uxalense^P-a/Z. 255 (3. fuscesceng, T. $ S. .. 256 7. nebuTosum, Forst 257 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page 8. sartorii, Midgw 258 9. fulvescens, ScL § Salv... 258 10. occicLentale, Xanthus .. 260 11. rufipes, King 201 12. sinenses Lath 261 13. ocellatnm, Less 203 14. leptogrammicum, Temm. 264 15. myrtia, 3p 264 16. nuchale, Sharpe 265 17. woodfordi, Smith 267 18. hylgEiiiluB^ Temm 269 19. aibigulare, Cass 270 20. sffipgaiSre, Pels 271 21.su§^f?. 272 22. vttgttWlm, Cass 273 23. hgfittlum; Baud 275 24. iugrolmeatuiii, Solater .. 276 a. nigroHneatum, Sol. .. 276 j3. s^ohoiiim^harpe . . 277 25. perspicillatum, Lath. .. 277 26. melanonolum, Tschudi.. 280 27. newarense, Hodgs 281 28. iadranee, Sykes 282 29. hafrisi, Cass 283 17. Nyctala, JBrehm 284 j 1. tengmalmi, Gm 284 2. acadica, Gm 287 Fam. STRIG-IDJE. 18. Strix, L 290 , l.fiamniea, L. ., 291 2. novae hollandias, Steph... 303 a. novashollandise, &6p/i. 303 (3. castanops, Gmdd ,... 304 3. tenebricosa, Gould .... 306 4. capensis, Smith 307 5. Candida, Tick 308 19. Phodilus, Geoff?- 309 1. badius, Horsf. 309 6* CATALOGUE OF THE STRIGES, OR NOCTURNAL BIRDS OF PREY, m THE COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. R. BOWDLER SHARPE. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1875. MUSEUM" 'ZOOLOGHTM' IUNIVERSITATIS] FKID. GUIL lEROUN, J>3*1NTEI) BY TAYLOB AND FRANCIS, BED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. PREFACE. Tiiii Second Volume of the "'Catalogue of Birds In the British Museum f has been prepared by Mr. Ii. B. Sharpe, one of the Senior Assistants in the Zoological Department; it contains an account of all the species of Nocturnal Birds of Prey known at presentj with a complete list of references to the literature* Every effort has been made to render the Collection in the British Museum as complete as possible, and to enable the author to overcome the unusual difficulties that present themselves in this family of Birds as regards the discrimination of the species, as well as their description. ALBERT GUNTHER, Keeper of the Department of Zoology. British Museum, Dec, 1875. CATALO GTJE BIRDS. Suborder STRIGES. Outer toe reversible; eyes directed forwards and encircled by a facial disk; nostrils generally bidden by stiff bristles; plumage soft and fluffy; tibia more than double tlie length of tarsus. Cf. Kidgway, B. N". Am. iii. pp. 5, 6; Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 103. Synopsis of Families. a. Hinder margin of sternum -with two or more distinct fissures or clefts; furcula free, not attached to keel of sternum; inner margin of claw on middle toe not serrated; middle toe always longer than the inner one ... . Buhonidse, p. 1. b. Hinder margin of sternum entire, with an emargination but no distinct cleft; furcnla joined to keel of sternum; inner margin of claw on middle toe serrated; inner and middle toes about equal in length Strigidse, p. 289. Family BUB0NIM1. Hinder margin of sternum always deeply cleft, two or more notches being present; furcula free; inner margin of middle claw not serrated; middle toe always longer than the inner one. VOL. II. B BTTBONIDJE. a. Ear-conch not larger than the eye, without an operculum; facial disk unequal, the portion below the eye being always much greater than the area above the latter Subfam. JBUJBONIWJE, p. % b. Ear-conch much larger than the eye, with very large operculum shutting in the ear: facial disk always distinct, and extending as far above the eye as it does below it Subfam. SYRNIINJE, p. 225, Sternum of Bubo maximus, to show hinder margin and furcula. Subfam. I. BUBONIK2E. Key to the Genera. a. Soles of feet with tiny spicules, as in the Ospreys ; tarsi generally naked. a'. With large ear-tuffcs 1. BJBTTJPA, p. 4. b'. With no ear-tuffcs 2. SCOTOPELIA, p. 9. b. Soles of feet ordinary, without any strongly developed spicules. c'. Cere not inflated; nostrils oval, and situated in the anterior margin of the cere. a". With distinct ear-tufts. a'". Wings short, falling short of the tail by more than the length of the middle toe; toes sometimes bare or scantily feathered; tarsi never naked 3. BUBO, p. 12. b'". Wings very long, reaching nearly or cprite to the tip of the tail, or falling short by less than the length of the middle toe; toes generally feathered; tarsi sometimes entirely naked 4. SCOPS, p. 43. b". Ear-tufts rudimentary or absent. BUBO:NTJST^E. d". Under tail-coverts produced nearly to the end of the tail; the latter short, only about half the length of the wing 5. NYCTEA, p. 125. il'". Tail long and graduated, approaching the wing in length, the difference between them scarcely greater than the length of tarsus 6. SURNIA, p. 129. d\ Cere swollen and inflated, generally pea- shaped, the nostril pierced therein. c". With lengthened first primary, the distance between its tip and that of the third primary not so-great as the length of tarsus. e'". Fifth primary esealioped on outer web like the fourth; toes at base always thickly enveloped in the tarsal feathers; hind part of tarsus always hidden by plumes. a4. Nostril pierced near the anterior margin of the cere ..... . 7. CABINE, p. 132. h4. Nostril situated in the centre of the cere 8. HETEROGKLAUX, p. 141. f". Fifth primary not esealioped, the fourth scarcely so; junction of toes as well as hinder part of tarsus always bare 9. SPEOTYTO, p. 142. d*\ With shortened first primary, the distance between its tip and that of the third primary equal to or greater than length of tarsus. (/"'. Wing long and pointed, the distance between it and the tip of the tail equal to or less than tarsus. c4. Bare part of tarsus longer than middle toe and claw. 10. GYMNASIO, p. 140. d\ Bare part of tarsus not so long as middle toe and claw. «5. Tarsus not twice length of middle toe. 11. NINOX, p. 151. b\ Tarsus twice length of middle toe 12. SCELOG-LAUX, p. 187. htu . Wing short and rounded, the distance between it and the tip of the tail much greater than tarsus. e4. Tarsus about equal to middle toe, densely feathered; tail much more than half the wing, • rounded 13. GXAUCTDIUM, p. 188. f4. Tarsus a little longer than middle toe, scantily haired j tail less than half the wing, even 14. MICKATHENE*,P.224, * The comparative characters of this last genus are drawn from Mr. Kidgway's work, as I have never seen Micrathme. B2 BUB0NIDJ5. 1. KETUPA. Type Ketupa, Less, TraiU d'Om. p. 114 (1831) K. javanensis. Oultmnguis, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. v. p. 364 (1836) ... . K. flavipes. Smilonyx, Sund. Av. Moth. Tent. p. 105 ". K. javanensis. Range. Palestine; Indian peninsula and Himalayas; Indo-Malayan subregion; China. Key to the Species. a. "Feet dark; under surface fulvous fawn-colour, mesially streaked with broad black centres to the feathers, all of which have dull rufescent cross bars, giving a vermiculated appearance to the parts ceylonpmiS) p. 4. b. Feet yellowish (in skin); under surface bright tawny, streaked with black, with no cross vermiculations. a'. Much larger: wing over 18*5 inches ; bands on tail (counting the apical one) 6 jlavipes, p. 5. b\ Much smaller: wing not exceeding 13*5 inches; tail with only 4 or 5 bands javanensis, p. 8. 1. Ketupa ceylonensis. Great Ceylonese Owl, Brotm, Illusir. Zool. pi. 4. Ceylonese Eared Owl, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 120. Strix ceylonensis, Gm. S. JV. i. p. 287. Strix leschenaulti, Temm. PI Col. ii. pi. 20. Scops leschenaulti, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 571; Less. Man. a" Orn. i. p. 118. Scops ceylonensis, Steph. 1. c. p. 54. Ketupa leschenaulti, Less. Traite, p. 114. Strix hardwickii, J. JE. Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 31. Strix dumeticola, Tick. J. A. S. B. ii. p. 571. Cultrunguis nigripes, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. v. p. 364. Cultrunguis leschenaulti, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 90. Ketupa ceylonensis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 38; Cass. Cat. Strigidce Philad. Mus. p. 9; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 37; Bp. Consp. i. p. 44; Uorsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mus. JE. I. Co. i. p. 77; Stinehl. Orn. Syn. p. 196; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 133; Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 28; Tristr. Ibis, 1865, p. 261; Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 255; Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 45; Hume, Bough Notes, ii. p. 379 ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 343; Boldsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 417; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. i. p. 64; id. Sir. F. i. p. 431, ii. p. 469; Ball,t. c. p. 382. Bubo ceylonensis, Kaup, Tr. Z. & iv. p. 241; id. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 116; Schl. Mus. P.~B. Oti, p. 19; id. Bevue Accipitr. p. 7. Adult. Above fawn-brown, the feathers broadly streaked with black down their centres, and largely mottled on both webs with fulvous, sometimes taking the form of spots; feathers of hind neck with faint vermiculated bars of brown ; lower back and rump more uniform than rest of upper surface, with narrow black shaffc-streaks, and faintly spotted on either web with light fulvous; outer sea 1. KETUPA. O pulars mottled with paler fulvous than rest of back, contrasting somewhat with the latter; least wing-coverts coloured like back, the greater ones with broad creamy buff margins externally, the outermost of the latter series and the primary coverts dark brown, with distinct fawn-coloured spots; quills dark brown, the primaries tipped and distinctly spotted on the outer web with creamy buff, the corresponding bars on the inner webs being dull fawn-brown, the outer secondaries brown like the primaries, but the spots and bars less distinct and more mottled with brown, the innermost secondaries coloured like the back; tail dark brown, tipped and crossed with four bars of light fulvous fawn; loral plumes whitish; cheeks and ear-coverts dull rufous, with narrow black shaft-lines; auricular tufts coloured like head; chin and throat white, streaked with dark brown, the lower throat purer white, and forming a gular patch; rest of under surface of body fulvous fawn-colour, deeper and more rufescent on the chest, all the feathers with broad longitudinal streaks of black down their centres, and crossed with more or less distinct barrings of light fulvous, both the bars and mesial streaks being less distinct on the under tail-coverts; thighs uniform light fawn with obsolete rufous bars; under wing-coverts light fawn, barred and streaked like the breast, the greater series whitish, with narrow black shaft-lines, the outermost coverts largely spotted with black, and tipped and mottled with fulvous; greater series blackish brown at tip, yellowish white at base, like the inner lining of the wing, which is barred with these colours; cere greenish grey; bill dingy greenish, point of upper mandible blackish horny, of the lower mandible yellowish; feet dingy greenish grey, light greenish, or plumbeous; iris bright yellow. Total length 24-5 inches, culmen 2*5, wing 16, tail 8, tarsus 2*65. Adult male. For full dimensions of the two sexes of this species see Hume's 4 Eough Notes,' ii. p. 379, where every comparative measurement is given. The wing of the male is there said to measure from 16*5 to 18 inches. Hob. India generally and Ceylon, extending eastwards into Assam, Arakan, and Tenasserim. Found also near Hong-Kong in China. a. Ad. sk. Madras. Eev. EL H. Baber [P.]. b, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. d. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.*. e. Ad. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l. / . Ad. sk. India. Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.j. g. Ad. sk. Hong-Kong. Purchased. 2. Ketupa flavipes. Cultrunguis flavipes. Hodgs. J. A. S. B. v. p. 364. Ketupa flavipes, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 38; Cass. Cat. Strigida Fhilad. Mm. p. 10; Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. A. S. B. p. 37; Bp. Consp. I p. 45; Mors/. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mm. B. L Co. i. p. 76; Strickl. Dm. Syn. p. 196; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 135; Gray, Kand-l. B. i. p. 45; Hume, Bough Notes, i. p. 355. BUBONIC. Bubo ketupa, Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 242, et Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 117; ScU. Mm. P.-B. Oti, p. 18. Ketupa magnifica, Stoinh, Ibis, 1873, p. 127. Adult female (type of species). Above tawny, broadly streaked with black down the centre of the feathers, the tawny colour being restricted to spots or broad lateral margins; scapulars more fulvous than the back, with less black in the centres of the plumes, the entire outer web tawny fulvous, contrasting with the dorsal plumes; wing-coverts rather blacker than the back, the tawny colour restricted to the external web and spots and bars on the inner, all the feathers broadly tipped with tawny; quills brown, chequered with tawny spots on the outer web, represented by bars on the inner, the tawny bars paler on the secondaries, but more completely traversing the feathers, which are likewise tipped with tawny buff; innermost secondaries pale brown in centre, the brown cross bars not complete, and often replaced with pale tawny brown, scarcely darker than the fulvous interspace, thus producing a mottled appearance; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts deep tawny, the centres of the feathers black, forming irregular bars towards the tips of the tail-coverts; tail blackish brown, tipped with fulvous and crossed with bands of pale tawny rufous; head and neck, including the auricular tufts, deep tawny, the feathers black down the centres; loral plumes whitish with white shafts, and tipped with blackish; ear-coverts tawny rufous, slightly varied with fulvescent centres to the feathers; throat fulvescent; fore neck conspicuously white, with narrow black central streaks to the feathers in the shape of a reversed spear-head; remainder of under surface of body golden tawny, with broad black streaks down the centre of the breast- feathers, becoming less pronounced on the flanks and much narrower on the under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts tawny, with brown centres to the feathers, the lower series buny white at base, ashy brown at tips, thus resembling somewhat the inner lining of the wing; cere bluish; bill also bluish, blacker at tip; feet greyish, the reticulations whiter, soles of feet pinkish; claws yellow, pinkish on margins; iris bright yellow*. Total length 26-5 inches, culmen 2-5, wing 18-5, tail 9-5, tarsus 3-8, auricular tufts 3-2. Young, Much paler than the adult and more fulvous, the streaks down the feathers of the upper surface not nearly so black or strongly pronounced, the under surface also pale fulvous, with light brown central streaks to the feathers. Hab. Himalayas; Ningpo in China. a. 2 ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. Type of species. b. <$ juv. st. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. c. Bones (various). Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], Obs. I cannot consider Mr. Swinhoe's Ketupa magnified to be distinct from K. Jlavipes; it seems to me to be identical in every respect. I subjoin the description which I made of the type of the former bird, most obligingly lent to me by Mr. Swinhoe. * Soft parts from Hodgson's original painting of type. 1. KETUPA. Adult female (type of species). General colour tawny variegated with black, all the feathers of the upper surface centred with black, the head streaked with this colour; the dorsal feathers black, barred near the base and spotted near the tip with tawny; all these tawny markings very irregular in shape, and giving a mottled appearance to the whole of the upper surface; scapulars externally uniform tawny, some of them inclining to white on the outer web, and giving slight indications of a shoulder-patch; least wing-coverts black, slightly spotted with tawny, and hence appearing darker than the back, the greater and median series black, notched and barred with tawny, just like the back, the greater series whitish at tip; primary coverts blackish, tipped with tawny and crossed with two rows of tawny spots; quills blackish, with a broad terminal band of light brown, shading off into whitish, especially on the primaries, which are tipped with whitish only; all the quills barred or deeply notched with tawny on both webs, these not forming continuous bands across the feathers, but the spots or notches paler and more fulvous on the outer web, especially on the primaries, the notches on the secondaries often obscured with dusky brown shading; tail blackish, with pale tawny-coloured tip, and crossed with five other bands of deeper tawny colour; ear-tufts very long, measuring 3-25 inches, tawny in colour centred with black, the latter colour predominating on the outer feathers; lores pure white, with hair-like black shaft- lines ; cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck with black shaft-lines, broader on the latter; feathers just behind the eye black; chin white; the throat tawny, with very narrow black shaft-streaks, broader on the fore neck, which is again pure white; remainder of under surface clear tawny, all the feathers broadly centred with black streaks, the flanks and abdominal plumes indistinctly waved with lighter bars, the remains of faintly indicated lateral spots of buffy white; under tail-coverts narrowly centred with black; under wing-coverts deep tawny, the inner plumes and axillars with narrow blackish shaft-lines, the outer ones marked with black near the edge of the wing, which is white, the greater series dusky brown, tawny buff at base, thus resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are blackish brown below, barred with pale tawny buff, more plainly on the inner web, which is entirely tawny buff at base; bill deep bluish black, lighter at the base, which is concealed by protruding feathers; inside of mouth pale yellowish flesh-colour; rim of eyelid deep purplish brown; iris fine orange-yellow; exposed portion of tarsus and toes dingy, with a tinge of clay-colour, yellowish on terminal scutes of toes; claws bluish black, fading to light leaden at their bases. Total length 25 inches, wing 18-8, tail 10*5, tarsus 3*1, feathered to within 1*1 inch of the base of toes. (Mus. M. Swinhoe.) Eab. Mngpo, China. Obs. Mr. Swinhoe has given an excellent description of this species, drawn from the birds as they lay in the flesh. My measurements are different from Mr. Swinhoe's, doubtless because they are taken from the skin. It will be better, therefore, to reproduce BUBONID/E. his detailed measurements, as they represent the natural size of the bird. "Measurements of the female. Length 25 inches; wing very much arched, across arc 16-75, pressed flat 17|, in rounded state 3 inches short of tail-tip; 3rd to 6th primaries equal and longest; 2nd 1-2 shorter than the same. Tail rounded, of twelve shortish hog-baeked feathers 9 | inches long; outer 0-75 shorter than centrals. Tarse 3*3 inches long, feathered with down for 2 inches in front, a little lower behind, and | inch less on sides. Middle toe 1*8, its claw 1-1; outer toe 1*5, its claw 1*05; inner toe 1*7, its claw 1*35 ; hind toe 1-2, its claw 1*1. The male has the tarse feathered in front to within 0*75 inch of where it meets the toes, at the back to 0-25. " The female looks rather larger than its mate, and is perhaps an inch longer; but I find no appreciable difference in the other measurements. The male has more white behind the ears, and a larger white breast-patch; and its tarse is plumed for a greater length; but the fine down with which it is clothed seems to wear off." 3. Ketupa javanensis. Strix ketupi, JZorsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 141. Strix ceylo$ensis (nee Gm.), Temm. PI. Col. ii. pi. 74 ; Vigors, App. Raffl. Life, p. 650. Scops ceylonensis, Less. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 118. Scops ketupa, Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 347 (1829). Ketupa javanensis, Less. Traite, p. 114; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 38; Cass. Cat. Vult. Philad. Mus. p. 9; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. 8. B. p. 37; Bp. Consp. i. p. 45; Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. Mus. B. I. Co. i. p. 76; StricH. Orn. Syn. p. 195; Bhfth, Ibis, 1863, p. 28; Pelz. Reis. Nowra, Vog. p. 26; Wall Ibis, 1868, p. 25; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 45; Hume, Bough Notes, ii. p. 384; Salvad. Ucc. Bom. p. 20. Bubo ketupa, Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 242; id. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 117. Ketupa javensis, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 542; Bjume, Str. F. ii. p. 469. Bubo javaensis, Schl Mus. P.~B. Oti, p. 18; id. Dierent. p. 10, fig. 4; id. Revue Aecipitr. p. 6. Ketupa javanica, Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 206. Smilonyx javensis, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 105. Adult. Above tawny with very broad brown centres to the feathers, the upper surface somewhat varied with fulvous spots, which appear on either web of the dorsal and scapular feathers; the head and hind neck as well as the auriculars slightly paler than the back, but streaked with black in the same manner; wing-coverts black, margined with tawny and spotted on both webs with the same, the spots and margins on the median and greater series paler and more fulvescent; quills dark brown, tipped with fulvous, the primaries with large fulvous spots on outer web, continued into a paler brown band on the inner one, the secondaries similarly but more numerously barred than the primaries, the outer bars, however, more strongly tinged with tawny; lower back, rump, and upper 2 . SCOTOPELIA. tail-coverts deep tawny, varied with broad brown centres to the feathers, and with rounded spots of pale fulvous on both webs; tail fulvous brown, tipped with fulvous and crossed with two complete bands of light tawny and an indication of a third basal one; sides of face pale tawny, the cheeks varied with whitish shaft-lines; sides of neck and under surface of body tawny, with long and rather narrow streaks of black, the lower throat mottled with white bases to the feathers, causing an inconspicuous patch; under wing-coverts tawny, the least ones narrowly streaked with black, the outer ones broadly and longitudinally spotted; lower series uniform ashy brown; wing-lining ashy brown, barred with yellowish white; iris yellow. Total length 20 inches, culmen 2*1, wing 13*1, tail 6'5, tarsus 2-45, auricular tufts 2. Young. Plumage more fluffy than in adult, and dark brownish tawny above and below, the streaks dusky brown and rather dull; tail with three complete bands of tawny fulvous. Hab. Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Malayan peninsula northwards to Araean. a. Ad. sk. Java. Hon. East-India Co. [?•] b. <$ ad. sk. E. Java. A. R. Wallace, Esq. '0/ c. <$ ad. sk. Malacca. A. E. Wallace, Esq. o: d. Juv. sk. Malacca. Purchased. e. 2 Juv» sk* Sarawak. A. R Wallace, Esq. [0." / Ad. sk. Borneo. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. g. Skeleton. Purchased. h. Skeleton (without skull). Purchased. 2. SCOTOPELIA. Type. Scotopelia, Bp. Consp. i. p. 44 (1850) S. peli. Megapelia, Kaup (teste G. JR. Gray) S. peli. Scotoglaux, Heine, J.f. 0. I860, p. 196 S. peli. W Leg of Scotopelia ussheri, to show spicules on the foot. BTJBONID-SE. Range. Africa: from Seneganibia to Gaboon on - the west coast; Zambesi on the east coast. Key to tlie Species. a. Larger; wing 16*5 inches; above rufous, banded across with black peli, p. 10. b. Smaller; wing 13*6 inches; above uniform rufous ussheri, p. 11. c. Smaller; wing 13*0 inches; above dusky brown, vermiculated with dull tawny rufous all over the upper surface bouvieri, p. 11. 1. Scotopelia peli. Scotopelia peli, JBp. Consp. i. p. 44 (ex Temm. MS. in Mm. Lugd.); Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 197; Hartl. J. f. 0. 1855, pp. 358, 360; id. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 18; Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1859, p. 32; Gurney, Ibis, 1859, p. 445, pi. 15; Hartl J.f.O. 1861, p. 101; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 317; Finsch u. Hartl Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 100; Murie, J. Anat. Pkys. vi. p. 70; Sharpe, ed. Layard, JB. S. Afr. p. 69. Bubo peli, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 117. Scotopelia typica, JBp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 543. Strix pelii, Schl. Hand-l Dierh. i. p. 176, pi. 1. fig. 10. Ulula pelii, Schl. Mus. P.-JB. Striges, p. 23 (1862); id. Dierent. p. 14, fig. 6. Scotoglaux peli, Heine, J.f.O. 1860, p. 196. Ketupa peli, Gray, Hand-4. JB. i. p. 45 (1869). Adult. Above deep rufous bay, crossed with numerous irregular bars of black, fainter on the head, which is more Mvescent; wing- coverts and entire wing bay barred with black, exactly like the back, the under surface of the wing rufous and barred exactly like the upper surface; tail rufous fawn-colour, rather lighter than back, banded across with black; under surface of body light bay, with distinct cordiform bars of black, somewhat irregular in shape; under wing-coverts rufous bay with a few black spots and bars, more distinct on the lower series, which are lighter, and resemble the inner lining of the wing; cere bluish lead-colour; bill similar to cere but darker, excepting towards tip; tarsi dirty white, tinged with bluish pink; talons light horn-colour with a tinge of dull blue; iris extremely dark brown. Total length 23*5 inches, culmen 2-7, wing 16-5, tail 10, tarsus 2*7. Obs. The birds from the Zambesi are a little larger than the Gaboon example described above. They are, moreover, differently coloured underneath, being fulvous with longitudinal black shaft- stripes and an occasional cordiform spot on the flanks; some of the breast-feathers with sub terminal black spots. As, however, this appearance is seen in Mr. Gurney's plate of a West-African bird (I. c), it is probatory not a specific character, but the sign of nonage. Hab. W. Africa, from Senegambia to Gaboon. Zambesi region in S.E. Africa. Ad. sk. River Ogowe, Gaboon (Mardie M. A. JBouvier. et De Compiegne). 2 . SCOTOPELIA. b Ad. st Zambesi. Dr. Kirk [C.l. c. Juv. st. Zambesi. Dr. Kirk [O.J. 2. Scotopelia usslieri. Scotopelia ussheri, Sharpe, Ibis, 1871? pp. 101, 417, pi. xii.; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 46. Adult. Above bright bay, a few of the feathers dusky brown towards the tips, the head and hind neck browner than the back, as also the sides of the face; wing-coverts bay, like the back, the least ones very bright, the median and greater series paler and more fulvescent, somewhat shaded with dusky brown towards the tips, and faintly barred with darker brown; quills bay, rather more fulvous than the back, very broadly barred with dark brown on inner web, extending on the outer one, but more narrowly and faintly, under surface much paler than the upper, the broad bars very distinct; tail dusky fulvous, crossed with rive dark brown bars, not of equal breadth nor strictly conterminal; under surface of body pale fawn-colour, the throat paler and more fulvous, the entire breast-feathers streaked down the centre with dark brown, inclining to rufous on either side of the shaft-streak; thighs and under tail- coverts not streaked; under wing-coverts also uniform fawn-colour with no streaks, the lower series brownish at tip, resembling the wing-lining; cere yellow; bill horn-brown, yellowish green at junction with cere; feet yellow, claws yellowish horn-colour. Total length 20-5 inches, culmen 1-65, wing 13*6, tail 7*8, tarsus 2*35. Bab. "W. Africa: forests of Denkera, in the interior of Ifantee. a. Ad. sk. Denkera (Aubinn). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. 3. Scotopelia bouvieri. (Plate I.) Scotopelia bouvieri, Sharpe, Ibis, 1875, p. 261. Adult. Above dusky brown, with blackish shaft-lines, plainly indicated on the head and hind neck: all the feathers of the upper surface mottled with dull tawny vermiculations, these predominating on the head, which has consequently a paler appearance than the back; scapulars externally fulvous, forming a tolerably distinct shoulder-patch; least wing-coverts blacker than the back, the-tawny vermiculations not so distinct on this series, but very plain on the median and greater series, which are consequently much more tawny on the outer web and at the tip, the latter having also an indication of a whitish spot; primary coverts blackish, only slightly vermiculated with tawny; quills blackish, tipped narrowly with fulvous, and barred with tawny in about equal proportions to the black, the tawny bars not conterminous on the primaries, being much more dingy and shaded with blackish on the inner webs, the outer webs paler and clearer, the intermediate blackish markings very indistinct, and dissolving into obscure vermiculations, the secondaries much more blackish in tint and resembling the back, the tawny bands BUBOinDJK. tolerably well indicated on the outer feathers, but everywhere obscured with blackish vermiculations; upper tail-coverts resembling the back, and vermieulated in the same manner; tail blackish, tipped with pale tawny, shading off into fulvous on the apical margin, the two centre feathers blackish, only irregularly mottled with tawny near the shaft and on the margins, clearer at tip, the other feathers crossed with tawny bars not strictly conterminous, of which about four can be counted without including the pale terminal bar; lores whitish, as also the fore part of the cheeks, all the feathers with narrow blackish shaft-lines ; ear-coverts and sides of face tawny like the head, with the same blackish shaft-stripes, the bases to the feathers silvery white; under surface tawny buff, broadly streaked with black, these streaks linear near the base and dilating towards the tips, all the feathers more or less white at base and on their margins, giving a very whitish appearance to the chest, which disappears on the abdomen, only a few of the feathers of which are laterally whitish; vent and under tail-coverts tawny buff, only a few plumes mesially streaked with black; under wing- coverts tawny buff, most of the feathers whitish at base, some of the outer ones with a few tiny marks of brown, the lower series blackish, fulvous at base, and thus resembling the inner lining of the wing, which is blackish, barred with fulvous on the inner web; bill horncolour, yellowish at base of both mandibles ; legs yellowish, claws dark horn. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1*8, wing 13, tail 8, tarsus 2*2. Hob. Interior of Gaboon. a. Ad. sk. Lop6, Oyowe* Eiver, Gaboon. MM. Marche and De Compiegne [C.]. Type of 3. BUBO*. „ Type. Bubo, Cuv. Regne An. 1817, p. 331 B. maximus. Bubotus, Rqfinesque (teste G. R. Gray) B. maximus. Ascalaphia, Geofr. St.-Hilaire, 1830 (teste G. R. Gray) B. ascalaphus. Huhua, Hodgs. As. Research, xix. p. 173 (1836).... B. nipalensis. Heliaptex, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 217 (1837) B. arcticus. Urrua, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. vi. p. 372 (1837) B. bengalensis. Etoglaux (pro Huhua), Hodgs. J. A. S. B. x. p. 28 (1841) B. nipalensis. Mesomorpha (pro Urrua), Hodgs. 1. c. p. 28 B. bengalensis. Aibryas, Gloqer, Handb. Naturf. p. 223 (1842) B. arcticus. Nyctaetus, Glogery I c. p. 228 (1842) B. lacteus. Pseudoptynx, Kaup, Isis, 1848, p. 770 B. philippensis. Megaptynx, Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 542.. B. magellanicus. Pachyptynx, Bp. 1. c. p. 542 B. lacteus. Nisuella, Bp. I c. p. 542 B. maculosus. Ptiloskelos, TickeU, J. A. S. B. xxviii. p. 448 (1859) B. nipalensis. Range. The entire New World ; the whole of the Old World, excepting the Moluccas, Australia, and Oceania. * Of. Sharpe, < Ibis/ 1875, p. 327. 3 . BUBO. Key to the Specks. a. Toes so thickly enveloped in plumes, that even their last joint is hidden. a'. Larger: wing 18*5-19-5 inches; hind neck yellowish, broadly streaked with black, the head and neck decidedly lighter than the back b'. Smaller: wing 14*5-16 inches ; head and neckresembling the back, which is blackish, freckled with white mottlings, the bases of the feathers tawny buff b. Toes more or less scantily clothed with feathers, but the final joint always bare; sometimes the entire toe bare. c'. Bill blackish. a". Hind neck yellowish, broadly streaked with black, forming as it were a wig. a"\ Underneath ocellated, the light markings very broad, and in form of spots .. b"'. Underneath narrowly barred b". Hind neck buff or grey, but always barred, bearing a great resemblance to the rest or the upper surface. c". G-eneral tone of plumage tawny buff; size large, wing 14*5-15*5; ear-coverts tawny buff, only slightly spotted with brown. «4. Broadly barred below with white or buff and black, the light bars arranged in duplicate bands on the breast; quills dark brown, the light spots on the outer webs of the primaries much narrower than the dark ones bK Very narrowly barred below with buff and dark brown; primaries tawny buff, barred with brown, the buff interspaces much the broadest d"\ General tone of plumage brown, or greyish brown; size small; wing 12*813* 5; ear-coverts greyish white, barred with brown. c4. Iris yellow, below largely spotted and mottled with white; toes thickly feathered dK Iris brown; below mottled with small bars and spots; toes scantily feathered d'. Bill yellow or yellowish white. c". Breast greyish, finely vermiculated with brown; head greyish, with black ear- tufts. e'". Larger : wing 17*5-19"3 inches ; no mesial dark brown streaks to the * feathers of the head and breastf". Smaller: wing 16*4, with distinct cenignavus, p. 14; tureomanus, p. 17. virginianns, p. 19. ascalaphm, p. 24. bengalensis, p. 25. capensis, p. 27. magellanicm, p. 29. maculosus, p. 30. cinerascens, p. 32. lactens, p. 33. BUBOmDM. u tral markings of dark brown on the feathers of the head and breast coromandus, p. 35. d". Under surface barred across with dark brown, or black and white. g"'. Ear-coverts dusky fulvous, barred with black or dull brown* head blackish, sometimes with bars of dull rufous or buffy white. eK Toes plumed; size large, wing lS-l ^ inches. a5. Primary coverts uniform • head and ear-coverts uniform blackish ... . shelleyi, p. 37. b\ Primary coverts with distinct lighter brown bars* head with wavy bars of buff nipalensis, p. 87. fL. Size small: wing 13-13*5 inches. c5. Toes bare,* under wing-coverts white, spotted with brown • leg-feathers white, spotted or barred with brown,* primary coverts uniform dark brown j bars on tail about 6.. orientalis, p. 89. d\ Toes scantily haired • under wing- coverts dark brown, very slightly varied with spots or bars of white • leg-feathers dark brown, barred with fulvous • primary coverts dark brown, with rufescent irregular bars • bars on tail about 8 leucostictus, p. 41. h'". Ear-coverts rufous* general colour rufous, barred with black; tail rufous brown, with about 9 black cross bands poensis, p. 42. e". Breast white, longitudinally streaked with black philippinensis, p. 43. 1. Bubo ignavus. The Great Horn-Owl or Eagle Owl, Albin, Birds, ii. pi. 9. Great Horned Owl, from Athens, Edwards, Glean, pi. 227. Le Grand Due, Briss. Orn. i. p. 477 * Buff, PL Enl i. pi. 435. Le Grand Due d'ltalie, Briss. Orn. i. p. 482. Strix bubo, Linn. S. N. i. p. 131 ,* Shaw, Mus. Lever, p. 119, pi. 29; Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 100* Uoux, Orn. JProv. p. 69, pi. 46; Naum. Vog. Deictschl. i. Taf. 44; Werner, Atlas, Kapaees, pi. 41 *. Schl. Sf Susem. Vog. Eur. Taf. 50; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 107; Kjcerb. Orn. Ban. pi. vii. fig. 3* Midd. Sibir. Reis. p. 131 $ Sundev. Sv. Fogl. p. 188, pi. xxiv. fig. 4. Bubo microcephalus, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. &c. Brit. Mus. p. 11 (1816); Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 55. Bubo ignavus, Forster, Syn. Cat. Brit. B. p. 3; Newt, ed. Yarr. B?-it. B. i. p. 168; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 180 • Dresser, B. Eur. part xxii. Bubo maximus, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 57 j Gould, B. Eur. i. pi. 37; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Am. p. 6 • Maegill. Brit. B. iii. p. 428; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 37; Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 239, et Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 116 • Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 72; Striehl. Orn. Syn. p. &12; Heioits. Eggs Br. B. i. p. 50, pi. xvii. fig. 4 * Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 12." fig. 5 ; Jaiib. Sf Barth. 3 . BUBO. 15 Lapom. Mich. Orn. p. 80; SchL Mus.P.-B. Oti, p. 7; Newt. Ooth. Wolley. p. 160; Degl fy Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 141; Loche, Bxpl. Sci. dAlger. Ois. p. 100; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 43; Heugl Orn. N.O.~AJr. i. p. 110; Gould, B. Gt. Br. pi. xxx.; Hume, Bough Notes, li. p. 874; Bettoni, tlcc. Bomb. i. tav. 107; Salvad. Faun. Ital Ucc. n. 32. Bubo gernianicus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 119. Bubo septentrionalis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 120. Bubo europseus, Bess. Traite, p. il5; pi. 17.fig. 1, Asio bubo, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 217. Otus bubo, Schl. Bed. Crit. p. xiii. Bubo atheniensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 48; Taczan. J. f. O. 1870, p. 30. Bubo grandis, Brehm, J. f. O. 1853, p. 346. Bubo bubo, LicM. Nomencl. Av. p. 7. Bubo melanotus, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 270. Nestling. Covered with down of a dull white colour, the incipient feathers being of a dull tawny buff-colour, barred across with blackish. Adult mats. General colour above blackish, mottled and varied with yellowish tawny colour; head blackish, the tawny vermiculations being confined to the terminal margins and a few lateral bars on each side of the feather, so that the centre of the latter remains blackish; ear-tufts black, 3*2 inches long, excepting near the basal half of the inner web of the interior plumes, which are tawny buff, with narrow blackish vermiculations; nape and hind neck much paler than the crown, the feathers being for the most part tawny buff with broad black centres, from which spring on each side narrow black transvermiculating lines ; back again darker, the feathers being mostly black, the half-concealed bases tawny buff, vermiculated and irrorated coarsely with black; scapulars whitish externally or fulvous, sparingly transvermiculated with black, and forming an indistinct shoulder-patch; wing-coverts blackish, the least series very slightly varied with tawny buff, the median and greater series more frequently mottled with this character, the latter whitish at tip, with narrow irregular cross lines of black, forming an indistinct bar across the wing; primary coverts blackish, only slightly mottled with fulvous near the base of the outer web; quills dark brown, regularly barred with tawny buff, all the bars very minutely dotted with black on the outer web, the inner web for the most part tawny, most irregularly mottled with wavy lines, dots, and markings of black; the secondaries not so distinctly barred with tawny buff, all the lighter spots on the outer web obscured by minute spots and markings of dark brown, the inner webs much more plainly barred with tawny, none of these bars, however, being without brown vermiculations; the innermost secondaries blackish, mottled with fulvous all over, the tip whitish, as also of all the secondaries; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more tawny than the back, the former coarsely barred, and the latter vermiculated with blackish, especially on the tail-coverts, which are whitish at tip; tail brown, the centre feathers vermiculated all round the margins with fulvous, and having three or four irregularly indicated bands, consisting of a few whitish spots of BTJBONlDiB. irregular shape *. all the other feathers more or less distinctly barred with deep tawny buff, the inner webs for the most part bright tawny, with irregular lines of blackish, more thickly distributed towards the tips of the feathers, which are here thickly though minutely spotted with brown, as are all the tawny bands on the outer webs• lores and feathers in front of and below the eye whitish, with narrow blackish shaft-lines ; above the eye a patch of black feathers; sides of face dull tawny, irrorated with narrow circular bars of brown; sides of neck coloured like the hind neck, but less strongly marked ; chin pure white, as also the fore neck, separated from each other by a narrow cordon of tawny feathers centred with black, and having small lateral bars of the same ; crop covered with tawny buff down, succeeded by a patch of white feathers in the centre of the breast; rest of under surface of body light tawny buff, most of the feathers with a slight glistening of silvery white, all of the chest- feathers very broadly streaked down the centre with black, and likewise laterally spotted or barred with irregular lines of black, these central black streaks much narrower on the breast and abdomen, which are likewise very regularly, though narrowly, barred across with blackish ; under tail-coverts deep tawny, barred across with narrow lines of black ; leg-feathers deep tawny, with irregular transverse washings of blackish ; under wing-coverts tawny, the inner ones whitish, with narrow zigzag cross lines of black, the lower series brown, tawny at base; inner lining of wing dull brown, barred with tawny buff on inner web, most of the quills entirely tawny buff at base of the latter, more or less minutely speckled with brown; bill and claws blackish horn-colour; iris rich orange. Total length 26 inches, wing 18*6, tail 11*2, tarsus 3-2. Young female in first year's plumage (October 27th, 1872). Yery similar to the adults, and presenting few appreciable -differences many of the feathers of the upper surface glossed with silvery white, the light mottlings being larger on many of the dorsal feathers; middle tail-feathers more coarsely and distinctly mottled with whitish, affording indications of five ill-defined bars; upper wing-coverts much blacker than in the adult, with fewer transverse vermiculations. Total length 27 inches, wing 19-4, tail 11*5, tarsus 3*2. Obs. The descriptions are taken from Swedish specimens, carefully sexed and dated; and other specimens from the same country show very little differences. On the other hand, the two examples mentioned below from Archangel are much blacker on the upper surface generally, the head and neck very bright orange buff, with the usual broad black mesial streaks; the under surface of the body is also much paler. (Cf. also Dresser, B. Eur. I. c.) Eab. The whole of Europe and Northern Asia, ranging south into Northern China and the Himalayas, also occurring rarely in Northeastern Africa. a. Ad. sk. Europe. A. D. Bartlett, Esq. b. Pull. sk. England (bred in confinement). J. Gould, Esq. [C.J. c. Ad. sk. Hisinger, S. Sweden, Nov. 2nd, Prof. A. W. Malm f P.1 1858. :j . BUBO. 17 d. <$ ad. sk. Upsala, Feb. 12th, 1872. Purchased, e. $ juv. sk. Upsala, Dec. 30th, 1872. Purchased, / . $ mv. sk. Upsala, Oct. 27th, 1872. Purchased. g. Ad. sk. Archangel. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], A. Iniiii.sk. Archangel. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. *. Ad. sk. Xanthus, Asia Minor. Sir 0. Fellowes [P.]. k. Skeleton. Russia. Purchased. I. Skull. Rauhe Alp. Br. Giinther [0.]. ?n. Sternum. W. Yarrell, Esq. [C.]. n. Sclerotic bone. W. Yarrell, Esq. [C.]. Subsp. a. Bubo turcomanus. Strix turcomana, Eversin. Add. Ball Zoogr. p. 3. Strix sibirica, Schl. §* Smem. Vog. Eur. Taf. 44. Bubo sibiricus, Gray, Cat. Accipitr. B. M. 1844, p. 99; id. Gen. B, i. p, 37; Bp. Comp, i. p. 49$ Licht No7nencl. Av. p. 7; Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 213. Bubo cinereus, Gray fy Mitch, Gm. B. i. pi. 13. Bubo scandiacus, Cub. J,f. 0. 1854, p. 367. Bubo pallidus, Brehm, Naum, 1855, p. 270. Bubo hemachalana, Hume, Stir. F. L p. 315; Blmf. Ibis, 1874, p. 81, Bubo maximus, var. turcornanus, Severfa. Turlest Jevotn. p. 111. Bubo ignavus, Dresser, Ibis} 1875, p. 111. Adult. General colour above pale tawny buff, many of the feathers inclining to whitish; head whitish, the feathers yellowish at base, all rather broadly centred with black, from which dark centres radiate irregular lines and spots of black; nape and hind neck light yellowish buff, many feathers whitish, all with broad black central streaks, the lateral lines or vermiculations very indistinct, in fact almost entirely absent; back blackish brown, yellowish buff at base, and shading off distinctly white in the centre of the feathers, all the lighter parts of the dorsal feathers narrowly waved and minutely barred or spotted with blackish; outer scapulars white on external webs, with only two or three narrow zigzag bars of blackish; wing- coverts tawny buff, obscured by brownish mottlings thickly distributed over all the least series and the innermost of the median and greater series, the outermost of the median row uniform brownish black towards the tips, which more or less incline to white, most of the greater series having a large white spot at the tip of the outer web, which has very few and narrow cross lines of black; primary coverts blackish brown, irregularly mottled with yellowish buff on the outer webs; quills for the most part clear tawny buff, almost orange in intensity, the primaries dusky brown at tips, all the quills distinctly barred with darker brown, not quite conterminous, the yellow interspaces with nothing more than a few minute dots of brown; the secondaries more dusky than the primaries, the light interspaces being clouded with coarse brown vermiculations, especially towards the tip, the innermost secondaries very much clouded with brown mottlings, and distinctly barred across with blackish brown; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts tawny buff, with a few indistinct wavy lines of blackish brown, rather more distinct and VOL. II. c BIJBONID^. strongly characterized on the upper tail-coverts; tail yellowish buff, whitish at tip, and regularly barred with dark brown, of which about eight bars (some partly broken up) can be distinguished on the outer feathers, the two centre ones more dusky than the rest, and crossed with six or seven bands of dusky brown, often much dissolved and mingled with the interspaces, which are thickly mottled and vermiculated with brown; lores and feathers round the eye white, the former black at the tip of the shafts*. just above the eye a patch of black feathers, continued to and appearing to form part of the ear- tufts, which are 3*2 inches long, and black with tawny bases, the long feathers uniform yellowish buff on the inner web, and barred with black near the base of the outer; ear-coverts dull fulvous, with indistinct brown cross-barrings; chin pure white, the throat encircled by a row of slightly recurved feathers, yellowish buff, streaked down the centre with black, and also laterally barred with narrow lines of the same, exactly resembling the plumes on the sides of the neck, of which this gular band seems a continuation; rest of under surface white, slightly washed here and there with yellowish, the breast-feathers broadly streaked down the centre with black, all these feathers slightly varied with lateral vermiculations of brown, the central streaks reduced to a narrow shaft-line on the abdominal feathers and flanks, these being, however, finely but regularly barred across with dark brown, disappearing on the under tail-coverts ; crop covered with tawny down, succeeded by a patch of pure white feathers in the centre of the breast; leg-feathers buffy white, with a few remains of brown zigzag bars on the outer aspect; under wing-coverts pure white, here and there washed with yellowish, the outermost slightly marked with irregular lines of brown, the axillaries being also crossed with narrow lines of the same; lower series ashy brown, yellowish buff at base, forming a bar across the wing; inner lining of quills for the most part orange- buff, with a few distinct brown bars on the inner web, disappearing towards the tip of the quills, which'are there dusky brown. Total length 26 inches, wing 19, tail 11-2, tarsus 3*4. Hob. Central Asia, from the Ural to Turkestan and Thibet; also said to occur in Siberia. a. Ad. sk. Siberia. b. Skeleton. River Volga. Purchased. Obs. This bird, if not quite specifically distinct from B. ignavus, undoubtedly constitutes a well-marked race of that species. It is a very much paler bird both above and below, being especially white on the under surface, the cross-barrings on the abdominal plumes being much fewer and further apart; the legs also are covered with white feathers, which extend further on the foot and cover the junction of the toes and claws; the tail is different also—in I?. ignavus the two central feathers being brown, with faintly indicated bands of fulvous vermiculations, whereas in B. turcomanus the prevailing colour of these feathers is tawny buff, about eight cross bands of brown being distinguishable, while, instead of the lateral feathers 3 . BTJBG. 19 being barred with deep tawny and brown in about equal proportions, as in B. ignavus, in B. turcomanus these feathers are orange-buff, narrowly crossed with about eight bars of brown. The same differences are seen in the wing, the prevailing colour being orange-buff in the quiU-lining of B. turcomanus; in the under wing-coverts there is also a difference, these being barred across in B. ignavus like the breast, whereas in the Siberian Owl they are nearly uniform. The differences in the upper surface of the two birds chiefly consist in the entirely paler colour of B. turcomanus, the tawny buff colour predominating. 2. Bubo virginianus. Great Homed Owl, Edtvards, Birds, pi. 60. Le Grand Due de Virginie, Briss. Orn. i. p. 484. Wapacuthu Owl, Penn. Arctic Zool p. 231. Strix virginiana, Gm. S. N i. p. 287; Wilson, Am. Orn. vi. p. 52, pJL 50, fig, 1; Audub. Am. B« pL 61; id. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 313. Strix wapacuthu, Gm. S. N. i. p. 290. Strix maximus, Bartr. Trav. Carol p. 285. Bubo ludovieianus, Baud. TraiU, ii. p. 210. Bubo pinicola, Vieill Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 19. Strix crassirostris, Vuill. N. Diet oVHist, Nat. vii. p. 44. Strix macrorhyncha, Temm. PL Col. ii. pi. 62. Otus virginianus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 57, Otus macrorhynchus, StepJi. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 59; Citv. Regn. An. I p. 341 (1829) ; Less. Traite, p. 109 Nyctea wapacuthu, Steph. Gm. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 63. Asio macrorhyncha, Less. Man. d? Orn. i, p. 117. Bubo virginianus, Sw. fy Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. Birds, p. 82; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Am. p. 6; Audub. B. N. Am. i. p. 143, pi. xxxix. (1839) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 37; Bp. Consp. i. p. 48; Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 241, et Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 116; Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 213 ; Cass. B. Calif. §• Texas, p. 177; id. B. N. Am. p. 49; Gray, BCand-l B. i. p. 4&; Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 202; Allen, Bull. ILarv. Coll. ii. p. 337; Dall 4* Bonn. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 272; Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, iii. p. 26; Cones, B. N. W. Am. p. 300. Bubo arcticus, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Am. Birds, p. 86, pi. 30. Ulula virginiana, James, ed. Wils. Am. Orn. i. p. 100. Heliaptex arcticus, Swains. Classif. B. i. p. 328. Asio virginianus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 217. Otus crassirostris, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 40. Bubo subarcticus, Hoy, Pr. Acad. N. Sci. Philad. vi. p. 211. Asio crassirostris, Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 208. Bubo virginianus atlanticus, Cass. B. N. A. p. 49. Bubo virginianus pacificus, Cass. 1. c. p. 49. Bubo virginianus arcticus, Cass. L c. p. 50. Bubo virginianus, var. arcticus, Coues, Key N Am. B. p. 202; Ridgw. B. N. Am. iii. p. 64. Bubo virginianus, var. pacificus, Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 202; Ridgw. B. N. Am. iii. p. 65. Bubo virginianus, var. virginianus, Ridgw. B. N. Am. iii. p. 62. Adult Above dark brown, varied with tawny or orange-buff, all the bases to the feathers being of this colour, and showing conspicuously on the head and neck, all the brown dorsal feathers pro c2 220 BUBONID2E. fusely vermiculated with ashy white in the form of zigzag cross markings; scapulars nearly entirely orange-buff on the outer web, inclining to white near the tip, and regularly crossed with rather narrow bars of brown, the tips being mottled with brown; head and neck, as mentioned above, more orange-buff than the back, the bases to the feathers showing very conspicuously, all of them blackish brown at tip, crossed with zigzag bars of ashy white; wing- coverts blackish, especially the lesser series and those near the edge of the wing, these being only slightly vermiculated and barred with ashy white, the median and greater series more largely mottled with ashy white, the orange-buff bases to the feathers being also rather conspicuous, the greater series distinctly whitish at their tips, with several zigzag cross lines of brown; primary coverts regularly barred with dark brown and tawny buff in alternate bands, like the quills, the light bars slightly mottled with brown ; primaries dark brown barred with tawny buff, more broadly on the inner web, these bars slightly obscured with brown vermiculations, especially towards the tips of the feathers, the secondaries alternately barred with dark brown and tawny buff in about equal proportions, the light bars vermiculated with brown on the outer web, the innermost secondaries being brown strongly vermiculated with ashy white, and thus resembling the scapulars; lower back orange-buff, with a few zigzag cross markings of brown, increasing in extent on the rump and upper tail-eoverts, which are brown at their tips, vermiculated with ashy white like the rest of the back; tail dark brown, tipped with whitish and crossed with several zigzag lines of buffy white, indicating about seven bars on the middle feathers, inclining to buff near the base, the other feathers tawny buff on the inner web barred with brown, the outer web also alternately barred with brown and tawny buff, the external bars of this colour pretty clear on the outer feathers, but more or less clouded towards the centre of the tail; lores and feathers over the eye white, the shafts blackish at tip; plumes below the eye and ear-coverts tawny buff, the latter black at tip, forming a tolerably broad circular line down the sides of the neck; behind this black line a ruff of tawny feathers, whitish at tip, with a brown subterminal bar on the sides of the throat and cheeks, the feathers being very long and stiff, tawny buff with broad central streaks, these plumes continued across the throat, and separating the chin from the fore neck, both of the latter being pure white; rest of under surface of body white, thickly crossed with zigzag bars of blackish brown, all the bases to the feathers orange- buff, showing conspicuously; the centre of the breast white; the chest and the sides of the upper breast with large spots of black; leg-feathers buffy whitish, washed with orange-buff; under tail- coverts whitish, narrowly barred across with brown; under wing- coverts white, scantily spotted with dark brown, those near the edge of the wing with rather larger brown spots, and inclining to bright orange-buff, the lowest series blackish with buffy white bases, resembling thus the inner lining of the quills, which are blackish brown barred with buffy white; ear-tufts 2-6 inches long, blackish 3 . BUBO. 21 brown, tawny buff at base and for the greater part of the inner web• " bill black; toes ashy; claws horn-colour, black at ends; iris gamboge-yellow" (Ridgway). Total length 23 inches, wing 14-9, tail 9, tarsus 2*3. Obs. The specimens from North America in the Museum not being sexed, I borrow the measurements given by Mr. Eidgway (t. c. p. 63). He gives those of the male as follows:—Wing 14*50, tail 8*20, culmen 1*10, tarsus 2, middle toe 2. Female. General appearance same as in the male. Black blotches on head above and nape less conspicuous, the surface being mottled like the back &c.; primary coverts with three well-delined, narrow, pure black bands; primaries with only six bands, these broader than in the male ; secondaries with only five bands; tail with but six dark bands, these very much narrower than the light ones. Tibiae and tarsi with sparse transverse bars of dusky. Wing 16, tail 9, culmen 1*20, tarsus 2*20, middle toe 2*10 (Ridgway). Mr. Ridgway gives nine dusky bars on the primaries of the male and eight on the secondaries, seven being the number on the tail- feathers. Prom the sizes here given it appears that the example described by me (one of Mr. Doubleday's Delaware specimens) is a male. I can, however, only count seven dark bands on the primaries and six on the secondaries, while the tail has seven more or less distinct ones. Generally, however, as will be seen below, the bars are identical in number on both series of the quills, while not unfrequently the number on the tail-feathers corresponds also. The American Horned Owl varies greatly, and sometimes apparently these variations are coincident "with a different locality; but I do not think these differences are greater than those we are accustomed to see in B. ignavus of Europe. Generally speaking, specimens from British Columbia and Vancouver's Island are much darker than ordinary North-American examples, and belong to the race first separated by Mr. Cassin, and constituting the var. pacificus of MK Ridgway's recent work. He gives the range of this subspecies as the " Pacific coast north of the Columbia, Labrador/' and he calls it a " northern littoral form." We have in the Museum six specimens from the above-mentioned localities, on which I have made the following notes a propos of Mr. Ridgway's account:— a. S. West side of the Rocky Mountains (J. K. Lord). Total length 21 inches, wing 14*85, tail 9, tarsus 2-6. Bands on primaries and secondaries 7, bars on tail 7. b. £ . West side of the Rocky Mountains (J. K. Lord). Total length 20 inches, wing 14*85, tail 9, tarsus 2*45. Bands on primaries and secondaries 8, and on tail 8. The sex is probably an error in this specimen : they both agree with Mr. Ridgway's diagnosis as to the dark coloration of this race * but they have not the faoe " greyish •" for it is orange-buff barred with black. Both are very thickly barred with black below. c. Vancouver's Island (J. K. Lord). Total length 21 inches, •wing 15*4, tail 9*8, tarsus 2*75. Bars on primaries 8, and the same BTJBONIDiE. number on the secondaries and tail. Ear-coverts dull tawny shaded with grey and barred with black. d. Vancouver's Island (J. K. Lord). Total length 20 inches, wing 15*2, tail 9*5, tarsus 2*6. Bars on primaries, secondaries, and tail 6. e. Vancouver's Island (Dr. Lyall). Total length 21 inches, wing 14*7, tail 9, tarsus 2-45. Bars on secondaries 6, and on tail 7. It is impossible to count the bars on the primaries, as they are nearly all merged, producing a uniform surface below. / . Vancouver's Island (Br. Lyall). Total length 21 inches, wing 14-8, tail 9, tarsus 2-55. Bars on primaries and secondaries 6, and on tail 6. This bird is quite light-coloured compared with the foregoing specimens, and has a greyish face with a few black markings. In tone of colour it is not very different from Mr. B. Boss's bird from Port Simpson, but does not show the orange-buff bases to the feathers quite so much. These Paciiic-coast birds, as a rule, have the lower surface of the primaries nearly uniform brown; but these are also, perhaps in older birds, often as distinctly barred as in true B. virginianus. Mr. Bidgway separates as a race, equal in value to the subspecies he calls jpacificus, the pale form which Swainson named arcticus; and of this he gives the habitat as the " western region of North America, from the interior Arctic districts to the tablelands of Mexico." On this subspecies Dr. Coues's remarks should be studied (B. N.'W. Am. p. 301). I consider the type specimen to be nothing but a white variety of B. virginianus; but should it constitute a race, as Mr. Bidgway thinks, it will hold the same relation to Buho virginianus that B. turcomanus does to B. ignavus; but it is whiter in proportion. The type in the British Museum may be briefly described as follows :— General colour white, slightly tinged here and there with light orange-buff; all the upper surface mottled with zigzag cross markings of brown, rather broad and distantly vermiculated, the greater coverts white at tip of outer web; quills buffy white, with about six bars of dark brown on the outer web, the interspaces very slightly mottled with brown vermiculations, excepting at the tips of the primaries, which are very closely vermiculated with sandy brown, as also are the primary coverts at their extremities ; tail-feathers white, inclining to orange-buff on the inner web, and crossed with six regular though narrow bands of dark brown; lores and general facial aspect white, with silvery-white shaft-lines, the hinder margin of the ear- coverts black; chin and fore neck pure white, separated from each other by a line of stiff feathers, which are white, with a broad mesial blackish streak; rest of under surface pure white, the leg-feathers and under tail-coverts immaculate, the breast irregularly spotted with blackish brown, the rest of the body very narrowly barred with the same; under wing-coverts pure white, the outermost of the lower series black at the tips, and forming a wing-spot which resembles the inner lining of the quills; bill and claws bluish 3 . BUBO. 23 black; iris yellow. Total length 20 inches, wing 14*9, tail 9-1, tarsus 2*6. Mr. Eidgway thinks it likely that Bubo arcticus is a Mexican bird, on the strength of Mr. Sclater's paper in Proc. -Zool. Soc. for 1860, where a specimen is recorded from Orizaba and named B. virginianus. I have seen two specimens from the valley of Mexico, whence they were received by M. A. Bouvier. The following notes refer to these birds:— a. Ad. Yalley of Mexico {Bouvier). Total length 20 inches, wing 14-5, tail 8-4, tarsus 2-55. This bird is very grey, but does not seem to me to be more than an old B. virginianus. Ear-coverts dull buff, narrowly barred with blackish, and relieved with silvery white shaft-streaks on the fore part; bars on the primaries 8, on the secondaries 7, and on the tail also 7. I. [Jim.]. Yalley of Mexico (Bouvier). Differs from all the Horned Owls of America which I have seen as yet by the broad character of the white markings on the under surface, so that the black bars are very distant. The character of the upper surface is also peculiar, the general colour being blackish, and the ashy white markings on the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts very broad and coarse* the tail is very dark, the bands eight in number, and much broader than usual; bands on primaries 8, on secondaries 7; ear- coverts dull tawny buff, with a few indications of blackish cross lines. Total length 20 inches, wing 14*5, tail 9, tarsus 2*6. Mr. Salvin has kindly shown me a series of Central-American Horned Owls. They are chiefly from Guatemala, and belong to the ordinary North-American type, viz. B. virginianus. But in the Salvin-Gfodman Collection there is a remarkable bird from Ecuador, which is so black as to suggest the possibility of its being a case of melanism. It has so little left of the tawny colour and markings that I am unable to say whether it is a specimen of B. virginianus or B. magellanicus, though I should suspect that it would belong to the former species, if a permanent dark race or a distinct species should not be some day found to inhabit Ecuador. Hab. The whole of Forth America, ranging south into Central America, as far as Guatemala. a, b. Ad. sk. North America. c, d. Ad. sk. Arctic America. Admiral Sir George Back [P.]. e. Ad. sk. Delaware, U. S. E. Doubleday, Esq. [P.]. / . Ad. sk. North America. Hudson's Bay Co. [P.]. g. Ad. sk. Fort Simpson, June 1861. Bernard E.Koss, Esq. [P.]. h, i Ad. sk. Vancouver's Island. Dr. Lyall [P.]. k, I. Ad. sk. Vancouver's Island. J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.]. m, n. $ 5 sk. West side of the Eocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.J. Mountains. o. Ad. sk. Valley of Mexico. M, A. Bouvier. j?. Jun.sk. Valley of Mexico. M. A. Bouvier. #,r, s. Skeletons. N.America. Purchased. ETJBONIDJE. 3. Bubo ascalaplrus. Bubo ascalaphus, Savign. I>escr. Egypte, p. 295, pi. 3. fig. 2; Gould, B. Eur. l. pL 37; Btipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 12; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 37 ; Cass. Cat. Strigidce Philad. Mus. p. 8; Kaup, TV. Z. S. iv, p. 239, et Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 115; StricH. Orn. Syn. p. 215; Fritsch, Tog. Eur. tab. 12. fig. 3 : Schl. Mus. P.-B, Oti, p. 8; Neurit. Ooth. JFo%.p.l64; Heugl. Orn. N. O.-Afr. I p. Ill ; Gray, ITand-L B. I p. 44; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 180 ; Bree, B. Eur. 2nd ed. i. p. 145. Strix ascalaphus, Temm. JPl. Col. ii. pi. 57 ; Schl. & Stc$e?n. Vog. Eur. Taf. 49 ; Bree, B. Eur. i. p. 130 (1863). Otus ascalaphus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 56; Cuv. JRegn. An. i. p. 341 (1829) j Less. Traite, p. 109; X>^/. # <9er5e, Orn. ^r . i. p. 139. Asio ascalaphus, Z&ss. Man. d'Om. i. p. 115. Ascalapbia savignii, Is. Geoff, St.-JHilaire, teste G. B. Gray, List Gen. B. p. 7 (1841) j J?/>. Cow^?. i. p. 18; id. Bev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 542; Loche, Expl. Sci. cf Alger. Ois. i. p. 102 ; Souza, Cat. Zisb. Mtts. Acciptr. p. 58. Adult. General colour above clear tawny buff, varied with black markings occupying the centres and expanding towards the tips of tbe feathers, the tawny portion of which is distributed in lateral spots or notches, many of which incline to white, the bases of all the feathers being nearly entirely tawny buff; scapulars almost all tawny, with a large rounded white spot near the tip of the exterior feathers; the tips of the feathers blackish brown, with a few small bars of the same on both webs; head and neck tawny buff like the back, many of the feathers ineHning to whitish at tip, with broad dark brown centres, less characterized on the hind neck, which therefore appears more tawny than the rest of the upper surface; wing-coverts tawny buff like the back, with the same central markings of brown, the tawny colour more distributed in spots than on the back, many of them inclining to white, especially on the outer webs of the median and greater series, which have quite an ocellated appearance, all the least wing-coverts and those bordering the outside of the wing darker brown and less spotted with tawny than the rest of the coverts ; wing-coverts nearly uniform brown, inclining to tawny buff only at base and on the lower half of the inner web ; quills tawny buff, tipped narrowly with buffy white, the primaries brown at tip and broadly barred with brown, the tawny interspaces nearly three times the width of the brown cross bars, the secondaries much more dusky, being more numerously barred with brown, the tawny buff interspaces about double the width of the brown bands, and much obscured with vermiculations of brown, the innermost mottled with tawny buff and brown and resembling the back; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts nearly uniform tawny buff, with a few brownish mottlings, in the form of bands near the extremity of the latter; tail-feathers tawny buff, tipped with buffy white, and crossed with about Hye distinct bands of darker brown on the outer feathers, the basal bands obsolete on these, but more distinct on the others, which have about seven distinguishable, the two centre 3 . BUBO. 25 feathers much more dusky, the dark bands being broader and about nine in number, the tawny buff interspaces obscured by mottlings of brown; lores and feathers in front of the eye white, with dusky blackish tips* feathers over the eye black, forming a small spot; ear-tufts about 1*75 inch Jong, tawny buff, with a black mesial mark towards the tip; sides of face and ear-coverts uniform tawny buff, the latter blackish at their tips, forming a circular Hne of black down the sides of the head, succeeded by a ruff of tawny buff feathers, inclining to whitish on the lower margin of the ear-coverts, these feathers mesially streaked with black, a small patch of which is also seen behind the lower part of the ear-coverts on the sides of the neck ; cheeks and chin white, as also a patch on the fore neck, this latter separated from the chin by a patch of stiff feathers tawny buff with black central streaks ; under surface of body bright tawny buff, broadly streaked with brown on the chest, the breast less distinctly streaked, the markings being mere longitudinal spots, many of the feathers being laterally white; belly crossed with numerous narrow zigzag bars of rufous brown, many of the interspaces being white, these narrow bars disappearing on the under tail-coverts • leg-feathers uniform buffy white*, under wing-coverts tawny, more or less washed with white, the inner ones especially whitish, those near the edge of the wing rather minutely spotted with black, the lower series dark brown, white at the base, thus resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are whitish on the inner web, with broad brown bars; bill black; iris deep yellow. Total length 21 inches, wing 15-8, tail 9-5, tarsus 3*15. Obs. A male collected by Mr. E. Bartlett at the Pyramids measures as follows:—Total length 19 inches, wing 13*8, tail 8*5, tarsus 2*9. Hob. Northern Africa, from Egypt to Algeria. a. Ad. sk. Egypt. W. B. D. Turabull, Esq. [P.]. b. 6 imm. sk. Egypt. E. Bartlett, Esq. [O.J e. Skeleton. N. Africa. Zoological Society. d. Sternum. 4. Bubo bengalensis*. Otus bengalensis, Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 115 j Gould, Cent. B. JSimal. Mts. pi. 3. Urrua cavearia, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. vi. p. 372. Urrua bengalensis, Jerd. Madr. Jozirn. x. p. 87; id. B. Ind. i. p. 128 j id. Ibis, 1871, p. 345; Blyth, Ibis, 1863, p. 26. Mesomorpha cavearia, Hodgs. J. A S. B. x. p. 28. Bubo bengalensis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 37; Cass. Cat. Strigidce JPhilad. Mus. p. 9; Blyth, Cat B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 35 • Bp. Consp. i. p. 49; Kaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 239, et Contr. Orn. 1852, p, 115 j Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p< 73 • Bp. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. * Professor Sundevall considers that the title of Strix capensis of Daudin, founded on Levaillant's Grand Due (Ois. d'Afr. pi. 40), is referable to this species; but the figure is too bad to allow of its exact determination. BUBONIDJE. m 1854, p. 542 j Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 210; Schl. 3fus. P.~B. Gti, p. 8; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 44; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 163. Bubo cavearius, Hodgs. J. A. S. JB. xix. p. 169. Ascalaphia bengalensis, Blyth% Ibis, 1866, p. 252; Hkime, Hough Notes, ii. p. 3G6 ; Nests fy Eggs hid. B. p. 62. Adult Upper surface blackish on the back, much mottled with light yellowish buff, distributed in lateral spots on most of the feathers, some of these spots whitish and slightly obscured by zigzag markings of dark brown, the outer scapulars almost entirely whitish, especially on their external web, forming a conspicuous shoulder- patch ; wing-coverts blackish like the back, the least series mottled with a few whitish or yellowish spots, the median and greater coverts with large subterminal spots of white on both webs, very distinct and clear on the outer, but slightly marked with brown mottlings on the inner one; primary coverts daz'k brown at tip, slightly vermiculated, the rump-feathers also with a central arrow-shaped spot of brown; tail clear tawny buff, whitish at tip, crossed with rather narrow bands of dark brown, of which there are about seven on the outer web, the centre feathers dark brown, crossed with about five bands of whitish buff, all mottled with zigzag brown markings; face very light-coloured, the lores and plumes in front of the eye white, with black tips to the shafts ; above the hinder part of the eye a small black patch; cheeks white ; ear-coverts dull tawny buff with dusky shaft-lines, the hinder margin black, forming a lateral line down the sides of the face, this line being succeeded by a ruff of pale tawny buff feathers, with broad central streaks of dark brown, these showing very distinctly on the lower part; head and neck much lighter than the back, the general colour being bright tawny buff, streaked broadly down the centre of each feather with blackish brown, many of the plumes of the wing inclining to whitish buff near their tips; ear-tufts 2-25 inches long, black, narrowly margined on the outer web, but broadly on the inner one, with yellowish buff; chin whitish, the throat crossed with a bar of stiff recurved fulvous feathers, streaked down the centre with brown, in continuation of the facial ruff; breast whitish buff, with broad mesial streaks of dark brown with fulvous mottling, the basal half tawny buff, barred across with brown ; primaries tawny buff, brown at tip, and barred across with dark brown, the secondaries marked in the same manner, but rather duller, the buff interspaces inclining to whitish externally, and all more or less mottled with brown vermiculations, the innermost almost entirely brown, largely spotted with white on the outer and with buff on the inner web, all these spots more or less obscured by brown zigzag bars or vermiculations; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts clear tawny buff, with a few irregular and nearly obsolete bars of brown, some of these streaks dilating towards the tips; belly light yellowish buff, with narrow and indistinct transverse bars of brown, a little plainer on the feathers of the lower breast, which have also tolerably distinct central streaks of brown, the under tail-coverts fulvous, less distinctly barred; leg-feathers uniform fulvous; under wing-coverts tawny buff, slightly barred 3 . BUBO. 27 with, narrow markings of brown, the outermost rather largely spotted with brown, the lower series fulvous at base, brown at tip, forming a wing-bar, thus resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are fulvous, barred with brown on the inner web; bill horny black; irides intense orange-yellow. Total length 20 inches, wing 15-6, tail 8*8, tarsus 2-95. Obs. On looking over the series of Bubo bengalensis, I was struck with the variation in colour which is exhibited by the species. Some specimens are very black in comparison with others; and these I cannot make out to be immature. Himalayan examples are generally more dusky about the face than those from other parts of India; and one presented by Mrs. Hillier is remarkable for its tawny appearance. In this stage it comes exceedingly close to Bubo asea- Icuphus ; and indeed these two species are scarcely separable; a comparison of a large series might even prove their absolute identity; but we have in the Museum only two specimens from Egypt. They are more ocellated in appearance than the Indian birds, especially below, where the light markings are very broad and arranged in the form of spots, while the transverse bars are much narrower in B. bengalensis. Hab. The Peninsula of India. a. Ad. sk. India. Mrs. Hillier [P.]. b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.; c. Imm. st. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. "P." d. Jun. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.* e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P." /, g. Ad. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.^ h. Ad. sk. Rajkote, Kattiawar, Major J. Hayes Lloyd HP.]. June 4th, 1871. i Ad. sk. Jaitpore, Kattiawar, Mai or J. Hayes Lloyd fP.l. J J L J Dec. 12th, 1871. ' * k Ad. sk. Kamptee, C. India. Dr. B. Hinde [P.]. /. Jun. sk. Kamptee, 0. India. Dr. B. Hinde [P.J. m. Skeleton. Zoological Society. 5. Bubo capensis*. Bubo capensis, Smith, 8. Afr. Q. Journ. ii. no. 4, pt. 1, p. 317$ Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 37 ; Biipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 49; Smith, III. Zool S. Afr. Aves, pi. lxx.; Cass. Cat. Strigidm Philad. Mus. p. 8; Bp. Comp. i. p. 49 j Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 116; Bp. Bev. etMag. de Zool. 1854, p. 542; StricU. Orn. Sxjn. p. 217; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Oti, p. 9; Laxjard, B. 8. Afr. p. 39; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. * This specific name is generally credited to Daudin, who founded his Strix capensis on Levaillant's " Grand Due." This Professor Sundevall refers to Biiho bengalensis; hut the question is too obscure to admit of our substituting for the latter well-established title the older, but totally inapplicable, one of capensis tor an Indian bird. The synonymy of this doubtful Cape species is as follows:— Le Grand Due, LevailL Ois. d'Afr. i. pi. 40. Strix capensis, Baud. Traitt, ii. p. 209 (ex LevailL). Bubo africanus, Stephens, Gen. Zool. xiii. pi. 2, p. 55. 11UB0XIDA). p. 110; Gray, lland-l B. i. p. 43?-Gurney, P. Z. S.1871, p. 148; Schl Revue Accvpitr. p. 4; S/iarpe, ed. Layard, P. S. Afr. p. 70. Bubo dilloni, Prevost et Des Murs, Rev. Zool. 1846, p. £42 j iid. in Lefebvr. Voy. Abyss. Zool. p. 73, pi. S. Bubo niaximus, var. capensis, Kaup, Isis, 1848, p. 770. Nisuella dilloni, Pp. Rev, et Mag. de Zool. 1854, p. 542. Bubo ascalabotes, LicM. Nomencl. Av. p. 7. Bubo ascalaplms, Fi?iseh, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 210. Not quite adult (type of species). Above brown, everywhere strongly mottled with orange-tawny, the feathers of the head and neck brown, with large spots of tawny colour on each web of the feather, larger and forming bands on those of the hind neck, the tawny colour predominating on this portion of the upper surface; back brown, mottled with irregular markings of tawny, which forms largo spots and bars on the scapulars, more distinct on the outer webs of these feathers, which are also tipped with whitish; least wing- coverts almost entirely uniform brown, with only a few small rounded spots of tawny buff, the median series mottled with larger spots of the same, inclining to white on the outer web of some of these coverts, the greater series brown like the secondary quills, and, as in the latter, barred with rows of tawny buff markings, most regular in appearance but difficult to describe, these tawny markings not being actually bars, but enclosing a more or less dissolving spot of brown, and giving a generally barred appearance to the wing; the primary coverts more entirely brown, the cross markings, which are like those on the secondaries, very indistinct; the primaries brown, regularly barred across with tawny buff, these cross bars only slightly obscured by remains of brown mottling, increasing towards the tips of these quills, which are almost entirely brown; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts alternately barred with brown and tawny buff in regular succession; tail brown, slightly tipped with fulvous and crossed with seven other bands of buff on the centre feathers, these bands being exactly of the same character as those on the wings, enclosing brown mottlings, the outer feathers banded with dark brown and dull tawny in about equal proportions, the light interspaces inclining to white on the outermost rectrix, especially near the base; lores and feathers in front of the eye white, the shafts black near the tip and elongated into hair-like bristles ; feathers under the eye whitish; sides of the face dull tawny, shading into dark brown at their tips, the ear-coverts broadly brown on their hinder margin; above the eye a small patch of blackish feathers, reaching to the base of the ear-tufts, which are black, spotted with tawny buff on the inner margin; behind the ear-coverts runs a tolerably conspicuous ruff of bright tawny buff feathers, with brown bases and indistinct cross bars of the same; chin white, as also the fore neck, separated from each other by a bar across the throat, consisting of tawny feathers mesially streaked with brown ; crop-patch composed of fluffy dull white feathers, inconspicuously barred with dull brown; rest of under surface tawny buff, barred across with brown, the light portions of the feather, however, being 3 . BUBO. 20 the broadest, and often nearly white; under tail-coverts whitish, barred across with brown, much more narrowly than the breast; leg- feathers whitish, the tibial plumes tawny, with very few zigzag markings of brown; under wing-coverts pure white, plainly crossed with zigzag bars of brown, the lower series yellowish white for basal half, barred with brown, the apical half being entirely brown, forming a wing-bar. and resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are yellowish white on inner web, broadly barred with dark brown; bill dark livid brown ; claws horn-colour, lightest towards base; iris bright orange-yellow. Total length 24 inches, wing 15*3, tail 9-2, tarsus 2*6. Hab. Africa: Cape colony and Abyssinia: not known on the west coast. a. Imm. st. Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [0.]. 6. Bubo magellanicus. Hibou des Terres Magellaniques, Buff. PL JEnl. i. pi. 385. Bubo magellanicus, Gm. S. A7*, i. p. 286 j Gray, Cat. Accipitr. p. 40 (1844); D'Orb. Voy. Am. MSricl Ois. p. 137; Bp. Consp. i. p. 48; Pelz. Beise Novara, Vog. p. 20; Gray, Jtland-L B. i. p. 43. Nacurutu, Azara% Apunt. ii. p. 192. Strix nacurutu, Vieill. N. Bid. vii. p. 44. Asio magellanicus, Less. Man. cFOm. i. p. 116. Bubo crassirostris, Burnt. Th. Bras. ii. p. 121; id. La Plata Beis. ii. p. 439. Bubo virginianus, Scl. 8>~ Sah. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 155; iid. Nomench Av. Neotr. p. 116 (pt). Bubo virginianus, var. magellanicus, Bidg. B. N. Amer. iii. p. 61; Cones, B. KW. Am. p. 301. Adult male. Above dull tawny buff, more or less mottled with blackish brown over the whole of the upper surface, the buff colour prevailing on the head and neck, these barred crosswise with blackish brown, with a tolerably broad central line of the same dilating towards the apex of the plume, the light markings paler and more whitish on the feathers of the crown; ear-tufts 1*75 inch long, blackish, inclining to pale tawny buff on the inner webs ; feathers of the back and scapulars barred near the base, and thickly vermiculated towards the tips with blackish, giving a darker appearance to this part of the upper surface; wing-coverts coloured like the back, the least series thickly mottled with blackish, the tawny-buff colour predominating in the centre of the shoulder, the greater coverts also being tawny buff, slightly mottled with brown, and distinctly barred with the latter colour; primary coverts deep reddish buff, obscurely mottled and tipped with blackish brown, and distinctly barred across with the same colour; primaries for the most part tawny or orange buff, inclining to dusky brown at the tips of the primaiies, the light interspaces also being slightly mottled with the same colour, all the quills crossed with seven bands of darker brown, these bars much more indistinct on the innermost secondaries, where they form coarse irregular zigzag brown markings; lower back, BtTBONID^J. rump, and upper tail-coverts dull tawny buff, all regularly barred across with dark brown; tail tawny buff, tipped with whitish and crossed with seven blackish bars, less distinct on the centre feathers, where the interspaces are also mottled with dark brown; lores and feathers in front of the eye white, with hair-like shaft-lines of black ; feathers above the eye black; sides of face dull tawny buff, narrowly barred with blackish on the lower part of the ear-coverts, the hinder part black, forming a circular band down the sides of the head; this black bar followed by an indistinct ruff of fulvous feathers, blackish at the base; cheeks whitish, as also the chin and fore neck, the latter separated by a band of stiff tawny buff feathers mesially streaked with blackish ; centre of the body dull ochraceous buff, with only a few faint indications of dusky brown cross lines on the abdomen and feathers of the legs, the latter being, with this exception, nearly uniform buff; all the sides of the body ochraceous buff, closely barred with dull brown, more widely on the flanks and more thickly on the breast, many of the feathers of which have patches or spots of dull brown in the centres of the feathers; under tail-coverts resembling the flanks, but more widely barred; the under wing-coverts also ochraceous buff, narrowly but distinctly barred with brown, the axillars similarly coloured, the outermost of the lower series blackish at tip and forming a wing-spot, thus resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are for the most part dull brown, barred on the inner web with fulvous; horny sheath of beak and toes black, the cere somewhat greyer; iris reddish yellow. Total length 19*5 inches, wing 14*5, tail 8*5, tarsus 2-55. Adult female (Peru). Total length 20 inches, wing 14*85, tail 9-2, tarsus, 2-65. Hob. The southern portion of S. America, ranging on the western side up to Peru, and on the eastern side to Southern Brazil. a. 9 ad. sk. Tinta, Peru, April 23rd, 1869. Henry "Whitely, Esq. [C.1 b. Ad. st. c. $ ad. sk. d. e. Ad. st. /. Skeleton. Chili. Prov. Santiago, Chili, May 1872. Straits of Magellan. Chili. Mr. Brydges [C.]. E. C. Reed, Esq. [C.]. The Admiralty [P.]. Purchased. 7. Bubo maculostis*. Strix maculosa, Vieill. iV". Diet. d'Hist. Nat vii. p. 44; id. et Oud. Gal. Ois. i. pi. 23 bis: Grill, Zool. Anteekn. p. 47. * BUB O MACXTLOSUS. Le Choucouhou, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. i. pi. 39. Strix nisuella, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 187 {ex Levaill.). M. Jules Verreaux, in a note communicated to Dr. Hartlaub (Orn. W.-Afr. p. 19) says that this species is the same as B. maculostis (V.); and Professor Sundevall, in his critique on Levaillant (p. 27), agrees with this, and says he has seen the type in the Leyden Museum. Prof. Schlegel, however, does not mention this in his ' Catalogue;' and I do not consider the plate in Levaillant's work sufficiently decisive to upset the better-known title of Vieillot's. 3 . BUBO. 31 Strix,africana, Temm. PI. Col. ii. pL 50. Otus africanus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 58: Cav. Bean. An. 1829, p. 341. Bubo africanus, Bote, Isis, 1826, p. 976; Eaup, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 240, et Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 116. Asio africana, Less. Man. d'Orn. i p, 116. Otus maculosus, Less. TraiU, p. 109; Smith, S. Afr. Q. Jottm. ii. p. 315 j Gray, Gen. P. i. p. 40: Cass. Cat Strigidce Phil. Mtis. p. 8. Bubo maculosus, Pp. Consp. i. p. 49,* Stricld. Orn. Syn. p. 215; Gurney, Ibis, 1859, p. 242; Schl. Mm. P.-P. Oti, p. 14; Selat&r, Ibis, 1864, p. 307- Peh. Pets. Norara, Vog. p. 26, pi. 6. fig. 1; Layard, P. 8. Afr. p. 40; Gray, Iland-l. P. i. p. 44; Pocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1870, p. 338, 1871, p. 4, 1873, p. 19; Gumey, P. Z.S. 1871, p. 148, et in Anderss. P. Bam. Ld. p. 42 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard, P. S. jifr. p. 73. Msuella maculosa, Pp. Rev. et 3fag. de Zool. 1854, p. 542. Nestling. Covered with long and fluffy feathers, of a dull brownish white colour, with indistinct bars of dull brown, on the head and tinder surface of the body; feathers of the upper surface light brown, barred and mottled with darker brown, the wing-coverts ocellated on both webs with yellowish buff; these as well as the scapulars broadly tipped with whitish, causing a distinctly mottled appearance. Adult female. Above dark brown, strongly mottled and vermiculated with fulvous, the markings somewhat coarser on the scapulars, which have on their outer webs large spots of white, separated from each other by a narrow brown bar, and giving a distinctly ocellated appearance; wing-coverts light brown, slightly mottled with fulvous, the median and greater series distinctly ocellated with white on outer webs, the primary coverts also marked with white externally ; quills pale brown, narrowly tipped and rather broadly barred with buffy white, all the bars more or less vermiculated with brown, the bars on the outer primaries white and very broad, all of them very distinct below; upper tail-coverts brown, irregularly barred with white; tail brown, tipped with whitish, and crossed with four bands of light fulvous, all the interspaces and the tips more or less mottled with brown vermiculations, the centre feathers with no distinct cross bars, but much vermiculated with fulvous on the outer margins; crown of head and ear-tufts deep brown spotted with white, and producing a barred appearance on the latter and on the hind neck, very conspicuous on the neck, which has also large ocellated spots of white; lores white, tipped with black: sides of face and ear-coverts white, barred with brown, the latter tipped with black, forming a ring; feathers of facial ruff white at base, dark brown at tip; sides of face white, narrowly barred with brown; * w chin whitish; throat brown, notched on both webs with fulvous; I on the lower throat a conspicuous patch of white; rest of under surface of body white barred narrowly with brown and freckled (especially on the sides of the body) with pale rufous brown; the tarsal feathers whitish, with very few indications of brown cross 32 BUBONID^!. bars, which, are, however, very distinct on the under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts white, narrowly barred with brown, as also are the axillaries; bill black; iris yellow. Total length 21 inches, culmen 1*8, auricular tufts 2*4, wing 13*4, tail 7*7, tarsus 3*1. Obs. Some specimens are not mottled with white but with rufous buff, and have consequently a* more rufescent appearance; but it appears that the species gets darker and more uniform with age, especially on the upper surface and the sides of the face. Hab. The whole of South Africa, ranging as high as the Zambesi on the east coast, and to Benguela on the west. a. Pull. st. South Africa. South-African Museum. b. Juv. st. South Africa. South-African Museum. e. Ad. sk. South Africa. d. Ad. st. e. Ad. st. /. Juv. sk. g, h, i. Skeletons. k. Sternum. South Africa. South Africa. Benguela. South Africa. Earl of Derby [P.]. Zoological Society. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.]. Zoological Society. Zoological Society, 8. Bubo cinerascens. Otus africanus, Btipp. Neue Wirb. p. 45 {nee Temm.) • id. Syst. Uebers. p. 12. Bubo cinerascens, Guer. Pev. Zool. 1843, p. 321; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 37 * Cass. Cat. Strigidce, p. 8; Bp. Consp. i. p. 49, et Rev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 542 ,* Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 217; Heugl. in Peterm. MiUh. 1861, p. 20; Sehl Mus. P.-B. Oti, p. 15; Blanf. Geol. fy Zool. Abyss, p. 302 ; Antin. #• Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 39. Otus cinerascens, JDes Mtirs, in Lefebvr. Voy. Abyss. Zool. p. 74, pi. 4. Bubo cinerascens, GuSr. $• Lafr. in Ferret et Galin. Voy. Abyss. Zool. iii. p. 181, pi. 2. Otus maculosus, Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. Mtis. JE. I. Co. i. p. 80 ; Heugl.J.f. 0.1863, p. 13. iEgolius africanus, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 14. Bubo maculosus (nee F.), Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 19: id. J. f. 0. 1861, p. 101; Brehm, Peis. w. Habesch, pp. 208, 270;'Heugl'Om. N.O.-Afr. p. 114; Finsch # Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 103. Bubo africanus, Scl Pep. Spelie coll Somali Ld. p. 9; Speke, Ibis, 1860, p. 244; Heugl in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 20. Otus melanotus, Heugl. J. f. O. 1863, p. 12. Bubo selenotis, Heugl. J.f.O. 1867, p. 293 (ex Pr. Wiirt. MS.). Huhua cinerascens, Gumey, Ibis, 1868, p. 149; id. in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 42. Adult. Above brown, mottled and transversely vermiculated with darker brown, and crossed with zigzag lines of whitish on the scapulars and inner secondaries; the outer scapulars white, narrowly barred across with brown, forming a very conspicuous shoulder- patch, the bases of the feathers on this part inclining to orange-buff; wing-coverts brown, with less numerous zigzag bars, the greater coverts mottled with white, the median ones with a large round spot of white at the tips, forming an indistinct band ; quills brown, 3 . BUBO. 33 barred across with light fulvous brown, very distinct on the inner web, all the bars more or less mottled with brown vermiculations, especially near the tips, which incline to whitish; tail brown, whitish at tips, and crossed with six fulvescent bands, all of which are mottled with brown, and incline more or less to white on the outermost feather; the under surface of the wings and tail ashy brown, crossed with broad and distinct bands of yellowish near the base, whitish near the tip; crown of head brown, spotted on either web with white inclining to irregular bars on the ear-tufts; the nape and hind neck, forming the wig, whitish, inclining more or less to yellowish, and barred with light brown; lores and feathers over the eye pure white, the sides of the face dusky brown, indistinctly barred with white, inclining to brown at the tips of the ear-coverts, and forming a circular frill; facial ruff white, narrowly barred with brown, and touched here and there with orange-buff; under surface of body white, the chin and a patch on the lower throat pure white, the remainder of the body barred with brown, more broadly on the chest, which therefore assumes a dusky appearance ; the flanks, sides of the body, and under tail-coverts washed with yellowish; under wing-coverts white, narrowly barred with brown, more coarsely on the outermost, the lower series white broadly barred with dark brown, thus resembling the inner lining of the wing; iris dark, clear blue; eyelids blood-red; feet pale leaden; bill blackish horn-colour, paler at the tip of upper mandible. Total length 19 inches, culmen 1*9, wing 12*8, tail 7*8, tarsus 2*4, ear-tufts 1*5. Female. According to Von Heuglin, the female is smaller than the male. Young. This plumage is described by Yon Heuglin as being more washed with rufous, vermiculated and waved on the upper surface with darker grey; head and ear-tuffcs smoky, varied with pale rufous; iris rufous umber. Hob. KE . Africa. a, b. Ad. sk. Bogos Land. Herr Esler [C.]. c. Ad. sk. Purchased. d. Ad. sk. Kiver Niger. Purchased. 9. Bubo lacteus. Strix laetea, Temm. PI. Col ii. pi. 4; Chapm. Trav. S. Afr. ii. p. 392. Bubo lacteus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 55; Cuv. *Regw An. i. p. 344 (1829); Smith, 8. Afr.-Jour. ii. p. 317; Hupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 12; Gray, Gen. B. I. p. 37; Cass. Cat. Strigidce Philad. Mus. p. 17; Bp. Consp. i. p. 49; Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. Mus. F. I. Co. i. p. 73; Strickl Orn. Syn. p. 217; Hartl. Om. W.-Afr. p. 19; JSchl. Mus. P.-B. Oti, p. 11; Gum. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 2; Heugl, Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 112; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 44; Btanf. Geol. fy Zool Abyss, p. 302; Finsch 8? BCartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 101; Gurney, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 148; Antin. $ Sahad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 28; Sharpe ed. Bayard B. S. Afr. p. 71. Scops lactea, Less. Man. d Orn. i. p. 118. Otus lacteus. Less. TraiU, p. 111. VOL. IX. B 34 BTJBONIDJE. Buto sultaneus, Less, TraiU, p. 115; Pacher. Rev. et Mag, de Zooh 1849, p. 27; Gray, Gen, B, i. p. 37. Bubo verreauxii, Bp. Comp. i. p. 49 ; Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 38; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 44; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 362. " Urrua lacteus, Kemp, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 244, et Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 117. Huhua verreauxi, Gumey, Ibis, 1868, p. 147; id. in Anderss. B. Da??i, Ld. p. 41. Adult female. General colour greyish brown; the back brown, scantily freckled with greyish white, more coarsely on the scapulars, the outermost of which are more or less white externally, more or less vermiculated with brown zigzag lines; head and neck lighter than the back, the crown crossed with broader lines of white; ear- tufts 2*5 inches long, brown freckled with white lines, the tip uniform brown; wing-coverts coloured like the back, and freckled in the same way, many of the feathers uniform brown on the inner web, the greater series white at the tips of the feathers, forming an irregular bar down the wing, these spots slightly varied with brown frecklings; primary coverts nearly uniform dark brown, with faintly indicated bars of lighter brown; quills brown, tipped with whitish and barred with darker brown, the lighter interspaces slightly freckled with brown, especially on the inner web of the secondaries, which incline to whitish, the innermost secondaries brown freckled with whitish lines, and resembling the back; upper tail-coverts rather lighter than the back, the white vermiculations rather broader; tail-feathers ashy brown, tipped with whitish and crossed with four bars of darker brown, the light interspaces being freckled with greyish white on the centre feathers, and whitish on the inner webs of the outer ones; lores whitish, obscured by blackish bristles; sides of face white, the hinder margin of the ear-coverts black, forming a lateral line down the sides of the head, behind which is an indistinct ruff of white feathers, barred narrowly with greyish black, resembling the plumes of the sides of the neck; chin and throat white, as well as the cheeks, these feathers broadly streaked with black, the lower throat narrowly barred with greyish black; fore neck white, with scarcely any cross lines; rest of under surface of body ashy grey, everywhere vermiculated with whitish, more thickly on the chest, the breast-feathers as well as those of the flanks and sides of the body white, barred across with brown, the lower flank-feathers widely barred; centre of abdomen white; leg- feathers and under tail-coverts white, with more or less indistinct zigzag cross lines of greyish brown; under wing-coverts whitish, with greyish transvermiculations, exactly like the breast, the lower series black, white at base, forming a wing-bar, and resembling the inner lining of the wing, which is blackish brown, broadly barred with white on the inner web; cere bluish grey; bill pale ashcolour ; iris very dark hazel; eyelid a conspicuous pink. Obs, Specimens of this Owl from South Africa are often regarded as belonging to a different species, which is called Bubo, or Huhua, verreauxi. Mr. Gurney has argued in favour of their recognition as distinct species: and he gives the following measurements in support of his plea (Ibis, 1868, p. 148):— 3 . BUBO. 35 Carpus to lip of Ulna, 4th primary. Tarsus. Tail. in. in. m. m. B. verreaux i $ 8*0 18*5 3-0 110 B. lactea $ 7*5 10-0 2-5 9-5 I cannot, however, see more in these differences than the usual slight increase of size exhibited by Sonth-African birds over examples of the same species from more northern localities. I therefore unite these two titles under one species, and give the measurements of the series now before me:— Total length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. in. in. in. in. a. [ $ "| ad. Bogos Land {Esler) 28 19-3 11-0 3 3 b. [ d1 ] ad, Bogos Land (Esler) — 17*6* [missing] 2-9 °-L 3 J ad* Sooroo (Blanford) 24 18-0 10-0 2-9 d. S ad. Bissao (Beaudouui) .... 26 17-5 9-5 2-85 e. Ad. Zambesi (Livingstone) .. 22 18-6 9<8 2-95 f. c? ad. Cape colony (Verreaux) . 24: 18-0 10-5 2-85 g. Ad. Cape colony {Verreaux} . 24 19-3 10-5 3-0 Hah. The whole of Africa, excepting the forest districts of the west coast, a. S ad. sk. h. <$ ad. sk. c. $ ad. sk. d. $ ad. sk. e. Ad. sk. / , g. Ad. sk. Bissao (Beaudouiri). Bogos Land. Bogos Land. Sooroo. Zambesi. Cape colony. R B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. Herr Esler [C.]. Herr Esler [C.J. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. Dr. Livingstone [C.J. M. J. Verreaux [C.]. 10. Bubo coromandus. Petit Hibou de Coromandel, Sown, Voy. Ind. ii. p. 186. Coromandel Eared Owl, Lath, Gen. Syn. Suppl. p. 44. Strix coromanda, Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 53. Otus coromandus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 58. Bubo coromanda, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 37; Cass. Cat. StrigidtB Philad. Mm. p. 9; Bp. Consp. i p. 49; Horsf.fyMoore, Cat. B. Mm. E. Z Co. i. p, 75; Schl Mus. P.-J5. Oti, p. 9; Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 44; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 164. Urrua coromanda, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. vi. p. 373; Kanp, Tr. Z. S. iv. p. 243; id. C&ntr. Orn. 1852, p. 117; Bp. Bev. et Mag. de Zool 1854, p. 542 j Strichl Orn. Syn. p. 218; Jerd. B. Ind. i p. 130; id. Ibis, 1871, p. 345; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 63. Mesomorpha coromanda, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. x. p. 28. Urrua umbrata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 180. Bubo umbratus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 35. Ascalaphia coromanda, Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 253; Hume, Rough Notes, ii. p. 371. Bubo sinensis, Heude, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5) xx. art. 2; Sharpe} Ibis, 1875, p. 265. Adult female. General colour greyish brown, with dark brown centres to the feathers, which are obscurely vermiculated with darker brown; head rather lighter than the back, the groundT * This bird is moulting, and perhaps has not the wing perfectly grown, D2 36 BUBONIDJE. colour being paler and more hoary ; ear-tufts nearly uniform dark brown, lighter at the base and vermieulated with greyish on the inner web; scapulars rather browner than the back, the mesial brown streaks being very distinct, the outermost with large yellowish white markings, these more or less mottled with brown, but forming a tolerably distinct shoulder-patch; wing-coverts resembling the back and vermieulated in exactly the same manner, the centres to the feathers darker brown, the outer median and greater coverts with distinct rounded spots of yellowish white; primary coverts ashy brown, broadly banded with darker brown; quills ashy brown, the primaries tinged with fulvous, all crossed with broad bands of darker brown, the light interspaces minutely vermieulated and dotted with brown, the innermost secondaries thickly vermieulated and resembling the back; lower back, rump,' and upper tail-coverts ashy brown, numerously crossed with rather narrow fulvous cross bars, the latter vermieulated with fulvous; tail dark brown, broadly tipped with buify white, and crossed with four other broad bands of deeper buff, these bands very distinct on all excepting the two centre feathers, which have the light bands very much obscured with brownish vermiculations, even extending to the apical whitish band; lores and feathers in front of the eye white, with hair-like black shaft-streaks; sides of face greyish brown, lighter behind the eye, all the feathers with narrow mesial streaks of blackish, the hinder margin of the ear-coverts dark brown, forming a longitudinal patch, which is succeeded by a tolerably well-defined ruff of fulvous plumes slightly vermieulated with greyish brown and streaked down the centre with darker brown; chin whitish; rest of under surface of body greyish white, with distinct mesial streaks of darker brown to all the feathers, which are also faintly but regularly barred across with zigzag lines of brown, the bars rather further apart on the abdomen, which consequently appears lighter than the breast; lower throat crossed with an indistinct bar of long fulvous feathers with dark brown centres in continuation of the facial ruff; bases to the feathers of the fore neck whitish, giving an indistinct appearance of a throat-patch; leg-feathers fulvescent, very narrowly barred across with zigzag lines of brown; under wing-coverts fulvescent, with dark brown shaft-lines, and crossed with irregular narrow bars of brown, broader on the outermost, the lower series yellowish at base, dark brown at tip, forming a wing-bar and resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are dark brown below, broadly barred with yellowish buff on the web; " legs and feet feathered, the latter sparsely; terminal joint bare, pale grey, with one or two large, soft, transverse scales; claws black; hides deep yellow; bill greyish white or pale lavender, with the tips and culmen pale yellowish horny'7 {Hume). Total length 21 inches, wing 16-4, tail 8-5, tar sus 2-65. Young* Like the adult, but paler and not showing any distinct ear-tufts, the vermiculations on the back much broader and lighter, the ear-coverts rather darker than the head and greyer; under surface of body lighter than the back, less distinctly vermieulated, and 3 . BUBO. 37 the mesial shaft-streaks much narrower; thighs and leg-feathers white, narrowly streaked with small brown lines; tail-feathers brown, with five lighter buff bands in addition to the pale tip. Hah. India : common In the N.W. provinces and extending into Sindh; eastwards extending into Tipperah and British Burmah. a, $ ad. sk. Futtegurh, Jan. 10,1871. Andrew Anderson, Esq. [0.]. b, c. Juv. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. d. Ad. sk. India. Dr. Koyle [P.l e. Juv. st. India. Dr. Eoyle [P.J. / . $ skeleton. Zoological Society. 11. Bubo shelleyi. (Plate II.) Huhua shelleyi, Sha?-pe and Ussher, Ibis, 1872, p. 182. Adult, Above blackish chocolate, the crown and auricular tufts (3*5 inches long) perfectly uniform; the nape with a few fulvous cross bars, for the most part concealed on this part, but broad and distinct on the sides of the neck, outer scapulars, and upper tail- coverts ; wing-coverts blackish like the back, the least ones perfectly uniform, and the primary coverts nearly uniform also, excepting as regards a few concealed indications of paler brown bars on the inner web ; the greater and median wing-coverts distinctly barred across with fulvous, these bars inclining to ashy brown towards the tips of the feathers; quills ashy brown, regularly barred across with darker brown, the interspaces inclining to fulvous on the inner webs of the feathers, the lower surface of the wing brown, with very broad buffy white cross bars; tail light brown, fulvescent at tip, brown at base, and crossed with seven other bands of dark brown, these bars being much broader near the base and becoming gradually narrower in extent towards the tip; forehead and feathers of the face fulvous white, distinctly barred across with dark brown, broader at the tips, and forming a distinct fringe to the facial ruff; under surface of body whitish, tinged with yellowish on the flanks, and inclining to silvery white on many of the body- and flank- feathers ; all the under surface broadly and distinctly barred with dark brown, becoming much narrower on the tarsal feathers; under wing-coverts tawny rufous, barred across with blackish brown, the greater series almost entirely fulvous like the wing-lining, and having only a small brown marking towards the tip; bill yellow. Total length 25*5 inches, culmen 2*8, wing 19*4, tail 10*5, tarsus 3*5. Hah. The forest country in the interior of Eantee. a. Ad. sk. Denkera. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.] 12. Bubo nipalensis*. Bubo nipalensis, Hodgs. As. Res. xix. p. 172; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 44. * Mr. Holdsworth, in his excellent list of Ceylonese birds, refers the species of Ceylon to Huhua pectoralis of Jerdon. The latter species was described from Southern India, and is stated to hold an intermediate position between 2?. nipalensis and B. orientalis. Not having seen examples from South India, BtTBONIDiE. Huhua nipalensis, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. vi. p. 362; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 131; Blyth, Ibis, 1806, p. 254; Hume, Bough Notes, p. 378 j id. 8tr. F. I p. 431. Etoglaux nipalenaia, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. x. p. 28. Bubo orientalis, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. 8. B.y. 34. Bubo pectoralis, Cass. Cat Strigidce Bhilad. Mzts. p. 9. Urraa nipalensis, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 117; id. Tr. Z. 8. iv. p. 244. Ptiloskelos amkerstii, Tickell, J. A. S. B. xxviii. p. 448. Huhua orientalis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxviii. p. 411. Huhua pectoralis, Holdsto. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 416. Young. General colour white, somewhat washed with yellow hei\ and there, and barred with broad markings of dark brown, sometimes heart- and sometimes spade-shaped on the back, less prominent and narrower on the head; sides of face dull white, washed with brown; under surface of body whitish, barred across with pale brown, these bars much darker on the under wing-coverts; wing& and tail coloured much as in the adult, the former with many white feathers barred with brown like the back (the remains of young plumage), the tail with remains of seven fulvous bars besides the white tip; toes bare, with a few bristly feathers sprouting. Adult. Above brown, narrowly tipped and banded across with tawny buff over the whole of the upper surface, these bars less distinct on the crown, but broader and deeper-coloured on the hind neck; the light-coloured bars broader and coarser on the scapu- I cannot speak positively on the species; but if distinct, the synonymy will be as follows:— BUBO PECTORALIS. Huhua pectoralis, Jerd. 3fadr. Journ. x. p. 89, pi. 1 ,* Eoldsw. P. Z. S.1872, p. 416. Bubo pectoralis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 37; By. Consp. L p. 49; 8tricJcL Orn. Syn. p. 216. Mr. Hume, however, speaks with great certainty on the subject of the Ceylon bird:—"Whether H. pectoralis (Jerdon) be, or be not, a good species I cannot yet positively affirm, because I have hitherto failed to procure a Mlghiri or Malabar specimen; but the Ceylon bird, of which I have a very fine specimen now before me, is no more distinct from Huhua nipalensis than Ketupa ceylonensis of Ceylon is distinct from that of Northern India. H. nipalensis is, I believe, a rare bird in European collections; but I have carefully examined some ten specimens, five of which are now in my collection, and I find that, even as regards size, there is no such marked difference between the Ceylonese and Nepaulese birds. In two males before me from Nepaul, the wings vary from 16 to 16*5 inches, in the females from 17"5 to 18'5 inches ,* in a supposed male from Ceylon the wing is 16*75 inches. " As regards plumage, the bird is one that varies very greatly; if there is a difference, the Nepaulese birds are rather darker; as for the so-called pectoral band, which merely depends on the breadth of the subterminal bars on the breast-feathers, this apparently depends upon age, and I have a Nepaulese bird in which the so-called pectoral band is a great deal more marked than in the very fine Ceylon specimen before me; while I have another Nepaulese bird, a young male, I believe, in which there is scarcely a trace of this band. The Ceylon bird may, I think, be referred to K nipalensis; and this being the fact, I think it extremely doubtful whether the Malabar and Nilghiri birds will prove distinct." * 3 . BUBO. 39 lars, the outermost of which, are broadly tipped and spotted with yellowish buff on the outer web, forming a tolerably distinct shoulder-patch; wing-coverts dark brown, narrowly barred with fulvous like the back, the median and greater series broadly tipped and externally barred with yellowish buff, producing a chequered appearance; primary coverts nearly uniform dark brown, with faint indications of lighter brown bars• quills dark brown, barred across with light brown, inclining to fulvous on the inner web of the secondaries, which have the lighter bars freckled with fulvous even on the outer web; lower back dark brown, barred and tipped with fulvous; rump dark brown, narrowly tipped and barred with the same colour, the upper tail-coverts broadly barred with fulvous nearly as widely as the intervening brown bars ; tail dark brown, broadly tipped with whitish and crossed with six other bands of fulvous ; face dusky brownish, with whitish shaft-streaks ; feathers above the eye blackish• ear-tufts (3*1 inches long) dark brown, notched and barred with fulvous or white on the inner web• sides of neck dark brown, broadly barred with white or tawny buff; cheeks white, all the feathers stiff and mesially streaked with dark brown• chin whitish; rest of under surface of body white, washed here and there with fulvous, and regularly barred across with broad markings of dark brown, these markings becoming much smaller on the leg-feathers and much wider apart on the under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts white, broadly barred with dark brown, the lower series brown, white at base, and resembling the inner lining of the quills, which are brown, broadly barred with whitish, especially near the base of the inner webs. Total length 25 inches, wing 18*1, tail 11, tarsus 3*2. Obs. Another specimen, also collected by Mr. Hodgson in Nepaul, is very similar to the one described, but has a few indications of dark brown bars on the ear-coverts, and has the smaller ear-tufts white, barred with dark brown, these apparently being still remains of the immature plumage. Total length 25 inches, wing 18*6, tail 11, tarsus 3*2. Hab. Himalaya mountains, ranging eastward into Tenasserim. Ceylon. ? Southern India. a. Juv. sk. India (Jerdon). J. Gould, Esq. [P.], b. Juv. st. Nepanl. B. H. Hodgson,"Esq. [P.]. c. Ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. (Type of species.) d. Ad. sk. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P/ e. Imm, st. Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. jP.' /, g. Bones (various). Nepaul. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.j. 13. Bubo orientalist Strix orientalis, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc, xiii. p. 140. Strix suruatrana, Rajfl, t. c. p. 279. Strix strepitans, Temm. PI. Col ii. pis. 174, 229. * Professor Schlegel keeps the Javan bird as a distinct race from the species inhabiting the Malayan islands; and Count Salvadori follows him. BUBONIDiB. Scops strepitans, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 54 j Less. Man. iTOni. i. p. 118. Bubo strepitans, Cm. Rbgn. An.i. p. 344. Syrniuni strepitans, Less. Traitt, p. 114. Bubo orientalis, Gray, Cat Accipitr. 1844, p. 100 j id. Gen. B. i. p. 37 ; Cass. Cat. Strigidce PMlad. Mus. p. 9; Bp. Consp. i. p. 49; Jlorsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 72 ; StiicM. Orn. Syn. p. 210; Schl. Mus. P.-B. Oti, p. 12 ; Gray, Band-l B. i. p. 44. Urrua orientalis, Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 117 j id. Tr.Z. S.iv. p. 243. Bubo orientalis minor, Schl. Mus. P.-B. Oti, p. 15 j id. Bevue Accipitr. p. 5. Huhua orientalis, Holdsw. P. Z. S.1872, p. 416. Bubo sumatranus, Salvad. TJcc. Born. p. 19. Young. Above white, everywhere banded with light brown, inclining to rufous on the greater upper wing-coverts; primary coverts blackish brown, mottled with rufous at extreme tips; quills dark brown, the primaries with faint indications of lighter brown bands on inner webs, the secondaries rather lighter, barred with rufous buff, the innermost white like the back, and barred with brown in the same manner, the outermost strongly mottled with rufous or irregularly barred with the same, the lower surface of the quills light brown, barred across with ashy white; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white, barred with brown like the rest of the upper surface; tail dark brown, broadly tipped with white and barred across with three or four fulvous bands, by no means equidistant or of equal breadth, the lower surface of the tail light brown, plainly barred across with white ; sides of face, eyebrow, lores, and throat white; remainder of under surface white, barred across with light brown. Adult female. Above brown, everywhere crossed with numerous zigzag bars of tawny rufous, rather broader than the back, and mottled with tawny buff on the scapulars, some of the latter having the outer webs broadly white, forming a shoulder-stripe; wing- coverts coloured like the back, the greater and median series margined with white and mottled with the same; quills dark brown, the primaries indistinctly, but the secondaries very plainly, barred with light fulvous brown, the cross bars mottled with darker brown, the innermost thickly mottled and vermieulated with tawny buff and white; tail dark brown, whitish at tip and crossed with six dull tawny bands, of unequal breadth and distance from each other, and often more or less inclining to whitish; lower surface of wings and tail ashy brown, barred across with whitish, the inner webs of the feathers white at base; crown of head brown, barred with rufous like the back, the feathers over the eye uniform and forming a distinct eyebrow, continuous with the ear-tufts, which are dark brown, the smaller feathers barred on the inner web with white or with rufous; sides of face and lores dirty white ; all the feathers on the sides of the neck and throat white, barred with brown, the bars somewhat tinged with rufous on the hinder part of the latter; under surface of body white, with scattered and irregularly shaped 3 . BUBO. 41 spots and bars of brown; the chest rufous brown, barred across with fulvous or dull white; under wing-coverts white, barred with brown like the breast, the lower series white at base, ashy brown at tip, resembling the inner lining of the wing. Total length 20*5 inches, culmen 2*3, wing 13*5, tail 7*2, tarsus 2*3, ear-tufts 2-6. Adult male. Total length 20 inches, wing 13*5, tail 7*5, tarsus 2*1. Hab. Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Bangka. a. Juv. st. Java. b. 2 ad. sk. Sumatra. Purchased. c. 2 ad. sk. Borneo. d. Juv. sk. Borneo, J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. e. $ ad. sk. Singapore. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [P.], 14. Bubo leucostictus. Bubo leucostictus, Hartl J. f. 0. 1855, p. 354 (ex Temm. MS. in Mus. Lugcl) • id. Orn. W.~Afr. p. 387; Cass. Tr. Phil Acad. 1859, p. 32 ; Hartl. J.f.O. 1861, p. 101 * Schl Mm. P.-J3. Oti, p. 10 • Gray, H.and-1. B. i. p. 44 * Schl. Hevue Accipitr. p. 6. Huhua leucosticta, Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 387. Adult. Above dark brown, the feathers with rufous cross markings, very much larger and broader on the scapulars ; the hind neck paler brown, with fulvous cross bars, probably the remains of immaturity; head blackish, with small rufous spots, larger and more ovate on the nape and hind neck, a few of the scapulars with white spots on the outer web ; wing-coverts resembling the back, with very few markings on the least series and bastard wing, but having much more distinct and somewhat vermiculated bands of rufous buff on the median and greater coverts ; primary coverts and quills dark brown, banded across with ashy brown/all the light bars slightly vermiculated with darker brown; the secondaries pale brown, banded with vermiculated bars of blackish, always more or less mottled with fulvous; tail dark brown, tipped with white and crossed with eight other fulvous bars, all more or less mottled with brown; forehead spotted and barred with white, the ear-tufts black, barred with white on the inner web ; sides of face and ear-coverts dusky fulvous, barred with black; sides of neck white, barred with blackish and inclining to brown at the tip; throat-feathers white, barred across with dark brown; the breast more or less dark brown, washed with rufous and barred across with white, the latter colour increasing on the abdomen, where the feathers are rufous at the tip, but the brown cross bars are reduced to narrow transverse lines; leg-feathers dark brown, barred with fulvous; under tail-coverts white, with narrow rufous brown bars; under wing-coverts blackish,with a few fulvous bars, some of the inner ones barred with white, the lower series uniform blackish; inner lining of quills blackish, barred on the inner web with fulvous, more distinctly towards the tips of the secondaries; bill yellowish, darker at base. Total length 16-5 inches, wing 13, tail 7*7, tarsus 1*9. (Mus. Norvicensi.) Hab. West Africa: Gold Coast to Gaboon. BUB0NID.12. 15. Bubo poensis. Bubo poensis, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 13. Bubo fasciolatus, HaHl. J. f. 0. 1855, pp. 354, 360 (ex Temm. MS. in Mm. Zw/cl); id. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 18; Sehl Mus. P.-B. Oti, p. 15; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 376, pi. xxxiii.; Gray, Hatid-l. i. p. 44. Huhua poensis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 194, pi. 4. Adult. Above blackish brown, transversely banded with, orange- tawny, these bars being broader than, the blackish cross bands, but being more concealed do not give the general tone to the upper surface ; scapulars silvery white for the greater part of their external webs, forming a conspicuous shoulder-patch; least wing-coverts blackish, those running along the upper bend of the wing white, varied with a few narrow black bars and washed with tawny; greater and median wing-coverts orange-tawny, the latter more or less overshaded with blackish brown, all of them transversely banded with black, and some of the outermost of the median series externally silvery white at tip, forming an indistinct bar; primary coverts entirely blackish ; quills fulvous brown, numerously banded with black, the secondaries orange-tawny banded with black, the outermost primaries very dark brown, with black cross bands; under surface of wing dusky blackish, with fulvous cross bars, the secondaries tawny buff, narrowly banded below with black ; upper tail- coverts and tail dingy tawny, with numerous black cross bands, about nine in number, on the latter; ear-tufts black, tawny at base ; frontal and facial feathers rufous, with black shaft-lines, the bases of all fulvous, very distinct on the ear-coverts, the hindermost of which are broadly tipped with black, as also the cheeks; under surface of body silvery white, narrowly banded across with blackish, each of these black cross bars margined by a conterminous line of orange-tawny, imparting a shade of the latter colour to the lower surface; the sides of the chest bright tawny rufous, with a few black cross bars; tarsal feathers buffy white, thickly but narrowly barred with black; under wing-coverts orange-tawny, sparsely barred with black, some of the feathers inclining to silvery white, the lower series buff at base, blackish at tip, uniform with the lower surface of the wings ; ear-tufts 2*1 inches long. Total length 18*5 inches, culmen 1*9, wing 12*8, tail 6-2, tarsus 2-2, Young. Yery much lighter than the adult, the general colour above being light tawny fulvous, narrowly barred across with black, the scapulars very pale and light fulvous; underneath whitish, with very narrow cross fines of brown. Hah. "West Africa, in the forests of the Gold Coast, Fernando Po, and Gaboon. a. Ad. sk. Denkera, Gold Coast. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. b. Ad. sk. Interior of Fantee. George Lyall, Esq. [C.J. c. Juv. st. West Africa. L. Fraser," Esq. [C.]. d. Ad. sk. ^op^, Ogowe' River, MM. Marclie and Be Compie