Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum 
Volume V 
1881 
eBooks von / from Digitalisiert von / Digitised by 
Humboldt-Universität zu 
Berlin
CATALOGUE 

OP THE 

PASSERIFORMES, 


OK 

PERCHING BIRDS, 


COLLECTION 

OF THE 

BRITISH MUSEUM. 

0ICHL0M0BPH.8J: PART II. 

CONTAINING THE FAMILY 

TUEDID^E 

(WARBLERS ANI> THRUSHES). 

HENBY SEEBOHM. 

LONDON: 
PRINTED BY ORDER OE THE TRUSTEES. 
1881. 

£ItINTED *Bt>" TAYLOfe AND FHAKCIS , 

BED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 

PKEEACE. 

THE Fifth. Volume of the ' Catalogue of the Birds in the British 
Museum' contains an account of all the species of Warblers and 
Thrushes known at present; it has been prepared by Mr. II. 
Seebohm, whose special acquaintance with this group of Birds is 
probably unequalled. The total number of species described amounts 
to 344, of which no less than 303 are in the British Museum; 
they are represented by 2560 examples. 

Of the principal donors we have to mention the author himself, 
Capt. Stackhouse Piawill, E. DuCane Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs., Lieut.-Col. Irby, Lord Lilford, and Canon Tristram. 
The frequent occurrence on the following pages of the name 
of B. H. Hodgson, Esq., is a testimony of the lasting value of 
the collections which he deposited in the Museum nearly forty 

years ago. 

ALBERT GUNTHEB, 

Keeper of the Department of Zoology. 

British Museum, 
Jan. 14,1881. 


INTRODUCTION. 

WHEN I undertook to prepare the fifth volume of the Catalogue of 
Birds, at the request of ,Dr. Giinther, I hoped to be able, by 
devoting to it a year's work, to render it as nearly perfect as the 
present state of our ornithological knowledge would permit. After 
two years' close application I am obliged to admit that many 
difficult points have had to be somewhat hurriedly settled for want 
of time to work them out, or to be left undetermined for want of 
material upon which to base an opinion. I must also ask for indulgence 
for the errors and omissions which are sure to be found 
in the voluminous synonymy required to make an index, not only 
to the nomenclature, but also to the general literature of each 
species treated of in the volume. I hope, however, that the results 
of my work are at least worth the labour I have bestowed upon it, 
and that I have not only removed many difficulties from the study 
of a group of birds which have hitherto been in a greater confusion 
than many others, but also smoothed the way towards the solution 
of some problems which puzzle all ornithological students. 

It is only fair to those who cannot but think that my treatment 
of genera in this volume is more or less heterodox, that I should 
attempt some defence or explanation in these introductory remarks. 
If I am accused of disturbing the existing genera of 

iXTKODrCTIOX. 

birds, in some instances by cutting up recognized genera, and in 

others by uniting several together, I can only plead that I have 

not done so capriciously, but in oider to facilitate the perception of 

the community of origin, -which must more and more interest those 

who accept the theory of evolution. 

It has been accepted as an axiom amongst ornithologists that 
genera must be founded upon structural characters. The reader 
will rind that in the first division of my work I have made use of 
characters that are not structural in defining some genera, and 
have, in many cases, considered so-called structural characters as 
having only value enough to divide genera into subgeneric groups. 
In the second division of my work I have convinced myself that 
these so-called structural characters have no generic value at all, 
and I have been obliged to fall back upon colour or pattern of 
colour as the only character which indicates neir relationship. In 
my opinion the pattern of the colour in the family or subfamily of 
Turdinse is a character which is more trustworthy i as showing community 
of origin), which in fact dates further back than the shape 
of the wings, tail, or bill. 

The species included in this volume are admitted by most modern 
ornithologists to be the most highly developed group of birds. 
Amongbt them are found the finest songsters, showing the highest 
development of the vocal organs, whilst few families can rival them 
in their powers of flight. In many species their range of migration 
extends from beyond the limit of forest-growth in the Arctic 
regions to the limit of continental land in the Southern hemisphere. 
It is difficult to say which of the two subfamilies is most highly 
developed. The Sylviinse have acquired a complete double moult, 
and have most of them lost the spotted plumage of their remote 
common ancestors, not only in the adult but also in the young; but 
they still retain the seutellated tarsus. The Turdinse, on the other 
hand, have scarcely the rudiments of a spring moult, and retain 
the spotted plumage of their remote common ancestors in the nestling 
plumage, but the seutellated tarsus only occasionally appears in the 
very young birds of a few species. On the whole, however, I am 

inclined to give the palm to the latter group. They are un


doubtedly the finest songsters. It may be that their greater size 

and strength has rendered the other changes less necessary. They 

EraRODTJCOCIOK. IX 

are one of the most cosmopolitan groups of birds, and undoubtedly 
the most cosmopolitan of Passerine birds. Prom these two characters, 
their high development and the cosmopolitan character of 
their distribution, we may infer that they are an example of the 
most numerous, most recent, and most nearly allied groups of 
birds. In fact they form one enormous genus. There has been no 
time or opportunity for intermediate forms to die out. Nature 
has not yet split them up into genera; in fact she has as yet only 
very imperfectly segregated them into species. Under these circumstances 
their subdivision into generic groups is to some extent 
arbitrary. I have endeavoured to choose my types of genera as 
carefully as possible, and to define their limits (i. e. to draw a line 
where nature has drawn none) with as much judgment as possible. 
The keys to the genera are, I admit, very artificial, and will require 
modification when new species are discovered; but I have endeavoured 
to characterize the genera at length, and in most cases I 
trust that the instinct of the ornithological student will enable him 
to tell a Chat, for example, from a Eedstart, without being able to 
define the characters of each genus. 

It is also due to the student that some explanation should be 
given of the way in which conspecies *, or forms between which 
the difference is only subspecific, are treated in this volume. In 
the previous volumes of the ' Catalogue of Birds9 subspecific forms 
are recognized. This is an immense stride upon the hard and tight 
system of previous English ornithologists who refuse to acknowledge 
the imperfectly segregated species which undoubtedly exist 
in nature, because forsooth their binomial system of nomenclature 
does not easily lend itself to their discrimination. The American 
system, clumsy as it is, has undoubtedly the advantage of being 
far in advance of the old mode. We must all admit that Oorone 
macrorhyncha, var. levaillanti is most objectionable as a name for 
an extreme form, and one, moreover, which leaves the intermediate 
forms nameless. It is vefy important that no mistake should be 
made as to what constitutes a conspecies. Two forms may be very 
closely allied; but if the difference between them, however small it 
may be, is constant, and is not attributable to age, sex, or season, 

* I am indebted to Professor Schlegel for this word. 
ItfTRODTTC HON . 

tlie probabilii ios aro thai it is a specific difference. On the other 
hand, if the two forms are bo closely allied that they interbreed 
and produce fertile offspring, which again interbreed, wo may draw 
two inferences—first, that the difference between the two forms 
is only subspecific, and, second, that between the two extremes 
must be an infinite gradation of intermediate forms. If the two 
forms have different areas of geographical distribution (which is 
usually the case), the intermediate ones will be found where the 
two areas overlap. If, from any cause, the species should be exterminated 
in the overlapping areas, and the causes which produced 
the variations of the two forms still continue, the peculiarities 
of each become emphasized, until they become so far separated, 
that should their areas of distribution again overlap they will 
nevertheless not interbreed, and the two species may be considered 

to be completely segregated. Under these circumstances, I have 
preferred to retain the binomial nomenclature for each of the extreme 
foims, reserving the trinomial name for the intermediate 
ones, uniting the two specific names by a hyphen, and placing the 
name of the bird first which it most resembles. Sterile hybrids 
may be denoted also by a trinomial name, the two specific names 
being united by a cross, the name of the male taking the precedence. 


Whilst I have endeavoured to bring the treatment of genera and 
of specific and subspecific forms into harmony with the latest 
discovories of science, and therefore may be considered an ornithological 
revolutionist by those who have not yet accepted the 
modern theories of evolution, upon questions of nomenclature I have 
adopted conservative principles. The former involve questions of 
fact, in which it is necessary to march with the progress of research; 
the latter are merely questions of names, in which it must be obvious 
to the merest tyro that change is in itself an evil. It appears 
to me that the recent attempts to carry out certain parts of the 
Stricklandian code to an extreme that may not inaptly be called 
revolutionary, has been productive of much confusion and unnecessary 
novelty. This I have endeavoured studiously to avoid by 
retaining the names in familiar use for many common birds, even 
where those names are not the oldest. I have only rejected them 
in cases where the name has been so frequently misapplied to 

INTRODUCTION. XI 

other species as to make it doubtful which it might be intended 
to designate, or "where the name was first used for another species 
which was also clearly defined. The violation of the rules 
of nomenclature laid down by the British Association for the 
Advancement of Science is nothing new in ornithology. I know of 
no writer who attempts to carry them out in their entirety. The 
modern attempt to carry out the law of priority regardless of 
con sequences, which has introduced so many unknown names into 
our nomenclature to the detriment of the study of ornithology, has 
generally been in direct violation of the equally important law of 
clear definition, which, if it were in its turn carried out in the same 
unrelenting manner, would further complicate our nomenclature to 
a perhaps still greater degree. If the new names already attempted 
to be introduced be carefully examined, it will be found that they 
generally fail in clear definition. It appears to me to be a great 
mistake to rake up old and little-used names, and to adopt them 
because the balance of collateral evidence that they were intended 
by their authors to be applied to certain species is in their favour. I 
venture to hope that future ornithologists will retain the old familiar 
names, even if the law of priority has to be modified to countenance 
their retention. I have accordingly adopted the law of priority 
with the following modifications—that names which have been 
extensively misapijlied must be rejected, and names otherwise 
unobjectionable must be retained, if a majority of ornithological 
writers have used them, even though they may not be the oldest. 
The adoption of this conformation of the law to the practice of the 
good old times would also have another immense advantage. It 

would enable us to omit the authority for the specific name, as all 
names would henceforth be yplurimorum auctorum, and thus the 
stigma that our names are after all trinomial would be avoided. 
Like many other conservative practices, this may not be very 
logical, but I take it to be an eminently practical solution of the 
difficulties that surround ornithological nomenclature. 

The following explanations are necessary to make the synonymy 
intelligible:— 
" Tardus modestm, Elyth nee Eyton" means that Blyth gave this 
name to the species in question, that Eyton had previously given 

INTRODUCTION. 

xn 
the same name to another species—a fact which Blyth did not 
know or did not remember at the time. 
" Saxicola leucomela, Pall, apud Dresser,? means that, in my 
opinion, Dresser was in error when he identified the species in question 
with the "species to which Pallas gave the above-mentioned 
name. 
"Sylvia sarda, Marmora fide Temm." means that Temminck 
ascribes this name to Marmora, but that I have been unable to 
find any publication in which this name was given by Marmora. 
The following contractions are used in the list of specimens:— 
« [C] " means " Collected by;" 
" [P.] " means " Presented by ?' 
" [E.] " means " Beceived in exchange from." 
The thanks of the author are due to various gentlemen for the 
loan of specimens, many of them types, without which it would 
have been impossible to work out this obscure group satisfactorily— 
particularly to George JN. Lawrence, Esq., Canon Tristram, Dr. 
Sclater, 0. Salvin, Esq., E. D. Godman, Esq., Captain "Wardlaw 
Eamsay, Allan Hume, Esq.. Dr. Scully, W. T. Blanford, Esq., 
Captain Shelley, II. E. Dresser, Esq., W. E. Brooks, Esq., John 
Gould, Esq., E. W. H. Holdsworth, Esq., and Howard Saunders, Esq. 
The author also wishes to record his especial thanks to Mr. E. 
Bowdler Sharpe for innumerable acts of courtesy in giving him 
assistance, frequently at considerable personal inconvenience; and 
also to acknowledge the obligations he is under for the facilities 
which have been so generously afforded him of examining types 
and other specimens in the Museums at Cambridge, Berlin, Prank-
fort, Bremen, Hamburg, Leyden, Paris, Copenhagen, St. Petersburg, 
Moscow, "Washington, Philadelphia, Boston, and New York. 

HENEY SEEBOHM. 

British Museum, 
Nov. 1, 1880. 


SYSTEMATIC INDEX, 


Order PASSERIFORMES. 

Suborder PASSERES. 

I. ACROMYODI. 

a. Passer es nor males. 

SECTION TTJEBIFORMES. 

Group II. GiciiLOMOBFiua. 

Earn. TURDIDJE. 

Subfam. SYLYIIN-ZE. 

Page 

1. Sylvia, Scop 3 

1. nisoria (Bechst) 6 

2. cinerea, Bechst 8 

3. hortensis, Bechst 10 

4. rtieppelli, Temm 12 

5. orplieus, Temm 14 

6. jer&oni (Blyth) 16 

7. curruca {Linn.) 16 

8. affinis, Blyth 19 

9. altkea, Hume 20 

10. minuscula, Hume 20 

11. niystacea, Menetr 20 

12. conspicillata, Marm 22 

13. atricapilla (Linn.) 23 

14. nana (Hemp?: et Ehr.)., 26 

15. subalpina, Bonelli 27 

16. melanothorax, Tristram. 28 

17. blanfordi, JSeebohm .... 29 

18. melanocephala (Gfmel.) . 29 

19. provincialis (Omel) .... 31 

20. deserticola, Tristram .. 32 

21. sarda, Temm 33 

22. galactodes, Temm 34 

23. familiaris, Menetr 36 

2. Pliylloscopus, Boie 37 

1. borealis (Bias.) 40 

2. xantliodryas, Swinhoe .. 42 

3. nitidus, Blyth 43 

4. viridanus, Blyth 44 

5. plumbeitarsus, Sioinhoe . 45 

- 6. tenellipes, Swinhoe .... 46 

7. magnirostris, Blyth .... 47 

8. lugubris (Blyth) 48 

9. coronatus (Temm?) .... 49 

10. occipitalis (Blyth) 50 

11. reguloides (Blyth) 51 

12. viridipennis (Blyth) .... 53 

13. sibilatrix (Beclist.) .... 54 

14. trochilus (Linn.) 5Q 

15. bonQllii (Vieill.) 59 

16. rufus (Bechst.) 60 

17. tristis, Blyth 63, 403 

18. affinis (Tichell) .... m, 403 

19. tytleri, Brooks 66 

20. numii (Brooks).... 67, 404 

21. superciliosus (Gmel) .. 68 

22. maculipennis (Blyth) .. 70 

23. prorcgulus (Pall.) 71 

24. pulcher (Ilodys.) 73 

25. subviiidis (Brooks) . 74, 404 

3. Ilypolais, Brelim 75 

1. icterina (Vieill) 77 

2. polyglotta( Fu>itf.) ... . 79 

3. olivetorum (Strickl.).... 79 

4. hngmd.Q,(Hemjp7\etJShr.) 80 

5. pallida (Hempr. et Ehr.) 82 

6. opaca (Licht) 83 

7. rama (Sykes) 84, 404 

8. caligata (Licht.) 85 

9. obsoleta (Seuertz.) .... 86 

4. Acrocephalus, Naum. .... 87 

1. aquaticus (Temm.) 89 

2. pnragmitis (Bechst.).... 91 

3. sorgopMlus (Swinhoe) .. 94 

4. bistrigiceps, Swinhoe .. 94 

5. turdoides (Meyer) .... 95 

6. onmtslh(Tem?n.et Schley.) 97 

7. $tmtoTm$(He7npr.etEhr.) 98 

8. longirostris (Gould) .... 99 

9. australis, Gould 100 

10. syrinx (KM.) 100 

11. palustris (Bechst.) .... 101 

SYSTEM VIIC INDEX. 

15. andromedffi (Temm. ) . . 163 
16. prmcei (Sharpe) 164 
17. corupsonota, Cassin.... 105 
j 8. erylhronota, Sclater . . 105 
19. interpret (Temm.) .... 166 
20 avensis (Gray) .:.... 167 
21. spilopleia {Blyth) 167 
22. guttata ( Vir/ors) 168 

23. i^vonii (Vteill.) 169 
***24. biyittata (Reichen.) .. 170 
25v^uriievi (HartL) 170 
26.**piaggii (Bouvier) 171 


27. crossleyi (Sharpe) .... 171 

28. 
cvanpaotus (Jard. &• 
ifeTby) 172 

29. citriiia (Lath.) 172 

30. mbecula, Goidd 174 

31. andamanensis, Wald. .. 175 

32. albogularis, Blyth 175 

33. irmotata, Blyth 176 
34 naevia (Gmel) 176 

35. wardi (Jerd.) 178 

36. piuicola (Sclater) .... 178 

37. srbirica (Pall.) 180 

38. litsltsirupa (Smith) 182, 404 

39. simensis (Hupp.) .... Ib3 

40. terrestris, Kitthtz .... 183 

2. Tardus, Linn 184 

1. maianonicus, Taoz 188 

2. bewsheri, E. IVeicton . . 188 


3. oliraceofuscus, HartL.. 189 
CUiacus, Linn 189 

5. musicus, Linn 191 ' 

6. auritus, Verr 193 

7. yisciyorixs, Linn 194 

8. mnsteliims, Gmel. .... 196 

9. audubom. Baird 198 

10. pallasii, Cab 199 

11. aorialaschkce, Gmel, .. 200 

12. swainsoni, Cab 201 

13. alicice, Baird 202 

14. ustulatus, Xutt 203 

15. fuscescens, Stephens ,. 203 

16. dryas (Gould) 204 

17. pilaris, Linn 205 

18. j amaicensis, Gmel..... 208 

19. phseopygus, Cab... 208, 404 

20. albicollis, Vieill. 209 

21. crotopezus, Licht 210 

22. trials (Swains.) ...... 211 

23. leucaucben, Sclater .. 212 

24. gymnopMnalnius, Cab.. 212 

25. leucomelas, Vieill, .... 213 

26. ignobilis, Sclater 214 

27. plebeiug, Cab 215 

28. albiyenter, Spix 216 

12. Htropcrus ( Vwill.)

18. dumotoium, Blyth

14. agricola {Jerd.)

15. bicticatus (Vieill)

5. Locustella, Kaup

1. fawiiolatn (Gray)

2. fluviatilis ( Wolf\

3. lusciiiioideb (fiaui)

4. ocliotcnsis (Midd.)

5. cerlhiola (Pail)

0. locustella (Lath )

7. straminea (Serertz.)

8. lanceolata (Temm.)

0. Lusciniola, Gray

1. aedon (Fall.)

2. gracilirostris (HartL)

3. major (Brooks) ....

4. tWracica (Blyth)

5. luteiventris (Hodgs.)

6. indica (Jerd.)

7. fuscata (Blyth) 127 

8. scbwarzi (Badde) 128 

9. fuliginiventiis (Hodgs.) . 129 

10. dtfmmdi(Mibie-JEdivards) 100 

11. neglecta (Hume) 131 

12. flavivenlris (Hodgh.) .. 131 

13. melanopogon (Temm.) .. 132 

7. Oettia, Bonap 183 
l.cetti (Marm.) 1S5 

2. fortipes (Hodgs.) 136 

3. flavolivacea (Hodgs.) .. 138 

4. pallidipes (Blanf.) 189 

5. cantans (Temm. et Sehl.) 139 

6. minuta (Sioinhoe) 141 

7. canturiens (Sioinhoe) .. 141 

8. sqiiaifiiceps (Sioinhoe) .. 142 

9. ussuriaruis, Seebohn .... 143 

10. brunneifrons (Hodgs.) .. 143 

11. major (Moore) 145 

Subfam. TUHDIN:E. 

1. Geoeiclila, KuU 147 

1. varia (Pall.) 151 

2. liancii (Sioinhoe) 153 

3. horsfieldi (Bonap.) 153 

4. faixrosTCLath.) 154 

5. lumilata (Bath.) 155 

6. maerorliyncha (Gould) . 156 

7. hewn (Cab.) 157 

8. rfUgiriensis (Blyth) .... 157 

9. papuensis, Seebohn .... 158 

10. imbricata (Bayard) 159 

11. mollis3ima (Blyth) 159 

12. dixoxii, Seebohm 161 ; 

13. Djoatjcola (Vigors) 161 I 

14. marginata (Blyth) .... 162 j 

 102 
. 104, 404 
105 
.... 100 
107 
105) 
110 
.... 112 
.... 113 
114 
115 
... 117 
118, 404 
120 
121 
.. 122 
124, 404 
124 
.. 125 
126 

SYSTEM V1I0 INDEX. 

29. funiigatus, Luht
30. hauxwelli, Lawr
31. obsoletus, Lawr
32. mgriros'tris, Lawr
33. graju* Bonap
34. casius {Bonap.)
35. migratorius, Linn
30. confinls, Baird
37. riifi venter, Vieill.
38. niagellanicus, Kmq . .
39. falldandicus (ex Quoyet 
Gaim.) "...
40. flavirobtris (Swains.) . .
41. 
cliiguanco, LP Orb. et 
Lafr 225 
42. teplironotus, Cab 226 
43. olfvaceus, Linn 227 
44. aBysfeinicus, Gmel. .... 228 
45. cabardsi, Bonap 228 
46. libonyanus (Smith) 229 
47. pelios, Bonap 230 
48. chiguancoides, Seebohm 231 
32. albicops (Swinhoe) 259 
33. castauca, Gould 259 
34. ffbulrti, Verr 200 
35. kessleri, Prjev 2(51 
3d cardis (Temm.) 261 
37. Jfoscatva, (Ball) 262 
38. nuimanai (Temm.) .. 264 
39. protomoinelaana (Cab.) 2(& 
40. etoMA Bu Bub 20Q 
41. iiortulorum (Sdater) .. 207 
42. afcnmilaiis (Temm.)2G7, 405 
43. rnileollis (Ball.) 269 
44. uhicolor (Tiekell) .... 271 
45. oTifatra, Lafr 272 
46. obsenra (Gmel.) 273 
47. pallida (Gmel.) 274 
4R. cErysoiaus (Temm.) .. 275 
49. xantliopus (Licht.) 276 
50. vinitincta, Goidd 277 
51. Yitieasis, Layard 278 
52. jaTanica(2TwA/.) ... . 279 
4. Mimocicbla, Sclater .... 280 
1. bryanti, Seebohm.. 280, 405 
2. ardesiaca (Vieill.).. 282,405 
3. rubripes (Temm.) 283 
5. OafKafus," Bonap 283 
1. fuscater (Lafr.) .. 285, 405 
2. mentalis, Scl $Salv. .. 285 
3. mexicanus (Bonap.) .. 286 
4. gfiseiceps, Salvin.. 287, 406 
5. phaeopleuruSf/Sb/. $ Salv. 287 
6. melpomene (Cab.) ..; 288 
7. birchali, Seebohm .... 289 
8. aurantiirostiis (Ilartl.) 289 
9. frantssii, Cab 290 
10. alticola, Salv. # Godm. 291 
11. occidentals, Sclater .. 291 
12. gracilirostiis, Saluin ., 292 
6. Erithacus, Cuv 292 
1. luscinia (Linn.) 294 
2. pbilomela (Bechst.).... 295 
3. golzii (Cab.) 297 
4. sibilans (Sirinh.) 297 
5. komadori (Temm.).... 298 
6. akahige (Temm.) .... 299 
7. rubecula (Linn.) 299 
8. hyrcamts, Blanf 301 
9. brugneus/.ffo<fy6.) ... . 302 
10. cyan^C^)' 303 
11. gutturalis (Guerin)... . 304 
12. calliope (Ball) 305 
13. pectoralis (Gould) 306 
14. tscliebaiewi (P)fev.) .. 308 
15. cflBruleculiis (Pall).... 308 
16. cyanecala, (Wolf) .... 311 
7. Monticola, Bote .' 312 
1. saxatilis (Linn.) 3L^ 
. Merula, Leach

1. merula, Linnla."maxima, Seebohm ....
2. mandarina, Bonap
3. serrana(7W.)
4. afrosericea, Lafr
5. Infuscatra, Lafr
6. xantKosoeles (Jard.) ..
7. leucops (Tacz.)
8. samoensis (Tristram)..
9. nigfesceris {Cab.) 
210 
217 
218 
218 
219 
220 
220 
222 

222 

 223 

 224 
225 

10. fuscatra (D'Orb. et 
Lafr.) 243 
11. gig-as (Frasw) 244 
12. gigantodes (Cab.) .... 244 
13. albocincta {Boyle) 245 
14. torquata (Linn.) 246 
15. aiirantia (Gmel.) . .247, 405 
16. boulboul (Lath.) 248 
17. mareenais (Lay. et 
232 
235 
405 
238 
239 
239 
240 
240 
241 
242 
242 

Tristr.)

18. nigropileus, Lafr. .., t
19. smSima^(Jerd.)
20. bourdillcrai, Seebohm ..
21. Mnnisi, Blyth
22. flavins (Vieill.) . <
23. carlbonaria (Licht.)....
24. reevii (Lawr.)
25. nigriceps (Jelsh) ....
26. rufitorques, Hartl
27. pritzbueri (Layard) ..
28. btcolor, Layard
29. tempesti (Layard) ....
30. albifroBs, JE. Bamsay..
31. poliocephala (Lath.) .. 
249 
250 
251 
251 
252 
253 
253 
254 
254 
255 

256 

 256 

 257 

 258 
258 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

2. cyanua {Linn.) 316 

3. mlilwm (P. L.S. Midi.) 319 

4. cinclorhyncha (Vigors) 320 

5. myitis (Vieill.) .... 322 

6. explorator (Vieill) .... 323 

7. brevipes(/$Vrzc/o/. <£'• Sclat.)324: 

8. evytlirogaster ( Vigors) . 325 

9. gularis (Sioinhoe) .... 326 

10. rufocinerea (Hupp.).... 327 

8. Sialia, Swains 327 

1. coelicolor (Ilodgs.) ,... 328 

2. sialis (Gmel) ! 329 

3. azurea; Swains 381 

4. mcxieana, Sioains 331 

5. occidentalis, Swains. .. 332 

6. arctica (Swains.) 333 

9. Rnticilla, Brehm 334 

1. pboenicurus (Linn.) .. 336 

2. mesoleuca (Hempr. et 
'"Mr.) \ 338 

3. tijjhys,(&ojp.) 339 

4. erythroprocta, Gould .. 341 

5. rufiventris (Vieill.) 342 

6. seimTufa,(IIempr. et Elir.) 344 

7. hodgsoni, Moore 344 

8. aurorea (Gmel.) 345 

9. erythrogastra (Gidd.) .. 347 

10. ery^EaonaUi (JSversm.).. 348 

11. frontalis "(Vigors) .... 349 

12. scliisticeps (Ilodgs.) .. 351 

13. eaerulocephala (Vigors) 353 

10. Myrmecociclila, Cab 354 : 

1. bifasciata (Temm.) .... 355 

2. formicivora ( Vieill) .. 356 

3. yo[lih.(Mrtl) 357 

4. cinerea (Vieill.) 358 

5. sinuata (Sundev.) .... 359 | 

Page 

6. fusca (Bhjtk) 360 

7. melanura (Te?nm.) 360 

8. f uscicaudata (Blanf.) .. 361 

11. Saxieola, Bechst 362 

1. lugubrisj Hupp 365 

2. albonigra, Hume.. 366, 405 

3. picata, Blgth .... 367, 405 

4. capistrata, Goidd .... 363 

5. raonacba, Hupp 369 

6. lugens., Zicht 370 

7. lugentoides, SeehoJim .. 371 

8. persica, Seebohm 372 

9. morio, Hempr. et Bhr.. 372 

10. leuBopyga (Brehm).... 374 

11. leiicura (Gmel.) 375 

12. opistholeuca, Strickl. .. 376 

13. leucomelaBna, Burch .. 377 

14. monticQla (Vieill.) 380 

15. xantboprynma, Hempr. 
et Mr 381 

16. moesta, Lielit 382 

17. Seserti, Temm 383 

18. montana, Gould 384 

19. melanoleuca (Gidd.) .. 385 

20. stapazina (Linn.) 387 

21. finschii (Heuql) 388 

22. chiysoyygi&(DeFdippi) 389 

23. galtoni (Strickl. $ScL). 390 

24. sennaarensis, Seebohm. . 391 

25. oenantlie (Linn.) 391 

26. aunta, Temm 394 

27. vlttata, Hempr. et Mr. 396 

28. pijgata (Gmel?) . . 397 

29. albicans, WahL 398 

30. layardi, Sharpe 399 

31. isabellina, Cretzschm. . . 399 

32. baftrifffihap 401 

ERRATA. 

Page 326, line 22, for Orocetes gularis read Oroecetes gularis. 
„ 333, „ 27, for Sialia arctica read Salia arctica. 
„ 340, „ 22, for Lusciola thitys read Luaciola titliys. 
„ 340, „ 39, for Lusciola tithys read Lusciola thytis. 
„ 343, „ 34, for Shikarpore, Afghanistan, read Shikarpore, Scinde. 
„ 353, „ 1, for Buticilla caerulocephala read Ruticilla casruleocephala. 
„ 353, „ 2, for Phoenicura caerulocephala read Phoenicura csGruleocephala. 
„ 353, ,, 8, for Ruticilla caerulocephala read Buticilla eajruleocepliala. 
„ 353, „ 14, for Aclelura coerulocephala read Adelura eceruleocephala. 
„ 362, „ 9, for YiMoni read \iiiftord. 

CATALOGUE 

OF 

BIRDS. 


Order II. PASSERIFORMES 

(Vol. iii. p. 1). 

Suborder I. PASSERES 

(Vol. iii. p. 1). 

Group II. CICHLOMOEPHiE 

(Vol. iy. p. 6). 

Family TURDID/E. 

Bill slender, but rather wide and depressed; -wing* long and 
flat, with a very small bastard primary not more than halt' the 
length of the second, the latter generally longer than the secondaries. 
Composed of biids generally migratory.—tiharjje, Vol. iv. p. 7. 

The family of Turcliche, as defined by Mr. Sharpc in his modifications 
of SundevalFs classification of the IVseres, in tho last 
volume of the Catalogue of Birds, is an artificial one. It consists 
of birds belonging to two distinct families, which arc separated 
from each other by structural characters of greater importance (/. e. 
extending in all probability to a remoter geological period) than 
those which divide either of them from the Mnsdcapiche and the 
Timelnclce, as defined in the classification referred to. Under these 
circumstances I have endeavoured to meet the difficulty by making 
two provisional subfamilies, which I characterize as follows:— 

SYLVIINJE. The young in first plumage differ very slightly in 
colour from the adult, both being generally unspotted, both above 
^and below, and the difference being confined to the shade or degree 

V#OL. V. B 

of colour, which in generally most conspicuous on the underparts. 
In tlu» rare instances in which the upper parts are spotted in the 
adult, tho spots are leas conspicuous in the young birds. In the 
first autumn before migration, if a partial moult takes place, 
it is simply a renewal of certain feathers by feathers of the same 
colour, so that, in winter, birds of the year are generally easily recognizable 
by a diil'erence of shade in the colour, especially in that 
of the undorparis. This deference, however, is lost in the complete 
moult which takes place in both adult and umng in spring, a moult 
which usually takes place in March shortly before the spring migration 
begins. In autumn, usually in September, shortly before the 
birds return to their winter quarters, a second annual complete 
moult takes place in adult birds. Tho autumn plumage is usually 
intermediate in colour between the spring plumage and that of the 
bird of the year. Curiously enough, this peculiarity in tho colour 
of the immature bird, and in the subsequent moults which the plumage 
undergoes, is correlated with the existence of scutellations on 
the front of tho tarsus. 

TURI)INJ3. The young in nr>t plumage differ from the adult in 
having (he upper and the underparts spotted, whether that is or is 
not the case in the adult. Instead of two moults in tho year, there 
is only one, in autumn, the spring plumage being obtained by abrasion, 
or by casting the points of the feathers. Where any feathers 
have become much worn by the spring, they are replaced by new 
ones, but nothing approaching a complete moult is observable. 
Under these circumstances the young birds would have to carry 
their nestling plumage, or the greater part of it, until the second 
autumn. To avoid this they have a complete moult, from immature 
plumage to adult, in their lirst autumn before they migrate. Consequently 
the winter plumage of the young and adult is the same, 
and they can generally only be distinguished by an isolated feather 
here and there, generally on the wing-covert s or innermost secondaries, 
which have a pale tip as in the immature plumage. These 
peculiarities of moulting appear in this group of birds to be always 
associated with a plain tarsus, exeejjt occasionally in very young 
birds of one or two species. 

"When sufficient facts have been accumulated to make a classification 
of 1 he Passeros possible, it is probable that the Mascivapidee 
and the 2vnaeVddtv will be all or most of them absorbed in the families 
Ttirdidce and SylvUdiv, each of which may be again subdivided 
into* Turdine, Timeliine, and Muscicapine groups of genera or subfamilies. 


Subfamily SYLVIIN-ffi. 

Key to the Genera. 

a. Tail containing twelve feathers. 
a'. Axillaris yellow. 
a". Bill Phylloscopine, more or less dark 
underneath (see woodcut, page 37).. 2. PHYLLOSCOFTJS, p. 37. 

1. hYLVIA. 
b*'. Bill Aerocephaline. pale underneath 
(see woodcut, p. 87;. 
a'". Greater wing-coverts with pale 


9.
tip& T 2. PHYLLOSCOPUS, p. 37 
77 
b"\ Greater wing-coverts without pale 
tips " 3. HYPOLAIS, p. 75, 
b'. Axillaries huff, white, grey, or brown. 
e". Bastard jrimary considerably less 
than half the length of the second. 

cl". Bastard primary extending considerably 
beyond the priniaryco\
erts. 


a\ Bill Aerocephaline, pale underneath. 
2s u white on outside 
tail-leathers 3. HYPOLAIS, p. 75. 

¥. Bill Syi\ line,generally with more 
or less dark underneath (&ee 
woodcut, p. 4). Occasionally 
with white on outride tail-feathers 
1, SYLVIA, p. 3. 

d1". Bastard primary not extending 
be\ond the prinian-covert-. 


cl. Bill Sylviine, uith more or less 
dark underneath. Tail nearly 
even ! 1. SYLVIA, p. 3. 
d%. Bill Acruccphaline or PhyHoscopine. 


dQ< Outside tail-feathers less than 
three fourths the length of 
the longest. Kictal bristles 
nearly obsolete 5. LOCUSTELLA, p. 107f 

¥. 
Outride tail-feathers more 
than three fourths the length 
of the lungevt Kictal 
brittle* fairly developed. 



a 
. Outside tail-feathers less 
than iJ-'J-"} inch bliorter than 
the loii«»ebt. Bill Aerocephaline, 
\ ale underneath 3. HYPOLAIS, p. 75. 
¥. Outside tail-feather^ more 
than Q-2o inch shorter than 
the longest. Bill Aerocephaline 
or Pbyliuscopine .. 4 ACP^OCEPHALUS, p. 87 

du. Bastard primary half the length of 
the second or nearly so . 0. LUSCINIOLA, p. 120. 

b. Tail containing only ten feathers 7. CETTIA, p. 133. 
1. SYLVIA. 
Type. 
Sylvia, Scop. Ann. i. Hist Nat. p. 154 (1760)...... S. cinerea ? 
Silvia, Cuvier. Lecons d?Anat. Camp. See. Tulle, Classe 


des Ois. (1799) S. cinerea ? 
Curruca, Koch, Syst. baier. ZooL p. 153 {1810, ex 
BecL>tein) S. cinerea ? 
Meiizophiluh, Leach, Cat Mamm. 4*c. Brit. JIus. 


p. 2o {1tf1(5) 
S. provincialis. 
Aedon, 
JBo.e, Zsis, 1820, p. 972 S. galaetodes. 
32 

 Tdiiiuh v.. 

Type. 
Adophoimuis, Kaup, Xatiirl, Sy*t. p. l!H (1829) ... . S. orphatm. 
Mipiuu'hiis, fCmtp, Xtt/url. St/xt. p. •"{."' (lH^'H) S. ah'ic.iipilla. 
Alsascus, Kan/>, Xutnrl. Synt, p. l<)8 (18;JU) S. Mibalpina. 
ThamnoditH, Kaitp, Natiiii, Niptt. p, 1051 i lMi'W) ... . S. pmviueialis. 
Epihiis, Kmip, Xufiir/. Synt. p. I i*> ( 1.8:21)) S. hortonsis. 
Erythrultmca, Knap, Xatiirl. Nt/nf. p. IiVi (18:20) .. H. eonspieillata. 
Nisoria, Bunttp. Camp, Lis/, p. Ifi (lM'18) S. uisoria. 
AiluniiH, (//•((//, £«t/ C»V/i. //. p. I'll ( LSI I) S. hortiuisM. 
I'yrophthulnm, lionup. f'n: Eur. p. M7 ( 1842) ... . S. inolanooophala. 
Stopurola, litmtip. Cat. Pttrzutl. p. (> (18/5(1) S. subalpiua. 
Philacautha, tiwhihw, P./.K 18/1, p.JJo/i(f\r Glot/er) S. nisoria. 
Atrnphornis, Sererts, Turkest, Jewrftt. p. Oo (187'J).. S. nana. 

Bill of Si/luia cincmi, Beehat. 

The genus Sylvia contains about a score species of birds closely 
allied to Phylloacfypm, Acroct'/ihulus, and Hypuluis. In live of tho 
species the bastard primary is so minute that it does not project 
beyond the primary-coverts, and in none does it project beyond 
those feathers more than (KJ inch. Tho tail is nearly even in two 
species, in three species tho outside feathers are about O'l inch 
shorter than tho longest, in four species about 0*2, in four species 
0-2."), in four species 0*35, and in one 0--1. The bill is shorter and 
less depressed at the base than in I'III/UOSCDJUIS, and tho rictal 
brislles are only slightly developed. The feet and tarsus are stout, 
and the latter is scutellated in front. Tho males of many of tho 
speoiea have black heads, and most of tho species have white on tho 
outside tail-feathers. Most of the species have the tail shorter than 
tho wing. In two species the tail is slightly longer than the wing, 
in another species more decidedly longer than tho wing, and in two 
other species tho tail is still more lengthened. The centre of distribution 
of tho genus is undoubtedly the basin of the Mediterranean, 
and several species arc resident on its shores. One species is a resident 
as far north as the south of England ; but niosl of the species 
are migratory, brooding in Europe and wintering in Africa. Several 
species extend their range eastwards as far as Turkestan in the 
breeding-season, wintering in India; and one spocies at least has 
been found in China. Most of the species are songsters of greater 
or less merit. 

' 


1 . &YLVIA. 
Key to tJie Sj)eeies, 

A. 
Tail shorter than the wing. Subterminal dark 
transverse band on tail, except two centre 
feathers. ^ (Subgeneric group AEDONEB.) 
a. 
Centre tail-feathers rich chestnut-brown. 
Back pale chestnut-brown c/alactodes, p. 34. 
b. Centre tail-feathers and back greyish brown, familiaris, p, 3G. 
B. 
Tail shorter than the wing*. No subterminal 
dark band across tail. (Subgeneric group SYLVIA.) 
c. 
Length of wing from 3-5 to 2*5 inches. If 
under 2-5 inches, colour of legs and feet 
bluish grey. 
a'. Bastard primary generally shorter than the 
primary-coverts, rarely equal in length. 
Second primary generally equal in length 
to the third, never shorter than the fifth. 


a". Upper and under tail-coverts barred . . nisoria, p. G. 
b". Upper and under tail-coverts not barred. 

a'". Chin and throat much whiter than 
the rest of the underparts. Quills, 
wing-coverts, and especially the innermost 
secondaries, edged with 
pale chestnut cinerea, p. 8. 

b'". 
Chin and throat not whiter than the 
rest of the underparts. Margins of 
quills, wing-coverts, and innermost 
secondaries the same colour as the 
back, but somewhat paler. 


«4. Length of wing 3*5 to 3*0 inches. 
Head same colour as the back .. hortensis, p. 10. 
IK Length of wing 2*85 to 2*6 inches. 
Head and throat of male black. 
Feathers on head of female with 
darker centres rueppeUii, p. 12. 

b'. Bastard primary longer than the primaryco^
erts. Second primary equal to or 
shorter than the fifth. 


c". Length of wing 3-25 to 2*95 inches, culmen 
O70 to 0 6 inch. Chin and throat 
white. Head of male black. 


c'". Culmen 0*68 to 0*0 inch orpheus, p. 14. 

d'". Culmen 076 to 0'GG inch jerdoni, p. 10. 

d". Length of wing 3*0 to 2*6 inches, culmen 
0-58 to 0*5 inch. Chin and throat 
bluish grey. Head of male black; head 
of female chestnut-brown atricapilla, p. 23. 

e". Length of wing 2-8 to 2*3 inches, culmen 
0-56 to 0*4 inch. Chin and throat 
white. Head bluish grey. 


e'". Back bluish grey, suffused with 
brown. Length of wing 2*65 to 2*45 
inches, culmen 0*51 to 0-44. 


c4. Second primary intermediate in 
length between the fifth and sixth, cwruca, p. 1G. 

d^. 
Second primary intermediate in 
length between the sixth and 
seventh qffinis, p. 19. 

() 
TURIH1LE. 

f". Back bluish grey. Length of wing 
2-8 to 2 55 inches, culmcn Oo(> to 
0-31 inch altliea, p. 19. 

#'", Back pale isabelline brown. Length 
of wing 2*4*) to 2*3 inches, cnlmen 
0-41 inch minuscula, p. 20. 

<?. Length of wing 2-45 to 2*0 inches. Colour 
of legs and feet brown or pale brown. 
c'. Chin white or nearly so. 


f. 
Head slate-grey or dark slate-grey. 
h'". Innermost (secondaries margined 
with brownish white mysiacea <$ , p. 20. 
i'". Innermost secondaries margined 
with bright chestnut conspicillata <$, p. 22. 
(/". Head brown or buff. 
h'". Head buff. Centre tail-feathers 
bright giraffe, contrasting with the 
brown of the rest of the tail-
feathers nana, p. 26. 

I'", Head brown. Centre tail-feathers 
brown, scarcely paler than the 
others. 


eK Innermost secondaries broadly margined 
with chestnut conspicillata J , p. 22. 
/4 . Innermost seeon laries margined 
with brownish white. 

a3. Second primary intermediate in 
length between the sixth and 
seventh, or seventh and eighth tnystacea J 9 p. 20. 

b"\ Second prim try intermediate in 
length between the fourth and 
fifth, or fifth and sixth subafpina § ? p« 27. 

d'. Chin and breast chestnut subalpma S > p. 27. 
e'. Chin and breast dark brown or black, 
with white edges to the feathers melanothorav, p. 28. 

0. 
Tail longer thm the wing*. (Subgeneric group MELIZOPHILI.) 
e. 
Head brownish black; back brown. Legs 
and feet bluish grey blanfordi, p. 29. 
f. 
Loirs pale brown. 
h". (1hin and upper throat nearly white .. melanocephala, p. 29. 
i'r. Chin and underparts chestnut-brown . . provincialis, p. 31. 
7c". Chin and throat grey. 
m'". Breast vinous red deserticola, p. 32. 
n'". Breast dark grey sarda, p. 33. 

1. Sylvia nisoria. 
Sylvia nisoria (BccJist.). 
^ Motacilla nisoria, Bechst. Nature/. Dentschl. iv. p. 580, pi. xvii. (1795). 

Sylvia nisoria (Bechst), BccJist. Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 172 (1802); 
Wolf, Taschenb. i. p. 227 (1810); Temm. Man. d? Orn. p. 108 
(18l5); id. Man. d'Oni. i. p. 200 (1820); Vwill. Faune Franc, 

i. p. 223 (1820) ; Naitm. Toy. Deatschl ii. p. 430 (1822); Moux, 
Orn. Prov. p. 341 (1825); Bversm. Add. Ball Zooqr. Rosso-
Asiat fa&c. i. p. 18 (1835); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur, p. 189 (1840); 
Nonl Demid. Voy. Buss, oner id. iii. p. 147 (1840); Werner, Atlas, 
Insediv. pi. 38 (lb42); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 174 (1848); Bp. 
1. SYLVIA. 
Qwp. i. p. 295 (1850) j Cab. Mus. Hem, i. p. 35(LCT>0); Kj<?rh. 
Damn. Fugle, p. 155 (1852); titmdev. Mv. Fogl p. (j:*, plxiii.'li<>\ 3 
(lboOj; tftM Z>w/\ iVW&W. Tw/^ p. ^>o (hSi'd); iJ///^/,s>, 5/,s\ 
i?w>\ pi. 64: (18G2)• &Yw/, Jland-L B. i. p. 214. no. 3024 (18(H)) j 
J2ew/A Oni. KO.-Afr. i. p. 315 (1809) ; tidvad. Faun. Ifal Tier. 

p. 99 (1871); tieverta. Turkest. Jevofn. p. (}o (187.1); Dresser, B. 
Fur. pt. xxx. (1874); id. Ibis, 1876. p. 79: Blanf. Fast Pars. ii. 
p. 174(1876). 
Curruca nisoria (Bechst), Koch Sijst. haier. Zool I p. 434 (1810); 
Bote, Lis, 1822, p. 553 j Gould, B. Fur. ii. pi. 128 (1837); Jaub. 
et Barih.-Lapomm. Hick. Orn. p. 242 (1859)* Detfl. et Gerbe, Orn. 
Far. i. p. 485 (1867); Doderl. Avtf.tiicil. p. 123 (1K>0). 

Adophoneus nisorius (Bechst.), Kaup, Naturl. Sgst. p. 26 (1829). 
Curruca undata, Brehm, Votj. Deutsehl. p. 414 (1831, nee Bodd.). 
Curruca undulata, Brehm, torn. tit. p. 415 (1831). 
Ni&oria undata (Brehm), Bp. Camp. List B. Fur. and 2{. Amer. 

p. 15 (1838). 
Adophoneus undatus, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 283. 
Adophoneus unduiatu^, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 283. 
Sylvia (Adophoneus) nisoria {BechsL), Fritsch, Vdg. Fur. p. 177 
(1870). 
Philacantha nisoria (Bechst), Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 355 ; David et 
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 242 (1877). 

In the adult male hi spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is brownish grey, browner on the quills, wing-coverts, 
and innermost secondaries, and slightly greyer on the head, mmp, 
upper tail-coverts, and tail; the wing-coverts, the innermost 
secondaries, the outside tail-feathers, the feathers of the rump, and 
the upper tail-coverts, and occasionally the scapulars, forehead, and 
lower back, arc more or less distinctly margined and broadly tipped 
with greyish white, the pale tips being emphasized by a narrow 
transverse subterminal dark-brown bar; similar bars are present 
more or less distinctly on neaily every leather of the underpays, 
which are otherwise greyish white, slightly browner on the 
breast, flanks, thighs, and under tail-Coverts; axillaries and under 
wing-coveits bumsh white, generally transversely barred with dark 
grey ; inner margin of quills pale brown. Bill of typical shape, 

dark brown, the under mandible pale at the base; rictal bristles 
few and slender. Wing very pointed, the second and third primaries 
being about equal and longest; bastard primary very 
minute, falling short of the primary-coverts by about 04 inch. 
Tail shorter than the wing, slightly rounded, the outside feathers 
being from Q'25 to 0*15 inch shorter than the longest. Logs,, feet, 
and claws pale slaty brown. Length of wing 3*5 to 3*35 inches, 
tail 3*0 to 2-8, oilmen 0*7 to 0-6, tarsus 0*05. 

The female scarcely differs from the male. After the autumn 
moult the upper parts are slightly browner, and the barring bol h 
above and below more distinct. Birds of the year are browner both 
above and below, and the bars on the under surface are generally 
confined to the under bail-coverts. 

The Barred Warbler has a very limited range latitn din ally, 
breeding in Germany, South Sweden, Transylvania, South Russia, 

TUKJUDJE. 

fnid Turkestan. It passes on migration thiough the south of 
France, Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, and Persia. Its winter quarters 
are unknown, hut, as it is said to pass thiough Nubia in spring 
and autumn, and has not been recorded from the Transvaal, they 
are doubtless somewhere iu Central Africa. 

a, b. <S ad. sk. South Sweden, May 21 Ilr. W. Meres [C.]. 

& 23. 

c, d. Juv. sk. South Sweden, July 28. Ilr. TT. Meves [C.]. 

6>. Juv. sk. South Sweden, July 2o li. IX Sharpe, lisq. [P.]. 

(Mercs), 

f. Ad. sk. Sweden. 
//. Ad. hk. Eh er Elbe. It. B. Sharpe, Esq_. [P.]. 
//, i, /r. Juv. sk. Constantinople, Sept. 15 K. B. Sharpe, Ebq_. [P.]. 
(Pram1;. 
/. <$ ad. sk. Asia Minor (T. Bobson). F.GodmanandO.Salviii, 
Esurs. [P.]. 

m. <$ ad. sk. Palestine. Canon Tristram [0.]. 
n. Juv. sk. Trebizond. Purchased. 
o. Ad. sk. Kabhg-ar (Dr. Belleio). India Museum. 
2. Sylvia cinerea. 
Sylvia cinerea, Bechst* 
La Paiuotte giise on la Giisette, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 37G (1760); 
Baubent. PL Pnl. 579. tig. 8 (1778;. 
Motaeilhi salvia, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 330 (17GG) ; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 

i. p. 950 (17cs8j ; Bechst. Natury. DeutsiliL ii. p. 558 (1795;. 
La Giisette on Fail's etto gri^e, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 132*(1778). 
4r La Fauvette rousbe, Baubent. PL Pnl. 581. fig. 1 (1778). 
? Motacilla rufa, Bodd. Tabl. PI Pnl. p. o5 (1783, ex Daubentori). 
Whitethroat, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 428 (1783). 
S}hia communis; Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 287 (1787). 
Syhia cinerea, var. /3, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 515 (1790). 
Sylvia cinerea, Bechst Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 170 (1802) ; Wolf, 
Taschenb. i. p. 225 (1810); Ttmm. Man. cVOm. p. 112 (1815); 

rieill. N Diet. d'Hisb Nat. xi. p. 172 (1817); Temm. Man. 
cl'Om. i. p. 207 (1820) ^ rieill. Inane Franc, i. p. 220 (1820); 
Naum. Vdy. Deutschl. ii. p, 4(54 (1822); Hoax, Orn. Prov. 

p. ^S (lb25); Menetr. Cat. Pais. Cauc. p. 34 (1832); Jenyns, 
Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 109(1835); Bp. Chmp. List B. Pur. $ 
N Amer. p. 14 (18^8); Macyill. Br. B. ii. p. 350 (1839); 
Crespai, Orn. Gard. p. 130 (1840); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Par. 
* According to the Strieklandian code of nomenclature aclo|)ted by the British 
Association, the proper name of the Wbitethroat is Sylvia conmivnis, Lath. 
Latham, however, cancelled his own name, and modestly considered our bird 
a variety only of the phantom continental species, the Parus cintrevs of Brisson. 
It being impossible to identify Brisson'h bird with any known species of Sylvia, 
Latham's name adopted from Brisson must be entirely ignored, leaving the 
coast clear for Sylvia cinerea of Bechstein. The British-Association rules 
having so generally failed in their object, we may safely violate them in 
fat our of the name in common use. It is possible that Daubenton's plate may 
have been drawn from a museum skin of a Wbitethroat; but it is obvious that 
he did not intend it for this bird, nor did such an idea ever cross Boddaert's 
mind. I look upon Motacilla rufa of Boddaert as another phantom species, and 
propose to ignore the name altogether. (Coiif. Seebohm, ' Ibis,' 1870, p. 311.) 
1. SYLUA. 
p. 188 (1840); Nordm. Bemid. Toy. Russ. mtrid. iii. p. I HI 
(1840); Werner, Atlas, Lisectiv. pi. 43 (1H42) ; Seh/s-Lotu/eh. Faun. 
Belg. p. 97 (1842); Gray, Gru. B. i. p. 171 (184h); tip, Consp. i. 
p. 294(1850); Cab. Mm. llein. i. p. 35 (1850): JT/V/vA. /)««;«. 
jfyr/te, p. 150 (1852) ; tiundcv. tiv. Foijl p. 02, pi. xiii. ii<». 1 (1850); 
Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 244 (1850) ; Liiuhrm. Vo</. 
Griechcnt p. 102 (1800) ; tichl Bier. Nederl. Voqeh, p, 50 (1801*); 
Zoche, Expl. Set Alger., Ois. i. p. 240 (1807) •' Drobie, Voqelw. 
Borkum, p. 99 (1809); Jlew/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 307 (1809); 
Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 213. no. 3012 (1809)'; Blanf. Ged. $ Zoo!. 
Abyss, p. 379 (1870); Fritsch, Yog. Eur. p. 173 (1870); Salrad. 
Fcnui. Ital. Vec. p. 101 (1871); Shelley $ Buckley, lbh} 1872, 
p. 291: Hurting, Handb. Br. B. p. 10 (1872); tihelleu, B. Eyypt, 
p. Il l (1872); Severtz. Turkest Jevutn^-p. 65 (1873); Gould, B. 
Gt. Brit ii. pi. lvii. (1873); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 52 (1875), 
Syhia cineraria, Bechst. Naturg. Deutsc/d. 2iid"ed. ii. p. 534 (1807). 
Sylvia cinerea (Bechst.), var., Burton, Brit. Faun. p. 45 (lh07). 
Curruca cinerea (Bechst.), Koch, tiust. baier. Zool i. p. 157 (1810); 

Selby, Brit. Orn. i. p. 213 (1833); Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 125. 
fig. 1(1837); Thomps. B. IreL i. p. 180 (1849); Beql. et Gerbe, 
Om. Eur. i. p. 480 (1807); Boded. Amf. tiidl. p.l2l\l809). 

Curruca syhia (Lin/i.), Steph. tihuio's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. ii. p. 210 

(1826) {Fleming, Brit An. p. 71 (1^28). 
Ficedula cinerea (Bechst), Blyth, Rennie's Field-Nat L p. 310 (1833), 
Sylvia cineracea? Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 283. 
Sylvia fruticeti, Btehm, Naum. 1855, p. 283. 
Syhia caniceps, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 283. 
Curruca cinerea (Bechst), var. perbica, Filippi, Viagg. Pers. pp. 102, 

348(1805). 
Svhia affinis, Bhffh apud Sahad. AttiR. Accad. Sci. Tor. iii. p. 291 
"(1868;. 

Sylvia rufa (Bodd.) apud Newt ed. Tarr. Br. B. i. p. 400 (1873), 
apud Irby, B. Gibr. p. 87 (1875), apud Dresser, B. Eur. pt. I. 
(1870), apud Dresner, Ibis, lb70, p. 79. 

In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is greyish brown, darkest on the wings and tail, and 
shading into ash-grey on the head and upper tail-coverts; -Ringcoverts 
and innermost secondaries broadly edged with pale chestnut; 
outside tail-feathers paler than the rest, and broadly edged with 
white. Underparls white, purest on the throat and belly, with a 
vinous tinge on the breast, and shading into buff on the flanks ; a 
wdiite patch on the edge of the wing just below ilie carpal joint; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts pale grey, the latter frequently 
with darker centres; inner margin of quills pale brown. Bill of 
typical shape, dark brown, the lower mandible pale at the base; 
rictal bristles only slightly developed. Wing pointed, with the 
second, third, and fourth primaries nearly equal in length; bastard 
primary very minute, falling short of the primary-coverts by 0*1 to 
0*2 inch. Tail shorter than the wing, the outside feathers about 
0*2 inch shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. 
Length of wing 2*9 to 2-5 inches, tail 2*7 to 2*3", culmen 0*55 to 0-48, 
tarsus 0*8. 

In tho female the greyish brown of the back extends also on to the 
head and upper tail-coverts, and the vinous tinge on the breast is 

10 
TU RD1DJE. 

absent. After the autumn moult the male assumes the plumage of the 

female. hi link of the, year the colour of the upper parts is still 

less grey, and almost approaches a dull chestnut-brown. 

The Whitethroat, or White-throated Warbler, is the commonest 

species of the genus, and has an extensive range, breeding throughout 

the whole of Europe, extending southwards to many of the islands 

of the Mediterranean, and northwards to within a hundred miles of 

the Arctic Circle. Eastwards its breeding-range extends to Persia, 

"Western Siberia, and Turkestan. Its winter quarters are Western, 

Central, and Southern Africa, and probably a 
few may remain in 

North Africa to breed. 

a, h. Ad. sk. Great Britain. J. Clark, Esq. [C.]. 

c. Ad. sk. Middlesex (0. Salvin). F. Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
d. S 
ad. sk. Avington, Hants, May 5. Edward Shelley)" Etq. 
[P.]. 
e. $ ad. sk. Pagham, Sussex, Sept. 4. E.B.Sharpe,Esq.[P.]. 
f-li. Ad.; », k. Pull. st. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [O.]. 

I Ad.; m. Juv. Belgium, June. Brussels Mus. [P.]. 

% o. (S § ad. sk. S. Sweden, May and E.B.Sharpe,Esq [P.]. 

June (Meves). 

p. <$ ad. sk. Valencia; April 17. Howard Saunders, Esq. 
Ad. sk. Gibraltar. Col. Irby [P.]. 
ad. sk. Palestine. Canon Tri&tram [C.]. 
cS ad. sk. E. of Shiraz, 7000 feet, W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
June 8. [C.]. 

v. 
J ad. sk. Barna-ool, S.W.Siberia Geogr. Soc. Bremen. 
{Dr. Brehm). 
to. Ad. sk. Amba, Samhar, N.E. W. T. Blanford. Esq. 
Africa. [C.]. 
Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.]. 
Ad. st. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.]. 
<$ ad. sk. Otniovapa, Damara E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

Land, Jan. 12 {C.J. 
Andersson). 
a!, V. Skeleton. England. Purchased. 

3. Sylvia hortensis. 
Sylvia hortensis, Bechst* 

* The arguments in favour of retaining the name in common use for the 
Garden-Warbler are precisely the same as those which I have endeavoured to 
bring forward in the case of the Whitethroat. According to the strict letter of 
the law, Sylvia simplex, Lath., is the name which ought to be used. As before, 
Latham subsequently ignored his own, name, and degraded our bird to the rank 
of a variety of the Motacilla horfends of Gmelin. The latter species is either 
the female of the Orphean Warbler, oris a phantom species : if the former, the 
name must be used for the Orphean Warbler, a step which the most faithful 
adherents of the Association code have not hitherto adopted; if the latter, the 
name of Sylvia hortensis, Bechst., may be adopted with perfect propriety. The 
name of Sylvia bciliearia, Linn., is obviously out of court, inasmuch as, besides 
the fatal objection of incorrect definition on the part of Linnaeus, it would have 
to stand as Linn, nee Bechst., nee Lath., nee Pallas, nee Wolf, nee Naum., and 
a host of minor authorities. {Conf. Seebohm, ' Ibis,' 1879, p. 312.) 
1. bYIA J V. 
La, polite Fauveite, Briss. Orn. Hi. p. 371 (17(50). 
V Motdcilia ^alicaria, Linn. Si/it Nttf. i. p. 330 (17<>0). 
Motacilla hippolais, Zwi«. rt^W TunM!, Orn. Brit. p. 2 (1771). 

PLa Pa&serinetto ou petite Fauvette, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ok v. p. 123 

(1778). * 
? La petite Fauvette, Baubenf. PL Enl. 570. %. 2 (J 778). 
Pettychaps, variety, Xr/M. GVw. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 413 (1783). 
? Motacilla burin, Bodd. Tab!. PI.'En!, p. 35 (1783). 
Sylvia simplex, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 287 (1787): Donovan. 


Nat. Mist. Br. B. ui. pi. cl.'(1816). 
? Motacilla passerina, Gmel. Syst. Nat. \, p. 954 (1788). 
? Motacilla hortensis, Gmel. 'Syst. Nat. i. p. 955 (1788, partim)', 

Bechst. Naturg. DinUthl. iv. p. 550 (1705). 
Sylvia liorteiisis'( Gmel), var. ^, Z^M. Intl. Orn. ii. p. 507 (1700). 
Greater Pettichaps, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 234 (1801). 
Sylvia hortensis, Bechst. Orn. Tasehenb. p. 100 (1802); Tartan, Faun. 

"Brit. p. 44 (1807); JTo//; Taschenb. p. 224 (1S10); TVmw. Man. 
aVOrn. p. Il l (1815); Naum. Fay. Beuhehl. ii. p. 478 (1822); 
Jenym, Man. Brit. Ferfebr. p. 10^ (18:>5); Eversm. Add. Pall. 
Zooqr. llosw-Asiaf. fa«c. i. p. 19 (1835); Macyill. Br. B. ii. 

p. 345 (1830); Crespon, Orn. Gard. p. 131 (1810); Keus. w. 
jB/as. IFM. JJwr. p. 189 (1840); Nordm. Bemid. Fay. Ruts. 
mericl. iii. p. 140 (1840); Se]ys-Longch. Faun. Bdy. p. 97 (1842); 
Werner, Atlas, Insectio. pi. 42 (1842)'; Gray, Gen. B.i. p. 174 
(1848); Kjcerb. Damn. Fuyle, p. 158 (1852); Sundev. 8c. Fog!. 

p. 63, pi. xiii. fig. 7 (Ls5(j) ; Linderm. Fo</. Griecheni. p. 103 
(1800); ScU. Bier. Nederl. Foc/els, p. 5(5 (1801) ; De?/. etf GW#, 
O™. Eur. L p. 474 (1807); Boderl Arif. Sal. p." 110 (1809); 
Broste, Voc/elio. Borkum, p. 90 (18091; Gray, Hand-!. B. i. p. 214. 
no. 3025 (i860); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 310 (1809); Salvad. 
Faun. Itai. Ucc. p. 07 (1871); Gurnet/1 Anderss. B. Bam. Id. 
p. 100 (1872); Shelley § Buckley, Ibi\ 1*72, p. 291; Ilartina, 
Handb. Br. B. p. 15 (1872); Fallon, Ois. Beig. p. 52 (1875). 
Curruca hortensis 
(Bechst.), Koch, Syst. baier. Zoo!, i. p. 155 (1816); 
Fleminy, Brit. An. p. 70 (182o); Selby, Brit. Orn. i. p. 211 (1833); 
Gould,'B. Eur. ii. pi. 121 (1837); *Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. £ 

N. Amer. p. 14 (1838); Thomps. B. Irel i. p. 185 (184$)); Bp. 
Consp. i. p 294 (1850); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Bah. Orn. p. 240 
(1859); Filippi, Fiayg. Pers. p, 348 (1805) ; Lwhe, Exp!, Sci. 
Alger., Ois. i. p. 236(1807); Sharps Cat. Afr. B. p. 35 (1871); 
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 104 (1872); Gould, B.' Gt. Br. ii. pi. lxii. 
(1873). 
Sylvia asderaia, Vieill. N. Diet. dHi<t. Nat. xi. p. 102 (1817, partim) ; 
Vieill. Faune Franc, i. p. 221 (1820); Roux, Orn. Prov. p. 339 
(1825). 
Epilais hortensis (Bechst.), lump, Naturl. Sysi p. 145 (1829) ; Cab. 

Mas. IIein.l\x 36(1850). 
Curruca bradiyrhynohos, Brehm, Fog. Beufschl p. 410 (1831). 
Curruca grisea, Brehm, loo. at. (1831, nee Vieill.). 
Adornis hortensis (Bechst.), Gray, List Gen. p. 29(1841). 
Sylvia (Curruca)hortensis (Bechst), Fritsch, Fog. Eur. p. 170 (1870). 
Sylvia salicaria (Linn.) apud Newt. ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 414 (1873), 

"apud 
Irby, B. Gibr. p. 84(1875), apud Bresher, B. Eur. pt. liii. 
(1870), apud Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 174 (1876), apud Sharpe, ed. 
LayarcTs B. S. Afr. p. 304 (1877). 

In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 

TURPI DiE. 

upper parts is olive-brown, darker and greyer on the wings and 
tail, and slightly paler on the margin of the wing-eoverts and innermost 
secondaries. Underpays greyish white, purest on the belly 
and on the edge of the wing just below the carpal joint, and shading 
into pale olive-brown on the breast, flanks, and the centre of the 
under tail-coverts; axillaries and under wing-coverts buff, the 
latter with darker centres ; inner margin of quills pale brown. Bill 
of typical shape, dark brown, the lower mandible pale; rictal 
bristles few and blonder. Wing pointed, with the second and third 
primaries nearly equal in. length ; bastard primary very minute, not 
extending as far as the primary-coverts by 0*1 to 0*2 inch. Tail 
considerably shorter than the wing, nearly even, the outside feathers 

being scarcely 0-1 inch shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, and 
claws bluish grey. Length of wing 3*2 to 3*0 inches, tail 2*3 to 2-2, 
culmen 0*53 to 0*5, tarsus 0*8. 

The female scarcely differs from the male. After the autumn 
moult the upper parts are more olive and the underparts buffer. 
Birds of the year scarcely differ from adults in autumn plumage. 

The breeding-range of the Garden-Warbler scarcely extends 
northwards as far as the Arctic Circle, and to the east it is bounded 
by the Ural mountains. 'This bird breeds in the south of Spain, and 
only passes on migration through South Italy, Greece, and Asia 
Minor, but is said to breed in the Jordan valley. It passes through 
Forth-cast and North-west Africa on migration, winteiing probably 
in Central Africa, and certainly in South Africa. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Devonshire. Col. Montagu [P.]. 

e. Ad. sk. Saffron Walden, Essex. J. Clark, E.q. [P.]. 
d. 
Ad. sk. Cambridge (Baker). F. Godman and O. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.], 
e. 
Ad. sk. Middlesex (O. Salvin). F. Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.j. 
f. <$ ad. sk. Belgium, July 10. Brussels Mus. [P.]. 
>. Ad. sk. Gibraltar. Col. Irby [P.]. 
h. Ad. sk. Palestine. Canon Tiistram [C.]. 
i. S ad. sk. Damara Land, Nov. 30 "R. B. Skarpe, Esq. 
(C. J. Andersson). 
h, I Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 
m, n, o. Skulls. S. Germany. Dr. A. Giinther [_C.]. 
p. Skeleton. 
Purchased. 
4. Sylvia rueppellii. 
Sylvia riippellii, Temm. PL Col. iii. 245. fig. 1 (1823); Cretzschm. 
Hupp. Atlas, p. 29, pi. 10 (1820) • Temm. Man. eTOrn. iii. p. 129 
(1835) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Bur. p. 188 (1840) • ScJil. Bev. Crit. 

p. 51 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 174 (1*48); Linderm. Fog. 
GriechenL p. 102 (1800); Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 213. no. 3019 
(1809) ; Heuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 314 (1869) j Dresser, B. Bur. 
pt. xxx. (1874). 
Sylvia capistrata, Bilpp. Mus. Sench. ij. p. 181 (1837). 
Curruca riippellii (Temm), Gould, B. Bur. ii. p. 122 (1837); Bp. 

Comp. List B. Bur. fy •#". Amer. p. 14 (1838) ; id. Consp. i. p. 294 
(1850); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 488 (1807) ; Locke, BxpL 
Sci Alger., Ois. i. p. 235 (18G7) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 106 (1872). 

1. svLvrv. 
Sylvia melandiros, hinderm. jide Kruper, Jouni, Ont, J801, p. 279. 

Sylvia (Oiirruca)i,uppelLii(t7Ttimm.),i'1n^c//, Vdy.Mur. p. 17*2 (1870). 

In the adult male m spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is slate-grey; head nearly black; wings and wing-
coverts dark slate-grey, the innermost secondaries edged wit h bullish 
brown; tail dark blate-grey, the outside feathers, including their 
shafts, white, with a dark margin on the basal half of the inside 
web, becoming broader towards the base; a web of white extends 
from the tip for nearly an inch on the second outside tail-feathers, 
and a smaller wedge of white extends for a quarter of an inch on 
the third feather of the tail on each side; chin and throat black, a 
narrow white line from the gape towards the shoulder separates the 
black of the head from the black of the throat; a patch on the edge 
of the wing below the carpal joint and the whole of the underparts 
white, shading into buff on the breast and under tail-coverts, and 
into pale slate-grey on the Hanks and thighs ; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts greyish white, the latter with dark centres ; inner 

margin of qnills pale brown. Bill of typical shape, very dark brown, 

the lower mandible pale at the base ; rietal bustles nearly obsolete. 

"Wing rather pointed, the second, third, fourth, and fifth primaries 

nearly equal, the third being slightly the longest; bastard primary 

very minute, seldom extending as far as the primary-coverts. Tail 

shorter than the wing, the outside feathers about 0-25 inch shorter 

than the longest. 
Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Length of 

wing 2*85 to '2-6 inches, tail 2-55 to 2*35, culmen 0*6 to 0*55, 

tarsus 0-82. 

The female differs from tho male in having the head of the same 

colour as the back, with dark centres to the leathers, and tho throat 

gre}ish white. After the autumn moult the blark feathers of tho 

male on the throat have pale maigins. Birds of the y<ar of both 

sexes resemble the female, but have the upper parts browner, and 

the breast and flanks suffused with pale brown. 

RuppeU's Warbler has a very limited range. It breeds in Algiers, 

Greece, Asia Minor, and Palestine, passes through Egypt on migra


tion, and probably winters in Nubia and Abyssinia. 

a, b. J ad. sk. Smyrna, June 21, July 16 K. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(JDr. Kniper). 


c. S 
ad. sk. Smyrna, April 18 (Dr. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Kniper), 
d. 
<S imm. sk. Smyrna, Aug. 12 (Dr. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Krilper). 
e. 
cS ad. sk. Smyrna, April (Dr. F. Godman and O. 
Krihper). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
/. 
Juv. sk. Smyrna, July 16 (Dr. F. Godman and O. 
Krilper). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

g. S 
ad. sk. Taurus mountains, March F. Godman and " 0. 
25 (C. G. Danford). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
h. 
3 in first spring Egypt, April 8 (Capt R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
moult, sk. Shelley). 
i. 
<$ ad. sk. Nubia, May (/Stockholm* R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Museum). 
TUKTHD/Ea 

Sylvia orplieus and Sylvia jerdoni. 

European examples of lids species, wiih the culuien varying from 
0-08 to 0-0 inch, are very dihliuet from the Indian, Turkestan, and 
Persian form, -\\ith the culnien varying' irom 0*70 to 0*00, and 
might possibly he considered distinct species, were it not for the 
fact that examples from Asia Minor and Palestine are mrcnuediate, 
with the culmen varying from 0*74 to 0*04. We must therefore 
admit that the difference between the two forms is onh a feuhspeeiiic 
one, being completely bridged over by examples from intermediate 
localities. 

The synonymy of the Western and intermediate forms is as 
folio vs s :— 

5. Sylvia orpliexis. 
Sylvia orpheus, Temm* 
P'La Fau\etto, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 372 (17G0); Buffon,IIlst. Nat. Ois. 


v. p. 117 (1778); Bauhent. PL Enl. o79 tig. 1 (1778). 
La petite Colombaude, Buff. Jlist. Nat. Oh. v. p. 131 (1778). 
Motacilla hippolaib, Linn, apud Bodd. Tabl. des PI. Enl. p. o5 (1783). 
? Petty chaps {ejcl. variety), Lath. (ten. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 413 (1783). 
Blackcap, MIL'. B, Lath. (Jen. Mi/n. ii. pt. 2, p. 41(3 (1783). 
P Motacilla hoiteiibifc, Gmel. tiijbt. Nat. i. p. [too (17b8, partim). 
?S\hia hortensis (Gmel,), (pic/, var. ft), Lath. 2nd. Orn. ii. p. 507 
(179J). 
Syhia atrieapilla (Linn.), lar. y, Lath. 2nd. Orn. ii, p. ottd (1790). 
Sylvia orphea, Twain. Man. (POrn. p. 107 (Iblo) -2d. Man. 

dOrn.i. p. 198 (1820); Meyer, Ta,sehenb. Zus. u. Ber. p. 8(5 (1822) ; 
Naum. Voij. JDent&chl. ii. p. 445 (1852); Cretpon, Orn. Gard. 

p. 120 (1840); Keys. u. Bias. Wwl. Eur. p. 187 (3MQ) j Nordm. 
Demtd. Vol/. JRu^s. merid. iii. p. 148 (1840); Werner, Atlas, Insectiv* 
pi. 37 (1842); Seh/s-Longeh. Faun. Belg. p. 90 (1842); Gray, Gen. 
B. i. p. 174 (1848); Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 30 (1850) ; Linderm. 
Vdg. Griecheul. p. 101 (186i)); Ileugl Orn. N.O.-Afr.i. 23.300 
(18139); Doderl. Amf. tiwil. p. 120 (1869); Gray, IlawU. B. 1. 
p. 214, no. 3021 (1809); Sahad. Faun. Ital. Uec. p. 100 (1871) ; 
Newt. ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 423 (1873) j Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xxx. 
(1874); Lrby, B. Giln\ p. So (1875) 
Sylvia giis-a, Vmll. N Diet, d'Jlist. Nat. xi. p. 188 (1817) ; Vieill. 
*Faune Franc, i. p. 209 (1820) ; Roux\ Orn. Prov. p. 328 (1825). 
OuiTiica orpliea (Temm). Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 553; Gould, B. Fur. 

ii. pi. 119 (1837); BJJ. C'omp. Ltbt B. Fur. $• N. Amer. p. 14 
(1838) ; Bp. Cony. i. p. 294 (180)) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. 
JRieh. Orn. p. 241 (1859) ; I)e</L et (terbe, Orn. Fur. i. p. 479 
(1807) ; Loche, Expl Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 238 (1807); Shelley, B. 
Egypt, p. 104 (1872); Gould, B. Gt. B. ii. pi. lxi. (1873). 
* The circumstantial evidence in favour of the opinion that •' La Fauveite" of 
Bribson, Buffon, and Daubenton (upon which Gmelm founded his Motacilla 
hortenbiii) is the female of the Orphean Warbler is \ery btrong. It is not, however, 
apparently strong enough to induce even the strictebt adherents to the 
StriuLlandian code to transfer Grmehn's name to thib species. \\ e may therefore 
ignore the name altogether, and adopt Temminckb name for the Orphean 
Warbler, leaving also the etfast clear for Bechstem's Motacilla horteiibib to be 
applied to the Garden Warbler. (Conf. Seebohm, ' Ibis,' 1879, p. 310.) 
1. hTIA rV. 
Sylvia crassirostri.s, Crehsehm. Hupp. Atlas, p. 10, pi, 1Y.\. iig. a 
' (1820) ; Heugliu, Or a. N.O.-Afr. i. p. Xl*2 ([MU); (/rat/, lltuM. 

B. i. p. 214. no. ;S02:* (1800). 
Curruca crassirosivis (Crefzsehm.), Bp. Consp. I. p. 294 (1850). 
Curruca muaica, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 28:5. 
Curruca caniceps, A. Brehm,Jide L. Brehm, Jour. Orn. 1850. p. 455. 
Ourmca vidali, A. Brehm,Jl'de L. Brehm, torn, cit. p. 455 (1S50). 
Curruca orpliea griseoeapilla, A. E. Brehm, Ally, deutsch. naturJi. 
Zeit. 1857, p. 404. 
Sylvia (Curruca) orpliea (Temm.), Fritsch, Vdg, Eur. p. 171 (1870). 

In the adult m de in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is dull slate-grey; head to below the eyes sooty black; 
wings and tail brown; innermost secondaries shading into pale 
brown on the margins; outside tail-feather on each side white on 
the outside web, at the apex, and for some distance on the inside 
web near the shaft, the dark brown of which is thus made conspicuous 
; the next two feathers on each side have wedge-shaped white 
spots at the apex. Underparts white, shading into pale greyish 
brown on the sides of the breast, flanks, thighs, axillaries, under 
wing-coverts, the centres of the under tail-coverts, and the inner 
margin of the quills. Bill of typical shape, dark brown, the lower 
mandible pale at the base; rictal bristles few and small. Wing 
with the third primary the longest, and the second about equal to 
the fifth• bastard primary small, sometimes as long as the primary-
coverts, and sometimes extending 0*2 beyond them. Tail shorter 
than the wing, the outside feathers about 0*2 shorter than the 
longest. Legs, feet, and claws bluish grey. Length of*wing 3*25 
to 2-95 inches, tail 2-0 to 2*5, culnien 0*08 to 0*0, tarsus 0*9. 

The female differs from the male in having the head only slightly 
darker and browner than the back. After the autumn moult no important 
change of plumage is perceptible. Birds of the gear scarcely 
differ from the adult, except that both sexes appear in the plumage 
of the female. Males after their first spring moult attain a plumage 
intermediate between that of the adult male and adult female. In 
Spanish skins the pale greyish brown of the underparts is replaced 
by pale buff. 

The Western Orphean Warbler breeds throughout Central and 

Southern Europe and Worth Africa. Intermediate forms between 

this and the Eastern subspecies occur in Asia Minor and Palestine. 

They winter in the valley of the Gambia, and probably in other 

parts of Central 
Africa. 

a. J ad. sk. Genoa (A. B. Brooke). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Gibraltar. Col. Irby [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Tangiers (Olcese). Col. Irby [P.j. 
e,f 
$ ad. sk. Algeria, May 18 (Salvin). E. Godman and _ O. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.J. 

g. 2 ad. sk. Nubia. 
Mons. Verreaux. 
'h. 
$ ad. sk. Taurus, Asia Minor, April 22 E. Godman and O. 
((/. G. Banford). Salvin, E^qrs. [P.]. 

i. g ad. sk. Syria. 
Mons. Verreaux. 
h. <$ imm. sk. Palestine. 
Canon Tristram [C.]. 
10 TTJltDIDJE. 

The synonymy of the Eastern form is as follows :— 

6. Sylvia jer&oiii. 
Sylvia jerdoni (Blyth). 
Curruca orphea (Tenim.), (3. helena, llempr. et Eh\ Symb. Phys. 
Aves, fol. cc (1833). 
Philomela orpliea (Temm.) apud Jerdon^ Madras Journ. x. p. 267 

(1830). 
Curruca jerdoni, Bh/th, J. A. S. Benq. xvi. p. 439 (1847). 
Sylvia jerdoni (Blyth), Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 187 (1849) ; 

Bp. Consp. I p. 294 (1850); Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 214 no. 3022 

(1809); Blanf. Bad. Pers. ii. p. 172 (1876). 
Artanius cucullaius, Nicholson, P. Z. & 18-31, p. 195, pi. xliiL 
Sylvia orphea, Temm, apud Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 208 (1863). 

This form differs from the preceding only in the length of the 
bill, the measurements of which have been already given, and in 
the fact that it does not appear ever to have the buff underparts 
which are characteristic of Spanish examples. 

The Eastern Orphean Warbler breeds in Persia and Turkestan, 
and winters in India and Arabia. 

*, b. S $ ^ . sk. E. of Shiraz, S. Persia, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.1. 
7000 i't., June 1. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Bihar. B. II. Horizon, Esq. [P.1 

e. Ad. sk. Madras. Sir W. Elliot [P.]. 
Sylvia curruca, Sylvia affmis, and Sylvia althea. 

This is an excellent example of a species in the process of breaking 
up into three species. Typical examples of each present excellent 
characters, and have fairly well-defined geographical limits. 
Unfortunately, however, for the student who is anxious to define 
his species with greater accuracy than Nature has hitherto succeeded 
in accomplishing the tabk, intermediate forms occur, and individuals 
do not always recognize their geographical limits as most species 
do. As Hume very justly observes, this is a case in which some 
ornithologists will treat the birds as three species, whilst others 
will consider them to be only three races of one somewhat variable 
species. I prefer to treat them as subspecies, adopting the pro


visional hypothesis that the intermediate forms are the result of 
the interbreeding of the different races. 

The synonymy of the European form is as follows :— 

7. Sylvia curruca. 
Sylvia curruca (Linn.). 
La Fauvette babillarde, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 384 (1760); Buffon, Hist. 
Nat Ois. v. p. 135 (1778) ; Dauhent. PI JEnl. 580. fig. 3 (1778). 

1 . SYLV1V. 
Motacilla cumiea, Linn. Syst Nat. i. p. 329 (1706); (rmel Si/st Nat. 

i. p. 954 (1788); Bechst Naiurg. Deutsrh. iv. p. 504 (1795). 
? Motacilla diunetorum, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 334 (1700). 
Sylvia curruca (Linn.), Scop. Ann. i. p. 155 (1700); Lath. hid. Orn. 
ii. pt. 2, p. 509 (1790); Bechst Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 171 (1802); 
Temm. Man. d'Om.$. 113 (1815) ; Leach, Cat.Mamm. Brit. Mm. 
p. 23 (1810); VieilL Faitne Franq. i. p. 205 (1820); Temm. Man. 
d'Orn.i. p. 209 (1820); Naum. Vog. Deutschlii. p. 451(1822); 
Ronx, Orn. Prop, p. 332 (1825) ; Menetr. Cat. Bats. Cauc. p. 34 
(1832); Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr.y. 109 (1835); Bp. Comp. 
List B. Bur. Sf N. Amer. p. 14 (1838) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard. 
p. 133 (1840) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 187 (1840); Nordm. 
Demid. Toy. Muss. mind. iii. p. 148 (1840); Werner, Atlas, 
Lnsectiv. pi. 44 (1842) ; Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 97 (1842); 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 174 (184S) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 293 (1850); 
Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, p. 150 (1852); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. p. 02, 
pi. xiii. fig. 2 (1850); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 101 (1800); 
Schl. Bier. Nederl. Vogels, p. 50 (1801); Radde, Reis. Stbir., Vog. 
ii. p. 259 (1863); Loche, Bxpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. p. 230 (1807); 
Droste, Vogeho. Borhum, p. 99(1809) ; Gray, Hand-I, B. i. p. 213. 
no. 3013 (18u9); Ileugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 308 (1809); Fritsch, 
Vog. Eur. p. 174 (1870); Salrad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 100 (1871); 
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 101 (1872); Newt. ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 410 
(1873) ; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 80 (1875); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 53 
(1875) ; Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xlviii. (1870). 

Babbling Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 417 (1783). 
? White-breasted Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 447 (1783). 
Sylvia sylviella, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. I p. 287 (1787); Lath. Ind. 

Om. ii. p. 515 (1790) ; Twton, Brit. Faun. p. 45 (1807); Leach, 
Cat Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 23 (1816); Hartmg, Handb. Br. B. 

p. 16 (1872). 
? Sylvia dumetorum, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 522 (1790). 
Leaser WMtethroat, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl ii. p. 239 (1801). 
Motacilla sylviella (Lath.), Turton, Linn. Gen. Syst. Nat. i. p. 588 
(1806). 
Sylvia garrula, Bechst. Naturg. Deuischl. 2nd ed. ii. p. 540 (1807); 
" Wolf, Taschenh. i. p. 220 (1810); Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. pt. iii. 

p. 561 (1812) ; Viexll. N. Diet. $ Hist. Nat. xi. p. 165 (1817) ; 
Macgill. Br. B. ii. p. 357 (1839). 
Curruca garrula (Bechst), Koch, Syst baier. Zool. i. p. 157 (1816); 
Selby, Brit. Orn. i. p. 215 (1833); Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 125 (1837) ; 
Jaiib. et Barth.-Lapomm. Mich. Orn. p. 243 (1859); Degl et Gerbe, 
Om. Eur. i. p. 477 (1807); Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 120 (1869). 

Curruca sUviella (Lath.), Fleming, Brit An. p. 71 (1828). 
Curruca dumetorum (Linn.), Brehm, Vog. Deutschl p. 422 (1831). 
Curruca molaria, Brehm, he. cit (1831). 
Ficedula garrula (Bechst), Blyth, Mennie's Field Nat. i. p. 352 


(1833). 
Curruca superciliaxis, "1 
Curruca septentrionalis, I Brehm Vogeift p. 228 (1855), 

Curruca assimilis, [ ; J x 
Curruca obscura, J 
Sylvia molaria, ) 
Sylvia septentrionalis, | 
Sylvia assimilis, yBrehm, Naum. 1855, p. 283. 
Sylvia obscura, 
Sylvia superciliaris, J 
VOL. Y. ° 

18 
TUBDIDiE. 

In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 

upper parts is palo slate-grey, more or less suffused with brown on 

tho back, lores, and ear-coverts• eye-stripe almost obsolete ; inner


most secondaries with paler edges; wings and tail brown on out


side feathers. Underparts white on the chin, throat, centre of belly, 

and under tail-coverts, shading into very pale brown on the breast 

and flanks ; axillarios and under wing-coverts white ; inner margin 

of quills pale huffish grey. Bill of typical shape, dark bluish grey, 

the under mandible 
pale at the base • rietal bristles few and 

slender. "Wing with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and 

longest; second primary generally intermediate in length between 

tli© fifth and sixth, in very rare instances between the sixth and 

seventh ; bastard primary extending beyond the primary-coverts 

from 0-03 to 0*2 inch. Tail shorter than the wing; the outside 

feathers 0*15 to 0*2 inch shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, and 

claws bluish grey. Length of wing 2-65 to 2*45 inches, tail 2*4 to 

2-2, admen 0*51 to 0*44, tarsus 0*76. 

The fimttle scarcely differs from the male, but has not even the 

rudiments of an eye-stripe. After the autumn moult the breast and 

flanks are somewhat more suffused with brown. Birds of the year 

have the upper parts more suffused with brown, and the pale brown of 

the underparts extends to the under tail-coverts. The bill an d legs aie 

also somewhat paler. 
After the first autumn moult the back is greyer. 

The European form of the Lesser Whitethroat, or Lesser White-
throated Waiblcr, breeds throughout Europe, extending northwards 
beyond the Arctic Circle almost to the limit of forest-growth, and 
southwards to the Mediterranean. It winters in the southern portion 
of North Africa (Nubia, Abyssinia, &c.)« Occasionally examples 
from Siberia and India agree in wing-formula &c. with the European 
form. Examples ftom Egypt, Palestine, and Asia Minor agree 
in colour and size with small specimens of the Himalayan form. 

a, b. Ad. sk South England. F. Godman and O. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
c Ad. sk. Near London. W. Yarrell, Esq. [P.]. 

d. Ad. sk. Surbiton, Surrey, Aug. Dr. A. Gunther [P.]. 
e,f. <S ad. sk. Cookham, Berks. July R. B. Sharpe, Esq. rp.l 
30, Aug. 29. 
ff,k Ad. • i Pull, sk Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [C.]. 

h. 
$ ad. sk. Taurus mountains, Asia P. Godman and O. Salvin, 
Minor, Mar. 25 ( C. G. Esqrs. [P.J. 
Danford). 
I Ad. sk. Syria. Dr. Staudinger [C.]. 

m. J, n. $ ad. sk Palestine. Canon Tristram I O.l 
o. Ad. sk. Egypt, March 1. J. H. Gurney, fun. [P.]. 
p. Ad. sk. Egypt (Dr. Christie). G. Turnbull, Esq. [PA 
q. d ad. sk. Nubia. Dr. Leith Adams [P.l 
r. 
Ad. sk. Egyptian Nubia R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
( Verreaux). 
s. Skeleton. 
Purchased. 
The synonymy of the Siberian form is as follows:— 

1. SYLVIA. 
8. Sylvia affinis. 
Motacilla svlvia (Linn.), apud Pall. Zooqr. Bosso-Asiat. i. p. 488(1811), 
Sylvia sylviella (Lath.), apud 8ghes, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 89. 
Sylvia garrula (BechsL), apud Dversm. Add. Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. 


fasc. i. p. 21 (1835). 
Curruca garrula (Beehst.), apud Jerdon, Madr. Journ. x. p. 2G9 (1839), 

apud Tacz. Bull 8oe. ZooL France, i. p. 142 (187(3). 
Curruca svlviella (Lath.), apudBh/th, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 504 (1815). 
Syhia affinis, Blyth, Cat. B. 31m. As. Soc. p. 187 (1849) j Jlitme, 

Stray Feath. vii. p. GO (1878). 
Pyropktkalma affinis (Blyth), Bp. Consp. i. p. 293 (1850). 
Sylvia curruca (Linn.), apud Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E.I Co. 

i. j>. 344 (1854), apud Jerdon, B. Ind. ii. p. 209 (18(53), apud 
Stoinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 355, apud Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 05 
(1873), apud Hume § Renders. Lahore to Tarlc. p. 22] (1873), 
apud Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 175 (1870), apudPrjev. lioicleijs Orn, 
Misc. ii. p. 170 (1877), apud David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 210 
(1877). 
Sterparola curruca (Linn.), apud Hume, Nests #• Eggs Ind. B. pt. ii, 

p. 373 (1874). 
Sylvia curruca (Linn.), subsp. affinis Blyth, Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 8. 
This is an Eastern form. Differs from the typical species only in 
having the second primary generally intermediate in length between 
the sixth and seventh, in rare instances between the seventh and 
eighth; in all other respects (size &c.) it does not differ from the 
Western form. 

The Siberian form of ihe Lesser "Whitethroat breeds throughout 
Siberia, extending northwards almost to the limit of forest-growth, 
and southwards into North Persia, Turkestan, and North-east China. 
It winters in Baluchistan and the whole of India and Ceylon. Examples 
occasionally occur in Europe which agree in wing-formula 
&c. with the Eastern form. 

a. 
<$ ad. sk. Yenesay, lat. 66£°, June 26, Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.], 
1877. 
b. 
cJad.sk. Malo-Atlim,Obb,W. Siberia, Bremen Geogr. Soc. 
July 7 (Dr. Finsch). 
c. Ad. sk. India. ' Sec. of State for India [P.]. 
d. 
Ad. sk. N.W. India. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
[P.]e. 
Ad. sk. Shikapore, Afghanistan. Sec. of State for India [P.], 
/ . J ad. sk. Banda, Bundelkund, Dec. 16 R. B. Shaipe, Esq. [P.], 
(Capt. Marshall). 

g. 
$ ad. sk. Murshedabad, Nov. 1 (Capt. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Marshall), 
h. 
S ad. sk. Agra, Feb. 10 (Capt. Mar- R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
shall), 
i. S ad. sk. Behar. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [¥.} 
k. Ad. sk. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
I, m, n. Ad. sk. Kashgar (Dr. Bellew). India Museum. 
The synonymy of the Himalayan form is as follows :— 
c2 


20 TTJBDID^. 

9. Sylvia altiiea. 
Ourruca cinerea (Lath.), apucl Jerdon, Madras Journ. x. p. 2»18 (1889). 
Sylvia affinis, Blyth, apud Jerdon, B. Lid. ii. p. '200 (1863), apud 
Leyye, Birds of Ceylon, p. SSi (1870). 
Sylvia althea, Hume, Stray Feath. vii. p. 60 (1878). 
This is a Himalayan form, differing from the European species 
in having the upper parts an almost uniform bluish grey, the back 
being* suffused with brown to an all but imperceptible extent. The 
second primary is intermediate in length between the sixth and 
seventh, or seventh and eighth. It is on an average a larger bird 
than the Western form. Length of wing 2*8 to 2'5o inches, tail 2'5 
to 2-25, oilmen 0-56 to 0-51, tarsus 0-8 to 0*75. 
The Himalayan form of the Lesser Whitethroat breeds abundantly 
in the extreme north-west of Cashmere, and winters in the northwest 
provinces of India. 

a. cS ad. sk. Gilgit, Cashmere, Aug. 26, 1879. • Dr. Scully [P.], 
b. Ad, sk. Gilgit, Cashmere, May 8,1879. Dr. Scully [P.]. 
10. Sylvia minuscula. (Plate I.) 

Sylvia minula, Hume, Stray Feath. i. p. 193 (187-1), vii. p. 58(1878). 
Sylvia minuscula, Hume, Stray Feath. viii. p. 103 (1879). 

This species differs from its near allies in having the forehead and 
crown of a pale bluish-grey colour, gradually shading into the colour 
of the back, which is a pale isabelline brown. It is a small bird, 
the length of wing varying from 2*45 to 2-3 inches. A male in the 
collection measures—wing 2-43 inches, tail 2-22, culmen0-41. The 
exposed portion of the bastard primary measures 0*45 inch, and 
the second primary is equal to the seventh ; in other skins it is 
said to be intermediate in length between the seventh and eighth. 
The outside feathers of the tail are 0*2 inch shorter than the 
longest. 

Hume's Lesser "Whitethroat breeds in Afghanistan, and winters in 
Baluchistan, Scinde, and Forth-western India. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Dasht River, Baluchistan, "W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.l. 
Jan. 26,1872. 
b. Ad. sk. Shikapore, Afghanistan (TV, India Museum. 
Griffith). 
11. Sylvia mystacea. 
Sylvia mystacea, MenStr.* 
Sylvia melanocephala (Gmel), apud Licht. Verz. Donbl Zool. Mus. 
* Hemprich and Ehrenberg's diagnosis of Curruea momns does not contain 
a single character by which this species may be distinguished from Sylviamelanocephala; and had it not been for the present existence of the type 
in the Berlin Museum, no one could have suspected that their species was 
identical with the one so excellently defined by Menetries. The rejection of 
M&oetneVs name in favour of that of Hemprich and Ehrenberg is in direct defiance 
of the Stricklandian code, which in this instance appears to me to be based 
upon strict justice and common sense. 
1 . SYLVIA. 21 
Univ. Berl p. 34 (1823), apud Dress. # Blmif. Ibis, 1874, p. 340, 

apid Dresser, B. Eur. pi. xxxiii. (1874). 
Curruca momus, Ilempr. et Mr. Si/mb. BIu/s. J v. I, fol. Kb (1833). 
SUvia mystacea, M4n6tr. Cat. Rais. Cane!-p. 84 (1832); i?/;. Cow/>. 

Z?V B. Bur. # A7". „4^r. p. 14 (1838); torfe Turkest Jevoin. 

p. 65 (1873) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1870, p. 80. 
Melizophilus nigricapillus, (M. Jlw. Ilein. i. p. 35 (1850). 
Sybia bowmani, Tristram, Ibis, 1807, p. 85 ; 67m/, ifrmd /. J?, i. 
p. 212. no. 3002 (1809). 
Sylvia mgricapilla (Cab.), Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 212. no. 3005 
(1809). 
Sylvia melanocephala minor, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 303 (1809). 
Sylvia melanocephala Nubiye, Lieht Me Ilevgl Orn. KO.-Afr. i. 

p. 303(1809). 
Svlvia rubescens, Blanf. Ibis, 1874, p. 77; id. Bast. Bers. ii. 
"p. 177, pi. xii. (1870). 
Pyrophtkalma mystacea (Mineir), Severtz. Stray Feath. 1875, p. 428. 
Sylvia momus (Ilempr. et Eh\), Dresser, B. Eur. pt. lxxix. (1880). 

In the adult male in spring pi umagetho head and cheeks are dark 
slate-grey, approaching black, fading into light slate* grey on the 
rest of the upper parts ; the quills are brown, the innermost secondaries 
margined with brownish white; the tail is dark browTn, with 
the outside web and the tip for some length of the inside web of the 
outer feather on each side white; more or less white on the tips of 
the next feathers. TJnderparts white, with an isabelline tint on the 
breast and flanks; axillaries and under wing-coverts pinkish white; 
inner margin of quills pale brown. Bill of typical shape, dark brown, 
the under mandible pale at the base; rictal bristles few and slender. 
"Wing with the fourth and fifth primaries longest; second primary 
intermediate in length between the sixth and seventh, or seventh and 
eighth; bastard primaiy extending 0-15 inch beyond the primary-
coverts. Tail shorter than the wing, outside feathers 0*35 inch shorter 
than the longest. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Length of wing 
2-42 to 2-05 inches, tail 2-32 to 1-98, culmen 0-5 to 0-45, tarsus 
0-75. 

The female differs from the male in having the upper parts a nearly 
uniform sandy or huffish brown, somewhat darker and greyer on the 
head, and in having the underparts more suffused with isabelline. 
After the autumn moult the brown of the upper parts of the female 
is darker (less sandy), and the breast and flanks are also slightly 
darker in colour. • The winter plumage of the adidt male appears to 
be unknown. What I take to be males in first winter plumage 
resemble the adult female at the same season, but have nearly black 
centres to the feathers on the crown and ear-coverts. 

But little is known of the geographical distribution of Bowman's 
"Warbler. It breeds in Persia, and is apparently a resident in Palestine, 
and probably also in Abyssinia. 

a. tf, b. $ ad. sk. Shiraz, S. Persia, W. T. Bknford, Esq. [C.]. 
4800 ft., June 12. (Types of Sylvia wtbescens, 
Blanf.) 
c. Ad. sk. North Africa. Purchased. 

22 TTJRDIDiE. 

12. Sylvia conspicillata. 
Sylvia conspicillata, Marm. fide Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 210 (1820) ; 
Meyer', Taachenb. Zus. u. JBer. p. 88 (1822)• Bp. Comp. List 

B. 'Eur. fy N. Amor. p. 14 (1838) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard. p. 184 
(1840); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eiir. p. 18(3 (1840) ; Werner, Atlas, 
Bisectiv. pi. 44 (1842) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 174 (1848); Bp. 
Comp. i. p. 204 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Rem. i. p. ;J5 (1850); Jaub. et 
Barth.-Lapomm.Itioh. Om.-g. 245 (1859); Binderm. Yog. Grieehenl. 
p. 09 (1800) ; Dubois, Ois. Bur. pi. 08 (1802) ; Gray', Rand-l. B. 
i. p. 212. no. 3007 (1809); FriUvh, Vog. Bur. p.' 175 (1870) ; 
Salvad. Faun. Pal. Uce. p. 101 (1871) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 109 
(1872); Eresser, B. Eur. pt. xliv. (1875); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 87 
(1875); Blanf. East. Pen. ii. p. 179 (1870). 
Sylvia passerina (Gmel), apud Temm. Man. d'Om. i. p. 213 (1820), 
apud Vieill. Faune Franc, i. p. 200 (1820), apud Meyer, Taschenb. 
Zus. u. JBer. p. 89 (1822), apud Roux, Orn. Prov. p. 334 (18^5). 

Ourruca conspicillata (Marm.), Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 553; Gould, B. 
Eur. ii. pi. 120 (1837); Degl et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 484 (1807) ; 
Boderl Amf. Sicil p. 122 (181.9). ^ 

Cumica passerina (Gmel.), apud"Bole,Isis, 1822, p. 553. 
Erytliroleuca passerina (Gmel.), apud Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 153 
(1829). 
Sylvia icterops, Menetr. Cat. Pais. Cauc. p. 34 (1832); Bp. Comp. 
"List B. Eur. §• N. Amer. p. 14 (1838) ; Sold. Bev. Crit. p. 51 
(1844); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 174 (1848). 
Stoparola conspicillata {Marm ), Bp. Cat. Parzud. p, 6 (1856); Loche, 
Expl tici. Alger., Ois. p. 242 (1807). 

In the adult male in breeding-plumage the head to below the eye 
is slate-grey, gradually shading into greyish chestnut on the centre 
of the hack, and shading again into paler slate-grey on the rump and 
upper tail-coverts ; the wing& and wing-coverts are dark brown, the 
primaries narrowly edged, and the wing-coverts and innermost 
secondaries broadly edged with chestnut; the tail-feathers are dark 
brown, the two centre ones slightly greyer than the rest, and the two 
outside ones white from their apices as far as a line drawn from the 
base of the outer web to the centre of the margins of the inside web; 
the second outside feather on each side has a terminal wedge-shaped 
white patch, extending a quarter of an inch from the apex ; the 
chin is white, gradually fading into pale slate-grey on the throat, 
which fades into vinous rod on the breast and flanks, leaving the 
centre of the belly and the under tail-coverts nearly white ; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts vinous red; inner margin of quills pale 
grey, with a slight chestnut tint. Bill of typical shape, dark brown, 
the under mandible pale at the base; rictal bristles few and slender. 
Wing with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest; 
second primary intermediate in length between the fifth and sixth, 
or sixth and seventh; bastard primary small, but usually extending 
0*1 inch beyond the primary-coverts, in rare instances equal to them, 
and occasionally extending beyond them 0-2, Tail shorter than 
the wing, considerably rounded, the outside feathers varying from 
0*2 to 0*4 inch shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, and claws pale 
brown. Length of wing 2*3 to 2-0 inches, tail 2-1 to 1*9, culmen 
0-48 to 0-4, tarsus 0*73. 

1. 8YLVU. 2,1 
The female differs from, the male in having the head, back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts of a uniform reddish brown, causing- the chestnut 
margins of the innermost secondaries to appear duller from want 
of contrast. In the underparts of the female the pale slate-grey of 
the throat and the vinous red of the breast and Hanks are replaced 
by pale huffish brown. After the autumn moult the upper parts of 
the tnale are of a richer brown, which appears also on the tips of the 
slaty-grey feathers of the crown and rump. The upper parts of the 
female are also slightly richer in colour. There appears to be no 
change in the colour of the underparts in either sex. Young in 
first plumage of both sexes scarcely differ from the female in autumn 

plumage. 

The Spectacled Warbler may bo said almost to be confined to the 
basin of the Mediterranean, extending westwards as far as the 
Canary Islands and eastwards to Palestine. On the European coast 
it appears to be only a summer visitor, but on many of the islands 
and on the African coast it is said to be a resident. 

a, b. <$ ad. sk. Sardinia, Mar. 6, April 24 R. B. Skarpe, Esq. [P.l. 
(A. B. Brooke). 
c. Ad. sk. Palestine. Canon 
Tristram [C.]. 
d. Jad.sk . Algeria, May (0. Salvin). F.GodmananclO. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Tangier (Favier). Purchased. 
/ . <$ ad. sk. Teneriffe, April 8 (F. GodF.
Godman and Salvin, 
man). Esqrs. [P.]. 
g. J ad. sk. St. Vincent, Cape-VerdIsles, Capt. Lcgge [P.]. 
May 11. 
h. Ad. sk. S. lago, Oape-Verd Isles. Sir W. Burnett and Admiral 
Fitzroy [P.]. 

13. Sylvia atricapilla. 
La Fauvette a teste noire, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 080 (1700). 
Motacilla atricapilla, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 332 (1766); BecJisl. 
Naturg. DeuUchl. iv. p. 540 "(1795). 
Sylvia atricapilla (Linn.), Scop. Ann A. p. 150 (1709); Lath. Ind. 
Orn. ii. p. 508 (1790) ; Beehst. Orn. Tabchenb. p.' 168 (1802) ; 

Syst _ .... 

i. p. 201 (1820); Vieill. Faune Frang. i. p. 207(1820); Naum. 
Fog. Deutsehl ii. p. 492 (1822) ; Roux, Orn. Prov. p. 831 (1825); 
MSn6tr. Cat. Rais. Cauc. p. 33 (1832); Jenyns, Man. Brit 
Vertebr. p. 108 (1835) ; Fversm. Add. Pall Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. 
fasc. iii. p. 16 (1835); Maegill Br. B. ii. p. 339 (1839); Crespon, 
Orn. Gard. p. 128 (1840); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 188 
(1840); Nor dm. Demid. 'Voy. Buss, merid, iii. p. 150 (1840); 
Selus-Longch. Faun. Belq. p. 96 (1842); Werner, Atlas, Insectiv. 
Nederi. Votjels,^. 55 (3801); JDegl et Gerbe, Orn. Fur. I p. 473 
(1867); Boderl. Adf. Sicil p. 119 (1869); JDroste, Vogelw. 

24 TUKDID^]. 

Borkum,^. 99 (1809) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 213. no. 8017 (1869); 

Dresser, B. Eur. p. xliv. (1875); My , J?. GWr. p. 84 (1875); 
Fallon, Ois. Belq. p. 51 (1876); Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 174 
(1870). 

La Fairs otte a tote noire, #w#: .Hfe*. JVta. Ois. v. p. 125 (1778); 

Daubent. PL EnL 580. figs. 1, 2 (1783). 
Blackcap, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 415 (1783). 
Curruca atricapilla (Linn.), Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. i. p. 155 (1816) ; 

Bole, Lsis, 1822, p. 553; Fleming, Brit. An. p. 70 (lb28) ; Selby, 
Brit. Orn. i. p. 209 (1838); Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 120 (1837) ; 
Bp. Camp. List B. Eur. <$• N. Amer. p. 14 (1838) ; Thomps. B. 
Irel i. p. 18:5 (1849) ; Bp. Consp.i. p. 294(1850) ; Paul. etBarth.-
Lapomm. Pieh. Orn. p. 240 (1859); Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 348 
(1865) ; Loche,Expl tici. Alaer., Ois. p. 238 (1807) ; Sharpe, Cat. 
Afr. B. p. S5 (1871); Shelley, B. Egi/pt, p. 105 (1872); Gould, B. 
6t Br. ii. pt. lx. (1873). 

Monachus atricapilla (Linn.), Kaup, Natilrl Syst. p. 83 (1829). 
Curruca heinekeni, Jard. Edinb. Journ. Nat. 6f Geogr. So. i. p. 243 

(1830) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 294 (1850). 
Curruca nigricapilla, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl p. 417 (1831, nee Cab.). 
Curruca pileata, Brehm, fom. cit. p 418 (1831). 
Ficedula atricapilla (Linn.), Btyth, Bennie's Field Nat. i. p. 310 

(1838). m ^ s 
Curruca rubricapilla, Landbee/c, Vog. Wiirtemb. p. 44 (1884). 
Philomela atricapilla (Linn.), Sivains. Classif. B. ii. p. 240 (1837). 
Epilais atricapilla (Linn.), Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 36 (1850). 
Sylvia naumamri, Von Mailer, Naum. ISol, pt. iv. p. 26. 
Sylvia (Curruca) ruficapilla, Naum. Vog. Deutschl xiii. p. 411 (1853). 
Curruca ruficapHa (Naum.), Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 288. 
Sylvia hemokeni (Jardine), Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 213. no. 3018 (1869). 
Sylvia ruficapilla (Nawn.), Gray, Hand-l B* i. p. 213. no 3020 

(1869). 
Sylvia (Curruca) atricapilla (Linn.), Fritsch, Vog. Eur.-p. 171 (1870). 

In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is bluish grey, almost imperceptibly suffused with olive-
brown ; forehead and crown black; checks and nape bluish grey; 
wings and tail brown, narrowly margined on the outside webs with, 
olive-brown. Underparts pale bluish grey, shading into white on 
the centre of the belly ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white ; 
inner margin of quills pale grey. Bill of typical shape, dark brown, 
the under mandible pale at the base; rictal bristles few and very 
slender. Wing with the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal 
and longest; second primary a little longer than the" sixth ; 
bastard primary extending 0*15 inch beyond the primary-coverts. 
Tail shorter than the wing, outside feathers varying from 0*1 to 
0-2 inch shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, and claws bluish 
grey. Length of wing 3*0 to 2-6 inches, tail 2-5 to 2-2, culmen 0-58 
to 0*5, tarsus 0-85. 

The female differs from the male in having the black on the head 
replaced by rusty brown. After the autumn moult the upper parts 

1 . SYLVIA. 
are more suffused wiih huffish brown, and the underparts, cheeks, 
and nape are pale huffish brown. Birds of the year scarcely differ 
from adults in autumn plumage, except that the head of the male 
is intermediate in colour between that of the adult male and adult 
female. 

The male in first plumage is said to resemble the female, and to 
attain the black head in the first autumn by a change in the colour 
of the feathers, and not by a moult. It is also asserted that this 
species has no spring moult; but these alleged facts require verification. 


A curious local race (Sylvia heineleni) is found on the island 
of Madeira, having the entire head, throat, and breast black. It is 
said to occur accidentally, one or two individuals in a brood 
only possessing this peculiarity. It is probably an instance of 
partial melanism and has no claim to be considered even a subspecies. 


The Blackcap, or Black-capped Warbler, breeds throughout Europe 
to within two bundled miles of the Arctic Circle, and occasionally 
in Forth Africa, extending eastwards as far as Persia, where, however, 
it is very lare. Westvi ards it extends as far as the Azores. 
Some winter in South Europe and North Africa, others in Senegal. 

a. 6 
ad. st. England. 
Devonshire. Col. Montagu [P.]. 
b. c? ad.sk. 
0. $ a<h sk, Wiltshire. Col. Montagu [Pj. 
tf,tf.c?Sad.j/,^PuU. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [C.]. 
St. 
Cambridge, April 14 F.Godman andO.Salvin, 

h. 6 ad. sk. 
(0. Salviri). Esqrs. [P.], 
*', h. S ad. sk. Avington, Hants, May 5. Ed. Shelby, Esq. [P.I. 
South Sweden, Sept.l2. B.B.Snarpe,Esq.[P.J. 

1. $ ad. sk. 
(Meves). 

m. 2 ad. sk. 
Belgium, May 18. Brussels Mus. [P.]. 
7i, 6 
ad. sk. Seville, Dec. 8. Howaid Saunders, Esq. 
[p.]. 

o. J ad. sk. Gibraltar. Col. Ii% [P.]. 
p,q. S 2 *>&• sk-Mount Taygetos, Greece, O.W.L. Merlin, Esq. 
[P.]. 
r,s. <$ $ a(h s^« Palestine. Canon Tristram [0.]. 


t, u, v. d ad. sk. St. Michaels, Azores, F.Godman andQ.balvin, 
Mar. (F Godmari), Ehqrs. [P.]. 
w, a?. Ad. sk. St. Michaels, Azores, F.Godman andO.Salviu, 
April (F. Godmari). Esqrs. [PJ. 

y. 
Ad. sk. Madeira (var. heineheni).E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]. 
Teneriffe, April 7, 22 F.Godman andO.Salvin, 
zf a'. J $ ad. sk. (F. Godman). Esqrs. [P.]. 
Cape-Verd Isles (Keu-B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
V,d. 6,6 hum. sk. lemans). 


Gambia Eiver. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
d'. 6 ad- sk. Gambia Eiver. J.H.Giimey,Esq.[P.]. 

Gambia River. 

e'.J ad.sk. 

England. Purchased. 

/ . tf ad. sk. 

g'. Skeleton. 
Wurtemberg. Dr. A. Gimther [C.]. 

h', i'. Skulls, 6 ? • 

26 TURDIDiE, 

14. Sylvia nana. 
Curruca nana, Hempr. et Ehr. Synib. Phjs. Aves, fol.cc (1833).. 
Salicaiia araleiisis, Eversm. Bull. Soc. Nat Mosc. xxiii. pt. 2, p. 565, 
pi. viii. fi<r. 1 (1850); Eremn. Journ. Orn. 1853, p. 286. 
Stoparola desorti, Lovhe, Bev. et Jlaq. Zool 1858, p. 394, pi. xi. %. 1 j 
Zoche, EvpL Sci. Alger,, Ois. p. 245 (1807). 

Sylvia delicattila, Hartlaub, Ibis,18o9,-p. 340, pi. x. fig. 1; Bh/th, 
Ibis, 18<J7, p. 28; Salvad. Atti B. Aecad. Sei. Torino, iii. p. 291 
(1868); Hit me, Ibis, 1809, p. 355; Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 212. 
no. 3008 (1809) ; 7i^£, Ittray Feath. i. p. 199 (1873). 

Sylvia dorioe, Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 348 (1805). 
Sylvia nana (Ilempr. et Ehr.), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 212.no. 3010 
(18(59) ; lleuijl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 306 (1809); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, 

p. 80; Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 178 (1870). 
Syhia chrysopkthalma, Eeugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 306 (1869). 
Atraphornia aralen&is (Eversm.), Severtz. Turkest Jevotti. pp. 05, 124 
(1873). 
Sylvia aralensis (Ei-emn.), Prjev. Bowleifs Orn. Misc. ii. p. 170 
(1877); David et Oust Ois. Chine,^.Ul (1877). 

In the adult on ale in spring plumage the general colour of the 
tipper parts is buff, shading into bright giraffe-colour on the upper 
tail-coverts; the quills are buffish brown, with more or less distinct 
pale tips ; the innermost secondaries arc buff, shading to pale giraffe on 
the edges, and with a central streak of huffish brown along the shaft; 
the two central tail-feathers are bright giraffe, with a central streak 
of bullish brown along the shaft; the outside tail-feathers on each 
side white, second dark brown, broadly tipped and narrowly mar


gined with white, remainder dark brown, margined with bright 
giraffe. Underparts huffish white, very slightly darker on the breast 
and flanks; a buffish-white patch on the edge of the wing, just 
below the carpal joint; axillaries and under wing-coverts buffish 
white ; inner margin of quills pale buff. Bill of typical shape, brown 
above, pale below, slightly darker at the tip• rictal bristles few 
and slender. Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest; second primary intermediate in length 
between the fifth and sixth, or sixth and seventh• bastard primary 
occasionally equal in length to the primary-coverts, but generally 
extending beyond them from 0*1 to 0-15 inch. Tail shorter than 
the wing, outside feathers about 0*15 inch shorter than the longest. 
Legs, feet, and claws very pale brown. Length of wing 2-35 to 2*0 
inches, tail 2*1 to 1*85, culmen 0*46 to 0*4, tarsus 0*71. 

The female does not appear to differ from the male, nor is there 
any appreciable difference between spring and autumn plumage, nor 
is it known that birds of the year differ from adults. 

The Desert-Warbler, as its name implies, is confined to dry and 
arid wastes in Algiers, the Sinaitic peninsula, and Southern Persia. 
It breeds in Turkestan, and winters in Baluchistan and Scinde. 

a. cJ, b. 2 a(i-sk. Kokand. Dr. Severfzoff [0.1. 
c. <J ad. sk. Baluchistan, Jan. 25. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.]. 
1. SYLVIA. 27 
cl <$ ad. sk. Siliwan district; Seindo, V7. T. Blanford, Esq. [1\\ 
Jan. 1877. L J 

e. $ ad. sk. Um»rkot;Scinde, Jan. 23, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [**.]• 
15. Sylvia subalpina. 
Sylvia subalpina, Bonelli,fde Temm. Man. of Orn. i. p. 214 (1K20); 
Meyer; Taschenb. Zus. u. Ber. p. 93 (1822) j Bp. Com/). Lust B. 
Eur. 8f N. Amer. p. 14 (18-38); Keys. u. Bias. lJrtrb. Eur. p. 180 
(1840); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 174 (1848); Bp. Consp, I p. 291 (1850) * 

Cab. Mas. Ilein. i. p. 35 (1850); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Jiich. 
Om. p.240 (1859); Under m. Vdf/. Grieehenl. p.99 (18(51)); ZMWa, 
Ois.Eur. pi. 07(1802); Graa, Hand-IB i.p.212. n< >. 3000 (18«>9); 
Zftw//. Oni. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 804 (1809); Fntseh, Voi/. Eur. p. 175 
(1870); Sahad. Faun. ltd. Ucc. p. 102 (1871); tihdrpe, Cat. Afr. 

B. p. 35 (1871); SheVey, B. Egypt, p. 109 (lb72); Ureter, B. Eur. 
pt. xliv. (1875) • Irby, B. Gibr. p. 87 (1875) ; Blanf. East. Pen. ii. 
p. 180 (1870). 
Sylvia leucopogon, Meyer, Taschenb. Zus. u. Ber. p. 91 (1822). 
Curruca subalpina (Temm.), Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 553; Deyl. et Gerbe, 
Orn. Eur. i. p. 482 (1867) ; Doderl. Avif. iiici!. p. 121* (1809). 
Curruca leupogon, Boie, Imsf 1822, p. 553. 
Alsrecus loucopogon (Meyer), Eaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 108 (1829). 
Curruca leucopogon, Gould, B. Eur. pi. 124 (1837). 
Syhia pa^serina, Temm. ajmd Crespon, Orn. Gard. p. 137 (1840). 
Curruca albistriata, Brehm, VogeJf. p. 229 (1855). 
Sylvia albistri tta, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 283. 
Stoparola subalpina (Temm.), Bp. Cat. JParzud. p. 6 (1850); Loche, 

Expl Sci. Alger., Ois. p. 243 (1807). 
Dumeticola subalpina {Temm.), Homeyer, Jour. Orn. 1862, p. 279. 

In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is slate-grey ; wings brown, with narrow pale edges to 
the coverts, and broader pale edges to the innermost secondaries ; 
tail brown, with more or less white on three or four of the outside 
feathers on each side; chin, throat, and breast chestnut, shading 
into pale chestnut on the flanks, and into nearly white on the 
centre of the belly and under tail-coverts; a narrow white line extends 
from the base of the bill towards the shoulder, separating the 
chestnut of the underparts from the grey of the upper parts ; axillaries 
pale vinous grey. Under wing-coverts pale grey, with darker 
centres ; inner margin of quills pale grey, with a slight chestnut 
tint. Bill of typical shape, dark brown, the lower mandible pale 

at the base• rictal bristles few and slender. "Wing with the third 
and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest; second primary 
usually intermediate in length between the fifth and sixth, occasionally 
between the fourth and fifth ; bastard primary very small, 
sometimes equal to the primary-coverts, sometimes extending 0*05 
inch beyond them. Tail shorter than the wing, the outside feathers 
0*2 inch shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, and claws pale 
brown. Length of wing 2*45 to 2*25 inches, tail 2*25 to 2*0, culmen 
0*49 to 0*4, tarsus 0*75. 

The female differs from the male in having the slate-grey of the 

28 TTraDiD-ae. 

tipper parts replaced by earthy brown, and the chestnut of the chin, 

throat, breast, and flanks by buifisli while, with a slight vinous 

tinge on the sides of the breast. I have been unable to obtain 

dated skins in autumn plumage; but undated skins, in which the 

chestnut of tho underparts of the male is replaced by pale vinous, 

may prove to be in this plumage. Birds of the year are huffish 

brown on the breast and flanks, the male resembling the female, 

except in being slightly greyer on the upper parts. 

The basin of the Mediterranean may be said to be the breeding-

range of the Subalpine Warbler, probably extending eastwards as 

far as Persia. In Europe it is certainly only a summer visitor; 

but in North Africa it appears to be a partial resident. 

a. $ ad. sk. Greece, July 9. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
b. (J ad. sk. Sardinia, May 12 (A. B. Brooke). RB. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
e. (S ad. sk. Europe ( Ve?reaux). Purchased. 
d. <$ ad. sk. Europe. 
e. $ ad. sk. Italv. Purchased. 
/. S ad. sk. Italy. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.], 
g. $ ad. sk. Italv. Baron Laugier. 
h. <J ad. sk. North Italy, April 9 (A. B. Brooke). KB. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 
?*. J ad. sk. Tangier. Mons. Favier [C.]. " 
k, I. Ad. sk. Tangier (Olcese). Col. Irby [P.] 

m. Ad. sk. Casa Vieja. Col. Irby [P.] 
n. <S ad. sk. R. Gambia. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
16. Sylvia melanothoraz. 
Sylvia melanothorax, Tristram, His, 1872, p. 296; Dresser, B. Bur. 
pt. xxxix. (1875). 
In the adult male in spring jplumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is slate grey, shading into black on the nape, head, and 
ear-coverts; quills, wing-coverts* and innermost secondaries nearly 
black, all except the longest primaries narrowly edged with white 
on the external webs ; tail-feathers nearly black, the whole of the 
external web and the terminal half of the internal web of the outside 
feather on each side white, and more or less white at the tips 
of the next two feathers on each side. The underparts are mottled 
black and white, each feather being white, with a nearly black 
centre; the flanks are nearly uniform slate-grey; edge of the 
wing white; axillaries slate-grey; under wing-coverts mottled 
black and white ; inner margin of quills pale brown. Bill of ty|ncal 
shape, nearly black, the under mandible pale at the base; rictal 
bristles nearly obsolete. Wing with the third and fourth primaries 
nearly equal and longest; second primary intermediate in length 
between the fifth and sixth; bastard primary extending about 
0*1 inch beyond the primary-coverts. Tail shorter than the wing ; 
outside feathers 0*3 inch shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, and 
claws pale brown. Length of wing 2*35 to 2*25 inches, tail 2-25 to 
2*15, oilmen 0*52 to 0*47, tarsus 0*75. 
The female scarcely differs from the male. After the autumn 
moult the white margins to the feathers of the underparts are 
longer, concealing more of the black centres. Birds of the year have 

1. SYLVIA. 
29 

the upper parts brown, arid the feathers of the chin, throat, and 
breast white, with concealed black bases; the rest of the undorparts 
are pale brown. 

The Palestine Warbler appears to be confined to Cyprus and 
Palestine. It is not known that it is a migratory bird. 

a, <$ ad. sk. Cyprus, May 1. Lord Lilford [P.], 

17. Sylvia blanfordi. (Plate II.) 
Sylvia melanocephala (Gmel), apud Stanford, Geol. & ZooL Ahm. 
p. 879 (1870). 
Sylvia blanfordi, Seebohn, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 979. 
In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is dark grey, more or less suffused with brown ; head, 
nape, and ear-coverts brownish black ; innermost secondaries brown, 
with pale edges; quiiteJi&ww34_jtai]^ory dark brown, approaching 
black, outside feathers probably tipped with white. Underparts 
nearly white, slightly suffused with brown on the sides of the 
breast, flanks, axillaries, and under tail-coverts; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts greyish white, the latter with darker centres; 
inner margin of quills pale brown. .Bill of typical shape, dark brown, 
the under mandible slightly paler at the base; rictal bristles long, 
but few and very slender. Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth 
primaries nearly equal; second primary about equal to the eighth 
or ninth; bastard primary somewhat longer than usual, extending 
0*3 inch beyond the primary-coverts. Tail slightly longer than the 
wing, outside feathers 0*3 inch shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, 
and claws dark bluish grey. Length of wing 2'56 inches, tail 2*56, 
oilmen 0*5, tarsus 0*85. 

The female of this bird is unknown, as is also the plumage of the 

birds of the year, or of both sexes after the autumn moult. 

Blanford's Warbler has hitherto only been known from a single 

example obtained in Abyssinia. Nothing is known of its migrations. 

a. $ ad. sk. Rairo, Abyssinia, Aug. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
18. Sylvia melanocephala. 
Motacilla melanocephala, Gmel Syst. Nat. i. p. 970 (1788). 

Sylvia melanocephala (Gmel), Lath. Ind. Urn. ii. p. 509 (1790); 

~ Temm. Man. dOrn. I p. 203 (1820); Meyer, Taschenb. Zus. u. 
Ber. p. 90 (1822); Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. $ N. Amer. p. 14 
(1838) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard. p. 129 (1840); Keys, t^ Bias. Wirb. 
Bur. p. 187 (1840) ; Nordm. JDemid. Voy. Buss, merid. iii. p. 150 
(1840); Werner, Atlas, Lnsediv. pi. 40 (1842) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. 

p. 174 (1848) ; Idnderm. Voy. Griechenl. p. 100 (1860); Dubois, 
Ois. Eur. pi. 05 (1862); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 212. no. 3001 
(1869); Dresser, B. Bur. pt. xxxiii. (1874); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 85 
(1875). 
Sylvia ruscicola, Vieill N. Diet, d'ffist Nat xi. p. 186 (1817); id, 
Faune Franc, i. p. 203 (1820); Roux, Orn. Prov. p. 329 (1825). 


30 TTTBDIDJG. 

CuiTuca melanocephala (Gmel.), Bole, Isis, 1822, p. 553; Gould, B. 

Eur. ii. pi. 12;] (1837) ; Degl et Gerbe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 487 (1807); 

Boderl Avif. tiicil. p. 122 (1800); tiharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 35 

(1871); Milky, B. Egypt, p. 107 (1872). 

Pyroplithalma nlelanocepkala (Gmel.), Bp. TJcc. Eur. p. 37 (1842); 
id. Consp. p. 29,1 (1850); Jauh. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. 

p. 248 (1859); Newt. List B. Eur. Bhusius, p. 11 (1802); Locke, 
Ejpl Sci. Alt/fr., Ok. p. 246 (1807); Salvad. Faun. Itcd. Ucc. 
p. 105 (1871).' 
Sylvia oclirogenion, Bindermeyer, Isis, 1843, p. 344. 
Melizopliilus melanocephalus (Gmel), Cab. Mus. BCein. i. p. 35 
(1850). 

Curruca luctuosa, Brelim, Vogelf. p. 229 (1855). 

Cumi<\i leucopogon (Meyer), apud Brehm, Vogelf. p. 229 (1855). 
s^~ Pyroplithalma nigricapilla (Cabanis), apud Brehm, Naum. 1855, 

y p. 283. 

Pyroplithalma luctuosa, Brehn, Naum. 1855, p. 283. 

M'otacilla leucogastra, Ledru,fide Bolle, Journ. Orn. 1857, p. 282. 

^ Dumeticola inelanocepkala {Gmel?), Someyer, Journ. Orn. 1&62, 

p. 277. 
Sylvia (Pyrophthalma) melauocephala (Gmel), Fritsch, Vog. Eur. 
p. 172 (1870). 
In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 

tipper parts is slate-grey, shading into black on the nape, head, and 

ear-coverts; occasionally the npper tail-coverts have darker centres ; 

innermost secondaries dark brown, broadly edged externally with 

pale grey; wing-coverts dark brown, narrowly edged with pale 

grey; quills dark brown, tipped with pale grey; tail dark grey, 

approaching black, the outer web of the outside tail-feather white, 

the inner web broadly tipped with white; several of the succeeding 

tail-feathers with a more or less developed terminal wedge of white. 

Underparts greyish white, fading into pure white on the chin, 

upper throat, and centre of belly ; edge of the wing white; axil


laries and under wing-coverts bluish grey; inner margin of quills 

pale brown. Bill of typical shape, dark brown, the under mandible 

pale at the base; rictal bristles nearly obsolete. "Wing with the 

third, fourth, and fifth primaries neaily equal; second primary 

intermediate in length between the sixth and seventh, or seventh 
and eighth; bastard primary extending from 0*05 to 0*15 inch beyond 
the primary-coverts. Tail longer than the wing; outside 
feathers 0*3 to 0*4 inch shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, and 
claws pale brown. Length of wing 2-35 to 2*1 inches, tail 2-DO 
to 2-25, oilmen 0-53 to 0-49, tarsus 0-8. 

The female differs from the male in having the upper parts slaty 
brown, shading into slate-grey on the crown and ear-coverts; the 
breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts are more or less suffused with 
isabelline brown. After the autumn moult the head of the male 
becomes a browner, duller black. Birds of the year scarcely differ 
from adult females. 

The Sardinian Warbler inhabits the basin of the Mediterranean. 
On the European side it is a partial resident, but on the African side 
it appears to be principally a winter vi&itor. 

1. SYLVIA. 
a. c^ad.sk. Europe (Verreaux). Purchased. 
b, c. c? ad. ak. Gibraltar. Ool. Irby [p.]. 
d, e. $ $ ad. sk. Italy. Purchased. 
/ . cT ad. sk. Italy. Baron Laugier. 
g. <$, h. $ ad. sk. Sardinia, May 11? 19 11. 13. Sharpe. Esq. [P.], 
(A. B. Brooke), 
i. <$ ad. sk. Asia Minor. T. Robson, Esq. [0-1. 
h. <S ad. sk. Smyrna, Nov. 28, 1874 H. Seebohm. Esq. [IV]. 
(C. G.Danford). 
I <$, m. 5 ad. sk. Palestine. ' Canon Tristram |"C.]. 
w. c? ad. sk. Jericho, Jan. 4 (TrisE.
GodmanandO.Salvin, 
tram). Esqrs. [P.]. 
o. c? ad. sk. Tunis, March 29 (0. F.Godman .Salvin, 
Salmn). Esqrs. [P.]. 

19. Sylvia provincialis. 
Sylvia provincialis (Gmel.) *. 
Le Pitchou, Jfr/jf. I2*V. Nat. Ois. v. p. 158 (1778). 
Le Pitte-chou de Provence, Daubent PI Enl, 655. tig. 1 (1783). 
Motacilla undata, JBodd. Table PL Enl. p. 40 (1783). 
Dartford Waibler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 435 (1783) ; Lewin, B. Gt. 
Br. iv. pi. 108 (1797). 
Sylvia dartfordien&is, Lath. Gen. Syn, Suppl. i. p. 287 (1787); id. 

* Ind. Om.il p. 517(1790). 
Motacilla provincialis, Gmel. Syst Nat. i. p. 958 (1788). 
Melizophilus dartfordiensis (Lath.), Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. §-c. 
Brit. Mus. p. 25 (1810). 

Sylvia ferruginea, VkeilL N. Diet aVIIist Nat xi. p. 209 (1817) ; id. 
Faune Frang. i. p. 218 (1S20); Roux, Orn. Prov. p. 337 (1825). 
Sylvia provincialis (Gmel.), Temm. Man. dyOm. i. p. 211 (1820) ; 


Meyer, Taschenb. Zus. u. Per. p. 93 (1822); Crespon, Orn. Gard. 

p. 136 (1840) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 186 (1840); Werner, 
Atlas, Insectiv. pi.46(1842); Linderm. Tog. Griechenl. p. 100 (1860); 
Dubois, Ois. Eur. pi. 70 (1862) ; Ileugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 302 
(1869). 
Curruca provincialis (Gmel), Boie, lsis« 1822, p. 553: Fleming, Brit 

An. p. 70 (1828). 
Thamnodus provincialis (Gmel), Kemp, Natilrl Syst. p. 109 (1829). 
Melizophilus provincialis (G?nel), Selby, Brit Orn. i. p. 219 (1833); 

Jem/ns, Man. Brit Vertebr. p. 112 (1835) ; Gould, B. Eur. ii. 
pi. 129 (1837) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 8f N. Amer. p. 14 (1838) ; 
id. Comp. i. p. 293 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 35 (1850); 
Neiot List B. Eur. Blasius, p. 11 (1862); Gould, B. Gt Br. ii. 
pi. 59 (1862) 5 Deal et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 490 (1867); Loehe, 
Ea.pl Sci. Alger., Ois. p. 249 (1867); Doderl Arif. Sicil p. 123 
(1869); Salvad. Faun. Ital JJcc. p. 104 (1871); Sfielky, B. Egypt, 

p. 108 (1872). 
Ficedula ulicicola, Blyth, Bennie's Field Nat i. p. 310 (1833). 
Malurus provincialis (Gmel), Selby, Cat Gen. B. p. 10 (1840). 
Sylvia undata (Bodd.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 174 (1848) ; id. ILand-l 
B. i. p.212. no. 3003 (1869); Karting, Sandb. Br. B. p. 16 (1872). 
* Boddaert's name is accompanied by no description, but is published as the 
Latin name of "le Pitte-chou de Provence," figured by Daubeuton in the 
' Planches Enluminees.' The figure is sufficiently good to leave no reasonable 
doubt as to the species intended to be designated; and Boddaert's name may 
therefore beheld toha\e been " clearly defined;" nevertheless there seems to be 
no sufficient reason why the name in common use shoidd be changed. 
32 TURDID-aE. 

IVrelizopliilua obsoletus, Brefon, Naum. 1855, p. 283. 
Pyrophthalma provincialis (Gmel), Jaub. et Barbh.-Lapomm. Rich. 
*0m. p. 249(1859). 
Sylvia (Melizopkilus) provincialis (Gmel), Fritsch, Vo'g. Eur. p. 176 
(1870). 

Melizopliilus imdattis (Bodd.), Newt ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 398 
(1873) • Drawer, B. Eur. pt. xliii. (1875)• Irby, B. Gihr. p. 88 
(1875). 

In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is very dark sooty brown, shading into very dark slate-
grey on the head; innermost secondaries, wing-coverts, and quills 
dark brown, edged externally with pale brown; tail very dark grey, 
the outside web and tip of the outside feathers white. Underpays 
chestnut-brown, shading into white on the centre of the 
belly, and having the feathers of the chin and upper throat tipped 
with white; a white patch on the edge of the wing just below the 
carpal joint; under tail-coverts grey, with whitish tips ; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts grey• inner margin of quills pale reddish 
brown. Bill of typical shape, very dark brown, the lower mandible 
pale at the base; rictal bristles short and slender. Wing with the 
fourth and fifth primaries slightly the longest; second primary equal 
to the ninth or tenth ; bastard primary extending 0*2 inch beyond 
the primary-coverts. Tail considerably longer than the wing; outside 
feathers 0*4 to 0'6 inch shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, 
and claws pale brown. Length of wing 2-15 to 1*9 inch.es, tail 2*7 
to 2*3, culrnen 0*5 to 0*42, tarsus 0*75. 

The female differs from the male in having the general colour 
of the underparts pale cinnamon-brown instead of rich chestnut-
brown. After the autumn moult but little change in the plumage 
apparently takes place. Birds of the year are slightly paler and 
browner above, and have the underparts considerably paler than in 
the adult female. 

The Dartford Warbler is a resident in the south of England, some 
parts of France, the Spanish peninsula, and Italy, occasionally 
straying into Greece; it is also found in North Africa and Palestine, 
apparently wintering in the plains, and retiring to the hills to 

breed. 
a,b. $, c. Juv. sk.
d, e. Ad. st.
f. Ad. st.
g, h. Ad. sk.
i. J ad. sk. 
Faraham, Surrey (F.
Godman). 
Kent. 
Devonshire. 
Gibraltar. 
Sardinia, May 20 (A.
B. Brooke). 
F.GodmanandO.Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Col. Montagu [P.1 
Col. Montagu [P.I. 
Col. Irby [P.]. 
It. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
k. Ad. sk. Morocco (Ohm). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

20. Sylvia deserticola. (Plate III.) 
Sylvia deserticola, Tristram, Ibis, 1859, p. 58 : Gray, Hand-l. B. L 
p. 212. no. 3009 (1869). 
Stoparola deserti, Loehe, apud Sclater, Ibis, 1859, p. 417. 
This species is only known in autumn or winter plumage, the 

1. SYLVIA. 33 
types having "been obtained l'rom tho 29th of November to tho 23rd 
of December. In the male the head, nape, rump, and upper tail-
coverts are brown, more or less suffused with chestnut, which in the 
predominant colour on the back; the wings are brown, narrowly 
edged on the outside webs with pale chestnut; wing-coverts and 
innermost secondaries broadly edged with bright chestnut; tail-
feathers brown, narrowly edged with pale chestnut, the two centre 
feathers the same colour as the others ; the entire outside web and 
a large part of the inside web of the outermost feather on each side 
white, and small wedges of white at tho tips of the two next outer 
tail-feathers on each side. The whole of the underparts, including 
the axillaries and inner margin of quills, pale chestnut, shading into 
bright chestnut on the sides of the breast and Hanks. Bill of typical 
shape, dark brown, the under mandible palo at the base; rictal 
bristles few and slender. Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth 
primaries nearly equal and longest; second primary intermediate in 
length between the seventh and eighth; bastard primary extending 
about 0*1 inch beyond the primary-coverts. Tail somewhat longer 
than the wing, the outside feathers varying from 0*2 to 0*25 inch 
shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, and claws palo brown. Length of 
wing2-15 to 2*1 inches,tail 2-31 to 2-2, culmen 0*4(3 to 0*4,tarsus 0*75. 

The female differs from the male in having less chestnut on the 
upper parts, especially on the head, which is nearly uniform greyish 
brown. 

Tristram's Warbler has only been found in the deserts south of 

"Algiers. 
a. S ad. sk. Oued Soudan, Algerian Sahara,
Nov. 29, 1850. 
Canon Tristram [P.], 
21. Sylvia sarda. 

Svlvia sarda, Tetnm. * 
Mo.sehita o Nosehita, Cetti, Ucc. di Sard. p. 218 (1770). 
Sylvia moschita, Gmel. Si/st. JS7at. i. p. 970 (1788). 
Sylvia sarda, Marm. fide Temm. Man. dOm. i. p. 204 (1820); 


Meyer, Taschenb. Zus. u. Ber. p. 91 (1822); Bp. Camp. List B. Bur. 
Sr IT. Amer. p. 14 (1838); Kegs, u. Bias. IVirb. Bur. p. 180 (1840); 
Werner, Atlas, Lnsectiv. pi. 41 (1842); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 174 
(1848); Linderm. Vdg. Griechenl. p. 100(1800); lleugl. Orn.N.O.-
Afr. i. p. 303 (1809) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 212. no. 3004 (1809). 

Sylvia sardonia, Vieill. Faune Franc, i. p. 203 (1820). 
Sylvia sardanise, Vieill. Tahl. Bno. On. ii. p. 405 (1823). 
OiiiTuca tarda (Marm.), Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 553 ; Gould, B. Eur. ii. 


pi. 127 (1837). 
Pyrophthalma sarda (Marm.), Bp. "Ucc. Eur. p. 37 (1842); id. Consp. 

p. 293 (1850); Locke, Ex-pl Sou Algir., Ois. p. 247 (1807). 
* There can scarcely .be a doubt that G-melin's name has the priority of that 
of Teniminck; but, since this bird has been in undisturbed possession of the 
latter for upwards of half a century, we may fairly ignore the former, on the 
ground that G-melin's description does not " clearly define" the species. Gmelin's 
name does not deserve to stand, inasmuch as he obviously never saw the bird, 
or he would scarcely have copied Cetti s error in ascribing the rufous tint to 
the head instead of to theflanks,^ 
VOL. V. D 

TTTEDIDJE. 

Hemophilus sarcitis (Marm.), Gerhe, Diet. Univ. d'Hist. Wat. xii. 
p 113 (1848); Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 35 (1850); Newt* List B. Eur. 
Bkisim, p. 11 (1802); Degl et (Jerle, Orn Eur. i. p. 492 (1867); 
Doderl Avif. Sieil. p. 12o\l869); Satvacl Faun. Hal Uco. p. 104 
(1871); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 108 (1872) ; Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xliv. 

(1875). 
Dumelicola sarda (Marm.'), Llomeyer, Journ. Orn. 1862, p. 279. 
Sylvia (Pyrophthalma) sarda (Marm.), Fritsch, Yog. Eur. p. 173 
"(1870). 

In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is very dark grey, approaching dull black on the head ; 
innermost secondaries, wing-coverts, and quills dark brown, edged 
externally with pale grey; tail dark grey, the outside feathers 
narrowly fringed with white on the outside web and the others 
with pale grey. Underparts dark grey, shading into nearly white 
on the centre of the belly and chin, with a slight vinous tinge on 
the flanks and thighs ; a white patch on the edge of the wing just 
below the carpal joint; under tail-coverts dark grey with nearly 
white margins; axillaries and under wing-coverts dark grey; 
inner margin of quills pale brown. Bill of typical shape, dark brown, 
the lower mandible pale at the base ; rictal bristles moderately 
developed. Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly 
equal in length ; second primary generally intermediate in length 
between the seventh and eighth, occasionally between the sixth and 
seventh; bastard primary extending 0*15 inch beyond the primary-
coverts. Tail longer than the wing, considerably rounded ; outside 
feathers 0*3 to 0 4 inch shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, and 
claws pale brown. Length of wing 2-25 to 2 inches, tail 2*45 to 
2-2, culm en 0*46 to 0*41, tarsus 0*8. 

The female differs from the male in being browner both above 
and below. After the autumn moult the plumage of both sexes is 
browner, the female being slightly paler than the male ; and the 
birds of the year somewhat paler still, especially on the underparts. 

Marmora's Warbler does not appear to be a migratory bird. It 
is found in Portugal, the Balearic Isles, Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily. 
It is said also to have occurred in Algiers, Greece, and Palestine. 

a.
b. 
o* ad. sk. 
$ , c. Jnv. sk. 
Sardinia, April 10 (A. B. E. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Brooke). 
Sardinia, May 19 (A. B. E. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.], 
Brooke). 
22. Sylvia galactodes. 

Sylvia galactodes, Temm. 
fieed-Thrush, var. A, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 83 (1783). 
Turdus arundinaceufl, Linn., var. j8, Lath. Lncl Orn. i. p. 334 (1790). 
Sylvia galactodest, Temm. Man. d'Om. i. p. 182 (1820). 
Turdus rnbiginosus, Meyer, Taschenb. Zm. u. Ber. p. 66 (1822). 
Aedon galactodes (Temm.), Bote, Isis, 182G, p. 972; Gray, Gen. B. 


i. p. 173 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 286 (1850) • Ileuc/l Si/st. Uebers. 
p. 25 (1856); ATewt List B. Eur. Blasius, p. 11 (1862) ; Degl et 
* Spelt sarda. t Spelt galaototes. 
1. SYLVIA. 
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 495 (1867); Loehe, Expl. Sci. Ab/e'r., Ois. I 

p. 279 (J807) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. ii. pi. 53 (18(58); TZeugl. Orn. 
N.O.-Afr. i. p. 270 (1809); Fritseh, JoV/. Em\ p. 15:5 (1870); 
Hurting, Ilandb. Br. B. p. 105 (1872); Shelley, B. JEr/t/pt, p. 85 
(1S72) ; itor*. ed. Tan\ Br. B. i. p. 355 (187:3); Z>/r,s.ser; J/. Eur. 
pt. xxxii. (1874); Irlnj, B. Gibr. p. 92 (1875). 
Sylvia rubiginosa, Temm. Man. d'Orn. iii. p. 129 (1835). 
Agrobates galactodes* (Temm.), Swains. CUmif. B. ii. p. 241 (1837) 
Salicaria galactodes* (Temm.), Gould, B. Eilr. ii. pi. 112 (1837); 


Keys. u. Bias. Wiib. Bur. pp. lv, 183 (1840). 
Erytkropygia galactodes {Temm.), Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. $ N. 
Amer. p. 13 (1838). 
Aedou rubiginosa (Temm.), Degl Orn. Eur. i. p. 507 (1849). 

^ - 
Aedon minor, Cab. Mus. llein. i. p. 39 (1850). 
Calamokerpe galactodes (Temm.), Schl. Vog. Nederl. p. 141 (1854). 
Aedon pallens brackyrkynckos, \ 
Aedon pallens macrorkynckos, J 
Aedon galactodes brachyrkynckos, f Brehn, Journ. Oni. 1856, 
Aedon galactodes rnacrorkynckos, [ pp. 441, 442. 
Aedon meridionalis brackyrkynckos, \ 
Aedon meridionalis macrorkynckos, J 
Agrobates rubiginosus (Temm.), Dubois, Ois. Eur. pi. 74 (1862). 

In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is a palish chestnut-brown or giraffe-colour ; lores and 
the feathers behind the eye brown; eye-stripe huffish white, extending 
to the nape ; quills and wing-coverts brown, the outside 
webs margined with huffish white ; tail rich chestnut-brown, the 
two centre feathers with a more or less obscure broad terminal dark 
band, sometimes obsolete, the remaining feathers with broad terminal 
white bands and nearly black subterminal bands. The whole of 
the underparts very pale buffish white, slightly darker on the sides 
of the breast and flanks ; inner maigin of quills buff. Bill with 
the upper mandible brown and the under mandible horn-colour ; 
rictal bristles very small. "Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth 
primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary about equal to 
the sixth, bastard primary 0*7 to 0-5. Tail shorter than the wing, 
considerably rounded, the outside feathers 0*2 to 0*25 inch shorter 
than the longest. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Length of wing 
3-5 to 3-0 inches, tail 2-9 to 2*5, culraen 0*8 to 0-7, tarsus 1*1 to 1-0. 

The differences in the colour of the plumage caused by age, sex, 
and season are very small. Examples from Abyssinia are on an 
average smaller than those from other localities, and might almost 
be allowed subgeneric rank, in which case they will stand as Sylvia 
minor (Cab.). 

The Eufous "Warbler breeds in Spain and Portugal, and throughout 
North Africa as far south as Abyssinia, in the latter country 
being a resident. It is said also to winter on the Gold Coast. 

a. Ad. sk. Start Point, Devonshire. W. D. Llewellyn, Esq. [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Tangier (Olcese). Col. Irby [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Tunis. L. Fraser, Esq. [C.]. 

* Spelt galactotes. 
v2 

30 
TU RAID-IS. 

el Juv.; <?,/. Tunis. L. Fraser, Esq. [0.]. 
Ad. sk. 
(f, h. 2 ad. sk. Ghemora, Pro v. of Constau- F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
tino, Algeria, May 19,1857 E^qrs. [P.]. 

(0. S.). 
i, /'. Ad. sk. Egypt. Sir J. Bowring [P.]. 
1. Ad. sk. Egypt. 
Sir J. Bo wring1 [P.]. 
m. 
2 ad. sk. Koomaylee, Abyssinia, Feb. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.], 
13, 1808. 
n. J ad. sk. Undid Wells, May 30,1808. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. 
o: 2 ad. sk. Am, Lebka valley, Aug. 16, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.J. 
18G8. 
p. Ad. sk. Gabsa (Esler). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
q. Ad. bk. Kordofan. 
Purchased. 
r. 2 ad. sk. Mount Tabor, Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.~|. 
s. <$ ad. sk. "YVady el B^ereh, Palestine. Canon Tristram [0.]. 
t. 2 
ad. sk. Gennesaret, May 24, 1804 F. G-odman and 0. Salvin, 
{Tristram). Esqrs. [P.]. 
u. $ 
ad. sk. Jericho, April 13, 1864 F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
(Tristram). Esqrs. [P.]. 
23. Sylvia familiaris. 
Curruca galactodes, var. syriaca, Ilempr. &r Ehr. Symb. Phys., Aves, 
Sylvia familiaris, Menetr. Cat. Bats. Cauc. p. 32 (1832). 
Erythropygia familial is (Menetr.), Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. § N. 

Amer. p. 12 (1838). 
Salicaria familiaris (Menetr.), Schl JRev. Crit pp. xxix, 58 (1844). 
Salicaria galactodes (Temm.), apud Von der Miihle, Orn. Griechenl 

p. GO (1844). 
Aedon familiaris {Menetr.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 173 (1848) ; Bp. 
Comp. I p. 286 (1850); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 211. no 2980 
(1800); Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xxxii. (1874) ; id. Ibis, 1876, p. SO; 
Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 100 (1879). 

Aedon rubiginosus {Meyer), apud Degl Orn. Eur. i. p. 567 (1849, 

partim)* 
Calamoherpe familiaris (Men6tr.), Schl Vog. Kederl. p. 141 (1854). 
Aedon bruchii, Brehm, Journ. Orn. 1856, p. 442. 
Aedon brachyrhynchos, Brehm, Journ. Orn. 1856, p. 442. 
Aedon macrorhynchos, Brehm, Journ. Orn. 1856, p. 442. 
Agrobates familiaris (Menetr.), Dubois, Ois. Eur. pi. 74a (1862). 
Aedon galactodes (Temm.), /3. familiaris (Menetr.), Neioton, List 

B. Eur. Blat>ius, p. 11 (1802). 
Aedon galactodes (Temm.), apudFilippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 348 (1865), 
apud Degl et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 495 (1867, partim), apud 
Ilvme, Ibis, 1809, p. 355, apud Doderl Avif. Sicil p. 129 (1869), 
apud Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 118 (1871). 

Aedon galactodes (Temm.),-vox. familiaris (Menetr.), Severtz. Turkest. 
Jevotn. p. 65 (1873). 

This species differs from the preceding in having the two centre 
tail-feathers greyish brown instead of rich chestnut-brown; the 
rest of the tail-feathers and the rump and upper tail-coverts are the 
same in both species, but in the rest of the upper parts the palish 
chebtnut-brown of the preceding species is replaced by greyish 

2. PHTLLOSCOrUS. 
brown; the very pale huffish white of the underparts is replaced 
in the present species by very pale greyish white; inner margins 
of qnills pale huffish brown. Bill with the upper mandible brown 
and the under mandible horn-colour ; rictal bristles very .small. 
Wings with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and 
longest; second primary about equal to the fifth ; bastard primary 
0-65 to 0-8. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Length of wing 3*5 
to 3-35 inches, tail 2-(J5 to 2-6, culmen 0-75 to 0*7, tarsus 1-05 to 1*0. 

There are no differences in colour worthy of note attributable to 
age, sex, or season. 

The Grey-backed Warbler breeds in Italy, Greece, Asia Miner, 
Palestine, the Caucasus, Persia, and Turkestan. It winters in 
Scinde and Kajpootana. 

a. Ad. sk. Athen 
M. Parzudaki. 
b. Ad. sk. South Kussia. M. Verreaux. 
c. Ad. sk. Persia. 
d. S 
ad. sk. Near Regan, S.E. Persia, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.l. 
April 19, 1872. 
e. 
J ad. sk. Barnpur, Baluchistan, W. T. Blauford, Esq. [0.1. 
April 5,1872. 
2. PHYLLOSCOPUS. 
Ficedula, Koch, Syst. later. Zool i. p. 158 (1816, nee T™e\ 
Cuvier 1799, certe wecMotacilla ficedula, Linn.) . . P. sibilatrix P 
Trochilus, Forster, Synopt. Cat. p. 15 (1817, nee 
Linn. 1766) P. sibilatrix P 
Asilus, JBechst. Orn. Taschenb. p. 173 (1802, ex 

Mokring, 1752, preoccupied in Entomology) P. sibilatrix P 
Phylloscopus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 972 P. trochilus. 
Sibillatrix, lump, Natiirl. Syst. p. 98 (1829) P. sibilatrix. 
Phyllopneuste, Meyer, fide Brehm, Vot). Beutschl. 

p. 423 (1831) P. sibilatrix. 
Svlvicola, Byton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 13 (1836, nee 
" Swainson) P. sibilatrix. 
Reguloides, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 442 (1847). P. superciliosus. 
Acanthopneuste, Blasius, Navm. 1858, p. 313 P. borealis. 
Phyllopseuste, JSJeyer,Jide Meves, Journ. Orn. 1875, 

p. 429 
P. sibilatrix. 
Bill of Phylloscopus trochilus, Linn. 

The genus PhyUoscopvs comprises a small group of birds familiarly 
known as Willow-Warblers. Some of the species approach 
the genus Cryptoloplia so closely as scarcely to be generically 

38 
TXJEDIDiE. 

distinct. The "Willow-Warblers are essentially fly-catchers in their 
habits, and may constantly be seen catching* flies upon the wing. 
Their bills, if not very wide, are considerably depressed at the base, 
and the rictal biistles are well developed. Most of the species are 
migratory; the wing is long, flat, and pointed, whilst the bastard 
primary is very small; and the range of migration extends over 
thousands of miles. The migrations of others is confined to the 
plains within sight of the mountains where they breed. In these the 
wing is shorter, more concaved to tit the body, and rounded, whilst 
the bastard primary is larger, the vital energy required for its production 
not having been absorbed in lengthening the adjoining primaries. 
The tail is generally nearly even and frequently forked. All the 
species of the genus are quietly coloured, the upper parts varying 
from yellowish green to Imffish brown, and the underparts from 
yellow to buff or white. The axillaries and under wing-coverts are 
yellow, a character which will serve to separate all the species of 
the genus from the nearly allied genera. Most of the species whose 
nidirlcation is known build a semi-domed nest on or near the 
ground, and lay white eggs spotted with red. 

In their breeding-range these birds are Palasaretic, ranging from the 
Atlantic to the Pacific, one species beingknown even to cross Behring's 
Straits into Alaska. Several species extend their range further north 
than the limit of forest-growth. Those species which do not breed 
within the Palasaretic Eegion ascend the Himalayas until they reach an 
elevation where they can enjoy a Pahearctic climate. The southern 
winter range of the genus extends in Africa to the Cape of Good 
Hope, and in Asia to Ceylon and the islands of the Malay archipelago, 
but no species has as yet been found in Australia. 

Key to the Species. 

A. Bill broad at the base and rather 
flat, with 
well-developed rictal bristles, almost Muscicapine 
j upper mandible dark, under mandible 
paler. In unabraded plumage the greater 
wing-coverts have pale tips, forming a conspicuous 
bar across the wing; the median 
wing-coverts have also more or less distinct 
pale tips, forming an obscure upper wing-bar. 
(Subgeneric group ACANTHOPNETJSTJE.) 

a. No mesial line on the crown. 
a', Second primary as long as or longer than 
the sixth. 
a". Exposed portion of bastard primary 
0-3 to 0-35 inch in adults, 0'4 to 0-45 
in "birds of the year. Throat and 
belly in spring plumage nearly white. 
Length of wing 2*7 to 2*4 inches ... . borealis, p. 40. 

6". Exposed portion of bastard primary 
0*5 
to OG inch. The whole of the underparts 
in all plumages greenish yellow. 
Length of wing 2-85 to 2'6 inches xantlwdryas, p. 42. 

2. pnYiLoficopt/s. 
b\ Second primary shorter than the bixih. 
". Second primary longer than the eighth. 
a'". Upper parts yellowish green ; nnderparts 
primrobO-ycllow; legs brown niiidus, p. 43. 

b'". Upper parts olive; imderpartb pale 
greyish yellow. Length of wing 
2*o to 2 1 inches. Legs plumbeous. 


a4. Greater and median wing-covei Is' 
with pale tips phonheitanm, p. 45, 
bK Greater wing-coverts only with 
pale tips viridanus, p. 4L 

<?'". Upper parts olive-browu, shading into 
nibbet on the rump ; underp uts pale 
gre}i4i buff, shading into white on 
the throat and belly. Legs pale 
flesh-colour fenellipes, p. 46. 

d"\ Upper parts dark olive-green; underparts 
pale greyibh yellow. Length 
of wing 2 83 to 2*4 inches. Legs 
plumbeous magnirostris, p. 47. 

c'. Second primary equal to the ninth or tenth luyubris, p. 48. 

b. A p de mesial hue on the crown. 
dl. Second primary longer than the seventh; 
under tail-coverts pale yellow, in marked 
contrast to the nearly pure white of the 
belly " coronatm, p. 49. 

e\ Second primary shorter than the seventh; 
underparts nearly uniform yellowihh 
w hite. 


d". Length of wing 2'G5 to 2'3 inches. 
Second primary intermediate in length 
between the seventh and eighth occipitalis, p. 50. 

e". Length of wing 2-4 to 2*1 inches. 
Second primary intermediate in length 
between the eighth and twelfth ... . reguloides, p. 51, 

f\ 
Length of wing 2*15 to 1*85 inch. 
Second piimary intermediate in length 
between the ninth and twelfth; inner 
web of two outside tail-feathers on 
each side entirely white nridipennis^ p. 53. 

B. 
Bill narrower at the ba«e, flattened, slender, 
with moderately developed rictal bristles. 
Both mandibles usually dark, but the under 
mandible in rare instances pale. No bar across 
the wings. (Subgeneric group PHYLLOSCOPI.) 
c. 
Bastard primary shorter than the primary-, 
coverts, measuring from 0 3 to 0 4 inch. 
Second primaiy always longer than tlie 
fifth sibilatrix, p. 54. 
d. 
Second primary intermediate in length between 
the fifth and sixth (in very rare instances 
shorter than the sixth). Tail TV the 
length of the wing. Legs brown trochilus, p. 56. 
e. Second primaiy intermediate in length between 
the fifth and seventh. Head and 
upper back huffish brown, in strong contrast 
to the yellow rump bonellii, p, 59. 
40 
TTTRBTDJE. 

/. Second primary intermediate in length between 
the sixth and ninth. Tail ^ the 
Length of the wing*. Legs nearly black . . rufus, p. 60. 


g. 
Wings and tail as last. Legs black. No 
yellow on underpartH, except on axillaries, 
wing-lining, and tliighs tristis, p. 63. 
h. Bill very long and slender, as in Dumeticola tytleri, p. 66. 
i. 
Second primary about equal to the tenth ; 
under mandible pale ; underparts yellow .. affinis, p. 65. 
C. 
Bill slender ; under mandible dark. Two bars 
across the v\ ings. Generally a pale mesial line 
onthecro^n. " (Subgeneric group REG-ULOiDiE.) 
k. 
Inner web of outside tail-feathers narrowly 
margined with white or pale grey. 
/' . Rump bright yellow, well defined from 
the olive-green back proregulus, p. 71. 
g\ Rump nearly uniform in colour with the 
back. 
g". Second primary generally intermediate 
in length between the sixth and 
seventh, very rarely between the 
seventh and eighth. Mesial line obscure. 
Eye-stripe yellow or white. 
Two well-defined wing-bars stipe?*ciliosus, p. 68. 

h". Second primary occasionally intermediate 
in length between the seventh 
and eighth, generally between the 
eighth and ninth, and occasionally between 
the ninth and tenth. Eye-stripe 
buff. Upper wing-bar very obscure. . humii, p. 67. 

i". 
Wing-formula as last. Eye-stripe and 
underparts greenish yellow. Upper 
wing-bar very obscure subviridis, p. 74. 

I. Inner web of two and frequently three outside 
tail-feathers on each side pure white. 
h'. Throat greenish yellow; wing-bars orange ptdcher, p. 73. 
i'. Throat pale grey; wing-bars yellow ... . maculipennis, p. 70. 

1. Pliylloscoptis "borealis. 
Sylvia (Phvllopneuste) eversmanni, Bonap. apitd Midcl. Sibir. Feise, 
p. 178 (1851), apitd Fadde, Feis. Mir., Vog. p. 263 (1803). 
Phyllopneuste 
borealis, Bias. Kamn. 18o8, p. 313; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 356 j Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 141; Prjev. 
Foiuleifs Orn. Misc. ii. p. 171 (1877): David et Oust. Ois. Chine, 

p. 271 (1877). ; 
Phylloscopus sylvicultrix, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 53, 1866, p. 205. 
Sylvia flaveseens, Gray, F. Z. S. I860, p. 349: id. Hand-L B' i 
p. 215. no. 3047 (1869). 
Phylloscopus hylebata, Swinhoe, J.A.S.Beng. xxix. p. ^65 (1860). 
Sylvia (Phyllopneuste) borealis (Bias.), Kaum. Vog. Deutschl xiii 
p. 69, pi. 375. fig. 1 (1860). 
Phylloscopus 
borealis (Bias.), Blyth, Mis, 1867, p. 28; Seebohm $ 
Marvie Brotvn, Ibis, 1876, p. 216; Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 290 (1876) • 
Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 16; Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 69 : Hume, dr. 

F. vi. p. 352 (1878) j Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 9. 
2 . PHYILOSCOPtTH. 
41 

Pkyllopneuste fcennieotti, Baird, Tram. Chicago Ac. 8c, i. p. Mitt, 
pi. xxx. fig. 2 (1800). 
Sylvia sylvicultrix (Swmhoe), Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 21(1 no. 3054 

1 (1809). 
Sylvia borealis (Bias.), Gray, JIand-l. B. i. p. 210. no. 300,1 (1800). 
Pliyllopnouste eversmanni, Botiap. apud ALton § JIarvie Brown. * 

Ibis, 1873, p. 61. 
Pliyllopneuste iavanica, Bonap. apud Sahad. Ucc. Born. p. 244 
(1874). 
Plryllopseuste "borealis (Bias.), Meves, Journ. Orn. 1875, p. 420. 

Spring plumage. General colour of tlio upper parts olive, some


•what yellower on the rump; eye-stripe well defined, narrow, 
greyish white, extending well onto the nape ; lores and the feathers 
behind the eye to the nape dark olive; wing-coveits olive, * 
the median wing-coverts with narrow, and the greater vv ing-ooveris 
with "broad, well-defined greyish-white tips, forming two pale bars 
across each wing; quills brown, narrowly tipped with greyish 
white, the outside web edged with yellowish gicen, entirely absent 
on the second primary, considerably roarginated on the third and 
fourth, and perceptibly so at the tip of the fifth; tail-feathers 
brown, the outside web margined with yellow ish green, and the 
inside webs, except those of the two centre leathers, with a narrow 
well-defined greyish-white margin. General colour of the underparts 
nearly white, greyer on the breast and Hanks, and slightly 
suffused with yellow, principally on the breast and flanks; axillaries, 
under wing-coverts, and thighs pale yellow; inner margin 
of quills nearly white. Bill Acrocephaline, upper mandible dark 
brown, under mandible pale. Legs, feet, and claws brown. Third 
and fourth piimaries longest; second primary intermediate in 
length between the fifth and sixth ; bastard primary very small, 
the exposed part measuring 0*3 to 0-33 inch in adults, and 0-4 to 
0-45 in birds of the year. Length of wing, male 2*7 to 2*55 inches, 
female 2*55 to 2*4; tail, male 2*0 to 1*9, female 1*0 to 1 8; culmen 


0-45 to 0*55 ; tarsus 0*8 to 0*7. 

Bummer plumage. The colour of the upper parts becomes greyer, 
the yellowish-green edges to the wing and tail-feathers almost disappear, 
the pale tips vanish, the bars across the wings become indistinct, 
and most of the yellow disappears from the underparts. 


Autumn plumage. Similar to the spring plumage in minor details, 
but yellower, the underparts being slightly suffused all over with 
pale greenish yellow. Eye-stripe pale greenish yellow. 


Winter plumage. Similar to the summer plumage, but slightly 
yellower. 


The Arctic AYilb^-Warbler breeds in the north of the Palsearctic 
Eegion from Pinmark, across Asia to Alaska, towards the northerly 
limit of forest-growth, and in a similar climate in the subalpine 
districts of South-eastern Siberia and Mongolia. It passes in <~ 
great numbers on migration in spring and autumn along the coast 
of China and Formosa, and winters in the islands of the Malay 
archipelago, Malacca, Tenasserim, and the South-Andaman islands. 
An accidental straggler has been shot on Heligoland. 

42 
TTTRDIDJE. 

«, i. d$ad. Kopatlijera, K. Dvina, Aug. 8, F. Godman and 0. 
sk. 18G0\ W. Mews). Salvin, Ebqrs. [P.]. 


c. J ad. sk. Yeni\sav, lat. 061°, June 23, H. iSeebokni, Esq. [0.]. 
is??: 
d. 6 
ad. sk. Daima, May 31, 1873 R. B. Skarpe, Esq. [P.]. 
(Br. ByoowJty). 
e,f. Ad. sk. Amoy, April (JR. Sioinhoe). F. Godman and 0. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
//.Ad. sk. Araoy. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. 
X Ad. sk. Tenas&erim. J. I). 0. Packinan; Esq. 


[P.]. 
i7h. Ad. sk. N.W. Borneo. Governor Uglier [0.]. 


I. Ad. sk. Sarawak. H. E\eretfc, E^q. [C.]. 
m, ti. $ ad. sk. Bintulu. H. Everett, Esq. [C.J. 
o~s. Ad. sk. N.W. Borneo. Hugh Low, Eteq. [0.]. 
t. Ad. E. Timor. 
A. R.Wrallaee, Esq. [0.]. 
u. Ad. Floras. 
A. R. Wallace,E&q. [0.]. 
v, to. Ad, Batchian. A.R.Wallace,Esq. |_0.j. 
(Type of SylviaJlavescens, Cxiay.") 


x. Ad. Gilolo, 
A*. R. Wallace,Esq. [O.J. 
y. Ad. Morty Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [O.J. 
z. S ad. sk. Berezoir, Obb valley, July 10, Dr. 0. Finsch [C.J. 
1876. 
2. Phylloscopus xanthodryas. 
Pbylloscopus xantliodryas, Swinhoe, JP. Z. S. 1803, p. 296 ,• Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1877, p. 71. 
Sylvia xanthodr>as (Swinhoe), Gray, JBJand-l B. i. p. 216. no. 3060 

(1869> 
Phillopneuste trinotaria, JDavid, Nouv. Arch. vii. Bull. p. 7 (1870). 
Pliyllopneuste xantliodryas (Swinhoe), Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 356 ; 

Prjev. JRoioley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 171 (1877) j JDavid et Oust, Ois. 
Chine, p. 268 (1877). 
Phyllopseuste xantliodryas (Swinhoe), Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 122 
(1877). 

Spring plumage. General colour of the upper parts olive, slightly 
yellower on the rump; eye-stripe well defined, narrow, yellowish 
white, extending to the nape; lores and the feathers behind the 
eye to the nape dark olive; wing-coverts olive, the median wing-
coverts with narrow, and the greater wing-coverts with broad 
yellowish-white tips, forming an obscure upper wing-bar and a 
conspicuous lower wing-bar; quills brown, narrowly tipped with 
greyish white, the outside web edged with green and emarginated 
as in the preceding species; tail-feathers brown, the outside web 
margined with green, and the inside web with a narrow well-
defined greyish-white margin. General colour of the underparts 
greenish yellow, greyer on the breast and flanks ; axillaries, under 
wing-coverts, and thighs pale yellow ; inner margin of quills greyish 
white. Bill Acrocephaline; upper mandible dark brown, under 
mandible pale. Legs, feet, and claws brown. Third and fourth 
primaries longest; second primary usually intermediate in length 
between the fifth and sixth, sometimes slightly shorter than the 

2. piiYLLOsaonrB. 
sixth ; bastard primary measuring 0*5 to 0-0 inch. Length of wing, 
male 2*84 to 2-7 inches, female 2*7 to 2-0 ; tail, male 2*1. to 1*95, 
female 1*95 to 1-8 ; culmen 0*51 to 0-55 ; tarsus 0*8. 

The changes of plumage in this species are similar to those of ilio 
preceding species, but at all seasons of the year the general colour 
of the underparts is much paler in colour in P. boreal is (Blasius). 
The smaller size and smaller bastard primary of the latter species 
serve, however, to distinguish even birds of the year from the 
present species, though they approach each other very closely. 

Swinhoe's Willow-Warbler is said to breed in Kansu and Japan. 
It passes through South-east China on migration, and winters in 

Borneo. 
a. Ad. sk. Hakodadi. Copt. St. John [0.]. 
h. Ad. sk. Yokohama (II. Pryer). li.fcjeebolirn, Esq. [P.]. 

3. Phylloscopus uiti&us. 
Sylvia icterina, VieilL, Hodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit, 31 w.) 

of B. of Nepal, Passeres, pi 55. no. oS5 (circ. 1840). 
Sylvia hippolais (Linn.), apud Jerdon, 31adr. Journ. xi. p. G (1840). 
Phylloscopus nitidus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 9G5 (184-3) j id, 

J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 591 (1845) : id. Cat, B. 3Ius. As. Sac. p. 184 
(1849); Jerdon, B. India, ii. p. 193 (1803) ; Ilokhioorth, P. Z. S, 
1872, p. 457 ; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 197; Legge, Ibis, 1874, p. 22; 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 72. 
Begulus nitidtis (Blyth), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 175 (1848). 
Abrornis nitidus (Blyth), Bp. Consp. i. p. 1^90 (1850). 
Sylvia niiida (Blyth), Gray, Iland-L B. i. p. 215. no. 3050 (1809). 
Phyllopseuste nitida (Blyth), Adam, Str. F. 1873, p. 882; Giebel, 


Thes. Orn. iii. p. 119 (i877). 

Spring plumuc/e. General colour of the upper parts yellowish 
green ; a well-defined primrose-yellow eye-stripe extends from the 
base of the bill to the nape ; lores and the feathers behind the eye 
to the nape olive; lesser wing-coverts yellowish green; median 
wing-coverts brown, edged externally with yellowish green and 
with very indistinct pale tips ; greater wing-coverts brown, edged 
externally with yellowish green, and distinctly tipped on the outside 
web with pale yellow, forming a conspicuous pale bar across 
the wing; primary-covorts and quills, including^ the innermost 
secondaries, brown, the outside web margined with yellowish green, 
and emarginated as in the two preceding species; secondaries and 
most of the primaries narrowly tipped with greyish white; tail-
feathers brown, the outside webs margined with yellowish green, 
and the inside webs, except thoso of the two centre feathers, with 
narrow well-defined greyish-white margin. General colour of the 
underparts primrose-yellow, including the under wing-coverts and 
axillaries; thighs and under tail-coverts slightly paler; inner 
margin of quills nearly white. Bill Acrocephaline; upper mandible 
dark brown, under mandible pale, slightly darker towards the tip. 
Legs, feet, and claws brown. Third and fourth primaries longest; 

II 
11 l!l>!l> I , 

N<M'nml piimary inlciiiirdialo in length between I ho Ni\thnnd so\onih ; 
the o\po ed past ofihe bantaid |M uuni \ m< asutos <KV» (o <Wi inch, 
Length ot win-, in iloi'-tj lo I!" I.nnelus, r<»m.il<» if* ir>inl'*M; lail,male 
IHMo \-\K loin lie l"S">lo S*7*"»; < ulmen 0*7> ; i.HMls 0-7JI Io O'TJi. 

Suutimr phniuuft unknown, btif |»ti»b;il»l\ not 8uH'onn<>" much b) 
abtasum. 

Autumn pimiiiitjt* Similar to ih^sprin^pluinnp* in minor details, 
the tipper pul \oi\\ slu»htlj daiker in shade, and flu* undoipaits 
a sotsicw h.ii d< epcr \< How. 

Winhr jtlfiiHittft. Simihr io the autumn plumage, but with the 
wnm-h.ir ntoie or le i Io d |>\ abrasion, and the pah* iips to the 
<jiiil!i st Idom iciiiainiii0;. 

So lar as U known, the* tJreen Y\ illow-Warbler lias a very rosliiihd 
runno, probahh bioedinu: in the noifh-we-dern Himalayas, 
and wintering m Hetti> d. Southern India, and (Vylon. An accidental 

htr,Mjji»l<»r has boon shot on Heligoland. 
a. Ad. sk. K.W. India {('apt. Mar11. 
B. Slmrpo, Esq. [P.]. 
liall 
k VJid.sk. Kutli^hur, N.W. India, ITem'v Soebolmi, Esq. [P.]. 
Oct. *S), lM»i> [A. An-
c\ Ail. sk. N.pal. H IT, Hodirson, Esq. IP. l 
iL Ad. sk. Madias. ])r. Jcrdon | P.j. 

4. Phylloscopus viridanus. 
Pin Ilopm iMo rata (JW/<>.), 
a pud Bhph, «/. A, A'. Ikng. ai. p. 101 
('lsii'). 
Pli\lh)H'(»pns ^indiums, Z>7//M, »/. A. K llauj. \i\, p. (M\7 (18Io), .\i\. 

p. oOl ( bio I ; ^/. Cat. 11 Mut>, J,s. AoV. p. 1K> (IMO) ; i/^>/'. 
iV JW*, fW. 11. Mus. K.L Co, p. .W (1K~|); ./ovfow, 7>\ I>/k 
ii. p. KKS (1H"J); Brooks lh\ 187;,*, p. «'»I ; 7/wm «V Holders. 
Lahore to Yark. p. 1*1*0, pi. \i\. ( 1^7o); ASW///, A'/r. 7*'. i\. p. 148 
<lh7<»} ; Stih)hm< lfa*< I>77, p. 7o; 7/wm,M\7'',\i.p. :**"*«> f 1878). 
Ph\ll< pin tide allinis, JV///M, Ji^i. Alrtf. 7iW. \ii. p. 08 (IHUi, we 
7W««//). 

Ph\ilopiieu<*te \iridnims (INiffk), (trait, App. Cut, Mamm. S?c. 
j\ri/nd Coil, llodths. p. loif (1M0); 7>Y//M «V //*<//</. 7/. llurm.y. l()o 
jlS^l 

Ihtiuhis \indaiuis (Bii/fh), Cray, Cm, 11. i. p. 175 (3818). 
Abiorms inidanu \lilpth), lip, COUSJK i. p. 1*00 ( Is^O). 
^hi a \iihl»na (7>V////J), /iVv/y, Hand-l. B. i. p. 1*17. no. .'1071 (INKV). 
Pb\lb(S((»puh NM'hohmi, Jlinnu Mr. F.\, p. *»o7> (1877), \i. p. &"t> 


U^7s). 
P]i\llopseusi«» viiidann (////////), (iitfoU This. Orn. iii. p. JUi? (1877). 

Hprintj phtnutije. («eneial colour of the upper parts olive, very 
slightly jii\e^»»|;on th<4 ninip ; e\e~htiipe narrow, well defined, dull 
jollowibli %\lh,i reaching to the nnpe ; lores and the leathern behind 
the e\e olrve; win^-covcits oli\e, the greater coverts with pale 
yellowibh-^hito tips on the outer webs, i'oimiiig a conspicuous win^bur 
; quills brown, with very narrow pale tips, the outside webs 
edged with olive, and emargimtted as in the three preceding species ; 

2. 
pHYLLoscortrs. 
45 

tail-feathers brown, the outside webs margined with olive, and the 
inside webs, except those of the two centre feathers, having a narrow 
well-defined greyish-white margin. General colour of the unclerparts 
nearly white, greyer on the breast and flanks, and slightly 
suffused with yellow; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and thighs 
pale yellow ; inner margin of quills greyish white. Bill Aerocephaline; 
upper mandible dark brown, under mandible pale. Legs, 
feet, and claws bluish brown. Third, fourth, and fifth primaries 
longest; second primary generally intermediate in length between 
the seventh and eighth, in rare instances between the sixth 
and seventh; exposed portion of the bastard primary 05 to 065 
inch. Length of wing, male 2*5 to 2-3 inches, female 2*3 to 2*18; 
tail, male 2-05 to 1*9, female 1*9 to 1*8; culmen 045 to 0-5; 

tarsus 0*75. 

Summer plumage. The colour of the upper parts becomes greyer 
by abrasion, the pale tips to the quills are lost, the lower wing-bar 
becomes narrow and obscure, and nearly all trace of yellow on the 
underparts is abraded. 

Autumn plumage. Similar to the spring plumage, but having the 
eye-stripe, the wing-bar, and the underparts suffused with pale 
greenish yellow, causing the upper wing-bar to be very obscure. 

Winter plumage. The changes which take place by abrasion are 
similar to those which take place in summer. The wing-har is 
often entirely lost; but the underparts generally retain some of the 
greenish yellow. 

The Indian Willow-Warbler breeds in Casl~rlere, and winters in 
the plains of India. An example was obtained by Meves in the 
Ural mountains, and another on Heligoland by Ludwig Gratke. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Simla. Capt. Stackhouse Pmwill 
c. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. LP.]. 
Capt, Stackhouse Pmwill 
d, e. Ad. sk. 
/. Ad?sk. 
g. Ad. sk. 
h, i. § ad. sk. 
N.W. Himalayas (Copt 
G. Marshall). 
Murree. 
Nepal. 
Fnttighur, N.W. India, 
Sept. 14-16 (A. AnderE. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Capt. J. Biddulph [C.l 
B.H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.], 
k. Ad. sk. 
ly m. Ad. sk. 
son).
Behar. 
Madras. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
Br. Jexdon [P.]. 

5. 
Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus. 
Sylvia 
(Phyllopneuste) coronata (Temm.), apud Midd. Sihir. Reise}
Vb'g. p. 182 (1851), apud Hadde, Bets. Sibir., Vog. p. 263 (1863). 
Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus, Sivinhoe, Mis, 1861 *^30; Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1877, p. 76; Hume, Sir. F. vi. p. 355 (187b,.' 
Sylvia pliimbeitarsa (Swinh.), Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 216. no. 3061 
(18C9). 
Phyllopneustes middendorfii, Meves, Of v. Jc. Vet.-Ak. Fork 1871, 

p. 758. 
46 TtJRDIDJS. 

Phyllopneuste plimibeitarsa (Sivinh,), Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, 

p. SdO; Homeyer, Journ. Orn. 1872, p. 20(3; Prjev. Rowley's Orn. 
Misc. ii. p. 17i (1877) ; Darnel et Omt. Ois. Chine, p. 270 (1877). 
Phyllopneuste (Pliyliolm.sileus) coronatus (Temm.), apud Homey er, 
juimi. Orn. 1872', p. 207. 
Pliylloseopua excoronatus, Ilomeyer, Journ, Orn. 1872, p. 207. 
Phyllopneusle intermedia, Severtz. TurlcesL Jevotn. p. 125 (1873, 

see Ibis, 1876, p. 81). 
Hypolais graniinis, Severtz, he. cit. (1873). 
PlnllopnoiL^te middendoriii (Meves), Tacz, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 

1870, p. 140. 
Pliyllopseuste plumbeitarsa (Swinhoe), Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 120 
(1877). 

This species differs from the preceding solely in having the median 
as well as the greater wing-coverts with pale tips. It appears to 
me to be a very doubtful species ; and if Severtzoff's Phyllopieuste 
intermedia should really prove to be an intermediate form between 
it and P. viridanus, Blyth, it will have to be degraded to the rank 
of a subspecies. I have not seen Severtzoff's types. 

Middendorff's "Willow-Warbler breeds in Turkestan and South. 
Siberia, from the Ural mountains to the Araoor. It passes through 
the island of Hainan on migration, and winters in the Burma penin


sula. 
a. $ ad. sk. Lake Baical, July 7, 1870 H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.] 
(Dr. Dybowsky). 
6. Pnylloscopns tenellipes. 

Phylloscopus tenellipes, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1800, p. 53; Seebohm, Ibis. 

1877, p. 75; Hume, Sir. F. vi. p. 854 (187S). 
Sylvia tenellipes (8toinhoe),'Gray} Hand-l B. i. p. 216.no. 3059 (1869). 
Phyllopneuste tenellipes (Swinhoe), Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 356; 

David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 269 (1877). 
Pliyllopseuste tenellipes (Swinhoe), Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 121 
(1877). 
Spring plumage. General colour of the upper parts olive-brown, 
darker on the head, and shading into russet-brown on the rump; 
eye-stripe narrow, well defined, greyish white, extending well onto 
the nape ; lores and the feathers behind the eye dark olive-brown ; 
wing-coverts brown, the lesser coverts broadly edged with buffish 
brown, the median coverts paler at the tips, forming an obscure 
upper wing-bar, the greater coverts with broad bullish-white tips 
to the outer webs, forming a distinct lower wing-bar ; quills brown, 
narrowly tipped with buffish white, and edged on the outside webs 
with pale huffish brown, the sixth quill perceptibly emarginated as 
well as the preceding quills. Tail-feathers brown, the outside webs 
margined with pale buffish brown, and the inside webs with buffish 
white. General colour of the underparts white, shading into pale 
greyish buff on the breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts ; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts pale yellow; inner margin of quills pale 
buff. Bill slender, Acrocephaline; upper mandible dark brown, 
lower mandible pale. Legs, feet, and claws pale flesh-colour. Third, 

2. PHTLLoscortrs. 
fourth, and fifth primaries longest; second primary equal to the 
seventh ; bastard primary 0*5 to 0-53 inch. Icnpih of wing, male 
2-5 to 2-35 inches, female 2*35 to 2-2 ; tail, male 2-0 to 1-9, female 
1-9 to 1-8; culmon 0*5 ; tarsus 0*73. 

Summer plumage. Upper and underparts greyer; wing-bars more 
or less lost by abrasion ; the pale tips to the quills have disappeared. 

Autumn plumage. The olive-brown of the upper parts replaced 
by russet-brown; eye-stripe and underparts more suffused with 
buff. 

Winter plumage. Somewhat buffer than the summer plumage. 

The Pale-legged "Willow-Warbler is supposed to breed in Japan, 
to pass through China on migration, and to winter in the Burma 
peninsula. 

The British Museum does not possess a skin of this species. The 
type is in the Swinhoe collection in my possession, and other examples 
are in the collection of Allan Hume, Esq. 

7. Phylloscopus magnirostris. 
Phvlloseopus magnirostris, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 966 (1843); 
Horsf. $ Moore, Cat B. Mus. B.I. Co. i. p. 336 (1854); Jerdon, 

B. Ind. ii. p. 191 (1803); Brooks, X A. & Bene/, xli. pt. 2, p. 79 
(1872) j Brooks, Ibis, 1872, p. 26; Legge, Ibis, 1874, p. 22; 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 77; Hume, Sir. F. vi. p. 352 (1878); Legge, 
Birds of Ceylon, p. 553 (1879). 
Phvlloseopus j avanic us (iTors/V), apud Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii p. 393 
(1844), apud Blyth, J. A. *S. Beng. xiv.p.591 (1845), apud Blyth, 
Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 185 (1849). 

Phylloscopus indicus (Jerdon), apud Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 593 
(1845, partim). 
Sylvia magnirostris {Blyth), Gray, Hcmd-l B. i. p. 216. no. 3056 
(1869); Gray, op. eit. i. p. 217. no. 3081 (1869). 
PhvUopseuste javanica (Bonap.), apud GiebeJ, Thes. Orn. hi. p. 119 
(1877). 

Spring plumage. General colour of the upper parts dark olive-
green, slightly darker on the head and somewhat greener on the 
rump ; eye-stripe well defined, pale yellowish white, extending 
to the nape; lores and the feathers behind the eye dark olive; 
wing-coverts brown, the lesser coverts broadly edged with olive, the 
median coverts paler at the tip, forming an indistinct upper wing-
bar, greater coverts with pale yellowish-white tips to the outer webs, 
forming a conspicuous lower wing-bar ; quills brown, the outer webs 
edged with olive-green and emarginated as far as the sixth; tail-
feathers brown, the outside webs margined with olive, and the inside 
webs, except those of the two centre feathers, with a narrow 
greyish-white margin. General colour of the underparts pale greyish 
yellow, greyest on the breast and flanks ; axillaries, under wing-
coverts, and thighs greyish yellow ; inner margin of quills pale buff. 
Bill Acrocepnaline, much decurved at the tip, with the rictal bristles 
well developed, approaching the Muscicapine type ; upper mandible 

dark brown, under mandible pale, darker towards the tip. Legs, 
feet, and claws bluish brown. Fourth and fifth primaries longest; 

48 
TURDIDiE. 

second primary intermediate in length between the seventh and 
eighth; exposed portion of bastard primary 0-6 to 0*75 inch. 
, Length of wing, male 2*83 to 2*6 inches, female 2'6 to 2*4; tail, male 
2-3 to 2*15, female 2*15 to 2*0; oilmen 0'55 to 0-6 ; tarsus 0-75. 

Summer plumage. In abraded plumage the general colour becomes 
slightly greyer, the greener margins to the quills are nearly lost, and 
seldom more than traces of the wing-bars remain. 

Autumn plumage. This scarcely differs from the spring plumage, 
except in having the eye-stripe somewhat yellower and the general 
colour of the undcrparts not quite so pale. 

Winter plumage. Similar to the summer plumage, but somewhat 
greener above and slightly yellower below. 

The Large-billed "Willow-Warbler appears to be almost exclusively 
an Indian species, breeding in Cashmere, and passing through the 
North-west Provinces on migration. In winter it is found sparingly 
near Calcutta and Lower Bengal, and is generally distributed over 
Western, Central, and Southern India as far south as Ceylon. On 
the eastern coast of the .Bay of Bengal it has been found as far as 
Chusan, and it has been obtained on the South-Andaman islands. 

a. S ad. sk. Cashmere (Brooks). Henry Seebohm; Esq. [P.]. 
8. Phylloscopus lugubris. 
Phyllopneuste 
lugubris, Myth, Ann, Nat. Hist. xii. p. 98 (1843)* 
Bh/t/i $ Wold. B. Burm. p. 105 (1875). 
Phylloscopus lugubris (Blyth), Blyth, J. A. S.Beng. xii. p. 968 (1843) • 
id. J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 591 (1845); id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. 

p. 185 (1849); Jerdon, B. Bid. ii. p. 192 (1863) ; Blanf. J. A. 
S. Beng. xli. pt. 2, p. 53 (1872) ; Seelohm, Ibis, 1877. p. 78 : Hume, 
Str. F. vi. p. 355 (1878). 
Phyllopneuste trochilus (Linn.), apud Hodgs. MS. Drawings (in the 
Bnt. Mus.) ofB. of Nepal, Passeres, pi. b7. no. 8'dl, wide Hodgs. 
Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82. no. 861 (1844), apud Gray, Cat. Mamm. 
8fB. Nepal Coll. Hodgs. p. d? (184(5). 

Phylloscopus indicus (Jerdon), apud Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 593 
(l845,pai'tim). 
Phyllopneuste magnirostris (Blyth), apud Gray, App. Cat. Mamm. 

&c. Nepal Coll. Hodgs. p. 151 (1846). 
Eegulus lugubris (Bli/th), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 175 (1848). 
Abromis lugubris (Blyth), Bp. Consp. I p. 290 (1850). 
Svhia lugubris (Blyth), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 215. no. 3049 (1869). 
Phyllopseuste lugubris (Blyth), Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 119 (1877). 

This species is very closely allied to the preceding, being absolutely 
identical in colour and in its seasonal changes of plumage, and 
would scarcely be entitled to specific rank were it not that it appears 
to have a more eastern geographical range. It is a slightly smaller 
bird, with a somewhat more rounded wing. The fourth and fifth 
primaries are longest, and the second primary is about equal to the 
tenth; exposed portion of bastard primary 0*7 to 0*8 inch. Length 
of wing, male 2-6 to 2*4 inches, female 2*4 to 2-25 ; tail, male 2-35 
to 2-0, female 2-0 to 1-85; culmen 0-45 to 0*5; tarsus 0*85 to 0*75. 

2 . PlIYLLOHCOPUS. 
49 

Blyth's Willow-Warbler probably breeds in the EaHtcrn Himalayas, 
not having been found .further west than Nepal, it winiet's in 
Lower Bengal, Assam, Pegu, and the Tonasscrim Provinces, ami 
has been found in the Philippines. 

a, b, c, d, e. Ad. sk. Nopal. B. IT. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
/. Ad. sk. Sikkim (MundelU). Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.J. 

g. Ad.sk. Bhaman, Upper Burma. Dr. J. Aiuterson [0.7. 
h. Ad. sk. Calcutta. E. Blyth, Esq. [P.]. 
9. Phylloscopus coronatus. 
Phylloscopus coronatus (Temm.). 
Ficedula coronata, Temm. et iSc/ii. Fauna Jap., Aves, p. 48, pi. xviii. 
(1847). 
Sylvia coronata (T. § $.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 374 (1848): Gray, 
RamU. B. i. p. 216. no. 3055 (1809). 
Pliyllopneuste coronata (Temm.), Bp. Consp. I p. 200 (1850) ; Sv ink. 

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 350; Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. France, 187(5, p. 141; 
Dav. et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 209 (1877). 
Phylloscopus coronatus (Temm.), Swinh, Ibis, 1863, p. 93 j Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1877, p. 79. 

Phyllopseuste coronata (Temm?), Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 118 (1877). 

Reguloides coronata (Temm.), Hume $• Damson, Str. F. \i. p. 356 

(1878). 

Spring plumage. General colour of the upper parts olive-green, 
slightly yellower on the rump and upper tail-coverts; a well-defined, 
narrow, greyish-white eye-stripe extends from the base of the 
bill to the nape; an irregular greyish-white mesial line extends from 
the forehead to the nape ; the forehead, the feathers before the eye 
and behind the eye to the nape, and the crown and nape between 
the mesial line and each eye-stripe dark olive-green; wing-coverts 
olive-green, the median wing-coverts with narrow and the greater 
wing-coverts with broad, well-defined gre) ish-white tips, forming two 
pale bars across each wing; q- ills brown, narrowly tipped with 
greyish white, the outside webs edged with yellowish green and 
emarginated as far as the fifth; tail-feathers brown, the outside 
webs edged with yellowish green, and the inside webs, except 
those of the two centre feathers, with a narrow well-defined greyish-
white margin. General colour of the underparts white, suffused 
with yellow and grey on the breast and flanks; axillaries, under 
wing-coverts, thighs, and under tail-coverts pale yellow, contrasting 
with the pure white of the belly; inner margin of quills huffish white. 
Bill Acrocephaline; upper mandible dark brown, under mandible pale, 
slightly darker towards the tip. Legs, feet, and claws light brown. 
Third and fourth primaries longest; second primary slightly shorter 
than the sixth, but considerably longer than the seventh; the exposed 
part of the bastard primary measures 0*5 to 0-55 inch. 
Length of wing, male 2*55 to 2"4 inches, female 2-4 to 2-25 ; length of 
tail, male 2*0 to 1-9, female 1-9 to 1-8 ; length of culmen 048 to 0-55. 

Summer plumage. Upper parts greyer ; most of the yellow on the 
breast and flanks abraded; upper wing-bar often nearly lost; lower 

VOL. V. ^ 

50 
TURDIDJ3. 

wing-bar less distinct; light tips to the quills entirely abraded; 

yellowish-green edges of the quills and tail-feathers much greyer. 

Autumn plum'tye. Similar to the spring plumage in minor details, 

but yellower, the" upper parts being green rather than olive-green, 

and the underparts suffused all over with greenish yellow; the eye-

stripes and the mesial line on the crown are greenish yellow instead 

of greyish white. 

Winter plumage. Similar to the summer plumage, but yellower. 

Temminck's Crowned Willow-Warbler breeds in Japan, in the 

valley of the Ussuri, and in the sub ilpine districts of South-eastern 

Siberia; passes along the coasts of China and Formosa on migration, 

and winters in Java and Malacca. An accidental straggler has been 

shot on Heligoland. 

a, h. Ad. sk. Yokohama, Japan. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 

c. Ad.; d. Juv. sk. Yokohama, Japan. H. Pryer, Esq. [0.]. 
10. Phylloscopus occipitalis. 
Phylloscopus occipitalis (Blyth). 

Hippolais swainsoni, Hodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mus.) ofB. 
of Nepal, Passeres, pi. 58. iig. 6, no. 385, unde Hodgs. Gray's Zool. 
Misc. p. 8*2. no. 385 (circ. 1844, descr. nulla, partim). 

Pliyllopneuste occipitalis, Jerdon,fide Bh/th, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 503 
(1845); Jerdon,fideBh/th, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 183 (1849). 
Culicepeta occipitalis (Jerdon),fide Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 442 
(1847). 

Reguloides 
occipitalis (Jerdon), fide Jerdon, B. Ind. ii. p. 198 
(1863); Brooks, Ibis, I860, p. 457; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 29 ; Cock $ 
Marshall, Str. P. 1873, p. 355; Hume, Nests ty Eggs Ind. B. 

p. 362 (1873). ^ 
Sylvia validiroatris, Jerdon, fide Gray, Hand J. B. i. p. 216. no. 3064 
(1869). m 
Sylvia occipitalis, Jerdon, fide Gray, Uancl-l. B. i. p. 217. no, 3085 
(1869). 
Phylloscopus trochiloicles (Sund.) apud Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 81. 
Phylloscopus occipitalis, Jerdon, fide Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 80. 
Pkyllopseuste occipitalis (Blyth), Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 119 (1877). 

Spring plumage. General colour of the upper parts olive-green, 
slightly yellower on the rump and upper tail-coverts; a well-defined 
narrow yellowish-white eye-stripe extends from the base of 
bill to the nape ; an irregular yellowish-white mesial line extends 
from the forehead to the nape; the forehead, the feathers before 
the eye and behind the eye to the nape, and the crown and nape 
between the mesial line and each eye-stripe dark olive-green; wing-
coverts olive-green, the median wing-coverts with narrow, and the 
greater wing-coverts with broad well-defined greyish-white tips, 
forming two pale bars across each wing; quills brown, narrowly 
tipped with greyish white, the outside webs edged with yellowish 
green, and emarginated as far as the sixth; tail-feathers brown, the 
outside webs edged with yellowish green, and Lhe inside webs, 
except those of the two centre feathers, with a narrow well-defined 
greyish-white margin. General colour of the underparts greyish 

2. rnvLLOhOOPUH.
while, very sli&'htly suffused with yellow, greyest on the bronxt and 
Hanks ; axillaries, under wing-coverts, tuid thighs pale yellow; inner 
margin of quills huffish white. Bill Aerocophalino; upper inaudible 
dark brown, under inaudible pale, blightly darker towards the lip. 
Legs, feet, and claws light brown. Third, fourth, and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest; second primary intermediate in length 
between the seventh and eighth; the exposed part of tho bastard 
primary measures 0-55 to 0*7 inch. Length of wing, male 2-05 to 
2-5 inches, female 2-5 to 2-3 ; length of tail, male 2*15 to 2*0, female 
2-0 to 1-9 ; length of oilmen 0-5 to 0-33. 

Summer plumage. Upper parts greyer ; most of the yellow on the 
breast and flanks abraded; upper wing-bar often nearly lo.st; lower 
wing-bar less distinct. Light tips to the quills entirely abraded; 
yellowish-green edges of tho quills and tail-feathers much greyer. 

Autumn plumage. Similar to tho spring plumage in minor details, 
but yellower, the upper parts being yellowish green rather than olive-
green, and tho underparts suffused all over with pale yellow ; tho 
eye-stripes and tho mesial line on tho crown are pale yellow instead 
of yellowish white. 

Winter phimaye. Similar to tho summer plumage, but yellower. 

Jerdon's Crowned Willow-Warbler breeds in Cashmere, and eastwards 
throughout the Himalayas. "Winters in Lower Bengal and 
the Tenasserim provinces. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Duplicate type of Hippolah sivainsoni, Hodgs.) 
b.
c. 
e. 
Jad.sk .
d. Ad. sk. 
Ad.sk. 
Futtigurh, N.W.India, Henry Seebohm,Esq. [P.J. 
Apr. 7 (A. Anderson). 
Cashmere (Dr. Belleio). India Museum. 
Madras. Dr.Jerdon. (Tyipr o?fiylria 
validirostris, J erdom Jkle (<ray.) 
11. Biylloscopxis reguloides. 

Phyllopneuste reguloides, Blyth, J. A. K Hem/. xL p. 101 (ls4f>); id 
Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 98 (1843) ; Hodgs. MIS. Drawing {in the 
Brit. Mm.) of B. of Nepal, PCLSWIYS, pi. 59, and App. pi. 43. 
no. 802, midellodr/s. YrVm/s ZooL Misc. p. 82. no. 862 (1844). 

Phylloscopus reguloides (Blyth), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 9(53 (1843). 
Phyllopneuste nitidus (Blyth) apud Gray, Cat Mamm. §* B. Nepal 

'Coll Hodgs. p. (JO (184U). 
Acanthiza trochiloides, Sundev. Ann. Nat. Hist x\iii. p. 252 (1840). 
Culicepeta trochiloides (Sand.), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 442 

(1847). 
Regulus trochiloides (Sund.), Gray, Gen. B. l. p. 175 (1848). 
Ke&uloides trochiloides (Stmd.), Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soe. p. 184 

(1849) j llorsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E.I. Co. i. p. 343 (1854); 
Jerdon, B. India, ii. p. 196 (1803); Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 73; 
Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 458; Blyth $ Walden, B.Burm. p. 105 (1875). 

Abrornis trochiloides (Sund.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 290 (1850). 
Phyllobasileus trochiloides {Sand.), Cabanis, Journ. Or/?. 1853,p. 96. 
Eei'-uloides viridipennis (Bh/th) apud Jerdon, B. of India, ii. p. 198 

(1863); Sadly, Sir. F. iv. p. 149 (1876); David et Ou*>t. Ois. Chine, 

p. 276 (1877). 
52 
TUBDIDiE. 

Sylvia Irocliiloides (Stmd.), Gray, Hcmd-l B. i. p. 217. no.3080(1809). 
P'hylloscopus viridipennis (Bti/ih) tipud Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 82. 
Pliylloscopus (Reguloides) ilavo-olivaceus, Hume, Str. F v. p. 504 

(1877;. 
Phyllopneuste viridipennis (Blyth) apud Giebel, Thes. Orn. in. p. 122 
(1877). 
Eeguloidesflavo-olivaceus{Hume), Hume, St?\ F. vi. p. 358 (1878). 
Spring plumage. General colour of the upper parts olive-green, 
very slightly yellower on the rump and upper tail-coverts; eye-
stripe well-defined, pale yellow, and extending well on to the nape; 
mesial line on the crown pale olive-green, ill-defined, extending as 
far as the nape; lores, the feathers behind the eye, the head and 
nape between the mesial line and each eye-stripe dark olive, sharply 
defined from the paler back; wing-coverts brown, broadly edged 
with olive-green, the median wing-coverts with narrow yellow tips, 
and the greater wing-coverts with narrow yellow tips on the inside 
webs, and broad yellow tips on the outside webs, forming a very 
conspicuous lower bar and a much less conspicuous upper bar 
across the wings; quills brown, with very narrow pale tips, the 
outside webs edged with yellowish green, and emarginated as far 
as the sixth; tail-feathers brown, the outside webs edged with 
yellowish green, and the inside webs with a narrow well-defined 
greyish-white margin, which on the two outside feathers on each 
side becomes broader, still more sharply defined, and almost pure 
white. General colour of the underparts greyish white, whitest 
on the centre of the belly, and more or less suffused with yellow 
throughout; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and thighs bright 
yellow ; inner margin of quills huffish white. Bill Acrocephaline ; 
upper mandible dark brown, under mandible pale. Legs, feet, and 
claws dark. Third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and 
longest; second primary about equal to the tenth; the exposed part 
of the bastard primary measures 0-65 to 0*55 inch. Length of wing, 
male 24 to 2*25 inches, female 2*25 to 2*1 ; length of tail, male 
2*0 to 1*85, female 1*28 to 1*7 ; length of culmen 0*4 to 0*46. 
Summer plumage. Greyer above and below, with the wing-bars 
more or less abraded. 
Autumn plumage. After the autumn moult, the olive-green of 
the upper parts is replaced by yellowish green, the eye-stripe and 
the wing-bars are a brighter yellow, and the underparts are still 
more suffused with yellow than they are in spring. 
Winter plumage. The changes produced by abrasion in winter are 
very similar to those produced in summer. 
Blyth's Crowned "Willow-Warbler is supposed to breed in the 
alpine districts of the Himalayas from Nepal eastwards. It winters 

in both the Indian and Burma peninsulas. 
a-i. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
kj I, m. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson), India Museum. 


n. Ad. sk. N. W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.]. 
o. Ad. sk. Calcutta. E. Blyth, Esq. [P.], 
p. 
S &d. sk. Nampung, Kakhyen Dr. Anderson [O.l. 
hills, Feb. 19,1875. 
2. MIYLLOSCOHTS. 
12. Phylloscopus viridipeimis. 
Pliylloscopus viridipeimis (Blyth) *. 

Muscicapa presbytia, 8. Midler, Tychchr. v. ]\raL Gesrk en IViys. ii. 

p. 381 (1835, deser. nulla), 
Pliylloscopus viridipeimis, Blyth, J. A, 8. Beng. xxiv. p. 275 (1850). 
Gerygone suporciliosa, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1803, p. 45)1. 
Sylvia presbytia (Milll.), Gray, Hand-l B. I p. 210. no. 3002 (1800); 
Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 100. 
Acanthiza superciliosa (Wall.), Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 219. no. 3133 
(1800). 
Sylvia viridipeimis (Blyth), Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 217. no. 3002 
(1800). l 
Beguloides viridipeimis (Bh/th), Blyth $ Walden, B. Burm. p. 100 

(1875;; Hume, Str. F, v. p. 330 (1877); id. Str. F. vi. p. #38 (1878). 
Pliylloscopus presbytis (MM.), Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 83. 
Phyllopseuste presbytis (Mull.), Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 120 (1877). 

Spring plumage. General colour of the upper parts olive-green, 
slightly yellower on tlie ramp; eye-stripe pale greenish yellow, well-
defined, and extending well on to the nape ; an indistinct ill-defined 
pale mesial line on the crown; crown between the mesial line and 
the eye-stripes, lores, and transocular stripe dark olive, extending 
across the nape and sharply defined from the paler back; wingeoverts 
brown, edged externally with yellowish green ; the median 
wing-coverts with ill-defined pale tips, forming an obscure bar across 
the wing ; the greater wing-coverts with well-defined pale greenish-
white tips to the inside webs, forming a conspicuous lower wing-bar; 
quills brown, very narrowly tipped with greyish white, the outside 
webs edged with yellowish green and emarginatod as far as the 
sixth; tail-feathers brown, the outside webs margined with yellowish 
green, and the inside webs of the outside feathers white, 
sometimes extending over three outside feathers on each side, and 
occasionally including the shaft and the basal portion of the outside 
web. General colour of the underparts a uniform greyish white, 
slightly suffused all over with yellow; axillarics, under wing-

coverts, and thighs pale yellow; inner margin of quills huffish white. 
Bill Acrocephaline; upper mandible dark brown, under mandible 
pale. Legs, feet, and claws brown. Fourth and fifth primaries 
longest; second primary intermediate in length between the ninth 
and twelfth; the exposed part of the bastard primary measures 
0*55 to 0*7 inch. Length of wing, male 2-2 to 2*05 inches, female 
2-05 to 1-9 ; length of tail, male 1-85 to 1*7, female 1*7 to 1-55; 
length of culrnen 0*45 to 0-5. 

* The specific name of presbytis may possibly be the oldest name given to 
this bird; but since no description was published until Blyth described the 
types in the Leyclen Museum in 1870, it must give way to Blyth's earlier name 
of iriridypmnis, which dates from 1856. It is also doubtful whether the birds 
labelled Sylvia presbytis m the Leyden Museum are the types to which Muller 
gave the name of Muscicapa pretbytis, inasmuch as they are all marked with the 
locality of " Timor," and Muller (loo. cit.) only mentions the name as belonging 
to a bird which he obtained on Sumatra. 
54 TUEBIDiE. 

Simvmer pdumage. The pale edges i o the primaries are soon lost 
"by abrasion, the wing-bars become narrow and obscure, and the 
underparts lose much of their 3 ellow. 

Autumn 'plumage. After the autumn moult the underparts become 
pale primrose-yellow, except on the throat, which still shows 
much greyish white mixed with the yellow. 

Winter 2)1 umage. The yellow of the underparts below the breast 
is never quite lost by abrasion, though the eye-stripe and the remains 
of the wing-bars fade to nearly wrhite. 

Wallace's Crowned Willow-Warbler breeds in the mountains of 
British Burin a, and winters in the plains, ranging also as far as Timor 
and probably Sumatra. 

a. <$ ad. sir. E. Timor. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [0.]. 
(Type of Gerygone superciliosa, V\ all.) 
h, c. Ad. sk. E. Timor. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.]


13. Phylloscopus sibilatrix 
Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Bechst.). 
Le grand Pouillot, Brisson,, 0?*n. iii. p. 482 (1760). 
Yellow Wren, var. 0, Lath. Gen. tiyn. ii. p. 514 (1783). 
Motacilla sibilatrix, Bechst. Naturg, DeuUchl. iv. p. 088 (1705). 


^ Sylvia svhicola, Mont. Trans. Linn. Soc. iv. p. 85 (1798) (Lath. 
Inch Orn. 6'uppl. p. liii (1801); Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 44 (lb07) ; 
Leach, Cat. Mamm. $c. Brit. Mas. p. 24 (1810) ; Yieill N. Diet 
d'JLst Nat. xi. p. 289 (1817) ; Moux, Orn. Brov. pi. 225 (1825); 
Tarr. Brit. B. i. p. 297 (1843); Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 213. no. 
3010 (1809). 

Sylvia sibilatifx (Bechst.), Bechst Orn. Taschenl. i. p. 176 (1802) ; 
Wolf, Taschenb. i. p. 247 (1810); Temm. Man. cVOm. i. p 223 
(1820); Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 553 5 Namn. Fog. JDeidschl. iii. p. 550, 
pi. 80, %. 2 (1828) ; Temm. Mem. cVOm. iii. p. 149 (1835); 
Gould, Birds Eur, ii. pi. 131. tig. 3 (1837); Nordm, in Demid. Vog. 
Mm. merid. iii. p. 140 (1840) ,* Bonap. Fawi. ItaJ. TJcc. pi. 27. 
fig. 1 (1841); Werner's Atlas, Lnsectiwres, pi. 54 (1842); Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 174 (1848); Ileivits, Bqqs Brit. B. i. p. 135, pi. 30. 
fig. 3 (1850) ^ Smidev. tiv, Fogl pi 14. fig-. 2 (1858). 

Motacilla sylvatica, Turton, Linn. Gen. iSg&t Nat. i. p. 587 (1800). 

Eicedula sibilatrix (Bechst.), Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. i, p. 159 (1810) ; 
Keys, u. Bias. Wirb. Bvr. p. 184* (1840) ; Schleg. Bijdr. Dierh. 
Amsterd.jx 28, pi. 12. fig. 5 (1848); id. Vog'. Nederl. pi. 72 
(1854); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 97 (1800). 

** Trochilus major, Forst. 6'ynopt Cat. p. 54 (1817). 
Cnrruca sibilatrix (Bechst.), Fleming, Brit. An. p. 70 (1828). 
Sibilatrix sibilatrix (Bechst), Jyaup, Natih'l. Syst p. 98 (1829). 
Phyllopneuste sibilatrix (Bechst), Brehm, Vac/. Deidschl. p. 425 

(1831); Bp, Comp. List B. Fur. § N. Amer. p. 18 (18:18)-, Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 289 (1850) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Itich. Orn. 

p. 205 (1859); JDegl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 548 (1807); Loche, 
Exph Sci Alger., Ois. i. p. 250 (1867); Tristram, Ibis, 1807, p. 88 ; 
Fritsch, Vog. Eur. pi. 19. %. 18 (1871) 5 Gould. B. Gt. Brit 
pi. 07 (1873). 
Phyllopneuste megarhynchos, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 425 (1881). 

2. PHYLLOSCOPUS. 
55 

Phyllopneuste sylvicola (Lath.), Brehm, op. cit. p. 420 (1831); 
Macgill. Br. B. ii. p. 304 (1839) • D^fcr/. W/ . &«/. p. 132 
(I860) •tfa/ww*. jfaww. itoJ. toe, p. 108 (1871) : Shelley, B, EmmL 

p. 101 (1872). ^ ^ ' 
Sylvicola sibilatrix (Bechst), Upton, Cat. Brit, B. p. 14 (1830). 
Phyllo&copus sibilatrix (Becfot.), Blyth, Cat B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 184 
(1849) j Schleg. Nederl Yog. pi. 7. % 0 (1801) ; Newton, ed. Yarr. 
Br. B. i. p. 427 (1873) ; Irhxj, B. Gibr. p. 88 (1875) • Danford <$• 
Haroie Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 308; Bknf. Bast. Bers. ii." p. 183 
(1870) ; Dresser, 5. & pt. xlviii. (1870); Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, 

p. 88. 
—" Phyllopseuste sibilatrix {Bechst.), Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 33 (1850) j 
Ileugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 208 (1809). 

Spring plumage. Genoral colour of the upper parts yellowish 
green, yellowest on the rump and upper tail-coverts; a distinct 
greenish-yellow eye-stripe extends from the base of the bill as far 
as the crown• the feathers before the eye and behind the eye as 
far as the crown olive-green ; wing-coverts olive-green with paler 
edges; quills brown, narrowly tipped with greyish white, the outside 
webs edged with yellowish green, and emarginated as far as 
the fourth primary• the margins to the innermost secondaries are 
broader and paler; tail-feathers brown, the outside webs edged 
with yellowish green, and the inside webs with a narrow greyish-
white margin. General colour of the underparts pure white, suffused 
with yellow on the chin, throat, and fore neck, occasionally 
with a trace of yellow on the flanks and the basal part of the under 
tail-feathers; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and thighs yellow; 
inner margin of quills nearly white. Bill rather Acrocephaline for a 
typical Phylloscopus, dark brown; under mandible paler at the 
base. Legs, feet, and claws brown. Third primary longest; second 
sometimes longer, sometimes shorter than the fourth, always much 
longer than the fifth; bastard primary very small, the exposed part 
measuring 0*3 to 0-4 inch. Length of wing, male 3*1 to 2*8 inches, 
female 8*0 to 2*9 ; length of tail, male 2%25 to 2*0, female 1*95 to 
1*85; length of culmen 0*48 to 0*53. 

Summer plumage. Owing probably to the retiring habits of this 
species and the more limited range of its migration, and possibly to 
the firmer texture of its feathers, its plumage scarcely suitors at all 
from abrasion. 

Autumn and whiter plumage. Scarcely distinguishable from those 
of spring and summer. 

The Wood-Warbler, or Yellow Willow-Warbler, breeds in Central 
Europe, as far north as Inverness in Scotland, TJpsala in Sweden, 
St. Petersburg in Russia, and BogoslofTsk in the Ural. Its southern 
breeding-range is bounded to the west by Gibraltar, and eastwards 
as far south as Transylvania. It passes through Greece, Asia 
Minor, and Palestine on migration, and winters in North Africa, 
having been found to the west as far south as the Gold Coast, and 
to the cast as far south as Abyssinia. The most easterly locality 
recorded of this bird is Lankoran, on the south-western shore of the 
Caspian. 

56 
TTJRDID2E. 

a. Ad. sk. Europe. 
b,c. $ $ ad.sk. Carmarthenshire. Col. Montagu [P.]. 
d, e,f. 6 ad. sk. Avington, Hants, May 12. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
</,/>,'/, &. d ad. sk. Avington, May. Capt. Shelley [P.J. 
I Ad. sk. Cooldiam, Berks, Aug. 29. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
m. Ad. sk. Cookham, Berks. Mr. W. Briggs [P.]. 
n. 
9 ad. sk. Park Hatch, Godalming, F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
May 28,1838 (F. Q.). Esqrs. [P.]. 
o. 
tf ad. sk. Stockholm, May 21 (W. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
M<?^). 
p. 
Ad. sk. Mahren/ N. Germany, Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.], 
Sept. 
q. 
Ad. sk. Sardinia, April 20 ( A i?. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Brooke), 
r. 
9 ad. sk. Province of Constantine, P. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Algeria, May 19,1807 Esqrs. [P.]. 
(0. S.). 
s, t. c? 2 ad. sk. Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.]. 
w. Skeleton. England (Warwick). Purchased. 
14. Phylloscopixs trocMlus. 
Lo Pouillot ou Chantre, Brisson, Orn. iii. p. 479 (1760). 
Motacilla trochilus, Linn. Syd. Nat. i. p. 338 (1706); Bechst Uehers. 


ii. p. 499 (1794). 
Sylvia trochilus {Linn.), Scop. Ann. i. p. 100 (1709) ; Lath. 2nd. 
fig. 1 (1887); Nordm. Demid. Toy. Ltttss. merid. iii. p. 139 (1840); 
Bonap. Faun. 2tcd. Ucc. pi. 27. fig. 2 (1841); Werner's Atlas, 
Iwvctiv. pi. 55 (1842) ; Yarr. Brit B. i. p. 302 (1843); Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 174 (1848) ; LLewitson, Bags Brit. B. i. p. 137, pi. 30. 
figs. 1 & 2 (1856) ; Smidev. So. Fogl pi. 14. fig. 3 (1858) : Lauard, 

B. S. Afr. p. 102 (1807) ; Gray, Eandd. JS. i. p. 214. no. 3032 
(1809). 
Yellow Wren, Lath. Gen, Syn. ii. p. 512 (1783). 
Motacilla litis, Bechst Natitry. Deidschl iv. p. 678 (1795). 
S}hia litis (Bechst), Bechst Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 187 (1802) ; Wolf. 

* Taschenb. i. p. 248 (1810) ; Vieill. N. Diet dllid. JSai. xi. p. 237 
(1817) ; Naum. Vog. Deidschl iii. pi. 80. ^g. 3 (1823) : Bom, Orn. 
Brov. pi. 228(1825). 
Ficedula litis (Bechst.), Koch, Syst hater. Zool i. p. 159 (1816). 

Sylvia flaviventris, Vieill N. Diet d'LList. Nat. xi. p. 241 (1817). 

Trochilus medius, Forst. Synopt Cat p. 54 (1817). 

Phylloscopus trochilus (Linn.), Bote, Lsis, 1826, p. 972; Tristram 

Lbis, 1859, p. 418; Schleq. Nederl. Vog. pi. 7. ^. 6 (1861) • Neivi 
ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 432 (1873); trby, B. Gibr. p. 89 (1875) 
Danford 8f 22arvie Brown, Lbis, 1875, p. 308; Blanf. East Ben 

ii. p. 180 (1876); Seebohm § LLarme Brown, 2bis, 1876, p. 2157 
Seebohm, 2bis, 1877, p. 90 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 296 
(1877); Seebohm, Lbis, 1879, p. 9; Dresser, B. Fur. pt. lxxiv. (1879;. 
Reguius trochilus (Linn.), Fleming, Brit An. p. 72 (1828). 
Phyllopneuste arborea, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 427 (1831). 
Phyllopneuste litis (Becfot), Brehm, op. cit p. 427 (1831). 
Phyllopneuste acredula (Linn.) apud Brehm, op. cit, p. 428 (1831). 

2 . PBXLLOSCOPUS. 
57 

Pliyllopneuste trochilus {Linn.), Brehm, op. cit p. 420 (1831); Bp. 
Comp. List B. Eur. § N Amer. p. 13 (1838) ; Maeqill. Brit. B. ii. 

p. 371 (1839); Bp. Comp. i. p. 289 (1850); Oak iMus. Hein. i. 
p. 33 (1850) j Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Mich. Orn. p. 207 (1850); 
Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 545 (1807); Loche, E\pl. Sci. 
Aiqir., Ois. i. p. 252 (18G7); Tristram, Ibis, 1807, p. 82 ; Doderl. 
Avif. Sicil. p. 131 (1800) ; FriUeh, Voq. Eur. pi. 10. lip;. 8 (J 871); 
Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 34 (1871) ; Sakad. Faun. Ital. Fee. p. 100 
(1871); Gumeq, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 101 (1872); Shelley, 
B. Egypt, p. 103 (1872); Gould, B. Ot. Br. ii. pi. 05 (1873); 
Heugl. Orn. NO.-Afr. I p. 208 (18(59). 
Sylvia meloclia, Bh/th,' Bennie's Field Nat. i. p. 425 (1833). 
Carnica viridula, Ilempr. ty Ehrenb.Symb. Bhys. Aves,fal. Lb (1833). 
Sylvicola trochilus (Linn.), Eyton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 13 (1830). 
Ficedula trochilus (Linn.), Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 185 (1840) ; 

Bitpp. Si/st Uebers. p. 57 (1845); Schleq. Bijdr. Dt'erk Aimterd. 

p. 28, pi. 12. fig. 7 (1848); Schley. Vog. Nederl. pi. 73 (1854) j 
Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 98 (1800). 
Sylvia icterina, Vieill. apud Eoersm. Add. ad Ball. Zoogr. Bosso-As. 
fasc. iii. p. 14 (1842). 
Sylvia tamaiixis, Crespon, Fauna Merid. i. p. 209 (1844), fide 
Degl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 548 (1849). 
Sylvia angusticauda, Gerbe, Fauna de VAube, p. 139, fide Degl. Orn. 
Eur. i. p. 549 (1849). 
Pliyllopneuste eversmanni, Bp. Comp. i. p. 289 (1850). 
Silvia meisneri, Passler, Nairn. 1851, p. 5Q. 
Pliyllopneuste septentrionalis, C. L. Brehm, Vogelf. p. 232 (1855). 
Pliyllopneuste gracilis, C. L. Brehm, loc. eit. (1855). 
Pliyllopneuste major, Tristram, Ann. Nat. Hist 1871, p. 29 (nee 

Forster). 
Phy llopneuste sibilatrix (Bechst) apud Alston §• Ilarvie Brown, Ibis, 

1873, p. 61. 
Phylloscopus gaetkii, Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 92. 
Phyllopseuste trochilus (Linn.), Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 121 (1877). 

Sjpring plumage. General colour of the upper parts olive-green, 
somewhat yellower on the rump, each feather having an indistinct 
pale tip, which forms four pale mesial lines on the crown, and gives 
to the rest of the upper plumage a slightly mottled appearance; a 
somewhat indistinct greenish-yellow eye-stripe extends from the base 
of the bill as far as the crown; the feathers before the eye and 
behind the eye as far as the crown dark olive-green; wing-coverts 
olive, edged with olive-green; quills brown, narrowly tipped with 
greyish white, the outside webs edged with yellowish green and 
emarginated as far as the fifth; tail-feathers brown, the outside 
webs edged with yellowish green, and the inside webs with a 
narrow greyish-white margin. General colour of the underparts 
white, suffused all over with yellow, and on the breast and flanks with 
buff; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and thighs yellow ; inner 
margin of quills very pale huffish white. Bill (typically Phylloscopine) 
narrow, depressed, and slender ; upper mandible dark brown, 
under mandible very slightly paler. Legs, feet, and claws brown. 
Third and fourth primaries longest; second primary intermediate 
in length between the fifth and sixth ; bastard primary somewhat 

58 
TTTRDIDiE. 

variable, the exposed part in males occasionally measures 0-63 inch, 
is usually 0*6, and in raro instances as small as 0*48 ; in females 0*6 
is exceptionally large, 0*5 is usual, and 0*38 exceptionally small. 
Length of wing, male 2*83 to 2-65 inches, female 2-iSo to 2-45 ; length 
of tail, male 2*3 to 2*1, female 2-1 to 1-88 ; length of culmen 0-4 to 0*5. 

/Summer plumage. Upper parts greyer, in high latitudes occasionally 
with all the yellow and green abraded, leaving the general 
colour earthy brown, the eye-stripe having faded into greyish white. 
The pale tips to the feathers of the crown always lost, and those to 
the quills generally so. Much of the yellow of the underparts also 
becomes abraded, and in high latitudes all except that on the axillaries 
and under wing-coverts, leaving the huffish yellow of the 
breast and flanks pale grey. 

Autumn plumage similar to the spring plumage in minor details, 
but yellower, and without the pale tips to the feathers of the crown. 
Birds of the year are even more yellow than adults, the whole of 
the underparts being uniform huffish yellow. 

Winter plumage. Similar to the summer plumage, but yellower. 

The Willow-Warbler breeds throughout Northern and Central 
Europe, extending its range in the west of Southern Europe as far 
as Gibraltar, and in the east as far as Transylvania. In Asia it 
breeds throughout the pine-regions of Siberia as far east as the 
valley of the Yenesay. It winters in North, Central, and Southeastern 
Persia, in Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt, and North Africa ; 
but 1 have not seen skins from all these localities. That it winters 
in South Africa, from the Transvaal to the Cape, the fine series of 
skins in the Museum abundantly proves. 


a. Ad. sk. Devonshire. • Col. Montagu [P.]. 
b-f. 
<$ ad. sk.; g~i. Avington,Hants,May 12, R. B. Sharpe,Esq. [P.]. 
$ ad. sk. 13. 


h. 
J ad. sk. Avington, May 5. Capt. Shelley [P.]. 
I. imm. sk. Pagham, Sussex, Sept. 3. R. B Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
ni. imm. sk. Cookham, Berks, Aug. 28. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.JP.J. 
n. 
Ad. st. Cookham. Mr. W. Briggs [P.J. 
n. o. Ad. sk. Saffron Walden, Essex. J. Clark, Esq. [C.J 
p} q. Ad.; r, s. juv. st. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [C.]. 
t. juv. sk. Belfast, Ireland. M. Beresforcl, Esq. [P.J 
w/u. Ad. sk. Antwerp, Belgium. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J 
w. Ad. sk. France. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. J 
x.y. <$ Q acl sk. S. Norway, July 1866 F. Godman & O. Salvin, 
(F. G.). Esqrs. [P.]. 
a. 
S juv. sk. Heligoland, Oct. 2. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.J 
a'. Q'ad.sk. Ust Zylma, Petchora, H. Seebohm, Esq. [P. 1 
June 3,1875. 

U. £ ad. sk. Siberia (Yenesay, lat. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.l 
mh°\ June 4. 
c\ d ad. sk. VaUeyoftheObb,Aug.15. Dr. O. Finsch [C.J 
d'. d ad. sk. Valley of the Obb, Sept. 6. Dr. 0. Finsch f C.]. 
e'. S ad. sk. Sardinia, Villacidio, April R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

18 (A.B.Brooke), 
ft if-6 ? ad. sk. Constantinople, Oct., Nov. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J 
(JRobson). 
h\ i'. Ad sk. Tangier (Olcese). Col. Irby [P.]. 

2. PHYLLOSCOPUS,
k', I'. S &&-sk* Ortakeuy, Turkey, Aug., F. Godman $i 0. Nalvm, 

Oct. (tiobstm). Kqiu [>•!• 
m\ Ad.sk. White Nile (Brun-Bollel) B. B. Hltarpe, Esq. 
n'. 9 &d. sk. j o\ S Traiihvaalj Potchofwtroom, 11. H. Sliarpo, K*q. [P."]. 

ad.sk. Mar. 14 (IF. ZKWS). 
;/, #'. Ad. sk. Graham's Town, Fob. (71 11. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

r\ Ad. sk. Zaarberg (J?. L. Zayard). B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
sr. c?»adsk. Knysna/ Mar. 13 (C. «/. 11. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

Andersson). 

V. Ad. sk. Capo Town (Z?.X.Ztfym*tf).K. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
a(-k s^«

w'. 5 Namaqua Land. Sir A. Smith [C.J. 
£>'. cTj w'« 2 illv"« fek-Bamara Land, Elephant II. B. Sharpe, Esq. fP.1, 
Vloy,Oct.l2;2G(C.j; 

Andersson). 

#'. dV/'. 2> s'. Ad.sk. Bamara Land, Elephant 11. B. Shaipe, Esq. [P.], 
Vley, Oct. 12, Nov. 4 
( C t/". Andersbon). 

a''. J? 5". Ad. sk. BamaraLd. (CJ. Anders-U. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
son). 
c". 6,d". P ad.sk. Ondonga, Dec. 28, Jan. B. B. Sharpe, E^q. 
%2( C.J. Andersson). 
e". Ad. sk. Columbo, R. Quanza,Nov. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [C.l 

/". Ad.sk. Landana, Congo river. MM. Lucamt Petit |_C.j. 
y". Ad. sk. Cape Vercl, Senegal. M. Leon Laglaise [0.]. 
//'. Ad. sk. Gambia mer, It. B. Sharps, Esq. 
i", k". Skeleton. England. Purchased. 
I". Skull. Berlin. Br. A. G wither. 

15. PliyHoscopus "bonellii. 
Sylvia bonelli, Vieill N. Diet, aVIIist. Kaf. xxviii. p. 91 (1819); JW ,
will. 1ST. Diet. aV 
Orn. Prov. pi 22 
22226
66 (1825) 
(1825)(1825);
;; Bonap. Faun. Itul. Uec. pi. 27. %. 4

.. . 
(1882 to 1841 I Gray* (fen. B. i. p. 174 (1848),-Gray, IIaud4.

1)
)) ; Gray, Gen, 

B. i. p. 214. no. 3033 (1809), 
Sylvia nattereri, Temm. Man. dOm. i. p. 227 (1820); Temm PI 
Col. iii. pi. 24 fig. 3 (1824) ; Gould, B. Fur. ii. pi 134 (1837) ; 
Nordm. Fern id. Voy, Buss, merid. iii. p. 13£) (1840) ; Werner^ Atlas, 
Insectivoresj pi. 57 (1842). 

Ph\ llopneuste montana, Brehm, Voy. Deutsche p. 129 (1831). 
Syhia prasinopyga, Licht.,fide Gloyer, Ilandb. Voy, Fur. i. p, 217 

(1834). 
Sylvia albicans, Baldst.,fde Gloyer, op. tit. i. p. 217 (1834). 
Phyllopneuste bonelli ( Vieill), Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. ty N. Amer. 

p. 13 (1838) j id. Consp. i. p. 289 (1830); Marti. Orn. W.-Afr. 
p^ 01 (1857); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 205 (1859) : 
Ileal, et Gerbe. Orn. Fur. i. n. 554 (18W): Locke. Fml MiL Ahi/>r._ 
Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 108 (1871) ; Shelley, B. Fyypt^ ixl0l\lb72). 
Ficedula bonelli (Vieill.), Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Fur. p. 185 (1840) • 

Schley. Bijdr. Fierh. Amsterd. p. 28, pi. 12. fig. 6 (1848). ? 
Phylloscopus nattereri {Temm.), Blythfiat. B.M.As. »SW'.p.l84 (1849). 
Phyllopseuste bonellii ( Vieill),Cab. Mas. ILein. i. p. 33 (1850): Mcitt/l 

drn.MO.-Afr.Lv, 300(18(59). J 
Phyllopneuste alpestris, Brehm, Voyelf. p. 232 (1855). 
Phyllopneuste oriontalis, Brehm, op. tit. p. 232 (1855). 

60 TTTBDIBiB. 

Sylvia (Phyllopncuste) montana (Brehm), JSfainn. Tog. DeutscM. 

xiii. p. 417, pi. 369. fig. 4 (1800}. 
Phylloscopus bonellii ( Vieill), Tristram, Ibis, 1859, p. 418 ; My, B. 
Gibr. p. 89 (1875); Dresser, B. Bur. pt. xlviii. (1876) • Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1877, p. 94. 
Spring plumage. General colour of the upper parts huffish brown, 
suffused with yellow on the rump and upper tail-coverts. An indistinct 
pale greyish-white eye-stripe extends from the base of the bill 
as far as the crown; the feathers before the eye and behind the eye 
as far as the crown brown; lesser wing-coverts huffish brown, suffused 
with yellow ; greater and median wing-coverts bufrlsh brown 
with paler edges• quills brown, narrowly tipped with greyish white ; 
the outbide webs edged with greenish yellow and emarginated as far 
as the fifth ; the margins to the innermost secondaries are broader 
and paler; tail-feathers brown, the outside webs edged with yellowish 
green, and the inside webs with a narrow greyish-white 
margin. General colour of the underparts pure white, suffused 
with huffish yellow on the chin and throat, and with pale yellow on 
the breast and flanks; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and thighs 
yellow; inner margin of quills greyish white. Bill Phylloscopine; 
upper mandible dark brown, under mandible pale brown, darker at 
the tip. Legs, feet, and claws light brown. Third and fouith primaries 
longest; second primary sometimes intermediate in length 
between the fifth and sixth, sometimes between the sixth and 
seventh ; exposed part of the bastard primary measures 0*5 to 0*6 
inch. Length of wing, male 2*75 to 2-55 inches, female 2'5 to 
2-3; length of tail, male 2-2 to 2-05, female 2*0 to 1-8; length 
of culmen 0*46 to 0-48. 
Summer plumage. Some of the yellow on the rump,and frequently 
all the yellow on the upper tail-coverts, is lost by abrasion, the pale 
tips to the quills generally disappear, and the pale edges to the innermost 
secondaries become narrower. 
Autumn plumage unknown. 
Bonelli's Willow-Warbler breeds on both shores of the Mediterranean, 
extending northwards into Northern France, and eastwards 
into Palestine • winters in Senegal, the oases of North Africa, 
and Nubia. 

a. <$, b. 2 ad. sk. Mt. Tabor; Palestine. Canon Tristram [0.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Europe. Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. Piedmont. 
e. Ad. sk. South France. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [PA 
/. Ad. sk. Near Gibraltar. Col. Irby [PA 
g. Ad. sk. Tangiers (Olcese). Col. Irby [P.J. 
16. Phylloscopus ruins. 
Phylloscopus rufus (Bechst.) *. 
Yellow Wren, var. D, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 514 (1783). 


* I cannot see the slightest advantage to be gained by rejecting Bechstein's 
name for the Chiffchaff on the ground that Boddaert's Sylvia rufa may be the 
2. PTIYLLOHCOPUB. 
Sylvia hippolais (Linn.) apud Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 87 (1787); 
apud Burton, Brit. Faun, p. 44 (1807), apnd Leach, Syst. ('at. 
Mamm. fyc. Brit. Mus. p. 24 (1810), apud Gould, B. Bur. ii. pi. liJl. 
fig. 2 (1837), apud Yarr. Brit B. i. p. 307 (1843). 

Motacilla rufa et lotharingica, Linn., fide Bechst. Naturq. Deutsc/d. 

iv. p. 082 (1795). 
Sylvia rufa, Beohst. Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 188 (1802) ; Wolf, Taschenb. 
f"* i. p. 249(1810); Temm. Man. aVOrn. i. p. 225 (1820); Bait, 
Isis, 1822, p. 552; Mmm. Vog. Deutschl. iii. p. 581, pi. 80. iig. 4 
(1823); Temm. Man. <F0m. iii. p. 154 (1835); Bona}). Faun. Ital. 

Ucc. pi. 27. fig*. 3 (1841); Werner's Atlas, Insectivores, pi. 50 
(1842); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 174(1848); Hewitson, Fqgs Brit. B. 

i. p.139, pi. 30. fig. 4; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 215. no. 3034 (1800). 
Motacilla hippolais, Linn, apud Turton, Linn, Syst. Nat, i. p. 587 
(1800). 
Ficedula rufa (Bechst.), Koch, Syst. baier. Zool i. p. 100 (1810); Keys. 

u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 185 (1840); Schley. Bijdr. JDierk. Amsterd. 
fol. i. p. 28, pi. 12.fig-.8 (1848); Schley, toy. Nederl. pi. 74 (1854); 
Binderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 98 (1800). 
Sylvia collybita, Vieill N. Diet. d'llist Nat xi. p. 235 (1817); Boui\ 

Om. Brov. pi. 223 (1825). 
Trocliilus minor, Forster, Synopt. Cat. p. 54 (1817). 
Sylvia abietina, Miss. K/Vet-Ah Ilandl. 1819, p. 115; Nordm. 

Demid, Voy. Buss, merid. p. 140 (1840); Sand. Sv. Fogl. pi, 14. 

fig. 4 (1858). ^ 
Regulus hippolais (Linn.) apud Fleming, Brit. An. p. 72 (1828). 
Phylloseopus rnfus (Beclist,), FCaup, Natilrl. Syst. p. 94 (1829); 

Bh/th, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 185 (1849); Tristram, Ibis, 1859, 

p. 418; Schley. Nederl Vog. pi. 7. fig. 8 (1861). 
Phyllopneuste sylvestris, Brehn, Vog. Deutschl. p. 431 (1831). 
Phyllopneuste solitaria, Brehm, op. cit. p. 432 (1831). 
Phyllopneuste pinetorum, Brehm, op. at p. 432 (1831). 
Phyllopneuste rufa (Bechst.), Brehm, op. cit. p. 483 (1831); Bp. 
Comp. List B. Fur. $ N. Amer. p. 13 (1888); Cab. Mus. Hein. i. 

p. 33 (1850) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 289 (1850); Jaub.et Barth.-Lapomm. 
Rich. Orn. p. 208 (1859); Deql. et Gerbe, Orn. Fur. i. p. 540 
(1807); Loche, Fapl. Sci. Alqer., Ois. i. p. 253 (1807); Tristram, 
Ibis, 1807, p. 83; Doderl Avif. Sicil. p. 183 (1809); Howard 
Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 213;' Fritsch, Vog. Fur. pi. 19. fig. 15 
(1871) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital Ucc. p. 107 (1871); Shelley, B. Fyypt, 
p. 102 (1872); Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 174; Gould, B. GtBr. 
pi. 06 (1873) ; Ileuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 299 (18( 9). 
Trochilus rufa (Bechst), Bennie, Field lSTat. i. p. 52 (1883). 
Sylvia loquax, Herbert, White's N. II. of Selb. p. oo, note (1833). 
Sylvicola rufa (Bechst), Fyton, Cat Brit. B. p. 14 (1830). 
Sylvia brevirostris, Strichl. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 98; Gray, Gen. B. i. 

p. 174 (1848); Gray, Hand-l B. I p. 215. no. 3088 (1809). 
Phyllopneuste hippolais (Linn.) apud Macgill, Br. B. ii. p. 379 (1839). 
Phyllopneuste brevirostris (Stride!.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 289 (1850). 
Sylvia (Phvllopneuste) sylvestris (Meismr),fide Naum. Vog. Deutschl. 
xiii. p. 429, pi. 369. fig. 1 (1800). 
Whitethroat. It is obvious that Boddaert intended to designate a bird other 
than the Whitethroat by this name ; and under no circumstance can the name 
of Phyllohcopm rufa, Bechst., be confounded with airy other bird than the one 
to which he applied it. (Conf. Seebohm, 'Ibis,' 1879, p.432.) 

62 TUIiDID-E. 

Sylvia (Phyllopneuste) rufa (Bec/ist.), Gray, Cat. Brit.B. p. 50(1860). 
Pliylloscopus habebsinieiis, Blatif. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1809, p. 321). 
Pliylloscopus brobmi; Homeyer, Erinn. Vers, deutsehl. Orn. 1870, 

p. 48. 
riiyllohcopus abyssinicus, Blanf. Geo!. <§r Zool Abyss, p. 378, pi. 111. 
rig-, 2 (1870). 
Phyllopneuste brobmi (Homeyer), Dresser, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 2o. 
Phyllopneuste tristrnmi, Brooks, fide Dresser, P. Z. S. T&72, p. So. 
Pliylloscopus collybitu (Vieill.),%Netot. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 487 

(1873)j Irby, B. Gibr. p. 89 (1875); Danfordfy Ilariie Broim, Uns, 
1875, p. 308; Blanf. Bast. Pers. ii. p. 181 (1870); Seebohm, lbis}
1877, p. 95 ; Dresser, B. Eur. pt. lxxiv. (1879). 

Phyllopseuste rufa (BechsL), Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 120 (1877). 

Spring plumage. General colour of the upper parts olive-green, 
slightly yellower on the rump; eye-stripe somewhat ill-defined, 
greyish white, with a shade of yellow, and extending only a short 
distance behind the eye; lores and the feathers behind the eye 
olive; wing-coverts and quills brown, edged on the outside webs 
with olive-green, and emarginatod as far as the sixth; quills narrowly 
tipped with white; tail-feathers brown, the outside webs 
edged with yellowish green, and the inside webs with a narrow 
greyish-white margin. General colour of the underparts white, 
shading into grey on the breast and flanks, and more or less suffused 
all over with yellow; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and thighs 
yellow; inner margin of quills very pale huffish white. Bill Phylloscopine; 
upper mandible dark brown, under mandible scarcely 
paler. Legs, feet, and claws dark brown, approaching black. Third 
and fourth primaries longest, second piimary sometimes intermediate 

in length between the sixth and seventh, usually between the 
seventh and eighth, and in rare instances between the eighth and 
ninth; the exposed part of the bastard primary measures 0*5 
to 0-05 inch. Length of wing, male 2'5o to 2-25 inches, female 2-3 
to 1*95; length of tail, male 2-2 to 2-0, female 2-0 to 1-7; length 
of culmen 0*4 to 0*45. 

Summer plumage. This species suffers considerably from abrasion 
during the perils of migration. The upper parts fade into 
olive-grey, the eye-stripe and underparts lose some of their yellow, 
and the pale tips to the quills disappear. 

Autumn plumage. After the autumn moult the whole of the 
plumage becomes suffused with huffish yellow, which is almost pure 
pale buff on the eye-stripe, breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts. 

Winter plumage. The huffish yellow pervading the whole of the 
autumn plumage is never entirely lost by abrasion in winter. 

The Chiffchaff, or Ohiffchaff Willow-Warbler, breeds in the temperate 
regions of Europe almost up to the Arctic Circle, and winters 
on both shores of the Mediterranean, the southern limit of its winter 
range being Abyssinia. 

a. Ad. sk. Devonshire. Col. Montagu [P.l. 
b. Ad. &k. Wiltshire. Col. Moulagu 11V|. 
c. $ ad. sk. Ayington, Hants, May 10. Capt. Shelley [P.]. 

d, e. S ? ad. sk. 
/, g. Ad. sk. 

h. Ad. si. 
i. <$ ad. sk. 
k. Ad. sk. 
/.Ad. st. 
»«. $ ad. sk. 
%, o. Ad. sk. 
p. 
Ad. sk. 
q, r. Ad. sk. 
«. Ad. sk. 


t. <S aci. sk. 
u, u. $ ad. sk. 
w-cr. rf ad. sk. 
d'. $ ad. sk. 
e\ c? ^d. bk. 
/'. <? ad. sk. 
g'. $ ad. sk. 
h', i\ (S ad. sk. 
k-n'. $ ad.sk. 
o'. Ad. sk. 

ac^s^


i3'? </'>r'-d

s',fr, «'. d ad.sk. 
v'. c? ad. sk. 

w'. $ ad. sk. 

xf. Skeleton. 

J. PIlYLLObOOnT.S. 
Aviugton, May 12. 
Epping. 

Saffron Waldon, Essex. 
Cambridgeshire, A pril 
14,Ls50(O.&). 

North JBothnia. 
Heligoland. 
Antwerp. 
France. 

Sardinia, March 8 (A.B. 
Brooke), 

Near Gibraltar. 
Marocco (Olcese). 
El Djen, Tunis, March 


1,1857(0. &). 
Orotava, Tenerille, April 
1871 (F. G.). 
Constantinople, Oct. 
20-24 (Bobson). 
Constantinople, Nov. 1 

(Bobson). 

Asia Minor, Oct. 28, 
1800 {Bobson). 
Jericho, Jan. 4, 1804 

(Tristram). 

Mount Carniel, March 

24, 1864 (Tristram). 
Palestine. 
Jericho. 
Ras Masandani, Ara


bia, Dec. 9. 
Cairo. 
Thebes. 


Senate, Abyssinia, 
3000 ft. 
Senafe, Abyssinia, 
7300 ft. 


England (Warwick). 

(ft 

R.B. Sharpe, Ksq. 1 *M-
Henry Doubieday, Esq. 
J. Clark, Esq. [P.*]. 
E Godman & 0. Salvin, 
• Esqrs. [P.J. 
Purchased. 
IlenrySeebohm,Esq.[P.]. 
P. B.* Slmrpe, Esq. [P.]. 
It. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 
Col. Trby [P.]. 
It. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

E. 
Godman <& 0. Willv in, 
E^ u [P.]. 
F. 
Godman & 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
F. Godman & 0. Salvin, 
Bqw. [P.]-, _ . 
F. 
Godman & 0. Salvm, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
F. Godman & 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Canon Tristram [C.J. 
Canon Tristram [C.J. 


W. T. Stanford, Esq. [0.]. 
Br. L. Adams [P.]. 
Dr. L. Adams IP.]. 
W.T.BLinford,Ek-q.[C.J. 

W.T. 
Blanford,Esq.rC.]. 
(T>pe of Pln/lhiscopHs 
habes'iinicu't, Blanf.) 
Purchased. 

17. Phylloscopus tristis. 
Motacillaacredula(X«Mw.)^«<f7>(ff//. Zoog. Bosso-As. i p. 490(1811). 
Sylvia trochilus (Linn.) ?, apud Jerd. Madras Journ. xi. p. 0 (1840). 
Phylloscopus tristis, Blyth, J. A. S. Benq. xii. p. 000 (1843); id. 

J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 501 (1845); id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 185 
(1840); Horsf. 8f Moore, Cat B. Mus. B.I. Co. p. 330 (1854); 
Jerdon, B. India, ii. p. 100 (1803); Hume <§• Senders. Lahore to 
York, p. 219 (1873); Dresser, B. Bur. pt Lwi. (1875); Blanf. 
Bast. Bers. ii. p. 180 (1870) ; 8eehohn fy Ilarvie Brown, Ibis, 1870, 
p. 217 ; Scully, Stray Feath. iv. p. 148 (1870); Seebofon, Ibis, 1877, 
p. 97; id. Bus, 1870, p. 10. 
Pkyllopneubte ailinis, Hodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. MM.) of 
Birds of Nepal, Basseres, pi. 57. no. 838, vndh Hodgs. Gray's 
ZooL Misc. p. 82 (1844, nee Tiekell); Gray, Cat. Mamm. $<?. Nepal 

Coll. Hodgs. p. 05 (1840). 

64 TXTRDIBiE. 

tteguhw trisiis (Bh/iK), Gray, Gen. B. 1. p. 175 (1848). 
Alwornis tristib (Myth), Bp. Consp.i. p. 290 (1850). „ ^ 
Phyllopnouste trihtis (i?/^), Gould, B. of Asia, pt. xvu. (lbboj, 


fei Bull 8oc. Zool.Fr. 1876,_ p. 140. 

Jfos,1876,p. 82).' 
rhyllopheustes tristis (Blyth), Meves, Jozirn. Orn. 1875, p. 4o0. ^ 
Pliylloscopus neglectus, IZiwte «pw<# SeeboJim § Jim-vie Brown, Ibis, 

1870, p. 218. 
Pliylloscopus brehmi, Homeyer apud Blanf. Bast. Persia, ii. p. ±o'2 
(1876). 
Spring plumage. General colour of the upper parts earthy brown, 
very slightly suffused with yellowish green on the rump; eye-
stripe buffi&h white, narrow, tolerably well-defined, scarcely reaching 
to the nape; lores and the feathers behind the eye dark earthy 
brown; wing-coverts brown, with slightly paler margins; quills 
brown, showing traces of yellowish green on the outside edges, 
and cmarginated as far as the sixth quill; tail-feathers brown, 
showing traces of yellowish green on the outside webs, and narrowly 
margined with greyish white on the inside webs. General colour of 
the underparts neaily white, shading into pale buff on the breast, 
flanks, and thighs; axillaries and under wing-coverts yellow; 
inner margin of quills very pale huffish white. Bill Ph\ Uoseopine, 
both mandibles dark brown. Legs, feet, and claws nearly black. 
Third and fourth primaries longest; second primary equal to the 
seventh, or slightly shorter; the exposed part of the bastard 
primary 0-5 to 0*05 inch. Length of wing, male 2*58 to 2*33 
inches, female 2-25 to 2*1; length of tail, male 2*3 to 2*2, female 2*0 
to 1-9 ; length of culmen 0*45 to 0*48. 
Summer plumage. The slight traces of yellowish green on the 
outside web of the wing- and tail-feathers are soon lost by 
abrasion. The underparts and the eye-stripe lose some of their 
buff and become whiter, and, in very rare instances, the -yellow on 
the axillaries and under wing-coverts almost disappears. 
Autumn plumage. Yery similar to the spring plumage, but with 
the buff on the eye-stripe and underparts more developed. 
Winter plumage. The abrasion which takes place during winter 
is somewhat less than is usually the case in summer. 
The Siberian Willow-Warbler, or Siberian Chifichaff, breeds in the 
valleys of the Petchora, the Obb, and the Yenesay, extending 
northwards beyond the limit of forest-growth, and southwards as 
far as Perm in the west and Yenasaisk in the east. It passes 
across the Kirghiz steppes and Turkestan on migration, and winters 
in Ealuchibtan and the plains of India. It also breeds abundantly 
in Cashmere and in the mountains near Lake Baical. 

a, 6, c. 6 ad. sk. Baluchistan, March 23 W. T. Blanford, Esq. FCl. 
to April 7. 
d,e9f. Ad.sk. Afghanistan (Griffith). India Museum, 

g. Ad. sk. Peshamn. India Museum. 
2. PHYLLOSCOPUS. 
h. 
Ad. sk. N.W. India (Cap*. 1/ar- E. B. Sharpe, Esq.. [P.]. 
shall), 
i-n Ad sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [1*1 

o. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hudson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of Phyllopneuste affinis, Hodgson.) 
P- Ad. sk. India. J. Gould, l4 . [P.1 
?• Ad. sk. Madras. 
?*. Ad. sk. Bengal. India Museum. 

s. 
6 ad. sk. Yenesav, Siberia, lat. H. Seebohin, Esq. TCI. 
G6i°;june20. 
t> 6, w.? ad.sk. Obb, Siberia, July? & 10. Dr. 0. Finsch [C.]. 


v. d ad. sk. Alexievka, Petchora, Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
June 22. 
w, x. Ad. sk. Cashmere (Dr. Belleio). India Museum. 


18. Phylloscopus affinis. 
Motacilla offinis*, ZVdkW, J. A & JBeiwy. ii. p. 576 (1833). 
Phylloscopus lugubris; juv. (Blyth), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 968 
(1843). 

Abrornis zanthogaster, Horlgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mus.) of 
Birds of Nepal, Passeres, pi. 05. no. 854, until Hodgs. Gray's 
Zool. Jlisc. p. 82. no, 854 (1844) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm! fyc. Nepal 
pres. Hodgs, p. 66 (184(5). 

Pliylloseopus 
affinis (Tickell), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 442 
(1847); Bli/t/i, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 185 (1849); Jerdon, 
B. India, ii. p. 194 (1803); Peheln, Ibis, 1868, p. 308; 
Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. xli. pt. 2, p. 54 (1872); Brooks, Ibis, 1872, 

p. 31; id. J. A. B. Beng. xli. pt. 2, p. 81 (1872) ; Godwin-Austen, 
J. A. S. Beng. xlv. pt. 2, p. 80 (1876); Seehohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 100 j 
Hume 4* Damson, "Stray Feath. vi. p. 356 (1878V 
Begulus flaveolus {Blyth), fide Gray, Gen. B. i. p.'l75 (1848). 
Begulus affinis (Tickell), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 175 (1848). 
Abrornis affinis {Tickell), Bp. Consv. i. p. 290 (1S50). 
Abrornis flaveolus (Blyth), fide Bp* Consp. i. p. 290 (1850). 
Phylloscopus lugubris (Blyth), Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. 3Ius. E.I. 

Co. p. 337(1854). 
Salvia affinis (Tickell), Gray, Iland-l B. i.p. 215. no. 3052 (1869). 
Sylvia flaveola, Blyth, fide Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 217. no. 3073 

"(1869). 
Sylvia xantbogaster (Hodgs.), Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 217. no. 3079 

(1869). 
Abrornis acantkizoides, Verr.N. Arch. Mus., Bull. vi. p. 37 (1870). 
Abrornis affinis (Hodgs.), Prjev. Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 172 

(1877); David ei Oast. Ois. Chine, p. 273 (1877). 
Phyllopseuste affinis (Tickell), Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 117 (1877). 
Oreopneuste acanthizoides (Verr.), David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 26Q 

(1877). 

This species appears to be subject to little or no seasonal change 
of plumage; nor does the slight abrasion of the feathers which 
takes place in summer make any appreciable change in the appearance 
of the bird. 

The general colour of the upper parts is olive-brown, very 
slightly darker on the head; eye-stripe deep yellow, paler at the 
nape; lores and the feathers behind the eye olive-brown; wings 

* No doubt a typical error for affinis. 
VOL. V. 
66 TxraDiD-au. 

and tail-feathers brown, the outside webs edged with olive-brown, 

the former emarginatod as far as the sixth quill. General colour of 

tlt6* underparis deep yellow, shaded into huffish yellow on the 

breast and tianks; axillaries and under wing-coverts deep yellow ; 

inner margin of quills huffish white. Bill Phylloscopine; upper 

mandible dark brown, under mandible pale brown. Legs, feet, and 

claws brown. Third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest: second 

primary equal to the ninth or tenth; bastard primary about half 

the length of the second primary, the exposed part measuring 

0*7 to 0-8 inch. Length of wing, male 2-4 to 2-2 inches, female 

2-2 to 2-0; length of tail, male 2*15 to 2*0, female 1*95 to 1*8; 

length of euimen 0-43 to 0-46. 

Tickell's "Willow-Warbler breeds in the Himalayas from Cashmere 

to Burma, extending its range north-eastwards through Sechuen to 

Kansu, and wintering in the plains of India. 

a. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
(Type of Abiwnis zantlwgaster, Hodgs.) 
b-g. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
h, i, k. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
l~o. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt.StackhousePmwill[P.]. 

p. Ad. sk. Madras. Dr. Jerdon [P.]. 
q. Ad. sk. India. (Type of Phyttopneuste flaveolus, 
Gray.) 
r. Ad. sk. Garo Hills. Col. Godwin-Austen [P.]. 
19. Phylloscopus tytLeri. 
Pkvlloscopus tytleri, Brooks, Ibis, 1872, p. 23; id. J. A. S. Beng. xli. 
pt. 2, p. 79 (1872); Hume, Nest % Eggs Ind. B. p. 362 (1873) j id. 
Str. F. iii. p. 279 (1875); Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 101. 

Spring plumage unknown. 

Summer plumage. General colour of the upper parts olive-brown, 
shading into greenish olive on the rump ; eye-stripe greyish white, 
narrow, not very well defined, and scarcely extending to the nape; 
lores and the feathers behind the eye brown ; quills and tail-feathers 
brown, edged on their outside webs with greenish olive, the former 
emarginated as far as the sixth quill. General colour of the underpays 
yellowish white, greyer on the breast, flanks, and thighs ; axiliaries 
and under wing-coverts yellow : inner margin of quills very 
pale brown. Bill Yery long and slender, dark brown, a trifle paler 
at the base of the under mandible. Legs, feet, and claws dark brown. 
Third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest; second primary intermediate 
in length between the eighth and ninth ; bastard primary less 
than half the length of the second, the exposed portion measuring 
0-55 to 0*68 inch. Length of wing, male 2*43 to 2-35 inches, 
female 2-3 to 2*2; length of tail, male 1*85 to 1*7, female 1*7 to 
1*65; length of culmen 0*5. 

Autumn, plumage. After the autumn moult the underparts are 
much buffer. 
Winter plumage. Showing the usual effects of abrasion. 

2. pinrLLOHcoptm. 
Tytler's Willow-Warbler breeds in Cashmere, and winters in the 
plains of India. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this rare 
species. I have a skin in my collection obtained by Capt. Biddulph 
in Cashmere. 

20. Phylloscopus lmmii. (Plate IY. fig. 1.) 
Abrornis tenuiceps, Hodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mm.) of 
Birch of Nepali Passeres, pi. o7. lig. 8, no. Sou, undh Ilodqs. Gray's 
ZooLMisc. p. 82.no. 830 (1844,' descr. nulla); Gray. Cat. JI $ 
Birds Nepal pres. llodys. p. CO (1840, descr. nidi a) • Ilodgs. J. A* 
& B. xxiv. p. 57 o (1850, descr. nulla). 
Reguloides vSupercihosus(Gime/.)? Brooks, Ibis, 1809, p. 230; id. Ibis. 
1872, p. 24. 
Reguloides humii, Brooks, Str. F. vii. p. 131 (1878). 
Spring plumage. General colour of the upper parts olive, browner 
on the head and greener on the rump; a well-defined buff eye-stripe 
extends from the base of the bill to the nape; sometimes, but very 
rarely, slight traces of a pale mebial line are visible ; lores and the 
space behind the eye brownish olive. Wing-coverts brown, the 
lesser wing-coverts wfith broad olive-green margins ; the median 
wing-coverts with obscure pale tips ; the greater wing-coverts with 
broad, well-defined bullish-yellow tips, forming a conspicuous pale 
bar across each wing ; quills brown, all the secondaries and four or 
five of the primaries narrowly tipped with greyish white; outside 
webs of the quills edged with yellowish green and einarginated as 
far as the sixth; tail-feathers brown, the outside webs edged 
with yellowish green, and the inside webs with a narrow greyish-
white margin. General colour of the underparts greenish yellow, 
nearly white on the throat, and shading into buff on the Hanks; inner 
margin of quills nearly white. Bill slender, Phylloseopino, dark 
brown, with the under mandible paler at the base. Legs, feet, and 
claws dark brown. Fourth primary slightly the longest; second 
primary intermediate in length between the eighth and ninth, occasionally 
between the seventh and eighth, and occasionally between 
the ninth and tenth; the exposed part of the bastard primary 
measures 0-45 to 0*55 inch. Length of wing 2*32 to 2*01 inches, 
tail 1-8 to 1-5, culmen 0-4 to 0*45. 
Summer plumage. Considerably abraded, but not nearly so much 
so as is the case with P. superciHosus. 
Autumn plumage. Similar to the spring plumage, but more brilliant 
; the buff of the eye-stripe is somewhat deeper in shade. 
Hume's Barred Willow-Warbler breeds in the Himalayas, and 
winters in the valley of the Ganges. 

a. Ad. sk. Afghanistan (Griffith). India Museum. 
b, c. Ad. sk. N.W. India (Capt. Marshall). R. B. Shavpe, Esq. [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk, N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
LP.]-
e. Ad. sk. Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). India Museum. 
ft g. Ad. sk. Nepal B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

(Types of Abrornis tenuiceps, Hodgson.) 
J2 

(58 TURBID-®. 
h, i. Ad. Hk. Muddapur (W. E. Brooks), II. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
A*. Ad. H(. Bolmr. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
/, wt. Ad. Ht. Calcutta. E. Blyth, Esq. [P.]. 
w. Ail. ale. Cashmere (Dr. Belleio). Indict Museum. 

21. Pliylloscopus superciliosus. 
VeUou-browed Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 459 (1783). 
MoUeilla superciliosa, Gmel. Sy^t Natl p. 975 (1788). 
S\t\ia suporciliosa (Gmel), Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 520 (1790) ; Sund. 


Gray> mmdL 3i6 no 8067 

* >sv. ^v-PL °8- %•* (18J8) >~ E. i. P--(
18(59). 
Romulus modestus, Gould, Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist ii. £. 310 (1839) ; 
Tarr. Brit B. i. p. 310 (1843) ; Cabanis, Naum. ii. pt. 1, p. 5 
(1852) ; Gta^fo, Journ. Orn. 1853, p. 91 ; iVfowra. 7%. Deutsch. 

xiii. pi. 378. figs. 2 &8 (1800) ; Tristram, Ibis, 1804, p. 230. 
Regulus inornatus, i?ft/^, J", ^t. & ito?^. xi. p. 191 (1842)^ 
Pliylloscopus modestus (Gould), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p, 963 
(1843). 
Pliyllopneuste modesta (Goidd), Blyth, Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 98 
(1843); Blyth, Ann. Nat Hist, xiii. p. 116 (1844). 
Reguloides modestus (Gould), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 442 
(1847) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 184 (1849, partim). 
SyHia (Pliyllopneuste) proregulus (Pall.), Midd. Sib. Beise, p. 183 
(ISoS, partim). 
Phyllobabileus superciliosus (GmeL), Cabanis, Journ. Orn. 1853,p. 81$ 
Fritseh, Vog. Eur. pi. 19. figs. 3 & 4 (1871). 

Reguloides proroguing (Pall.), Horsf. 8r Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. 
Co.i. p. 342 (1854); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1803, p. 307, etante; Jerdon, B. 
Ind. ii. p. 197 (1803) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 291 (1850). 

Ficedula proregulus (Pall), Schlegel, Vog. Nederl. pp. 130, 241 
(1854). 
Pliyllopneuste proregulus (Pall), Blasius, Naum. viii. p. 311 (1858) ; 
Blasius, Ibis, 1802, p. 06. 

Sylvia biiasciala, Goethe, Naum. viii. p. 419 (1858). 

Pliyllopneuste (Phyllobasileus) superciliosa (Gmel), Schrenck, Beis. 

Borsch. Anmr-Lande, i. p. 363 (1860). 
Sylvia (Pliyllopneuste) superciliosa (Gmel), Naum. Vog. Deutschl 

* xiii- pt. 2, p. 74 (1800); Badde, Beis. Sibtr. Vog. p. 264 (1863, 
partim). 
Reguloides superciliosus 
(Gmel), Blyth, Ibis, 1862, p. 386,* Swinhoe, 
Ibis, 1863, p. 307, et mhseq.; Tiistram, Ibis, 1867, p* 83 • Goidd, 
Ibis, 1809, p. 128; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 357; Harting, 
Handb. Br. B. p. 107 (1872) ; Gould, B. Gt. B. ii. pi. 68 (1873) : 
Hume, Neds $ Eggs Lid. B. p. 364 (1873); Blyth $• Walden, 

B. Burm. p. 100 (1875); Prjev. Moiuley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 172 
(1877); David # Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 273 (1877) ; Hume & Davison, 
Str. F. vi. p. 358 (1878). 
Pliylloscopus pallasii, Dubois, Ois. Eur. p. 83 (1862). 
Pliyllopneuste superciliosa (Gmel), Bolle, Journ. Orn. 1863. p. 60: 


Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1870, p. 141. 

Regulus superciliosus (Gmel), Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 54 (1863). 

Phylloseopus superciliosus (Ghnel.)* Crommelin, Ned. T. D.iii.p. 244 

(1866); Newt ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 443 (1873); Dresser,B.Eur. 
pt xxx. (1874); Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 102 ; id. Ibis, 1879, p. 12. 
Sylvia inornata (Blyth), Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 210. no. 3066 (1869). 

2 . PHYLL0SC0PU8. 
m 

Phyllopseuste 'prorogues {Pall). Giehd, Thes. Orn. iii. )), 11*0 

(1877). 
Bering plumage. General colour of the upper parts olive-green, 
yellower on the rump and upper tail-coverts; a well-defined, 
narrow, greenish-yellow eye-stripe extends from the "base of the 
"bill to the nape; an irregular and very obscure greenish-yellow 
mesial line extends from the forehead to the nape; the feathers 
before the eye, and behind the eye to the nape and the crown, and 
nape between the mesial lino and each eye-stripe dark olive-green ; 
a few still darker feathers emphasizing the eye-stripe on the nape; 
wing-coverts brown, the lesser wing-coverts with broad olive-green 
margins, the median and greater wing-coverts with broad, well 
defined, greenish-yellow tips, forming two conspicuous bars across 
each wing; quills brown, all the secondaries and four or five of 
the primaries with conspicuous well defined yellowish-white tips; 
outside webs of the quills margined with yellowish green fading 
into yellowish, white, and becoming broad and conspicuous on the 
terminal half of the innermost secondaries; quills emarginatcd as 
far as the sixth; tail-feathers brown, the outside webs edged 
with yellowish green, and the inside webs with a narrow greyish-
white margin. General colour of the underparts white, suffused all 
over with traces of yellowish green; axillaries yellow ; under wTingcoverts 
and thighs greyish yellow; inner margins of quills nearly 
white. Bill slender, Phylloscopine ; both mandibles dark brown, the 
tinder mandible somewhat paler at the base. Legs, feet, and claws 
brown. Third, fourth, and fifth primaries longest; second primary 
generally intermediate in length between the sixth and seventh, 
very rarely between the seventh and eighth ; the exposed part of the 
bastard primary measures 0 5 to 0*55 inch. Length of wing, male 
2*35 to ^*15 inches, female 2*15 to 2*0 ; length of tail, male 1-85 to 
1-7, female 1*7 to 1-55 ; length of culmen 04. 
Summer plumage. Nearly all the yellow and green with which 
both the upper and under parts were suffused has been lost by 
abrasion; the upper parts have faded into a grey-olive, traces only 
of the yellowish green remaining on the rump, upper tail-coverts, 
and the edges of the wing and tail-feathers ; all trace of yellow 
has gone from the eye-stripe and wing-bars, and nearly all from 
the underparts, leaving the colour greyish white ; the conspicuous 
pale tips to the secondaries and some of the primaries have generally 
entirely disappeared, the lower wing-bar and the pale edges 
to the innermost secondaries have become very narrow, and traces 
only of the upper wing-bar are left. 
Autumn plumage. Similar to the spring plumage, but more 
brilliant, the eye-stripe and the wing-bars yellower, and the upper 
parts a yellower green; the mesial line on the crown remains as 
obscure, and the underparts scarcely yellower. 
Winter plumage. The same amount of abrasion takes place as in 
summer, but the upper parts do not become so grey, and the eye-
stripe and wing-bars retain a trace of yellow. 
The Yellow-browed Barred Willow-Warbler breeds in North 

7 0 TuTJDlM. 

Siberia, and at a high elevation in the mountains of South Siberia ; 
a few stragglers pass through Europe on migration. Winters in 
South China, the Burma peninsula, and North India. 

h. Ad. sir. East Siberia. Prof. Brandt ("0.]. 
<$ ad. sk. Tenewiy, Siberia, lat. 6CJ°, H. Seebohm, Esq. [O.J. 
June 20, 1877. _ 
d. <$ ad. sk. Dauria, July 17 (Dr. Dy~ R B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
bowsky), __ 
e. Ad. sk. Muddapnr, Oct. 21, 1878 (W. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.], 

E. Brooks). r^ 
f. $ ad. sk. 
Bynor, N.W. India, Nov. 15 R B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 

{Capt. Marshall).

fiAd. 
sk. 

N.W. India (Capt. Marshall). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
ll. Ad. sk. 

Hong Kong, Feb. (Stuinhoe). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 

22. Phylloscopus maculipennis*, 
Abrornis chloronotus, Eodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mm.) 
of Birds of Nepal, Passeres, App. pi. 45. no. 839 (descr. nulla, nee 

A. chloronotus, Hodgs. Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82. no. 839); Hume, 
Nests Eggs hid. B. p. 372 (1873). 
Begums chloronotus (Hodgs.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 175 (1848, descr. 
nidi a). 
Abrornis maculipennis, Blyth, 2hs, 1867, p. 27. 
Svh ia maculipennis (Blyth), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 217. no. 3088 

*(1809). 
Beguloides ?, Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. xli. pt. 2, p. 163 (1872). 
Phylloscopus maculipennis (Blyth), Seebohm, Ibis^ 1877, p. 107. 
Eegnlus maculipennis (Blyth), Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 415 (1877). 

The plumage of this species is subject to very little seasonal 
change. The pale tips to the quills are so obscure that their loss 
by abrasion scarcely alters the appearance of the bird. In very 
abraded skins the pale tips to the innermost secondaries become 
lost or obscure, and the broad orange-yellow tips to the greater 
wing-coverts become dull and narrow. 

In full plumage the general colour of the upper parts is yellowish 

* The synonymy of this bird is somewhat intricate. Hodgson confused it 
•with P.pror(guh($(Pixl\.). Both specie are represented in the British Museum 
amongst the types of " Ahromia chlorowopits yel Beguhis modesfus auct.," the 
skins of both species being numt ered " 839." No. 839 is on plate 57 in the 
first volume of Hodgson's ' Drawings of Birds of Nepal in the Briti&h Museum.' 
Pig. 5 on this plate undoubtedly represents P*$roregulu& (Pall.), without the 
grey on the head and throat and without the white on the inside webs of the 
two outside tail-feathers of P. macidij e?ims, Blyth. Toe figure bears the name 
"•AbromLs chloronotus, no. 839. Reg. modfstus auct.? " 
In the Appendix to Hodgson's' Drawings of Birds of Nepal in the British 
Museum,' plate 45, are two figures undoubtedly representing P. maculypennis, 
Blyth, showing the gi'ey on the head and the white inside webs of the outside 
tail-feathers. These figures are also numbered u839." 

Inasmuch as neither Hodgson nor Gray published any description of this 
species, and since it is clear that Hodgson confounded it with the following 
one, and that consequently his name has been frequently applied to both 
species, it seems to me perfectly clear that his name must be reieefced in favour 
of that of Blyth. 

2. PHYLLOSCOPUS. 
71 

green, the feathers of the rump, which are much developed, ending 
in a broad band of deep yellow, which conceals the olive-green 
upper tail-eoverts. The head, nape, and hind neck, the lores, and 
the space behind the eye to the nape are dark olive-brown ; a well-
defined pale buff eye-stripe reaches from the base of the bill to the 
nape; an irregular, pale buff mesial line on the crown reaches from 
the forehead to the nape. Wing-coverts brown, the lesser wing-
coverts with broad yellowish-green margins; the median wing-
coverts tipped with deep yellow, forming a narrow upper bar across 
the wings • and the greater wing-coverts more broadly tipped with 
the same colour, forming a well-defined, broad, conspicuous, deep-
yellow lower bar across the wings ; quills brown, edged on the 
outside web with yellowish green, and einargiiuted as far as the 
sixth- innermost secondaries with a well-defined yellowish-white 
terminal spot on the outer web. Tail-feathers brown, the outside 
webs margined with yellowish green ; two, and frequently three, 
outside feathers on each side pure white, including their shafts, 
with the terminal third part of the outer web brown, and the basal 
third part of the outer web yellow. Underparts from the bill down* 
to the breast greyish white; below, including the axillaries and 
under wing-coverts, greyish yellow, brightest in the centre of the 
"belly ; inner margin of quills nearly white. Bill slender, Phylloscopine, 
both mandibles dark brown. Legs, feet, and claws brown. 

•Fourth, and fifth primaries longest; second primary about equal to 
the tenth* bastard primary nearly half the length of the second 
primary, the exposed part measuring 0*5 to 0*55 inch. Length of 
wing 2*0 to 1*8 inches, tail 1*6 to 1*35. culmen 0*35 to 0*4. 
Hodgson's Barred Willow-Warbler probably breeds in the pine-
districts of the Himalayas, in Nepal and Sikkim, coming down into 
the valleys during the cold season. 

a, h, c, d, e,f. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
g, h, i. Ad.'sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum [P.]. 
k, I. Ad. sk. Darjeeling. J. Fotberingliam, Esq. [P.]. 
m, n. Ad. sk. Darjeehng. Henry Seebolim, Esq. |_P.j. 

23. Phylloscopus proregulus. 
Motacilla proregulus, Pall Zoogr. Bosso-As. i. p. 499 (1811). 
Regulus modestUb, Gould, B. Bur. ii. p. 149 (1807). 
Regnlus proregulus (Pall),Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. JEur. p. 184(1840); 


Grayj Gen. B. i. p. 175 (1848, partim). 
Abrornis chloronotus, Hodgs. MS. Drawings {in the Brit. Mus.) of 
Birds of Nepal, Passeres, pi. 57. fig. 5, no. 809, unde 

Abrornis chloronopus, Hodr/s.,Gra?/s Zool. Misc. p. 82. no. 839 (1844); 
Gray, Cat M. $ Bh ds Nepal pres. Hodgs. pp. 66, 152 (1846); Bp. 
Cons/>. i. p. 291 (1850). 

Reguloides chloronotus (Hodgs.), Bh/tli, Cat.B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 184 

(1849); Jerdon, B. India, ii. p. 197 (1868). 
Phyllobasileus chloronotus (Hodgs.), Cuhanis, Journ. Orn. 1850, p. 96. 
Sylvia (Phyllopneuste) proregulub (Pall), Middend. Meis. Sibir. Zool. 

"p. 183 (1853, partim). 
Reguloides proregulus (Pall.), Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 307 et subseq., 

TURDIDJ3. 

n 

id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 357; Blanf. X A. S. Beng. xli. pt. 2, p. 53 
(1872); Brooks, J. A. S. Beng. xli.pt. 2, p. 81 (1872); Hume, Nests 
Etjgs Lid. B, p. 308 (LS73); Hume $ Renders. Lahore to Tark. 

p. 220 {1873); Bh/th $ JValden, B. Burm. p. 106 (1875); Tacz. Bull. 
Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 141; Prjev. Roioleys Orn. Misc. ii. p. 172 
(1877); David et Out>t. Ois. Chine, p. 274 (1877); Hume, Stray 
Feath. vi. p. 358 (1878). 
Sylvia (Pliyllopneuste) superciliosa (Gmel), Fadde, JReis. Sibir. Vog. 
y.^ (18(53, partim). 
Sylvia proregulus (Fall.), Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 216. no. 3065 
'(1869). 
Pliyllopneuste (Fliyllobasileus) proregulus (Fall), Homeyer, Journ. 
Om. 1872, p. 208. 
Phylloscopus proregulus (Fall), Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, pp. 104; 162. 

Spring plumage. General colour of the upper parts olive-green, 
darker on the head between the mesial line and the eye-stripes, and 
slightly paler on the upper tail-coverts ; rump bright yellow, well 
defined from the lower back and upper tail-coverts; forehead, a 
well-defined mesial line extending to the nape, and an equally well-
defined eye-stripe on each side also extending to the nape, pale 
yellow ; the feathers before the eye and behind the eye dark brown, 
and several dark feathers on the edges of the mesial line and eye-
stripes and round the nape; wing-coverts brown, the lesser wing-
coverts with broad olive-green margins; the median and greater 
wing-coverts with broad well-defined bright-yellow tips, forming 
two conspicuous bars across each wing; quills brown, with very 
narrow white tips ; outbide edge of the quills margined with yellowish 
green, becoming broader and jjaler on the terminal half of 
the innermost secondaries• quills emarginated as far as the sixth; 
tail-feathers brown, the outside webs margined with yellowish 
green, and the inside webs wTith a narrower greyish-white margin. 
Greneral colour of the underparts white, suffused with grey on 
the chin, throat, and lower neck, and with yellow on the breast, 
flanks, and under tail-coverts ; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and 
thighs yellow; inner margin of quills nearly white. Bill slender, 
Phylloscopine; both mandibles dark brown, the under mandible 
somewhat paler at the base. Legs, feet, and claws light brown. 
Fourth and fifth primaries longest* second primary shorter than 

the eighth• the exposed part of the bastard primary 0*55 to 0*6 
inch. Length of wing, male 2*05 to 1*95 inch, female 1*9 to 1*8; 
length of tail, male 1*65 to 1*55, female 1*5 to 1*45; length of 
culmen 0*36 to 0*39. 

Summer plumage. The yellow of the mesial line, eye-stripes, 
wing-bars, and rump becomes paler by abrasion, and the pale tips 
to the quills disappear ,* the broad edges to the innermost secondaries 
become narrow. Otherwise the changes from spring plumage 
are very slight. 

Autumn plumage. Similar to the spring plumage, but more 

brilliant. 
Winter plumage. Scarcely distinguishable from summer plumage. 
Pallas's Barred "Willow-Warbler breeds in the subalpine districts 

2 . PHYLLOSCOPUS. 
7:3 
of South-eastern Siberia, and throughout the alpine dint riots of 
the Himalayas from Cashmere to Burma. Passes through North 
China on migration, and winters in Honth China, Burma, and 
Bengal. 

a, b, c, d. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. IT. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
e,f, g. Ad. sk. Sikkim (Mandrill). II. Soobohm, Esq. [P.J. 
h* d ad. sk. Lake Baikal (Dybowshy). 11. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

24. Phylloscopus pulcher. 
Abromis erochroa, Ilodgs. MS. Drawings {in the Brit. Mm.) of 
JBirds of Nepal, Basseres, pi. 57. fi». 2, no. 383, undh Ilodgs. Grays 
Zool. Misc.y. 82, no. 383 (1844, dew. nulla); Gray, Cat. Mamm. §c. 
Nepalpres. Ilodgs. p. 06 (1840, descr. seuinda) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 291 
(1850); Horsf. # Moore, Cat. B. Mui. E.I. Co. p. 340 (1854). 

Abromis pulchrala, Ilodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mas.) of Birds 
of Nepal, Passeres, pi. 57. no. 879, & pi. 58, wide Ilodgs. Gray's 
Zool. Misc. p. 82. no. 879 (1844, descr. nulla). 

Phylloscopus 
puleher {Ilodgs.), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 592 
(1845, descr. prima). 
Abrornis pulchra (Ilodgs.), Gray, Cat. Mamm. §c. Nepalpres. Ilodgs. 

p. 66 (1840). 
Culicipeta pulchra (Ilodgs.), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 442 
Begulus erochroa (Ilodgs.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 175 (1848). 
Abromis puleher (Ilodgs.), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 183 
(1849). 

Beguloides erochroa (Ilodgs.), Jerdon, B. India, ii. p. 199 (1868); 
Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. xli. pt. 2, p. 53 (1872); Godwin-Austen, J. A. 
S.B'eng. xliii. pt. 2, p. 1(57(1874); Blyth $ Walden,B. of Burm. 

p. 10(j\l875); Hume fy Davison, Stray Feath. vi. p. 358(1878). 
Svhia erochroa (Hodgs.), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 217. no. 3072 
"(1869). 
Reguloides P, Blanf. J. A. S. Beng. xli. pt. 2, p. 162 (1872). 
Phylloscopus erochrous (Ilodgs.), Seebihm,Ibis, 1877, p. 10G. 

There appears to be little or no variation between spring and 
autumn plumage of this species; nor are the effects of abrasion 
apparent beyond the narrowing of the wing-bar and the lessening 
of the pale tips of the secondaries. 

In full plumage the general colour of the upper parts is dark 
green, the feathers on the rump, which are much developed, having 
a broad yellowish-green terminal band concealing the dark-green 
upper tail-coverts; crown between the eye-stripes, lores, and the 
feathers behind the eye to the nape dark olive-green; eye-stripe 
pale huffish green, not very well defined, and extending to the nape; 
mesial line on the crown nearly obsolete; wing-coverts brown, 
the lesser coverts with broad green margins, the median coverts with 
green tips, forming an obscure upper wing-bar; greater coverts 
with broad well-defined orange tips, forming a conspicuous lower 
wing-bar; quills brown, on the outside web margined with green 
fading into yellowish white, and becoming broad and conspicuous 
on the terminal portion of the innermost secondaries; quills emar


74 
TURDIDJ3. 

ginatcd as far as the sixth; tail-feathors brown, the outside webs 
margined with green, and the inside webs and shafts of the three 
outer feathers on each side pure white, the outside web of these 
feathers being brown on the terminal half, and white tinged with 
greenish yellow on the basal half. General colour of the underparts 
dull greenish yellow, biightest on the centre of the belly; inner 
margin of quills nearly white. Bill slender, Phylloscopine; both 
mandibles dark brown, the under mandible paler at the ^ase. Legs, 
feet, and claws brown. Eourth, fifth, and sixth primaries longest; 
second primary about equal to the tenth ; the exposed part of the 
bastard primary measures 0*55 to 0*65 inch. Length of wing, male 
2-45 to 2-3, female 2-25 to 2*1 inches; length of tail, male 2*0 
to 1*8, female 1*75 to TO ; length of culmen 0*5 to 0-4-5. 

The Orange-barred Willow-Warbler breeds in the pine-regions of 
the Himalayas, in Nepal and Sikkim, coming down into the valleys 
during the cold season, but rarely, or never, descending into the 
plains of India. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [PA 
(Type of Abrornis erochroa, Hodgs.) 
c, d, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of Abrornis pulchrala, Hodgs.) 
/. Ad. sk. Darjeelmg. J. Fotheringham, Esq. [P.], 

g. Ad. sk. N.W. India (Capt. G. R. B. Sharpe, E^q. [P.]. 
F.L. Marshall). 
h. 
Ad. sk. Simla. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
[P.]. 
e. Ad. sk, Sikkim (MandelM). Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
k. Ad. sk. Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum. 
25. Phylloscopus subviridis. (Plate TV. fig. 2.) 
Eeguloides subviridis, 
Brooks, P. A. S. Beng. 1872, p. 148; Hume. 
Stray Feath. iv. p. 494 (1876). 
Phylloscopus subviridis {Brooks)7 Seebohm, Ibis, 1877; p. 106. 
Spring plumage unknown. 
Summer jp lumcuje unknown. 
Autumn jplumage. General colour of the upper parts olive-green, 
shading into light yellowish green at the termination of the rump-
feathers, which are there well defined from the olive-green upper 
tail-coverts; an irregularly defined greenish-yellow eye-stripe extends 
from the base of the bill to the nape; a still less regularly 
defined greenish-yellow mesial line extends from the forehead to the 
nape ; lores, the feathers between the eye and the nape, and between 
the eye-stripes and the mesial line on the crown olive ; wing-coverts 
brown, the lesser wing-coverts with broad olive-green margins, the 
median wing-coverts with slightly paler tips forming an obscure bar 
across the wings, and the greater wing-coverts with broad well-
defined pale tips, forming a conspicuous dirty yellowish-white bar 
across the wings ; quills brown, all the secondaries and four or live 
of the primaries with narrow dirty yellowish-white tips ,* outside 
webs of the quills margined with yellowish green, fading into dirty 

3 . H.IPOIAIS, 
75 

yellowish white on tlio terminal half of tlto innermost sccondaricH; 
quills emarginated as far as the sixth; tail-feathers brown, the 
outside webs edged with yellowish green, and the inside webs, 
except those ofthe two centre feathers, with a narrow greyish-white 
margin. Underparts a nearly uniform greenish yellow ; inner margin 
of quills nearly white. Bill slender, Phylloscopine, dark brown, with 
the under mandible paler at the base. Legs, foot, and claws brown. 
Fourth primary slightly the longest; second primary generally intermediate 
in length between the eighth and ninth, in very rare 
instances between the seventh and eighth, or between the ninth 
and tenth ; the exposed part of the bastard primary measures 0*5 
to 0*6 inch. Length of wing 2*35 to 2*04 inches, tail 1*9 to 1*05, 
culmen 0*4 to 0*45. 

Winter plumage. Similar to the autumn plumage, but with the 
mesial line on the crown, the bar across the wings, and the pale 
tips to the quills more or less abraded. 

Brooks's Barred Willow-Warbler breeds in the highlands of Forth-
western Cashmere in abundance, and "winters in the plains of the 
North-west Provinces of India, as far east as Cawnpore. 

a. Ad. sk. Murshedabad, Nov. 2,
{Capt. Marshall). 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Etawah, N.W. India,
Nov. 
W. E. Brooks; Esq. [P.], 
c. d. Ad, sk.
e,f, g. Ad. sk. 
Cawnpore. 
N.W. Himalayas. 
W. E. Brooks, Esq. [P.]. 
Capt. Stackhouse Pmwill 

h, i} Jc, <$ ad. sk. Kabuan, Feb. 15; Girov, PL Seebohm, Ebq. [P.]. 
Jan. 20; Boogia, Feb. 
13 (A. Anderson). 

3. HYPOLAIS. Type> 
Hypolais, Brehm % Isis, 1828, p. 1283 H. icteiina. 
Lusciola, subgenus Icluna, Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. 

p. luii (1840) II. caligata. 
Mima, Bonaparte, Consp. i. p. 295 (1850) II. caligata. 
Jeidonia, Ilttme, Ibis, 1870, p. 182 H. caligata. 
Eleophonus, Severtzoto, Sir. F. iii. p. 427 (1875) II. languida? 
The genus Hypolais is a small group of birds chiefly remarkable 
for laying eggs having a french-grey or salmon-coloured ground. 
They form the connecting link between Phylloscopus and Acrocephalus, 
having the nearly even tail of the foirner and the large bill 
of the latter. From the large-billed subgeneric group of the former 
(Acanthopneustes), besides the difference of the coloration of the eggs, 
already alluded to, they can only be distinguished by the absence of 
the pale tips to the wing-coverts, which in Acanthopneustes form one, 
and often twTo pale bars across the wings. 

All the species of this genus appear to be more or less migratory. 

* This writer, as well as others, spells the word erroneously Hipjpolais, under 
a mistaken idea of its derivation. 
76 
TTTODID-aS. 

They moult twice in the year ; and the young birds are scarcely to 

be distinguished from adults. With the exception of one species, 

which, for reasons hereafter given, I have divided into &Ye sub


species, there is in no one species any great variation of size; nor 

does there appear to be any constant difference in size between the 

sexes. In every species the tarsus is scutellated in front. 

All the species of this genus have considerable powers of song. 

The basin of the Mediterranean appears to be the centre of distribution 
of this genus—one or two species extending their range 
more to the east, one of them as far as Lake Baical. 

Kuj to the Species. 

A. General colour of the upper parts olive-green; 
underparts yellowish j tail nearly even. 
(Subgeneric group HYPOLAIDES.) 

a. Second primary generally between the fourth and 
fifth; "bastard primary generally shorter than 
the primary-coverts, never extending more than 
O05 inch beyond them, Length of wing 3-2 to 
2'9 inches. Legs bluish grey icterina, p. 77. 
b. Second primary generally between the sixth and 
seventh ; bastard primary exceeding the primary 
coverts by 0*1 to 0*28 inch. Length of wing 
2-Q to 2'o8 inches. Legs pale brown polyghtta, p. 79. 
B. 
General colour of the upper parts brown or grey ; 
underparts white or pale brown ; outside tail-
feathers 015 to 0*2 inch shorter than the longest. 
(Subgeneric group IDUN^E.) 

a. Bastard primary shorter than the primary-coverts, 
or not exceeding them more than 0*05 inch . . 
a'. Second primary intermediate between the 
fourth and fifth; bastard primary falling 
short of the primary-coverts by 0-2 to 0*25 
inch. Length of wing 3*45 to 3*3 inches .. olivetorum, p. 79. 

b\ 
Second primary intermediate between the fifth 
and sixth j bastard primary falling short of 
the primary coverts by 01 inch, or extending 
0*05 beyond them. Length of wing 3-05 to 
2*8 inches languida, p. 80. 

b. Bastard primary exceeding the'primary-coverts by 
at least 0-1 inch. 
c\ General colour of the upper parts pale sandy 
brown or isabelline brown obsoleta, p. 8i$. 
d'. General colour of the upper parts darkish rufous 
brown or grey. 
a". Second primary generally intermediate between 
the fifth and sixth ; bastard primary 
exceeding the primary-coverts from 04 to 
0*3 inch. Length, of wing 2*75 to 2'5 inches, 
culmen 07 to 0*6 pallida, p. 82. 

b". Second primary generally intermediate between 
the fifth and sixth; bastard primary 
exceeding the primary-coverts from 0*2 to 
0-32 inch. Length of wing 275 to 2-6 


3. HYPoGvra. 
77 
indies, culmon 071 to 0'(>1 Bill It us 
laterally depressed than in allied subspecies optica, p, 83. 


c". Second primary generally intermediate between 
the seventh and eighth or eighth and 
ninth ; bastard primary exceeding tin1 primary-
coverts from 0"2 to 04. Length of 
wing 2*53 to 2*3 inches, culmeu 0*0 to 0 33. rama, p. 84. 

d". Second primary generally intermediate between 
the sixth, and seventh; bastard primary 
exceeding the primary-eoverta 0*15 to 
0-2(1 Length of wing 2-38 to 2-28 inches, 
culmeu 0"5l to 0*3 caligata, p. 85, 

1. Hypolais icterina. 
Motacilla hypolais, Linn* Sgsb. Nat. i. p. 330 (1770). 

>•-'* Sylvia 
hvpolais (Linn.), Bechst.* Orn. Taschenb. p. 173 (1802); 
Wolf, Taschenb. i. p. 240 (1810); Temm. Man. d'Om. p. 122 
(18i5) ; id. Man. cCOm. i. p. 222 (1820); Nainn. Yog. DeutschL 

iii. p. 340 (1823) ; Foersm. Add. Pall. Zooqr. Rosso-A^iat. fasc. i. 
p. 24 (1835); Gould, B. Ear. ii. pi. 133 (1837); Nordm. Demid. 
Voi/. Russ. mend. iii. p. 141 (1840); Werner, Atlas, Insectiv. 
pi. 33 (1842) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 174 (1848) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl. 
p. G8 (1858); Gray, tland-l. B. l. p. 215. no. 3042 (1869). 
Muscipeta hypolais {Linn.), Koch *, 8y*t baier. Zool. i. p. 170 (1816). 
Sylvia icterina, Vieill. N. Diet. d'FList. Nat. xi. p. 194 (1817); id. 
Fame Franc, i. p. 211 (1820). 
Hypolais alticeps, J 
Hypolais media, V Brehm *, Isis, 1828, p. 1283. 
Hypolais planiceps, ) 
Hypolais hypolais (Linn.), Kaup, Nat'drl. Syst. p. 90 (1829). 

y Hypolais salicaria (Linn.), apud Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. $• N. Amer. 

p. 13 (1838), apud Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 202 
(1859), apud Loche, Fjpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 273 (1807), apud 
Ileagl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 29 > (1809), apud Fritseh, Vog. Fur. 
p. 101 (1870), apudSharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 33 (1871). 
Ficedula 
hypolais (Linn.), Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Fur. pp. lvi & 184 
(1840); iSchl. Rev. Crib. p. xxvi (1844); Ileugl. ISyst Uebers. 

p. 23 (1850) ; Linderm. Vog. Gnechenl. p. 97 (1800); Newt. List 
B. Fur. Blasius, p. 11 (1802); Doderl. Amf. Sicil. p. 130 (1809) ; 
Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 100 (1869); Gould, B. Gt. Br. ii. 
pi. lxxi. (1873). 
Hypolais polyglotta (Vieill.), Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 99 
(1842). 

Hypolais icterina (Vieill.), Gerbe, Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 440; Degl. et 
Gerbe, Orn. Fur. p. 498 (1807); Salvad. Faun. Ital Ucc. p. 109 
(1871) ; Netvton, ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 360 (1873) ; Dresser, B. 
Fur. pt. xxviii (1874). 

Ficedula ambigua (Sehl.), Durazzo, Descr, di Genova, i. pt. 2, 

pp. 170,177 (1840). 
Sylvia obscura, Smith, III. Zool S. Afr., Birds, pi, 112. fig. 1 (1849). 
Phyllopneuste hypolais (Linn.), Schl. Dier. Nederl. Vogels, p. 58 

* These writers spell the word erroneously hippolais, under a mistaken idea 
of its derivation. 
78 TtTRDIDiE, 

(1861); Hartmg, llandb. Br.B. p. 106 (1872); Shelky, B. Egypt, 

p. 103 (1872) ; Gurnet/, Anderss. B. Damara Land, p. 100 (1872). 
^ Salicaria italica, Salvad. AM R. Ac. Sc. Tor. iii. p. 2(38 (1808). 
In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts, including* the lores, ear-coverts, and the sides of the 
neck, is olive-green; a somewhat indistinct greenish-yellow eye-
stripe extends from the base of the bill, losing itself behind the eye ; 
the quills are brown, narrowly edged and somewhat more broadly 
tipped with greenish white; the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries 
are still more broadly edged with browner white; tail-
feathers brown, with very narrow pale edges, and generally with 
very indistinct traces of transverse bars. The underparts, including 
the axillaries, are uniform greenish yellow, many of the feathers on 
the thighs and under wing-coverts having brown centres ; inner 
margin of quills pale grey. Bill Acrocephaline ; upper mandible dark 
brown, under mandible pale horn-colour; rictal bribtles moderately 
developed. Wing with the third primary very slightly longer 
than the fourth, and the second primary generally intermediate in 
length between the fourth and filth, in very rare instances equal to 
or slightly shorter than the fifth ; bastard primary narrow and 
pointed, generally falling short of the primary-coverts 0*1 inch, but 
in birds of the year occasionally extending 0-05 inch beyond them. 

Legs, feet, and claws bluish grey. Length of wing 3'2 to 2-9 inches, 
tail 2-25 to 2-0, culmen 0*6(j to 0-59, tarsus 0-8. Tail nearly even. 

The female scarcely differs from the male. After the autumn 
moult the olive-green of the upper parts is slightly greyer, and the 
greenish yellow of the underparts paler and less green. Birds of 
the year scarcely differ from adults in autumn plumage. 

The Icterine Tree-Warbler breeds in Central and Northern 
Europe, from the Atlantic to the Ural Mountains, extending northwards 
as far as the Arctic circle. In England it is only an accidental 
visitor. It passes through South Europe and North Africa on 
migration, and winters in South Africa (Damara Land, Ovampo,&c). 

a, b. Ad. sk. Europe. Baron De Selyschamps [P.]. 
Long-
c. Ad. sk. 
d. 2 ad* sk. 
Europe. 
South Sweden (June 7, 
Meves). 
Purchased. 
P. B. Sharpe; Esq. [P.]. 
e,f. $ ad. sk. Valkenswaard, Holland E. Godman and O. Salvin, 
h. Ad. sk. 
g, i. Ad. sk. 
{Baker). 
Antwerp. 
Constantinople (May 9, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.I 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [Pj . 
h. Ad. sk. 
1 $ ad. sk. 
W. Pearce). 
Tunis. 
Ondonga,Nov. 29 {C.J. 
Anderssori). 
L. Eraser, Esq. TP.]. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
m. $ ad. sk. Damara Land, Oct. 26 
{C. J. Andei*ssori). 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
n. $ ad. sk. Damara Land, March 
31 (C J. Anderssori). 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
o. 6 ; P> $ sk. Wiirtemburg. Br. Giinther. 

8 . HYPOIAIS. 
2. Hypolais polyglotta, 
Sylvia polyglotta, Vieill N. Diet. cVIIist Nat xi. p. 200 (1817); 
id. Fame Franc, i. p. 212 (1820) ; Horn-, Orn. Prov. p. 343 (1825) : 
Gray, J5few<W. i?. i. p. 213. no. 3043 (1809). 

. Sylvia flaveola, Vieill. N. Diet d'Uist Nat xi. p. 185 (1817); id. 

* Faime Franc. I p. 213 (1820). 
Sylvia hypolais (Linn.), Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 287 (1827). 
Ficedula icterimi (Vieill.), Keys, u. Bias. Wirb. Fur. pp. lvi, 185 
(1840). 
Sylvia icterina, Vieill, Bp. Faun. Ital Ucc. pi. 28. fig. 1 (1841). 
Eiypolais polyglotca (Vieill), Gerbe, Bev. Zool 1844, p. 440; Jaub. 
et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 263 (1859); Deqlet Gerbe, Orn. 
EurA. p. 502(1867) ; Loche, Rxpl Sci. Alger., O/s.'i. p. 275 (1807) : 
Salvad. Faun. Ital Ucc. p. 110 (1871). 

Salicaria hypolais (Linn.), Fdtppi, Musi Medial, p. 30 (1847). 

Ficedula polyglotta ( Vieill), Schl Vog. Nederl p. 13G (1854); Neiot 

List B. Fur. Blasius, p. 11 (1802); JDoderl Avif. Sicil p. 130 

(1869). 

Hypolais salicaria (Linn.), Fritsch, Vog. Fur. p. 161 (1870). 

This species only differs structurally from the preceding in being 
slightly smaller, with a slightly different wing-formula. The general 
colour both of the upper and underparts is less brilliant, being 
slightly suffused with buff; and the legs, feet, and claws are pale 
brown. Wing with the third primary very slightly longer than the 
fourth, and the second primary generally intermediate between the 
sixth and seventh, in very rare instances a trine longer than the 
sixth ; bastard primary exceeding the primary-coverts by 0*1 to 
0-23 inch. Length of wing 2*6 to 2*38 inches, tail 2-0 to 1-9, 
culmen 0*6 to 0*54, tarsus 0*85. Tail nearly even. 

Changes of plumage similar to those of the preceding species. 
The Melodious Tree-Warbler breeds in Algeria, Spain, Italy, and 
South France, occasionally straying as far north as North France and 

Belgium. It winters in Senegambia. 
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. st.
c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk. 
Europe ( Verreaux). 
France. 
Gambia river. 
Gambia river. 
Purchased. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Rev. D. F. Morgan [P.], 

3. Hypolais olivetorum. 
Salicaria olivetorum, Strickland, jide Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 107 (1837) ; 
Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Fur. p. liv (1840); Linderm. Vog.Griechenl 

p. 88 (1860). 
Oalamoherpe olivetorum (Strichl), Bp* Comp. List. B. Fur. §• N. 
Amer. p. 13 (1838). . 
Sylvia olivetorum (Strickl), Temm. Man. d?Om. iv. p. 611 (1840) ; 
Werner, Atlas, Lnsectiv. App. pi. iv. (1842); Drummond, Ann. 
Nat. Mist. xii. p. 415 (1843); Gray, Eand-l B. i. p. 214. no. 3027 
(1869). 

Hypolais olivetorum (Strichl), Gerbe, Bev. Zool vii. p. 440 (1844); 
Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 233 (1870); Fritsch, Vog. Fur. p. 163 
(1870); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 99 (1872); Dresser, B. Fur. 
pt. xxvii. (1874). 

80 lUHDIBJS. 

Ficodula olivetorum (Sfrickl.), Schley. Bijd. tot de Bierk. Amsterd. 
folio i. p. 27 (1848); Newton, List B. Eur. Blasius, p. 11 (18(52); 
Boderl. Avif. Sicil p. ltfl (1809). 

Calamodyta olivetorum (Strickl.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848). 
Chloropeta olivetorum (Strickl), Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. i. 

p. 2151) (1867;. 
In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts, including the lores, ear-coverts, and the sides of the 
neck, is brownish-grey slightly tinged with olive, especially on the 
rump and upper tail-coverts; a very indistinct eye-stripe extends 
from the base of the bill, but can rarely be traced behind the eye ; 
the quills are brown, narrowly tipped and edged with greyish white; 
the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries are more broadly edged 
with greyer white; tail-feathers brown, the outer feathers with 
broad and tolerably well-defined greyish-white margins broadest at 
the tip, gradually diminishing on the succeeding feathers until they 
are lost entirely on the two centre ones; very indistinct traces of 
transverse bars generally observable on the tail-feathers. The 
undcrparts are pale buffish white, shading into nearly pure white 
on the chin, throat, and the centre of the belly, and into pale grey 
on the flanks; auxiliaries, under wing-coverts, and thighs buffish. 
white, shading into pale-grey on the centres of the feathers; inner 
margin of quills very pale buff. Bill Acrocepkaline; upper mandible 
dark brown, under mandible pale horn-colour; rictal bristles 
small. "Wing with the third primary longest, and the second inter


mediate in length between the fourth and fifth, in rare instances 
equal to the fourth; bastard primary very narrow and pointed, 
falling short of the primary-coverts by Q'2 to 0*25 inch. Legs, feet, 
and claws dark bluish grey. Length of wing 3*45 to 3*3 inches, tail 
2*75 to 2*6, culmen 0*78 to 0-7, tarsus 0*95 to 0*85; oatside tail-
feathers 0*15 to 0-2 shorter than the longest. 

The female scarcely differs from the male. After the autumn moult 
the general colour of the undcrparts is greyer. Birds of the year 
scarcely differ from adults in autumn plumage. 

The Olive Tree-Warbler is a late summer migrant to Greece, Asia 
Minor, and Palestine. It also breeds in Algeria. Its winter 
quarters are unknown; but a solitary example has been oMained in 
Egypt, and a second in Abyssinia, whence we may infer ^hat they 
are somewhere in Central Africa. 

a. $ ad. sk.
b. J ad. sk.
c. Juv. sk. 
Smyrna, July 10 (Dr. Kriiper). 
Smyrna; May 13 (Dr. Kriiper). 
Smyrna, July 5 (Br, Kriiper). 
R.B. Sharpe;Esq. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. Ad. sk. Greece. M. Parzudaki [C.j. 
4. Hypolais languida. 

Curruca languida, Hempr. et Ehr. Sy?nb. JPhys., Aves, fol. cc (1833). 

Salicaria languida (Hempr. et Ehr.), Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur.-p. liv 
(1840). 

Hypolais languida (Hempr. et Ehr.), Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 37 (1850) ; 
Keugl Orn. 2T. O.-Afr. i. p. 296 (1869) ; Blanf Geol. $ Zool Abyss. 

3 . RYP01A.IS. 
p. 379 (1870); Dresser, B. Em\ pt. xxviii. (1874); Blmf. East. 
Fers. ii. p. 183 (1870). 
Bypokiw upckuri, Tristram, P. Z, S. 1804, p. 4.'J8 ; id. i&«>, 18G7, p. Si. 
Sylvia upcheri (Tristram), Gray, lland-l. B, i. p. 215. no. MU(> (1HU0). 
Sylvia magnirostris, tievtrtz. Tiakest. Jevotii. pp. 0*3, 123 (187.J). 
Acrocepkalus sogclianensis, D/esser, ILis, 1874, p. 420. 
Eleophonus hmguida (Mempr, et Ehr.), tieveitz, titrat/ Featk iii. 

p. 427 (1875). 
In tlie adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
tipper parts, including the lower ear-coverts and hides of the neck, is 
brownibh grey; a very indistinct eve-stripe extends from the base 
of the bill, and can occasionally be traced behind the eye ; the 
quills are brown, narrowly tipped and edged with greyish white; 
the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries are more bioadly edgul 
with greyer white; tail-feathers bro\\n, narrowly margined with 
greyish white, outside feathers broadly tipped with white, the 
w7hite tips gradually becoming narrower until they are lost altogether 
on the two centre featheis; very indistinct traces of transverse 
bars generally observable on the tail-featkeis. The underpays 
are ] ale huffish white, shading into nearly pure white on the 
chin, tkroat, and centre of the belly, and into \ ale hi own on the 
flanks; axillaiies, under wing-coveits, and thighs huffish white; 
inner margin of quills very pale brown. Bill Acroocphaline ; upper 
mandible dark brown, under mandible pale horn-colour; rictal bristles 
small. "Wing with the thiid and fourth primaiics nearly equal and 
longest, and the second intermediate in length between the fifth and 
sixth,in rare instances equal to the sixth; bastard piimary narrow 
and generally pointed, usually falling short of the primary-coverts 
by at least -05 inch, but occasionally extending that distance beyond 
them. Legs, feet, and claws dark brown. Length of wing 3*05 
to 2-8 inches, tail 2-6 to 2-4, culmen 0-7 to 0*0, tarsus 0*85; 
outside tail-feathers 0*15 shorter than the longest. 

The female scarcely diffois from the male. After the, autumn 
moult the faded summer dress is replaced by a plumage scarcely 
differing from that of spring. It is not known that birds of the 
year present any peculiarities of plumage. 

UpeherVIree Waibier breeds in Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Northern 
Abyssinia, South-eastern Persia, Baluchistan, and Turkestan. It 
is noli known whether its migrations extend beyond leaving the 
mountains, where it has been found up to an elevation of 5000 
feet, for the plains. In Turkestan it is certainly only a summer 

visitor. 
a. d ad. sk. Eairo, Abyssinia, Aug. 13 E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Jesse), 
h. 9 ad. sk. Lehka valley, Bogos, W. T. Blanford, E^q. [C.]. 
1200 feet. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Bogcs. Mr. Esler [C.]. 
e. 6 ad. sk. East of Slriraz, S,Persia, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.J. 
5000 feet, June 3. 
/. $ ad. sk. Bam, S.E. Persia, 4000 W. T. Blanford, Esq. [O.]. 
feet, April 25. 
VOL. v. & 

82 TTTRDLD2E. 

Hypolais opaca, Hypolais pallida, Hypolais rania, Hypolais 
caligata, and Hypolais obsoleta. 

This is a very puzzling group of birds. An unbroken series may 
be found from the largest H. opaca from Spain, through the smaller 
II pallida from Greece and Asia Minor, and the still smaller 
II pallida and //. rama from Persia, down to the small skins of 
If. rama from India and the still smaller II. caligata from Turkestan 
and India, which latter become paler in colour where they live in 
the more sandy districts and become the form known as H. obsoleta. 
Under these circumstances I see no alternative but to regard the 
brown-coloured species of Hypolais as a most interesting example 
of a species in the process of breaking up into several species. 

H. olivetoram has obviously become perfectly differentiated and has 
long ago ceased to intermarry with the inferior caste. H, languida 
has apparently only just succeeded in isolating itself; but I am not 
sure that in a large enough series of this rare bird intermediate 
forms might not occur between it and H. pallida. The other 
supposed species can only be considered distinct from each other 
on the theory that in intermediate localities they habitually 
hybridize. 
The synonymy of the Central and widest spread form is as 
follows:— 

5. Hypolais pallida. 
Ourmca pallida, Hempr. et Ehr. Symb. P/iys., Aves, fol. bb (1833). 
Cuxruca andromeda, Hempr. et Ehr. Symb. Phi/s., Aves. fol. bb 

(1833). 
Cuiruca maxillaris, Hempr. etEhr. Symb. Phys., Aves, fol.bb (1833). 
Salicaria pallida (Hempr. et Ehr.), Keys. u. Blew. Wirb. Eur. p. liv 

(1840) ; Heitc/l. Syst. Uebers. p. 22 (1856) ; Severtz. Turhest Jevotn. 
pp.66, 129 (1873). 
Salicaria elyeiea, Linderm. Ms. 1843. p. 343; id. Vog. Griechenl. 

p.90(18o0). 
Ficodula ambigua, Sclil. Bev. Crit. pp. xxvi, 53 (1844). 
Hypolais elceiea (Linderm.), Gerbe, Bev. Zoo7. 1844, p. 440 ; Heugl. 

'Orn. N.O.~Afr. i. p. 297 (18 9); B'anf. Geol § Zoo!. Abyss, p. 3S0 
(1870); Fimch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 232 (1870); Fritsch, >og. Eur. 
p. 163 (1870); Satvad. Faun. Ital Uco. p. Il l (1871); Sharps, 

Cat. Afr. B. p. 33 (1871) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p 100 (1872). 
Ficedula elseica (Linderm.), Schl. Bijd. tot de Dierk. Amsterd. pt. 1, 

p. 27 (1848); Newt. List B. Eur'. Blasius, p. 11 (1862) ; FiUppi, 
Viagg. Pers. p. 348 (1865). 
Calamodyta elaeica (Linderm.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848). 
Sylvia preglii, Frauenfeld, Verh. zool.-bot. Ver. Wien, i. p. 54 

"(1852). 
? Hypolais verdoti, Jaub. Bev. et Mag. de Zool 1855, p. 70. 
Sylvia elseica (Linderm.), Von der Miihle, Mon. eur. Sylv. p. 93 

(1856); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 214. no. 3028 (1869). 
Chloropeta elseica (Linderm.), Bp. Cat Parzud. p. 6 (185Q) ; Loche, 
Bxpl Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 270 (1867). 

3 . HYPOL.UH. 
BUpolais pallida (Ehr.), Dubois, Ois. Ear. pi. 71 (LS(>2); Dresser, 

B. Eur. pi. xxxi. (1874) ; Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 187 (LS7Uj. 
Acroc^phalus pallidas (Ehr.), Ileiu/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. t), 294 
(1809). * 
Salicaria tamariceti, Severtz. Turkest. Jeuotn. pp. GO, 131 (1^73). 

This species is of precisely the same colour as the preceding, and 
differs from it only in being a slightly smaller bird with a somewhat 
longer bastard primary. Possibly the legs and feet may be a shade 
paler in colour. 3No difference is observable in the .shape or colour 
of the bill, or in the rietal bristles. The wing formula is the same, 
but the bastard primary is always longer than the primary-coverts, 
extending beyond them from 0*L to 0*3 inch. Length of wing 2*75 
to 2-5 inches, tail 2*20 to 2*0, culmen 0*7 to 0*0, tarsus 0*9 to 0*8; 
outside tail-feathers 0*15 inch shorter than the longest. 

There are no apparent differences of age, sex, or season beyond 
those of the usual fading of colour and abrasion of the edges of the 
feathers, which takes place during summer and winter. 

The Olivaceous Tree-Warbler is a regular summer visitor to 
Palestine, Greece, Asia Minor, and probably Italy. Its breeding-
range extends eastwards through Persia to Turkestan, and southwards 
through Egypt to Abyssinia. Its winter quarters appear to 
be unknown. 

a. (S ad. sk. Smyrna, June 15 (Dr. "R. B. Sharps, Esq. 
Kruper). 
b. $ juv. sk. Smyrna, July 22 (Br. R B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Ki icper). 
c. Ad. sk. Greece (Parzudahi). Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk. Constantinople. F. Godman and O. 
Salvin, E&qrs. [P.]. 
e,f, g, h. $ $ad. sk. Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.]. 
*. c?*acl. sk. Palestine, April (Tiis- F. Godman and O. 

tram). 
Salvin, E^qrs. | P.]. 

h. $ ad. sk. Palestine, March 19 F. Godman and O. 
('Tristram). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
I Ad. sk. Egypt. J. Bownng, E&q. [C."|. 

m. 
Ad. sk. Assouan, Egypt, J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.]. 
March 27. 
n. 
$ ad. sk. Gelamet, Abyssinia, E. B. Sharpe, Esq 
August 4 [Jesse). 
o. 2 ad. sk. Bogos, 200 feet. W.T.Blanford,Esq.[C.]. 
p. Ad. sk. Shiraz. Persia. Col. St. John [O.l. 
q. Ad. sk. Shiraz, 4750 feet. Col. St. John |C.]. 
r. Ad. sk. Persia. Chas. Darwin, Esq. [P.], 
s. 
3 ad. sk. Bampur, Baluchistan, W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
3000 feet, April 7. [0.]. 
* The synonymy of the Western form is as follows:— 
6. Hypolais opaca-
Sylvia opaca, Licht.flde Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 36 (1850). 
Hypolais opaca (Idcht.), Cab. Mm. Hein. i. p. 36 (1850); Homeyer, 
o2 

84 TURBID JE. 

Jouni. Orn. 1853, extra Heft, p. 92; Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 60 
(1857); Dresser, B. Ear. pt. xxviii. (1874). 
Ilypolais pallida (Hemp, et Mr.), apudL. Gerbe, Rev. etMag. de Zool. 

1852, p. 174. 
PliyUopneusle opaca (Cab.),.Licht. Nomencl Av. p. 80 (1854). 
Chloropeta pallida (Hemp, et Mr.), apud Bp. (kit. Parzud. p. 6 

(1850), apud Loche, Expl Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 271 (1867). 
Hypolais arigonis, JBrehm, Ailg. deutsch. naturh. Zeit. iii. p. 467 
\1857). 
Ficedula cinerascens, Be Selys, fide Newton, List B. Eur. Blasius, 
-"*" p. 11 (1802). 
Ilypolais cinerascens, Brehm, III. Thierlehen, p. 865 (1866); JDe Selys, 
fide Deal, et Gerbe, Orn. Ear. i. p. 506 (18(37); Heugl. Orn. NO.Afr.
i.'V. 297(1809). 
Hypolais fuscesceiis, De Selys, fide Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. i. 
^ p. 271 (1867). 
? Ilypolais verdoti, Jaub. apud Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 276 
S (1807). 

I am unable to detect the slightest difference In colour between 
this bird and the one previously described, of which I consider it to 
be a Western form. On an average it Is certainly a larger bird, 
with a wider and less laterally depressed bill; but small skins from 
Spain are indistinguishable from large skins from Asia Minor. 

The wiug formula of the subspecies under consideration does not 
differ from that of the two previously described birds, and the 
bastard primary extends beyond the primary-coverts from 0*2 to 0*32 
inch. Length of wing 2*75 to 2-6 inches, tail 2*3 to 2*15, culmen 
0-71 to 0-05, tarsus 0*9; outside tail-feathers 0*2 inch shorter 
than the longest. 

I have been unable to discover any differences in the plumage 
attributable to age, sex, or season, beyond that of summer and 
winter abrasions. 

The "Western Olivaceous Tree-Warbler is a regular summer visitor 
to Southern Spain and Algeria, wintering in West Africa. 

a. g ad. sk. Malaga, Spain, July 6,1876. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Tunis. L. Fiaser, Esq. [C.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Morocco (Olcese). K. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Tangier (Olcese). Col. Irby [P.]. 
/ . $ ad. sk. Algeria (Verreaux). Purchased. 
g. Adc sk. Abeokuta (H. Robiri), F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.]. 
h, i. Ad. sk. Gambia River. Purchased. 

The synonymy of the Western Asiatic form is as follows:— 

7. Ilypolais rama, 
Sylvia rama, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 89. 

Phyllopneuste rama (Si/Jtes), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 183 
(1849); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.L Co. p. 335 (1854); 
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 189 (1863). 

Hypolais rama (Sykes), Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 187 (1876). 

This subspecies is a shade darker in colour,, both above and below, 
than typical H. pallida. It is on an average a somewhat smaller 

3 . HYPOL.VTS. 
bird, with a shorter second primary and a longer bastard primary. 
The third, fourth, and fifth primaries are nearly equal and Jongost; 
the second primary is usually intermediale in length hetween the 
seventh and eighth, and not unfrequently between the eighth and 
ninth, and, in rare instances, between the sixth and seventh; the 
bastard primary exceods the primary-coverts by 0 2 to 0*4 inch. 
Length of wing 2 53 to 2*3 inches, tail 2-25 to 1*0, culmen 0 6 to 
0*53, tarsus 08 5 to 0*8 ; outside tail-feathers 0*25 to 0*15 inch 
shorter than the longest. 

After the autumn moult the underparts are somewhat more 
suffused with pale buffLh brown than appears to be the case after 
the spring moult; otherwise I can discover no differences atti ihutable 
to age, sex, or season beyond the usual wear and tear of abrasion. 

Sykcs's Tree-Warbler breeds in the valley of the Lower Volga, 
Persia, Turkestan, and Cashmere, and winters in the plains of 
India. 

a. $ ad. sk Ispahan, 5000 feet, July 10. "W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.l. 
b. 
<$ ad. sk. Karman, Persia, 5700 feet, W. T. Blanford, Esq.. [C.]. 
May 28. 
c. 
S ad. sk. Shiraz, Persia, 5300 feet, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.]. 
June 2. 
d. e. S 
ad. sk. Bampur, Baluchistan, 2000 W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.]. 
feet, April 6. 
/. tf ad. sk. Dizak, Baluchistan, 4000 W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.]. 
feet, March 22. 
<7, h. Ad. sk. North-west India. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P."]. 

i. tf ad. sk. Agm,I?eb. 8(Cajpt, Marshall). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
k, I. 
Ad. sk. Deccan (Sykes). India Museum. 
(Types of Sylvia rama, Sykes.) 

m. Ad. sk. Madras. 
T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. 
n. Ad. sk. India. 
T. 0. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. 
The synonymy of the Eastern Asiatic form is as follows ;— 

8. Hypolais caligata. 
Motacilla salicaria, Linn, apud Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. i. p. 492 
(1811). 
Sylvia ctligata, Licht., Eversm. Prise Buchara, p. 128 (1823) ; Gray, 
IIand-1. B. i. p. 209. no. 2X7 (1809). 
Iduna (Luscioln) caligata (Licht.), Keys. u. Mas. Wirb. Eur. 
pp. lviii, 190(1840). 
Sylvia scita, Erersm. Add Tall Zoogr. Bo^so-Asiat fasc. iii. p. 12 

'(1842); Seuertz. Turkest. Jemtn. pp. 06, 130 (1873). 
Salicuia caligata (Licit). Sold. JRPB. Crib. p. 00 (1844). 
Hypolais swainsoni, Ilodys. MS. Drawings (in the Brit Mm.) of B. 

"of Nepal, Passeres, pi. 58. fig. 6, no. 385 bis, wide Hyfohis 
swainsoni, Ilodys., Gray's Zool 'Misc. p. 82. no.3<> (1844) ; Gray, 
Cat. Mamm. and B. Nepal Coll. Ilodys. p. Co (1X40, pwiim). 

Oalautodvta caligata (Licht), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848). 
Oalamoherpe cali»ata (Belt), JDeyl Orn. Eur. i. p. 570 (1S49). 
Calamoherpo scita (Erersm.), By. Camp. i. p. 285 (1850). 
Iduna salicaria {Linn.), apud Bp. Consp. I. p. 2i)o (1850); Newt. 

List B. Eur. Blasius, p. 11 (1802). 

80 
TUBDID^B. 

Iduuacaliffata (Zicht), Gray, fide Bp. Consp. i. p. 295 (1850); Fritsch, 
Vo'q. Eur. p. 101 (1870). 

Sylvia (Iclima) ^licixxm (Zin7i.),ajmd Nauvu Vog. Deutsche, Anhang, 

rhvUopneuste'rama (Si/kes), apud Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 189 (1863, 

Hvpolais caligata (Zicht), Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 510 (1867) ; 

'firmer, B. Eur. pt. xxxviii. (1875)i: Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 88. 
Jerdonia ngricolensis, Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 182. 
Calamodyta agricolensia (Hume), Tristram, Ibis, 1870, p. 494. 
Salicaria"bre\ipeunis. Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 66, 127 (1873); 

Diesser, Ibis, 1876, p. 83. 
Salicaria pallida (Eversm.), Severtz. Tnrkest. Jevotn. pp. 66, 129 (1873, 

nee Ehrenb.) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 87. 
Salicaria microptera, Severtz. Stray Feath. Hi. p. 425 (1875). 
Locustella salicaria {Zinn.), apud Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. France, 1876, 

p. 139. 
This subspecies is slightly smaller than the preceding, but with 
the longer second primary and the shorter bastard*primary of the 
more western races. 

In colour it does not differ from the bird last mentioned. The 
third, fourth, and fifth primaries are nearly equal and longest; the 
second primary is usually intermediate in length between the sixth 
and seventh, but it is frequently only as long as, and occasionally 
shorter than, the seventh ; the bastard piimary exceeds the primarvcoverts 
by 0-26 to 0-15 inch. Length of wing- 2-38 to 2-28 inches, 
tail 1-95 to 1-8, culmen 0*51 to 0*5, tarsus 0-85; outside tail-
feathers 0*1 to 1-5 inch shorter than the longest. 


The slight changes of plumage in this subspecies are the same as 
those of the preceding. 


The Booted Tree-Warbler breeds in Cashmere, Turkestan, and 
Southern Siberia, probably ranging eastwards as far as the Lena. 
It winters in the plains of India. A solitary individual has been 
captured on Heligoland • otherwise I have never seen a European 
specimen. 


a. Ad. sic. Behar. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P-l-
I. 
Ad. ek. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of Hypolais swamsam, Hodg-son.) 
c. Ad. sir. North-west India. Capt. fetadrhouse Pinwill [P.], 
d. Ad. sic. North-west India. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
e. Ad. sir. Madras. T. C Jerdun, Esq. [P.]. 
/ . Ad. sk. Russia. Dr. Brandt. 
The synonymy of the desert form is as follows:— 

9. Hypolais obsoleta. 
Salicaria 
obsoleta, Severtz. Turkest, Jevotn. pn. 66, 129 (1878):
Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 87. 

This subspecies is a desert form of H. rama or If. caligata, 
possibly of both. The general colour of the upper parts is a sandy 

4 . ACBOCEPHALTJS. 
brown or pale isabelline brown. In other respects the coloration is 
the same as that of the two or three preceding subspecies. The 
third and fourth primaries are nearly equal and longest; the second 
primary in a skin from Turkestan is intermediate in length between 
the sixth and the seventh, and in one from Scinde between the 
seventh and eighth ; the bastard primary exceeds the primary-coverts 
by 0*35 inch in both skins. Length of wing 2*4 inches, tail 2-0 ; 
culm en in the Turkestan skin 0*51, in the Scinde skin 0-6; tarsus, 
in the Turkestan skin 0-86 (very pale), and in the Scinde skin 0*8 
(darkish brown). 

So far as is known the Desert Tree-Warbler is confined to the 
sandy regions of Turkestan in summer, and to those of Scinde in 
winter. The only skins I have seen are the type of Salicaria 
obsoleta, Severtz., from Turkestan, and a skin from Scinde, both in 
my own collection. 

4. ACKOCEPHALTJS. Typ e 
Acrocephalus, Naum. Nat. Land-u. Wass.-V'6g. nordl. 

Deutsc/d., Nachtr. iv. p. 199 (1811) A. turdoides ? 
Muscipeta, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 162 (1816) .. A. turdoides? 
Calamoherpe, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 552 A. turdoides ? 

' Calamodus, Kaup, NatilrL Syst. p. 117 (1829) ... . A. phragmitis. 
Calamodyta, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 118 (1829, ex 


Meyer) A. aquaticus. 
Hydrocopsichus, Kavp, Natrirl, Syst. p. 121 (1829) A. turdoides. 
Arundinaceus, Lesson, TraiU d Orn. p. 419 (1831) A. turdoides ? 
Salicaria, Selby, Brit. Orn. p. 197 (18S8,partim) . . A. turdoides? 

^JTunco, Reiclienbach, Natihl. Syst. pi. lxi. (1850) . . A. turdoides? 
x-Eparnetes, ReicJienlach, Natvrl. Sytt. pi. lvii. (1850) A. syrinx ?# 
Caricicola, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 284 A. pliragmitis. 

Bill of Acrocephalus streperus. 

The genus Acrocejplialus comprises a well-marked group of birds 
familiarly known as Eeed-Warblers, and is distinguished by the 
possession of a very minute bastard primary and a moderately 
rounded tail. The bastard primary is so minute that in adult birds 
it does not usually extend as far as the primary-coverts. In birds 
of the year, and in one or two species slightly aberrant in this 
respect, it is usually somewhat longer, occasionally extending 
beyond them. 

The bill is typically large, depressed and broad at the base, with 

TUJIDID2G. 

moderately developed rictal bristles. In two of tlie species the bill 
is somewhat aberrant, beiiii>* as slender as in the genus LoaiHtdla. 
These two species are also distinguished by a different style of 
colouring, each feather on the head and baek being darker in the 
centre. The existence of two other intermediate species makes it, 
however, advisable not to separate them more than subgenerieally 
from the hpicd Acrocephali. 

The tail is more rounded than in Hypolais, and much more so 
than in PJii/lloscopiix, but not so much so as in LocusUlla, the outside 
tail-feathers being longer than the under tail-coverts. 

The general colour of the plumage is a more or less uniform 
brown, sometimes olive-brown, sometimes russet-brown, gradually 
fading, as the plumage becomes abraded, into a neutral brown or 
dust-brown, not inaptly described as-»m$ji«« colour. 

Most of these biids are migiatory, and moult twice in the year, 
shortly before each journey. Their breeding-range extends over 
the whole of* rhe central and southern Paraparetic Eegion, but only 
one species extends as far north "is the Arctic Circle. They winter 
in the tropical regions of Africa and Asia, and are especially common 
in the islands of the Malay archipelago. Two species apparently 
migrate south instead of north to bleed, and resort- to the swamps 
of Australia for that purpose. Two other species appear to be 
non-migratory—one having found a peimanent home in South 
Africa, and the other in the Caroline Islands in the Pacific. 

Key to the Species, 

A. 
Crown between the eyebrows with twro or 
more dark longitudinal bands. Bill somewhat 
narrowed at the base, and slender as mZocustella, 
but rictal bristles fairly developed. 
(Subgeneric group OALAAXODI.) 

a. 
Second primarv longer than the fourth. 
a'. Two broad dark longitudinal bands on the 
crown ; . ._ aquations, p. 89. 
b'. Four dark longitudinal band* on the 
crow n phragmitis. p. 91. 
b, Second primary shorter shan the sixth. 
c'. A dark str re over each eye. Feathers of 
the crown and upper parts generally with 
dark centres sorgophihis, p. 94. 

cV. A dark stripe over each <we, otherwise the 
crown and upper parts uniform in colour b;st?*igiceps} p. 94 

B. 
Crown between the eyebrows uniform in 
colour. Bill wTide at the base, and more robust 
tlvin in LocustelJa; rictal bristles fail ly developed. 
(Subgeneric group ACBOCEPHALI.) 
e. 
Length of wing from 3-9 to 2*7 inches; if 
under 3 inches, second primary equal to or 
shorter than the fifth. 
e\ 
Length of wing 3-9 to 3-6 inches. Second 
primary equal to the third, or between 
the third and fourth. Legs and feet pale 
brown turdoitfes, p. 95. 

80 

4 . ACROCHPUVLTTS. 
/' . Leiijyth of wing- 3'5 to 2-7 inches. Second 
primiry equal to or shorter than tho 
fourth. Leg's and loot slaty brown. 


a". General colour of upper parts olive-
brown. 


a'". Length of vring 3*5 to 3*0 inches; 
tail about one ninth less, 3-1 to 27 ; 
cnlmen 0 93 to 0-8. Second primary 
between the third and fifth orientalis, p. 07 

b"\ Length of v\ing8'o to *H) inches; tail 
only about one twentieth los*, o'4 to 
2-0'; culmen L05 to 0*88. Second 
primary between the iifth and 
seventh stentoreits, p. 98. 

€'". Length of wing 2 0 inches, tail 2*7, 
culmen 1*0. Second primary between 
the sixth and seventh syrinx, p. 100. 

d'n. Length of -wing SO to 2 7 inches, 
tail 2 8 to 2 o, culmen 0-8 to 0-7. 
Second primary between the fifth 
and seventh australis, p. 100. 

b". Geneial colour of upper parts russet-
brown longirostris, p. 99. 

d. 
Length of wing 2*8 to 2 0 inches; if over 
2*7, second primary longer than the iifth. 
g'. Second primary longer than the iifth. 
c". Upper parts oli\ e-brown palustris, p. 101. 
d". Upper parts with a slight russet tinge, 


movt decided on the rump .. ...... streperus, p. 102. 

h\ Second primary shorter than the fifth. 
e". Upper parts olive-brown dumetorum, p. 104. 
f". Upper parts vv ith a decided russet tinge, 

movt pronounced on the rump. 
£'". Length of wing 2v3 to 2 2 inches, 
tail 2-2 to 2-0, culmen 0-G7 to 0*0 bccticatus, p. 106. 
f". Length of wing 2'3 to 2*0 inches, tail 
same length, culmen 0-o6 to 032 .. agrkola, p. 105. 

1. Acrocephalus aquaticus. 
Acrocephalus aquations (Temm.)*. 
P Sylvia schoenohaenus (Linn.), apud Scop. Ann. i. p. 158 (1709). 
? Aquatic Warbler, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. p, 411) (1783, ex Scopoli). 
? Motacilla aquatica, Gm. SysL Xat, i. pt. 2, p. 953 (1788, ex Scopoli 


et Latham). 
? Syhia aquatica (Gmel), Lath. Ind. Ont. ii. p. 510 (1790). 
Sylvia salicaria (Linn.), apud JSechsf. Orn. Taschenb. p. 185 (1802); 

apud Wolf, Taschenb. i. p. 232 (1810;. 

* The Aquatic Warbler has by no means a clear title to its name. Scopoli'? 
bird may have been either a Sedge-Warbler or an Aquatic Warbler; but his 
description is inconsistent with either of them. Neither Gmelin nor Latham, 
appear to ha\e known the bird, but have simply copied Scopoli Bechstein, 
Mever and Wolf, and Naumann were woll acquainted with the bird, but identified 
it, probably incorrectly, with the Mo+aci la bahcaria of Liimeeus, a name 
which has been transferred'from one species to another, until it has long ago 
ceased to have any definite meaning or any scientific value. Temminck was 
9 0 TTTBDIDJ3. 

Acrocephalus salicarius (Linn.), apud Naum.NatLand-u. Wass.Vog.
nordl. Deutschl., Nachtr. Heft iv. p. 203 (1&L1). 

Bylyia aquatica (Gmel), Temm. Man. XOrn. p. lol (181o)j Temm. 
Man. IPOrn. i. p. 188(1820); Navm.Vog.JDmtsckl in. p. 68b 
(182:0; Werner, Atlas, Insectiuores, pi. 28 (1812); 4)^5 i)« ^ 
-Fugle,]*. 109(1852) j tfwufea. ^ . ^/ . p. /I (18o6); JFWZow, Oi*. 
J^/V/e, p. 48 (1875). « . z • IT , . 

Mubcipeta salicaria (£m.), apud Koch, Syst. baier. ZooL i. p. 184 

Sylvi a paludicola, Vieill N Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. p. 202 (1817); 
FiWtf Jfyww Frang. i. p. 225 (1820) ; JRoua?, Or?z. P>-w. i. p. 354 
(1S25). 
Sylvia cariceti, Naum. Isis, 1821, p. 785; .#««*». F<#. Deutschl. iii. 

p. 668 (J 823); JVbrcfo. D«»M£ Voy. Muss, mend. m. p. 146 
(1840) ; Schl. Rev. Cnt. p. 58 (1844) ; Kjcerb. Banm. Fugle, 
p. 160 (1852); Swndev. Sv. Fogl. p. 71 (185(3). 
Oalamoherpe aquatica (Gmel), Boie, Isis, 1822, p.5o2; Selys-Longch. 
J?aun. Belg. p. 102 (1842). 
Oalamoherpe caiiceti {Naum.), Boie,Isis, 1822, p. 5o2. 
Sylvia striata, BreJim, Lehrb. Naturg. i. p. 365 (1823). 
Colamodytci aquatica (Gmel), Kaup, Natiirl Syst. p. 118 (1829); 

Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1840); Bp. Cat. Metod. Ucc. Eur. p. 35 
(1842); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Mich. Orn. p. 254(1859); Netot. 
List B. Eur. Blasius, p. 11 (1862); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. L 

p. 535 (1867); Loche, Expl ScL Alger., Ois. p. 263 (1867); Gray, 
Mand-l B. i. p. 209. no. 2965 (18U9); Doderl. Amf. Sled. p. 128 
(lto69) ; Fntsch, Fog. Enr. p. 156 (1870) ; Saluad. Faun. Itul. Ucc. 
p. 116 (lb7l); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 92 (lb72) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. 
ii. pi. lxx\i.(1878). 
Oalamoherpe limicola, Brehm, Vo'g. Dexdschl p. 451 (1831). 
Calamoherpe striata {Brehm), Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 452 (1831). 
Salicaria aquatica (Gmel), Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 111. fig. 2 (lb37) ; 
Meys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 182 (1840); Sckl Mev. Crit. p. xxviii 
(1844) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 93 (1860); Harting, Handb. 
Br. B. p. 105 (1872). 

Calamodyta cariceti [Naum.), Bp. Canp. List B. Eur. 8f N. Amer. 

p. 12 (1838); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848). 
Calamodyta schoenobsenus (Linn.), apud Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy 
N. Amer. p. 12 (lfcSS). 
Oalamudus salicarius {Linn.) apud Cab. Mm. Hein. i, p. 39 (1850). 
-A.crocephalus aquaticus (Gmel.), Neiot. ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 380 
(1873) ; Dresser, B. Eur. pt. Ii. (1876). 

Tli e general colour of the upper parts is a pale tawny brown; 
eye-strip e very distinct, greyish white, and extending almost to the 
nap e ; lores and the feathers behind the eye russet-brown; over 
eacli. eye-stripe a broad very dark-brown streak passes to the nape, 
leavin g a narrow mesial line on the crown; each feather of the 
res t o f the upper parts, including the wing-coverts, innermost 

the fir-st writer to use the name aquatica to a clearly defined species ; and since 
his nam e has been in general use, and has not been extensively, if at all, applied 
to aia y other species in the genus, we are, in mj opinion, justified in calling the 
Aqxa-atic Warbler Acrocephalus aquaticus (Teinm.), consigning the Motacilla 
aq^€tt%ca of Gnielm, and the Sylvia aquatica of Latham, beyond the Umbo of 
synonyms to the lethe of pre-Linnsean oblivion. 

4 . A OTOCEPHALUS. 
9 1 
secondaries, and tail, has a more or less distinct dark-brown centre, 
the quill-feathers only being uniform brown. In abraded summer 
plumage the underparts are nearly white, buffer on the throat and 
flanks in spring, and more or less suffused all over with buff in 
autumn. In many skins the lower throat and flanks are striated ; 
in this plumage they are the A. cariceti of JNaumann ; these striations 
occur both in birds shot in abraded breeding-plumage and in the 
fulvous plumage after the autumn moult. Most ornithologists 
ascribe the striated underparts to the adult plumage, and the unstriated 
to birds of the year; but I have not been able to obtain a 
sufficient series of skins to satisfy myself of the truth of such an 
exceptional change. The bill is Locustelline and the rictal bristles 
only slightly developed ; the upper mandible is dark and the under 
mandible pale. Legs, feet, and claws pale horn-colour. Length 
of wing 2-D to 2-35 inches, tail 2-0 to 1-8, culmen 0*52 to 0*49. 
Second primary equal to or nearly equal to the third. 

The Aquatic Reed-Warbler breeds in Central and Southern 
Europe from the Atlantic to the Ural Mountains, also in North 
Africa. Its winter quarters are unknown, but are doubtless in some 
part of the African continent. 

a. Ad. sk. Unsern, Switzerland, Aug. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
30, 1869. 
h. 
S ad. sk. Villacidro, Sardinia, April 13, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
1871 (A. B. Brooke). 
c. 
<$ ad. sk. Villacidro, Sardinia, April 13, H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
1871 (A.B.Brooke). 
d. S ad. sk. South Prance, Sept. 1876. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. France. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
f. Ad. sk. Europe. 
2. Acrocephalus phragmitis*. 
? La Fauvette de bois, ou la Roussette, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 393 
(1760). 
Motacilla schcenobsenus, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 329 (1766, descr. 
maliss.) ; Vieill. N. Diet. dHist Nat xi. p. 196 (1817), 
Motacilla salicaria, Linn, apud Tunstall, Orn. Brit. p. 2 (1771), apud 
Donovan, Nat. Hist Br. B. ii. pi. xlviii. (1794). 
? La Roussette, ou la Fauvette des*bois, Buff. Hist Nat Ois. v. 

p. 139 (1778). 
? Reed Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 418 (1783). 
Sedge Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 430 (1783). 
Sylvia salicaria (Limi.), apud Lath. Gen. Syn. Siqopl i. p. 287 (1787), 
apud Lath. L?id. Orn. ii. p. 516 (1790), apud Leach, Cat Ma?nm. 

* In my opinion no possible good can arise, and much confusion must be 
caused, by rejecting the name in common use for the Sedge-Warbler, which 
was "well defined by Bechstein, in favour of the ill-defined name supposed to 
have been given to it by Linnaeus. I admit that the evidence of the ' Fauna 
Suecica' leaves little room for doubt that Linnseus intended to describe the 
Sed<*e-Warbler, but his description was so bad that it met with the neglect 
that it deserved. 
TTTRDIDJS. 

#0. Brit Mus. p. 23 (1810), apud Forster, Syn. Cat. Br. B. p. 53 

(1817). 
? Sylvia bcliconobreiras (Linn.), Lath. 2nd. Orn. ii. p. 510 (1790). 
Svlvia phragmitis, Bechst. Orn. Tasclienb. p. 186 (1802); Wolf, 

"Taschenb. i. p. 234 (1810;; Temm. Man. dOm. i. p. 189 (1820; ; 
Naum. Vog. Deutschl. iii. p. 648 (1828) ; Menetr. Cat. Rais. Cam. 

p. 33 (1832); Jem/ns, Man. Brit Vertebr. p. 106 (18-35); Frersm. 
Add. Pail. Zoogr,lllosso-A*iat:y. 23 (1835); Temm. Man. cVOm. 
iii. p. 115 (1635); Crespon, O/n. Gard. p. 114 (1&40) j Nordm. 
Demid. Voy. Buss, mei id. iii. p. 145 (1840) ; Werner, Atlas, Insectiv. 
pi. ^9 (1M2); Kjccrb. Danm. Fugle, p. 168(lb52); Fallon, Ois. 
Italy. $.48 (1875). 
AcioJephalus phragmitis 
(Bechst), Naum. Nat. Land-u. Wass.-Vog. 
nordl, Deutschl., Nachtr. iv. p. 202 (lbll). 
Musoipeta phragmitis (Bechst.), Koch, Syst laier. Zool. i. p. 163 
(lblO). 
Sylvia schoenobMenus (Linn.), Vieill. Faune Franq. i. p. 224 (1820) ; 
Foux, Orn. Frov. i. p. 352 (1825) ; Sundev. So. Fogl. p. 69 (1856). 
Calamoherpe phragmitis (Bechst), Bote, Isis, lfc22; p. 552 ; Btehm, 
Yog. Deutschl. p. 449 (lfcSl); MacgilL Br. B. ii. p. 390 (1839) ; 
Selys-Longeh. Faun. Belg. p. 101 (1842); Schl. Vog. NederL 

p. 145 (lfc54). 
Curruca salicaria (Linn.), apud Fleming, Brit An. p. 69 (1828). • 
Oalamodus phragmitis (Bechst.), Kaip, NatiXrl. Syst p. 117 (1829). 
Oalamolierpe iritici, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 449 (lb31). 
Oalamoherpe sehoenoboeiius (Linn.), Brehm, loc. cit. p. 450 (1831). 
Salicaria phragmitis (Bechst), Selby, Brit Orn. i. p. 201 (1833) ; 
Gould, B. Fur. ii. pi. 110 (1837;; Keys. n. Bias. Wib. Fur. 
pp. liv, 182 (1840;; Schl. Rev. Crit p.'xxviii (lfe'44); Tkomps. 

B. Lrel. i. p. lfcO (1849) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl p. 92 (1800); 
Harting, JIandb. Br. B. p. 14 (1872). 
Calamodyta phragmitis (Bechst.), Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. fyN. Amer. 

p. 12 (1838) ; Jaub. et Baith.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 253 (1859) ; 
Newt. List B. Fur. Blasts, p. 11 (1862) ; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. 
Fur. i. p. 533 (1867) ; Locke, Fipl. Sci. Alger., Ois. p. 262 (1867); 
Doderl Avif. Sicil. p. 128 (18G9; ; Dt oste, Vogelw. BorJcum, p. 100 
(1869); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 155 (1870); Salvad. Faun. ItaL 
Ucc. p. 115 (1871); Gould, B. Gt. Br. ii. pi. Ixxv. (1873). 
Syhia tritici, Biehm, Naum. 1855, p. 284. 
Sylvia subphragruitis, Brehm, Naum. Ifc55, p. 284. 
Caricicola phragmitis (Bechst.), Brehm, Vogelf. p. 236 (1855). 
Caricicola tritici, Brehm, loc. cit. (1855). 
Caiicicola &clicenoba?nus (Linn.), Brehm, loc. cit. (1855). 
Caricicola subphragmitis, Brehm, loc. cit. (1855). 
Calamodyta schcenobasnus (Linn.), Gray,Hand-l.B. i.p. 209. no. 2964 

(18C9); Shelley, B. Fgypt, p. 91 (1872). 
Acrocephalus scl cenobasnus (Linn.), Neiot. ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 376 

(1873); Dresser, B. Fur. pt. lvi. (It76). 
Oalamodus schcenobaenus (Linn.), Blanf. Fast. Fers. ii. -p. 199 
(1876). * 

The general colour of the inyper parts is russet-brown, each feather 
having an obscure dark centre. These dark centres are most 
conspicuous, becoming neaily black on the head, wing-coverts, and 
innermost secondaries, and disappear altogether on the rump, which 

4 . ACROCKPIIILTJS. 
is very tawny ; eye-stripe very distinct, huffish white, not extending 
to the nape; lores and the feathers behind the eye russet-brown; 
wings and tail-feathers brown, the margins of the outside- webs 
edged with russet-brown. The underparts huffish white, darkest on 
the breast and Hanks. After the autumn moult the eye-stripe and 
the underparts are still more suffused with buff. After both moults, 
but especially in spring, the whitish tips to the quills are very conspicuous, 
but these are soon lost by abrasion. Bill Locustelline, but 
the rictal bristles fairly developed; upper mandible dark, under 
mandible pale. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Length of 
wing 2*7 to 2-4 inches, tail 2*15 to 1*9, oilmen 0*6 to 0*5. Second 
primary equal to or a trifle shorter than the third. 

The Sedge-Warbler, or Sedge Heed-Warbler, breeds throughout 
Europe and Siberia at least as far east as the Yenesay ; its northern 
range extends slightly north of the Arctic Circle. It winters in 

South Africa. 
a. Ad. sk. 
b, c, d. $ J ad. 
*,/,</• <$2 ad. 
h} u Juv. sk, 
7c, I Ad sk. 
m, n. Ad. sk. 
o. $ ad. sk. 
p. Ad. sk. 
q. Ad. sk. 
r. 3 ad. sk. 
s. Ad. sk. 
sk.
, bk.
Wiltshire, 
Avington, Plants, May. 
Avington, Hants, May. 
Pag ham, Sussex, Sept. 4. 
Cookham, Beiks. 
Cambridgeshire. 
Rottibhain, Cambridge, 
May 1856 (0. S.). 
Cambridge, Oct. 5, 1850 
(O.S.). 
Wicken Pen, April 29, 
1856(0.6'.). 
Skane, Sweden, May 23 
(Meces). 
Heligoland. 
Col. Montaeu [P.]. 
Capt. Shelley [P.T. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. i P. 
R. B. Sharpe. Esq. [P. 
Mr. J. Baker [C.J. 
E. Godroan and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.], 
E. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq, [P.]. 
Henry Seebohm, Esq. 
t. $ ad. sk. Guiksu, Asia Minor, Oct. E. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
u. S ad. sk. 
v. $ ad. sk. 
w. d ad. sk. 
x. $ ad. sk. 
10, 1807 (Robson). 
Gennetaieth, Palestine. 
Petchora, N.E. Russia 
{SeebohmtyHarvie-
Brotcn). 
Obb, Siberia, July 17. 
Yene«ay, lat. 0(H°, E, 
E^qrs. [P.]. 
Canon Tristram [P.]. 
Capt. Feilden and J. A. 
Harvie-Brown, Esq. 
[P.]. 
Dr. 0. Einsch [C.]. 
H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 

Siberia, Jane 23. 

y. z. (S; a', b'. $ ad. sk. Potchefstroom, TransR. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
vaal, April 13 to 27 
(W. Lucas). 
c', d'. Ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Damara R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Land; l)ec. 21 {Andersson.) 


e'} f. Skeleton. England (Warwick). Purchased. 

94 TURDIDJE. 

8. Acrocephalus sorgophilus. 
Oalamodyta sorgophila, Sioinhue, P. Z. S. 1863, pp; 92, 293. 
Oalainodus sorgophilus (Sioinh.) Sioinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 854; David 
et Oust Ois. Chine, p. 246 (1877;. 

The general colour of the upper parts is russet-brown, each 

feather with an obscure dark centre, most fulvous on the rump and 

upper tail-coverts and the margins of the outside webs of the quills 

and tail-feathers; the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries are 

very dark brown, edged externally with huffish white; eye-stripe 

distinct baffish white, scarcely extending to the nape• lores and 

the feathers behind the eye russet-brown• over each eye-stripe a 

narrow dark band, well defined next the eye-stripes, but gradually 

fading into the brown of the crown. Underparts fulvous white, 

darkest on the flanks and thighs. The bill is intermediate between 

Acrocephalus and Locustella; upper mandible dark, under mandible 

pale. Legs, feet, and claws brown. Length of wing 2*3 inches, tail 

1*75, culmen 0*0. Third and fourth primaries equal and longest; 

second primary intermediate in length between the sixth and seventh. 

tSwinhoe's Reed-Warbler has only been found in South China, 

where it is supposed to breed. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this species, 

which is only known from the type in the Swinhoe collection in 

my possession. It was obtained at Amoy on the 20th of May, 1861. 

4. Acroceplialiis bistrigiceps. 
Acrocephalus bistrigiceps, Stoi?ihoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 51. 

Calamoherpe maaekii, Schrenck, Vog. Amur-Lande, p. 370, pi. 12. 

figs. 4-6 (1860); Di/b. Journ. Orn] 1874, p. 320; id Journ. Orn. 

1875, p. 245; Tact. Bull. Soc. ZooL Fr. i. p. 138 (1876): Dub. Journ. 

Orn. 1870, p. 194. 

Calamoherpe bibtrigiceps, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 293. 

Calamodyta bistrigiceps, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 353. 

Acrocephalus maaekii. Hume, Stray Feathers, 1874, p. 478. 

Calamodyta maaekii, David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 254 (1877). 

The general colour of the upper parts is russet-brown, slightly 
greyer on the head, quills, and tail, and most rufous on the rump 
and upper tail-coverts and the margins of the outside webs of the 
quills and tail-feathers; the eye-stripe is narrow, greyish white, very 
distinct, but not extending as far as the nape ; when fresh moulted 
the quills and tail-feathers have narrow pale edges at and near the 
tips, which are soon lost by abrasion; the wing-coverts and innermost 
secondaries gradually become paler towards the edge on their outside 
webs * lores and the feathers behind the eye russet-brown ; over 
each eye-stripe a broad dark-brown band, abruptly defined over each 
eye-stripe, and gradually fading into the brown of the crown of the 
head. The breast and flanks are pale rufous-brown, shading into 
pale buff on the centre of the belly and under tail-coverts, and into 
nearly white on the throat and chin ; the axillaries, thighs, under 
wing-coverts, and the inner edging of the quills are pale brownish 

4. ACBOCEPHAIA78. 
95 
buff. The bill is Locustelliue, but the rictal bristles are fairly developed 
; the upper mandible is dark, the under mandible pale. The 
legs, feet, and claws arc pale horn-colour. Length of wing 2-2 to 
2-1 inches, tail 2-1 to 1-85, culmen 0*8 to 0-52. Third and fourth 
primaries nearly equal and longest; second primary generally 
intermediate in length between the sixth and seventh, occasionally 
between the seventh and eighth; bastard primary exceeding the 
primary-coverts by 0-15 to 0*25 inch. 

After the autumn moult both the upper and under parts are more 
rufous than in spring; and in winter, and especially in summer, 
much of the rufous coloration is lost by abrasion. 

Schrcnck's Eeed-Warbler breeds in the valley of the Amoor, and 
has been taken frequently in Japan, where it probably also breeds. 
It passes through China on migration, and has been found wintering 
in the Tenasserim Provinces. 

a. 
2 ^d. sk. Argun R.? Tranabaical, East Warsaw Museum [E.l 
Siberia, July 17, 1873 (Dr. 
Dybowski). 

5. Acrocephalus tnrdoides*. 
La Ronsserolle ou Roucherolle, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 219, pi. 22.fig".1 
(1760.) 

Turdus arundinaceus, Linn. Si/st Nat i. p. 296 (1766); Gmd. St/sL 
Nat i. p. 834 (1788); Lath. Inch Orn. i. p. 334 (1790); Bechst. 
Orn. Tasehenb. p. 152 (1802); Wolf, Taschenh. i. p. 202 (1810); 
Temm. Man. d'Om. p. 96 (1815); VieilL N. Diet. aVIIist Nat xx. 

p. 240 (1818); Vieill Faune Franc, p. 100 (1820). 
La Rousserolle, Month. Hist Nat Ois. in. p. 293 (1775); Baubent. 
PL Enl no. 513 (1775;. 
The Reed Thrush, La*h. Gen.SynAi. p. 32 (1783). 
Acrocephalus lacustris, Nawn. Natur. Layid-u. Wass.-Vog. nordl. 

JDeutschL, Nachtr. iv. p. 201 (1811). 
Turdus jiuico, Pall. Zoogr. JRosso-Asiat i. p. 458 (1811). 
Sylvia ttirdoides, Meyer, Voq. Liv-u. Etbhl. p. 11(3 (1815); Temm. 

Man. aVOm.'i. p. '181 (1820); Nawn. Yog. JJoutschl. iii. p. 597 
(1823); Menetr. Cat. Ba.s. Cauc. p. 32 (1832); Temm. Man. 
dHhm. iii. p. 109 (1835); Crespon, Orn. Gard. p. Il l (18-10); 
Nordm. Demid. Voy. Iluss. merid. iii. p. 141 (1840); Werner, 
Atlas, Insect'v. pi. 23 (1842) ; Kjmrb. Damn. Fugle, p. 167 (1852); 
Sundev. Sv. Fogl. p. 70 (1856) ; *F<dlon, Ois. Belg. p. 46 (1875). 

Muscipita 
lacustris (Naum.), Koch, Syst baier. Zool. i. p. 166 
(1816). 
Oalamoherpe turdoides {Meyer), Boie} Isis, 1822, p. 552; Brehm, 

* I have retained the name in common use for the Gireat Beert-Warbler, 
contrary to the rules of the British Association, because it is the name in 
common rise. Acrocephalus arundinaceus (Linn.) may be rejected under the 
rules, because, in placing the species under the genus Turdus, the definition 
became so misleading as" to admit of the specific name being applied to the 
Common Eeed-Warbler. Jcroccphalus lacustris (Naum.) is the name by which 
it ought to be known if the rules are to be enforced. Acrocephalus junco (Pall.) 
may be rejected on the ground of want of clear definition also, inasmuch as 
Pallas did not remove it from the genus Turdus. 
96 TUEDID2E. 

Vog. Deutschl. p. 441 (1831); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. § K Amer. 

p. IS (183b) ; Bp. Consp. i. p, 284 (1850) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. 
Rich, Orn. p. 258 (1859); itac*. -L/srf B. Bur. Blasius, p. 11 
(1802); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 515 (1807); Locke, Erpl. 
Svi. Alger., Ois. i. p. 250 (1807); Doderl Avif. Sicil. p. 124 
(1860). 
Hydrocopsichus turdoides (Meyer), Kemp, Katurl. Syst. p. 121 
(1820). 
Arundinaceus turdoides (Meyer), Less. Traite d'Om. p. 419 (1831). 
Calamoherpe lacustris (Kaum), Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 442 
(1831). 
Calamoherpe stagnatilis, Brehm, Tog. DeutschL p. 442 (1831). 
Salicaria turdoides (Meyer), Gould, B. Bur. ii. pi. 100 (1837); Keys. 

u. Bias. Wtrb. Bur. pp. liii, 181 (1840). 
Acrocephalus arundiuaceus (Linn.), Gray, List Gen. B. p. 28 (1841); 
Newt. ed. Tarr. Br. B. i. p. 304(1873); Blanford, East. IJers. 

ii. p. 195 (1870) j Gumey, Ibis, lb7S, p. 288; 'Dresser, B. Eur. 
pt. lxix. (1878). 
Sylvia turdina, Gloger,ffandb.Katurg. p. 312 (1842). 
Salicaria turdina (Gloger), ScWeg. Rev. Crit. p. xxvii (1844); 
Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 87 (1860). 
Calamodyta arimdinacea (Linn,), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848) * 
Gray, Haml-l B. i. p. 207. no. 2917 (1809). 
Calamoherpe media, Mahn, CEfo, Vet.-Ak. Ilandl. 1851, p. 159. 
Calumoheipe turdina ( Gloger), Schley. Vog, Nederl. p. 142 (1854). 
Calamoherpe major, Brehm, Nattm. 1855, p. 284. 
Calamoherpe longiroslris, Brehm, JVaum. 1855, p. 284. 
Acioceplialus turdoides (Meyer), Iltugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 289 
(1800); Salvad. Faun. ItaL Ucc. p. 113 (1871), Shelley, B. Egypt, 

p. 90 (1872) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. ii. pi. 72 (1873) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 
1879, p. 435. 
Acrocephalus arabicus, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 289 (1809). 
Calamodyta (Calamoherpe) turdoides (Meyer), Fritsch, Vog. Eur. 

p. 150 (1870). 
Salicaria arundinacea (Linn.), Hurting, Eandb. Br. B. p. 14 (1872). 
Acrocephalus fulvolateralis, Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 289 
(1877). 

The general colour of the upper parts is olive-brown with a slight 
shade of rufous, scarcely perceptible on the head, quills, and tail-
feathers, arid most pronounced on the rump and the margins of the 
outside webs of the quills and tail-feathers; the eye-stripe is very 
obscure, huffish white, and does not extend as far as the nape. 
When fresh moulted the quills and tail-feathers have narrow pale 
edges at and near the tips; but these are soon lost by abrasion. 
The wing-coverts and the innermost secondaries gradually become 
paler towards the edge on their outside webs; the breast, flanks, 
and under tail-coverts are pale rufous-brown, shading into nearly 
white on the chin, throat, and centre of belly ; the axillaries, 
thighs, and under wing-coverts and the inner margin of the quills are 
pale huffish brown. The bill is typically Acrocephaline; the upper 
mandible dark, the under mandible pale. The legs, feet, and claws 
are pale horn-colour. Length of wing 3*85 to 3-6 inches, tail 3*5 to 
3*0, culm en 0*9 to 0*8. Second primary equal, or nearly so, to the 
third, which is the longest. 

4. ACKOCxrnALus. 
After the autumn moult the general colour of the unclerparts is 
much more fulvous. In this stage of plumage it is the A.faluohttt rails 
of Sharpe. 

The specific characters of this bird are its large size, pointed 
wing, and pale legs. 
The Great Bced-Warbler breeds in Central and Southern Europe; 
it winters in South Africa—Transvaal, Natal, Daniara Land, Congo 

river, &c. 
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk. 
Europe. 
Holland. 
Purchased. 
Leadonhtdl Market. 
c. S ad. sk. Holland (J. Baker). F. Godrauii and 0. Sald. 
J ad. sk. Valkenswaard, Hollandvia, Esqrs. [P.]. 
F. Godman and 0. Sale. 
$ ad. sk.
f. $ ad. sk.
g. Ad. st.
h. Ad.sk.
i Ad. sk,
k. $ ad. sk.
I. Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
n. Ad. sk.
(J. Baker). 
Owerkerk, Holland (J. 
Baker). 
Belgium, June 18. 
France. 
Italy. 
Zana, Algeria (O. 8.). 
Landana, Congo river,
January 80 (Messrs. 
Lucan 8f Petit). 
Bogos Land. 
Potckefstroom,Transvaal,
Feb. 25 (W. Lucas), 
Natal. 
\in, Esqrs. [P.]. 
Brussels Museum. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
Purchased. 
F. Godiuan and 0. Sal-
vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
A. Bouvier. 
Mr. Esler [C.]. 
K. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

(Type of A. fuholateralis, Sharpe.) 

6. Acrocephalus orientalis. 
Sylvia turdoides, Meyer apud Kittl. Liltke, Voy. (Postels) iii. p. 327. 
Salicaria turdina orientalis, Temm. et Schleg. Faun. Japon., Aves, 

5. 50 (1847). 
Salicaria turdoides orientalis, Temm. et Schleg. Faun. Japon., Aves, 
pi. xx B. (1847). 
Calamoherpe orientalis (Temm. et Schleg.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 285 
(18C0); Swinhoe, lbi% 1803, p. 305; id. P. Z. S. 1803, p. 293, and 
1870, p. 427; Tacz. Journ. Orn. 1874, p. 319, and 1875, p. 245; 
Tacz. Bull. 80c. Zool. France, 1876, p. 138 j Blakiston ty Pryer, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 237. 

Acrocephalus orientalis (Temm, et Schleg.), Gray, P.Z.8. I860, 

p. 349; Wald. Tr. Z. 8. viii. p. 64 (1872), ix. p. 195 (1875). 
Acrocephalus magrdrostris^ Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 51, and 1861, 
pp. 32, 329. 
Calamodyta orientalis (Temm. et Schleg.), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 207. 
no. 2919 (1869) 5 Swinhoe, P. Z. &1871, p. 352; Prjev. Bowleg's 
Orn. Misc. ii. p. 169 (1877) ; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 252 
(1877). 

This species does not differ in any respect from the preceding in 
colour (and is subject to the same change after the autumn moult), 
with the exception of the legs and feet, which are slate-grey instead 
of pale horn-colour. Length of wing 3-5 to 3*0 inches, tail 3*1 to 2*7, 

VOL. v. H 

98 
TTTEDlDiE. 

culmen 0*95 to 0*8. Third primary longest; second primary fre


quently intermediate in length between the third and fourth, and 

as olten between the fouith and fifth. 

This is the Eastern 
form of A. turdoides, differing from that 

species in its smaller 
size, slightly more rounded wing, and darker 

legs. Birds of the year have indistinct dark streaks on the throat, 

and pale tips to the tail-feathers. 

The Chinese Gieat Reed-Warbler breeds in the valley of the 

Amoor, in North China, and Japan. It passes through South China 

on migration, and winters in the islands of the Malay archipelago 

and the Burma peninsula, having been found as far west as Pegu 

and the S. Andaman 
Islands, and as far south as Lombock. 

a. Ad. sk. Japan. Prof. Brandt [C.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Shanghai. W. Webb, Esq. [P."]. 
c. Ad. sk. Amoy, May. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. 
d. 
Ad. sk. Foochoo (JR. Svrin-E. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Jioe). Esqrs. [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. China. J. Reeves, Esq. [P.]. 
/. $ ad. sk. S. Andamans, Dec. R. B. Sharpe,Esq. [P.]. 
29 (Wimberley). 
g, hj i. Ad. sk. Malacca. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.]. 

h. Ad. sk. Java. Purchased. 
I Ad. sk. Philippines. Purchased. 
m. Ad. &k. Manilla. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.]. 
n. Ad. sk. Labuan, Borneo. Hugh Low, Esq. [C.J. 
o. 
Ad. sk. Moara Is., N.W. Governor Ussher [C] , 
Borneo. 
p. 
Ad. sk. Lumbidan, W. Governor Ussher [C.]. 
Borneo. 
q. 
Ad. sk. Sibu Is., W. BorA. 
Everett, Esq. [C.]. 
neo, April 27. 
r. Ad, sk. Rmtnlu,W.Borneo. A. Everett, Esq. [C.]. 
s. Ad. sk. Bourn Island. A. R. "Wallace, Esq. [C 
t,v,v,w}x. <$ ad.sk. Lombock. A. R. Wallace, Esq. f C 
y, z. 9 ad. sk. Batchian. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0/| 
a'. Ad. sk. Morty Is. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [_U. j . 
7. Acrocephalus steutoreus. 
Curruca stentorea, Hempr. et Bhr. Bymb. Phys., Aves. fol. bb 

(1833). 
Agrobates brunnescens, Jerd. Madr. Jovrn. x. p. 209 (1839). 
Malacocercus ? abnornis, Ilodys. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. 3fus.) 

of B. of Nepal, Passeres, pi. 54. no. 816, imde 
Malacocercus ? abornis, Ilodys., Gray's Zool Misc. p. 83. no. 816 (1844). 
Calamoherpe brunnescens (Jerd.), Myth, J. A. S. Betty, xv. p. 218 

(1846); Bp. Consp. i. p. 285 (1850). 
Acrocephalus brunnescens (Jerd.), Blyth, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. 

p. 181 (1849) ; Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. Mm. JE.L Co. i. p. 331 
(1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 154 (1803) ; llwne # Senders. Lahore 
. to Tarh p. 214, pi. xvi. (1873). 
Calamoherpe longiro&tris, v. Mull. Naum. 1851, iv. p. 27. 
Calamoherpe macrorhyncka, v. Midi. Beitr. Orn. Afr. t. 9 (1853). 
Acrocephalus stentoreus (Iltmpr. et J3h)\)} Cab. J'oum. Orn. 1854, 

4. ACEOCEPIIAMTH. 
00 
p. 445; Allen, 11m, 1804, p. 07, pi. i.; UvwjL Orn. K.Q.-Afr. I 
p. 287 (18(H)); Shlley,B. F</tjpf, p. 05 (1*72/; i?/w«/l iW. /W«, 
li. p. 104 (1870); Dreiser, B. Eur. pt. lxii. (1877).* 
Salicnria stenturia {Ilempr. et Mr.), Mr. Si/st. U(bers. p. 28 (1850), 
Acrocephalus orientalis (T. § S.) apud Gray, P. Z. S. 18**0, p. 34J). 
Calamodyta brimneacens (JerdX Gray. llaiul-L B. i. p. 207. no. 2018 
(1860). 
Calamodyta stentoria {Hempr. et J3h\), Gray, Iland-h B, i. p. 207. 
no. 2030 (1800). 
Calamodjta meridionalis, Feyge, Str. Feath, iii. p. 300 (1875). 

This species dooa not differ in any respect from the preceding in 
colour, and is subject to the same change alter the autumn moult. 
The bill is proportionally somewhat laiger ; the legs, feet, and claws 
are slaty brown. Length of wing 3-5 to 3*0 inches, tail 3*4 to 3*0, 
oilmen 1*05 to 0*88. Third and fourth primaries ncaily equal and 
longest; second primary about equal to the sixth, sometimes a trifle 
longer, sometimes a trifle shorter. 

This species might almost be considered a subspecies of A. oriaitalis; 
but from its restricted range of migiation it has apparently 
become differentiated, and may always be recognized by its larger 
bill, longer tail, and more rounded wing. 

The Indian Great Reed-Warbler appears to have a very limited 
range of migration. It appears to be resident in Egypt, to breed in 
Turkestan and the highlands of Persia, and winter in the lowlands 
of the latter country. It also breeds in Cashmere, Nepal, and probably 
other localities in the Himalayas, wintering in the valley of 
the Ganges. There appears aLso to be a colony resident in Ceylon. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Egypt {Capt Shelley). E. B. Sharpe, E^q. [?.]. 
b. 
<$ ad. sk. Shiraz, S. Persia, 4720 Col. St. John [C.j. 
ft., July 6 {Major 
St John). 
c. 
tf ad. sk. Shiraz, 8. Persia, 4700 W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C/J. 
ft., June 8. 
d. Ad. sk. Cashmere. Capt. FUackhoupe Phrwill [P.], 
e,f, g. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Staekhouse Pinwill [P.]. 
7i.Acl.sk. India. " Dr.Jwdon [P.]. 
i. Ad. sk. India. India Museum, 
Jc. Ad. sk, Dacca (Tytler). India Museum. 
I. 
Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
8. Acrocephalus longirostris. 
Calamoherpe longirostris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 20; Bp. Co?tsjp> i. 

p. 285 (1850) ; Gould, JSandb. B. Austr. i. p. 403 (1865) j Ramsay, 
Froc. Finn. Soc. JV.S.W. ii. p. 186 (1878;. 
Acrocephalus longhostris {Gould), Goidd, B. Austr. iii. pi. xxxviii. 
(1848). 
Calamodvta 
longirostris (Gould), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848); 
Gray, "Hand-L B. I p. 207. no. 2020 (1800). 

This species differs from all the other Great lleed-"Warblcrs in 

100 
TURD1])JE. 

having the upper parts decidedly russet-brown, darkest on the head 
and palest on the rump. In the colour of its underparts it does not 
differ from its near allies ; the legs, feet, and claws are dark. 
Length of wing 3-03 to 2'd inches, tail 2*87 to 2-62, calmen 0*84 
to 0-8, tarsus 1*1 to 1-04. Third primary longest; second primary 
equal to or slightly longer than the sixth. 

The West-Australian Great Eeed-Warbler inhabits West Australia, 
being a summer migrant only to the south. 

a. Ad. sk. Australia. 
Purchased. 
9. Acrocephalus australis. 
Sylvia arundinacea (Linn.) apucl Lewin, B. Neio Soil. pi. 18 (1822). 
Acroeephalus australis, Gould, B. Austr. hi. pi. xxxvii. (1848) ; 
JDiygles, Orn. Austr. pi. xlvii. fig. 3 (1870). 
Calamodyta australis (Gould), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848); Gray, 
Hand4. B. i. p. 208. uo. 2t>43 (1800). 

Oalamoherpe 
austialis {Gould), Bonap. Consp. i. p. 285 (1850); 
Gould, Handb. B. Aubtr. i. p. 402 (^1805); JRanibay, Proc. Linn, 
Soc. N S. W. ii. p. 186 (1878). 

This species does not differ in any respect from the preceding in 
colour, and is apparently subject to the same change after the 
autumn moult. The bill is somewhat shorter; the legs, feet, and 
claws are dark brown. Length of wing 3*0 to 2-7 inches, tail 2*7 to 
2-4, culmen 0*8 to 0*7. Third primary longest; second primary 
between the fifth and seventh. 

This species is a south-eastern form of A. orientalis, differing in 
having a more rounded wing. Prom that species and from A. stentoreus 
it differs in being of smaller size (especially in the culmen); 
and from the last-mentioned species it also differs in having a proportionally 
shorter tail. 

The East-Australian Heed-Warbler appears to breed in Southeastern 
Australia, where it is a migratory bird, arriving in September 
and retiring north in March during the cold season. 

a, b. Ad. sk. South Australia. Sir G. Grev [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. N.E. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell f P.], 
d. Ad. sk. Lombock. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 

10. Acroeephalus syrinx. 
Sylria syrinx, Kittl. Mem. VAcad. St Petersb. ii. p. 6, pi. 8 (1835). 
Sylvia oceanica, "Kittl. in Mus. Senckenb" MeFimch, Journ. Mus. 
Godeffr. xii. p. 30 (1876). 
Tatars rousserolle, Hombr. et Jacq. Ail. Voy. Pole Sud, pi. 20. fig. 5 

(1853). 
Tatars syrinx (Kittl), Jacq. et Pitch. Voy. Pole Sud, iii. p. 92 (1853). 
Epametes syrinx (KM.), Peichb. Nat. Syst. pi. lviii. (1850): Bonap. 

Compt. Rend. 1855, p. 111. 
Acrocephalus orientalis (T. fy SX apucl Pelz. Novara-Peise, w. 63, 
162 (1805). 9 w > 

4. ACROCEPUALTJfl. 
J 01 
Oalamodyta syrinx (IuttL), Gray. Iland-l B. i. p. 208, no. 2018 
(1809). 
Calamoherpe syrinx, Juttl, Finseh, Joum, Mus. Godelfr. xii. p. 30 
(1870) ; id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 778. 

This appears to bo nearly allied to A, stentoreus, differing from 
that species only in being* of slightly smaller size, and in having 
a proportionally shorter tail. It would scarcely be deserving of 
specific rank had it not become isolated in its geographical distribution. 
It is of exactly the same colour as the three preceding 
species, and is apparently subject to the same seasonal changes. The 
legs, feet, and claws are dark brown. Length of wing 3*0 to 2-9 
inches, tail 2*75 to 2'55, culmen 1*0 to 0*05, tarsus 1*05. Third and 
fourth primaries nearly equal and longest; second primary intermediate 
in length between the sixth and seventh. 

So far as is known, Kittlitz's Great Becd-Warbler is confined to 
Ponape or Pinnipet, one of the more easterly of the Caroline Islands, 
where it is said to be a resident species. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Ponape. Godenroy Museum [C.]. 
11. Acroceph.alus palustris. 
Motacilla camtschatkensis, Gmel apud Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl iv. 
p. 067 (1795). 
Sylvia palustris, Bechst Orn. Taschenb. p. 180 (1802); Wolf, 
"Taschenb. 
I p. 237 (1810); Temm. Man. cTOm. i. p. 192 (1820) ; 
Meyer, Taschenb* Zus. u. Ber. p. 81 (1822); Naum. Pity. Deutschl 

iii. p. 030(1823); Roux, Orn. Proo. i. p. 348 (1825); Fuersm. 
Add. Pall. Zooffr. Rosso-Ahiat p. 22 (1835); Temm. Man. a"Orn. 
iii. p. 110 (1835); Crespon, Orn. Gard. p. 117 (1840); Nordm. 
Demid. Voy. Russ. merld. iii. p. 144- (1840); Werner, Atlas, Inseetfo. 
pi. 31 (1842); Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, p. 104 (1852); Siuul. tiv. 
Fogl. p. 70 (1850)*; Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 40 (1*75). 
Acrocephaltis 
palustris (Bechst.), Nat. Land-u. Wass.-Vdg, nordl. 
Deutschl, Nachtr. Heft iv. p. 202 (1811); Salvad. Fatm. Ital. Ucc. 

p. Il l (1871); Blanf. Fast Pers. ii. p. 107 (1870); Dresser, B. Fur. 
pt. lvi. (1877). 
Calamoherpe 
palustris (Bechst.), Bole, Lsis, 1822, p. 552; Brehm, 
Toy. Deutschl p. 445 (1831); Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. df N. Amer. 

p. 13 (1838); Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 100 (1812); Schl Vog. 
Nederl p. 144 (1854); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 200 
(1859) ; Neiuton, List B. Fur. Blasius, p. 11 (1802); Degl. et 
Gerbe, Orn. Fur. i. p. 518 (1807); Loche, Fxpl Sci. Alger., Ois. 
p. 259 (1807); Doderl Avif. Sicil p. 125 (I860); Droste, Vogelw. 
Borkum, p. 101 (1869); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 94 (1872); truuid, 
B. Gt. Br. ii. pi. lxxiv. (1873). 
Calamoherpe salicaria (Linn.), apud Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 444 
(1831). 
Calamoherpe musica, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl p. 446 (1831). 
Salicaria palustris (Bechst), Gould, B. Fur. ii. pi. 109 (1837); Keys. 

v. Bias. Wirb. Fur. pp. liii, 181 (1840); Schl. Rev. Crit. p. xxvii 
(1844); Harting, Ilandb. Br. B. p. 104 (1872). 
Oalamodyta palustris (Bechst.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848). 
Sylvia (Calamoherpe) fruticola, Nairn, Vog. Deutschl xiii. p. 453 

(1853). 

102 
TTJRDIBiE. 

Oalamolierpe philomela, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 236 (1855). 
Oalamolierpe prateusis, Juab. Rm et Mag. de Zoo!, vii. p. 65 (1855). 
Calamodyta (Oalamolierpe) palustris, Fritach, Vog. Eur, p. 152 


(1870). 
Saliearia macronyx, Severtz. Turlcest Jevotn. pp. 6G, 128 (1873); 
Dresner, Ibis, 1876, p. 84 

The general colour of the upper parts varies from olive-brown in 
spring' plumage to earthy brown in summer plumage, with a scarcely 
perceptible shade of rufous after the autumn moult, slightly paler on 
the lump; eye-stripe nearly obsolete; innermost secondaries with 
broad ill-defined pale edges; wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers 
a slightly darker brown, with narrow edges to the outside webs of 
the same colour as the back; quills and tail-feathers, when frcshmoultod, 
with narrow pale edges at and near the tips, but these are 
soon lost by abrasion. The breast, Hanks, and under tail-coverts 
are pale buff, shading into neaily white on the chin, throat, and 
centre of belly ; the axillaries, thighs, and under wing-coverts, and 
tho inner lining of the quills are pale buff. After the autumn moult 
the whole of the underparts are suffused with buff. The bill is 
Acrocephaline, the upper mandible dark and the under mandible 
pale; the rictal bristles are very slightly developed. The legs, feet, 
and claws are pale horn-colour. Length of wing 2-8 to 2*45 inches, 
tail 2*4 to 2*0, culm en 0*7 to 0-57. Second primary very slightly 
shorter than the third, in rare instances shoiter than the fourth. 

The Marsh Reed-Warbler breeds in Central and Southern Europe, 
extending its range eastwards as far as Persia, and possibly as far 
as Turkestan. It winters in Central Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Europe. 
b. 2 
a<l. sir. Valkenswaard, Holland. F. Godman and O. Salvim 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
c. 
Q ad. sk. N. of Shiraz, S. Persia, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [O.l 
7000 feet. 
12. Acrocephalus streperus* 
La Fauvette de Roseaux, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 378 (1760) • Buff. Hist 
Nat Ois. v. p. 142 (1778); ? Daubent. PL JEnl 581. fig. 2 
(1778). 

PMotacilla saliearia, Linn. 8yd. Nat i. p. 330 (1766); Bechst. 
Naturg. Deutschl. iv, p. 671 (1795), 
Motacilla arundinacea, Light foot, Phil. Trans, lxxv. p. 11 (1785); 

Gmel. Syst. Nat i. p. 992 (1788, ex Lightfoot). 
Reed Wren, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 184 (1787). 
Sylvia arundinacea (Gmel), Lath. Inch Orn. ii. p. 510 (1790) ; 

"Bechst. 
Orn. Taschenb. p. 174 (1802) ; Wolf, Taschenh. i. p. 235 
(1810); Leach, Cat Mamm. #c. Brit Mm. p. 23 (1816); Temm. 

* It being impossible to determine to what bird Linnaeus intended to apply 
his name of Mofatilta saliearia, which has been identified with many other 
species, and the Ttirdus arundbiaceus of Linnaeus having been removed to the 
genus Acrocephalus, and the name extensively applied to the Great Sedge-
Warbler, we must unfortunately ignore the latter familiar name in favour of 
that of Vieillot, which appears to be the earliest untainted name. 
4. ACROOEHULUS. 
Man. (VOni. L p. 101 (1820) ; Naum. Voj. Dentsehl iii. p. 014 
(1823); Jenyns, Man. Brit. Yertebr. p. 107\lS:J5); Temm. Man. 
d'Om. iii. p. 115 (1835); Crespon, O.'ii. Ganl p LIo (1S10); 
Nordm. Demid. Yoy. Buss, mend. iii. p. 112(1810); JFemer, 

-Atlas, Insectiv. pi. 30 (1812); Kjcerb. Danm. Fugle, p. 105 (1852); 
Sundev. Ho. Fogl. p. 09 (1850) { FaUon, Ois. Belg. p. 40 (1873). 

Acrocephalus arimdinaceus (Gmel), Naum. Nat. Land- u. JYtm.- Yog. 
nbrdl, Dentschl., Nachtr. Heft iv. p. 202 (1811) ; ISalwd. Faun, 
Ital. Ucc. p. 112(1871). 

Muscipeta arundiiiacea (GmeL), Koch, Si/st baier. Zool i. p. 1G5 
(1810). 

Sylvia btrepera, r*W«. N Diet, d'Hist. Nat. xi. p. 1S2 (1817); Yieill. 
Faune Franc, i. p. 210 (1820;; Boiu, Orn.Prov. i. p. 347 (1825). 
Calainoherpe arundinaiea (Gmcl), Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 552; Zf/?. 
Cow/?. Est B. Eur. $ N. Amcr. p. 13 (1838); Mavqill Br. B. ii. 

p. 395(1830); iSehn-Longch. Faun. Be'g. p. 10l'(1842); NchL 
Yog. Nederl. p. 143 (185A) ; Jf/ito. c£ Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. 
Orn. p. 259 (1859); Nmot. Lht B. Fur. Blav'us, p. 11 (1862); 
Def/l. et Gerbe, Orn. Ear. i. p. 510 (1807); Locke, Evpl Sci. Alger., 
Ois. p. 258 (1807); DoderL Avif. 8<cil p. 124 (18139); Droste, 
Yoqelw. Bo hum, p. 101 (1809); tihelley, B. Egypt, p. 94 (1872) ; 
Gould, B. Gt. Br. ii. pi. lxxiii. (1873). 

Curruca amndmacea ( GmeL), Fleming, Brit. An. p. 09 (1829). 
Calainoherpe aluorum, Brehm, Yog. DeuUch. p. 443 (1831), 
Gaiamoherpe arbustorum, Brehm, op. cit. p. 143 (1831). 
Calamolierpe piscinarum, Brehm, op. cit. p. 447 (1831). 
Oalamolierpe brelmrii, Midler, fide Brehm, op. cit p. 447 (1831). 
Curruca fusca, llempr. et Ehr. Symb. Phys., Aves, t'ol. cc (1833). 
Salicaiia arimdinacea (GmeL), ^SeJbi/, Brit. Orn. i. p. 203(1833); 

Goidd, B. Bur. ii. pi. 108 (1837); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. 
pp. liii, 181 (1840); Thomps. B. Irel. i. p. 183 (1849) j Binderm. 

Yog. Qriechenl p. 88 (I860). 
Calamodyta strepera ( Yieill), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848). 
Syhia alfmis, Hardy, Ann. de VAssoc. Norm. 1841, fide Degl. Orn. 

Eur. i. p. 572 (1849, nee Blyth). 
Calamolierpe piuetorum, Brehm, Yogelf. p. 235 (1855). 


rpe < , x 
Calamolierpe ob^curooapilla, Dubois, Journ. Orn. 1850, p. 240. 
Calamodyta arundiiiacea (GmeL), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 208. no. 

2940 (i860). 
Calamodyta (Oalamolierpe) arimdinacea (Gmel)9 Fritsch, Yog. Eur. 

p. 151'(1870). 
Salicaria strepera, Harting, Handb. Br. B. p. M (1872). 
Acrocephalus streperus (Yieill.), Newt. ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 309 
(1873); Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 196 (1870); Dresser, B. Eur. 
pt. Ivii. (1877). 
This species exactly resembles the preceding, except that the 
plumage of both the upper and under parts is distinctly suffused 

•with rufous, which is especially pronounced on the rump and upper 
tail-coverts, and considerably so on the breast, flanks, and under 
tail-coverts. The legs, feet, and claws are slaty brown. Length 
of wing 2-7 to 2-35 inches, tail 2-3 to 1*95, oilmen 0-7 to 0*0. 
The second primary is generally equal to the fourth, occasionally a 
trifle longer or a trifle shorter. 
104 
TTJEDIDiE. 

T3ie Rood-Warbler breeds in Central and Southern Europe, extending 
its range eastwards as far as Turkestan and Baluchistan. 
It is said to pass through Egypt and Nubia on migration, and 
winters in Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. England. 
b-m. <$ $ ad. et juv. sk. Cookham, Berks, July. B, B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 
ft, o,p. Ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker. 
q, r. Ad. sk. Cambridgeshire, June E. Godman and 0. Sal14; 
1856 (O. S.). Tin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
s, t. $ ad. sk. Europe. Purchased. 

u. 
Ad. sk. Europe. Baron De Selys-Longchamps. 
v. Ad. sk. France. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
to. 2 ad. sk. Gibraltar. Col. Irby [P.]. 
SL\ Ad. sk. Constantinople (JElwes). E. Godman and 0. Sal-
vim Esqrs. [P.]. 

y. cS ad. sk. Gennesareth, Palestine. Canon Tribtram [C.I. 
s. $ ad. sk. Banias, Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.J. 
a', g ad. sk. Bampur, Baluchistan, W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
2000 feet, April 7. [C], 
h'. <$ ad. sk. Kohrud, N. of Ispahan, "W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
8000 feet, July 18. [0.]. 
c', Skel. England. Purchased. 

13. Acrocephalus dumetorum. 
Sylvia montana, Syhes, 1. Z. S. 18.32, p. 89 (nee Hors field). 
Sylvia arundinacea (Gmel.), a_pud JSversm. Add. Pali. Zoogr. Mosso-
Asiat. fasc. iii. p. 11 (1842). 
Salicaria arundinacea?, Hodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mus.) 
of B. of Nepal, Passeres, pi. 52, wide 

Salicaria' arundinacea ?, Hodgs. Gray's ZooJ. Misc. no. 818, p. 82 
(1844); Serertz. Turhest. Jevotn. p. 05 (1873); Severtz. Stray Feath. 
1875, p. 425. 

Acrocephalus montanus (Sykes), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 594 
(1845, nee Ilorsjielcl); id! Cat.B. Mus. A*. Soc. p. 181 (1849). 

Acrocephalus dumetoium, 
Blyth, J. A. S.Beng. xviii. p. 815 (1849); 
id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 326 (1849); Layard, Ann. Nat. 
Mist 185;i, p. 203; llorsf. 8? Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. 

i. p. 332 (1854) j Jerd. B. 2nd. ii. p. 155 (1803) ; Dretser, B. Bur. 
pt. liii. (1876). 
Sylvia (Salicaria) magnirostris, Lilljeh. Of v. Vet.-Ah. Uandl. 1850, 

p. 274, pi. xix. 
Calamodyta dumetorum (Blyth), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 207. no. 2923 
(1869). 
Oalamoherpe (Salicaria) magnirostris (Lilljeh.), Meves, Of v. Vet.-Ah. 
Fork 1871, p. 752. 
Salicaria eurhyncha, Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. pp. 06, 128 (1873) j 
Severtz. Stray Feath. 1875, p. 425; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 85. 
Salicaria splienura, Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. pp. 66, 128 (1873); 
Severtz. Stray Feath. 1875, p. 425 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 86. 
Salicaria concolor, Severtz. Turhest, Jevotn. pp. GQ, 130 (1873); 
Severtz. Stray Feath. 1875, p. 426 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 88. 
Acrocephalus streperus (VieilL), apud Dresser,Ibis, 1876, p. 83. 

The general colour of the upper parts varies from olive-brown in 

4 . ACEOCEPHALUS. 
spring plumage to a faded olive-brown in summer, with a decidedly 
fulvous tinge after the autumn moult; eye-stripe nearly obsolete; 
wing-coverts and innermost secondaries very slightly browner, except 
towards the edge of the feathers; quills and tail-feathers a 
slightly darker brown, with narrow edges to the outside webs of 
the same colour as the back; quills and tail-feathers when fresh-
moulted with narrow pale edges at and near the tips, but these are' 
soon lost by abrasion; the breast, flanks, and thighs are brownish 
buff, shading into pale bunish white on the chin, throat, and centre 
of belly, axillaries, under wing-coverts, and the inner margin of the 
quills. After the autumn moult the whole of the underparts are 
suffused with a pure delicate buff. The bill is Acrocephaline, the 
upper mandible dark and the under mandible pale; the rictal 
bristles are very slightly developed. The legs, feet, and claws are 
pale horn-colour. Length of wing 2-5 to 2*33 inches, tail 2-3 to 
2*0, culmen 0*7 to 0*6. Third and fourth primaries nearly equal 
and longest; second primary always shorter than the fifth, 
usually between the sixth and seventh, but occasionally shorter than 
the seventh. 

Blyth's Reed~"Warbler breeds in the Central Palsearctic Begion, 
from St. Petersburg eastwards at least as far as the valley of the 
Yenesay. It also breeds in the Himalayas from Cashmere to Nepal, 
wintering in India as far south as Ceylon. It does not appear to 
have been observed in the Burma peninsula. 

a. $ ad. sk.
h, c. Ad. sk. 
Ekaterinburg (Sabanaejf). 
N.W. India. 
H. E. Dresser, Esq. [P.]. 
Capt. Staekhouse Pinwill 
d, e, f. Ad. sk. India. India Museum. 
g. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

(Type of No. 818 Hodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mus.) of 

Birds of Nepal, Passeres, pi. 52.) 
h, i. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
Jc. Ad. sk. Bengal (A. S. Beng.). India Museum, 
L Ad. sk. Deccan (Sykes). India Museum. 

m. 
r? ad. sk. Mvnall, Travancore, Eeb. 6, E. W. Bourdillon, Esq. 
1880. [O.]. 
n. Ad. sk. Ceylon (C. L. Layard). H. Cuming, Esq. 
14. Acrocephalus agricola. 
Sylvia (Acrocephalus) agricola, Jerd. Madras Journ. xiii. pt. 2, 
p. 131 (1844). 
?, Hodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mus.) of B. of Nepal, 
Passeres, App. pi. 38. no. 903. 
Calamoherpe agricola (Jerd.), Blyth, J. A. S.Beng. xiv. p. 595 (1845); 
Bp. CoTisp. L p. 285 (1850). 
Calamodyta agricola (Jerd.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848) j Gray, 
Hand-l. B. i. p. 207. no. 2921 (18G9). 

Acrocephalus agricola (Jerd.), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 182 
(1849): Horsf # Moore, Cat. B. Mus. B.L Co. i. p. 334 (1854) , 
Jerdon, B. Ind. ii. p. 150 (1863) ; Dresser, B. Eur. pt. liii. (1876), 

Salicaria capistrata, Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. pp. 66, 127 (1873), 
Severtz. Stray Feath. 1875, p. 425 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 84. 

106 TXTBDIDJB. 

Salicaria modeiia, Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. pp. 66, 129 (1873) ; 
Semrtz. Stray Feath. 1875, p. 426 j Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 88. 
Salicuria gracilis, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 06,130 (1873) ; Severtz. 
Stray hath. 1875, p. 420; Dresser, Ibis, 1870, p. 86. 

The general colour of the upper parts varies from russet-brown 
in spring to almost an earthy brown in summer, becoming still 
more rufous after the autumn moult; eye-stripe very narrow, and 
becoming very obscure behind the eye; wing-coverts, innermost 
secondaries, quills, and tail-feathers browner, edged on the outside 
webs with the same colour as the back; quills and tail-feathers 
when fresh-moulted with narrow pale edges at and near the tips, 
which are soon lost by abrasion. In spring the underparts are 
pale buff, darkest on the breast, flanks, and thighs; on the three 
latter parts some buff is always retained, but the rest of the underparts 
fade in summer to nearly pure white ; after the autumn 
moult the buff of the underpays is richer and purer in colour 
than in spring. Bill almost as slender as in Phylloscnpus; upper 
mandible dark, under mandible pale, darker towards the tip; 
rictal bristles moderately developed. Legs, feet, and claws pale 


horn-colour. Length of wing 2-35 to 2*0 inches, tail about the 
same, eulraen 0*56 to 0*52. Fourth primary longest; second primary 
equal to the seventh, sometimes a trifle shorter, sometimes 
a trifle longer; bastard primary slightly longer than in typical 
Acrocephahts, in adult birds as long as the primary-coverts, in 
birds of the year projecting 0*15 inch beyond them. 

The most characteristic features of this species are its small bill 
and long tail. 

Jerdon's Reed-Warbler breeds in the valley of the Lower Volga, 
extending its range eastwards in the Palaearctic Eegion at least as 
far as Turkestan, and probably as far as China. It also breeds in 
the Himalayas from Cashmere to Nepal, and winters in the plains 
of India. 

a. Ad. sk. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.], 
(Type of Acrocephalus aqricola, Jerdon.) 
b. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. j . 
(Type of No. 903 Hodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Biit/Mus.) of Birds 
of Nepal, Passeres, App. pi. 88.) 

c. Ad. sk. Pushut, Afghanistan India Museum, 
(Griffith). 
15. Acrocephalus bseticatus. 
L'Isabelle, LevailL Ois. dAfr. iii. pi. 121.fig. 2 (1802). 
Sylvia baeticata, Vieill N. Diet. d'Hisl Nat. xl p. 105 (1817). 
Salicaria rufescens, Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. liv (1840). 
Calamodyta baeticula, Vieill.,ftde Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848). 
Calamodyta rufescens (Keys. u. Bias.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848)j 


layard, B. S. Afr. p. 97 (1807) j Gray, Uand-l B. i. p. 207. no. 
2929(1869). * 
Oalamoherpe rufescens (Keys. u. Bias.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 286 (1850); 
Grill, Zool. Antechn. p. 28 (1859) $ Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 291. 

5 . IiOCTTSTULLA. 10 7 
Calamoherpc bn&tieula (Vieil!.),Jide Bp. Consp. i. p. 280 (1850). 
Sylvia isabolla, Boic,Jide Bp, Consp. i. p. 28(5 (18**50). 
Oettia ketieula (Pleill.),Jide Smid. 1& tio. Fet.-Ak. JIandl 1857, 

p. 38. 
Oahmoherpe arundiuacea ? (Linn.), apud Gurney, Ibis, 1805, p. 200. 
Sylvia b.eticula (FieilL), fide Bayard, B. 8. Afr. p. 07 (1807). 
Oalamoliorpo strepera ( fleifl.), apud Gunmj, Ibis, 18t>H, p, 157. 
Calamodvta baotieata (VieilL), Gray, Jland-i. B. i. p. 200. no. 2055 
(1800)*; Gurnet/, Andens. B. Dam. Zd. p. 90 (1872). 
Calainohevpe bajtieata ( Tied/.), Skarpe, Cat. Afr. B, p. 32 (1871). 
Acrocephalus baiticatus (Viedl.), S/uirpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. 

p. 200 (1877) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1878, p. 288. 
Acrocephalus albotorquatus, Hartlaub, Journ. Orn. 1880, p. 212. 
The general colour of tho upper parts varies from a rich russotbrown, 
darkest on the head and palest on the rump ; in spring and 
autumn plumage to a faded earthy brown, with little or no russet 
lo4t except on the rump in summer and winter; eye-stripe neatly 
obsolete ; quills and tail-feathers a darker brown than in the preceding 
species, but the variations in the detail of their coloration, 
as well as those of the underparts, the same ; tho bill the same as 
in tho last species, but the legs, fevt, and claws darker, pale ashcolour. 
Length of wing 2-48 to 2*18 inches, tail 2*2 to 2*0, culmen 
0*67 to 0*6. Third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest; 
second primary equal to the seventh, sometimes a triHe shorter, 
sometimes a trifle longer. 

This species is an African form of the preceding, and differs from 
it only in having the upper parts of a more decided coffee-brown, 
and in being slightly smaller in size. 

The South-African lleed-"\Yarbler appears to be confined to 
Central and South Africa, breeding in the Tiansvaal and Daraara 
Land, and probably remaining there during tho whole year. Hartlanb's 
bird from Lado, Central Africa, appears to bo a partial albino 
of the species. 

a-h. Ad. sk. S. Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.]. 
if k. <S ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Damara Land R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Dec. (Andersson). 
lf m. 5 ad. sk. Swakop R., Damara Land R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
I)ec. (Andermn). 

n. $ ad. sk. Transvaal {Ayres). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
o. Ad. sk. S. Africa (Bayard). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
5. L0CUSTELLA. Type 
Locustella, Kawp, Katurl. Syst. p. 315 (1829) L. locustella. 
Potamodua, Kaup, Katurl tiyst p 123 (1829) L. fluviatilis. 
Salicaria, ISelbij, Brit. Orn. p. 197(1838, partim) L. locustella. 
P&eudo-luscinia, Bp. Camp. Bist B. Bur. § K. Amer. 

p. 12 (1838) L. luscinioides. 
Sibillatrix, Macqill Br. B. ii. p. 309 (1839, nee 
Kaup, 1829) „ L. locustella. 
Lusciniopsis, Bp. dec. Bur. p. 36 (1842) L. luscinioides. 

10 8 TTTEDlDiE. 
Type. 
Psithyrsodus, Gloyer, Gem. Ilandb. Naturg. p. 298 
(1842) L. locustella. 
Parnopia, Blasius, Newt. List JB. JEur. Bias, p. 11 
(1802) t L. locustella. 
Acridiornis, Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. p. GO (1873) .. L. locustella. 
Threnetria, Schauer, Journ. Orn. 1873, p. 161 » L. locustella. 

The genus Locustella comprises the Grasshopper "Warblers, a small 
but woll-definoci group of birds nearly allied to Aerocephalus, 
agreeing with this genus in having 12 tail-feathers, the tarsus 
scntellatecl in front, and the bastard primary so minute as rarely 
to extend beyond the primary-coverts. It differs from Acrocephalus 
in having a more rounded tail, and nearly obsolete rictal bristles. 
The outside tail-feathers are shorter than the under tail-coverts, 
except in one instance, where, however, they are less than three 
fourths the length of the longest. The bill is long and slender, 
as in the Calamocline group of Acrocephalus, which many of the 
species further resemble in having the upper parts spotted. The 
predominant colours are russet-brown and olive-brown. 

These birds are all migratory and moult twice in the year. So 
far as is known, all the species have the continuous monotonous 
note, which can scarcely be called a song, and which has given them 
the name of Grasshopper Warblers. 

Three of the species breed in Central Europe, and winter in 
North Africa; a fourth breeds in Wrestern Siberia, and winters in 
India; a fifth breeds in Eastern Siberia, and winters in India, 
Burmah, and the Malay archipelago ; a sixth also breeds in Eastern 
Siberia, and a seventh on the eastern shores of the Pacific—both 
these latter wintering in the islands of the Malay archipelago. 

Key to the Species, 

A. Upper parts nearly uniform in colour ; under surface 
of tail-feathers nearly uniform in colour. 
(Subgeneric group POTAMODI.) 

a. Oilmen more than 0*65 inch long. Under tail-
coverts not quite so long as the outside tail-
feathers fasciolata, p. 109. 
6. Culmen less than 0*65 inch long. Under tail-
coverts longer than the outside tail-feathers. 
a'. Upper parts olive-brown; breast striated .. jlwiatilis, p. 110. 
b'. Upper parts russet-brown; no striations on 

breast , 
luscinioides, p. 112. 

B. 
Upper parts generally spotted like a Lark; if unspotted, 
or nearly so, under surface of tail-feathers 
with a subterminal black bar and pale tip. 
(Subgeneric group LOCUSTELLA.) 

c. Tail-feathers with a subterminal black bar and 
pale tip. 
c\ 
Upper parts with very indistinct darker 
centres to the feathers, sometimes obsolete, ochotensis, p. 113. 

5 . LOCUSTELLA. 
100 

d'. Head and back with clearly-defined dark 
centres to the feathers certhiola, p. 114, 

d. Tail-feathers uniform in colour, but generally 
with obscure traces of transverse bars. 
e'. Spots on the back obscurely defined. Second 

primary between the third and fourth; or 

fourth and fifth locustella, p. 115. 

/'. Spots on the back clearly defined. 

a". Upper parts brown with a shade of olive; 

underparts unspotted, except under tail-

coverts, which have dark longitudinal 

central streaks. Second primary generally 

between the fourth and fifth; or fifth 

and sixth straminea, p. 117. 

bn. Upper parts brown, with a shade of russet; 
underparts varying from having every 
feather with a dark longitudinal central 
streak, to having no streaks on any of 
the feathers of the underparts. Second 
primary generally between the third and 
fourth lanceolata, p. 118. 

1. Locustella fasciolata. (Plate Y.) 
Acrocephalus fasciolatus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1800, p. 349; Seebo/im, 
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 800; TweedMe, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 430. 
Acrocephalus insularis, Wallace, Ibis, 1862, p. 330. 
Calamoherpe fumigata, SwinJioe, P. Z. S. 1803, pp. 91, 293. 
Locustella fasciolata {Gray), Blyth, Ibis, 1807, p. 21 j Seebohn, Ibis, 
1879, p. 15. 
Locustella insularis (Wallace), Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 21. 
Cala'modvta fumigata (SwinL), Gray, Hand-l P. i. p. 207. no. 2937 

(1869)'. 
Calamodvta fasciolata (Gray), Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 207. no. 2924 
(1809/; Swm/toe, P. Z. & 1871, p. 352; David et Oust Ois. Chine, 

p. 253 (1877). 
Calamodyta insularis (Wall), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 207. no. 2925 
(1809) ; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 352 ; David et Oust Ois. Chine, 

p. 253 (1877). 
Calamoherpe subflavescens, Elliot, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 243. 
Calamoherpe fasciolatus (Gray), Tacz. Journ. Orn. 1872, p. 353; 
id. Bull Soc, Zool France, p. 138 (1870). 

The general colour of the upper parts is russet-brown, becoming 
slightly more rufous on the rump and upper tail-coverts, and shading 
into dark olive-brown on the nape and head; lores and the feathers 
behind the eye dark brown; eye-stripe pale ash-grey, very indistinct, 
and losing itself at the nape; wings and tail dark russet-
brown, the outside webs of each feather edged with russet-brown; 
outside wob of the second primary pale; chin, throat, and breast 
pale ash-grey, shading into nearly white on the centre of the belly, 
into olive-brown on the flanks and thighs, and into pale ochraceous 
brown on the under tail-coverts; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
pale russet-brown ; inner margin of quills palish brown. Bill more 
slender and less wide at the base than in similar-sized Acrocephali; 

ISO rntunn/r,. 

upper nmndthle dark bro\ui, imdor ujundibli1 pale horn-colour ; rietaJ 
bristles obsolete, Wing milter loiitf, lint, and pointed; (hinl 
piimar) longest ; second piinuin sometimes slight 1} longer, wmiriinuM 
slij»htlt\ short-or than the ibu.it h ; bastard primary \ory small, 
even in binL of lbe}eur shorter than the primary-coverts. Tail 
shorter than the win(u\ outside feathers 0\S to 1*0 inch shorter than 
the longest, hut alight lj longer than the under tail-coverts. I.egs, 
feet, and eluvts pule blown. Length of wing 3*2 to 2*0 inches, 
tail M'O to 2'(>, culnien <KS to 0*7, tarsus 1*15 to I•(),">. 

In a J) wad m my collect ion from Ainoy, and in another from 
Ifakodadi, the pah* ash~^rey on the chin, throat, and breast is replaced 
on the chin and upper throat by pale brownish white, shading 
into brown on the lower throat, v\hich becomes more oehraceous on 
the breast. It is possible, however, that the fully adult female may 
be found to bo similar to the male. Afftr the autumn moult the 
ash-grey of the breast is less violet in colour. In birds of the i/tar 
the whole of the plumage is suifused with yellow, causing the 
general colour of the upper parts to bo more olive-brown than 
russet -brown, and the chin, throat, and centre of belly to bo huffish 
yellow. In this plumage, which of course continues until the 
spring moult, becoming duller by the usual abrasion which takes 
place during the winter, it is the J . fuse hiatus of Gray and the 

C. stdtjhtrtsetna of Elliot. 
(im\ s Grasshopper Warbler breeds in South-eastern Siberia, 
probably throughout the valley of the Amoor from Lake TJaieal to 
the Pacitic and Noith Japan. It passes along the coast of China on 
migration, and winters in the islands of the llalay archipelago 
((Jilolo, Morty, Butchian, &e.). 

a. (S juv. sk. Batchian. A. Jl, Wallace, Esq. fO."|. 
(T) pe o f A eroa ph at us fa wwlatus, G ra y.) 
by e. Juv. sk. Batchian, A. II. Wallace, Esq. [C.l. 
d. Ad. sk. Gilolo. A. B. Wallace, IVq. [C.]. 
(Type of Aerocephalus insular is, Wallace.) 
e, Juv. sk. Mort*\ is. A. It. Wallace, Esq. fC.1 
/, ff. Ad. sk. Morty Is. A. K, Wallace, Esq. I C.l. 
7*. Juv. sk. kaioa Is. A. K. Wallace, Esq. [C.j. 

2. Locustella fluviatilis. 
Syhia fluviatilis, Wolf, Taselunb. I p. l>20 (1810); Temm. Man. 

"d'Om. i. p. 18;$ (1820); JVaum. Tog. BeuhchL iii. p. 004 (18*23); 
JSrordm. Ikmid. Toy. Buss, merkl iii. p. 141 (1840); Werner, 
Atlas, Itmetiv. pi. 25 (1842). 

Aerocephalus stagnatilis, Naum. Nat, Land-u. Warn,-Tog, nordl, 

DentsehL, Naehtr. p. 202, pi. 2(1 figs. 2, 3 (1811). 
Oalamolierpe fluviatilis ( Wolf), Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 552. 
Potamodus flirviatilis (Wolf), Kaup, Naturl. tit/st. p. 123 (1829). 
Locustella fluviatilis (Woff), Gould, B. Eur, ii. pi. 102 (1837); JBp. 

Comp. List B. Eur, $ A: Amer. p. 12 (1838) • Dresser, B. Eur. 
pt. xxxiv, (1875). 
Saliearia fluviatilis (Wolf), Ixegs. «. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 180 (1840); 
Mchl. Rev, Crit, p. xxviii (1844). 

5 . TiOCtJSTIJlLA. Il l 
Lusciniopsis fluviatilis (JVolf), Bp. Uec. Eur. p. 80 (1842)5 Newt, 
List B. Eur. Blasius, p. l l (1802); IktjL et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. 

p. 521 (1807); Loche,E.vpl Sci. Alger., (Ms. p. 200 (1807); #«/««</. 
Faun. ltd. Ucc. p. 114 (1871). 
Calamodyta fluviatilis (Wolf), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848); Vmi 
Midler, Jour. Orn. 18ob, p. 198 j Graf/, J2and-L B. i. p. 210. 
no. 2071 (1800). 

Locuatella strepitans, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 233 (1855). 
Locustella wodzickii, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 234 (1855). 
Lusciniopsis fluvialilis strepetans, ) 
Lusciniopnis fluviatilis alticepa, ( A. E. Brehm, Vers. SammL 
Lusciniopsis iiuviatilis uiacrorhyiichus, f C.Z. Brehm, p. 0 (1800). 
Lusciniopsis fluviatilis macro urn, j 
Pseudoluscinia Iiuviatilis (JVolf), Tristram, Ibis;1807; p. 77 j Shelley, 


B. Egypt, p. 00 (1872). 
Calamoclyta (Lusciniopsis) fluviatilis (Wolf), Fritseh, Vog. Eur. 
p. 159 (1870). 
Sylvia (Tlirenetria) fluviatilis {Wolf), Schemer, Jour. Orn. 1873, 
p. 161. 
Tlirenetria gryllina, Schauer, Jour. Orn. 1873, p. 183. 
Locustella cicada, Sansmann, Jour. Orn. 1873; p. 434. 
General colour of the- upper parts uniform dark olive-brown, very 
slightly more dusky on the wings, and very slightly paler on the 
margins of the innermost secondaries, and more so on the outside 
web of the second primary ; a scarcely perceptible eye-stripe ; lores 
and the feathers behind the eye uniform with the upper parts; 
generally obscure traces of transverse bars on the tail. The underpays 
aie greyish brown, shading somewhat abruptly into whire on 
the throat, centre of belly, under -wing-coverts, and the tips of the 
under tail-coverts; the leathers on the throat and fore neck have 
dark centres ; auxiliaries and thighs pale brown ; inner lining of 
quills palo grey. Bill typically Locustclline; upper mandible dark 
brown, under mandible pale horn-colour ; rictal bristles scarcely 
perceptible. "Wings very slightly concaved; second and third 
primaries neaily equal and longest; bastard primary very small, 
considerably shorter than the primary-coverts. Tail shorter than 
the wTing, outside feathers 0*5 inch shorter than the longest, and 
shorter than the under tail-coverts. Legs, feet, and claws pale 
brown. Length of wing 2*96 to 2*7 inches, tail 2*5 to 2-3, culmen 
0-6 to 0-54, tarsus 0-8. 

It is not known that there is any difference in the colour of the 
plumage between the sexes, or that any change takes place during 
the autumn moult. Birth of the year are said to have the throat 
plain, without the dark centres; but I have been unable to obtain 
access to a skin in this plumage. 

The Eiver Grasshopper Warbler breeds in Russia as far north as 
Lake Ladoga, probably not extending its range westwards beyond 
the valley of the Danube. It is also supposed to breed in Asia 
ILinor and Palestine, probably wintering in North Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Europe. Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk. Europe. Zoological Society. 
Tt/RDIDJE. 

112 

3. Locustella luscinioides, 
Sylvia luscinioidos, Savi, NuovoGiornale de Letterati, vii. p. 341 (1824) j 
ROUJC, Orn. Prov. i. p. 325 (1825); Temm. Man. d'Orn. iii. p. 119 
(1835) ; Vrespon, Orn. Gard. p. 120 (1840); Nordm. Demid. Voy. 
Muss, merid. iii. p. 142 (1840) ; Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 50 (1875). 

LoeuHtelia luscinioides (Savi), Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 104 (1887) ; 

Brehm, Vogelf. p. 284 (1855); Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xxxviii. (1875). 
P^eudoliiNciuia savii, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. $ N. Amer. p. 12 (1838). 
Saliearia luscinioides (Savi), Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. liii, 180 

(1840) ; Sold. Bev. Crib. p. xxviii (1844) j Harting, Handb. Br. B. 

p. 15 (1872). 
Lusciniops-is savii (Bp), Bp. Ucc. Eur. p. 3G (1842). 
OakmixHta luscinioides (Savi), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848) ,* Gray, 
Hand-L B. i. p. 208. no. 2053 (1809). 
Oettia luscinioides (Savi), L. Gerbe, Diet. Univ. d?Hist. Nat. xi. p. 240 

(1848) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 251 (1859). 
Calamoherpe luscinioides (Savi), Schl. Vog. Nederl p. 149 (1854). 
Lusciniola savii (Bp), Bp. Cat. Barzud. p. 6 (1856) j Locke, Expl. Set. 

Alger., Ois. p. 2155 (1807). 
Locustella savii (Bp), Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 356. 
Lusciniopsis luscinioides (Savi), Newt. List B. Eur. Blasius, p. 11 

(1862); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 520 (1867) ; Doderl. Avif. 
Sicil. p. 120 (1869) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital Ucc. p. 114 (1871): Gould, 

B. Gt. Br. ii. ]). Ixxvii (1873). 
Lusciniopsis luscinioides rufescens, A. E. Brehm, Vers. Sam??tl. C. L. 
Brehm, p. 6 (I860). 
Lusciniopsis luscinioides macrorhynchus, A. E. Brehm, loc.cit. (1866). 
Lusciniopsis luscinioidesbrachyrhynelius, A. E. Brehm,loc.cit. (1866). 
Calamodyta (Lusciniopsis) luscinioides (Savi), Fritsch, Vog. Eur. 

p. 100'(1870). 
Psendoluseinia luscinioides (Savi), Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 89 (1872). 
Acrocephalus luscinioides (Savi), Newt. ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 389 
(1873). 
Sylvia (Threnetria) luscinioides (Savi), Schauer, Journ. Orn. 1873, 

p. 101. 
Threnetria acheta, Schauer, Journ. Orn. 1873, p. 183. 
Potamodus luscinioides (Savi), Blanf. East. Bers. ii. p. 199 (1876). 
General colour of the upper parts a uniform russet-brown, scarcely 
duskier on the quills, and somewhat paler on the outside web of the 
second primary; eye-stripe narrow and very obscure; lores and 
the feathers behind tho eye russet-brown ; generally obscure traces 
of transverse bars on the tail. Underparts pale huffish brown, 
shading into nearly white on the throat and centre of belly; axillaries, 
under wing-coverts, and obscure inner margin to the quills 
pale huffish brown; under tail-coverts pale chestnut, with obscure 
paler tips. Bill typically Locustelline ; upper mandible dark brown, 
under mandible pale horn-colour; rictal bristles obsolete. Wings 
short, rather blunt, but not much concaved; second primary equal 
to or slightly longer than the third; bastard primary very small, 
and not extending beyond the primary-coverts, even in birds of the 
year. Tail shorter than the wing; outside feathers 0*6 to 0-7 inch, 
shorter than the longest, and shorter than the under tail-coverts. 
Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Length of wing 2-8 to 2-51 
inches, tail 2-54 to 2-15, cnlmen 0-61 to 0-56, tarsus 0*9 to 0*85. 

5 . IOCUSTELLA. 
It is not known that the sexes differ in plumage, or that the 
autumn moult produces any change of colour. Birds of the year 
are said to be less rufous on the upper parts, and paler underneath. 

Savi's Grasshopper Warbler appears to be sparingly distributed 
throughout Central and Southern Europe, including tho British 
Islands^ Eastwards it has been found as far as Palestine. It also 
breeds in some parts of the southern shores of the Mediterranean. 
It is said to be a resident in some parts of Franco, but probably the 
greater number migrate to North Africa for the winter. 

a. Ad. sk. Europe. 
Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [0.]. 
c. Ad. sk. WickenFen, Cambridgeshire. F. Godman and 0. Sal-
June 10, 1847. yin? Esqrs. [P.*|. 
d. Ad. sk. Whittlesea Mere. F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
«>/. 
6 ? ad. sk. Holland (J. Baiter). F. Godman and O. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 

g. 6 ad. sk. Near Gibraltar, May 7,1874. Col. Irby I P.J. 
h. 
Ad. sk. Zana, Algeria (0. S.). F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
4. Locustella ochotensis. 
Sylvia (Locustella) certhiola (Pall.) apud Midd. Sib. Beis. ii. p. 184 

(1853). 

Sylvia (Locustella) ochotensis, Midd. Sib. Beis. ii. p. 185 (1858). 

Lusciniopsis japoniea, Cassin, Proc. Ac. So. Phil. 1858, p. 193. 

Oalamodyta ochotensis (Midd.), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 210. no. 2973 

(18U9). 
Locustella subcerthiola, Sivinftoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 154 • David et Oust. 
Ois. Chine, p. 249 (1877). 
Arundmax blakistoni, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1876, p. 332 (bird of the year). 

General colour of the upper parts a uniform russet-brown, with 
very obscure traces of paler edges to the feathers, which, however, 
become distinct on the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries ; 
inside web of the second primary paler; eye-stripe very narrow and 
obscure; lores and the feathers behind the eye uniform with the 
upper parts ; generally obscure traces of transverse bars on the tail; 
tail-feathers becoming darker towards the apex on the under surface, 
and finally tipped with greyish white. The chin, throat, and 
centre of belly nearly white, shading into pale huffish brown on the 
breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts ; axillaries, under wing-coverts, 
and thighs pale buff; inner margin of quills pale ochraceous. Bill 
typically Locustelline ; upper mandible dark brown, under mandible 
pale horn-colour; rictal bristles obsolete. Wing rather short and 
blunt, with the third primary longest; second primary equal in 
length to or a trifle longer than the fourth; bastard primary very 
small, never projecting beyond the primary-coverts. Tail shorter 
than the wing, the outside feathers 0*5 to 0*6 inch shorter than the 
longest, and shorter than the under tail-coverts. Legs, feet, and 
claws pale brown. Length of wing 2-75 to 2-60 inches, tail 2*35 
to 2*2, culmen 0*7 to 0*6, tarsus 0*95. 

VOL. v.

114 
TTTHDIDJE. 

There is no difference in the plumage of the sexes, nor is it known 
that there is, any difference between spring and autumn plumage. 
In birds of the year the whole plumage is more or less suffused with 
yellow, causing the geneial colour of the upper paits to he a dark 
olive-brown, and the chin and centie of belly to be huffish yellow. 
In this plumage it is the Annul inax blalirfoni of Swinhoe. 

Middendorff's Grasshopper Warbler breeds in North-eastern 
Siberia and the Kurile Islands, passes through Japan on migration, 
and winters in the islands of the Malay archipelago. 


a. Juv. sk, Iiurile Isles ( Wosnessenshy). Prof. Brandt. 
h. Ad. sk. Lumbidan, Borneo. Huffh Low, E«q. [C.l 
c. Ad. sk. Coast of N.E. Sibeiia Capt. Kellett [P.1 
(H.M.S,1 Herald1). 

5. Locustella certhiola, 
Motacilla eeithiola, Pallas, Zooc/r, Bosso-Asiat. i. p. 509 0811). 
Sylvia certhiola (Pall.), Temm'Man. dOrn. i. p. 186 (1820); Meyer, 
Taschenb. Zm. u. Btr. p. 83 (1822); Temm. Man. d*Orn.* Hi. 

p. 113 (1835) j Kordm. Demid. Voy. Puss, merid. ill. p. 147 (1840); 
Werner, Atlas, Inwtiv. pi. 27 (1842); Schl. Bev. Cnt. p. 59 (1844). 
Turdus certlriola (Pali)* fide Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 1&7 (1820). 
Calamoheipe certhiola (Pall), Bote, Pis, 1822, p. 562. 
Locustella certhiola {Pall), Gould, B. Fur. ii. pi. 105 (1837); Bp. 

Consp. I p. 280 (1850); Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 354; David et 
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 248 (1877) ; Dresser. B. Fur. pt. lxriii. 
(1878). 

Locustella 
rubescens, Bh/th, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 582 (1845) : 
Swinhoe, P Z. S. 1871,' p. 354. 
CalamodUa certhiola (Pall), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848) ; Gray, 
Eand-l B. i. p. 210. no. 2974 (1809); Tacz. Journ. Orn. 1872, 

p. 35G; Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. France, 187(1, p. 139. 
Salicaria (Locnstella) certhiola (Pall), Schreneh, Bets. u. Forsch. 
Amurl i. p. 372 (1800). 
Sylvia (Calamoherpe) certhiola (Pall),]STaum.Vog. DeuischlyNacMr, 
pt. 2, p. 91(18(30). 
Parnopia certhiola (Pall), Neiot. List B. Eur. Blasius, p. 11 (1SG2). 
Locustella temporalis, Jerdon, B. Lid. ii. p. 160 (1863). 
Calamodyta dorise, Salvad. Atti B. Ace. Sc. Tor. iii. p. 531 (1868); 

Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 41, pi. ii. fig. 2. 
CaLimodyta rubescens (BIyth), Gray, Uand-l. B. i. p. 210. no. 2975 

(1869); Tacz. Journ. Orn. 1872, p. 357. 
Salicaria certhiola (Pall), Bey, Syn. eur. Voy. p. 00 (1872). 
Locustella minor, David et Oust. Ois, Chine, p. 250 (1877). 

General colour of the upper parts russet-brown, greyer on the 
head, more tawny on the rump and upper tail-coverts, and much 
paler on the edges of the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries. 
In youngish adults each feather, except the quills, has a dark 
centre; in the tail-feathers the dark centre forms a large spot near 
the end, becoming narrower towards the rump, and is, in fact, a 
semiconfluent series of bars, becoming broader and less obscure 
towards the tip of the feather, where they are emphasized on all 

5. LOOUhTEUA. 
hut the two centre feathers by a nearly white apex. In older birds 

these dark subterminal spots on the 1 eel rices become loss conspi


cuous, and the dark centres to the leal hers of the rump and upper 

tail-coverts disappear altogether. Inside web of the second primary 

paler; eye-stripe narrow and obscure ; lores and the feathers behind 

the eye hro^ n. The underpartn are nearly while on the chin, throat, 

centre of belly, axillaries, and under ^ing-eoverts, shading into 

bullish brown on the thinks and thighs, and into pale bullish brown 

on the breast and under tail-coverts, the latter having obscure 

white tips. Tail-feathers becoming daiker towards the ape.\ on the 

under surface, and finally tipped vutli greyish white. lull typically 

locuslelline ; upper mandible dark brow n, under mandible pale horn


colour, darker towards the tip; rictal bristles obsolete. Wing 

with; he third primary the longest, and the second intermediate in 

length between the fourth and fifth, m very rare cases between the 

third and fouith; bastard primary generally shorter than the pri


mary-coverts, but in birds of the year sometimes extending 0*1 inch 

beyond them. Tail with the outside feather (H>5 inch blunter than 

the longest, and 
shorter than the under tail-coverts. Legs, feet, 

and claws pale brown. Length of wing 2*8 to 2*4 inches, tail 2*3 

to 2*0, culmen 0-01 to 0-38, tarsus IK). 

There is no difference in the plumage of the sexes. After the 

autumn moult the bullish brown of the underparts is deeper in tint, 

approaching chestnut-brown. Birds of the ijatr have the under


parts suffused with yellow, and many of the feathers of the throat 

have dark centres. The striation of the throat is seldom entirely 

lost after the first spring moult, and traces of striation are often 

met with on the flanks and the longest feathers of the under tail


covcits in apparently adult birds. 

Pallas's Grasshopper AVarbler breeds in Central and Eastern 

Siberia, passes through China on migration, and winters in India, 

Ceylon, the Burma peninsula, and the islands of the Malay archi


pelago. A straggler has been shot on Heligoland. 

a, b. <$ ad. sk. JDauria, June 10, July 5. "Warsaw Museum [E.]. 

c. 
<$ ad. sk. Daitria, June 4 (Dr.*I)y- It. B. fciliarpe, Esq. [P.]. 
boicshu). 
d. 9 ad. sk. Ceylon/Feb. 9. Cant. Legge [P.]. 
e. S act. sk. ' Sibu, Borneo, Nov. 21. Alfred E\erett, Esq. [0.]. 
/, g. Ad. sk. Lumbidan, Borneo. Gov. Ussher [C.]. 
6. Locustella locustella. 
La Fauvette gribe tacheie"e, Brm. Orn. vi. Suppl. p. 112 (17(50). 

The Grasshopper Lark, Perm. Brit. Zoo!, ii. p. 240 (1708). 

La Fauvette tachelee, Datibent. PI JEnl 581. fig. 8 (1778). 

La Locustelle, Montb. Mst. Nat Ois. v. p. 328 (1778). 

Motacilla nrovia, Bodd. Tail, des PL JEnl. p. 35. no. 581 (1783). 

Sylvia locustella, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 515 (1700); Wolf, Tas


"chimb, i. p. 230 (1810); Vieill. Faunc Franc, i. p. 226 (1S20); 
Temm. Man. d*Orn. i. p. 184 (1820); Meyer, Taschenh. Zus. ?/. 
Ber. p. b2 (1822) j Namn. Vdg. Dcutschl in. p. 701 (1823); Houx, 

TUJBBIDJE. 

Orn. Prov. I p. 351 (1825); Jenyns, Man. Brit. VeHehr. p. 106 
(18,15); Temm. Man. tTOrn. iii. n. 112 (1835); Crespon, Orn. 
Gard. p. 112 (1840); Nordm. Demid. Voy. JRuss. merid. iii. p. 145 
(1840); IVerner, Atlas, Lnsectiv. pi. 26 (1842); Kjcerh. Damn. 
Fttt/le, p. 170 (1852) ; Simdev. So. Fogl p. 71 (1850); Fallon, Ois. 
llelq. p. 47 (1875). 

Acroceplialus iluviatilia (Wolf), apud Naum. Nat Land-u. Wass.


Tdq.nordl Deutschl, Naehtr. Heft iv. p. 202 (1811). 
Miiwipeta locustella (Lath), Koch, Syst baier. Zool. i. p. 166 (1816). 
Mu&ripeta olivacea, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. i. p. 167 (1816). 
Calamoherpe locustella (Lath.), Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 552; Brehm, 

Vda. Deutsehl. p. 439 (1831); Selys-Longch Faun. Belg. p. 102 
(1842) ; ScM. Toy. Nederl. p. 147 (1854). 
Cumiea locustella (Lath?), Steph Shaw's Gen. Zool xiii. pt. 2, p. 213 
(1825); Fleming, Brit. An. p. 69 (1828). 
Locustella locustella (Lath), Kaup, JSraturl. Syst. p. 115 (1829); 

Droste, Vogelw. Borkmn, p. 100 (18G9). 
Calamoherpe tenuirostris, Brehm, Vdg. DeutscM. p. 440 (1831). 
Saliearia locustella (Lath), Selby, Brit. Orn. p. 199 (1833); Keifs, u. 

Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. liv, 182 (1840); Schl. Rev. Crit. p. xxviii 
(1844); Thotnps. B. Lrel. i. p. 179 (1849); Harting, Eandb. Br. 

B. p. 14 (1872). 
Locustella sibilans, Gould, B. Eur. letterpress to pi. 102 (1837). 
Locustella avicula, Bay, fide Gouldf B. Ear. pi. 103 (1837); Gould, 
B. Gt. Br. ii. pi. lxxviii. (1878). 
Locustella rayi, Gould, fide Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. 
p. 12 (1838); Salmd. Faun. Hal Ucc. p. 115 (1871). 
Sibilatrix locustella (Lath), MaegilL Br. B. ii. p. 399 (1839). 
Psitlnrsedus locustella (Lath), Gloger, Gem. Handb. Naturg. p. 298 
(1842). 

Locustella 
nrevia (Bodd.), Degl Orn. Eur. i. p. 589 (1849); Jaub. 
et Barth-Lapomm. liich. Orn. p. 257(1859); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. 
Eur. i. p. 528 (1867); Doderl Avif. Sicil. p. 127 (1869); Dresser, 

B. Eur. pt. xxxi. (1874). 
Locustella anthirostris, Brehm, Naum. p. 284 (1855). 
Parnopia locustella (Lath), Newt List B. Eur. Blasius, p. 11 (1862). 
Locustella vera major, A. E. Brehm, Verz. Samml. C. L. Brehm. 
p. 6 (I860). 
Locustella "vera fruticeti, A. E. Brehm, loe. cit. (1866). 
Locustella vera tenuirostris, A. E. Brehn, loo. cit (1866). 
Locustella vera authirostris, A. E. Brehm, loc. cit (1866). 
Calamodyta locustella (Lath), Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 210. no. 2972 
(1809): Fritsch, Vdg. Eur. p. 157 (1870). 
Acrocephalus noevius (Bodd.), Newton, ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. -p. 384 
(1878). F 
Sylvia (Threnetria) locustella (Lath), Sehauer, Jour. Orn. 1873, 

p. 161. 
Threnetria locustella (Lath), Schauer, Jour. Orn. 1873, p. 183. 
General colour of the upper parts olive-brown, each feather having 
an obscure dark centre, which becomes nearly obsolete on the sides 
of the neck and on the longest upper tail-covorts; lores and the 
feathers behind the eye olive-brown; eye-stripe very narrow and 
indistinct, and soon losing itself behind the eye ; quills and tail-
feathers brown, the outside webs edged with olive-brown, most conspicuously 
so on the innermost secondaries; generally obscure traces 

5 . LOCUSTELLA. 
117 

of transverse bars on the tail. Chin and centre of belly while, 
shading into buffish brown on the breast, flanks, thighs, and under 
tail-coverts, most of the latter have narrow dark-brown centres; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts pale buffish brown ; inner margin 
of quills palish brown. "Wing with the third primary longest, and 
the second slightly longer or slightly shorter than the fourth; 
bastard primary very small, rarely, if ever, extending beyond the 
primary-coverts. Bill typically Locustelline, indistinguishable from 
Phylloscopine, upper mandible dark, under mandible pale; rictal 
bristles obsolete. Tail generally shorter, but sometimes nearly as 
long as the wing; outside feathers 0-5 inch shorter than the longest, 
and shorter than the under tail-coverts. Legs, feet, and claws pale 
brown. Length of wing 2'Q to 2*27 inches, tail 2*4 to 1*95, culmen 
0*58 to 0-51, tarsus 0-8. 

The plumage of the sexes is alike. After the autumn moult the 
brown on the breast and flanks is darker, buffer, and more extended. 
In birds of the year the whole of the underparts are more or less 
suffused with yellow, and most of the feathers on the throat have 
dark centres. A slight tinge of yellow on the underparts, and some 
of the pectoral streaks, are frequently found in young birds after 
their first spring moult. 

The Grasshopper Warbler is a summer migrant to Central and 
Southern Europe, not extending further north than the British 
Islands. It probably winters in North Africa, though it is said to 
be occasionally found in South Europe throughout the year. 

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Lincolnshire. II. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
d, e. Ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [CI. 

f. 
Ad. sk. Cambridgeshire; June 3, 1850 F. Godman and 0. Sal(
J. Baker). vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
g, h. 9 ad. sk. "Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire, F. Godman and 0. Sal-
April 30,185G (JF. Godman). vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
%. e ad. sk. Wicken Fen, May 81, 1856 F. Godman and 0. Sal


(F. <?.)• vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
h, I. S ad. sk. Wicken Fen, July 11, 1856 F. Godman and 0. Sal(
O. &). 
vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
m. Ad. sk. Middlesex (O. &). F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.], 
n, o. Ad. sk. "Wiltshire. Col. Montagu [Pi], 

p. Ad. sk. Europe. 
Baron Laugier. 
q. Juv. sk. Europe. 
Baron Laugier. 
r. 
§ ad., s. Eia de Cubas, Santander, Col. Irby [P.]. 
imm. sk. Spain, June 17,1876. 
t. 
Skeleton. Europe. Purchased. 
7. Locustella straminea. 
Acridiornis straminea, Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. p. 66 (1873). 
Locustella lanceolata (Tenim.), apud Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 90. 
Locustella hendersoni (Cass.), apud Hume, Str. F. vi. p. 340 (1878). 
General colour of the upper parts pale olivaceous brown, each 
feather having a well-defined dark-brown centre; lores and the 
feathers behind the eye olivaceous brown, obscurely streaked; eyelids 
pale; eye-stripe nearly obsolete; wings brown, the outside 

118 
TUliDIDIE. 

webs edged with pule olivaceous brown; tail brown, the outside 
edges of the feathers paler, each feather having a broad, obscurely 
defined pale tip. Chin, throat, and centre of belly nearly white, 
shading into pale ochraceous brown on the brcabt and flanks, and 
into greyish white on the under tail-coverts; frequently a few obscure 
traces of spots on the lower throat, generally a few stripes on 
the flanks, and always wToll-defined dark-brown centres to the under 
tail-coverts; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale buff; inner 
margin of quills pale brown. Bill typically Locustelline, upper 
mandible dark brown, under mandible pale horn-colour; rictal 
bristles obsolete. Wings with the third primary longest; second 
primary in two skins between the third and fourth, in one equal to 
the fourth, in three between the fourth and fifth, in two equal to the 
fifth, and in two between the fifth and sixth ; bastard primary very 
small, but occasionally extending slightly beyond the primary-
coverts. Tail slightly shorter than the wing, the outside feathers 0*6 
to 0-8 inch shorter than the longest, and shorter than the under tail-
coverts. Legs, feet, and claws pale horn-colour. Length of wing 
2-4 to 2-05 inches, tail 2*25 to 1*85, culmen 056 to 0*4h, tarsus 0*75. 

It is not known that the sexes differ in plumage. After the 
autumn moult the spots on the back are somewhat less clearly defined. 
Birds of the year appear to be unknown. 

The Siberian Grasshopper Warbler is supposed to breed in Southwestern 
Siberia from the Ural Mountains to Turkebtan, and to winter 
in the plains of India. 

a. 
(S ad. sk. Etawah, N.W. India Henry Seebohm, Esq. rP.L 
Mar. 24,1870 (Brooks). 
8. locustella lanceolata. 
Sylvia lanceolata, Temm. Man. cTOm, iv. p. 614 (1840); Werner, 
Atlas, Imectiv. Apy. pi. 10 (1842). 
Oislicola lanceolata ( Temm.), Dwazzo, Ucc. Lig. p. 35 (1840). 
Saliearia lanceolata {Temm,), Schley. Bev. Crit. p. xxx (1844). 
CalamodyU lanceolata {Temm.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172(1848); 
By. Ctnsy. i. p. 287 (1850); Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 210. no. 2970 
(1809); Fritsch, J ocj. Bur. p. 155 (1870;. 
Locustella lanceolata (Temm.), By. Oaf. Barzud. p. 6 (1850) • Degl. 
et Gerbe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 531 (1867) * Swinh. B.Z. S. 1871, p. 354; 
Waiden, Ills, 1874, p. 109 • Dresser, B. Bur. pt. xxxv. (1875)• 
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, p. 139 (1876); David et Oust. Ois. 
Chine, p.251 (1877); Hume, Sir. F. vi. p. 339 (1878). 
Lusciniopsis hendersomi, Cashin, Proc. Ihil. Ac. Sci. p. 194 (1858). 
Saliearia locustella, i ar. lanceolata (Temm.), Buidde, Beis. Sibir.* Voa 

p. 206 (1803;. ' ; J' 
Locustella minuta, Swinh. B. Z. S. 1863, p. 93. 
Locustella macropus, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1808, p. 93. 
Locustella hendersonii (Cass.), apud Swinh. Bis, 1868, p. 444. 
Calamodyta hendersonii (Cass.), Gray, Hand-IB. i. p. 210. no. 2976 
(1869), 
Locustella subsignata, Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 409 (1873). 


General colour of the upper parts russet-brown, each feather 
having a well-defined dark-brown centre; lores and the feathers 
behind the eye russet-brown, obscurely streaked; eye-stripe nearly 

5 . LOG IT STELLA. 
obsolete; wings brown, tlio outside webs edged with nusetbrown 
; tail brown, the outside webs edged with russet-brown, 
outside feathers with traces of pale tips; chin, throat, and centre 
of belly nearly white, shading into pale ochraceous brown on the 
breast, Hanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts. Underpaids more or 
less streaked as hereafter described; axillaries and under wing-
coverts pale chestnut; inner margin of quills pale brown. Jiill typically 
Locust elline; upper mandible dark brown, under mandible pale 
horn-colour ; rietal bristles obsolete. Wings with the third primary 
longest; second primary generally intermediate in length between 
the third and fourth, in rare instances between the fourth and fifth ; 
bastard primary very small, extending about as far as the primaiycoverts. 
Tail shorter than the wing, the outside feathers ()•(> to 0-7 
inch shorter than the longest, and shorter than the under tail-coverts. 
Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Length of wing 2-25 to 2-0 inches, 
tail 2*0 to 1-G5, culmeu 0-5 to 044, tixsiis 0*7s\o 0-7. 

It is not known that there is any difference in the plumage of the 
sexes. After the nut twin mo alt no important change of colour is 
observable. Birds of the year have the whole of the underparts 
suifiised witli greyish yellow. 

The dark-brown streaks in the centre of the feathers in the underparts 
vary as follows :— 

L. maeropiLs (Swinh.)-—The type, in my collection, from Amoy, in 
China (^lay 31), has no streaks whatever on the underparts, except 
a few very obscure ones on the Hanks, and the slightest possible 
traces on the throat. 
L. minuta (Swinh.).—The type, in my collection, from Amoy and 
a second skin from Canton agree in having tlio sides of the throat, 
the breast, and Hanks conspicuously streaked. In the Amoy skin, 
which appears to be adult, a few of the basal under tail-coverts are 
also very obscurely streaked ; but in the Canton skin, which, from 
the tint of yellow which pervades the underparts, 1 take to be a 
bird of the year, the whole of the under tail-coverts are conspicuously 
streaked. 
L. htnceolata (Temra.).—A skin, in my collection, from Lake Baical, 
which the yellowness of the underparts induces me to believe is that 
of a bird of the year, has the throat and breast distinctly streaked, 
and a few obscure streaks on the flanks and the basal under tail-
coverts. A skin from Lake Baical and another from Cheefoo have 
the whole of the underparts conspicuously streaked, except the chin, 
the centre of the belly, and the longer under tail-coverts, and agree 
with Meves's description of skins from Lake Ladoga. Two skins from 
Lake Baical and one from Cheefoo have the whole of the under tail-
coverts as conspicuously streaked as the throat, breast, and iiauks, 
and agree with descriptions of skins from Europe and Hume's descriptions 
of skins from the South-Andaman Islands. 
The variation in size appears to be about the same in all these 
forms. 

At present, with the scanty material at command, it seems impossible 
to determine which, if any, of these forms should be considered 
specific. I think that L* sfmmima is unquestionably de


5 . LOCOBTfiLIA. Hi) 
obsolete; wings brown, tlio outside webs celled wihli riusolbrown 
; tail brown, the outside wobs edged Willi russet-brown, 
outside feathers with traces of pale tips; chin, throat, and centre 
of belly nearly white, shading into pale ochraeeous brown on tlio 
breast, Hanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts. Underpays more or 
less streaked as hereafter described; axillaries and under wing-
coverts pale chestnut; inner margin of quills pale brown. Bill typically 
Loeustelline; upper mandible dark brown, under inaudible pale 
horn-colour ; rietal bristles obsolete. Wings witli the third primary 
longest; second primary generally intermediate in length between 
the third and fourth, in rare instances between tlio fourth and fifth ; 
bastard primary very small, extending about as far as the primary-
coverts. Tail shorter than the wing, the outside feathers IH> to 0*7 
inch shorter than the longest, and shorter than the uuder tail-coverts. 
Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Length of wing 2-2o to 2-0 inches, 
tail 2*0 to 1-05, cuhnen IK3 to 044, tixsus 0*78 to 0-7. 

It is not known that there is any difference in the plumage of the 
sexes. After the autumn moult no important change of colour is 
observable. Birds of the year have the whole of the underpays 
suffused with greyish yellow. 

The dark-brown streaks in tho centre of the feathers in tho tinder-
parts vary as follows :— 

L. macropiis (Hwinh.).—The type, in my collection, from Arnoy, in 
China play 31), has no streaks whatever on the underparts, except 
a few very obscure ones on the flanks, and the slightest possible 
traces on the throat. 
L. minuta (Swinh.).—The typo, in my collection, from Arnoy and 
a second skin from Canton agree in having the sides of the throat, 
the breast, and flanks conspicuously streaked. In the Arnoy skin, 
which appears to bo adult, a few of the basal under tail-coverts are 
also very obscurely streaked ; but in the Canton skin, which, from 
tho tint of yellow which pervades the undorparls, 1 take to be a 
bird of the 5 ear, the whole of the under tail-coverts are conspicuously 
streaked. 
L. la neeol'Ua (Temm.).—Asian, in my collection, from Lake Tsaical, 
which the yellowness of the underparts induces mo to believe is that 
of a bird of the year, has the throat and breast distinctly streaked, 
and a few obscure streaks on the flanks and the basal under tail-
coverts. A skin from Lake JBaical and another from Cheefoo have 
the whole of the underparts conspicuously streaked, except the chin, 
the centre of the belly, and the longer under tail-coverts, and agree 
with Meves's description of skins from Lake Lado.ua. Two skins from 
Lake Baical and one from Cheefoo have the whole of the under tail-
coverts as conspicuously streaked as the throat, breast, and flanks, 
and agree with descriptions of skins from Europe and Hume's descriptions 
of skins from the South-Andaman Islands. 
The variation in size appears to be about tho same in all these 
forms. 

At present, with the scanty material at command, it seems impossible 
to determine which, if any, of these forms should be considered 
specific. I think that L. sframinea is unquestionably de


6. LuscnrioLA.. 
121 
C. 
Bill long and slender; rictal "bristles obsolete. 
Outside tail-feathers 1*0 to 0-5 inch shorter 
than the longest. (Subgeneric group DuMETicoLiE.) 
d. Tail longer than the wing. 
a\ 
Culmen 0*7 to 0*62 inch. Under mandible 
nearly black Bastard primary less 
than half the length of the second .. major, p. 124. 


V. 
Culmen 0*51 to 0-5 inch. Under mandible 
pale horn-colour. Bastard primary 
half the length of the second hdeiventris, p. 125. 
e. Tail shorter than the wing. 
e'. 
Outside tail-feathers 0-8 to 0-9 inch 
shorter than the longest. Axillaries 
greyish white thoracica, p. 124. 

d. 
Outside tail-feathers 0-5 inch shorter 
than longest. Axillaries pale huffish 
yellow flaviventris, p. 131. 
D. 
Bill moderately long and generally slender ; 
rictal bristles fairly developed. Outside 
tail-feathers 0*2 to 0*1 inch shorter than the 
longest. (Subgeneric group HERBIVOCUL^E.) 
/. 
Bill short and thick, and wide at the base. 
Second primary about equal to the eighth, schwarzi, p. 128. 


g. 
Bill moderately long and slender. 
e\ Axillaries and under wing-coverts buff. 
a". Upper parts earthy brown; eye-
stripe pale buff. Underparts shading 
from buff to white fuscata, p. 127. 

b". Upper parts earthy brown; eye-
stripe bright yellow. Underparts 
shading from dark buffish yellow to 
pale buffish yellow indiea, p. 126. 

c". Upper parts russet-brown; eye-
stripe pale buff. Underparts shading 
from yellowish buff to yellowish 
white armandi, p. 130. 

d". 
Upper parts dark olive-brown ; eye-
stripe pale olive-brown and very 
obscure. Underparts shading from 
dark yellowish olive to light yellowish 
olive fuliginiventris, p. 129. 

f. Axillaries and under wing-coverts white. 
e". 
Length of wing 2-05 to 1-95 inch. 
The whole of the underparts ashy 
white neglecta, p. 131. 

1. LuscMola aedon. 
Muscicapa aedon, Pall, Peis. JRuss. JReichs, iii. p. 695 (1776). 
Turdus aedon (Pall.), Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-AsiaL i. p. 459 (1811). 
Phragamaticola olivacea, Jerd. Madras Jburn. xiii. pt. ii. p. 129 

+ (1844, ex Blyth MS., descr. null.). 
Arundinax olivaceus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 595 (1845) ; Ebdgs. 
MS. Drawings (in the. Brit. Mus.) of B. of Nepal^ Appendix, 
pi. 39. no. 930 (circ. 1846); Bp. Consp. i. p. 287 (1850); Blyth, 

P. Z. S. 1862, p. 316; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 157 (1863). 
Salicaria 
(Calamoherpe) aedon {Pall,), Sch-enck, Peis, u. Forsch. 
Amurl I p. 367 (1860). 

122 TURDID-E. 

Calamohorpe action (Pall), Stoinhoe, P. Z. S. 1803, p. 204. 
Saliearia aedon (Pall), I)i/buw. u. Parrex, Jown. Orn. 1808, p. 333. 
Calamodytaaedon (Pall) I Gray, ILmd-L B. i-jp. 208.no. 2939(1800). 
Arundiuax aedou {Pall.), ISwinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 3o3; Tacz. Journ. 


Om. 1872, p. 353; IValden, Ibis, 1873, p. 307; Blyth $> JTalden, 

B. Barm. p. 104 (l87o); Tacz, Bull. Mac. Zool. France, ii. p. 137 
(1870); Prjev. Bowlei/s Orn. Misc. 1877, p. 109; David et Oust, 
Ois. C/iine,']}. 254 (1877). 
General colour of the upper parts olive-brown, slightly paler on 
the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lores pale huffish brown; no eyestripc; 
wings and tail brown ; all the wing-coverts and quills 
narrowly edged with pale olive-brown on the outside webs. Underparts 
pale bullish white, shading into pale burl on the breast, flanks, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts; axillarios and under wing-coverts 
buff; inner margin of quills pale huffish brown. Bill shoit and 
thick, but wide at base ; upper mandible dark brown, under mandible 
pale horn-colour; rictal bristles well developed. Wing rather 
short and blunt; third and fourth primaries nearly equal and 
longest; second primary generally intermediate in length between 

the seventh and eighth, occasionally longer than the seventh; 
bastard primary 0-8 to 0*9 inch. Tail longer than the wing, the outside 
feathers from 0*7 to 1*0 inch shorter than the longest. Legs, 
feet, and claws biown. Length of wing 3*3 to 3*0 inches, tail 3*5 to 
34 , culmcn 0-8 to 0*7, tarsus 1-15 to 1-05. 

The female does not appear to differ from the male. After the 
autumn moult both the upper and under parts are suffused with 
russet-brown, which is still more pronounced in birds of the year. 

Pallas's Grass-Warbler breeds in South-eastern Siberia and North. 
China, wintering in India, Burma, and the Andaman Islands. It is 
also found in Nepal, and may possibly breed there at high elevations. 

a. Ad. sk. India. Dr. Jerdon [P.]. 
(Type of Phrayamaticola olivacea, Jard.) 
b, c. Ad. sk. India. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
d, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
/. Ad. &k. ' N.W. India. Capt. StackhoasePurwill[P.]. 
\j. S ad. sk. S. Andaman Isles, Dee. 11. B. Sliarpe, Esq. |_P.]. 
20 (Capt. Wimberley). 
h. S ad. sk. Dauria, Nov. 27 (l)r. R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Uybowshy), 
0 it 
2. Lnsciniola gracilirostris *. "* ^ "^^ 

? La Caqueteuse, LevailL Ois. d'Afr. iii. pi. 121. fig. 1, p. 90 (1802) ', 
unde 
? Sylvia babax-ala, Vieill N. Diet. d'JIist. Nat. xi. p. 172 (1817): 
Sundev. K. Sn. Vet-Ak. Ilandl 1857, p. 37. 

? Calamoherpe loquax, Bow, fide Gi ay, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848). ^ 

? Oalamodyta babVecula ( JleilL), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848); 
Bayard, Ibis, 18(50, p. 865. 

* There seems to be considerable circumstantial evidence (from locality &e.) 
that this bird is the " Caqueteuse" of Levaillant, but it is difficult to reconcile the 
discrepancies in the description. Under all circumstances it cannot be denied 
that Dr. Hartlaub was the first author who " clearly defined" this species. 
123 

G. LTJHCINTOLA. 
Oalamoherpe bahnoculn (VirilL), Bp. Vamp, i. p. 28(> (1850); tiharpe, 

Cat. Afr. J1. p. ;J2 (1871); Ai/rrn, Ibis, 1874, p. 102. 
Calamoherpe graciiirostris,, Jlartlaub, IIu,% 18(51, p. oi.8, 
Oalamodvla graeiliroslris {llarttuub), Lat/ardf B. H, Afr, p. 1)8 

(1807)• (r'rai/, ifrwW. 7y. i. p. 207. no. 2U27 (1800). 
? CalamodyU beatieuia, GVw/, lland-L B. i. p, 2u8. no, 2841 (ISliO). 
Bradvpterus rufescens, tiharpe $ JJatwhr, Hull. Hoc, ZooL France, 

1870, p. 807. 
Bradvpterus graciliroiatris (Hart!.), H/tarpe, ed. LtajanTs B. 8. Afr, 

p. 287 (1877;. 
General colour of the upper parts brown, gradually shading into 
russet-brown on tlie rump and upper tail~co\orts; lores and ear-
coverts brown; eye-stripe ill-dciined, greyish white, losing itself 
over the eye ; wings and tail brown, all the wing-coverts and 
quills narrowly edged with russet-brown on the outride webs ; tail-
feathers edged with rus^et-brown, and paler at the tip, especially 
on the outside feathers. Underparts nearly white, shading into 
grey on the sides of the breast, and into pale bullish, brown on the 
flanks; thighs brown; axillarics nearly white; under wing.
coverts pale buff; inner margin of quills pale bullish brown. Bill 
long and slender, not very wide at the base ; upper mandible dark 
brown, under mandible pale horn-colour, darker towards the tip; 
rictal bristles small. Wing wide, short, and blunt; fourth and 
fifth primaries nearly equal and longest; second .primary equal to 
the ninth or tenth ; bastard primary 0*8 to 1-0 inch. Tail shorter 
than the wing, the outside feathers from 0*4 to 0*7 inch shorter than 
the longest. Legs, feet, and claws dark slate-colour. Length of wing 
3*15 to 2-0 inches, tail 2*9 to 2-45, culmoii 0-8 to 0-7, tarsus 1*1. 
The plumage described is that of April and Hay, which I take to 
be that of autumn and winter. Theie appears to be no difference 
between the male uml female, but birds of tlw i/atr are more rufous 
both above and below. The spring and summer plumage appears 
to be unknown. 
The South-African (Trass-Warbler is found in South Africa from 
the Congo, Danxara Land, and the Transvaal down to the Cape, it 
is probably a resident; but of this writers on African ornithology, 
with their accustomed carelessness, fail to inform us. 

a-d. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.]. 
e, f. Ad. sk. Gape Town. 0. J. Andersson, Esq. [0.]. 
g? Ad. sk. South Africa. U. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
\ i. Ad. sk. Berg river (B, L, 11. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
La yard). 
k,L c? ad. sk. Potehefstroom (IF. Dr. Exton [P.], 
Luca^). 
m,n. c?,o.2 ad.sk. PotchefVtroom. April R. B. Sharpe. Esq. [P.]. 
1877 (rr.Zwfftf). 
p}q, J § ad. sk. Omanbonde, DamaraLand (C J. AnR. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
dt'rtssnn), 
r. Ad. sk. Lake N'Gami (ChapR. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
man). 
8, Imm. sk. Landana, Congo (X. Purchased. (Type of Bra-
Petit). di/pfents rufescens, Sharpe 
& Bouvier). 

124 
TTJKDIBJB. 

3. Lusciiriola major. 
Dumeticola major, Brooks, J. A. S. Being, xli. p. 77 (1872). 
General colour of the upper parts neutral brown; lores pale; 
eye-stripe indistinct greyish white, losing itself behind the eye ; 


•wings and tail a nearly uniform brown; chin and upper throat 
white, the lower throat and the sides of the whole throat with 
dark-brown cuneiform spots; the rest of the tmderparts obscurely 
mottled white and pale brown, the white predominating on the 
centre of the belly and under tail-coverts ; axillaries nearly white ; 
under wing-coverts pale brown, mottled with dark brown on the 
shoulder; inner margin of quills pale brown. Bill long and slender, 
both mandibles dark brown, approaching black; no rictal bristles. 
"Wing narrow, short, and blunt; third, fourth, and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest; second primary about equal to the 
eighth; bastard primary 0-5 to 0*7 inch. Tail longer than the wing, 
the outside feathers 0*8 to 1*0 inch shorter than the longest. Legs, 
feet, and claws pale horn-colour. Length of wing 2*45 to 2-26 
inches, tail 2*65 to 2-46, culmen 0-7 to 0*62, tarsus 0-9. 
The female only differs from the male in having fewer spots on 
the throat. Birds of the year have more buff on the breast, and the 
spots on the throat are very few and very obscure. It is not known 
what changes of plumage take place in the adult birds after the 
autumn moult. 

Brooks's Grass-War bier breods in Cashmere, probably migrating 
towards the plains at the approach of the cold season. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. Ladak, June 29, 1874 Henry Seebohm; Esq. [P.]. 
(Capt. Biddulph). 
4. Luscmiola thoracica. (Plate YI.) 
Salicaria affinis, Ilodgs. M8. Drawings (in the Brit. Mus.) of B. of 
Nepal, Passeres, pi. 53. no. 826, uncle Ilodgs. Gray's Zoo'l. Misc. 

p. 82. no. 826 (1844, desc. null.) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. §c. Nepal 
Coll. Ilodgs. pp. 64, 151 (1846, desc. secund.). 
Dumeticola thoracica, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 584 (1845, desc. 
pirn.) j Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 183 (1849). 
Calamodyta affinis (Jlodgs.), Ch-ay, Gen.B. i. p. 172 (1848): id.Hand-l 

B.i. p. 208. no. 2950 (1869). 
Bradypterus affinis (Hodqs.), Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 43 (1850). 
Calamoherpe affinis {Ilodgs.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 285 (1850). 
Dumeticola affinis (Ilodgs.), Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mus. JEJ.I. Co 
i. p. 334 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. li. p. 158 (1863) ; Swinhoe, B. Z. 8. 
1871, p. 354; Tacz. Journ. Orn. 1872, p. 354; Brooks, Stray Feath. 
1875, p. 286 • Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool France, ii. p. 140 (1876) ; 
Prjev. Rowley's Orn. Misc. 1877, p. 169: David et Oust. Ois. 
Chine, p. 247 (1877). 
Dumeticola brunneipectus, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 19. 

Locustella taczanowskia, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 355. 

Tribura luteiventris, Ilodgs. apud David et Oust, Ois. Chine, t>, 239 

(1877). 
' * 

6. TIUHOINIOTA. 
General colour of the upper parts dark russet-brown wiih a blight 
tinge of olivo ; lores and the feathers behind the eye dark brown ; 
eyo-stripe pale ashy white, indistinct, and soon losing itself behind 
the eye; wings and tail scarcely duller in colour than the back; 
chin and centre of belly nearly white, shading into ashy grey on the 
throat and breast and into olive-brown on the Hanks and under tail-
coverts ; the throat is more or less profusely spotted with dark 
brown, and the under tail-coverts are broadly tipped with nearly 
white; axillarics and under wing-coverts nearly white, the latter 
mottled with brown ; inner margin of quills pale brown. Bill Phylloscopine, 
dark brown, nearly black, frequently paler at the base of 
the lower mandible; rictal bristles obsolete. Wings considerably 
concaved; third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and 
longest; second primary equal to the ninth or tenth ; fir&t primary 
about half the length of the second. Tail shortor than the wing, 
outside feathers 0*8 to 0*9 inch shorter than the longest. Logs, feet, 
and claws pale horn-colour. Length of wing 2*3 to 2*03 inches, 
tail 2*15 to 1*8, culmen 0*52 to 0-47, tarsus 0*83 to 0*73. 

It is not known that there is any difference of plumage in the 
sexes, though some bircL are much more spotted on the throat than 
others. In what I take to be winter plumage the upper parts are 
much more olive, and may be described as olive-brown with a slight 
shade of russet, and the spots on the throat are somewhat obscure. 
A third variety has the upper parts of the same colour as the supposed 
winter plumage, but has no spots on the throat, and the ash-
grey of the throat and breast is replaced by pale chestnut-brown. 
This I take to be young in first winter plumage, though Biyth has 
described it as a separate species. One of the skins in the collection, 
in the plumage last described, has undoubtedly fourteen tail-
feathers. This is probably only an accidental monstrosity. 

Hodgson's Grass-Warbler is found in the Himalayas, where it is 
probably a partial migrant. It has been found in !N"epal and Sikkim 
and at Simla. It also breeds in South Siberia and ]NTorth-west 
China, where it is undoubtedly only a summer visitor. 

a, b. Ad., c. Juv. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Oapt. Stackhouse Pin will 
d. Juv. sk. Between Simla and Oapt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
Mussoorie. • t^l* 
e-k. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

5. Luscimola luteiventris. 
Tribura luteoventris, Ilodys. MS. Draioings (in the Brit. Mm.) of B. 
of Nepal, Passeres, pi. 60, wide Hodr/s. Graifs Zool. Misc. p. 82. 
no. 851 (1844, deser, null) ; Hodgl P.Z.8. 1845, p. 30 (deser. 
prim.); Bh/th, J. A. S. Bene/, xiv. p.'f>83 (1845); Gray, Cat. Mamm. 
8fc. Nepal CoU. Hodr/s. p. 64 (184(5) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 291 (1850); 
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 161 (1863); Gray, Cat. Mamm. §c. Nepal Coll. 
Ilodgs. p. 30 (186:J) ;> Swmlwe, P. Z'S. 1871, p. 355. 

Calamodyta luteoventris (Ilodys.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1818) ; 
Gray, tfand-l. B. i. p. 210. no. 2977 '(1869). 

120 TTHMMDJE. 

Pseudoluschria luteoventris (Ilodgs.), Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Sue. 

p. 182(1840). 
Luseiniopsis brevipemiis, Verr. 1ST. Arch, du Mi's., Bull. vi. p. Co 
(1871). 
Dumeticola mandelli, Brooks, Stray Feath. 1S75, p. 284. 
Dumeticola luteoventris (Ilodgs.), Brooks, St) ay Feath. 1875, p. 286. 
Ilomochlamys brevipemiis {Yerr.), David et Oust. Ot's. Chine, p. 245 

(1877). 

General colour of the upper parts russet-brown, inclining to olive; 
lotcs and behind the eye dark brown; eye-stripe pale chestnut, very 
indistinct; wings and tail slightly darker than the back; chin, 
throat, and centre of belly nearly white, shading into pale chestnut 
on the breabt, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts buiRsh white, mottled, with brown on the 
shoulder ; inner margin of quills pale brown. Bill Phylloscopine, 
upper mandible dark brown, under mandible pale horn-colour; 
rictal bristles obsolete. "Wing short, blunt, and somewhat concaved; 
third, fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries nearly equal and longest; 
second primary equal to the secondaries, bastard piimary half the 
length of the second primary. Tail longer than the wing, outside 
feathers 1 inch shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, and claws pale 
brown. Length of wing 2-23 to 1*95 inches, tail 2'G to 2-2, culmen 
0-51 to Oo, tarsus 0-8 to 0-7. 

In some skins the brown of the upper parts is slightly more olive. 
These may be winter plumage of adults or young. 

So far as is known, the Jirown Grass-Warbler is confined to the 
Himalayas, having hilheito only been found in Nepal and Sikkim. 
The skins which I'Abbe David obtained at Moupin appear to me to 
be birds of the year of L. thorcnica (Blyth). 

a, b, c, d. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Types of Tribura luteoventris, 
Ilodgs.) 
e,f, y, h. Ad. sk.
i, k. Ad. sk.
I. Ad. sk. 
Nepal. 
Nepal (Hodgson). 
Darjeeliiig, 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
India Museum. 
J. Fotheringham, E&q. [C.]. 

6. Lusciniola indica. 
Sylvia indica, Jerdon, Madras Journ. xi. p. G (1840): Gray. Hand-l. 

*B. i. p. 216. no. 3053 (1809). 
Phylloscopus griseolus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 443 (1847). 
Sylvia griteola (Blyth), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 174 (1848). 
Kegulus affinis (Ttckell), ajmd Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 175 (1848). 
Phvllopneuste indicus (Jerdon), Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Sac. p. 183 

(1849). * 
Phyllopneuste griseola (Blyth), Bp. Consp. i. p. 290 (1850). 
Phylloscopus indicus (Jerdon)ff Je?xlon, B. India, ii. p. 194 (1863) • 

Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 56; id. Ibis, 1&72, p. 31; Godwin-Austen, 

J. A. S. Beng. xli. pt 2, p. 142 (1872); Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 87, 
Ficedula obscura, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 05,124 (1873 see Ibis 
1876, p. 82). K ' ' 
Phyllop-euste indica (Jerdon), Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 119 (1877). 
Lusciniola indica (Jerdon), Seebohm, Ibis, 1880, p. 277. 

6. XUSCINrOLA. 
127 
General colour of tho upper pari a oarthy brown, with a scarcely 
perceptible, ochracoous tinge on tho rump; eye-si ripe from the ]>ase 
of the hill to over the eye deep yellow, shading into hut? behind tho 
eye to the nape; lores and the feathers behind the eye oarthy 
brown; quills brown, with very narrow pale tips ; tail-feathers 
brown, narrowly tipped and margined on the inner web with greyish 

•white. General colour of the underparts buffi.sk yellow, greyer on 
the breast and flanks ; axillarics and under wing-coverts buff; inner 
margins of quills greyish buff. Bill Ph\ Iloscopino, upper mandible 
dark brown, under mandible pale horn-colour; rictal bristles moderately 
developed. "Wing rather short and blunt; fourth and fifth 
primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary about equal to 
the tenth; bastard primary 0*85 to 0*65 inch, someiimes nunc, sometimes 
less than half tho length of the second. Tail shorter than 
the wing, the outside feathers 0*1 inch shorter than the longest. 
Legs, feet, and claws brown. Length of wing 2*05 to 2*2 inches, 
tail 2*2 to 1*75, culm en 0*55 to 0*49, tarsus 0-8 to 0*75. 
The ftmede scarcely differs from the male. After the autumn 
moult the yellow of the underparts is slightly more buff. 
Jerdon's Grass-Warbler probably breeds in the alpine districts of 
the Himalayas, and winters in Central India. 

a. Ad. sk. Matheran, Bombvy Feb.4,1872. Major Hayes Lloyd [P.]. 
b. J ad. sk. Almorak, N.TV. India (Brooke). H. 'fcSeebonm, Esq. [P.]. 
7. Lusciniola fuscata. 
Phyllopneiiste 
fuscatn, Blyth, J. A. S. Benq. xi. p. 118 (1842); 
Bp. Camp. i. p. 290 (1850) ,• Stcinh. P. Z. & 1871, p. 850 j 
llomeyer, Jonrn. Orn. 1872, p. 202 ; Blyth <$• Walden, B. Burma, 

p. 105 (1875) ; Tacz. Bull. Sac. Zool France, 187(5, p. 140-Prjev. 
Bowleys Orn. Mi&c. ii. p. 171 (1877) • Daiid et Oust Ois. Clune, 
p. 2(>7 (1877). 
Ilorornis fuluventris, 
Hoclgs. MS. Drawing (in the Brit. Mvs.) of 
Birds of Nepal, Passeres, pi. 08. no. 878 (circ. 1844); Jlodr/s. 

P. Z. S%. 1845, p. 31; Gray, Cat. Mamm. #c. Nepal Coll Hodgs. 
p. 04 (184(5) j Bp. Consp. i. p. 290 (1850). 
Phylloscopus brunnens, Blyth, J. A. S. Benq. xiv. p. 591 (1845); 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 185 (1849) j llorsf % Mooie} 
Cat B. Mus. B.L Co. p. 338 (1854). 

Syhia fuscata (Blyth), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 174 (1848). 
E'eg-ulus fulviventris (Rodys.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 175 (1848). 
Phylloscopus fuscattis (Blyth), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 185 


(1849); Jerdon, B. Ind. ii. p. 191 (1803)* Blyth, Ibis, 1807, 

p. 25 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 85 ; Hume, Stray Feath. vi. p. 352 
(1878); Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 11. 
Sylvia (Phyllopneiiste) sibirica, Midd. Sibir. Beise, p. 180 (1853) * 
Badde, Beis. Sibir., Voq. p. 2C0 (1803). 
Sylvia brunnea (Blyth), Gray, lfand-l B. i. p. 210. no. 3057 (1869). 
Phyllopneiiste briumeus (Blyth), Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Sf B. of Burma, 

p. 105 (1875). 
Phyllopseuste fuscata (Blyth), Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 118 (1877). 
Phyllopseuste brunnea {Blyth}, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 118 (1877). 
Lusciniola fuscata (Blyth), Seebohm, Ibis, 1880, p. 277. 
128 TTTRPIDJE. 

General colour of the upper parts brown; a narrow, well-
defined huffish-white eye-stripe extends from the base of the bill as 
far as the nape; the feathers before the eye and behind the eye 
as far as the nape dark brown ; quills brown ; tail-feathers brown, 
the inside webs narrowly edged with pale buff. General colour of 
the underparts huffish white, shading into buff on the breast, flanks, 
and under tail-coverts; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and thighs 
buff; inner margin of quills greyish buff. Bill Phylloscopine, upper 
mandible dark brown, under mandible pale, darkening towards the 
tip; rictal bristles fairly developed. Fourth and fifth primaries 
longest; second primary equal in length to the ninth or tenth; 
bastard primary 0-8 to 0'7 inch, rather more than half the length of 
the second. Tail shorter than the wing ; outside feathers 0*1 inch 
shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, and claws brown. Length of 
wing, male 2-55 to 2-3 inches, female 2*35 to 2*15 ; length of tail, 
male 2-4 to 2-2, female 2-2 to 2-0; length of culmen 0-45 to 0*49 • 
tarsus 0-9 to 0-8. 

The female does not differ from the male. The only effects of 
abrasion appear to be that the buff of the underparts becomes slightly 
greyer. After the autumn moult the brown of the upper parts is 
slightly richer, the eye-stripe is pale buff, and the breast, flanks, 
and under tail-coverts are a rich buff approaching chestnut. 

El} th's Grass-Warbler breeds in South-eastern Siberia and Japan, 
passes through South-eastern Mongolia and North China on migration, 
and winters in Formosa, South China, Assam, Burma, and 
near Calcutta. 


a. £, b. 2 ad. sk. Lake Baikal, Sept. 7, Aug. R B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
28 (Dr. Dybomhf). 
c. Ad. sk. Siberia (Middendorfff). Prof. Brandt [C.]. 
d, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
/. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq, [P.]. 
(Type of Horornis fidviventris, Hodgson.) 

g. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
h. Ad. sk. Calcutta (As. Soc). India Museum. 
i. J ad. sk. Upper Burma, Jan. 9. Dr. Anderson [C.]. 
h. Ad. sk. Amoy, China (JR. Stoin- F. Godman and O. Sal-
hoe). vin, Esqrs. [P.j. 
I Ad. sk. Amoy, April (Swinhoe). Henry Seehohm,Esq. [P.]. 

8. Lusciniola schwarzi 
Salicaria cantillans (Temm. et ScM.) apud Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1862, 
p. 316. 
Sylvia (Phyllopneuste) sckwarzi, JRadde, JReis. Sibir., Vog. p. 260 
(1863). 
Sylvia schwarzi (JRadde), Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 215.no. 3041 (1869). 
Arundinax flemingi, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 440. 
Herbivocula neiningi (Stoinh.), Sioinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 354 ,• 

David et Oust Ois. Chine, p. 245 (1877). 
Phyllo&copus brooksi, Hume, Stray Feath. ii. p. 505 (1874). 
Pliyllopneuste brooksi (Hume), Myth ty Wald. JB. JBurm. p. 105 

(1875). 

0. LUSCINIOIA. 
Phyllopnmiwte schwavzi (lladde), Tacz. Hull. Hoe. Zooi Frane , I 

p. 140 (187(5). 
PhyHoscopus sehwarzi (Radde), bWbohm, lbi%W7} p. 81; Hume, 
Stray Veath. vi. p. &>'* (1878). 
Horbivocula incerta, David et Oust. Qis, Chine, p. 210 (1877). 
Oreopneuste aflinis, Jhwid et Oust, he. eit. p. 207 (1877). 
Lusciniola sell warn (lladde), Seebohm, Ibis, 1880, p. 277. 

General colour of the upper parts clunky olive-brown, Romewhal 
less dusky on the rump ; eye-stripe pale buff from the INISO of the 
bill to the eye, over and behind the eye to the nape pale bullish 
white and very sharply defined; lores and the feathers behind the 
eye brown; quills brown, edged on tho outside web with olive; 
tail-feathers brown, margined on the outbid© webs with olive and on 
the inside webs with pale brown. General colour of the under parts 
yellowish white, fading into nearly pure white on the throat and the 
centre of the belly, buffer on the breast, iianks, and thighs, and 
becoming yellowish buff on the under tail-coverts; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts buff; inner margin of quills pale buff. Bdl much 
stouter than in typical Phylhseopus ; upper mandible dark brown, 
under mandible pale ; rictal bristles fairly developed. Tail shorter 
than the wing; outside feathers 0*2 to 1*5 inch shorter than the 
longest. Pourth and fifth primaries longest; second primary intermediate 
in length between the seventh and eighth; bastard primary 
frequently more than half the length of the second, the exposed 
part measuring 0*75 to 0*9 inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale horncolour. 
Length of wing 2*5 to 2-35 inches, tail 2*2 to 2*05, culmen 
0*48 to 0*5, tarsus 0*9 to 0-85. 

The female does not differ from the male. Most of the olive on 
the upper parts disappears in very abraded skins, and the underpays 
become paler. After the autumn moult the upper parts become 
tawny olive where they were dusky olive in spring, and the underparts 
are more or less suffused all over with a tawny buff. The 
eye-stripe is also much buffer. 

lladde's Grass-Warbler breeds in South-eastern Siberia, pasbes 
through North China on migration, and winters in South China 
where it borders on Thibet and in the Burma peninsula. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Lake Baikal, June 15 (Dr. Henry Seebolun, E&q. [P.]. 
Dybowsky). 
9. Lusciniola fuliginiventris. 
Horornis fuligiventer, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 31; Horsf # 
Moore, Cat B. Mas. E.L Co, p. 3H5 (1854). 
Horornis fuligiventris (Hodys.), Gray, Cat Mamm. §c. Nepal Coll. 

Hodys. p. 04(1840). 
Eegulus fuliginoventris (Hodys.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 175 (1848). 
Horornis fuliginiventris {Hodys.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 290 (1850). 
Horornis fuliginiventer (Hodys.), Blyth, Ibis, 1807, p. 21. 
Phvlloscopus fuliginiventer (Hodys.), Blyth, Ibis, 1807, p. 28 • Blanf. 

J. A. S.Benq. xli. pt % p. 54 (18?2). 
Syhia fuliginiventiis (Hodys.), Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 218. no. 3097 
(18G9). 
vox. V. K 


130 TirUMlLK. 

PhylloneopuH fuli^itii\<MttriH (//<%*.), JSWbo/uii} Mt\ lh77, ]\ NS. 

Luseimola luliginheoUis (Hodt/s.), Sevbohm, KM, IK80, p. 277. 

Tho general colour of the upper pads is dark olive-brown; the 

wings and tuil-featherH arc dull ehoeobdo-brown ; tho eye-stripe, 

which is very indistinct, and tho whole of tho underparhs, including 

the axilla HON and under wing-covcrts, are pule olive-brown, yel


lowish on the throat and eon (re of the belly ; inner margin of quills 

dark greyish buff. Bill Pliyllonoopino; both mandibles dark brown, 

the under mandible slightly paler at the base. Fourth and fifth 

primaries longest; second primary about equal to the tenth ; bastard 

primary more than half the length of the second, the exposed part 

measuring 0*7 to 0*8 inch. Logs, feet, and claws brown. Tail 

shorter than tho wing; outside feathers 0*L> inch shorter than the 

longest. Length of wing 2*3 to iH inches, tail 2*0 to 1*75, eulrnen 

045 to 0-5, tarsus 0-8, 

The female is supposed to be similar to the male. Nothing is 

known of tho changes of plumage of this species, no sexed or elated 

skins being accessible in this country. We may, however, safely 

assume that they are unimportant, and that the effects of abrasion 

are also slight in a bird which can scarcely bo called a migrant. 

$o far as is known, tho Smoky Grass-Warblor is confined to Nopal 

and Hikkim, breeding at some elevation on the hills, and retiring to 

the valleys during the cold season. 

a, b, cf d, e. Ad. 8k. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Types of Iloromis fidig'menter, Ilodgs.) 
/. Ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India IVfubcum. 

10. Luscmiola armandi. 
Abrornis armandi, Milne-Edwards, N, Arch. Mas. Bull, i. p. 22 
(1805); Prjev. JRowlei/s Orn. Misc. ii. p. 172 (1877). 
Sylvia annanili (M.-Edwards), Gray, 2Iand-h B. i. p. 217. no. 3093 

"(1809). 
Oreopneuste davidii, Swinh. P. Z, S. 1871, p. 355. 
Oroopneusto armandi (3Iilne-Edw.), David et Oubt. Ois. Chine, 

p. 205(1877). 
Luscmiola armandi (Milne-Edw.), Secbolun, Ibis, 1880, p. 277. 
This species appears to be distinct from L.fmeata. I have only 
seen the skin in my own collection (Moupin, Ph*e David, July 5, 
1809), and two skins in the Mtiseum of the Jardin do Plantes, collected 
by the same eminent field-naturalist. These skins all agree 
in having tho bill somewhat stouter than that of L.fmeata, and in 
having tho throat and belly greenish white instead of huffish white. 
The feet are more slender than those of L. fuscata, and much more 
so than those of L. schwarzi In all other respects there is no 
apparent difference between the two species. The height of the bill 
at the nostrils of L. fuscata measures 0*09 inch, of L. armandi 0*11, 
and of L. schwarzi 0*15. 

Wing with the third to the sixth primaries nearly equal and 
longest; second primary about equal to the eighth or slightly 
shorter; bastard primary 0*7 to 0*05 inch. Outer tail-feathers 0-15 

6. LUSCINIOLA.
inch shorter than the longest. Length of wing 2*3 to 2'2b inches, tail 
2-0 to 1-9, oilmen 0-41), tarsus 0-8. 
Nothing is known of the changes -which may be produced by age, 
season, or sex. 

But little Is known of the geographical distribution of David's 
Grass-Warbler—it having only been recorded from S.E. Mongolia, 
Northern and Western China. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this species. 
I have examined the types in the Paris Museum, and have in my 
collection one of the skins obtained by FAbbe David. 

11. Lusciniola neglecta. 
Phvllo&copus neglectus, Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 143 ; Blanf. East. Bers. 
ii. p. 182 (1876) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1877, p. 99. 
Phyllopnenste neglectus (Hume), Hume, Str. F. i. p. 195 (1878). 
Lusciniola neglecta, Seebohm, Ibis, 1880, p. 277. 
General colour of the upper parts earthy brown, very slightly 
suffused with green on the rump; eye-stripe ill-defined, huffish 
white, and not extending far behind the eye; lores and the 
feathors behind the eye brown; wing-coverts and quills brown, with 
paler edges, the latter emarginated as far as the sixth quill; tail-
feathers brown, with paler margins. Underparls, including the 
axillaries, pale buflish white, darker on the breast and flanks ; inner 
margin of quills very pale huffish white. Bill slender, Phylloscopine, 
both mandibles dark brown ; rictal bristles fairly developed. Third, 
fourth, and fifth primaries longest; second primary equal to the 
eighth or ninth ; the exposed part of the bastard primary measures 
0*6 inch. Tail shorter than the wing; outside feathers 0*15 inch 
shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, and claws dark brown. 
Length of wing, male 2*05 inches, female 1*95 ; tail, male 1*7, female 
1*6; culmen 0*4. 

It is not known that the female differs from the male in colour. 
In winter the upper paits fade into an almost neutral grey. 
The breeding-place of Hume's Grass-Warbler is unknown. It 
winters in Scinde and Baluchistan. 

tt.cJad.sk. 
West of Nechar district, Henry Seebohm, E^q. [P.]. 
Scinde, December 20 

(W. T. Blanford). 
12. Lusciniola flaviventris. 
IIorornisfla\i\entris, Hodgs. MS. Drawings {in the Brit. Mus) of 
B. of Nepal. Fasseres, pi. 63a. %. 1, no. 849, tmcU Hodgs. Gray's 
Zool. Mho. p. 82 (1844, deter, null.) ; Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 81; 
Gray, Cat. Mamrn. $c. Nepal Coll Hodgs. p. 64 (1846); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 290 (1850) ; Jerdon, B. hid. ii. p. 102 (1863). 
Eegulus flaviventris (Hodgs), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848). 
Calamodyta flaviventris (Hodgs.), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 208. no. 
2951 (1869). 

General colour of the upper parts russet-brown; eye-stripe pale 
K2 

132 
TTTRDID2E. 

"brownish yellow, somewhat indistinct, and soon losing itself behind 
the eye ; wings and tail scarcely duller than the back. ITnderparts 
huffish yellow, shading into brown on the breast, flanks, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts, the latter with broad pale tips ; axillaries 
pale huffish yellow; under wing-coverts nearly white, shading 
into greenish yellow on tho shoulder; inner margin of quills pale 
huffish brown. Bill Phylloscopine; upper mandible dark brown, 
under mandible pale; rictal bristles obsolete. Wing somewhat 
concaved; fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest; 
second primary equal in length to the secondaries; first primary 
rather more than half the length of the second. Tail shorter than 
tho wing, outside feathers 0-5 inch shorter than tho longest. Legs, 
feet, and claws pale. Length of wing 2*0 inches, tail 1*85 to 1*7, 
culmen 0*5 to 0*40, tarsus 0*8. 

Nothing is known of the difference of plumage that may be attributable 
to age, sex, or season. 
Tho Yellow-bellied Grass-Warbler has only been recorded from 
Nepal, and nothing is known of its migrations. 

«, b, c. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq, [P.]. 
(Types of Horornisflaviventris, Hcdgs.) 

13. Lusciniola melanopogon. 
Sylvia melanopogon, Temm. PL Col. pi. 245. fig. 2 (1823) ; Poua\ Orn. 
Prov. p. 357 (1825); Savi, Orn. Tone. i. pi. 279 (1827) ; Temm. 
Man. d'Orn. iii. p^l2L (1835) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard. p. 121 (1840); 
Nordm. Demid. Voy. Puss, merid. iii. p. 146 (1840). 

Calamodyta melanopogon (Temm.), Bp. Comp. List P. Eur. fy N. 
Amer. p. 12 (1838) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848) ; Bp. Comp 
I p. 287 (1850) $ Gray, Band-L B. i. p. 210. no. 2969 (1869) ; 
Fritsch, Vog. Pur, p. 157 (1870) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 93 (1872). 

Salicaria melanopogon 
(Temm.), Keys. u. Bias* Wirb. Eur. p. lv 
(1840) ; SchL Bev. Crit. p. xxix (1844); Zinderm. Vog. Griechenl. 

p. 96 (1860). 
Lusciniola melanopogon (Tem77i.), Gray, List Gen. p. 28 (1841); 
Newt. List B. Pur. Blashts, p. 11 (1862); HeugL 0?*?i, N.O.-Afr. 
I p. viii (1869) ; Salvad. Faun. ltd. Ucc. p. 116 (1871) ; Hume 
Stray Feath. 1873; p. 190; Dresser, B. Eur. pi. hi. (1876). ? 

Oettia melanopogon {Te?nm.), Gerbe, Diet. Univ. d'Hist. Nat. xl 

p. 240 (1848) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Pick. Orn. p. 252 (1859)] 
Sylvia (Oalamoherpe) melampogon (Te?mn.), Naum. Vog. Deutsehl 
xiii. p. 456 (1853). 
Caricicola melanopogon (Temm.), Brelim, Vogelf. p. 236 (1855). 
Caricicola bonelli, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 236 (1855). 
Amnicola melanopogon (Temm.), Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i p 527 
(1867) 5 Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 127 (1869). ' *' 
Acrocephalus melanopogon (Temm.), Irby,'B. Gibr. p. 223 (1875). 
Calamodus melanopogon (Temm.), Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 198 (1876). 

General colour of the upper parts russet-brown, each feather on 
the centre of the back having obscure dark centres ; head dark 
brown, nearly black; each feather very narrowly margined with 

* Typ. err. melampogon. 
7 . <T3TTtA. VA3 
russet-brown; lores, iho feathers behind ihe eye, and Ihe ear-
coverts dark brown; eyo-stripo greyish white, very distinct, and 
losing itself at tho nape • wings brown, the outside webs of the 
quills margined with russet-brown ; wing-coverts, innermost secondaries, 
and tail dark brown, approaching black, edged with russet-
brown. Undcrparts nearly white, slightly tinged with russet-brown 
on the broast, and more so on the flanks and thighs; axillarics 
and under wing-coverts white ; inner margin of quills pale brown. 
Bill ]ong and slender, not very wide at tho base, dark brown, 
approaching black, slightly paler at tho base of the under mandible ; 
rictal bristles very small. Wing rather short and blunt, and somewhat 
concaved• third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and 
longest; second primary intermediate in length between tho eighth 
and ninth ; bastard primary less than half the length of the second, 
measuring 0*55 to 0*65 inch. Tail shorter than the wing ; outside 
feathers 0*4 inch shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, and claws 
very dark brown. Length of wing 2*42 to 2*18 inches, tail 2*12 to 
1*8, culmen 0*6 to 0*54, tarsus 0*8. 

The head of the female is slightly paler than that of the male. 
After the autumn moult the undcrparts have less brown on the 
breast and flanks; but in birds of the year this is more developed, 
leaving the chin, throat, and centre of belly alone nearly white. 

The Moustached Grass-Warbler appears to be a resident on both 
shores of the Mediterranean; extending eastwards into Persia. In 
Scinde and the Forth-west Provinces of India it appears to bo only a 
visitor during the cold season, probably breeding in Turkestan, 
though Severtzoff does not record it from there. 

«, b. tf ad. sk.
c. 2 ad sk.
d. ? ad. sk. 
Egypt (Capt. Shelley). 
Damietta, Egypt, Mar. 23. 
Shiraz, S. Persia, 4750 feet,
June. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Capt. Shelley [PJ. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
e. Juv. sk, Shiraz, S. Persia, 7000 feet,
June 20. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [O.]. 

7. CETTIA. _ 
Type. 
Cettia, JBonap. Comp. List B. Eur, fy JST. Amer. p. 11 
' (1838) C. cetti. 
Horeites, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 30 C. brunneifrons. 
Ilorornis, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 31 C. fortipes. 
Neornis, Blyth) J. A. S. Beng. xiv. pt. ii. p. 590 (1845, 

ex Hodgs.) 0. flavolivacea. 
Homochlamys, Sahad. Atti Ace. Sc. Tor. v. p. 510 

(1870) C. canturians. 
Herbivox, Swinh.e, P. Z. S.1871, p. 353 0. cantans. 
Urosphena, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1877, p. 205 0. squamiceps. 

The genus Cettia contains a small group of Bush-Warblers, distinguished 
by having only ten tail-feathers. It forms a connecting link 
between the sharp, flat-winged Sylviidaz and the round concave-
winged Sylviidce. In some species the wing is not much concaved, but 
in all it is very rounded. The first primary is always half the length 

134 TVWDWJi, 

of the second, and generally rather more than half; the second 
primary is about equal in length to the secondaries. The tail is 
considerably rounded, tho outside feathers being only from two thirds 
to five sixths the length of the longest. The tarsus and feet are 
very robust; tho former more or less distinctly scutellated in 
front. Tho feathers of the rump are usually much developed. The 
predominant colours are russet-brown and olive-brown, many of tho 
species having the head of a redder and richer colour than the rest 
of the upper parts. 80 far as is known, most of the species lay eggs 
of a uniform brick-red colour. Most of the species have very rich 
and melodious voices, but very poor powers of song. 

The centre of distribution of this genus is the Himalayas, where 
five of tho species breed; of these, two extend their range to Chinese 
Thibet. Eour other species appear to be peculiar to China and 
Japan, and one to Manchooria; whilst the remaining species breeds 
in Turkestan and winters in Scinde, extending its range westwards 
to the Mediterranean, throughout the shores of which inland sea it 
appears to bo a resident. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Head uniform in colour with the rest of the 
upper parts. 
af. Upper parts russet-brown. 
a". General colour of underparts white, 
shading into greyish brown on the breast 
and flanks cetti, p. 135. 


b". General colour of underparts pale huffish 
brown, shading into huffish brown on 
the breast and flanks ,. fortipes, p. 186. 

h'. Upper parts olive-brown. 

c". General colour of underparts yellow, 
shading into buff on the breast and 
flanks flavolivacea, p. 138. 

d". General colour of underparts white, 
shading into brown on the breast and 
flanks, 


a'". Wing one fifth longer than the tail.. pallidipes, p. 139. 
b"!. Wing shorter or not more than one 
tenth longer than the tail. 
a4. Upper parts olive-green. Tail equal 
to or longer than the wing cantans, p. 139. 
5*. Upper parts olive-brown. Tail equal 
to or shorter than the wing mntans mbmiu. p. 140. 

b. Head darker, richer, and more russet in colour 
than the rest of the upper parts. 
e". Breast suffused with huffish brown. 
C". Tail about one tenth shorter than the 

wing. 
c4. Length of wing 2*4 to 2-2 inches .. minuta, p. 141. 
d\ Length of wing 3-1 to 2-8 inches .. canturians, p. i41 

du\ Tail little more than half the length 
of the wing. 
e\ Back olive-brown ussurianus, p. 143. 
f \ Back rich chocolate-brown squamieeps, p. 142. 

7. C1HTU. 
135 
/ " Breast suffused with pale sloto-givy. 
e'". Length of wing* 1*J)5 to 1*7 inch ... . brunneifrons, p. 1 13. 
/"'. Length of wing 2*03 to 2*41 inches.. major /p. 115. 

1. Cettia cetti 
Uhignuolo di fiume, Cetti, Ucc. d. Sard. p. 210 (1770). 
Bouscarle, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 134 (1778). 
La Bouscarle de Provence, Daubent. PL EnL 055. fig. 2 (1778). 
Motacilla sylvia y. Curruca fulvescens, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 956 (1788). 
Sylvia cetti, Mann. Mem. Ace. Tor. xxx. p. 254 (1820); Temm. Man. 


"d'Orn. I p. 194 (1820); Vieill. Faune Franc, i. p. 208 (1820); 
Lath. Gen. Hist. B. vii. p. 19 (1823); House, Orn. Prov. p. 320, 
pi. 212 (1825) ; Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 273 (1827); Menetr. Cat. Pais. 
Caue. p. 33 (1832); Crespon (typ. err. getti), Orn. Gard. p. 118 
(1840) ; Werner, Atlas, Insectiv. pi. 30 (1842). 

Sylvia sericea, Natterer,Jide Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 197 (1820); 
Lath. Gen. Eist. B. vii. p. 9 (1823) ; Werner, Atlas, Insectiv. pi. 33 
(1842). 

Sylvia fulvescens (Gmel.), Vieill. Faune Franc, i. p. 208 (1820). 
Oalamoherpe cetti (Marm.), Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 552. 
Curruca sericea (Te?nm.), Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 553; Stejih. Shaios 

Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. ii. p. 208 (1826). 
Curruca cetti (Marm.), Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. ii. p. 209 

(1820), 
Phragmites cetti (Marm.)1 Blyth, Pennies Field Nat. i. p. 439 (1833). 
Salicaria cetti (Marm.), Goidd, B. Far. ii. pi. 1J4 (1837); Keys. u. 

Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. lv (1840) ; Schl. Pev. Crit p. xxix (1844); 

Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 95 (1800). 
Salicaria sericea (Temm.), Gotdd, B. Fur. ii. pi. 115 (1837). 
Philomela sericea (Temm.), Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 240 (1837). 
Cettia altisonans, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. Sf N. Amer. p, 11 (1838) j 

Jaub. et Barth.-Lapom?n. Pich. Orn. p. 250 (1859). 
Cettia sericea (Temm.), Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. <§• N. Amer. p. 12 
(1838) ; id. Consp. i. p. 287 (1850) ; Loohe, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. 

p. 208 (1867) ; Irby, B. Gxbr. p. 93 (1875). 
Calamodyta cetti (Marm), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848); Fritsch, 
Vog. Eur. p. 159 (1870). 
Calamodyta sericea (Temm.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 (1848) ; Gray, 
Ha7id-l. B. i. p. 209. no. 2954 (1869). 
Cettia 
cetti (Marm.), Begl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 578 (1849); Newton, 
List B. Eur. Blasius, p. 11 (1862); BegL et Gerbe, Orn, Eur. i. 

p. 524 (1867) ; Boderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 126 (1809). 
Bradypterus cetti (Marm?), Cab. Mm. Rein. i. p. 43 (1850); Heuqi, 
Om. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 274 (1869); Salvad. Faun. ltd. Ucc. p. 117 
(1871) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 89 (1872); Bresser, Bis, 1876, p. 89; 
id. B. Eur. pt. xlviii. (1870). 

Calamoherpe sericea (Temm.), Brehm, Vogelf. p. 236 (1855). 
Potamodus cettii (Marm.), Lilford, Ibis, 1866, p. 178. 
Cettia (Potamodus) orientalis, Tristram, Ibis, 1867, p. 79. 
Cettia cettioides, Hume, Stray Feath. i. p. 194 (1873). 
Cettia albiventris, Severts. Turhest. Jevotn. pp. 66, 131 (1873). 
Cettia scalenura, Severts. Turhest. Jevotn. pp. 66,131 (1873). 
Cettia stoliczkse, Hume, Stray Feath. ii. p. 520 (1874). 
Bradyptetes cettii (Marm.), Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 200 (1876). 


General colour of the upper parts rich russet-brown ; lores dark 

TVUBW^.

v\c> 

brown ; eyo-sh'ipo greyish white, indistinct, but passing a short disinnco 
behind the oyo ; wings and tail dark russet-brown, the outride 
webs odjredwith rich russet-brown; chin, throat, and centre 
of belly white, shading into ash-grey on the sides of the breast and 
info brownish grey on the flanks and under tail-coverts, the latter 
tipped with white ; axilbxries and under wing-coverts pale brownish 
grey with white margins; inner margin of quills pale brown. 
Bill* Phylloseopine; upper mandible dark brown, under mandible 
pale horn-colour, darker towards the tip; rictal bristles almost 
obsolete. Wing considerably concaved; fourth, fifth, and sixth 
primaries nearly equal and longest; second primary about as long 
as the secondaries ; bastard primary rather more than half the length 

of the second. Tail about equal to the wing, sometimes slightly 
shorter, sometimes slightly longer, the outside feathers OS to 0*4 
inch shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, and claws very pale brown. 
Length of wing, male 2*6 to 2*15 inches, female 2'25 to 2*15: 
tail 2-0 to 2-15 ; culmen 0*56 to 0-48 ; tarsus 0*92 to 0*70. 

The female is generally smaller and less subject to vary in size 
than the male. After the autumn moult the upper parts are of a 
richer rnssct-brown, almost coffee-coloured, and the white of the 
undcrparts is greyer and more restricted. Birds of the year are 
scarcely to be distinguished from adults. 

Cetti's Bush-Warbler is a resident on both shores of the Mediterranean, 
extending eastwards as far as Turkestan. It is found in 
the south of France, Spain, Algeria, Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, 
Palestine, and Egypt. In Persia it is probably also a resident; but 
in Turkestan it is undoubtedly a migrant, apparently breeding there 
and wintering in Scinde. 

a. 
tf ad. sk. Karij valley, N. Persia, W.T.Blanford.Esq.rC.l 
7(300 feet, Aug. 17. 
h. $ ad. sk. Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.I. 
e. 
Jad.sk. Villacidro, Sardinia, R B. Sharpe, Esq. fp.l 
m,yl2 (A.B.Brooke). 
d. Sk. 
Gibraltar. Col. Irby [P.]. 
2. Cettia fortipes. 
Horornis fortipes, Ilodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mus.) of B. of 
Nepal, Passeres, pi. 63. no. 850, wide Ilodgs. Gray's ZooL Mwc 

p. 82.no. 850 (1844, descr. null.); Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845-p 31 
(descr. prim.); Blyth,J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 584 (1845) : Gray, Cat 
Mamm. $c. Nepal Coll. Ilodgs. p. 64 (1846); Bn Conw i 
p. 290 (1850) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 1*62 (1863). J' *' P' 
Drymoica brevicaudata, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 450 (1847) 
Regains fortipes (Hodgs.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 175 (1848). 
Salicaria ?, Ilodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mus) of B of 
Nepal, Appendix, pi. 40. no. 900, and pi. 41. no. 928, wide ' 

aSSlmillS' Gray Cat Mamm*

n 8^?> $c* ^pal Coll. Ilodgs. p. 30 
noreites robustipes, Mnhoe, Ibis, 1866, p. 398; Swinhoe, P.Z 8 
mn, p. d51 j David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 264 (1877) 
Prima robustipes (Swinh), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 196. no. 2713 (1869) 

7 . CETTIA.. 137 
Neornis assimilis {Gray), Gray, Hand-l. JB. i. p. 217. no. 0090 

(1869) ; Blyth $ Walden, B. Burm. p. 105 (1875). 

Arundinax davidiana, Verr. N. Arch. Mm. Bull vi. p. 37 (1870) ; 

David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 255 (1877). 

Horeites pallidus, Brooks, J. A. S. Beng. xli. pt. ii. p. 78 (1872). 

Horeites brunnescens, Hume, Ibis, 1872, p. 109. 

Cettia fortipes (Hodge), Seebohm, JP. Z. S. 1878, p. 980; id. Ibis, 

1879, p. 3& 
Cettia assimilis (Gray), Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 36. 
Cettia pallida (Brooks), Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 36. 


General colour of the upper parts russet-brown; lores and the 
feathers behind the eye dark russet-brown; eye-stripe pale brown, 
indistinct, and soon losing itself behind the eye; wings and tail 
brown, the outside webs edged with russet-brown. The underparts 
are pale punish brown, shading into huffish brown on the breast and 
flanks; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale yellow; inner margin 
of quills greyish white. Bill Sylviine rather than Phylloscopine, 
dark brown, paler at the base of the under mandible ; rictal bristles 
fairly developed. Wing short and blunt, the fourth to the seventh 
primaries nearly equal and longest; second primary shorter than 
any of the succeeding ones; bastard primary more than half the 
length of the second, measuring 0*55 to 0-65 inch. Tail generally 
equal in length to the wing, sometimes a trifle shorter, and occasionally 
a trifle longer; outside feathers 0*45 inch shorter than 
the longest. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Length of wing 
2-28 to 1-88 inches, tail 2-21 to 1-86, culmen 0-56 to 0-48, 
tarsus 0-83. 

There does not appear to be any difference in the colour of the 
plumage between male sold female, nor is it known that any change 
takes place after the spring moult. Birds of the year have the 
upper parts paler and more tawny in colour, and the underparts 
of an almost uniform pale buffish brown, only very slightly 
darker on the breast, and scarcely at all so on the flanks. 

The types of H. robustipes, Swinh., from Formosa, in my collection, 
have the claw of the hind toe very slightly larger than is usual in 
Indian birds; probably only an individual variation. 

So far as is known, Hodgson's Bush-Warbler is confined to the 
Himalayas from Cashmere to Assam, Western China, and the island 
of Eormosa. In all localities it is doubtless a partial migrant, 
breeding at high elevations above the level of winter snow and 
descending lower into the valleys during the cold season. 

a. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of Horomis fortipes, Hodgs.) 
b, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. * B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
(Types of Horomis assimilis, Gray.) 
d-o. Ad. sk. Nepal. t B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

p. Ad. sk. Darjeeling. W. Eotheringham, Esq. 
q. Ad. sk. India (Capt. Marshall). B,. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
r. Ad. sk. Kashgar (Dr. Bellew). India Museum. 
* 138 TirnnTj) ig. 
8. Cettia flavolivacea. 
Neornis flavolivacea, Hodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mas.) of 
B. of Nepal, Paweres, 'pi. 01. %. 1, uncle. Hodgs. Gray's Zool. 
Misc. p. 82. no. 853 (1844, deser. nidi.); Hodgs.per Blyth, J. A. S. 
Peng. xiv. pt. ii. p. 55)0 (1845, deser. prim.); Gray, Cat. Mamm. $•<>. 
(1803) j Blyth f Wald. B. Burm. p. 104 (1875). 
Neornis cacliarensis, Hodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mus.) of B. 
of Ntpal, Passeres, pi. 01.fig. 2, unde Hodgs. Gray's Zool. Mhc. 

p. 82. no. 855 (1844, descr. null.) ; Hodgs. per Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. 
xiv. p. 590 (1845); Gray, Cat. Mamm. tyc. Nepal Coll. Hodgs. p. 07 
Sylvia flavolivacea (Hode/s.), Gray. Gen. B. i. p. 174 (1848); Gray, 
Hand~l, B. i. p. 217. no. 3094 (1869). 
Cettiaflavolivacea(Hodgs.), Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 36. 

General colour of the upper parts dark brownish, green, slightly 
palor on the rump ; lores and the feathers behind the eye brown ; 
eye-stripe huffish yellow, rather indistinct, but extending behind the 
eye; wings and tail brown, the outside webs margined with 
brownish green; chin, throat, and centre of belly deep yellow, 
shading into brownish yellow on the breast, flanks, thighs, and 
under tail-coverts ; axillaries and under wing-coverts bright yellow; 
inner margin of quills nearly white. Bill Phylloscopine, dark brown, 
under mandible pale at the base; rictal bristles well developed. 
Wing concaved; fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries nearly equal and 
longest; second primary slightly shorter than the secondaries; first 
primary more than half the length of the second. Tail about equal 
to the wing, sometimes slightly longer, sometimes slightly shorter, 
the outside feathers 0*5 to 0*45 shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, 
and claws pale brown. Length of wing 2*15 to 1/9 inches, tail 2-2 
to 1-9, culmen 0-51 to 0-48, tarsus 0-9. 

Males (N. flavolivacea, Hodgs.) are supposed to be slightly larger 
than females (N. cacliarensis, Hodgs.). In some skins (Hodgs. MS. 
Drawings, Appondix, pi. 50. no. 976) the upper parts are slightly 
darker and browner. I take this to be the plumage after the autumn 
moult, and possibly also of birds of the year. 

The Himalayan Bush-Warbler breeds at high altitudes on the 
Himalayas from Nepal to Assam, descending towards the plains 
during the cold season. 

a, b. Ad. sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
d-m. Ad. sk. 
n. Ad. sk. 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 
India. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Types of Neornis-flavolivacea, Hodgs.) 
B. H.'Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of Neornis cacliarensis, Hodgs.) 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
[p.]. 

7 . CETTTA. 131) 
4. Cettia pallidlpcs. 
Phylloscopus pallidipes, Blanf. J. A. S. Bmq. xli. pt. ii. p. 1<>2, pi. \ii. 
(1872). 
Iloreites sericea, Walden, Blyth § Wald. B. Barm, p. 11 J) (1875, 
tiee Tetnm,). 
Oettia pallidipes (Blanf.), Seelohn, Ibis, 1879, p. SO, 

General colour of tho upper parts olive-brown; lores and the 
feathers behind tho eye dark olive-brown; eye-stripe greyish white, 
very distinct and reaching* to the nape ; wings and tail brown, with 
a slight shade of olive, most conspicuous on the outside webs of tho 
feathers. Undorparts nearly white, slightly suffused with brown on 
the breast, and shading into pale olive-brown on the Hanks and 
thighs ; axillaries and under wing-coverts nearly white; inner 
margin of quills pale brown. Dill Phylloscopinc, upper mandible dark 
brown, under mandible palo horn-colour; rictal bristles obsolete. 
Wing* somewhat concaved; fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries nearly 
equal and longest; second primary shorter than the secondaries, 
first primary more than half the length of the second. Tail shorter 
than tho wing, the outside feathers 0*15 inch shorter than the longest. 
Legs, feet, and claws very pale flesh-colour. Length of wing 2*05 
inches, tail 1*7, culmen 0*51, tarsus 0*81. 

Blanford's Bush-Warbler has only been recorded from Sikkim and 
Assam, where it is doubtless a partial migrant, ascending to a .considerable 
elevation to breed. 

a. Ad. sk. Sikkim. L. Mandelli, Esq. [P.l 
(Type of Iloreites pallidipes) Blanf?) 
Cettia cantans and Cettia minuta. 

These forms apparently interbreed, and produce intermediate forms, 
in spite of their insular distribution. The long-tailed olive form is 
the only one found in Japan. I possess, however, an example from 
Formosa. Birds from the latter island are generally slightly smaller, 
decidedly browner, and shorter in the tail. I have, however, a 
typical example of this intermediate form from Chefoo, opposite 
Japan, on the mainland, whilst I have other examples from Formosa 
approaching still nearer to typical minuta. The latter form is found 
at Amoy, on the mainland, down to Hainan, and is the smallest, 
agreeing with the typical Formosan form in the length of the tail, 
but being still browner in colour, shading into rich russet-brown on 
the forehead. Fo better examples of incipient species could perhaps 
be found. 

The synonymy of the Japanese form is as follows :— 

5. Cettia ca&tans. 
Salicaria cantans, Temm. et Schl Fauna Japon. p. 51, pi. xix. (1847); 
Swinhoe, Ibis, 1866, p. 397. 
Salicaria cantillans, Temm, et Schl Fauna Japon. p. 52, pi. xx. 
(1847). 

140 Tm&DIDJE. 

Calamodyta cantans (Temm. et SchL), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 
(1848) j id Hand-L B. i. p. 207. no. 2926 (1869). 
Calamodyta cantillans (Temm. et SchL), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 172 

(1848) j id. Ilmd-L B. I p. 207. no. 2931 C1869). 
Oalamoherpe cantans (Temm. et SchL), Bp. Coiisp. i. p. 285 (1850). 
Calamokorpe cantillans (Temm. et SchL), Bp. Camp, i. p. 285 (1850). 
Ilerbivox cantans (Temm. et SchL), Sioinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 353. 
Ilomochlamys cantans (Temm. et SchL), Salmd. Ibis, 1873, p. 180. 
Cettia cantans (Temm. et SchL), Seebohn} Ibis, 1879, p. 36. 

General colour of the upper parts olive-brown, suffused with russet-
brown on the rump and upper tail-coverts; lores and the feathers 
behind the eye brown; eye-stripe greyish white, indistinct, but 
passing over the eyo almost to the nape; wings and tail brown, 
the outside webs edged with russet-brown. Underparts nearly 
white, slightly suffused with pale huffish brown on the breast, flanks, 
and under tail-coverts; axiUaries very pale yellow; under wing-
coverts white ; inner margin of quills greyish white. Bill Sylviine ; 
upper mandible dark brown, under mandible pale horn-colour, darker 
towards the tip; rictal bristles moderately developed. Wing moderately 
rounded; fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries nearly equal and 
longest; second primary about equal to the tenth; bastard primarv 
rather more than half the length of the second primary. Tail equal 

to or longer than the wing, the outside feathers 0'25 to 0*35 inch 
shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, and claws pale horn-colour. 
Length of wing 2-65 to 2*15 inches, tail 2-75 to 2*3, culmen 0*63 
to 0-55, tarsus 1 to 0-83. 

The female differs from the male only in being smaller in size. 
After the autumn moult the olive-brown of the upper parts has a 
slight shade of rufous upon it, and the pale huffish brown of the 
breast, flanks, and under tail-ooverts is darker and more olive in 
tone. The plumage of birds of the year is apparently unknown. 

The Japanese Bush-Warbler appears to be confined to Japan and 
Formosa. It breeds on the mountains near Yokohama, and winters 
in the plains. 

a. Ad. sk. Yokohama, Japan. H. Pryer, Esq. [O.l. 
b. Ad. sk. Japan. Purchased. 
The synonymy of the intermediate form is as follows:— 

Cettia cantans minuta (Temm. et Swinh.). 
Oalamoherpe minuta (Swinh.), Sivinhoe, Ik's, 1863, p. 306 (partim). 
Herbivox minuta (Siuinh.), Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 353 (partim). 
Homochlamys minutus (Swinh.), Salvad. Ibis, 1873, p. 180 (partim) • 
David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 244 (1877, partim). 
Arundinax davidianus, Ve?r. apud Sivinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 438. 

General colour of the upper parts olive-brown, sometimes shading 
into russet-brown on the forehead. Tail equal to or shorter than 
the wing. Length of wing 2-56 to 2*35 inches, tail 2-35 to 2-25, 
culmen 0*6 to 0*55, tarsus 0*98 to 0*88. 

The Formosan Bush-Warbler has been found at Chefoo, on the 

7. CETTIA. Ill 
mainland opposite Japan, but is principally known an a roflitl.mil in 
the island of Formosa. 
a, b. Ad. &k. Formosa, Feb. and R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.J. 
March. 
The synonymy of the Hainan form is as follows:— 

6. Cettia minuta. 
Arundinax minutus, Sioinhoe, Ibis, I860, p. 52. 

Arundinax miniatus, Sioinhoe, Ibis, 1800, p. 857. 

Calamoherpe minuta (Swink), Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863,, p. 300 (partim); 

id. Ibis, 1870, p. 345. 
Calamodyta minuta (Swinh.), Gray, Hand-l. M. L p. 207. no. 2034 

(1860). 
Herbivox minuta (Swinh.), Sioinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 353 (partim). 
Homoehlamys minutus (Swinh.), Sahmd. Ibis, 1873, p. 180 ( partim) ; 

Davidet Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 244 (1877, partim). 

General colour of the upper parts russet-brown, inclining to olive 
on the back, slightly paler on the rump and upper tail-coverts, and 
shading into rich russct-brown on the forehead; lores and behind 
the eye dark brown; eye-stripe pale huffish white, indistinct, and 
not extending far behind the eye ; wings and tail brown, the outside 
webs of the feathers edged with russet-brown. Chin, throat, 
and centre of belly nearly white, shading into pale huffish brown on 
the breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts; thighs brown ; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts silky white; inner margin of quills pale 
brown. Bill rather stout; upper mandible dark brown, under 
mandible pale horn-colour, darker towards the tip ; rictal bristles 
moderately developed. Wing slightly concaved, with the fourth and 
fifth primaries nearly equal and longest; second primary about equal 
in length to the secondaries; bastard primary slightly more than 
half the length ol the second. Tail shorter than the wing, the outside 
feathers 0*35 to 0*45 inch shorter than the longest. Legs, 
feet, and claws pale brown. Length of wing 2-53 to 2*2 inches, 
tail 2-35 to 2*0, culmen 0-65 to 0-56, tarsus 1-0 to 0-9. 

The female appears to have rather less of the rich russet-brown 

on the forehead. After the autumn moult the slight; shade of olive 

on the back disappears, and the russet-brown on the forehead is 

much richer in colour, and extend more onto the crown. The 

huffish brown of the breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts also 

becomes darker. The plumage of birds of the year appears to be 

unknown. 

The Hainan Bush-Warbler breeds in South China and Hainan. 

a. Ad. sk. China (TVJiitely). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [p.], 
7. Cettia canturiens. 
Arundinax canturians, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 52. 
Lusciniopsis canturians, Sioinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 32. 
Calamoherpe canturians, Sioinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 306. 
Calamodyta canturians (Swinh.), Grg.y, Iland-L B. i. p. 207. 


no. 2933 (1869). 

142 TUKBID.E. 

llomochlamys luscinia, Salvad. Atti Ace. Sc. Tor. v. p. 511 (1870). 

Malaoopteron lusciuia, Finsch^fide Salvad. lac. cit. (1870). 

IlerMvox canturious, Sioinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 353. 

llomoclilamys canturions (Swhh.), Salvad. Ibis, 1873, p. 180 ; David 

et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 243 (1877). 

Oettia caiiturions (Sivinh.), Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 36. 

General colour of the upper parts russet-brown, inclining to olive 

on the back, slightly more russet on the rump and irpper tail-coverts, 

aud shading into rich russet-brown on the forehead• lores and be


hind the eye dark brown; eye-stripe pale buffish white, somewhat 

indistinct, and extending almost to the nape ; wings and tail brown, 

the feathers edged with russet-brown on their outside webs. Chin, 

throat, and centre of belly nearly white, shading into buffish brown 

on the breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts; thighs brown; axil


laris and under wing-coverts nearly white; inner margin of quills 

pale buflish brown. Bill rather stout; upper mandible dark brown, 

under mandible pale horn-colour, darker towards the tip ; rictal 

bristles moderately developed. Wing slightly concaved, with the 

fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest; second primary 

about equal in length to the secondaries ; bastard primary slightly 

more than half the length of the second. Tail shorter than the 

wing, the outside feathers 0*4 to 0*5 inch shorter than the longest. 

Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Length of wing 3*1 to 2-8 inches, 

tail 2*9 to 2-65, culmen 0*7 to 0*64, tarsus 1*1. 

There does not appear to be any difference between the sexes. 

After the autumn moult the slight shade of olive on the back dis


appears, and the russet-brown of the forehead is richer in colour 

and extends more onto the crown. The breast, flanks, and under tail-

coverts are slightly darker and more olive. All these characteristics 

of the autumn plumage are still more pronounced in birds of the year. 

The Chinese Bush-Warbler breeds in Korth China, and winters 
in South China. In Formosa it is said to be resident, probably 
breeding on the mountains and wintering in the plains. 
a, b. Ad. sk. Formosa, Dec. and Jan. K. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. 

8. Cettia squamiceps. 
Tribura squaraeiceps, Sioinhoe, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 292; id. Ibis. 1866. 
p. 397; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 355 • id. Ibis, 1874, p. 155. 
Calamodyta squamiceps (Swmh.)} Gray, Iland-L JS. i. p. 210. no. 
2978 (1809). 
Hororais squamiceps (Sivinh,), Stvinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 146; David 
et Oust Ois. Chine, p. 240 (1877). 
Urosphena squamiceps (Siuin/i.), Swinhoe, Ibis, 1877, p. 205, pL iv.j 
Hume and Davison, Stray Feath. vi. p. 343 (1878). 

General colour of the upper parts uniform chocolate-brown ; eye-
stripe bullish white, very clearly defined and extending to the nape • 
lores and a stripe behind the eye, between the eye-stripe and the 
ear-coverts, chocolate-brown; ear-coverts and the whole of the 
underparts buffiyh white, shading into bufitsk brown on the breast 

7. CETTU. 148 
and flanks; axillarios buflish white; under wing-coverts bullish 
white, clouded with brown; inner margin of quills pale brown. 
Bill dark brown, paler at the base of the under mandible Wing 
with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries noarly equal and longest; 
second primary about equal to the eighth; bastard primary 0*0 
inch long, slightly less than half the length of the second primary. 
Tail shorter than the wing, the outside feathers 0-24 inch shorter 
than the longest. Legs, feet, and claws pale horn-colour. Length 
of wing 2*1 to 2-0 inches, tail 1-05, culmen 0-5J3, tarsus 0*7. 

Nothing is known of any differences which may ho produced in 
the colour of the plumage by age, sex, or season. 

Bwinhoe's Bush-Warbler breeds in some unknown district of 
North-eastern Asia, and winters in South China, JFormotfa, and the 
Tenasserim provinces. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this species. 
The above description is taken from a skin in my collection dated 
Formosa, March 1866. The type, from Canton (without a tail), is 
missing. 

9. Cettia ussuriairm 
Ilorornis squamiceps (Siuinh.) apud Tacz. Jouni. Orn. 1875, p. 245; 
apud Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1870, p. 137; apud Tacz. 
Journ. Orn. 1876, p. 194. 

This species differs from the preceding in having the general 

colour of the upper parts olive-brown instead of chocolate-brown, 

darkest on the head. Bill dark brown, paler at the base of the 

under mandible. Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries 

nearly equal and longest; second primary about equal to the eighth; 

bastard primary 0*5 inch. Tail shorter than the wing, the out


side feathers 0*14 inch shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, and claws 

pale horn-colour. Length of wing 2*04 inches, tail 3-1, culmen 0*5, 

tarsus 0*7. 

Nothing is known of any difference which may be produced in 

the colour of the plumage by age, sex, or season. 

Taczanowsky's Bush-Warbler breeds in Eastern Siberia in the 

valley of the TJssuri. Its winter quarters are unknown. 

The British Museum does not possess a skin of this species. The 

typo, in my collection, is dated May 2o, 1874, and is sexed as a 

male by Dr. Dybowsky. 

10. Cettia brunneifrons. 
Horeites brumiifrons, Hodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit Mus.) of B. 
of Nepal, Passeres, pi. 62a. fig. 1, no. 836, wide Hodgs. Gray's 
Zool. Misc. p. 82. no. 836 (1844, descr. nvll.); Blgth, J.A.'S. 
Beng. xiv. p. 585 (1845); Gray, Cat. Mamm. #e. Nepal Coll. Hodgs. 
pp. 65, 151 (1846) j Horsf. $ Moore, Cat B. Mus. E.I. Co. 

p. 323 (1854); Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 163 (1863); SwMoe, P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 351; Brooks, J. A. S. Beng. xli. pt. ii. p. 78 (1872); David 
et Oust Ois. Chine, p. 263 (1877). 
Horeites pollicaris, Ilodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. 31us.) of 

B. of Nepal, Passeres, pi. 02. no. 848, undb lloJgs. Grag, Zool. 
I I i TTJBDID2E. 

Miso p. 82. no. 848 (1844, descr. null.)* Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xlv. 
T)t ii. t> 585 (1845); Gray, Cat. Mamm. §c. Kepal Coll. Hodgs. p. 65 
lb40); Horsf. £ Moore, Cat. B. Mm. B.I. Co. p. 322 (1854) ; 

Jerd. B. Ind. u. p. 103 (1808). # . 
Horeites sckistilatus, -Z&w%«. i^& Drawings (in the Brit. Mus.) of 

B. of Nepal, Passeres, pi. G2a.fig. 2, tmrf£ 
Nivicola.flchistilata, Hodge. Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82. no. 860 (1844, 
descr. null); Blyt/i, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. pt ii. p. 586 (1845). 
Orfchotomus (Prinia) brunnifrons, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1643, p. 20 {descr. 
prim.). 
Ortliotomus (Horeites) pollicaria, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 30. 
Orthotomus (Horeites) schistilatus, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 30. 
Horeites schistilatus (Hodgs.), Gray, Cat. Mamm. §c. Kepal Coll 

Hodt/s. p. 65 (1846); Horsf. 8? Moore, Cat B. Mus. E.I. Co. p. 323 

(1854). 
Drymoica schistilata (Hodgs.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 164 (1848). 
Drymoica pollicaria (Hodgs.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 164 (1848). 
Horeites brunneifrons (Hodgs.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 281 (1850). 
Horeites pollicaria (Hodgs.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 281 (1850). 
Prinia brunneifrons (Hodgs.), Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 196. no. 2709 

(1869). 
Prinia schiatilata (Hodgs.), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 196. no. 2710 

(1869). 
Prinia pollicaria (Hodgs.), Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 196. no. 2711 (1869). 
Cettia brunneifrons (Hodgs.),tieebohm,His, 1879, p. 36. 

General colour of the upper parts dark russet-brown, shading 
into dark rich coffee-colour on the nape and head ; lores and the 
feathers behind the eye dark brown; eye-stripe huffish white, well 
defined and extending to the nape; wings and tail dark russet-
brown, the outside webs edged with russet-brown. Chin and 
centre of belly nearly white, shading into ash-grey on the sides of 
the nock and breast, and into russet-brown on the flanks, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts; axillaries and under wing-coverts nearly-
white, the latter mottled with dark brown on the shoulder; inner 
margin of quills pale huffish brown. Bill Phylloscopine; npper 
mandible dark brown, under mandible pale horn-colour, shading 
into dark brown at the tip ; rictal bristles small. Wing considerably 
concave, the fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries nearly equal and 
longest; second primary considerably shorter than the secondaries ; 
first primary more than half the length of the second. Tail shorter 
than the wing, the outside feathers 0*6 inch, shorter than the 
longest. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Length of wing 1*95 
to 1-7 inch, tail 1-8 to 1-5, culmen 0*45 to 0*4, tarsus 0*75 to 0-73. 

In some skins the rich coffee-colour of the head is not quite 
so dark as in others- these I take to be females. It is not 
known that there is any difference between summer and winter 
plumage. In what are supposed to be birds of the year (H.pollkaris^ 
Hodgs.) the rich coffee-colour of the head is entirely absent, the 
upper parts being of a uniform dark russet-brown, and the white 
and ash-grey of the underparts are replaced by light and dark 
brownish yellow. 

The Nepalese Bush-Warbler breeds at high elevations on the 

7 . CETTIA. 145 
Himalayas (Nepal, Sikkini, &c.) and the mountains of Chinese 
Thibet (Moupin), descending some distance into the valleys during 
the cold season. 

a. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. P.]. 
(Type of Orthotomus {Prima) brunneifrom, Hodgs.) 
b, c, d, e. Ad. sk. " Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. 
/. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 

(Type of Orthotomus (Horeites) sehistilatus, Hodgs.) 
g, 7i, ?. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [PA 

k. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
{Type of Orthotomus (Iloreites) polliearis, Hodgs.) 
L JUT. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. u 

m. Ad.sk. Darjeeling. W. Fotheringham, Esq 
11. Cettia major. (Plate YII.) 
Horeites major, Hodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mus.) of B. of 
Nepal, Appendix, pi. 42. no. 940 (icon, ined.); Moore, P. Z. S. 
1854, p. 105 (descr. prim.) ; Horsf. fy Moo7*e, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. 
Co. i. p. 323 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Did. ii. p. 104 (1803); David et 
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 203 (1877). 

Prinia major (Hodgs.), Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 196. no. 2712 (1809). 

Cettia major (Moore), Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 36. 

General colour of the upper parts dark olive-brown, shading into 
dark rich coffee-colour on the nape and head• lores dark russet-
brown ; eye-stripe pale brown, somewhat indistinct and extending 
to the nape; wings and tail dark russet-brown, the outside webs 
edged with dark olive-brown. Chin and centre of belly nearly 
white, shading into ashy brown on the breast and into olive-brown 
on the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts yellowish white; inner margin of quills pale grey. 
Bill Phylloscopine, dark brown, the under mandible paler at the base ; 
rictal bristles moderately developed. Wing considerably concaved, 
with the fifth and sixth primaries nearly equal and longest; second 
primary somewhat shorter than the secondaries ; bastard primary 
considerably more than half the length of the second. Tail shorter 
than the wing; outside feathers 0*4 inch shoiter than the longest. 
Legs, fjet, and claws pale brown. Length of wing 2*03 to 2*41 
inches, tail 2-24 to 2-0, culmen 0*50 to 0*55, tarsus 1*02. 

The above description is that of whiter plumage. It is not known 
if the summer plumage varies, or if there is any difference between 
the sexes or birds of the year. 

Moore's Bush-Warbler is probably a partial migrant, breeding at 
or near the limit of forest-growth on the Himalayas (Nepal, 
Sikkim, &c.) and the mountains of Chinese Thibet (Moupin), descending 
into the valleys in the cold season. 

a. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of Horeites major, Moore.) 
TTTRMTLE. 

but 

Subfamily TUBDIN7E. 

Key 
to the Genera, 

'. Wing Geocichline or Psophocichline (see woodcuts, 
pp. 147, 182)

>. Whig without any well-defined pattern underneath. 
«', Adult male and female alike in colour, except 
that the female is occasionally slightly paler 
than the male. Chin and upper throat of 
adult male streaked. Tail notMiniociehline. 
General colour not black

V. Tail Mimockhline (see woodcut, p. "280) ..
c'. Chin and upper throat of adult male unstreaked, 
or, if streaked, male and female 
differing completely in colour, or general 
colour black. 

a". Legs generally pale; bill of adult male 
neier black. Bill stout, never less than 
0-0 inch

b". Legs and bill generally black; ifpale, culmen 
less than 0*8 inch. 

a'*'. General colour of underparts slate-grey, 
shading only into brown or white. 
Legs never black

h'". Throat generally brilliant in colour, and 
frequently in violent contrast to the 
cheeks j if not, legs pale

c'". 
Culmcn stout, measuiing 0*74 inch or 
longer. Under tail-coverts blue or 
chestnut

dw 

. Calmen much less than one fourth the 
length of the tail: second primary 
nearly equal to the third; general colour 
blue, or blue and chestnut

er". Oulmen slender, measuring 0*01 inch or 
shorter, and less than one fourth the 
length of the tail, which is usually 
chestnut. Legs always black

/"'. Second primary marginated at the tip, 
and tail semi-Saxicoline (see woodcuts, 
pp. 3-54,858,350), or tail uniform black 
or brown. Legs black or dark brown. 
Throat and cheeks similar in colour. 
Tail not more than four times the length 
of the culmen

c/", Culmen m ore than one fourth the lengthof the tail. Rump, upper tail-coverts, 
and base of tail generally -white, rarely 
chestnut. Legs always black. Throat 
never blue.

 1. GEOCICHLA, p. 147, 
2. TURDUS, p. 184. 
4. MIMOCICHLA, p.280. 
3. 3IERULA, p. 232. 
5. CATHABUS, p. 283. 
C. EMTHACUS, p. 292. 
7. MOXTICOLA, p. 312. 
8. SIALIA, p. 327. 
0. E-UTICILLA, p. 334. 
10. MYBMECOCICHLA, 
[p. 3-;4. 
11. SAXICOLA, p. 362. 
1. GEOCICHLA. 147 
1. GEOCICHLA. 
Type. 

Geociclila, Kuhl (reference unknown *) .. G. interpres. 
Zoothera, Viyors, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 172 . . G. nionticola. 
Oreocincla, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 145 . G. varia. 
Turdulus, ITock/s. Grcq/s Zool. Miscell p. 83 (1844) . G. wardii. 
Ciclilopasser, Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxviii. p. 0 (1854) . . G terrestris. 
Chamaetylas, Heine, Jour. Orn. 1859, p. 425 . G. compsonatn. 
Psophocichla, Cab. Jour. Orn. 1860, p. 182 ..:... . G. simensis. 

Wing of Geocichla varia. 

The genus Geocichla comprises a well-defined group of forty 
Thrushes, which may be distinguished as Ground-Thrushes. They 
are characterized by having the basal portion of the outside 
web of all the secondaries and of many of the primaries white, 
occasionally tinted with buff, but abruptly defined from the brown 
of the rest of the quills. The axillaries are parti-coloured, the basal 
half being white, and the terminal half black, slate-grey, or brown. 
Most of the under wing-coverts are similarly parti-coloured, but the 
relative position of the colours is reversed, the white portion being 
on the terminal half. This genus is connected with the genus 
Turdus through T. viscivorus and T. mustelinus. In the former 
the base of the inner webs of most of the quills is white, but 
gradually shading into, and not abruptly defined from, the brown of 
the rest of the quills; the axillaries and under wing-coverts are 
pure white. In the latter the axillaries have brown centres, and 
the under wing-coverts brown bases. These two genera are also 
connected by the aberrant species of the genus Geocichla. Of these 
the most aberrant are 67. simensis and 67. litsitsirupa, which have 
the axillaries and under wing-coverts uniform in colour; but the 
pale portions of the inner webs of the quills are greatly developed 
and very abruptly defined. 67. pinicola is also slightly aberrant in 
having the axillaries a uniform white. 

So far as I have been able to ascertain, the young in first plumage 
of every species in this genus are spotted on the back and breast; 
and I am not aware that the adult of any species has a scutellated 
tarsus, though traces of it are to be found in young 67. litsitsirwpa-, 
Nor does any species seem to have a spring moult beyond the replacement 
of a few injured feathers. 

* Said to be in some popular Dutch periodical. 
148 
TURBID Ji1. 

All 
iho Thrushes are principally ground-feeders, especially in 

summer; but the species of this genus are par eve 11 m-e Ground-

Thrushes, being still less frequently found in trees than their near 

allies. Their legs and feet are strong, and pale in colour. 

The bill is moderately stout, about the length of the head, somewhat 
widened at the base, and more or less furnished with rictal 
bristles. In two species it is abnormally short; and in four species 
it is abnormally long and depressed at the ba^e. The bastard 
primary rarely exceeds an inch in length, and is frequently shorter 
than the primary-coverts. The wTing is more or less rounded, as the 
species are more or less sedentary in their habits. 

The tail is nearly even, and consists of twelve feathers, except in 
three species, which have fourteen tail-feathers. In some species the 
sexes are alike, whilst in others they are different. In some species 
the spotted plumage, characteristic of young in first plumage in this 
family, is retained through life, whilst in others it is retained only on 
some of the wing-coverts after the first autumn moult. In others it 
is entirely lost at that time. On the whole this genus must be considered 
one of the best-defined of the family Turd Idee. 

No species of this genus is found in Europe or in South America, 
except accidentally on migration. On the other baud, it is the only 
genus of the family found in Australia, where it is represented by 
three species. New Guinea, Lombock, Timor, and Celebes each add 
a species to the genus. Three more species are found in Java, wThilst 
a fourth is found both in Java and Lombock. Two are peculiar to 
Ceylon. India and Burma add ten species to the genus, whilst 
the islands in the Bay of Bengal add two more. In Eastern Siberia 
this genus is represented by two species; whilst a third has crossed 
the straits and established itself in western Forth America, and a 
fourth has wandered as far as the mountains of Mexico. No less than 
eleven species have been found on the African continent, and probably 
others remain to be discovered. 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
Feathers of the head and back with a transverse 
terminal black band, in strong contrast 
to the brown general colour of the upper parts. 
(Subgeneric group OBEOCiNCXiE.) 

a. Tail-feathers fourteen. 
a'. Second primary intermediate in length between 
the fourth and fifth. Length of 
wing 0*4 to 5*9 inches. General colour of 
the upper parts olive- brown, with traces of 
pale ochraceous-brown subterminal spots 
on the feathers of the head and back ... . varia, p. 151. 

b\ 
Second primary intermediate in length between 
the fifth and sixth. Length of wing 
5*4 inches. General colour of the upper 
parts ochraceous brown, with traces of 
paler subterminal spots on the feathers of 
the head only tiorsfieldi, p. 153. 

1. (JB00IC1ILA. 
i is) 
c\ Second primary equal to the fifth. Length 
oi" wing-(v7 inches. General colour of the 
upper parts greyish brown, with traces of 
paler subterminal spots on the feathers of 
the head and back hanvii, p, 153, 


b. Tail-feathers twelve. 
d\ General colour of the underparts, especially 
the belly and under tail-coverts, 
white, barred on the breast and flanks 
with black. 


a". Outside tail-feathers with obscurely defined 
white tips. 


ar\ General colour of upper parts olive-
brown, with subtermin.il pale ochraceous 
spots on each feather, \cry 
distinct on the head. Second primary 
half an inch longer than the 


sixth 
, dauma, p. 154. 

b"f. General colour of upper parts russet-
brown. Subterminal spots on the head 
chestnut-brown, almost obsolete on 
the back. Second primary between 
the iifth and sixth. Basal portion of 
inside web of the secondaries and of 
many of the primaries white mlgiriensis, p. 157. 

c'". General colour of upper parts dark 
olive-brown. Subterminal spots on 
the head and back obsolete. Second 
primary equal to the sixth lumdata, p. 155. 

df". General colour of upper parts russet-
brown. Subterminal spots on the head 
ochraceous brown, almost obsolete on 
the back. Second primary equal to 
the sixth, Basal poi ti< m of insi< le web 
of the secondaries and of many of the 
primaries bun" maerorhyncha^. 15(>, 

b'\ Outride tail-feather on each side tipped 
with w hite on the inner web for an inch 
or more. 


e'". Subterminal spots on feathers of head 
and nape obsolete. Length of wing 
4-9 to 4*7 inches keinii, p. 157. 

f". Subterminal spots on feathers of crown 
and nape ochraceous brown. Length 
of wing 4*4 inches papuetms, p. 158. 

e*. General colour of the underparts, including 
the belly and under tail-coveits, ochraceous 
buff, barred on the breast and flanks with 
black imbrieata, p. 150. 

B. 
Upper parts without spots, except occasionally 
on the wing-coverts. Spots on the underparts 
crescentic. Sexes alike. (Subgeneric group OREOCINCLOIDJB.) 
c. 
Upper parts russet-brown; traces only of spots 
on the wing-coverts : tail 4*1 to 3 7 inches.. mollihhima, p. 159, 
d. 
Upper parts suffused with olive; conspicuous 
spots on wing-coverts; tail 4*7 to 4*o inches dhoni, p. 101. 
ir>o 
Tuunm.K 

0. 
Upper pirts without spots. Underparts spotted 
on the throat, breast, and Hanks with tan-shaped 
or diagonal spots. Oilmen longer than the 
head. (Subgeneric group ZoOTHERJE.) 
e. Oilmen longer than the tardus. 
f. Upper parts dark slate-grey montieola, p. 161. 
'(/'. Upper parts russet-brown maryinafa, p. 102. 
f.' Oilmen shorter than the tarsus _.. . cmdromeda, p. 1(52. 
1). Upper parts without spots, except on the wing-
coverts, many of which are nearly black, writh 
very conspicuous white tips. No trace of eye-
stripe. Underparts frequently spotted on the 
throat, breast, and flanks. Sexes alike. 

(Subgeneric group TUIIDITLI.) 

g. Bill short, the height at the nostrils nearly 
half the length of the culmen. 
ti. Chin white princei, p. 164. 
i'. Chin dark cinereous compsonota, p. 165. 

h. 
Bill moderately long, the height at the nostrils 
less than one third the length of the 
culmen. 
h\ Breast and flanks spotted. 
a". Throat black. 
g'". Upper parts chestnut, in strong contrast 
to the nearly black winos and tail, erythronota, p. 165. 
/*'". Head and nape chestnut. Back, ramp, 

wings, and tail brown or slate-grey. 
aK (Ire iter wing-coverts with white tips interpres, p. 168. 
b%, Greater wing-coverts uniform dark 

brown ,, auensis, p. 167. 
d". Throat white, more or less obscurely 
spotted with black. 

i'". Length of wing 3 j to 4 inches. Upper 
tail-coverts russet-brown. Second primary 
much shorter than the seventh, spilojrtera, p. 167. 

k'". 
Length of wing 4J inches. Upper tail-
coverts olive-brown. Second primary 
much longer than the seventh ..... . guttata^ p. 168. 

r. 
Underparts unspotted. 
e". Chin and throat white, or nearly so. 
/'". General colour of the upper parts chestnut 
peronii, p. 109. 
m'". General colour of the upper parts 
russet-brown bivittata, p. 169. 
/" . Chin and throat orange-chestnut. 
ri". Back olive-brown. 
cK Forehead dark olive-brown gurneyi, p. 170. 
dK Forehead orange-chestnut piayyii, p. 171. 

o'". 
Back russet-brown cro'skeyi, p. 17L 

E. 
Upper parts slate-grey, each feather with obscure 
darker margins. Wing-coverts pale slate-grey, ' 
with or without white tips. No trace of eye-
stripe. Underparts unspotted. Sexes alike' on 
underparts. (Subgeneric group GEOCiCHL-as.) 
i. Median wing-coverts tipped with white. 
m\ 
Chin and throat white. Ear-coverts white, 
crossed by two diagonal brown bars ... . cyanonotus, p. 171. 

1. (JKOCK'IILA. 
151 
n\ Chin, throat, and oar-eoverii orange-chcstn 
ut. 
</'. Length of wing -1*8 to 4'4 inches. 
Underparts and head orange-chestmil. . vitrina, p. 172. 
h". Length of wing1 4.-4 to 4 inches. Underparts 
and head dark orange-chestnut , . ruheeula, p, 174. 

k. Wing-coverts uniform slate-grey. 
o\ Head and nape brownish chestnut. Chin 
greyish white; throat orange-chest nut. 
Second primary between the sixth and 
seventh. Length oi wing 4*2 to iV8 inches andamanenm, p. 175. 

p'. Head and nape rich dark orange-chestnut. 
Chin and upper throat nearly white. Second 
primary bet ween thesi.vth and seventh. 
Length of wing 4*2 to 3*1) inches albojularw, p. 175. 

q'. 
Head and nape rich dark orange-chestnut. 
Chin, throat, breast, and flanks orange-
chestnut. Second primary etjual to or 
slightly longer than the sixth. Length of 
wing 4-8 to 4-55 inches innotata, p. 17(5. 

P. 
Sexes different. A more or less distinct ejestripe. 
Adult male with the chin, throat, and 
breast unspotted. (Subgeneric group IIESPEIIQCICIILJB.J 
/. Wing-coverts or innermost secondaries with 
pale tips. 
r'. Eye-stripe very distinct. 
i". Eye-stripe, throat, and tips of greater and 
median wing-coverts chestnut ncevia, p. 17(1 


h'\ Eye-stripe and tips of greater and median 
wing-coverts white. Throat black 
in male, white spotted with black in 
female wardii, p. 178. 

$'. 
Eye-stripe indistinct; primaries white at 
base of outside web pinieola, p. 170. 

m. 
Wing-coverts and innermost secondaries slate-
grey in male, brown in female ; almost unifoim 
in colour sibiriui, p. 180. 
G. 
Axillaries uniform buff; the bull' patch on the 
inner wrebs of the quills extending onto the 
second and third primaries. (Subgeneric group PSOPIIOOICIILJE.) 
n. 
Breast and Hanks nearly white, spotted with 
black. General colour of upper parts pale 
grey.., Utsltsirupa, p. 182. 
o. 
Breast and flanks buff, spotted with black. 
General colour of upper parts pale brown .. simensis, p. 183. 
H. 
Upper parts longitudinally streaked. 
(Subgeneric group CICHLOPASSERES.) terrestris, p. 183. 
1. G-eocicMa varia. 
Turdus varius, Pall. Zooyr. Rosso-As. i. p. 449 (1811) ; Macq. Brit. B. 
• ii. p. 140 (1830) ; Smicl Vet. Ak.Handl. 1840, p. 37; Temm. Man. 
d'Orn. iv. p. 002 (1840) 5 Werner, Atlas, Insecttv. App. pi. 7 
(1842); Swid. Isis, 1845, p. 119; Homeyer, Rhea, 1841), p. 144; 
Kjcerl. Damn. Fuc/l. p. 134 (1852) ; Swnd. Svensk. Foyl. pi. lxvii. 
fig. 1 (1856) ; Radde, Reis. Sibir., FoV/. p. 231 (1803); Gray, Hand-L 
B. i. p. 254. no. 3687 (1869) ; Newt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 251 
(1872); Tweeddale, P.Z.ti. 1878, p. 429; Dresser, B. Bur. pt. 
lxxii. (1878). 
TTJRDIDiE. 

Tardus aureus Ilolandre, Ann. de Verr. 182o, p. 310; Schmz, Ear. 
Faun. i. p. 161 (1840) ; Dubois, Jour. Orn. 1856, p. 237; Degl 
et Gerbe, Orn.Ew.i. p. 420 (1887), 

Tardus squamatus, Bote, Isis, 1835, p. 251. 

Tardus whitei, JEi/ton, Barer Brit. B. p. 92 (1836); Gould, B. of 
Eur. ii. pi. 81 (1837); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb, Em\ pp. Hi et 179 
(1840); Tarr. Brit. B. ed. i. p. 184 (1843); Sch. Ben. Crit. pp. xli 
et 70 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 218 (1847): Temm. et Sckl Faun. 
Japon. p. 67 (1847); Naum. For/. Deutschl. xiii. pi. 354 (I860). 

Oreocinela whitei (BJyton), Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 136; Bp. Comp. 
List B. Eur. § y. Amer. p. 17 (1838). 

Oreocinela varia (Pall.), Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 136; Cab. JIus. 
Hem. i. p. 6 (1850) ; Sund. Jour. Orn. 1857, p. 160; Swinkoe, 
-P. Z. S. 1871, p. 307; Taos. Bull. Sue. Zool. France, 1670, p. 146; 

David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 158 (1877); Prjev. Howl Orn. Mhc. 

ii. p. 200 (1877). 
Oreocinela aurea (HoL), Bonap. Cat. Ucc.Eur. p. 34. no. 130 (1842); 
id. Comp. i. p. 302 (1850) ; id. Itev. et Mag. Zool 1857, p. 205 ; 
Tomes, Ibis, 1859, p. 379; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. * 

p. 202 (1859) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. ii. pi. 39 (1873). 
Turdus lunulatns, Lath, apud Bias. List B. Eur. p. 9 (1862). 
Turdus dauma, Lath, apud Pelzeln, Verh. h. h. zool.-bot. GeselL IVien, 
1871, p. 703. 

In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is ochraceous brown, each feather having a transverse 
terminal crescent-shaped black band; most of the feathers have 
pale shafts and a more or less distinct ochraceous transverse subterminal 
band, veiy conspicuous on the head and neck; lores 
greyish white ; no trace of eye-stripe ; wing-coverts and innermost 
secondaries shading from dark olive-brown on the inside webs to 
ochraceous brown on the outside webs, but, with the exception of 
the primary-coverts, wanting the black terminal bands; quills brown, 
the outside webs ochraceous brown; four central and terminal 
portion of two outside tail-feathers on each side ochraceous brown, 
the remaining three on each side very dark olive-brown ; five outside 
tail-feathers on each side more or less distinctly tipped with white, 
and all more or less obscurely barred. Underparts white, with a 
more or less distinct tinge of ochraceous on the breast, each feather 
with a transverse terminal crescent-shaped black band, nearly 
obsolete on the chin, centre of belly, and under tail-coverts; axillaries, 
basal half white, terminal half black; under wing-coverts, 
basal portion black, terminal portion white; basal half of inner web 
of secondaries and basal portion of many of the primaries pale buffi* 
Bill dark brown above, basal half of under mandible pale yellowish 
brown. "Wing with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and 

longest, second primary between the fourth and fifth, bastard 
primary 1*05 to 0-9 inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale yellowish brown. 
Length of wing 6-4 to 5-9 inches, tail 4-5 to 4-15, culmen 1-3 to 1-1, 
tarsus 1-4 to 1*3. 

It is not known that there is any difference in the colour of the 
plumage of the sexes, or in consequence of the autumn moult. Birds 
of the year and young in first plumage are unknown. 

1 . GEOCICHLA. 
153 
^ White's Ground-Thrush breeds in South-central and South-eastern 
Siberia and Xorthern China, strangling occasionally but accidentally 
into Europe on migration, and wintering in South Japan, South 
China, and the Philippine Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. Japan. 
Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Japan. 
Purchased. 
c. Ad. sk. Shanghai. Shanghai Mus. [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Yokohama (Pryer). H. Seebokm, Esq. [P.], 
e. Skeleton. England (Warioich). Purchased. 
2. G-eocichla hancii 
Oreocincla hancii, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 275; id. Ibis, 18613, 
p. 304. 
Oreocincla 
varia (Pallas), apud Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 367 
(partim). 

This species differs from the preceding in having the general 
colour of the upper parts greyish brown instead of ochraceous brown. 
It is also a somewhat larger bird, measuring as under:—Length of 
wing 6-6 inches, tail 4*6, culmen 1*15, tarsus 1*5. The number of 
tail-feathers is fourteen. 

Nothing is known of its changes of plumage. 
The Pormosan Ground-Thrush is supposed to be peculiar to the 
island of .Formosa, where it is probably a resident. 

The British Museuin does not possess an example of this species. 
The type is in the Swinhoe collection in my possession, a second skin 
is in the Twceddale collection in the possession of Capt. Wardlaw 
Eamsay, and a third in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes in 
Paris. 

3. GreocicMa horsfieldi. (Plate X.) 
Turdus varius, Pallas, apud Horsjield, Trans. Linn. Soc. siii. p. 149 

(1820). 

Turdus lunulatus, Lath, apud Sund. Vet. Ah. Handl. 1840, p. 37. 

Oreocincla horsfieldi, Bonap. Itev. et Mag. Zool. May 1857, p. 205 

(1857). 

Oreocincla malayana, Sund. Jonrn. Orn. May 1857, p. 161. (The 
objectionable habit of antedating practised by this Journal makes it 
probable that Bonaparte'$ name has the priority in actual date of 
publication,) 

Tardus malayanus (Sund.), Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 254. no. 3088 
(1869). 

This species differs from the two preceding in being a decidedly 
smaller bird. The general colour of the upper parts is a rich 
russet-brown, and the subterminal bands across the feathers are 
confined to the feathers of the head and neck. It most resembles 


G. Jiehiil (Cab.) in colour, but has the subterminal bands on the head 
more marked, and differs also from that species in having fourteen 
tail-feathers. The second primary is intermediate in length between 
the fifth and sixth, or sixth and seventh. Length of wing 5-4 to 
5*25 inches, tail 4*0 to 3*4, culmen 1*22 to 142, tarsus 1-35. 
154 TUR1U1U3. 

Nothing is known of any variations of colour which may be attributable 
to sex, season, or age. 
The J avail Ground-Thrush has hitherto only been found in Java, 
where it is supposed to be a resident. 

a. Ad. sk. Java (Horsf eld). India Museum. 
(Type of Turdus varius, Pall, apud Horsf., Oreocincla horsjieldi, Bonap., 
and Oreocincla malayana, Sund.j 

Other exam])les of this species are in the Museums of Ley den, 
Berlin, and Hamburg, and in my own collection. 

4. Geocichla dauma. 
Dauma Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 145 (1787). 
Turdus dauma, Lath. 2nd. Orn. i. p. H6'2 (1790); Gray, Gen. B. i. 


p. 218 (1847) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 254. no. 3691 (1869). 
Oreocincla parvirostris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 136. 
Turdus varius, Honf. apud Jerd. Madras Journ. p. 254 (1839). 
Turdus wliitei, Byton apud Blyth, Ann. Nat. Hist, xii. p. 98 
(1843), apud Gray, Cat. Mamm. $c. Nepal Coll. Hodgs. p. feO 
(184G). 
Oreocincla dauma, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 142 (1847); Blyth, Cat 

B. Mus. As. Sue. p. 1G0 (1849) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 6 (1850); 
Horsf. Sf Mo'jre, Cat. B. Mus. B.I. Co. i. p. 193 (1854); Sand. 
Jour. Orn. 1857, p. 161; Jerd. B. hid. i. p. 533 (1862) ; Ball, 
Sir. F. 1874, p. 408; Blyth $ Wold. B. Barm. p. 100 (1875); Hume, 
Str. F. 1875, p. 115; Armstrong, Str. F. 1876, p. 323; Hume $• 
Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 256 (1878). 
In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is ochraceous brown, each feather having a transverse 
terminal crescent-shaped black band ; most of the feathers have 
pale shafts and a more or less distinct ochraceous transverse 
subterminal band, very conspicuous on the head and neck; lores 
nearly white; no trace of eye-stripe ; wing-coverts and innermost 
secondaries shading from dark olive-brown on the inside webs to 
ochraceous brown on the outside webs, but, with the exception of 
the primary-coverts, wanting the black terminal bands; quills 
brown, the outside webs ochraceous; four central and terminal half 
of the two outside tail-feathers ochraceous brown, the remaining 
three on each side very dark olive-brown; four outside tail-feathers 
on each side more or less distinctly tipped with white, and all more 
or less obscurely barred. Fnderparts white, with a more or less 

distinct tinge of ochraceous on the breast, each feather with a transverse 
terminal crescent-shaped black band, nearly obsolete on the chin, 
centre of belly, and under tail-coverts ; axillaries, basal half white, 
terminal half black ; under wing-coverts, basal portion black, terminal 
portion white ; inner margin of quills very pale buff. Bill dark 
brown above, basal half of under mandible pale brown. "Wing with 
the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest; second 
primary generally half an inch longer than the sixth, but a trifle 
shorter than the fifth; bastard primary 1*1 to 0*7 inch. Legs 

1. GEOCICHLA. 155 
feci, and claws pale fle^h-colour. Length of wing 5-8 to 5-3 inches, 

tail 4-4 lo 3*6, culmen 1*1 to 1-0, tarnus K52 to P2. 

It is not known that any change in the colour of the plumage is 

attributable to sex or season. Birds of the ymr appear to be 

unknown. Young in first plumage are more ochraceous in colour 

both above and below, and the spots are less distinctly crescentic. 

Examples from the North-west Himalayas are much less ochraceous 
in colour, and might almost be considered subspecifically distinct, 
in which case they would stand as G. parvirostris (Gould). 

The Himalayan Ground-Thrush breeds throughout the Himalaya*, 

descending to the plains in the cold season, where it has been found 

as tar south as Central India and Tenasserini. 

a. Ad. sk. Himalayas. Jno. Reeves, Es«,[. [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Himalayas. Purchased. 
cy d. Ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Rtackliouse Pinwill [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Almorah. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.]. 
f* Ad. sk. Kumaon. India Maseum. 
g. Juv. sk. Darjeeling. Purchase 1. 
7*. Ad. sk. Kauiptee/ Dr. E. B. Ilinde [P.]. 
i-o. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodg&on, Esq. [P.l. 
£>. Sternum. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
5. Geocichla lunulata. 
Lunulated Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. Sappl ii. p. 184 (1801). 

Turdus lunulatus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. xlii (1801) ; Vieill N. 

Did. d'Hist. Nat. xx. p. 236 (1818); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 218 

(1847) ; Gray, Hand-l BA. p. 254. no. 3689 (1869). 

Turdus vaiius. Pall, apud Vigors $• Ilorsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 218 

(1826). 
Oreocincla novoe-hollandise, Gould, JP. Z. S. 1837, p. 145. 
Oreocincla lunulata (Lath.), Gould, B. Auttr. iv. pi. 7 (1848); 

Reichenb. Tog. NeuhoIL pp. 217, 299 (1849); Cab. Mus. Hem. i. 

p. 6 (1850) ; Suncl. Journ. Orn. 1857, p. 161 ; Gould, Ilandb. B. 
Austr. i. p. 439 (l&ijo,partim)', Ramsay, Tr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 
ii. p. 187 (1878). 
In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is olive-brown, each feather having a transverse terminal 
crescent-shaped black band ; most of the feathers have, pale shafts, 
and many of them have an obscure pale transverse subterminal 
"band; lores nearly white ; behind the eye a trace of eye-stripe; 
wing-coverts and innermost secondaries shading from dark olive-
brown on the outside webs to olive-brown on the inside webs, 
but, with the exception of the primary-coverts, wanting the black 
terminal bands; quills brown, the outside webs olive-brown; 
four central and terminal half of the two outside tail-feathers 
olive -brown, the remaining three on each side dark olive-brown, 
very daik on the inside web ; outer tail-feathers tipped with white, 
and several of the others more or less obscurely tipped with pale 
ochraceous, all more or less distinctly harred. TTndorparts white, 
with a tinge of ochraceous on the breast, each feather with 
a transverse terminal crescent-shaped black band, nearly obsolete 
on the chin, centre of belly, and under tail-coverts; axillaries, basal 

13() TURDIDJ3. 

half white, terminal half black; under wing-coverts, basal portion 
black, terminal portion white ; basal half of secondaries and basal 
portion of many of the primaries pale buff. Bill brown above, basal 
half of under mandible yellow. Wing with the third, fourth, and 
fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary a trifle 
shorter than the sixth, bastard primary 1-15 to 1-0 inch. Legs, feet, 
and claws pale yollowish brown. Length of wing 5-5 to 5*1 inches, 
tail 4*6 to 4*1, culmen 1*2 to 1*1, tarsus 1'3 to 1*25. 

Nothing appears to be known of the changes in the colour of the 
plumage caused by age, sex, or season. 

The South-Australian Ground-Thrush appears to be confined to 
the south-east of Australia, ascending the hills to breed and 
wintering in the plains. 

a. Ad. st.
b. Ad. sk. 
S.E. Australia. 
S.E. Australia. 
J. Gould, Esq. [0. 
Purchased. 
]. 
c. d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk. 
S.E. Australia. 
S.E. Australia. 
Sir G. Grey [P.]. 
Australixn Museum. 
/ . Ad. sk.
a. Ad. sk. 
S.E. Australia. 
S.E. Australia. 
Purchased. 
F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 

6. G-eocichla macrorhyncha. 
Oreocincla macrorhyncha, Gould. JP. Z. S. 1837, p. 145 ; Cab. Journ. 

Orn. 1872, p. 237. 
Turdus macrorhynchus (Gould), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 218 (1847). 
Oreocincla lunulata (Lath.), apud Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 439 

(186-5, partim). 

This is a fairly well-defined species, and combines the characters 
of G. lunulata and G. papuensis, from either of which it is, however, 
easily distinguishable. Curiously enough, it appears to come 
nearest in coloration to G. nilgiriensis. The general colour of 
the upper parts is russet-brown, both on the head and back, as 
well as on the rump, with the usual black creseentic tips to 
the feathers, and the usual markings on the wings and tail. As 
in the last mentioned species, the subterminal ochraceous spots 
are more developed than in the two first mentioned species, 
especially on the head and nape. Prom G. papuensis and G. heinii 
it may at once be distinguished by the outside tail-feathers, which 
are narrowly, not broadly, tipped with white. From G. nilgiriensis 
it may be best distinguished by the decidedly buff basal portion of 
the inner webs of the secondaries and many of the primaries, which 
in the South-Indian species are white. Bill dark brown, paler at 
the hasp of the under mandible. Wing with the third, fourth, and 
fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary about equal 
to the sixth, bastard primary 1-2 to 1*1 inch. Length of wing 
5-3 to 5*1 inches, tail 4-4 to 4-25, culmen 1-2, tarsus 1*45 .to 1*35. 

Nothing is known of the changes of plumage which this species 
undergoes. 

1. <,uocum\. ir>7 
The Tasmanian Ground-Thrush is peculiar i<> I ho Island of Vim 
Diemen's Land, where it in a resident. 

«, h1 r. Ad. sk. Tasmania. Konald (hum, Esq. [P, |. 

7. GeocicMa heinii. 
Oreocincla Jieinii, Cab. Mas. llein* i. p. (J (18/50, locality erroneously 

yivsn as Japan); /rf. Journ. Orn. 187)2, p. 2*17, 
Oreocincla iodura, Gould, Ann. Xat. Hist. 1872, ix. p. 401. 
Tardus iodnrus (Gotrfd), Keirt. erf. Ytnr. Br. B. i. p. 250 (1872); 

Giebel, The*. Orti iii. p. 738 (1877). 

This species, though a perfectly good one, is very nearly allied io the 
preceding, with which it has been generally contused. It differs 
in being a decidedly smaller bird with a longer second primary. 
The markings on the plumage, both of the upper and under parts, 
appear to be piecisely the same, except that the white tip on the 
outside tail-feather of the smaller bird extends for an inch or more 
instead of being about a quarter of an inch in extent. Tfie goneial 
colour of the upper parts as far as the centre of the back is olive-
brown in both species, but in the smaller one it shades into russet-
brown on the rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail. Wing with the third 
and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary between 
the fifth and sixth. Length of wing 4*9 to 4*7 inches, tail 
3*6 to 3*4, culmen 1-1 to 1*0, tarsus 148 to 145. 

Nothing is known of the changes in the colour of the plumage 
attributable to sex, age, or season. 

The North-Australian Ground-Thrush appears to be found 
throughout Eastern Australia as far south as Moreton Bay, probably 
breeding in the mountains and migrating to the plains during 

the cold season. 
a. Ad. sk. N.E. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [0.]. 
b. Ad, sk. N.E. Australia. Linn. See. [P.]. 
(TSpe of T. varius, Pall., apud Yig. and ITorsf.) 
c.Ad.sk. rs.E. Australia. II. 8eebohm,Esq.[P/]. 
d. Ad. sk. Queensland. Australian Museum [P.]. 
8. Geocichla nilgiriensis. 

Turdus varius, Pall, apud Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 168 (1844). 
Oreocincla neilghemensis, Blyth, J. A. S. Benq. xvi. p. 141 (1847); 
id* Cat. B.Mus. As. Soc.'-p. 100 (1849); Morgan*, Ibis, 1875, 

p. 320 ; Hume, Stray Feath. 1870, p. 399. 
Turdus nilgiriensis (BlyfJi), Gray, iTand-l B. i. p. 254. no. 3092 (1809). 
This species is tolerably well defined, and appears to be intermediate 
between G. dauma and G. Jieinii. The general colour 
of the upper parts is russet-brown, with the usual black crescentic 
tips to the feathers, and the usual markings on the wings and tail. 
The feathers have almost as few traces of the pale subterminal spots 
as those of G. Jieinii and 67. lumdata, except on the head, where 

* Spelling altered to nilgiriensis. 
ir>s Ttntr>ii)j«;. 

they are, however, chestnut-brown instead of ochraceous, as In 

G. datuna. Lt (litters also from G. Iicinii in having the pale tips 
to the outside tail-feathers very small and obscure. The breast 
is very slightly suffused with buff, and the terminal black bands to 
the feathers are almost semilunar; the basal portion of the inner 
webs of the secondaries and many of the rjrimaries is white, only 
the last primary on which the white occurs showing a buff tint. 
Bill dark brown, paler at the base of the under mandible. Wing 
with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, 
second primary between the fifth and sixth, bastard primary 0*9 
inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Length of wing 5-2 
inches, tail 3*7, culmen L23, tarsus 1*1± 
Nothing is known of the difference between the sexes, or between 
summer and winter plumage. Young in Jinst plumage have the 
chestnut-brown sub terminal spots on most of the feathers of the 
upper parts, the breast is more suffused with buff, and the terminal 
bars on the unclcrparts are more diffused over the whole surface 

^ and still tess crescentic. 
The Neilghorrie Ground-Thrush appears to be confined to the 


t mountain-ranges of South-west India, where it is a resident, probably 
migrating only to the neighbouring valleys duri?ig the cold 
season. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this species. 
The only specimens in Europe appear to be an adult and young in 
first plumage in the Tweedclale collection, in the possession of Capt. 
Wardlaw Bamsa}\ 

9. GreocicMa papnensis. (Plate IX.) 
General colour of the upper parts russefc-brown, each feather 
becoming slightly more ochraceous towards the tip, where it is terminated 
by a narrow black crescentic band, the feathers of the 
crown and nape having conspicuous subterminal ochraceous spots 
(a character which distinguishes this species from G. Jieinii); the 
wTing~coverts, wings, and tail-feathers have the usual markings of 
the subgeneric group of Oreocinclce, but the inner web of the outside 
tail-feather on each side is white at the tip for an inch and 
a half (a character which distinguishes this species from all its 
known near allies except 67. Jieinii). The underparts are white, 
suffused with buff on the upper throat and breast, each feather 
having a narrow black crescentic terminal band, except on the chin, 
centre of belly, and under tail-coverts. Like all typical species of 
the genus GeoelcJila, the basal half of the inner webs of the 
secondaries and of many of the primaries is pale buff; the 
basal half of the axillaries and the terminal half of the wing-
coverts are white, whilst the terminal half of the axillaries and the 
basal half of the wing-coverts are black. Bill dark brown, pale at 
the base of the under mandible. Wing with third, fourth, and fifth 
primaries nearly equal and longest; second primary about equal in 
length to the sixth ; bastard primary 0*9 inch. Legs, feet, and claws 

1. (HMTUlirA. 
ir>i) 
pale brown. Length of wing 1-i inches, tail 3-05, culmen <)•{)•">, 
tarsus 1*12. 
Nothing is known of the changes in the colour of the plumage 

•which may be caused by age, sex, or season. 
The New-Guinea Ground-Thrush is supposed to be peculiar to 
that island, where it is probably a resident. 

a. Ad. sir. S.E. New Guinea. A. Goldie, Esq. [0.]. 
10. G-eocicMa imbricata. 
Zoothera inibricata, Laijard, Ann. Nat. Hist, xiii. p.212 (1854): Jerdon. 
B. Ind.l p. 509(1802). 
Oreocincla mlghiriensis, Bh/th, apud Jerd. Ibis. 1872. p. J»*it), a pud 
Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 446. 
Oreocincla imbricata (Bayard), Hume, Stray Feath. 187;>; p. 4^7; 
Zegge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 455, pi. xix. hg. 2 (1870). 
Oreocincla gregoriana, Nevd, Stray FeatA. i. p. 437 (187»j). 


In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is dark olive-brown, each feather having a transverse 
terminal crescent-shaped black band; some feathers, especially on 
the head, have an obscure, pale ochraceous, transverse subterminal 
band; wing-coverts and innermost secondaries shading from dark 
olive-brown on the inside webs to ochraceous on the outside webs, 
but, with the exception of the primary-coverts, wanting the black 
terminal bands ; lores pale grey; no trace of eye-stripe; quills brown, 
margined with ochraceous on the outside webs; four central and 
the two outside tail-feathers olive-brown, the remaining three on 
each side very dark olive-brown ; outside tail-feathers tipped with 
white, and all more or less obscurely barred. Undcrparts ochraceous 
buff, each feather with a narrow, transverse, terminal crescent-
shaped black band, nearly obsolete on the chin, centre of belly, and 
under tail-coverts ; axillaries, basal half white, terminal half black ; 
under wing-coverts, basal half black, terminal half white ; basal 
half of the inner web of the secondaries and of many of the primaries 
nearly white. Bill dark brown, paler at the base of the under 
mandible. "Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly 
equal and longest, second primary between the fifth and sixth, or 
sixth and seventh, bastard primary 1-28 to 1*15 inch. Legs, feet, 
and claws greyish brown. Length of wing 4*9 to 4*5 inches, tail 3*3 
to 2*75, culmen 1*28 to 1*15, tarsus 145 to 1*1. 

There appears to bo no difference in the colour of the sexes. 
Young in first plumage and birds of the year are unknown. 

The Ceylonese Ground-Thrush is confined to the island of Ceylon, 
breeding in the mountain-forests and descending into the jungle 
during the cold season. 

. Ad. sk. 
Ceylon. Purchased. 

11. G-eocicMa mollissima. 
Turdus 
mollissimus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xl p. 188 (1842); Gray, 
Cat Mamm. §e. Nepal Coll. Hodgson, p. 80 (1840) ; Gray, Gen. JJ. 

100 
•HTRMD.T:. 

p. 218(1847); Kaum. Vw/. Deutschl xiii. pi. 353 (1800;; Grm/, 
Hancl-l B. i. p. ^"34. no. 3090 (1800). 
Turclua viscivoriiH ?, Ilodys. MS.Duiwings (m the Brit. Mas.) of Birds 
of Nepal, Basseres, pi. l'">S a, no. 107 (afterwards altered to 802'), uncle 
Tui'dus oroocincloides, Ilodys. Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844). 
Otvoeinek rostrata, Ilodys' Ann. Nat. Hist, xv. p. 3:20 (1845). 
Oreocincla mollissima, Bh/th*, J. A. S. Bern/, xu. p. 141 (1847); «V7. 

Cat. B. Mas. As. Sot: p.' 1(50 (1840); Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. Mas. 
JE.LCo. i. p. 103 (1854); Jmfaw, B.India, i. p. 533 (1802); Godw.A 
usf. J. A. K Betty, xxxix. p. 103 (1S70) ; Hume § Davison, Stray 
Beath. vi. p. 250 (1878). 

In file adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is brownish olive; inside web and tip of primary-cover! s 
black; lores buff; no trace of eye-stripe; quills brown, margined on 
the outside webs with oehraceous brown ; four central tail-feathers 
olive-brown; three next on each side dark brown ; outer tail-
feathers dark brown at the base, gradually fading into pale brown, 
with an obscurely defined white wedge-shaped terminal mark; 
several other tail-feathers more or less distinctly tipped with white. 
Underparts, including the ear-coverts, white, writh an oehraceous 
tinge on the breast and flanks, each feather with a transverse terminal 
crescent-shaped black band, nearly obsolete on the chin and 
centre of belly; under tail-coverts white, with obscure brown edges ; 
axillaries white with black tips; under wing-coverts white with 
black bases; basal half of inner web of secondaries and of many 
primaries buff. Bill dark brown, paler at the base of the under 
mandible. Wing with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal 
and longest, second primary between the fifth and sixth, or sixth 
and seventh, bastard primary 1*0 to 0*9 inch. Legs, feet, and chrws 

brownish yellow. Length of wing 5'6 to 5'1 inches, tail 4*1 to 3'7, 
culmen 1-1 to 0*92, tarsus 1-45 to 1*25. 


Nothing appears to have been recorded of the difference between 
the sexes, or of any change which may take place in consequence of 
the autumn moult. Birds of tlie year appear to be unknown. 
Young in first plumage have pale shaft-lines and dark transverse 
terminal bars to the feathers of the back, and buff margins to the 
greater and median wing-coverts. 


The short-tailed Oreocincloid Ground-Thrush breeds in the Himalayas 
from Nepal to Darjeeling, descending into the valleys during 
the cold season. 

a. Ad. sk. Kumaon (Capt. Strachey). India Museum. 
5, c, d, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P. *|. 
/. 
Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [PT], 
(Type of Txtrdm oj'eocincloides, Hodgs.) 

g. Ad. sk. Nepal. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of Oreocincla rostrata, Hodgs.) 
h Juv. st. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
*. Ad. sk. Nepal. B, H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

h. Ad. sk. Darjeeling. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.J. 
I. Ad. sk. Darjeeling (Person). India Museum. 
* Typ. err. moltissima. 
1 . GEOCUOHLA. 
12. G-eocichla dixoni. 
This species differs from the procoding in having a longer tail, in 
having the general colour of the upper parts olive-brown rather than 
russet-brown, and in having the greater and median wing-oovorts 
with conspicuous fan-shaped huff terminal spots. Bill dark brown 
above, paler at the base of the under mandible. Wing with the 
third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest; second primary 
intermediate in. length between the fifth and sixth, or sixth and 
seventh; bastard primary 1-0 to 0*9 inch. Legs, Levi, and claws 
yellow. Length of wing 5*6 to 5*1 inches, tail 4*7 to 4*3, oulmen 
M to 0-02, tarsus 1-4. 

It is not known that the sexes differ in colour. Birds of the year 
and young in first plumage appear to be undescribed. 

The Long-tailed Oreooincloid Thrush breeds throughout the Himalayas, 
descending to the plains in the cold season, where it has been 
found as far south as Central India and Tenasserim. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Nepal. 
B. II. Hodgson, ESQ. [P.]. 

c. Ad. sk. Davjeeling (Capt. Marshall). II. Seehohm, Esq. [r.j. 
13. Greocichla monticola. 
Zoothera monticola, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 172; Gould, Cent. />. 
Himal. M. pi. xxii. (1882) ; Hartl. Syst. Verz. p. 41 (1844) ; Gray, 
Cat Mamm. 8fc. Nepal Coll. Hodge, p. 79 (1846); Blyth, J. A. \s. 
Beng. xvi. p. 140 (1847); Gray, Gen, B. i. p. 218 (1847); Blythf 
Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 160 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 253 (1850); 
Horsf. Sr Moore, Cat. B. Mas. E.I. Co. i. p. 192 (1854); Jerd. B. 
Ind.'i. p. 500 (1802); Gray, Cat. Mamm. $c. Nepal Coll. Hodgs. 

p. 41 (1803); Gray, Kand-l. B. i. p. 201. no. 3811(18(59); Godw.~ 
Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xli. pt. 2, p. 142 (1872); Ulanford, J. A. S. 
Beng. xli. pt. 2, p."40 (1872). 
Tardus 
rostratus, Modgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mas.) of Birds 
of Nepal, Passeres, pi. 144. nos. 208, 200, and pi. 140. no. 2(i9 
(icon. ined.). 

Bill of Geocichla monticola. 

In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is dark brown, each feather obscurely barred with dark 
slate-grey; lores and ear-coverts brown, with pale shafts to the 
feathors; no trace of eye-stripe; wings and wing-coverts darkish 
brown, with obscure paler tips to the median and greater coverts; 

VOL. v. 
w 

302 TU11DIDJ3. 

tail brown, tlio outside feathers obscurely tipped with white; 
cheeks, sides of the neck, and breast brown, with obscure subterminal 
dark spots on each feather; chin and throat white, with 
dark brown fan-shaped terminal spots on some of the feathers; 
Hanks brown, the feathers obscurely barred with dark brown; 
centre of belly and lowest flanks white, many of the feathers obscurely 
tipped with brown. Under tail-coverts dark brown, with 
white tips; axillaries, basal half white, terminal half dark brown, 
narrow]y edged wiih white; lower under wing-coverts, basal portion 
dark brown, terminal portion white; basal half of inner web 
of the secondaries and of many of the primaries huffish white. Bill 
abnormally long, both mandibles obscurely serrated; the upper mandible 
curved considerably over the lower, dark brown, lower mandible 
slightly paler; rictal bristles long, numerous, but slender. 
"Wing with the fourth primary slightly the longest, second primary 
between the sixth and seventh, bastard primary 1*7 to 1*5 inch. 
Leg", feet, and claws darkish brown. Length of wing 5*75 to 5*1 
inches, tail 3*7 to 3*1, culmen 1*6 to 1*3, tarsus 1*4 to 1*25. 

It is not known that any difference of plumage can be traced to 
sex or season. Young in first plumage have ochraceous shafts 
to the feathers of the head and back, ochraceous tips to the wing-
coverts and innermost secondaries, the underparts generally suffused 
with ochraceous, and more profusely spotted and barred. 

The faw-billed Ground-Thrush breeds in the Himalayas, from 
Assam westwards almost to the confines of Cashmere. It is not 
known to be migratory. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Near Simla. Cant. Staekhonse Pin will [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum. (Type of 
Turdus rostratus, Iloclgs.) 
d. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. PL Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
e-h.. Ad. &juv.sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. |_P.]. 

/. Ad. sk. Bootan (Pemherton). India Museum. 

m. Ad. bk. Assam (Griffith). India Museum. 
14. G-eocichla marginata. 
Zoothera marginata, Bhjtli, J. A. S. Bmg. xvi. p. 141 (1847): Bh/th. 
Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 160 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 253 (1850) 
Ilorsf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mm. B.L Co. i. p. 102 (1834): Gray. 
Hand-l. B. i. p. 261. no. 3812 (1809) ; Godw.-Awt. J. A. S. Beng. 

xxxix. pt. % p. 208 (1870) • Hume, Nests and Eggs Lid. B. p. 226 
(1873); Blgth 4« Walcl B. Burm. p. 100 (1875) ; Hume &• Davison, 
Stray Feath. vi. p. 240 (1878). 
In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is russet-brown, approaching chestnut-brown on the 
outer webs of the quills, wing-coverts, and innermost secondaries; 
lores and ear-eoverts brown, with pale centres; no trace of eye-
stripe; tail russet-brown; chin and upper throat nearly white, 
bounded on each side by a brown monstachial line ; centre of belly 
white, the feathers gradually having broader and broader brown 

1. unociniLV. 103 
margins, and smaller and smaller builivh-white centres, until, on 
the hides of the breast and flanks, (key become brown, with bull* 
shafts. Under tail-coverts brown, with white tips shading into 
chestnut at the edges; axillaries, basal half white, terminal half 
dark brown; lower under wing-coverts, basal half dark brown, terminal 
half huffish white; basal portion ot inner web of the secondaries 
and many of the primaries rich buff; inner margin of quills 
scarcely paler than the rest oi: under surface. Bill abnormally long*, 
dark brown above, scarcely paler below; rictal bristles numerous 
but slender. Wing* with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly 
equal and longest, second primary intermediate, in length between 
the sixth and seventh, bastard primary 1*25 inch. Legs, feet, and 
claws darkish brown. Length of wing 4*85 to 4*7 inches, tail 3*0 
to 2"9, culmen 1*34 to 1*3, tarsus 1*18 to 1*15. 

It is not known that there is any difference in the colour between 
the male said female, or between spring and autumn plumage. Birds 
of the year, possibly more or less of the second year, have oehraceons 
tips to the greater and median wing-coverts. Young in first 
plumage have pale shaft-lines and dark transverse terminal bars to 
the feathers of the back and upper tail-coverts, and the wing-coverts 
are conspicuously tipped with huffish chestnut. 

The Long-billed Ground-Thrush breeds in the Himalayas from 
Sikkim to Assam. It is also found in the north and central portions 
of the Tenasserim provinces, and has been recorded from Afghanistan. 
It is a hill bird, and is not known to be migratory. 

a. Ad. sk. Siam. Purchased. 
b} c. Juv. sk. Upper India. J. Gould, Esq. [0.]. 
15. G-eocichla an&rome&se, 
Myiothera andromeda?, Kulil,fule Temm. PL Col. ii. no. 392 (1820). 

Mylophaga andromeda? (Temm.), Less. Traite, p. 305 (1831). 

Zoothera androniedaj ( Temm.), Hart I. Si/bt. Terz. p. 41 (1844); Bp. 

Consp. i. p. 253 (1850). 

Zoothera andromedon, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 218 (1847); Gray, 

lland-l B. i. p. 201. no. 3bl3 (1809). 

In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is dark brown, approaching black on the head and on 
the margins of the feathers of the back; the feathers of the lores 
and ear-coverts with pale centres; no trace of eye-stripe; ^ings 
and tail not quite so black as the back. Chin and upper throat 
white, with narrow transverse terminal black hands; checks pale 
slate-grey, with broad terminal black bands; lower throat and 
breast pale slate-grey; centre of belly and under tail-coverts huffish 
white; flanks black, with large diamond-shaped white centres ; axillaries, 
basal half white, terminal half black; lower under wing-
coverts, basal half black, terminal half wThitc; basal portions of 
the inner webs of the secondaries and many of the primaries white. 
Bill abnormally long, dark brown above and below. Wing with the 

|<; | TURD1DJB. 

fourth primary ilightly the longest, secoud primary about equal to 
the sixth, baatard primary i'l^ to H inch. Logs, feet, and claws 
dark brown. length of wing H) to 4*8 inches, (ail IH)5 to 2-S, 
culraen L'15 to lvl2, tarsus l-af) to KU. 

It in not known that there is any difference of plumage attributable 
to either sex or season. Youtuj in first plumtuje have pale 
oohraoeous shafts to most of the feathers of the upper parts, and 
fan-shapod, ochraceons terminal spots to tho wing-coverts. The 
underpirts are also much suffused with oohraceous, and the breast 
ami Hanks barred with black, the diamond-shapod pale centres 
being irregular in shape. 

Tomminck's (iround-Thrush has been recorded from the islands 
of .lava and Lomboek, where it is supposed to he a resident. 

<t. \,1. st. Java. Purchased.^ 
h. c{ ad. sk. Java. A. R. Wallace, Ksq. 
c. c? ad. sk. Lomboek. A. R. Wallace, Esq. El: 
d, e,f. Juv. sk. Lomboek. A. 11. Wallace, E«q. o.j. 
16. Groociclila princei. (Plate XII.). 
Chama&tylas princei, sharp<\ P. Z. S. 1878, p. 025. 
Bill of Geocichla princei. 

General colour of the upper parts russet-brown, shading into 
olive-brown on the head and nape, and into chestnut -brown on tho 
rump and upper tail-coverts; lores nearly white ; the feathers of 
the eheeks and ear-coverts butlish white, tipped with black; no 
trace of eye-stripe ; wings brown, innermost secondaries and outer 
webs of primaries russet-brown ; wing-coverts with the outer 
webs russet-brown and the inner webs dark brown, tho median 
and great coverts with conspicuous fan-shaped white terminal 
spots; tail russet-brown, the two outside feathers narrowly 
tipped with white. Chin, centre of belly, and under tail-coverts 
white, shading into pale chestnut-brown on the breast and flanks, a 
tew feathers on the sides of the throat having black fan-shaped 
terminal spots; axillaries, basal half white, terminal half black; 
lower under wing-coverts, basal half black, terminal half white ; 
basal portion of inner web of the secondaries and many of the 
primaries white. Bill abnormally short, the height at the nostrils 
more than a third of the length of the culmen, dark brown above 
and below, slightly paler at the base of the under mandible : rictal 

1, GEOCICHIA. 
105 

bristles small. Wing with the third primary longest, second pri


mary between the fourth and fifth, bastard primary 1*0 inch. Legs, 

feet, and claws pale. Length of wing 4*1 inches, tail 3-0, culmon 

0*86, tarsus 1*3. 

Nothing is known of the changes of plumage which this species 

may undergo ; but the type specimen may prove to be an example of 

G. bivittata with an abnormally short bill. 
Sharpe's Ground-Thrush is only known from the interior of the 
Gold Coast of the Gulf of Guinea, in West Africa. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Denkera, Gold Coast. It. B. Sliarpe, Esq. [P.], 
(Type of Chamcetylas princei, Sliarpe.) 
17. G-eocichla eompsouota. 
Geocichla compsonota, Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. 8c. Phil. p. 42 (1859). 
Chamastylds compsonota {Cassm), Heine, Jour. Orn. 18"30, p. 425. 
Tardus compsonotus (Cassm), Gray. Iland-L B.i. p. 2(30. no. ;i799 
'(I860). 
General colour of the upper parts bright rufous, shading into dark 
cinereous on the head; quills brownish black, the second and third 
primaries externally edged with dark cinereous, the remaining 
quills externally edged with bright rufous ; wing-coverts and innermost 
secondaries bright rufous; tail brownish black, the outside 
feathers edged with rufous. Underparts white, shading into dark 
cinereous on the chin and cheeks, and suffused with ciull yellowish 
brown on the breast and flanks. Bill bluish black and rather thick. 
Wings with the fourth and fifth primaries longest, bastard primary 
spurious. Legs pale yellowish. Length of wing 4*75 inches, tail 
2-5, bill from gape 0*87, tarsus 0*1. 
Nothing is known of the changes of plumage. 
Cassia's Ground-Thrush is only known from the Gaboon a little 
south of the equator, in West Africa. 
The British Museum does not possess an example of this species, 
and the type in the Philadelphia Museum collected by DuOhaillu has 
been mislaid. No other example is known. It is probably nearly 
allied to 67. crossleyi; but Cassia's description from which the above 
is taken is somewhat meagre. 

18. Geocichla erythronota. 
Geocichla erythronota, Sclater, Ibis, 1859, p. 118 ; JFahlen, Tt\ Z. S. 
viii. p. Gl,"pl. vi. fig. 2 (1872); Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 125. 
Turdus erythronotus (Selater), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 2o0. no. 3795 
(1809). 
In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is chestnut, slightly darker on the head ; lores white; 
eye-stripe black; ear-coverts white, broadly margined with black, 
connecting the black eye-stripe with the black throat; scapulars, 
wing-coverts, wings, and tail black, with large fan-shaped terminal 
white spots on the median and greater wing-coverts; the outside 
webs of many of the primaries are also margined more or less 
with white; outside tail-feathers broadly tipped with white, 

] G() 
TURDIDJE. 

and one or two of the others slightly so. Chic, throat, and 
sides of the nock black; the rest of the undcrparts white, the 
feathers on the breast and flanks having black semicircular terminal 
spots ; axillarios, basal halt' white, terminal half dark brown ; lower 
under wing-coverts, basal portion black, terminal portion white; 
basal portion of inside web of the secondaries and most of the primaries 
white. Bill dark at the base of the npper mandible, the remainder 
probably yellow. Wing with the fourth and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and 'longest, second, primary between the sixth and 
seventh, bastard primary 1*0 to 0*9 inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale. 
Length of wing 4*01 to 4*35 inches, tail 3*25 to 2-Vo, culmen 0 91 
to 0*81, tarsus 1'35. 

It is not known that there is any difference between the plumage 
of the Quale and that of the female, or between the summer and 
winter plumage. Young in first plumage have pale streaks on the 
shafts of the scapulars, a nearly white chin and throat, and have ' 
the rest of the nnderparts considerably suffused with ochraceous. 

The Makassar Ground-Thrush has only been found on the island 
of Celebes, where it is supposed to be a resident.. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Celebes. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Celebes. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.l 
d. <$ ad. sk. Makassar. A. R. Wallace, Lsq: [ C.]. 

(Type of GeocicMa erijthronota, Sclater.) 

19. G-eocicMa interpres. 
Turdus interpres, Kiih^fide Temm. PL Col. ii. no. 458 (1828) : Less. 
Traite, p. 410 (1831); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847) ; Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 2C0. no. 8794 (18G9). 

Geocichla interpres 
(Temm.), Hartl. Si/st. Verz. p. 41 (1844) ; Bp. 
Comp. i. p. 268 (1850) ; Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. 3Ius. E.I. Co. i. 

p. 191 (1854). 
In the adult male in spring plumage the head is browTnish chestnut, 
shading into orange-chestnut on the nape; the rest of the 
upper parts slate-grey; lores greyish white ; no trace of eye-stripe; 
ear-coverts and cheeks black, the feathers of the former with white 
bases; innermost secondaries and quills dark brown ; wing-coverts 
nearly black; median wing-coverts white; greater wTing-coverts 
tipped with white ; unemarginated portion of outside web of primaries 
pale slate-grey; tail brown, the outside feather on each side 

broadly tipped with vrhite, and the next narrowly so. Chin, throat, 
and upper breast black; rest of the underparts white, suffused with 
ochraceous on the flanks ; the feathers of the lower breast with 
conspicuous fan-shaped black terminal spots, which become obscure 
on the flanks; axillaries, basal portion white, terminal portion dark 
slate-grey ; lower under wing-coverts, basal portion black, terminal 
portion white; basal portion of inner web of the secondaries and 
many of the primaries white. Bill dark brown above and below. 
Wing wTith the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, 
second primary between the seventh and eighth, bastard primary 
0-95 to 0-85 inch. Legs, feet, and claws flesh-colour. Length of 

1. (jRocrniLA. 107 
wing 4*25 to 4*0 inches, tail 2-4 to 2-2, oulmcn 0*77 to 0-7, tarsus 

140 to M. 

The adult plumage of the sexes appears to be alike, nor is it 
known that any important change takes place by abrasion. Young 
hi first plumage appear to have the whole of the tipper parts dull 
chestnut, each feather having a pale shaft and obscure pale centre ; 
the white bars on the wings are suffused with chestnut, and the black 
on the underparts is confined to t wo moustaehial lines on the cheeks, 
the rest being dull chestnut. This plumage is immediately moulted 
to the adult plumage in the first autumn, except that certain birds, 
which I take to be females, have the slate grey of the upper parts 
replaced by dark olive-brown. 

Kulil's Ground-Thrush has been found in Java, Sumatra, and 

Lombock, and is not supposed to be migratory. 

a. Ad. sk. [Java.] Mas«ena Coll. 
b, c. Ad. sk. Lombock. A. K. Wallace, Esq. [C] 
d. $ imm. sk. Lombock. A. II. Wallace, Esq. [0. 
e,f, g. Juv.sk. Lombock. A. It. Wallace, Esq. [0. 
h. Skeleton. Java. Purchased. 
20. G-eocichla avensis. 
Tardus avensis, Gray} Griffith's eel. Cuvier, -vi. p. 530, pi. (1829) ; 
Walcl. Tr. Z. $. viii. p. Gl (1872). 
Geociehla avensis (Gray), Hume, 8tr. F. viii. p S9 (1879). 


This species only differs from G. interpres in having the lores of 
a purer white and the greater wing-coverts without any white 
spot at the tips. Length of wing 4*25 inches, tail 2*5, culmen 0*82, 
tarsus 1*1. 

Gray's Ground-Thrush has gnly been recorded from Burma and 
Malacca. It was originally described from a native drawing ; and 
the only example known to exiht is in the collection of Allan Hume, 
Esq. 

21. G-eacichla spiloptera. 
Oreocincla spiloptera, Blyth. J. A. S. Bern/. x\i. p. 142 (1847); Blyth, 
Oaf. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 100 (1849) ; %Eelamt, Pradr. Cat. p. 1:22 
(1852) ; Layard, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853, p. 270; Bh/th, Ms, 1S07, 

p. 30:); Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 440; Leqqe} Ibis, 1874, p. 18; 
id. Str. F. 1875, p. 307. 
Tardus spilopterus (Bh/th), Gray, Hand-lB. I p.254. no.3693 (18G9); 
Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 451, pi. xix. (1879). 

In the adult wale in spring 2>hnnuge the general colour of the 
upper parts is russet-brown, shading into olive-brown on the head; 
lores pale grey ; no trace of eye-stripe ; all the median and most of 
the greater wing-coverts dark brown with white tips ; quills brown, 
the outside webs margined with russet-brown; tail-feathers russet-
brown, the two outer ones on each side with obscure pale tips, and 
frequently all obscurely barred with scarcely perceptible transverse 
bands. Underparts white, shading into brown on the flanks and 
sides of breast; car-coverts and the feathers on the cheeks, breast, 

108 TTTIIDIILTS. 

and a few on the flanks with nearly black fan-shaped terminal spots; 
axillaris, basal half white, terminal half brown; under wing-coverts, 
basal portion dark brown, terminal portion white. Bill dark brown, 
paler at the base of the under mandible. Wing with the fourth 
and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary about 
equal to the eighth, bastard primary 0-9 to 0-85 inch. Legs^feet, 
and claws greyish brown. Length of wing 4-0 to 3*0 inches, tail 3*4 
to 3-0, culmon 0-91 to 0*8o, tardus 1 4 to 1-3, 

The pmaU is said to be less olivaceous on the upper parts than 
the male. Immediately after the autumn moult the prevailing 
colour of the upper parts of both sexes is russet-brown. Birds of 
the year probably differ little from adults. Young in the first 
plumage have ochraceous shaft-lines to the feathers of the upper 
parts ;' the spots at the tips of the wing-coverts and the groundcolour 
of the underparts are ochraceous. 

The Spotted Ground-Thrush appears to be confined to the central 
hill country of Ceylon, whore it is a resident, ascending the mountains 
to an elevation of 4000 feet, and extending its range on the west 
and south sides of the island almost to the sea. 

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Purchased. 
d, e,f. Ad. sk. Nuwera Elba, Ceylon. Mr. E. Boate [C.]. 
22. GeocicMa guttata. 

Turdiis status, Viqors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 92; Smith, III Zool S. 
Afr., Birds, pi. xx'xix. (1*31)); Gray, Gen. B.i. p. 219 (1847) ; Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 209 (1830) ; Lai/ard, B. S. Afr, p. 128 (1807); Gray, 
Iland-l. B. i. p. 25:). no. 3070 (1869); tiharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 21 
(1871); Gurnnj, 2bib} 1873, p.*2o5;ISharpe, ed. Layards B. S. Afr. 

p. 200 (1870). 
Psopliociclila guttata ( Vigors), Cab. Joiim. Orn. 1860, p. 182. 
General colour of the upper parts fulvous brown, somewhat darker 
on the head and inclining to olive-brown on the upper tail-coverts ; 
lores nearly white; no trace of eye-stripe; ear-coverts brownish 
white, tipped with black; quills brown, the unemarginated portion 
of the outside webs ochraceous brown ; lesser wing-coverts fulvous 
brown, with small terminal fan-shaped ochraceous spots ; median 
wing-coverts dark brown, with large terminal fan-shaped white 
spots; greater wing-coverts similar, but the white spots principally 
confined to the outside webs; primary-coverts dark brown, with 
long subterminal ochraceous spots on the outside webs; innermost 
secondaries fulvous brown, with, obscure ochraceous fan-shaped 
terminal spots; six central tail-feathers uniform fulvous brown, three 
outer ones on each side darker on the inside webs; outer tail-feathers 
very conspicuously tipped with white, especially on the inside webs, 
the next two on each side less conspicuously tipped. Underparts 
white, with a slight shade of ochraceous ou the breast, the feathers 
with terminal fan-shaped black spots, which are nearly obsolete on 
the centre of the throat and belly, and quite so on the lower flanks, 
thighs, and under tail-coverts; axillaries, basal half white, terminal 

"1, UVAHIVUIA. 109 

half dark olive-brown ; under wing coverts, basal half d'irk olive-* 
brown, terminal half white; bavd half of inner webs of the secondaries 
and many of tho primaries white. Hill dark brown above, p do 
horn-colour underneath. Wing with the third and fourth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, .second primary between the sixth and 
seventh, bastard primary <K) to 0*8 inch. Legs, feet, and claws 
pale. Length of wing 4*05 to 4*5 inches, tail 3*7 to 3*42, culmen 
1*0 to 0*95, tarsus 1*3 to 1-22. 

Nothing ib known of the changes of plumage of this species. 
The Natal Ground-Thrush has only been obtained from, the forests 
of Natal, where it is supposed to be a resident. 

a. Ad. sk. Port Natal. Purchased. 
h, Cj d. Ad. sk. Port Natal. 11. 1$. Sharp**, Eb<p 
23. GeocicMa peronii. 
Turdus peronii, VieilL X.Did.cVIhht. Nat. xx. p. 270(1818) ; Gray, 

Himd-l B. i. p. 200. no. 37i):i (18151)). 
Turdus novoe-hollandiae, LebS. Traite, p. 411 (1801, nee Lath.). 
Geocichla rubiginosa, Sal. Mull. Verh. Nederl. Overz. Bez, p. 172 [virc. 

1840) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 208 (1850). 
Turdus rubiginobiis (Mull), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847), 


General colour of the upper parts chestnut, slightly darker on the 
head; lores white; no trace of eyc-btripe ; car-coverts mottled 
white and chestnut, surrounded with black ; cheeks mottled black, 
white, and chestnut; wings brown; lesser wing*-coverts chestnut; 
greater and median wing-coverts dark brown, edged with chestnut-
brown and broadly tipped with white; innermost secondaries 
chestnut-brown ; many of the primalies with more or less white on 
the outside webs; tail-feathers brown on the inside webb and 
chestnut-brown on the outside webs, outer feather on each side 
broadly tipped with white. Chin, throat, centre of belly, thighs, 
and under tail-coverts white ; sideb of neck, breast, and flanks 
chestnut; axillaries white tit base, nearly black at tip ; lower under 
wing-coverts black at base, -white at tip ; basal half of inside web of 
the secondaries and most of the primaries white. Bill dark brown 
above and below, but paler at the base of the lower mandible* 
Wing with the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, 
second primary between the sixth and seventh, bastard primary 
1*0 to 0*85 inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale. Length of wing 4*25 to 
4-15 inches, tail 3*2.5 to 3*1, culmen 1*0 to 0*85, tarsus 1*4 to 1*3. 

There does not appear to be any difference in the plumage of tho 
sexes, nor is it known that summer differs from winter plumage. 
Thefir>$t plumage of the young is unknown. 


The Timor Ground-Thrush appears to be confined to the island of 
Timor, where it is supposed to be a resident. 


a. Ad. sk. Timor. Zoological Society. 
h-e. Ad. sk. Timor. A. li.""Wallace, Kscp [C ]. 
170 TUBDTDJ3. 

24. GeocicMa bivittata. 
Turdus bivittatus, Beichenow, Jour. Orn. 1874, p. 104 • id. Journ 
Orn. lS7o, p. 47. 
General colour of the upper parts russet-brown, very russet on 
the upper tail-coverts, but inclining to olive-brown on the upper 
back; lores dark brown ; no trace of eye-stripe ; ear-coverts brown; 
median and greater win"-coverts dark brown, with large terminal fan-
shaped white spots ; primary-coverts dark brown ; tail russet-brown, 
the outside feathers with white tips. Chin, upper throat, belly, 
and under tail-coverts nearly white, shading into pale russet-brown 
on the lower throat, breast, and flanks ; axillaries, basal half white, 
terminal half brown ; under wing-covert% basal half brown, terminal 
half white; basal portion of the inner web of secondaries white. 
Bill dark brown, paler at the base of the under mandible. Wings with 
the fourth primary slightly the longest, second primary about equal 
to the seventh, bastard primary 0-95 inch. Legs, feet, and claws 
flesh-colour. Length of wing 4*51 inches, tail 3-02, culmen 0-0, 
tarsus 1*37. 
Nothing is known of the changes of plumage of this species. 
Reichenow's Ground-Thrush has only been obtained on the mountains 
of the Gold Coast, where it is supposed to be resident. 
The British Museum does not possess an adult skin of this species. 
The description is taken from the type in the Berlin Museum. 

a, b. Juv. sk. Denkera (Aubinn). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

25. Geocichla gurneyi 
Turdus gurnevi, Ilartkwh, Ibis, 18C4, p. 350; pi. ix.; Layard, B. S. 
Afr. p. 129"(1807) j Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 150; Gray, Hand-IB. 

a. p. 238. no. 3072 (1809){Heucfl Orn. X.O.-Afr. p. 384 (18(39); 
Ay res, Ibis, 1876, p. 426; Sliarpe, eel. La yard's B. S. Afr. p. 202 
(1876); Salvin # ttdater, Ibis, 1877, p. 324. 
General colour of the upper parts olive-brown, slightly darker on 
the head and shading into fulvous brown on the rump and upper 
tail-coverts, the innermost secondaries, and the unemarginated 
portion of the outside webs of the quills ; lores dark brown, above the 
lores chestnut-brown ; no trace of eye-stripe; ear-coverts dark olive-
brown ; quills brown ; lesser wing-coverts fulvous brown; median 
wing-coverts dark brown, almost black, with large terminal fan-
shaped white spots; greater wing-coverts similar, but the white spot 
principally confined to the outside web; primary-coverts dark brown; 
tail fulvous brown, the outside feathers obscurely tipped with white. 
Chin, throat, breast, and flanks chestnut, shading rather suddenly 
into white on the belly, thighs, and under tail-coverts, the longest 
of the latter obscurely margined with brown ; axillaries, basal half 
white, terminal half dark olive-brown; under wing-coverts, basal 
half dark olive-brown, terminal half white ; basal portion of inner 
web of secondaries white. Bill dark brown above and below. "Wing 
with the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second 

1, GKOCtCHLV. 171 

primary between ihe eighth and ninth, bastard primary 1-2 inch. 
Legs, feet, and claws u Uosh-colour.1' Length of winy; 4-2 inches, 
tail 3*4, culmen 0-9, tarsus J-32. 

Nothing is known of ihe changes of plumage of this species. 
Gumey's Grouud-Thrush has only been obtained in {lie i'orcsta of 
Natal and the Transvaal, where it is bupposed fo be a resident. 

a. (S ad. sk. Maeamac, Transvaal. J. II. Gurney, Es<p [P.], 
2(>. G-eocicMa piaggii (Plate XI.) 

r* TuidiiiS fame on roux, Lefoh, Abyss. Ois, p. 108*. 
? Turd us ^urneyi, llarth apiid ILewjL Orn. X.O.-Afr. i. p. &S4 
(18l>9,;w/#w). 
Tardus piag*g'ii^ Bouvier, Bull Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 45(1 

This species only differs from G. (jurncyi (Hartl.) in ha\ing the 
forehead chestnut, shading into chestnut-brown on the head and 
ear-coverts. Bill dark brown above and below. Wing with the 
fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary 
between the seventh and eighth, bastard primary 1*0 inch. Legs, 
feet, aud claws pale. Length of wing 4*15 to 4*0 inches, tail 3-05 to 
3*3, culmen 0-8(5 to 0*8, tarsus 1*3. 

Nothing is known of the changes of plumage. 
The Cential-African Ground-Thrush is only known from the 
Uganda country, near the supposed source of the Nile. 

a. Ad. sk. Lake Sarnie. A. Bouvier, Esq. [C.J. 
(Type of Tardus piaggii, Bouvier.) 
27, Geocichla crossleyi. 

Turd [is crossleyi, Sharpe, P. Z. &. 1871, p. (507, pi. xhii.; Reichewncf 
Journ. Orn. 1875, p. 50. 
General colour of the upper parts russet-brown, darker and more 
rufous on the head, and also more rufous on the rump and upper 
tail-coverts, and shading into bright iiifous-chcstirat on the nape ; 

loies dark brown, above the lores chestnut-red; no trace of eye-
stripe ; innermost secondaries rufous-brown, especially on the outside 
wTcb, and still moie rufous at the tips; white spots on the 

wing-coverts exactly as in G. r/umeyi; tail dark rufous-brown, 
the outside feathers obscurely tipped with white. The whole 
of the underparts, including the axillaries and .under surface of 
wing, exactly as in G. gurney i. Bill dark brown above and below. 
"Wing with the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, 
second primary a trifle shorter than the seventh, bastard primary 
0*9 inch. Legs, feat, and claws pale. Length of wing 4*0 inches, 
tail 2*95, culmen 0*91, tarsus 1*3. 

Nothing is known of tho female or young, 

Grossley's Ground-Thrush is only known from the Cameroon 
Mountains, "West Africa. 

a. Ad. sk. Oameroons, Feb. 24; IL B. Sharpe, E&fj. (Type 
1871 (Crossky). of Tardus crossleyi, Sharpe.) 
172 
TTJRDIDJE. 

28. Geocichla cyanouottis. 
Turd us cyanotns, Jarch # Selbi/, III. Oni. i. pi. xlvi. (1828) ; Si/kes, 
P. Z. S. 1S32, p. 87 ; Jerri Madr. Jour. x. p. 254 (1830) ; Gray, 
lland-L B. i. p. 250. no. 3702 (1800). 
G-eocichla 
cyanota {Jard. § Selbi/), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 145 
(1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 103 (1840); Bp. Cousp. 

i. p. 208 (1830); Ilorsf. # Moore, Cat. B. Mies. F.I. Co. i. p. 101 
(1854); Jerd. B. hut. i. p. 517 (18(52); Hume, tests and Eggs 
Bid. B. p. 220 (1873); Ball, Stray Feath. 1874, p. 407; Hume, 
Stray Feath. 1870, p. 308. 
In the adult male in spring plumage the head and nape are green 
oohracoous; the general colour of the rest of the upper parts pale 
slate-grey, each feather darker in the centre; no trace of an eye-
stripe ; cheeks white; a dark-brown band extends from the eye 
halfway to the shoulder; behind this is a white band extending 
nearly to the shoulder; behind this another shorter dark-brown 
band, leaving a small white spot at the junction of the ear-coverts 
and the nape ; wings and tail the same as in G. citrina. Uuderparts 
as in G. citrina, except that the chin and throat are white. Bill 
dark brown above and below. "Wing with the fourth and fifth 
primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary between the 
sixth and seventh, bastard primary 1*0 to 0*85 inch. Legs, feet, 
and claws flesh-colour. Length of wing 4-3 to 4*0 inches, tail 3*1 

to 2-8, culmen 0-0 to 0-85, tarsus 1-2 to 1-15. 

The female appears to differ from the male in having the upper 
back, scapulars, outer webs of secondaries, greater and lessor wing-
coverts, and innermost secondaries suffused with olive-green. In 
most cases the greater wing-coverts are tipped with orange-chest nut, 
leading to the supposition that they are birds of the year. No 
change worthy of note is produced by the autumn moult. Young 
in first plumage appear to be unknown. 

The "White-throated Ground-Thrush appears to be confined to the 
jungles of Central and Southern India, probably breeding in the 
former and retiring to the latter during the cool season. 

a, b. S ad. sk. India. " Purchased. 

c. (S ad. sk. Behar, India. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [C.]. 
d. 2 ad. sk. Malabar. 
Purchased. 
e. $ ad. sk. Matheran, Jan. 23, 1872. Major Hayes Lloyd [P.]. 
/ . J ad. sk. Matheran, Feb. 3, 1872. Major Hayes Lloyd f P.J. 
y. <S ad. sk. Tra\ancore (3500 feet), Sept. F. W. Bourdillon TO. 1. 
. 6,1878. 
k Sternum. India. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

20. G-eociehla citrina. 
Orange-headed Thrash, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 145 (1787). 
Turdus citrinus, Lath. Ind. Oni. i. p. 350 (1700) ; Temm. PL Col. 
no. 445 (1828) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847) ; Gray, Kand4. B. 

i. p. 250. no. 3700 (1800). 
Turdus macei, Vieill N. Diet. d'Hist. ted. xx. p. 270 (1818). 
Turdus lividus, Tickell, J. A. S. Beng. ii. p. 577 (1833). 
Petroeinela cyanota (Jard.), apud Ifodgs. M8. Drawings (in the 
Mr it. Mus.'j of Birds of Nepal, Passeres, pis. 138, 130. no. 584, 
unde Ilodgs. Graffs Zoo'l. Misc. p. 83 (1844). 

1. (.r.orii'iuA. 
17:« 
PetrocosHyphus eiirinus (Lath.), <7/w/, Cat. Mamm. *Sv. Nepal Coil. 

Jlodys.]}. 70 (18J(>). 

Goocichla cilrina {Lath,), Blyth, J. A. S. Bentj, \\L p. I to (1817); 

id. Cat. B. Man. As. tioe. p. I<5;5 (1H44>) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 2(58 

(18o0); Cab. Mas. Mein. i. p. 0 (1830); i/0r,s/. «$• Moore, (1at. B. 

Mus.B.I. Co. i. p. ISO (1834); .#;•& B. 1ml. i. p. 517 (18<>2); 

Godw.-Aitst. J. A. S. Box/, xxxix. pt. 2, p. 208 (1H70); i/ww, 

iWtf awd .%« iwtf. B. p. 220 (187-1); %M $ Tl'aM. B. Jhmn. 

p. 00 (1873); Hume $' Davison, Stray Feath. \i. p. 230 (1878) j 
LeqqQy Birds of Ceylon, p. 437(1870); Scully, Stray Feath. Vm. 
p. 283 (1870). * 
Goocichla layardi, 
ffald. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1870, v. p. 410; Holdm. 
1\ Z. S. 1873, p. 443 ; *7J. P. X & 1877, p. 100. 

In the adult male in spring plumage the head and nape are 
orange-chestnut; general colour of the rest of the upper parts pale 
slate-grey, each feather darker in the centre; lores and oar-eovcrts 
chestnut; no trace of eye-stripe ; quills and innermost secondaries 
brown, with the unemarginatecl portions of the outside webs slate-
grey ; lesser wing-coverts slate-grey ; median wing-coverts broadly 
tipped with white; greater wing-coverts and primary-coverts dark 
brown on inside web and slate-grey on outside web, generally with 
traces of white on the outside w ebs at the tip : t\\ o centre tail-
feathers and most of the outside webs of the remainder dark slate-
grey, the rest dark brown ; the outside tail-feathers are generally 
paler towards the tip, and frequently many of them have white tips. 
The underparts are orange-chestnut, occasionally approaching dark 
orange-chestnut, shading into white on the under tail-coverts; 
axillaries, basal portion white, terminal portion dark slate-grey; 
lower under wing-coverts, basal portion dark slate-grey, terminal 
portion white ; basal portion of the secondaries and some of the 
primaries white on the inside webs. Bill daik brown, paler at 
the base of the under mandible ; rictal bristles very short. Wing 
with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest; 
second primary generally between the fifth and sixth, sometimes 
between the sixth and seventh; bastard primary 1*1 to 0*0 
inch. Legs, feet, and claws flesh-colour. Length of wing 4-8 
to 4*4 inches, tail 3-15 to 2*83, culmen 0-05 to 0*8, tarsus 1 -35 
to 1-2. 

The female is supposed to resemble the male, except in having 
the upper back and scapulars suffused with olive-green and in 
having dark tips to the ear-coverts ; but as I find only three skins 
in this state of plumage in a series of thirty-two, I suspect it to be 
"-hat of the female in first year's plumage only. A bird in the collection 
in first plumage has pale shaft-streaks on the feathers of the 
iiead and back, and the underparts are dull and obscurely streaked. 
This bird is moulting on the middle of the back into the slate-grey 
of the adult. No important change in the colour of the plumage of 
the adult is produced by the autumn moult. 

Birds from Ceylon have been desciibed as a distinct species.
cannot learn that more than two examples have been obtained on 
this island, where it is probably onh an occasional winter visitant. 

174 
TTTKDIDJG. 

These skius agree in size and wing-formula with typical examines, 
but are somewhat darker in colour, though not quite so dark as 
(L rubecula. 1 do not think, however, that the Ceylon birds have 
the slightest claim even to subspeuific rank, as I have seen skins 
quite as daik or darker from Nepal and Burma. 

The Orange-headed Ground-Thrush breeds in the Himalayas 
from Nepal to Assam, apparently not ascending the mountains 
above 5000 feet. In the cold season it migrates to various parts of 
Northern and Central India and Burma, occasionally straying as 
far south as Ceylon. 

a, 2 ac^* s** 
India. Purchased. 
Bootan (Major Pem-India Museum. 


b, c. S ad. sir. berton). 
Darjeeling. C.Bvgrave Whaiton, E-,q. 

d. <$ ad. fak. [P.]. 
Nepal. B. II. Hodo^on, Esq.fP.l 
e,f. 
3 ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
Nepal (B. B. HodgIndia 
Museum. 

<//Juv. sk. 

son, Esq.).

X *, k, I <$ $ acl. sk 

N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
m. 3 &d. sk. 
[I3-]


n. S ad. sk. 
Behar. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
o. 5 ad. sk. 
Madras. India Museum. 
p. Sternum. 
India. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
30. Geocichla rubecula. 
Geocichla rubecula, GQUM, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 7 ; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. 
p.G (18-50). 
Turdus rubecula (Gonld), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847) ; Gray. 
IIcmd-L B. i. p. 259. no. 3791 (18(39). 

This species is little more than a local race of G. citrina, Lath., 
and it will probably be found that intermediate forms occur, in 
Tshich case it must be degraded to the rank of a subspecies. It is 
a smaller bird with a more rounded wing, and darker in colour 
than the commoner species ; the general colour of the upper parts 
is a darker and duller slate-grey; on the other hand, the head, 
neck, and uuderparts are a darker but quite as rich orange-chestnut. 
"Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and 
longest; second primary intermediate in length between the sixth 
and seventh, or seventh and eighth; bastard primary 1*05 to 0*8 inch. 
Length of wing 4*4 to 4*0 inches, tail 3-0 to 2'8, culmen 0-89 to 
0-82, tarsus 1-3 to 1*24. 

Nothing appears to be known of the differences of plumage of this 
species. 
Gould's Ground-Thrush appears to be confined to the island of 
Java, where it is supposed to be a resident. 

a. Ad. sk. Java. 
Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk. Java. 
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Java. F. Godman and O. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Java. [Erroneously labelled India Museum. 
" Assam; McClelland:1'] 
e. Skeleton, Java. 
Purchased. 
1. (U'JOOU'IUV.
31. G-eociclila andamanensis. 
Gooeiehla albogularis, Illyth, a pud IVithhn, Ibix, 1S7*I, p. l.'JH; apud 
Hume, Mtr. F. 1874, p. ^iQmrtim); apudJIunw, >Str. F. l.S70,p. ^M) 

Geociclila andamammsis, Walden, A but, 2srat. Ili,st. 1874, p. 1*50; 

Hume, Mr. F, 1H74, p. 40.5. 

This is a smaller bird than 0. eitn'na, but resembles it precisely 
in colour, with the following except ions:—The slate-grey 
of the upper parts is slightly darker, but not so dark as in G, 
rubt'twltt; the crown, extending more or less onto the nape, is 
brownish chestnut, instead of orange-chestnut; the lores and chin 
are greyish white, instead of being nearly concolorous wiih the head 
and throat; there are only traces of pale tips to the tail-feathers, 
and the wings are without any white bar, the median wing-coverts 
being, like the rest, uniform slate-grey on the outer webs, and dark 
brown on the inside webs ; theundcrparts vary from orange-chestnut 
to dark orange-chestnut as in G. citrina. Bill, legs, cVo. as in G. 

citr'uia. "Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly 

equal and longest, second primary intermediate in length between 

the sixth and seventh, bastard primary 1*05 to 0*85 inch. Length 

of wing 4-2 to 3*8 inches, tail 3*1 to 2*0, culmeu 0*85 to 0*8, tarsus 

1-25 to 1-2. 

The famede differs from the male in having the upper back, 

scapulars, and the portions of the secondaries and wing-coverts which 

are slate-grey in the male suffused with olive-green. No change of 

importance is produced by the autumn moult. The ear-coverts of the 

female, and what I presume to be males in the first or second year, 

are obscurely tipped with brown ; but this disappears in what 1 

presume to be old males. Taunt/ m jlrst phimaye unknown. 

The Andaman 
Ground-Thriibh is principally confined to the 

Andaman Islands, where it appears to be a resident. It has also 

been recorded from Java. 

a. 
cS ad. sk. S. Andaman*, Mar. 3, 1874 It. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
(Capf. Wunberley). 
32. Geocichla albogularis. 
Geocichla albogularis, Bli/th, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 140 (1847) • Hume, 
Sir. F. 1874, p. 221 (partim); id. 6'tr. F. 1876, p. 280 (parfim). 
Geocichla innotata, Blyth, 2 • aPi(d Bh/th, Cat. B. 3Ius. As. Soe, 


p. 103 (184D) ; apudBp. Cunsp. i. p. 208 (1850). 
This species has the size and wing-formula of G. andamanensis, 
but has the forehead, crown, and nape a rich dark orange-chestnut, 
as rich as, but slightly darker than, 'those of 67. rubeada; the lores, 
chin, and upper throat are nearly white, and the rest of the underpays 
intermediate between typical examples of G. citrina and 67. 
rubeeula. The slate-grey of the upper parts, and the rest of the 
plumage, including the bill, legs, &c, with the exception of the 
parts above mentioned, is the same as in 67. andamanensis. Length 
of wing 4*2 to 3-9 inches, tail 2*9 to 2*6, culmen 0-85 to 0*79, tarsus 
1-26 to 1*2, bastard primary 1*1 to 0*9. 

176 TTTKDIDJE. 

Tlio female differs from the male in having the upper back &c. 
suffused with olive-green as in the allied species. It is not know n 
that there is any seasonal change of colour worthy of note. Young 
in first plumage have pale, dull chestnut shaft-lines to the feathers 
of the head and hack, chestnut tips to the wing-coverts, and pale 
centies and obscure dark margins to the feathers of the breast. The 
ear-coverts have als>o dark tips. 

The Nicobar Ground-Thrush is confined to the Nicobar Islands, 
where it appears to be a resident, 

a. 2 ad. sk. Nicobars, Dec. 1878 Capt. Wardlaw Ramsay [P.]. 
(Capt. JJlntberley). 
33. GeocicMa innotata. 
Geocichla innotata +, Blyth, J. A. S. Bene/, xv. p. 870 (1846)-id. 
J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 146 (1847) ; Ball, Sir. F. 1873, p. G9; 
Same, Str. F 1874, p. 221• Hume § Davison, Stray Feath. vi. 
p. 250 (1878). 
Turdus innotatus (Blyth), Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 2G0. no. 3708 (1809). 
In size and wing-formula this species resembles G. citrina (Lath.). 
In colour it only differs from that species in having the head and 
nape rich dark orange-chestnut as in G. albogularis, and in having 
the wing without any Avhite bar, as in the last-mentioned species 
and G. andamanensis. From the two latter species, besides differing 
from the former in the colour of the throat and from the latter 
in the colour of the head, it is distinguished by its larger size 
and less rounded wing. Bill, legs, &c. as in G. citrina. Wings 
with the fourth primary slightly the longest, second primary equal 
to or longer than the sixth, bastard primary 1*05 to 1*6 inch. 
Length of wing 4*8 to 4/55 inches, tail 3-0 to 2*8, culmen 0*8, 
tarsus 1*3 to lm25. 

The female differs from the male in having the upper back &c. 
suffused with olive-green as in the allied species. It is not known 
that any change of colour is produced by the autumn moult. Young 
in first plumage appear to be unknown. 

The Malay Ground-Thrush appears to be confined to the Bui ma 
peninsula. It has been recorded from South Burma and Malacca. 
It is not known that it is migratory. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this species. 
The descriptions have been taken from skins in the Tweeddale collection, 
in the possession ©f Capt. Wardlaw Ramsay, and in my own. 

34. Geocichla naevia. 
Spotted Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 27 (1783). 
Turdus nasvius, Gmel Si/st. Nat. i. p. 817 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. 


i. p. 381 (1790); Vteill Ois. Amer. sept. iii. pi. Ixvi. (1807) ; 
TURIN. Diet. dFIist Nat. xx. p. 289 (1818) ; Audul. Orn. Bior/r. 
* Misspelt innotota. 
1 . OT0C1CIXLA. 
177 
iv. p. 480, pis. ccelxix., cccoxxxhi. (18;38); Bp. Camp. List B. Bar. 
§N.Ama\ p. 17 (1888) • (hay, Gen. B. i. p. 210(1847); Bp.Con^p. 
I p. 271 (1850) ; Mater, 1KZ. 8. 1850, p. Ml; Ball <y Bann. 7)\ 
One. Acad. i. p. 270 (18(55)) ; Gray, HantM. B. i. p. 258. no. 3758 
(1801)); CUtes, Key JVr. Amer. B. p. 72 (1872); Baird, Brewer, # 
Midgw. Itist. JST. A»ier. B. i. p. 29 (1874). 
Orpheus 
meruloides, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. Birds, ii. p. 187, 
pi. xxx\iii. (1831). 

In the adult male in spring jrfumage the general colour of (ho 
upper parts is dark slate-grey, slightly darker on the head ; lores, the 
feathers behind the eye, and the ear-coverts nearly black • the eye-
stripe commences over the eye and extends to (ho nape, is very conspicuous, 
eleaily defined, and bright chestnut; quills brown, the 
unemarginated portion of the outer webs pale chestnut towards the 
base and apex; lesser wing-coverts dark slate-grey ; median wing-
coverts dark brown with large chestnut fan-shaped terminal spots; 
greater wing-coverts dark slate-grey, with large chestnut fan-shaped 
terminal spots on the outside webs; innermost secondaries dark brown 
with small dull-chestnut terminal fan-shaped spotb, the basal half 
of the outer w eb of most of them fringed with dull chestnut; tail 
brown, the outside webs margined with slate-grey, the outside 
feathers conspicuously tipped with white, the others less conspicuously 
so. Chin and throat chestnut, breast dark brown, nearly 
black ; rest of underparts chestnut, fading into neaily white on the 
centre of the belly and the centre and tips of the under tail-coverts; 
upper flanks pale chestnut, barred with pale slate-grey; lower 
flanks slate-grey ; under tail-coverts margined with pale chestnut; 
axillaries, basal portion white, terminal portion dark brown ; lower 
under wing-coverts, basal portion dark brown, terminal white with 
an occasional dash of pale chestnut. Bill dark brown above and 
below; rictal bristles unusually well developed. AVing with the 
third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary 
between the fifth and sixth, bastard primary 1*0 to 0*8 inch. Legs, 
feet, and claws pale. Length of wing 5*0 to 4*8 inches, tail 3*05 
to 3*3, culmen 1*0 to 0-9, tarsus 1*3 to 1*25. 

The female differs from the male in being olive-brow n above whore 
the male is dark slate-grey • the chestnut of the underparts is paler, 
and the dark-brown pectoral band is nearly obsolete. No important 
change takes place in consequence of the autumn moult. Birds of 
the year have the plumage of the female in both sexes. Young in 

first plumage are unknown. 

The Alaska Ground-Thrush breeds in Alaska as far north as 

Behring's Straits, and winters in the Oregon Territory and 

California, stragglers occasionally wandering as far as the Eastern 

States. 

a. Ad. sk. California (DavidDay). Zoological Society. 
b. 
c? ad. sk. Sumass Prairie, British J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.]. 
Columbia. 
c. d, e. (S ad. sk. West side Rocky Mountains. J. K Lord, Esq. [C."]. 
/ . $ ad. sk. California, Jam 23, 1872. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [IV]. 
g. 
$ ad. sk. California. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [0.]. 
VOL. v. IS" 
178 TTTIiDIDJL 

35. GeocicMa ward! 
Turdus wardii, Jerd. J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 882 (1842); Gray, Gen. B. 
i. p. 219 (18J7); Jerd. 111. Inch Orn. pi. viii. (1847); Gray, 
IlandJ. B. i. p. 250. no. 3716 (1860); Legge, Birds of Ceijlon, 
p. 453 (1870). 
Tardus picaoides, Jlodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mus.) of Birds 
of Nepal, Basseres, pi. 145 a. no. 303, and pi. 150. no. 363* (male), 
undo Jlodgs. Grafs Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844). 

Oreocincla micropus, Jlodgs. AfS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mus.) of 
Birds of Nepal, Basseres, pi. 158 a. no. 858 (female), tinde JJodgs. 
GratfsZool. Miso. p. 83 (1844). 

Zootliera nielanoleuca, JJartl. Syst. Yerz. p. 42 (1844); id. Bev. 
Zool 1845, p. 407. 

Merula wardii (Jerd.), Bhjtli, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 140 (1847) ; Bh/fh, 
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 163 (1840) ; Kelaart, Brodr. Cat. p. 122 
(1852); Layard, Ann. Nat. Jlibt. 1853, p. 270; JJorsf. $ Moore, 
Cat. B. Mus. B.J. Co. i. p. 402 (1854); Gray, Cat. Ma?nm. §c. 
Nepal Coll. Jlodgs. p. 41 (1863). 

Turdus micropus (Jlodgs?), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 218 (1847). 
Cickloselys wardii (Jerd.), Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxyiii. p. o (1854)• 
JIume;Nests # Eggs Ind. B. p. 231 (1873). 
Turdulus wardii (Jerd.), Jerd. B. Jnd. i. p. 520 (1862); Uoldsio. 

B. Z. S. 1872, p. 445; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 135. 
Turdus (Oichloselys) wardii, Brooks, JStr. F. 1875, p. 237. 
Oreocincla pectoralis, Legge, Sir. F. 1876, p. 244; JIume, Sir. F. 
1877, p. 202. 

In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
tipper parts is black; lores and ear-coverts black• eye-stripe very 
clearly defined, white, extending to the nape • wing-coverts, innermost 
secondaries, some of the primaries, upper tail-coverts, and 
most of the tail-feathers more or less conspicuously tipped with 
white; quills dark brown, the outside webs nearly black, and edged 
with white for some distance, where they cease to be emarginated. 
Chin, throat, and breast black; the rest of the underparts white, the 
feathers on the flanks having broad, irregularly crescentic, transverse, 
subterminal black bands; axillaries, basal half white, terminal 
half black edged with white; lower under wing-coverts, basal 
half black, terminal half white; basal portion of inner web of the 
secondaries and many of the primaries white. Bill yellow above 
and below. "Wing with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal 
and longest, second primary between the fifth and sixth, bastard 
primary 0-9 to 0*7 inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale brownish yellow. 
Length of wing 4*6 to 4*4 inches, tail 3*3 to 3*1, culmen 1*1 to 0*92, 
tarsus 14 to 1-0. 


The female has the general colour of the upper parts olive-brown; 
the eye-stripe and spots on the wing-coverts are smaller and ochraceous; 
the spots on the innermost secondaries and primaries are 
absent, and those on the upper tail-coverts confined to a few of the 
longest, and not quite pure white; the white at the end of the tail-
feathers is the same as in the male ; the feathers on the throat and 
upper breast are brownish white, with a narrow black margin, outside 
which is a fringe of olive-brown; the remainder of the underparts 
are white, each feather having a transverse ores cent-shaped 

] . cmouciiiA. 179 

terminal band, black on tbo lower breasi, brown on tho flanks, and 
obsolete on tho centre of the belly; tbo under taibcovorts are white, 
margined, except towards tho lips, with brown; the whito on tho 
under surface of the wing, so characteristic of tho genus, is somewhat 
oehracoous. Tho nude in first whiter phmuuje '1H a^B0 Apparently 
somewhat oehracoous on tho under surface of the wing and 
at tbo tips of some of the greater wing-coverts. Youny in first 

plumaye have pale shaft-linos to tho feathers of tho head and back; 
tho terminal spots on tho wing-coverts are oehracoous; and tho 
feathers on the throat and breast arc oehracoous with broad black 
terminal bars. 

Tho Pied Ground-Thrush breeds in the Himalayas, from Nopal 
westwardb almost to the confines of Ca&hmero. In the cold season 
it migrates to the plains of India, its winter range extending as far 
south as Ceylon. 

a. (S ad. sk. India. Purchased. 
b. 2 ad. sk. Nepal. B. 1L liod^on, Esq. [P.]. (Tjpe 
of On ocinela mwrojnis, ilodgs,.) 
e, d. $ ad. sk. NAY. Himalayas. Capt. JStacldiouse Pmwill [P.J. 
e $ ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill |_P.J. 
/. <$ ad. sk. Madras. " Dr. Jerdon [P.J. (Fy$e o£ Turdus 
warcUtj Jerd.) 
//. c? ad. sk. Madras. India Museum. 
h. Jad.sk. Ceylon. Capt. Vincent Legge [P.]. (Type 
of Oreocincla pecturalis, Legge.) 

36. Geociclila pinicola. 
Turdus pinicola, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 334,362; id. P. Z. S. 1800, 
p. 200; id. Cat, Amer. B. p. 0. pi. 1 (1802); id. P. Z. S. 18(54, 
p. 172 j Sumichrctht, Mem. Host. Soe. JV", II. i. p. 543 (1809) ; Cray, 
Iland-l. B. i. p. 258. no. 3771 (1809); tie!. § Sale. Nomencl. Ar. 
Keotr. p. 2 (1873); Salv. §• Godm. JJioL Cent,-Amer. Zool. Aves, 
i. p. 23 (1879). 
Turdus pceciloptcrus, LicM. Mus. Berol, fide ficlater, Cat. Am. B. 
p. G (1662, nee Vigors). 
In the adult male in spring plumage tho general colour of the 
upper parts is dark brown, the feathers of the head, nape, and upper 
back with light shafts and pale outer webs, and the outside and 
longest upper tail-coverts broadly tipped with buffish white; lores 
and ear-coverts brown, with paler markings; some of the paler 
outer webs of the feathers behind and above the eye more pronounced, 
showing traces of an eye-stripe; outer webs of greater 
wing-coverts buffish. white, except towards their tips; innermost 
secondaries and primary-coverts paler towards the tips; primaries 
and secondaries more or less broadly tipped with greyish white; 
basal third of primaries, a spot at the angle of ©marginatum, and 
the basal portion of the margin of the outside web of secondaries 
white ; tail dark brown, tho outside web of the outside feather on 
each side white; all the tail-feathers broadly tipped with white, 
tho pale tips becoming narrower and greyer towards the centre of 
the tail. Chin and upper throat obscurely streaked white, brown, 
and chestnut; lower throat and breast nearly uniform dark brown; 

180 
TURDTDiE. 

centre of belly buflish white, shading into brown on the flanks; 
under tail-covcrts pale buff, the longer feathers paler and margined 
with brown; axillarics pure white, lower under wing-eoveits white 
with brown bases; basal half of inner web of the secondaries and 
many of the primaries white; inner margin of quills scarcely paler 
than the rest of the under surface. Bill dark brown above and 
below. Wing with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and 
longest, second primary between the fifth and sixth, bastard primary 
0*G inch. Tail with the outside feathers 0*2 to 0*3 inch 
shorter than the longest. Length of wing o-2 to 4*8 inches, tail 
3-45 to 3-2, oilmen (K>1 to 0-81, tarsus 143 to 1-04. 

The female differs from the male in haying the pale markings on 
the head, nape, upper back, chin, throat, and breast more pronounced. 
The general colour of both the upper and under parts is 
also paler. In the young in first plumage the pale markings are 
still more pronounced, and the feathers of the rest of the upper 
parts have pale chestnut centres and tips, whilst nearly every feather 
of the underparts is pale ochraceous with a nearly black narrow 
margin. It is not known that the autumn plumage varies much 
from that of spring. 

The Mexican Ground-Thrush appears to be confined to the pine 
region of South Mexico, where it is supposed to be a resident. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this species; 
but the descriptions have been taken from skins in the collections 
of Dr. Sclater and Messrs. Salvin and Godman. 

37. GreocicMa sibiriea. 
Turdus sibiricus, 
Pall. Reis. Buss. Reich, iii. p. 694 (1776); Gmel. 
Svst. Mat i. p. 815 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. 1 p. 333 (1790); 
tieill N. Diet dFlist Nat xx. p. 273 (1818); Temm. Man. 
d'Orn. iii. p. 98 (1835); Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 82 (1837); Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847) ; Temm. et JSchl. Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 66, 
pi. xxxi. (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 274 (1850) ; Liclxt Nomencl. Av. 

p. 26 (1854); Bp. Compt Rend, xxxviii. p. 5 (1854); Schl. Vog. 
Nederl p. 214 (1854) ; Sioinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 410 ; Dubois, Ois. Eur. 
pi. xlvi. (1862) ; Newt. List B. Eur. Blasius, p. 9 (1862); Aadde, 
Beis. Sibir. Vog. p. 233 (1863) ; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 416 
(1867); Gray^IIand-l. B. i. p. 256. no. 3718 (1869) ; Fritsch, Vog. 
Eur. p. 145 (1870) ; Sioinh. B. Z. S.1871, p. 367 ; Hurting, Handb. 
Br. B. p. 101 (1872) ; Sioinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 443; Blyth § Wald. 
B. Burm. p. 100 (1875) ; Dresser, B. Eur. pt. 1. (1876) ; Tacz. Bull. 
Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 149 (1876); David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 149 
(1877); Seebohm, Ibis, 18/9, p. 5; id. Ibis, 1880, p. 191. 
"White-browed Thrush, lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 31 (1783). 

Turdus auroreus, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 448 (1811, 2 ) \ 

Gloger, Ms, 1828, p. 1041; Keys. u. Bias. Wirb, Eur. pp. Ii, 178 

(1840); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 218 (1847). 

Turdus leucocillus, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat i. p. 450 (1811, tf); 

Newt list B. Eur. Blasius, p. 9 (1862). 

Turdus bechsteinii, Naum. Vog. Deutschl. ii. p. 310, pi. lxix. fie. 2 

(1822,$). 

Turdus atrocyaneus, Homeyer, Isis, 1843, p. 604. 

Turdus mutabilis, Temm.,fideBp. Compt. Rend, xxxviii. p. 5 (1854) ; 

Gray, Iland-l, B. i. p. 256. no. 3719 (1869). 

1. GEocicnriA. LSI 
Uiehlo^elvs sibiricus {Pa!/.), Pp. Cat. Parzud p. o (187)0); Gould, IL 
Of. Br, ii. pi. xl. (187;!). 
Greocincla sibirica {Pall.), J(tub. et Barth.-Lapomm, Bivh. Orn. 

p. 202 (1850). 
Oreociucla inframarginata, Blyth, J. A. & Bony, xxix. p. 10i5 (1800); 
Beamn, Ibis, 1807, p. 323 • 7?/yM; /6w; 1808, p. 102 • #^//; 6<fr«y 
2W/*. 1873, p. 70. 

Tardus mframarginatus (Bli/th), Gray, Iland-L B. i. p. 2oi. no. 3004 

V J J J l

(1800). °
GeoeiYhla mutabilis (Temm.), #. Mailer, fide Myth, Ibis, 1870, p. 107. 
Memla sibirica (iV/.), Uyb. Journ. Oni. 1872,' p. 437; Tacz. Journ. 

Om. Ih74, p. OOo. 
Tuvtlulus .sibineu^ (Pall.), Hume, Strati Feath. vi. p. 2-w (1878). 
Turdus, sp. inc., Blahiston <.y Pryer, Ibis, IH7&, p. 211. 

In the #*/«/£ />wfr //J sp*'"**/ primage the general colour of the 
upper parts is dark slate-grey, each leather slightly darker on the 
margin; lores, ear-coverts, and head approaching black; a very 
conspicuous pure-white eye-stripe extending to the nape; innermost 
secondaries dark slate-grey; quills daik brown, the outer webs 
margined with dark slate-grey ; tail daik brown, several of the outside 
feathers tipped with white, the outside feather on each side 
very broadly so. Underparts dark slate-grey, a few feathers in the 
centre of the belly white; under tail-coverts dark slate-grey, tipped 
writh white; axillaries white, with slate-grey tips; lower under 
wing-coverts white, with slate-grey bases; basal portion of the 
secondaries and many of the primaries white; inner margin of 
quills scarcely paler than the rest of under surface. Bill dark 
brown above and below. AYing with the third primary slightly the 
longest, second primary next longest, bastard primary 0-05 to 0*5 
inch. Tail with the outside feathers 0*2 inch shorter than the longest. 
Length of wing 4*0 to 4*4 inches, tail 3*5 to 3*1, culmon 0*03 to 
0-81, tarsus 1-23 to 1-12. 

The female differs from the male in having the upper parts olive-
brown, shading into dull slate-grey on the rump and upper tail-
coverts ; eye-stripe buff, shading into white on the nape; wings and 
wing-coverts russet-brown; underparts white, shading into brown 
on the flanks and into buff on the breast, each feather tipped with 
olive-brown. Males of the year are suffused with brown on the 
head and wings, and have ochraceous tips to the greater and somo 
of the median wing-coverts; the chin and throat are also suffused 
with ochraceous, and the throat and breast are barred. Females of 
the year have no trace of slate-grey on the upper parts, and have 
the greater and median wing-coverts tipped with ochraceous, like 
the male. Young in first plumage are unknown. 

The Siberian Ground-Thrush breeds in the valleys of the Yenesay 
and the Lena, between lat. 07° and 08°, and also near Yokohama 
in Japan. It winters in China, Burma, Sumatra, and Java, and 
has once occurred on the Andaman Islands. 

a. $ ad. sk. Japan. Zoological Society. 
b. Juv. st. Japan. , Zoological Society. 
c. hum. sk. Java. Zoological Society. 
d. J ad. sk. Java. Zoological Society. 
*,/• 6 $ ad, sk. Sumatra (Bock). Capt. Wardlaw-fiamsay. 

1S2 
Tirumn K. 

38. Geociclila litsitsirupa. 
Morula lUwitsirupn, AWM, AV/>. S. Afr. K\p., App. p. 45 (i^\(\). 
Tardus stivpitans, Smith, ///. Zw>/. rt. J/V., J/r.s, pi \xx\ ii. (L839); 
Cray, <1tn> B. I p. ~MO (IM7); Bp. dm*p. i. p. 201) (LS50); 
Straid. \ Selater, Contr. Cm. IS,*>1>, |>. 145; Bayard, B. A', ./l/r. 

p. 1:27 (1*<»D; Chapman, Trap. S. Afr. ii. p. oi)(> (1S(>8) ; Ayrcs, 
Ibit, lMiO, p. I'iKi; <7/v///, /land-/. B. i. p. 1VK1, no, 4)>r>(>i) (18(50). 
TuvihiH crahMin^triw, 7v/V///. Ccrz. sudafr. Th. p. 14(1842). 
Psophorichla btivpitmis {Smith), Cab. Joimi. Oru. 18(10, p. 182. 
Tardus UKiNirupa {Smith), Sharpe, Cat. Afr. H. p. 20 (1871); 

Carney*, Audmsoa's B. Dam. Ld. p. li t (1872); Buckley, Ibis, 
1871, p.:)()'.); Shelley *, Ibis, I<s75, p. 7»>; Sharpe? ed. Bayard's />'. A'. 
J/)\ p. 11KS(IS70);' Barratt, Ibis, 1870, p. 201 j Ai/rcs, Ibis, 1877, 
p.' :U:J. 

Tn the m/u/f w«7c n? sprint/ phnmuje the general colour of tlio 
upper parts is ash-grey, shading into pale ash-grey on the upper 
tail~eo\oiis and into brownish grey on tlio head; the feathers of 
the head and upper back with obscure dark centres ; lores pale buff; 
feathers behind the eye and ear-coverts pale buff, tipped with black; 
quills dark brown, the basal halt" or more of the inner webs palo 
chestnut; wing-coverts and innermost secondaries brown, with 
narrow pale margins ; tail dark brown, with narrow pale tips. 
Underparts nearly white, the feathers on the cheeks, breast, and 
flanks with bold black pear-shaped terminal spots, which diminish 
in size on the belly, and disappear altogether on the chin, throat, 
centre of belly, and under tail-coverts ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts buff. Bill nearly black, pale at the base of the under mandible. 
"Wing with the second, third, and fourth primaries nearly equal and 
longest; bastard primary 0'8 to 0*0 inch. Length of wing 5*3 to 4*9 
inches, tail 2*9-5 to 2*05, culmon!*!,*) to 0*99, tarsus 1*5 to 1*35. 

There appears to be no (inference between the sexes, or between 
summer and winter plumage. Birds of the year are unknown. 
Youny tHjirtitphtmuyehiivQ pale centres and dark terminal bands 
to the feathers of the back, and pale tips to the wing-coverts and 
innermost secondaries. 

The South-African Ground-Thrush is found in South Bcngucla, 
Damara Land, Great Namaqua Land, the Beehuana Country, the 
Orange Free State, the Transvaal, and Natal, hi Damara Land it 
breeds in October, and is said to be only partially migratory. 

a. Ad. st Damara Laud. O. J. Andersson, Esq. [0.]. 
b. Ad. si* Kuruiuan (Layard). 11. II Sliarpe, Esq. 
c. d ad. l"sk. Transvaal ^ii/res). 11. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
d. 6 ad. sk. Elands Jt., Transvaal {F. 0. G. &AV. Gates, E.sqrs. 
Gates). [r."]/ 
e. c? ad. sk. Potchofstroom, Transvaal. E. A. Barratt, Esq. [0.1. 
f. 
$ ad. bk. Elands 11., Transvaal {F. 0. G. & W. Oates, Esurs. 
Oates). [P.]. 
a. $ ad.sk. Transvaal (Ayres). E. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
\L # 2nd. sk. Tati, Matabele Land (F. C. G. & W. Oates, Esqrs. 
Oaten). [P.]. 
Jc-m, 
3 2 ad. Qtjimbinquc, Damara* Land R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
& juv. sk, {Andersson). 


n. g* ad. sk. Capangombe, Anchieta. R. B. Sliarpe, Esq. 
* Misspelt lefsifsirujpa. 
1 . GMOOTUniA. 183 
30. Geociclila simonsis. 
JVtoiuila (Tardus) simensis, Hupp- Xcuc lllrb. Fo't/. p. 81, pi, xtix. 

%. 1 (L835). 
Morula simensis, Riipp. My*?. Uobors. p. 00 (1815). 
Turdus simensis (Ritpp.), Gray, (leu. B. i. p. 210 (JH47); (VJ. J/ks\ 

i/em. i. p. .'$ (1S30); 0ray; lianaf4. B. i. p.*2~y>\. no. 3071 (1800) j 

Blanf. Geol. $ ZooL Abyss, p. o57 (1870). 
Psophocichla simensis (Rupp.), Cab. Journ. Orn. 18(50, p. 182. 
Turdus somiensis {IUpp.)} Ueuyl. Orn. XO.-Afr. i. p. 380 (1809). 

This species is very closely allied to the preceding, and differs 
from it only in having the general colour of the upper parts pale 
brown instead of pale grey, and in having the white of the breast 
and flanks suffused with buff. There is no difference in the wing 
formula; bahtard primary 0*87) to 0*7 inch. Longth of wing 5*4 to 
4*83 inches, tail 2-9 to 2*55, cuhnen 1 • L to 0*02, tarsus 1-5 to 1/35. 

Nothing appears to bo known of the difference in the colour of 
the plumage attributable to sex, ago, or season. 
The Abyssinian Ground-Thrush is conlined to the highlands of 
Abyssinia, where it is a resident. 

a. S ad. sk.
b. Ad. hk.
c. <$ ad. sk.
d. <$ ad. sk.
e. § ad. sk. 
Abyssinia. 
Abyssinia. 
Ankober, Abyssinia (SirW. C. Harris). 
Angollala, Shoa {Sir W.
C Harris). 
Adigrat, Abyssinia, April15, 1808. 
11. B. Sharpe, E^q. 
11. B. Nharpe, E^q.] 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
/ . d ad. sk. Senate, Abyssinia, May23, lt>08. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C], 

40. G-eocicMa terrestris. 
Turdus terrestris, Kiltlitz, Mem. Ac. Sc. St. Tetersb. i. p. 245, pi. xvii. 

(1830). 
Geocichla terrestris {KittJitz), Bj>. Consp. i. p. 2GB (1850). 
M> iothera passerina, Bp. Camp. i. p. 208 (1850). 
Cichlopasser terrestris(Kittlifz),Bp. Compf. Bend.xKxviii. p. 0 (1854). 
Zoothera terrestris (Kittlitz), Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 201. no. 3814 

(I860). 

General colour of the upper parts olive-brown, shading into 
chestnut-brown on the rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail; the inside 
web of each feather much darker, approaching black on the back. 
An obscure pale eye-stripe. "Wings olive-brown, the outside webs 
of the primaries nearly black towards the centre of each feather; 
wing-coverts mottled with dark brown. Chin, throat, and centre 
of belly nearly white, shading into brown on the rest of the underpays, 
with large obscure darker spots on the breast; under tail-
coverts dark brown, with irregular diamond-shaped white tips ; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts brown; basal half of the inner 
webs of the secondaries and of most of the primaries dirty white. 
Bill dark brown. Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate in length 

184 TTJBDIDJ3. 

between tlie sixth and seventh, bastard primary 0*8 inch. Length of 

wing 3"8 inches ; tail 2*6 ; oilmen 0-85; tarsus 1*07. Legs, feet, 

and claws pale. 

Nothing is known of any differences of plumage which may be 

attributed to age, sex, or season. 

Kittlitz's Ground-Thrush is a resident in the Island of Bonin, east 

of Japan. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this species. 

The above description is taken from a specimen in the Ley den 

Museum. 

2. TUEDUS, Linn. T 
Turdus, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 201 (1768) T. viscivorus. 
Arceuthornis, Kaup, Nat. Si/st. p. 93 (1820) T. pilaris. 
Ixocossyplun, Kaup, Nat. Si/st. p 145(1823) T. \ iscivorus. 
PJanesticus, Bonap. Compt. Rend, xxxviii. p. 3 (1834) T jamaicen&is. 
Malacocichla, Gould, P. Z. S. 18o4, p. 285" T. dryas. 
Iliaeus, I)es Murs, Ool. Ornith. p. 203 (1880) T. iliacus. 
Hylocichla (subgenus), Baird, Revieio, p. 12* (1864) . . T. mustelinus. 

The genus Tardus is very closely connected by intermediate links 
with the genus Merula, but as they both comprise a large number 
of species, the majority of which possess well-marked characters, it 
seems advisable to keep them distinct. In all the species of the 
genus Tardus the plumage of the male resembles that of the female, 
and the throat, breast, and flanks are more or less spotted at all ages. 
The bill is moderately stout, about the length of the head, somewhat 
widened at the base, and furnished with rictal bristles. The 
bastard primary rarely extends beyond the primary-coverts ; and 
the wing is generally comparatively flat and pointed. The tail is 
nearly even, and always consists of twelve feathers. 

So far as I have been able to ascertain, the young in first plumage 
of every species in this genus arc spotted on the back and breast; 
and I have never found them with a scutellated tarsus, except in the 
young of one or two species. The spring moult appears to be confined 
to the replacement of a few injured feathers. 

In summer these birds are principally ground-feeders, living upon 
worms and insects ; but in autumn and winter they chiefly frequent 
bushes and trees in search of fruit and berries. Their legs and feet 
are strong and generally pale in colour. 

The spotted plumage of the young is lost on the upper parts at the 
first autumn moult before migration ; but traces of it can generally 
be detected on the wing-coverts of birds of the year. 

This genus is by no means cosmopolitan. Eive species are known 
to breed in the Palajarctic region. Two of these encroach upon the 
Indo-Chinese subregion, which is otherwise unrepresented in this 
genus, as arc also the Indo-Malayan subregion and the entire Australian 
region. The ./Ethiopian region contributes nine species, the 
Paretic region ten, and the Neotropical region twenty-four. 

A comparison of this geographical distribution with that of the 
genus Merula is an additional argument for the advisability of keeping 
the two genera distinct. 

2. TUIlDUtf. 
m 

lu 1/ to tlie tfjH'chH. 

A. 
A considerable number of spots on the underpays, 
especially on the throat, breast, and 
Hanks, one species only liming the spots on 
the Hanks nearly obsolete. (Subgonoric group TUKDI.) 
(NEOTROPICAL SPECIES.) 

a. 
Tail olive-brown. 
a'. Spots on the breast and flanks crescentic 
or bemilun ir. 
a". Second primary shorter than the 
seventh. 
a'". Upper parts olive-brown

(.ETHIOPIAN SPECIES.) 
b"\ Upper parts chocolate-brownb". Second primary eq_u.il to or long n* than 
the iii'tb

V. Spots on the bre ist and flanks fan-shaped. 
(FALJCAU-CTIC SPECIES.) 
c". Axillaries chestnut; eye-stripe w elldetinedd". 
Axillaries rich buff; eye-stripe very 
indistinct. 
c'". Second primary shorter than the 
sixth

 maranonieus, p. 188. 

hewsheri, p. 188. 
oh'vaeeofuscus, p. 189. 

iliacus, p. 189. 

aiiritus, p. 193. 

d'". Second primary longer than the fifth musicus, p. 191. 

e'\ Axillaries pure w hite ; eye-stripe obsolete


(NR ARCTIC SPECIES.) 
/" . Axillaries dull buff, suffused with 
brown j eye-stripe very indistinct. 
e'". Upper parts olive-brown. 
&4. Ground-colour of chin, cheeks, and 
ear-co\eits buffZ>\ Ground-colour of chin, cheeks, and 
ear-co\ erts white/'" . Upper parts rufescent olive-brown..
ff". Axillaries brown, tipped and based 
with white

b. Tail russet-brown. 
cr. Upper parts uniform russet-brown. Spots 
on breast small and paled'. Upper tail-coverts and tail russet-brown; 
rest of upper parts olive-brown. Spots 
on breast large and dark. 

ft". Upper parts rufous olive-browni". Upper parts olive-brown. 

viscivorus, p. 194. 

swainsoni, p. 201. 

(rfieicr, p. 202. 
ttbfalatus, p. 203. 
musfelinus, p. 19G. 

fusceseens, p. 203. 

pattasi, p. 199. 

g"\ Length of wing 4*25 to 3*70 inches . aiiduboni, p. 198. 
/*'". Length of vving 3-85 to 3'30 inches, aonalaschkm, p. 200. 

c. 
Tail black, sometimes suffused with slate-
grey. 
(NEOTROPICAL SPECIES.) 
e\ 
Axillaries olive-brown dtyas, p. 204. 
(FALiEARCTIC SPECIES.) 


f. Axillaries white 
pilaris, p. 205. 
186 
TTTRDIDiE. 

B. 
Spots on the undorparts confined to the chin, 
cheeks, or upper throat. (Subgeneric group PLANESTICI.) 
(NEOTROPICAL SPECIES.) 

d, A conspicuous white patch on the centre of 
the throat, between the spotted chin and 
upper throat and the brown lower throat 
and breast. 


g'. Axillaries pale slate-grey 
k". Back slate-grey jamaicensis, p, 20S. 
I", Back chocolate-brown phaopygus, p. 208. 

h'. Axillaries varying from buff to chestnut. 
m". Flanks chestnut-brown albicolUs, p. 200. 
n". Flanks olive or neutral brown. 

i'". Longest upper tail-coverts and tail 
suihised with slate-grey, in strong 
contrast to the russet-brown back.. crotopezus, p. 210. 

k'". Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
yellowish olive-brown tristis, p. 211. 

V". Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
dark slate-grey, with a slight trace 
of olive leucauchen, p. 212. 

e. 
No conspicuous white patch across the throat. 
i'. Legs and feet dark brown. 
o". No chestnut on flanks. 
m'". General colour of underparts neutral 
brown. 
a4. Bill yellow. 
a\ A small space behind the eye 
bare of feathers gyninopMhahnusjp.212. 
b5. No bare space behind the eye .. leucomelas, p. 218. 
bK Bill black. 
c3. Nape same colour as back; axillaries 
slightly tinted with chestnut. 


a6. Centre of belly and under tail-
coverts white ignobilis, p. 214. 
bQ. Belly and under tail-coverts 
brown pkbeius, p. 215. 
d5. Nape greyer than back; axillaries 
rich orange-chestnut.... albiventer, p. 215. 
ri". General colour of underparts russet-
brown or buff. 
c4. Upper parts russet-brown or chocolate-
brown. 

e5. Upper parts ochraceous brown. 
Centre of belly and tips of under 
tail-coverts nearly white, contrasting 
with the ochraceous 
lower parts and bases of under 


tail-coverts 
fumigaius, p. 210. 

f\ 
Upper parts dark chestnut-
brown. Centre of belly and 
tips of under tail-coverts nearly 
white, contrasting with the dull 
russet-brown flanks and bases 
of under tail-coverts haturiveUi, p. 217. 

2. TURntTS. 187 
if. Upper parts very dark russet-
brown. Centre of belly and 
under tail-coverts pure white 
(the latter with concealed brown 
buses), contrasting with the 
russet-brown Hanks obsofefw, p . 218. 

A'. Upper parts dark rus^et-brown. 
Belly and undei* tail-coverts 
whitish, with dark shaft-linos to 
each feather, a character more 
or IONS traceable on the whole of 
the underparfcs Higriroxtm, p. 218. 

P, Upper parts pale rnsset-brown. 
ihvast, Hanks, belly, and under 
ln.il-coverts nearly uniform pale 
bullish brown vfrsitn, p. 220. 

d\ Upper parts olive-brown O^Uh V-*^^


(NEAIICTIO SPECIES.) 

el. Upper parts greyish brown cofifim's, p. 222. 
p". Flanks and belly chestnut. 
(/". Breast chestuut migratoriu^, p. 220. 

(NEOTTIOPTCAL SPECIES. ) 

p'". Breast pale brown ntfiventer, p. 222. 
h\ Legs and feet orange or yellow. 

q". Head much darker than back. 
q'". Hump russet-brown falltfmulims, p. 224. 
r"1. Hump dull slate-grey mayellanicus, p. 223. 

r". Head nearly the same colour as the 
back. 
sf". Nape and rump slate-grey; mantle 
ochraceous brown Jktvirostris, p. 22-j. 
t'". Upper parts nearly uniform in colour. 
fl. Under tail-co^v ertswithconspicuous 
white shaft-streaks. 
A*3. Flanks and belly brown ohiyuanco^ p. 225. 

(iETIITOPIAN SPECIES.) 

I5. Belly and Hanks orange-chestnut. 
c8. tapper parts palish slate-grey. teplironotm, p. 220. 
dQ. Upper parts dull olive-brown. 

a1. Ground-colour of chin and 
throat nearly white olivaceus, p. 227. 
b7. Ground-colour of chin and 
throat greyish brown ... . afa/ssiniem, p. 228. 
m\ Belly orange-chestnut; Hanks 
% 
brown cahanisi, p. 228. 

g. Under tail-coverts nearly white. 
n'. Upper parts dusky slate-grey; 
sides of throat with nearly black 
streaks Vibomjanus, p. 229. 

o5. Upper parts dull olive-brown; 
sides of throat with slightly 
obscure brown streaks. 


«?6. Flanks bullish chestnut patios, p. 230. 
f6. Flanks brown elrigimncoide^ p. 231. 

188 
XT7RDID.23. 

1. Turdus maranoEicus. 
Turdus sp.P, Tacz. P. Z S. 1870, p. 221. 
Turdus maranonicus; Tacz. P. Z. X. 1880, p. 189, pi. xx. 
General colour of the upper parts olive-brown, each feather 
having an obscure dark margin (which may be the remains of immaturity") 
; median wing-coverts with pale tips of huffish brown (also 
a sign of immaturity); lores and "car-coverts showing pale centres. 
Ground-colour of the undcrparts pure white, slightly suffused with 
buff on tho throat and under wing-coverts; axillaries, centre of 
belly, and under tail-coverts purs white, the remainder of the 
feathers of the underparts with dark-brown terminal spots, which 
are fan-shaped on the chin and throat and halfmoon-shaped on the 
breast and flanks ; inner margin of quills huff. Bill daik brown. 
"Wings with the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, 
second primary intermediate in length between the seventh and 
eighth, bastard primary 1-1 to 1-0 inch. Legs, feet,^and claws 
brown. Length of wing 4*55 to 4*5 inches, tail 3*75 to 3*(32, 
culraeu 0-9 to 0-88, tarsus 1*2. 
It is not known that any difference of plumage is attributable to 
sex or season. The bird described above is probably a male of the 
year. Young in first plumage are slightly more rufous in the 
colour of the upper parts, and each feather has a buff shaft-line and 
a dark-brown margin; the wing-coverts have fan-shaped terminal 
buff spots. 
The Peruvian Thrush has only been obtained in the valley of 
the Uaranon, in Northern Peru, where it is supposed to be a 
resident. 
The British Museum does not possess an example of this species. 
The only skins known to exist are in the "Warsaw Museum, from 
which the above descriptions are taken. 

2. Turdus bewsheri. 
Turdus 
bewsheri, B. Newton, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 299, pi. xxxiv.; 
Shelley, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 677. 

In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is chocolate-brown, somewhat darker on the head and 
the inner webs of the quills and tail-feathers; lores brown; ear-
coverts brown, with pale shafts; traces of a pale buffish eye-stripe 
above the lores. Breast and flanks brown, shading into nearly 
white on tho chin, throat, and centre of belly; on the throat are a 
few indistinct brown streaks ; and many of the feathers on the lower 
breast and flanks have white centres; under tail-coverts brown, 
with white or buff centres running out to the tips ; axillarics 
brown, margined with white on the outside webs; under wing


* coverts chestnut; inner margin of quills scarcely paler than the rest 
of the under surface. Bill dark brown above, somewhat paler below. 
Wings with the fifth primary slightly the longest, second primary 
about equal to the eighth, bastard primary 1*2 inch. Legs, feet, 
and claws brown. Length of wing 4-3 to 4*05 inches, tail 3-16 to 
3*12, culmen 0*95 to 0*92, tarsus 1-6 to 1*52. 
2 . IT/EDITS. 189 
The female scarcely differs from the male. Birds of the year and 
young in first plumage are -unknown. 

The Anjuan Thrush has only been obtained on the island of 
Johanna, one of the Comoro group lying between Madagascar and 
Zanzibar. It is not supposed to be migratory. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this species; 
but skins are in the collections of Professor ]Nrewton, Capt. Shelley, 
the Bremen Museum, and my own collection. 

3. Turdus olivaceofuscus. 
Turdus olivaceofuscus, Hartl. Abth. Geb. Nat. Hamb. ii. pt. 2, p. 49, 
pi. iii. (1852) ; Hartl. Journ. Orn. 1854, p. 23 ; Millie?*, Journ. Orn. 
1855, p. 389; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 75 (1857). 

General colour of the upper parts, including the ear-coverts, an 
almost uniform olive-brown, slightly darker and more russet on the 
head and lores. The underparts are pale olive-brown, the feathers 
of the chin and upper throat having brown terminal fan-shaped 
streaks, and each feather on the rest of the underparts having a 
terminal brown bar and a subterminal pale greyish-white band; 
the brown terminal bars become almost confluent on the breast and 
Hanks; axillaries and under wing-coverts dull orange-chestnut; 
inner margin of quills pale orange-brown. Bill dark brown, paler 
at the bate of the under mandible. "Wings with the third and 
fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate 
in length between the fourth and fifth, bastard primary 
0-9 inch, legs, feet, and claws brown. Length of wing 4*95 
inches, tail 3*75, culmen 1*18, tarsus 1*55. 

Xothing is known of the differences which may be caused by age, 
sex, or season. 

The St.-Thomas Thrush is only known from the island in the 
Gulf of Guinea whose name it bears, and where it is supposed to be 
a resident. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this species. 
The above description is taken from the type in the Hamburg 
Museum. 

4. Turdus iliacus. 
Le Mauvis, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 208 (1760) ; Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. 
p. 309 (1775) ; Baubent. PI. Enl no. 51 (1775). 
Turdus iliacus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 292 (1?66) j Scop. Ann. i. p. 134 
(1769); Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 285 (1787) ; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 

i. p. 808 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 329 (1790) * Beehst. Naturg. 
Deutsehl. iv. p. 209 (1795); id. Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 146 (1802); 
Wolf, Taschenb. i. p. 196 (1810) ; Temm. Man. d"Om. p. 89 
(1815); Koch, Syst. hater. Zool. i. p. 175 (1810); Temm. Man. 
$ Orn. i. p. 165 (1820); Nawn. Vog. Deutsehl. ii. p. 276 (1822); 
Brehm, Vog. Detdschl p. 385 (1831); Menetr. Cat. JRais. Cauc. 
p. 29 (1832); Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 78 (1837); Keys, u. Bias. 
Wirb. ift/r.pp. 1, 176 (1840) ; Nordm. JDimid. Voy. Russ. mSrid. iii. 
p. 120 (1840); Werner, Atlas, Insectiv. pi. 14 (1842) ; Gray, Gen. 
B. i. p. 218 (1847); JBjp. Consp. i. p. 270 (1850); Cab. Mus. Hem, 
190 TTJEDIJDJE. 

i. p. 2 (1850); Middend. Reis. Silir. Zool. ii. pt. 2, p. 109 (1853) ; 
Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 25 (1854): Schl. Vog. Nederl. p. 212 
(1854); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. p. 51 (1856) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. 
Mich. Orn. p. 211 (1850) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 84 (1800) ; 
Neiot. List B. Ear. Blasius, p. 9 (1802) ; Jerdon, B. Ind. i. p. 532 
(1802) j Neuton, Baring-GoduVs Iceland, p. 408 (1863); Radde, 
JReis. Sibir. Vog. p. 234 (1803); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. ii. pi. xxxiv 
(1804); Deal, et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 421 (18C7); Loche, 
JSxpl Set. Alger., Ois. p. 189 (1807); Boderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 109 
(1809) ; Droste, Vogehv. Borkum, p. 93 (1809) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. 
i. p. 254. no. 3G7S (1809); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 142 (1870) ; 
Salvad. Faun. ltd. Ucc. p. 82 (1871) ; Newt. ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. 
p. 208 (1872) ; Sharps § Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xiii. (1872) • 
Ilarting, Handb. Br. B. p. 11 (1872); Severiz. Turkest. Jevotn. 
p. 05 (1873) ; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 74 (1875); Dresser, Ibis, 1875, 
p. 335; Blanf. East. Pen. ii. p. 157 (1870); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. 
France, i. p. 148 (1876); Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 79 (1879). 
Turdus mauvis, Midi. Syst. Nat Suppl. p. 141 (1770). 
Redwing, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 22 (1783). 
Turdus illas, Pallas, Zoogr. Basso-Asiat, i. p. 450 (1811). 
Sylvia iliaca (Linn.), Savi, Orn. Tosc. I. p. 215 (1827). 
Turdus betularum, Brehm, Vog. Deidschl. p. 380 (1831). 
Turdus vmetorum, Brehm, loc. cit. (1831). 
Merula iliaca (Linn.), Selby, Brit. Orn. i. p. 165 (1833). 
Turdus gracilis, Brehm, Karnn. 1855, p. 281. 
Iliacus illas (Pall.), Bes Murs, Traite £061. p. 293 (1860). 
Iliacus minor, Bes Mtirs, loc. cit. (1800). 


In the adult male in autumn plumage the general colour of the 
tipper parts is olive-brown, darker and slightly suffused with russet 
on the forehead and crown; lores nearly black ; ear-coverts darkish 
olive-brown, each feather slightly paler in the centre; eye-stripe 
huffish white, very conspicuous, and extending to the nape; wings 
and wing-coverts brown, the outside web of each feather more or 
less broadly margined with olive-brown ; greater wing-coverts 
obscurely margined with chestnut-brown, and with ill-defined pale 
tips; tail olive-brown, the outside feathers with obscure pale 
margins to the inner webs. General colour of the underparts very 
pale buff, shading into white (or white slightly suffused with 
chestnut) on the belly and into rich chestnut on the flanks; the 
chin, the centre of the lower throat, and the centre of tho belly are 
unspotted; the cheeks, the upper part of the upper breast, and the 
lower part of the lower throat and the upper flanks have clearly-
defined, very dark brown, fan-shaped terminal spots on each feather, 
which are paler and obscurely defined on the feathers of the breast 
and lower Hanks; under tail-coverts white, the basal half of each 
feather margined with brown; asillaries and under wing-coverts 
rich chestnut. Eill dark brown, shading into brownish yellow on 

the basal half of the under mandible. Wing with the third and 
fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate 
in length between the fourth and fifth, bastard primary 
0*56* to 0-35 inch. Legs, feet, and claws yellowish brown. Length 
of wing 4-85 to 4*45 inches, tail 3*5 to 3-0, culmen 0-86 to 0-78, 
tarsus 1*25 to 1*15. 

In spring the slight chestnut shade on the greater wing-coverts 

2 . TU1WTW. 191 
has faded away, and the paler tips have been cast or ahradod, the 
spots on the breast have attained more definition, from the name 
cause, and tho general colour of the undcrparts has become purer 
white. Birds of the y< ar have the pale tips to tho greater wing-
coverts more pronounced, and clearly-defined white tips to tho 
innermost secondaries. Young in first plumage have also palo 
shaft-lines and dark-brown terminal bars to the feathers of the back 
and scapulars, all the wing-coverts have pale tips, and the spots on 
the under/parts are larger and extend further onto tho belly. 

The liedwing, or Eed-winged Thrush, breeds in the birch region 
and in the upper zone of the pine region from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific, though it appears to become very rare east of tho valley of 
the Yenesay, where it is found as far north as lat. 71°, beyond the 
limit of forest-growth. It has occurred in Greenland, but winters 
in the British Isles and "Western and (Southern Europe, occasionally 
crossing the Mediterranean into Algeria, and wintering also in small 
numbers in Persia, Turkestan, and North-west India. 

a. Ad. sk. 
b. Albino sk. 
c. d. Ad. sk. 
Devonshire. 
De^v onsliire. 
Avington, Hampshire; November 
1872. 
Col, Montagu [P.l 
Col. Montaou [P.]. 
E. Shelley/Esq. [P.]. 
e,f. Imm. sk. Avington, Hampshire, November 
1873. 
E.B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
g. <$ ad. sk. Oookham, Berks. Feb. 28. 
1874, 
E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
h. Ad. sk. 
i. $ ad. sk. 
k. Imm. sk. 
l,m. Ad.; n. 
Imm. st. 
Oookham, Berks. 
Surrey, January 1857. 
Iffley, Oxford, Oct. 31,1877. 
Cambridgeshire. 
Mr.W. Briggs[R]. 
E. Godinan and 0. 
Sab in, Esqrs. [P.]. 
J. Mallam, Esq. [P.]. 
Mr. J. Baker [0.]. 
o. Ad. sk. 
p. $ ad. sk. 
q. $ ad. sk. 
r. $ imm. sk. 
s. J ad. sk. 
t. Ad. sk. 
u. $ ad. sk. 
v, w. Sternum. 
x. Skeleton. 
Leyden, Holland, 
Heligoland, October 1878 
(L. Gatlce). 
Timor, S. Norway, June 27, 
1866 (J. Baker). 
S. Sweden, Oct. 20,1873. 
Skfme, April 3, 1874 (J". 
Meves). 
Archangel (Craenzers). 
Yenesay (lat. 6G£°), June 
19, 1877. 
P. B. Sharpe ] 
II. Seebohm,"" 
ie,
,, Esq 
EsqEsq.
.. [P. 
[P.[P.l 
a,Esq.tPi 
F. Godman and 0. 
Sab in, Esqrs. [P.]. 
J. Meves, Esq. [0.1 
E.B.Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
11. Seebohm, 
II. Seebohm, 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 
,ESq.[P.j 

5. Turdns musicus. 
La petite Grive, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 205 (1760). 
La Grive, Month. Hist. Nat Ois. iii. p. 280 (1775). 
La Litorne, Daubent PI Enl. no. 400 (1775). 
La Oalandrotte, Daubent PI. Enl. no. 490 (1775). 
Turdus musieus, Linn. iSi/st Nat i. p. 292 (17GG); Scop. Ann. i. 


p. 133 (1769); lath. Gen. Syn. SuppL i. p. 285 (1787) ; Gmel 
Sgst Nat i. p. 809 (1788); Lath. Lnd Orn. i. p. 327 (1790); 
Bechst Naturg. DeuUchl. iv. p. 201 (1795); id. Orn. Taschenb. 
192 TUED1DJ2. 

u«u . x.. pi. 78 (1837); Keys ^^ ,-,(rt-,- -rrr • ,,.,-2VW. 
I) W n>y. Jfew. wMW. iii. p. 1^.(1840); TTWr, ^tf«*, 
i/wertf* pi. 18 (1842); Degl. Orn. Eur. i p. 405 (1849) ; Gray, 
Gen. B. if p. 218 (18 47); i>>. Com?. I p. 270 (1650); G«5. ifcto. 
//mi. i. p. 2 (1850); Middend. Rets. Sibir. ZooL n. pt. 2, p. 169 
(1853); XNM. JVo/Htf/w/. AD. p. 25 (1851); 6bM. Fo?. if*fc/-7. 

p. 211 (185t); Sunder. So. For/l. p. 50 (185G) ; «7««5. e£ Barth.-
Lapnnm. Rich. Orn. p. 205 (1859) ; Linderm. Tog. GnecheuL 
p. 85 (1800); AW. List B. Eur. Blasim, p. 9 (18G2) ; 2&Kfcfe, 
itoV». Sibir. Fog. p. 234 (1803); 6Wtf, 5. tf*. ^'«f. ii. pi- xxxii. 
(1800); Beqlet Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 422 (1807) ; Loehe, JExpl 
Sou Alqer.,' Oh. p. 18(5 (1807); Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 253. 
no. 307*7 (1809); Doderl. Avif. Sicil p. 107 (1869); Droste, 
Vogelw. Borkum, p. 93 (1809); Fleugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 381 
(1809); Fritsch, Vdg. Eur. p. 139 (1870); Salvad. Faun. Italy 
Ucc. p. 79 (1871); Sharpe $ Dresser, B. Eur. pt. v. (1871;; 
Keiot. ed. Tarr. Br. B. i. p. 264 (1872); FFarting, Ilandb. Br. B. 

p. 11 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 6(5 (1872); Frby, B. Gibr. 
p. 73 (1875); Blanf. East. Fers. ii. p. 156 (1876); Taos. Bull Sac. 
ZooL France, i. p. 148 (1870) ; Bogd. B. Cam. p. 78 (1879). 

Throstle, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. 1, p. 18 (1783). 

Turdus iliacus, Linn., apud Bodd. Table PI. Enl. p. 24 (1783). 

Turdus pilaris, Linn., apud Bodd. Table Fl Enl p. 29 (1783). 

Sylvia niu&ica (Ltnn.), Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 211 (1827). 

Turdus minor, Brehm, Fog. Deutschl p. 382 (1831). 

Turdus pliilomelos, Brehm, he. cit. (1831). 

Merula musica (Linn.), Selby, Brit. Orn. i. p. 162 (1833); Milpp. 

Syst. Uebers. p. 00 (1845). 

Iliacus musicus (Linn.), Des Mars, Traite d*Ool. p. 292 (1860). 

In the adult male in autumn plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is olive-brown; lores huffish hrown; ear-coverts buff, 
with black tips; eye-stripe huffish white, very indistinct, and soon 
losing itself behind the eye ; wings brown, with pale ochraceous 
brown margins to the outer webs; median wing-coverts conspicuously 
tipped with rich buff, greater w ing-coverts more obscurely so; 
primary wing-coverts with dark tips; tail brown. Chin huffish 
white* breast and flanks huffish yellow, shading into pure white on 
the centre of the belly; the feathers of the cheeks, throat, breast, 
and. flanks with black fan-shaped terminal spots, which are generally 
entirely obsolete on the chin and centre of belly; under tail-coverts 
w7hite, with the basal half of the margin brown • asillaries rich buff, 
greyer at the base; under wing-coverts rich buff; inner margin of 
quills pale brownish buff. Bill dark brown, yellowish at the base 
of the under mandible. Wings with the third and fourth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary between the fourth and 
fifth, bastard primary 0*6 to 0-5 inch. Legs and feet yellowish 
brown, claws darker. Length of wing 4-55 to 4*25 inches tail 
3-3 to 2-7, culmen 0-88 to 0*8, tarsus 1-35 to 1*3. 

The female is scarcely to be distinguished from the male. The 
abrasion which takes place during winter and spring causes the 
upper parts to be slightly greyer, much of the yellowish buff on the 

2 . TTJEDXTS. 
193 
breast and flanks disappears, and the spots on the underparts become 
smaller. Birds of the year arc slightly more ochraccous than adults* 
The young in first plumage are yellower above and below, and most of 
the feathers of the upper parts have pale contres and nearly black tips. 

The breeding-range of the Song-Thrush extends across the Palsoarctic 
Region from the Atlantic as far as the valley of the Yanesay, 
being, however, much commoner in the west than in the east. In 
Norway it is found north of the Arctic Circle ; but eastwards it has 
rarely been met with north of lat. (30°. In Southern Europe it 
breeds very sparingly, and only at high elevations. In many parts 
of England it is a resident bird or only a partial migrant; but 
it migrates in immense numbers to winter in South Europe and 
North Africa as far south as Nubia. The Siberian birds apparently 
winter in South Persia. 

a. Ad. sk. England. 
J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
I. Ad. ak. Devonshire. Col. Montagu [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Avington; Hants, Nov. 25, E. Shelley, Esq, [P.]. 
1872. 
d, e. Juv. sk. Avington, Hants, May 12, R.B.Sharpe,Esq.[P.]. 
1872. 
/ . $ ad. sk. Cookham, July 25, 1874. R.B.Sharpe,Esq. [P.], 
V- Ad. sk. Cookham, Dec. 28, 1874. R.B.Sharpe,Esq.[P.]. 

h. 
J ad. sk. Park Hatch, Godalming, F. Go dm an and 0. 
Jan. 1857. Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
i, k. Ad. sk. Epping Forest. Henrv Doubleday, Esq, 
[P:]. 
Z, m. Ad. j n} Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [C.]. 

o. Juv. st. 
p. Ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. J. Clark, Esq. JT.1 
(Partial albino.) 
q, r, s. Ad. sk. Morocco (Olcese). R.B.Sharpe,Esq. [P.], 
t Ad. sk. Tunis, Feb. 1857 (0. &). F. Godman and 0. 

Salvin, Esqrs. [P.J. 
(Partial albino.) 

u. 
9 ad. sk. Oudena, Tunis, Feb. 18, F. Godman and 0. 
1857 (O. S.). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
v, $ 
ad. sk. Acarnania, Greece, Dec. F. Godman and 0. 
13, 1868 (Dr. Krupei'). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

w. d" ad. sk. Jordan valley. Canon Tristram [C/. 
x. $ ad. sk. Forest of Bashan. ^ Canon Tristram [0.1. 
y. S ad. sk. Oak forest near Shiraz. Col. St. John [C7\. 
s. 
9 ad. sk. Reshdt, on Caspian Sea, W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
Nov. 1869. [C.]. 
a\ $ 
ad. sk. Scharkalskaja, Obb River, Dr. 0. Finsch [C.]. 
Sept. 17,1876. 

V. Sternum. 
Purchased. 
o'. $ , d'. $, e', Juv. Wiirtemberg. Dr. A. Giinther. 
skulls. 


6. Ttir&us auritus. 
Turdus auritus, Verr. N. Arch. Mus. Bidl. vi. p. 34 (1870) ; id. 
op. cit. vii. p. 31 (1871) ; id. op. cit. ix. pi. v. (1873); Prjev. 
JRowIet/s Orn. Misc. ii. p. 190 (1877); David et Oust. Ois. Chine, 

p. 157\l877). 
Turdus musicus, Linn, apud Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 306. 
VOL. v. ° 


TUBDID2E. 

This Thrush is nearly allied to the preceding, but is perfectly 
distinct from it-, differing both in size, colour, and wing-formula. 
The upper parts are of a richer olive-brown; the spots on the 
greater and median wing-coverts are much more conspicuous, the 
terminal spot being nearly pure white, and the subterminal band 
nearly black; the ear-coverts and the feathers of the cheeks 
have very couhpicnous black terminal bands, which form a crescent 
on each "bide of the neck. The spots on the underparts are also 
larger, broader, and darker in colour ; and the axillaries and under 
wing-coverts are of a darker buff. The most important difference 
is, however, to be found in the wing-formula, the third, fourth, 
and iifth primaries being nearly eqnal arid longest, whilst the 
second primary it> very little longer than the seventh. This species 
is slightly larger than the preceding. Length of wing 4*7 inches, 
tail 3*8, culmen 0*9, tarsus 1*37, bastard primary 0*9. 

The female does not differ front the male. Birds of the year and 
young \n first plumage appear to be unknown. After the autumn 
moult the general colour of the upper parts is slightly more ochraceous. 


Pore David's Thrush appears to be a resident in Northern and 
"Western China. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this species; 
but I have examined specimens in the museums of Paris and St. 
Petersburg. 

7. Turdxis viscivorus. 
La grosse Grive, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 200 (17C0). 
Turdus viscivorus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 291 (1766) ; Scop. Ami. i. 

p. 132 (1769); Lath. Gen. Si/n. Suppl l. p. 285 (1787) ; Gmel Syst. 
Nat. i. p. 806 (1788) ; Lath. Lnd. Orn. i. p. 326 (1790); Bechst 
Naturg. Deutschl. iv. p. 181 (1795) ; id. Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 143 
(1802); Wolf Taschenb. i. p. 191 (1810); Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-
Asiat. i. p. 454 (1811) ; Temm. Man. dOrn. p. 86 (1815); Koch, 
Syst. hater. Zool. i. p. 174 (1816); Temm. Man. d?Om. i. p. 1(51 
(1820); Naum. Voy. Deutschl. ii. p. 248 (1822); Menetr. Cat. Mais. 
Cauc. p. 29 (1832); Gould, B.Eur, ii. pi. 77 (1837); Keys. u. 
Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. Ii, 177 (1840); Nordm. Demid. Voy. Buss. 
mSrirl iii. p. 125 (1840) ; Werner, Atlas, Lnsectiv. pi. 11 (1842) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 218 (1847) ; Deql. Orn. Eur. i. p. 467 (1849); 
Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 160 (1849); Dp. Consp. i. p. 269 
(1850); Cab. Mm. Bein. i. p. 2 (1850); Lioht. Nomenel Av. p. 25 
(1854); Schl. Voy. Nederl p. 208 (1854); Ilorsf. $ Moore, Cat 

B. Mus. E.L Co. i. p. 194 (1854); Sundev. Sv. Fogl. p. 49 (1856); 
Jaiib. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 204 (1859) ; Linderm. Voy. 
Griechenl. p. 86 (1800) ; Newt. List B. Eur. Blasius, p. 9 (1862) ; 
Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 418 (1867); Loche, Expl Set. 
Alger., Ois. i. p. 183 (1867); Gould, B. Gt. Br. ii. pi. xxxiii. (1869) ; 
Lleugl. Orn. NO.~Afr. i. p. 379 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l B. "i. 
p. 253. no. 3667 (1869); Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 106 (1869) ; Droste, 
Vogelw. Borhum, p. 93 (1809) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 135 (1870) ; 
Sahad. Faun. Ltal. Ucc. p. 78 (1871) ; Sharpe fy Dresser, B. Eur. 
pt. vi. (1871) ; Neioton, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 258 (1872); Liarting, 
Eandb. Br. B. p. 11 (1872) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. %b (1872); 
2. ITJBDITS. 
Severtz. Tnrhest. Jevotn. p. 05 (1873); Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p, 3.34; 
Irby, B. Gibr. p. 73 (1875;; Btanford, Hast. Bets, ii. p. 157 (187(3); 
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zoo?. France, i. p.* 140 (1870) j BogcL B. Cane. p. 78 
(1879). 

La Biaine, Month. Hist. Kat. Ois. iii. p. 205 (1775). 
La Dronne, Daubent PL Enl no. 480 (1775). 
Missel Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. lj p. 10 (178-3). 
Sylvia viscivora (Linn.), JSttvi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 208 (1827). 
Lvoco^sypliiis viscivorns (Linn), Kemp, Kuthrl Si/st. p. 145 (1829). 
Turdus major, Bre7tm, Tog. DeutscM. p. 070 (1831). 
Turdus arboreus; Brehm, op. vit. p. 380 (1831). 
Merula viscivora {Linn.), tielby, Brit. Orn. i. p. 158 (1833); Hupp. 


Si/st Uebers. p. 00 (1845), 
Turdus hodgsoni, Ilomeyer, Rhea, ii. p. 150 (1840); Bp. Consp. i. 
"p. 200 (1850); Gray, ILamU. B, i. p. 253. no. 3068 (1800); Hume, 
Nests and Eggs Lid. B. p. 230 (1873). 
Turdus bonapaitei, Cab. Joiun. Orn. 1800, p. 183. 

In the adult male in autumn plumage the general colour of the 
upper pails is greyish brown, the feathers of the rump edged with 
ochraceous; lores and the feathers behind the eye greyish white; 
ear-coverts yellowish white, tipped with daik brown; no trace of 
eye-stripe ; wings brown with pale edges, ochraceous on the outside 
edges of the secondaries ; median wing-coverts with conspicuous 
greyish-white tips ; greater wing-coverts and innermost secondaries 
with obscure pale tips ; tail brown, the outside feathers very conspicuously 
tipped with white, especially on the inner webs; two or 
three other tail-feathers on each side less conspicuously tipped with 
nearly white. Underparts pale buff, darkest on the breast and 
flanks, each feather having a black terminal fan-shaped spot, cx~ 
cept the under tail-coverts, which are margined with dark brown on 
the basal half; the spots are also almost obsolete on the chin and 
the centre of the belly; asillaries and under wing-coveits pure 
white; inner margins of quills nearly white. Bill dark brown, 
yellowish at the base of the under mandible. "Wings with the third 
and fourth primaries nearly equal and slightly the longest, second, 

primary equal to the fifth, bastard primary 1*05 to 0*7 inch. Legs 
and feet yellowish brown, claws darker brown. Tail with the outside 
feathers 0*35 inch shorter than the longest. Length of wing 0*55 
to 5*4 inches, tail 4*75 to 3*9, culmen 1*1 to 0*88, tarsus 1*4 to 1*24; 

The female is scarcely to be distinguished from the male, but is 
slightly* paler above and below. The effects of the abrasions which 
take place during winter and 'spring are somewhat more conspicuous 
than usual in this species. The upper parts become greyer 
and paler; most of the buff and ochraceous tints on the rump, 
secondaries, and underparts fade away, and the spots on the underparts 
become smaller. Birds of Hie year are slightly more ochraceous 
than adults. The young in first plumage are yellower above 
and below, and most of the feathers of the upper parts have pale 
centres and black tips. 

The Missel-Thrush breeds in Central Europe, extending on the 
west coast as far north as the Arctic Circle. Eastwards it ranges 
through Turkestan, the North-west Himalayas, and Lake Bacial. 

o 2 
lflfi 
TUUDIDiE. 

In Hnfflmid and some other mild climates it is resident; but by far 
the ltirgesfc number migrate to Southern Europe and North Africa 
to winter. In South Europe a few occasionally remain to breed. 
The Siberian birds apparently winter in South Persia. 

a. Ad. sk. England. X Gould, Esq. 
b. Ad. sk. Devonshire. Col. Montagu [P.]. 
<•. J ad. ,sk. Aviu^on, Hants, May 12, R B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
1S77. 
d, e. S juv. sk. A vino-ton, Hants, May E. Shelley, Esq. [P.]. 
1870. 

f. q. P ad. sk. Avino'ton, Hants, Nov. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
* ' 1873. 
k Ad. sk. Cookham, Dec. 28, 1874. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
«, /». 6 $ ad. sk. Park Hatch, Godalming, E. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Eeb. 18-57 {F. G.). Esqrs. [P.]. 
/. <$ ad. sk. Kingsbury, Middlesex, J. E. Harting, Esq. [P.]. 
Jan. 1801. 
m, n. Ad.; o, p. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [C.]. 
Juv. sk. 

q. $ ad. sk. Ross-shire, May 11,1874. R. B. Sharpe, Esq, [P.]. 
r. 
Ad. st. England. Zoological Society. (Partial 
melani&m.) 
s. 
$ ad. sk. Weregra, Tunis,March29, F. Godman and O.Salvin, 
1857 (0. &). Esqrs. [P.]. 
f. Imin. sk. Caspian, June 1841. Purchased. 
w. 
<S ad. sk. Dschasil Kul, Ala Tau, Dr. 0. Finseh [0.]. 
Turkestan, 5000 feet. 
v,w. Juv., .r. Ad.sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Phrwill 
[p.]. 

y. Ad. sk. Near Almorah. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
s, a\ V. Ad. sk. Kumaon (Strachey). India Museum. 
c'. Juv. sk. Nepal. B.H.Hodgson,Esq. [P.]. 
d', e',f. Ad. sk. Himalayas. India Museum. 
</'. Ad. sk. Himalayas (Pax). India Museum. 
h'. Skeleton. Purchased. 
?'. J skull. Wiirtemberg. Dr. A. Giinther. 
h'. Sternum. Purchased. 


8. Turdizs musteliuus. 
Tawny Thrush, Lath. 
Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 28 (1783, ex Pennant). 

Tardus mustelinus, Gmel Syst Nat l. p. 817 (1788, ex Penn. etLath.) * 
Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 331 (1790) ,• VieilL Ois. Amir, sept ii p (/ 
pi. lxii. (1807); VieilL N. Diet d'lfist Nat xx. p. 241 (1818V 
Audub. Orn. Piogr. i. p. 372 (1831); Pp. Comp. List P. Pur £* 

N. Amer. p. 17(1838); D'Orb., LaSagrd* Cuba, Ois. p. 49 (1838)-
Gosse, P. Jamaica, p. 144 (1847) ; Gray, Gen. P. i. p. 219 (1847) • 
Pp. Consp. I p. 270 (1850),- Cab. Mus. Hein, L p. 5 (1850) I Pair d 
Cass. Sf Lawr. P. N. Amer. p. 212 (1858); Sclater, P. Z. $. 1859! 
p. 3G2 j id. Cat Amer. P. p. 2 (1802); Paird. Review, p. 13 (18G4); 
Gray, Hand-l. P. i. p. 254. no. 3G79 (1869) ; Coues, KeyN Amer 
P. j. p (1872); Paird, Prewer, 8f Pidgw. Hist N. Amer. P.LV
(18/4); Salv. $ Godm. Biol Centr.-Amer. ZooLAves, i. p. 9 (1879) 
Turdus melodes, i?arfc\ Trav. p. 290 fos (1791). 

2 . TURDUS. 197 
Tardus melodus (Bartr.), Wilson, Artier. Orn. i. p. 29, pi. ii. fig. 1 

(180S). 
Turdus meloclius (Bartr.), Bp, Journ. Phil Acad. iv. p. 33 (1824). 
Manila mustelinus (Gmel), Benny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 38. 
Turdus densus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 2 (1854). 
Turdus (Hylociclila) mustelinus (Gmel), Cones, Birds Colorado Vail 

p. 28 (1878). 
In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is russet-brown, shading into orange-chestnut on the head 
and into olive on the rump and upper tail-coverts; lores grey ; ear-
coverts brown, with pale centres ; no trace of eye-stripe; wings 
and wing-covcrts brown, the outside webs of the feathers russet-
brown ; tail olive-brown, the tips of the feathers narrowly margined 
with white. Underparts white, with a slight shade of buff on 
the lower throat, each feather (except on the chin, centre of upper 
throat, centre of belly, and under tail-coverts) having a conspicuous 
very dark-brown fan-shaped terminal spot, paler and obscurely defined 
on the lower flanks; axillaries white, with brown centres ; 
under wing-coverts white with brown bases; inner margins of 
quills pale brown. Bill reddish brown, paler at the base of the 
under mandible. Wings with the third and fourth primaries nearly 
equal and longest ; second primary sometimes shorter, sometimes 
longer than the fifth ; bastard primary 0-9 to 0*45 inch. Legs, feet, 
and claws pale brown. Length of wing 4*45 to 3-85 inches, tail 2*9 
to 2-5, culmen 0*8 to 0-7, tarsus 1*28 to 1-12. 

The female does not appear to differ from the male, nor are the 
colours much brighter immediately after the autumn moult. Birds 
of the year have traces of pale tips to the greater wing-coverts. 
Young in first plumage are described as having pale yellowish 
shaft-lines to the small feathers of the upper parts and pale ochraceous 
tips to the wing-coverts. 

The Wood-Thrush, breeds in the Northern and Central United 
States east of the Missouri, and winters in Cuba, Eastern Mexico, 
Guatemala, and Honduras. 

a. Ad. st.
b. Ad. st.
c. Ad. sk. 
N. America. 
N. America. 
N. America. 
Major-Gen. Hardwicke [P.]. 
J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
Purchased. 
d. Ad. sk.
e,f Ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk. 
Ann Arbor, Michigan. 
Honduras. 
Pennsylvania (J. Kuder). 
Prof. J. B. Steere [P.]. 
Mr. Dyson [C.]. 
H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 

Turdus auduboni, Turdus pallasi, and Turdus aonalaschkae. 

Some ornithologists make the above three forms specifically distinct, 
others unite them together as one species; wrhilst a third, and 
apparently increasing number, look upon them as subspecies or 
imperfectly segregated species, which probably occasionally interbreed. 
I propose to adopt the latter method of treatment, and to 
describe first the largest form, of which the synonymy is as follows 
:— 

TTTRDID2E. 

9. Turdus auduboni. 
Merulft silona (Vieill), apud 8ioainson, Phil.^Mag. 1827, p. 369, apud 
tiicainson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 186 (1831;. 
Turdus silens (Vieill.), apud Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847) ; apud 
Plater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 300, et P. Z. S. 1859, p. 825, et Ibis, lbOl, 

p. L>82, et Cat Amer. B. p. 2 (1862). 
Turdus bolitaiius, Wilson, apud Selater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 212. 
Turdus auduboni, Baird, Beview, i. p. 10 (1864)• Gray, Hand-LB. 
i 
p. 254. no. 868o (1869)• Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. X" ±L i. 

p. 
542 (1869) j Henshaw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ls79, p . 135; 
Salv. # Godm. Biol. Centr.~Amer.Zool, Aves, i. p. 14 (1879;. 
Turdus pallasii, Cab., var. audubonii, Baird; Coaes, Key X. Amer. B. 

p. 72 (1872) ; Baird, Brewer, # Ridgw. Hist. X. Amer. B.i- p. 18 
(1874). 
Turdus pallasi; Cab. apud Set. #* Salv. Xomench Av. Xeotr- p. 1 
(1873). 
Turdus pallasi, Cab., c. audubonii, Baird-, Cones, B. X. West, p. 3 
(1874). 
Turdin 
(Hylocichla) pallasi, Cab., e. auduboni, Baird-, Cozies, B. 
Color. Vail. p. 21 (1878). 

In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is olive-brown, shading into russet-brown on the upper 
tail-coverts; lores brown• ear-coverts brown, with pale centres; 
wing-coverts and innermost secondaries olive-brown, the primary 
wing-coverts margined on the outside webs with russet-brown; 
quills brown, margined on the outside webs with russet-brown; 
tail russet-brown. Underparts nearly white, suffused with buff on 
the breast, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts, and with 
brown on the axillaries and flanks ; the feathers of the cheeks, sides 
of the neck, and upper breast with fan-shaped dark-brown terminal 
spots, and those of the lower breast and upper -flanks with obscure 
paler brown fan-shaped terminal spots; inner margins of quills buff. 
-Bill dark brown, paler at the base of the under mandible. Wings 
with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest; 
second primary slightly longer than the sixth; bastard primary OS 
inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Length of wing 4z-25 to 
3*70 inches, tail 3*25 to 2*9, culmen 0*74 to 0*66, tarsus 1*16 
to 1*13. 

The female does not appear to differ from the male. After the 
autumn moult the olive-brown of the upper parts is very slightly 
suffused with russet, but not sufficiently so to admit of its being 
called russet-brown. Birds of the year have pale tips to many of 
the wing-coverts. Young in first plumage have pale shaft-lines 
and obscure dark terminal bars to most of the small feathers of the 
upper parts, and ochraceous tips to the wing-coverts. 

The Mexican form of the Hermit Thrush is a resident in tlio pino 
regions of the southern Eocky-Mountains range from Great Salt Lake 
to Mexico, and has been obtained in winter in Guatemala and California. 


at 
Ad. sk. California. Purchased. 

2. TTJEDTJS. 
The synonymy of the Eastern form is as follows:— 

10. Turdus pallasi. 
Turdus pallasii, Cab* 
Turdus solitarius, Wilson, Amer. Orn. v. p. 95, nee pi. xliii. fig*. 2 
(1812, nee Mull., nee GrneL); Bp. Comp. ListB. Bur. fy A7". Amer. 

p. 17 (1838); Audub. B. Amer. iii. p. 29, pi. cxlvi. (1841): Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847); Bp. Comp. i. p. 270 (1850). 
Turdus minor, Gmel. apucl Bp. Journ. Phil Acad. iv. p. 33 (1824), 
apud Audub. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 303, pi. Iviii. (1831). 
Merula solitaria ( Wilson), Sw. Faun. Bor.-Amer. Birds, ii. p. 184, 
pi. xxxv. (1831). 
Turdus nanus, Audub. Orn. Biogr, v. p. 201, pi. ccccxix. (1839) j id. 

B. Amer. in. p. 32, pi. cxlvii. (1841): Gray, Gen. B.i. p. 219 
(1847). 
Turdus puttatus (Pall), apud Cab. Tschudi''sFaun. Per. p. 187 (1846). 
Turdus 'pallasii, Cab. Arch, fur Naturq. 1847, p. 205; Ilomei/er, 

Rhea9 ii. p. 147(1849); Cab. Mies. Hein. i. p, 5 (1850); Gundlach, 
Journ. Orn. 1855, p. 470; Baird, Revieio, i. p. 14 (1864); Gray, 
Hand-IB. I p. 254. no. 36S4 (18C9); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 

p. 72 (1872); id. B. N. West,-p. 2 (1874); Baird, Brewer, fyRidgw. 
Hist. X. Amer. B. i. p. 18 (1874) ; Henshaw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 
p. 130 (1879); Salv. Sc Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Zool, Aves, i. 
p. 13 (1879). 
Turdus (Ilyloeichla) pallasi (Cab), Cones, B. Col. Vail p. 20 (1878). 
This form is said to differ from the preceding in having the general 
colour of the upper parts slightly more rufous, and in having a 
fulvous shade on the flanks; but the distinction is based upon differences 
of colour so slight as to be only perceptible to an educated 
eye. It is, on an average, a smaller form. Length of wing 3-85 
to 3-30 inches, tail 2*8 to 2-4, culmen 0-7 to 0-62, tarsus 1*14 
to 1-05. 

The Eastern form of the Hermit Thrush is a migratory bird, 
breeding from Boston northwards to about lat. G0°, and extending 
westwards into the Rocky-Mountains range. It winters in the 
Eastern States from Boston to Florida and in Cuba. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Pennsylvania (J. Kuder). IT. Seebohm, Esq. [P.], 
c. Ad. sk. Libertyville, Illinois, May 1, H. K. Ooale, Esq. [P.J. 
1877. 
d. Ad. sk. California. Purchased. 
e. Ad. sk. N. America. Purchased. 

* In consequence of Audubon having already described and figured this 
bird as Turdus minor, GrneL, his name "of Turdus names, which was founded 
upon a small example of the same species, 1ms been so extensively misapplied 
to the Western form of the Hermit Thrush that it is no longer available for 
the Eastern form, and must be rejected in favour of Cabanis's name, which is the 
next in order of date. 
200 
TTTRDIDiE. 

The synonymy of the "Western form is as follows : — 

11. Tardus aonalasclikae. 
Aoonalaslika Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 23 (1783). 

Turdus aonalasclikae, Gmel. Si/si Nat. i. p. 808 (1788); Lath. Ind. 
Orn. i. p. 329 (1700); Vieill N. Diet. d'JIist. Nat. xx. p. 274 
(1818). 

Muscicapa guttata, Pall Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. i. p. 465 (1811). 
Turdus nanus, Aitdub., apud Baird, Cass,tyLaxor. B. 2v. Amer. p. 213 
(1858); apud Sclater, P. Z.S. 1850, p. 325; apud Sclater, Cat. Am. 

B. p. 2 (lb02) ; apud Baird, Uemeio, p. 15 (1864) ; apud Ball Sf 
Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 275 (1869) ; apud Gray, Iland4. B. i. 
p. 254. no. 3680 (1869); apud Cooper, B. Calif., ed. Baird, p. 4 
(1870). 
Hylocichla nana (Aud.), apud Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 163. 
Turdus (Hylocichla) nanus (Aud.), apud Corns, Br. Phil. Acad, xviii. 

p. 05 (I860). 
Turdus pallasii, Cab., var. nanus, Aud., apud Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 
p. 72 (1872); apud Baird, Brewer, Sf Mdgio, Hist. N. Amer. B. 
p. 20 (1874). 
Turdus pallasi, Cab., b. nanus, Aud., apud Coues, B. 2V". West, p. 3 
(1874). 
Turdus 
(Hylocichla) pallasi, Cab., b. nanus, Aud., apud Coues, Birds 
Colorado Vail. p. 21 (1878). 

This form is said to resemble T. auduboni in colour. It appears 
to be always smaller than that species, and is, on an average, smaller 
than T. pallasi. Length of wing 3*67 to 3*25 inches, tail 3-0 to 2*4, 
cnlmen 0-66 to 0-6, tarsus 1*16 to 1-04. 

The Western form of the Hermit Thrush breeds in South Alaska, 
and winters in California as far south as Cape St. Lucas, extending 
eastwards into the Rocky-Mountains range. Its southern breeding-
limit and the extent of its northern winter range have not yet been 
accurately determined. 

a. Ad. sk. 49th Parallel (Dawson), Boundary Commission. 
5. Ad. fek. La Parada, Mexico, A. Boucard, Esq. [C.]. 
c. Ad. sk. California, Oct. 1851 (Dr. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.], 
Heermari). 
d. Ad. sk. California, Nov. 1850 (Dr. H, Seebohm, Esq. [P.]v 
JZeerman). 

Turdus swainsoui, Turdus aliciae, and Turdus ustulatus. 

Ornithologists differ in opinion as to the value of these three 
forms, which appear to me to be deserving only of subspecific rank, 
some examples being intermediate. The synonymy of the Eastern 
form is as follows:— 

2. TURDUS. 
201 
12. Turdus swamsoni. 
Turdus swainsoni, Cab. * 
** 
Brown Thrush, Lath. Gen. Spi.il p. 28 (1783). 
Turdus fuscus, GW . #//.stf. .W. i. p. 817 (1788); L<tfh, Ind. Om,


p. ,°»32 (1790); toort, Zwm. Gen.Si/st. Nat. i. p. 497 (180(5). 
Turdus solitarius, Wilson, Am>r, Om.\. p. 05, pi. xliii. fig. 2 (1812, 
wee Midi., nee Gmel, nee Wilson). 
Merula wiLonii (Bona)).), amid Sw. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 182 
(1831). 
Merula olivacea, Brewer, Pr. Bast. Soe. iV". II. i. p. 191 (1844, nee 
Linn.), 
Turdus olivaceus (Brew.), Giraud, B. L. Island, p. 91 (1844, nee 
Linn.); Martens, Journ. Orn. 18*59, p. 212 {nee Linn.). 
Turdus swainsoni, 
Cab. T*cliiuWs Faun. Per. p. 188 (184(3); id. Mus. 
Hein. i. p. 5 (1850) ; Selater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 451; Baird, C<m.7 
# Lawr. B. JST. Amer. p. 216 (1858); Selater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 32.5; 
Gundlach, Journ. Orn. 1801, p. 324 ; Scl. Cat. Amsr, B. p. 2 
(1802); Baird, Reuiew, p. 19 (1804); Pehehi, Orn. Bras. ii. p. 92 
(1863); BaH Sf Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 275 (1809); Gray, 
IIand4. B. i. p. 254. no. 3082 (18(39); Frantzius, Journ. Orn. 
1869, p. 289; Cones, Key N. Amer. J?, p. 73(1872); Selater # 
Safo. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 255; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 1 (1873); 
Baird, Brewer, 8f Ridgw. Hist. K. Amer. B. p. 14 (1874); Tacz. 

P. Z. S. 1874, p. 503; Salv. ty Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Zool, Aves, 
i. p. 10 (1879). 
Turdus minimus, Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 5; Selater, P. Z. S. 
1854, p. 111. 
Turdus (Ilvlocichla) swainsoni (Cab.), Coues, Bif&rColorado Vail. 

p. 34 (1878J. 
In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
tipper parts is almost uniform olive-brown; lores brown; traces 
of a buff eye-stripe above the lores and extending round the eye; 
ear-coverts biown, with pale buff centres. Under parts nearly white, 
shading into brown on the flanks, and suffused with buff on the chin, 
cheeks, and throat; the feathers of the cheeks, lower throat, breast, 
and upper flanks with brown terminal fan-shaped spots ; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts buff, more or less suffused with brown ; 
inner margin of quills pale huffish brown. Bill dark brown, paler 
at the base of the under mandible. Wings wirh the third primary 
slightly the longest, second primary slightly shorter than the 
fourth, but considerably longer than the fifth, bastard primary 
0-6 to 0-45 inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Length of wing 
4*1 to 3-6 inches, tail 2-88 to 2-45, culmen 0-65 to 0*56, tarsus 1*13 
to 1-05. 

* According to the rules of the British Association, the name given by 
G-melin to this species should be adopted instead of that gi\en by Cabanis more 
than half a century later. Coues, in his ' Birds of the Colorado Valley' (p. 34), 
states that the name given by Gmelin had been previously applied to another 
species ; but I have been unable to discover any such application. The name 
of Turdus swainsoni, having been most generally used, I prefer to retain it. 
202 
TURMDiE. 

Tho female does not appear to differ from the male. After the 
autumn moult the olive-brown of the upper parts and the huff of 
tho cheeks, car-coverts, and throat is slightly richer and darker in 
colour. Birds of the year have traces of pale tips to the greater 
wing-coverts. Touny in first jplumaye are described as very similar 
to those of the nearly allied species. 

Tho Buff-breasted form of the Olive-backed Thrush breeds in the 
whole of Canada as far north as the Arctic Circle, extends westwards 
into Eastern Alaska and southwards down the Bocky-Mountain 
chain as far as the Great Salt Lake. It winters in Cuba, Costa 
Pica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. It is said 
occasionally to pass west of the llocky Mountains, through California 
to Mexico and Guatemala. 

a. Ad. sk. Pennsylvania (J. Kuder). H.Seebohm,E«q HP.]. 
b, c, d. $ ad. sk. Foit Simpson. B. R. Ro*s,E&q. C.^. 
e. 2 ad. sk. West side of Rocky Mountains. J. K. Lord, E<*q. l\j . 
/. Ad. sk. Bogota, New Granada. H.Seebolim,£-qrP.j. 
g. Ad. sk. Bolivia. 
Mr. Bridges [C/7 
The synonymy of the Grey-cheeked form is as follows:— 

13. Turdus aliciae. 
Turdus 
aliciss, Baird, Cass.,fy Laior. B. X Amer. p. 217, pi. 81. 
fig*. 2 (1858) • Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 326; Baird, P^riew, L 

p. 21 (1864); Ball $ Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. L p. 275 (1H50) ; 
Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 254 no. 3686 (I860) ; Frantziut, Jour a. 
Orn. 1869, p. 289* Baird, Breioer, $ Bklqiu. IlhL X. Amer. B. 
i. p. 11 (1874) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool France, 1876, p. 146; 
Salv. §• Godm. Biol Cenfr.-Amer. Zool., Aves, i. p. 12 (187**). 
Turdus swainsonii, Cab., var. aliciss (Baird)} Coues7 Key X. Amer. B. 

p. 73 (1872). 
Turdus swainsoni, Cab., apud Cordeauv, Ibis, 1875, p. 177, apud 
Seehohm, Ibis, 1877. p. 164, apud Balgleish, Bull. Xutt. Orn. 
Club, 1H30, p. 68. 

Turdus 
(Hylociehla) s^ain^oni, Cab., 5. aliciae (Baird). Cones, 
Birds Colorado Vail. p. S5 (1878). 

This form differs from the preceding only in having no buff on 
the eye-stripe, round the eye, chin, cheeks, or ear-coverts, and very 
little on the throat and upper breast. It is on an average a somewhat 
larger bird. Length of wing 4*25 to 3*9 inches, tail 3-0 to 
2*75, culmen 0*7 to 0*6, tarsus 1*3 to 1*1. 

The grey-checked form of tho Olive-backed Thrush breeds in 
Arctic America from the Atlantic to the Pacific, crossing over 
Bchring's Straits into Siberia north of Kamtschatka. It has been 
obtained in winter in Cuba, Costa Eica, and Panama, and as far 
south, as Amazonia. 

a. Ad. sk. Repulse Bay. Dr. Rae [P.] 
h. $ ad. sk Wisconsin, Sept. 28,1875. Dr. Brewer [P.]. 
c. (S ad. sk. Chamicuros (E. Peru), E. Bartlett, Esq. FC.l 
U 
L J

March 20,1868. 

2. IT/EDITS. 
203 
The synonymy of the Western form is as follows :— 

14. Turdus ustiilatiis. 
Turdus ustnlatus, Nuttall, Man. Orn. i. p. 400 (1840) ; Baird, Cass,, 
fyLawr.B. N. Amer. p. 215, pi. lxxxi. fig. 1 (1838); Baird, 
Bevieiu, p. 18 (1804); Ball $ Bann. Tr. Chic. Aead. i. p. 27o 
(1809) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 254. no. 31583 (1800); Salv. § Godm. 
Biol. Centra Amer. ZooL, Aves, i. p. 10 (1879). 

Turdus swainsoni, Cab.,TBx. u&tulatus (Nutt.), Caacs, Key K Amer. 

B. p. 73 (1872); Baird, Brewer, cf Bidyw. Hid. N. Amer. B. i. 
p. 10 (1874). 
Tmdus 
(Hylocichla) swainsoni, Cab., c. ustulatus (Natl), Cones, 
Birds Colorado Vail p. 35 (1878). 

This form is scarcely distinguishable from T. swainsoni, from 
^vhich it is said only to differ in being slightly more rufesccnt on 
the upper parts. Length of wing 4*1 to 3*7 inches, tail 3-15 to 2*0, 
cnlmen 0*06 to 0*58, tarsus 1*22 to 1-05. 

The "Western form of the Olive-backed Thrush breeds on the 
Pacific slopes of the Itocky Mountains from Alaska to California, 
and winters in the Tres-Marias Islands off the coast of Mexico and 

in Guatemala. 
a. S ad. sk. Foclalgo Bay. Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
b, c. Ad. &t. North America. 

15. Turdus fuscescens. 
Turdus fuscescens, Stephens *. 
Le Maims de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 212 (1700). 
La Grivette d'Anierique, Month. Hist Nat. Ois. iii. p. 289 (1775). 
Little Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 20 (1783). 
Turdus minor, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 809 (1788); Lath. Bid. Orn. 


i. p. 328 (1790); Vieill. N. Bid. d'lfist. Nat. xx. p. 232 (1818); 
Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. # N. Amer. p. 17 (1838); d'Orbiyny, La 
Sagras Cuba, Ois p. 47, pi. v. (1840). 
Turdus mustelinus, 
Gmel., apud Wilson, Amer. Orn. y, p. 98, pi. xliii. 
(1812). 
Turdus fuscescens, Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. x. p. 182 (1817) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847) ; Baird, Cass., $ Laiur. B. N. Amer. 

p. 214 (1858) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 326; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 2 
(1802): Baird, Beviezv, p. 17 (1804) ; Belzeln, Orn. Bras. ii. p. 92 
(1868): Gray, Lland-l. B. i. p. 254. no. 3081 (1809) ; Coues, Key 
N. Amer. B. p. 73 (1872); Scl. $ Salv. Nomenel. Av. Neot)\ p. 1 
(1*873) ; Coues, B. N. West, p. 5 (1874) ; Baird, Breioer, §* Bidgw. 
Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 9 (1874); Salv. 8, Godm. Biol Centr.-Amer, 
Zool, Aves, i. p. 10 (1879). 
* There can he no doubt that the name given by Stephens to this species 
has been used by the greatest number of ornithologists, and I therefore adopt 
it in preference to the older name gnen by Gmelin. Those writers who wish 
to harmonize this decision with the rules of the British Association must 
assume that Gmelin's diagnosis does not " clearly define " the species and that 
Stephens's does. 
204 TUHDID2E. 

Turdus silens, Vieill Encycl Metli. ii. p. 647 (1823). 
Turdus wilsoni, tip. Journ. PMl Ac. iv. p. 34 (1824); Audub. O/n. 


JBioqr. ii. p. 302, pi. clxiv. (1834); Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. # A. 

Amer. p. 17 (1838)-,*Audub. B. Amer. Hi. p. 27, pi. cxlv. (1841)$ 

Bp. Consp. i. p. 271 (1850). 

Morula minor (GmeL), Siv. Faun. Bor.-Amer. Birds, p. 179, pi. xxxvi. 

(1831). 
Morula wilsonii (Bonap), Brewer,P. Bost Soc. Mil. i. p. 191. (1844) 
Turdus brmmeus, Bracer, Journ. Bost. Soc. yi. p. 304 (1852). 
Turdus (Hylocichla) fuscescens iJStepk), Coues, Birds Colorado Vad. 

p. 39 (1878). 
In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
tipper parts is russet-brown, greyer on the inner webs of the quills; 
lores grey; ear-coverts brown, with pale centres; no trace of eye-
stripe; cheeks, lower throat, and breast pale buff, each feather 
having a brown, somewhat obscurely defined fan-shaped terminal 
spot; rest of underparts white, shading into brown on the Hanks, 
and occasionally showing traces of pale brown or buff in other 
parts; axillaries white, with pale-brown centres; under wing-
coverts white, with pale-brown bases ; inner margin of quills pale 
brown, shading into white on the entire basal portion of the Inner 
webs of the quills. Bill dark brown, pale at the base of the under 
mandible. Wings with the third primary slightly the longest, 
second primary intermediate in length between the ibuith and fifth, 
bastard primary 0*65 to 0*45 inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale 
brown. Length of wing 4-1 to 3-8 inches, tail 3*0 to 2*7, culmen 
0*71 to 0-G2, tarsus 1*22 to 1*15. 

The female docs not differ from the male. 2STo important change 
is produced by the autumn moult. Birds of the year have traces of 
pale tips to some of the wing-coverts. Young in first plumage 
appear to be undesciibed. 

Wilson's Thrush breeds in South Canada and in the Xorthern 
and Central United States from the Rocky Mountains to the 
Atlantic. A few winter in the Gulf States; but the majority 
migrate further south, where they have been obtained in Cuba, 
Panama, and South America north of the Amazon. 

a. Ad. sk. Pennsylvania (J. Kuder). H. Seebohm, E«q. [P.], 
b, c, d. Ad. sk. Ann Arbor, Michigan. Prof. J. B. Steere L P.]. 
e, Ad. sk, 49th Parallel (JDawson). Boundary Commission. 

16. Turdus dryas. 
Malacocichla dryas, Gould, P. Z. S. 1854. p. 285, pi. Ixxv.; Sclat. & 
Sah. Ibis, 1859, p. 7. 

Malacocichla maculata, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 64, 

Catharns dryas (Gould), Sclater, P. Z. S.1859, p. 824; Bawd, Beview, 

i. p. 10 (1864); Salmi, P. Z. S. 1800, p. 09 ; Sclat. # Sah. Somend* 
Av. Neotr. p. 1 (1873) • Salv. &• Godm. Biol. Centr.-Avner. ZooL, 
Aves, i. p. 7 (1879), ' 
Catharus maculalus (Sclater)^Sclat. P, Z. S, 1859, p, 324 $ id. 

2. TtriiDtrs. 
205 
Cat Am. B. p. 1 (18G2) ; Sclat. § Salv. Nomencl AD. Neotr. p. 1 
(1873). * 
Turdus dryas (Gould), Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 259. no. 3781 (1800). 

In. the adult male in autumn plumage the head, nape, lores, ear-
coverts, and cheeks are black; general colour of the loinuinclcr of 
the upper parts dark brown, suffused on the margin of the outside 
webs of the quills and tail-feathers, and on the entire margin of 
the remaining feathers, especially at the nape, with olive-green, 
Underparts pale brilliant orange-yellow, most brilliant on the upper 
throat, shading into olive-green on the Hanks, and into greyish 
brown on the axillaries and under wing-coverts, and spotted with 
olive-green on the lower throat and breast; inner margin of quills 
pale brown. Bill yellow. Wings with the fourth and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate in 
length between the seventh and eighth, bastard primary 1 inch to 

0-9, not much more than a third the length of the second pnmary. 
Legs, feet, and claws pale yellow. Length of wing 4-0 to 3*4 inches, 
tail 3;05 to 2-65, oilmen 0*72 to 0-65, tarsus 1-4 to 1-35. 

It is not known that the female differs from the male. In spring 
the olive-green of the upper parts and the brilliant yellow of the 
underparts appear to fade, and the dark of the upper parts and 
the spots on the underpaits to intensify. Some of this difference 
may be due to individual variation and some to local race. Guatemalan 
birds are largest, and appear to be on an average the more 
brilliantly coloured; whilst a skin from Bolivia in Salvin and 
Godman's collection is the smallest, and has the black of the head 
replaced by dark brown. This may prove to be a bird of the year, 
a plumage of which, as well as of the young in first plumage, we 
have no information. It is highly probable that a larger series of 
skins may prove that this species must be subdivided into three 
subspecies—a large richly colouied form from Guatemala; a smaller 
form, in which the underpaits never have the rich yellow of the 
Guatemalan form, from Colombia and Ecuador; and a still smaller 
form, in which the head is brown instead of black, from Bolivia. 

Gould's Central-American Thrush frequents the forests of Guatemala, 
Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia, where it is said to be a 
resident. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Guatemala. John Gould, Esq. (Type of 
Malaeocichla dryas, Gould.) 
17. Turdus pilaris. 
La Litorne, on Tourdelle, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 214 (1760). 
Turdus pilaris, Linn. St/st Nat i. p. 291 (17G6); Scop. Ann. i. p. 133 
(17G9) ; Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl i. p. 287 (1787) ; Gmel Syst. Nat. 

i. p. 807 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 330 (1790); Bechst Naturg. 
JDeutschl. iv. p. 190 (1795) ; Bechst. Orn. Tcmhcnb. i. p. 145 
(1802): Wolf, Taschenb. i. p. 193 (1810); Pallas, Zoogr. JROSM-
Asiat i. p. 455 (1811); Temm. Man. d'Om. p. 87 (1815); 
Koch, Si/st baier. Zool. i. p. 173 (1810); Temm. Man. cTOrn. i. 
p. 163 '(1820); Naum. Yog. JDeutschl ii, p. 290 (1822); Brehm, 
200 TURDIDiE. 

Tog. Beuhchl n. 383 (1831); Gould, B. Bur. ii. pi. 70 (1837); 
Key$. u. Bias, iVivh Bur. pp. Ii, 177 (1840) ; Nordm.Demid. Toy. 
2tu,s8. merid. iii. p. 127 (1840); Werner, Atlas, Inseetiv. pi. 12 
(1842); Gray, Gen. B. I p. 218 (1847) ; Degl. Orn. Bur. i. p. 47J 
(1840); JBp.'Consp. i. p. 200 (J850); Cab. Mm. Hein. i. p. 2 
(1850); Bicht. Nomerial Av. p. 25 (1854); Ilorsf. § Moore, Cat 
B Mm. B.LCo. i. p. 194 (1854) ; Schl For/. Nedek. p. 201) (1854); 
tSundev.tiv.Fogl p. 48 (1850); Jaub. et Barth^Lapomm. Bich. 
Oni. p. 212 (*1859); Luuhrm. Tog. Grieehenl. p. 85 (18G0); 
Kewt. List B. Bur. Blasim, p. 9 (1802); Gould, B. Gt. Br. ii. 
pi. x\x\. (1804); Begl it Gerbe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 407 (1807); 

Locke, Bjcpl&ci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 185 (1807) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. 

i. p. 253. no. 3073 (1809); Boderl. Avif. tiled, p. 107 (1809); 
JJroste, Voqelw. Borhun, p. 93 (18(59); lleuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr. 
t" •'•" "•' ' "' "' 

Hart 

(1872, , 

p. 73 (1875) j; ~.._, , , r. _,, __. ~„„t. ™. ^vt, 
France, p. 147 (1870) ; tieebokm. Ibis, lb79, p. 2; itotfd J?. Ctf^c. 
p. 80 (1879). 
La Litorne, Moutb. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 301 (1775). 
Alauda calandrotte. Mull. SysL Nat. Suppl. p. 137 (1770). 
Turdus iuscilateralis, Brelim, Naum. 1855, p. 281. 
Planesticus pilaris {Limi.)} Jtrd. B. hid. i. p. 530 (1802). 


In the adult male in autumn plumage the forehead and crown 
are slate-grey, each feather narrowly margined with brown, and 
having concealed black centreb ; nape palish slate-grey ; back and 
scapulars dark chestnut-brown, with obscure pale edges to most of 
the feathers, and more or less conspicuous dark centres; rump 
palish slate-grey, shading into a slightly darker slate-grey on the 
longest upper tail-coverts; lores and the ear-coverts immediately 
below the eye nearly black, the remainder of the ear-coverts slate-
grey ; traces of an obscure buff eye-stripe extending to the nape; 
wings and wing-coverts dark brown, with very narrow pale margins; 
primaries, primary-coverts, and a few of the outside wing-coverts 
with slate-grey on all or part of the outer webs; secondaries and 
the innermost wring-coverts with chestnut-brown on all or part of 
the outer webs, and generally paler and greyer towards the tips ; tail 
dark brown, slightly paler at the tips of the outside feathers. Chin, 

throat, and breast buff, each feather having a nearly black fan-
shaped terminal spot, nearly obsolete on the chin, narrow on the 
throat, but very conspicuous on the checks and breast; the sides of 
the breast and Hanks are nearly black, each feather broadly fringed 
with white ; belly white; under tail-coverts white, the basal half 
margined with brown; axillaries and under wing-coverts white; 
inner margin of quills pale brown. Bill yellow in summer, brown 

2 . TtJEDITS, 
207 
in "winter. "Wings with, the third and fourth primaries nearly equal 
and longest, second primary slightly longer than the fifth, hazard 
primary 0*85 to 0*05 inch. Logs, feet, and elaw»s very dark hrowu. 
Length of wing 5-9 to 5-2 inches, tail 4-3 to 3*85, culmen 0*02 to 
0*84, tarsus 1-3 to 1*2. 

The female scarcely differs from the male. In spring the casting 
of the'edges of the feathers produces a blight change : the hitherto 
concealed dark centres to the feathers on the forehead and crown 
become conspicuous; the huff shade on the throat and breast 
becomes paler and duller and the spots more distinct; the flanks 
also appear much darker, the white fringes to the feathers hating 
been reduced to half their original length. Birds of the gear scarcely 
differ from adults. Young in first plumage have light shaft-streaks 
and black terminal bars to most of the feathers on the upper parts. 
On the underparts the belly and flanks are spotted similarly to the 
breast. 

The Fieldfare, or Blue-backed Thrush, breeds in the birch- and 

pine-forests of the Palsearctio Eegion, from the Atlantic to the 

valley of the Yenesay, occasionally extending its range northwards 

beyond the limit of forest-growth, and frequenting also in large 

colonies the birch-regions of north temperate Europe. It winters 

in the British Isles and Southern Europe, occurring very rarely in 

the Spanish peninsula, but crossing.the Mediterranean to Morocco, 

Algeria, Egypt, and Nubia. In Asia it winters in Turkestan, 

Cashmere, and N.W. India. 

a. Ad. sk. England. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
1). Ad. sk. Devonshire. Col. Montagu [P.], 
c 2 ad. sk. Aviugton, Hants, Nov. H. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
10,1873. 
d, e. 6 , /. $ ad. sk. Cookham, Dec. 28,1874 P. B. Sharpe, Esq. fP.J 
a lu i. k ad. sk. Park Hatch, Godalming, F. Godman and O. Salvin, 
Ji Feb. 1857 (F. <?.). Esqrs. [P.]. 
Jc, I, m. Ad. sk, Epping. Henry Doubleday, Esq. 

«. Ad. sk. Kent. 
Mr. F. Meadow rP.]. 

o. AoV sk. Cambridgeshire. J. Clark, Esq. [P.], 
p. 
Ad. s\i. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [C.]. 
(Partial albino.) 
a. Ad. sk. Heligoland. Henry Seebohm, Esq. 
r rf ad.sk. Stockholm, May 21,1873. W. Meves, Esq. [0.]. 

* Juv.sk. Waxholm, July IS, 1873. W. Meves, Esq. \0.\ 
i $ ad. sk. Skfine, May 9/1868 (W. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Meves). 
u Q ad, ?; Juv. Eidsvold, S. Norway, F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
' s | . June 1866 {J. Maker). Esqrs. [P.]. 
w x. Ad. sk. N. Africa. Purchased. 
v\ r? 9. ad. sk. Balta Ziman, Turkey, P. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Jt * March 4, 1877 (IF. 

Bearce). 
a' 9 ad sk. IIabarika,Petehora River, Capt. Feilden and J. A. 
' + June 11; 1873. Harue Brown, Esq. [P.'J. 

2()8 OJCTRDlDiE. 
h\ r? iuv. sk.
J 
Yalmal peninsula, Aug. 
12, 1870. 
Dr. 0. Finsch [F.]-
c\ 6 ad. sk. Yenosav, lat. GG^°, June Henry Seebohm, Esq. 
20,1877. ~ [P.]_ 
f/'. 2 ad. sk. Krasnoyarsk, May 1, Henry Seebokm, Esq. 
1879. [P.]. 
e'. Ad. sk. Salierunporo (Jameson). India Museum, 
f, </, A'. Sternum. Purchased. 
V, A'', l'. Wkull. Wurtemberg. Dr. A. Gunther. 

18. Turdus jamaicensis. 
Jamaica Thrush, Zflrtf. Gfcra. iSJ/ia. ii. pt. 1, p. 20 (1783). 

Turdus jamaicensis, Gmel. Sijst. Nat A. p. 809 (1788); Xaz^. 2W. 

Om. 1. p. ^28 (1790); jWtf. 2V. .Did. r/'lft^. JVa^. xx. p. 234 
(18J8); 6-'/w/, Gen. B.1^.219 (184:7) ;Bp. Consp.Ly.27I (1850); 
tichder, P. Z. S. 18-39, p. 327; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 3 (1602); 
JMrtf, iki*. ^t?«. JB. i. p. 23 (1804); Qray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 257. 

no. o739 (I860); Sol. § Sah. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 1 (187*3). 
Merula jamaicensis (Gmel.), Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 142, III. pi . xxiv. 

(1847). 
Turdus capucinus, IIarth,fde JBp. Consp. i. p. 271 (1850). 
Turdus leucophthalma, IIill,Jide Bp. Consp. i. p. 271 (1850). 
Turdus lereboulleti, Bp. Compt. Rendus, xxxviii. p. 3 (1854). 

In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is dark slate-grey, shading into russet-brown on the 
head ; lores dark brown ; ear-coverts russet-brown; no trace of eye-
stripe; wings and tail dark brown; greater wing-coverts and 
innermost secondaries margined with dark slate-grey on th e outer 
webs ; cheeks russet-brown; chin and upper throat white, each 
feather having a fan-shaped terminal russet-brown spot; lower 
throat, breast, and flanks pale dull slate-grey, shading into whit e on 
the centre of the holly; under tail-coverts dark brown, with white 
centres running out to the tips; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
bro-w n; inner margins of quills pale brown. Eill dark brown above 
and below. "Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries . 
nearly equal and longest, second primary between the sixth, and 
seventh, bastard primary 1*1 to 0-9 inch. Legs, feet, and claws 
dark brown. Length of wing 4*6 to 4-54 inches, tail 3*6 t o 3*53, 
culmen 0*9 to 0*8, tarsus 1*4 to 1*3. 

The female does not differ from, the male. Birds of the year and 
young in first plumage appear to be undescribed. 
The Jamaica Thrush is confined to the island of Jamaica, where 
it is a resident. 

a. Ad. sk. Jamaica. Purchased. 
h. o* ad. sk. Moneague, Jamaica, Feb. 1865. Dr. Bryant [P.]. 
19. Turdus phaeopygus. 
is Gmel. Jardine, An Nat. Hist. 1847, xx.Turdus jamaicensis,
,, Gmel apud 
apudapud Jar dine, Ann.

p. 329. ' 
Turdus pliasopygus, Cab. Seliomh. JRezs. Guian. iii, p. 666 (1848); 
2. TURDUS. 200 
Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 4 (1850); Licht Norn. Av. Mm. Zool BeroL 

i. p. 2G (1854.) * Sdater, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 327 ; id. Cat. Amer. 
B. p. 3 (1862) j Z&rf. Ow. Trinid. p. 107 (1800); 8cL cy 8alo. 
P. ^. 8. 1807, p. 508, pi. xxix.; tow/, JiW-J. if. i. p. 257. no. 
3738 (1869); &/. # &*&. Ex. Orn. p. 140, pi. lxxv. (18(59) • Pelz. 
Orn. Bras. pp. 93, 421 (1871) ; ScL $ Sal v. P. Z. S. 187tf, p. 255; 
&>Z. # #«&*. Nomencl. Av. JSreotr. p. 1 (1873) j Layard, Ibis, 1873, 
p. 376. 
Planesticus phseopygus (Cab.), Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 3 (1854). 
In the adult male the general colour of tho upper parts is chocolate-
brown, somewhat darker on the head, and shading into slate-brown on 
the rump and into slate-grey on the upper tail-coverts; lores and ear-
coverts dark brown; no trace of eye-stripe ; wings brown ; wing-
coverts, outer webs of innermost secondaries, and uneniarginated portion 
of outer webs of quills russet-brown • tail brown. Chin white; 
cheeks and upper throat white, each feather having a fan-shaped dark-
brown terminal spot; lower throat white ; breast pale slate-grey, 
somewhat darker on the flanks, and shading into nearly white on 
the centre of the belly and into pure white on the under tail-coverts ; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts pale slate-grey, obscurely margined 
with white; inner margin of quills pale brown. Bill dark 
brown above, paler underneath. Wings with tho fourth and fifth 
primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary about equal to 
the seventh, bastard primary 0*9 to 0*75 inch. Legs, feet, and 
claws brown. Length of wing 4*4 to 3*7 inches, tail 3*9 to 3*3, 
cnlmen 0*85 to 0*75, tarsus 1*22 to 1*2. 

The female does not differ from the male. Examples from 
Tobago are large, more olive in colour, and have the rump slategrey 
; but skins from Trinidad are intermediate. Birds of the 
year show ochraeeons tips to some of the greater wing-coverts. 
Young in first plumage have ochraceous shaft-lines and dark tips to 
most of the small feathers of the upper parts, and ochraceous centres 
and dark tips to the feathers of the underparts. 

The range of Cabanis's White-throated Thrush may be said to be 
South America north of the Amazon, including the valley of that 
river. It has been recorded from East and "West Guiana, the islands 
of Tobago and Trinidad, Yenezuela and Colombia, and is also found 
in North Brazil, Para, East Ecuador, and North-east Peru. 

a. Ad. sk. South America. John Gould, Esq. 
b. Ad. sk. South America. 
<?, d. Juv., ad. sk. Trinidad. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Trinidad. 
/ , g. Ad. sk. Tobago. # Governor Ussher [P. j . 
k. 2 ad. sk. Ohamicuros, Peruvian 
Amazons, Aug. 25,1867. E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.]. 
*. Ad. sk. Demerara. Eyton Coll. 

20. Turdus albicollis. 
Turdus albicollis, Vieill. N. Diet. aVEist. Nat. xx. p. 227 (1818); 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847) ; Cab. Mus. llein. i. p. 5 (1850) ; 
Bp. Consp. i p. 272 (1850) j Licht. Nom. Av. 31us. Zool. BeroL 

p 

210 TUBDIM:. 

p. 20 (1854) ; Wafer, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 329; ^?7fffe;-, Cat Amer. 
IL p. 4 (1802); Bider, Jour. Orn. 1867, pp. 189, 192,198; Sol. 
$ kalv. Jh\ Orn. p. 141, pi. kxi (1868J ; Gray SandjB.i. 
p. 257. BO. 3750 (1809); Pels. Orn. Bras. pp. 93, 421 (18.1); 
Sal. <$• Sate. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 1 (1873) ; Berlepsch, Jour. 
Orn. 1873, p. 229; Cab. Jour. Orn. 1674, p. 82. 
In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is dark 
russet-brown, shading into dark olive-brown on the head, and into 
greyish brown on the longest upper tail-coverts; lores and the sides 
of the head dark olive-brown ; no trace of eye-stripe; wings brown ; 
wing-coverts, innermost secondaries, and outside webs of quills dark 
russet-brown ; tail brown. Chin and upper throat white, with very 
conspicuous, clearly defined, longitudinal dark-brown stripes ; lower 
throat white ; breast pale brown, shading into rufous brown on the 
sides of the neck, into chestnut-brown on the flanks, and into white 
on the belly and under tail-coverts; thighs brown; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts bright chestnut, sometimes greyish ; inner margin 
of quills pale chestnut-brown, sometimes palo brown. Bill dark 
brown above, pale yellow below, darker towards the tip. Wing with 
the third, fouith, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest; 
second primary between the sixth and seventh; bastard primary 
1*0 to 0*85 inch. Legs, feet and claws brown. Length of wing 

4*05 to 4-35 inches, tail 3*85 to 3*05, culmen 0-88 to Ci*b3, tar&us 
1-22 to 1-15. 
It is not known that the female differs from the male. Birds of 
the year and young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 


Vieiliot s White-throated Thrush has hitherto only been found in 
East Brazil, from Bahia in the north, southwards in the neighbourhood 
of Eio Janeiro, and still further south at Santa Catherina. 


a. Ad. sk. South America. 
b. Ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased. 
Turdus crotopezus, Turdus tristis, and Turdus leucaucheiu 

This Thrush has three forms, which apparently interbreed, as ererj 
possible intermediate stage of plumage between them is found. 

The synonymy of the South-American form is as follows:— 

21, Turdus crotopezus. 

Turdus erotopozus, Licht. Verz. JDouhl p. 38 (1823): Max. Beitr 
h\h 9^i183]) 5 Q™j, &™< B. i. p. 219 (1847) ; Bp. Camp. I 
p 2/2 (1850); Cab. Mm. Hem. I p. 4 (1850) ; Licht Kom.Av. 
Mm. Zool Berol. p. 20 (1854) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 327 ; 

Plater, Cat Amer. B. p. 3 (1802); Buler, Jour. Orn. 18671 

p. 404; &i $ Bah. J2r. Orn. p. 145, pi. Isxiii. (1809); Gray] 
Band-l B J-p. 257. no. 3752 (1809) : Scl $ Sab. Nomencl A 
JSeotr. p. 1 (1873); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 503. 
Turdus alkcolhs, Vieill, apud Sjrix, Av. Bras. i. p. 71, pi. Ixx. (1824). 
In the) adult male the general colour of the upper parts is russet-
brown, slightly darker on the head, shading into slate-grey on the 

2 . TURDXJS. 211 
longest upper tail-coverts; lores and ear-coverts dark brown ; no 
trace of eye-stripe ; wings and bastard wing brown; wing-coverts, 
the unemarginated portion of the outside webs of the quills, and 
the outside webs of the innermost secondaries russet-brown; tail 
brown. Chin nearly white; the feathers of the cheeks and upper 
throat white, with fan-shaped dark-brown terminal spots; lower 
throat white; centre of breast greyish brown, shading into pale 
russet-brown on the sides of the breast and flanks, and into white 
on the centre of the belly and under tail-coverts; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts buff; inner margin of quills pale brown. Bill 
dark brown above, under mandible pale at the base. Wing with 
the fifth primary longest, second primary between the sixth and 
seventh, bastard primary 1-1 to 0-8 inch. Length of wing 4*7 
to 4*4 inches, tail 4*0 to 34, culmen 0-81 to 0*80, tarsus 1-3 to 

145. 
The female is not known to differ from the male. Birds of the 
year and young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 
Lichtenstein's "White-throated Thrush is found on the west coast 
of Brazil, from Eahia to Eio Janeiro, where it is a resident. It has 
also "been recorded from Central Peru. 

a. Ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil. II. Seebohrn, Esq. [P.]. 
The synonymy of the Mexican form is as follows:— 

22. Turdus tristis. 
Merula tristis, Swains. Phil Mag. 1827, p. 360. 

Turdus assimilis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 4 (1850); Sclater, P. Z. S. 

1857, p. 202; id. P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 327, 3G2, 370; Salvin, Ibis, 

1860, p. 272; Sclater, Cat Amer. B. p. 3 (1862) ; id. P. Z. S. 

Ih64, p. 172; Baird, Bev. Am. B. i. p. 24 (1864); Sumichrast, 

Mem. Bost. Soc. i. p, 543 (1869); Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 257. 

no. 3751 (1869). 

Planesticus tristis (Sicains.), Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 4 (1854). 

Planesticus assimilis (Cab.), Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 4 (1854). 

Tardus tristis (Swains.), Licht. Nom. Av. Mus. Zool. BeroL p. 2Q 

(1854); Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 4 (1862) ; Sd. 8f Sah. P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 838; Salvin, P.Z.S. 1870, p. 180; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 314; 
Scl $ Sah. flomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 1 (1873) ; Sah. £ Godm. Biol. 
Centr.-Amer. Zool, Aves, i. p. 15 (1879). 

In the adult male in autumn plumage the head, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts are olive-brown, shading into yellowish olive-brown on 
the back; lores brown; ear-coverts olive-brown; no trace of eye-
stripe ; wings brown, the outside webs margined with olive-brown; 
wing-coverts and innermost secondaries yellowish olive-brown; tail 
brown, the central four feathers margined with olive-brown. Chin 
and throat nearly white, each feather of the upper throat with a 
fan-shaped black terminal spot; breast and flanks pale olive-brown, 
shading into nearly pure white on the centre of the belly ;^ under 
tail-coverts nearly white, with pale brown margins ; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts deep buff; inner margin of quills pale buftish 

OTKDIDiE. 

brown. ."Bill yellowish brown above and below. Wing with trie 

fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest; second primary 

between the sixth and seventh, occasionally between the seventh 

and eighth ; bastard primary 1*0 to 0-6 inch. Legs, feet, and claws 

brown. Length of wing 4*9 to 4-57 inches, tail 4-0 to 3*5, culmen 

0-JJ2 to 0-81, tarsus 1*25 to 1-1. 

There appears to be no difference between the sexes. Before 

spring the yellower tint of the back has faded away, and the general 

colour of the upper parts has become a uniform olive-brown; the 

olive lint has also nearly gone from the breast and flanks, which 

become an almost neutral pale brown. Birds^ of the year generally 

have oehraccous tips to some of the greater wing-coverts, and occa


sionally dark tips to some of the feathers of the breast. Young hi 
first plumage have the usual markings of nestling Thrushes. 

Swainson's Thrush is found in South Mexico and the greater part 

of Central America. In Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Eica inter


mediate forms occur. 

a. Ad. sk. Costa Eica. H. Seebohrn, Esq. [P.] 
The synonymy of the extreme form is as follows:— 

23. Turdus leucaucheiL 
Turdus leiicauchen, 
Selater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 447; Sel. $• Sab. Ibi$, 
1859, p. 0; Selater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 828; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 3 
(18(52) j Baird, Bev. Am. B. i. p. 24 (1804); Salvin, P. Z. S. 
18(37, p. lo2 ; Later* Ann. L. JSew York, ix. p. 91 (1808),* Grai/, 
Iland-L B. i. p. 257. no. 3749 (1869) ; Scl $ Sato. P. Z. S.1870, 

p. 838. 
This form differs from the preceding in having the upper parts an 
almost uniform dark slate-grey, with a slight trace of olive; the 
olive-brown of the underparts has become grey ; the axillaries and 
under wing-coverts are pale brown, dashed here and there with buff, 
and the inner margin of the quills is only slightly paler than the 
rest of tho under surface. The dimensions and the wing-formula 
are the same. 
This is apparently a local race \ and can only claim subspeciflc 
rank, inasmuch as every possible intermediate form occurs between 
them, the two extreme forms being comparatively rare. It is found 
in Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Eica, and North-eastern Guatemala. 

a. S ad. sk. Guatemala, Nov. 1873 (Salvin). U. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
b, c. Ad. sir. Guatemala. Purchased. 
el Ad. sk. Choctum, Vera Paz. 0. Salvin, Esq. [P ]. 
e, Ad. sk. Vera Paz. 0. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. 
24. Turdus gymnophthalmns. 
Turdus 
gymnophthalmus, Cab. Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 665 
(1848); Licht. Norn. Av. Mus. ZooL Berol p. 25 (1854): Sclater, 

P. Z. S. 1859, p. 329 j id. Cat. Amer. P. p. 4 (1862) ; Taylor, Ibis 
Spelt leucaucJian, 

2 . TURDUS. 
213 
1804, p. 80 ; Scl § Salv. Kv. Orn. p. 151, pi. Ixxvi. (1809): Gray, 

Iland-l B. i. p. 257. no. 3740 (1809) • ScZ. # Salv. Nomend. Av. 

Neotr. p. 1 (1873). 

Turdus nucligenis, Lafr. JRev. Zool 1848, p. 4: Leot, Ois. Triuid. 

p. 201 (I860). 
Turdus gynmopsis, Temm,,jide Bp. Consp. i. p. 272 (1850). 
Turdus caribbaeus, Lawr. Pr. U.S. Nat. 3lus. 1878, p. 207. 
Turdus gymnogenys, Scl § Salv. This, 1879, p. 357. 
In the adult male tbo general colour of the upper parts is dark 
olive-brown, darkest on the head ; lores russet-brown ; ear-coverts 
dark olive-brown• a small space behind the eye bare of feathers; 
wings and tail dark brown; innermost secondaries and outside webs 
of quills dark olive-brown. Underparts pale brown, palest on the 
chin, upper throat, centre of belly, and under tail-coverts; the chin, 
upper throat, and under tail-coverts streaked with dark brown; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts pale chestnut-brown ; inner margins 
of quills pale brown. Bill pale yellow above and below, darker at 
the base of both mandibles. Wing with the fourth and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary about equal to the seventh, 
bastard primary 1*05 to 0*8 inch. Legs, feet, and claws brown. 
Length of wing 4-51 to 4*2 inches, tail 3*8 to 3*40, culmen 0*87 to 
0*82, tarsus 1-3 to 1*2, 

It is not known that there is any difference in the plumage of the 

sexes. Birds of the year have ochraceous tips to the greater wing-

coverts. Young in first plumage have the characteristic ochraceous 

shaft-lines to the feathers of the upper parts, ochraceous centres to 

those of the underparts, and dark tips to both. 

The Bare-eyed Thrush appears to bo confined to the north-west of 

South America. It is found in Colombia, Venezuela, the islands of 

Trinidad and Tobago, and in Guiana as far west as Cayenne. 

a, 5. Ad. sk. Caracas, Venezuela. Mr. Dyson [C.]. 

c. Ad. sk. Trinidad. II. Seebokin, Esq. [P.]. 
Turdus leucomelas and Turdus ignobilis. 

This Thrush has two forms, between which every intermediate 
variety appears to occur, leading to the supposition that they interbreed, 
and are consequently only subspecincally distinct. 


25. Turdus leucomelas. 
Turdus leucomelas, 
Vieill N. Diet d'Eist. Nat xx. p. 238 (1818); 
HaHl Ml Azara, p. C (1847); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847); 
Scl & Salv. F. Z. S. 1868, p. 138; iid. Ex. Orn. p. 143, pi. lxxii. 
(1808); Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 257. no. 3742 (1809); Feb. Orn. 
Bras. pp. 93, 421 (1871): Scl Sf Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 1 
(1873); Tarn. F. Z. S 1874, p. 503; Bumford, Ibis, 1877, 

p. 106. 
Turdus olivaceus, Linn., apud Lafr. et dJOrb. Mag. de Zool, Syn, Av, 
1837, p. 17. 

214 TUBDID^E. 

Tardus runventris, Yieill, apud cVOrhign. Voy. Amir. merid. iv. pt. 8, 
p, 20.4i (circ. 1840). . . /,O.-A\ « ? ^ 
Tardus aimmroehalhms, Cb&. itf/«. 2fr«i. i. P; 5 (}^% ^f% 

P. Z. X. 1859, p. mO; /SW. * Solo. P. #. & 18^6, p. 177; nd. P. Z. S. 
lk\7, pp.fflW, 740. ... o 
Eend' xxxrm

PlanoHtieus anniurochalmus (Cto6.)> ^JP-Com^'- P-3 

TuUufl albiventris, ty&, ^ ^/^-, P. £ & 1858, p. 451; apud 
Suhtter, P.Z.3. 1851), p. 328 j apud Mater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 3 

Timiua~erotopczus, ZichL, apud Burm. JRetse La Plata-SL ii. p. 474 

Tmdus poiteauii, Less., fide Feb. Orn. Bras. p. 94 (1871). 

Tn tlio adult male the general colour of the upper parts is brown, 

with a very slight tinge of olive or slate, somewhat darker on the 

head; lores nearly black ; ear-coverts dark brown ; no trace of eye-

stripe. Chin, cheeks, and upper throat huffish white, each feather 

having a long fan-shaped dark-brown terminal spot; lores, throat, 

and flanks pale buffish brown, shading into nearly white on the centre 

of the belly and under tail-coverts; axillaries and under wing-coverts 

pale buffish brown, obscurely margined with buff; inner margin of 

quills pale buffish brown. Bill yellow above and below. "Wings 

with the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second 

primary between the sixth and seventh, bastard primary 0*95 to 

0-9 inch. Legs, feet, and claws dark brown. Length of wing 4*7 

to 4-25 inches, tail 4*2 to 3-85, culmen 0-93 to 0'87, tarsus 1*25 

to 1-15. 

There is no difference in the colour of the sexes. Birds of the 

year and young in first plumage have the usual characteristics of 

immature birds of this genus. 

The typical form of the Common South-American Thrush has a 

very wide range, having been found in Guiana, Brazil from Bahia to 

Santa Catherina, and southwards to Bio Negro and Chili, in all 

which provinces it is supposed to be a resident. Intermediate forms 

appear on the Pacific slope of the Andes of Ecuador, and in the valley 

of the Tipper Amazons in Northern Peru, whilst in Colombia the 

extreme form occurs. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Lower Ueayali. E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.l 
b. $ ad. sk Xeberos, Peruvian Amazons, E. Bartlett, Esq. rC.1. 
June 14, 1806. L J 
c. Ad. sk. Paysandu, BUCLOS Ayres Alan Peel, Esq. |"C.l 
Aug. 1877. ^ L J 
d. Ad. sk. Eio Negro (C. Darwin). Zoological Society. 
e. Ad. sk. Brazil. John Gould, Esq. [P.], 
/, g. <S ad. sk. Chili, Zoological Society. 
The synonymy of the Colombian form is as follows : 

26, Tuxdus ignobilis. 
Tiirdus iguobilis, Sclater, P. Z. &. 1857, p. 273; id. P. Z 8 1859 

p. 328,- id. Cat Amer. B. p. 3 (1862). • >*•*.*. o- iaow, 
2 . TURD ITS. 
215 

In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is dark olive"
brown; lores "black ; ear-coverts dark olive-brown ; no trace of cyostripe 
; wings and tail brown; outer webs of feathers margined with 
olive-brown; innermost secondaries dark olive-brown. Chin and 
upper throat pale brown, each feather having a long, fan-shaped, 
brown terminal spot; lower throat, breast, and flanks pale brown' 
shading into nearly white on the centre of the belly and under tail-
coverts, the latter having brown sides ; axillaries pale brown; under 
-wing-coverts buff; inner margin of quills greyish buff. Bill dark 
brown above and below. Wings with the fourth and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary about equal to the eighth, 
"bastard primary 0*95 to 0-9 inch. Legs, feet, and claws dark brown. 
Length of wing 4-6 to 4-5 inches, tail 3-8 to 3-5, culmen 0*89 to OS7, 
tarsus 1/22. 


It is not known that ^CLO female differs from the male. Birds of 
the year and young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 

a. 
Ad. sk. Bogota. P. L. Sclater, Esq. [P.], (Type 
of T. ignobilis Sclater./ 
h. $ ad. sk. Medellin. T. IL Salmon, Esq. [C.]. 
27. Turdus plebeius. 
Turdus plebeius, Cab. * Journ. Orn. 18G0, p. 323; Laior, Ann. L. Neio 
York, ix. p. 91 (1864) ; Fronts* Journ. Orn. 1809, p. 290; Gray *, 
Hand4. B. i. p. 258. no. 3754 (18G9) ; Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl Av. 
Neotr. p. 2 (1873) ; Sah. § Godm. Biol Cmt.-Amer. ZooL, Aves, 

i. p. 17 (1879). 
' 
In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is an 
almost uniform olive-brown, greyer on the inner webs of the quills. 
TJnderparts pale brown, darkest on the cheeks and flanks and slightly 
paler on the centre of the belly ; under tail-coverts brown in 
centre, broadly and distinctly margined, first wTith brownish white, 
then with brown, and finally with brownish white ; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts pale brown, obscurely margined with chestnut; 
inner margins of quills scarcely paler than the rest of the under 
surface. Bill dark brown. Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth 
primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary between the sixth 
and seventh, bastard primary 1*05 to 0'8 inch. Legs, feet, and 
claws brown. Length of wing 5-52 to 5*07 inches, tail 4*25 to 3-8, 
culmen 0*96 to 0-93, tarsus 1*28 to 1-26. 

It is not known that the female differs from the male. Birds of 
the year and young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 

The Costa-Bican Thrush appears to be confined to the province 
of Costa Bica, in Central America, where it is supposed to be a 
resident. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this species; 
"but skins may be seen in the collections of Dr. Sclater, Messrs. 
Salvin and Godman, and my own. 

* 8#&.t glebejw. 
216 TXJEDIB^S. 

28. Tixrdus albiventer. 
Tardus albiventer, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 70, pi. Mx. tig. 1 (1824) ; 
Cab. 8o7wmb. Reis. Girian. iii. p. C66 (1848) ; id. Mus.JIem. i. p. 4 
(1850) j $?Z. # tffffo.* P. ^. & 1867, p. 6 

,451 

(1871) ; #cZ. # £«&.* Nomenel Av. Neotr. p. 

Tuidus ephippialis, tfcfafer, P. £. A 1862, p. 100 ; itf. Otf. -4IH*/\ J?. 

^ . p. 358 (1865). 

In the adult male in autumn plumage the general colour of the 

upper parts is russet-brown, shading into olive-brown on the rump 

and upper tail-coverts, and into slaty brown on the head and nape; 

lores dark brown; ear-coverts slaty brown; no trace or eye-stripe; 

wings brown; wing-coverts, innermost secondaries, and outride 

webs of quills russet-brown; tail brown, outside webs olive-brown. 

Chin and upper throat greyish white, each feather with long fan-

shaped daik-brown terminal streaks or spots; breast brown, 

shading into russet-brown on the flanks, and into white on the vent; 

under tail-coverts brown broadly margined with white: axilhiies 

and under wing-coverts bright chestnut; inner margin of quills 

pale chestnut-brown. Bill dark brown, slightly paler on the under 

mandible. Wing with the fourth primary slightly the longest, 

second primary between the seventh and the eighth, bastard primary 

1*0 to 0*9 inch. Legs, feet, and claws brown. Length of wing 4v>3 

to 4*3 inches, tail 3*8 to 3-65, culm en 0*bo to 0*h3, tarsus 1*20 to 

1-21. 

There is apparently no difference between the sexes. In sin/aner 

the russet-brown of the upper parts becomes greyer. Birds of the 

year have ochraceous tips to the greater wing-coverts. Young in 
first plumage resemble the young of the allied species. 

Spix's Thrush appears to be found throughout the north of the 
continent of South America, having been obtained from Colombia, 
Venezrela, Guiana, and Brazil as far south as Bahia. 
a, b. Ad. sk Bahia, Brazil. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.], 

Turdus fumigatus and Tnrdns hanxweHL 
This Thrush has two extreme forms having different geographical 
ranges. In the intervening districts intermediate forms occur, 
leading to the conclusion that they interbreed. The synonymy of 
the typical form is as under:— 

29. Tixrdus fumigatus. 
Tardus fumigatus, Liclvt. Yirz. JDoubl p. 38 (1823) ; Cab. Schomb. 
Reis. Guian. iii. p. G6o (1848); id. Mus. Sein. i. p. 4 (18o0) : 
Licit. Mm. Av. Mm. Zool. Berol. p. 26 (1854) ; Sctafer, P. Z 8. 
1859, p. 329; Taylor, Ibis, 1804, p. 80; Sdater, Cat.Amer.B. 

p. 4 (1862); M. 8f 8ah. P. Z 8.1866, p. 177; ml P. Z. & 1868, 
p. 166; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 258. no. 3757 (1860); Fimeh. P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 554; Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 94, 421 (1871); Scl $ 8ah. 
Mmeml. Av. Motr. p. 1 (1873) ; Zayard, Ibis, 1873, p. 376. 
Spelt alhzvenfris. 

2. TTODUS. 217 
Turdus femiffineus, Nemvied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 64.9 (1831): 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847); Bp. Camp. i. p. 272 (1850j. 
Turdus olivaceus, Lirrn., apud d'Orb. et Lafr. Mag. Zool, Syn. Av. 
1837, p. 17 
In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is dark 
oehraeeous brown, slightly darker on the lores and ear-coverts ; no 
trace of eye-stripe ; wings brown; wing-coverts, innermost secondaries, 
tail, and outside webs of quills dark oehraeeous brown. 
Underparts pale oehraeeous brown, shading into oehraeeous white 
on the centre of belly, under tail-coverts, chin, and upper throat, the 
two latter having obscure brown longitudinal streaks and the 
under tail-coverts being obscurely margined with oehraeeous ; thighs 
pale brown; axiHaries and under wing-coverts rich oehraeeous 
brown ; inner margin of quills pale chestnut-brown. Bill dark brown 
above, brown below. Wing with the fifth primary very slightly the 
longest, second primary between the seventh and eighth, bastard 
primary 0-9 to 0*72 inch. Legs, feet, and claws dark brown. 
Length of wing 4*45 to 4*1 inches, tail 3*4 to 3*34, culmen 0*9 to 
Q-SC, tarsus 1*23 to 1*2. 
The female scarcely differs from the male. Birds of the yearhoxe 
generally some oehraeeous tips to the greater wing-coverts. Young 
ia first ±thnwtge resemble the young of the allied species. 
The typical form of the Sabian Thrush is found in the north of 
South Ann riea, having been obtained from Ycnezuela, the island of 
Trinidad, and Guiana. Intermediate forms (of which, unfortunately 
for the technicalities of nomenclature, Liehtcn&tein's type happens to 
be one) occur in Amazonia, Para, and Eastern Brazil as far as 
Bahia ; whilst in Eastern Peru, in the valley of the Upper Amazon, 
occurs the extreme form. 

a. Ad. sk. South America. 
K Q ad. sk. San Esteban, Venezuela,
March 1808. 
A. Goering, Esq. [0.1. 
c. Ad. sk. Orinoco. H. Seebokm, Esq. [P.], 

The synonymy of the Peruviau form of the Sabian Thrush is as 
under:— 

30. Turdus hauxwelli 
Turdus hauxwelli, Lawrence, Ami. Z. N. JET. New York, ix, p. 2C5 
(1870). 
Turdus fumigatus, LicM. apud JScl $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 255. 
This form differs from its ally solely in being somewhat darker 
and greyer in colour. The dark oehraeeous brown of the upper 
parts is replaced by dark chestnut-brown. The underparts are dull 
russet-brown, shading into brownish white on the centre of the 
belly, and obscurely streaked with darker brown on the chin and 
upper throat; the under tail-coverts are pale russet-brown, still 
paler at the tips; axillaries and under wing-coverts as in T. fumigatus, 
but inner margin of quills much browner. There is no difference 
in the colour of the p$X or feet, or in the wing- formula. 
Length of wing 4*3 to 4-06 inches, tail 3-55 to 3*2, culmen 0*85 to 
0-82, tarsus 1*2 to 1-15, bastard primary 0*92 to 0*7. 

218 
TXTEDID-ZE. 

Tho female docs not differ from the male. Birds of the year and 
young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 

a. Pad. bk. Yquitosv Peru, October 5 Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
{II. Wlutely). 
31. Turdus obsoletus. 
Turclns obsoletus, Lawr. Ann. L. New York, 1862, p. 470; Baird, 
Rev. Am. B. i. p. 28 (1804); Salvin, P. Z. S. 18077 p. 153; Laior. 
Ann. L. New York, ix. pp. 91,14-5 (1808); Frantz^u*, Journ. Orn. 
1801), p. 2J)0; Salmi, Ibis, 18(59, p. 312; Gray, JSand-L B. i. 

p. 258. no. ?>772 (1809); Salvin, P. Z, S. 1870, p. 180; Salt*. £ 
Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer. ZooL, Aves, L p. 19 (1879). 
In the adult male in autumn plumage the general colour of the 

upper parts is an almost uniform dark russet-brown, very slightly 

darker on the head and considerably greyer on the inside webs of 

the quills; the general colour of the underparts is pale russet-

brown, shading into white on the centre of the belly, and obscurely 

streaked with darker brown on the chin and upper throat. Under 

tail-coverts white, with pale russet-brown bases and sides; axil


laries and under wing-coverts rich ochraceous brown; inner margin 

of quills pale chestnut-brown Bill dark brown above and below. 

Wing with the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, 

second primary between the sixth and heventh, bastard primary 

1-0 to 0*8 inch. Legs, foot, and claws dark brown. Length of wing 

4-95 to 4-8 inches, tail 3-75 to 3-4, culmen 0-95 to 0*85, tarsus 1*2. 

It is not known that there is any sexual difference worth recording, 

or that any appreciable change is produced by abrasion. In young 

in first plumage most of the feathers of the upper parts have 

ochraceous shafts, and the scapulars and wing-coveits ochraceous 

tips. The underparts are also much suffused with ochraceous, 

especially on the breast and flanks, and most of the feathers have 

more or less obscure dark-brown tips; the inner margin of the 

quills is also more ochraceous. 

Lawrence's Sabian Thrush, the Central-American form of T. 

fumir/atus, appears to be confined to the provinces of Costa Eica 

and Panama in Central America, where it is supposed to be a 

resident. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this species; 
but skins are in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman and in 
my own, 

32. Tnrdus nigrirostris. 
Turdus nigrirostris, 
Lawrence, Ann. New York Ac. Sc. i. p. 147 
(1878); id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1879, p. 2G7. 

This is an island form of T. fmnigatus, and differs from that 
species and from T. liauxwelli in having the general colour of the 
upper parts dark russet-brown, with scarcely any chestnut tint. 
Tho^underparts are slightly paler and greyer than those of T.hauxwelli, 
and much less ochraceous than those of T. fmnigatus; and most 

2 . TTJEDirs. 
219 
of tlie feathers of tlie underparts have dark shaft-lines. In all 
other respects this species agrees with T. liaiuvwelli. It probably 
owes its claim to specific rank solely to the accident of its having 
"become isolated on an island and thus having no opportunity of 
interbreeding with its near allies. Length of wing 4*6 to 4*35 inches, 
tail 3-4 to 3*26, culmen 0*96 to 0*94, tarsus 1*32, bastard primary 
1-05 to 0-95. 

The St.-Yineent Sabian Thrush appears to be confined to the 
island of St. Yincent in the "West Indies. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this species • 
but I have examined a skin in the Cambridge Museum, and the 
types in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. 

Turdus grayii and Tardus casras. 

This Thrush has two extreme forms, between which intermediate 
forms occur. 


33. Tardus grayii. 
Turdus helvolus, LitM. Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. no. 85 (1830, descr. 
nulla) • Licht. Nom. Av. Mm. Zool. Berol. p. 26 (1854) ; Cab. 
Journ. Orn. 1803, p. 57. 

Tardus gravii, 
Bp, P. Z. & 1837, p. 118 • Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 
(1847/; Bp. Consp. i. p. 272 (1850) ; Cab. Mm, Hem. i. p. 4 
(1850); Sciater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 330; Scl. <$• Sate. Ibi% 1859, 

p. 5; Cab. Journ. Orn. I860, p. 323; Owen, Ibis, 18C1, p. 60; 
Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 20 (1804, partim) ; Lawr. Ann. L. N. H. 
JSfeio Yoi% ix. pp. 91, 199 (1868) ; Sumzckrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. 
K H. i. p. 543 (1869) ; Gray, lland-l. B. i. p. 257. nq. 3741 
(1869) ; Frantzius, Journ. Orn. 1869, p. 290; Scl §• Sah. P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 836; Grayson, Pr. Bost Soc. N. H. si v. p. 276 (1871) ; 
Scl. 8r Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 1 (1873). 
Planesticus grayii (Bp.), Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 4 (1854). 
Planesticus luridus, Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxviii. p. 4 (1854). 
Turdus tristis, Swains., apud Sciater, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 294. 
Turdus luridus (Bp.), Sel. 8f Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 2 (1873). 


In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is uniform 

olive-brown; inside webs of quills and tail brown ; lores brown ; 

no trace of eye-stripe. Underparts uniform pale huffish brown, 

slightly paler on the centre of the belly, chin, and upper throat, the 

latter with long fan-shaped terminal browTn streaks; axillaries and 

under wing-coverts pale chestnut; inner margin of quills pale 

chestnut. Bill dark brown above and below. Wing with the third, 

fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary 

about equal to the seventh, bastard primary 1*05 to 0'8 inch. 

Legs, feet, and claws dark brown. Length of wing 4*7 to 4*3 inches, 

tail 3-9 to 3-55, culmen 0-93 to 0*84, tarsus 1-3 to 1*2. 

The female does not differ from the male birds of the year; and 

young in first plumage have all the characteristic markings of the 

same plumage of allied species. 

Typical forms of Gray's Thrush are found in the Tres Marias 

Islands and on the mainland of West Central Mexico, extending 

220 TTJBDIDJE. 
southwards, through Yera Cruz, and throughout Central America 

into Colombia. 
a, b. S ad. sir. Mexico. Purchased. 
c. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Purchased. 
<7. Ad. sk.
„ 
New Granada. Purchased. (Type of Planesticus 
luridus, Bonap.) 

The synonymy of the conspecific form is as follows:— 

34. Turdus casius. 
Planesticus casing, Bp. Compt. Rendus. xli. p; 657 (1355). 
Tardus csesius (Bonap.), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 257. no. 3744 (I860). 
Turdus casius (Bonap.), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1359, p. 330; Later, Ana. 

L. N. II. Neiv York, yii. p. 326 (18G2). 
Turdus 
grayii, Bonap., apud Baird, Bev. Am. B. i. p. 20 (1^)4, 
partim), apud Sal v., <$f Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer. ZooL, Ave$9 i. 

p. 18 (1879, partim). 
This form only differs from the preceding in having the upper 
parts russct-brown instead of olive-brown. 
Bonaparte's form of Gray's Thrush is a local race, which lias 
become partially differentiated from its near ally in Panama. 

a. 
Ad. sk, Panama. Capt. Kelletfc and Lieut. Wood 'P.] , 
(Type of Planesticus cmius, Bon ip.) 
35. Turdus migratorius. 
La Grive de Canada, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 225 (1760). 

Turdus 
migratorius, Linn. 8yst. Nat. i. p. 292 {1760); GmeL Sipt. 
Nat. i. p. 811 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 830 (17901; VieilL X 
Diet. dHist. Nat. xx. p. 230 (1818); Wilson, Amer. Orn. L p. 35, 
pi. ii. fig. 2 (1808); Audnb. Orn. Bioqr. ii. p. 190 (1834); Temm. 
Man. dOrn. iii. p. 91 (1835); Bp. Cmnp. LtstB. Eur. & N Amer. 

p. 17 (1838); Keys. u. Bias. With. Bur. pp. Iii. 178 (1840); Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847); Der/l Orn. Bur. i. p. 462 (1849); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 272 (1850); Cab. Mm. Hem. i. p. 4 (1850); SeJatar, 
P. Z. S. 1856, p. 294; id. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 331; id. Cat Amer. B. 
p. 4 (1862); Newt. List B. Bur. Blashis, p. 9 (1862); Dtql. et 
Gerbe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 406 (1867); Ball $ Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. 
i. p; 276 (1869); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 257. no. 3747 (16<i9); 
Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 143 (1870); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 72 
(1872); id.B. N. West, p. 228 (1874). 
La Litorne de Canada, Montb. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 307 (1775). 
Grive clu Canada, Daubent. PL Enl. no. 556. fig. 1 (1775), 
Turdus canadensis, P. L. 8. Mull. Linn. 8y$t Nat. Anhanff, n. 140 

(1776). G7 i 
Red-breasted Thrush, Lath. Gen. 8yn. ii. p. 26 (1783). 
Merula migratoria (Linn.), 8to. Faun. Bor.-Amer. Birds, ii. p. 17G 

(1831); Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 74 (1837). 
Turdus (Planesticus) migratorius (Linn.), Baird, Cass., fy Later. B. 

N. Amer. p. 218 (1858); Coues, Birds Colorado Vail. p. 8 (1878). 
Planesticus migratorius (Linn.). Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 163; Gundtach. 
Journ. Orn. 1872, p. 405. 

In the adult male in spring plumage the head, lores, and ear-
coverts are black; round the eye and a spot in front white; fea


2. TtJEDtJS. 221 
titers of the nape brown with, black centres• back and scapulars 
slate-grey suffused with, olive, shading into nearly slate-grey on the 
rump; upper tail-coverts dark brownish, slate-grey; primary-coverts 
and quills dark brown, with narrow pale margins ; wing-coverts 
and innermost secondaries dark brown, shading into pale greyish 
brown on the margin• tail nearly black, the inside webs of the outside 
feathers on each side more or less broadly tipped with white. 

Cheeks black, pencilled with white ; chin and upper throat white, 
each feather with a broad black shaft-streak; lower throat, breast, 
belly, flanks, axiilaries, and under wing-coverts rich deep chestnut• 
feathers round the vent white ; under tail-coverts dark brown, with 
white shaft-streaks and tips. Bill yellow, dusky at the extreme 
tip. Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal 
and longest; second primary intermediate in length between the 
fifth and sixth ; bastard primary 0*95 to 0*6 inch. Legs, feet, and 
claws dark brown. Length of wing 5*4 to' 4'9 inches, tail 4-12 to 
3*7, culmen 0*92 to 0*78, tarsus 1*35 to 1*15. 

The female differs from the male in being slightly paler in colour 
both on the upper and underparts. After the autumn moult the 
upper parts of both sexes are more suffused with olive; the black 
feathers of the head have olive-brown margins, the chestnut feathers 
of the breast have grey margins, and those of the belly white margins. 
Birds of the year have chestnut tips to most of the wing-
coverts. Young in first plumage have also white shaft-lines and 
black tips to most of the small feathers of the upper parts, and 
black fan-shaped terminal spots to the feathers of the underparts. 


American ornithologists distinguish between the Eastern and 
"Western forms of this bird, maintaining that the former is smaller 
with a much blacker tail, and with the white tips to the outside 
tail-feathers much more developed. After an examination of a large 
series from various localities, I am unable to discover any such 
distinction. I have both forms from California, Yancouver's Island, 
and Toronto. (Oonf Ridgw. Bull. 2NTutt. Orn. Club, 1877, p. 8.) 

The Red-breasted Thrush, or American Robin, breeds throughout 
the whole of Alaska, British North America, and parts of Greenland, 
up to, and occasionally north of, the Arctic Circle, retiring 
southwards in autumn, and passing the Bermudas on migration. In 
the United States and in the highlands of Mexico it is a resident, 
the numbers being largely increased in autumn, at which season of 
the year it occasionally strays to Guatemala and Cuba, and has even 
been recorded from Europe. 

a. Ad. st.
b. Ad. sk.
e Ad. sk.
d. $ ad. sk.
e. $ ad. sk.
/-9- c? 2 a(l-gkh} 
i. 8 ad.; h. 2 
Arctic America. 
Franklin Fort. 
Behrings Straits. 
Salt River. 
Fort Simpson. 
FortDufferin (Dawson). 
Ann Arbor, Michigan. 
Adm. Sir G. Back [P.]. 
Adm. Sir G. Back [P.J. 
Capt. Kellett and Lieut. 
Wood [P.l 
B. R. Ross; Esq. [P.]. 
B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.].] 
Boundary Commission. 
Prof. J. B. Steere [P.]. 
ad. sk. 

22% TTTBDIDiE. 

/. Ad. sk. N.AV. America. Dr. Lyall fP.]. 

m. Ad. sk. Satuma Island. Dr. Lyall [P.]. 
n. Ad. sk. "Vancouver Island, J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. 
o,p. <$ acl.; q. $ ad. sk. "West side of Itocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.], 
Mountains. 

r. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 
s, A Skeletons. N. America. Purchased. 
36. Turdus confinis. 
Turdus confinis, Baircl, Bevieiv, p. 29 (1864); i?tfta, yew § Unfig. 
B. N. Amer. p. 3 (1809); GVay, Ilandl-l B. i. p. 258. no. 3756 
(1869); Coo/a?r, B. Calif, ed. Baird; p. 9 (1870). 
Turdus migratorius, Linn,, var. confinis, Baird, Coues, Key y. Amer. 

B. p. 72(1872); Baird, Brewer, § Ridgw. Hist. A7". Amer. B. i. 
p. 27, pi. ii. %. 1 (1874). 
This species (founded upon a single skin) appears to be a desert 
form of the preceding, differing in having the general colour of the 
upper parts a pale greyish brown, slightly darker on the centre of 
the feathers of the head; the axillaries and belly are pale buff, 
slightly darker on the flanks and sides of the breast; chin and 
throat*white? streaked with greyish brown. Length of wing 5-1 
inches, tail 3*6, culmen 0*95, tarsus 1*25. Wing-formula the same 
as in the preceding. This supposed species may probably prove 
to be only an unusually pale example of the common one—in fact, 
an accidental variety. 

The only example known of the Cape-St. -Lucas Robin-Thrush 
was obtained at Todos Santos, in the extreme south of the Calif or nian 
peninsula. 

The above description is taken from the type in the museum 
of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. 

37, Turdus rufiventer. 

Turdus rufiventris, Vieill.A7". Diet. d'Mbt. Nat. xx. p. 226 (1818); 
Spix*, Av. Bras. i. p. 70, pi. Ixxiii. (1824); Hemmed, Beitr. Haturg. 
Bras. iii. p. 639 (1831); D'Orbign Voy. Amer. merid. p. 203 
(circ. 1840) ; Gould*, Darwin's Voy. Beagle, Birds, iii. p. 59 (1841); 
Cab. Mits. Ilein. i. p. 3 (1850); Licht. Homenol Av. p. 26 (1854); 
JBttrm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 122 (1855); Sclater, P Z. S. 1859, p. 332; 
Burm. JReise La Tlata-St. ii. p. 474 (1861); Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. 

p. 5 (18G2); Eider, Journ. Orn. 1867, pp. 186,189, 190, 192. 198. 
403; ScL $ Sale. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 138; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 
p. 257. no. 3745 (1869); Felz. Orn. Bras. pp. 94, 421 (1871); 
ScL # Salv. Homencl. Av. Heotr. p. 2 (1873); Berlepsch, Journ, 
Orn. 1873, p. 228. 
Turdus chochi, Vieill. A". Diet. d'Hist. Hat. xx. p. 226 (1818); D'Orb. 
et Lafr. Mag. de ZooL, Syn. Av. 1837, p. 16; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 
(1847); Bjp. Consp. i. p. 272 (1850). 

In tho adult male the general colour of the upper parts is ash-
grey inclining to olive, very slightly darker on the head; lores 

* Spelt rujiventer. 
2. TUBDUS. 
223 
paler ; no trace of eyo-stripo; wings and tail brown ; wing-coverts, 
innermost secondaries, and outside v^ebs of quills and tail-ibathors 
the same colour as the back. Breast pale brown, shading into 
nearly white on the chin and upper throat, and into rich chestnut 
on the flanks, which becomes somewhat paler on the holly and under 
tail-coverts ; the chin and throat, and frequently the breast, have 
somewhat obscurely defined longitudinal streaks of darkish brown ; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts rich chestnut; inner margin of 
quills pale chestnut-brown. Bill dark brown above, brown below. 
"Wing with the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, 
second primary between the seventh and eighth, bastard primary 
0*85 to 1*1 inch. Legs, feet, and claws brown. Length of wing 
4-6 to 4-25 inches, tail 4-1 to 3\S, culmen OOG to 0-91, tarsus 1-4 
to 1-25. 

Examples from Buenos Ay res are more suffused with olive on 
the upper parts. 

The female does not differ from the male. Birds of the year and 
young in first plumage possess all the characteristic markings of tho 
same stages of plumage of allied species. 

The Chestnut-bellied Thrush appears to bo confined to the central 
and eastern portions of South America, having been found from Bahia 
to Buenos Ayres, and in the interior of Bolivia. 

a, b. Ad. ek Chili [_?]. Zoological Society. 
c. Ad. sk.
d. 2 ad. sk.
e. f Ad. sk.
(/. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk. 
Punta Lara, BuenosAyres, May 25,187G. 
Uruguay, Sept. 1877. 
BaMa, Brazil. 
Brazil. 
Soutli America. 
Henry Dumford, Esq. [C.]. 
Alan Peel, Esq. [0.1. 
PL Soebohm, Esq. [P.J. 
M. Olaus&en [P.]. 
i. Ad. sk. South America. J. Gould, Esq. 

Jc. Ad. sk. Interior of Bolivia (Brydges). Eyton Coll. 

38. Turdus magellanicus. (Plate XIV.) 
Turdus magellanicus, Xing, P. Z. S, 1880, p. 14; Gray, Gen, B. i. 
p. 219 (1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 272 (ISoO, partim); Cab. Mm. 
Hein. i. p. 3(1850); Licht. Xom. Av. Mus. Zool. Berol, p. 26 
(1854); Bnrnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 392. 
Turdus 
falklandifc, Quoy et Gaim., ajmd D'Orbign. Voy. Amer. 
merid. Ois. p. 202(eirc. 1840). 
Turdus falklandicus, Quoy et Gaim., apad Gould, Darioirfs Voy. 
Beagle, Birds, p. 59 (IMl, partim)$ apud Mater, P. Z. #.1859, 

p. 330 (partim) ; apud Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 4 (1802, partim); 
apud Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 257.no. 3740(1809, partim), apud 
Sclater <Sr Salvin, Nomencl Av. Xeotr. p. 2 (1873, partim). 
Merula falklandica {Quoy et Gaim.), apud Cassin, U.S. Expl. JExp., 
Mamm. Sf Orn. p. 157 (1858). 

In the adult male the head and ear-coverts are dark brown, nearly 
black, tho feathers on the forehead with paler edges ; lores black ; 
no trace of eye-stripe ; rest of upper parts brown, shading into dull 
slate-grey on the rump; primaries, primary-coverts, and tail dark 
brown; secondaries broadly edged with paler brown on the outer 
webs; entire outer webs of innermost secondaries olive-brown. 

Chin and upper throat greyish white, each feather with a long fan


224 
TUKBIDM. 

shaped terminal black streak or spot; the rest of the underparts 
bullish brown, shading into buff on the centre of belly; under tail-
coverts bullish white margined at the sides with brown ; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts pale huffish brown ; inner margin of quills 
scarcely paler than rest of under surface. Bill yellow. Wings with 
the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest; 
second primary intermediate in length between the sixth and 
seventh; bastard primary 1-0 to 0-8 inch. Length of wing 5*5 to 
5-0, tail 4-5 to 44, culmen 1*05 to 0-95, tar&us 1*6 to 1*5. Legs, 
feet, and claws pale. 

The female does not differ from the male. Birds of the year are 
browner on the rump and upper tail-coverts than adults. Young in 
firrst plumaye have the usual markings of the allied species at this 
stage. 

The Patagonian Thrush occurs on the islands of Mas Afuera and 
Juan Fernandez, in Chili and Patagonia, and in the island of Terra 
del Fuego. It is not known to be migratory. 

a, b, c. $; d, e. Juan Fernandez (J. Mur- Challenger Exp. 
5 ad. sk. i-ay). 
fj g. Juv. sk. Gray Harbour, Messier Challenger Exp. 
Channel (J. Murray), 


h. 
J ad.; i. Juv. Port Currucha (J. Murray). Challenger Exp. 
sk. 
k, $ ad. sk. Cockle Cove, Straits of Dr. Coppinger [C.]. 
Magellan. 
/. Juv. sk. Tom Bay, Straits of Ma- Dr. Coppinger [C.]. 
gellan. 
w2.Ad.sk. 
Eaineraldas. Capt.Kellet and Lieut. 
Wood [0.]. 


n. Ad.; o. 5 ad. sk. Hermit Island. Antarctic Expedition. 
p. 
Ad. sk. South America. Sir W. Burnett and 
Adm. Fitzroy [0.]. 
39. Tardus falklandicns. (Plate XIII.) 
Turdus falcklandii, Quoy ct Gaim, Toy. do VUrank, p. 104 (1824). 

Turdus 
falklandicus (ex Quoy et Gaim.), Gould, BarwinJs Fby. 
Beagle, Birds, p. 59 (1841, partim); Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 880 
(partim)-, id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 4 (1802, partim); Gray, ±Iand-l> 

B. i. p. 257. no. 3746 (1809, partim); 8cl. et Salv. Komench Ai\ 
Neotr. p. 2 {1873, partim). 
Turdus magellanicus, Xing, apud Bp. Cvnsp. i. p. 272 (1850, partim). 
Turdus maluinarum, LichL,fide Bp. Consp. i. p. 272 (1850). 

This species differs from the preceding, with which it has 
generally been confounded, in having ihe head chocolate-brown, 
and the rest of the upper parts rich russet-brown, slightly suffused 
with olive on the rump. The underparts are pale russet-brown, 
darkest on the breast. The ground-colour of the chin and upper 
throat is pale russet-brown instead of greyish white, causing the 
streaks to appear less distinct. The wing-formula of both species 
alike. Length of wing &'§ to 5'2 inches, tail 4*4 to 4, culmen 1*2 

to 1*1, tarsus 1*6 to 1'45. 
The Falkland-Island Thrush is believed to be confined to the 

2 . TURDUS. 
225 
islands from which it derives its name, where it is supposed to ho a 

resident. 
a. <$ ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
c. Ad.sk. 
Falkland Islands. 
Falkland Islands. 
East Falkland Islands. 
Antarctic Expedition [0. 
Antarctic Expedition f (Y 
Antarctic Expedition [(Y 

40. Turdus flavirostris. 
Mernla flavirostris, Swains. Phi Mag. 1827, p. 309. 
Turdus ilavirostris (Swains.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847); Selater, 


P. Z. S. 1839, p. 332 ; 2V/. Cat. Amer. B. p. 2 (1802); Baird, llev. 
Am.B. i. p. 31 (18(34); Gray, Hand-LB. i. p. 257. no. 3748(1800); 
La'wr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. IL ii. p. 2(>C> (1870); id. Bull. U. S. KaU 
Mm. iv. p. 11 (1870); Selater $ Salvin, P. Z. S.1870, p. 550; Grayson, 
Pr. Bosf. Soc. N. IL xiv. p. 270 (1871); Sah. $ Godm. Biol. 
Cenfr.-Amer. Zool, Aves, i. p. 21, pi. iii. fig. 1 (1879). 
Turdus rufo-palliatus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 259 : Gray, Gen. B. 

i. p. 219 (1847). 
Turdus palliatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 272 (1850). 
In the adult male the general colour of the tipper parts is pale 
slate-grey, slightly suffused with russet on the forehead and crown; 
lesser, median, and greater wing-coverts chestnut, shading into 
chestnut-brown on the back and scapulars ; lores black; ear-coverts 
pale slate-grey; no trace of eye-stripe; wings brown; outside 
webs of quills, innermost secondaries, primary-coverts, and bastard 
wing-feathers pale slate-grey ; tail brown, outside webs of feathers 
edged with slate-grey. Chin and throat white, each feather with a 
long fan-shaped dark-brown terminal streak or spot; breast and 
flanks chestnut, shading into white on the centre of the belly and 
under tail-coverts ; axillaries and under wing-coverts bright chestnut 
; inner margin of quills pale chestnut-brown. Bill yellow 
above and below. Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary between the sixth 
and seventh, bastard primary 1*05 to 0*95 inch. Legs, feet, and 
claws pale. Length of wing 5*0 to 4*7 inches, tail 4*35 to 3*7, 
culmen 0*96 to 0-9, tarsus 1*31 to 1*3. » 

The female does not differ from the male ifliihe colour of the 
plumage. Birds of the year and young in first^tumage appear to 
be unknown. 

Swain son's Yellow-legged Thrush appears to bo confined to the 
west coast of Mexico from the entrance of the Gulf of California 
to the Bay of Tehuantepec. It is common in the Tres-Marias 
Islands. It is a migratory bird, probably ascending to the tablelands 
to breed. 

a. Ad. sk. 
Mexico. Purchased. 
41. Turdus clriguanco 
Turdus 
ckiguanco, D'Ofc. et Lafr. Mag. de Zool, Syn. Av.\$. 16 
(1837) ; D'Qrbign. Voy. Amer. mSrid. p. 201, pi. ix. fig. 2 {arc. 
1840)5 Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847); Sdater, P. Z, S. 1858, 


VOL. T.

TtTEDIMS. 

226 

pp. 450, 550; id F.Z.S. 1859, p. 338; id. Cat Amer. B.y. 5 
(1862) ; Sclater § Nation, F. Z. S. i860, p. 96; Gray, Kcmd-L B. 
L p. 258. no. 3702 (1809); Scl $ S'alv. NomencL Av. Keotr. p. 2 
(1878); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874; p. 503. 

Tardus chiguano, Bp. Consjx i. p. 275 (1850). 

In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is dark 
olive-brown; lores dark bro-wn; ear-coverts dark olive-brown• no 
trace of eye-stripe; wings and tail brown, the outer webs of the 
feathers dark olive-brown. Underparts ashy brown, the feathers 
of the chin and upper throat with dark streaks down the centres ; 
under tail-coverts brown, with long white centres and obscure 
white margins ; axillaries and under tail-coverts brown, margined 
with bright chestnut; inner margin of quills pale brown. Bill 
yellow above and below. Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth 
primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary about equal to 
the sixth, bastard primary 1*4 to 0*92 inch. Legs, feet, and claws 
pale. length of wing 5*5 to 4*65 inches, tail 5*0 to 3*85, culmen 
1-12 to 0-95, tarsus 1*6 to 1*45. 

The female does not differ from the male. Birds of the year and 
young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 

D'Orbigny's Yellow-legged Thrush is found on the west coast of 
South America, having been obtained in Ecuador, Pern, and Bolivia. 
It winters in the plains from June to October, and ascends to the 
plateaus of the Andes to breed. 

a. $ ad. sir. Arequipa, Peru, June 13,1807. Mr. Henry Whitely TO 1 
h $ ad. ak. Islay, Peru, May 15,1867. Mr. Henry Whitely [C.j! 
42. Turdus tephrouotns, 
Turdus 
tephronotus, Cab. Journ. Orn. 1878, p. 218, pl.iii. fig. 2; 
Fischer § Beichenoio, Journ. Orn. 1878, p. 268• Fischer, Jown. 
Orn. 1879, p. 279. 

In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is palish 
slate-grey, browner on the inner *« ebs of the quills and tail-feathers; 
lores brown ; car-coverts brown with pale shafts; no trace of eye-
stripe. Chin, cheeks, and upper throat nearly white, with longitudinal 
dark-brown streaks; lower throat and upper breast palish 
slate-grey, shading into bright orange-chestnut on the axillaries, 
under wing-coverts, and the rest of the underparts; inner margin 
of quills orange-chestnut, broad, almost Geocichline. Bill orange-
yellow ; a bare place behind the eye. "Wings with the third, fourth, 
and fifth primalies nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate 
in length between the seventh and eighth, bastard primary 

0.9 to 0-8 inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Length of 
wing 4*5 to 4*1 inches, tail 3*3 to 3*15, culmen 0-9 to 0*85, tarsus 
1*2. 
It is not known that the sexes differ in colour. Birds of the 
year are unknown. Young in first plumage have the slate-grey 

2 . XUHDTTS. 
227 
replaced by brown, and have dark bars across the ends of the smaller 
feathers, and ochraccous spots at the tips of the wing-coverts. 
The Zanzibar Thrush has only been procured in the district whoso 
name it bears. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this -wellmarked 
species. The type is in the Berlin Museum, and specimens 
are also in the collections of Capt, Shelley and of the writer. 

43. Turdus olivaceus. 
Le Merle olive du Cap de Bonne-Esperance, Briss. Orn. ii. p, 294, 
pi. x\ii. fig. 3 (1760); Month. Hid. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 381 (1775). 

Turdus 
olivaceus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 202 (1700) ; Gmel. Syst. 
Nat. i. p. 810 (1788); Lath, hid Orn. i. p. 351 (1790); Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 210 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 273 (1850); Cab. Mas. 
Hem. i. p. 3 (1850) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 128 (1807); Gamey, 
Ibis, 1868, p. 45; Gray, Jlcmd-l B. i. p. 250. no. 3725 (1800); 
Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. no. 188 (1871); Gumey, Anderss. B. Bam. 
Ld. p. 110 (1872) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1870, p. 420 ; Barratt, Ibis. 1870, 

p. 201 j Sharpe, ed. Layard1 s B. S. Afr. p. 200 (1876), 
Olive Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 06 (1783). 
In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is dull 
olive-brown, shading into russet-brown on the forehead, somewhat 
darker and browner on the inner webs of the quills and tail-
feathers ; lores and ear-coverts brown; no trace of eye-stripe. 
Chin and upper throat white, with longitudinal dark-brown strcalvs, 
which become almost confluent on the cheeks; breast greyish 
brown, shading into bright orange-chestnut on the flanks and belly; 
under tail-coverts brown, with white centres running out to the 
tips; axillaries and under wing-coverts bright bunish chestnut; 
inner margin of quills pale chestnut-brown. Bill dusky yellow 
above and below. Wings with the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth 
primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary between the 
seventh and eighth, bastard primary 1-0 to 0*8 inch. Logs, feet, and 
claws pale. Length of wing 5*05 to 4*45 inches, tail 3-9 to 3*4, 
culmen 1-0 to 0*9, tarsus 1-4 to 1*2. 

There appears to be no difference in the plumage of the sexes, 
nor does any change worthy of note take place by abrasion. Birds 
of the year have the wing-coverts tipped with chestnut, and most 
of the feathers of the upper and under parts with obscure black 
terminal bars. Young in first plumage have the usual ochraccous 
shaf o-lines to the feathers of the upper parts, and black terminal 
bars to those of the underparts. 

The Olive Thrush is found in the Transvaal, Natal, and in the 
Cape Colony, where it is a resident. 

a Juv. sk. S. Africa (C. J. Andersson). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
b Ad ,'c. Imm.sk. S. Africa (B. L. Layard). B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

 Ad! sk. S. Africa. 
J. Bocke, Esq. [P.]. 

e. Ad. sk. Orange River. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
/ a Ad. sk. Knysna (C. J. Andersson), R. B. Sharpe, E-q. 
h Ad sk Kingwilliamstown. Lieut. Trepa n [P.]. 
02 S TTJEDIDiB. 
t\ c? ad. ale/•. Ad. ak.
I,m. cf, w. 
o. J ad.
2 sk. 
tik. 
Eland'sPoat (21C. ^more). 
Lydenburg. 
Macamnc." 
Mucamac, July 3,1871 (T.
Ayres). 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq 
F. A. Barratt, Esq. fO. 
F. A. Barratt, Esq. 
J. H. Guraey,Esq. 

44. Turdus abyssinicus. 
TJO Merle brim d'Abysbinie, Biiss. Orn. iii. p. 400 (1760) • Month. 
Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 407 (1775). _ 
__ 
Abyssinian Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. u. p. 78 (1/63). 
Turdus abyssinicus, GW. Syst. Nat. l. p. 824 (1788) ,• Lath. I/id. Orn 


i. p. 357 (1790). 
Morula olivacea (LinnX apud Riipp. Neue Wirb., Vdg. p. 83 (1835), 
apud Iiupp. Si/st. Uebers. p. 60 (1845). 
Turdus olivacinus, Bp. Cons}), i. p. 273 (1850) ; Gray, Hand4. B. i. 

p. 256. no. 3731 (1860) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O-Afr. i. p. 382 (1869); 
Blanf. Geol. 8? Zool. Abyss, p. 357 (1870); Heugl. Journ. Orn. 
1871, p. 206. 
Turdus olivmiem, Linn.7 apud Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 29 (1856), apud 
lleugl. Journ, Orn. 1862, p. 294. 
Turdus olhaceus habessinicus, Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 382 
(1809). 
Turdus erythrorhynchus, Rtipp., fide Heugl Journ. Orn. 1871, 

p. 207. 
Cichloides olivacinus (Bp.), Gray, fide Giebel, Thes. Orn, iii. p. 717 
(1877). 
This is a northern form of T. olivaceus, and differs from that 
species in haying the ground-colour of the chin and throat the 
same colour as the breast. In all other respects (colour of soft 
parts, wing-formula, &c.) no difference is observable. Length of 

•vying 4-65 to 4*3 inches, tail 3*9 to 3-35, culmen 0*9 to 0*81, tarsus 
1-4 to 1-25. 
The female does not differ from the male. Birds of the year and 
young in first plumage very closely resemble "birds of the preceding 
species in similar plumages. 

The Abyssinian Thrush is confined to the highlands of Abyssinia, 
where it is said to be a resident. 

a. Juv. sk. Abyssinia. Purchased. 
b. tf ad. sk. Lake Ashangi, May 1, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [O.]. 
1868. 
c. 2 ad. sk. Senate, March 10,1868. W.T. Blanford, Esq. [O.]. 
d. e. <3 $ ad. sk. Euphane, Shoa, Decern-India Museum. 
ber 1841 (Sir W. C. 
Harris). 
f. 
$ juv. sk. Angollala, January 1842 India Museum. 
(Sir W. C. Harris). 
45. Turdus cabanisi. 
VariSte* du Griveron, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. p. 15, pi. c (1802). 
Merula obscura, Smith, Hep. S.-Afr, Exp., App. p. 45 (1836-nee 
Gmelin). 
Turdus obacurufl (Smith), Smith, III Zool S. Afr., Birds, pi. xxxn. 

2. TURBOS. 229 
(1839); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847); Sandev. K. Su. VeL-Jlc. 

Ilandl. 1857, p. 35; Bayard, B. S. -i/>\ p. 128 (1807). 
Turdus cabanisi, Bp.,fide Cah. Mm. lie in. i. p. 3 (1850). 
3?urdus smithi, Bp. Cony, i. p. 274 (1830): Grew, lland-l. B. i. 

p. 250. no. 3733 (1809). 
Planesticus cabanisi (Cah.), Bp. Compi. Bend. xxxuii. p. 4 (1854), 
Tardus deckeni, Cab. Jour. Orn. 181)8, p. 412; id. Deckers Oct's, in 
Ostafr. iii. p. 21, pi. 1 (180$)); Gray, JIand-l B. i. p. 257. no. 3730 
(1869); Fimch fy IlartL Tog. Ostafr. p. 279 (1870); Gurnet/, 
Ibis, 1871, p. 267. 

Turdus olivaceus, Linn., apart Ayres, Ibis, 1809, p. 292, apud Sharpe, 
ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 200 (1870, partim). 
Cichloides smithi(Jfy.), Gray, fide Giebel, Thcs. Orn. iii. p. 707(1877). 

This species is somewhat intermediate between T. olivaceus 
and T. pelios. General colour of the upper parts an almost 
neutral brown, with a slight shade of slate-grey. Chin, cheeks, and 
upper throat pale grey, somewhat obscurely streaked with brown; 
lower throat, upper breast, and flanks an almost neutral brown, 
shading into dull orange-chestnut on the belly; under tail-coverts 
brown, with pale shaft-lines and tips ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts bright orange-chestnut; inner margin of quills pale chestnut-
brown. Bill yellow. "Wings with the fourth and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate in length 
between the seventh and eighth, bastard primary 1-0 to 0*9 inch. 
Legs, feet, and clawTs pale brownish yellow. Length of wing 4*9 to 
4-55 inches, tail 4*1 to 3*7, culm on 1*08 to 1*0, tarsus 1*39 to 1*25; 
outside tail-feathers 0*3 to 0*4 inch shorter than the longest. 

There appears to be no difference in colour between the sexes, 
but females are on an average smaller in size. Birds of the year 
scarcely differ from adults. Young in first plumage (February) are 
much browner, with no trace of slate-grey, and have dark bars 
at the tips of most of the small feathers and ochraceous tips to 
the wing-coverts. One example has distinct scutellations on the 
tarsus. 

Cabanis's Thrush is found in the Transvaal and Kaffirland. An 
example obtained by Baron Yon der Decken, probably further north 
in East Africa, is somewhat browner above and more chestnut on 
the Hanks, and may prove to be distinct. 

a. Ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ayres). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
6. S ad. sk. Potchefbtroom, Transvaal, Jan. J. II. Gurnoy,Esq. [P.], 
15, 1878 (T. Ayres). 
c. Ad. sk. Lake Ngami (Chapman). B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

46. Turdus libonyaiius. 
Merula libonyana, Smith, Bep. 8.-Afr. Kip., App. p. 45 (1836). 

Turdus libonyanus (Smith), Smith, ill Zool 8. Afr., Birds, pi. xxxviii. 
(1839) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847); Layard, B. S Afr. p. 127 
(1867) ; Newton, Ibis, 1868, p. 266; Gray, Rand-l B. i. p. 250. 
no. 3727 (1869); JFinsch Sf IlartL Tog. Ostafr. p. 280 (1870); 
Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 21 (1871) ; Giimey, AnJerss. B.Bam. Id. 

230 
TTJllDIDJE. 

p. 115 (1872); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 100 (1870) ; 
Meiehemno, Journ. Orn. 1877, p. SO; At/res, Ibis, 1879, p. 3^9. 
Tardus verreauxii, Bocaqe, Jam. So. Lisb. ii. p. 340 (1870); Sharpe, 
ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 202 (1870). 
In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is pale 
slate-grey, very slightly browner and darker on the inner wobb of 
the quills and tail-feathers ; lores brown ; ear-coverts brown, with 
pale shafts ; eye-stripe somewhat obscure, pale buff, soon losing 
itself behind the eye; outer tail-feathers with obscure pale tips. 
Breast buff, shading into white on the chin, centre of belly, and 
under tail-coverts, and into bufflsh chestnut on the flanks; cheeks 
pale buff; upper throat with conspicuous very dark-brown streaks, 
principally at the sides ; axillaries and under wing-coverts bright 
huffish chestnut; inner margin of quills buff, very broad, almost 
Geocichline. Bill orange-yellow above and below. Wings with 
the third, fourth, and fifth, primaries nearly equal and longest, 
second primary about equal to the seventh, bastard primary 1*05 
to 0-8 inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale brownish yellow. Length 
of wing 4-92 to 4*0 inches, tail 4-05 to 3*4, culmen 0*96 to 0*88, 
tarsus 1*34 to 1*16. 
Females are smaller than males, but do not differ in colour. 
Birds of the year and young in first plumage have the usual markings, 
as the bird named by Bocage is an immature example. 
The Kurichane Thrush has been obtained on the Loanga coast, in 
Angola, Damara Laud, the Bechuanas country, the Transvaal, and 
in the valley of the Zambesi. Nothing is known of its migrations. 
Examples from Angola are intermediate in the colour of the upper 
parts between T. libonyanus and T. tejjJironotus, and may prove to 
be a distinct species, in which case they will stand as T. verreauxi. 

a. 
Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [O.]. 
(Type of Merida libonyana, Smith.) 
b. Ad. sk. Upper Matabele country. Dr. Bradshaw [O.l. 
c. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi. Dr. Kirk [G.]. 
d. 
J ad. sk. Ombon^o, Damara Land, It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
July 8, 1859 (C. J Andersson). 
e. 
Ad.sk. Kustenberg, Transvaal, June II. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
20, 1878 {T. Ay res). 
47. Tnrdus pelios*. 
Turdus pelios, Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 273 (1850) ; id. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. 

p. 5 (1854); Hartl Orn. TV.-Afr. p. 75 (1857); id. Journ. Orn. 
1801, p. 162 ; Finsch, Jonrn. Orn. 1863, p. 36; Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, 
p. 187; Ilewjl Orn. N.O.-Afr, i. p. 383, pi. xiv. fig. 1 (1869) ,* 
Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 256, no. 3726 (1809); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. 
B. p. 21 (1871); Reichen.w, Journ. Orn. 1875, p. 47. 
* I have examined Bonaparte's type in the museum at Leyden, and am convinced 
that it is the African species. The upper parts are greyish brown, not 
olive-brown. The tail is 3 5 inches long, and the second primary is equal to 
the seventh. Bonaparte described it as a Central-Asian species; but it is 
labelled " India." There can be little doubt that it is an African skin. 
2 . TURIUTS. 231 
Tardus ictororhynchus, Pr. W'urt,, fide ITeuf/I. Oni. N.O.-Afr. p. iHii 
(18(>9)* OalhJour. Oni. J 870, p. !2;JS. 

In the crtfwfo «i«7e tlie general colour of tlie upper parts is an 
almost uniform dull olive-brown, slightly darker and browner ou 
the inner webs of the quills and tail-leathers; lores brown; ear-
coverts brown, with pale shafts ; no trace of eye-stripe. Ohm, 
cheeks, and upper throat greyish white, more or less obscurely 
streaked with brown; lower throat and upper breast pale bullish 
brown, shading into creamy white on the centre of tlie belly and 
under tail-coverts, and into pale bunish chestnut on the iimkb ; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts bright butt-chestnut; inner 
margin of quills pale chestnut-brown. Bill bright yellow above 
and below. Wings with third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly 
equal and longest, second primary about equal to the seventh, 
bastard primary 1-0 to 0*63 inch. Le ;s, feet, and claws pale. 
Length of wing 4*4 to 4-0 inches, tail 3*5 to 3-0, culmen 0 0 to 0*85, 
tarsus 1*35 to 1*2. 

It is not known that tlie female differs from the male. Young in 
first plumage have the wing-coverts tipped with chestnut, and the 
other small feathers of the upper and under parts with transverse 
terminal dark-brown bars. 

The ^Ethiopian Thrush is a resident in West Africa, from the 
Gold Coast to Loanga, and in the lowlands of Abyssinia and the 
Bogos country. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Ashautee. J. Gould, Esq. 

c. Ad. sk. Mampon, August 1872 (II. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
F. Blissetf). 
<*?, e. Ad. sk. Abeokuta (//. Robin). F.Nicholson,Esq. [P.]. 
/. Ad. sk. Cameroons. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
\g. Ad. sk. Gaboon (JDu Chailhi), It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
h. Ad. sk. Gaboon. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
i. Ad. sk. Ogorre Biver, Gaboon. Henry Ansell, EsqJP.X 
h. Juv.sk. Elobe District, Gaboon. Henry Ansell, Esq. [l\j, 
/. Ad. sk. Eylet, Bogos Land {JEsler). B. 11 Sharpe, Esq. 
m. Ad.sk. Abyssinia. Purchased. 
48. Turdus cMguancoi&es. 
This species differs from the preceding in being a larger bird, 
without any bunish chestnut on the flanks, which are pale greyish 
brown. Length of wing 4*8 to 4*65 inches, tail 3*8 to 3*0, culmen 
0*9, tarsus 1*3, bastard primary 0*85. The wing-formula does 
not differ from that of the preceding species. 

It is not known that the male differs from the female. Birth of 

the year generally retain some of the ochraccous tips to tho wing-

coverts. Young in first plumage resemble that of the preceding 

species, but have only traces of buff on the breast and flanks. 

The Senegambian Thrush has only been found in the plains of 
the Gambia, in West Africa, where it is supposed to be a resident. 

a. Ad., b. Juv. sk. Biver Gambia. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c, d. Ad. sk. Biver Gambia. Governor Bendail [0.]. 
232 TURDIDJS. 

3. MERULA. Type. 
Merula, Leach, Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 20 (1816) M. merula. 
Oichloides, Kaup, Natilrl. Syxt. p. 1-33 (1829) ... . M. atrifrularis. 
Copsichus, Kaup, Naturl. Si/st. p. 157 (1829) ... . 1L torquata. 
Thoracocincla, Belch. Nat. Syst. pi. xliii. (1850) .. M. torquata. 
Cichloselys, Bonap. Compk Rend, xxxviii. p. 5 (1854) M. carclis. 

Typical species of the genus Merula have the plumage of the 
fully adult male different from that of the female. The females of 
this genus cannot, unfortunately, he distinguished from the genus 
Tardus, and the plumage of the males closely resembles that of the 
females until their second autumnal moult has taken place. The 
fully adult males have usually no spots either on the upper or under 
parts. The most aberrant species of the genus are M. nignscens, 

M. fuscatra, M. gigas, and M. gigantodes. These species have been 
separated by Dr. Sclater as a subgenus, to which he has given the 
name of Semimerula. In this group the colour of the plumage of 
both sexes is alike. If my view of the question be correct Dr. 
Sclater's name is a particularly unfortunate one, for not only have 
the males succeeded in attaining an unspotted adult plumage, as in 
the genus Merula, but the females also; so that a more suitable title 
for this subgenus would be Mendissima. J/, mandarlna is another 
aberrant species of this genus, showing in all examples which I have 
seen traces of spots on the chin and upper throat. In other respects 
it is a very highly developed Thrush, having nearly succeeded in getting 
rid of the spots on the upper parts of the young in first plumage. 
M. cardis, M. naumanni, and M. fuscata are also somewhat aberrant, 
inasmuch as they appear never entirely to lose the spots on the 
flanks; and in M. rujkollis and M. fuscata even adult males are 
found with a few spots on the cheeks. To the same slightly aberrant 
group also belongs M. atrigularisi which generally shows traces of 
indistinct spots on the flanks. The most aberrant species of all are, 
however, M. nigric&ps and M. reevii, in which the throat is striated 
with black. I should have placed these species in the genus Turchrs 
had it not been that they are slate-grey birds, nearly allied to 21. 
flavipes, with similar brown females. The diagnosis of the genus 
Merula must therefore stand as Thrushes not having a Geociehline 
wing, with the male markedly different from the female, except in 
a small group, where both sexes have the plumage unspotted. 

In what are called structural characters, and in habits, the genus 
Mend a does not appear to differ from that of Turdus. 

The geographical distribution presents several interesting points 
of difference. Neither the ^Ethiopian nor the Nearctie Region eontains 
a single species. The Neotropical Region contains sixteen 
species, the Australian Region twelve, and the Oriental Region 
fourteen, in addition to three of the Palsearctic species which reach, 
the Himalayas. The "Western Palsearctic Region adds only two 
species, whilst nine species are contributed by its Eastern portion. 

3 , MEIUTLA." 
233 

Key to the S_pecies. 

a. 
Upper and under parts uniform black or brown, 
not slate-grey, 
a'. Legs and feet dark brown. 
a"> ^pper and under parts black merula, p. 235. 
b". Upper parts very dark brown; underparts 


dark brown, with traces of paler streaks 
on the throat mandarina, p. 238. 
¥. Legs and feet yellow. 
c"' "Cpper and under parts uniform black. 

a"\ Second primary equal to or shorter 
than the eighth; bastard primary 1*5 
to 1-1 inch. 


a4-. Female with the underparts pale 
russet-brown, shading into chocolate-
brown on the under tail-coverts serrana, p. 239. 

b\ Female with the underparts greyish 
brown .\ .. atrosericea, p. 239. 

b"r. Second primary between the fifth and 
seventh; bastard primary 0*05 to 0 65 
inch. 


c*. Length of wing 5*1 to 4*8 inches .. infuscatra, p. 240. 
dl. Length of wing 4*65 to 4*25 inches. 

a5. Male dull black. Female with pale 
ochraceous brown centres to the 
under tail-coverts xanthosceles, p. 240. 

b5. Male black, with greenish reflexions. 
Femalewith greyish-white centres 
to the under tail-coverts, running 
out to the tips * leucqps, p. 241. 

e\ Length of wing 4*1 to 3-75 inches. 
Female slightly browner than the 
male, but without streaks on the 
throat samoensis, p. 242. 

d". Upper and under parts a nearly uniform 
brown. 


c'". 
Wing 5-6 to 5*3 inches, culmen 0*98 to 
0*9 inch. Second primary about equal 
to the seventh nigrescem, p. 242. 

dfTl 

. Wing 5-6 to 5:15 inches, culmen 1*42 to 
1-2 inch. Second primary about equal 
to the eighth fuscatra, p. 243. 

e'". Wing 0*15 to 5*65 inches, culmen 1*3 
to 1*1. Second primary about equal 
to the tenth. 


fK General coloxu* greyish brown giga&i p. 244. 
g^. General colour rich dark brown gigantodes, p. 244. 

b. 
Upper and under parts a nearly uniform black 
or slaty brown, but always with white or grey 
either on the wing-coverts, shafts and tips of 
the under tail-coverts, upper back, or breast. 
Throat not streaked. 
<f. Lower throat white. 
*", Upper back white alboeincta, p. 245. 
/". Upper back black torquata, p. 246. 
2M 
TUBDIDJE. 

dr 

. Lower throat black or brown. 
q", A grey or white patch on the wing. 
/'". White patch confined to two of the 
greater wing-covertsq ". Patch on wings pale grey, and extending 
onto some of the secondaries

h". Wing uniform black. Rest of plumage 
black or dark brown, except centre of 
belly and shafts and tips of under tail-
coverts

e. Upper parts slate-grey, sometimes black on the 
head. Axillaries, 'breast, and flanks slate-
grey j or throat white, streaked with black. 
No spots on the flanks. 
eK Throat not streaked. 
i'\ Throat and belly nearly the same colour. 
ti". Second primary between the sixth and 
seventh. Belly dark slate-grey. 
7il. Nape brown, paler than head and 
back. Belly brownish*4. Nape same colour as back, and slightly 
greyer than head. Belly dull slate-
grey

i"K Second primary between the seventh 
and ninth. Belly dark slate-grey. 
7c*. Upper parts almost black. Length 
of wing 4*7 inches. Second primary 

between the seventh and eighth . .

IK Upper parts dark slate-grey. Length 
of wing 4v5 to 4-0 inches. Second 
piimary between the eighth and 
ninth...

k"K Second primary about equal to the 
sixth. Belly black, contrasting with 
the slate-grey flanks

Ic". Throat and breast black. Belly slate-
grey

f. 
Throat white, streaked with black. 
Z". Unclerparts brownish grey. Tail nearly 
4-0 inches
m". 
Underparts slate-grey. Tail under 3'5 
inches

d. Lower back black or uniform chestnut, and 
head or upper back white, brown, or chestnut. 
gK Underparts below the breast black, or 
nearly so. 
riK Head dark brown. Neck rich chestnut..
o". Head and neck same colour. 
l"K Under tail-coverts uniform black. 

mK Head and neck creamy greynK Head and neck orange-buff".
o4. Head and neck brownish grey

m"K 
Under tail-coverts with pale shaft-
lines and tips. 
p\ Head and neck white

 aurantia, p. 247. 
boulboid, p. 248. 

mareensis, p. 249. 

nigropikus, p. 2-50. 
simillima, p. 251. 

bourdilloni, p. 251. 

kinnisi, p. 252. 

carbonarius, p. 253. 
Jlavipes, p. 253, 

reevii, p. 254. 

nigriceps, p. 254. 

rujitorques, p. 255. 

pritzbueri, p. 256. 

bicolor, p. 256. 

tempesti. p. 257. 

albifrons, p. 258. 

#*, Head and neck pale brownish grey.. potiocepJwla, p. 258. 

3. MB HULA. 285 
ti. Underparfs below the breast chestnut. 
2>". Head and neck white aflrircps, p. 259. 
(/'. Head and neck pale grey cmfanea, p. 259. 
r". Head and neck dark grey gouhll, p. 2(50. 
s". Head and neck nearly black hessleri, p. 201, 


#. Back dark or light slate-grey, and chestnut on 
throat, under wing-coverts, or flanks; or flanks 
spotted. 
*'. Flanks conspicuously spotted. 
t". Back slate-grey ^ cardis, p. 201. 
u". Back brown, with more or less chestnut. 
n'". Spots on flanks black fitscata, p. 202. 
o'". Spots on flanks chestnut haumamii, p. 2o4. 
hr. Flanks scarcely spotted, or not at all. 
v". Upper flanks rich orange-chestnut. 
p'". Throat and upper breast lack protomomelana, p. 205. 
q'". Upper throat black; lower throat and 
upper breast brown euryzona, p. 2(56. 
r"'. Throat and upper breast pale slate-grey horhdorum, p. 207. 
w". Flanks greyish. 
s'". Throat and breast black at rigidaris, p. 207. 
t'". Throat and breast chestnut , ruficollis, p. 201). 
u'". Throat and breast pale slate-grey... . umcolor, p. 271. 

/ . Upper parts olive or russet-brown, and flanks 
unspotted. 
x". Head and throat black olivatra, p. 272. 
y". Head and throat brown or grey. 
v'". Breast and flanks same colour. 
rK Breast and flanks buff or pale brown. 
c5. Back olive-brown obscura, p. 273. 
d'\ Back russet-brown pallida, p. 274. 
s\ Breast and flanks rich orange-chestnut chrysolaus, p. 275. 
tK Breast and flanks dark chestnut-
brown. 
e5. Length of wing 4*55 to 4*3 inches, xanthopvs, p. 270. 
f3. Length of wing 4-22 to 3*85 inches vinitincta, p. 277, 
ID'"! Belly and flanks contrasting in colour 
with the breast. 
w4. Chin and throat creamy grey vitiensis, p. 278. 
vK Chin and throat dark brown javanica, p, 270. 

1. Merula merula. 
Le Merle, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 227 (1700); Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii, 
p. 330 (1775). 
Le Merle de France, Daub. PL BnL nos. 2 (rf), 555 ($ ) (1775). 
Turdus merula, Lmn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 295 (1700) ; Scop. Ann. i. 
p. 134 (1709) ; Lath. Gen. Syn. tiuppl. i. p. 285 (1787); GmeL 
Syst. Nat. i. p. 831 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. L p. 340 (1790); 
Bechst. Naturg. Dexitschl. iv. p. 210 (1795); id. Orn. Taschenb. i. 

p. 149 (1802); Wolf, Taschenb. i. p. 199 (1810); Pallas, Zooqr. 
Bosso-Asiat. i. p. 449 (1811) ; Temm. Man. d'Om. p. 91 (1815); 
Koch, Si/st. baier. Zool. i. p. 172 (1810); VieilL N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. 
xx. p. 244 (1818); Temm. Man. cPOrn. i. p. 108 (1820) ; Naum. 
Voq. JDeidschl ii. p. 320 (1822); Menetr. Cat. Mais. Cauc. p. 29 
(1832); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Bur. pp. Ii, 178 (1840) ; Nordm. 
Bemid. Vo'y. Buss, merid. iii. p. 128 (1840) ; Werner, Atlas, In


*X MmuriiV. 2; 55 

h\ Underpays below tin* breast chestnut. 
p". Head and nock white ////wvyw, p. 250. 
r/'\ Head and neck nalo grey (nsfunra, p. 25i». 
;•", I load and nock dark grey t/<wldi\ p. 2(50. 
,H". Head ami neck nearly black A'cWc/v, p. 201, 


«. Back dark or light slate-grey, and chestnut on 
throat, under wing-eo\erts, or Hanks; or flunks 
spotted. 

i'. Flanks conspicuously spotted, 
t", IJ irk. slate-grey ." cardk, p, 2(51. 
u". Back brown, with more or less chestnut. 


w'". Spots on Ilanks black fuscata, p, 202. 
<>'". Spots on Hanks chestnut naumann^ p. 25 L 
/»*/. Flanks scarcely spotted, or not at all. 


v". Upper Hanks rich orange-chestnut. 
p'". Throat and upper breast lack protomomeitrna, p. 205. 
(f\ Upper throat black; lower throat and 

upper breast brown , vitrt/ztmtt, p. 200. 
r'". Throat and upper breast pale slate-grey hartulorum, p. 2(57. 

MI". Flanks greyish. 
s'". Throat and breast black atriguhtris, p. 2(57. 
f". Throat and breast chestnut rufwoMs, p. 2(50, 
ti'". Throat and breast pale slate-grey. ,. , unieolor, p. 271. 

/• Upper parts olive or russet-brown, and ilanks 
unspotted. 
ar". Head and throat black oliratra, p. 272, 
y". Ifead and throat brown or grey. 
v'". Breast and flanks same colour. 
)A, Breast and Ilanks bull* or pale brown. 
c5. J Jack olive-brown obseura, p. 278. 
d"\ Back russet-brown pallida, p. 271. 
sl. Breast and flanks rich orange-chestnut ehrysolaus, p. 275. 
tK Breast and Hanks dark chestnut-
brown. 
c\ Length of whig 4-55 to 4*8 inches. .canfJiopus, p. 27(5. 
f\ Length of wing 4*22 to 8*85 inches vinifinda, p. 277. 
to'"! Belly and flanks contrasting in colour 
with the breast. 
ul. Chin and throat creamy grey vifiensis, p. 278. 
vl. Chin and throat dark brown Jaranka, p. 270, 

1. Merula merula. 
Le ^rerle, Priss, Orn. ii. p. 227 (17(50) ; Month. Hist Nat Ois, iii. 
p. 380 (1775). 
Le Merle de France, Daub. PL Pni nos. 2 (tf), 555 (? ) (1775). 
Turdus merula, Linn. 8y*t. Nat. i. p. 205 (17(5(5); tieop. Ann. i. 
p. 184 (1700); Lath/Uen. tii/n. tiuppl. i. p. 285 (1787); (hnel. 
Nyttt. Nat i/p. 881 (1788) j 7,«M. i«tf. Orn. i. p. 840 (1700); 
JSec/isL Katurq. Ikutsehl. iv. p. 210 (1705); *>/. 0/*«. Taschenb. i. 
p. 140 (1802); Wolf, Tasvhenb. i. p. 100 (1810); Pallas, Zoaqr. 
liosso-Asiat. i. p. 440 (1811); 7V/wwi. i/a/i. d^On. p. 01 (1815); 
Koch, AW. baur. Zoo!, i. p. 172 (1810); Tleilt. x\r. Diet. d'Hist. Sat, 
xx. p. 244(1818); Tcmm. Man.iTOrn. i. p. 1(58(1820); JSlwm. 
Toq. Deutschl. ii. p. 82(5(1822); Menttr. Cat. Pais. Cauc. p. 20 
(1882); Keys. U. Plus. JVirb. Pur. pp. Ii, 178 (1840); Nordm. 
Demid. Toy. Puss, mcrid, iii, p. 128 (1840); Werner, Atlas, In


8* mjiviis 

m 

wing-coverts vary from vinous brown in young birds to slaty brown 
in old birds. In the immature female the bill is brown, but becomes 
yellow in old birds. Malts of the year resemble adults, but have 
the bill black. Fthiahs of the year are more or less suffused with. 
-vinous red, especially on the throat and breast. 

The t/oniig in first plumage have most of the feathers of the upper 
and under parts with pale shaft-streaks—on the upper parts with 
obscure dark tips, and on the underparts with conspicuous dark 
terminal bar& ; on the lower back, rump, and belly most of the 
leather? have simply y>ale edges. In the male the prevailing colours are 
brown and pale grey, in the female reddish brown and pale chestnut). 

The Blackbird, or Black Ouzel, breeds throughout 
Europe south 

of the Arctic Circle, in Xorth Africa, the Azores, and eastwards 

into Per&ia and Turkestan. At the extreme north of its range it is a 

summer visitor only ; but otherwise it is a resident bird, subject to 

internal migration only from the hills to the plains in winter. Ex


amples from Turkestan measure 5-40 inches in length of wing, and 

may prove to be a distinct species. 

a. 
d ml. sk. Fioro-, Azores, Mav I8G5 F. Godman arid 0. 
(FU. G.). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
b. d nil. sk* Fa\al, Azores, Feb. 1605 F. Godman and 0. 
(F.I). O.). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.l 

e. c4 ad. 4c. 
F. Godman and 0. 
Fa\al, Azores, June 1803 

IF. I), a.). Salvin, Esqrs. [PJ. 

ih d ad. sk, St. Michaels, Azores, F. Godman and 0. 
March ISlJofjP.D. G.). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

e. Juv. sk. St. Michaels, Azores, July F. Godman and 0. 
m:r> IF. D. G.). Salvin,Esqrs. [P.J. 
/ , //-d ad. sk. Oiatava, Tenerifte, April F. Godman and 0. 
ItCl <F. D.G.). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

h. <S && sk. Madeira, June 27, 1871 (F. F. Godman and U. 
I). a). Salvin, Esqrs. [P.], 
L d ad. sk. Devonshire. Col. Montagu [0.1 

k. d ad. sk. Berkshire. Mr. W. Biiggs [P.]. 
/. cJ »d. st. England. Purchased. 
m. 
1mm. st. Epping. IT. Doubleday, Esq. 
rpi 
n. d ad. ft. Berkshire. (Partial albino.) J. "Mills, Esq. [P.]. 
o. 
2 &&-&*. Devonshire. (Partial Col. Montagu [C.]. 
albino.) 
p. d ad. sk. Devonshire. (Partial W. Comyns, Esq. 
albino.) [P.]. 
q, d act st. England. (Partial albino.) Purchased. 


r. J uv. st. England. (Partial albino.) Purchased. 
$. Ad. sk. Yorkshire, (Semi-albino.) Mr. K. Leadbeater 
[P.], 

t Ad. sk. Britain. (Partial albino.) Linnean Society [P.], 
It, J aci- s^* Wiltshire. Col. Montagu fd]. 

r. $ ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [P.]. 
wfxfy. Juv. st Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [P.]. 
2. J uv. st* Surrey, Purchased. 
a\ b% <?'. d ®&* pk. Avington,Hants, Kbv. 1873. Ft. B. Skarpe, Esq. 
[P.l. 
e?\ d ad. sk. Arington, Hants. Capt.'Shellev [P.]. 
* 

TTTKDIDiE. 

238 

e'Kf,gf. <$ imm.sk . Avington, Hants, Nov. 1873. R. B. Sharpe, Esq 
[P.]. 
h'. (S imm. sk. Avington, Hants, May 1873. 11. B. Sharpe, Esq, 

L. 
*J" 
A\ington, Hants, Nov. 1873. B. B. Sharpe, ESQ. 
[P.]. * 
!'. $ ad. sk. Aviugtou, Nov. 1873. B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 


[P.]. 
Avington, Hants. Capt. Shelley [P.], 
n'. J ad.sk. Cookham, Surrey, Feb. 2, B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1874. [P.]. 

i\ h\ $ imm. sk. 

o\ $ ad. sk. Mongeron, Paris, Feb. 11, B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
187,5. [P.]. 

p'. 5 imm. sk. Piedmont, Oct. 1872. 
Count Salvador! [P.]. 
Purchased. 

#'. J ad. sk. Tunis (Fraser). 

Purchased. 

r\ Juv. sk. Tunis {Fraser).

s'. tf ad. sk. Mt. Tabor, Palestine. 
Canon Tristram [C.L 

f. $ ad. sk. Jericho, Palestine. Canon Tristiam | O.I. 
w\ <$ ad. sk. Shiraz, Persia. Col. St. John [C.L 
a'. Juv. sk. SMraz, Persia (5500 feet), 
W. T.Blanford.Esq. 
June 24,1872. [O.]. 
to', #'. Skeletons, England (Daniels). Purchased. 


Purchased. 

y'. Sternum. 

z' a", b". Skulls. Wiirtemberg. 
Dr. A. Giinther . 

Purchased. 

c"~f". Skulls. England. 

2. KEerula mandarina. 
Turdus sinensis, 
Cvv., fide Less. Traite, p. 408 (1831, descr. null.): 
Gray, ItamU. B. i. p. 255. no. 3703 (18G9). 
Turdus mandarinus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 275 (1850); Swinhoe, Ibis, 1800, 

p. 56; id. Ibis, 1861, p. 38; id. Ibis, 1870, p. 248. 
Merula mandariim (Bonap.), Ho7*sf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. 
i. p. 196 (1854). 
Turdus (Merula) mandarinus (Bp.), Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 281. 
Merula sinensis (Cuv.), fide Sioinhoe, P.Z.8. 1871, p. 367; David 
et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. '148 (1877). 

In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour is an 
almost uniform very dark brown, nearly black: the feathers of 
the chin and upper throat always show more or less distinct pale 
edges, and the feathers of the underparts generally show traces of 
paler margins. Bill yellow. "Wings with the third, fourth, and 
fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary equal to 
or slightly shorter than the sixth, bastard primary 1*0 to 0-75 
inch. Legs, feet, and claws nearly black. Length of wing 6-2 to 
5-5 inches, tail 4-9 to 4*1, culmen 1-02 to 0*96, tarsus 1*5 to 1*35. 

The female scarcely differs from the male. Birch of the year show 
the paler brown edges to the feathers of the underparts more conspicuously, 
especially on the chin and upper throat. Young in first 

plumage have only obscure traces of the pale centres and dark 
margins to the small feathers, and pale tips to the large feathers so 
characteristic of the family, except on the underparts, where they 
are more conspicuous than usual. 

The South-Chinese Ouzel is a resident in South China, from 

3 . MERTttA. 
230 
Sechuen in the cast to Shanghai in the west, and southwards as far 
as the island of Hainan. 

a. <$ ad.sk. China. India Museum. 
b. Ad. sk. China (Verreaux). Purchased. 
e. $ ad. sk.
d. Imm. sk. 
Amoy, China (G.
Schlegel). 
Amoy, China (Sivinhoe). 
II. Seebolim, E^ . [P.]. 
H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 

3. Merula serrana. 
Turdus 
sen-anus, Tsch. Av. Comp., Wiegm. Arch. x. p. 280 (3844) j 
Tschudi $ Cab. Fauna Peruana, Aves, p. 18G (1845); Gray. Gen, 

B. i. p. 219 (1847); Bp. Consp. I p. 275 (1850) ; Cab. Journ. Orn. 
1854, p. 260 j Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 330; Gray, IlantU. B. i. 
p. 258. no. 3755 (1809); Scl £f Salv. Nonrenal. Av. Neotr. p. 2 
(1873, partim); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 504. 
Turdus atrosericeus (Lafi\), apud Sclater, Cat. Amei\ B, p. 5 (1802, 
partim). 
In the adult male the plumage of both the upper and under parts 
is an almost uniform black. Bill bright yellow above and below. 
Wings with the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries nearly equal 
and longest, second primary about equal to the eighth, bastard 
primary 1*5 to 1*1 inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale yellow. Tail 
with the outside feathers 0*35 inch shorter than the longest. Length 
of wing 5-0 to 4-56 inches, tail 4*56 to 3-8, cuhnen 0*92 to 0-9, 
tarsus 1-5 to 1*1. 
In the female the upper parts are a rich brown, shading into 
russet-brown on the upper tail-coverts, and approaching chocolate-
brown on the tail. The underparts, including the axillaries, are 
pale russet-brown, shading into chocolate-brown on the under tail-
coverts, and with obscure traces of darker stnation on the upper 
throat. Young in first plumage appear to be unknown, 
Tschudi's Black Ouzel appears to be confined to the valleys of the 
sources of the Amazon, having been found in Colombia, south of 
Bogata, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. 

a. 
£ ad. sk. Huasampilla, Peru, March Mr. Henry Whitely [C.]. 
1872. 
b. tf ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador (Jameson). J. Could, Esq. 
4. Merula atrosericea. 
Merula atro-sericea, Lafr. Bev. Zool 1848, p. 3. 
Turdus atrosericeus (Lafr.), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 136 j id. 
Cat. Amer. JB. p. 5 (1862, partim) • 'Gray, Eand4. B. i. p. 258. 

no. 3768 (1869). 
Turdus xanthosceles, Jard. apud JAot. Ok. Tnmd. p. 201 (1806). 
Turdus serranus (Tsch), apud Scl. 8f Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 780, apud 

Scl 8r Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 2 (1873, partim). 
It is not known that the adult male of this species differs from 
that of the preceding. . 
In the female the general colour of the upper parts is olive-brown, 

240 
TTTKDIDiE. 

inclining to russet-brown on the wings and tail. The chin and 

belly arc greyish brown ; the upper throat is greyish brown, with 

obscure darker brown striations; the lower throat, breast, and under 

tail-coverts are darker brown. The axillaries and under wring-

coverts are chestnut-brown, and the flanks dark russet-brown. 

The Venezuela Ouzel appears to be confined to Yenezuela and the 

extreme north of Colombia, and probably the island of Trinidad. 

a. Ad. sk. [Venezuela.] 
Purchased. 
5. Hernia infuscatra. 
Merlua iufuscata, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 41. 
Turdus infuscatus (Lafr.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 275 (1850); Sol > Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 6; S'clater, 

P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 334, 302. 370; Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 31 
(1804) ; Sumickrast, Mem. Bost Soe. N. H. i. p. 543 (1869) ; Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 258. no. 3769 (1869); Scl % Sdlv. Komencl Av. 
Neotr. p. 2 (1873) j Sah. $ Godm. Biol Centr.-Amer. Zool, Aves, i. 
p. 24 (1879). 
In the adult male the general colour of both the tipper and under 

parts is an almost uniform black. Bill bright yellow. Wing with 

the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest; 

second primary between the sixth and seventh, bastard primar}T 0*95 

to 0-65 inch. Legs, feet and claws yellow. Length of wing 5*1 to 

4-8 inches, tail 3-9 to 3-6, culmen 0-9 to 0-8, tarsus 1-22 to 1*16. 

In the female the upper parts are russet-brown, inclining to olive. 

The underparts are paler, with obscure streaks on the throat, and 

pale shafts to the under tail-coverts; the axillaries and under wing-

coverts are dull orange-chestnut, and the breast, flanks, and under 

tail-coverts are huffish brown. Young m first plumage hare the 

general colour of the upper parts brown, with ochraeeous shafts to 

the scapulars, and ochraeeous tips to the wing-coverts; the underparts 

are more ochraeeous, especially on the breast, axillaries, and under 

wing-coverts; the feathers on the breast have obscure black tips ; 
the bill and feet are brown. 
The Guatemalan Black Ouzel has only been found in South Mexico 
and Guatemala, where it is supposed to be a resident. 

a. Ad. sk. Guatemala. J. Gould, Esq. 
6. Merula xanthosceles. 
Turdus 
xanthosceles, Jard* Ann. Nat Hist. 1847, p. 329; id. 
Contr. Orn. 1847, p. 14, pi. 1 • Bp. Consp. i. p. 275 (1850): SMoter, 

P. Z. S. 1859, p. 334; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 5 (1862). 
Turdus serranus, Tschudi, apud Scl $ Bah. Komencl Av. JSreotr. 
p. 2(187S,partim)t 
This Ouzel is very distinct from M. serrana, but is very 
nearly allied to M. leucops, of which it may be considered to 

* Spelt xanthosceltos. 
3 . 
MEEULA. 241 
be an island form. It differs from the latter species in having a 
somewhat wider bill. The colour of the male is a duller black 
without the greenish reflections. The colour of the upper parts of 
the female is a paler olive-brown, especially on the head. The 
chin and upper throat, unlike those of the female of M. leucops, 
are almost concolorous with the breast and belly, as are also tho 
centre of the belly and the under tail-coverts, the latter having only 
obscure pale ochraceous-brown centres, in strong contrast to the 
greyish-white centres and tips to the same feathers of the nearly 
allied species of the mainland. Bill yellow above and below. Wings 
with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, 
second primary intermediate in length between the sixth and 
seventh, bastard primary 0*9 to 0*85 inch. Legs, feet, and claws 
yellow. Length of wing 4*5 to 4-3 inches, tail 3-5, culmen 0*8 to 
0*7, tarsus 1-05. 

So far as is known, the Tobago Ouzel is confined to the island of 
Tobago, where it is supposed to be a resident. 

a. Ad. sk. Tobago (Kirk). Sir W. Jardine [P.], 
7. Merula leucops. 
Turdus atrosericeus (Lafr), apud Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 5 (1862, 
partiin). 
Turdus serranus, Tsch.} apud Scl. fy Salv. NomeneL Av. Neotr. p. 2 
(1873, partim). 
Turdus leucops, Tacz. P. Z. & 1877, p. 331; id. P. Z. & 1879, p, 221. 
Turdus brunneus, Lawrence, Ibis} 1878, p. 67, pi. 1 (§). 

This species has frequently been confounded with M. serrana, 
but differs from it in its smaller size, in its comparatively shorter 
tail, in its smaller bastard primary, in its shorter tarsus, in its more 
pointed wing, in the general colour of the male being more glossy, 
with distincter greenish reflections, and in the different coloration 
of the chin, upper throat, and under tail-coverts of the female. 

Adult male entirely black, with greenish reflections. Bill yellow. 
"Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and 
longest, second primary intermediate in length between the sixth 
and seventh, bastard primary 0*9 to 0*8 inch. Legs, feet, and 
claws pale brown. Length of wing 4*05 to 4-25 inches, tail 3*5 to 
3-3, culmen 0-85 to 0*75, tarsus 1-00 to 0-95. 

In the female the general colour of the upper parts is darkish 
olive-brown, darkest on the head and palest on the rump; lores 
brown, ear-coverts olive-brown; no trace of eye-stripe; wings and 
tail brown; innermost secondaries olive-brown. Chin and upper 
throat pale olive-brown, each feather with a dark-brown streak 
along the shafts; remainder of underparts plain olive-brown, 
shading into greyish white on the centre of the belly; under tail-
coverts brown, with greyish-white centres running out to the tip; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts pale chestnut; inner margins of 
quills pale chestnut-brown. Birds of the year and young in first 

plumage 
appear to be unknown. 
vol.. Y. E 

242 TTTRDID^. 

Taczanowsky's Black Ouzel has been found on both slopes of the 
Andes of Ecuador, and in the valley of the Upper Amazon, both m 
Ecuador and Northern Peru. 

a. 2 ad. sk. Chamicuros, Peruvian Amazons, E. Bartlett, Esq. [C.]. 
Sept. 21,1868. 
h. £ jtiv. sk. Quito, Ecuador (Jameson). J. Grould, Esq. 
8. Manila samoensis. 
Turdus vanicorensis, Quoy et Gaim., apud Peale, U.S. JExpl. Exp. 
1848, p. 95, apud Hartl. Wiegm. A)-ch. p. 99 (1852), apud Sclater, 
Ibis, 1861, p. 281 (partim). 
Merula vanicorensis [Quoy et Gaim.), apud Oassin, U.S. JExpl. Exp. 
1858, p. 158, apud Finsch 8f Hartl Beitr. Faun. Centralpolynes. 

p. 97 (1867), apud E. F. Ramsay, Fr. Finn. Soc. JS\ S. Wales, iii. 
p. 337 (1879). 
Turdus (Merula) vanicorensis (Quoy et Garni.), apud Gray,JB. Trap, 
Jsl p. 16 (1859, partim). 
Turdus vanikorensis (Quoy et Gaim.% apud Gray, Hand-L B. i. 

p. 255. no. 3710 (1869, partim), 
Turdus samoensis, Tristram^ *Ibis, 1879, p. 188. 
The adult male is uniform dull black above and below. Bill 
yellow. Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly 
equal and longest; second primary intermediate in length between 
the fifth and sixth, or sixth and seventh; bastard primary 0*8 to 0*7 
inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale yellow. Length of wing 4*1 to 3*75 
inches, tail 2S5 to 2-5, oilmen 0*91 to 0-82, tarsus 1-35 to 1-24. 

It is not known that the female differs from the male. Towards 
the end of the breeding-season the black of both the upper and 
under parts fades to a dull brown. The plumage of the young 
is unknown. 

The Samoan Ouzel appears to be confined to the Samoa Islands. 

a. Ad. sk. Samoa Islands. Godefirov Mu-eum. 
b7 c, d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk, 
Samoa Islands. 
Samoa Islands. 
Bev. S. J. Whitmee [C/j. 
Eev. J. B. Stair [P.]. 

9. Hernia nigrescens. 
Turdus nigrescens, Cab. Journ. Orn. I860, p. 324; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. 
N. York, ix. p. 91 (1864); Frantzius, Journ. Orn. 1869, p. 290; 
Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 258. no. 3763 (1869); Salvin, P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 180; Scl Sf Sah. Mmencl Av. Neotr. p. 2 (1873); Salv. 
$ Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Zool., Aves, i. p. 25, pi. iv. (1879). 
In the adult male the general colour of the upper parte is dark 
brown ; wings, wing-coverts, innermost secondaries, and tail blackl 
The whole of the underparts, without exception, are an almost 
uniform dark brown. Bill bright yellow. Wings with the third, 
fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary 
about equal to the seventh, bastard primary 1*3 to 1*1 inch. Legs, 
feet, and claws yellow. Tail with the outside feathers 0*1 to 0*3 

3 . MURULA. 
243 

inch shorter than the longest. Length of wing 5-6 to 5-3 inches, 
tail 4*9 to 4-5, culmen 0*98 to 0-9, tarsus 1-5 to 1-43. 

The female is slightly paler than the male. Birds in abraded 
summer plumage are not quite so dark a brown as newly moulted 
autumn birds. Young in first plumage have the usual ochraceous 
markings and spots on the upper parts ; whilst most of the feather 
of the underparts are dull ochraceous, with fan-shaped black terminal 
spots ; the axillaries and under wing-coverts are also obscurely 
margined with ochraceous, and the bill and feet are brown. 

Cabanis's Erown Ouzel has only been obtained in South Costa 
Bica and West Panama, where it is believed to be a resident. 

a. 
2 ad. sk. Volcan de Cartago, Costa Osbert Salvin, Esq. 
Rica (E. Arce). 
10. Merulafuscatra. 
Turdus fuscater, D'Orb. et Lafr. Mag. de Zool, Syn. Av. 1837, p. 16; 
D'Orb. Voy. Amer. miria. p. 200, pi. ix. fig. 1 (circ. 1840); 
Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 120; Tschudl ty Cab. Faun. Peruan.f 
Ave*, p. 186 (1845)• Gay, Faun. Chil. Zool. i. p. 331 (1847); 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 275 (1850); 
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 332; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 5 (1862); 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 258. no. 3761 (1869) • Scl. $ Salv. NomencL 
Av. Neotr. p. 2 (1873) ; Martens, Jour. Orn. 1875, p. 443. 

Turdus anthracinus, Burmeister, Jour. Orn. 1858, p. 159. 

Bill of Merula fuscatra. 

I n the adult male the plumage of both the upper and under parts 
is a nearly uniform dark sooty brown. Bill bright yellow above 
and below. Wings with the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal 
and longest, second primary about equal to the eighth, bastard 
primary 1*5 to 1*0 inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale yellow. Tail 
with the outside feathers 0*4 inch shorter than the longest. Length 
of wing 5-6 to 5*15 inches, tail 5-2 to 4*75, culmen 1-42 to 1-2, 
tarsus 1*75 to 1*45. 

The female is slightly paler and more olive than the male. 

D'Orbigny's Brown Ouzel breeds in the Andes of Peru and Bolivia, 
and is found southwards as far as Mendoza in the Argentine 
Bepublic and Chili. 

a. Ad. sk. Chili. Mr. Brydges [C.]. 
b. Ad.; c. Juv. sk. Mendoza. E. C. Eeed, Esq. [C.]. 
d. 
Ad. sk. Mendoza. Zoological Society. 
R2 
244 
TURDIDiE. 

Morula gigas and Menila gigantodes. 

This Ouzel has two extreme forms, which appear to be connected 
by a complete series of examples in every intermediate stage of 
colour. The synonymy of the Northern form is as follows:— 

11. Hernia gigas. 
Tardus gigas, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 59; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 
(1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 275(1850),-Licht.Nomend.Av. p. 20 (1854); 
Mater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 144; id. P. Z. S. 1858, pp. 451, 550 : 
id. P. Z. S.1859, p. 332; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 5 (1862); Scl $ Sah. 
ttv. Orn. p. 139, pi. lxx. (1808); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 258. 
no. 3760 (1869); Scl. $ Salv. Komenel Av. Neotr. p. 2(1873); iid. 

P.Z.S. 1875, p. 234; Salv. $ Godm. Ibis, 1879, p. 198. 
In the adult male the colour of the upper parts is an almost 
neutral dark brown, slightly suffused with olive on the back, rump, 
and upper tail-coverts. Underparts greyish brown, darkest on the 
throat and under tail-coverts, and occasionally slightly suffused 
with ferruginous on the axillaries. Bill bright yellow above and 
below. "Wings with the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal 
and longest, second primary about equal to the tenth, bastard 
primary 2-0 to 1-4 inch. Tail with the outside feathers 0*6 to 0*4 
inch shorter than the longest. Length of wing 6*15 to 5'65 inches, 
tail 5*8 to 5-2, culmen 1*3 to 1*05, tarsus 1*85 to 1*68. Legs, feet, 
and claws yellow. 

It is not known that there is any difference in the colour of the 
plumage of the seres. Birds of the year, which have not quite lost 
their first plumage, have daik-brown terminal bars and pale-brown 
subterminal bars across the feathers of the throat and breast. 
Young in first plumage appear to bo unknown. 

The typical form of the Great Brown Ouzel is found in JNew 
Granada. Intermediate forms appear in Colombia and Ecuador. 

a. Ad. sir. Bogota, New Granada, Purchased. 
b. Ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased. 
c. c? ad. sk. Santa Elena, U.S. Colombia. T. K. Salmon, Esq. [C.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Ecuador (Frase?'). Eyton Collection. 

The synonymy of the Southern form is as follows:— 

12. Herula gigantodes. 
Turdus gigantodes, 
Cab. Jonrn. Orn. 1873, p. 815: Tacz. P. Z. S. 
1874, p. 503; Scl. 8f Salvin, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 677. 

This differs from the typical form in leing much darker and 
browner. The head, wings, and tail are almost black; the back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts, throat and under tail-coverts are 
dark rich brown, slightly paler on the breast, belly, and flanks. 
Bill deep yellow. Wing-formula as in the preceding species; bastard 
primary 1*8 inch. Length of wing 5*8 inches, tail 5-5, culmen 
1*28, tarsus 1*6. 

3 . MERTJLA. 
215 

The female is supposed to resemble llio male. Birds of the year 
and young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 
The dark form of the Groat Brown Ouzel is found in Porn and 
Bolivia. 
The British Museum does not possess a skin of this form, but 
examples are in Dr. Sclatcr's collection and in my own. 

13. Hernia albocincta. 
Turdus albocinctus, Boyle, Illustr. IlimaL Bot. p. Ixxvii, pi. viii. 

fig. 3 (1839); Gray, IIand4, B. i. p. 255. no. 3704 (1809). 

Turdus albicollis, Boyle, he, cit. (1839); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 

(1847). r 

Turdus collaris, Soret, Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 2. 

Mertda nivicollis, Hodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mus.) of Birds 

of Nepal, Passeres, pi. 155. nos. 182, 183, pi. 156. nos. 1&2, 183, 
unde Hodgs. Gray's Zool Misc. p. 83 (1844). 
Merula albocincta (Boyle), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 148 (1847); 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As, Soc.y. 162 (1849); Iforsf. § Moore, Cat. 

B. Mus. B.I. Co. i. p. 197 (1854); Gould, B. Asia, ii. pi. 70 
(1859); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 526 (1862); Gray, Cat. Mamm. #c. 
Nepal Coll. Hodgs. p. 42 (1863) j Blanf J. A. S. Beng. xli. pt. 2, 
p. 49 (1872); Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. Beng.xlv. pt. 2. p. 196 
(1876); Scully, Stray Feath. viii. p. 285 (1879). 
Turdus albicinctus (Boyle), Bp. Consp. i. p. 274 (1850). 


In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is a rich glossy black, shading into brown on the forehead, 
and abruptly interrupted on the neck with a nearly white 
collar, which extends completely round the neck, and is more or less 
streaked with dark brown between the cheeks, leaving the rest of the 
underparts a dark sooty brown; under tail-coverts occasionally a 
uniform dark brown, but generally having white tips and shafts. 
Bill yellow. Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly 
equal and longest, second primary equal to or slightly shorter than 
the sixth, bastard primary 1*15 to 0*85 inch. Legs, feet, and claws 
pale yellow. Length of wing 5*8 to 5-1 inches, tail 4*55 to 4-0, 
culmen 115 to 1-03, tarsus 14 to 1-26. 

The female differs from the male in having the white collar pale 
grey on the hind neck, the general colour of the upper parts brown, 
and of the underparts brown obscurely barred with grey. The 
immature male resembles the female, but has the collar whiter. 
Birds of the year and young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 

The "White-collared Ouzel appears to be confined to the Himalayas 
from Nepal to Assam, breeding at high elevations and descending 
lower in the valleys in winter. 

a. <$ ad, sk. Bengal (Boyle), India Museum, (T}pe of 
Tardus albocinctus, Royle.) 
b> e. d $ ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhou&e Pinwill 

fr.]. 

d. $ ad. sk. Simla. 
Capt, Stackhouse Pinwill 

fro. 

TUKDHUE. 

246 

*, f. 6 ? ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson,.EM. [P.l 
1J + (Types of Merula nivicolhs, Hodgs.) 


g, h. S; h A. $ ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
acLk Ne?al (md#80n)'

I m. 6 2 « ^ Museum. 
4, o.| | ad. ak. Nepal. B H.Hodgson, Esq. fP.]
» 9 ad sk. Darjiling (Pfforww). India Museum. 
a 9 ad' sk. Darjiling (Eccles). F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 


* * 
^s<lrs* [BJ. 

?\ tf ad. sk. India. Major-Gen. Hardwicke 

14. Merula torquata. 
Le Merle 
a collier, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 235 (1760),-Daubent. PI Bnl. 
no. 516 (1775). 
Turdus torquatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 296 (1766) ; Scop. Ann. L 

p. 135 (1709): Lath. Gen. Syn. Sujipl. i. p. 285 (1787); Gmel. 
Syst. Nat. i. p. 832 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 843 (1790) ; 
Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl iv. p. 214 (1795); id. Orn. Taschenb. 
i. p. 148 (1802); Wolf, Taschenb. i. p. 198 (1810); Pallas, 
Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. i. p. 451 (1811); Temm. Man. d'Orn.ip. 90 
(1815); Koch, Syst. haier. Zool. i. p. 173 (1816); Temm. Man. 
d'Orn. i. p. 166 (1820) ; Naum. Fog. Deutschl. ii. p. 818 (1822); 
Menetr. Cat. Bais. Cauc. p. 29 (1832); Keys, u. Bias. Wirb. Bur. 
pp. Ii, 177 (1840) ; Nordm. Demid. Voy. Buss, me'rid. ii. p. 127 
(1840) j Werner, Atlas, Insectiv. pi. xv. (1842); Gray, Gen. B. 
i. p. 219 (1847); Degl. Orn. Bur. i. p. 458 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. 
p. 274(1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 3(1850); Schl. Vog. Nederl. 
p. 206 (1854); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 25 (1854); Sundev. Sv. 
Fogl. p. 52 (1856); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p, 85 (1800); Netvton, 
List B. Bur. Blasius, p. 9 (18(52); Degl et Gerbe, Orn. Bur. L 
p. 401 (1867); Dodej-l.Avif. Sicily. 106 (1869); Lh-oste, Vogelw. 
Borhum, p. 92 (1869) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 386 (1869) ; 
Gray, JKand-t. B. i. p. 256. no. 3720 (1869); Fritsch, Vog. Bur. 
p. 146 (1870); Salvad. Faun. ltd. Ucc. p. 77 (1871); Newt. ed. 
Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 287 (1872); BLarting, JSandb. Br. B.^. 12 
(1872); Shelley, B. Bgypt, p. 67 (1872); Sharpe 8? Bhvsser, B. 
Bur. pt. x. (1872); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 74 (1875); Blanf. Bast. 
Pers. ii. p. 158 (1876). 
Le Merle a plastron blanc, Montb. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 340 (1775). 
Ring-Ouzel, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 46 (1783). 
Merula torquata (Linn.), Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 552; Selby, Brit. Orn. L 


p. 169 (1833) ; Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 73 (1837) ; Jaub. et Barth.-
Lapomm. Bich. 0?*n. p. 216 (1859) ; LocJie, Boopl. Sci. Algfr., Ois. 
p. 190 (1867) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. ii. pi. rxxviii. (3873); Bogd. B. 
Cauc. p. 80 (1879). 
Sylvia torquata (Linn.),^ Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 206 (1827). 
Copsichus torquatus (Linn.), Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 157 (1829). 
Merula montana, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 375 (1831). 
Merula collaris, Brehm, op. cit. p. 376 (1831). 
Merula alpestris, Brehm, op. cit. p. 377 (1831). 
Thoracocincla torquata (Linn.), Beich. Nat. Syst. pi. xliii. (1850). 
Merula vociferans, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 281 (1855). 
Merula maculata, Brehm, he. cit. (1855). 

In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper and under parts is almost uniform very dark brown, approach


3 . MERTJLA. 
247 

ing black, except a gorget of nearly while extending across the 
lower throat from shoulder to shoulder; most of the feather** show-
traces of pale margins, which are conspicuous on the greater wing-
coverts and quills, the belly, and the under tail-coverts ; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts pale greyish brown with nearly white 
margins ; inner margin of quills brown. Bill yellow. Wings with 
the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, second 
primary slightly longer than the fifth, bastard primary 0*75 to 06 
inch. Legs, feet, and claws brown. Length of wing 5*7 to 5*1 
inches, tail 4*5 to 4*1, culmen 1-0 to 0*9, tarsus 1*4 to 1*35. 

The female differs from the male in being dull brown instead of 
nearly black, and in having the white gorget suffused with brown ; 
bill brown. After the autumn moult the pale edges to the feathers 
are slightly more conspicuous. Birds of the year have very broad 
white edges to the feathers of the underparts; the gorget of the 
female is scarcely distinguishable and that of the male considerably 
suffused with brown. Young in first plumage have the back and 
breast barred with black and pale brown, and have ochraceous tips 
to the wing-coverts. 

The Eing-Ouzel breeds in the pine-districts throughout "Western 
Europe, but does not appear to range as far east as the valley of 
the Yolga. It winters in North Africa, Asia Minor, and Persia. 


a. cJ ad. sk. Turnham Green, Middlesex. J. Baker, Esq. [PA 
b. £ ad. sk. Turnham Green, Middlesex. J. Baker, Esq. [P. J. 
e. g ad. sk. Cornwall. Col. Montagu [P.]. 
d, Ad. sk. Longshaw, Derbyshire, July F. Godman and 0. 
1854 (O. Saivin). Saivin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
e, Juv. sk. Tunov, S. Norway, June 27, F. Godman and 0. 
1806 (J. Baler). Saivin, Esqrs, [P.]. 
f, a. h. Juv. sk. South Norway, July 1866 F. Godman and 0. 
J' (J. Baker). Saivin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
«* h. <Jad.sk. Skerstad, Norway, May 14,1857 F. Godman and 0. 


(F. Godman). Saivin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
L Q a<l-s^ Bodo, Norway, June 2,1857 F. Godman and 0. 
(F. Godman), Saivin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
m. <$ ad. sk. Tangier. J. E. Harting, Esq.[P.]. 
n. d ad. sk. Persia. 
o. Ad. sk. Europe. J- Gould, Esq. 
». Skeleton. England. Purchased. 
q. Skeleton. Bonn. Dr. A. Giinther. 
15. Merula auraiitia. 
Le Merle de la Jamaique, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 277 (1760). 
Le Merle brun de la Jamaique, Buff. Mist Nat. Ois. in. p. 391 (1775), 
White-chinned Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 45 (1783). 
Turdus aurantius, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 832 (1788); Gray, Gen B. 


L p. 219 (1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 275 (1850); Sclater, P.Z.S. 
1859, p. 333: Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 6 (1862) j Gray, IIand-1. 
B i p. 258. no. 3765 (1869). 

Turdus leucogenus, Lath. 2nd. Orn. i. p. 341 (1790); Vieill. N. Diet. 
aVHist. Nat. xx. p. 254 (1818). 

Merula saltator, Hill, Comp. Jam. Almanack, 1842, fide Gosse, B, 
Jamaica, p. 140 (1847). 

248 
.TtTRDIDJE. 

Merula leucogenys (Lath.), Gosse, B, Jamaica, p. 130, 111. pi. xxiiL 
(1847). 
Oatharus aurantius(6W.), Bp. Oompt. Bend, xxxviii. p. 3 (1854). 
Sominiorula aurantia, Bai)'d, Bev. Am. B. i. p. 34 (1864). 
Mimocichla aurantia (Gmel), Scl fy Salv. Nomencl. Av. JSfeotr. p. 2 
(1873). 

In the adult male tho hoad, lores, and ear-coverts are black ; rest 
of tipper parts dark slaty brown, except the outer half of the outer 
webs of two of the greater wing-coverts next to the innermost 
secondaries, which are white ; wings and tail brown. Chin white ; 
rest of underparts brown, shading to creamy white on the centre of 
the belly ; under tail-coverts dark brown, tipped with white; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts brown, streaked with white; inner 
margin of quills pale brown. Bill yellow above and below. Wing 
with the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second 
primary about equal to the eighth, bastard primary 1*01 inch. Legs, 
feet, and claws yellow. Tail with the outside feathers 0*35 inch 
shorter than the longest. Length of wing 4*95 to 4*5 inches, tail 
4-2 to 3*9, culmen 1-13 to 1-03, tarsus 1-6 to 1-5, 

The female differs from the male in being paler and browner, the 
head being only slightly darker than the rest o£ the upper parts. 
Birds of the year and young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 

The Jamaica Ouzel is confined to the island of Jamaica, where it 

is a resident. 
a, J ad. sk. Mbneague, Jamaica, Dr. Bryant [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. 
c. Ad. sk. 
February I860. 
Jamaica. 
Jamaica. 
Philip Gosse, Esq. [0.1. 
Philip Gosse, Esq. [0.]. 

(Type of Merula saltator, Hill.) 

16. Hernia boulbouL 
Boulboul Shrike, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl i. p. 57 (1787). 
Lanius boulboul, Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 80 (1790) : Stephens, Shaw's 
Gen. Zool vii. pt. 2, p. 308 (1809). 

Tardus poscilopterus, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 54 j Gould, Cent B. 
Himal M. pi. xiv. (1832); Hodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mus.) 
of Birds of Nepal, Basseres, pis. 146,147, undh Hodqs. Gray's Zool 
Misc. p. 83 (1844); Gray, Cat Mamm. fyc. Nepal Coll Hodgs. 

p. 81 (1846) ,• id. Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847) : Bp. Cornp. i. p. 274 
(1850). r x * 
Merula boulboul 
(Lath.), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. rvi. p. 147 (1847) * 
Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 162 (1849); Horsf. & Moore, Cat 

B. Mm. JE.L Co. i. p. 196 (1854) ; Gould, B. Asia, ii. pi 77 (1859) : 
Jerd. B. Lnd. i. p. 52[) (1862) • Godw.-Aust J. A. S.Bena.xxxix 
pt. 2, p. 102 (1870) ; Hume, Nests % Bggs Lid. B. p. 234^(1873) 
Tardus boulboul (Lath.), Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 255. no. 3700 (1869). 

In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is black 
with the exception of the tips of the median wing-coverts, the outer 
webs of the greater wing-coverts, a broad margin to the 'innermost 
secondaries, and a narrow margin to the remaining secondaries, 
which are greyish white. The underparts are browner black, each 

3 . MERTJXA.. 
210 
feather of the axfflaries, under wing-coverts, belly, flanks, and 
tinder tail-coverts narrowly margined with greyish white ; axillaris 
and under wing-coverts, sometimes one or both, greyish white. Bill 
yellow. Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly 
equal and longest, second primary intermediate in length between 
the sixth and seventh, bastard primary 1 -25 to 0-85 inch. Legs, feci, 
and claws deep yellow. Length of wing 5*9 to 5-25 inches, tail 4-05 
to 4-1 (females 3-62 to 3*12), culmen 1-1 to 0*9, tarsus 1*41 to 1-27. 

The female differs from the male in having the black parts replaced 
by olive-brown and the greyish white on tho wings by brownish 
white-Birds of the year scarcely differ from adults, except that in 
the males the underparts are greyer and the greyish white on the 
wings is darker, and in the females the brownish white on the wings 
is russet-brown. Young in first plumage resemble adults, but have 
pale shaft-lines to the feathers of the upper parts and pale centres 
to the feathers of the underparts. 

The Grey-winged Ouzel breeds throughout the Himalayas from 

Kumaon to Assam, descending into the valleys during the cold season. 

a-d. S ? & ? ad. sk, Cashmere (Br. Bellew). India Museum. 
/, g. 6 imm. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-

will [P.]. 

h, i. <J $ ad. sk. Kumaon (Strachey): India Museum. 

h, I. $ ad.; m. § ad. sk. Nepal. B.II.Hodgson,Esq.[P.]. 

n. $ a<i-j °iP* Inim. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
q. <S ad.; r. Juv. sk. Darjiling (Pearson), India Museum. 
s,t. 
<$ $ juv. sk. Daijiling. J. Eotheringham, Esq. 
[0.]. 

u. 
$ ad. sk. Darjiling [Eccles). F. Grodman and O. 
Salvin, Esqrs. [P,*|. 
x. Juv. st. Himalayas. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.l 
y. $ ad. sk. Himalayas. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
a. Inim. sk. Darjiling (Br, Bellew). India Museum. 
a', b'. (S $ sternum. Nepal. BII.Hodgson,Esq.[P.]. 
17. Hernia mareensis. 
Merula mareensis (Lay. et Tristr.)*; 

Turdus vanikorensis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Astrol Zool i. p. 188, pi. vii. 
fig. 2 (1880); Gray, B. Trop. IsL p. 10 (1859, partim); id. 
Hand-l B. i. p. 255. no. 3713 (1869, partim); Tristram, Ibis, 1879, 

p. 188. 
Geocichla vanikorensis (Qiwy et Gaim), Bp. Consp. I. p. 208(1850). 
Turdus mareensis, Bayard § Tristram, Ibis, 1879, p. 472. 
In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is an almost 
uniform dark brown approaching black, on the back quite black ; a 
very indistinct pale-brown eye-stripe reaching from the back of the 
eye to the nape. Underparts dark brown, shading into nearly white 
on the centre of the belly; under tail-coverts brown, with pale 

* The name of If. vanicorensis (Quoy et Gaim.) cannot be used for this species, 
because m the first place, it has been extensively misapplied to the Samoan 
species,'and, in the second place, because it would be misleading if, as seems 
probable, this species has never occurred on Vanikoro. 
TUKDID^J. 

chestnut-brown tips and shafts. Bill yellow. Wing with the third, 
fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary 
equal to the sixth, bastard primary 0*7 inch. Legs, feet, and 
claws pale yellow. Length of wing 4-0 inches (female 3-9), tail 3-0 
(female 2-7), culmen 1*2 (female 0*8), tarsus 1*2. 

The female differs from the male in being very dark brown above 
instead of black. The underparts are a still paler dark brown, but 
have the same markings on the centre of the belly and under tail-
coverts. Birds of the year have traces of ochraceous tips to some of 
the greater wing-coverts. Young in first -plumage are unknown. 

The Mare Ouzel is confined to the island of that name, one of the 
Loyalty Islands. It was originally described as coming from the 
island of Yanikoro • but the localities given for birds obtained on the 
Voyage of the ' Astrolabe' have been in some cases found to be incorrect, 
and it may prove to be so in this case. The type in the Huseum 
of the Jardin des Plantes, in Paris, agrees exactly with a female in 
my collection obtained by Layard on the island of Hare. 

a,b. <$ Q ad. sk. MarS, Loyaltv group, E. L. Layard, Esq. [C.]. 
October 1879. 

18. Merula nigropileus. 
Turdus (Morula) nigropileus, Zafresnaye, Delessert, Voy. de PInde, 
pt. ii. p. 27 (1843). 
Turdus nigropileus (Zafresn.), Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 523 (1862). 
Merula nigropileus \Zafresn,), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 255. no. S701 
(1869). 
In the adult male the head, nape, lores, and the upper part of the 
ear-coverts are dark brown, nearly black ; the hind neck, wings, and 
tail brown, shading into slate-grey on the back, upper tail-coverts, 
outer webs of the wing-coverts, innermost secondaries, and margins 
of the quills and tail-feathers. Chin and upper throat darkish 
brown, shading into dull vinous brown on the breast and into dull 
slate-grey on the axillaries, under wing-coverts, belly, flanks, and 
under tail-coverts, shading into nearly white on the centre of the 
belly; traces of pale shaft-stripes on the under tail-coverts, sometimes 
very conspicuous. Bill yellow. Wing with the third, fourth, and 
fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate 
in length between the sixth and seventh, bastard primary 1*2 to 
0-82 inch. Legs, feet, and claws yellow. Length of wing 5*1 to 4*5 
inches, tail 4*1 to 3*5, culmen 1*06 to 0*98, tarsus 1*3 to 1-2. 
The female differs from the male in having the head, nape, and 
upper back an almost uniform brown, slightly darker on the head ; 
the slate-grey of the rest of the upper parts is slightly duller. On 
the underparts the dull white on the centre of the belly and on the 
under tail-coverts is much more developed, and the throat is pale 
brown obscurely streaked with dark brown. Young in first plumage 
appear to be unknown. 
The Black-capped Ouzel inhabits' South India and some parts of 
Central India, breeding on the mountains and descending into the 
plains during the cool season. 

3 . MEETTIA. 
251 
a. dad.sk. Matheran, Bombay, Jan. 23,1872. Major Hayes Lloyd rp.l 
b. S ad. sk. Matheran, Feb. S, 1872. Major Hayes Lloyd [P. 1. 
c. Ad. sk. Madras. 
Dr. Jerdon [P.]. 
d. e. Ad. sk. Madras. 
Sir W. Elliot [P.], 
19. KCernla simillima. 
Turdus sfcrillimus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. s. p. 253 (1839) j Qray% Gen. 
B. i. p. 219 (1847) ; Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 274 (1850); Gray, Hand-l 
B. i. p. 255. no. 3698 (1869). 
Merula simillima (Jerd.), Bh/th, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 162 (1849); 
Jerd. B. Iwtf. i. p. 524 (1862); Eume, Nests and Bags Ind. B. 

p. 232 (1873). 
•" 
In the «rfotZi male the head and lores are dark sooty brown, 
approaching black, shading into dark ash-grey, which is the general 
colour of the rest of the upper parts, except the inside webs of the 
quills and tail-feathers, which are dark sooty brown. Underparts, 
including the axillaries and under wing-coverts, are almost uniform 
darkish brown, slightly paler on the belly, and with a few nearly 
white feathers near the vent. Bill orange. Wings with the third, 
fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary 
intermediate in length between the sixth and seventh, 
"bastard primary 1*15 to 1-0 inch. Legs, feet, and claws yellow. 
Length of wing 5*1 to 4*7 inches, tail 4*1 to 3-8, culmen 1*1 to 1*0, 

tarsus 1*38 to 1*3. 

The female scarcely differs from the male. The young in first 
plumage have pale shaft-streaks and dark transverse terminal bars 
to the feathers of the head, upper back, and scapulars, and most of 
the feathers of the underparts are similarly marked. 

The Neilgherry Ouzel appears to be confined to the TsTeilgherry 
hills in South-west India, where it is supposed to be a resident. 

a. Ad.sk. [Madras*.] India Museum. 
h,c. $\ d, e. § ad. sk. [Madras ( Wight) *.] India Museum. 
/* 9- $2 JUY-sk* [Madras (Wight)*.] India Museum. 
h, i. 6 5 ad. sk. Neilgrfferries. Dr. Jerdon [P.]. (Types 
of Turdus simitlimus (Jerd.) 

h. $ ad. sk. Neilgherries. M. Delessert [E.]. 
I. 
Ad. sk. Neilgherries. (Partial India Museum. 
albino.) 
m. Ad. sk. [S. India.] J. Gould, Esq. 
20. Merula oourdilloni. (Plate XT.) 
Merula kinnisi (Blyth), apud Hume, Stray Feath. vii. p. 35 (1878). 
I n the adult male the head is black, rest of the upper parts dull 
black, showing only obscure traces of very dark slate-grey margins 
to the feathers, which are slightly more conspicuous on the wing-
coverts ; the underparts are very dark brown, with traces of dark 

-*


* It is a pity that the exact localities of these specimens have not been preserved. 
They are doubtless from tke Neilgkerry hills, where alone, as yet, the 
species has been met with. 
252 TTJRDID2E. 

slate-grey margins to the feathers of the flanks; below and behind 
the eye is a baro place. Bill orange. Wings with the third, 
fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary 
intermediate in length between the seventh and eighth, bastard 
primary 1*0 inch. Legs, feet, and claws yellow. Length of wing 
4-7 inches, tail 3*94, culmen 1*1, tarsus 1*32. 

It is not known that the female differs from the male ; birds of the 
year and young in first plumage are unknown. 
The Travancoro Ouzel is jDcculiar to the district in the extreme 
south of India whose name it bears, breeding at an elevation of 
4000 feet. 

a. Ad. sk. Travancore. Frank Bourdillon, Esq. [C], 
21. Merula Mnnisi. 
Merula kinnisii, Blyth, J. A. S. Being, xx. p. 177 (1851) * Kelaart, 
Prod. Cat. p. 122 (1852) j Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 304; HoUsw. P. Z. S. 
1872, p. 440. 
Morula kinnissii, Blyth, Bayard, Ami. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 270 (1853). 
Turdus kinnisii (Blyth), Gray, lland-l B. i. p. 256. no. 3717 (1809). 
Turdus Mnnisi {Blyth), Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 449 (1879). 

In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is sooty 
black, the feathers ob&cuiely edged with dark slate-grey; no trace 
of eye-stripe; wings and tail-feathers dark brown, approaching 
black, the outer webs broadly margined with dark slate-grey. The 
whole of the underparts, including the axillaries and under wing-
coverts, dull black, each feather obscurely margined with dark slate-
grey. Bill orange-yellow. Wings with the fourth and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate in 
length between the eighth and ninth, bastard primary 1-15 to 
0*81 inch. Legs, feet, and claws yellow. Length of wing 4-5 to 
4-0 inches, tail 3-7 to 3*25, culmen 1-0 to 0*89, tarsus 1*39 to 1-2. 


The female is slightly paler than the male. Birds of the year 
retain some of the ochraceous tips to the wing-coverts. Young in 
first plumage have pale shaft-lines to the feathers of the head and 
back, pale tips to the wing-coverts, and pale centres and dark tips 
to the feathers of the underparts. 

The Ceyloneso Ouzel is supposed to be peculiar to Ceylon, where 
it breeds on the hills, descending into the valleys during the cold 
season. 

a,b. <$ ad.; c. $ ad. sk. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart [C.]. 

d. Juv. sk. Ceylon. E. L. Layard, Esq. 
[0.]. * 
e,f 6 S ad. sk. Newara Eliya, 7000 feet. A. Whyte, Esq. [P.], 

M lEerula cafbonaria and Merula flavipes. 

The difference between these two forms appears to be only subspecific. 
In the north of Brazil, where their geographical ranges 

3. MORULA. 
253 
meet, they probably interbreed, us intermediate forms of both HOXOH 
occur. The synonymy of the Southern form is as follows :— 

22. Merula flavipes. 
Turdus 
flavipes, Vieill N. Diet, d'llist. Nat \x. p, 277 (1HI8); 
Spix, Av. JBras. i. p. 69, pi. lxvii. fig. 2 (18:34); Gray, Gen. B. I 

ST""""" " ~* " -' ~ ' 

Iland-t v ---,JT ,, 
pp. 94, 421 (1871); Berlepsch? Jmirn. Or». 1873, p. 230 j-"tid. 
# Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 2 (1873, partim),


Turdus carbonarius, Licht., apud Nemoied, Beitr. Natury. Bras. iii. 

p. G41 (1833). apudLicht.Nomencl.Ad. p. 25(1854, partim): Burm. 
Th. Bras. iii. p. 125 (1855). 
In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is dark 

slate-grey, shading into black on the head, nape, lores, and ear-

coverts : no trace of eye-stripe; quills, wing-coverts, innermost 

secondaries, and tail-feathers black. Chin, throat, and breast black, 

shading into Slate-grey on the rest of the underparts, the chin more 

or less streaked with white, and the under tail-coverts obscurely 

tipped with greyish white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts black; 

inner margin of quills brown. Bill yellow. Wing with the third, 

fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second pri


mary about equal to the sixth, bastard primary 098 to 0*65 inch. 

Length of wing 4*45 to 4*3 inches (female 4*2 to 4-1), tail 3-56 

to 3*1, culmen 0 85 to 0*72, tarsus 1*1 to 0-95. 

In the female the general colour of the upper parts is olive-brown, 

shading into russet^brown on the head, wings, and tail. The under


parts are pale brown, shading into greyish white on the centre of 

the belly; the feathers of the chin and upper throat have fan-

shaped dark-brown terminal spots, and the under tail-coverts are 

tipped with greyish white; axillaries and under wing-coverts 

chestnut; inner margin of quills pale chostnut-brown. Bill dark 

brown. Legs, feet, and claws brown. Young in first plumage 

appear to be unknown; but males of the year resemble adults, with 

a few of the wing-coverts tipped with oehracoous. 

The Brazilian" Grey Ouzel is found in Brazil at Bahia, Rio 
Janeiro, to as far south as Santa Catherina. Nothing appears to 
be known of its migrations. 


a. <$ ad. sk. Brazil. M. Olaussen [P.]. 
b, c. 6 ad.; d. <$ imm. st. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq. 
e. <S ad. sk. 
Brazil. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
23. Merula carbonaria. 
Turdus carbonarius, Licht. Vera. Doubl. p. 37 (1823); Gray, Gcn.B. 
i. p. 219 (1847); Bp. Camp. i. p. 275 (1850) j Licht. Nomencl Av. 
p. 25 (1854, partim). 
Turdus 
flavipes, Vieill. apud Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. G (18G2, 
partim), apud Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 80, apud Leot. Oi*. Trinidad, 

p. 199 (1806), apud Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 258. no. 3773 (ISO!), 
pattim), apud Sal §* Salv. Notnmd. Av. Neotr. p. 2 (1873, partim). 
234 TTTEDIDiE. 

This form differs from the preceding in having the black on the 
breast extending over the belly, leaving the flanks, vent, and under 
tail-coverts slato-groy. The female also differs from that of the preceding 
form in having the rump, vent, and under tail-coverts inclined 
to slato-grey. It is a slightly larger bird, the wing measuring 
in the males 4*5 to 4*4 inches, in the females 4*3 to 4*2. 

The Trinidad Grey Ouzel is found in the island of Trinidad and 

in Venezuela. It is supposed to be a resident. 
a. S ad. sk. Venezuela. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
b. § ad. sk. Trinidad. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
24. KEeruia reevii. 

Turdus reevii, Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. New York, 1870, p. 234. 

In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is slate-
grey, shading into dark slate on the head ; lores brown; ear-coverts 
dark slate-grey; no trace of eye-stripe; wings brown, the wing-
coverts, innermost secondaries, and unemarginated* portions of 
outer webs of quills slate-grey; tail brown, the central feathers 
and outside webs of the other tail-feathers slate-grey. Chin and 
upper throat nearly white, streaked with nearly black- rest of 
underparts pale brownish grey, shading into nearly white on the 
centre of the belly• under tail-coverts nearly white ; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts pale brownish grey ; inner margin of quills 
pale slate-grey. Bill bright yellow. Wing with the third, fourth, 
and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate 
in length between the seventh and eighth, bastard primary 
1-1 to" 0*95 inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale yellow. Length of 
wing 4*68 to 4#45 inches, tail 3*93 to 3*55, culmen 0*9, tarsus 1*25 
to 1-21. 

The female is unknown. Young in first plumage have the usual 
characteristics of the allied species in similar stages. 
The Puna Ouzel is only known from Puna Island, in the Gulf 
of Guayaquil, off the coast of Ecuador. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this species. 
I have described the type in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, 
and have examined a skin in the collection of Messrs. 
Salvin and Godman, intermediate between young in first plumage 
and bird of the year. 

25. Merula nigriceps* 
Turdus nigriceps, Jelshi, fide Cab. Journ. Orn. 1874, p. 97; Tacz. 
P. Z.S. 1874, p. 503, pL lxiv.; Cab. Journ. Orn. 1878, p. 195. 
In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is slate-
grey, shading into black on the head; lores black; ear-coverts dark 
slate-grey; no trace of eye-stripe ; wings brown, the wing-coverts, 
innermost secondaries, and unemarginated portions of outer webs of 
quills slate-grey ; tail brown. Chin and upper throat nearly white, 

3 , MERULV. 255 

streaked with, nearly black; rest of underparts palish slate-grey, 
shading into nearly white on the centre of the belly; under tail-
coverts nearly white, with, grey bases and sides; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts slate-grey; inner margin of quills pale grey. 
Bill bright yellow. "Wing with the fourth and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary between the seventh and 
eighth, bastard primary 0*95 to 0*9 inch. Legs, feet, and claws 
pale yellow. Length of wing 4*55 to 4*2 inches, tail 3*35 to 3-25, 

culmen 1-0 to 0*85, tarsus 1*25 to 1*2. 

The female differs from the male in having the grey of both the 
upper and under parts replaced by brown. Birds of the year and 
young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 

Jelski's Ouzel appears to range from the mountains of Ecuador 
and Central Peru to the Sierra de Cordova in the centre of the 
Argentine Eepublic. 

26. KEerula rufitorques. 
Turdus (Merula) rufitorques, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 214. 

Turdus rufitorques (Hartl.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847) ; Du Bus, 
JEsquiss. Orn. pis. 19 & 20 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 275 (1850) ; 
Selater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 334; JScl $r Salv. Ibis, I860, p. 29 ; Baird, 
Rev. Am. B. p. 32 (18G4); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 258. no. 3766 
(1869) ; JScl. Sr Salv. Ko?nenal Av. Neotr. p. 2 (1873); Salu. £ 
Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Zool., Aves, i. p. 22 (1879). 

In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 

ux>per parts is dark brown, approaching black ; lores and ear-coverts 

the same; no trace of eye-stripe; nape deep rich chestnut. Chin 

and upper throat chestnut, each feather having a fan-shaped black 

terminal spot; lower throat and breast deep rich chestnut; re


mainder of the underparts, including the axillaries and under wing-

coverts, dark brown, approaching black; under tail-coverts with 

white shafts; inner margin of quills scarcely paler brown than the 

rest of the under surface. Bill bright yellow above and below. 

"Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and 

longest, second primary intermediate in length between the sixth 

and seventh, bastard primary 0*9 to 0*75 inch. Legs, feet, and 

claws yellowish brown. Length of wing 5*3 to 5*05 inches, tail 

4*2 to 3*8, culmen 0*93 to 0*89, tarsus 1*3 to 1*15. 

The female differs from the male in having the black parts re


placed by brown, and the deep rich chestnut by dull chestnut; the 

throat is striated with dark brown; the white on the under tail


eoverts, which in the male scarcely extends beyond the shafts, in 

the female forms a lanceolate white centre one third of the breadth 

of the feather. The colour of the bill is also pale brown. In some 

skins the underparts below the breast are black, each feather 

narrowly margined with pale brown. These I take to be males in 

autumn plumage. Some birds have the feathers of the head mar


gined with dark chestnut. This I take to be an individual pecu


liarity. The young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 

The Chestnut-necked Ouzel appears to be confined to Guatemala, 

236 TUTtDIDJE. 

in Central America, where it is a resident, subject only to very 
restricted internal migrations. 

a. cS ad. sk. rGaatomala.1 Purchased. 
b. $ ad. sk.
c. S acl. fik. 
[Guatemala.] 
Guatemala. 
Purchased. 
Purchased. 
d. e. c? ad. sk. Guatemala. Osbert Salvin, Esq. [C.J. 

27. Hernia pritzhueri. 
Turdus priizhueri, Layard, Ann. Nat. Hist. i. p. 374 (1878) ; id. Ibis, 
1878; p. 254; Tristram, Ibis, 1879, p. 187, pi. v. 
Morula pritzbuesi (Layard), E. P. Pamsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. Walesf 

iii. p. 337 (1879). 
In the adult male the entire head, neck, and breast are creamy 
grey, clearly defined from the rest of the plumage, which is very 
dark brown, scarcely distinguishable from black. Bill pale yellow. 
Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and 
longest, second primary intermediate in length between the sixth 
and seventh, bastard primary 0*8 to 0*7 inch. Legs, feet, and claws 
pale yellow. Length of wing 4*26 to 4*05 inches, tail 2*96 to 
2-85, culmon 0-9 to 0-85, tarsus 1-3 to 1*25. 
The female differs from the male in having the head, neck, and 
breast pale earthy brown, much darker than in the male, and 
shading into the dark brown of the rest of the plumage, which on 
the upper parts is not quite as black as that of the male, and the 
feathers of the underparts have chestnut-brown margins. Young hi 
first plumage are barred and spotted with rufous *. 
The Lifu Ouzel is found in the island of Lifu, one of the Loyalty 
Islands, and probably in some of the adjacent islands. 
a, b. S 9. ad. sk. Lifu, Loyalty Islands, E. L. Layard,, Esq. [P.]. 

Aug. 28,1878. 

c. 5 ad. sk. Port Resolution, Tanna, Eyton Collection. 
New Hebrides, Aug. 22, 
1859 (J.Maegillivray). 
28. Merula bicolor. 
Merula bicolor, Layard, Ibis, 1876, pp. 153, 392. 
Merula ruficeps, E. P. Pamsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, L p. 43 
(1876). 
Turdus bicolor {Layard), Tristram, Ibis, 1879, p. 189. 
In the adult male the entire head, neck, and upper breast are a 
deep rich buff, almost an orange-buff, well defined from the rest of 
the plumage, which is a uniform dull black above and below, 
including the under tail-coverts, but slightly paler on the axillaries. 
Bill yellow. Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary about equal to the sixth, 

* Since writing the above I have received some skins, collected by Mr. Layard 
on Lifu, which have the head and neck nearly white, and have pale shafts and 
tips to the under tail-coverts, and are certainly not specifically separable (possibly 
not even subspecifically so) from M. alhfrons. 
3 . MEBULA. 257 
bastard primary 0-8 to 0*6 inch. Legs, feet, and claws yellow. 
Length of wing 4-05 inches, tail 2*7, culmen 0-83, tarsus 1-28. 

The female only differs from the male in having the buff of the 
head and neck not sharply denned, but shading into the black on 
the nape and upper breast. Birds of the year and young in first 
plumage appear to be unknown. 

The Kandavu Ouzel is confined to the island of that name, one of 
the Piji Islands. 

The British Huseum does not possess an example of this handsome 
bird. I have taken my description from Layard's type, which 
he kindly lent me for that purpose, and from the specimens in the 
Godeffroy Museum in Hamburg. There is also an example in 
Count Turati's collection in Turin. 

29. Merula tempest! 
Turdus tempesti, Laijard, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 420; Tristram, Ibis, 1879, 
p. 189. 
Merula tenipestii (Lai/ard), Layard, Ibis, 1876, p. 392 j J2. JP. 
Hamsay, P. L. Soc. iV. S. Wales, iii. p. 337 (1879). 

This species is scarcely distinguishable from M. poliocephala. 
The fully adult male, however, will be found to differ from that 
species, if carefully examined, in the following particulars :—The 
pale brownish grey of the chin, throat, and upper breast does not 
shade gradually into the dark colour of the rest of the underparts, 
but is abruptly separated from it; and the rest of the underparts 
(except the axillaries and under wing-coverts, which are pale 
brownish grey in both species) are uniform dull black, without any 
brown edges to the feathers, and without the pale shaft-lines and 
tips of the under tail-coverts ; both the culmen and tarsus arc also 
slightly longer. Bill yellow. "Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth 
primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary about equal to 
the sixth, bastard primary 0*9 to 0*85 inch. Legs, feet, and claws 
yellow. Length of wing 4-25 to 3-9 inches, tail 2*8, culmen 0-94 to 
0-92, tarsus 1*41 to 1*32. 

The female has the head very dark brown, scarcely paler than the 
back. The *chin, upper throat, and ear-coverts are pale brownish 
grey, shading into dark brown on the lower throat, axillaries, and 
under wing-coverts, the rest of the underparts, including the under 
tail-coverts, being very dark brown, nearly black. Birds of the year 
appear to be unknown; but young in first plumage have pale shaft-
lines to the feathers of the head and back, and the feathers of the 
underparts have brown margins. 

The Taviuni Ouzel is confined to the island of that name, one of 

the Piji Islands. 
a Q ad. sk. Taviuni, Piji Islands F. Godman & O. Salvin, 
(Liardet). Esqrs. [P.l. 
b*. <$ ad. sk. [Taviuni.] Julius Brenchley, Esq. [P.]. 

* This skin is marked as being from Norfolk Island; but Mr. Brenebley's 
original label is no longer on the bird, and I think it quite possible that the 
ticket has been transposed. 
2o6 
TtJltDIDJE. 

30. Merula albifrons. 
Morula albifrona, 
B. R Mammy, P. L. Soc. N. 8. Wales, iiL p. 336 
(1870)5 B. L. $ B. X. C\ Layard, Ibis, 1881, p. 137. 

Hoatl, nock, and choHt white; the remainder of the upper and 
undorparts dark brown, darkest on the wings and tail; whitish 
shaft-lines and tips to the under tail-coverts. Bill, legs, feet, and 
claws yellow ; wing-formula unknown. Length of wing 4 inches, 
tail 2*8, culinen 0*1)5, tarsus 1-3. 

The Eromanga Ouzel is described as frequenting the mountainous 
parts of Eromanga, one of the most southern islands of the New 
Hebrides group. 

The British Museum does not possess a skin of this species; nor 
have I seen the type specimen, which appears to be the only one 
hitherto obtained. It is doubtful whether it is more than subspccifleally 
distinct from M. 2>ritzbueri, which varies considerably in 
the colour of the head, neck, and chest. 

31. Merula poliocephala, • 
Ash-headed Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 373 (1801). 
Turdus poliocephaius, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl p. xliv (1801) ; Gray, 
Iland-l. B. i. p. 255. no. 3708; Tristram, Ibis, 1879, p. 189, 
Morula nostor, Gould, P. Z. & 1835. p. 18(5 * Jard. fy Selby, III, Orn. 

iv. pi. 37 (1840). 
Gcociehla poliocephaius (Lath.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 268 (1850). 
Turdus badius, Lath, apud Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 255. no. 3707 
(1869). 
Morula poliocephaius (Lath.), E. P. Ramsay, P. L. 8oc. N. S. Wales, 

iii. p. 337 (1879). 
In the adult male the entire head, neck, and throat are pale 
brownish grey, slightly darker on the crown, abruptly denned on the 
nape from the rest of the upper parts, which are a uniform dull black, 
and shading into dark brown on the upper breast; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts pale brownish grey • the rest of the underparts 
dark brown, each feather somewhat paler on the edges ; the under 
tail-coverts with pale grey shaft-lines and tips. Bill yellow. "Wings 
with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, 
second primary about equal to the sixth, bastard primary 0*85 to 
0*05 inch. Legs, feet, and claws yellow. Length of wing 4*52 to 
4*05 inches, tail 3*3 to 2>85, culmen 0*9 to 0*83, tarsus 1*21 to 1*1. 

The female scarcely differs from the male, except in having the 
head and neck slightly darker. Birch of the year and young in 
first plumage appear to be unhnown. 

The Norfolk-Island Ouzel is confined to the island from which it 
derives its name, between Few Caledonia and Few Zealand. 

a. Ad. sk. Norfolk Island. 
b, c. <$ ad, sk.
d. J ad. sk.
e. Ad. at. 
Norfolk Island (Br, 
B. Jf. Rayner). 
Norfolk Island. 
Norfolk Island, 
Voyage of H.M.S. < Herald.' 
Julius 33rcnchley; Esq. [P.]. 

3 . AII'IIULA. 
259 
32. Merula albiceps. 
Turdus albiceps, Swinh. Ibis, 180i, p. 303 j id. Ibis, I860, pp. 135, 
315, pi. v.; &>«//, IIund-L B. i. p. 200. no. 3707 (1809) ; tiwinh. 

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 307 • David et Oust Ois. Chine, p. 150 (1877). 
In the adult wale in spring plumage the entire head, neck, and 

throat are pure white, the rest of the upper parts dark brown, nearly 

black, slightly paler on the margins of the quills. Breast, axillaries, 

under wing-coverts, and flanks dark brown, shading into chestnut 

on the belly. Under tail-coverts brown, with very palo chestnut-

brown tips and shafts. Bill orange. "Wings with the third, fourth, 

and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary inter


mediate in length between the sixth and seventh, bastard primary 

1*0 to 0*8 inch. Legs, feet, and claws yellowish brown. Length 

of wing 4-5 to 4-25 inches, tail 3*26 to 2*9, culmen 0*9 to 6-8, 

tarsus 1-28 to 1-14. 

The female differs from the male in having the crown of the head 

and the general colour of the upper parts dark olive-brown. The 

forehead, an indistinct stripe over each eye, the sides of the throat 

and nape are mixed white and brown; and the general colour of the 

unclerparts is lighter; the axillaries and under wing-coverts are in


distinctly margined with chestnut. Birds of the year resemble the 

female, but have pale chestnut-brown shaft-lines on the feathers of 

the upper parts, and dark-brown terminal transverse bars to those 

of the underparts. Young in first plumage are unknown. 

The Formosan Ouzel appears to be confined to the island of For


mosa. 

a. Ad. sk. Formosa. R. Swinlioe, Esq. [O.]. 
33. Merula castanea. 
Merula castanea, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 185 ; Blyth, J. A. S. Bern/. 
xvi. p. 149 (1847); id. Cat B.Mus. As. 8oc. p. 102 (1849); llorsf. 
$ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. B.I. Co. i. p. 197 (1854); Gould, B. Asia, 
ii. pi. 75 (1859); Jerd. B. Ind.i. p. 526 (1802); Gray, Cat. 
Mamm. fyc. Nepal Coll. Ilodys. p. 42 (1803) ; Godw.-Aust. 
J. A. S. B. xxxix. pt. ii. p. 208 (1870) • Hume, Nests $ Bf/ys Ind. 
B. p. 235 (1873). 
Turdus rubrocanus, Hodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mus.) of 
Birds of Nepal, Passeres, pi. 154. no. 575, undh Ilodys. Graifs 
Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844). 

Turdus 
castaneus (Gould), Gray, Cat. Mamm. §c. Nepal Coll. 
Hodgs. p. 81 (1840); id. Gen. B. L p. 219 (1847) ; id. Ilaml-l B. 

i. p. 255. no. 3702 (1869). 
Geocichla castanea (Gould), Bp. Consp. i. p. 268 (1850). 
In the adult male in spring plumage the entire head, neck, and 
throat are very pale grey, darker on the lores and ear-coverts, and 
becoming greyish white on the chin and throat; no trace of eye-
stripe ; back and scapulars deep rich chestnut, suffused with dark 
brown on the upper back and with olive-brown on the longest 
upper tail- covoits. Wings, wing-coverts, and tail dark brown; 

200 
TURDIDJE. 

breast, flanks, and belly tfoop rich chestnut, the centre of the belly 
more or less marked with dark brown and white; axillanes ana 
under wing-coverts generally a deep rich chestnut, but occasionally 
approaching a dark brown; inner margin ^ qu^orown ; 
under tail-coverts dark brown, with white tips and shafts, lai l 
dark brown. Bill yellow. Wings with the third, fourth, and Mth 
primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate 
in length between the fifth and sixth, bastard primary 1*0 to 0-/& 
inch. Length of wing 5 6 to 5-1 inches, tail 4*4 to 3-95, culmen 
1-1 to 1 -01, tarsus 1-4 to 1-24. Legs, feet, and claws yellow. 

The fnnttU differs from the male in having the whole of the upper 
parts suffused with olive, and in having obscure streaks on the sides 
of the throat; and the chestnut of the underparts is much duller and 
lighter. Males of the year resemble the female, but are if any 
thing slightly darker, and retain the ochraceous tips of the young 
in first plumage on the greater and median wing-coverts. Young 
iyi first plumage appear to be undescribed. 

The Grey-headed Ouzel appears to be confined to the Himalayas 
from Cashmere to Assam, breeding at high elevations, descending in 
winter in flocks to the valleys. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Cashmere. Purchased. 
k (S ad. sk. Cashmere. E. M. Langworthy, Esq. 
[P.]. 
c, d. e. <$ ad. sk. Nynee TaL Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 

fro-

f. tf ad. sk Near Almorah. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
g. 
<$ ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. (Type of 
Turdus rubroca?ms, Hodgs.) 
h. <$ ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
i. $ ad.; h. ^ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
I J ad. sk. IXxrjiling (Pearson). India Museum. 
m, J ad. sk. [Assam (Crriffitli)."] India Museum. 
34. Merula gouldi. 
Merula gouldi, Verr. JVouv. Arch, du Mus. Hist. Nat, vi. Bull, p. 34 
(1870); id. op. cit. vii. Bull p. 32 (1871); id. op. tit. he. Bull. 
pi. v. fig. 2 (1873); Prjev, Powletfs Orn. Misc. ii. p. 198 (1877) ; 
David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 148, pi. xxxix. (1877). 

In the adult male in spring plumage the forehead, crown, lores, 
and ear-coverts are dark sooty brown, shading into a slightly lighter 
brown on the chin, throat, and neck; wings and tail dark brown; 
longest upper tail-coverts olive-brown; under tail-coverts dark 
brown, with white tips and shaft-lines; thighs brown; centre of 
belly with more or less white and brown markings. The remaining 
plumage, back, upper tail-coverts (except the longest), breast, 
belly, flanks, axillaries, and under wing-coverts a uniform rich 
chestnut; inner margin of quills brown. Bill yellow. Wing with 
the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, 
second primaryintermediate in length between the sixth and seventh, 
bastard primary 1-0 inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale bro* n. Length 

3 . MEETTLA. 201 
of wing 5-7 to 5-5 inches, tail 4*8 to 4-5, crimen 1-06, tarsus 1-45 

to 1-4. 
< In the female all the colours are slightly paler, the throat is grey 
striped with black, and the bill is brown. Birds of the year and 
young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 
I/Abbe David's Ouzel breeds in the pine regions of Kansu, in 
North-west China, where it is said to be migratory. Further south, 
m ^Test' Sechuen, it breeds in the pine regions, and descends into 
the cultivated valleys in winter. 
The British Museum does not possess an example of this handsome 
Ouzel. The types are in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes 
in Paris; and I have a skin of a male in my collection. 

35. Merula kessleri. 
Merula kessleri, Prjev. Powleifs Orn. Misc. ii. p. 198, pi. liv. (1877). 
In the adult male in spring plumage the entire head, nape, neck, 
and upper breast are dark brown, approaching black; back huffish 
white, shading into dullish chestnut on the scapulars and rump; 
upper tail-coverts huffish white with brown centres ; wings and 
wing-coverts nearly black, except the lesser wing-coverts, which are 
huffish white ; tail nearly black ; lower breast huffish white ; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts huffish white, with dark-brown tips ; 
belly and flanks deep chestnut; under tail-coverts dark brown, with 
chestnut margins. Bill yellow. "Wings with the third, fourth, and 
fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate 
in length between the sixth and seventh, bastard primary 0*8 inch. 
Legs, feet, and claws brown. Length of wing 6'25 to 5*85 inches, 
tail 0-5 to 4*65, crimen 1*01, tarsus 1-45 to 1-4. 
The female differs from the male in having the nearly black parts 
a paler brown, the huffish white parts pale greyish brown, and the 
chestnut parts russet-brown; the bill is dark brown, yellow at the base. 
Birch of the year and young in first plumage appear to be undescribed. 
Prjevalsky's Ouzel breeds in Kansu in North-west China. Its 
winter quarters are unknown. 
The British Museum does not possess an example of this species. 
The type is in the St.-Petersburg Museum; and I have a male in my 
collection. 

36. Merula cardis. 
Turdus cardis, Temm. PL Col ii. pi. 518 (1824) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. 
p. 210(1847); Bp. Consp. I p. 270 (1850): Cab. Mus. JECein: i. 
p. 3 (1850); Temm. et Sehleg. Faun. Japan. Aves, p. 65, pis. xxix., 
xxx. (1847); Swinh. Ibis, 18G0, p. 132; id. Ibis, 1801, p. 37; 
Makiston, Ibis, 1802, p. 319 ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1803, p. 280; WMtely, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 100; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 255. no. 3715 (1809) ; 
Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 248; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 307; David et Oust. 
Ois. Chine,^. 150 (1877); Blakiston $ Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 240. 
In the adult male in spring plumage the entire head, nape, neck, 
and upper breast are dark brown, approaching black, shading into 
dark slate-grey on the back, rump, wing-covcrts, and upper tail-
coverts ; wings and tail dark brown, margined with dark slate-grey 

202 TTTBDIDJE. 

on tlio outer webs; axillaries and under wing-coverts dark slate-

grey ; the rest of the undorparts white, the feathers of the breast 

and upper flanks with dark slate-giey fan-shaped terminal spots, 

and the feathers of the lower flanks and under tail-coverts with 

slate-grey sides; inner margin of quills brown. Bill yellow. 

Wings with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, 

second primary intermediate in length between the fifth and sixth, 

bastard primary 0-7 to 0-45 inch. Legs, feet, and claws yellow. 

Length of wing 4-05 to 4*35 inches, tail 3*1 to 2-9, culmen 0-9 to 

0*75, tarsus 1-25 to 1*15. 

The female differs from the male in having the upper parts a 

uniform olive-brown ; the axillaries and under wing-coverts are 

orange-chestnut; and the sides of the neck, breast, and flanks are 

suffused with orange-chestnut; the feathers of the cheeks, lower 

throat, and upper breast, as well as those of the lower breast and 

flanks, have dark-brown fan-shaped terminal spots. ^ Bill brown. 

Males of the year resemble the female, but are very slightly suffused 

•with chestnut on the sides of the neck, breast, and flanks: the chestnut 
axillaries and under wing-coverts appear to be partially retained 
after the second autumn moult. Young in first plumage are unknown. 
The Grey Japanese Ouzel appears to be confined to Japan during 
the breeding-season, frequenting both islands. It winters in South 
China and Hainan. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Japan. Zoological Society. 
b. S ad. sk. Japan. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.], 
c. $ ad. sk. Japan. Levden Museum. 
d. $ ad. sk. Nagasaki, H/Whitely, E^q. [C] 
e cS imm. sk. Amoy. E. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. 
37. Hernia fuscata. 
Turdus fnscatus, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 451 (1811); Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847); Middend. Reis. Sibir. Zool ii. pi 2, 

p. 172 (1851); Gould, B. Asia, I pi. Ixv. (1851) ; Brehm, Vogelf. 
p. 1G1 (1855) j Newt. List B. Eur. Btasius,y. 9 (18G2); Swin'h. 
P. Z. S. 1802, p. 317 j Blahiston, Ibis, 1802, p. 319; Swinh P. Z. S. 
1863, p. 280 ; Radde, Reis. Sibir. Yog. p. 230 (1803) ; Swinh. Ibis, 
1803, pp. 93, 277; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. I p. 409 (1807) : 
Fritsch, Tog. Eur. p. 138 (1870) ; Stvinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 300 ; 
Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. Beng.xLiii. pt. 2, p. 159 (1874); Sivinh. Ibis, 
1874, p. 157; Taca. Bull. JSOC. Zool France, 1870, p. 147; Pr/ev. 
Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii, p. 190 (1877) ; Blahiston $ Pryer, Ibis, 
1878, p. 241; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 155 (1877). 
Turdus eunonuis, Temm. PL Col ii. no. 514 (1831); Gray, Gen.B. i 

p. 219 (1847); Bp. Consp. i. p. 270 (1850). 
Turdus naumannii, Temm., apud Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. Ixxix. (1837), 
apud Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 004 (1840), apud Hodgs. M8. 
Drawings (in the Brit. Mus) of Birds of Nepal, Passeres, pi. 152. 
no. 790, wide Ilodgs. Grays Zool. Misc.. p. 83 (1844), amid Bh/tK 
Cat B. Mvs. A. S. B. 1849, p. 101. J ' 

Cychloselys fuscatus (Pall), Bp. Cat. Parzud. p. 5 (1850). 
Turdus dubius, Bechst., apud Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomni. Rich. Orn. 

p. 213 (1859, partim), apud Dresser, B. Eur. pt. Iviii (1877), apud 
Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, pp. 3; 433. J J 
3 . MERTTLA. 263 
Planesticus fuscatus {Pall.), Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 530 (1862) : Bhtth. 

Ibis, 1866, p. 366. 

In the arfoZi m#Ze m spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is brown, with dark centres to the feathers, frequently 
intermixed, especially on the scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts, 
with chestnut; lores and ear-coverts dark brown; eye-stripe buffish 
white, broad and well-defined, and reaching to the nape; wings dark 
brown, most of the secondaries and wing-coverts broadly edged on 
the outer web with chestnut, in some specimens extending over the 
whole outer web; tail dark brown, frequently shading into chestnut 
on the margin of the inner web. Chin, throat, and cheeks buffish 
white, in old birds only showing traces of a moustachial row of spots, 
more conspicuous and extending across the throat in younger birds; 
breast and ^flanks dark brown, each feather narrowly edged with 
buflish white, except on the sides of the breast, which are uniform 
black; belly and under tail-coverts buffish white, with more 
or less concealed dark centres to the feathers ; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts pale chestnut with obscure white margins, browner in 
very old birds; inner margin of quills pale chestnut. Bill dark 
brown, paler at the base of the under mandible. "Wings with the 
third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary 
intermediate in length between the fourth and fifth, bastard 
primary 0*7 to 0*5 inch. Length of wing 5*3 to 4*8 inches, tail 4*0 
to 3'2o, culmen 0*9 to 0*84, tarsus 1*32 to 1*2. Legs, feet, and claws 
brown. 

The female differs from the male in having the feathers of the 
lower throat and breast greyish buff, with dark-brown fan-shaped 
terminal spots; the dark centres to the feathers of the upper parts 
are almost obsolete. After tJu autumn moult the white margins of 
the feathers of the breast and flanks are much broader. Males 
of the year have the plumage of the adult female. Young in first 

plumage have ochraeeous tips to the wing-coverts and innermost 
secondaries; the feathers of the back have nearly black margins and 
pale chestnut centres ; the underparts resemble those of the female, 
but the spots are much larger. 

The Dusky Ouzel breeds in Siberia, from the valley of the Tenesay 
eastwards, among the willow bushes in the sheltered gorges of 
the tundra, above the limit of forest-growth, and in a similar climate 
on the mountain regions near Lake Baikal. On migration it passes 
through S.E. Mongolia and North China, and winters in Japan and 
South China, occasionally straying westwards as far as Assam and 
even North-west India. Individuals occasionally wander as far as 
Europe, having occurred in Belgium and Italy. 

a. Jimm. sk. Bolschoi Ustram, Obb valley, Dr. O. Einsek [C.]. 
b. tfad. sk.
Sept.-ll, 1876. 
Yenesay, lat. 66%°, June H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
11,1877. 
e. £ ad. sk. Yenesay, lat. 60%°, June10,1877. 
H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

26 4 
TTTRDIDJS. 

e. Ad. sk. 
Nepal. B.H. Hodgson, Esq [P.]. 
(Type of Tardus naumanmi, lemm. apud Hodgs.) 
f, g. 6 ad. sk.
%h. d imm. sk.
*. ? ad. sk.
k Q imm. sk.
I (S ad. sk. 
Ningpo, China (Mar. 1872). 
Ningpo, China (Mar. 1872). 
Ningpo, China (Mar. 1872). 
Ningpo, China (Mar. 1872). 
Hoocliow, China, Feb. 8, 
K. Swinhoe, Esq. [0.1. 
R. bwnxhoe, Esq. £0.1 
E. Swinhoe, E&q. [0.1 
B. Swinhoe, Esq. [0.]. 
K. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
1870. 
m, <$ ad. sk. Yokohama, Japan (Fryer). Purchased. 

38. ICerula naumanni. 
Tiirdtis nanmanni, Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 170 (1820) ; Naum. Vog. 
Deutschl ii. p. 288 (1822) j 5/^w, *%. DeutscM. p. 391 (1831) ; 
Temm. Man. a? Orn. iii. p. 96 (1835); JGs#s. w. J&». Wirb. Eur. 
pp. 1, 176 (1840): Werner, Atlas, Insectiv. pi. 18 (1842) ; Gray, 
Gen.B. i. p. 219 (1847); Degl Orn. Eur. i. p. 404 (1849) ; C«&. 
Mus. Hem. i. p. 3(1850) ; Sclater, Ibis, 1802, p. 319, pi. x. j <?my7 
Cat. Mamm. $c. Nepal Coll. Hodgs. p. 41 (1803); Swinhoe, Ibis, 
1803, p. 277 ; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 410 (1807); Gray, 
JBCand-L B. i. p. 253. no. 3074 (1809); Swinhoe, F. Z. S. 1871, 

p. 306; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, p. 147 (1876); Dresser, E. 
Eur. pt. lviii. (1877) ; Frjev. Bowleg's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 195 (1877) ; 
David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 153 (1877). 
Turdus runcollis, Pall, apud Gloger, Handb.Vdg. Eur.j. 180 (1884), 
apud Nordm. Demid. Voy. Puss. mend. iii. p. 120 (1840), apud 
Mkldend. Pels. Sibir. Zool. ii. pt. 2, p. 170 (1851), apud Newt. 
List B. Eur. Blasius, p. 9 (1862), apud Padde, Peis. Sibir. Vog. 

p. 240 (1863). 
Turdus dubius, Berhst, apud Bp. Consp. i. p. 270 (1850), apud Jaiib. 
et Barth.-Lapomm. Pich. Orn. p. 213 (1859, partim), apud Fritsch, 
Vdg. Eur. p. 137 (1870). 

Turdus fuscatus, 
Fall, apud Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 25 (1854), apud 
Padde, Peis. Sibir. Vog. ii. p. 230 (1803, partim). 
Turdus abrekianus, Dybowsky, Jovm. Orn. 1870, p. 193. 

In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
tipper parts is pale greyish brown, the upper tail-coverts, the rump, 
and frequently the scapulars and occasionally many of the feathers 
of the back being more or less chestnut; lores brown; ear-coverts 
pale grey chestnut, tipped with black; eye-stripe pale grey chestnut, 
somewhat obscure, but reaching to the nape; wing-feathers 
brown, with pale narrow margins; wing-coverts greyish brown, 
with pale grey or pale greyish-chestnut margins ; tail chestnut, the 
terminal half of both webs of the two centre feathers and of the 
outer web of the rest greyish brown. Chin and throat varying from 
creamy white to chestnut, with a moustachial line of black spots on 
each side, which almost disappear in very old birds (young birds 
have frequently a few black spots on the throat, and more on the 
breast); the centre of the belly is almost white; but the remainder 
of the underparts below the breast have the feathers chestnut with 
broad white margins; under wing-coverts and axillaries chestnut; 
inner margin of quills pale chestnut. Bill brown, pale at the base 
of the under mandible. Wing with the third and fourth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate in length 

3 . MERTTLA. 
265 
between the fourth and fifth, bastard primary 0*7 to 0-5 inch. 
Legs, feet, and claws brown. Length of wing 5*2 to 4-8 inches, 
tail 3-7 to 3-35, oilmen 0-9 to 0*83, tarsus 1-31 to 1-2. 

The female differs from the male in having the chestnut of the 
throat and breast paler and obscured by dull margins to the feathers. 
After the autumn moult the feathers of the undcrparts have broader 
pale margins. Birds of the year have black fan-shaped terminal 
spots to the feathers of the upper breast, and ochraceous tips to 
some of the median wing-coverts. In other respects the male of 
the year resembles the adult female. Young in first plumage are 
unknown. 

The Eed-tailed Ouzel apparently breeds in Siberia somewhat 
south of the Arctic Circle, and winters in China. A few remain to 
breed at high elevations in the neighbourhood of Lake Baikal; and 
during the autumn migration a few stragglers, principally immature 
birds, find their way into Europe. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Ussuri river, 48° N. lat. Nov. 4, K. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
1873 (Dr. Dybowsky). 
h,c. 3 ad.sk. Ningpo, China, March 1872. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C]. 


d. 
J ad. sk. Ningpo, China, March 1872. ^ H. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. 
(Alleged hybrid between M. naumannii and M. fuscata.) 
39. Merula protoniomelsena*. 
Turclus dissimilis, Myth, J. A. S. Benq. xvi. p. 144 (1847, tf, nee $) $ 
Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 2o0. no. 3729 (18G9) • Godiv.-Aust. J. A. S. 
Bmg. xli. pt. 2, p. 142 (1872) ; Seebohm, JP. Z. S. 1879, p. 805, 
pi. fxiv. 

Geociehla 
dissimilis (Blyth), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. 8oc. p. 1G3 
(1849, <$, nee $ ) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 208 (1850); Jerdon, Ibis, I<s72, 

p. 136, pi. vi.; Hume, Nests § JEggs Lid. B. p. 231 (1873); Hume, 
Stray Feath. ix. p. 103 (1880). 
Turdulus cardis {Tcmm.), apud Jerd. B. huh i. p. 521 (1862). 
Turdus protomomelas, Cab. Journ. Orn. 1807, p. 286 j Gray, Hand-l. 

B. i. p. 256. no. 3730 (1869). 
Turdus kyperythrus, Blyth.fide Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. %5Q. no. 3729 
(1869). 
Geocichla tricolor, Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 411. 


In the adult male iyi spring plumage the entire head, nape, and 
throat are nearly black, shading into dark slate-grey on the rest of 
the upper parts ; wings and tail brown, the outside webs edged with 
slate-grey; breast, axillaries, under wing-coverts, and flanks brilliant 
orange-chestnut, shading into white on the centre of the 
belly ; under tail-coverts white, with slate-grey sides. Bill yellow. 
"Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and 
longest, second primary equal to or slightly longer than the sixth, 
bastard primary 0*85 to 0*75 inch. Length of wing 4*75 to 4-5 
inches, tail 3-45 to 2-95, culmen 0-96 to 0-87, tarsus 1*24 to 1-2. 

* The objection to the use of Myth's name is that be described the female, 
or immature male, as the adult male, and considered the adult male of Merula 
unicolor to be its female, in consequence of which both species have been confounded 
together under Blyth's name. 
TUEDIDJ2. 

2m 

The female differs from the male in having the upper parts a 
nearly uniform olive-brown; throat nearly white in the centre, the 
feathers of the sides of the throat and chest with dark brown fan-
shaped terminal spots; rest of nnderparts as in the male. Males 
of the i/ear resemble females, and generally have traces of pale tips 
to many of the wing-coverts. Young in first plumage appear to be 
unknown. 

Cabanis's Ouzel breeds in the eastern Himalayas, descending into 
the valleys during the cold seasons. 

The Biilish Museum does not possess an example of this species. 
The typo in the Berlin Museum is an adult male; and skins of adult 
males are in the collection of Capt. Elwes, in the Tweeddale collection 
in the possession of Capt. Wardlaw-Ramsay, and in my own. 
The skin of an adult female or male of the year is in the collection 
of Col. Godwin-Austen. 

40. Merula euryzona. 
Merula euryzona, DuBus, Esquiss. Orn. pi. xxxiv. (1845). 
Turdus Muventris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 273; id. P. Z. S. 1859, 


p. 331; id. Ibis, 1861, pL viii. $ id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 4 (1802) • 
Gray, HamU. B. i. p. 257. no. 3753 (1869;. 
Turdus euryzonus 
(JDu Dus, Mquiss.), Sclater, Cat Amer. B. p. 2 
(1802)• Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, pp. 120, 320. 

In the adult male the head and lores are black; ear-coverts dark 
brown ; the rest of the npper parts dark olive-brown * no trace of 
eye-stripe; bastard wing, primary- coverts, and primaries dark 
brown• lesser, median, and greater wing-coverts, innermost secondaries, 
and outer webs of secondaries dark olive-brown; tail dark 
brown. Chin and upper throat black; lower throat and npper 
breast brown; lower breast, flanks, and belly deep rich chestnut; 
thighs and under tail-coverts olive-brown, obscurely margined with, 
pale chestnut; axillaries deep rich chestnut; tinder wing-coverts 
chestnut and brown,* inner margin of quills scarcely paler than the 
rest of the under surface. Bill yellow above and below. Wing 
with the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second 
primary about equal to the ninth, bastard primary 1*4 to 1*05 inch. 
Legs, feet, and claws dark brown. Length of wing 5*1 to 4*7 inches, 
tail 4*1 to 3*6, culmen 1*1 to 1*0, tarsus 1*4 to 1*05. 

It is not known that there is any difference in the plumage of 
the sewes; the colours alter scarcely perceptibly by abrasion. Birds 
in first autumn plumage frequently show traces of chestnut terminal 
spots on the wing-coverts. I have not seen the immature bird in 
its spotted and barred plumage. 

Sclater's Red-bellied Ouzel is confined to the highlands of Colombia 
and Ecuador, where it is probably subject to some internal 
migration. 

a. Ad. sk. Bogota. R. B. Sharpe, E^q. [P.]. 
3 . METUXA. 
267 
41. Merula hortulorum*. 
Turdus ?, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1801, p. 37. 

Turdus cardis, Temm., apud Sclater, Ibis, 1801, p. 37. 

Turdus hortulorum, Sclater, Ibis, 1803, p. 190 ; Sioinhoe, P. Z. S. 

1803, p. 280; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 250. no. 3734 (1809) ; Sioinhoe, 
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 307; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 151 (1877); 
Seebohn, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 805. 

Turdus pelios, Bonap., apud Cab, Journ. Orn. 1870, p. 238, apud 
Tacz. Jour. Orn. 1875, p. 247, apud Sioinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 519, 
apud Tacz. Bull. Soc. ZooL France, 1870, p. 149, apud Swinhoe, 
Ibis, 1870, p. 508. 

Turdus canipbelli, Sioinhoe, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1873, p. 374. 
Turdus chrysopleurus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 444, pi. xiv. 
Turdus dissimilis, Blyth, apud Sepbohm, Stray Feath. viii. p. 437 


(1879, partim). 

Ill the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is pale 
slate-grey, slightly shaded with olive on the head ; lores and ear-
coverts brown ; no trace of eye-stripe; wings arid tail brown, the 
outer webs of each feather pale slate-grey. The centre of the chin 
and throat nearly white, shading into greyish white on the cheeks 
and upper breast; lower breast, flanks, axillaries, and under wingeoverts 
deep rich chestnut, shading into white on the centre of the 
belly and under tail-coverts ; inner margin of quills pale chestnut-
brown. Bill orange-yellow. "Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth 
primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate in 
length between the fifth and sixth, bastard primary 0*6 to 0 5 inch. 
Legs, feet, and claws yellow. Length of wing 4*75 to 4*4 inches, 
tail 3-35 to 3'1, oilmen 0-9 to 0*8, tarsus 1-35 to 1-2. 

The female differs from the male in having the upper parts an 
almost uniform olive-brown ; the centre of the throat is nearly 
white, and the checks and chest-feathers have dark-brown fan-
shaped terminal spots: the rest of the underparts resembles that 
of the male. Males of the year resemble females. Young in first 
plumage are unknown. 

Swinhoe's Ouzel is supposed to be a resident in South China, but 
probably only winters there. It is doubtfully recorded from Japan; 
and will most likely prove to be identical with the allied species from 
the Amoor, in which valley it doubtless breeds. 

a. $ ad. sk. China. J. U. Heeves, Esq. [P.]. 
42. UCerula atrigularis. 
Turdus 
atrogularis, Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 169 (1820); Meyer, 
Taschenb. ZUB. u. Ber. p. 65 (1822) ; Brehm, Tog. DeutscM. p. 389 
(1831); Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 75 (1837) ; Werner, Atlas, Insectiv. 
pi. 17 (1842); Gray, Cat. Mamm. fyc. Nepal Coll. Hodgs. p. 80 
(1840); id. Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847) ; Degl Orn. Bur. i. p. 400 
(1849); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 161 (1849); Cab. Mm. 

* The type of Turdus pelios, Bonap., in the Leyclen Museum, is unquestionably 
the African bird. The tail is much too long, and the colour of the upper parts 
not nearly olive enough for the female or immature male of this species. 
2(18 TtTBTHM. 

Rein. i. p. 3 (1850) ; Xfr/tf. Nomencl. AD. p. 25 (1854); Horsf. 8f 
Moore, Cat. B. Mm. B.I. Co. i. p. 195 (1854); Jaub. et Barth.-
Lapomm. Mich. Orn. p. 217 (1859); Gray, Cat Mamm. §c. Nepal 
Coll. Ilodas. p. 41 (1803); id. Hmid-L B i p. 2o6. no. 3721 
(18C9); Gould, B. Gt. Br. vol. ii. pi. xxxvi. (18 / 3); Tacz. Bull. Soc. 
Zool. France, 1870, p. 148. /10™N 

Turdus bochsteinii, JV«w»». Yog. BeutscM. n. p. 310 (1822). 
Cichloides beclisteinii (Naum.), Kaup, JSTaturl Syst. p. 153 (1829). 
Sylvia atrogularis (Temm.), Savi, Orn. Tosc. in. p. 203 (1831). 
Morula atrogularis (Temm.), Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. <Jr N. Amer. 

Turdus atrigularis (Temm), Keys. n. Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. Ii, 177 
(1840); Bp. Consp. i. p. 273 (1850); Neiot List B. Blur. Blasivs, 

p. 0 (1802); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 485 (1867) ; Fritsch, 
Toy. Bur. p. 144 (1870); Salvad. Faun. ltd. Vcc. p. 83 (1871) ; 
Neivt ed. Tarr. Br. B. i. p. 270 (1872) ; TIarting, HancTb. Br. B. 
p. 101 (1872); Severtz. Tnrkest. Jevotn. pp. 64, 118 (1873); 
Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 332; Blanf. Bast. Bers. ii. p. 158 (1876); 
Dresser, B. Bur. pt. lx. (1877) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 6. 
Turdus varicollis, Hodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mus.) of B. of 
Nepal, Basseres, pi. 148. nos. 198, 199, & pi. 149. nos. 198,199 
(icon. ined.). 

Turdus auroreus, Ball.?, apud Nordm. Demid. Yoy. Buss, merid. in. 

p. 125 (1840). 
Merula leucogaster, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 149 (1847). 
Planesticus atrogularis (Temm.), Bp. Cat.Parzud. p. 5 (1854) ; Jerd. 
B. Lid. i. p. 529 (1802) ; Godw,~Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. pt. 2, 
p. 103 (1870) ; Hume $ Benders. Lahore to Tarh. p. 192 (1873). 
Cichloides atrigularis (Temm.), Tytler, Ibis, 1869, p. 124. 
Turdus mystacinus, Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. pp. 64,118, 119 (1873) ; 
Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 332. 

In the adult male hi spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is pale greyish brown, the feathers on the head darker 
in their centres; lores nearly black; ear-coverts black, with pale 
tips; eye-stripe black, obscure, and not extending far behind the 
eye; wings and tail brown, each feather having a narrow pale 
margin; wing-coverts and outside webs of innermost secondaries 
the same colour as the back. Chin, throat, and breast black, each 
feather with an obscure pale margin; the rest of the underparts 
white, each feather, except those of the centre of the belly, having 
an obscure pale-grey centre; under tail-coverts white, the basal 
portion of the margin brown ; axillaries grey, with an obscure shade 
of chestnut; under wing-coverts buff, darker in their centres; inner 
margin of quills pale brown. Bill black, somewhat paler at the base 
of the under mandible. Wings with the third and fourth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary between the fourth and 

fifth, bastard primary 0*8 to 0*5 inch. Legs, feet, and claws dark 
brown. Length of wing 5*46 to 4-95 inches, tail 4*2 to 3*6, culmen 
0-91 to 0*81, tarsus 1*35 to 1*25. 

^ The female differs from the male in not having the black on the 
sides of the head and on the chin, throat, and breast; the feathers 
on the sides of the neck, upper throat, and breast have conspicuous 
dark centres, leaving the lower throat a uniform creamy white. 

3 . MERULA. 
209 
Males of the year have the plumage of the adult female. Young 
in first plumage have ochraceous tips to the wing-coverts and innermost 
secondaries; the feathers of the back have nearly black tips 
and ochraceous centres ; the feathers of the throat, breast, and 
flanks have nearly black fan-shaped terminal spots; the groundcolour 
of the throat and the eye-stripe is ochraceous. 

The Black-throated Ouzel breeds in the pine-forests of the valley 
of the Yenesay, in Central Siberia, between lat. 60° and 03°. It 
probably also breeds in the same latitude in the valley of the Obb, and 
in a similar climate in the pine region of the Himalayas and Eastern 
Turkestan. It winters in "Western Turkestan, Baluchistan, and 
North India, occasionally straggling westwards into Europe, where 
it has been obtained in Russia, Germany, Denmark, Belgium, 
England, France, and Italy. Eastwards it has occurred on migration 
as far as Lake Baikal and, in winter, as far as Assam. 

a. c? ad. sk. Nepal. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
b. $ ad. sk. Nepal. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 
c. $ irrmi. sk, Obdorsk. Dr. 0. Einsch [0.]. 
d. e. Ad. sk. Kashgar. Dr.Bellew[P.]. 
f g. Ad. sk. Yarkand. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.l. 
h. 
<$ ad. sk. Guadar,Baluchistan; DeW,
l\Blanford,Esq.[C.]. 
cember 1871. 
i. $ ad. sk. Guadar,Baluchistan, DeW.
T.Blanford;Esq.[C.]. 
cember 1871. 
k. J ad. sk. Maud, Baluchistan, Feb. W.T.Blanford,Esq.[C.]. 
18, 1872. 
I 
$ ad. sk. Afghanistan (W. GrifIndia 
Museum. 
fith). 


m. Ad. sk. Afghanistan (W. GrifIndia 
Museum. 
fith). 
n, o, p. $ ad. sk. Himalayas. India Museum. 


q. [ <$ ] imm. sk. Himalayas. India Museum. 
r. J ad. sk. Himalayas. India Museum. 
s. J ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
t,u,v. <^ad. sk. Kumaon( Capt.Strachey). India Museum. 
w, x. <$ ad.; y, Nepal. B.n. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

z. $ ad. sk. (Type of Tiinhis varicottis, Hodgs.). 
a'. (S ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
l\ c'. <$ ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
d'. Ad. sk. Nepal. B.H.Hodgson,Esq. [P.], 
e'. $ ad. sk. Nepal (P. &. Hodgson). India Museum. 

/'. £ ad. sk. Nepal. 
B.H.Hodgson,Esq. [P.]. 

g', J ad. sk. Darjiling. 0. Fotheringham, Esq. 

[0.]. 

h\ $ ad. sk. Bootan. 
Major Pemberton [0.]. 

i\ $ imm.; kf. India. 
J. R, Reeves, Esq. [P.]. 

ad. st. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
V. -skeleton. India. 
43. Merula ruficollis. 
Turdus ruficollis, Pall. Pais. Muss. Peichs, iii. p. 694 (1776) ; Gmel. 
8yd. Nat. i. p. 815 (1788); Lath. hid. Orn. p. 333 (1790) ; Pall. 
Zoogr. Posso-Asiat. x. p. 452 (1811); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 

270 XURDIBJE. 

(1847); Blyth, Cat B. Mies. As. Soc. p. 101 (1849); Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 273 (1850); Gould, B. Asia, i. pi. 06 (1851); Naum. Voq. 
Beutschl xiii. p. 310, pi. 300 (1853); Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. 
Mm. E.I. Co. i. p. 104 (1854) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 25 (1854); 
tiivhih. 1\ Z. S. 1803, p. 281; Gray, Cat. Mamm. $c. Nepal Coll. 
Hodgson, p. 41 (1803); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 412 (1807) ; 
Gray, ttmd-l. B. i. p. 250. no. 3722 (1800); Sicinhoe, P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 3(30; Severtz. Turkest.Jevotn. pp. 09, 119 (1873) ; Dresser, 
Ibis, 1875, p. 334; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1870, p. 147; 
Prjev. Rowleys Orn. Misc. ii. p. 197 (1877) ; Dresser, B. JEur. 
pt. Iviii. (1877); David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 150 (1877). 
Red-necked Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 31 (1783). 

Turdus erythrurus, Ilodgs. MS, Drawings (in the Brit. Mus.) of B. 
of Nepal, Passeres, pl. 149. no. 200, & pl. 14Ba. no. 720, unde Ilodgs. 
Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1840). 

Planesticus ruficollis (Pall.), Bp. Cat. Parzud. p. 5 (1856) ; Jerdon, 

B. Ind. i. p. 528 (1862) ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. pt. 2, 
p. 182 (1870). 
Turdus hyenialis, Dybowsky, Journ. Orn. 1872, p. 439. 
In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the upper 
parts is grey ; lores dark grey• ear-coverts grey; eye-stripe chestnut, 
narrow, scarcely reaching to the nape; wings and wing-coverts brown, 
edged with grey; centre tail-feathers brown, remainder chestnut on 
inside web and basal portion of outside web. Chin, throat, and breast 
chestnut, the margin of the feathers paler; the rest of the underpays 
greyish white, the feathers on the flanks with obscure darker 
centres; axillaries and under wing-coverts biinish chestnut; inner 
margin of quills pale brown. Bill dark brown, under mandible ye]lowibh 
at the base. Wings with the third and fourth primaries nearly 
equal and longest, second primary between the fourth and fifth, 
bastard primary 0*7 to 0*5 inch. Legs, feet, and claws brown. 


Length of wing 5*25 to 4*85 inches, tail 3*8 to 3*5, culmen 0*9 to 
0*85, tarsus 1*38 to 1*28. 


The female differs from the male in having very little chestnut on 
the throat and breast, which have the general colour of the flanks, 
with black fan-shaped terminal spots to many of the feathers. 
Males of the year much resemble the adult female, but have the 
throat and upper breast much darker. Young in first plumage are 
unknown. 

M. ruficollis and M. naumanni are very nearly allied. Both species 
have always a groat deal of chestnut on the tail. Adult M. naumanni 
shows more or less chestnut on the upper parts, especialfy on 
the rump, whilst there is no chestnut on the upper parts of immature 
M. naumanni or of M. ruficollis at any age. The chin, throat, and 
breast of both species are chestnut in the adult; but the moustachial 
line of black spots in M. ruficollis disappears at the second moult, 
whilst in M. naumanni it only disappears in very old birds. The 
only character that appears to be constant at all ages is the colour 
of the underparts below the breast. In M. naumanni these are 
always more or less marked with chestnut, whilst they are never so 
in M. ruficollis. 
The Bed-throated Ouzel is a Central-Asian bird, breeding in the 

3 . MEUCTLA. 271 
Himalayas and the mountains of Southern SLboria. Its principal 
brooding-quarters are doubtless somewhat south of the Arctic Circle, 
in Siberia. It winters in Turkestan, India, and China; and an 
occasional straggler has wandered into Europe 

a. 2 initn. sk. Ala Kul, Turkestan, May Dr. 0, Finsch [0.1. 
9, 1876. 
b. c? ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of Turdus erythrurus, Ilodgs.) 
c. d, e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Iloclgbon, Esq. [P.J. 
/. $ ad. sk. Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). India Museum. 
g, h. cS ad. sk. Nepal. ^ B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
i, k. $ 2 a^-s^« Assam (Griffith). India Mubeum. 
h tf ad. sk. Lake Baikal (Dr. Dy- R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
boioshy), May 18,1871. 

m. S ad. sk. China. Purchased. 
44. Merula unicolor. 
Turdus unicolor, Tichell, J. A. S. Beng. ii. p. 577 (1833)• Gould, 
P. Z. S. 1837, p. 136; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847); id. Hand-l 
B. i. p. 255. no. 3699 (1869, Goidd), and p. 260. no. 3796 (1869, 
Tichell). 
Turdus modestus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 460 (1842, nee JEyton). 
Petrocincla homochroa, Hodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mm.) of 

B. of Nepal, Passeres, pi. 139. no. 586, wide Hodgs. Gray's ZooL 
Mise. p. 83 (1844). 
Geocichla dissimilis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. rvi. p. 144 (1847, $, nee 
c?); Horsf. $f Moore, Cat. B. Mm. JS.I. Co. i. p. 191 (1854). 
Geocichla unicolor (Tichell), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. 8oc, p. 163 
(1849); Bp. Comp. i. p. 208 (1850); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 519 
(1862) ; Hume # Senders. Lahore to Yarh, p. 192 (^1873); Hume, 
Nests $ Eggs Ind. B. p. 230 (1873). 

Merula unicolor (Tichell), Gould, B. Asia, ii. pi. 65 (1858). 

In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts, including 
the lores and ear-coverts, is an almost uniform ash-grey or dull 
lavender ; no trace of eye-stripe ; wings and tail brown, the outside 
webs margined with ash-grey. Chin pale grey; throat, breast, and 
flanks pale slate-grey, shading into white on the belly; under tail-
coverts white, some feathers with brown margins towards the base ; 
axillaries ash-grey, more or less marked with deep rich buff; under 
wing-coverts deep rich buff; inner margin of quills pale brown; 
upper part of belly and under tail-coverts occasionally showing 
traces of buff markings. Bill yellow. Wings with the third, 
fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary 
intermediate in length between the fifth and sixth, bastard 
primary 0*9 to 0*7 inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Length 
of wing 4-9 to 4*25 inches, tail 3*45 to 2-9, culm en 0*95 to 0-81, 

tarsus 1*28 to 1-16. 
The female differs from the male in having the general colour of 
the upper parts olive-brown, shading into ash-grey on the rump 
and upper tail-coverts. The throat is much, and the breast slightly 
paler than in the male; all the feathers on the cheeks, and many of 

272 TTJEDIDJE. 

the feathers on the throat have dark-brown fan-shaped terminal 
spots; the axillaries are usually entirely deep buff; and the inner 
margin of the quills is usually buff. 

Birds of the year retain some of the pale tips to the wing-coverts. 
Young In [first plumage appear to be unknown. 

Examplos from the Eastern Himalayas, where the rainfall is very 
great, have the upper back of the male and the whole of the upper 
parts of the female russet-brown, and are slightly smaller than 
Western birds. If admitted as subspeciflcally distinct, they will 
stand as M. JiomocJiroa of Hodgson. 

Tickell's Ouzel breeds throughout the Himalayas, becoming rarer 
towaids the east. During the cold season it descends to the 
plains. 

a, b. r? 2 ad. sk. N. W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.]. 

c. S ad. sk. Nepal. B.H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
d. tf ad. sk. Nepal. B.H. Hodgson,E*q.[P.j. 
(Type of-P. homochroa, Ilodgs.) 
e~h. § ad.; i. tf imm.sk. Nepal. B.H.Hodgbon,Esq.[P.]. 
k, I. § ad. imm. sk. Bengal (As. Soc). India Museum. 

m. 2 ad. sk. Bengal (As. Soc). India Museum. 
n. (S imm. sk. [Eastern Ghats.] Dr. Jerdon [P.]. 
o. Ad. sk. Himalayas (Farrell). Zoological Society. 
(Type of Turdus tmicolor, Gould.) 
p, q. d ? ad.; r, s. Juv. sk. C&&hmere(Dr.Beileio). India Museum. 

45. Memla olivatra. 
Merula olivatra, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 18487 p. 2. 
Turdus olivater {Lqfi-.\ Sclater, P. Z. & 1859, p. 333; Gray, Hand-l 


B. i. p. 258. no. 3770 (1809); Scl. # Sah. Komencl. Av. Neotr. p. 2 
(1873). 
In the adult male in spring plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is dark olive-green ; head, lores, and ear-coverts black; 
no trace of eye-stripe• wings dark brown, the outside webs margined 
with dark olive-green• tail dark brown. Chin and throat 
black; the remainder of the underparts dull huffish, brown, darkest 
on the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts pale huffish-brown; inner margin of quills scarcely 
paler than the rest of the under surface. Bill bright yellow above 
and below. Wing with the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal 
and longest, second primary between the seventh and eighth, bastard 
primary 0*95 inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale. Length of wing 

4-65 to 4-4 inches, tail 3-7 to 3-35, culmen 0*98 to 0-9,*"tarsus 1*28 
to 1-25. 
The female, birds of the year, and young in first plumage are unknown. 


The Olive-backed Ouzel has only been recorded from the north of 
South America, between La Guayra and Caracas, about the centre 
of the coast of Venezuela. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this rare 
Ouzel. Skins are in the collections of Br. Sclatcr, Messrs. Salvin and 
Godman, and my own. 

?K MIMUIIA. 273 

40. Merula obscnra. 
Dark Thrush, Lath. Gen. %». ii. pt. 1, p. 33 (178;]). 

Turdus obbcurus, Gmel. tii/st. Nat. i. p. 81 (i (1788, (\i Lath,)-, Lath, 
Lnd. Orn. i. p. 333 (1790); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847); Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 273 (18,50); Mlddend. Eels. Sdnr.} Zool ii. pi, 2, p. 101) 
(1853); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 214 (1851)); 
Swlnhoe, Ibis, 18(53, p. 277 ; Radde, Reis. tiiblr., Vo(j. p. 235 (1803); 
Frltsch, Toy. Bur. p. 143 (1870) ; Swhih. P. Z. k 1871, p. 307; 
Taca. Journ. Orn. 1872, p. 440; Swlnhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 443 ; Blyth 
§ Walden, B. Burm. p. 00 (1875); Tacz. Bid!. Soe. Zool Frahce} 
1876, p. 148; David et Omt. Ols. Chine, p. 153 (1877); Dresser, 

B. Eur. pt. Ixix. (1878); Hume & Davison, Stray Feath. si. p. 251 
(1878) ; Seehohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 4. 
TwaduaoacaaLSast^^^fttyw*. Mm. Cads. iv. pi. 85«(1789). 
Turdus pallens, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Aslat. i. p. 457 (1811) ; Temm, 

et Schl. Faun. Japan., Ares, p. G3, pi. xxvii. (1847); Cab. Mm. 
Sein. i. p. 2 (1850); Swlnhoe, Ibis, 1800, p. 50; Newt. List B. 
Fur. Blaslus, p. 9 (1862) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 82 (1871) ; 
Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 65 (1873) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 334; 
Frjev. Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 198 (1877). 

Turdus seyffertitzii, Brehn, Lehrb. eur. Vog. ii. p. 972 (1824). 
Turdus ru'fulus, Draplez, Diet. Class. cFHibt. Nat. x. p. 443 (1826) ; 

Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 256. no. 3728 (1869). 
Turdus werneri, Gene, Mem. Ac. R. Tor. xxxvii. p. 290, pi. 2 (1834). 
Turdus pallidus, Gmel apud 2hnm. Man. (FOrn. iii. p. 97 (1835), 

•apud Degl. Orn. Fur. i. p. 461 (1849), apud Newt. List B. Fur. 
Blasius, p. 9 (1862), apud Degl. et Gerbe} Orn. Fur, i. p. 402 
(1867). 
Turdus modestus, Fyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 103; Gray, Gen. B. i. 

p. 218 (1847). 
Turdus iavanicus ?, llorsf. apud Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 161 
(1849). 
Planestieus obseuras (Gmel), Bp. Cat. Parzucl p. 5 (1850). 
Turdus davidianus, Mllne-Fdw. Nouv. Arch, du Mus. Jllst. Nat. i. 

Bull p. 20 (1805) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 253. no. 3070 (1800).^ 
Turdus clirysolaus Temm., apud Godir.-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. 

pt. 2, p. 101(1870). 
G-eociclila obscura (Gmel), Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 130. 
Turduluspallens {Pall), Godw.-Amt. J. A. S. Beng. xliii.pt. 2, p. 178 

(1874). 

In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is olive-
brown, tinged with grey on the crown and nape; lores very-
dark brown ; ear-coverts slaty brown ; eye-stripe white, extending 
nearly to the nape; wings, wing-coverts, and tail brown, the outer 
webs of each feather olive-brown, greyer on the margins of the 
primaries and primary-coverts; outside tail-feathers obscurely 
tipped with while on the inner web* Throat and cheeks slaty 
brown, shading into olive-brown on the breast and into pale chestnut-
brown on the flanks, leaving the belly white ; under tail-coverts 
white, with the basal half edged with brown; axillaries and under 
wing-coverts pale slate-grey, obscurely tipped with white; inner 
margin of quills pale brown. Bill with the upper mandible dark 
brown ; under mandible pale yellow, darker towards the tip. Wing 


vox. v.

274 XtTRDID^E. 

with the lliird prlmaiy longest, second primary between the fourth 

and Jfiflh, bastard primary 0*6 to 0-5 inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale 

brown. Length of wing 5-0 to 4*4 inches, tail 3*6 to 3*0, culmen 

0*8S to 0*78, tarsus 1*2(5 to 1-1. 

Tho female differs from the male in not having the slaty tint on 

the crown, nape, and sides of the head; the throat is white, obscurely 

streaked with brown, and the flanks are very slightly suffused with 

pale chestnut-brown. In spring the general colour of the upper 

parts has faded from russet-brown into a greyer brown, which be


comes still moro grey during summer. 

Birds of the yea?- do not entirely lose the marks of immaturity 

until their second autumn moult; the wing-coverts and innermost 

secondaries frequently retain the pale tips, though these are white 

rather than ochraceous; the throat and eye-stripe of the female are 

much suffused with ochraceous, and the throat of the male resembles 

that of the adult female. 

Youmj in first jjkunage have most of the feathers of the upper 

parts with pale ochraceous shafts ; the feathers of the back have 

traces of dark-brown teiminal bars, and the wing-coverts and inner


most secondaries have pale ochraceous tips to the outside webs : on 

the underparts the feathers of the cheeks and breast have dark-

brown tips, which become less conspicuous on the flanks • the throat 

and eye-stripe are suffused with ochraceous. 

The Lark Ouzel breeds in East Siberia, between lat. 63° and 67°, 

in the valley of the Yenesay, and further east in the pine-region of 

Lake Laical and the valley of the Amoor ; it passes through China 

and Mongolia on migration, and winters in Assam, Malacca, and tho 

islands of the Malay archipelago. Stragglers occasionally are found 

as far west as Turkestan, Nepal, and Europe. 

cu 5 ad.sk. Yenesav,lat.06i°. June Henry Seebohm, Esq. 
27,1877. ~ [P.]. 


b. Ad. sk. Nagasaki, Japan. Capt/St. John [C], 
clmm.sk. Amoy (R, Swinhoe). F.GodmanandO. Salvim 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
d, e. x$ § acl. sk. Labtian, Borneo. Hugh Low, Esq. [O.J. 


f. g. Imm. sk. Labuam Borneo. Hugh Low, Esq. [C.J. 
h. Tram. sk. Laotian, Borneo. Governor dssher [C."|. 
*. $ ad. sk. - Malacca. A. JR. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
7i, /. tfad.; m. Imm. sk. Malacca {Cantor). India Museum. 
n. Imm. sk. Malacca. W. Harvey, Esq. [C.*]. 
o. Imm.sk. Malacca. Eyton Coll. (Typeof Tardus 
modestuSj Eyton.) 
p. Imm. sk, Penang (Canto)'). India Museum. 
q. Imm. sk. Nepal. B. H.Hodgson.Esq. [P.V 
r< Acl.sk. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming Esq. [P.j," 
47, Hernia pallida. 

Pale Thrush, lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 32 (1783). 

Turdus pallidum Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 815 (1788) {ex lath.); Lath 

Ind. Orn. i. p. 834 (1700); Gould, B. JEur. ii. pi. 80 (1837); Keys. 

u.Mas. Wirb.Uur. pp. Ii, 178 (1840) • Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 218 

3 . 
MERUtA. 
275 

(184/) 5 %P> 0 nsp. I p. 273 (1830) j Gray, Iland-l. 1>\ I p. 250. 
no. 3723 (1809); tiwin/ioe, P. £. 8. 1871, p. 300; JS/yM <V WttUL 

B. Burm. p. 90 (1873); Godw.-Aust. J. A. K Bern), xlv. pt. 2, 
p. 1915 (18/0) ; Tacz, Bull. 8oc. Zool. France, 1870, p* 349; Darid 
et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 151 (1877); Hume & Davison, titrin; Faith. 
vi. p. 258 (1878); BlaUston $ Pryer, Ibis,'1S7S, p. 240. ~ 
Turdus daulias, Temm. PL Col no. 515 (1831); Gray, Gen, B. i. 
p. 219 (1847) ; Temm. et Schl Faun. Janon,, Airs, p." 02, pi. xxvi. 
(1847); Su\nhoe, Ibis, I860, p. 50. 
Turdus advena, 8wi>ihoe, Ibis, 1800, pp. 50, 358. 

In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is rich 
russet-brown, tinged with grey on the head; lorob very dark brown ; 
ear-coverts brown; no trace of eye-stripe ; wings brown, the primaries, 
primary-coveits, and bastard wing-feathers with the outer 
webs slate-grey the secondaries, greater, median, and lesser wing-
coverts with the outer webs russet-brown. Tail dark brown, the 
outer webs of each feather margined with olive-brown ; inner web 
of outside tail-feathers white for half an inch at the tip; inner web 
of second outside tail-feather on each side with rather less white at 
the tip; more or less white at the tip of the third outside tail-
feather on each side. Throat and cheeks, breast and flanks slate-
grey, shading into white on the belly and the centie of the breast, 
and more or less irregularly shaded with brown on the lower throat, 
sides of the breast, and flanks; under tail-coverts white, with the 
basal half edged with brown; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
pale slate-grey, obscurely tipped with white; inner margin of 
quills pale slaty brown. .Bill dark brown, yellow at the base of 
the under mandible. Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate in 
length between the fifth and sixth, bastard primary 0-75 to (>5 inch. 
Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Length of wing 5*1 to 4*7 
inches, tail 3-9 to 3*3, culmen 1-0 to 0*9, tarsus P2 to 1-15. 

The female differs from the male in having the parts which are 
slate-grey replaced by russet-brown, and in having the centre of 
the throat greyi&h white, and the cheeks and sides of the throat 
with brown fan-shaped terminal spots. Males of the year have the 
plumage of the female, and the greater wing-coverts with more or 
less conspicuous pale tips. Young in first plumage are unknowTn. 

The Pale Ouzel breeds in the valley of the Lower Amoor and 
in Japan, and winters in South China and Formosa, occasionally 
straggling as far west as Assam. 

a. J ad. sk. Yokohama. H. Pryer, Esq. [0.]. 
b. $ ad. sk. Amoy. R. Swinhoe, Esq. 1*0.]. 
c\ djd.2 ad. sk. Japan (Fryer). Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 

48. Merula chrysolaus, 
Turdus 
chrvsolaus, Temm. PL Col. ii. pi. 537 (1831"); Temm. et 
ScJileg. Faun. Japon., Aves, p. 64, pi. xxviii. (1847V, Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 273 (1850); Licht. Nomenel Av. p. 25 (1854); Swinhoe, Ibis, 
180*0, p. 50; Schrenck,Peis. u. Forsclt. Amur. i. p. 352 (1800); 
Sdater, Ibis, 1803, p. 197 j StoMoe} Ibis, 1803, p. 270; id. 
T2 

27(1 TTJEDIDJL 

1\ Z. S. 18(53, p. 280 ; Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 256. no. 3724 (1869); 
ASWM*. Ibis, 1870, p. 248'; etf. -P. #• A 1871, p. $67; David et 
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 152 (1877),• JBlahiston $ Fryer, Ibis, 1878, 

p. 241. 
Tardus chrycolaus, Temm. PL Col. ii. text to pi. 537 (1831). 
Turclua chrysolotus, Temm., fide Gray, Gen. JB. i. p. 219 (1847). 
In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is russet-
brown, tinged with grey on the head; lores very dark brown; 
ear-coverts brown; scarcely a traco of eye-stripe; wings brown, the 
primaries, primary-coverts, and bastard wing-feathers with the 
outer webs slaty brown ; the secondaries, greater, median, and 
lesser wing-coverts with the outer webs russet-brown ; tail brown, 
the outer webs of each feather margined with olive-brown; inner 

•web of the outside tail-feathers narrowly margined with white. 
Throat and cheeks sooty brown, shading into chestnut-brown on 
the breast, and into deep rich chestnut on the flanks, leaving the 
belly white; under tail-coverts white, with the basal half edged 
with brown; axillarics and under wing-coverts edged with pale 
slate-grey, obscurely tipped writh white ; inner margin of quills pale 
slaty brown. Bill dark brown, yellow at the base of the under 
mandible. Wings with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal 
and longest, second primary between the fourth and fifth, or fifth 
and sixth, bastard primary 0*7 to 0*65 inch. Legs, feet, and claws 
pale brown. Length of wing 5*0 to 4'6 inches, tail 3*6 to 3*1, culmen 
0*89 to 0*75, tarsus 1*3 to 1-15. 
The female has no grey on the head or wings : the upper throat 
is nearly white, and the feathers of the cheeks and the centre of 
the throat are white, with dark brown fan-shaped terminal spots. 
Mains of the year resemble females. Young in first jflumage are 
unknown. 

The Brown Japanese Ouzel appears to be confined to Japan during 
the breeding-season, frequenting both islands. In autumn it occasionally 
strays to the valley of the A moor, and winters in South 
China, Hainan, and Formosa, occasionally straying as far south as 
Luzon in the Philippines. 

a. c? ad. sk. Amoy, April 10, 1858. R Swinhoe, Esq. [C I 
b. $ mini. sk. Formosa, April 1803 F. Godman and O. Sal(
E. Swinhoe). vin, E^qrs. [P.]. 
c. $ mini. sk. Yokohama, Japan. Ii. Fryer, Esq. [P.], 
d. d imm. sk. Yokohama, Feb. 20, 1870 R. B. "Skarpe, Esq. | P 1 
(Capt. Conrad). J* 
e. tf ad. sk. Hakodadi. Mr. H. Whitely [O.l 
/ . 2 ad. sk. Japan. C. Maries, Esq. [0.1 
g. 1mm. st. Japan. Purchased. 

49, Merula xanthopus*. 
Turdus xanthopus, Forster, MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mm.) of 

* The following supposed species may be a near ally of this bird:—> 
MEIUJLA ULIETENSIS. (Plate XVI.) 
Bay Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 35 (1783). 

3 . MERTJLA. 
277 

Birds obtained during Capt. Cook's voyages, unde Lioht. Farmer's 

JDescr. Anim. It. Mar. Austr. p. 2(30 (1844); Gray, IlamU, 11. i. 

p. 255. no. 3709 (1800) ; Layard, Ibis, 1878, p. ho%; Tristram. 
Ibis, 1879, p. 188. 
Merula xanthopus (LichtX R. P. Ramsay. P. L. Soc. N. S. Wales, 

iii. p. 337 (1879). ; 
In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts, including 
the lores and ear-coverts, is an almost uniform dark brown, becoming 
dull black on the head, wings, and tail; no trace of eye-
stripe. Underparts dark brown, paler and greyer on the chin, 
throat, and thighs. Bill yellow. Wing with the third, fourth, and 
fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate 
in length between the fifth and sixth, bastard primary 0*9 to 
0*7 inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale yellow. Length of wing 4"55 
to 4-3 inches, tail 3*45 to 3-2, culmcn 1-1 to 0-9, tarsus 1-36 to 1-3. 

The female differs from the male in having a shade of olive on 
the colour of the back, and in having the dark brown of the underparts 
replaced by dark vinous brown. Young in first plumage are 
unknown; but an immature male shows traces of first plumage in 
the chestnut tips to some of the wing-coverts; in other respects the 
plumage very closely resembles that of the adult female. 

The New-Caledonian Ouzel is only known from the island whose 
name it bears. 

a, b. tf ad. sk. New Caledonia. J. Macgillivray, Esq. [0.]. 

50. Merula vinitincta. 
Merula vinitincta, Gould, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 105; JE. P. Ramsay, 

P. L. Soc. N. S. Wales, iii. p. 337 (1879). 
Turdus vinotinctus {Gould), Sclater, Ibis, 1861, p. 281. 
Turdus vinitinctus (Gould), Gray, Hand-l. JB. i. p. 255. no. 3711 
(1809). 
Turdus xanthopus, licht. apud Tristram, Ibis, 1879, p. 188 (partim). 

General colour of the upper parts russet-brown, slightly more 
russet on the upper tail-coverts ; head, nape, lores, and ear-coverts 
dark brown, well defined from the back; no trace of eye-stripe; 
wings and tail brown; the outside web of the wing-coverts, innermost 
secondaries, and quills russet-brown. Underparts dark vinous 

Turdus ulietensis, Gmel Syst. Nat. I p. 815 (1788, ex Lath.); Lath. Ind. 
Orn. i. p. 335 (1790); Gray, Gen. Ji. i. p. 219 (1847); id. R Trap. 
1st p. 1G (1859); id. Hand-l. JB. i. p. 255. no. 3713 (1869); Tristram, 
Ibis, 1879, p. 187. 

Turdus badius, Forst. MS. Drawings (m the Brit Mus.) of Animals ob


tained during Capt. Cook's voyages, wide Licht Forster's Descr. Anim. 

It. Mar. Aiostr. p. 239 (1844). 

Merula ulietensis (GmeL), E. P. Ramsay, P. L. Soc. K S. Wales, iii. p. 337 

(1879). 

The Baiatcian Ouzel is said io have been obtained in the island of Baiatea, 
or XJlietea, one of the Society Islands. It is not known that a specimen of this 
species exists in any museum or private collection. The figure is copied from 
Porster's drawing in the British Museum. 

Timi)ID-"E. 

278 

brown, shading' into brown on the chin, upper throat, axillaries, 
under wing-coverts, thighs, centre of belly, and tinder tail-coverts. 
Bill yellow. Wing' with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, -second primary intermediate in length 
between the fifth and sixth or sixth and seventh, bastard primary 
(KS inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale yellow. Length of wing 4-22 
to ,4KS3 inches, tail 3*30 to 2-8, culmen 0-9 to 0*86, tarsus 1-2. 

The female differs from the male in being' slightly ^paler in colour 
both above and below. Birch of tlu year and young in first plumage 
are unknown. 

Lord Howe's Ouzel is apparently confined to Lord Howe's Island. 
Its nearest ally is probably Tardus xant7iojpus, from New Caledonia; 
but, the latter is a decidedly larger and darker-coloured species, 

a, b. (S $ ad. sk. Lord Howe's Island Geological Museum [P.]. 

(J. Macgillivray). 
51. Merula vitiensis. 
Morula vitiensis, Layard, Ann. Nat. Hist 1870, xvii. p. 305; id. Ibis, 
1870, pp. 390, 392; R P. Mamsay, P. L, Soc. N. S. Wales, iii. 

p. 337 (1870). 
Turdus vitiensis (Layard), Tristram, Ibis, 1879, p. 188. 
Tn the adult male the forehead, lores, and crown of the head are 
dark brown; no trace of eye-stripe; ear-coverts and sides of the neck 
grey, shading on the nape into dark olive-brown, which is the 
general colour of the upper parts; wings and tail brown; the outer 
web of the wing-coverts, innermost secondaries, and quills dark 
olive-brown. Chin and throat creamy grey, shading into brownish 
grey on the breast; the rest of the underparts rich deep chestnut, 
shading into nearly white on the centre of the belly; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts brownish grey, with obscure chestnut edges; 
under tail-covorts brown, with pale chestnut-brown tips and shafts. 
Bill yellow. Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate in length 
between the sixth and seventh, bastard primary O*8o to 0*7 inch. 
Legs, feet, and claws pale yellow. Length of wing 4*6 to 4-25 
inches, tail 3-3 to 2'85, culmen 0*92 to 0-88, tarsus 1-5 to 1-41. 


The female differs from the male in having the rich deep chestnut 
of the belly replaced by dull chestnut. The seasonal changes 
are probably very slight. The plumage of birds of the year is Unknown. 
Young in first plumage have ochraceons shaft-lines and 
obscure black terminal bars to the feathers of the back, and fan-
shaped ochraceons tips to the wing-coveits; the underparts are 
ochraceons, most feathers having a very conspicuous black terminal 
bar. 

The Viti-Lcvu Ouzel is confined to the island from which it 
takes its name, one of the Piji Islands. 

a, b. <$ $ ad. sk. Interior of Viti Levu Godeffroy Museum. 
(Kleimchmidt). 

3 . MUltUIA. 
27i) 
52. Merula javanica. 
Turdus javanicus, Jlors/ietd, Dam. Linn, Moc. xiii. p. 148 (1822)Myth, 
J. A. S. Beny. xvi. p. 143 (IS 17); Gray, den. B. iii. Ann 

p. 10 (1849); Ilorsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mas. B.I. Co. I p. 1<)<5 
(1854); Selater, Ibis, 18(51, p. 280; <7;w/, Ilantl-l. JL i. p. 255 
110.3705(1809); ttalcad. (fee. Bom. p. 257 (1874) ; Selater, Ibis 
1875, p. ;J44, pi. viii. ' 
Turdus (Merula) fumidus. 
S. Midler, Verh. Nat Geseli. Nederl p. 201 
(1839). j 
Turdus livpopyrrhus, Hart I. Verz. Brew, Samml p. 43 (1844); (hatf. 
Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1817); Cab. Mas. Jlein. I p. 3 (1850) ; SalnuL 
^ Uco. Bora.ix 258(1871). 
Turdus coneolov, Temm.,fide Bh/th,X A. S. Bern/, wi. p. 143 (IS 17). 
Turdus fumidus (Mall.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 ( LH47); B/>. Cons». 

i. p. 274 (1850). l 
Turdus nigricribsus, Schiff, fide Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 0 
(1854). 
Turdus schlegoli, Selater, Ibis, 1801, p. 280; Wallace, IK Z. S. 1S(I:J, 

p. 485 j Selater, Ibis, 1875, p. 347. 
In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is a uniform 
dark brown, approaching- chocolate-brown, obscurely suffused 
with dark olive on the back. This colour pervades the entire head, 
neck, breast, axillaries, under wing-coverts, and thighs, leaving the 
belly and flanks chestnut, marked with white on the centre of the 
belly and vent; the under tail-coverts are the same uniform dark 
brown, with broad white shaft-lines and tips. Bill yellow. Wing 
with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, 
second primary intermediate in length between the sixth and 
seventh, bastard primary 0-85 to 0*7 inch. Logs, feet, and claws 
yellow. Length of wing 4*70 to 4*4 inches, tail 3*91 to 3*4, culmcii 
0-91 to 0*82, tarsus 1-&5 to 1*25. 

The female differs from the male in being of a paler brown ; the 
chestnut of the belly is replaced by brown, the white on the vent is 
nearly obsolete, and the white on the under tail-coverts is confined 
to a narrow shaft-line. Young in first plumatje have palo shaft-
lines and dark terminal bars to the feathers of the back and underparts, 
and the wing-coverts have ochraceous tips • the under tail-
coverts agree with those of the female. The type of 2\ jaiunncus 
and that of T. sehlegeU agree in the colour of the under tail-coverts, 
but the latter has the rich chestnut flanks of the adult m lie. It 
is probably an immature malo. 

Horsfield's Ouzel appe irs to be resident in the islands of Java, 
Sumatra, Borneo, and Timor. 

a. Ad. sk. Java. East-India Co. 
K Ad., e. Juv.sk. Ja\a (Horsfield), India Museum. # (Types of 
Tardus javanieus, 1 Loisf.) 
d. 6 a<hsk- W-Java -A* ll-WaUa ee, Ksq.. [<\J. 
e. Ad. sk. Uovnoo. t Purchased. 

2S0 TUrdDIDiE. 

4. MIMOCICHLA, Sclater. Type 
Mimocichla (subgenus), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 330 . . M. rubripes. 

Mimokitta, Bryant, Pr. Bo*t. Soc. ix. p. 871 (1865) ... . M. bryanti. 

Mimocitta, Newton, Ibis, 1866, p. 121 M. bryanti. 

Tail of Mimocichla ardesiaca. 

The genus Mimocichla is a very small one, nearly allied to 
Turclus and Menda, bnt differing from them in having a much more 
rounded tail, with the three or fonr outside feathers on each side 
white at the tips for a considerable distance on the inside web. 
They are also remarkable for the broad pale borders to the secondaries 
and wing-coverts. The bill is slightly more slender than 
usual among the Thrushes, and the rictal bristles are small. The 
"bastard primary is small, and the second primary considerably 
longer than the secondaries. The legs are pjale in colour, and the 
tarsus unscutellated. 

These birds frequent dense thickets, and are good songsters, and 
appear to be all residents in the West-India islands. 

Key to the Species. 
a. Throat black. 
a'. Belly slate-colour bryanti, p. 280. 
V. Belly chestnut rubripes, p. 283. 
b. Throat white, streaked with black ardesiaca, p. 282. 

1. Miniocichla bryanti*. 
Turdus plumbeus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 160 (1758). 
"he Merle cendre* d'Amdrique, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 288 (1760,^x/r^"m). 


* The name of Mimocichla plumbea cannot be used for either this or 
the next species, having been indiscriminately applied to both. Linna.us 
4 . MIM0C1CI1LA. 
281 

Le Tilly, ou la Grivo cendre*e d'Ainoriquo, Month. Hint. Kat. Ois. iii. 

p. 314 (1775, partim). 
Bed-legged Thrush, Lath. Gen. %w. ii. pt. 1, p. 3tt (1783, partim). 
Turdus plimibeus, Linn., tf, apvd Qmel. 8yst. Kat. i. p 814 (17S8), 
apud Lath, hid. Orn. i. p. 334 (1790). 
Mini us rubripes iTemm.). apud Bryant. Pr. Host. Soc. vii. p. 114 
(1859). k 
Mimocichla plumbea (Linn.), apud Baird, JRev. Am. B. I p. 30 
(1864), apud Cory, Birds Bahama Islands, p. 45, pi. ii. (1880). 
Mimolritta plumbea (Linn.), apud Bryant, h\ Bast, iSoc. ix. p. 37 L 
(1805). ' * 
Mimocitta plumbea (Linn,), apud Kewton, His, 18G0, p. 121. 

General colour of the upper parts dark slate-grey, slightly paler 
on the rump and upper tail-coverts, the feathers on the head darker 
in the centres ; lores nearly black; ear-coverts as head; no trace of 
eye-stripe; quills, wing-coverts, and innermost secondaries black, 
with well-defined slate-grey margins to the outside edges; tail 

•black, 
the outside webs shading into dark slate-grey at the base, 
and the four outside feathers on each side tipped with white, the 
outside ones for an inch, gradually decreasing until it becomes only 
a spot on the fourth feather. Chin and cheeks at base of mandible 
white; throat black, the upper feathers with concealed white bases 
and the lower with slate-grey margins; the rest of the underparts, 
including the axillaries and under wing-coverts, are almost uniform 
slate-grey, with the exception of a few feathers near the vent, 
which have white tips j inner margin of quills slate-grey. Bill 
black. Wing with the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and 
longest, the second primary intermediate in length between the 
seventh and eighth. Legs, feet, and claws orange. Tail with the 
outside feathers 0*5 to 0*6 inch shorter than the longest. Length 
of wing 4*95 to 4*4 inches, tail 4-65 to 4*35, culmen 1*1 to 1-05, 
tarsus 1*45, bastard primary 145 to 1*0. 
Tho female does not differ from the male. Birds of the year and 
young in first piumar/e appear to bo unknown. 
The Bahaman Mocking-bird Thrush is only known from the 

named this species Tardus plumbeus in his tenth edition. He appears subsequently 
to have made the acquaintance of the following species, and to 
have come to the erroneous conclusion that he had been misled in the information 
which he embodied in his diagnosis of the present species. In the 
twelfth edition he accordingly altered his diagnosis of Tardus phunheus to suit 
the new species. This conclusion was accepted by ornithologists, Gmelin attempting 
to cut the Gorclian knot by making tho black-throated species the 
male and the striped-throated species the female. During the next century 
no second example of the so-called male was discovered, and it was found that 
the so-called females were of both sexes. Gmelin's plausible theory was consequently 
found to be a case in which argument by analogy proved fallacious, 
and the Tardus plumbeus of the tenth edition of Linneus was voted a phantom 
species. Here, again, argument by analogy proved erroneous, for, after the 
lapse of one hundred and sk years, tho supposed phantom species was rediscovered 
by Bryant. I hare, for obvious reasons, rejected tho name which has 
been applied to both species altogether, and have adopted Vieillot's name for 
the striped-throated species. Tho black-throated species being thus left nameless, 
I have great pleasure in naming it after its rodiscoverer. 

2S2 TURMDJ3. 

Bahama Islands in the West Indies, being ospocially abundant on 
New Providiance and Ahaco. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this species, 
Skins are in the collections of Dr. Sclater, Messrs. Salvin and Godinan, 
and in my own. 

2. Mimocichla ardesiaca. 
Le Merle eendrtf d'Amenque, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 288 (1700, partim); 

Daubent. PL Bnl. no. 500. fig. i. (1775). 
TurduH phmibetis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 294 (176G). t _ 
Le Tilly, ou la Grive cendree d'Amerique, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. in. 

p. 314 (177o, partim). 
Red-legged Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. S3 (178S, partim). 
Turdus plumbeus, Linn., 5• aPud Gmel Syst: Nat. i. p. 814 (1788), 
apud Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 334 (1790). 
Turdus plumbeus, Linn., Vieill Hist. Nat. Ois. de VAmer. sept. ii. 

p. 2, pi. lviii, (1807) • Vieill. N. Bid. cPHist. Nat. xx. p. 242 
(1818). 
Turdus ardosiaceus, Vieill. Bnct/clop. Meth. p. 646 (1823). 
Mimiis plumbeus (Linn.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 221 (1847); Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 27G (1830). 
Galeoscoptes plumbeus (Linn.), Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 8'2 (1850); 
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 231; id. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 337. 
Mimocichla ardosiacea (Vieill.), Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 39 (1881); 
Gundlaeh, Jour. Orn. 1878, p. 105. 
Mimocichla arde&iaca (Vieill), Scl. 8f Sah. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 2 
(1873). 

General colour of the upper parts slate-grey, the feathers on the 
head with black centres; lores black ; ear-coverts slate-grey; no 
trace of eye-stripe; wings, wing-coverts, and innermost secondaries 
dark brown, broadly edged on the outside web with slate-grey; tail-
feathers nearly black, edged on the outside web with slate-grey; 
outer X ail-feathers very broadly tipped with white, the two next 
on each side less broadly so, and the two next only spotted at the 
tips. Chin and upper throat white, each feather having a fan-
shaped terminal black spot; the rest of the underparts pale slate-
grey, shading into white on the centre of the belly and under 
tail-coverts; axillaries and under wing-coverts slate-grey; inner 
margin of quills pale slaty brown. Bill yellow above and below. 
"Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and 
longest, second primary between the seventh and eighth, bastard 
primary 1*2 to 1*1 inch. Legs, feet, and claws coral-red. Tail 
with the outside feathers 0*4 to 0*6 inch shorter than the longest. 

Length of wing 5*05 to 4*9 inches, tail 4:'Q to 4*0, culmen 1*1 to 1*06, 
tarsus 1*52 to 1*5. 

The female does not differ from the male except in being slightly 
smaller. Young in first plumage are browner in colour, and have 
ochraceous tips to the wing-coverts; the feathers of the breast are 
slate-grey, with ochraceous shaft-lines and dark tips. 

The St.-Domingo Mocking-bird Thrush appears to be confined to 
the islands of Porto Eico and St. Domingo, where it is a resident. 

a. Ad. sk. Porto Eico (Dr. Bryant). Mrs. Bryant [P.]. 
rt. OilUAlius. 
2s;i 

3. MimocicMa nibripes. 
Turtlus rubripes, Temm. PL Col. ii. no. 409 (1820); Vigors, %0oL 
Journ. iii. p. 489 (1827); Sagra, Culm, Ois. p. 48, pi. iv. (18;{<>) • 
Gundlach, Bost. Journ, vi. p.* 318 (1852). 

Minnis rubripes (Temm.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 270 (1850). 
(ialeoscoptes rubripes (Temm.), Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 82 (1850)* 
id. Journ. Orn. 1855, p. 470; Sclater, P. Z. & 1859, p. 330. 
Mimociclila rubripes (Temm.), Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 2 (1802) ; 
Baird, JRev. Am. B. i. p. 38 (1804); Gimdlach, Journ. Orn. 1872 

p. 406. 
Mimocichla 
schistacea, 7?r«W7, JStfy. Am. B. i. p. 37 (1804); Gundlack, 
Journ. Orn. 1872, p. 407. 

General colour of the upper parts dark slate-grey, slightly paler 
on the rump and upper tail-coverts, the feathers on the head darker 
in the centre; lores and ear-coverts nearly black; no trace of eye-
stripe ; quills, wing-coverts, and innermost secondaries black, margined 
on the outside webs with slate-grey; tail black, the outside 
webs shading into dark slate-grey at the base, and the four outside 
feathers on each side more or less broadly tipped with white. Chin 
and cheeks white; throat black, the upper feathers with concealed 
white bases, and the lower with slate-grey margins ; breast and 
upper part of the belly and flanks slate-grey; lower part of the 
belly and flanks and thighs chestnut; under tail-coverts white; 
axillaries and under wing-coverts slate-grey; inner margin of quills 
slate-grey. Bill black. Wing with the fourth and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary between the seventh and 
eighth. Legs, feet, and claws yellow. Tail with the outside 
feathers 0*55 to 0*6 inch shorter than the longest. Length of wing 
4-9 to 4*45 inches, tail 4-4 to 442, culm.cn 1*05 to 1*0, tarsus 1-55 
to 1*4, bastard primary 1*15 to 1*0, 

The Cuban Mocking-bird Thrush appears to be confined to the 
island of Cuba. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this species ; 
bnt skins are in the collections of Dr. Sclater, Messrs. Salvin and 
Godman, and in my own. 

5. CATHARTJS. Type. 
Catkarus, Bonap. Consp. Av. i. p. 278 (1850) C. aurantiirostris. 

The genus Catharus forms a connecting-link between the Thrushes 
and the llobins; indeed C. graciUroatris is a typical Eriilutcm, 
so far as what are called structural characters are concerned; in 
general style of coloration, however, it so closely resembles the other 
Neotropical species, that it is probably more nearly related to them 
than to its Japanese cousins. The bill varies from very slender and 
black, through rather slender with pale under mandible, to stout, pale 
brown, yellow or orange; the rictal bristles are slender, and frequently 
almost obsolete. The tail consists of twelve feathers, and 
is slightly rounded. The wing varies considerably, some being much 

284 
TTTRDIDiE, 

more rounded than, others—in some species the bastard primary 
being small, in others about half the length of the second. The legs 
vary in colour from yellow to brown, and the tarsus is not scutellated. 


None of the species are known to be migratory. They frequent 
forests, where they are described as seeking their food on the ground. 
They are fair songsters. 

Three species are found in South Mexico, one of which ranges as 
far south as Costa Pica and one to Panama. One species is peculiar 
to Guatemala. Two species are peculiar to Costa Eica, and another 
ranges from Costa Eica to Ecuador. One species is peculiar to 
Panama, two to Colombia, one to Venezuela, and one to Bolivia. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Head black or grey. 
a'. General colour of upper parts nearly uniform 
dark slate-grey. 
a". Throat slate-greyb". Throat brownish greyb'. Back russet- or olive-brown. 
fuscater, p. 285. 
mmtalis, p. 285. 
c". Head black mexieamis, p. 280. 
d". Head grey. 
a'". Bill slender, both mandibles blackb"r . Bill stout, under mandible pale. 
a\ Back dark olive-brown64 . Back russet-brown 
.. gracili}-ostris7 p. 292. 
phceopleurus, p. 287. 
griseiceps, p. 287. 

b. Head russet-brown, sometimes suffused with 
olive. 
c'. 
Back olive-brown. 
e". Head russet-brown alticola* p, 291. 
/" . Head olive-brown aurantiirostris, p. 289. 

dr 

. Back russet-brown. 

g". Outer web of wing-coverts rusty brown. melpomene^ p. 288. 

h". Outer web of wing-coverts russet-brown 

as back. 
c'". Chin and throat pale olive-brown, with 
obscure darker spots occidentalism p. 291. 
d'". Chin and throat pale slate-grey, nearly 
uniform. 

ci. Plead nearly uniform in colour with 
the back birchalliy p. 289. 
dK Head much more chestnut than the 
back frantzii, p. 290. 

[Catharus fuscater and Catliarns mentalis.] 

I am unable to decide, with the small series of South-American 
skins at my command, whether these very closely allied forms are 
specifically or subspecifically distinct. In my opinion the balance of 
evidence available is slightly in favour of their being conspecific. The 
northern form is more decidedly slate-grey in colour on the chin, 
throat, wings, and tail, which are more or less suffused with olive-
brown in the allied species. 

5, CATHATitrs. 2P>5 

1* Catharus fuscater. 

Myioturdus fuscater, Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 34 L 
Grallaria fuscatra (Lafr.)t Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 213 (184G), 
Chamseza fuscater (Zafr.), Bp* Cump. i. p. !204 (1850), 
Catharus fuscater (Lah\\ Selater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 324; Salvin, P. 


Z. 8. 1867, p. 132; Later. Ann. lye. JSr. T. ix. p. 90 (1808); 
Salvm, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 180; Set. §• 8ah. Komencl AD. JVcotr, 
p. 1 11873); Salv. $ Godm. Biol Cetitr.-Amer. ZooL, Jves,
p. 3 (1879). 
Turdus ftibcater (Lafrt), Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 259. no. 3782 (18G9). 
In the adult male and female the head, lores, and ear-coverts are 
"black; quills dark brown, approaching black; the rest of the 
Tipper parts dark slate-grey, approaching black. Underparts pale 
slate-grey, shading into nearly white on the belly; inner margin 
of quills brown; the amount of white on the belly varies, and 
is almost entirely absent in a skin in Salvin and Godman's collection, 
said to be from Ecuador. Bill yellow, the upper mandible 
frequently dark brown. Wings with the fourth and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary about equal to 
the ninth, bastard primary 1-15 to 0*9 inch, sometimes more and 
sometimes less than half the length of the second primary. Legs? 
feet, and claws pale brown. Length of wing 3-G to 3*35 inches 
(females 3*3 to 3-1), tail 3*05 to 2-7 (females 2*75 to 2-4), oilmen 

0*75 to 0-7, tarsus 1*4 to l-3« 

There is no difference in the colour of the plumage of the sexes, 
but, as will be seen from the measurements given above, the females-
have shorter tails. Birds of the year and young in first plumage are 
unknown. Examples from Ecuador average shorter in the wing 
than those from Veragua, but longer in the tail; they are also 
paler on the underparts, especially on the chin and throat. 

The Colombian Thrush-Eobin is a resident in the highland forests 
of Colombia, its range extending northwards to Panama and Costa 
Rica, and southwards into Ecuador. 

a. Ad. sk. Ecuador, 1859 (Fraser). Eyton Coll. 
b. Ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador {Jameson). J. Gould, Esq. 
c. S ad. sk. Veragua (Arce). II. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]* 

2. Catharus mentalis, 
Catharus mentalis, Scl $ Salt P. Z. S.1876, p. 352; iid. P. Z. S. 
1879, p. 591. 

In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts, including 
the lores, is a dark brown approaching black, suffused with dark 
olive-brown on the margins of the outer webs of the quills and tail-
feathers and on the entire margin of the remaining feathers. "Underparts 
slate-grey, palest on the centre of the belly, darkest on the 
axillaries and under wing-coverts, and slightly suffused with oliyebrown 
on the ear-coverts, chin, and throat; inner margin of quills 

2S6 
TtTRDIDJE, 

brown. Bill yellow. Wings willi the fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate in 
length between the ninth and tenth, bastard primary 1*15 to 1*1 inch, 
rather more than half the length of the second. Legs, feet, and 
claws brown. Length of wing 3*35 inches (female 3-2), tail 3*05 
to 3-0 (female 2*8), culmen 0-7 to 0*68, tarsus 1*4 to 1-3. 

The supposed female differs from the male in being somewhat 
more suffused with dark olive-brown, especially on the head. Birch 
of the jfear and young in first plumage are unknown. 

This form agrees in dimensions with the Ecuador form, but slightly 
differs in colour as described. 

The Bolivian Thrush-Robin has only been obtained on one of the 
forest-clad spurs of the Andes in Eastern Bolivia, where it is believed 
to be a resident. 

3. Catharus mexicanus. 
Malacocychla mexicanus, Bp. Oompt. Rend, lxiii. p. 90S (1856) j 
Sclater*, P Z. 8. 1857, p. 203; Sd. $ Salv* Ibis, 1869, p. 7. 
Catharus mexicanus (Bp.), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 324; Baird, 

Bev. Am. B. p. 11 (1804); Solater, P. Z. S. 1804, p. 172; Salm'n, 

P. Z. 8, I860, p, GO; Later. Ann. Lyc. & Y. ix. p. 90 (1808) ; 
Sumichrast, Mem. Bost Soc. Ar. II i. p. 542 (1869); Salvin, P. Z. S. 
1870, p. 179 • Scl fy Salv. Nomencl Av. Keotr. p. 1 (1873)• Salv. 
ty Goclm. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Zool, Aves, i. p. 6 (1879). 
Turclus 
mexicanus (Bp.), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 259. no. 3784 
(1869). 

In the adult male and female the head, nape, lores, and the 
feathers immediately below and behind the eye are black, slightly 
suffused with olive-brown on the forehead; the rest of the upper 
parts dark olive-brown, still darker and browner on the inner webs 
of the quills and tail-feathers. Underparts, including the ear-coverts, 
pale slate-grey, very pale on the chin and throat, nearly white on 
the centre of the belly and under tail-coverts, and more or less suffused 
with dark olive-brown on the axillaries, under wing-coverts, 
sides of the breast, and flanks; inner margin of quills palish brown. 
Bill with the upper mandible dark brown, and the lower mandible 
yellow. "Wing with the fourth and fifth prima lies nearly equal and 
longest, second primary intermediate in length between the seventh 
and eighth, bastard primary 0*9 to 0*75 inch, about a third the 
length of the second. Legs, feet, and claws pale yellow. Length 
of wing 3*5 to 3*25 inches, tail 2*5 to 2-35, culmen 0-7 to 0*65, 

tarsus 1*35 to 1*25. 
It is not known that the female differs from the male. In what 
I take to be lirds of the year, the quills and tail-feathers are almost 
the same colour as the back, the black of the head is suffused with 
olive-brown, and the pale slate-grey of the underparts is replaced 
by pale brown. Young in first plumage are unknown. 

* Spelt Mahicocichla mexicana. 
5. CATQAiUm. 287 
The Black-headed Central-American Thrush-Robin is a resident 
of the forests offctouth. Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama, 
and is said to rarely ascend more than 3000 feet above the level of 
the sea. 

a. Ad. sk. Guatemala. J. Gould, Esq, 
[Catharus griseiceps and Catharus phseopleurus.] 

These two forms are very closely allied, but may perhaps be fairly 
entitled to specific rank, as, so far as we know at present, the 
slight differences between them are coincident with slight variation 
of geographical distribution. The Panama form has the back russet-
brown, and the Colombian form olive-brown. 

4. Catharus griseiceps, 
Catharus griseiceps, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 68, 1807, p, 132, and 
1870, p. 179; Sclat fy Sal v. Nomencl. A v. Neotr. p. 1 (1873); 
Sah. Sf Godm. Biol. Cenir.-Amer. ZooL, Aves, i. p. (j, pi, i. %. 2 
(1879). 

Turdus giiseiceps (Sah\), Gray, Hand4. B, i. p. 259. no. 3777 (1869). 

In the adult wale the head, nape, and lores are brownish slate-

grey ; the rest of the upper parts are almost uniform russet-brown; 

inner webs of quills brown. TJn<Jerparts, including the axillaries and 

under wing-coverts, palish slate-grey, shading into nearly white on 

the centre of the belly and under tail-coverts; inner margin of quills 

pale brown. Bill yellow. "Wings with the fourth and fifth primaries 

nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate in length 

between the eighth and ninth, bastaid primary 1*1 to 0^5 inch, 

about half the length of the second. Legs, feet, and claws yellow. 

Length of wing 3*35 to 3-0 inches, tail 2*6 to 2*4, oilmen 0*72 to 

0-65, tarsus 1*25 to 1-2. 

In the female the slate-grey of the head is replaced by dark russet-

brown. Hales of the year probably resemble the female. Young hi 

first plumage are unknown. 

The Panama Thrush-Robin has only been obtained from the 

highlands of Panama, where it is a resident. 

a. <S ad. sk. Veragua {Arci), II. Seebohm, Esq. [P.], 
5. Catharus phaeopleutus, 
Catharus phseopleurus, Sclat. # Salv. P. Z. S> 1875, p. 541, and 1879, 
p. 491. 
In the adult male and female the general colour of the upper 
parts is olive-brown, shading into slate-grey on the head, and into 
russet-brown on the upper tail-coverts ; the feathers of the head are 
obscurely suffused with olive-brown on their margins, and those of 
the back have obscure margins of paler olive-brown; loies dark 

288 TTJllDIILK 

slatc-grcy ; oar-coverts slightly paler; wing-coverts and quills brown 

on inside web, and russet-brown on outside web ; tail russet-brown. 

General colour of the underparts, including* the axillaries and under 

wing-coverts, pale slate-grey, slightly paler on the chin and throat, 

and shading into pure white on the centre of the belly; under 

tail-coverts buff; inner margin of quills pale brown. Bill yellow. 

Wings with the fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries nearly equal and 

longest, second primary equal to the eleventh or twelfth, bastard 

primary 1*1 to 0*95 inch, about half the length of the second. Legs, 

feet, and claws yellow. Length of wing 3*2 to 3*0 inches, tail 2*51 

to 2*41, culmen 0*72 to 0*69, tarsus 1*28 to 1-25. 

The female is said not to differ from the male. Birch of the year 

and young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 

The Antioquian Thrush-Robin has only been obtained from the 

forest highlands of Antioquia, a province of Colombia. 

[Catharus melpomene and Catharus aurantiirostris.] 

These two forms are very distinct and inhabit different localities, 
but appear to me to be connected together by an intermediate form, 
from an intermediate locality, which is equally entitled to specific 
rank. 


6. Catharus melpomene* 
Turdus melpomene, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 5 (1850) ; Licht. Xomend. 
Av. p. 25 (1854) j Gray, HancU. B. i. p. 259. no. 3775 (1809). 
Catharus aurantiirostris, Hartl. ajmd Sclater, B. Z. 8. \Qo\j) p. 294. 
Catharus melpomene (Cab.), Sclater, B.Z.S. 1858, p. 97; Sciat. 6c 


Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 6; Sclater, B. Z. S. 1859, pp. 323, 362, 370; 
Cab. Journ. Orn. 1860, p. 322; Sclat. $ Sato. Ibis, I860, p. 29; 
Baird, Bev. Am. B. p. 7 (1864) ; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. & Y. is., p. 90 
(1868); Sumichrast, Mem. Bost Soc. N. H. i. p. 542 (1869); 
Frantz. Journ. Orn. 1869, p. 289; Sclat. Sr Salv. NomericL Av. 
Neotr. p. 1 (1873); Salv. &> Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Zool, Aves. 

i. p. 2 (1879). 
In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is russet-
brown, approaching coffee-brown on the head, and shading into 
rusty brown on the upper tail-coverts ; lores dull slate-grey; ear-
coverts russet-brown ; wing-coverts and quills brown on inside 
web, and rich rusty brown on outside web ; tail-feathers russet-
brown, margined on the outside webs with rusty brown. General 
colour of the underparts, including the axillaries, pale slate-grey, 
slightly paler on the chin and throat, and shading into pure white on 
the centre of the belly; under tail-coverts suffused with russet-
brown ; under wing-coverts russet-brown; inner margin of quills 
pale chestnut-brown. Bill yellow. Wings with the fourth, fifth, 
and sixth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary equal 
to the tenth or eleventh, bastard primary 1*1 to 0*95 inch, about 
half the length of the second. Legs, feet, and claws yellow. Length 
of wing3-1 to 3*0 inches, tail2*66 to 2-5, culmen 0*72 to 0-61, tarsus 
1-27 to 1-2. 

5 . CATHA.RTJS. 
289 

The female apparently only differs from the male in having the 
upper mandible a dark horn-colour; in the abraded plumage of 
summer some of the russet and rusty brown disappears, and the 
back approaches olive-brown. Birds of the year do not differ from 
adults, except in showing ochraceous tips to some of the median 
wing-coverts. Young in first plumage have pale ochraceous centres 
and obscure dark terminal bands to the small feathers of the 
tipper parts ; the lesser and median wing-coverts have ochraceous 
tips; and the slate-grey of the unclorparts is replaced by very palo 
brown, each feather having a darker brown transverse terminal 
band. 

The Common Central-American Thrush-Robin is a resident in the 
highlands of the extreme south of Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa 
Rica. Examples from the latter locality are slightly less russet in 
the brown of the upper parts, and have the under tail-coverts less 
suffused with brown. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased. 

I propose to call the intermediate form 

7. Catharus birchalli. 
In the general colour of the upper parts this form scarcely differs 
from C. melpomene, except that the rich rusty brown on the 
outer webs of the wing-coverts is replaced by russet-brown scarcely 
richer than the back. It is, however, very difficult to separate the 
least rusty-winged Central-American form from the most rusty-
winged Colombian form. Prom 0, aurantiirostris this form may 
be distinguished by the general colour of the upper parts being 
russet-brown instead of olive-brown, though here again the most 
rufous examples of C. aurantiirostris are scarcely separable 
from the least rufous examples of the intermediate form. Bill 
orange. Wing-formula as in 0. aurantiirostris. Legs, feet, and 
claws yellow. Length of wing 3*3 to 3*06 inches, tail 2-6 to 
2*35, cnlmen 0*72 to 0*7, tarsus 1*2 to 1*1, bastard primary 1*05 to 
0*85. 
BirchalTs Thrush-Robin has been received from Bogota and in 
collections supposed to come from the Oronoco valley. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Oronoco valley. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 

8. Catharus aurantiirostris. 
Turdus aurantiirostris, Hartlaub, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1850, p. 158; 

Jard. Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 80, pi. Ixxii. 

Catharus immaculatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 278 (1850). 

Turdus immaculatus, Bp.,fide Bp. Consp. i. p. 278 (1850). 

Catharus aurantiirostris (llartlaub), Sclater, P. Z. & 1859, p. 323 • 

JScUti. Sf Salv. Nomenol Av. Neotr. p. 1 (1873). 


VOL. v.

290 ITTEDIB-aE. 

General colour of the upper parts an almost uniform olive-brown, 

occasionally inclining to russet-brown ; lores brown ; inner webs of 

quills and {ail-leathers "brown. Underparts, including the ear-

coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts, pale slate-grey, shading 

into nearly white on the centre of the chin, throat, and belly; 

under tail-coverts white, occasionally stained with buff^ inner 

margin of quills pale buffish brown. Bill orange. "Wings with the 

fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries nearly equal and longest, second 

primary equal to the ninth or tenth, bastard primary 0*95 to 0*9 

inch, about half the length of the second. Legs, feet, and claws 

yellow. Length of wing 3*1 to 3*0 inches, tail 2--ib, culmen 0*7 to 

0*65, tarsus 1*3 to 1*2. 

Nothing is known of any differences in the colour of the plumage 

which may be attributable to age, sex, or season. 

The Venezuelan Thrush-Robin is confined to the mountain-ranges 

of Caracas, where it is supposed to be a resident. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this species; 

but skins are in the collections of Dr. Sclater and Ifessrs. Salvin and 

Godman. 

[Catharus frantzii and Catharus alticola,] 

I do not think that ornithologists have done right to divide these 
forms into two species • but, in deference to the opinion of ornithologists 
who have made a special study of Neotropical birds, I admit 
them to specific rank, though the same principle carried out in the 
allied genera would greatly increase the number of recognized species. 


9. Catharus frantzii. 
Catharus frantzii, Cab. Jour. Orn. 18G0, p, 323; Bairdy Bed. Am. 
B. p. 9 (1864) • Later. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 90 (1808); Frantz. 
Jour. Orn. 1869, p. 289 * Mai. fy Salv. Komencl. Av. Xeotr. p. 1 
(1873) * Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 50; Solo, fy Godm. Biol Centr.-
Amer. Zool, Aves, i. p. 4 (1879). 
Turdus frantzii (Cab.), Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 259. no. 3779 (1869). 

In the adult male the crown and nape are rusty brown, each 
feather with an obscure dark transverse terminal "band, shading 
into russet-brown on the rest of the upper parts, suffused with rusty 
brown on the upper tail-coveits; lores and ear-coverts greyish brown; 
inner webs of quills brown; inner webs of tail-feathers dark russet-
brown. Underparts, including the axillaries and under wing-coverts, 
palish slate-grey, palest on the chin and throat, shading into nearly 
white on the centre of the belly and under tail-coverts,*and suffused 
with brown on the breast and flanks; on the throat and upper 
breast are obscure traces of spots; inner margin of quills palish 
brown. Bill nearly black above, pale below. Wings with the fourth 
and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary equal 
to the ninth or tenth, bastard primary 1*1 to 0*8 inch, not quite 
half the length of the second. Legs, feet, and claws brown. Length 

O. CA.THABU3. 
201 

of wing 3-55 to 3*15 inches, tail 2-8 to 2-0, admen 0-71 to 0-05, 
tarsus 1*4 to 1*26. 
The female scarcely differs from the male. Birch of tlie year and 
young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 

The Greater Costa-Eican Tkrush-Eobin has only been obtained 
from some of the highland forests of Costa Rica, where it is said to 
be a resident. 

a. Ad. sk. Oo&ta Eica. I I Seebohm, Es<p [P.], 
10. Catharus alticola. 
Catharus frantzii, Cab. apud Salmi, Ibis, 1SGG, p. 190. 
Catharus alticola, Salv. fy Gochn. Biol Ctntr.-Amer. Zool, Arcs. i. 

p. 3 (1879). 
This form differs from the preceding in having the head a paler 
rusty brown, and the rest of the upper parts inclining to olive-brown 
instead of russet-brown, the difteience being most strongly maikcd 
on the upper tail-coverts. The colours of the soft parts and the 
wing-formula are the same. Length of wing 3*45 to 3*15 inches, 
tail 3*0 to 2*6, culmen 0*7 to 0-64, tarsus 1*35 to 1*3. 


The sexes are said to be alike. Birch of the year and young in 
first jjhimage are unknown. 


The Guatemalan Thiush-Eobin is confined, so far as is known, to 
the highland forest of Volcan de Puego in Guatemala, at an altitude 
of 6000 to 10,000 feet, where it is a resident. 


The British Museum does not possess an example of this species; 
but skins are in the collections of Dr. Sclater and Messrs. Sab in and 
Godman. 

11. Catharus occidentalis. 
Catharus 
occidentalis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 323, 370; Baird, 
Bev. Am. B. p. 8 (18G4) ; SumicJirast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. II i. 

p. 542 (1809) ; Later. Bull XI. S. 2?at. Mm. no. 4, p. 11 (1870); 
Selat # Salv. Nomencl Av. Keotr. p. 1 (1873); Salv. § Gochn, 
Biol Cmtr.-Amer. Zool, Axes, i. p. 4 (1879). 
Turdus occidentalis (Sclater), Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 259. no. 377G 
(1809). 

This species differs from the two preceding subspecific forms, to 
which it is very closely allied, in the following particulars:—In the 
colour of the head it is scarcely distinguishable from C. alticola; 
the rest of the upper parts have, however, no trace of olive-
brown, as in that species, but, on the contrary, are as rusty 
brown as the head and very slightly paler, in fact paler and 
more rusty than in C. frantzii; the general colour of the under


pays is a slightly paler slate-grey than in cither of the subspecific 
forms above mentioned, and the throat and cheeks are 
suffused with brown, as well as the breast and flanks * ihe obscure 
traces of spots on the lower throat and upper breast are also slightly 
more developed and extend also to the checks. Bill daik brown, 

292 TUEDIDJE. 

paler at the base of the under mandible. Length of wing 3*5 to 
3*3 inches, tail 34 to 3-0, culmen 0*64, tarsus 1-3 to 1-25, bastard 
primary 0*9 to 0*8. 

Nothing is known of any difference which may be attributable to 
ar/e, sex, ox season. ,,•.., 

* The Mexican Thrush-Robin has only been obtained from the highlands 
of Southern Mexico, where it appears to be a resident. 
a. 6 ad. sk. Mexico. M. Verreaux. 
12. Catharus gracilirostris. 
Cathams gracilirostris, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1804, p. 580; Lawr. Ann. 
Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 90 (1868); Sclat. <§* Sab. Nomend. Av. Xeotr. 

p. 1 (1873) * Salv. $ Godm. Biol Centr.-Amer. Zool, Aves, i. p. 6 
(1879). 
Turdus gracilirostris (Salv.), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 259. no. 3780 
(1809). 

Head, nape, and ear-coverts slate-grey; the rest of the upper parts 
russet-brown; inner web of quills and tail-feathers brown; the 
underparts, including the axillaries and under wing-coverts, slate-
grey, suffused with russet-brown on the breast and under tail-
coverts • inner margin of quills brown. Bill black, slender, resembling 
that of the genus Enthaais. Wing with the fourth, fifth, 
and sixth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary equal 
to the tenth or eleventh, bastard primary 0-9 to U*bo inch, about 
half the length of the second. Legs, feet, and claws brown. Length 
of wing 3-0 to 2*7 inches, tail 2-5 to 2*2, culmen 0*6 to 0*55, tarsus 
1*3 to 1*22. 

The female is not known to differ from the male. Birds of tlie 
year have the head and flanks suffused with brown, the centre of the 
belly greyish white, and the chin, upper throat, axillaries, and under 
wing-coverts alone slate-grey. This may possibly be also the plumage 
of the female. Toting in first plumage have pale centres to 
most of the feathers of the underparts, and probably also to the 
small feathers of the upper parts. 

The Lesser Costa-Eican Thrush-Eobin breeds in the mountain-
forests of the province whose name it bears, and is not supposed to 
be migratory. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this aberrant 
species • but skins are in the collections of Br. Sclater and Messrs. 
Salvin and Grodman. 

6. EEITHACUS. 
Type. 
Erythacus, Cuv. Leg. An. Comp. tab. ii. (1801) E. rubeeula. 
Aedon, Forst. Syn. Cat Br. B. p. 53 (1814) E. luscinia. 
Dandalus, Bote, Isis, 1826, p. 972 E. rubeeula. 
Cyanecula, C. L. Brelim, Isis, 1828, p. 1280 E. cseruleeula. 
Luscinia, C. L. Bre7mi, Isis, 1828, p. 1280 E. philomela. 
Daulias, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542 ^. iUKnnia> 

E. luscinia. 
Eubecnla, C. L, Brehm, Fog. Deutschl. p. 300 (1831) E. rubeeula, 
6 . EEITHAOUS. 
2m 

Rhondella, Hermie, White's Hist, of Selbome, p. 437 Type. 
(1833) j?Jt rubccula. 
Philomela, Selby, Brit. Oni. i. p. 200 (1833) E. luscinia. 
Pandicilla, Blyth in Emmie's Field Mat. i. p. 291 
(1833) YJ. cairuleeula. 
Larvivora, Hodgs. J. A. S. Bent/, vi. p. 102 (1837).. E. brannua. 

Calliope, Gould, B. Bur. pi. 118 (1837) E. calliope. 
Lusciola, Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Bur. i. pp. 100, 189 
T (1?40) f E.philomela. 

Lusciola, subgenus Melodes, Keys. u. Bias. Wirt. Bur. 

i. p. 190 (1840) E. calliope. 
Melodes, Newt. List B. Bur. Blasius, p. 10 (1802, ex 
Keys. Sf Bias.) E. calliope. 
Irania, Be Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 347 (1866) E. gutturalis. 
The genus Erithacus comprises a group of sixteen species, of 
which the Ruby-throated Eobin may be considered a typical form, 
and -which are very nearly allied to the Redstarts. The bill 
is slender, and generally black on the tipper mandible and paler 
on the under; the rictal bristles are small, in most cases nearly 
obsolete. The legs vary in colour from dark to pale brown. The 
tarsus is unscutellated, except occasionally in very young birds. So 
far as is known, the young in first plumage are spotted, but moult 
into nearly adult plumage the first autumn. It is not known that 
any of the species have a spring moult. The tail consists of twelve 
feathers, and is generally more or less rounded. The throat is 
frequently ornamented with rich colours, in some species having a 
metallic gloss; and the cheeks generally differ in colour from the 
throat. In habits these birds closely resemble the Redstarts, 
though many of them are more aquatic in their habits. 
Many of the species have very limited geographical ranges. 
Eight breed in the Western Palsoarctio Region, of which two are 
confined to Europe west of Russia, one ranges from Europe to 
Persia, three from East Europe to Turkestan, whilst one is found 
throughout Arctic Europe and Asia. Three species breed in the 
Himalayas, of which one extends north-west to Turkestan, and one 
north-east to North-west China. One species is confined to Central 
India. Two species breed in Siberia, of wbich one is confined to 
the east and the other is found across the country. Two species are 
confined to Japan and China, and one to the Corea. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Tail russet-brown or chestnut. 
a'. Chin and throat pale brown. 
a". Second primary longer than the sixth. 
a,n. Eirst primary shorter than the primary-
coverts. Upper tail-coverts olive-
brown. Second primary about equal 
to the fourth. Tail 2-8 to 2-6 inches .. jphilomeh, p. 295. 
V". First primary equal to the primary-
coverts. Upper tail-coverts brown, with 
a slight shade of russet. Second primary 
about equal to the fifth. Tail 3-3 

9olzih P-297

to 2-95 inches« 

TUTJDID-aE. 

c'". First primary 0*1 to 0-2 inch longer than 
the primary-coverts. Upper tail-coverts 
chest nut-brown. Second primary about 
equal to the fifth. Tail 2*7 to 2 5 inches luscinia, p. 294. 

b". Second primary shorter than the sixth sibilans, p. 297. 

V. Oliin and throat black 
homadori, p. 298. 
c\ Chin and throat chestnut. 
c". Upper parts russet-brown alcahige, p. 299. 
d". Upper parts olive-brown. 

d'". Upper tail-coverts chestnut hyrcanns, p. 301. 
e'". Upper tail-coverts olive-brown rubecula, p. 299. 

b. 
Tail suffused with dull dark blue. 
d'. Underpays chestnut hrunneus, p. 302. 
e'. Underparts white cyaneus, p. 303. 
c. Tail uniform black 
gutiuralis, p. 304. 
d. Tail uniform olive-brown ., 
calliope, p. 305. 
e. Tail dark brown, with more or less white on the 
base and tips of most feathers. 
/ . Cheeks black , pectoralis, p. 306. 

y . Cheeks white 
tschebaiewi, p. 308. 
f. 
Tail brown, with ba«?al two thirds of all but two 
centre feathers chestnut. 
h'. Throat blue, with generally a white spot in 
the centre cyanemda, p. 311. 
i'. Throat blue, with a chestnut spot in the centre carideeula, p. 308. 

1. Erithacus luscinia. 
Le Itossignol, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 397 (17G0); Month. Hist Nat. Ois. v. 
p. 81 (1778) ; Daubent. PI Enl no. 015. fig-. 2 (1788). 
Motacilla luscinia, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 328 (1766) ; Tun stall, Orn. 
Brit. p. 2 (1771); Gmel. Syst Nat i. p. 930 (1788)5 Beehst. 
Nat irg. Deutschl. iv. p. 509 (1795). 

Sylvia luscinia 
(Linn.), Scop. Ann. I. p. 154 (1709); Lath. Gen. Syn. 
Suppl i. p. 287 (1787); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 506 (17901; Bec'hst 
Orn. Tasckenb. i. p. 106 (1802); Wolf, Taschenb. i p. 221 (1810); 
Temm. Man. d" Orn. p. 105 (1813); Vieill. N. Diet cTIIist Nat xi. 

p. 243 (1817); Temm. Man. d'Orn. L p. 195 (1820); Werner, 
Atlas, Insect iv. pi. xxxiv. (1842). 
Nightingale, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 408 (1783). 
Aedon luscinia (Linn.), Forst. Syn. Cat. Br. B. p. 53 (1814). 
Cnrruea luscinia (Linn.), Koch, Syst baier. ZooL i. p. 154 (1816); 

Bllpp. Syst Uebers. p. 57 (1845). 
Luscinia philomela (Bechst.), apud Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1280, apud 
Bp. Camp. List B. Bur. $ N.Amer. p. 15 (1838), apud Gray, Gen. 

B. i. p. 173 (1848), apud Cab. Mm. Hem. i. p. 1 (1850), apud 
Gould, B. Gt Br. ii. pi. Ivi. (circa 18J38), apud Heugl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. i. p. 337 (I860), apud Harting, Handh. Br. U.'p. 15 (1872). 
Dauiias luscinia {Linn.), Boie, Is is * 18SI, p. 542; Newt. ed. Yarr, 
Br. B. i. p. 312 (1872) ; Dresser, B. Eur. pt. 1. (1876). 
Luscinia rnegai'hynchos,) 
Luscinia media, I Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. pp. 356, 857, 358 
Luscinia okenii, f (1831). 
Lut cinia peregrina, J 
Philomela luscinia (Linn.), Selby, Brit Orn. i. p. 206 (1833) ; Gould, 

B. Eur. ii. pi. 116 (1837); Bp. Consp. i. p. 295 (1850); Jaub. et 
Barth.-Lapomm. Mich. Orn. p. 236 (1859); JDegL et Gerbe} Orn. 
6 . ETtlTHACTTS. 
293 
Eur. i. p. 431 (1807); ZocJie, Expl Set. Alqer., Oh, i. p. 227 
(1867) j Doderl Amf. Sidl. p. 117 (1809); %8ulmd. Faun. ltd. 
Ucc. p. 96 (1871) ;tihelley, B. Egypt, p. 88 (1872) : Irby, i>\ Gibr. 

p. 80(1875). 
Lusciola luscinia 
{Linn.), Keys. u. Bias. IVirb. JBur. pp. lviii, 189 
(1840) j Seugl SysL Uebers. p. 25 (1856); Linderm. Tot). 
Griechenl p. 103 (18«J0) ; Newt. List B. Eur. Blasias, p. 10 (1802); 
Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 95 (1800) j Frltsch, Yog. Eur. p. 181 

Erithaeus luscinia (Linn.), JDegl Orn. Eur. i. p. 409 (1840). 

Luscinia vera, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 220. no. 3151 (1809). 

General colour of the upper parts, including the car-coverts, 
russet-brown, shading into brownish chestnut on the upper tail-
coverts and tail. General colour of the undcrparis, including the 
lores, bumsh white, shading into greyish white on the breast and 
flanks, and into brownish white on the axillaries and under 
-wing- and tail-coverts. Bill with the upper mandible brown 
and the under mandible pale horn-colour; rictal bristles nearly 
obsolete. "Wing with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal 
and longest, second primary about equal to the fifth, bastard primary 
0*7 to 0-6 inch. Outside tail-feathers 0-2 inch shorter than 
the longest. Legs, feet, and claws brown. Length of wing 3*4 to 
3*0 inches, tail :2*75 to 2m5, culmen 0*62 to 0*55, tarsus 1*1 to 1*01. 

The female does not differ from the male, nor does autumn 
plumage vary much from that of spring. Birds of the year scarcely 
differ from adults. Young in first plumage have pale centres 
to most of the feathers. 

The Western Nightingale breeds in Central and Southern Europe, 
extending its range into the south of England, but rarely if ever 
found in Scandinavia or Bussia. It passes through North xiirica on 
migration, probably wintering somewhere in the interior south of 
Abyssinia. 

a. Ad. sk. England. X Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Bayswater, London. J. F. Stevens, Esq. [P.]. 
c. d. Ad. sk. Middlesex. P. Godman and O. Salvin 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
e,f,g,7i. Juv. st. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [C.]. 
*,&. c?$ ad.; J, Leicestershire. Theodore Walker, Esq. 

m. Juv. st. 
[P-]-. 
n. 
Ad. sk. Valkenswaarcl, Holland, P. Godman and O. Salvm, 
1863 {Baker). Esqrs. [P.]. 
o. Ad. sk. Belgium. Brussels Museum. 
p. P ad. sk. Valencia, Spain, April Howard Saunders, Esq. 
F * 19,1872. [P.]q. 
Ad. sk. Tunis. 
L. Eraser, Esq. [P.]. 
r. cS skull. Wurtemberg. Br. A. Gunther. 
2. Erithaeus philomela. 
Le grand Bossignol, 
Briss. Orn. iii. p. 400 (1700); Month. Hist 
Nat. Ois. v. p. 113 (1778) t 
Greater Nightingale, Lath. Gen. %^ii. p. 411 (1/83) 
Motacilla luscinia, Linn., p. major, Gmel Syst. Nat. i. p. 9o0 (1788). 

29G TUEDIDJE. 

Sylvia luscinia {Linn.), A. major ( Gmel), Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 506 
(1790). 
Motacilla pliilomela, Bechst. Naiurg, JDeutscM. iv. p. 536 (1795). 
Sylvia pliilomela (Bechst), Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 167 (1802); 
Wolf. Taschenb. i. p. 222 (1810); Temm. Man. d'Om. p. 106 
(1815) • Meyer, Vog. Liv- u. Esthl i. p. 2 (1815) • Vieill. N. Diet. 
d?Hist, Nat. xi. p. 254 (1817) 5 Temm. Man. a? Orn. i. p. 196 
(1820); Min&tr. Cat Bais. Cauc. p. 33 (1832),* Nordm. Demid. 
Voy. Buss. mend. iii. p. 137 (1840) 5 Werner, Atlas, Insectiv. 
pi. xxxv. (1842). 
Motacilla aedon, Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. i. p. 486 (1811). 
Curruca pMlomela (Bechst.), Koch, Syst. later. Zool i. p. 154 (1816). 
Luscinia major, Brelxm, Vog. Deutschl p. 355 (1831) ; Gray, Gen. B. 

i. p. 173 (1848) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 1 (1850) • Heugl Orn. 
N.O.-Afr. i. p. 337 (1869). 
Luscinia philomela (Bechst.), B?*ehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 356 (1831) * 
Sundev. Sv. Fogl. p. 57 (1856) • Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 220. no. 3152 
(1869), 
Philomela magna, Bli/th, Bennie's Field Nat. i. p. 307 (1833). 
Philomela turdoides,'Blyth,fide Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 117 (1837). 
Lusciola philomela (Bechst.), Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. Iviii, 189 
(1840); Heugl Si/st Uebers. p. 26 (1856); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. 

p. 103 (I860) ; Newt List B. Eur. Blasius, p. 10 (1862) • Fritsch, 
Vog. Eur. p. 181 (1870) • Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 100 (1879). 
Erithacus philomela (Bechst), Degl Orn. Eur. i. p. 501 (1849) ; 
Dubois, Ois. Eur. pi. 62 (1862). 
Philomela major (B?-ehm), Bp. Consp. i. p. 295 (1850) ; Degl et 
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 432 (1867); Doderl Avif. JSicil p. 118 
(1869); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 88 f 1372). 
Luscinia eximia, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 144 (1855). 
Luscinia hybrida, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 145 (1855). 
Philomela aedon (Pall), Salvad. Faun. Ital Ucc. p. 97 (1871). 
Luscinia occidental is, j 
Luscinia aedon (JW), I Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 120 (1873). 
Luscinia infuscata, ) 
Lusciola aedon (Pall), Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 341. 
Lusciola aedon (Pall), /3. infuscata (Severtz.), Dresser, Ibis, 1875, 

p. 341. 
Daulias philomela (Bechst), Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xlix. (1876). 

This species differs from the preceding in being generally less 
russet in colour (more .olive), especially on the upper tail-coverts, 
in having a smaller bastard primary, a more pointed wing, and in 
being a somewhat larger bird. Bill with the upper mandible brown 
and the under mandible pale horn-colour; rictal bristles nearly obsolete. 
"Wing with the third primary longest, second primary equal 
to or slightly longer than the fourth, bastard primary 0-5 to 0*4 inch ; 
outside tail-feathers 0*25 to 0*2 inch shorter than the longest. Legs, 
feet, and claws brown. Length of wing 3*5 to 3-4 inches, tail 2-j 
to 2*55, culmen 0-63 to 0*6, tarsus 1-1 to 1-05. 
In the variations of its plumage, in consequence of age, sew, or 
season, this species resembles the preceding. 
The Eastern JSTightingale breeds in Eastern Europe, rarely straying 
into the valley of the Rhine, extending northwards into South 
Sweden and Central Russia, and eastwards into Asia Mnor, 


6. ERITHACTJS. 
207 

Northern Turkestan, and South-western Siberia. It passes through 
North-eastern Africa on migration, and doubtless winters somowhere 
in the interior. 

a. Juv. sk. Europe. Purchased. 
b. <J ad. sk. South Sweden, July 4,1873. J. Meves, Esq. [0.1. 
c. JUY. sk. South Sweden, June 20,1872. J. Meves, Esq. [0.1. 
d. $ ad. sk. SkSne, July 0,1874 (J. Meves). Ii. B. Sharpe. Esq. [P.l 
e. Ad. sk. Persia. Purchased. 

3. Erithacns golzii. 
Sylvia luscinia (Linn), apud Mcnetr. Cat. Pais. Cauc. p. 33 (1832), 

apud Nordm. Demid. Voxj. Puss, merid. iii. p. 137 (1840). 
Lusciola luscinia (Linn.), apud Fdippi, Viaqg. Pers. p. 347 (I860). 
Lusciola golzii, Cab. Journ. Orn. 1873, p. 79. 
Luscinia hafizi, Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. p. 120 (1873) ; Blanf. Ibis, 

1874, p. 80. 
Luscinia philomela (Bechst.), apud Severtz. Turhest Jevotn. r>. 120 
(1873). * 
Lusciola luscinia (Linn.), /3. hafizi (Severtz.), Dresser, Ibis, 1875, 

p. 341. 
Lusciola luscinia (Linn.), y. philomela (Bechst), apud Dresser, Ibis, 
1875, p. 341. 
Daulias hafizi (Severtz.), Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 169 (1876). 

In coloration this species is intermediate between the two preceding 
species, being slightly more olive than E. luscinia and 
slightly more russet than E. philomela. In its wing-formula it resembles 
the former species, but may easily be distinguished from 
either by its slightly longer bill and much longer tail. Bill dark 
brown above, pale horn-colour below ; rictal bristles nearly obsolete. 
"Wing with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, 
second primary about equal to the fifth, bastard primary 0*05 to 
0-55 inch; outside tail-feathers 0*3 inch shorter than the longest. 
Legs, feet, and claws brown. Length of wing 3*8 to 3*3 inches, tail 
3*32 to 2*95, culmen 0-7 to 0*66, tarsus 1-1 to 1*0. ^ 

The sexes are alike. Birds of the year and young in first plumage 
are unknown. 

The Persian Nightingale breeds in the cultivated districts of 
Turkestan and "Western Persia, extending its range into the Caucasus. 
Its winter quarters are unknown. 

a. Ad. sk. Persia. Charles Darwin, Esq. [P.]. 
b. cS J ad. sk. Shiraz, Persia. Col. St. John [C.]. 
4. Erithacns sibilans. (Plate XYIL) 
Larvivora sibilans, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 202• id. P. Z. S.1871, 
p. 358 j David et Oust Ois. Chine, p. 239 (1877). 
Buticilla sibilans (Sivink), Gray, Eand-l. B. I p. 222. no. 3178 
(1869). 
? Lusciola akahige, Temm. apud Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 31. 
? Eubicula aLahige (Temm.), apud Hume, Ibis, 1873, p. 31. 

298 TtTRDIDJ2. 

General colour of the upper parts russet-brown, shading into 
chestnut-brown on the upper tail-coverts; wings brown, the outside 
webs of the quills and coverts margined with russet-brown; tail 
chestnut-brown. Unclerparts pale brown, the feathers of the breast 
and flanks with darker margins; lores brown; the feathers of the 
checks and ear-coverts with obscure dark margins, which become 
nearly obsolete on the throat. Bill dark brown, paler at the base 
of the under mandible. Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth 
primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary about equal to 
the seventh, bastard primary 0*6 inch. Legs, feet, and claws light 
brown. Length of wing 2-56 inches, tail 1*85, tarsus 0*94, oilmen 
0-53, outside tail-feathers 0-15 shorter than the longest. 

The female of this species and the young appear to be entirely 
unknown. It is possible that the examples described above may be 
females, of which the male is undiscovered. 

Swinhoe's Eobin is only known from the type specimen (in my 
collection) from near Canton, and the example in the British 
Museum, the precise locality of which is unknown. I have not seen 
Hume's skin from Kumaon, but it also will doubtless prove to be 
this species. 

a. Ad. sk. China. J. R. Beeves, Esq. [P.]. 
5. Erithaeus komadori. 
Sylvia komadori, Temm. PL Col no. 570 (1824). 
Lusciola komadori (Temm.), Temm. et Bchlegel, Faun. Japan., Aves. 


p. 55, pi. xxi. C (1847). 
Erythacus komadori {Temm), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 182 (1848) j id. 
Iland-l B. i. p. 223. no. 3195 (18G9) ; Blakiston $ Pryer, Ibis, 
1878, p. 239. 

Rubecula komadori (Temm.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 295 (1850). 

In the adult male in breeding'-plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is orange-chestnut, the inside web of the quills being 
russet-brown; forehead, lores, chin, throat, cheeks, breast, and 
flanks black; the feathers of the lower breast and upper flanks 
margined with white; rest of the underparts white; under wing-
coverts black, margined with white; axillaries white, with dark 
centres; inner margin of quills chestnut-brown. Bill brown. 
Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and 
longest, second primary about equal to the sixth, bastard primary 
0*8 inch (female 0*7). Length of wing, male 2*9, female 2-65 
inches ; tail, male 1*9, female 1*8; culmen, male 0*68, female 0*66; 
tarsus 1*02; outside tail-feathers 0*2 inch shorter than the longest. 

The female differs from the male in being slightly less brilliant in 
colour, and in having all the feathers which are black in the male 
creamy white margined with slate-grey, which is the colour of the 
rest of the underparts, except the centre of the belly and under 
tail-coverts, which are white; forehead russet-brown. Mr els of the 
year and young in first plumage are unknown. 

6, ElUTUACUS.

 299 

Tho Coroaii Robin is supposed to bo peculiar to ilio peninsula 
whose name il bears. 

It is not known that any examples of this fine species exist in 
European collections, oxcopt the types in tho Ley don Museum, from 
which the above descriptions are taken. 

6. Erithacus akahige. 
Sylvia akahige, Temm. PL Col. no. 571 (1824). 
Erytkacus akahigo {Temm.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 182 (1840); id. 
IlamU.B. i. p. 223. no. 3194*(1869); Swinhoe, P.Z.N. 1871, 

p. 359; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 230 (1877); Blahiston * 
P/yer,Ifo\ 1878, p. 239. 
Lusciola akahige (Temm.), Temm. et Schl. Faun. Japan., Aves} p. 55, 
pi. xxi. B (1847). 
Kubecula akahige (Temm.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 295 (1850). 


In the adult male the general colour of the upper parts is russet-
brown, shading into olive-brown on the rump; forehead, lores, 
ear-coverts, chin, throat, upper breast, upper tail-coverts, and tail 
orange-chestnut; quills and wing-coverts brown, margined on the 
outer webs with russet-brown ; lower breast slate-grey, very dark 
where it j oins the chestnut of the upper breast, shading into russet-
brown on the flanks and into white on the centre of the belly and 
under tail-coverts; axillaries and under tail-coverts russet-brown; 
inner margin of quills pale brown. Bill with the upper mandible 
brown and the under mandible pale brown. "Wing with the third, 
fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary 
about equal to the eighth, bastard primary 0-7 to 0*05 inch. 
Legs, feet, and claws brown. Length of wing 3-0 to 2*9 inches, 
tail 2-1 to 2-0, culmen 0-61 to 0-6, tarsus 1-17 to 1-1. 

The female differs from tho male in having tho chestnut paler 
and duller, and the slate-grey replaced by brown. Birds of the 
year and young in first plumage are unknown. 

Tho Japanese Robin breeds on the high mountains of Japan, an3. 
is supposed to be a resident on the islands. It has also been recorded 
from North-east China. 

a. Ad. sk. Japan 
Leyden Museum. 
E. Wilson, Esq. 
b. Ad. sk. Japan 
7. Erithacus rubecula. 
La Rouge-gorge, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 418 (1760) ; Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. 
v. p. 196, pi. xi. (1778). 
Motacilla rubecula, Linn. Syst. JSTat i. p. 337 (1766); Tunst. Orn. 
Brit. p. 2 (1771); Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 993 (1788); Bechst. 
Naturg. Deutschl. iv. p. 586 (1795). 

Svlvia 
rubecula (Linn.), Scop. Ann. i. p. 156 (1769) ; Lath. Gen. 
Syn. SuppL i. p. 287 (1787); id. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 520 (1790); 
Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 177 (1802) ; Wolf, Taschenh. i. p. 238 
(1810); Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 115 (1815); Koch, Syst. baier. 
Zool. i. p. 152 (1816) ; Temm. Man. cTOrn. I p. 215 (1820) ; 
MCnUr, Cat. Pais. Cauc. p. 35 (1832); Nordm. Demid. Toy. Puss. 
merid. iii. p. 138 (1840); Werner, Atlas, Inseciiv. pi. 49 (1842). 

300 TTTRDIDJ2. 

La Gorge-rouge, Baubent. PI. Fnl. no. 361. fig. 1 (1778). 
Redbreast, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 442 (1783).^ 
Erythacus, Cuvier, Lecons Anat. Comp. tab. ii. (1801). 
CuiTLica rubecola (Linn.), Leach, Syst Cat. Mamm. §c. Brit. Hits. 

p. 25 (1810). 
Curruca rubecula, Ford. Syn. Cat. Brit. B. p. 54 (1817). 
Ficcdula rubecula (Linn,), Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 553. 
Dandalus rubecula (Linn.), Boie, Isis, 1620, p. 972. 
Dandalus pinetorum, J 
Dandalus folioruin, _ V Brehm, Isis, 1828; p. 1280. 
Dandalus septentrionalis, | 
Rubecula pmetomm (Brehm), ) Br&] y BeuUchl m 
Rubecula folioruin (Brehm), V 0 ^ Q83D 
Rubecula septentrionalis (Breh?n), \ ° ^ ° '* 
Erythacusrubecula (Linn.), Swains* Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 488 
(1831); Gould*, B. Fur. ii. p. 98 (1837); Hupp. Syst. Uehers.-p.57 
(1845); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 182 (184G) ; Begl Orn. Eur. i. p. 509 
(1849); Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 1 (1850); Heugl. Syst. Uebers. 
p, 25 (1856) ; Newt. List B. Fur. Blasius, p. 10 (1802) ; Gray, 
Iland-l. B. i. p. 223. no. 3193 (1809); Heugl Orn. X.O.-Afr. i. 

p. 335 (1869) ; Doderl Avif. Sicil. p. 118 (186U) ; Droste, Vogelw. 
Borkum, p. 95 (1869) • 6odman, Azores, p. 23 (1870) ; Sahacl. 
Faun. Ital. Uec. p. 94 (1871) ; Kewt.f ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 305 
(1872); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. ii. pi. 48 (1872) ; Shelleifi, B. Fgypt, 
p. 87 (1872); Ilarting*, Handb. Br. B. p. 12 (1872); Bresserf, 
B. Fur. pt. xxiv. (1673) ; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 83 (1875) j Bresserf9 
Iks, 1875, n. 342; Blanf. Fad. Pers. ii. p. 159 (1876). 
Rubecula fauiiliaris, Blyth, Field Katwalist, i. p. 424 (lb33) ; Jaub. 
et Barth.-Lapomm. Hich. Orn. p. 233 (1859)• Begl. et Gerbe, Orn. 
Fur. i. p. 429 (1867) ; Loche, Fxpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 224 (1807). 

Rliondella rubecula (Linn.), Iiennie, White]s Selborne, p. 437 (1833). 
Lusciola rubecula (Linn.), Keys. u. Bias. Wbb. Fur. pp. Iviii, 191 
(1840) ; JSchJ. Bev. Crit. p. xxxii (1844) ; Linderm. Yog. Griechenl. 

p. 104 (1800); Fritsch, Fog. Fur. p. 183 (1870) ; Severtz. Turkest. 
Jevotn. p. G5 (1873). 
Rubecula rubecula (Linn.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 295 (1850). 
Luscinia rubecula (Linn.), Sundev. Sv. Fogl. p. 56 (1856). 


Forehead, lores, ear-coverts, chin, throat, and breast bright 
orange-chestnut; general colour of the rest of the plumage olive-
brown, with a few grey feathers on the crown next the forehead 
and on the sides of the neck, and shading into nearly white on the 
centre of the belly; axillaries brownish white, with concealed dusky 
bases; under wing-coverts mixed orange-chestnut and pale chestnut 
; under tail-coverts white, more or less tinged with brown; 
greater wing-coverts with indistinct pale chestnut tips. Bill dark 
brown, paler at the base of the under mandible. Wing with the 
fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary 
equal to the eighth or ninth, bastard primary 0-92 to 0*8 inch. 
Legs, feet, and claws brown. Length of wing 2-9 to 2-6 inches, 
tail 2-5 to 2-2, culmen 0*55 to 0*5, tarsus 1*1 to 0*98. 

There does not appear to be any difference in the plumage of the 
sexes. After the autumn moult the colour of the breast is richer, 

* Spelt Erythaca. t Spelt Erithacus. 
0 . IIRTTTTACTTB. 301 
and the palo chestnut tips to the greater wing-coverts are darker 
and more distinct. Birth of the year scarcely differ from adults. 
Young injirst phnnaye have pale ochracoous ceni res and nearly black 
tips to most of the small leathers of both the upper and under parts. 

The Robin Redbreast breeds in most parts of Europe iu> far 
north as the Arctic Circle, and in many parts of Western North 
Africa. Where the winters aro severe it migrates southwards in 
autumn to South Europe, North Africa, Palestine, and the cultivated 
districts of North-west Turkestan. It is said to be a resident, 
though rare, in South Persia. 

a, b. Ad. sk. Great Britain. 
c. Ad. sk. 
d. J ad. sk. 
e. Juv. sk. 
/ . $ ad. sk. 
g. Ad.? Ji-l. Juv. 
Devonshire. 
Surrey, June 1857 (F. G.). 
Hampstead (0. $.). 
Cambridgeshire (J. Baker). 
Cambridgeshire (J. Bake)'). 
Col. Montagu [P.]. 
E. Godman and 0, Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.J. 
E. Hodman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Mr. J. Baker |C.J. 
st. 
m. Ad., n. Juv. Belgium. Brussels Museum pp.]. 
Bk. 
o. (S ad. sk. 
p. Ad. sk. 
q. c? ad. sk. 
r. $ ad. sk. 
s, t. $ $ ad. sk. 
u, v. c? ad. sk. 
w. Ad. sk. 
x. $ ad. sk. 
y. Ad. sk. 
z} a'. Skeleton. 
Seville, Nov. 1869. 
Algeria. 
Sousa, Tunis, Feb. 27,1857 
(0. &). 
Nahr El Kelb, Palestine. 
Teneriffe, April and May, 
1871 IF. 67.). 
Madeira, June 20, 1871 
(F. G.). 
Fayal, Azores, March 1865 
(F. 67.). 
S. Michael's, Azores, April 
1865 (F. 67.). 
S. Michael's, Azores, 
March 1865 (F. G.). 
England. 
II. Saunders, E^q. [P.]. 
E. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
E. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P,J. 
Canon Tristram [C.]. 
E. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
E. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.], 
F. Goclmau and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs, [P.], 
Purchased. 

8. Erithacus Iryrcairas. 
Sylvia rubecula (Linn.), apud MSnetr. Cat. Mais. Cauc. p. 35 (1832). 
Erythacus rubecula (Linn.), apud Mippi, Viayg. Fers. p. 347 
(1865). 
Erythacus hyrcanus, Blanf. Ibis, 1874, p. 79*; Blanf. Fast. Fers. 

ii. p. 160, pi. xv. fig. 1 (1876) ; Boyd. B. Cauc. p. 1)8"(1870). 
This species is very nearly allied to R rubecula, but differs from 
it in having the olive-brown of the upper tail-coverts replaced by 
chestnut. In all other respects, size, wing-formula, &c, the only 
difference I can detect is that the bill is slightly larger in the 

* Spelt Erithacifb Jiyromws. 
302 TTHIDIDJ3. 

Eastern species, the culmen measuring' 0-65 inch. The rufous of 
the breast is said to be deeper in colour• but the types were all 
obtained after the autumn moult, "when the Western species is 
similarly coloured. 

The female is said not to differ from the male,, Birds in spring 
plumage and young in first plumage are not known. 

The Persian Kobiii abounds in the forest districts of the southern 
shores of the Caspian, extending its range westwards into the 
Caucasus. Nothing has been recorded respecting its migrations. 

a. d ad. sk Besht, Persia. Col. St. John [C.]. 
9. Erithacus hnnmeus. 
Larvivora cyana (Pallas), apud Hodgson, J. A. S. BengJri. p. 102 
(1837; male), apud Bp. Consp. i. p. 301 (1850), apud Horsf § 
Moore, Cat B. Mus, KL Co. i. p. 810 (1854), apud Jerdon, B. 
Ind. h\ p. 145 (1863), apud Holdsio. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 454, apud 
Hume, Nests and Eggs Bid. B. ii. p. 324 (1874). 

Larvivora brimnea, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. vi. p. 102 QSZ7, female) * 

Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 44(3 (1879), 
Phoemcura superciliaris, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 170 (1844). 
Ruticilla cyana {Pallas), apud Gray, Gen. B.L p. 180 (1840). 
Calliope cyana (Pallas), apud Blyth, Cat B. Mus. As. 8uc. p. 109 

(1849), apud Bayard, Ann. Xat. Hist. 1853, xiii. p. 200, apud 
Bayard fy Kelaart*, Prodr. Cat B. App. p. 57 (1853). 
Larvivora superciliaris (Jerd.), Blyth, Ibis, 1807, p. 16; Brooks, 
8tr. F. 1875, p. 240; Fairbanh, 8tr. F. 1876, p.^250. 
Ruticilla cyanea (Pallas), apud Gray, Hand-L B. L p. 222. no. 3170 
(1869). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour of the upper 
parts dull dark blue; lores, forehead at the base of the bill, cheeks, 
and ear-coverts black, shading into dull dark blue on the sides of 
the neck; eye-stripe white, extending to the nape; wings brown, 
the outer webs of the wing-coverts and secondaries more or less 
suffused with dull dark blue; tail brown, the two centre feathers 
and the outer webs of the others more or less suffused with dull 
dark blue. Underparts orange-chestnut, shading into white on the 
centre of the belly and under tail-coverts* axillaries and under 
wing-coverts grey, more or less suffused with pale blue; inner 
margin of quills pale brown. Bill very dark brown, paler at the 
base of the under mandible ; rictal bristles nearly obsolete. Wing 
with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, 
second primary about equal to the eighth, bastard primary 0*8 to 0*7 
inch. Legs, feet, and claws flesh-coloured. Length of wing 3*0 to 
2-7 inches, tail 1*95 to 1*7, culmen 0*6 to 0*55, tarsus 1*05 to 1*0. 

In tho female the general colour of the upper parts is olive-brown, 
slightly suffused with chestnut on the upper tail-coverts. The 
underparts, including the axillaries and under wing-coverts, are 
chestnut-brown, paler on the chin and throat, and shading into 
white on the centre of the belly and under tail-coverts. Males of 

* Spelt Calliope cyanea. 
6. EETTHAcxra. 
303 
the year resemble the female. Young in first plumage appear to bo 
unknown. 
The Indian Blue Bobin breeds on the Himalayas from Cuahmero 
to Sikkim, the Neilgherry hills, and probably other mountain-ranges 
in India. It winters in the plains of India and in Ceylon. 


a. 
<$ ad. sk, N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackkouse Pirrwill 
[P.]. 
b. tf ad. st, Nepal. 
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
c. d. S ad. sk. Nepal. 
B. H. Hodgson, Ebq. [P.]. 
e. 2 
ad. sk. Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of Larvivora brunnea, Hodgs.) 
/. 6 ad. sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum. 
m 
g. <S ad. sk. Daijiling. W. Fotheriugliam, Esq. 
[P.]. 

h. 
<? ad. sk. Madras. Dr. Jerdon [P.]. 
i. <$ ad. sk. Neilgherries (Dr. Jerdon). India Museum. 
h, I <$ $ ad. sk. Ceylon. E. L. Layard, Esq. [C.]. 
m. tf ad. sk. Newara Eliya. Mr. E. Boate [0.]. 
«. 5 ad. sk. Near Kandy. A. White, Esq. [0.] . 
o. cS ad. sk. Travancoxe. P.W.Bourdillon;Esq.[0.]. 
10. Erithacus cyaneus. 
Motacilla cyane, Pall Beis. Miss. JReichs. iii. p. 697 (1776). 
Larvivora gracilis, Swinhoe, Ibis, 18G1, p. 262. 
Lusciola (Calliope) cyane (Pall), Badde," JReis. Sibir., Fog. p. 250, 

pi. s. figs. 1-4 (1863). 
Lusciola cyane (Pall), Sxoinhoe, Ibis, 1866, p. 815. 
Euticilla gracilis (Sioinh.), Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 222. no. 8177 

(1869). 

Larvivora 
cyane (Pall.), Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 858; Blyth §-
WaU. B. Burnt, p. 101 (1875) ; Tacz. Bidl Soe. Zool France, 
1876, p. 142 ; Prjev. Mowletfs Orn. Mho. ii. p. 178 (1877) j Hume 
$ Davison, Stray Feath. vi. p. 835 (1878). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colonr of the upper 
parts dull dark bine, brighter on the forehead and crown; lores, 
forehead at the base of the bill, checks, and ear-coverts black, 
shading into dull dark blue on the sides of the nock; no trace of 
eye-stripe; wings, wing-coverts, and tail brown, the outer webs of the 
feathers suffused with dull dark blue. Hnderparts pure white ; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts grey, more or less suffused with 
blue ; inner margin of quills pale brown. Bill nearly black ; ricral 
bristles nearly obsolete. "Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth 
primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate 
in length between the sixth and seventh, bastard primary 0*7 to 
0*6 inch. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Length of wing 
3*0 to 2*75 inches, tail 2<0 to 1*7, culmen 0*61 to 0*55, tarsus 
1*1 to 1-01. 

In the female the general colour of the upper parts is dark olive-
brown, suffused with blue on the upper tail-coverts ; the underparts 
are pale chestnut-brown, shading into nearly white on the under 
tail-coverts. Males of the year have the outside webs of the quills 

304 TTTEDIl)^:. 

and wing-coverts brown, and more or less brown on the edges of the 
feathers of the breast and flanks. Females of the year have the upper 
tail-coverts brown, and dark edges to the feathers of the breast. 
Young in first plumage appear to be unknown ; but & young male in 
September, which has probably not completed its first moult, has 
brown lores, cheeks, and car-coverts like the female, showing pale 
centres to the feathers. 

The Siberian Blue Eobin breeds in Eastern Siberia, from lake 
Baical to the mouth of the Amoor. It winters in Xorth India, China, 
South-east Mongolia, and in Tenasserim, ranging through the 
Malayan peninsula to Borneo. 

a. (S ad. sk. Tientsin. Mr. Henry Whitely. 
6. (S juv. st. India. Purchased. 
c. <$ ad. sk. Near Simla. Capt. Stackhouse Pin will [P.]. 
d. ($ ad. sk. Malacca. India Museum. 
e. 2 ad. sk. Labuan, Borneo. Hugh Low, Esq. [0.]. 
11. Erithacus gutturalis. 
Cossypha gutturalis, Guerm, Rev. Zool 1848, p. 162; Guer. et 
Lafresn. Ferr. et Gal. Voy. en Abyss, iii. p. 201, pi. v. (1847); 
Fmsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 243 (1870)• Sharpe 8c Dresser, B. Eur. 
pt. xiv. (1872) • Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 78. 

Bessonornis gutturalis (Guer.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847) ; Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 301 (1850); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 265. no. 3874 
(1809). 

Irania filoti, F'dippi, Arch. Zool. Modena, ii. p. 381 (1863). 

Saxicola albigiilaris, Pelz. Sits. AJc. Wiss. Wien, xlviii. p. 150 

(1863). 
Irania finoti, Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 347 (1865). 
Bes&ornis albigularis (Pelz.), Tristram, Ibis, 1867, p. 89, pi. i 

- Bessornis gutturalis (Guer.), Heuyl. Orn. X.O.-Afr. i. p. 378 
(1869). 
Irania albigula, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 65, 122 (1873). 
Cossypha (Irania) gutturalis (Guer.), Blanf. East Pers. ii. p. 161 

(1876). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage, General colour of the upper parts 
slate-grey; lores and ear-coverts black; eye-stripe white; quills 
brown, margined with slate-grey on the outside webs; wing-coverts 
slate-grey; innermost secondaries brown on inside web, and slate-
grey on outside web; tail black; cheeks black. Chin and upper 
throat white, occasionally bounded by a gorget of black across the 
lower throat; remainder of underparts, including the axillaris and 
under wing-coverts, chestnut, shading into white on the centre of 
belly and under tail-coverts; inner margin of quills brown. Bill 
black. Wing with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and 
longest, second primary intermediate in length between the fifth 
and sixth, bastard primary 0*9 to 0*7 inch; outside tail-feathers 
0*2 inch shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, and claws black. 
Length of wing 3*75 to 3-0 inches, tail 3*0 to 2-65, culmen 0*75 to 
0*65, tarsus 1-02. 
In the female the general colour of the upper parts, including the 
lores and ear-coverts, is brownish grey, shading into slate-grey on 

6. EEITHACUS. 305 
the upper tail-coverts ; wings brown ; tail nearly black. Chin and 
throat nearly white; cheeks and breast brown, the feathers of the 
lower breast with nearly white margins, which gradually increase in 
length on the rest of the lower parts, entirely concealing the brown 
bases on the belly and under tail-coverts; axillaries, under wing-
coverts, and fLanks pale chestnut; lower throat and breast frequently 
suffused with chestnut. Males of the year have the chestnut of the 
underparts replaced by buff. Young in first plumage have pale 
centres and dark margins to most of the small feathers, and pale tips 
to most of the larger ones. 

The White-throated Eobin breeds in Asia Minor, Palestine, 
Northern and Western Persia, and Western Turkestan. It has also 
been found in spring and autumn in Abyssinia, but may probably go 
still further south to winter. 

a, <$ ad. sk.
h. (S ad. sk.
G) d- 6 2 a<3-s^e. 
J ad. sk. 
Xanthus, Asia Minor. 
Smyrna. 
Kaisarziah, Asia Minor,
May 5, 1876 (C. G.
Danford). 
Shiraz, Persia. Sept.
1870. 
Sir 0. Fellowes f P.], 
Consul Merlin [P.]. 
F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqra. [P.]. 
Col. St. John [C.l 
f. tf ad. bk. Karij valley, ElburzMountains, Aug. 16, 
1872. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
g. $ ad. sk. Tashkend, April L5,1866 (Sewrtzoff), 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

12. Erithacus calliope. 
Motacilla calliope, Pall. Reis. Rtiss. Reichs, iii. p. 097 (1776). 
Kamtschatka Thrush, Lath, Gen. Syn. ii. p. 28 (1788). 
Turdu.3 canitschatkensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 817 (1788, ex Lath.). 
Turdus calliope (Fall), Lath. Incl. Om.l p. 331 (1790). 
Accentor calliope (Pall.), Temm. Man. (VOm. iii. p. 172 (1835). 
Calliope latkami, Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 118 (1837) ; Blyth, J. A. S. 


Bengal, p. 112(1842). 
Lusciola calliope (Pall.), Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. lviii, 190 
(1840) ; Temm. et JSchleg. Faun. Japan. Aves, p. 57 (1847). 
Calliope camtschatkensis (Gmel,), Strickl. Ann, Nat. Hist. vi. 

p. 422 (1841) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 134 (1847) ; id. 
Cat B. Mm. As. Sac. p. 169 (1849) 5 Bp. Consp. i. p. 295 (1850); 
Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 1 (1850) ; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mm* B.I. 
Co. i. p. 313 (1854); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 236 
(1859) ; Der/l et Gerbe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 464 (1867) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 359 ; Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xlvi. (1875); Blyth St Wold. B. 
Burm. p. 101 (1875) j Seehohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 7 j Gould, B. Asia, 
pt. xxxi. pi. 8 (1879). 
Cyanecula calliope (Pall), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 182 (1848). 
Erithacus calliope (Pall), Degl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 514 (1849). 
Sylvia (Calliope) kamtachatkensis (Gniel.), Middend. Reis. Sibir. 


Zool. ii.pt. 2, p. 174(1853). 
Calliope kamtschatcensis (Gmel), Hartl. Jour. Orn. 1859, p. 50 j 

Jerdon, B. Ind. ii. p. 150 (1863). 
Erithacus ignigularis, Dubois, Ois. Eur. pi. 61 (1862). 
Melodes calliope (Pall), Newt. List B. Bur. Blasius, p. 10 (1862). 

VOL. v. X 

306 
TUBDID2E. 

Lusciola (Calliope) kamtschatkensis (G?nel), Badde, Beis. Sibir. Tog. 

p. 248 (1803). . 
Oyanecula camtscliatkensis (Gmel), Gray, Hand-1. B. i. p. 224 
no. 8202 (1869). 
Lusciola (Melodes) calliope (Tall), Fritsch, Vog. Fur. p. 184 
(1870). 
Calliope kamtschatkensis 
{Gmel.\ Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. 
pt. % p. 270 (1870j ; Tacz. Bidl. Soc. Zool France, p. 143 (1876) j 
Bn'ev. Bowleg's Orn. Misc. ii. p. ISO (1877); Hume # Davison, 
Stray Feath. \i. p. 337 (1878). 

Adult male. General colour of the upper parts a uniform olive-

brown, slightly darkest on the head and ear-coverts; lores black; 

eye-stripes white, meeting in a narrow line over the forehead, and 

not extending beyond the eye ; cheeks white, separated by a narrow 

dark-brown moustachial line from the chin and throat, which are 

brilliant glossy scarlet; breast ash-grey, shading into nearly white 

on the centre of the belly, and into brown on the flanks and thighs; 

under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts very pale buff. 

Bill black. "Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly 

equal and longest, second primary equal to the sixth or seventh, 

bastard primary 0*95 to 0*9 inch. Legs, feet, and claws brown. 

Length of wing 3-15 to 2*85 inches, tail 2-4 to 2'2o7 culmen 0-05, 

tarsus 1-2 to 1*0. 

The female differs from the male in having the white eye-stripe 

and cheeks pale brown, the black lores and moustachial line brown, 

the carmine chin and throat pale bro^ n, and the ash-grey breast 

brown. Birds of the year have the brown of both the upper and 

under parts more ochraceous, and the male resembles the female, ex


cept in having traces of red on the throat. Young in first plumage 

appear to be unknown. 

The Siberian Buby-throated Bobin breeds throughout Siberia as 

far north as the Arctic Circle, extending southwards as far as the 

extreme north of China. It winters in the Philippine Islands, South 

China, Burmah, and in Northern and Central India, occasionally 

straying into Europe. 

a. <$ ad. sk. China. J. B. Beeves, Esq. [P.]. 
b, c. tf $ ad. sk. Pekin. J. H. Guraey, Esq. [P.]. 
d, e. d ad. sk. Calcutta (As. Soc). India Museum. 
/, g. $ 6 ad. sk. Calcutta (As.Soc.). India Museum. 
h, i. cS ad.; h. J ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
I <$ ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 

m. <$ ad. sk. Assam (31l del- India Museum. 
land), 
n, o. tf ad. • p. $ ad. sk, Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.]. 


13. ErithactLS pectoralis. 
Calliope pectoralis, Gould, Icones Avium, pt. ii. pi. 1 (1837) ; Blyth, 
J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 934 (1843) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. &c. Nepal 
Coll. Hodgs. p. 69 (1846) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 135 (1847); 
id. Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 169 (1849); Bp. Consp. i p. 295 
(1850) ; Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 492; Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. 
Mus. F.I. Co. i, p. 313 (1854) * Adams, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 180 j 
6. EMTH.ACTJS. 307 
Blyth, Ibis, 1862, p. 303 ; Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 150 (1863); Beaoan, 
Ibis, 1867, p. 453 ; Peheln, Ibis, 1868, p. 310; Godw.-Aust. J. A, 
& Beng. xxxix. pt. 2, p. 270 (1870) ; Hume, Nests and JEgqs Lid. 

B. p. 825 (1874); Brooks, Stray Feath. 1875, p. 241; Dresser, 
Ibis, 1876, p. 78; Gould, B. Asia, pt. xxxi. p. 9 (1870). 
Bradybates pectoralis (Goidd), Gray, Gen.B.i. p. 181 (1846). 
Cyanecula pectoralis (Gould). Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 224. no. 3203 

(1869). 
Calliope ballioni, Severtz. Turhest.Jevotn. pp. 65,122 (1873) j id. Stray

Feath. 1875, p. 429. 
-4^Zi male. General colour of the upper parts, including the ear-
coverts and the sides of the neck, a uniform dark slate-grey, shading 
into brown on the crown ; lores black; eye-stripes white, meeting 
in a narrow line over the forehead, extending slightly behind the 
eye; wings brown, the outer webs of the wing-coverts slate-grey; 
tail with sometimes two and sometimes four centre feathers plain 
brown, the remaining feathers dark brown, with the basal half, sometimes 
of both webs and sometimes only of the inside webs, and a conspicuous 
terminal spot white. Chin and upper throat glossy scarlet; 
cheeks, lower throat, and upper breast dull black; belly and under 
tail-coverts white, shading into slate-grey on the flanks., axillaries, 
and under wing-coverts. Bill black; rictal bristles almost obsolete. 
Wing with the third to the sixth primaries nearly equal and longest, 
second primary about equal to the tenth, bastard primary 1-1 to 
0*9 inch, more than half the length of the second. Legs, feet, and 
claws brown. Length of wing 2*9 to 2*7 inches, tail 2-2^ to 2-0, 
culmen 0*65 to 0*6, tarsus 1*25 to 1-2• outside tail-feathers 0*4 inch 
shorter than the longest. 
The female differs from the male in having the general colour of 
the upper parts a uniform earthy brown; the black on the lores, 
cheeks, lower throat, and upper breast is replaced by greyish brown, 
and the scarlet of the chin and upper throat by greyish white; the 
slate-grey of the flanks, axillaries, and under wing-coverts is replaced 
by brown; the whole of the tail-feathers are brown, including the 
basal portions, which are white in the male, but the white terminal 
spots are retained, though less conspicuously. It is not known that 
any material change of colour is produced by the autumn moult. It 
is not known that females of the year differ from adults; but males 
of the year have the parts which are black in the adult replaced by 
slate-grey, and those which are scarlet by greyish white. The upper 
parts resemble those of the female, except the tail, which resembles 
that of the adult male. Toting in first plumage resemble the female, 
but have pale centres and nearly black edges to most of the small 
feathers. 
The Indian Euby-throated Bobin breeds in the pine-districts of 
Turkestan, and throughout the Himalayas from Cashmere to Assam, 
descending into the valleys during the cold season. 

a, b. <$ 2 ad. sk. Cashmere. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
c,d. 6) e,f$ 
N.W.Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
ad.; q. Juv.sk. IP.]h. 
J ad.imm.sk. Above Dlmrmsala. Capt. btackhouse Pnrwill 
x2 

3os 
TURDIDJS. 

i. tf ad. A, Kmwum( Slntcfoi/). India Museum. 
k. cf ad. sk. Nepal (Ilodi/son). India Miibeum. 
/, m, n. d ad. nt. Nepal (Hodgson). B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.l 
* Jllv NoPal B H
"• <-; ^ $ (&<><fyso»)--- Hodgson, Es(l-Lp4 
ad. hk. 


14. Erithacus tscliebaiewi. 
Calliope tscliebaiewi, 
Prjev. Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 180, pi. liv. 
%. 1 (1877); Gould, B. Asia, pt. xxxi. pi. 10 (1879). 

Adult male, (ionoral colour of the upper parts dark slate-grey, 

suffused with olivo-brown on the head and rump ; lores black; ear-

coverts dark brown; eye-stripe white, not extending far behind 

the eye; quills brown, edged with olive-brown; lesser wing-coverts 

dark plate-grey ; median wing-coverts edged with dark slate-grey ; 

greater wing-coverts and innermost secondaries olive-brown; tail 

nearly black, the two centre feathers entirely so, the next on each 

side tipped with white, the remaining four on each side with the 

basal half white, excej3t the outside web of the outside feather on 

each side and a large white spot at the tip; cheeks white, edged 

with black. Chin and throat glossy scarlet; breast black; axillaries, 

under wing-coverts, and flanks slate-grey; belly and under tail-

coverts white, the latter with slate-grey bases. Bill black. Wings 

with the fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries nearly equal and longest, 

second primary about equal to the tenth, bastard primary 1 '25 to 

1*15 inch. Legs, feet, and claws dark brown. Length of wing 3*25 

to 2-9 inches, tail 2-5 to 24, oilmen 0-66 to 0*6, tarsus 1*32 to 1*25. 

The female is described by Prjevalsky as having the upper parts 

dark olive, with white eye-stripe and black lores; the underparts 

dirty white; the tail dark olive, without the white bases wThich 

characterize the male, and with the terminal white spots much 

smaller. Birds of the year, and young hi first plumage, appear to 

bo unknown. 

The Thibet Ruby-throated Robin has hitherto only been found in 

Kansu and Bikkim. It probably breeds in the pine-regions of these 

and the intervening country, descending into the valleys during the 

cold season. 

a. $ ad. sk. Sikkim. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
15. Erithacus cseruleculus. 
Motacilla suecica, Linn. SysL Nat. i. p. 336 (1766, paHim). 
Motaeilla coerulecula, Pallas, Zoogr. Mosso-Asiat. i. p. 480 (1811). 
Ficedula suecica (Linn.), Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 553 (partim). \ 
Ourruca suecica (Linn.), Selby, Trans. Nat. Hist. JSOC. Nortliumb. L 


p. 255 (1831). 
Cyanecula suecica (Linn.), Brehm, Fog. DeutscM. p. 350 (1831)*; 
•ffW- % ^ Uebers. p. 57 (1845) ; Gray, Oat. Mamm. 8fC Nepal 
Coll. Hoclgs. p. 70 (1846) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 182 (1846, partim) ; 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 167 (1849); Horsf. % Moore, Cat. 
B. Mm. E.L Co. i. p. 311 (1854); Ileuc/l Syk. Uebers. p. 25 
(1856); Gray, Cat. Mamm. $c. Nepal Coll. Hodgs. p. 35 (1863) $ 
Gould, B. Gt Br. ii. pi. 49 (eirc. 1869); Gray,IIand-l B. i. p. 223. 
* See footnote, p. 336, which applies equally to these names. 
G. immivcTrH. 
300 
no. 810G (1809) j Hexigl Orn. N.O.-Afr. l p. 330 (1809); r»W«\-
Aust. J. A 8. Deng, xxxix. pi, 2, p. 270 (1X70); S/wlley, B. Egypt, 

p. So (1872); Dresser, B. I k pi, xxvi. (LS74); Myth # Waltl. 
B. Burm. p. 101 (1875); Dmvsvr, This, 1875, p. 311 ; 7>7^//: East 
Pers 
ii. p. 100 (1870); j?ww 4. /;rtmo«, >SY/w/ JftwM. vi. p. 337 
Ada)m>IUs' 1878

}}aiv>> p. 4^; z w<, jww/i 0/ rVo«t p. 44:] 

(18/9). 
Cyanecula orientals, Brehm, Tog. Deutschl p. 853 (1831). 
Phcemcura suecica {Linn.), Sylces. P. Z. S. 1832, p. 92: Jerd. Mmlr. 

Jour. x. p. 207 (1830). 
Pandicilla suecica {Linn.), Blyth, Field Nat. i. p. 201 (1833). 
JRuticilla cyanecula {Wolf), apud Margill. Br. H. ii. p. 300 (1830). 
Lusciola suecica (Linn.), Keys, u. Bias, Wirb. Eur. pp. lviii, UK) 

(1840, parti m); Linderm. Yog. Grieihenl p. 104 (1800); &'wr/s. 
TurJeest. Jevotn. p. 65 (1873,). 
Sylvia suecica (Linn.), Kordm. Demid. Yoy. Muss, mfrid. iii. p. 135 
(1840). l l 
Sylvia cyane, Eversm. Add. Pall Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. lasc. ii. p. 12 

(1841, nee Pall). i 
Lusciola cyanecula orientalis (Brehn), SchL Per. Crit. 1844, p. xxxii. 
Phcenicura suecoides, Hodgs. 318. Drawings {in the Brit. Mus.) of 

B. of Nepal, Passeres, pi, xci. no. 703, \indh 
Calliope suecioides, Hodgs. Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844). 
Cyanecula suecioides, Hodgs. Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844). 
Erithacus suecica (Linn.), Degl Orn. Eur. i. p. 513 (1849). 
Sylvia camiligula, Pall fide Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. 80c. p. 107 (1849). 
Cyanecula cserulecula [Pall), Bp. Consp. i. p. 296 (1850) ; Cab.* 
Mus. Hein. i. p. 1 (1850) ; Bp. Pev. Crit. 1859, p. 155 5 Degl. et 
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 437 (1807); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 223. 
no. 3198 (1869) j Swinh. P.'Z. S. 1871, p. 359 5 Tacz.* Bull. Soe. Zool 
France, p. 143 (1876) ; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 234 (1877); 
Prjev. Bowleg's Orn. 'Misc. ii. p. 180 (1877); Bogd. B. Caue. p. 99 
(1879). 

Cyanecula diclirosferna (Pall.), fide Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 1 (1850) j 
"Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 223. no. 3201 (1809). 
Sylvia (Cyanecula) suecica (Linn.), var. cterulecula (P«/7.), Middend. 

Peis. 8ibir. Zool. ii. pt. 2, p. 177 (1853). 
Cyanecula cyane {Eversm.), Bp. Cat. Parzitd. p. 5 (1856). 
Luscinia suecica (Linn.), 8undev. Sv. Fogl. p. 00 (1850). 
Cyanecula suecica (Linn.), /3. caorulecula (Pall), Newt. List B. Eur. 

Blasius, p. 10 (1802). 
Lusciola (Cyanecula) suecica (Linn.), vart. coorulecula (Pall), Padde, 
Peis. 8ibir. Fog. p. 253 (1863). 

Cyaneula suecica {Linn.), Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 152 (1803) ; Doderl 
Avif 8icil. p. 116 (1809); Harting, Handb. Br. B. p. 102 (1872). 
Lusciola (Cyanecula) suecica {Linn.), Fritsch, Vdg. Eur. p. 184 

(1870). 
Ruticilla suecica (Linn.), Newt. ed. Tarr. Br. B. i. p. 321 (1873). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour of the upper 
parts brown, each, feather slightly darkest in the centre, especially 
on the head and upper tail-coverts; lores dark brown, sometimes 
black; ear-coverts dark brown ; eye-stripe white or buff; wings 
brown, slightly paler on the edges of each feather ; tail dark brown, 
the terminal three fifths of each feather, except the two centre ones, 
chestnut. Chin, cheeks, throat, and upper breast metallic cobalt-blue, 

* Misspelt ea\ ulectda. 
310 
TUBPTDJ3. 

with a large chestnut spot in the centre of tho lower throat; below* 
the blue a band of black, and below that a band of chestnut occupying 
tho lower breast; the rest of the undorparts, including the 
axiliaries and under wing-coverts, buffish white. Bill black ; riefcal 
bristles very small Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary about equal to 
the sixth, bastard primary 0 8 to 0*65 inch; outside tail-feathers 
0*2 inch shorter than the longest. Legs, feet, and claws dark brown. 
Length of wing 3-2 to 2*8 inches, tail 2 4 to 2*1, culmen 0*6 to 0-55, 
tarsus 1-1 to 1*05. 

The female differs from the male in having the whole of the 
underparts buffish white, the cheeks continued in a band across 
the breast being dark brown. Old females have occasionally some 
of the blue and chestnut markings of the male. After the autumn 
moult the feathers of the chin, throat, and breast have white 
margins, which are cast in spring. Males of the year resemble the 
female. Young in first plumage have all the small feathers nearly 
black with pale chestnut centres, which are palest and most predominant 
on the belly; the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries 
have broad pale chestnut margins and tips, and the upper tail-
coverts are chestnut. 

The Arctic Blue-throated Eobin breeds within the Arctic Circle, 
or m the birch-regions at high elevations of more southerly climes, 
in both Europe and Asia, in the latter continent as far south as 
Northern Cashmere, occasionally crossing Behring's Straits into 
Alaska. It winters in North Africa as far south as Abyssinia, and 
in India and South China. 

<?, b. <$ ad. sk Bodo, Norway, June 1857 F. Godman and O. Salvin, 

(F. 6-'.). 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
c. <$ ad. sk. S. Norway, July I860 (J. F. Godman and O. Salvin, 
Baker). Esqrs. [P.]. 
d, e. (S ad. sk, Tromsd, Norway, June 13, Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P. ]. 
1874. 
/. $ ad. sk. Petchora river (J, A. H. Captain Feilden and J. 
£.). 
A. Ilarvie Brown, Esq. 
[p.]. 

g,K?i}k. S ad. st, Heligoland. 

Henry Seebohm, Esq.[P. 1 

h m. c? $ ad. sk. Heligoland. 

Henry Seebohm, Esq.[P. J. 

n. <$ ad. sk. Minieh, Egypt, March 1, 
J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.]. 
o. c? ad. sk. Egypt. 
J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
p. $ ad. sk. Egypt (Br. Christie). G. Turnbull, Esq. [P.]. 
q. $ ad. sk. Abysbinia. Purchased. 
r, $ imm. sk. Persia. Purchased. 
5. c? ad. sk. Bahu Kalat, Persian BaW.
T.Blanford,Esq.[0.]. 
luchistan, Feb. 3,1872. 
if. u. <$ ad. j v. Afghanistan (Griffith). India Museum. 
S imm. sk. 
«*, #. <$ $ &&• sk' Valley of As tor, CashR. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 

mere, 8000 feet. 

N. W. Himalayas. 
Capt. Stackhouse Pin-will 
ad. sk. 

[p.]. 

b'. $ ad. sk. Dinapore. 

Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 

6. EllITHACUS. 
311 

C <$ ad., d\ 2 Bimdelkund, Jan. 1872 R. R Sharpe, Esq. TP 1 

ad ' sl<' 
l i L J 

, (G. F. L. Marshall). '
*. c? ad. ak. East of Olianda, Feb- 28, W.T. BUnford, Esq. T P.l 
1870. '

* L/ -$ ad. sk. Bangalore district, Jan. 20, R. B. Sharpe, Esq, [P.! 
187o(C.IT.T. Mai-Mi). 
L J 

f; -V , ?k' „ Madras. 
Sir W. Elliot IT.1. 

 NepaL 
RIL lIodg,*on' EH(

' ? ai.; I: * 
i-[p-]


< >*'. c? ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 

; 6 ? cU k Bellar

°r'? $- B. IL Hodgson, Esq. [P.1 
?. d ad. sk. Tenasserim (Jfe//^). India Museum. 

r. 
cJ ad. sk. Schtsehutschja, Yalmal Dr. 0. Finsch [0.]. 
Peninsula, July 2.5,1870. 
s'. tf ad. sk. Yenesay, lat. 604°, June HenrySeebohm,Esq.fP.l 
19, 1877. > i L l 
*'. $ ad.sk. Yenesay^ lat. 00]°, June IIenrySQobohm,Es<i.[l\]. 
11, 1877. 
u'. $ ad.sk. Krasnoyarsk, Siberia, May HenrySeebohm,Esu_.[P.]. 
19, 1878. 
»'. Skeleton. North Europe. Pui chased. 


16. Erithactts cyaneculus. 
The Blue-throat Redstart. Edwards. Nat Hist. B. i. p. 28, pi. xxyiii. 
(1743). * l 
La Gorge-bleue, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 413 (1700); Buff. Hist Nat. Ois. 

v. p. 200, pi. xii. (1778) ; Daubent PL Enl no. 010. figs. 1, 2, 3, 
and no. 301. fig. 2 (1778). 
La G-orge-bleue de Gibraltar, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 410 (1700). 
Motacilla suecica, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 330 (1700, partim); Gmel 

Si/st Nat I. p. 989 (1788): Bechst. Naturg. DeutscM. iv. p. 595 

(1795). 
Blue-throated Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 444 (1783). 
Sylvia suecica {Linn.), Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 521 (1790) ; Bechst.^ Orn. 

Taschenb. i. p. 178 (1802); Temm. Man. tfOrn. p. 110 (1815); 
Vieill. N. Diet. cVMst Nat. xi. p. 273 (1817); Temm. Man. iTOm. 

i. p. 210 (1820) ; Naum. Natitrg. Yog. Deut%hl, ii. p. 414, pl.lxxv. 
figs. 3, 4, 5 (1822) ; Werner, Atlas, Insectw. pi. 50 (1842). 
Sylvia cyanecula, Wolf, Taschenb. i. p. 240 (1810). 
Saxicola suecica (Linn.), Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. i. p. 189 (1810). 
Ficedula suecica (Linn.), Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 553 (partim). 
Sylvia wolfii, Brehm, Beitr. zur Vogelh. ii. p. 173 (1822); Brehm, 

Lehrb. d. Naturg. i. p. 344 (1823). 

Cyanecula wolfii (Brehm), Brehm, Vog. JDeufschl.jp. 352 (1831)*; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 223. no. 3200 (1809); JDresser, B. Bur. 
pt. xxvi. (1874) j Hume, Stray Featk vii. p. 391 (1878). 

Cyanecula obscura, Brehm, Vog. Beutschl. p. 353 (1831)*. 
Cyanecula leucocyana, Brehm,'Vog. DeutscM. p. 353 (1831)*; Gould, 

B. Gt Br. ii. pi. 50 (1809) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i, p. 223. no. 3197 
(1869). 
Phoenicura suecica (Linn.), Gould, B. Bur. ii. pi. 97 (1837). 
Lusciola suecica (Linn.), Kegs, u. Bias. Wirb. Bur. pp. lviii, 190 

(1840, partim). 
Cvanecula suecica (Linn.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 182 (1840, partim); 
'Bp. Consp. i. p. 296 (1850) j Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 1 (1850); Jaub. 

* See footnote, p. 330, which applies equally to theae names, 
t Misprint suecica. 
312 
TURDID^. 

et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 235 (1859) ; Newt, List B. Bur. 
Blasius, p. 10 (1862) ; Filippi, Viagg, Bers. p. 347 (1865) ; Degl. 
et Gerbe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 434 (1807) ; Zoche, Bxpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. 

i. p. 222 (1867). 
Erythacus cyanecuk ( Wolf), Begl. Orn. Bur. i. p. 510 (1849). 
Cyanecula longirostris, I 
Cyanecula major, \ BreJim, Naum. 1855, p. 280. 
Cyanecula minor, ) 
Kuticilla wolfii (Brehm), Irby, B. Gibr. p. 82 (1875). 
This species differs from the preceding solely in having the large 
spot in the centre of the lower throat pure silky white instead of 
chestnut, or in wanting it altogether. No difference is traceable 
in dimensions, wing-formula, or in the changes of plumage. The 
geographical range, however, is entirely distinct. 

The European Blue-throated Eobin breeds in Central Europe, 
and is rarely found during the breeding-season as far east as Russia. 
It passes through Southern Europe on migration, and winters in 
Palestine and North Africa. Stray examples have been known to 
wander as far east as Persia and India. 

a,b. <5 2 ftd. j o, Holland (J. Baker). F. Godman and O. Salvin , 
Juv. sk. Esqrs. [P.]. 
d, e. S 2 ad. sk. Valkensvaard, Holland F. Godman and O. Salvin, 

(J. Baker). Esqrs. [P.], 
f 9-6 2 a(^-sk-Holland. Purchased in London market. 
h. $ ad. sk. Heligoland. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.l 
i. $ 
ad. sk. Catala, Valencia, Jan. Howard Saunders, Esq. [P.]. 
24, 1872. 
h. $ ad. sk. Egvpt. George Turnbull, Esq. [P.]. 
I 2 ad. sk. Jericho, Palestine. Canon Tristram _[C.]. 
$ 2 a(i-sk


m,n.Uganda Country. Sig. Piaggia [C.j. 

7. MONTICOLA. Type. 
Monticola, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 552 M- saxatilis. 
Petrocincla, Vigors, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 396 (1826). . M. saxatilis. 
Petrocossyphus, Bote, Isis, 1826, p. 972 M. saxatilis. 
Petrophila, Swains. Class. Birds, ii. p. 232 (1837) . M. cinclorhyncha. 
Orocetes, Gray, List Gen. Birds, p. 21 (1840) M. cinclorhyncha. 
Cyanocincla, Hume, Nests 8r Bggs Ind. Birds, p. 2-NI 
(1873) ' M. cyanus. 


Bill of Monticola cyanus. 
The genus Monticola comprises a small group of birds which connect 


7. MONTICOLA. 
313 
the Ousels -with the Chats. Like the former the adult males are 
unspotted on the underparts, and, like the latter, the hill is long 
and the tail is short, the tail never being four times the length of 
the culmen. One species (M. erytJiroyastro), however, is aberrant 
in this respect. All the species have'blue chins and throats and 
chestnut breasts and bellies, except one, in which the chin and throat 
are chestnut and white, and one in which the breast and belly are also 
blue. The bill and legs are black, with one exception, in which the 
legs are brown. The rictal bristles are very small. The female 
always differs from the male, and has the underparts barred with 
both pale and dark bars except in one species. 

The Rock-Thrushes arc Saxieoline in their habits, frequenting 
open rocky country, breeding in holes in rocks, and laying blue eggs. 
Most of them are fair songsters. 

Two species range throughout South Europe to North China 
during the breeding-season. One species is resident in Abyssinia, 
and three in South Africa. Two species breed in the Himalayas, 
one of which extends also to West China. Ono species breeds in 
South-east Siberia and North-east China, whilst another appears to 
be confined to East China and Japan. 

Key to the Species. 

a. Belly blue 
cyanus, p. 31G. 
b. Belly mixed blue and chestnut .« cyanus solitaria, p. 318. 
e. Belly chestnut. 
a'. Upper tail-coverts blue. 
a". Culmen about one third the length of 
the tail solitaria, p. 319. 
b". 
Culmen about one fourth the length of 
the tail erythrogastra, p. 325. 

V. 
Upper tail-coverts chestnut. 
c". Throat blue or bluish. 
a'". No large white patch on the wing; 
outside tail-feathers chestnut. 

a4. Centre of back nearly white saxatilis, p. 313. 

b4. Centre of back brown, in strong con


trast to the blue head ,. rupestris, p. 322. 

e4. Head and back blue or bluish, or 

both sooty brown. 

a5. Length of wing 3-3 to 3-2 inches, rufocinerea, p. 327. 

b5. Length of wing 4*2 to 3*75 inches. 

a6. Length of tarsus 1-35 to 1*3 inch exphrator, p. 323. 

6°. Length of tarsus 1*1 to 1*05 inch hrevipes, p. 324. 

b'". A white patch on the wing, formed 

by the basal half of the outer web 

of the secondaries being white .. cinclorhyncha, p. 320. 

d". 
Throat chestnut, with more or less white 
in the centre gularis, p. 320. 

1. Monticola saxatilis. 
Le Merle de roche, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 238 (1700) • Monti, Hist. Nat. 
Ois. iii. p. 351, pi. xxiii. (1775) ; Daubent. PI Unl no. 502 (1775), 
Le petit Merle de roche, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 240 (1700). 

T1TBDIDJ3. 

314 

Turtlua saxatilis Linn. St/at. Nat. i. p. 204 (1700) ; Gmel Syst. Nat. 
i p 833(1788); Lath Ind. Orn. i. p. 330 (1790) ; Bechst Naturg. 
Deutschl. iv. p. 225 (1795); id. Orn. Taschenh. i. p. 150 (1802) ; 
Wolf Taschenh i. p. 200 (1810); Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. 
p 440(1811): Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 92 (1815); Vierfl. N. Diet 
delist. Nat. xx. p. 281 (1818); Sft/HTW. J/im. <TO™. i. p. 172 
(1820) j Nordm. Demid. Toy. Buss, merid. in. p. 129 (1840); 

Werner, Atlas, Insectiv. pi. xx. (1842); Gray, Gen. B. L p. 220 

(1847); id. Hand-l B. i. p. 260. no, 3800 (1809). 
Rock-Shrike, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 170 (1781). ^ 
Leaser Rock-Shrike, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 1/7 (17fel). 
Lanius infauatua, 0. minor, Gmel. Syst. Xat. i. p. 310 (1788). 
Turdus infaustua {Gmel), Lath. Lnd. Orn. i. p. 335 (1790). 
Raxicola montana, Koch, Syst. haier. Zool i. p. 185 (3810). 
Monticola saxatilis (Linn.), Bote, Lsis, 1822, p. 552; Blyili, Cat. B. 

.. . (1809); 

arr. Br. B. i. p. 292 (1872) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 70 (1872) ; 
Sharpe § Dresser, B. Bur. pt. x. (1872); Hume $ Benders. Lahore 
to York. p. 190 (1873) ; Blyth $ Wald. B. Bunn. p. 99 (1875); 
IrhL B. Gibr. p. 70 (1875); Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. t&j; Btanf. 

Petrocincla i 
Gould, B. Bar. ii. pi. 80 (1837) ; Degl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 477 (1849); 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 297 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 78 (1857); 
Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 219 (1859); Pilippi, Viaqg. 
Bers. p. 347 (1805); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 440 (180/j ; 
Doderl. Avif. Sicil p. llO (1809); Fritsth, Vog. Eur. p. 189 
(1870); Harting, Handb. Br. B. p. 99 (1872) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. 
Zool. France, p. 146 (1876) ; Bogd. B. Cam. p. 81 (1879). 

Petrocossyphus saxatilis (Linn.), Bote, lsis, 1826, p. 972; Riipp. 

Syst. Uebers. p. 60 (1845). 
Sylvia saxatilis (Linn/), Sam, Orn. Tose. i. p. 218 (1827). 
Petrocossyphus goureyi, Breh?n, Vog. Deutschl. p. 370 (1831). 
Petrocosbyphus polyglottus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 370 (1831). 
Saxicola saxatilis (Linn.), Riipp. Neue Wirb. Vog. p. 80 (1835). 
Petrocichla saxatilis (Linn.), Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. 1, 175 

(1840); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 83 (I860) ; Severta. Turkest. 
Jevotn. p. 05 (1873). 
Orocetos saxatilis (Linn.), Horsf. $* Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.L Co. i. 

p. 189 (1854). ^ 
Petrocinla saxatilis (Linn.), Hengl. Syst. Uebers. p. 29 (1856). 
Petrocinchla saxatilis (Linn.), Newt. List B. Eur. Blasius, p. 9 (1862). 
In the adult male in breeding-plumage the entire head and neck,4 
including the lores and the ear-coverts, are cobalt-Hue, shading into 
bluish black on the upper back and scapulars; back white, each 
feather more or less obscurely margined with bluish grey, the margins 
entirely obscuring the white on the rump and showing traces 
of chestnut tips; upper tail-coverts and tail chestnut, except the 
terminal half of the two centre feathers of the latter, which are 
brown ; wing-coverts dark brown, with obscure white tips; quills 
brown, most of the secondaries having greyish-white tips. The 
whole of the underpaits below the neck chestnut; the feathers of 
the centre of the belly with obscure pale tips. Bill black. "Wings 

7. MONTICOLA, 
HI,") 
•Willi the second and third primaries nearly equal and longest, bastard 
primary 0-4 to 0-3 inch. Legs, feet, and claws black. " Length ot" 
wing 4*8 to 4-7 inches, tail 2*5 to 2-4, cnlmcn 0-94 to 0-8G, tarsus 1-L 
to 1-05. 
The female has the upper parts an almost uniform brown, 
each feather having an obscure dark shaft-lino and a transverse 
tip • the upper tail-coverts and the tail are chestnut, the former 
with obscure, subtcrminal, transverse bars, and the latter having 
the two centre feathers brown. The underparts, including the lores 
and the ear-coverts, are pale chestnut-brown, shading into pale 
whitish grey on the throat, each feather having a narrow subtcrminal 
dark-brown band ; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and under 
tail-coverts pale chestnut. After the autumn moult the male has 
the feathers of the upper parts with chestnut tips and dark-brown 
subterminal bars, which almost conceal tho white on the back; the 
wing-coverts and quills have conspicuous white tips, and the whole 
of the feathers of the underparts have nearly while margins. After 
the autumn moult the female also has conspicuous pale tips to tho 
feathers of the back and to the wing-coverts and quills. Birth of 
the year much resemble the female; but the ground-colour of tho 
ripper parts of the young male is much bluer, and of tho underparts 
much more chestnut. Young in first plumage resemble birds of the 
year, with the spots somewhat exaggerated. 

The Rock-Thrush breeds in Southern Europe and eastwards 
through Persia, Turkestan, and South Siberia, as far east as Lake 
Baikal, South-east Mongolia, and North China. It passes through 
North Africa on migration, and winters in Senegambia and Abyssinia. 
Eastwards its winter range extends to the borders of India 
and into North Burma. 

$ 5 a<*«st*

a, I. Europe. 

c. S ad. sk. France. Purchased. 
d. d 
acl. sk. Hungary. F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.], 
e. f. 6 J ad. sk. Kalainata, Greece. Consul Merlin [P.], 
g,h* 6 2 ad. sk. Abyssinia. Purchased. 
i. 
S ad. sk. Koomaylce, March 24 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
18(38 (Jesse). 
h. 6 ad. sk. Adigrat, Tigre, April W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
1868. 
Q imm. sk. Malemba, in Kakongo, Dr. J. M. Hildebrandt [C.]. 

* Feb. 28,1877. 
m. $ ad. sk. Bissao, Senegambia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
n. 
S ad. sk. EklidPass,N.of Shiraz, Colonel St. John [P.]. 
Persia. 
o. 
S juv. sk. Pass to Anan, Elburz W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C], 
Mountains,8000feet;
August 14,1872. 
« A ad. sk. Manrak Geb, near Sais- Dr. O. Finsch [<?."]. 

F' san, June 28, 1876. 
a 9 ad. sk. Lepsa, Turkestan, May Dr. 0. Finsch [C.]. 
*" * 16,1876. 
r Imm. sk. Gilgit, Cashmere, Sept. D. J. Scully [P.]. 


10, 1879, 

316 
TTrRDn>J3. 

Monticola cyairas and Monticola solitaria. 

This "Rock-Thrush has two extreme forms, between which every 
possible intermediate form occurs. 

2. Montieola cyanns. 
Le Solitaire, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 208 (1760). 
Le Merle bleu, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 282 (1760) ; Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. 
hi. p. 355 (177 o). 
Turdus cyanus, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 296 (1766); Gmel. Syst. Nat 

i. p. 834 (1788); Lath. Ind.Om. i. p. 345 (1790); Wolf, Taschenb. i. 
p. 203 (1810) ; Temm. Man. cTOm. p. 94 (1813); Koch, Syst. 
baier. Zool. i. p. 171 (1816); Temm. Man. cVOm. i. p. 174 
(1820) ; Werner, Atlas, Insectiv. pi. 21 (1842) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. 
p. 219 (1847); Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 260. no. 8805 (1869). 
Le Merle solitaire, Month. Hist. Kat. Ois. iii. p. 358 (1775); Banbent. 
PI Bnl no. 250 (1775). 
Blue Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 51 (1783). 
Solitary Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 52 (1783). 
Turdus solitarius, Gmel St/st. Nat. i. p. 834 (1788, nee Mull.) ; Lath. 

Lid. Orn. i. p. 345 (1790). 
Monticola cyana (Linn.), Boie, Lsis, 1822, p. 552; Cab. Mus, Hein. 

i. p. 7 (1850); Ileugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 371 (1869); Salvad. 
Fawi. Ltal. Ucc. p. 85 (1871); Shelley, B. Bgypt,^ p. 70 (1872) ; 
Blanf. Bast. Persia, ii. p. 155 (1876); Legge, Birds of Ceylon, 
p. 460 (1879); Body. B. Cauc. p. 81 (1879). 
Sylvia solitaria (Gmel.), Savi, Orn. Tosc. p. 217 (1827). 
Petrocossyphus cyaneus (Linn.), Boie, lsis, 1828, p. 319 ; Bp. Comp. 
List B. Bur. # N. Amer. p. 16 (1838); Hupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 60 
(1845); Bp. Consp. i. p. 297 (1850); Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 511 
(1802); Loche, Bxpl Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 194 (1867); Hume #• 
Henders. Lahore to Tarh. p. 190 (1873) : Blyth $ Wald. B. Burm. 

p. 99 (1875). 
Petrocincla pandoo, Syhes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 87 (<$) -, Jerd. Maelr. 
Jour. x. p. 252 (1839); Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 182 (1843). 
Petrocincla maal, Syhes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 87 ( = $). 
Saxicola eyanea (Linn.), Bilpp. Neue Wirb. Yog. p. 80 (circ. 1835). 
Petrocincla cyanus (Linn.), Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi 87 (1837). 
Petrocichla cyanus (Linn.), Keys.«. Bias. Wirb. Bur. pp. 1,175 (1840). 
Petrocincla eyanea (Linn.), Begl Orn. Bur. i. p. 479 (1849) ; Jaub. 

et Barth.-Lapo?nm. JRich. Orn. p. 220 (1859); Begl et Gerhe. 
Om. Bur. i. p. 447 (1867) j Fritseh, Vog. Bur. p. 190 (1870) ; 
Blanf. Geol $ Zool Abyss, p. 357 (1870): Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 
1871', p. 368. 

Petrocincla affinis, 
Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 177* (1843, partim) • 
id. J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 151 (1847); id. Cat B. Mus. As. Soe. 

p. 164 (1849). 
Turdus azureus, Crespon, Faun. Merid. p. 179 (1844). 
Petrocossyphus pandoo (Sykes), Gray, Cat. Mamm. &c. Nepal Coll 
Hodgs. p. 79 (1846); Bp. Consp. I p. 297 (1850). 
Petrocincla longirostris, Blyth, J, A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 150 (1847) 
Turdus anuria (Blyth), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847). 
Petrocincla cyaneus (Linn.), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 164 


(1849). r 
Petrocossyphus affinis (Blyth), Bp. Consp. i. p. 297 (1850). 
Petrocossyphus cyanus (iinn.), Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 29 (1856) • 


Gonld, B. Gt. Br. ii. pi. 43 (1863) ; JSharpe 8r Bresse?; B. Bur. *nt 

viii. (1871); Lrby, B. Gibr. p, 74 (1875); Bresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 335 
7 . MONTICOLA. 317 
Petrociclila cyana (Linn.), Linderm. Vo'g. Griedwnl. p. 83 (18(50). 

Petrocinchla cyanus {Linn.), Newt. List B, Eur. Blasius, p.O (lM>2). 

Turclns pandoo (Myites), Gray, Iland-L B. i. p. 2(50. no. 3800 (1800). 

Petrociclila cyane (Linn.), tievertz, Turhest. Jevotn. p. (M (187*1). 

Cyanocincla cyanus (Linn.),Hume, Nests § Eggs Lid. B. p. 22C) (1873). 

Oyanocinclacyana (Linn.), Ball, titray Feath. 1874., p. 407 * Itae 

cy Davison, Stray Feath. vi. p. 247 (1878). 

Monticola affinis (Blyth), Davidet Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 102 (1877). 

Monticola cyanea (Linn.), David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 1(53 (1877). 

, Cyanocincla solitaria (Gmel), Hume $ Davison, (Stray Feath, vi. 

p. 250 (1878). 
In the adult male in breeding-plumage the genera! colour is dark 
slate-grey suffused with metallic cobalt-blue, most so on the head 
and least so on. the under tail-coverts; lores dark slate-grey; 
wings, wing-coverts, and tail dark brown, the outer web of each 
feather margined with blue; under tail-coverts with white tips 
and obscure subterminal dark bars. Bill black. "Wing with the 
third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, second 
primary about equal to the fifth, bastard primary 0*95 to 0-9 inch. 
Legs, feet, and claws black. Length of wing 5-05 to 4-4 inches, 
tail 3*3 to 3*1, culmen 1-1 to 0*9, tarsus 1*15 to 1*0. 

After the autumn moult most of the feathers have narrow 
greyish-white margins, those of the tipper parts with obscure brown 
subterminal bars, and those of the underparts with darker brown 
subterminal bars, almost obsolete on the chin and throat. These 
marginal and subterminal bars are cast during March, leaving the 
male in full breeding-plumage. The female somewhat resembles 
the autumn plumage of the male, but is much more brown, being 
far less suffused with blue. The whole of the underparts are pale 
whitish brown, slightly suffused with blue on the breast and belly, 
each feather having a dark-brown subterminal transverse band, 
which on the throat is continued on the margins of the feathers; the 
axillaries and under wing-coverts have several transverse dark bars. 
Birds of the year and young in first plumage differ from the female 
very slightly. 

The Blue Rock-Thrush breeds in Southern Europe, extendiug 

eastwards through Persia, Turkestan, Afghanistan, and South-west 

China. It winters in North Africa as far south as Abyssinia, 

throughout the whole of the peninsula of India, and in Burma 

and South China. 

a. 
h. 
J5 
ad. st. 
ad.sk. 
Europe. 
Bordighera, Riviera, JNT .
Italy, March 1869 {A. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
c. 
d. 
<3 ad. sk. 
J ad. sk. . 
B. Brooke). 
Mount Taygetos.
Tunis, March 8, 1867 
Consul Merlin [P.]. 
F. Godman and O. Salvin, 
e. 
f, 
h. 
i. 
$ ad. sk. 
g. d $ ad. sk. 
(51 ad. sk. 
<3 ad. sk. 
J ad. sk. 
(O. $.).
Abyssinia.
Senafe, Tigre*, March1868.
Egypt.
Sidon, Palestine.
Near Sbiraz, Persia. 
Esqrs. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
Sir S. Baker [P.]. 
Canon Tristram [0.]. 
Col. St. John [C.]. 

318 

L 
<$ juv. sk, 

m. 
<$ ad.; w, 0. 
Juv. sk. 
i>> ST- c?i r. $ 

ad. sk. 
s, & J ad. sk, 


?/. <$ ad. sk. 

«', w. cT ad. J A; 

//. 5 ad. at. 

s, «'. S ad.; 6'. 

2 ad.sk. 

c'. cJ ad- sk. 

<r/'. cJ ad. sk. 

e'. $ ad. sk. 

/,^. <? *k. 

/^'. $ ad. sk. 

i'. J imm. sk. 

&'. C? inim. sk. 

V. <S ad. sk. 
S ad. sk. 
<$ ad. sk. 

c? ad. sk. 

$ ad. sk. 

#'. J ad. sk. 
r'. $ ad sk. 
sr. 5 ad. sk. 
t'. <$ ad. sk. 


u'. J ad. sk. 

r1. $ ad. sk. 

w\ a*'. Skeletons. 
//. (S ad. sk. 

z\ 2 ad. sk. 

Intcimediate

TURDID-E. 

Karij valley,Elburz Mountains, 
August 9, 1872. 
Afghanistan {Griffith). 

Himalayas. 

N.W. Himalayas. 
Kumaon (Straehey). 
Nepal. 
Beliar. 
Kalsi, April 14,


 1808 

(G. F. L. Marshall). 
Punjaub. 

Jetpore, ICattiawar, Nov. 
12,1871. 
Deccan (Sykes). 

W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
[C.]. 
India Museum. 

India Museum. 

Capt. Sfackhouse Pin will 
[P.]. 
India Museum. 

B. II. Hodgson. Esq. 
p?.]. 

B. 
H. Hodgson, Esq. 
[P.]. 
U. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
Bripradier-Gen. Hearsey 

Major Hayes Lloyd [P.]. 

India Miibeum. 

(Types of Petrocinela pandoo, Sykes.) 
Deccan (Sykes). * India Museum. 
(Type of Petrocinela maal, Sykes.) 

Kamptee, C. India. 
Madras. 
Bootan (Pemherton). 
Bootan (Pemherton). 
Bliamau, Upper Burma, 

February 2, 1868. 
Ava. 
Tenasberim. 

Cochin China. 
Shanghai. 
Shanghai. 
Amoy, Sept. 12, 1859 


(P. Stcinhoe). 
Amoy, 
Spring 1861 (P. 
Sioinhoe). 

S.W. 
Formosa, 1861 (P. 
Sioinhoe). 
Europe. 
Gilgit, Cashmere, April 
29, 1879. 
Gilgit, Cashmere, Oct. 6, 
1879. 

Dr. B. Hinde [P."]. 
Sir W. Elliot [P.]. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
Dr. C. Anderson [0.]. 


W.T. Blanford, E^q. [P.]. 
J. 
C. D. Packman, Esq. 
[P.] 
M. E. Pierre [P.]. 
J. Webb, Esq. [P.]. 
J. H. Reeves, Esq. 
F. Godman and 0. Sab in, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.] ^ 
Zoological Society. 
Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 

Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 

ILonticoIa cyauus solitaria. 
foims or fertile hybrids between these two eon-

species must bear both names, the name of the subspecies to which 
the intermediate foim approaches nearest having the precedence. 
One of these was described as a species by Blyth, and its synonymy 

will be as follows :— 

Petrocinela affinis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 177* (1&&3, pa?*tim). 
Turdus (Monticola) erythropterus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 350. 
Petrocossyphus cyaneus (Linn.) ?, apudJerd. B. Ind. i. p. 512 (1862), 

apud Blyth # Wold. B. Burm. p. 99 (1875, partim). 
Monticola'affinis (Blvth\ David et Oast Ois. Chine, p. 162 (1877). 

7 . MONXICOIA. 
319 
Intermediate forms in every stage, from entirely blue underparts 
with only a few chestnut feathers on the under tail-coverts, 
to nearly thorough-bred examples of the Eastern form, which show 
only a few blue feathers on the chestnut belly, occur in South 
China, Burma, and in Japan, the two subspecies apparently inter-, 
breeding freely in some parts of North-east China. 

a. c? ad. sk. Japan (Leyden Museum). F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. 
o. d ad. sk. Amoy (Leyden Museum). P. Godman andO. Salvin, 
Esqrs. 
c, d. (S ad. sk. Formosa (R. Sioinhoe). F. Godman and 0, Salvin, 
Esqrs. 

e. <S ad. sk. N. Formosa. G. E. Ilobson, E«q. [P.], 
/. 2 5m»i- 6t. Philippine Islands. Hugh Cuming-, Esq. [P. |, 
g. 6 ad. sk. Panaon, Oct. 1877. Alfred Everett, Esq. f 0.]. 
h. 
<$ ad. sk. Labuan Island, February Governor UsJier [0.1 
1872. 
fdad.sk. 
Bintulu, N.W, Borneo, Alfred Everett, Esq. [P.]. 
Nov. 14, 1875. 

h. 6 ad. sk. Gilolo, 1858. A. K. "Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 
(Type of Turdus erythrojrterus, Gray.) 
/. <$ act. sk. Tenasserim. J .CD. Packman, Esq. [P.]. 
m, n. <S ad. sk. Tenasserim (Heifer). India Museum, 
o, p. cj ad. sk. Nepal. ' B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 


3. ILonticola solitarmf 
Le Solitaire de Manille, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 270, pi. xxxiii. fig. 2 (1760). 
Le Solitaire de Philippines, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 272, pi. xxviii. fig. 1 
(1760). . . 
Le Merle solitaire de Manille, Month. Ifibt. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 863 (1775); 
Daubent PL EnL no. 564. fig. 2 (1775); id. PL EnL no. m<S (1775, 

Le Merle solitaire de Philippines, Month. Hist. JSrat. Ois. iii, p. 864 
(1775) ; Daubent. PL EnL no. 339 (1775). 
Turdus solitarius, P. L. S. Midi. S. N, Auliang, p. 142 (1776); Gray, 
Hand-L B. i. p. 260. no. 3807 (1869). 

Turdus philippensis, P. L. S. Mull. S. N, Auliang, p. 145 (1776); 
Bodd. Tahl. PI Enl p. 21 (1783) j Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847); 
id. Hand4. B. i. p. 260. no. 3807 (1869). 

Pensive Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 53 (1788). 
Hermit Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 54 (1783). 
Turdus mauilla, Bodd. Tahl. PI. EnL p. 39 (1783). 
Turdus manillensis, Gmel. Syst Nat i. p. 833 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. 


i. p. 345 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Bid. d'llist. Nut. xx. p. 288 (1818); 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847); Temm. et Schleg. Faun. Japon. 
Aves, p. 6 (1847). 
Turdus eremita, Gmel Syst Nat. i. p. 833 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. 

p. 346 (1790); Vieill. N Diet d'llist Nat. xx. p. 288 (1818). 
Petrocincla 
manillensis (GmeL), Bh/th, J. A. S. Bene/, xi. p. 460 
(1842) : id. J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 151 (1847) ; id. Cat B. Mu$. 
As. Soc. p. 164 (1849); Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E.I Co. i. 

p. 188 (1854); Cassin, Perk/s Exp. to Japan, p. 240 (1856); 
Swinhoe, Ibis, 1862, p. 307. 
Petrocincla eremita {Gmel), Bp. Consp. i. p. 297 (1850). 
Petrocossyphus manillensis (GmeL), Bp. Consp. i. p. 297 (1850) ; 

Sioinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 56. 
Petrocincla violacea, Stvinhoe, Zoologist, 1858, p. 6228. 


320 TUBDIDJE* 

Petrocincla manilla (Bodd.), Swinhoe, JP. Z. &'. 1871, p. 868.; Tacz 
Bull Soc. Zool France, 1876, p. 14.6. 
Mouticola solitaria (Mull), Wald. Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 63 (1872) • id. 
Tr.Z. S. is. p. 192 (1875) ; Davidet Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 161 (1877). 
Oyanocincla solitaria (Mull.), Hume $ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 248* 
(1878). 

This species differs from the preceding only in being somewhat 
more suffused with metallic cobalt-blue on the upper parts, and in 
having the axillaries, under wing-coverts, lower breast, belly, flanks, 
and under tail-coverts rich deep chestnut; the thighs are blue, and 
the under tail-coverts have white tips and obscure subterminal dark 
bars as in the allied species. Bill black. Wing with the third 
anil fourth primaries nearly equal aud longest^ second primary 
generally slightly shorter than the fifth, bastard primary 1*15 to 
0-8 inch. Legs, feet, and claws black. Length of wing 5*0 to 4-5 
inches, tail 3*4 to 3*26, culmen 1*0 to 0*9, tarsus 1*2 to 1*1. 

After the autumn moult most of the feathers of the upper parts 
have pale brown margins (palest on the wing-coverts) and obscure 
dark-brown subterminal bars. The blue feathers of the underparts 
are similarly marked, but in the chestnut feathers traces only of 
the subterminal dark bars are observable. These marginal and 
subterminal bars are cast during March, leaving the male in full 
breeding-plumage. The female much resembles the autumn plumage 
of the male, except that the blue of the upper parts is much duller 
and the whole of the underparts are pale whitish brown, suffused with 
pale bufiish brown on the axillaries and under wing- and tail-coverts • 
each feather on the underparts has a dark-brown subterminal transverse 
band, which on the throat is continued on the margins of the 

feathers; the axillaries and the under tail-coverts have several 
transverse dark bars. After the autumn moult the only difference 
perceptible in the female is that the pale brown margins of the 
feathers are somewhat longer. Males of the year scarcely differ from 
adult females, except in having the ground-colour of the underparts 
especially on the breast and belly, tinged with blue. Females of the 
year have the ground-colour of the upper parts brown, only slightly 
tinged with blue on the wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts 
Young in first plumage differ very slightly from the females of 
the year, but have scarcely a trace of blue. 

The Eastern Blue Eock-Thrush breeds in Japan and in the valley 
of the Ussuri, in North-east China, and in Formosa. It winters in 
South-east China and the islands of the Malay Archipelago. 

a.
b, a 
c? ad. sk. 
<$ ad. sk. 
Yokohama, Japan. 
Saigon, Cochin China. 
H. Pryer Esq PC 1 
M. E Pierre [Ci 1 
d. $ ad. sk. Lmnbidan, N.W. Borneo.
e. d ad. sk. Celebes, Sept. 27, 1863( Von Rosenberg).
/ . $ ad. sk. Celebes Oct. 2, 1863 ( Von 
Governor Ussier TC ] 
F. Godman and O. Salyjn 
Bears FP 1 
F. Godman and O*. Sal. 
Rosenberg). v in ? Esqrs # j-p ^ 

4*. Mouticola cinclorhynclia. 
Black-collared Thrush, var. A, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. v. p 49 (189*) 
Petrocmcla cinclorhyncha, Vigors, P.Z.S. 1831, p. 172) Gould, Cent 

7. M0NT1COLA. 
321 

B. JKwaJ. M. letterpress to pL xix. (1832)* 8y7m, P. Z. S. 1832, 
p. 88. 
PlicBnicura cinclorhyncha ( Vigors), Gould, Cent. B. Ilimal. M. pi. xix. 
(1832). 
Turdus (Petrocincla) melanotic, D?/ Bus, Bull. Ac. Sci. Brux. vi. pt. 1, 

p. 500 (1839) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847). 
Petrophila cinclorhyneha (Vu/ors), Jercl Madr. Journ. x. p. 252 
(1839) ; Hume, Nests # Eggs Lid. B. p. 227 (1873). 
Petrocossyplius aurantiiventor, Less. Bev. Zool. 1840, p. 1GG. 
Petrocossyplius cinclorhynchus (Vigors), Gray, Cat. Mamm. tVc. 

Nepal Coll. Ilodgs. p. 79 (1840). 
Monticola cinclorhyncha (Vu/ors), Bhjtli, J. A. 3. Beng. xvi. p. 152 
(1847); Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 104 (1849). 
Turdus cinclorliynclius (Vigors), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847) : id. 
Iland-l B. i. p. 201. no. 3808 (1800). 
Orocetes cinclorhynchus (Vigors), Bp. Consp. i. p.297 (1850); Ilorsf. 
<$• Moore, Cat. B. Mm. B.L Co. i. p. 188 (1854): Jerd. B. Bid. %l 

p. 515(1862). 
Orocoetus cinclorliynclius ( Vigors), Blyth & Wold. B. Burm. p. 99 
(1875). * 
In the adult male in breeding-plumage the forehead, crown, nape, 
chin, upper throat, and cheeks are cobalt-blue ; lores, ear-coverts, 
sides of neck, back, and scapulars black; wings dark brown, the 
basal half of the outside webs of the secondaries white, the 
outside webs of the primaries, primary-coverts, greater and 
median coverts edged with dull blue; lesser wing-coverts cobalt-
blue. Eump, upper tail-coverts, and the whole of the underparts, 
including the axillaries and under wing-coverts, chestnut, except 
the chin and upper throat; inner margin of quills pale brown ; 
tail dark brown, the outside webs of the feathers margined with 
dull blue. Bill nearly black. Wing with the third, fourth, and 
fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary about equal 
to the sixth, bastard primary 1*0 to 0*9 inch. Legs, feet, and 
claws brown. Length of wing 4*12 to 3*9 inches, tail 3*0 to 2-6, 
culmen 0-9 to 0*85, tarsus 1*0 to 0*9. 
In the adidt female in breeding-plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is greyish olive-brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts 
barred with dark brown and brownish white; wings and tail brown, 
the basal half of the outside wobs of the secondaries edged with 
russet-brown : the whole of the underparts greyish white, each 
feather with a subterminal, narrow, dark brown bar; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts pale ochraceous barred with dark brown. 
After the autumn moult each cobalt-blue and black feather of the 
male has a brown margin, which is cast in the spring. The 
autumnal margins of the brown feathers of the female are only very 
slightly paler than the body of the feather. Birds of the year differ 
from adults only in having ochraceous tips to the greater wing-
coverts. Young in first plumage resemble the female on the underparts, 
and have all the small feathers of the upper parts similarly 
marked, the quills and tail-feathers of the young male resembling 
those of the adult male, and those of the young female, especially 

the tail, being russct-brown. Very old females are said to assume 
the male plumage. 
vox. v. * 

322 TFBDID-3E. 

The Indian Bock-Thrush breeds throughout the Himalayas, 
migrating to the plains in winter. It has also been recorded from 
the mountain-ranges of Western India, but it seems doubtful at 
what period of the year. 

J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.]. 
a. Ad. sk. India. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. i?J].
b. $ ad. sk. Cashmere. 
Oapt. Stackhouse Pinwill 

e, d. c? ad. juv.; N.W. Himalayas. 

e. $ ad- sk. 
Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 

f,g. dad.sk Kangra. 

[P.]. 

h.<$, i. 2 ad. sk. Kumaon (Strachey). India Museum. 
h, I, m. Juv. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
n, J ad.; o, p. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 

Juv. sk. 
q, r. $ ad. sk. Nepal. 

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. 
India Museum. 
s. $ ad. sk. Nepal (Hodgson), 
Major Hayes Lloyd. 

t. c? ad. sk. Matheran, Jan. 25,1872. 
India Museum. 

tc. <$ ad. sk. Ooorg (Day). 

India Museum. 

v. $ ad. sk. Saugor (Hooper). 
F. W. Bourdillon, Esq. 
w, x. tf ad. ; y. $ Mynall, Travaneore, Dec. 
ad. sk. 1878. [0.1 

g. Sternum. Nepal. 
B.H.Hodgson,Esq. [P.]. 

5. Monticola rupestris, 
Le Rocar, Levaill. Ois. dAfr. iii. p. 22, pis. ci., cii. (1802). 
Turdus rupestris, Vieill N. Diet. dHist. Nat xx. p. 281 (1818) ; 
Bonn, et Vieill Enc. Meth. ii. p. 671 (1823); Gray, Gen. B. i. 

p. 220 (1847); id. Hand-l B. i. p. 260. no. 3801 (1869). 
Tardus rupicola, Lieht. Verz. Doubl. p. 38 (1823). 
Turdus rocar, Stephens, Shaitfs Gen. Zool xiii. pt. 2, p. 199 (1826). 
Petrocincla rupestris {Vieill.), Bp. Consp.i. p. 297 (1850); Layard^ 
B. 8. Afr. p. 129 (1867) ; Gurnet/, Ibis, 1868, p. 50. 
Monticola rupestris (Vieill), Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 7 (1850); Sliarpe, 
ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 219 (1876). 

In the adult male in breeding'-plumage the forehead, crown, nape, 
chin, throat, and sides of the neck are dull blue, the feathers of the 
crown with indistinct brown shaft-lines; lores dark brown; ear-
coverts dull blue suffused with brown; back and scapulars russet-
brown, each feather with a dark shaft-line and slightly paler margin; 
wings and wing-coverts brown, the lesser median and greater wing-
coverts and innermost secondaries margined with chestnut. Rump, 
upper tail-coverts, and tail, and the whole of the underparts below 
the throat, including the axillaries and under wing-coverts, chestnut, 
except the terminal three fourths of the two centre tail-
feathers, which are brown. Bill black. Wing with the third, 
fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries nearly equal and longest, second 
primary about equal to the seventh, bastard primary 1*25 to 1*1 

inch. Legs, feet, and claws dark brown. Length of wing 4-45 to 
4-15 inches, tail 3*3 to 2-85, culmen 1*1 to 1*05, tarsus 1*3 to 1*15. 

The adult female in breeding-plumage resembles the male, except 
in having the forehead, crown, nape, chin, throat, and. sides of the 
neck the same colour as the back. After the autumn moult the blue 
feathers of the head of the male have indistinct pale brown margins, 

7. MONTICOLA. 
323 

and the edges of the feathers generally are paler. Birds of ih> year 
have the pale tips to the wing-coverts more pronounced, and" tho 
temale has subterminal dark bars across the feathers of the breast, 
probably remains of first plumage. Young in first plumage appear 
to be unknown. ^ u 

The Brown-backed Bock-Thrush appears to be confined to the 
Cape Colony and Natal, where it is supposed to be a resident. 

f d ad. sk. Cape Colony. J. Gould. Esq. 

o. ? ad. sk. South Africa. 11. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c. d1 ad. sk. Cape Town (JO. J. Andersson). 11. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
a. 6 ad. sk. Cape Town, April 24, 1806 R. B. Sharpe, Ebq. 
(C. J. Andersson). 
e. $ ad. sk. Cape Town, May 1, 18G6 It. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
( C. J. Andersson). 
t. <S ad. sk. Hottentot's Holland (J. R. B. Sharpe, Esq, 
Verreaux). 
9,h. <$ $ ad. sk. Elands Post, May 1870 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

(T. C. Atmore). 
*. 6 ad. sk. South Africa. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
6. Ho&ticola explorator. 
L'Espionneur, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. p. 29, pi. ciii. (1802). 
Turdus explorator, Vieill N. Diet. d'Mst. Nat. xx. p. 200 (1818); 
Bonn, et Vieill. Unc. Meth. ii. p. 658 (1823) j Gray, Gen. B. i. 

p. 220 (1847) j Sundev. K. Vet-Ak. JBCandl ii. p. 35 (1857) : Gray, 
JSand4. B. i. p. 220. no. 3802 (1869). 
Turdus perspicax, Stephens. Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 2, p. 198 
(1826). 
Saxicola explorator (Vieill?), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 379 (1846). 
Petrocincla explorator (Vieill), Bp. Consp. i. p. 297 (1850); Zauard, 

B. S. Afr. v 130 (1667). K J, J , 
Monticola explorator (Vieill,), Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 220 
(1876). 
In the adult male in breeding-plumage the forehead is azure-blue, 
shading into bluish slate-grey on the crown, nape, back, and scapulars 
; lores dark brown; quills and primary-coverts brown with 
pale margins; greater and median wing-coverts slate-grey; lesser 
wing-coverts azure-blue. Rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail chestnut, 
except the terminal three fourths of the two central tail-
feathers and a short terminal margin to the outside webs of the 
other tail-feathers, which are dark brown; chin, throat, breast, 
cheeks, and sides of the neck cobalt-blue; the rest of the underpays, 
including the axillaries and under wing-coverts, chestnut. Bill 
black. Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly 
equal and longest, second primary intermediate in length between 
the sixth and seventh, bastard primary 0*95 inch. Legs, feet, and 
claws black. Length of wing 4-1 to 3*75 inches, tail 2*5 to 2*4, 
culmen. 0*95 to 0*93, tarsus 1*35 to 1-3. 

In the adult female in breeding-plumage the general colour of tho 
upper parts is sooty brown ; wings dark brown, paler on the 
margins of the feathers, and becoming slate-grey on the median 
and lesser wing-coverts; rump, upper and under tail-coverts, and 

x2 

324 TTTKDIDJE. 

tail coloured as in the male; chin, throat, breast, and flanks huffish 
white mottled with brown ; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and under 
tail-coverts chestnut; centre of belly pale chestnut. After the 
autumn moult the blue-grey feathers of the upper and under parts of 
the male are obscurely edged with brown, and the chestnut feathers 
of the breast have pale edges. The upper parts of the female are a 
darker brown, and the ground-colour of the underparts more chestnut. 
Birds of the year do not apparently differ much from adults. 

Young in first plumage resemble the female on the underparts, and 
have pale tips to the feathers of the upper parts. 

The Long-legged Bock-Thrush appears to be confined to South 
Africa, having been obtained at Cape Town and Kingwillknistown. 
It is not known to be a migratory bird. 

a,b. <$ J ad. sk. Cape Town (Andersson). 
B. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.". 
c,d. S2 ad -sk -Ca Pe Tovn > A P ri l 24> E* B* SiiarPe> Es<2"
P '-' 
18G8 (Andersson). 
e. 6 ad.; /, g. ?
ad. sk. 
Kingwilliamstown. Lieut. II. Tievelyan ~P.\ 
h, L d 9 ad. sk.
k. Imm. sk.
I. <$ ad. sk.
wi.Ad.sk. 
Kingwilliamstown,
May & June, 1807. 
Macamac, Nov. 20,1873 (T. At/res). 
South Africa. 
South Africa. 
Lieut. II. Trcvelyan J?._. 
J. H. Gin-n^v, E-q. "P^. 
Sir A. Smith T\]. 
}la]or-GeneralIIur<hufke 
n. c? ad. sk. Kaar Kloof heights, C. G. & V . Gates, Esqis. 
May 19 (F. Oates). [P.]. 

7. Monticola brevipes. 
Monticola brevipes, Strickl. §* Sclat. Contr. Orn, 1852, p. 147; Sharp?, 
Cat Afr. B. p. 25 (1871) ; Gurney, Anders*. B. Dam. Li. p. 110 
(1872) j Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. 8. Afr. p. 221 (187%); B®cagef 
Jorn. ScL Math. Lisb. -*i. p. 154 (1877), pp. 197, 274 (1878). 

Petrocincla explorator (Vieill), aptid Chapman, Trav. S. Afr. ii. 

p. 399 (1868). 
Petrocincla brevipes (Strickl. §* Sclat.), Bocagef Jorn. Set. Math. 
Lish ii. p. 342 (1869). 
Petrocincla rupestris ( VieilL), apud Ayres, Ibis, 1876, p. 427. 

In the adult male in breeding-plumage the colour is similar to that 
of iff", exploratory but with the forehead and crown bluish white, 
shading into pale slate-grey on the nape; tarsus much shorter. 
Length of wing 4-2 to 3-95 inches, tail 2*61 to 2-56, culmen 1*0 to 
0-9, tarsus 14 to 1-01. 

The adult female in breeding-plumage differs from that of 31. explorator 
in having the upper parts sandy brown rather than sooty 
brown ; the chin, throat, cheeks, and ear-coverts have each feather 
nearly white with a brown margin. After the autumn moult males 
resemble the breeding-plumage of males of M. exploratory and are 
scarcely distinguishable except by the shorter tarsus. Birds of the 
year and young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 

The Short-legged Bock-Thrush is found in Damarafend, Griqualand, 
and the Transvaal, where it is supposed to be resident. 

7. MONTICOIA. 325 
a, h d ad Bk. South Africa. Purchased. 
e. <S ad. sir. Hope TownAimore). 
(T. C. K. B. Skarpe, Esq. 
cl tf ad. sk.
e,f. 6 2 ad. sk. 
Damara Land. 
Otiimbmque, Damara 
C.J. Andersson, Esq. 
E. JB. Sharpe, Esq. 
[0.1. 

Land ( C. J. Andersson), 

8. Moaticola erythrogaster. 
Tnrdus erythrogaster, 
Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 171; Gould, Cent. B. 
Himal. M. pi. xiii. (1882) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. $c. Nepal Coll. 
Hodgs. p. 81 (1840) ; id. Gen. B. i. p. 219 (1847) ; id. Hand-L B. 

i. p. 201. no. 3809 (1889). 
Petrocincla runventris, Jard. §• Selby, III Orn. pi. cxxix. (1835). 
Petroco3vrphus ferrugineoventer, Lesaon, Bev. Zool. 1840, p. 16(1 
Turdus (Petrocincla) erythrogastra (Vigors), Bluth. J. A. S. Bena. 
xi. p. 189 (1342), xii. p. 929 (1843). 
Petrocincla erythrogastra {Vigors), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 461 
(1842), xvi. p. 149 (1847); id. Cat. B. Mm. As. Sac. p. 164 (1849); 
Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mm. B.I. Co. i. p. 185 (1854). 

Grocetes erytkrogastra (Vigors), Bp. Consp. i. p. 298 (1850); Cab. 
Mm.IIein. i. p. 7 (1850); Jerd.B. Ind. i. p. 514(1862); Godw.-Aust. 

J.A.S. Beng. xxxix. pt. 2, p. 268 (1870) ; Hume $• Davison, Stray 
Feath. YL p. 250 (1878). 
Petrophila erythrogastra (Vigors), Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. 

p. 227 (1873). 
Monticola erythrogastra (Vigors), David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 159 
(1877). 

In the adult male in breeding-plumage the general colour of the 
tipper parts is cobalt-blue, each feather with concealed dark brown 
bases; lores, ear-coverts, and sides of the neck black; wings and 
wing-coverts dark brown, the margins of the outside webs dull blue, 
becoming cobalt-blue on the lesser wing-coverts ; tail brown, suffused 
with dull blue and cobalt-blue; chin and throat black suffused with 
blue; the remainder of the underparts, including the axillaries and 
under wing-coverts,v deep chestnut. Bill black. "Wing with the 
third, fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries nearly equal and longest, 
second primary intermediate in length between the seventh and 
eighth, bastard primary 1*5 to 1-2 inch. Legs, feet, and claws 
dark brown. Length of wing 5*0 to 4-6 inches, tail 4*15 to 3*7, 
culmen 1*0 to 0*95, tarsus 1*1 to 1-0. 

In the adult female in breeding-plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts, including the wings and tail, is dull olive-brown, 
transversely barred with black on the rump and upper tail-coveits; 
chin and a narrow line down the centre of the throat nearly uniform 
buff; the remainder of the underparts dark brown, each feather with 
a broad subterminal huffish-white transverse bar; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts pale ochraceous, barred with dark brown. It 
is not known that any change takes place after the autumn moult. 
Birds of the year differ from adults only in the male having pale 
ochraceous tips to the greater wing-coverts, and in the female 
having the barring of the rump extending more or less conspicuously 
over the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts. Young in first plumage 

TTTKDIDJ3. 

326 

resemble ilio female on the underpays, and have all the small 
feathers o£ the upper parts somewhat similarly marked. 

The Chestnut-bellied Bock-Thrush breeds in the Eastern Himalayas 
from Nepal to Assam, its range extending eastwards as far as 
Sotchucn, in Western China. Nothing is known of its migrations. 

a, b, c. S ad.; d. N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Staekhouse Pinwill 
$ juv. sk. 
e,f. d> S ad. sk. Kumaon (Straehey). 
pp.]India 
Museum. 
t/, h, i. <$ ad., h. <$ 
hum. sk. 
/, m. Juv. sk. 
n, o, p. $ ad. sk. 
q. S ad. : r, s. $ 
inuii. sk. 
t S juv.,«.d*ad. sk. 
v. §' ad. sk. 
w. $ ad. sk. 
x. Skeleton. 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 
Nepal. 
Nepal (Hodgson). 
Darjiling (Pearson). 
Darjiling (Eccles). 
Bootan (Pembertoti). 
B.H.Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.j. 
India Museum. 
India Museum. 
E. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
India Museum. 
Zoological Society. 

9, Monticola gularis. 

M'onticola P, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 332. 
Orocetes gularis, Szvinhoe, P. Z. S.1862, p. 318; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 93, 
pi. hi.; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 282. 
Turdus gularis (Sivinhoe), Gray, JZand-L B. I p. 261. no. 3810 

(1869). 
Petrophila gularis (Swinhoe), Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 308. 
Orocetes gularis (Sivinhoe), Tacz. Journ. Orn. 1875, p. 246; Tacz. 

Bull Soc. Zool France, 1876, j>. 146. 
Monticola gularis (Swinhoe), Bavid et Oust. Ois. Cki?ie, p. 161, pi. xlii. 
(1877). 
In the adult male in breeding-plumage the head, nape, and lesser 
wing-coverts are cobalt-blue; lores chestnut-brown; ear-coverts, 
sides of neck, back, and scapulars nearly black; rump and tipper 
tail-coverts chestnut; wings brown, the greater wing-coverts and 
innermost secondaries with pale margins, the base of the outer web 
of several of the secondaries white; tail-feathers brown, suffused 
slightly with bine on the outer webs; a narrowish band down the 
centre of the throat white; the rest of the underparts, including 
the axillaries and under wing-coverts, chestnut. Bill dark brown, 
pale at the base of the under mandible. Wing with the third and 
fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary about 
equal to the fifth, bastard primary 0-95 to 0*8 Inch. Legs, feet, and 
claws brown. Length of wing 3*93 to 3*83 inches, tail 2*95 to 2-8, 
culmen 0-83 to 0*74, tarsus 0*95. 
The female very closely resembles the female of M. dnclorhyrwhct, 
bnt has the whole of the npper parts (except the head, wings, and 
tail) barred. After the autumn moult each cobalt-blue and black 
feather of the male has a pale dull chestnut margin which is cast in 
the spring; the chestnut feathers of the nnderparts have also paler 
margins. Females after the autumn moult, birds of the year, and 
young in first plumage are unknown. 
The White-throated Bock-Thrush breeds in the valley of the 

8. SIALIA. 
327 

ITssuri in South-east Siberia and the mountain-ranges of North-oast 
China, where it is a migratory bird. Its winter-quarters aro unknown. 


a. 
S ad, sk. Ussuri river, lat. 48°, June 11, Henry Seebohm, Esq. rP.l 
1874 {BijhowsH). L J 
10. Montioola rufocinerea. 
Saxicola rufocinerea, Bupp. Nene Wirb. Tog. p. 76, pi. xxvii. (1835) ; 
id. Sysb. Uehers. p. 58 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 170 (1840); 
MeugL Syst. Uebers. p. 27 (1856): Gray, Hand-l B. I p. 225. 
no. 3221 (1869). * 
Petrocincla rufocinerea (Biipp.), Idcht. Nomencl Av. p. 26 (1854). 
Euticilla rufocinerea (Hiijip.), BreJim, Meis. Eabesch. p. 205 (186J5). 
Thamnolsea rufocinerea (Bilpp,), Heucjl Jouni. Orn, 1860, p. 151: 
id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 360 (1869). 

In the adult male in "breeding-plumage a narrow line at the base of 
the upper mandible and an indistinct eye-stripe aro slate-grey; the 
remainder of the forehead and crown sooty brown, each feather with 
a dark shaft-line; nape, back, scapulars, and wings sooty brown; 
rump, tipper tail-coverts, and tail chestnut, the basal three fourths 
of the two centre tail-feathers and a narrow terminal margin of the 
remainder brown. Chin, throat, and breast slate-grey; the rest 
of the underparts, including the axillaries and under wing-coverts, 
chestnut. Bill black. Wings with the third to the sixth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary about equal to the eighth, 
bastard primary 1*1 to 0*9 inch. Legs, feet, and claws black. 
Length of wing 3*3 to 3-2 inches, tail 2-5 to 2*4, culmen 0-8 to 075, 
tarsus 1*0 to 0*95. 

The female differs from the male in having the forehead, eye-
stripe, chin, throat, and breast sooty brown like the back. Birds of 
ilie year and young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 

This species is a connecting link between the genera Monticola 
and 8a&icoZa, and is also very closely related to Thamnobia. 
The Abyssinian Bock-Thrush appears to be confined to the highlands 
of northern Abyssinia, where it is said to be a resident. 

a. c? ad. sk. Senafe, Feb. 25,1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq.. [O.]. 
b. 2 ad. sk. Kararyguddy, Auseba valley, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.J. 
May 29, 1868. 

8. SIALIA. 
rv ™ 
Type. 
Sialia, Swains. Zool. Journ. iiL p. 173 (1827) S. sialis. 
Grandala, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 447 (1843) S. coelicolor. 
The genus Sialia consists of a small group of birds, apparently 

nearly allied to the Kedstarts. The bill is short, slender, and black, 
and the rictal bristles nearly obsolete. The legs are black, and the 
tarsus unscutellated. The tail consists of twelve feathers, and is 
long and slightly forked. The wings are very long and pointed; the 
bastard primary is very small, and the second primary as long, or 
nearly so, as the third. The prevailing colours are blue, occasionally 
mixed with chestnut. 

328 
TURDID^J. 

In habits the Bluebirds resemble to some extent the Redstarts, 
perching freely in trees, breeding in holes in trees, and laying blue eggs. 

One species is peculiar to the Himalayan Kegion, whilst five are 
found on the American continent, three in the Nearctic Region,, and 
two in the Neotropical. 

Key to the Species. 

A. 
Upper and under parts uniform deep indigo-blue, 
with metallic gloss on the rump and upper tail-
coverts. (Subgeneric group GBAXDAILJE.) 
codiaAor, p. 323. 

B. 
Underparts dull verdigris-blue, or partly chestnut. 
(Subgeneric group SIALIM.) 
a. Breast and flanks chestnut-brown. 
a'. Chin and upper throat chestnut-brown. 
a". Length of tail 2*65 to 2*44 inches sialis, p. 820. 
5". Length of tail 8-0 to 2*75 inches azurea, p. 331. 

b'. Chin and upper throat dull blue suffused with 
brown. 


c'\ Upper parts brilliant metallic indigo-blue, 
slightly suffused with brown on the upper 
back. Length of wing, males 4*6 to 4-4 
inches, females 4*3 to 4'2 inches mexicana, p. 331. 

d". Upper parts brilliant metallic cobalt-blue, 
much suffused with brown on the upper 
back. Length of wing, males 4-2 to 4*0 
inches, females 3*48 to 3*35 inches occidentalism p. 332. 

b. Breast and flanks dull verdigiis-blue arciica, p. 333. 
1. Sialia ccelicolor. 
Gxandala ccelicolor, Bodgs. J. A. S. Bene/, xii. p. 447 (1843) : Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 184 (1846),* id. Cat. Mamm. $c. Nepal Coll Modal 


p. 69 (1846) • Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 132 (1847)• id. Cat. B. 
Mus. As. 8oc. p. 166 (1849),-Bp. Consp. i. p. 298 (I860),-Borsf. 
8f Moore, Cat. B. Mus. JSJ. Co. i. p. 281 (1854) ; Gould, B. Asia. 
pt. xiv. (1862) • Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 119 (1808); Gray, Cat Mamm. 
Sfc. Nepal Coll. Bodgs. p. 35 (1863) • id. Band-i B. I p. 224. no. 
3204 (1869) ; Sunnh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 360; JPrjev. Rowley's Orn. 
Misc. ii. p. 182 (1877); David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 176 (1877). 
Grandala schistacea, Bodgs. J. A. S. Beng. xii. letterpress on plate to 
illustrate page 447 (1843); Borsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. Mus. BI 
Co. i. p. 281 (1854). 

In the adult male in breeding-plumage the general colour of both 
upper and under parts is deep indigo-blue, shading into brilliant 
indigo-blue, with metallic gloss on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; 
lores black; wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black, obscurely 
margined on the outside web with greenish blue; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts dull black, margined with indigo-blue; inner 
margin of quills dull black. Bill black ; rictal bristles nearly obsolete. 
Wings with the second and third primaries nearly equal and 
longest; bastard primary 0-65 to 0-4 inch. Legs, feet, and claws 
black. Length of wing 5*7 to 5-6 inches (females 5*4 to 5-2) tail 
3*55 to 345, oilmen 0*8 to 0*7, tarsus 1*15. 

8 . SIALIA. 320 
The female is an almost uniform earthy brown above and below, 
the feathers of the rump and upper tail-coverts alone being broadly 
tipped with dull brownish blue; the feathers of the head, nape, 
upper back, cheeks, chin, throat, breast, and flanks have groyish-whitc 
shaft-lines and tips, and the axillaries, under wing-coverts, and under 
tail-coverts have broad transverse greyish-white terminal bands ; the 
secondaries and the adjoining five primaries have a broad white subbasal 
band or bar ; inner margin of quills greyish white in the 
centre, shading into greyish brown towards the base and tip. After 
the autumn moult the blue is slightly obscured by duller margins of 
the feathers. Birds of the year and young in first 'plumage appear 
to be unknown in collections, but are described as somewhat resembling 
the females in their plumage. Some writers consider the so-

called females to be young birds, and suppose that the adult female 
resembles the male. 
The Himalayan Bluebird breeds at high elevations throughout 
the Himalayas, and eastwards throughout the mountains separating 

China from Thibet. 
a. <$ ad. st.
b, e. Juv. sk.
d,e. J imm. sk,
fg. Juv. sk. 
Nepal, 
Nepal. 
Nepal, 
Nepal.
(Typ 
(Ty 
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
e of G. coslicolor, Ilodgs.). 
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P."]. 
pe of G. schistacea, Ilodgs.). 
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.] 
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.J. 

2. Sialia sialis. 
La Rouge-gorge bleue de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 423 (1760), 
Motacilla sialis, Linn. Syst. Nat i. p. 336 (17CG). 
Le Rouge-gorge bleu de l'Anierique sepentrionale, Buff, Hist. Nat 


Ois. v. p. 212 (1778). 
La Gorge-rouge de la Caroline, JDauhent. PL Enl. no. 396 (1778). 
Blue Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 446 (1783). 
Motacilla scalis,«6rw*eZ. Syst. Nat. i. p. 989 (1788, probable misprint). 
Sylvia slabs (Xitw.), Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 522 (1790); Jard. ed. 

" Wilson's Amer. Orn. i. p. 55, pi. iii. fig. 3 (1832). 
(Enanthe sialis (Linn.), Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist Nat Ois. xxi. p. 417 

(1818). 
Saxicola sialis (Linn.*), Bonap. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.rk, ii. p. 89 (1826). 
Sialia wilsonii, Swains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 173 (1827); Bp. Comp. 

List B. Bur. § N. Amer. p. 16 (1839); Auditb. B. Amer. 8vo, ii. 

p. 171, pi. exxxiv, (1839) ; Gray, Gen. B. I. p. 184 (1846) j Bp. 
Consp. l. p. 298 (1850) ; Cab. Mm. Hem. i. p. 7 (1850) ; Scl. Cat. 
Amer. B. p. 10 (1862, partim) ; Gray, HandA. B. I p. 229. 
no. 3312 (1809). 
Ampelis sialis (Linn.), Nuttall, Man. Orn. I p. 444 (1832). 
Erythaca (Sialia) wilsonii (Swains.), Sw. # Bich. Faun. Bor.-Amer. 
Birds, p. 210 (1831). 

Coues, B. N. West, p. 13 (1874, partim) j Baird, Brewer, S? Bidgto. 
Hist. N.-Amer. B. i. p. 62 (1874); Coues, Birds Colorado Vail. 

p. 77 (1878, partim); Bah. fy Godm. Biol Centr.-Amer. Zool, 
Aves, i p. 45 (1879, partim). 
330 TURDIM. 

Luscinia sialis (Linn.), Giebel^ Meich. Nat. Vog. p. 44 (1800). 

Scialia scialis (Limi.), Le Moine, Ois. Canad. p. 202 (1801). 

In the adult male hi breeding-plum age the general colour of the 
upper parts is brilliant metallic cobalt-blue; lores, ear-coverts and 
cheeks dull brownish blue; wings, wing-coverts, and tail brilliant 
metallic cobalt-blue, broadly margined with brown on the inner 
webs. Chin, throat, breast, and flanks chestnut-brown with concealed 
blue bases, shading into white on the belly and under tail-
coverts, the longest of the latter suffused with blue ; axillaries and 
under wing-coverts pale bluish grey with white margins; inner 
margin of quills pale grey. Bill black. Wings with the second, 
third, and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, bastard primary 
0*7 to 0*45 inch. Legs, feet, and claws black. Length of win^ 
4*1 to 3*75 inches, tail 2'65 to 2*44, culmen 0*7 to 0-56, tarsus 0*85 

to 0*8. 
The female differs from the male in having the cobalt-blue 
without metallic gloss, much duller, and confined to the win^s 
upper tail-coverts, and tail, the rest of the upper parts, including 
the lores and the ear-coverts, being bluish grey suffused with brown* 
the underparts are much lighter and duller in colour, especially 
on the chin and upper throat, and the under tail-coverts, axillaries 
and under wing-coverts are nearly white. After the autumn moult 
each feather on the upper parts of the male is obscurely tipped with 
brown, and the quill- and tail-feathers have narrow pale margins 
towards the tips, which are most conspicuous on the innermost 
secondaries. The feathers of the underparts look duller in consequence 
of becoming paler towards the tips. In the female the 
change is scarcely observable, except in the wings and tail, which 
resemble those of the male. The male of the year differs from the 
adult in having the outer web of the innermost secondaries broadly 
margined with chestnut-brown, and the chestnut-brown of the 
underparts is more chocolate. The young in first plumage resemble 
the hirds of the year in the wings and tail, but have the whole of 
the small feathers of the upper parts a dull grey, those of the 
upper back and scapulars having pale shaft-lines, the wing-coverts 
having conspicuous white tips, and the feathers of the lower back 
having obscure dark transverse bars. The feathers of the throat, 
breast, and flanks have nearly white centres and brown margins. 
The Eastern Bluebird breeds in the United States of America 
east of the Eocky Mountains, and in the same longitude in South 
Canada, migrating to the Southern States and Cuba during the 
severest part of winter. It is a resident bird in the Bermudas. 

a. Ad. sk. North America. Purchased. 
h. Ad. sk. North America. J, Gould, Esq. [P.]. 
c. Ad. sk. North America. Purchased. 
d. $ ad. sk. North America. Lord Odo Russell (T.! 
e,f. Ad. sk. Ann Arbor, Michigan. Prof. J. B. Steere fP.1. 
g. Imm. • h, i, Juv. sk. Toronto, Canada E. B. Sharpe, ESQ.TP 1 
{J. WhUely). * l *J* 
k, I Skeleton. Purchased. 
8. SIALIA. • 
331 
3. Sialia azurea. 
Sialia azurea, Sivains. Phil. Mag. 1827, i. p. 300; Baird, Review, p, 02 
(1864); Sumichrast, Mem. Most, Soe. N. II. i. p. 544 (1809). 
Sialia wilsoni, Swains, apud Bp. Consp. i, p. 21)8 (1850, partim); 
apud JSCL Cat. Amer. B. p. 10 (1802, partim); apud Gray, IlamU. 

B. i. p. 229. no. 3312 (1800, partim) : apud Sol. $ Sato. Nometwl. 
Av. Neotr. p. 4 (1873). 
Sialia sialis (Linn.), apud Cones, B. N. West, p, 13 (1874, partim) ; 
apud Cones, Birds Colorado Vail. p. 77 (IS7H, partim); apud Salv. $ 
^ Godm; BioL Centr.-Amer. Zool, Aves, i. p. 45 (1870, partim). 
Sialia 
sialis (Linn.), var. azurea, Swains., Baird, Brewer, & liidqio. 
Hist. N.-Amer. B. i. p. 02 (1874). 

This form does not appear to differ materially in colour from the 
preceding, and rests its claim to be considered a species solely 
upon the fact that it is a somewhat larger bird with a tail proportionately 
longer. The length of wing yaries from 4*4 to 4*0 inches, 
and that of the tail from 2-05 to 2-75. In all other respects, and 
in the differences which are attributable to sex, age, and season, it 
does not appear to differ from the preceding. An examination of a 
larger series of these birds may prove that the difference between 
this and the preceding form is only subspecific. 

The Long-tailed Eastern Bluebird breeds in the tablelands of 
South Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras, whero it is supposed to 
be resident. 

a. (S ad. sk. Guatemala (O. Salvin). Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.], 
4, Sialia mexicana. 

Sialia mexicana, Sioains.fy Bich. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 202 
(1831) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 184 (ISiiy, parthn) ; Bp. Consp. I p. 2\)8 
(1850, partim); Selater, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 203; Baird, Cass. § 
Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 223 (1858, partim); Scl. Cat. Amer. B. 

p. 11 (1802, partim); Gray, JIand-l B. i. p. 230. no. 3313 (1800, 
partim); Scl. <§r Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 4 (1873); Coues, 
B. N. West, p. 14 (1874, partim); Baird, Brewer,tyMidgw. Hist. 
N.-Amer. B. i. p. 05 (1874, parti?n) ; Coues, Birds Colorado Vail. 
p. 80 (1878, partim); Salv. fy Godm. Biol Centr.-Amer. Zool, Aves, 
i. p. 47 (1879, partim). 
In the adult male in breeding-plum age the general colour of the 
upper parts is brilliant metallic indigo-blue; lores, ear-coverts, 
cheeks, chin, and upper throat dull blue, more or less suffused with 
brown'; the feathers of the upper back vary in individuals from 
chestnut-brown to blue, obscurely tipped with chestnut-brown; 
greater wing-coverts, innermost secondaries, and the tips of the remaining 
secondaries, the primaries, the primary-coverts, and the 
tail brown, the remaining portions of the wing and tail brilliant 
metallic indigo-blue; lower throat, breast, and flanks chestnut-
brown, shading into grey, more or less suffused with blue on the 
belly; under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts pale 
blue,'with still paler tips; inner margin of quills pale brown. 
Bill black. Wings with the second, third, and fourth primaries 

332 TURDIDiE. 

nearly equal and longost, bastard primary Q'72 to 0*53 inch. Legs, 

feet, and claws black. Length of wing 4*6 to 4-4 inches (female 

4-28), tail 2-85 to 2-G, culmon 0-65 to 0-G, tarsus 0-88 to 0*8. 

The /fewwfc differs from the male in having the head and back 

suffused with brown, the chin and throat greyish brown, the 

chestnut of the breast and flanks much duller in colour, the belly 

with very slight traces of blue, the axillaries and the under wing-

coverts being also very slightly suffused with blue. After the 

autumn moult the feathers of the upper parts are obscurely tipped 

with brown; the quill- and tail-feathers have narrow pale margins 

towards the tips, and the outer webs of the innermost secondaries 

are blue. Birds of the year and young hi first plumage appear to 

be unknown. 

The Mexican Bluebird appears to be a resident in the highlands 

of Mexico, 

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
5. Sialia occidentalis. 
Sialia occidentalis, Totomend, Journ. Phil. Acad. Nat. 8c. yii. p. 183 
(1837); Audub. B.Amer. 8vo, ii. p. 176, pi. exxxv. (1839). 
Sialia mexicana, Swains, apud Bp. Gomp. List B. JEur. Sf Y. Amer. 

p. 16 (1838); apud Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 184 (1846, partim) ; apud 
Bp. Comp. i. p. 298 (1850, partim) ; apud Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 
p. 126 j apud Baird, Cass. $ Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 223 (1858, 
partim) ; apud Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 11 (1862, partim); apud 
Baird, Remeio, p. 63 (1864) ; apud Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 230. 
no. 3313 (1860, partim)j apud Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 28 
(1870) ; apud Coues, Key N.-Amer. B. p. 76 (1872); apud Cones, 
B. N. West, p. 14 (1874, partim); apud Baird, Brewer, § Ridgw 
Hist. N,-Amer. B. i. p. 65 (1874, partim); apud Coues, Birds 
Colorado Vail. p. 80 (1878, partwi); apud Salt. 8f Godm. Biol. 
Centr.-Amer. Zool, Aves, i. p. 47 (1879, partim). 
Sylvia occidentalis (Toivns.). Audub. Orn. Bioyr. y. p. 41, pi. cccxciii. 
fig. 4 (1839). 
Sialia cseraleocollis, Vigors, Zool. Voy. Blossom, p. 18, pi. iii. (1839). 

This form differs from the preceding in having the indigo-blue of 
the upper parts replaced by brilliant metallic cobalt-bine, and in 
having the brown on the upper parts much more developed, in some 
examples the upper back and scapulars showing little or no traces 
of blue. Tn other respects the two forms do not differ in colour, 
but this form appears to be always smaller in size. Length of wing 
4-2 to 4-05 inches (females 3*48 to 3-35), tail 2-6 to 2-35, culmen 
0-63 to 0-56, tarsus 0*88 to 0*8, bastard primary 0*65 to 0-5. 

The female differs from that of the preceding in having the blue 
of the wings, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail of the same cobalt-
blue as the male, and in having the back much more suffused with 
brown. The changes which take place after the autumnal moult 
are the same as in the preceding form. Birds of the year appear 
to be unknown, but young in first plumage are scarcely distinguishable 
from those of 8. sialis. 

The "Western Bluebird appears to be a resident in the mountains 

8. 
SIALIA. 333 
of South British Columbia, the ranges on the .Pacific const as far 
south as California, and Iho Kooky Mountains as far south as the 
Colorado basin. 

a, b. J, c. $ ad. sk. Webt side of Rocky Moun- J. K. Lord,Esq.[I\]. 
tains. 

d. Ad., e,f. JLIV. sk. Sumass Prairie, British J. ILLord, Esq.[C.]. 
Columbia. 
g. Juv. sk. California. Mr. Grueber [P.1. 
/t. Ad. sk. California. Purchased. 
6. Sialia arctica. 
Ervthaca (Sialia) arctica, Sto. $ Mich. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p, 209 
pi. xxxix. (1831). 

Sialia 
arctica (Sivains.), Kuttall, Man, Orn. ii. p. 573 (1834); Bp. 
Comp. List B. Eur. §• N. Amer. p. 10 (1838) ; Audub. B. Amer. 
8vo, ii. p. 178, pi. cxxxvi. (1830) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 184 (1840); 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 208 (1850) ; Baird, Cass. # Lawr. B. N. Amer. 

p. 224 (1858); Sol Cat. Amer. B. p. 11 (1862); Baird, Beview, 
p. 64 (1864); Gray, JBand-l. B. i. p. 230. no. 3314 (1800) : Cooper, 
B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 29 (1870) j Coues, Key K.-Amer. B. p. 76 
(1872) ; id. B. N. West, p. 14 (1874) ; Baird, Brewer, $ Bidqw. 
Hist. K-Amer. B. i. p. 67 (1874); Coues. Birds Colorado tall. 
p. 82 (1878). 
Sylvia arctica (Stvains.), Audub. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 38, pi. cccxciiL 
'figs. 2, 3 (1839). 
Sialia macroptera, Baird, Bxpl. Surv. Vail G. S.Lake, Utah,™, 314, 
328 (1852). 
Sialia arctica (Stvains.), Stevenson, U.S. Geol Surv. Terr. p. 403 
(1871). 
In the adult male in breeding-plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is brilliant metallic azure-blue, greenish on the back, 
and with violet reflections on tho wings and two centre tail-feathers ; 
greater wing-coverts, innermost secondaries, and the tips of the 
remaining secondaries and primaries and of the tail-feathers 
brown; lores, ear-coverts, cheeks, chin, throat, breast, flanks, axillaris, 
and under wing-coverts dull verdigris-blue, shading into 
nearly white on the centre of the belly and under tail-coverts, the 
longest feathers of the latter being slightly suffused with blue; 
inner margin of quills pale bluish grey. Bill black. Wings with 
the second, third, and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, 
bastard primary 0*7 to 0*55 inch. Legs, feet, and claws black. 
Length of wing 4-6 to 4*4 inches, tail 2*95 to 2*75, culmen 0*7 to 
0-63, tarsus 0-9 to 0-85. 
The female has the wings, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail of 
the same colour as the male, but paler ; the rest of the upper parts 
are greyish brown, very obscurely tipped with pale metallic verdigris-
brown. The underparts are pale greyish brown, shading into 
nearly white on the centre of the belly, under tail-coverts, and 
under wing-coverts, and slightly suffused with verdigris-blue on the 
axillaries only. After tlie autumn moult the feathers of the upper 
parts have very obscure brown fringes, and the outer webs of the 
greater wing-coverts and innermost secondaries are blue, whilst all 

TURDIDiE. 

Ibe quill- and tail-featliersrare narrowly margined with white 
towards the tips. Birds of the year hare brownish margins to the 
innermost secondaries. Young in first plumage have pale tips to 
the wing-coverts, pale shaft-lines to the feathers of the upper back, 
and pale centres and brown margins to the feathers of the throat 

and breast. 

The Rooky-Mountain Bluebird breeds throughout the Kooky 
Mountains, and winters in California and the North-western United 
States. 
a <$ ad. sk. Arctic America. Sir GK Back [P.]. 

, *• cf ad sk

b,c. 2; d -- West side ofBockj Moun-J.K.Lord;Esq. [P.]. 
tains. 
/. Ad. sk. N.W. America. 

9. RTJTICJLLA. Tjpe # 
Rnticilla, C. L. JBrehm, Isis, 1828, p; 1280 R. phoenicurus. 
Phoenicura, Swains. Faun. Bar.-Am. ii. p. 489 (1831) R. phoenicurus. 
Adelura, jBp. Compt. Rendus, xxxviii. p. 8 (1854) .. R. cseruleocephala. 

The genus ButiciTla comprises a group of thirteen species very 
nearly allied to the Eobins. The bill is always short, slender, and 
black, and the rictal bristles fairly developed ; the legs are always 
black, or nearly so, and the tarsus unscutellated ; the tail consists 
of twelve feathers, and is long and nearly even. Most of the species 
have the rump and the tail-feathers, except the two centre ones, 
chestnut. One species has the pattern of the tail Saxicoline, but it 
may at once be distinguished from the chestnut-tailed Chats by the tail 
being about five times the length of the culmen. In two other species 
there is little or no chestnut on the tail; but they may be distinguished 
from the black or brown-tailed Robins by the black on the 
throat, and the white on the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries. 
All the male adult Redstarts, except one species, have black or very 
dark-blue throats. The Redstarts are fair songsters, perch freely 
in trees, but generally build in holes of walls, rocks, and tree-trunks. 
Two species" breed throughout temperate Europe, one of which 
just enters Persia, and the other penetrates as far east as Central 
Siberia. On the eastern shores of the Mediterranean three other 
species appear, two of which probably only just enter Persia, 
whilst the third enters Turkestan. In the Caucasus a sixth species 
begins, and continues eastwards through Turkestan and the Himalayas, 
to the borders of China. Two more species appear in 
Turkestan, one of which extends eastwards to the Himalayas, and 
the other to South-east Siberia. Eour additional species appear in 
the Himalayas, extending eastwards to West China; whilst the last 
species is first met with near Lake Baical, and extends to Japan and 
North China. The genus may be said to be pretty evenly distributed 
throughout the temperate Palasarctic Region and the highlands 
of the Himalayas, the number of species being greatest in the latter 
district. 

9 . RUTKOXLA. 
Key to the Species. 

(Males.) 

a. Tail black, or with each feather, except the two 
f centre ones, chestnut tipped with black. 
a'. A large patch of white on the wing. 
a". Breast, belly, and under tail-coverts chest-
J^

o , Breast black; belly and under tail-coverts 
white
o . JNo patch of white on the wing
b. Tail-feathers, except sometimes the two central 
ones, uniform chestnut. 
c'. Axillaries chestnut. 
c". Chin and throat black. 
a'". A more or less distinct white patch on 
the wing. 
a4. Back black. 


335 

scMsticeps, p. 351. 

c&rukocepliala, p. 353. 
frontalis, p. 349. 

a5. Length of wing 2*95 to 2*8 inches aurorea) p. 345. 

b5. Length of wing 4*3 to 4*05 inches erythrogastra, p. 347. 
b\ Back slate-grey. 

c5. Forehead white. Tail 2"45 to '2'2 

inches. Second primary between 
the fifth and seventh

d5. Forehead grey. Tail 2-85 to 2*6 
inches. Second primary between 
the eighth and ninth

b'".~No white on the wing. 
c\ Back black j belly chestnut. 
e5. Under wing-coverts chestnut; wing 
3*5 to 3*0 inchesf3> Under wing-coverts chestnut and 
black; wing 3*1 to 2*9 inches ..
dl. Back grey; centre of belly nearly 
whited". Chin and throat chestnutd\ Axillaries black. 
e". Centre of belly nearly white, shading into 
grey on the flanks/" . Lower belly uniform chestnut

(Females.) 

«. Tail dark brown; or cnestnut, with each feather 
except the two centre ones, more or less 
broadly tipped with black. 
a'. Tail, except the two centre feathers, with 
the basal two thirds chestnut

hf 

. Tail with the terminal two thirds or more 
dark brown. 
a". Base of outer tail-feathers chestnut; 
greater wing-coverts whiteb'\ Tail-feathers uniform dark brown; greater 
wing-coverts brown with pale tips ... .

b. Tail-feathers, except sometimes the two central 
ones, uniform chestnut. 
e\ Base of secondaries white


 mesoleaca, p. 338. 
hodgmni, p. 344. 

riifiventris, p. 342. 
semirufa, p. 344. 
phcenieurm, p. 330. 
erythronota, p. 348. 

tifys, p. 339. 
trytliroprocta, p. 341. 


frontalis, p. 349. 

schisticeps, p. 351, 
ccsruleocephala^ p. 353, 

mtrorea, p. 345. 

336 rVKDlDM. 

d'. Base of secondaries brown. 
c." Breast, flanks, and belly chestnut. 


a'11. Length of wing 3«33 to 8-1 inches .. j Jljthropr^ p. 341. 
b'". Length of wing 3-00 to 2-62 inches .. semirufa, p. 344. 
d''. Breast, flanks, and belly varying from pale 

brown to grey, 
c'". Size large ; wing 4 inches or more .. eryilirogasira, p. 347. 
d'". Size smaller; wing 3*4 inches or less. 

«4. Underparts nearly the same sooty 
brown as the upper parts iitys, p. 339. 
b4. Underparts, especially the belly, 
paler than the upper parts": * * 
a5. Second primary between the fifth 
and seventh. 
a6. Breast shaded with chestnut and 
white phoznicurm, p. 336. 
&G. Breast shaded with grey and 
brown mesoleaca, p. 338. 
b5. Second primary between the 
seventh and ninth. 
c6. Wing-coverts and secondaries 
margined with dull white ... . erythromta, p. 348. 
dQ. "Wing-coverts and secondaries 
margined with huffish brown.. Jwdgsoni, p. 344. 

1. Ruticilla phoenicunis. 
Le Bossignol de muraille cendre*, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 406 (17C0). 
Le Rouge-queue a collier, JBriss. Orn. iii. p. 411 (1760). 
Le Rossignol de muraille, JBriss. Orn. iii. p. 403 (1700); Buff. 


Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 170 (1778) j Daubent. PI JEnl no. Sol (1778). 
Motacilla phoenicurus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 335 (1760) ; Gmel. Syst. 

Nat. p. 987 (1788); JBechst. Naturg. JDeutschl. iv. p. 609 (1795). 
Redstart, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 421 (1783). 
Sylvia plicenienrus (Linn.), Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 287 (1787); 

Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 511 (1790) ; Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 181 
(1802); Wolf, Taschenb. i. p. 244 (1810); Temm. Man. cTOrn. 

p. 119 (1815) ; Vieill. N. Diet. dJJEist. Nat. ad. p. 267 (1817): 
Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 220 (1820); Menetr. Cat. Liais. Cam. 
p. 35 (1832, partim); Nordm. JDemid. Yoy. Muss-mSrid. iii. p. 135 
(1840) ; Werner, Atlas, Insediv. pi. 52 (1842). 
Saxicola phoenicurus {Linn.), Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. i. p. 188 (1816), 
Ficedula phoeniciirns (Linn.), Boie, Isis, 1S22, p. 553: JBJeuql. Syst 

TJebers. p. 25 (1856). 
Ruticilla sylvestris, Brehm, "Fog. Dezctschl p. 363 (1831)*, 
Ruticilla arborea, Breh?n, Vdg. JDeutschl p. 363 (1831)*. 
Ruticilla hortensis, Brehm, Vdg. JDeutschl. p. 364 (1831)*. 
Phoenicura muraria, Sivains. fyJRich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 489 (1831). 
Ficedula ruticilla, JEh/ton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 10 (1836). 
Phoenicura ruticilla (Byton), Gould, B. Bur. ii. pi. 95 (1837) ; Swains 

Classif. B. ii. p. 240 (1837). 
Ruticilla phoenicura (Linn.), Bp. Comp. List B. JEur. ty N. Amer 

p. 15 (1838) ; JRiipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 57 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. 
* These names are quoted in the ' I&is' for 1828, p. 1280; consequently they 
must have been published earlier than 1831. The exact date of such useless 
synonyms can be of no importance save to the ornithological pedant. 
9 . RUTICILLA. 
337 

i. 
p. lbO (1846); Bp.Consp. i. p. 290(1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. 
i. p. 2 (1850) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 25; Hartl.rn. W.-Afr. 
p. 68 (1857); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Mich. Orn. p. 230 (1859) ; 
Newt. List B. Eur. Blasius, p. 10 (1862) ; Jerd. B. Bid. ii. p. 130 
(1863); Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p.347 (1865); Begirt Gerbe,Om.Biir. 
i. p. 438 (1867); Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. I p. 215 (1807): 
Gould, B. Gt. Br. ii. pi. Ii. (1869); Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 221. 
no. 3153 (1869); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 333 (1869); Doderl. 
Avif Szcil. p. 115 (1869); Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 94 (1809) ; 
Marting, Mandb. Br. B. p. 12 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 82 
(18/2); Newt. ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 329 (1873); Seueliz. Turkest 
Jevotn. p. 65 (1873) ; Dresser, B. Bar. pt. xxvi. (1874); Irby, B. 
Gibr. p. 81 (1875); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 77; BJanf. Bast. Pers. 
ii. p. 163 (1876); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 143 (1876)* 
Bogd. B. Cam. p. 95 (1879); Seebohm, Ibis, 1880, p. 191. 
Lubciola plioenicurus (Linn.), Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Bur. pp. Iviii, 
191 (1840) ; ScJiL Bev. Crib. p. xxxi (1844) : Linderm. Yog. Griechenl. 
p. 105 (1860). 

Erithaeus plioenicurus (Linn.), Degl. Orn. Bur. i. p. 502 (1849). 
Luscinia phoenicurus (Linn.), Sundev. 8v. Fogl. p. 59 (1850). 
Sylvia (Buticilla) phcenicura (Linn.), Radde, Bets. Sibir. Vog. 

p. 254 (1863). 
Lusciola (Ituticilla) pnoenicora (Linn.), Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 186 
(1870). * 
In the male in full autumn plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is "brown, the concealed white bases of the feathers on 
the forehead showing conspicuously when disturbed, and slate-grey 
making itself-seen on the back under similar circumstances ; rump 
and upper tail-coverts rich chestnut; wings and wing-coverts dark 
brown, with pale chestnut-brown margins on the outer webs of each 
feather, broadest on the innermost secondaries; tail chestnut, except 
the inner webs of the two central tail-feathers, which are dark 
brown. A narrow band at the base of the upper mandible, the 
lores, cheeks, ear-coverts, chin, and throat are black, each feather 
narrowly margined with pale brownish chestnut; the breast and 
flanks are chestnut, each feather broadly margined with white, 
shading into nearly pure white on the centre of the belly, and into 
pale chestnut on the axillaries, under wing- and tail-coverts; inner 
margin of quills pale brown. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. 
Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and 
longest; second primary about equal to the sixth, frequently 
slightly shorter, and occasionally slightly longer* bastard primary 
0*9 to 0*75 inch. Length of wing 3-3 to 2-8 inches, tail 2-5 to 2-1, 
culmen 0-58 to 0*5, tarsus 0*9 to 0*75. 
The female resembles the male in the colour of the upper parts, 
except that there are no black, white, or slate-grey bases to the 
feathers to become visible when the plumage is ruffled. The underpays 
are buff, darkest on the breast, axillaries, and under tail-
coverts. In breeding-plumage the forehead of the male has become 
pure white, all trace of brown has disappeared from the head and 
back, leaving them slate-grey, and the pale margins of the wing-
coverts, quills, and innermost secondaries are scarcely perceptible; 
the narrow band at the base of the upper mandible, the lores, cheeks, 
ear-coverts, 
and throat have become a velvet-black, and the feathers 
VOL. v. • z 

TFBDIDJEL 

of the breast and flanks have east their white margins, and have, in 
company with the axillaries, wing-coverts, and under tail-coverts, 
deepened in colour to a rich chestnut. The female has little or no 
seasonal change. Birds of the year differ from adults only in having 
the Hack parts broadly, instead of narrowly, margined with pale 
brownish chestnut. Young in first plumage resemble the female, 
but have each feather of the upper and under parts, except the 
quills and tail-feathers, with pale centres and dark margins. 

The European Ecdstart breeds throughout the Palaearctic Eegion 
as far north as the Arctic Circle and as far east as the watershed 
of the Yenesay and the Lena, in the southern districts, at some 
elevation, preferring the pine-region. It winters in South Persia 

and Central Africa as far west as Senegal. 

a, b. d ad. sk. 

c. d 
innn.j d. 
Juv. st. 
e. d ad. sk. 
f-k. Juv. st. 
X d ad. sk. 
m. Juv. sk. 
n. $ ad. sk. 
o. 
d juv.; p. 
2 ad. sk. 
q. § juv. sk. 
r, s. d J ad. 
sk. 

t. Juv. sk. 
u, v. d5 w-S 
ad. sk. 

x. 
d ad. sk. 
y. 
d ad. sk. 
z, a', d 2 ad. 
sk. 
b'. $ ad. sk. 

c'. d ad. sk. 
d'. <$ ad. st.; ef. 

/'. d ? ad. sk 
(/'. 2 ad. sk. 
h'. 2 ad. sk. 
i'j &f. d 2 a&


sk. 
I', d ad. sk. 

, nf. Skeleton. 
Skull. 

England. 
England. 


Epping Forest. 
Saffron Walden, Essex. 
Cambridgeshire, May 22, 


18G6 CO. &)• 

Surbiton, Surrey, August 

1877. 
Devonshire. 
Skane, Sweden, August 

1871 (J. Meves). 
Skane, Sweden, Sept. 12, 
1871 (/. Meves). 

S. Norway, June' 1860 
(F. 
Godman). 
S. Norway, May 18G6 
(F. 
Godman), 
Heligoland^ Sept. 1876. 

Belgium. 

Valencia, S. Spain, March 
25,1672 (H. Saunders). 
Valencia, S. Spain. April 

1872. 
El Djen, Tunis. March 1, 

1857 (O. &). 
M'tesa's country. 
Egypt (Dr. Cknstie). 

Syria. 
Mount CarmeL 
Taurus, Asia Minor, April 

1876 (C. G.Danford). 
Saharunpore (Dr. Jame


son) [?]. 
England. 
Wiirtemberg. 

J. Gould. Esq. 
II. DoubIeday,Esq.[P.j. 
J. Clark, Esq.' 
F. Godman and 0. Sal-
Tin, E&qrs. T. l 
Mr. Mutt JP.£ 

Colonel Montagu [PA 
R.B.Snarpe,Esq.[P;j 

R.B.SIiarpe,E&q.[P.J 

F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Efcqrs. [P.]. 
F. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Henrv Seebohm, Esq, 
[P.']. 
Brussels Museum [P.J 
Henry Seebohm, Eta, 

Howard Saunders, Esq. 
[P.]. 

F. Godman and 0. Sal-
Tin, Ewjrs. [P.]. 
Sig. Piaggia [0.1. 

G. Turnbull, Esq. [P.J 
Dr. Staudinger. 
Canon Tristram [C.J 
Henry Seebohm. Esq. 


[p.i 
India Museum. 
Purchased. 
Dr. A. Giinther. 


2. Kuticilla mesoleuca. 
Sylvia mesoleuca, JSemjpr. et "Ehr. St/mb. JPfo/s. fol. ee (1832). 
Sylvia phoenicura (Linn.), apud Menttr. "Cat. Mais. Cauc. p. 
(1832, partini). 

9 . EUTIOILLA. 330 
Ruticilla bonapartii, Von Mull. Beitr. Orn. Afr. pi. xiv. (1853). 

Ruticilla mesoleuca (Hempr. et Eh\), Cab. Journ. Orn. 1854. p. 440; 
Hart Orn. IK-Afr. p. 08 (1857); Ilem/L Orn. N.O.-Afr.L p. m 
(1809) ; Gray, IlancU. B. i. p. 221. no/8137 (1809); Dresner, B. 
Eur. pt. liv. (1870) ; Mater # Taylor, Ibis, 1870, p. 04 ; Danford. 
Ibis, 1878, p. 14; Seebohn, B.Z. & 1878, p. 979; Boyd. B. Cane. 
p.^05 (1879)^ 

Ruticilla rnargmella, Bonap. Compt. Rend, xxxviii. p. 8 (1854). 
Buticilla pkoenicura [Linn.), apud lleugh Si/st Velers. p. 25 (1856); 

apud Blanf Geol. §• Zool. Abyss, p. 358 (1870). * 
Ruticilla pectoralis, Ileugl. Journ. Orn. 1808, p. 105. 
Ruticilla mebomela, Ilempr. et Ehr., fide Loehe. Expl. Sei, Alqer., 

Ois.l p. 217(1807). ^ ; J ' 

This species is very closely allied to B. plioenicura. The male 
differs from the Western bird in having the outside webs of the 
secondaries more or less broadly margined -with white. The female 
resembles that of the nearly allied species, but is slightly darker on 
both the upper and under parts, and is intermediate between it and 
the female of JR. titliys. Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth 
primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary about equal to 
the sixth, bastard primary 0*86 to 0*6 inch. Length of wing 3'2 to 
2-84 inches, tail 2*45 to 2*16, culmen 0-54 to 0-5, tarsus 0-9 
to 0*75. 

The seasonal changes resemble those of the preceding plumage. 
Yovng in first plumage are somewhat darker in the colour both of 
the upper and under parts than is the case in the nearly allied 
species. 

Ehrenberg's Redstart breeds in the Caucasus, Asia Minor, and 
Algiers, and winters in "Western Arabia, Abyssinia, and Senegal. 

a. S ad. sk.
b. <J ad. sk.
c.d. S 2 ad. sk.
e. cS ad. sk. 
Giaour Keuy, April 22,1876 (C. G. JDanford). 
Ephesus, Abia Minor. 
Mount Carmel. 
Senaf<§, 7500 ft., Feb. 26, 
F. Godinan and O. Salviu, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
II. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.], 
Canon Tristram [C.]. 
WT . T. Blanford, E*q. [0.]. 
1808. 
/ . S ad. sk. Senegambia. M. Verreaux. 

3. Ruticilla titliys. 
The Grey Redstart, Edwards, Nat Hist. B. p. 29, pi. xxix. (1741). 
Le Rossignol de muraille de Gibraltar, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 407 (1700). 
Le Rouge-queue, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 409 (1700); Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 

y. p. 180 (1778). 
Motacffla phcenicurus, p. titys, Linn. Syst Nat. I p. 335 (1706). 
Sylvia titliys, Scop. Ann. i. p. 157 (1709) ; Lath. lnd. Orn. ii. p. 512 
(1790) ; Beclist. Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 179 (1802); Wolf. Taschenb. 
i p. 241 (1810); Temm. Man. cPOrn. p. 117 (1815); Vieill. N 
Bict d'Hist. Nat xi. p. 209 (1817); Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 218 
(1820) ; Menetr. Cat Bais. Cauc. p. 35 (1832) ; Nordm. Bemid. 
Toy. Buss, merid. iii. p. 134 (1840). 

Motacilla ockrura, F. G. Gmelin, Beis. Bussl iii. p. 101, pi. xix. 

fig. 3 (1774); Gmel Syst. Nat i. p. 978 (1788, ex E.G. Gmehi). 
Le Rouge-queue gris, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 177 (1778). 
Redtail, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 425 (1783, ?) . 

z 2 

340 TUKDIDJE. 

Black Rodtail, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 426 (1783, S ). 
Motacilla oibraltariensis, 0wdL >S^. 2V«£. i. p. 987 (1788, ex Edwards); 


Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 513 (1700). 
Motacilla atrata, GW. Syst. Nat i. p. 988 (1788, ex Lath). 
Motacilla eritliacus, Linn, apud Gmel Syst. Nat. i. p. 988 (1788), 

apud Bechht. Naturg. Beutschl. iv. p. 601 (1795). 
Sylvia eritliacus (Linn.), apud Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 513 (1790). 
Sylvia tytkis (Scop.), Beehst. Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 179 (1802). 
Motacilla erythro urus, Rafin. Caratt. p. 6 (1810). 
Saxicola-'titkys (Scop.), Koch, Syst. haier. Zool. i. p. 186 (1816). 
Ruticilla aim, Brehm, Vdg. Beutschl. p. 305 (1831)*. 
Ruticilla titys (Scop.), Brehm, Voff.JDeutschl.ip.8GQ (1831)*; Heugl 

Om. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 334 (1869); Neivt. ed. Yarr. Br. B. I 

p. 333 (1873) ; Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xxix. (1874); Irby, B. Gibr. 
p. 82 (1875) ; Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 166 (1876). 
Ruticilla atrata (Gmel), Brehm, Vdg. Beutschl. p. 366 (1831)*. 
Ruticilla gibraltariensis (Gmel),Brehm, Vdg. Beutschl.p. 366 (1831)*. 
Sylvia tites (Scop.), (3. campylonvx, JBJempr. et Ehr. Symb. JPhys. 
fol. dd (1833). 
Phoenicura titliys (Scop.), Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 90 (1837) ; Jard. 

8f Selby, HI. Orn. pi. 86. figs. 1 & 2 (1839). 
Lusciola tliitys (Scop.), Kegs. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. lix, 191 (1840). 
Sylvia tliitys (Scop.), Werner, Atlas, Insectiv. pi. Ii. (1842). 
Liihciola tliitys (Scop.), Schl. Reo. Crit. p. xxxi (1844). 
Ruticilla tliitis (Scop.), Rupp. Sgst. Uebers. p. 57 (ls'45). 
Ruticilla titliys (Scop.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 180 (184G); Bp. Consp. i. 

p. 296 (18o0) ; Cab. Mm. Hein. i. p. 2 (1850); Moore, P. Z. S. 
1854, p. %"); Heugl Syst. Uebers. p. 25 (1850); Jaub. et Barth.-
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 231 (1859); Neiut. LUt B. Eur. Bhbius, 
p. 10 (1862) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. ii. pi. 52 (1863); Newton, BaringGould's 
Iceland, p. 409 (1863); Begl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 440 
(1867); Loche, Expl Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 217 (1867); Gray, 
Iland-l. B. i. p. 221. no. 3154 (1869); Boderl. Avif. Sicil p. 115 
(1869); Parting, Handb. Br. B. p. 13 (1872); Shelley, B. Egxjpt, 
Ruticilla cairii, Gerbe, Bict. Univ. d'JSist. Nat. xi. p. 259 (1848). 
Eritliacus titliys (Scop.), Begl Orn. Eur, i. p. 504 (1849). 
Eritliacus cairii (Gerbe), Begl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 507 (1849). 
Lusciola titliys (Scop.), Schl. Vog. Nederl p. 156 (1854). 
Ruticilla montana, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 281. 
Lusciola (Ruticilla) erythaca (Linn.), apud Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 187 


(1870). 
Ruticilla ochruros (Gmel), Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 96 (1879). 
Ruticilla thytis (Scop.), Finsch, Verh, zooL-bot. Gesellsch. Wien. 

p. 162 (18?9). 
In the adult male in full autumn plumage tlie general colour of 
the upper parts is slate-grey; a narrow line at the base of the 
upper mandible, the lores, and chin are black; qnills brown, the 
outside webs of the secondaries narrowly margined with, white; 
wing-coverts and innermost secondaries slate-grey; rump, upper 
and under tail-coverts, and tail bright chestnut, except the two 
centre tail-feathers, which are brown; throat, breast, axillaries, 
and under wing-coverts black, each feather more or less obscurely 
margined with buffish brown, which is the colour of the belly and 

* See footnote, p. 336, which applies equally to these names. 
9 . IUTTICXLLA. 
341 
flanks; inner margin of quills pale brown. Ml, legs, feet, and 
claws black. TVings with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary about equal to the seventh, 
bastard primary 0-9 to 0-8 inch. Length of wing 3*5 lo 3*3 inches 
(females 3*3 to 3-2). tail 2-65 to 2-45, oilmen 0-57 to 0-54, tarsus 
1-0 to 0-9. 

In the female in full autumn plumage the upper and under tail-
coverts and the tail are similar in colour to those of the male; the 
rest of the plumage is sooty brown, paler on the margins of the outside 
webs of the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries, and on the 
centre of the belly. In the male in spring the bufhbh-brown 
margins to the feathers on the throat, breast, axillarics, and under 
wing-coverts are cast, leaving them black; the black band at the 
base of the upper mandible has become broader, the head and lower 
back has become a darker slate-grey, and the upper back, scapulars, 
and wing-coverts nearly black; the white on the wing has also become 
less conspicuous. The female has become slightly darker, and 
the pale edges to the wing-feathers have nearly disappeared. It is 
not known that birds of the year differ from adults. Young in first 
'plumage ha^e most of the feathers of the upper and under parts 
barred at the tips with black. 

The Black ltedstart breeds in Central and Southern Europe, its 
range extending eastwards as far as West Persia. It is a rare 
visitor to the British Islands and South Norway and Sweden, and 
is recorded as having strayed as far north as Iceland. In South 
Europe it is a partial resident, and has been said to breed in Algeria. 
It winters in Nubia. 
a,b. Jj c. J Europe. Purchased. 

mini. st. 

d. <5 ad. sk. Europe. 
Purchased. 
e. cJ ad. sk. Wimbledon Common. Mr. J. Baker [G.J. 
/. 9 ad. sk. " Brighton. F. Bond, Esq. [P.]. 
q. K 6 imm. sk. France. 
M. Parzudaki. 
I 
<$ ad. sk. La Tour, Canton Fnbourg, K. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 
April 8,187G (X. OlpJir 
Gattiard). 

k. 2 
ad. sk. Ariana, Tunis, Feb. 21, F. Goclman and O. balvm, 
1857 (0. &). Esqrs. [P.]. 
I 
S ad. sk. Algeria. F. Goclman and 0. Satan, 
° Esqrs. [P.]. 

m. Q ad. sk. Nubia. 
Br. Leith Adams5 [P.]. 
n. 6 ad. sk. Shiloh. 
Canon Tristram [t.]. 
a. Pad. sk. Gadara. ft Canon Tristram [C.J. 
p. 
|aa.ak . Smyrna, Nov. 11, 1872 Baron A. von llugel [P.]. 
{Br. Kruper). 
4. Euticilla erythroprocta. 
EuticilJa erythroprocta, Gould, P.Z.8. 1855, p. 78; id. S. Asia, 
pt.viii.pl. 16(1850). 
This species is intermediate between E. tltlnjs and B. rufvenMs, 
having the white edges to the secondaries, the nearly black axilla


TTTRDIBJS. 

rios and under wing-coverts, and the Mack breast and upper belly 
of the former, and the chestnut lower belly of the latter. The forehead 
is black and the crown pale grey, shading into black on the 
nape. Length of wing 3*3 inches, tail 2*5, culinen 0*55, tarsus 0*88. 

The female is not distinguishable from that of M. rufivtntris. 

Nothing is apparently known of this species beyond the types in 
the Museum from Asia Minor. I suvpect that the female is a specimen 
of JR. rufiventris, and the male a hybrid between that bird 

and E. titliys. 
a,b. ($ $ ad. sk, Erzeroum, Asia Minor(Dickson & Boss). 
J. G-ould, Esc£. (Types of 
Buticilia eryihroprocta, 
Gould.) 

5. Euticilla rufiveiitris. 
? Le Traqiuet a cul roux, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iv. p. 113, pi. 118. fig. 1 
(1805, said to he from Caff re-Land), 
? (Enanrke mfiventris, Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist Nat. xxl p. 431 (1818, 
ex Levaill.). 
Phoenicura atrata {Gmel), apud Jard. $• Selby, III. Orn. pi. 80.fig.3 
(1829) ; Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 207 (1839). 

Phoenicura nipalensis, Hodgson, MS. Draiuings (in the Brit, Mus.) 
of B. of Nepal, pi. lxxv. fig. 2. no. 404, pi. Ixxviii. fig. 7, no. 404, 
wade 

Phoenicura nipalensis vel atrata, Hodgson, Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83 
(1844, descr. nidi.). 

Euticilla atrata (Gmel), apud Gray, Cat Mamm, $-c. Nepal Cull. 
Hodgs. p. 68 (1840); apud Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 180 (1840)$ 
apud Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 28 (1854). 

Euticilla plioenicurus (Linn.), apud Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. 

p. 108 (1849). 
Euticilla indica, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 108 (1840) ; Bp. 
Consp. i. p. 290 (1850). 
Euticilla phosnicaroides, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 25, pi. Ivii.; Horsf. 
Sf Moore, Cat B. Mus. B.I. Co. i. p. 301 (1854); Jerdon, B. hid. 

ii. p. 130 (1803); Gray, HamU. B. i. p. 221. no. 3172 (1800). 
Euticilla nipalensis, Moore, B. Z. S. 1854, p. 26; Horsf. $ Moore, 
Cat. B. Mus. B.I. Comp. i. p. 302 (1854) : Gray, Cat Mamm. &-c. 
Nepal Coll. Hodgs. p. 33 (18(33). * J 

Euticilla mfiventris, Jerdon, B. hid. ii. p. 137 (18G3) ; Gray, Hand-l 

B. i. p. 221. no. 3101 (1800); Godtc.-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. 
pi 2, p. 100 (1870); Sicinh. P. Z. & 1871, p. 358; Blanf. Bast 
Pers. ii. p. 103 (1870); Prjev. Bowleg's Orn. Misc. ii." p. 174 
(1877); David et Oust Ois. Chine, p. 109 (1877); Dresser, B. Bur, 
pt. lxvii. (1878, jxtrtim). 
Euticilla 
erythroprocta, Gotdd, aptid Hume § Senders. Lahore to 
Yark. p. 208 (1873), apud Severts. Turhest. Jevotn. p. 05 (1873). 
Euticilla seruirufa (Hempr. et JShr.), apud Dresser, Ibis, 1870 

p. 77. 
7 ; 
This species is distinct from, though very nearly allied to, R.<phce~ 
nicura. In its spring plumage it differs in having the black at 
the base of the upper mandible slightly more developed, and the 
white on the forehead rather less conspicuous; the colour of the 
mantle and the wing-coverts is much darker, approaching black • 

9. RTTIIC3XLA. 
343 

the black on the throat extends over the tipper breast, and the rent 
of the underparts are a uniform chestnut, richer in colour than in 
the Western species, and not becoming paler on the centre of the 
belly and under tail-coverts. In other respects there appears to be 
little or no difference in the colour of the two species. Wings with 
the third,^ fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, 
second primary about equal to the sixth, bastard primary 1/0 to 
0-75 inch. Length of wing 3*6 to 3-2 inches (females 3*30 to 3*31), 
tail 2-6 to 2-4, oilmen 0-61 to 0-54, tarsus 1-0 to 0-9. 

The female is considerably darker, both on the upper and under 
parts, than that of its near ally, and the under tail-coverts are more 
rufous. In full autumn plumage the difference between the two 
species is less striking, as in both of them the white and black 
feathers are tipped with brown. 

This species is subject to considerable variations. Extreme forms 
have the entire head, neck, breast, back, scapulars, and wing-coverts 
jet-black. The black on the upper breast also sometimes extends 
so far down as to cover the entire breast; but it is never so much 
developed as in M, erythroprocta, and the axillaries are never black 
as in that species. 

Males of the year have the upper parts coloured as in the female, 
and the black on the throat partially concealed by the brown tips 
to the feathers. Females of the year have broad pale edges to the 
wing-coverts and innermost secondaries, and have the underparts 
much browner. Young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 

The Indian Redstart breeds in North China, Mongolia, and 
Eastern Turkestan, wintering in India, Scinde, Baluchistan, and 
South-east Persia. 

a, <$ ad. sk. Gishtigan - Bampusht, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 
Persian Baluchistan, 
Feb. 28, 1872. 

6. 
$ ad. sk. Pishin, Persian BaluchisW. 
T. Blanford, Ebq. [O.]. 
tan, Feb. 8,1873. 
c. S ad. sk. Shikarpore, Afghanistan India Museum. (Type of 
{Griffith). 11. phamicaroides, Moore.) 

d. S hum. sk. Koshuk Pass {Griffith). India Museum. 
Hyderabad, Scinde {Br. India Museum. 
e. S ad. sk. 
Gould). 

Cashmere. Purchased. 

/. d ad. sk. 
g} h. <$ 2 ad-slr-Valley of Astor, CashK. 
B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
mere, Sept. 

i, fa S ad.; I, m. N.W. Himalayas, near Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
J ad. sk.; n, Dkurmsala. pp.]


o. <$ 2 ad. sk. 
TLibet. Eavl of Gilford [P.]. 
Behar. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P. 

p. J ad. sk. 
#, r. <S $ ad. sk. 

Behar. 
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P. 

s, t <$ ad. sk. 

Nepal. 
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.^ 

u} v. d ad.; w. $ 

(Types of Phcenwura nipalemis, Hodgson, 

ad. sk. 

and B. nipalernsis1 Moore.) 

Kashgar {Br. BeUew). India Museum. 

x. <5 ad. sk. 
Nepaf. 
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

y,z,a'. <? ad. sk. 

TTJEDID.2E. 

h\ c\ <$ £ ad.sk. Nepal (B. II. Hodgson). India Museum. 
d' e'. S ad. sk. Kamptee. Dr. B. Hinde [P.J. 

f. <J ad. sk. Saugor (Hooper). India .Museum. 
V-d ad. sk. Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum. 
V. <? ad. sk. Assam (Griffith). India Museum. 
i'. <$ ad. sk. Manrak Mountains, Sai- Bremen Geogr. Soe. 
san, Central Asia, May 
28,1876 (0. Finseh). 

7c', V, m'. S imm. Kashgar (Dr. Belleio). India Museum. 
n% o\ $ imm. Kashgar (Dr. Belleio). India Museum. 
/?'. d* ad. Kashgar (Dr. Belleio). India Museum. 
*'. d\ ?''. 2 ad. sk. Gilgit, Cashmere, April Br. J. Scully [P.]. 

1879. 

6. Euticilla semirnfa. 
Sylvia semirufa, Hempr. et Ehr. Synth. Phjs., Aves, fol. bb (1833). 

Euticilla semirufa (Hempr. etEhr.), Liclit. Nomencl. Av. p. 28 (1854); 
Ileugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 335 (1869); &^/&y, .#. Egypt, p. 84 
(1872). 

This species differs from the preceding, not only in being on an 
average slightly smaller, but also in having a considerable quantity 
of black on the under wing-coverts. It is scarcely more than a 
local race, as many examples of the Eastern form also show some 
black on the under wing-coverts. Length of wing—males 3*1 to 
2-9 inches, females 3-06 to 2-62; tail 2-2 to 1-8, oilmen 0*6 to 0*52, 
tarsus 0*91 to 0*9. 

The Palestine Eedstart breeds in Palestine and Syria, and has 
occurred in Egypt. Nothing is known of its migrations. 

a. J ad. sk. Af ka, Lebanon. Canon Tristram [C.]. 
b. <$ ad. sk. Below Ainat, Lebanon. Canon Tristram [C.]. 
c. Juv. sk. Ainat, Lebanon (Tristram). F. Godman and O. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.], 
7. Euticilla hodgsoni. 
Phoenicura reevesii, Gray, apud Bluth, J. A. S. Benq. xii. r>. 963 
' (1843). r 
Phoenicura ruticilloides, Hodgs. MS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mus.) of 

B. of Nepal, Passeres, pi. lxxv. figs. 1, la, nos. 403, 405, imde 
Phoenicura ruticilla, Swains, apud Hodgs. Gh'ay's Zool Misc. n 82 
(1844). *" 
Euticilla reevesii (Gray), apud Gray, Cat. Mamm. $c. Nepal Coll 
Hodgs. p. 67 (1846); apud Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 180 (1846). 
Euticilla erythrogastra (Guld.), apud Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. 

p. 168(1849). 
Euticilla kodgsoni, 
Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 26, pi. IviiL: Horsf. & 
Moore, Cat. B. Mus. EX Co. i. p. 303 (1854) • Gray, Cat Mamm. 
fyc. Nepal Coll. Hodgs. p. 33 (1863) - Jerdon, B. Ind. ii. p. 138 
(1863); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 221. <no. 3165 (1869); Sioinhoe, 

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 358; Prjev. Bowleg's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 175 (1877); 
David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 171 (1877): Godw.-Aust J. A 3. 
Beng. xlvii. pt. 2, p. 18 (1878). 
In the adult male in full autumn plumage the general colour of 
the upper parts is a dull slate-grey, shading into white on the fore


9 . EUTICTLLA. 345 
head and into bright chestnut on the rump and upper tail-coverts; 
a narrow line at the base of the upper mandible, the lores, feathers 
behind the eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, chin, and throat black; quills 
and primary-coverts brown; a white patch on the wing, formed by 
the basal half of the outer webs of the innermost and two or three 
adjoining secondaries being white; greater, median, and lesser 
wing-coverts dark brown, the outside webs margined with slate-
grey; tail bright chestnut, the two central feathers more or less 
brown ; axillaries, under wing-coverts, breast, belly, flanks, and 
under tail-coverts bright chestnut. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. 
"Wings with the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, 
second primary equal in length to the eighth or ninth, bastard 
primary 1*0 to 0*91 inch. Length of wing 3«29 to 3*05, tail 2-85 
to 2-6, culmen 0-6 to 0-56, tarsus 1-0 to 0-9. 

In the adult female in full autumn plumage the general colour of 
the upper and under parts, including the wings, is greyish brown, 
paler on the chin, axillaries, and under wing-coverts, shading into 
nearly white on the centre of the belly, and into very pale chestnut 
on the under tail-coverts, and into rich chestnut on the upper tail-
coverts. In spring little change takes place, except that the white 
on the forehead of the male becomes of somewhat larger extent. It 
is not known that birds of the year differ from adults. Young in 
first plumage appear to be unknown. 

Hodgson's Redstart breeds in the mountains of Western China, 
and winters in the valleys of the Himalayas from Nepal to Assam. 

5 ad. sk. (Types of Phoenieura mticilloides, IlodgH.) 

a. <$ ad. sk. India (As. Soc). India Museum. 
b. 2 ad. sk.
c. c? ad. j d, e. 
Pushut, Afghanistan(Qrijffvth). 
Nepal. 
India Museum. 
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

/, g. cj ; h. $ Nepal. B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
ad. sk. 

i. S ad.; k, I. Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
2 ad. sk. (Types of Ruticilla hodgsoni,lslooiQ.) 
m, n. <S J ad. sk. Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum. 

o. (S ad. sk. Assam (McClelland). India Museum. 
8. Ruticilla aurorea. 
Daurian Warbler, Lath. Gen, Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 400 (1783). 
Motacilla aurorea, Gmel. Syst. Nat i. p. 976 (1788, ex Lath) j Pall. 
Reis. Puss. Reichs, iii. p. 695 (1770); id. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat i, 

p. 477 (1811); Kittl Kiipf Wat. Fog. pi. xxvi. fig. 1 (1832). 
Sylvia aurorea (Gmel.), Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p; 527 (1790). 
Sylvia (Phoenieura) reevesii, Gray, Zool Misc. 1831, p. 1. 
Phoenieura reevesii {Gray), McClelland\ P. Z. S. 1839, p. 161. 
Phoenieura leucoptera, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 902 (1843). 
Ruticilla leucoptera (Blyth), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 180 (1840); Blyth, 
J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 134 (1847); id. Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 108 
(1849) ; JBp. Consp. i. p. 290 (1850); Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 28; 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 221. no. 3100 (1809). 
Ruticilla aurorea (Gmel), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 180 (1840); Bp. 

346 TTTKDIDJE. 

Consp. I p. 290 (1850); Horsf. § Moore, Cat B. Mm. F.I Co. i. 
p 305 (1854): Sivinhae, Ibis, 1863, p. 21)9; Jerd. B. Inch ii. 

p. 139 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 221. no. 3159 (1809); 
Switili. F. Z. S. 1871, p. 35S j Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xliii. 
pt. 2, p. 166 (1874) ; Blyth 8p Wcdd. B. Burm. p. 101 (1875) ; Tacz. 
Bull tioc. Zool. France, i. p. 143 (1876) ; Hume, Stray Feath. viii. 
p. 64 (1879) ; Prjev. Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 173 (1877) ; David 
et Omt. Ois. Chine, p. 170, pi. xxvi. (1877) ; Blahiston fy Fryer, 
Ibis, 1878, p. 239. 
Lu^ciola aurorea (GmeL), Temm. et Scld. Faun. Jcijion., Aves, p. 56, 
pi. xxi.D(1847). 

Lusciola (Paiticilla) plicenicurus (Linn.), Tar. aurorea (Pall), 
Schrench, Rets. u. Forsch Amur-Lande, i. pt. 2, p. 359 (1860). 
Sylvia (ftuticilla) aurorea (Gmel), Radde, Reis. tiihir. Tog. p. 255 


(1863). 

In the adult male in full autumn plumage the head and nape are 
slate-grey, the tips of the feathers being brown, half concealing pale 
blue centres, slightly paler behind the eye; a narrow line at the 
base of the upper mandible, the chin, throat, cheeks, ear-coverts, 
lores, sides of the neck, back, scapulars, and wing-coverts are black, 
the feathers occasionally fringed here and there with brown ; quills 
dark brown, approaching black on the innermost secondaries, the 
latter tipped with brown; the basal half of the secondaries is 
white, forming a white patch on the wing; rump and upper tail-
coverts bright chestnut; tail bright chestnut, except the two centre 
feathers and the terminal half of the outer web of the outside 
feather on each side, which are dark brown> occasionally mixed with 
bright chestnut; breast, axillaries, under wing-coverts, belly, flanks, 
and under tail-coverts bright chestnut; inner margin of quills pale 
brown, except that of the basal half of secondaries, which is white. 
Bill black; legs, feet, and claws dark brown. "Wings with the 
fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary 
equal to the eighth or ninth, bastard primary 0-92 to 0*8 inch. 


Length of wing 2-95 to 2*8 inches, tail 2'b to 2-4, culmen 0*6 to 
0-52, tarsus 0-92 to 0-87. 


In the adult female in full autumn plumage the general colour is 
sooty brown, paler on the underparts, especially on the centre of the*, 
belly, the rump, tail, and upper and under tail-coverts alone being 
of the same colour as those of the male, but not quite so bright; the 
quills and wing-coverts are brown, and the white patch on the wing 
ib less extensive. In the spring the black parts %of the male become 
deeper black by the disappearance of the few brown edgings to the 
feathers observable after the autumn moult; otherwise little change 
tikes place. It is not known that birds of tlte year differ from 
adults. Young in first plum age have pale centres and dark terminal 
bands to most of the small feathers of both the upper and under 
parts. 

The Daurian Redstart breeds in the forests of South-east Siberia, 
East Mongolia, North China, and the mountains of Japan. It 
winters in the plains of Japan, Formosa, Hainan, and South China, 
a few wandering as far as Assam, the Malay peninsula, Java, and 
Timor. 

9 . RTTTICILLA. 347 
f c? ad. sk. Japan. India Museum. 
o. d ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan. Col. St. John fo.l. 
c. $ ad. sk. Yokohama, Japan, IT. Pryor, Esq. [0.]. 
d,*,/• tf ad. sk. China. J. R, Reeves, Esq. [P.], 
</• c? ad. sk. Amoy (Lei/den Museum). F. Godman and 0. Sal7 
. vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
V - <? ad. sk. Assam {McClelland). India Museum. 
& c? ad. sk. Bootan (Pemberton). India Meseiun. 
Z. d ad. sk. Timor (Leyden Museum). Purchased. 
m. J ad. sk. Timor (Leyden Museum). Purchased. 

9. Ruticilla erytlirogastra. 
Motacilla erytlirogastra, Quid. Mv. Com. Petrop. xix. p. 409, pis. 10, 

17 (1775). 
Chestnut-bellied Warbler, Lath. Gen. 8yn. ii. pt. 2, p. 424 (1783). 
Sylvia erytlirogastra (Giild.), Lath. Imf. Orn. ii. p. 513 (1790). 
Motacilla ceraunia, Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. i. p. 478 (1811). 
Lusciola aurorea (Gmel.), apud Keys. u. Lias. Wirb. .EW'.pp.lix, 191 

(1840). 
Ruticilla aurorea (Gmel), apud Bonap. Cat Metod. Ucc. Eur. p. 39 
(1842). 
LiL-ciola erytlirogastra (Giild.), ScM. Rev. Crit. p. xxxi (1844); 

Fritsch, tog. Eur. p. 180 (1870). 
Ruticilla graadis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 112. 
Ruticilla erytlirogastra (Giihl), Blyth, Cat. B. Mits. As. 8oe. p. 108 

(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 290 (1850); Gould, B. Asia, i. pi. 49 
(1851); Horsf. $ Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E.L Co. i. p. 304 (1854); 
Newt. List B. Eur. Blasius, p. 10 (1802); Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 1:39 
(1803) ; Degl.et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 444 (1867) ; Gray, Iland-l 

B. i. p. 222. no. 3175 (1809); Bums «$• Henders. Lahore to Yarh. 
p. 210 (1873) ; Severtz. Turltest. Jewtn. p. 05 (1873) ; Dresser, Ibis, 
1870, p. 77; Taca. Bull. 8oc. Zool. France, i. p. 143 (1870); Prjev. 
Boivlei/s Orn. Misc. ii. p. 177 (1877); David et Oust. Ois. Chine, 
p. 542 (1877) ; Dresser, B. Eur. pt. Ixvi. (1878) ; Boyd. B. Caw. 
p. 97 (1879). 
Ruticilla tricolor, Goidd,fideBp. Consp. i. p. 290 (1850). 
Ruticilla vigorsi, Moore,'P. Z.8. 1854, p. 27 ; Horsf. fy Moore, Cat, 
B. Mus. E.L Co. i. p. 304 (1854); Gray, IIand-1. B. i. p. 221. 
no. 3170 (1809). 
Ohamfehous erytlirogastra (Giild.), Bp. Compt. Rendus, xxxyiii. p. 8 
(1851). 
Sylvia (Ruticilla) erytlirogastra (Giild.), Badde, Beis. 8ibir. Vog. 

p. 257 (1863). 
Ruticilla (Aclelura) erytlirogastra (GUM.), Blanford, J. A. S. Beng. 
xli. pt 2, p. 51 (1872). 
In the adidt male in full autumn plumage the forehead, crown, 
and nape are pale grey, any disturbance of the feathers showing 
their white centres; a narrow line at the base of the upper 
mandible, the lores, ear-coverts, sides of the neck, cheeks, chin, 
throat, breast, upper and under wing-coverts, back, and scapulars 
are black; quills dark brown, with a white spot on the wing caused 
by the base of the primaries, the basal two thirds of the secondaries 
on both webs, and the basal half of the outer web of the largest 
innermost secondary being white; rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, 
axillarics, belly, flanks, and under tail-coverts chestnut, slightly 

348 
TUEDIDiE. 

darker on the two centre tail-feathers. Bill, legs, feet, and claws 
black. Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal 
and longest; second primary about equal to the seventh; bastard 
primary 1-2 inch. Length of wing 4'3 to 4*05 inches, tail 3*3 to 
3-01, culmen 0-6 to 0-59, tarsus 1-1. 

In the adult female in full autumn plumage the general colour of 
the upper parts, including the quills, is drab, slightly darker on the 
lores and ear-coverts, and nearly white on the margins of the greater 
wing-coverts and innermost secondaries; the rump, upper tail-
coverts, and tail are a somewhat duller chestnut than in the male. 
The underparts are drab, slightly paler on the chin, axillaries, 
under wing-coverts, inner margin of quills, and centre of belly, and 
suffused with pale chestnut on the under tail-eoveits. The only 
changes of importance which take place in spring are that in the 
male the grey margins to the feathers of the head are partially cast, 
leaving the white centres more conspicuous, and in the female the 
pale edges to the greater wing-coverts and innermost secondaries 
become more or less abraded. Birds of the year do not differ from 
adults. Young in first plumage have very obscure pale centres to 
the feathers of the upper and under parts; the male resembles the 
female, except in having the wings of the adult male, with the addition 
of buff tips to the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries. 

Guldenstadt's Eedstart breeds in the birch- and pine-regions of 
the Caucasus, Turkestan, the Himalayas, and the mountain-ranges 
between Thibet and China. It has also occurred near Lake Baical. 
In winter it descends into the valleys. 

a. ad. sk. Yarkand. 
E. B. Skarpe,Esq. [P.], 
b. rfs ad. sk. Cashmere. 
Purchased, 
c. ad. sk. Cashmere. 
India Museum. 
rf 

d. rf ad. . sk. Nepal {Hodgson). India Museum. 
e. ad. sk. Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum. 
2 

(Type of P. vt'gorsi, Moore.) 
ft 9>

cf ad. sk. Kashgar (Br. Bellew). " India Museum. 

h. d ,%.$ ad. sk. Gilgit, Cashmere, Feb. 1880. Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
10. Ruticilla erythronota. 
Sylvia erytkronota, Eversm. Add. Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. fasc. ii. 
p.l l (1841). 
Ruticilla erytkronota (Eversm.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 297 (1850) ; Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 221. no. 3167 (1869); Severtz. Turhest. Jevotn. 


p. 65 (1873)-, Dresser, Bis, 1876, p. 77; Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 167 
(1876) ; Tacz. Bidl. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 143 (1876). 
Sylvia (Ruticilla) erythronota (Eversm.), Middend. Beis. Sibi?\ Zool. 

ii. pt. % p. 175 (1853). 
Ruticilla 
rufogularis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 27, pi. lix.; Horsf. 
8f Moore, Cat. B. Mus. EI. Co. i. p. 306 (1854) ; Gray, Hand-l 

B. i. p. 221. no. 8160 (1860) ; Hume*, Ibis, 1870, p. 530. 
Ruticilla alaschanica, Prfev, Boivley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 175, pi. liv. 
ftg. 2 (1877). 

In the adult male in full autumn jplumage the head and nape are 
slate-grey, the tips of the feathers being brown, half concealing pale 

* Spelt ritfigidaris. 
9. RCJTICtLLA. 
&19 
blue centres; a narrow lino at the base of the upper mandible, the 
lores, ear-coverts, and sides of the nock are black, each feather more 
or less indistinctly tipped with brown ; the back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts are bright chestnut, each feather of the back fringed 
with brown• the scapulars are black, similarly fringed; quills 
brown, the innermost secondaries dark brown, the outside webs 
narrowly margined with white; primary-coverts white, broadly 
tipped with dark brown; greater wing-coverts dark brown, narrowly 
tipped with white ; median wing-coverts white * leaser wing-coverts 
brown; tail bright chestnut, except the two centre feathers and the 
terminal half of the outer web of the outside feather on each side, 
which arc dark brown, occasionally mixed with bright chestnut. 
Chin, throat, breast, and flanks bright chestnut, each feather more 
or less obscurely tipped with pale bullish brown, which is the colour 
of the belly ; under tail-coverts with a more distinct shade of 
chestnut; axillaries and under wing-coverts white; inner margin of 
quills huffish brown. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. Wing with 
the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second 
primary intermediate in length between the seventh and eighth, 
bastard primary 1-1 to 1*0 inch. Length of wing 3-5 to 3*4 inches, 

tail 2*85 to 2*75, culmen 0*6 to 0*46, tarsus 1*0 to 0*9. 

In the female the wings, rump, tail, and upper and under tail-

coverts are coloured as in the male. The rest of the plumage is an 

almost uniform greyish brown, paler on the chin and centre of belly. 

In spring the brown edges to the feathers are most of them cast, 

leaving the head and nape groyish white, mottled with brown, and 

the back, throat, and breast rich chestnut, only streaked here and 

there with pale brown. Birds of the year and young in Jirst 

plumage appear to be unknown. 

Eversrnann's Redstart breeds in the pine- and birch-districts of 

Turkestan, South-western Mongolia, and South-eastern Siberia. In 

winter it descends into the valleys, and has been obtained in the 

North-western Himalayas, South Persia, and Eastern Asia Minor. 

a. 
6 ad. sk. Tashkend, March 20,180G It. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
(ftevertzoff). 
b, $ 
ad. sk. Near Taslikend, Nov. 18, India Museum. 
1874. 


e. <$ ad. sk. Skiraz, Persia, Nov. 1870. Col St. John [O.]. 
d. <S ad. sk. Khist, Persia, Jan. 1871. Col. St. John [C.J. 
e,f. 
c^Jad.sk. Puslmt, Afghanistan India Museum. (Types 
{Griffith). of It rufogularis, Moore.) 

g. $ ad. sk. N.W. India. R. B. Bharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
h. $ ,i, h. J ad. sk. Kasligar (Br. Belleiu). India Museum. 
I. cS, m. P ad. sk. digit, Cashmere, Jan. 19, Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
1880. 
11. Euticilla frontalis. 
Plioenicura frontalis, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 172; Gould, Cent B. 
Ilimal M. pi. xxvi. fig. 1 (1832) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 190 
(1842). 

Ruticilla melanura, Less. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 205. 
Phoenicura tricolor, Modgs. MS. Drawings {in the Brit. Mus.) of B. 


ITTKDIDJE. 

of Nepal, Passeres, pi. Ixxvi. £g. 1. no. 482, fig. 2. no. 483, pi. Ixxvii. 

rig. 1. no. 482, fig. 2. no. 483, pi. Ixxyiii. %. 3. no. 400, imdh 

Hodgs. Gray's Zool Misc. p. 83 (1844). 

Ruticilla frontalis ( Vigors), Gray, Cat. Mamm. §c. Nejml Coll. Hodgs. 

p. 68 (1840) • Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 134 (1847)- Gray, Gen. 
B. i. p. 180 (1848); Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 108 (1849)• 
Bp. Consp. i. p. 206 (1850); Horsf. § Moore, Cat B. Mm. E.I. Co. 
i. p. 308 (1854) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii/p. 141 (1863), Gray, Hand-IB. 
I. p. 221. no. 31G2 (1809) ; Godtv.-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. pt. 2, 
p. 270 (1870); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 358• Hume § Benders. 
Lahore to Tarh. p. 211 (1873); Prjev. Roicleifs Orn. Misc. ii. 
p. 174 (1877) • David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 108 (lb77). 
Adidt male in full autumn plumage. Eorehead and supercilium 

cobalt-blue, shading on the crown into blue-black, which extends 

over the whole head and neck including the mantle and scapulars ; 

the blue-black feathers are tipped with chestnut, causing these 

parts to appear to bs dusted over with brown; the primaries 

and secondaries are brown, with narrow pale margins to the outride 

edges ; the innermost secondaries are dark brown, broadly margined 

on the outside edges with chestnut; the lesser wing-coverts are 

dark blue, with narrow pale edges; the median and greater wing-

coverts are black with broader chestnut edges, and the primary 

coverts are dark brown with obscure palo edges; the lower back, 

rump, and upper tail-coverts are rich chestnut; the two centre tail-

feathers are "black, margined with chestnut on the outer edge towards 

the base ; the rest of the tail-feathers are rich chestnut, with the 

terminal half of the outside web of each outside feather and the tips 

of all the feathers for about half an inch black. Sides of the neck, 

ear-coverts, cheeks, chin, throat, and fore neck blue-black, dusted 

over with brown• the rest of the underparts rich, chestnut, somewhat 

paler in the centre of the belly• axillaries chestnut, with concealed 

dusky bases; thighs sooty brown. BUI, legs, and claws black. 

"Wing considerably rounded and concave; fourth and fifth primaries 

nearly equal and longest, second primary about equal to the eighth; 

bastard primary 1*1 to 0*9 inch, rather broad, not quite half the length 

of the second primary. Length of wing 3*6 to 3*4 inches (females 

3*5 to 3*2), tail 2*9 to 2*7, culmen 0*61 to 0*54, tarsus 1*0 to 0*92. 

In the adult male in breeding-plumage the chestnut tips of the 
feathers which are blue-black have become entirely abraded, causing 
the dusted appearance of these parts to disappear. The chestnut 
and pale edges to the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries have 
also almost all been abraded. 

Adult female in full autumn plumage. General colour of the 
upper parts rich sooty brown, with a shade of chestnut on the 
forehead and shading into rich chestnut on the rump and upper tail-
coverts * quills brown, with obscure, narrow, pale margins on the 
outside edges ; innermost secondaries and wing-eoverts dark brown, 
with broader brownish-white margins on the outside edges; two centre 
tail-feathers dark brown, with chestnut margins on the basal half of 
the outside edges; the rest of the tail-feathers rich chestnut, three-
fourths of the terminal portion of the outside edge of the outside 
feather on each side and the apex of each of the remaining feathers 

9 . BTJTICILLV. 
for about half an inch being brown. The underpaid are palor sooty 
brown, shading into pale chestnut on the chin and the centre of the 
belly; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale chestnut, with concealed 
dusky bases; under tail-coverts rich chestnut. 

In breeding-plumage the pale edges to the wing-coverts and 
innermost secondaries have disappeared by abrasion, and the pale 
chestnut of ^the chin and centre of the belly has faded into pale 
brown. It is not known that birds of the year differ from adults. 
Young in first plumage resemble the adult female, but have pale 
centres and dark margins to the feathers of both the upper and 
under parts. 

The Blue-fronted Eedstart breeds in the pine-forests of the 
mountain-chains which form the western, southern, and eastern 
boundaries of Thibet, Cashmere, Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Moupin, 
and Kansu, descending into the valleys during the cold season. 

a. $ ad. sk. Thibet. Earl of Clifford [P.], 
5. cj ad. sk. Cashmere. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
c, d. tf 
ad.; e, f, N.W. Himalayas. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
Juv. sk. [P.]. 


g. $ ad. sk. Near Dkurmsala. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
h. § ad. sk. Kumaon (Strachey). India Museum. 
i7 Jc. cT $ ad.; I Juv. Nepal. * B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
st. (Type of Phoenicura tricolor, Hocl^s.) 
m,n. 
Jad.; o,p. g Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.], 
ad. sk. 


q. <3 ad., r. Juv.sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq[, [P.], 
s. 
$ ad. j t, u. <j> Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum. 
ad.; v. Juv. sk. 
iv} x. $ 5 ad. sk. Darjiling (Pearson), India Museum. 
pj s. (S 2 a(^ s-^* Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum. 

12. Huticilla sehisticeps. 
Phoenicura schisticeps, Hodgs. 3fS. Drawings (in the Brit. Mm.) ofB. 
of Nepal, Passeresj pi. lxxix. no. 813, tmde Hodgs. Gray's ZooL 
Misc. p. 83 (1844). 

Rutieilla 
schisticeps (Hodgs.), Gray, Cat. Mamm. <5> c. Nepal Coll. 
Hodgs. p. 69, App. p. 153 (1846); Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 29; 
Horsf. § Moore, Cat. B. Mm. H.I. Co. i. p. 307 (1854) ; Jerd. B. 
Ind.% p. 140 (1863) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. 8fc. Nepal Coll. Hodgs. 

p. 34 (1863); Gray, HandX B. i. p. 221. no. 3164 (1869); JPtjev. 
Boiuley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 175 (1877). 
Kuticilla nigrogularis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 29, pi. lxi.; Jerdon, 

B. Ind. ii. p. 140 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 221. no. 3171 
(1869) ; Hume, Stray Heath, iv. p. 497 (1876). 
Adult male in full autumn plumage* Forehead and crown (with, 
the exception of a narrow black band at the base of the bill) cobalt-
blue, the black bases of the feathers becoming conspicuous on the 
occiput, nape, and hind neck; mantle and lower back black; the 
feathers of the rump and upper tail-coverts deep rich chestnut with, 
concealed black bases; scapulars black, with the terminal half of the 
inside web deep rich chestnut; lesser wing-coverts black; median 
wing-coverts white; greater and primary wing-coverts black; 

352 
TUBDID2E. 

primaries and secondaries dark brown • innermost secondaries nearly 

black, with a broad white margin on the onter edge• tail-feathers 

black, with concealed chestnut bases, except the two central feathers, 

which are black throughout. Sides of the neck, ear-coverts, cheeks, 

chin, throat, and fore neck black, with the exception of a large, 

irregular, round, white spot in the centre of the lower throat and 

fore neck* the rest of the underparts deep rich chestnut, the 

feathers of the centre of the belly tipped with white; axillaries and 

under wing-coverts black with white tips; thighs black. Bill, legs, 

and claws black. Wing considerably rounded and concave; fourth and 

fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate 

in length between the ninth and tenth; bastard primary 1*05 to 0*95 

inch, rather broad, not quite half the length of the second primary. 

Length of wing 3*2 to 3*1 inches, tail 2*8 to 2*7, culmen 0*6 to 0*56, 

tarsus 0*95 to 0*9. 

In the adult male in breeding-plumage the cobalt-blue on the 

crown has nearly disappeared by abrasion, but remains conspicuous 

on the forehead and supercilium. The dark brown of the wings has 

faded into brown, and the chestnut of both the upper and under 

parts is less deep and rich. 

Adult female in full autumn plumage. General colour of the 
upper parts rich sooty brown, with a slight tinge of pale cobalt on 
the forehead, and of chestnut on the tips of the scapulars; the 
feathers of the rump and upper tail-coverts deep rich chestnut, with 
concealed dark bases; lesser wing-coverts dark brown, with obscure 
pale edges • median wing-coverts white ; greater wing-eoverts dark 
brown, with obscure pale chestnut edges; primary wing-coverts 
brown; quills brown, with an obscure narrow chestnut-brown 
margin to the outer edges • innermost secondaries dark brown, with 
narrow white margins to the outer edges, tinged with rufous towards 
the tips; tail dark brown, the basal half more or less tinged with 
chestnut, except the two central feathers, which are dark brown 
throughout. The general colour of the underparts is a somewlat 
duller sooty brown, with an irregular white spot, somewhat smaller 
than that of the male, in the centre of the lower throat and fore neck. 
The centre of the belly shows more white than in the male, and a 
trace of chestnut is observable • the under tail-coverts are pale 
chestnut; axillaries and under wing-coverts black with white tips; 
thighs dark brown. 

I have been unable to meet with skins of females hi breeding-
plumage or of young in first plumage. Immature birds are said to 

want the white spot on the throat, or to have it imperfectly deve


loped, and in this plumage have been described as 22. nigrogidaris. 

The "White-throated Bedstart breeds in the wooded valleys of 
Kansu, and winters in Nepal and Sikkim. It probably breeds also 
in the pine-regions of the latter countries. 

a. S 
ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of TJimnieura schthticeps, Hodgs.) 
bjC. <$ 2 ad. sk. Nepal (Bodgsoti). India Museum. (Type of 
Muticilla nigrogukms, Moore.) 

9. EUTICILLA.. 
35;* 
13. Euticilla cserulocephala. 
Pkccmiciira cajrulocephala, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 35 ; Gould, Cent. 
B. Himal M. pi. xxv. %. L> (1882) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Bewj. xi. 
p. 101 (1842); Eodgs. Gray's Zool Misc. p. 8-3 (1844). 
1 hcemcura cteruleus, Hodgs. MS. Drawings {in the Brit. Mas.) ofR. of 
JSepal, Passeres, pi. Ixxv. fig. 3. no. 47o, pi. lxxxiii. 1%. 1. 110. 475 
(lean. hied.). 
Euticilla csarulocephala (rigors), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 180 (1840); 
Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. x\l p. 134 (1847) ; Btyth, Cat B. Mm. As, 
Soc p. 108 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 290 (1850); Horsf. cy Moore, 
Cat B.Mus. JE.I. Co. i. p. 307 (1854); Jerd B. 2nd. ii. p. *141 (1803); 
Gray, Kand-l B. i. p. 221. no. 3103 (1809) ; Hume Sr Ilenders. 
Lahore to Tark. p. 211, pi. xiv. (1873) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1870, p. 78. 

Adelura 
casruloeephala (rigors), Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 8 
(1854); Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 58. 
Euticilla lugens, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp.05, 121 (1873); id. 
>Str.Feath.lS75,V. 428. 
In the adult male in full autumn plumage the head and nape are 
greyish brown, with concealed light blue centres to each leather ; a 
narrow line at the ba.se of the upper mandible, the lores, the feathers 
round and behind the eye, the chin, and the ear-coverts are black. 
The throat, breast, under wing-coverts, back, and scapulars are black, 
each feather obscurely margined with brown. Etimp, upper tail-coverts, 

•and tail black. Wings and wing- coverts black, except the median wing-
coverts and the outside margin of the innermost secondaries, which are 
white; axillaries, belly, and under tail-coverts white; inner margin of 
quills brown. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. Wings with the fourth 
and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary about 
equal to the ninth, bastard primary 0-9 inch. Length of wing 3*2 to 
2*95 inches, tail 2*71 to 2*3, culmen 0*55 to 0-5, tarsus 0-9 to 0-88. 
In the adult female in full breeding-plumage the general colour 
of both the upper and the under parts is greyish brown, slightly 
darker on the wings and tail, and paler on the centre of the belly, 
under tail-coverts, and axillarie«; the upper tail-coveits are dull 
chestnut; the greater and median wing-coverts have white tips 
suffused with chestnut, and the innermost secondaries have pale 
margins. In spring the male has cast the tips of his feathers, the 
head and nape being in consequence pale blue, and the black parts 
without any brown margins to the feathers. Little change appears 
to take place in the plumage of the female. It is not known that 
hirds of the year differ from adults, except in having the tipper tail-
coverts dull chestnut in both sexes. Young in first phimage have 
pale centres and black margins to most of the feathers of the upper 
and underparts; the wing-coverts are spotted as in the adult female, 
the outer webs of the innermost secondaries are broadly margined 
with white, and the upper tail-coverts are dull chestnut. 

The Blue-headed Eedstart breeds in the pine- and birch-districts 
of North-eastern Turkestan, Afghanistan, and the range of the Himalayas, 
descending into the valleys in winter. 

a. cjad.sk. Pushut, Afghanistan (Griffith). India Museum. 
h. 3 ad. sk. Gilgit, Cashmere, June *>3,1879. Dr. J. Scully [P.L 
c. 
(3,d. $ juv. sk. Gilgit, Cashmere, July 8 and 11, Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
1879. 9 . 
* A
VOL. v.

354 
TURDIDJE. 

e. 6 ad. sk. Himalayas. India Museum. 
f, q. S ? ad. sk. Himalayas. Br. Stoliczka [PA 
A, i <$ ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. Capt.StackliousePinwill [P.J. 
/v cJ ad. sk. Chini, Koonawar, July 3, India Museum. 
1844. 

7. 
S ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of Pkcenicura ccendeus, Hoags.) 
m. J ad. sk. Bootan (Pemberton). India Museum. 
n. 
<$ ad. sk. Dschasyl Kul, near Lepsa, Dr. 0. Finsch [C.]. 
Turkestan, May 15,1870. 
10. MYRMECOCICHLA. Tvpe 
Myrmecocichla, Cab. Mm. Rein. i. p. 8 (1850) M. formicivora. 
Cercomela, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 7CG (1866) M. melanura. 


Tail of Myrmecocichla pollux. 

The genus Myrmecocichla comprises a small group of birds which 
connect the Chats with the Eobins. From the former they may 
always be known by the pattern of the tail, which is either wanting 
altogether, or present in only a rudimentary form. Where there is 
any white at the base or outside webs of any of the tail-feathers, 
the species may at once be distinguished by the emargiuated tip of 
the second primary. It is not so easy to give characters which shall 
always separate them from the Kobins. Their black or dark-brown 
legs will separate them from the plain-coloured Eobins; and the 
absence of brilliant colours, such as crimson or rich chestnut, and of 
violent contrasts in the colours of the cheeks and throat, will separate 
them from the darker-legged llobins. The bill is black and Haxicoline 
in shape; and the rictal bristles are small. The tail consists of 
twelve feathers and is slightly rounded. 

In their habits these birds are more Chats than Eobins, frequenting 
rocks and open ground. 

10 . MYBMECOOICIILA. 
ar>3 

_ Five species arc residents in South Africa ; two are found in Abyssinia, 
one of which extends to Palestine, whilst the eighth hpecios 
is a resident in North-western India. 

Key to the species* 

a. Scapulars or lesser wing-coverts white. 
(Subgeneric group MyuMECoririn^M.) 
a'. Throat black; breast and belly bufh\sh white, bifasciata, p. 855. 
b'. Throat, breast, and belly brown formicivora, p. 850. 

b. Scapulars and lesser wing-coverts nearly uniform 
brown or grey like the back, 
c'. Second primary emarginated at the tip. 
(Subgeneric group SINUATOID.E.) 
a". Upper tail-coverts slaty brown. Length 
of wing 4*2 to 4*0 inches potiiu, p, 857. 
h". Upper tail-coverts white. Length of wing 
3*8 to 3*3 inches cinerea, p. 358. 
c". Upper tail-coverts chestnut. Length of 
wing 2-9 to 2-8 inches smuata, p. 850. 
«7'. Second primary not emarginated at the tip. 
(Subgeneric group CERCOMELJE.J 
c/". Tail black, in contrast with the brown back. 
a'". General colour of the upper and tinder-
parts russet-brown fusva, p. 800. 
b'". General colour of the upper and under-" 
parts grey melanura, p. 300. 
<?". 
Tail earthy brown, nearly the same colour 
as the back fitseicaudata, p. 301, 

1. Myrmecocichla bifasciata. 
Saxicola bifasciata, Temm. PL Col no. 472. fig. 2 (1820); Gray, Gen. 
B. i. p. 170 (1840); Lai/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 104 (1807); Gray, 
IlcmcU. B. i. p. 220. no. 8240 (1809) ; \%arpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 27 
(1871) ; Blanf. $ Dresser, P, Z. & 1874, p. 239;tiharpe,eel 
Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 240 (1870). 
Oampicola bifasciata (Temm.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 304 (1850) ; Cab, 
Mus. Hein. I p. 10 (1850). 
Saxicola spectabilis, llartlaub, P. Z. S. 1805, p. 428, pi. xxiii. 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Forehead and a distinct eye-
stripe reaching to the nape huffish white ; crown, nape, and back 
black, the feathers of the latter with brown margins; scapulars, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts white, more or less suffused with buff; 
wings and tail black. Lores, chin, throat, cheeks, ear- coverts, and 
sides of the neck black ; axillaries and under wing-coverts black ; 
the remainder of the underparts buff; inner margin of quills pale 
brown. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. Wings with the third to 
the sixth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary equal to 
the seventh, bastard primary 1*15 to 1*05 inch. Length of wing 3*75 
to 3-3 inches, tail 2-5 to 2-25, eulraen 0-75 to 0-72, tarsus 1*28 to 1-2. 

The female is huffish brown on the upper parts, shading into dark 
buff on the rump and upper tail-coverts, with an obscure buff eye-
stripe and obscure dark centres to the feathers of the head and back; 
wing-coverts and innermost secondaries dark brown, with buffi shbrown 
margins. The underparts are brownish buff, with dark 

2A2 

356 
TURDIDJE. 

shaft-lines lo most of the feathers. AfUr the autumn moult the 
feathers of the back, axillaries, and under wing-coverts of the male 
have white tips, and the innermost secondaries have white margins. 
No important change takes place in the plumage of the female. 
Hales of the year have all the white parts entirely suffused with 
buff, and the crown and back coloured as in the female. Young in 
tint plumage have pale huff centres and dark brown margins to the 
feathers of the crown, back, and breast; otherwise they resemble the 
female in autumn plumage. 

The Black-throated Chat-Robin has been found in the Transvaal, 
the Orange Free State, Natal, and the North-east of Caj3e Colony. 
It is not known to bo migratory. 

a. c? ad. sk. South Africa. Baron Laugier. 
b, c. d ? ad. sk. Windvogelberg {Bulger). P. L. Sclater, Esq. [P.]. 
(Types of 8. spectahilis, Hartl) 
d) e- 6 \f' 2 ad. sk. Kingwiliiamstown, Herbert Trevelyan, Esq. 
July 23,1877. [P.]. 
g} h. S) & $ad. sk. Heights above Grahams- R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
town (T. C. Atmore). 
k-n.<$', <?,p. Jad.sk. Elands Post (T. C. At- R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
more), 


q. $ ad. sk. Witwater Rand. P. A. Barratt, Esq. [C.]. 
r. 
Jad.sk. Brakensberg Mountains, T. C. Buckley, Esq. [P.]. 
Dec. 20, 1873. 
2. Myrmecocichla formicrvora. 
LeTraquet foxnrm&ev,Levaill. Ois.d'Afr.iY.y. 108, pis. 186,187(1805). 
(Enanthe formicivora, Vieill. N. Diet d'Hzst. Sat. xxi. p. 421 (1818, 
ex LevailL). 

Saxicola formicivora (Vieill), Gray, Gen B. i.p. 179 (1846) ; Cliapman, 
Trad. S. Afr. ii. p. 399 (1868) ; Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 227. 
no. 3203 (I860). 

Sylvia formicivora ( Vieill), fide Bp. Corisp. i. p. 302 (1850). 

Myrmecocichla formicivora (Vieill.), Bp. Ounsp. i. p. 302 (1850); 
Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 8 (1850) ; Hartl Oni. W.-Afr. p. 65 (1857); 
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 110 (18(37) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 26 
(187]); Gumey, Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 110 (1872); Sharpe, 
ed. Layard'$ B. S. Afr. p. 231 (1876). 

Myrmecocichla sethiops, Cab. Mm. Hein. i. p. 8 (1850); Bp. Consp. 

i. p. 302 (1850); Hartl Ont. W.-Afr. p. 65 (1857). 
Petrocincla formicivora (Vieill), Licht. Nbmend. AD. p. 26 (1854). 
Petrocincla setkiops (Cab.),Licht. he. cit (1854). 
Saxicola, asthiops (Cab.), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 227. no. 3264 (1809). 
Turdus setkiops, Licht fide Heugl. Orn. K-O. Afr. i. p. H65 (1869). 
Thamnoleea athiops (Licht), Heugl. op. cit. p. 365 (1869). 
Thanmolaea formicivoia (Vieill), Heugl op. cit. p. 366 (18C9). 
Adidt male in breeding-plumage. General colour of the whole 
plumage sooty brown, the feathers on the forehead, crown, throat, 
and breast having pale margins ; lesser wing-coverts white ; shafts 
of the primaries, and the basal half of the inner webs of the second 
to the fifth, and the whole of the inner web of the sixth to the tenth, 
except the tips, white. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black Wing 
with the third, fourth, an& fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, 

second primary intermediate in length between the sixth and seventh, 

10. MYUMurocrniM. 
x>7 
bastard primary H to 0i) inch. Length of wing^n to :t«7 hiring 
tail 2-5 to 2*3, cuhnoa 0-Sr> to 0*75, tarsus 1-1 to !•;?. 

Tho /emafe apparently differs from the male in being slight l> 
paler in colour, and in not having any while on tho wing-eoverK 
It is not known that any change taken place «/W the autumn moult. 
Birds of the year appear to have tho white on the inner webs of tlie 
primaries slightly suffused with buif. It is support that the w lute 
on tho wing-coverts of the male is not assumed until the second 
year. Some collectors assert that in fully adult plumage both sexes 
have white lesser wing-coverts. 

The Ant-eating Chat-Eobin has been found in various parts of 
South Africa, Damara Land, the Orange Free State, the east of (1up<» 
Colony, Natal, and the Transvaal. It is not known t o bo migrat ory. 
Its reported occurrence in Senegal and Nubia requires verification^ 

a. Ad. sk. South Africa (E. L. Layard), It. B. Slmrpe, Esq. 
h. Ad. sk. South Africa T. Campbell, Esq. [P. ]. 
c. Ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown. Herbert Tivvelvan, Esq. 
d. 
$ ad, sk. Kinowilliainstown, May 24, Herbert Trovelvan, Esq. 
1877. [P.], 
e. Ad. sk. Elands Fost {T. C. Atmore). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
/ . <f ad. sk. Newcastle, May 30, 1874 (F. (J. a & W. (hies, 
Oates). Esqrs. [P.], 
y> 2 ad. sk. Potcliefstroom, Transvaal, Dec. Br, Exton [P.], 
20, 18715 (W.Lucas), 

h. <$ ad. sk. Potcliefstroom, Jan. 18, 1877 Br. Exton [P.]. 
(W. Lucas). 
I S ad. sk. Potclie&troom, April 5,1877. Br. Exton [P.]. 
k. 
Ad. sk. Ondonga, Ovampo, Oct. 30, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
1800" (C J. Anclersson), 
3. Iffyrmecocichla pollux 
Saxicola pollux, Ilartlauh, P. Z. & LS05, p. 747; Gray, Hand-l Tl 
i. p. 22o. no. 8230 (1801)); Blanf. $ Dress. 1>. Z. tf. 1*74, p. 235, 
pi. xxxviii. tig. 1; tiharpe, eel Bayard's B. ti. Afr. p. 244 (1*77). 
General colour of tho upper parts slaty brown, darker on the 
longest upper tail-coverts ; lores and ear-coverts brown ; wings and 
wing-coverts brown, with obscure narrow paler margins ; two centre 
tail-feathers entirely dark brown, the outer web of each succeeding 
feather having more and more white at the base, until in the outermost 
tail-feathers on each side the whole outside web is white. 
Underparts grey, shading into nearly white on the auxiliaries, under 
wing-coverts, lower part of belly, and under tail-coverts; inner 
margin of quills pale brown. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. 
Wings with the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries nearly equal 
and longest, seventh primary much shorter, second primary intermediate 
in length between the sixth and seventh, and conspicuously 
emarginated at the tip on the inner web, bastard primary 1-0 to 0-1)5 
inch. Length of wing 4*2 to 4-02 inches, tail 3*0 to 2*8 L, oilmen 0-8 
to 0*65, tarsus 1*3 to 1*25. 
It is not known that tho female differs in plumage from tho male, 
or that any change takes place after the autumn moult. Birch of 
the year and youny hi first phi ma ye appear to be unknown. 

TURDIDiE. 

The greater Sickle-winged Chat-Eobin has occurred in various 
localities of the northern parts of Capo Colony, where it is supposed 
to be a resident. 
a, b. Ad. sk. So^h Africa. K. B. Sharpe, "Esq.. 

4. Myrmecocichla cinerea. 
LeTraquettracts,Levaill. Ok tiAfrAv p. 103,pi. 184.fig. 1 (1805). 
aLantae cinerea, Vieill. N. Diet. dHist. Aat. zn. p. 437 (1818, ex 
SyWalSerea (Vieill), Bonn, et Vieill.Snc. Met!, ii. p. 493 (1820). 
Saxicola tractrac, Boic; Isu, 1828, p. 3iO. 
SaScola levaillantii, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. Birds, letterpress to 

sSi^^Svieitt.), Gray, Gen. B. i p. 179 (1840,; Layard 
« S Afr v 105 (1807); Gray, Hand-l, B. i. p. 220. no. 324!) 

S 1874, p. 235; Sharpe, ed. LayanTs B. S.Afr. p 242 (18,7). 
Dromotea! cinerea' (Vieill), Bp. ConspA.V.m (1850); Sundev. K. 

So. Vet.-AJcad. Hand!, ii. no. 3, p. 45 (1857 . 
TVithicus schleo-elii, TPa/i/. ffi/e. #• Vet.-Akad. Fork. 1855, p. 213. 
laSlmodeX A**** &*, 1809, p. 200; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 

p. 225. no. 3237 (1809). D.oa 
Saxicola schlftgelii fWII.) Gray Hand-l B r p. 22o no. 8236 
Dam. Ld. 

pi. xxxix. 

Wing of Myrmecocichla cinerea. 

General colour of the upper parts dull pale slate-grey ; lores and 
ear-coverts brown; eye-stripe dull white, obscure, not extending 
beyond the lores; wings brown; wing-coverts brown, margined 
with pale slate-grey; secondaries and innermost secondaries narrowly 
margined with white at the tips ; rump and upper tail-coverts 
white; two centre tail-feathers entirely dark brown, the outer web 
of each succeeding feather having more and more white at the base 
until, in the outermost tail-feather on each side, the whole outside 
web is white ; underparts greyish white, shading into white on the 
vent and under tail-coverts; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
white, with concealed dusky bases; inner margin of quills pale 
brown. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. "Wings with the third, 
fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries nearly equal and longest; seventh 
primary much shorter ; second primary intermediate in length between 
the sixth and seventh, and conspicuously emarginated at the 

10 . MYRMECOCICHLA. 
359 

tip on the inner web ; bastard primary 0*8 to 06 inch. Length 
of wing 3-85 to 3*7 inches (females 3*6 to 3*3), tail 2-7 to 23 , 
oulmen 0*7 to 0-61, tarsus 1-2 to 1-05. 

Tho female differs from the male only in boing smaller in size, and 
has been described as a different species. After the autumn moult. 
the general colour of the plumage is browner, loss sandy. Birds 
of the year and young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 

The Lesser Sickle-winged Chat-Eobin is found in Damara Land and 
Great Namaqua Land, extending southwards as far as the Karroo in 
Cape Colony. It is not known to be migratory. 

a. <$ ad. sk. Great Namaqua Land. C. J. Andersson, Esq. [0.]. 
b. $ 
ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Damara Land, E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
"May 30, 1800 (C. /. Andersson). 
c-f. § ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Aug. 1868 (C. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

J. Andersson). 
5. Myrmecocichla sinuata. 
Luscinia sinuata, Sundew. K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl, ii. no. 3, p. 44, 
note (1857). 

Saxicola sinuata (Sundev.), Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 108 (1867) ; Ayres, 
Ibis, 1871, p. 155; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 27 (1871) ; Blanf. $ 
Dress. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 238 j Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. 

p. 236 (1876). 
Aedon sinuata (Sundev.), Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 211. no. 2987 (1860). 
Ruticilla (Erythacus) sinuata (Sundev.), Blanf. Ann. Nat. Hist 
1869, iv. p. 329. 

<K^I~ 

Wing of Myrmecocichla sinuata. 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour of the upper 
parts brown, scarcely darker on the lores, and shading into chestnut 
on the rump and dark chestnut on the upper tail-coverts ; ear-coverts 
russet-brown; wings brown,the wing-coverts and secondaries edged 
with pale huffish brown; tail brown, nearly the whole of the outside 
web and the basal half of the inside web of the outside tail-
feather on each side pale dull chestnut, the amount of chestnut 
lessening on each succeeding feather until the two centre feathers 
are entirely brown for the terminal two thirds; underparts pale 
grey, browner on tho breast, and suffused with chestnut on the flanks 
and under tail-coverts ; axillaries, under wing-coverts, and inner 
margin of quills pale buffish grey. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. 
Wings with the third to the sixth primaries nearly equal and longest; 
second primary intermediate in length between the sixth and seventh, 
and emarginated at the tip to such an extent that for from an eighth 

360 TtTRDIDJE. 

to a quarter of an inch the inside web is as narrow as the outside; 
bastard primary 0-65 to 0*0 inch. Length of wing 2*9 to 2S5 inches, 
tail 1-98 to 1-85, oilmen 0*61 to 0*55, tarsus 1*13 to 0*95. 

The female scarcely differs from the male; and no important change 
is produced by the autumn moult, which appears to take place in April. 
Birds of the year and young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 

The Russet Sickle-winged Chat-Robin is common in the Cape 
Colony, extending its range northwards into the Transvaal. It is 
not known to be migratory, and is said to be Chat-like in its habits. 

rt.Ad.sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.], 

b. Ad. sk. South Africa {E.L.Luyard). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c,d. cS $ acl. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
May 15, 1877 (W. Lucas^. 

6. MyrmecocicMa fusca. 
Saxicola fusca; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xx. p. 52S (1851) • id. J. A. S. 
Bene/, xxiv. p. 188 (1835) * Gray, Hand-l. B, i. p. 220. no. 3243 
(1809). 
Cercomela fusca (Myth), Jercl B. Inch ii. p. 134 (1808) • Hume, Nests 
and Eggs Ind. B. p. 319 (1874)• Butler, Stray Feath. 1875, p. 477. 

General colour of the upper parts chocolate-brown, shading into 
paler chocolate-brown on the forehead * lores chocolate-brown; ear-
coverts paler chocolate-brown; quills and wing-coverts dark brown ; 
tail nearly black; underparts pale chocolate-brown, shading into 
dark brown on the under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-
coverts. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. TVmg with the third and. 
fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate 
in length between the sixth and seventh, bastard primary 
0*95 inch. Length of wing 3*45, tail 2*5, culmen 0*65, tarsus TO. 

It is noo known that the female differs from the male * nor has any 
record been made of the difference in the colour of the plumage 
caused by age or season. 

The Indian Chat-Robin breeds in Central India, extending towards 
the North-west Provinces. I t is said to be a resident, and to resemble 
a Chat in its habits. 

a. (S ad. sk India. Capt. Boys [C.]. 
7. MyrmecocicMa melaimra. 
Saxicola melanura, Temm. PL Col no. 257, fig. 2 (1824); Hupp. Xetie 
Wirb. Voa. p. 80 (arc. 1835); id. Sijst Uebers. p. 58 (1845) * Gray, 
Gen. B. i. p. 179 (1846); Bp. Coiisp. i. p. 304 (1850) • Cab. Mas. 

Hem. i. p. 10 (1850); Gray, Hand-l. B. I. p. 226. no. 3242 (1869); 
Heugl Om.N.O.-Afr. i. p. 361 (1869): Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 27 
(1871). 

Sylvia melanura (Temm.), Hempr. et Ehr. Symb. Phys., Aves, fol. ec 

(1833). 
Sylvia lypura, Hempr. et Ehr. Symb. Phys., Aves, fol. ee (1833). 
Cercomela asthenia, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii p. 766 (1856). 
Pratincola melanura (Temm,), Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 27 (1856) 

Tristram," Ibis, 1867, p. 97, 

10 . MYHMKUOC1CI1LA.. 
m\ 

Oercomela melanura (Temm.), Jerd IL Ind ii. p. 133 (1H(»;}>. 
Saxicola lypura {Hemp, et Mr.), Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 220. no. tW 11 
(1809). 
Saxicola (Oercomela) melanura (Temm.), Blauf. Geo!, # iW , zfZ>//,ss\ 

p. 303 (1870). ' 
In thetfcfaj;} male in breeding-plumage the general colour of the 
upper parts is grey; lores and ear-coverts pale brown; quills and 
wing-coverts greyish brown, the outside webs margined with gre\ish 
white; rump and upper tail-coverts black, the latter obscurely 
margined at the tip with white; tail black; underpays pale grey, 
shading into nearly white on the axillaries, under wing-coverts, 
centre of belly, and under tail-coverts. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. 
"Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and 
longest; second primary intermediate in length between the sixth and 
seventh; bastard primary 0*9 to 0*75 inch. Length of wing 3*1 to 
2-82 inches, tail 2*5 to 2-h, culmen 0-05 to 0*0, tarsus 0*95 to U-S>. 

The female differs from the male in being darker in colour, the 
general colour of the upper parts being brown, and of the underpays 
brownish white. The autumn plumage scarcely differs from 
that of spring. Birds of the year and young in first plumage appear 
to be unknown. 

Temminck's Chat-Eobin breeds in Southern Palestine, Arabia, 
Nubia, and Abyssinia. It is said not to be migratory. Its reported 
occurrence in India is supposed to be an error. 

a. $ ad. sk.
b. cS ad. sk. 
Zoulla, Anneslev Bay,
Jan. 28, 18(38) 
May en, Koomaylee Pass,
Jan. 20, 1868. 
W. T. Stanford, Esq. [C.]. 
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C], 
c. Ad. sk.
d. $ ad. sk.
e. c? ad. sk.
/ . $ ad. sk. 
Anseba valley, Aug. 18,18G8 (W. Jesse). 
Engedi, Palestine, Jan.
22, 1864 (Tristram). 
Engedi, Palestine. 
Jebel U&dinm Palestine. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
F. Godman and O. Salvin, 
E^qrs. [P.]. 
Canon Tristram [C.]. 
Canon Tristram |_C.j. 

8. MyrmecocicMa fuscicaudata. 
Ruticilla fuscicaudata, Blanford, Ann. Nat Hist. I860, iv. p. 329; 

Blanf. Geol $ &3ol. Abyss, p. 359, pi. iv. (1870). 
Saxicola scotocerca, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 363 (1869). 
Ruticilla scotocerca (Heuyl), Fiwch, Tr. Z.S. vii p. 324 (1870). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage, deneral colour of the upper 
parts earthy brown, the outside webs of the wing-coverts and 
secondaries margined with rufous-brown ; a narrow line above the 
lores and the whole of the underparts, including the axillaries, 
under wing-coverts, and the inner margin of the quills, pale brown. 
Bill, legs, and feet dark brown. "Wings with the third and fourth 
primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary about equal to 
the seventh, bastard primary 0*9 inch. Length of wing 2*9 inches, 
tail 2-2, culmen 0-6, tarsus 0*85. 

Nothing is known of any differences in the colour of the plumage, 
which may be attributable to age, sea% or season. 

362 iniDrnJ:. 

Blanford's Chat-Kobin has only occurred in the Bogos country 
between Nubia aud Abyssinia, where it breeds, and Is supposed to 

be a resident. 

a. s ad. sk. Mas'halet Pass, near Bogo«, W. T. Blanford1, Esq. "QX 
atu'Uthi, Blanf.j 

11. SAXICOLA. x. 
Tail of Sarieola mmtntk*. 

The genus Saxicola contains thirty or more species of bird*, none 
of them much larger or smaller than a Robin. The hill i* slender 
and black, and only moderately furnished with rietol bristle*. The 
legs are also black, and the tarsus unseutellated. In every species 
the bastard primary is small, and the wings comparatively flat and 
pointed. The tail consists of twelve feathers of nearly equal length. 
The most important character, however, is to be found ill the colour 
of the rump, upper tail-coverts, and the base of the tail, which 
in typical species is white. One species (8. jtanthoprymna) is 
aberrant in the colour of the rump and upper tail-coverts, but is 
typical in the colour of the tail, whilst three specie* {8. masta, 

8. chnjmpitfjia. and & rjaltom) are Kuticilltne in the colour of the 
rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail. These species may, however, 
be distinguished from the genus Rutirilla by the proportion between 
the culmen and tail. In HuiiciUa the tall is more than 
four times the length of the culmen, whilst in Saxieola it is leas. 
The Chats are essentially ground-birds, seldom if ever perching 

11 . 
SAXICOLA. 3(W 
in trees, frequenting the open country, some of tlicm rocky mountainsides, 
some cultivated plains, and others arid deserts. 

The genus 8a<vicola is principally ^Ethiopian. Six species arc 
peculiar to South Africa; five more to Nubia and Abyssinia. Five 
species inhabit North Africa, of which the range of three extends 
to Palestine, and the remaining two to Turkestan. Eight species 
are European, of which the range of three extends to Persia, one 
extends to Turkestan, and two to China. Pour species breed only 
in Persia, and four only in Turkestan. 

Key to the Species. 

A. Back 
and throat jet-black in adult 
male in breeding-plumage. 
a. Upper and median wing-coverts black 
or dark brown, like the rest of the 
wing. 
a'. Upper tail-coverts rufous. White 
on tail frequently tinged with 
rufous. Belly sometimes white, 
sometimes black. Head grey or 
blackish , lugubris, p. 305. 


b'. Upper tail-coverts white. White 
on tail never tinged with rufous. 
a!'. Lower "breast and belly white. 
a"'. Head black. 


aK Sexes alike. Length of wing, 
males 4*2 to 3*9 inches, 
females 3*95 to 3*75 albonigra, p. 3G6. 

bK General colour of female 
brown. Length of wing, 
males 3*7 to 3*4 inches, females 
3*5 to 3*3 , < picata, p. 367. 

b"'. Head white or grey. 
cK Inner margin of quills black 
or dark brown. 


a'\ Crown grey. Sexes alike. 
Length of wing 3*7 to 
3*5 inches, cuhnen 0*7 to 
0* 62. Second primary between 
the sixth and 
seventh capistrata, -p. 368. 

¥. Head white. General colour 
of female brown. Length 
of wing in males 4*2 to 
4*0 in., culmen 0*9 to 0*8. monacha p. 369. 

c\ Head white, more or less 
suffused with grey. General 
colour of female 
brown. Length of wing 
in males 3*9 to 3*6 inches, 
culmen 0*7 to 0*6. Second 
primary about equal 
to the fifth ^ mono, p. 372. 

cP. Inner margin of quills white. 

d\ 
Basal portion of quills 
white on inner webs to 
the shaft. 

3G4 
TTRDID.SJ. 

«'•. White on nape extending1 
to upper back. 
Black on outer tail-
feathers about half an 
inch higens, p. 370. 

b{, White on nape not extending 
to upper back. 
Black on outer tailfeatherb 
nearly an inch, luyentouhs. p. 371. 

e\ Inner margin only of quills 
white ptr&ica, p. 372. 
b". Breast and belly black. 

e.'" Sexes alike. Head of old male 
white. Length of wins- 4*1 
to 3-8 inches, culmen 0*93 
to 0*7 Uueopyya* p. 374, 

d1". Sexes different. Head of adult 
male always black. Length 
of wing 3*8 to 3*o0 inches, 
culmen 0*8 to 0'7 leucura, p. 37<3. 

<?"'. Sexes different. JHead of adult 
male always black. Length 
of wing of male 3*0 inches, 
culmen 0*08 to 0*05 opistholnwa* p. 37*1 

b. 
Upper and median wing-coverts white, 
in strong contrast to the black or 
dark brown of the rest of the winir. 
c'. Head black, except occasionally a 
narrow white e^e-stripe above*the 
lores nvjntkohij p. 3*0. 

d\ 
Head dark grey, with a broad ill-
defined paler eye-stripe mmiikda hiicnmtkitm^ 
e'. Head grey Imeomefmui mtmttcula^ 
/' . Head white leucmm-kemi^ p. 377. 

B. 
Back white, grey, or brown. Throat 
black in adult male in breeding-
plumage. 
c. 
Bump and upper tail-coverts buff. 
yr. Base of tail-feathers white........ xaufko-prymm^ p. 3^1. 
h\ Base of tail-feathers pale dull chestnut 
mast af p. 3t>2. 

d. 
Rump white. 
i'. Back and scapulars uniform buff. 
c". Inner wTebs of quills narrowly 
margined with white......../. de&erti, p. 383, 
d". Basal half of inner weh* of most 
quills white to the shaft montana, p. 364. 
k'. Back much lighter in colour than the 
scapulars. 
e'\ Chin and upper throat black ... . xtapasina, p. 387. 
/" . Chin and throat black meimw!euea7 p. &#>. 
y'\ Chin, throat, and upper breast 

black 
Jfnschii, p. 388. 

C. Throat white or nearly so. 
e. Base of tail-feathers "chestnut. 
/', 
Bump, upper tail-coverts, and belly 
pale buff. Dark brown on tail-
feathers more than half an inch. .. ckrysopyyia, p. 380. 

11 . SAXICOLA. 36 5 
ni'. Bump and upper tall-coverts chestnut. 
Belly light brown. Brown on 
tips of l(f outside tail-feathers less 
than I inch. Centre tail-feathers 
more than seven eighths inch brown galtoni, p. 390. 


n\ Upper tail-coverts chestnut. Brown 
on tips of 10 outside tail-feathers 
half inch or more. Centre tail-
feathers chestnut for the basal half senmarensis, p. 390. 


/ . Bans of tail-feathers white. 
</. Back and scapulars pale slate-grey . cenanfhe, p. 391. 
p'. Back white. Scapulars black aurita, p. 394. 
?'. Back and scapulars black vittata, p. 30(3. 
r\ Back and scapulars brown. 


h". Cheeks and breast black pileata, p. 397. 
%"• Cheeks and breast white or pale 
brown. 


/'". Outer web of outside tail-
feathers white. Dark part 
of expanded tail V-shaped. 


eK Upper parts pale bullish 
brown ; underparts white.. albicans, p 398. 
f^. Upp°r parts earthy brcv\n; 
underpaid brownish white layardi, p. 399. 

g'!'. Terminal third of outride web 
of outside tail-feathers 
nearly black. Dark part of 
expanded tail T-shaped. 


g4. Upper parts sometimes sandy 
brown, sometimes dull 
brown isahelUw, p. 399, 

JiK Upper parts dark brown, 
paler on the margin of each 
feather bottce, p. 401. 

1. Saxicola lugubris. 
Saxicola lugubris, Rilpp. Keue Wirl. Vog. p. 77, pi. 28. fig. 1 (circ. 
1835); id.Syst Uebers. p.58(1845); Gray, Gen.B.i.-p-179 (LUV); 
Cab. Mm. Hem. i. p. 10 (1850) ; Heugl Si/rt. Uebers. p. 26 (1850) ; 
Gray, Hand4. B. i. p 225. no. 3215 (1869) ; HemJ. Orn. 2T.O.-
Afr. i. p. 354 (1869); Blanf. § Jjresser, R Z. 8. 1874, p. 231. 

Saxicola leucuroides, Guir. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 162; Gmr. et Lafresn. 
Ferr. et Gal. Voy. en Abyss, iii. p. 218, Atlas, Zool pi. xi. (1847); 
Heugl Orn. N.O.-Afr. I. p. 358 (1869); Gray, Hand-l B. i. 

p. 225. no. 3233 (1869). 
? Saxicola syenitica, Heugl Orn. K.O.-Afr. i. p. 358 (1869); Shelley, 
B.Egypt) p. 80 (1872). 
Saxicola brehrnii, Salvad. Aft. Ac. Tor. v. p. 508 (1870). 


Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour black; forehead, 
crown, and nape grey, with obscure dark centres to each feather ; 
quills dark brown, slightly paler on the under surface ; rump, upper 
and under tail-coverts, and the tips of the feathers round the vent 
buff; basal third of two centre rail-feathers and basal two thirds 
of the others white, more or less suffused with buff. Bill, legs, feet, 

•H K'lUiU,, 
noo 

and claws black. WIM^M with fho third, fourth, and fifth primaries 
ncarh equal and longest, Hccond primary HlighU\ longer or hhorter 
than'tho Hoveidh, basiaid primary <W)5 i<> 0-8 inch. Length of 
\\ing3"3J to 3*2incheH (females 3*1 lo3*0),{ail 2*35 to 2't,eulmon 
077 to <>•!»;>, tarsiwO-ihs to 0>s, 

Ajhr tin mi!anni moult the black parts are glossy, the dark 
centres to the feathers on the crown very pronounced, and the tail-
feathers have unite tips. The fmale has the upper parts similar 
to the male, except that the Mack is duller and browner, and the 
head concolorous with the back. The ground-colour of the underparts 
is a bullish brown on the breast, shading into pale grey on 
the belly and throat, and into dull buff on the undor tail-coverts, 
the feathers of the throat, breast, and Hanks having dark brown 
centres. What 1 suppose to be malt a of t/u year have nearly white 
bellies. Young in Jirst plumage appear to be unknown. 

The Abyssinian Chat is confined to the highlands of Abyssinia, 
where it is supposed to be a resident. 

a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Baron Laugier. 
h, c. J ad. sk. Abyssinia. 11. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
d. <$ ad. sk. lialai, Tigre, March 3, W. T. Blanford, Ksq. [0.1. 
1808. 
e. 2 ad. sk. Senate, Ti<>ro, March 12, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.J. 
1808. 
/, //. d 2 ad. sk. Seiiafe, May 28,1808. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 

2. Saxicola albonigra. 
Saxieohi alboniger, Hume, Stray Feath. i. p. 2 (1873). 
Dromolaea alboniger (Hume), Jliwie, Stray Feath. i. p. 18Z (187-J). 
Saxicola albonigra, Hume, Blunf # Dresser,1\ Z. &, 1874, p. £J(>; 


Mia/tf. East. Persia, ii. p. loo1, pi. xi. (1870). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Entire head, neck, upper back, 
throat, axillaries, and under wing-coverts black ; quills dark brown, 
slightly paler on the under surface; lower back, ramp, upper tail-
coverts, breast, belly, and under tail-coverts white ; tail-feathers 
white, except the terminal half of the two central feathers and the 
teiminal half inch of the others, v>hich are dark brown. Bill, legs, 
feet, and claws black. "Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary about equal in 
length to the sixth, bastard primary 1*05 to 0-85 inch. Length of 
w ing 4*2 to 3*9 inches (female 3*05 to 3*75), tail 3*0 to 2*05, culmen 
0-87 to 0*75, tarsus 1-13 to 1*0. 

It is not known that the plumage of the female differs in any 
respect from that of the male. No change takes place after the 
autumn moult beyond the greater brilliancy of the colours. Young 
in first plumage and birds of the ytar are said to have the black 
more sooty in tinge, and to bo spotted only at the tips of the wing-
coverts and quills. 

So far as is known, Hume's Chat is confined to South-eastern 
Persia, Baluchistan, and Bcincle, where it appears to be a rebident, 

11 . SAXICOLA, 
367 
breeding at an elevation of five or six thousand feet, and resorting 
to the lower valleys in winter. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. Kantian, S.E. Persia, 5800, \\\ T. Blanford, Esq. rc.l 
May 10, 1872. L J 
h. 
£ ad. ftk. Nan Xai, KMrthaii range, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.], * 
Scinde, Jan. 9, lb76. 
c. J ad. sk. Gaj river. Western Scincle; W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. 
Bee. m, 187(5. 
Saxicola picata and Saxicola eapistrata. 

Between these two forms every intermediate variety occurs. The 
extreme forms only differ in the colour of the crown of the head and 
nape: in the former it is jet-black, in the latter nearly pure white, 
Hume is of opinion that the white-headed bird is the fully adult 
bird of the black-headed species. In this opinion Dr. Scully, who, 
during his residence in Gilgit, obtained a magnificent series of intermediate 
forms, concurs. Blanford, who also obtained a tine series 
oi intermediate forms in Scinde and llajputana, is of opinion that 
the two forms are distinct species, and that the intermediate forms 
an* the immature white-headed birds. The question must, in my 
opinion, remain an open one until further facts are collected ,• but I 
think that the balance of evidence points to the conclusion that the 
two forms are only subspeeifieally distinct, and that the intermediate 
iorms are fertile hybrids. The facts upon which I base my hypothesis 
are as follows :—There is no evidence that one form moults 
into the other, intermediate forms of every grade occurring in mid\\
inter. The black-headed form is by far the most numerous ; the 
intermediate forms are rare ; and the white-headed form is said to be 
still rarer,—which is precisely the case with the Carrion and Hooded 
Crows and their intermediate forms in the valley of the Yenesay. 
The geographical distribution of the two forms is almost identical: 
but it is suspected that the black-headed form alone occurs in some 
parts of Persia and Baluchistan, and the white-headed form alone 
in Turkestan. 

8. Saxicola picata, 
Saxicola picata. Blyth, J. A. S. Bene/, xvi. p. 131 (1847); id. Cat B. 
Mm. As. 8ue. p. 187 (1840); Bp. Consp. i. p. 304 (1850); Ilorsf. 
& Moore, Cat. B. Mas. EL Co. i. p. 287 (1854); Jerd. B. Incl li. 

p. 131 (1803); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 226. no. 3251 (1869); Blanf 
4* Dresser, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 227; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p, 153 
(1876). 

Dromokea picata {Blyth), Gould, B. Asia, pt. xvn. (1865), 
Adult male in breeeliny-plmnacje. Entire head, neck, back, throat, 
axillaries, and under wing-coverts black; rump and upper tail-
coverts, lower breast, and belly white; quills dark brown, slightly 
paler on the under surface ; under tail-coverts white, more or less 
feiiffused with buff; tail-feathers white, the two central feathers 
black for the terminal half, and the remainder tipped with dark 
brown from one eighth to half an inch. Bill, legs, feet, and claws 

368 TUBDIDJE. 

black. Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth, primaries nearly 
equal and longest, second primary intermediate in length between 
the sixth and seventh, bastard primary 0-9 to 0*75 inch. Length 
of wing 3-7 to 3*4 inches (females 3*5 to 3*3), tail 2-7 to 2-45, 

* culmen 0*7 to 0*6, tarsus 1*0 to 0*86. 
Adult female in breeding-plumage. General colour earthy brown, 
slightly paler on the marginst of the quills and wing-coverts, the 
chin, upper throat, and breast, shading into nearly white on the 
belly, and more or less suffused with buff on the under tail-coverts; 
rump and tail as in the male, except that the white is occasionally 
slightly suffused with buff, and the dark brown is not so dark. 
After the autumn moult no change in the appearance of the plumage 
occurs, except that the colours are richer and deeper. Birds of the 
year appear to be unknown. Young in first plumage resemble the 
female, but have obscure pale centres and dark margins to the 
feathers of the head, back, throat, and breast; the margins to the 
innermost secondaries and the tips of the quills and tail-feathers are 
broad and pale isabelline brown. 

The Pied Chat breeds in the highlands of Southern Persia and 
South Afghanistan, wintering in Baluchistan, Scincle, and Northwest 
India. 

a. <$ ad. sk. India. Porch-ised. 
b. $ ad. sk. Behar. 11 II. Hudson, Esq. [P.]. 
c} d. <$ $ ad. i 

Scinde (Dr. Gould). India Mit-emii. 

e> <$ ad. sk. 

Scinde. W. T. Blanford, Esq. "P.". 

/. $ ad. sk. 

NanshabroDistrict, Scinde, "\V. T. Blanford, E*q. ~P/. 
Jan. 7, 1876. 

g, h, i. <$ ad. s 

Afghanistan (Griffith). India Museum. 

h S ad. sk. 

Bampusht, Baluchistan, W. T. Bkniurd, E^q. TC". 
Feb. 28, 1872. ~ ' 

/. $ ad. sk. 

Bampusht, Mar. 5, 1872. W. T. Blanford, Esq. ~(V\ 

m. 3 juv. sk. 
Sis-i-jum,S.W.ofKamian, TV. T. Blaiiford, Esq. C.]. 

S. Persia, 0500 feet. 
4. Saxicola capistrata. 
Saxicola leucomela (Tall.), apitd Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 131 
(1847); apud Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Sor. p. 107* (1849): apud 
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 131 (180*3) ; apud Dresser, Ibis 1875, p. 33f>. 

Saxicola capistrata, Gould, B. Asia, pt. xvii. (18153): Gray, Ilaad-L 

B. i. p. 224. no. 3200 (1800). 
Saxicola lugens, Lickt. apud Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. Go (1873). 
Saxicola morio, Hempr. et Ehr. apud Blanf. § Dresser, P. Z. S.1874, 
p. 225 (partim) ; apud Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xxvii. {1874, parfim) ; 
apud Severtz. Strug Feath. iii. p. 420 (1875). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Head and nape greyish white, 
shading into white on the hind neck and eye-stripes ; lores, chin, 
throat, ear-coverts, sides of neck, scapulars, back, wing-coverts, auxiliaries, 
and under wing-coverts black; quills dark brown, slightly 
paler on the under surface; rump, upper tail-coverts, breast, flauks, 
belly, and under tail-coverts white, the latter occasionally suffused 
with buff; tail white, the two central feathers nearly black for the 
terminal half, and the remainder tipped with nearly black from a 
quarter to half an inch. Bill, legs, feet, and claws "black. Wings 

1 1. S\XTCOIA. Mi) 
with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and lon^t , 
second primary intermediate in length between the sixth "and 
seventh, bastard primary 0-9 to 0-7 inch. Length of wing Ji-7 to 
^•o inches, tail 2-7 to 2-4, culmen 0-7 to 0-02, tarsus M to <H). 


?f7g tllis sPecies

ui i °f> strange to say, is unknown; it has 

probably been confounded with the female of S. pieata, which 

may possibly be indistinguibhable from it. After the autumn moult 

the crown of the head is somewhat greyer. Birds of the year and 

young m first plumage appear to be unknown. 

The Indian Chat breeds in the cultivated districts of Turkestan, 
and winters in North-west and Central India, occasionally straying 


J J b

into Seinde.

f <?ad- ?k. India. Capt. BOYS [VX 
6, c. tf ad. sk. Afghanistan (Griffith). India Museum. 
a, e. <S ad. ak. Afghanistan (Griffith). India Museum. 

5. Saxicola monacha. 
Saxicola monacha, Palpp.jide Temm. PL Col no. 359, %. 1 (1825, J ); 
id. Neue Wirb., Voq. p. 79 (1885); id. Si/st. Uebers.'y. 58 (1845) ; 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 179 (1840) ; Heut/L Si/st Uebers. p. 20 (1850); 
Gray, Ilancl-l. B. i. p. 226. no. 8252 (1809) ; Bemjl Orn. N.O.-
Afr. i. p. 356 (1869) j Shelley, B. Byypt, p. 78, pi. ii. (1872) ; Sharpe 
fy Dresser, B. Bur. pt. xvi. (1873); Bkmf. $• Dresser. P. Z. S. 1874, 

^ p. 227; Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 150 (1870). 
Saxicola pallida, Mitpp. Jide Uretzsehm. IlUpp. Atlas, pi. xxxiv. 
(1826, $); id. Neue Wirb., Vdg. p. 80 (1835) j atf. Si/st. Uebers. 

p. 58 (1845) ; Beugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 20 (185(5;; Gray] Uand-l. B. 
i. p. 224. no. 3213 (1809). 
Dromolaea monacha (Bilpp.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 802 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. 
Hem. i. p. 9 (1850); Hume, Stray Feath. 1873, p. 180. 
Saxicola gracilis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 35 (1854). 


Adult male in breeding-plmnage. Head and nape white; lores, 
the feathers immediately above and behind the eye, ear-coverts, 
back, scapulars, wing-coverts, chin, throat, breast, axillaries, and 
under wing-coverts black; quills dark biown, almost black, slightly 
paler on the under surface; rump, upper tail-coverts, belly, flanks, 
and under tail-eovcrts white; tail white, except the terminal half 
of the two central tail-feathers and an occasional brown spot near 
the tip of some of the others. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. 
Wing with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, 
second primary about equal to the fifth, bastard primary 0-8 to 
0*75 inch. Length of wing 4-2 to 4*0 inches (females 4*0 to 3*85), 
tail 2-95 to 2*75, culmen 0-9 to 0-8, tarsus 0-91 to 0-89. 

Adult female in breeding-plumage. General colour of the upper 
parts huffish brown; wings and wing-coverts brown, the outer webs 
margined with huffish brown; rump and upper tail-coverts white, 
suffused with buff; tail-feathers white, suffused with buff, except 
the terminal two thirds of the two central feathers, which are brown, 
and a brown terminal band on the others, varying from one eighth 
of an inch on the subcentral feathers to half an inch on the outside 
feathers; the whole of the underparts are pale bufnsh brown, 

VOL. v. ^ JJ 

370 
Trunin JE. 

slightly darker on he breast and flanks. There appears to be no 
seasonal change in the plumage of this species. Males of the year 
have the black parts browner, with narrow pale edges to the feathers, 
and the white parts are more or less suffused with buff. Young in 
first plumage appear to be unknown. 

The Hooded Chat is found in Egypt, Xubia, Palestine, and Baluchistan. 
It is said to be resident. 


a. $ ad. sk. Nubia (Verreaux). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
b. $ ad. sk. Wadi el Arabi, Nubia. L>r. Leith Adams [P.]. 
c. tf ad.sk. Jebel Usdurn, Palestine. Canon Tristram [C. 
(I 
2 ad. sk. Balm Kelat, Persian Balu- W. T. Bianford, Esq. [C] . 
chistan, Feb. 21, 1^72. 


e. $ ad. sk. Gwadar, Baluchistan. Jan. 2, W. T. Bianford, Esq. [C-]1872. 
6. Saxicola lugens. 
Saxicola \ugevs, Licht. Verz. Daubl. p. • ; Riipp. Neve Wirh., 
Fog. p. 7i) (1836); id. 8yst. Uebers. p. 56 (1846); Gray, Gfen. />'. 

i. p. 170 {1840); Bp. G>mp. i. p. :K):i (18oO); Meii&L Apt. Ueber*. 
p. 2§ (188 J}: Loeh* End. Sei Alger-Ois. i. p. iH >'7 (1807); Tristram, 
Ibis. 1867, p. 95; /few//. Orn. X.O.-Afr. p. $5] (1800); Gray, 
Hand-L B. i. p. 224. no. 8210 (1889); Sfefeft I.J M p. 77 
(1872). 
Saxicola erythraea, Hempr. et JBkr. St/mb. Phy*. Ave*, fob ce ( IB 
Dresser $ Bianford, Ibis, 1874, p. 341 ; Bianford $ Dresser, /* /. & 
1874, p. ±.'2 {-partim ): Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xxv. ( 1874, fKtrtim); 
«/. 7/. Gurnet/, jun., Ibis, 1875, p. NO. 

Saxicola balophila, Tristram, Ibis, I >•>!>. pp. 69, 301 ; to. /ft/n, 1867, 

p. '.)•">. 
Saxicola homochroa, Tristram, apud J. II. Gurney,jtm., Ibis, 1871, 
p. 81. 
Saxicola leucomela 
(PaU.), apud Hume. Stray Ftath. 187.% p. 
apud Blanf. g i X. £ 1874, p. 2S5 ; v***r, i?. I 
pt xxvii. (1874). 

Bill of Saxicola lugens. 

Adult male in bretding-plutuage. Head, nape, and hind nock 
white, more or less suffused with grey; lores, chin, throat, ear-
coverts, sides of neck, scapulars, back, wing-coverts, axillaries, and 
tinder wing-coverts black; rump, upper tail-coverts, breast, flanks, 
and belly white; under tail-coverts buff; tail white, the two central 
feathers black for the terminal half, and the remainder tipped with 
black from a quarter to half an inch; quills dark brown, all jr 
paler on the under surf ace; baa iree 
fourths of s.-. white on inner web to the shaft. Kill, logs, 
feet, and claws black. WlilgB with the third and fourth primaries 

1] , 8AXIC0TA. 

nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate in length 
between the fifth and sixth, bastard primary 0-8 to 0-7 inch 
Length of wing 3-8 to 3-3 inches, tail JMW to 2'35, culmcn 0-7f> to 
0-G5, tarsus 1-1 to 1-0. 

Adult female in breeding-.phuwKje. General colour of the upper 
parts pale brownish grey, darkest on the scapulars, and suffused 
with lsabellino on the head and nape; lores, ear-coverts, and cheeks 
grey; eye-stripe nearly white, extending to the nape; wings and 
wing-coverts dark brown: rump and upper tail-coverts white; tail 
white, except the terminal three fifths of the two centre feathers 
and the terminal fourth of the others, which are dark brown. The 
whole of ^ the miderparts are nearly white, with a buff tinge on the 
under tail-coverts; axillaries and under wing-coverts grey; inner 
margin of quills white, at the base extending'1 to the shaft Mates 
of the year resemble the female, but have the lores, ear-coverts, and 
cheeks nearly black, and the throat varying from grey to nearly 
black. Both males and females of the year have pale tips to the 
quills and tail-feathers. Young in first plumage appear to he unknown. 
(The nestling figured 'in Dresser s < Birds of Europe ' is not 
that of this species, but that of Saxivola morio.) It is alleged 
that old females acquire the plumage of the adult male; but this 
statement requires verification. 

The White Under-winged Pied Chat is a resident in Algeria, 
Egypt, xirabia, and Palestine, and is occasionally found in Nubia. 

a, b. $ ad. sk. Algeria. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
e. Ad. sk. Had] era, Algeria, Dec. 23, F.Godman and 0. Calvin, 
1856 (Tristram). Esqrs. [P.]. 
d. Ad. sk. Egypt. Sir S. Baker [P.]. 
e. Ad. sk. Nubia. Br. Leith Adams [P.]. 
/ . Ad. sk. Fifth Cataract of the Nile. F. Gallon, Esq. [P.]. 
"g. $ ad. sk. Near Engedi, Palestine. Canon Tribtrani [C.j. 

7. Saxicola lugentoi&es. 
This is an excellent species, which has been most unaccountably 
and undeservedly overlooked by the French ornithologists, and by 
Messrs. Blanford and Dresser, when they examined the most interesting 
series of Chats in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes. 
It is nearly allied to the preceding, but differs from it in the following 
particulars:—The white jm^fchejiead is more suffusedLwjth^pxy, 
and ends abruptly on the napeTand tlielSEito on thernmp jsjess 
developed, causing the black on the back to extend nearly twice the 
distance that it does in the northern species. The upper tail-coverts 
are slightly tinged with buff: the but? on the under taiksjoscris 
is rngggfe deeper^jn^colojir, approaching chestnut; the two centre 
tail-feathers are black for the terminal two thirds of their length, 
and the black tips to the remaining tail-feathers extend three 
quarters of an inch or more. Bill, lop, feet, and claws black. Wings 
with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest. 
Second primary intermediate in length between the sixth and 
seventh; bastard primary 0-9 to 0-8 inch. Length of wing 3-6 to 

372 
TVEMDJE. 

3-45 inches (female 3-4), toil 2-5 to 2-8, culmen OS to 0*75, tarsus 

1-05 to 0-95. 

Adult famah in breeding-plumage. Rump, tail, and tail-coverts, 
both upper and under, as in the male, except that the black on the 
tail is replaced by dark brown. The rest of the upper parts are 
darkish brown, and the rest of the underparts are pale brown, with 
traces of darker centres to some of the feathers of the breast, which 
may be the remains of immature plumage. The basal portions of 
the inner margin of the quills are nearly white. Birds of the year 
and young in first plumage are unknown." 

Botta's Chat breeds in Sennaar, jSTorth-east Africa, where it is 

supposed to be a resident. 

The British Museum does not possess an example of this species. 
The types from which the above descriptions are taken are in the 
Museum of the Jardin des Plantes in Paris, and were collected by 

M. Botta in 1839. An adult male from the same collection is in my 
possession, for which I am indebted to the kindness of Prof. Alphonse 
Milne-Edwards. 
8. Saxicola persica* 
Saxicola leiicomela (Pall.), apud Filippi, Yiagg. Pers. p. 347 (18Co), 
apud Blanf $' Dresser, P. Z. S. 1874, p 225 {partim), a pud Dresser, 

B. Bur. pi. xx\ii. (1874, partim), apud Blanf. Bast. Pers. ii. p. 152 
(1876). 
Saxicola 
monacha, Biipp. apud Severtz. Turkesi. Jevoin. p. 05 (1873), 
apud Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 330 {conf. Severtz, Sfr. Feath. 1875, 

p. 429). 
This species differs from the two preceding ones in having the 
inner margin of the quills only narrowly edged with white. Length 
of wing 3-71 inches; tail 2-6 ; culmen 0*08; tarsus 1*0. Wing-
formula the same as in S. lugens. 

a. S 
ad. sk. Shiraz, Persia, 50tyfL June W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.1 
13,1869. 
9. Saxicola morio *. 
Motacilla pleschanka, Zepech. Nov. Com. Petr. xbeTp. 503, pi. xiiv. 

tig. 2 (1770). 
/ T 

Motacilla leucomela, .Pallas, Nbt\ Com. Petr. xiv. p. 584, pi. xxii. 

fig. 3 (1770); Gmel Syst. Nat i. p. 974 (1788) ; Pallas, Zoogr. 

Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 479 (1811, descr. mal). 

Muscicapa leucomela (Pall), Lath. Bid. Orn. ii. p. 469 (1790). 
Sylvia leucomela (Pall.), Temm. Man. d'Oin. p. 138(1815). 
(Enanthe pleschanka (Zepec/i.), Vieill N. Diet d'JIist. Nat xxL 

p. 423 (1818;. 
Saxicola leucomela 
(Pall), Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 243 (1820); 
Meyer, Taschnh. Zus. u. Per. p. 100 (1822); Temm. PI 
Col. no. 267. %. 3 (1824) ; Gould, B. Bur. ii. pi. 89 (1837) ; Keys. 

u. Bias. Wirb. Bur. pp. lx, 193 (1840) ; Nordm. in DSmid. Toy. 
Buss, merid. iii. p. 131 (1840); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 178 (1846) ; 
* Since the name of Saxicola morio has only been misapplied by Blanford 
and Dresser, and possibly by Seyertzoff, it seems better to retain it rather than 
to adopt the unknown name of Saxicola pleschanka, which would stand 
according to the British-Association rules. 
11 . SAX ICO LA. 
m 

JOerjL Orn. Eur. i. p. 400 (1840); Bp. Consp.i. p. 303 (IHfiO); 
Horsf. $ Moore, Cat B. Mm. EJ. Co. i. p. 287 (J854); Lindem. 
fog. Gnechenl. p. Il l (1800); Newt, List U. Eur. Blasius, p. 10 
ti^2)5 &C91' *t Ocrbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 457 (J807) ; llem/l. Orn. 
A'P-4fr-l P. 350 (18(30); Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 22J. no. 3208 
(1869); JWfocA, J%. ift/r. p. 1<)5 (1870); Salvad. Faun. It ah 
Ucc. p. 87 (1871); Swinh. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 300; Nevertz. TurkM. 
Jevotn. p. 05 (1873) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 33,5; Nevertz. M\ 
2J?«ta. 1875, p. 429; Bogd. B. Cam. p. 93 (1879) ; Mailer, Jour. 

r Orn. 1879, p. 888. 
Vitifloia leucomela (IW.), itoV, Jaw, 1822, p. 552; £>. CW . List 

B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 10 (1838). 
Saxieola morio, Hempr. et Ehr. Symb. Phys. fol. aa (1833); 
Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xxvii. (1874, partim); Dresser # />'W. //««, 
1874, p. 338; J?/<m/. # Dm*. 2>. X. & 1874, p. 225 (puUm); 
Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 336; Blnnford, East. Pen. ii. p. 152 (J 870); 
Tacs. Bull. 8oc. Zool. France, p.*144 (1870); Pr/ev. Rowleys Orn. 
Misc. ii. p. 183 (1877); David et Oast. Ois. Chine, p. 100*(1877); 
Finsch, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1879, p. 104; Wardlaw 
Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 55. 

Saxieola 
atricollis, Von Midi. Naum. 1851, iv. p. 28; Von Mull. 
Beitr. Orn. Afr. pi. iv. (1853). 
Saxieola leucura (Gm.), apud Under m. Vo'g. Griechenl p. 112 
^ (1800) ; apud Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog. p. 240 (1803). 
Saxieola salina, JEversm. <$, apud Loche, Ej-pl Sei. Alger., Ois. i. 

p. 210 (1807.J # ' 
Saxieola hendersoni, Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 408; Hume <$• Headers. 
Lahore to Yark. p. 20J, pi. xiii. (1873). 
Saxieola talas, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp 05, 119, pi. viii. figs. 1, 3, 
& 4 (1873, autumn plumage)-, Severtz. 67 r. Feath. 1875, p. 429. 
Saxieola tnelanoleuca, Hemp, et Ehr. apud Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 330. 
Adult male hi breeding-plumage. Head, nape, and hind neck 
white, more or less suffused with grey; lores, chin, throat, ear-
coverts, sides of neck, scapulars, hack, wing-coverts, axillarics, and 
under wing-coverts "black; quills dark brown, slightly paler on the 
under surface ; rump, upper tail-coverts, breast, flanks, belly, and 
under tail-coverts white ; tail white, the two central feathers nearly 
black for the terminal half, and the remainder tipped with nearly 
black from a quarter to half an inch. Bill, legs, feet, and claws 
black. Wings with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal 
and longest, second primary about equal to the filth, bastard 
primary 0*8 to 0*6 inch. Length of wing 3-9 to 3*0 inches (female 
3*6 to 3*45), tail 2-G6 to 2*25, culmen 0*7 to 0*6, tarsus 1*0 
to 0-85. 
Adult female in breeding-plumage. The belly, rump, upper tail-
coverts, under tail-coverts, and tail are the same as in the male; 
the remainder of the upper parts are earthy brown. The same 
colour prevails on the underparts from the breast upwards, showing 
the black bases to the feathers on the throat. Aftjr the autumn 

moult the white feathers on the head, nape, breast, belly, and under 
tail-coverts of the male have brown edges, and all the black feathers 
are more or less edged with brown. Exactly the same change 
takes place in the female, the edges to the now feathers being paler 
than the centres, especially on the wing-coverts, innermost secondaries, 
and tips of the primaries. 

ITEBlD.E. 

Binh of the y^tr 
resemble adults after the autumn moult, "but 

have "broader pale edges and tips to the quills and tail-feathers. 

Yotnuj h* first pi (image have the same characters, but have dark 

terminal bars and pale centres to the feathers of the back and breast. 

The Siberian Pied Chat breeds in Cyprus, the Crimea, the Caucasus, 
the lower valley of the Volga, Persia, Afghanistan, Turkestan, 
Western Thibet, Mongolia, South-eastern Siberia, and ^"orth-west 
China. It has been found on migration in Palestine and Egypt, and 
winters in Abyssinia and Arabia, and probably in South-west Chiua. 
Lts occurrence in Algeria requires verification. 

a. 
tf ad. bk. Caspian. Purchased. 
b. 
J ad. bk. Saiban, Central Asia, Dr. 0. Finsch PC.]. 
May 30, 1870. 
c. d. <$ ,e. 2 Koshtak, Yarkand, Sept. I)r. G. Henderson [C], 
ad. tek. 10, 1870. (^>TPes °^ & hvndersoni, Hume.) 
/. (S ad. sk. Mohammerah. " K. Loftus, Esq. [P.]. _ 
V/. P ad. sk. Ilayrayguddy, Abyssinia, \V. T. Blanford, Esq. I C.l. 

.Febl 22, 1*808. 

h. 
6 ad. bk. Senate, Tigre, Feb. 28, W. T. Blanford, Efeq. TO.]. 
1808. 
f, k. 6 ? ad. sk. Senate, Tigre, March AV. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.]. 
1808. 
/. 
6 ad. sk. Adigrat, TigrS, March W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.l 
"'0 1808 

m. 2 ad. bk. Ilahu, Tigre, March 2, W. T. Blanford, Esq. TCI 
18(58. 
n, o. 2 ad. bk. Kashgar (Dr. Belleic). India Museum. 

p. 
S ad. sk. Gilgit, Cabhmeie, Mav Br. J. Scully [P.]. 
2, 1870. 
q. 
2 ad. bk. Giluit, Cashmere, Oct. Br. J. Scullv [P.J. 
22, 1870. 
10. Saxicola leucopyga. 
Saxicola leucura, 
Gmel. apud Licht. Yerz. Doubl. p. 32 (1828); apud 
Ilempr. et JEhr. Symb. JPhys. Ares, foh. aa, cc, dd (1833); apud 
B'upp. Neite JVirb., Tog. p. 79 (1835); apud Rupp>. 8yd. Uehers. 

p. 58 (1845) 5 apud Heugl. Syst. Uehers. p. 20 (1850). 
Dromolaea cursoria ( VieilL), apud Bp. Consp. i. p. 302 (1850); apud 
Cab. Mm, Hem. I p. 9 (1850). 
Vitifiora leucopygia, Brefon, Yogelfawg, p. 225 (1855). 
Viliflora leueuros, Brehm, Toy el fang, p. 225 (1855, partim). 
Lucotoa leucopyga, Brehm, Paul v. Wilrtt. fide Brehm, Yogelfang, 

p. 225 (1855). 
Saxicola caehinnans, Temm. apud Brehm, Juum, Qrn. 1850, p. 395; 
apml llengl. Journ. Orn. 1805, p. 44. 
Dromolaea (Lutucoa) leucocephala, Brehm, Journ. Orn. 1858, 

p. 02. 
Dromolaea (Lutucoa) leucopjgaia, Paid de Wiirff. fide Brehm, 
Journ. Orn. 1858, p. 00. 
Dromolaea leucopygia (Brehm), Tristram, Ibis, 1859, p. 297. 
Dromolaea monacha (Bitpp.), apud Locke, Expl Sii. Alr/er., Ois. i, 

V l 
L J

p. 199 (1807). ' ' 
Dromolaea nigra (Yieill), ajnidLoclie}UapL Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 200 
(1807). 
Saxicola 
leucopygia (Brefan), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 220. no. 3253 
(1869) j Shelley, Ibis, 1871, p. 53; Shelley, B. Egypt, p.* 79 (1872). 

Raxicola loucocophnla (Biehm), Gray, lland-l II i. p. 22(i, n<>. 3251 
^ (l.S( 9); //<w//. Orn. iV.O.-Jfr, u p. 359 ( 18IJ9). 
Saxicola loucopyg^ (Brvhm), Bfauf. t\* Dres^r, P. Z. A* IhM, p. 228; 
J)reiser, B. Bur. pt, xxh, (1W7JJ). 

Adult male in hrealiny-plumaye. Head and nape while; a narrow 
frontal lino at the' base of the bill ; lores, the font hers abovo 
and behind the eye, ear-coverts, hack, scapulara, wing-coverts, 
chin, throat, breast, belly, axillaris, under wing-coverts, and thinks 
black; quills dark brown, slightly paler on the under surface; 
rump, upper tail-covcrts, the feathers round the vent, and under 
tail-coverts white; tail white, except the tonninal halt' of the two 
centre feathers and an occasional spot on or near the tip of the 
others, which are brown. Hill, legs, feet, and claws black, Winj»s 
with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and 
longest, second primary slightly longer or slightly shorter than the 
sixth, bastard primary 0*97> to 0-8 inch. Length of wing 4*1 

to 3'8 inches, tail 2-85 to 2-5, culmeii 0-93 to 0*7, tardus 1*07) 

to 1-0. 

It is not known that the ft male differs in any respect from the 
male. Immediately after the autumn moult the black parts are very 
rich and glossy. Birds of the year, and possibly ftmahs, have black 
heads and pale tips to the primary-coverts and the secondaries. 
Birds in intermediate plumage, with black heads interspersed with 
a few wrhite feathers, or with white heads interspersed with a few 
black feathers, occasionally occur. The length of^ bill is subject to 
great variation. In what I take to lie very old males white feathers 
appear on the shoulder. Young in Jint plumage resemble birds of 
the year, but are of a duller black colour, and ha\e obscure pale tips 
to the greater wing-coverts as well as to the primary v lug-coverts 
and secondaries, and have al>o white tips to all the tail-teat hers. 

The "White-riimped Chat appears to be a resident in Eastern Algeria, 
Egypt, Nubia, Arabia, and Palestine. 

a. Ad. sk. Wid Ken, Algeria, Dec. 10, F. Godmnn and O. Sal\ir> 
1850 \Tribtrum). Ksqrs. [ P. ]. 
h. Ad. sk. Egypt. ' J.FLGumoy, l<%q.,.hm. [V.]. 
c. Ad. sk. Second Cataract of the Nile. Dr. Leith Adams | P.J. 
d. £ ad.sk. Jebel Utdum, Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.]. 

11. Saxicola leucura, 
White-tailed Thrush, Lath. Gen. fyn. ii. pt. 1, p. 41) (17*3). 
Turdus leucurus, Gmel tit/st. Xat. i. p. 820 (1788, ex Lath.); Lath, 
Itid. Orn. i. p. 344(1790). 
(Enanthe leucura {Gmel), Weill X. Uiet. dlBst. Xat. xxi. p. 422 
(1818). 
Saxicola cachinnaus, Temm. Man. d'Om. i. p. 23t> (1820); Meyer > 
Tasahenb. Zus. w. Ber. p. 97 (1822); Gould, B. Bur. ii. pi. 8<S 

(1837). 
Vititlora leucura (Gmel), Bote, Ids, 1822, p. 7)22. 
Saxicola leucura (Gmel), Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Bur. pp. Ix, 11)3 

(1840) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 179 (lh4(i); Ihtjl Orn. Bur. i. p. 401 
(1849); Dubois, Ois. Bur. pi. In. (1*02); Kewt. List B. Bur. 
Blasius, p. 10 (18G2) ; Deal et Gerbe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 459 (1807) ; 

376 
TTJKDIJDiE. 

Doderl "Aoif. Sicil p. 112 (1809); Gray, JELandA. B. i. p. 226. 
no. 3250 (1809); Frifsch, Vbq. Eur. p. 195 (1870); Salvad. Faun. 
Ital Ucc. p. 87 (1871); Dresser, B. Fur. pt. xxiv. (1873;; 
Blanf. $ Dresser, P. Z S. 1874, p. 238. 

Dromokea leucura (Gml), Bp. Consp. i. p. 303 (1850) ; Cab. Mas. 
Iliin. i. p. 9 (1850) : Jaicb. et Barth.-Lapomm. Mich. Oni. p. 221 
(1859) ; Hartl. Om'W.-Afr. p. 65 (1857) ; Locke, Fipl Set Alger. 
Ois. i. p. 197 (1807); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 79 (1875). 

Vitiilora leucuros (Gmel), Brehm, Vogelf. p. 22o (1855). 

Adult male in breeding-plumagz. General colour Mack; quills 
dark brown, paler on the under surface; rump, upper and under 
tail-coverts white; tail white, except the terminal half of the two 
centre feathers and the tips from a quarter to half an inch of the 
others, which are dark brown. Bill, logs, feet, and claws black. 
Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and 
longest, second primary intermediate in length between the sixth 
and seventh, bastard primary 1-02 to 0*85 inch. Length of wing 
3*8 to '&5Q inches, tail 2-6 to 2-5, culmen 0*8 to 0'7, tarsus 1*05 
to 1-01. 

There appears to be no seasonal change of plumage in this 
species. The female differs from the male in having the black parts 
dark brown, and in having the white parts slightly suffused with 
buff. Birds of the year probably scarcely differ from the adult. 
Young in first plumage differ from the female only in having obscure 
pale terminal spots on the greater wing-coverts and innermost 
secondaries, and in having the quills narrowly margined with pale 
brown, and the tail-feathers tipped with white. 

The Black Chat breeds in South-western Europe, occasionally 
straggling as far east as Greece. A few remain to winter, but the 
majority migrate to Algiers. 

a. Ad. sk. Algeria {Tristram). F. Godman and O. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
b. Ad. sk. Sahara. Purchased. 

12. Saxicola opistboleuca. 
Saxicola 
leucura, Gmel. apud Bh/th. J. A. S. Benq. xvi p. 131 
(1847). 
Saxicola opistholeuca, Strickland, Jard. Omfr. Orn. 1849, p. 60; 
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 107 (1849) ; Gray, Hand-L B. i. 

p. 220. no. 3255 (1809); Blanf. 4'-Dresser, P. Z. S, 1874, p. 229. 
Dromolsea opistholeuca (StricJd.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 303 (1850); Gould, 
B. Asia, pt. xvii. (1805). 
Saxicola leucuroides, Guer. apud Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 130 (1803). 
Saxicola syenitica, Heugl. apud Severtz. Turkest. Jemfn. p. 65 (1873? 
comp. Severtz. Stray Feath. 1875, p. 429). 
Saxicola leucopyga (Brehm) ?, Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 337. 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour black; quills 
dark brown, slightly paler on the under surface; rump, upper tail-
coverts, feathers round the vent, and under tail-coverts white; tail 
white, except the terminal half of the two centre feathers and the 
tips from a quarter to half an inch of the others, which are dark 

II . SAXICOLA. 377 
brown; occasionally the brown on the five outside feathers on each 
side is confined to an oval spot on each web. Bill, legs, feet, and 
claws black. Wiug with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate between 
the sixth and seventh, bastard primary 0-8 inch. Length of wing 
3-6 inches (female 3*52 to 3-46), tail 2-6, culmen 0-68 to OG5, tarsus 
0*99 to 0-89. 

The female differs from the male in having the head and nape 
dark brown. No change apparently takes place after the autumn 
moult in either sex. It is not known that birds of the year differ 
from adults. Young hi first plumage appear to be unknown. 

Strickland's Chat breeds in the cultivated districts of South-western 
Turkestan, and winters in the North-west Provinces of India. 

a, b. <S acl. sk. W.N.W. of Jodhpur. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. 

Saxicola leuconielaena and Saxicola monticola. 

These two South-African Chats and their intermediate forms are 
involved in the greatest obscurity ; an examination of a large series 
leads me to hazard the following hypothesis. The white-headed 
form alone appears to inhabit Benguella and Damara Land. Further 
south and east originally dwelt a black-headed form in Great Namaqua 
Land, the Free State, the Transvaal, and Natal. This region 
appears to have been invaded by the white-headed forms, which must 
have bred freely with, and been absorbed by, the original inhabitants, 
so that we now find in the regions inhabited by the black-headed 
form almost every intermediate form between the two. Curiously 
enough the intermediate forms are on an average slightly the largest 
birds. This may possibly be accounted for on the supposition that 
the cross-breeding improved the race, or that the half-breds had 
for some cause or other a harder struggle for existence, and the small 
examples were gradually eliminated by natural selection. It is 
probably a parallel case to 8. picata and 8. capistrata; but it may 
perhaps be best to classify the intermediate forms in two groups, 
calling those examples in which the head is light grey Saxicola 
leucomeltena monticola, and those in which the head is dark grey 
Saxicola monticola leucomrtcena, though, if my theory be correct, a 
large enough series will show not two intermediate forms only, but 
an infinite series. 

The synonymy of the white-headed form is as follows :— 

13. Saxicola leucomelasna. 
Saxicola leucomelaena, Bwch. Trav, 8. Afr A. p. 305 (1822); Shield. 
§ Sclater, Jard. Contr. Orn. 1852, p.'146; Sharpc, Cat. Afr. B. 

p. 26 (1871) ; Gurney, Amlerss. B. Dam. Lch p. 109 (1872); 'Blanford 
$ Dresser, P. Z, S. 1874, p. 283, pi. xxxvii. Hg. 2;tiliarpe,eel. 
Bayard's B. 8. Afr. p. 247 (1877, male). 
Dromoloea albipileata, Boeage, Jorn. 8c. Lisb. p. 151 (1867', male). 
Saxicola alpina, Chapman, Trav. 8. Afr. ii. p. 399 (1808, male). 
Saxicola atmorii, Tristram, Ibis, 1809, p. 206; Gray, JIand-l.B. i. 

378 
TUKDIDJE. 

p. 225. no. &2;3o (1800) ; Gurney, Anders*. B. Dam. Ld. p. 110 
(1872, birds ofthe year). 
Saxicola albipileata (Bocaye), Gray, Iland-l B. i. p. 22(3. no. 3208 
(I860, mate). 
Saxicola diluta, Btanf. # Dresser, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 234, pi. xxxix. 
fig. 1 ; Sharpe, ed/Bayard's B. 8. Afr. p. 248 (IS7 7, female). 
Saxicola 
ander&soni, Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. 8. Afr. p. 249 (1877, 
male). 

Ada If male in hreedlng-plumaye. 
Head, nape, and hind neck white; 

lores, the feathers round the eye, ear-coverts, sides of the neck, back, 

and the whole of the underparts except the tips of the under tail-

coverts and part of the tail black; scapulars black, the outer webs 

of the outer ones white, joining onto the white upper and median 

wing-coverts ; rest of the wing dark brown ; lower rump, belly, and 

under tail-coverts white: longest upper tail-coverts black, tijjped 

with white, rest 
white ; two central tail-feathers dark brown, the 

two next with 
more or less white on the outer web; four out


side tail-feathers on each side white, generally one or more arid some


times all with a dark brown terminal patch on each web, occasionally 

becoming confluent; under surface of wing dark brown. Bill, legs, 

feet, and claws black. Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth pri


maries nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate in 

length between 
the sixth and seventh, bastard primary 1*25 to 0*9 

inch. Length of wing 4*3 to 4-05 inches, tail 2*9 to 2'6, culmen 

0*85 to 0*70, tarsus 1*25 to 1*15. 

The female in breeding-plumage has the head, nape, rump, tail, 

and wings as in the male, except that the dark brown of the tail 

and wings is not so dark; all the rest of the parts are grey, shading 

into neaily white on the centre of the belly. The change which is 

produced by the autumn moult, which appears to take place in 

February and March, is unimportant. Young in first jjlumaye 

appear to be unknown; but birds of the year of both sexes have 

the rump, upper and under tail-coverts, and tail as in the adult, the 

whole of the rest of the plumage being brown. After the second 

moult the adult plumage is assumed, except that the belly of the 

male is white, the fully adult plumage with black belly apparently 

not being assumed until the third moult is complete. 

Burchells Chat has only been obtained from Benguela and Damara 

Land, where it is supposed to be a resident. 

a. Imm. st. South Africa. 
Purchased. 
I. 
$ ad. sk. Damara Land (C. J. Andersson). Ii. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Type of 8. diluta, Blanf. cV Dresner.) 
c. 3 
imm. sk. Dariep, Damara Land, Oct 27, TL B. Sharpe, Esq. 
I860 (C.J. AX 
d. <$ imm. sk. Hvkomkap. Damara Land, April E. B. Sharpe, EK*. 
mw(CJ.A.). 

e. f 6 S ad.; Ilykomkap, May 180G (C J. A.). B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(j. Imm. sk. 
h, i. Imm. sk. Otjimbinque, May I860 (C. J. A.). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
k 
$imm. sk. Swakop rrver, October 26, 1860 R. B. Shaipe, Esq. 

{C.J. A.). 
11. SVXJCOLV. 
37i> 
I, m, rf $ ad. 4i. 0<vop, Swakop rhor, Jun. II. 15. Sharpo, MNI. 
;«), J 8(54 (<".,/", .1.). 

M. c?ad.; o. <$ imni. sk. The Reeds, Swakop river, R. B. Sharpe, Nsq. 
Mayl>8, IWU (("./. J.). 
^ tf. c? ? nd. sk. Swakop rher, June ii± 11. B. Sharpe, Ksq. 

The following is the synonymy of the intermediate forms, in which 
the predominant strain is apparently derived from the preceding :-— 

Saxicola leucomelffiaa-monticola. 

Dromolrea asquatorialis ( $ nee tf), IIcuiL Jour. Oru. 18(51, p. 112 
{male). 
Saxicola griseiceps, Blcrnf. § Dresser, P. Z, & 1H74, p. £M, pi 

xxxvii. tig. o (male). 
Saxicola leucoxnelsena, BureJi, apud Blanf. 8f Dresser, 1\ Z. >S. 187J, 
p. 2?>3 (partim), pi. xxx\ii. fig. 1 (male). 
Saxicola tephronota, Gurnet/, Ibis, 1877, p. 343 (female). 
This is an intermediate form between S. montieola and 8. liitcomelcena. 
In typical examples the adult male differs from either of 
them in having the forehead, crown, and nape grey. It is also slightly 
larger than either of its near allies. Length of wing 4-55 to 4-35 
inches, tail 3*1 to 2-75, culmen 0*9 to 0*8, tarsus 1*35 to 1*2. 

The female is scarcely distinguishable from that of 8. lencomalwna, 
but is somewhat darker in colour and larger in size. The seasonal 
changes are unimportant. Males between the second and third moults 
have the belly white as in the allied forms. Youmj hi first plumage 
appear to be unknown. Birds of the t/ear supposed to belong to this 
form arc brown, except the rump, upper and under tail-m\ erts, and 
tail, which are coloured as in the adult. 

So far as is known, the geographical range of this form extends 

from Great Nam aqua Land, through Colesberg, Bloemfontein io 

Potchefbtroom in the Southern Transvaal. It is supposed to be a 

resident. 

a, b. <$ 5 a(i-st- South Africa. Purchased. 
c, d. S ? ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.]. 

e. 
<$ ad. sk. Colesberg (T. 0. At more). # ^ B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Type of <S'. (/riseiceps, Blanford & Dresser.) 
/. J ad.; ffj h. Thomas River, British Cat- II. Trevelyan, Esq. [P.], 
imin. sk. fraria, Jan. 7, 1879* 
I tf ad. sk. Bloemfontein, Nov. 15, 1872. Dr. Exton [P.]. 
k, I-6 $ ad.; Bloemfontein, Dec. 9,1876. Dr. Exton [P.J 

m. imm. sk, 
n. 2 a<*.s^- Potchefstroom, Jan. 4,1877. Dr. Exton [P.]. 
o. 
§ ad. sk. Potchefstroom (2\ Ay res). J. II. Gumey,Esq. [P.]. 
(Type of & tephronota, Gurney.) 
«. <? ad. sk. Koanquip, Great Namaqua R. B. Sharpe, E^q. 
Land, July 4,1801 (C. J. 
Andersson). 

q> 
6' '*; «. $ ad. Koy's Fountain, Great Na- B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
sk. maqua Land, June 18G2 

(C. J. A.). 
380 
TUftDIDoE. 

The dark-grey headed forms, which approach nearer to S. t/ionticola 
than they do to & leueomelcena, are fortunate in haying no synonymy. 
They may he called 

Saxicola monticola-leucomelana. 

This form is very nearly allied to Saxicola monticola. but diffeis 
from it in the adult male having the forehead, crown, and nape dark 
grey, with a broad ill-defined paler grey eye-stripe. It appears also 
to be intermediate in size between the preceding and the follow ing 
forms. Length of wing 4*5 to 4*2 inches, tail 3*0 to 2*0, culinen 0-&8 
to 0-8, tarsus 1-34 to 1*21. 

Tlhe female is a darker grey even than that of S. moniicola ; but the 
upper and median wing-coverts are white. The seasonal changes 
are unimportant; the annual moult takes place in January and 
February. The male of the second year has the belly white, ah in the 
nearly allied species. Young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 
Birds of the year are entirely brown, with the exception of the rump, 
upper and under tail-coverts, and tail, which are coloured as in the 
adults. 

This form is only known from Potchefstroom, Colesberg. and Xatal. 
It is supposed to be a resident. 

a. $ ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 
b. hum. sk.
c. d. Ad. sk.
e,f Jad.sk.
//. Imm. sk.
h.cS ad.; i-n. Imm. 
South Africa {E. L. Layard). 
Colesberg (Ortlepp). 
Potchefstroom, Feb. 1878(W.Lucas). 
Potchefstroom, Dec. 1870( TV. Lucas). 
Potchefstroom, Jan. 1877 
11. B. hharj t\ K-q. 
11. B. Sliarpe, Iwp 
It. B. Sharp, E>q. 
I3.". 
Dr. Extern "P."1 . 
Dr. Exton ~P.~. 
sk. (W. Lucas). 

The synonymy of the black-headed form is as follows:— 

14. Saxicola ntonticola. 
Le Traquet niontagnard, Levaill. Ois. cTAfr. iv. p. 105, pi. 184. fig. 2 
(1805, male). 
(Enanthe monticola, TieilL X. Diet. dDIid. Xai. xxL p. 4*34 (1818, 
ex Levaill.). 

Yitifiora rnpicola, Bote, Isisj 1828, p. 320 (male). 

Grillivora capensis, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 2:)8 (18377 male). 

Saxicola monticola (Vieill.), Smith, III. ZooL 8. Afr. Birds, letter


press to pi. xxviii. (1839); Gray, Gen. B. L p. 17$ (1840); Layard, 

B. S. Afr. p. 106 (1807); Gray, Fand-l B. 5. p. 226. no. 3248 
(1809); Blanf. Sr Dresser, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 232; Shan*, ed. 
LayarcVs B. S. Afr. p. 246 (1877, male). 
Dromolsea monticola (Vieill), lip, Consp. L p. 302 (1850); Cab. 
Mus. Hem. i. p. 9 (I860) ; Bvcage, Jom. Sc. Lkb. i. p. 1.31 
(1867, male). 

Dromolsea aequatorialis 
(cS nee $), Haril Journ. Orn. 181*1, p. 112 
{male). 
Saxicola castor, Haril. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 747; Gray, Hand-l B. L 

11 . SAXICOLA. 381 
p. 225. no. 3229 (1869) ; Bhnf * Dresser, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 235, 
pl.xxx\hi. fig. 2 j Shaded Bayard's B. S. .4/r. p. 244 (1877, 
female). 
In this form the adult male has the entire head black, except 
occasionally a narrow white eye-stripe above the lores ; it is also a 
slightly larger bird than S. leueomelcena, which it otherwise resembles. 
Length of wing 4-4 to 4-2 iaches, tail 3*0 to 2-8, culxncn 
0*9 to 0-8, tarsus 1-4 to 1*25. 

The female differs from that of S. leiteomelama in being of a 
much darker grey colour, and in having the upper and median 
wing-coverts pale grey instead of white. The seasonal changes 
appear to be unimportant. Males of the second year have the belly 
white. Young in first plumage appear to be unknown. Birds of 
the year are entirely brown, except the rump, upper and under tail-
coverts, and tail, which are coloured as in the adult. 

The Mountain-Chat has a wide range, extending from Great 
Namaqua Land through Colesberg, Bloemfontein, and the Transvaal 
as far north as Rustenberg. It is believed to be a resident. 

a. Imm. sk.
h. gad.sk.
c. Imm. sk.
d. $ ad.sk.
e. (S ad. sk.
fg. S ad., <$
imm. sk.
h. <5 ad. sk.
i. J ad. sk. 
South Africa (E. L. Layctrd). 
South Africa (E. L. Layard). 
Elands Post (T. C. Atmore). 
Colesberg (Ortlepp). 
Yaal river, May C, 1879 (T.
Ayres). 
Rustenberg, June 21,1877 
( TV. Lucas). 
Aamhoup, Dainara Land, June28,18(51 (C. J. Andersson). 
South Africa. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 
R.B.Sharpe,Ebq. [P.J. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 
R.B.Sharpe, Esq. [P.J. 
Dr. Bradshaw. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Purchased. 
k. $ ad.sk. Desolate part of High Teldt,
Transvaal, June 15 (F.
Oates). 
C. G. & F. Oates, Esqrs, 
[P.]. 

15. Saxicola xanthoprymna. 
Saxicola xanthoprymna, Hempr. et JEhr. Si/mb. PJu/s. Aves, fol. dd 
(1833) ; Dresser $ Blanford, Ibis, 1874, p. 342; Blanf. # Dresser, 

P. Z. S. 1874, p. 223. 
Saxicola erythropygia, E. Cavendish Taylor) Ibis, 18G7, p. Gl. 
Saxicola mcesta, Licftt. apud Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 76 (1872) ; apud 
Sharpe § Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xvi. (1873). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour of the upper 
parts greyish brown, shading into dull chestnut on the rump and 
upper tail-coverts. Lores, chin, throat, cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides 
of the neck black; eye-stripe greyish white, extending to the nape ; 
wings brown, the greater wing-coverts and secondaries with pale 
tips; tail dark brown, the basal third of the two centre feathers 
and the basal two thirds of the remainder white; axillarics and 
under wing-coverts black ; breast and belly greyish white, shading 
into dull chestnut on the flanks and under tail-coverts. Bill, legs, 
feet, and claws black. Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth 

382 
TUHDIDJE. 

primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate in 

length between the fifth and sixth, bastard primary 0'65 inch. 

Length of wing 3*7 inches, tail 2*4, culmen 0*7, tarsus 0*94. 

The female appears to be unknown. It is not known whether 

any change in the colour of the plumage is produced by the autumn 

moult. Males of the year have the black feathers replaced by dark 

brown, and the feathers of the throat are tipped with brown. 

Young in first plumage are unknown. 

The Bed-rumped Chat appears to be confined to Xubia, where 

it is probably a resident. 

There is no example of this very rare Chat in the British Museum. 

The type (male of the year) is in the Berlin Museum, a second male 

of the year is in the collection of Mr. E. Cavendish Taylor, and an 

adult male is in the collection of Canon Tristram. JS"O other examples 

are known. 

16. Saxicola moesta. 
Saxicola moesta, LieJit. Ferz. JDoubL p. 33 (1823); Bp. Comp. i. 

p. 304 (1830); Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 225. no. 3228 (18<>0); 
Hmtjl Orn. KO.-Afr. i. p. 3-55 (1869); Dresser, B. Bur. pt. xxx. 
(1874); Blanf. $ Dresser, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 223. 
Saxicola philotliamna, 
Tristram, Ibis, 18vl), pp. 58, 209f pi. ix.; 
Tristram, Ibis, 1807, p. 03 j Tleuql. Orn. J\r.O.-Afr. i. p. :m {180>>); 
Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 225. no. 3217 (1860) ; J. H. Gurney, jtni., 
Ibis', 1871, p 70 ; Sharpe <§• Dresser, B. Bur. pt. xvii. (1873).' 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Forehead, crown, and nape, 
extending more or less onto the mantle, white, slightly suffused 
with, buff and grey; back and scapulars dark brown; rump and 
upper tail-coverts white, more or less suffused with buff. "Wings and 
wing-coverts brown, more or less broadly edged with white on the 
outer webs; rump and upper tail-coveits buff; tail brown, the 
basal half of the outside feathers, the basal third of the centre, and 
nearly two thirds of the rest pale dull chestnut; lores, ear-coverts, 
cheeks, chin, throat, sides of neck, axillaries, and under wing-
coverts sooty black; the rest of the underparts white, slightly 
suffused with buff on the breast and more so on the under tail-
coverts ; inner margin of quills greyish white. Bill, legs, feet, and 
claws black. Wing with the third and fourth primaries nearly 
equal and longest, second primary about equal to the sixth, bastard 

primary 1-0 to 0*8 inch. Length of wing 3*75 to 3*5 inches, tail 2S5 
to 2-7, culmen 0*8 to 0*72, tarsus 1-16 to 1*0. 

In the female the forehead, crown, and nape are pale dull chestnut, 
shading into lavender-grey on the back and again into pale 
dull chestnut on the rump and upper tail-coverts. Tail-feathers as 
in the male; lores and ear-coverts dull chestnut; underparts pale 
buff, darker on the breast and under tail-coverts, and greyer on the 
axillaries; inner margin of quills pale buff. After the autumn 
moult the head and nape are suffused with grey, leaving a narrow 
pale eye-stripe, and the innermost secondaries have bnff margins. 

11 . SAXICOLA.. 383 
Birds of the year and young hi first pituna/j appear to be unknown. 
Tristram's Chat is a resident bird in Eastern Algeria, Egypt, 
Arabia, and Palestine. 

«> b, c d, d. $ Tunis. L. Eraser, Esq. [0.]. 
ad. sk. 
etfd 
? ad. sk. Algerian Sahara. Purchased. 
ff- dacl.sk. Laghonat, Algeria, Nov. 18, F. (xodman and 0. Salvin, 
1856 (Tristram). Escps. [P.]. 
h. d ad. sk. Near Beer&keeba, Palestine. Canon Tribtram. [0.]. 

17. Saxicola desert! 
Saxicola stapizina (Linn.), apud Licht. JEversm. Iteis. Buchara, p. 128 
(1823). ' " 

Hein. i. p. 10 (1850) ; Ilenql. Si/st. Uebers. p. 58 (1845) ; Jercl 

B. Lid. ii. p. 132 (1883); Filippi, Tiaqg. Pen. p. 347 (1805); 
Locke, Kvpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 208 (1807); Eeuql. Orn. MO,-
Afr. i. p. 352 (1809) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. i. p. 224. no. 3212 (1809); 
Blanf. Geol. # Zool Abyss, p. 362 (1870) ; Shelley, B. Bqypt, p. 74 
(1872) ; Blanf. Sf Dress. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 224 (partim) ; Dresser, B. 
Bur. pt. xxv. (1875, partim) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 337 ; Blanf. 
Bast. Pers. ii. p. 148 (1870, partim). 
Saxicola isabellina, Biipp. apud Temm. PL Col pi. 472. fig". 1 (1829). 
Saxicola pallida, Biipp. Neue Wirb., Fog. p. 80 (1835); Giaij, 
Gen. B. i. p. 179 (1846); lip. Consp. i. p. 304 (18^0). 
Saxicola atrogularis, Blyth, J. A. S. Benq. xvi. p. 131 (1847); 
Bhjtli, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soe. p. 167 (1849); Ilorsf. $ Moore, Cat. 

B. Mm. B.I. Co. i. p. 287 (1854) ; Gould, B. Asia^t. xvii. (1865); 
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 224. no. 3211 (1809); Hume £ Ilenders. 
Lahore to Yarh. p. 205 (1873); Prjev. Rowley1s Orn. Misc. ii. 
p. 183 (1877). 
Saxicola salina, JEversm. Bull. Soe. Mosc. xxiii. pt. 2, p. 507, pi. viii. 
tig. 2 (1850); Severtz. Turlcest. Jevotn. p. 05 (1873) ; Severtz. Stray 
Feath. 1875, p. 429. 

Saxicola atrigularis (Blyth), Bp. Consp. i. p. 304 (1850). 
Saxicola guttnralis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 35 (1854) ; Newt List 


B. Bur. Blashis, p. 10 (1862); Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 225. 
no. 3223 (1869). 
Saxicola homoehroa, Tristram, Ibis, 1859, p. 59; Reugl N.O.-Afr. 

i. p. 343 (1809); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 225. no. 3227 (1809); 
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 75 (1872). 
Saxicola albomarginata, Salvad. Atti Soe. Tor. p. 507 (1870). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour of tke upper 
parts buff, richest on the lower back and dullest on the head ; 
rump and upper tail-coverts white, shading into pale buff on the 
longest upper tail-coverts; lores, the feathers behind the eye, the 
ear-coverts, the sides of tke neck, tke cheeks, the chin, and the 
throat black ; eye-stripes narrow, obscure white, meeting over the 
bill and extending to the nape. Wings and wing-coverts nearly 
black, with more or less obscure pale tips ; innermost secondaries 

384 
TURDIPJE. 

brown, margined with buff; basal half of two central taiL-featbers 

white, terminal half black; remainder of tail-feathers with rather 

more than the basal half white ; tmderparts below the throat pale 

buff, richest on the chest and palest on the under tail-coverts; 

axillaries and under wing-coverts black, with white tips; inner 

margin of quills white. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. Winers 

with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, second 

primary intermediate in length between the fifth and sixth, bastard 

primary 0-75 to 0*05 inch. Length of wing 3*9 to 3*6 inches 

(females 3-5 to 3*3), tail 2-QQ to 2-35, culmen 0*65 to 0*6, tarsus 

1*1 to 1*0. 

Adult ft wale in breeding-plumage. The black on the lores, the 

feathers behind the eye, the ear-coverts, the sides of the neck, the 

cheeks, the chin, 
and the throat is replaced by buff, the nearly 

black wings and wing-coverts by brown, the rump and upper tail-

coverts are more suffused with buff, and the black on the tail is 

replaced by dark brown. I can find no satisfactory evidence that any 

important change in the coloration takes place by the autumn moult. 

JIales of the year have the black feathers on the throat and wings 

narrowly margined with buff. Females of the year scarcely diffrr 

from adults. Young in first plumage have pale centres to the 

feathers of both the upper and under parts, except to those of the 

rump and belly- The quills and tail-feathers are tipped with buff. 

Females of this species much resemble 8. isabelliua, but may at 

once be distinguished by their smaller feet. 

The Desert-Chat is a resident of the arid plains of the Algerian 

Sahara, Egypt, Nubia, Palestine, Arabia, and the highlands of 

Southern Persia. A few wander into Abyssinia in winter. East


wards it breeds in the plains of Turkestan and winters in Balu


chistan, Seinde, and the North-west. Provinces of India. 

a, b. $ ad. sk. Algeria (Verreaux). B. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
c, d. JUT. sk. Tunis. L. Eraser, Esq. [C.]. 

e. $ ad. sk. Thebes. 
Dr. Leith Adams [~P.X 
f. § ad. sk. Nubia ( Verreaitx\ R. B. Sharpe, Esq" 
'g. 
tf ad. sk. Zulla, ilnneslev Bav7 Red W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
Sea, Nov. 20, 1808. 

h. 
<$ ad. sk. Zulla, Anneslev Bay, Bed "W*. T. Blanford. Esq. 
Sea, Jan. 29, 1808. 
i. d ad. sk. North end of Bead Sea. Canon Tristram [C.]. 
Z\ J ad. sk. Shiraz, September 1870. Col. St. John [C.J. 
l} m. J ad.sk.* Afghanistan (Griffith). India Museum. 
n, o. $ ad. sk. Seinde (Dr. Gould). India Museum. 
p7 g, r. <? ad. sk. Kangra. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill 
[P.]. 
s, t. $ ad. sk. Beliar. B.H.Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

u. $ ad. sk. Ka&hgar (Dr. Bellew). India Museum. 
v. Skeleton. Algeria. 
E. B. Sharpe, Eso;. 
18. Saxicola montana. 
Saxicola montana, Gould, B. Asia, pt. xvii. (1865) : Gray, Hund-l 
13. i. p. 225. no. 3224 (1809). 
1 1. SAXICOLA. 
385 
Saxicola deserti, 
Temm. apud Blanf. § Dresser, P. Z. S. 1874, 

p. 224 (partim). apud Dreiser, B. Eur. pt. xxv. (1874, partim), 
apud Blanf. Bast. Pers. ii. p. 148 (1870, partim). 
The^ adult male in breeding-plumage differs from that of the 
preceding species in. being slightly larger, in having scarcely 
any trace of buff on the breast and belly, which is nearly pure 
white, and in having the basal half of the inner web of the primaries 
and of the adjoining five secondaries white to the shaft, a character 
which is as strongly developed in the young in first plumage as in 
the adult. Length of wing 4-0 to 3Y inches (females 3*9 to 3*0), 
tail 2-75 to 2-35, culmen 0-74 to 0-G8, tarsus 1*1 to 0*95. 

The female scarcely differs in colour from that of the preceding 
species, but is a much larger bird. After the autumn moult the 
black feathers of the throat are tipped with buff. Males of the year 
resemble females, except in having the basal half of the inner web 
of the primaries and of the adjoining secondaries white to the shaft, 
a character which is also as strongly marked in males in first plumage. 
Young in first plumage of both sexes are greyer in colour than 
females, and have the feathers of the breast and back with obscure 
pale centres and dark margins. 

Gould's Chat breeds in Thibet and Eastern Turkestan, migrating 
to Cashmere, Baluchistan, and the island of Socotra during the 
cold season. 

a. 
$ ad. sk. Gwadar. Baluchistan, Dec. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
1871. [0.]. 
b. tf ad. sk. Sibh near Dizak, Balu- W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
cliistan, 4000 ft., March [C.J. 
26, 1872. 
c. o* ad. sk. Yarkand. 
B. B. Sliarpe, E^q. [P.]. 
d. $ ad. sk. Cashmere. 
Purchased. 
e. (S ad. sk. Kashgar (JDr. Bellew). India Museum. 
Saxicola melanoleuca and Saxicola stapazina. 

This Chat has two forms, which have been separated specifically 
by Brehm, Blanford, and Dresser, in my opinion on inbufiieieiit 
grounds. As they may, however, be regarded as imperfectly 
segregated subspecies, I have kept their synonymy distinct. That 
of the Eastern form is as follows:— 

19. Saxicola melanoleuca. 
The Bed or Busset-coloured Wheatear ( cf partim, nee § ), Edwards, 

Nat. Hist. B. p. 31, pi. xxxi. (1743). 

Le Cul-blanc roux (c? partim, nee J ), B?'iss. Orn. iii. p. 459 (1760). 

Muscicapa nielanoleuca, Giild. Nov. Com. Petr. xix. p. 468, pi. xv. 

(1775). 
Le Motteux, ou Cul-blanc roux ( $ partim, nee $ ), Buff. Hist. Nat. 
Ots. v. p. 246 (1778). 
Russet Wbeatear (tf partim, nee $ ), Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 468 
(1783), 
Motacilla stapazina, Linn. (<5 partim, nee J ); apud Gmel. Syst. Nat. 

i. p. 966(1788). 
VOL. V. 2 O 
386 TTTEDIDJE. 

Sylvia stapazina (Linn.) (d partim, nee §), apud Lath. Lid. Or a. 

ii. p. 530(1700). 
Vitillora mfa (<$ partim, nee J ), Steph. JShaw's Gen. ZooL x. p. 509 
(1817); Brehm, Vog. Deutsohl. p. 400 (1831, partim). 
Saxicola stapazina (Linn.), apud Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 239 (1820, 
partim) ; apud Meyer, Taschenb. Zus. u. Ber. p. 98 (1622, partim) ; 
apud Gould, B. Bur. ii. pi. xei. (1837, partim) ; apud Keys. u. Bias. 
Wirb. Bur. pp. lix, 193 (1840) ; apud Xordm. Demid. Voy. Buss, 
merid. iii. p. 131 (1840); apud Rupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 08 (1845); 
apud Degl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 486 (1849) ; apud Bp. Consp. I p. 303 
(1850, partim) ; apud Cab.Mus.Hein.i.y. 10 (I860,partim); apud 
lleugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 26 (1856) ; apud Tristram, Ibis, 18-59, 

p. 300; apudLinderm. Vog. Griecheal.^. 110(1800); apud Xewt. 
List B. Bur. Blasius, p. 10 (1862, partim); apud Filippi, Viagg. 
Pers. p. 347 (1865); apud JDegl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 454 
(1^7, partim); apudSeugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 349 {1809); apud 
Boded. Avif. Sicil. p. Il l (1869); apud Gray, Hand-l. B. I 
p. 224. no. 3207 (1869, partim); apud Fritsch, Vog. Bur. p. 194 
(1870); apud Salvad. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 88 (1871). 
Saixcola xanthomelsena, Hempr. et Ehr. Symb. Phys.} Aves, fol. aa 
(1833, autumn plumage) ; Heugl. Orn. X. O..-A.fr. p. 849 (1^00). 
Saxicola eurymelgena, Hemp, et Ehr. Symb. Phy$., Aves, fol. bb 
(1833, summer plumage); Tristram, Ibis, 18G7, p. 95; Gray, 
Hand-l B. i. p. 225. no. 3218(1869); Shelley,B.Egypt, p.73 (1^72). 

Saxicola albicilla, von Mull. Naumannia, iv. p. 28 (1851); id. Btiir. 
Orn. Afr. pi. iii. (1853). 

Saxicola melanoleuca (Gidd.), Blanf. § Dresser, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 222; 
Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xxv. (1874); Dresser 8f Blanf. Ibis, 1*74, 
pp. 338j 340; Blanford, East Pers. ii. p. 150 (1870); Bogd. B. 
Cam. p. 92 (1879). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour "wMte, frequently 
suffused with grey on the head and with buff on the back and 
breast; a patch of black on the sides of the head includes a narrow 
frontal line, the lores, the feathers round the eye, the ear-coverts, 
and extends some way down the sides of the neck, embracing the 
entire chin and throat, but not extending quite to the wing; wings, 
wing-coverts, axillaries, under wing-coverts, and under surface of 
wings black; tail-feathers white, the two central feathers black for 
.the terminal two thirds, the two outer feathers broadly tipped with 
black, the black tips to the remainder being narrower, and generally 
quite obsolete on several. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. 'Wing 
with the third tnd fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, 
second primary intermediate in length between the fifth and sixth, 
bastard primary 0*85 to 0*6 inch. Length of wing 3*65 to 3*8 
inches, tail 2*4 to 2*25, culmen 0*6 to 0*55, tarsus 0*85 to 0*83. 

In the female the general colour of the upper parts is an almost 
uniform brown, darker on the wings and darkest on the tail; the 
rump and the white on the tail-feathers are the same as in the male; 
the feathers of the throat are buff, showing half-concealed dark 
bases; breast buff, shading into huffish white on the rest of the 
underparts, except the axillaries and under wing-coverts, which are 
dark brown. It is not known that any change in the colour of the 
plumage is produced by the autumn moult. Birds of the year have 

1 1. HWlVOiA. 
JiS7 
iho whole* of iho whidi IOM thorn (ox-cont fhoso of (ho rump, upper 
tail-covoriH, and tail) suH'uHod with bull', Iho win«*-oovoHs and 
innermost secondaries l)roadly od^rod with hud', tho quills narrowly 
tipped with huff, and the lail-leathern narrowly lipped wiih white. 
Youiif/ ui first phtmaye rosomblo tho IVnmlo of Iho \ oar, but havo 
obscure palo centres and dark terminal bars to the leathers of the 
throat, breast, crown, and back. 

The Eastern form of the Black-throated Chat breeds in Italy, 
Greece, South Russia, Abia Minor, Palestine, and South Persia; it 
parses through Egypt and Nubia on migration, and probably winters 
in Central Africa. 

a. <$ ad. slv. Smyrna (Dr. Eruper). Consul Merlin [P-]6, 
e. <$; d.% ad. Smyrna (Dr. Kruper). U. JJ. Kharpe, l^q. 
sk. 

e. <S,f. 
Juv. sk. Anascha, Taurus, Asia Mi- P. Godman and (). Sal-
nor, April 1875 (C. G. A in, Esqrs. [P.]. 
Danford). 
g. 
<$ ad. sk. Mount Cannel, March 20, "F. Godman and 0. Sal1804 
(Tristram). vin, Esqrs. [P.J. 
h. gad.sk. Surghaga, Palestine. 
Canon Tristram [0.1. 
i. 
Jad.sk. Nazareth. Canon Tristram [0.1. 
h. c?ad. bk. Hills near Merone, Palestine. 
Canon Tristram [p.j. 
The synonymy of the "Western form is as follows:— 

20. Saxicola stapazina. 
The Red or Russet-coloured Wheatoar (<? partim, nee J), Edwards, 

Rat. Hist. B. p. 31, pi. xxxi. (174a). 

Le Oul-blanc roux (<$ partim, nee $ ), Brian. Orn. iii. p 450 (1700), 

Le Motteux, on Oul-blanc roux (c? parting nee $ ), Buff. Hkt, Rat. 

Ois. v. p. 240 (1778). 

Russet "W heat ear (<S partim, nec$), Lath, Gen. Si/u. ii. p. 108 (178JJ). 

Motacilla stapazina, 
Linn, (d partim, nee J ), apud Umel, tiytf. 

Rat. i. p. 0(H) (1788). 
S\lvia stapazina (Linn.) (cf partim, nee $ ), apud Lath. Ltd. Orn. ii. 
"p. 530 (1700); (<$ nee % ) apud Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. VM (1815). 
Vititlora rufa (<$ parting nee $), titeph. JSkaics Gen. Zoo!. \, p. 5(5*,) 
(1817); Brehm, Vog. DeutseM. p. 40(5 (im, partim). 
GSnantke stapazina (Linn.), apud Vieill. N. Diet, delist. Rat. xxi, 

p. 425 (1818). 
Saxicola stapazina 
(Linn.), apud Temm. Man. (TOm. L p. 2>>0 (1820, 
partim) ; apud Meyer, Ta^ehenb. Zus. n. Ber. p. 08 (18:12, partim); 
apud Gouldt B. Eur. ii. pi. xcL (JSo7, partim) j apud lip. Ctmsp. i. 

p. 30tf (1850, partim); apud Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 10 (1850, partim); 
apud Jaitb. et Barth.-Lapomm. Bieh. Orn. p. 221 (1850); apud 
Reivt. Lht B. Bur. Bhm'us, p, 10 (1802, partim); apud Dey!. et 
Gerbe, Orn. Bur. i. p. 454 (1807, partim); apud Loehe, Expl ASVL 
Alger., Ois. i. p. 204 (1807); apud Gray, lland-l B. I p. 221. 
no*. 3207 (lRi\i\ partim); apud Irhj, B. Gihr. p. 70 (1875). 
Yitiilora stapazina (Linn.), apud Boie, Ids, 1822, p. 552; apud 

Brehm, Vogelf. p. 224 (1855). 

Saxicola atrogulans, Dubois, Ois. Eur. pi. lvi, (18i>2, nee Blyth). 

Saxicola rufa (Brehm), apud Bhmf. ty Deeper, IK Z. K 1874, p. 221 

(1874, nee V.ruta, Stephens, 181*7, apud B. # D.!!); apud Dresser, 

B. 
Eur. pt. xxv. (1874). 
2 v 2 
388 
TUBDIDJ3. 

This is a "Western form of S. melanoleuca, differing only in having 
the black on the throat not extending beyond the upper throat. I t 
is also more constantly suffused with buff on the back and breast. 
Intermediate forms occur; and examples from Spain, in which the 
black on the throat is more extended than usual, are indistinguishable 
from examples from Asia Minor, in which the black on the 
throat is less extended than usual There is no difference in size. 
It appears to go through the same changes of plumage as its Eastern 
ally, and both males and females are on an average more rufous at 
all seasons. 

The Western form of the Black-throated Chat breeds in the south 

of France, Spain, Western Algiers, and Morocco, wintering in 

Western Africa. 

a, h. S ad. sk. Europe. 
Baron Laugier. 

c. 
<$ ad. sk. Ain Djendeli, Algeria, May 13. F. Godman and 0. Sal1857 
(0. S.\ via, Esqrs. [P.]. 
d. S ad. sk. Egyptian Nubia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
e. d1 ad. sk. River Gambia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
f. Skeleton. South Europe. Purchased. 
21. Saxicola finscML 
Saxicola stapazina (LinnJ), apud Menetr. Cat. Rais.Caue. p. 30 (1832). 
Saxicola libanotica, llempi\ et Ehr. apud Tristram, Ibis, Ie>C77pp. 91, 

94. 
Saxicola finsckii, JBJeuyL Orn. KO.~Afi\ i. p. 350 (1809). 
Saxicola xantkoinelsena, HJempr. et JEhr, apud Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 74 
(1872). 

Saxicola erythrsea, JHe?npr. et JEhr. apud Blanf Sf Dresser, P. Z. S. 

1874, p. 222 j apud JDresser, B. Ew\ pt. xxv. (1874); apud Blanf. 

East Pers. ii. p. 150 (1876); apud Banford, Ibis, 1878, p. 16; apud 

Boyd. JB. Cam. p. 92 (1879). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour white, occasionally 
suffused with grey or buff; lores, sides of the neck, ear-
coverts, chin, throat, upper breast, scapulars, wing-coverts, quills, 
axillaries, and under wing-coverts black; tail-feathers white, the 
two central feathers black for the terminal half, the remaining 
feathers tipped with black from a quarter to half an inch; under 
surface of quills dark brown, paler on the margin of the basal half 
of the inner webs. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. WTing with 
the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, 
second primary slightly shorter than the fifth, bastard primary 
0*8 to 0*7 inch. Length of wing 3*6 to 3*25 inches (females 3*3 to 
3*1), tail 2*4 to 2*15, culmen 0-08 to 0*62, tarsus 1*0 to 0*9. 

In the female the rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and the underpays 
below the breast resemble the male; the rest of the upper 
parts are grey, darker and browner on the wings * the feathers of 
the chin and throat are pale grey, with more or less concealed black 
bases. Nothing is known of the changes of plumage which this 
Chat undergoes, except that in females of the year the pale grey tips 
to the feathers of the throat entirely conceal the dark bases. 

11 . SAXICOLA. 389 
The Euphrates Pied Chat breeds in the rocky hills of the Caucasus, 
Eastern Asia Minor, Palestine, and Persia, its range extending 
only a short distance beyond the valley of the Euphrates, in 
Palestine it is a resident, but it appears to leave the other parts of 
its breeding-range, and, passing through Egypt on migration, winters 

in Nubia. 
a, b. <5 ad. sk Persia. 
c <S ad. sk. Skiraz. 5O0G feet, June 13, Col. St. John [C.]. 
1800. 
d. <$ ad. sk.
e. <$ ad. sk. 
Neby Yunas, Palestine. 
Bethel, December 21, 18G3 
Canon Tristram [C.]. 
F. G-odrnan and O. Sal/• 
<$ ad. sk,
g. $ ad. st.
(Tristram). 
Anascha, Taurus, March18,1870 (C.G.Banford). 
[Asia Minor.] 
vin, Eaqrs. [P.]. 
F. G-odman and O. Salvin, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
Purchased. 

22. Saxicola chrysopygia. 
Dromolsea ehrysopvgia, Be Filippi, Arch. Zool. Genova, ii. p. 381 
(1863) ; Be Filippi, Viagg. Bers. p. 347 (1805). 
Saxicola chrvsopygia {Be FiL), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 226. no. 3257 
(1809) ; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 151 (1876). 
Saxicola kingi, Rume, Ibis, 1871, p. 29; id. Stray Feath, i. p. 187 
(1873). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour of the upper 
parts brown, shading into pale dull chestnut on the rump; lores 
dark brown; ear-coverts darkish brown; eye-stripe somewhat indistinct, 
pale grey; wings brown, the secondaries tipped with 
greyish white and margined with greyish buff; upper tail-coverts 
pale dull chestnut; tail darkish brown, the basal third of the two 
centre feathers and the basal three fourths of the others dull chestnut. 
Chin, throat, and centre of belly greyish white, shading into 
pale brown on the breast and flanks, and into dull chestnut on the 
under tail-coverts; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale grey, 
with darker centres; inner margin of quills pale huffish brown. 
Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. Wing with the third, fourth, 
and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary equal 
to the sixth, bastard primary 0*95 to 0*8 inch. Length of wing 
3*6 to 3*55 inches, tail 2-41 to 2-25, culmen 0-72 to 0*68, tarsus 
1-1 to 1*0. 

The female scarcely differs from the male, nor is any important 
change of colour produced by the autumn moult. Birds of the year 
and young in first plumage appear to be unknown. 

The Red-tailed Chat breeds in the rocky hills of Persia, and 
winters in Baluchistan, Scinde, and North-west India. 

a. P ad. sk. Rugin, S.E. of Karman, S.E. W.T.Blanford;Esq. 
Persia, 9000feet, May 1, 1872. [O.l 
b. (S ad. sk. Sita Nai, Scinde, Bee. 2, 1876. W. T. Blanf or d, Esq. 
e. S ad. sk. Nari Nai, Scinde, Jan. 1,1877. W. f. Blanford, Esq. 
390 
TTTRDIDJE. 

23. Saxieola galtonl 
Saxieola sperata (Lath.), apud Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 179 (1848) ; apud 

Bp. Consp. i. p. 304 (1850) ; ajmd Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 107 

(1807) ; apud Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 27 <1871)._ 

Erytliropygia galtoni, Stricld. Jard. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 147. 

Euticilla nov. sp. ?, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Math. Lisbon, i. p. 136 (1887). 

Euticilla (Saxieola) familiaris (Stepk.), apud Blanf. Ann. Nat. Mist. 

1869, iv. p. 329. 
Aedon sperata (Gmel), Gray,Hand-l B. i. p. 211. no. 2985 (1809). 

Jour. Sc. Math. Lisbon, vi. p. 274 (1878). 
Saxieola familiaiis, Steph. apud Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 27 (187lj ; 
apud Gurney, Anderss. B. Da?n. Land, p. 103 (1872). 

Adult male in hreedmrj-jphimage. General colour of the upper 
parts brown; lores dark brown; ear-coverts russet-brown ; wings 
brown, the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries narrowly margined 
with pale brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts chestnut; two 
centre tail-feathers dark brown, with chestnut babes less than one 
third of the entire length, the remainder chestnut, with brown 
tips about a quarter of an inch in extent. Underparts, including 
the axillaries, under wing-coverts, and inner margin of quills, are 
almost uniform pale huffish brown. Bill, legs, feet, and claws 
black. Wing with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly 
equal and longest, second primary about equal to the seventh, 
bastard primary 0*9 to 0*85 inch. Length of wing 3*65 to 3*1.5 
inches, tail 2-65 to 2-35, culnien 0*7 to (f-08, tarsus 1-01 to 0*94. 

In the female the lores are coloured like the crown, otherwise the 
plumage resembles that of the male. After the autumn moult the 
pale edges to the wing-coverts and secondaries are somewhat 
broader. Birds of the year are supposed to be similar to adults. 
Young in first plumage have pale centres and dark tips to most of 
the small feathers. 

The Familiar Chat appears to be a resident in Benguela, Damara 
Land, Xamaqua Land, Fatal, the Transvaal, and the Cape Colony. 

a. tf ad. sk. South Africa. 
b. Ad. sk. South Africa (£. L. Layard). R. B. Sbarpe, Esq. 
c. Ad. sk. Cape Town, April 24, 18C6 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(CI J. Andersson). 
d. 
Ad., e. Juv. sk. Cape Town, Xov. 1865 (C J. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Andersson). 
f. <? ad. sk. Elands Post ( T. C. At more). R. B. Sharps, Esq. 
g. 2 ad. sk. Aamlioup, Great Namaqua R. B. Sharpe, B.*>q. 
Land, July 4,1801 ( C. L A.), 
h, i. <$}k. 2 ad.sk. Swakop river,. Damara Land R. B. Sharpe,Esq, 

(C J. A.). 

I <$ ad. sk. Ladysmith (F, Oates). C. G. and F. Gates, 
Efiqrs. [P.I. 

m. 
<3 ad. sk. Inyali, Oct. 2. C. G. and F. < >ates, 
Esqrs. [P.]. 
11 . SAXICOLA. 391 
24. Saxicola seimaareusis. 
This is another of M. Botta's discoveries which has escaped iho 
attention of ornithologists in the Museum of the Jardin dea 
Plaiitcs. It differs from its South-African ally in being a larger 
bird and slightly darker in colour. The most marked difference is 
in. the distribution of the colours on the feathers of the tail; the 
dark brown on the two centre feathers is much less developed, only 
extending* to the terminal half, whilst the dark brown on the remaining 
feathers is much more developed, extending for more than 
half an inch. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. Wings with the 
third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary 
intermediate in length between the fifth and sixth, bastard primary 
0-8 inch. Length of wing 3*7 inches, tail 2*47, culinon 0*7, tarsus I'D. 

Nothing is known of the difference which may be attributable 
to age, sex, or season. 

The only example known of the Sennaar Familiar Chat is the 
type, from which the above description is taken, in the Museum 
of the Jardin des Plantes in Paris, which was obtained by M. Botta 
in Sennaar in 1839. 

25. Saxicola cenanthe. 
Le Oul-hlanc, ou Vitrec, on Motteux, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 449 (1760). 
Le Cul-blanc gris, BHss. Orn. iii. p. 452 (17CO). 
Le Oul-hlanc cendre*, Ji m Orn. iii. p. 454 (1700). 
Motacilla cenanthe, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 332 (1700) ; Tunstall, Orn. 


Brit. p. 2 (1771); GmeL Syst. Nat. i. p, 006 (1788); Bechst. Naturg. 
beutmhl iv. p. 640 (1795). 
Le Motteux, anciennement Vitrec, vulgaircmeiii Cul-blanc, Buff. 

Hist. Nat Ois. v. p. 237 (1778). 
Le Motteux de Senegal, Buff. Hist. Nat. Oh. v. p. 249 (1778). 
Le Vitrec, ou Motteux, DaitbenL PL Enl no. 554 (1778) 
Cul-blanc du Senegal, Davhent. PL Enl. no. 583. fig. 2 (1778). 
"Wheatear, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii, pt. 2, p. 405 (1783). 
Rufous Wlieatcar, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 409 (1783). 
Sylvia cenanthe (Linn.), Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup pi i. p. 288 (1787); 

Lath. Lnd. Orn. p. 529 (1790); Temm. Man. cPOrn. p. 135 (1815); 

Forster, Syn. Cat. Brit. B. p. 15 (1817). 
Motacilla leucorhoa, Gmel Syst. Nat. i. p. 960 (1788, ex Buff.). 
Sylvia leucorhoa (Gmel), Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 531 (1790). 
Saxicola cenanthe (Linn.), Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 217 (1802); 

Wolf, Taschenb. i. p. 251 h (1810); Koch, Syst. later. Zool. i. 
p. 190 (1816); MtnStr. Cat. Mais. Cave. p. 30 (1832); Hupp. 
Neue Wirb., Voq. p. 79 (1835); Gould, B. Bur. ii. pi. xc. (1837) ; 
Iteys. u. Bias. )Virb, Bur. pp. lix, 192 (1840) ; Nordm. DSmid. 

Toy. Buss. mSrid. iii. p. 130 (1840); B'upp. Syst. Uebern. p. 58 

(1850); Middend. Beis. Sibir. Zool. ii. pt. , 
Jleugl Syst. Uebers. p. 26 (1856); Sund. Sv. Fogl p, 54 (1856); 
Hartl. Orn. TF.-Afr. p. 64 (1857); Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Bick 
Om. p. 222 (1859); Lindcrm, Voy. Griechenl p. 110(1800); 
Newt List B. Bur. Blasius, p. 10 (1802); Gould, B. Gt. Br. ii. 
pi. 3xv. (1862); Mutton, Baring-GoukTs Iceland, p. 409 (1863); 

392 TUKDIDJE. 

Matlcle, Beis. Sibir., Tog, p. 244 (18C3); Filippi Viagg. Pers. p. 347 
(1865); Degl et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 450 (1867) ; Loche, Expl 
Sci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 202 (1867); Doderl Avif. Sieil p. 110 
(1800); Gray, Hand4. B. i. p. 224. no. 3205 (1809); Ball §• Bann. 
Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 27(3 (1809); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 347 
(1869) ; Godman, Azores, p. 25 (1870) ; Fritsch, Tog. Fur. p. 193 
(1870); Salvad. Faun. Ital. TJcc. p. 89 (1871) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 300; Hartinq, Ilandb. Br. B. p. 13 (1872) ; Shelley, B. 
EQ\JJ>% p. 71 (1872); Coues, Keg K.-Amer. B. p. 76 (1872) j Newt, 
eel Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 347 (1873); Severtz. Tiwkest. Jevotn. p. 65 
(1873); Baird, Breioer, fy Bidgw. Hist. N.-Amer. B. i. p. 60 
(1874); Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xxxi. (1874); Irly, B. Gibr. p. 78 
(1875); Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 335: Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 146 
(1876); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, p. 145 (1876); Prjev. 
Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 183 (1877) ; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, 

p. 165 (1877); Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 92 (1879). 
Motacilla vitiflora, Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. i. p. 472 (1811). 
Vitiflora oenanthe {Linn.), Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. tyc. Brit. Mus. 

p. 21 (1816) ; Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 652. 
(Enanthe vitiflora (Pall), Forster, Syn. Cat. Brit. B. p. 54 (1817). 
GSnanthe cinerea, Vieill N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxi. p. 418 (1818). 
Vitiflora septentrionilis, Brehm, Vo'g. Deutschl. p. 403 (1831). 
Vitiflora grisea, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl p, 405 (1831). 
Vitiflora cinerea ( Vieill), Brehm, Vog. Deutschl p. 405 (1831). 
Saxicolak-ostrata, Hempr. et Ehr. Symb. Phys.,Aves, fol. aa (1833) ; 
Gray) Hand-l B. I p. 225. no. 3232 (1809). 
Saxicola libanotica, Hempr. etEhr. Symb. Phys., Ares, fol. M> (1833) ; 
Gray, Hand-l B. i. p. 225. no. 3220 (1869). 
Saxicola cenanthoid.es, Viq. Zool Blossom, p. 19 (1839); Gi'ay, 

Gen. B. i. p. 179 (1846) -id. Hand-l B. L p. 225. no. 3222 (1869). 
Vitiflora major, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 224 (1855). 
Saxicola leneorhoa (Gme!.),''Haril. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 64 (1857); 

Gray*, Hand-l B.i. p. 225. no. 3231 (1869). 
Saxicola oenantlie g'risea, 
Saxicola oenantlie cinerea, 
Saxicola oenanthe septentrionalis, 
Saxicola oenantlie alpestris, A. E. Brehn, Verz Samml. C. 
Saxicola oenanthe melanoptera, > L. Brehm, p. 5 (1860). 
Saxicola oenanthe maritima, 
Saxicola oenanthe crassirostris, 
Saxicola oenanthe macrorhynchos, 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour of thte upper 
parts pale slate-grey; forehead and eye-stripe, -which extends to the 
nape, white; lores and upper part of the ear-coverts "black; wings 
and wing-coverts nearly black, a few traces of the autumnal huff 
margins to the feathers generally left; rump and upper tail-coverts 
white ; tail white, except the tei minal three fifths of-the two centre 
feathers, and the terminal fourths of the others, which are nearly 
black. Underparts very pale huff, slightly darker on the throat 
and breast; axillarics and under wing-coverts white, with dark 
centres; inner margin of quills brown. Bill, legs, feet, and claws 
black. Wing with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and 

* Spelt leucorrhoa. 
11 . fUXHJOLV. !M$ 
longest, second primary sometimoH us long as the fourth, bastard 
primary 0-7") to (Mf) 'inch. Length of wing 4-2 U*\K> inches 
(females ;J-7 to 3-4r>), tail iMS to 2-0, cuhuon 0-7 to 0-0:2, tnrsiw 
1-2 to 1-03. 

Aftult finurft in hreedimj-plwrnuge. General colour of the upper 
parts dull brown; forehead and eye-stripe bullish white, much 
narrower than in the male ; lores and upper part of tiio oar-coverts 
brown ; wings and wing-coverts not HO dark as in the male ; rump 
and upper tail-coverts white; tail as in the male, but the dark 
parts not quite so dark; underparis as in the male. Afttr 
the autumn moult both sexes have a bullish-brown margin to every 
feather, so that they are scarcely distinguishable, and resemble the 
adult female in breeding-plumage except that the quills and tail-
feathers are margined with huffish brown at the tip, and the innermost 
secondaries and wing-coverts are similarly margined, not only 
at the tip but along the outside webs. The underparts are also 
darker in colour. It is not known that birds of the i/((tr differ 
from adults. Foung in first jplumatje resemble the female, but 
have obscure transverse loiminal dark bars and pale centres to most 
of the feathers of the upper and under parts. 

The Wheatcar Chat breeds throughout Central and Northern 
Europe as far north as land exists, and in Southern Europe where 
the mountains are high enough to allow of the growth of the pine 
and birch. "Westwards its breeding-range extends over Iceland as 
far as Greenland and Labrador, and eastwards throughout Northern 
Siberia, the mountains of Persia and Syria, and beyond Beliring's 
Straits into Alaska. In winter it is found in North and West Africa 
and the east coast south of the equator. The Asiatic birds migrate to 
Mongolia, Northern India, and Persia. On the American continent 
it has been found in winter as far south as the Bermudas. 


a. $ ad. sk. Albany Eher, Canada. George Barnstoit, Esq. 
hjC <$ J ad. sk. Lichtenfels, Greenland,H. It. 1J. 1J. Sh Sharpe,Es(j, [P.] 
June 27, 1S7 k 

d. $ ad.; <?. Juv. sk. Lichtenfels, July 1874. TLB. Rharpi^Esq. [TV 
/. Juv.,g,h> Imin. sk. Lichtenfels, August 1874. R. B. Rhaipe, JOsq. [IV 
7. Ad. sk. England. J. Gould, Esq. 
k, $ acl.st. Wiltshire. Col. Montagu [P.]. 
I. m. Juv. st. Pagham Harbour, Sept. R.B. Sharpe,Ebq. [P.], 
187i>. 
n, o. Juv. sk. Pagham Harbour, Sept. 1, II. B. Sharpc,Escp [P.], 
1872. 
;;, (S ad. sk. Brighton. J.G.Ohildren,Esq.[P.]. 
q} r. d ? ad. sk. Cookham, Berks, March. Mr. W. Brings [P.]. 
8, t. <S 2 a(^-st* Ilampstead. B.B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 
u, v. <S $ ad. sk. Thetford, Norfolk, March F. Godman and 0. Sai


18>">7 {Percy Godman). \in, Esqrs. [P.]. 

w. d ad. j x, y. Juv. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [C.j. 
z. $ hum. sk. Belgium, Sept. 15, 1871. Brussels Museum [IV]. 
a', r? ad. sk. S. Norway, July 1800 F. Godman and 0. Sal(
J. JBcder). Yin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
b'. 5 ad. sk. Borrogaard, S. Norway, F. Godman and 0. Sal-
June I860 (J. Baker)* vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 

TUKDIBiE. 

394 

c' P ad. sir, Valencia, Spain, March 29, H. Saunders, Esq. [P.], 
1872. 
d' r? ad. sk. Flores, Azores, May 1805 F. Godman and 0. Sal


(F. G.). vin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
e'. tf ad. sk River Gambia. B.B. Sharpe, Esu_. 
f <^ ad. sk. Ghartimi (Schaufuss). H. B. Sharpe, Ebq. 
V, 
A', *'. tf, W. 2 Adigrat, Tigre/fcOtO feet, W. T. Blanford, E^q. 
ad.sk. April 1868. [C.]. 

V. (S ad. sk. Nubia. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
w'. Ad. sk. Gon, Egypt, March 8,1875. J. H. Gurney, Esq., 
Jim. [P.], 
ri9 o', p'- Ad. sk. Egypt (D;\ Christie). G. Turnbull, Esq. [P.1. 
#'. 5 ad bk. Mombasa, East Africa (J. Eey.E. A. Buxton s_P.]. 

IF. Hamlford). 
r'. $ ad. sk. Syria. Br. Standinger. 
s'. <$ ad. sk. Mount Caimel. Canon Tri&tram ~€V. 


a(^-s^*

t'. 
2 Kishon. Canon Tribtraxn [CX 

u', r? ad. sk, Taurus, Asia Minor, April F. Godman and 0. Sal13, 
187G (0. G. Ban- Tin, Esqrs. [P.]. 
ford),

a(h s^ ^ear

v'. 
J &kirsLZ, Sept. 1870. Col. St. John [C.]. 

w'. S ad. sk. Pass to Anan, Elhurz "W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
Mountains, 8000 feet, [C.]. 
August 14,1872. 

x'. $ ad. sk. Kokand, 1857. 
y'. <$ ad. sk. Scktschutsehja, Yalmal Dr. O. Finaeh [C."j. 
Pen., Ausrust 3. IfeTU 
a'. 2 ad. sk. Ugorskia, Obb P., Sept. 11, Dr. O. Finsck [C.1. 
1876. 
a". <5 ad. sk. Krasnoyarsk, Siberia, April Henry SeeLohm, E-q. 
25,1S79 (Kibort). [P.*]. ^ 
b". <$ ad. sk, Ust Zylnia, June 3, 1875. Henry Seebohm, Esq. 

[P*]. 
c". Skeleton. England (Wanciek). Purchased. 
d", e", f". <$ $ juv. Silesia. Dr. A. Guntker. 

skull. 

26. Saxicola anrita *. 
The Red or Russet-coloured Wheatear (<$ nee $ ), JSdiv. Nat Hist. 

B. p. 31, pi. xxxi. (1743). 
Le Cul-blanc roussatre, Brks. Orn. iii. p. 457, pi. xxy. fig. 4 (1700). 
Le Cul-blanc roux ( 2 wee <$ ), Briss. Orn, iii. p. 459 (17(30). 
Motacilla stapazina, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 331 (1700, nee TzeilL, Temm., 
: ( 2 nee

Bonap., Cab., Gray, fye.) <$ ) G^nel. Si/st. Nat i. p. 906 
(1788); ( 2 nee <$) Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 530 (1790). 
Le Motteux, ou Cul-blanc roussatre, Buffi Hist Nat Ois, y. p. 245 
(1778). 
Le Motteux, ou Cul-blanc roux ( 2 ««c S), Buff. Hist Is at Ois. y. 

p. 240 (1778). 
Russet "Wheatear ( 2 nee tf), Lath. Gen. 8yn. ii. p. 408 (1783). 
Motacilla stapazina, /3, Gmel. Syst. Nat i. p. 906 (1788). 
* According to the rules of the British Association, the name by which this 
bird ought to be called is either 8. stapazina or S. alhieolUs. The former 
name is out of court, haying been extensively applied to another species, which 
was probably intended to be included by Linnaeus under his name. The latter 
I reject on the ground that the name given by Temminek has been used by an 
o^erwhelmi^g majority of ornithologists, and ought therefore to stand. 
11 . SAXICOLA. 305 
Sylvia stapazina (Linn.) ($ nee <$), Temm. Man. cTOm. p. 137(1815). 
Vitiflora ruia (g nee <$), Steph. tihcntfs Gen. Zool x. p. 569 (1817). 
GEnantlae albicollis, Vieill. N. Diet. cVIIist. Nat. xxi. p. 424 (1818). 
Sylvia albicollis (Vieill), Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Metli. p. 485 (1820). 
Saxicola amita, Temm. Man. cVOrn. i. p. 241 (1820) ; Meyer, Tas~ 


clienb. Zus. u. JBer. p. 99 (1822) ; Temm. PL Col no. 257. %. 1 
(1824) ; mipp. Keue Wirb., Vog. p. 79 (1835); Gould, B. Eur. ii. 
pi. 92 (1837) ; JSfordm. Eemid. Voy. Muss. mind. iii. p. 131 
(1840) ; Degl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 488 (1849); Cab. Mus. Hem. i. 

p. 10 (1850) j Ileugl Syst. Uebers. p. 26 (1850); Hartl Orn. TV.-
Afr. p. 64 (1857) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl p. Ill (1860) ; FilippU 
Viaqcj. Pers. p. 347 (1865) ; Degl et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 455 
(1867) ; Ileugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 348 (1869); Fritsch, Vog. Eur. 

p. 195 (1870); Salvad.Faun. Ital Uee. p. 88 (1871). 
Vitiflora amita (Temm.), Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 552. 
Sylvia rufescens, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 223 (1827). 
Saxicola amphileuca, Ilempr. et Ehr. Symb. Phys., Aves, fol. bb 
(1833) • Gray, Hand-L B. i. p. 225. no. 3219 (1869) ; Shelley, B. 

Saxicola aurita, Temm.,v&T. libyca, Hempr. etEhr.Symb. Phys., Aves, 
fol. aa (1833). 

Saxicola stapazina (Linn.), Keys, it. Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. lix, 193 
(1840) ; Hupp. Syst. Uebers. p. 58 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 178 
(1846) ; Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xxv. (1874) • Blanf. East. Pers. ii. 

p. 150 (1876). 
Saxicola albicollis ( Vieill), Bp. Consp. i. p. 303 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l 
B. i. p. 224. no. 3206 (1869). 
Vitiflora assimilis, Bre/im, Vogelf. p. 224 (1855). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour white, frequently 
suffused with grey on the head and with buff on the back and breast, 
the remains of immature plumage; a patch of black on the sides of 
the head includes a narrow frontal line, the lores, the feathers round 
the eye, the ear-coverts, and extends some way down the sides of 
neck ; wing-coverts, axillaries, under wing-coverts, and under surface 
of quills black; tail-feathers white, the two central feathers black 
for the terminal two thirds, the two outer feathers broadly tipped 
with black, the black tips to the remainder being narrower and 

generally almost obsolete on several. Bill, legs, feet, and claws 
black. Wing with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and 
longest, second primary slightly shorter than the fourth, bastard 
primary 0-65 to 0*7. Length of wing 3*6 to 3'5 inches (females 3*5 
to 3-4), tail 2-45 to 2-3, culmen 0-65 to 0-6, tarsus 0*9 to 0-85. 

The female differs from the male in having all the black parts 
replaced by brown. The head and back are also paler brown, and 
the throat and breast suffused with brown. It is not known that 
any change takes place in the colour of the plumage of adults in 
consequence of the autumn moult* but birds of the year are suffused 
with grey on the head, with both grey and buff on the back, and 
with buff on the breast and flanks, the wing-coverts and innermost 
secondaries are broadly edged with buff, the primaries narrowly 
tipped with buff, and the tail-feathers narrowly tipped with white. 
Young in first plumage have obscure pale centres and dark terminal 
bands to the feathers of the head, back, and breast, and 

396 
TTEDID-E. 

the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries are broadly edged5 and 

the quills and tail-feathers broadly tipped with birff. 

The Black-eared Chat breeds throughout Southern Europe, and 

occasionally in Xorth Africa, extending eastwards to Asia Minor, 

Palestine, and South Persia. A few remain to winter in AIgi«er->; 

but the majority pass on to Senegal and probably to Central Africa, 

since it is found only during the breeding-season in Egypt and 

Nubia, and has not been recorded from Abyssinia. 

a. S ad. sk. South Europe QlceseMer). E. B. Sliarpe, E^ . 
b. S ad. sk. Dalniatia. 
Purchased. 
c. $ 
ad. sk. Smyrna, April 45 1871 E. B. Sharpe, E?fj_, 
(Dr. Kruper). 
d. $ 
ad. sk. Snnrna, Apiil 4; 1S71 Consul Merlin "P.\ 
(Dr. Kriqier). 
e. <$ ad. sk, Anaseha, Tam*us? April 10, F. Godman and O- Sal \ in, 
1&76 { 0. G. Danfot-dj. E^i>. "1K\ 
ft &• $2 ad.sk. Palestine. Canon TiLtrani X1.". 
7z, /. (J 2 ac^-s^- Syria. Purchased. 


k. 2 ad. sk. Egypt. 
J. II. Gurn»*y, Jim., E*q. 
I. m. 
<$ ad. sk. Kkifan M'sakta, Algeria, F.*Un<lnjan and 0.3 thin, 
May IS, 1857 (0. &), E*rpj. P. \ 
n. Juv. sk. Algeria. 
Piirelia^fl. 
o. (S ad.sk. Tangiers. M. Fa\iiT ~J1-'^ 
27. Saxicola vittata. 
Saxicola vittata, llempr. et 12fir. St/mb. Pfii/s.f Aws, fol. <*o tl* !.'»*; 
Blanf. 8? Dresser, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 220• Dnmetf IM% ltt75, 

p. 386. 
Saxicola leucokenia, Atitin. et Salvad. Atti 1L Are, Sii. Tor. \iii. 
p. 32 (1872) j Salvad. et Aniia. Ada. Mm. Ch\ Gen. iv. p. 4 J4, 
pi. ii. (Ib70). 
Saxicola melanogenys, Severtz. Turktsi. Jevotn. p. 1*20 (lfr7#); 
id. Stray Feath. 1^75, p. 429. 
Saxicola melanotis, Severtz. Turftest. Jevotn. pi. viii.figd. 5, 0 (1S74J ; 
«£. $?;•## Feath. 1875, p. 459. 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Head and nape, extending onto 
the upper hack, greyish, white* lores and ear-covert i black ; the 
rest of the back and scapulars black: wings and wing-coverts* 
nearly black ; rump^ and upper tail-coverts white ; tail whit**, 
except the terminal two thirds of the two centre feathery and the 
terminal fourth of the remainder, which are black, the black tip on 
the outside feathers extended to half the length of the feather oa 
the outside webs. Underparts white; axillaries and under wing-
coverts black* inner margin of quills dark brown. Bill, legs, feet, 
and claws black. Wing with the third and fourth primaries nearly 
equal and longest, second primary intermediate in. length between 
the fifth and sixth, bastard primary 0*6 inch. Length of wing #-JJ 
inches, tail 2*55, culmen 0*7, tarsus 0*7. 
The female differs from the male in having the black part* replaced 
by brown, and in having the head and nape suffused with 
brown. It is not known what changes are produced by the autumn 
moult. Birds of the year or young in first plumage are unknown. 

1 1. SAXICOLV, 
w 

The Black-backed Kami Chat )>r<M»<ls in the plains of North western 
Turkestan and Cashmere, and winters in North western 
Arabia and tho Bogus country. 

Tho British Museum docs not possess an example of this very 
rare (flint. The t\pe (an adult male) is in tho Berlin Museum. 
No other skins are known, except those collected by Severt/oil', 
examples of which are in tho Si. Petersburg .Museum, and UUHO 
collected by Dr. Scully in Cilgit, one of which is in my collection. 

28. Saxicola pileata. 
Le grand Motteux an Cul-blane du Tap tie Bounce peranee, ftnff\ 

Jiist. Xaf. OtX \. p, 2 18 (1778). 

Cape "YVheatear, Lath, (un, Syn. ii. p. 170 (ITS}). 

Black-hooded Wheat ear, Lath. (LH. Si/n. ii. p. 171 (I78:j). 

Motacilla hottentutta, UmtL Sy>L Xaf! i. p. i 0*> (I7.v>), 

Motaiilla pileata, (imrL St/J. Xaf. I p. 0f»5 (i7>N. 

Sylvia hottentolta (f*W.j, Lath, hul. Orn. ii. p, 5:51 (1700). 

Sylvia pileata ((/met.), Lath. Lut. Orn. ii. p. 5:0 (1700), 

LoTrmpiet imitateur, L<>ra''LO's. d. </>, i\. p. 02, \ U 1st, 182 (1805). 

(Kminllic imitatrk, HW//. X. Pitt.d^Hist. Xaf. \xi. p. 1*22 (Mh). 

Saxicola pileata {Owe!.), Smith, i//. Z<W. >V. J/)'., i/iVf/w, pi, xx\iii. 

(1W:10) ; 6Vm/, 6V/i. /;. i. p. 170 i 1-U»); *S'H/VH\ A*. >SX JW.-JA-. 

IlandL ii. no. #, p. 44 (1857) ; Laj/ard, IL S. Afr. p. 10;) (1N»7) ; 

CrVw/, Hand-L />. i. p. 225. no. i»2;>8 (1800) ;" Giimey, Andrrw. 

R 
fkim. Ld. p. 108 (1872); fthinf, b 7>/VM. />. Z A'. 18*71, p. 2'50; 

Sharpe, ed. Layard's IL S. Afr. p. 2M8 (187(5); lioctu/i1, Jam. S<>. 

Math. Lisbon, v. p. 252 (1870), 

Oampicola 
pileata ((hnvL), ftp.'Conap. i. p. #04 (1850); (1ak Jlus. 
lleiii. i.p. 10(1850). 
Saxicola hottentotta ((fmtl.)< StrivJd. *V Svfafpr, t////v/. fW;\ /h , 
1852, p. 140; La yard, ft S. Afr* p. 108 (1N»7); Chapman, Tranh 

S. Afr. ii. p. 5'00 (1808). 
Cainpieola li\im»Ntonii, Tristram, 1\ Z. S. 1807, p. 88S, 
Saxicola Ihingstonii (Tristram), (ira\i,Iland-L ft. i. p. 225, no, JL'JJt) 
(18,0). 

./b//Jf ww/c i// hrecdhiij-phmvuje. Ccneral colour of the upper 

parts dull bullish chestnut, brightest on the lower back, and dullest 

on the bind neck, and shading into black on the crown ; lores, ear-

coverts, and sides of the neck black; forehead and eye-stripe, 

extending to the napo, white; wings and wing-coverts brown, the 

greater median and lesser wing-coverts and the innermost secon


daries edged with bullish chestnut: tail dark brown, except the 

basal fifth of the two central tail-feathers and the basal half of the 

others, which are white. Chin and throat white ; cheeks and breast 

black; belly white, shading into button the Hanks and under tail-

coverts; axillarics ami under wing-coverts white, with conc< aled 

dusky bases. JBill, lens, feet, and claws black. Wing with tin* 

third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary 

intermediate in length between the fifth and sixth, hazard primary 

0*8 to 0*0 inch. Length of wing o 0 to IK3 inches, tail 2*55 to 2*2, 

culmen 0-70 to 0-01, tarsus \'"A to hill. 

It is not known that tho/cw ^ dilieis in plumage from the male. 

Aftr the autumn m*ddt the bullish-ehe*tnut margins of the wing


398 
TIJUDIDJS. 

coverts and innermost secondaries are broader and brighter, other


wise no important change is observable. Birds of the year have the 

black on the crown less developed, the black feathers on the breast 

have pale buff margins, and the tail-feathers have white tips. Young 

in first plumage have no black • the feathers of the upper parts have 

obscure pale tips, 
and the wings and tail-feathers buff tips; the 

underparts are pale buff, most of the feathers, especially on the 

breast, having dark margins. 

The Black-hooded Chat appears to inhabit the whole of South 

Africa, from the Zambesi on the east and Damara Land on the west 

southwards, where it is said to frequent the higher rocky grounds 

during the breeding-season. 

a, b. Ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 

c. Ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased. 
d. Juv. sk. South Africa. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
e. Ad. sk. South Africa. J. Rocke, Esq. [P.J. 
/, g. <$ ad. sk. Kingwilliam&town. H. Trevelyan, Esq. [P.]. 
k Ad. sk. Natal. E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
if k. <5 imm. sk. Potckefstrooru, Jan. 1877 Dr. Exton [P.]. 
(W.Lucas). 

1. $ iuv. sk. PotchefUroom, Dec. 25, Dr. Exton [P.], 
187Q (W. Lucas), 
m, n. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi. Dr. Kirk [C.]. 


o. S ad. sk. Okameja, Damara Land, E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Jan. 21, 1800 (0. J. 
Andersson). 
p. 
$ ad. sk. Otjimbinque, June 4,1866 E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(C.*/. A.). 
q. Ad. sk. Pietermaritzburg, May C. Gr. and W. Oates, Esqrs. 
(F. Oates). [P.]. 
r> s. cS ? ad. sk. John Scott's Farm, Trans- 0. Gr. and W. Oates, Esqrs. 
vaal, June 19 (F. Oates). [P.]. 

29. Saxicola albicans. 
Saxicola 
albicans, Wahl (Efv. K. Vet-Ah. Fork. 1855, p. 213; 
Blanf. 8f Dresser, P. Z. S." 1874, p. 2S6; Sluoye, ed. Laijartfs 

B. S. Afr. p. 237 (1876). 
Saxicola stricklaudii,Bonap.,fide Gray,Hand-l. B. i. p. 225. no. 3214 
(1869) j fide tiharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 27 (1871): fide Gurney, 
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 105 (1872). 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour of the upper 
parts very pale huffish brown; lores and ear-coverts scarcely darker; 
traces of a paler eye-stripe; wings and wing-coverts pale brown, the 
outside webs of the feathers margined with white ; rump and upper 
tail-coverts white • tail white, the terminal half of the two centre 
feathers brown, the brown tips becoming shorter towards the outside 
of the tail, and disappearing altogether on the outside webs of 
the outside feathers• underparts pure white. Bill, legs, feet, and 
claws black. Wing with the second, third, and fourth primaries 
nearly equal and longest, bastard primary 0*75 to 0*6 inch. 
Length of wing 3-5 to 3-45 inches, tail 2*1 to 1*95, culmen 0*8 to 
0*72, tarsus 1-25 to 1-2. 

The female does not differ from the male. After the annval moult, 

11 . SAXICOLA. 
JJOO 
which takes place in December, the quills and tail-feathers arts 
slightly darker in colour and have while tips. Birds of the y<ar 
probably do not differ from adults. Young in, first plumage are 
described by Andersson as having the tipper parts and the breast 
mottled with brown. 

The Pale Chat has only been found in Damara Land, near the 
sea-coast, where it is supposed to be a resident. 

a. 9ad.sk. Oosop,Damara Land, Nov. 0. J. Andersson, Esq. ["0.1 
1806. 
b. $ ad. sk. Oosop, Nov. 27, 180G R. B. Sharpe, Esq, 
(C J. Andersson). 
c. <$ ad. sk. Daviep, Swakop rivor, 11. B, Sharpo, Esq. 
Dec. 27,1800 (C.J. A..). 
d. P acl. sk. The Reeds, Swakop river, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
Aprill4,18Go(aj;yl). 
<?. ? ad, sk. Ilykomkap, Dec. 3, 18t>0 R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 

(C.J. A,). 
30. Saxicola layardi. (Plate XVIII.) 
Saxicola baroica, 
Smith, III, Zool. S. Afr.^ Birds, letterpress to 
pi. xxviii. (1839, descr. mdl.). 
Saxicola sperata {Lath.), apud Gumey, Anderss, B. Bam. Zand, 

p. 104 (1872). 
Saxicola ?, Bkmf $ Dresser, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 238. 
Saxicola layardi, Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 230 (1870). 
General colour of the upper parts earthy brown, slightly tinged 
with buff on the rump; lores and ear-coverts scarcely darker; traces 
of a paler eye-stripe; wings and wing-coverts brown, the wing-
coverts and secondaries with narrow pale margins; upper tail-
coverts white; tail white, the terminal half of the two centre 
feathers brown, the brown tips becoming shorter towards the outside 
of the tail, and disappearing altogether on the outside web of the 
outside feathers, the white of the tail slightly suffused with buff where 
it joins the terminal dark bands. Underparts brownish white, 
shading into pure white on the chin, axillaries, and under tail-
coverts. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. Wing with the third 
and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary 
intermediate in length between the fifth and sixth, bastard primary 
0*6 inch. Length of wing 3*4 to 3*3 inches, tail 2*06 to 2*05, culmcn 
0*7 to 0*68, tarsus 1*12 to 1*11. 

Nothing is known of any difference in plumage which may be 
attributable to age, se&\ or season. 
Smith's Chat inhabits South Africa, but the precise locality is 
unknown. 


a. Ad, sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.J.^ 
(Type of Saxicola baroica, Smith.) 
b. 
Ad. sk. South Africa. " R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
(Type of Saxicola layardi, Sharpe.) 
31. Saxicola isabelliiia. 
Motacilla strapazina, 
Pall. Zoogr. Hosso-Asiat i. p. 474 (1811, ex 
Wittugliby, nee Motacilla stapazina, Linn.). 

40 0 TUKDIDJS-

Saxicola isabellina, Cretzwhm. Hupp. Atlas, p. 32 (1820) ; R'dpp. 
Neue Wirb., Voq. p. 80 (1835); id. Syst. ZTebers. p. oS (1845); 
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 179 (1846); Bp. Consp. i. p. 304 (18-50) ; 
JSeuf/l. Syst. ZTebers. p. 26 (1856); id. Orn. iT. O.-Afr. i. p. 844 f 1869J; 
Gray, I£and-L B. i. p. 225. no. 8210 (1869); Swinh. P. Z. S. 
1871, p. 360; Blanf. &? Dresser, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 229 ; Dresser, B. 
Eur. pt. xxviii. (1874) ; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 335 ; Blanf. East. Pers. 

ii. p. 147 (1876); Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. France, p.* 145 (1876); 
Prjev. Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 184 (1*77)* David et Oust, Ois. 
O/ilne, p. 164 (1877) ; Finsch, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesrlhch. JVien, 
1879, p. 164• Bogcl B. Cam. p. 91 (1879) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1850, 
p. 192. 
Saxicola saltator, Meneir. Cat. Rais. Cauc. p. 30 (1832); Bp. Consp. 
i. p. 303 (1850); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. I p.' 4-32 (1807) ; 
Severtz. Turkest Jevotn. p. 65 (1873). 
Saxicola squalida, Eversm. Add. Pall. Zoogr, Rosso-As int. p. 10 
(1835); Bp. Consp. i. p. 303 (1850) • Severtz. Turfast. Jtmin. 
P/ 65 (1873). 

Vitiflora saltatrix (Menetr.), Bp. Comp. List R. Eur. <§* X Amer. 

p. 16 (1838). 
Saxicola saltatrix (Jfenetr.), Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. lix, 102 
(1840) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. ITS (1840); Degl Orn. Enr. i. p. 485 
(1849); Linderm. Voq. GriecJtenL p. 112 (I860); Iiadd*\ Ret*. 
Sibir., Voq. p. 245 (1803); Fritsck, Voq. Eur. p. 194 (1&70;; 
Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 72 (1872). 

Saxicola -valida, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 35 {18-74 h 
Saxicola oenanthe (Li/m.), /3. squalida, Erersm., Xewf. Lis? B. Eur. 


Blasius, p. 10 (1802). 
Saxicola oenanthe (Linn.), apadJerdon, B. Ind. ii. p. 132 (18 13). 
Dromoloea isabellina (Riipp.), Locke, Eipl. feci. Alger., Ois. i. p. 201 

(1867). 
Saxicola strapazina (Pall), Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool France, p. 145 
(1876). 
Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour of the upper 
parts sandy brown (varying in individuals from dull brown to 
sandy brown, according to climate) ; eye-stripe pale buff, obscure, 
and extending to the nape; lores black ; upper part of ear-coverts 
slightly darker than sides of neck ; wings and wing-eoverts brown, 
all the feathers with more or less distinct paler margins ; ramp and 
npper tail-coverts white; tail white, except the terminal three 
fourths of the two centre feathers and the terminal two fifths of the 
others, which are dark brown. Underparts pale buff, slightly 
darker on the throat and breast; axillaries and under wing-coverts 
nearly white; inner margin of quills pale bnrT. Bill, legs, feet, 
and claws black. Wing with the third and fourth primaries nearly 
equal and longest, second primary sometimes as long as the fourth, 
bastard primary 0*7 to 0*01 inch. Length of wing 3*9 to 3*6 
inches (females 3*8 to 3*5), tail 2*3 to 2*05, culmen 0*71 to 0*09, 
tarsus 1*19 to 1*08. 
The adult female in breeding-pit image scarcely differs from the 
male. After the autumn moult the quills and tail-feathers are 
margined with sandy brown at the tip, and the innermost secondaries 
and wing-coverts are similarly margined, not only at the tip, 
but along the outside webs * the underparts are also slightly darker 

11 . SAXICOLA. 
401 
m c°lour It is not known that hink of the year differ from 
acmits. Young m first pUmaqe have obscure transverse dark tor


 COntres tomost of tho

under f ^ ' feathers of the upper and 

The IsabeUine Chat breeds in Asia Minor and South. Russia, 
migrating m winter to Egypt, Kubia, and Abyssinia, in all threo of 
waien countries it is also a resident bird, as well as in Palestine. 
Juastwards it is a resident in Persia, and a summer visitor to Turkestan 
and Southern Siberia to the Pacific. It winters in Scinde and 

-^ortn-west India, all d is a summer visitor to South-east Mongolia, 

Eastern Thibet, and North China. 

a. Ad. sk. 
Abyssinia. J. Gould, Esq. 

h. Ad. sk. 
Abyssinia. Dr. Ruppell [O,]. 
c,& d 2 ad. sk. Zoulla, Jan. 23,1808. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 

e. 2 ad. sk. Senafe, Tigre. W. T. Blanford, Esq. 
f. 
<$ ad. sk. Adigrat, Tigre*, April 2, W.T. Blanford, Esq. 
1808. 
g. Ad. sk. 
Nubia (Miis. Holm.). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
h, *. £ ad. sk. Egypt. Dr. Leith Adams [P.], 
h 1-6 2 ad. sk. Beersheba, Palestine. Canon Tristram [O.]. 

m. <$ ad. sk. 
Beersheba, Palestine, Feb. F. Godman and O. Salvin, 
3, 18U (Tristram). E^qrs. [P.]. 
»; o- cT 2 ad. sk. Anascha, Taurus, Asia E. Godman and 0. Salvin, 
Minor, March 1870 Esqrs. [P.]. 

(C. G. Danford). 
p. 5 ad. sk. 
Shiraz, Persia, 4750 feet. Col. St. John [C.]. 

q. $ ad. sk. 
Persian Baluchistan, Eeb. W.T. Blanford, Esq. [0.]. 
10, 1872. 

r. 5 ad. sk. 
Gwadar, Baluchistan, W. T. Blanford, Esq. [0.]. 

December 1871. 
s, t Ad. sk. Afghanistan (Griffith). India Museum. 
u, v. Ad. sk. Scinde (Dr. Gould). India Museum. 

w. 2 a<*- &k. N.W. India. Capt. Stackhouse Pin will 
x, y. Ad. sk. Behar. 
B. II. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. 

s. $ ad. sk. Cashmere (Dr. Belleio). India Museum. 
«'. 
<? ad. sk. Gilgit, Cashmere, April Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
2% 1880. 

32, Saxicola bottae. 

Saxicola isabellina, B'upp. apud Horsf. $* 3£oore, Cat. B. 3fus. E.I, 
Co. p. 287 (1854, #). 
Saxicola botta3, Bonap. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 7 (1854, <$ ) ; Gray, 
llandA. B. i. p. 226. no. 3241 (1809, tf); Heugl. Orn. X.O.-Afr. 

i. p. 353 (18C9, S)\ Blanf. # Dresser, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 230, 
pi. xxxvi. lig. 1 (c?). 
Saxicolaferruginea, Heugl Si/st. Uelters. p. 2G(1856, <$). 
Saxicola intermedia; Heugl. Sijsf. Vebers. p. 20 (18o6, $ , descr. 

nulla). 
Saxicola leucorhoides, Heugl Journ. Orn. 1802, p. 291 (J, descr. 
nulla, nee Guerin). 
Saxicola heuglini, Finsch # Hartl., fide Hew/l Orn. N. O.-Afr. i. 

p. 340 (18C9, 2 ) 5 GraV> KantM. B. i. p. 220. no, 3247 (1809, $ ) ; 
VOL. Y. 2D 
402 
TURDIDJS. 

Finclh tf IlaHL Vog. N.-O. Afr. p. 259 (1870, $ ) ; Blanf. $ Dresser, 

P. Z. S 1874, p. 230, pi. xxxvi. %. 2 ( $ ). 
Saxicola frenata, Ileugl Jour. Orn. 1869, p. 158 ( $) j Ileugl. Orn. 
N.O.-Afr. i. p.345 (1809, tf) 5 <?>•«& Hand-l B. i. p. 220. no. 8240 
(1809, J). 

Saxicola kofcsekyana, P;\ Wiirtnfich Hewgl Jonrn. Orn. 1839, p. 158. 

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour of the upper 
parts dull russet-brown; lores nearly black; upper parts of the earooverts 
dark brown; eye-stripe white, extending only above the 
lores; wings and wing-coverts brown, the greater wing-coverts 
margined with dull chestnut; rump and upper tail-coverts white ; 
tail white, except the terminal two thirds of the two centre feathers 
and the terminal third of the rest, which are dark brown. Chin 
and throat white, shading into brownish buff on the breast, slightly 
paler on the centre of the belly and under tail-coverts; axillaries 
and under wing-coverts nearly white; inner margin of quills pale 
dull buff. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. Wing with the third, 
fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary 
about equal to the sixth, bastard primary 0*9 to 0*8 inch. Length 
of wing 3*92 to 3*82 inches (female 3*5), tail 2*56 to 2*41, oulmen 
0-8 to 0-7, tarsus 1-35 to 1-29. 

It is not known that the female differs from the male, except in 
size. After the autumn moult the tips of the tail-feathers are narrowly 
margined with white. Birds of the year and young in first 
plumage appear to be unknown. 

The Abyssinian Chat appears to be confined to the highlands of 
Abyssinia, whe^e it is supposed to be a resident. 

a. $ ad. sk. Abyssinia. Purchased. 
h, c, <$ ad. sk. Abyssinia (Sir W. C.Harris). India Museum, 
d. $ 
ad. sk. Angollala, Shoa, May 1842 India Museum. 
(Sir W. C. Harris). 
e. $ ad. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell [O.]. 
f. d 
ad. sk. Santora, Talanta, 10,500 W. T. Blanfoid, Esq. [0.1 
feet, April 23, 1808. 
g. J ad. sk. N.E. Africa ( Verreaux). E. B. Sharpe, Esq. 
ADDENDA, 

Page 3. 

EEGrTJLUS.—The Goldcrests appear to be a connecting link 
between the Bylviiclm and the Paridce. This volume is already so 
extended that it has been thought best to refer them to the latter 
group. 

Page 3. 

ACCENTOR.—This genus, in which the tarsus is scutellated. the 
young more spotted than adults, and the spring moult confined to 
the renewal of a few damaged feathers, is neither Sylviine or 
Turdine. If it belong at all to the Turdiform.cs/it may be allied to 

Bradyomis* 

j^&ft. Page 65. Phylloscopus tristis. 

y. 6 ad. sk. Gilgit, Cashmere, March 26,1880. Dr. J. Scully [P.] 
^^ . Pago 68. Phylloscopus affinis. 

s. J ad. sk. Gilgit, Cashmere, July 29, 1879. Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
^^ . Page 68. Phylloscopus liumii. 

0. (? ad. sk. Gilgit, Cashmere, April 28, 1879. Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
p. Juv. sk. Gilgit, Cashmere, Aug. 8,1879. Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
. , , Page 75. Fhylloscopus subviridis. 

1. 6 ad. sk. Gilgit, Cashmere, April 12,1880. Dr. J. Scully [P.] 
Page 84. Hypolais rama. 

Acroceplicdus wiacrorliynehus (Hume), apud Scully, Stray Feath. 
1876, p. 146, cannot have been an Acroceyhalus, as Dr. Scully 
informs me that the bastard primary was too large. It surely 
must have been an example of Hypolais rama* 

2D2 

101 AKDKNDA. 

Pago 104. Acrocephalus dumetorum. 

PhpUopimnU maororht/ncha, Hume, [bis, L869, p. 857; Acrocerihal%
i$ wMororhynchut (Hume), Hume, [bis, 1871, p. 31 ; Hume, 
Stray Koath. 1875, p. 405, and L879, p. 100, is only known from a 
single example obtained ID fehe Himalayas. From the description, 
1 should Infer that it Lean example of Aorooepfudw dumetorum with 
the outer tail-feathers not fully grown. 

1>n^° ^

Add •-' Acrocephalus dumetorum. 

o. Ad. sk. Gilgit, Cashmere, Aug. 20, 1879. Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
. ,, . Pago 118. Locustella lanceolata. 

6. 2 ad. sk. Lower Pegu (Oates), Jan. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.]. 
4, 1880. 
A(j, ^ Page 124. Lusciniola major. 

b. d ad. sk. Gilgit, Cashmere, July 22,1879. Dr. J. Scully [P.]. 
Page 146. 

CINCLTJS, NESOCICHLA.—Those genera have the small bastard 
primary of Turdida, but tho highly-concavod wing of Timeliidae. 
They will be treated of in the latter family. 

Page 182. 
Add:— 


Wing of Geocichla Utxitxirupa. 

Page 208. Turdus phaeopygus. 
Examples from Eastern Peru (conf. Sclat. and Salv. P.Z. S. 1867, 

p. 754) are still more russet-brown than typical skins from Guiana, 
whilst an example from the island of Tobago is more olive-brown 
and larger in size. If the latter form bo subspecifically distinct, 
which must be conceded if the lines laid down by Neotropical 
ornithologists be followed, I propose to call it Turdus phcewpygoides. 
ADDENDA. 405 

Page 238. Add, as an additional species :— 

ICL Merula maxima. 
Morula vulgaris?, Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 137. 
Merula vulgaris, Selby ajmd Scully, Stray Feath. 1870, p. 99. 
By the kindness of Captain "Wardlaw Eamsay, I have had an 
opportunity of examining the example of the Ouzel obtained by 
Dr. Jerdon in Cashmere, and now in the Tweedclalc Collection. It 
appears to me to belong to the largo race of Merula merula which 
Br. Scully found at Yarkand, and which is probably entitled to at 
least subspecifio rank. The measurements of this example are as 
follows :—Length of wing b'Sb inches, tail 4*9, culmen 0*95, tarsus 
1-5. Wing with the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and 
longest, second primary intermediate in length between the sixth 
and seventh, bastard primary 1*0 inch. Bill, legs, feet, and claws 
dark brown. The plumage is intermediate between young in first 
plumage and male of the year, and probably, had the first moult 
been completed, would not have differed in colour from the European 
species. 
The Eastern Blackbird is only known from the three examples 
alluded to, obtained in Eastern Turkestan and Cashmere, where it 
apparently breeds at great elevations [Cashmere, July, 12,000 feet], 
and winters in the valleys. In both localities it is said not to be 
uncommon; and it is probable that in a large series small examples 
might be found which would be undistinguishable from the largest 
examples of the European race, in which case the difference between 
the two forms would only be subspecific. 

Page 248. Merula aurautia. 

Add :— 
d, e. Ad. sk. Jamaica. J. Gould, Esc[. [P.], 


f. Ad. sk. Jamaica. Purchased. 
Page 269. Merula atrigularis. 

Add:— 
m\ g ad. sk. Gilgit, Cashmere, Feb. 5,1880. Dr. J. Scully ['P.], 

Page 282. MimocicMa "bryanti, 

Add:— 

a. Ad. sk. [Bahamas.] Purchased. 
Page 282. MimocicMa ardesiaca. 

Add:— 

b. Ad. sk. St. Domingo. M. A. Sails [C.]. 
Page 285. Catharas fuscater. 

Add:— 

d. Ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador. L. Eraser, Eeq. [C.]. 
406 ADDENDA. 

* ^ . Page 287. Catharus griseiceps. 
5. $ ad. sk. Santa Fe, Yeragua (i& -4re/)- 0. Salvin, Esq. 
Page 838. 

Ruticilla monssieri.—This species lias the habits of a Satricola, 
with which genus it also agrees in the shortness of its tail. It 
appears to me to be undoubtedly a Pratineola. 

Page 365. 

Saxicola infuseata.—This species, with its scutellated tarsus and 
its spotted young in first plumage, does not agi*ee with my diagnosis 
either of Sylviince or Turdince. I suspect it to be a Bradyornis. 

Page 365. 

Saxicola shelleyi, S. arnotti, and their allied species are very 
closely connected with Myrmecocklila ; but their first primaries are 
so much developed that they undoubtedly form part of Mr. Sharpe's 
Timeliidae, where they may be placed in the genus ThammJAa. I 
am sorry I cannot include them in my volume. 

^j^ , Page 367. Saxicola albonigra. 

d. 6 ad. sk. Gilgit, Cashmere, Jan. 9,1880. Br. J. Scully [P.]. 
A ^ F&g® 368. Saxicola picata. 

n. d ad. sk. Gilgit, Cashmere, March 12, 1880. Br. J. Scully "P.l 
o. J ad. sk. Gilgit, Cashmere, April 21,1880. Br. J. Scully [P. j . 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


abietina (Sylvia), 01. 
abnornis (Malacoeoreus), 
1)8. 
abornis (Malacocercus), 
V)8. 
abrekianus (Tardus), 20 i. 
abyssinicus (Plryllo^copus), 
02. 
abybhiiiicus (Turdus), 

228. 
acanthizoides (Abrornis), 

65. 
acanthizoides (Oreopneuste), 
65. 
Aeanthopneusle, 37. 
Accentor, 403. 
acheta (Threnetria), 112. 
acredula (Motaciila), 03. 
acredula (Phyllopueuste), 

50. 
Acridiomis, 108. 
Acrocephalus, 87. 
Adelura, 334. 
Adophoneus, 4. 
Adorn is, 4. 
advena (Turdus), 274. 
Action, 3, 292. 
aeclon (Arundinax), 122. 
aedon (Calamodjta), 

122. 
aedon (Calamolierpo), 

122. 
aedon (Luseinia), 290. 
aedon (Dusciniola), 121. 
aedon (Lusciola), 290. 
aedon (Motaciila), 290. 
aedon (Muscicapa), 121. 
aedon (Philomela), 29G. 
aedon (Salicaria), 122. 
aedon (Salicaria-Galamoherpe), 
121. 
aeclon (Turdus), 121. 
aedon (3. infuscata (Lusciola), 
290. _ 
asdonia (Syhia), 11. 
a?quatorialis (Dromolaaa), 
379, 380. 
ait hiops (My rmecocielila), 

350. 

a4 h iops (Pel rocinela), 

350. 
aitliiops (Saxieola), J>50. 
a'thiops (Turdus), 350. 
affinis (Abrornis), 05. 
affinis (JJradjpterus), 


124. 
affinis (Calamodyta), 124. 
ailinis (Oalaniohci,j)e), 

124. 
affinis (Dumeticola), 124. 
affinis (Monticola), 317, 

318. 
affinis (Oreopneuste), 


129. 
affinis (Petrocincla), 310, 

318. 
affinia (Petroeossyphns), 

310. 
affinis (Phyllopneu&te), 
44,03. 
affinis (Phyllopscusl e), 

05. 
affinis (Phylloscopus), 
05, 403. 
affinis (Pyrophthalma), 

19. 
affinis ("Regulus), 05,120. 
affinis (Sahearia), 124. 
affinis (Sylua), 9, 19,20, 
04, 05," 103. 
affinis (Turdus), 310. 
agricola (Acrocephalus), 

105. 
agricola (Calamodyta), 

105. 
agricola (Calamoberpe), 

105. 
agricola (Syl\ia-Acrocephalus), 
105. 
agricolensis (Calamodyta), 
80, 
agricolensis (Jerdonia), 

80. 
akabigo (Eriihacus), 299. 
akahige (Erythacus), 299. 
akahigo (Lusciola ?), 297. 
akahige (Lusciola), 299. 
akahige (Rubecula), 299. 

akahige ("Rubieula?), 297. 
akahige (Sylvia), 299. 
alawchanica (liuticiila), 

348. 
albicans (Saxieola), 398. 
albicans (Sylvia), 59. 
albieeps (Morula), 259. 
albiceps (Tardus), 259. 
albicilla (Saxieola), 38(5. 
albicinctus (Turdus), 245. 
albicollis ((Enanthe), 395. 
albicollis (Saxieola), 39, >. 
albicollis (Syl\ia), 395. 
albicollis (Turdus), 209, 
210, 245. 
albitrons (Morula), 258. 
albigula (Irania), 304. 
albigularis (Bessornis), 

304. 
albigularis (Saxieola), 

304. 
albipileata (Dromolaia), 

377. 
albipileata(Saxicola),378. 
alhisiriata (Syhia), 27. 
albh enter (Turdus), 210. 
albhentris (Ccttia), 135. 
albiventris (Turdus), 21 i. 
albocincta (Morula), 245. 
albocinctus (Turdus),245. 
albogularis (Ueocichla), 
lr<5, 
albomarginata (Saxieola), 

383. 
alboirigor (Dromola.ni), 
300). 
albonigra (Saxieola), 300, 

400. 
albotorquatus (Acrocephalus), 
107. 
alicirc (Turdus\ 202. 
alnorum (Oalamoherpe), 

103. 
alpestris (Morula), 240. 
alpestris (Phyllopueuste), 

59. 
alpina (Saxieola), 377. 
AlsaseuB, 4. 
alihea (Sylvia), 20. 

alii cops (ITypolais), 77. 
altic( pa (Morula), 230. 
altieola (Cntharus), 291. 
allisonans (Cettia), 135. 
amaurochalinus (Plane


slicus), 214. 
amaurochalinus(Turdus), 

214. 
ambigua (Ficedula), 77, 
82. 
ainphileuca (Saxicola), 
395. 
andamanensis (Greocichla), 
175. 
anders&.oni(Saxicola),378. 
andromeda (Curruca), 82. 
andromedae (Greoeichla), 

163. 
andromedse(Myiophaga), 
163. 
andromedae (Myiothera), 
163. 
andromedae (Zoothera), 
163. 
andromedon (Zoothera), 
163. 
angusticauda (Sylvia), 
57. 
anthirostris (Locustclla), 
116. 
anthraoinus (Turdus), 
243. 
aonalasclta (Turdus), 
200. 
aquatica (Oalamodyta), 
90. 
aquatica (Calamoherpe), 
90. 
aquatica (Motacilla), 89. 
aquatica (Salicaria), 90. 
aquatica (Sylvia), 90. 
? aquatica (Syhia), 89. 
aquaticus (Acrocephalus), 
89,90. 
arabicus (Acroceplialus), 

%. 

aralensis (Atraphornis), 

26. 
aralensis (Salicaria), 26. 
aralensis (Sylvia), 26. 
arborea (Phyllopneuste), 
50. 
arborea (Euticilla), 336. 
arboreus (Turdus), 195. 
arbustorum (Calamo


herpe), 103. 
Arceuthornis, 184. 
arctica (Erythaea-Sialia), 

333. 
arctica (Salia), 333. 
arctica (Sialia), 333. 
ALPHABETICAL IJ5TDEX. 

arctica (Sylvia), 333. 
ardesiaea (Mirnocichla), 

282,405. 
ardosiaceus (Turdus),282. 
arigonis (Hypolais), 84. 
armandi (Abrornis), 130. 
arm audi (Lusciniola), 

130. 
armandi (Oreopneuste), 
130. 
armandi (Sylvia), 120. 
arnotti (Saxicola), 406. 
arundinacea (Calaniodyta), 
96, 103. 
arunclinacca (Oalamodyta 
- Calamoherpe), 

103. 
arundinacea (Calamoherpe), 
103. 
arundinacea (Curruca), 

103. 
arundinacea (Motacilla), 
102. 
arundinacea (Museipeta), 
103. 
arundinacea (Salicaria), 
96, 103. _ arundinacea 
(Sylvia), 100, 

102.104. 
arundinacea ? (Calamoherpe). 
107. 
arundinacea ? (Salicaria), 

104. 
Arundinaceus, 87. 
arundinaeeus (Acrocephalus), 
96, 103. 
arundinaceus (Turdus), 

34, 95. 
Arundinas, 120. 
Asilus, 37. 
assimilis (Cettia), 137. 
assiinilis (Curruca), 17. 
assimilis (Hororuis), 136. 
assimilis (Xeornis), 137. 
assimilis (Planesticus), 

211. 
assimilis (Sylvia), 17. 
as&iniilis (Turdus), 211. 
assimilis (Vitiflora), 395. 
asthenia (Cercomela),3t>0. 
atliiops(Thaumolaea),356. 
atmorii (Saxicola), 377. 
atra (Euticilla), 340. 
atrata (Motacilla), 340. 
atrata (Phcenicura), 342. 
atrata (Euticilla), 340, 
342. 
Atraphornis, 4. 
atrieapilla (Curruca), 24. 
atricapilla (Epilais), 24. 
atrieapilla (JFicedula), 24. 
atricapilla (Monachus), 

atricapilla (XTotacilla),23. 
atrieapilla(Philoinela),2±. 
atricapilla (Sylvia), 23. 
atricapilla (Sjlvia-Cnr


ruea), 24. 
atricapilla, var. y (Sylvia), 

atricollis (Saxicola), 373. 
atrigularis (Cichloidesj, 

203. 
atrigularis (Merula), 267, 
405. 
atrigularis (Saxicola),383. 
atrigularis (Turdus), fctiS. 
atrocj aneus (Turdus), 
l&U. 
atrcgularis (llerula), 268. 
atrogularis (Planesticus), 

268. 
atrogulari&(Saxicola),383, 
387. 
atrogularis (Syhia), 268. 
atrogularis (Turdus), 207. 
atrusericea (ilerula), 239. 
atrosericeus(Turdus).239, 
241. 
auduboni (Turdus), 198. 
aurantia (Meruk), 247, 
405. 
aurantia (Mirnocichla), 
248. 
aurantia (Semimerula), 
248\. 

aurantiirostris (Catharus), 
288, 289. 
aurantiirostris (Turdus), 
2S0. 
aurantiiventer (Petrocos


syphus;, 321. 
aurantius (Catharus), 248. 
aurantius (Turdu*), 247. 
aurea (Oreoeincla), 152. 
aureus (Turdus), 152. 
aurita (Saxicola), 394, 

395. 
auriia (Titifiora). 395. 
aurita, var. libyca (Saxicola), 
395. 
auritus (Turdus), 193. 
aurorea (Lusciola), 316, 

347. 
aurorea (Motacilla), 3-15. 
aurorea (Euticilla), 345, 
347. 
.aurorea (Sylvia), 345. 
aur orea(Sylvia-Eu ticilla), 

340. 
auroreus (Turdus), ISO, 
208. 
australis (Acrocoplialus), 

100. 
australis (Oalamodyta), 
australis (Calamoherpe), 

100. 
avensis (Geocichla), 107. 
aveiibis (Turdus), 1(57. 
aucula (Locustella), 116. 
azurea (Sialia), 331. 
azureus (Turdus), 316. 
babaccula (Oalamodyta?), 

baboecula (Calamoherpe), 

123. 
babaicula (Sylvia), 122. 
badius (Turdus), 258,277. 
bsetieata (Calamod \ U), 
107. 
basticata (Calamoherpe), 
107. 
ba.ticata (Sylvia), 100. 
bajticatus (Acroeephalus), 
106, 107. 
bsei ieula (Calamody la), 

106. 
bietieula (Calamoherpe), 
107. 
baticula (Cettia), 107. 
bastieula (Syhia), 107. 
ballioni (Calliope), 307. 
baroica (Saxicola), 301). 
beaticuia (Oalamodyta ?), 
123. 
bechsteinii (Cichloides), 
268. 
bechsteinii (Turdus), 180, 
betularum (Turdus), 190. 

bewsheri (Turdus), 1S8. 

bicolor (Merula), 27)6. 
"bicolor (Turdus), 256. 
bifasciata (Carnpicola), 

355. 
bifasciata (Myrmeeoeicbla), 
355. 

bifasciata (Saxicola), 355. 

bifasciata (Sylvia), 68. 

birchalli (Catharus), 289. 

bistrigiceps (Acrocepha


lus), 94. 

bistrigiceps(Oalamoclyta), 

94, 

bistrigiceps (Calamo


herpe), 94. 
bivittata (Qeocichla), 170. 
bivittatus (Turdus), 170. 
blakestoni (Arundinax), 

113. 
blanfordi (Sylvia), 29. 
ALriTAOTTICAL INDEX. 

bonaparUn (Tardus), 195. 
bonapartii (liuiicilla), 

339. 
bonelli (Carieicoln), 132. 
bonelli (Ficedula), 59. 
bonelli (Phyllopneuste), 
59. 
bonelli (Sylvia), 59. 
boncllii (PhyUopseusie), 
59. 
bonellii (Phylloseopus), 
59, 60. 
borealis (Phyllopneuste), 

40. 
borealis (Plryllopseuste), 
41. 
borealis (Pbylloscopus), 
40. 
borealis (Sylvia), 41. 
borealis (Syh ia-Phyllopneuste), 
40. 
borin (Mutaeilla), 11. 
botlaj (Saxicola), 401. 
boulboul (Lanius), 248. 
boulboul (Merula), 248. 
boulboul (Turdus), 248. 
bourdilloni (Merula), 251. 
bowraani (Syhia), 21. 
brachyrhynchos (Aedou), 

36. 
brachyrhynchos (Curruca), 
11. 
brchmi (Phyllopneuste), 


62. 
brehmi (Pbylloscopus), 
62, 64. 
brehmii (Calamoherpe), 


103. 
brehmii (Saxicola), T65. 
bre\ icaudata (i)rymoiea), 
136. 
brevipennis (Homoehlamys), 
126. 
brevipennis (Lusciniopsis), 
126. 
brevipennis (Salicaria), 

86. 
brevipcs (Monticola),324. 
brevipes (Petrocincla), 
324. 
brevirostris (Phyllopncu-* 
ste), 61. 
brevirostris (Phylloscopus), 
64. 
brevirostris (Sylvia), 61. 
brooksi (Phyllopneuste), 

128. 
brooksi (Pbylloscopus), 
128. 
bruchii (Aedon), 36. 
brunnea (Larvivora), 302. 
brunnea (Pli)llopseuHio), 

brunnea (Syhia), 127. 
brunneilVons (CVttia), 
143, in. 
brunnoiiVoiw (JlorinteO, 
Hi. ^ 
brimneifrons (Prima), 

144. 
brunneipootus (Duiuelicola), 
124. 
brunnes -ons (Aeroeeplmlub). 
98. 
b.'imueacoiiB (Agrobate i), 

98. 
brunne.-'ecns (Calamody 
la), DO. 
bruuneseens (Horeite \)t 

137. 
brunneus(Erithacus),302. 
brunneus (Phyllopneuste), 
127. 
brunneus (Phjllobcopns), 

127. 
bruiiaeus (Turdus), 201, 
241. 
brimuifrons (Iloreitcs), 
143. 
brunuifrons(Orthotomus-
Prinia), 144. 
bryanti 
(Mimoeiclila), 
280, 405. 

cabanisi (Planestieus), 

229. 
cabanisi (Turdus), 228, 
229. 
cacharensis (Neoruis), 
138. 
cachinnans (Saxicola), 
374, 375, 
e&Tulecula (Cyanecula), 

309. 
cseruleeula (Motacilla), 
308. 
casruleculus (Erithacus), 
308. 
cairuleocephala (Adelura), 
353. 
cajruleocephala (Phceuicura), 
353. 
cfiemleocephala (Rutieilla), 
353. 
cseruleocollis (Sialia), 332. 
coeruleus (Phcenicura), 

353. 
coeruligula (Sylvia), 309 
ca'S'Us (Turdus), 220. 
cairii (Erithacus), 340. 
cairii (Rutieilla), 340. 
CaLunodus, 87, 
Calamodyta, 87. 
Calamoherpe, 87. 
ealandrotte (Alauda),206. 
caligata (Calamodyta), 

85. 
ealigata (Calamoherpe), 
85. 
caligata (Jlypolais),85,86. 
caligata (Iduna), SQ. 
caligata(ldujia-iusciola), 
85. 
caligata (Salicaria), 85. 
caligata (Sylvia), 85. 
Calliope, 293. 
calliope (Accentor), 305. 
calliope (Cyanecula), 305. 
calliope (Erithacus), 305. 
calliope (Lusciola), 305. 
calliope (Lusciola-Melodes), 
306. 
calliope (Melodes), 305.^ 
calliope (Motacilla), 305. 
calliope (Turdus), 305. 
campbelli (Turdus), 267. 
Oampicola, 362. 
camtschatkensis (Calli


ope), 305. 
camtscliatkensis (Oyanecula), 
306. 
camtschatkensis (Motacilla), 
101. 
canitsehatkensis(Turdu s), 

305. 
canadensis (Turdus), 220. 
caniceps (Curruca), 15. 
caniceps (Sylvia), 9. 
cantans (Calamodyta), 
140. 
cantans (Calamoherpe), 
140. 
cantans (Cettia), 139,140. 
cantans (Herbivox). 140. 
cantans (Homochlamys), 
140. 
cantans (Salicaria), 139. 
cantans minuta (Oettia), 
140. 
cantillans (Calamodyta), 
140. 
cantillans (Calamoherpe), 
140. 
cantillans (Salicaria), 128, 
139. 
canturians (Arundinax), 
141. 
canturians (Calamodyta), 
141. 
canturians (Calamoherpe), 
141. 
canturians (Lusciniopsis), 

141. 
ALPHABETICAL INDUS. 

canturiens (Cettia), 141, 

142. 
canturiens (Herbivox), 
142. 
canturiens (Hoinochlamys), 
142. 
oapensis (Grillivora), 380. 
capistrata (Salicaria), 105. 
capistrata (Saxicola), 308. 
capistrata (Sylvia)* 12. 
capucinus (Turdus), 208. 
carbonaria (Hernia), 253. 
carbonarius (Tardus), 

253. 
eardis (Merula), 261. _ 
cardis (Turdulus), 265. 
eardis (Turdus), 261,267. 
caribbasus (Turdus), 213. 
cariceti (Calamodyta), 90. 
carieeti (Calamoherpe), 
90. 
cariceti (Sylvia), 90. 
Caricicola, 87. 
carnioliea (Merula), 236. 
casius (Planesticus), 220. 
easius (Turdus), 220. 
castanea (G-eociehla), 259. 
castanea (MerulaX 259. 
castaneus (Turdus). 259. 
castor (Saxicola), 3S0. 
Catharus, 283. 
ceraunia (Motacilla), 
347. 
Gercomela, 354. 
certbiola (Calamodyta), 
114. 
certhiola (Calamoherpe), 
114. 
certhiola (Locustella), 
114. 
certbiola (Motacilla), 
114. 
certhiola (Parnopia), 114. 
certhiola (Salicaria"}, 114. 
certhiola (Salicaria-Locustella), 
114. 
certhiola (Sylvia), 114. 
certhiola (Syh ia-Calamo~ 

herpe), 114. 
eertniola (Sylvia-Locus


tdla), 113." 
certhiola (Turdus), 114. 
cetti (Bradypterus), 135. 
cetti (Calamodyta), 135. 
cetti (Calamoherpe), 135. 
cetti (Cettia), 135. 
cetti (Curruca), 135. 
cetti (Phragmites), 135. 
cetti (Salicaria), 135. 
cetti (Sylvia), 135. 
Oettia, 133. 

cettii (Bradyptetes), 135. 
cettii (Potamodus), 135. 
cettioides (Cettia), 135. 
Chama?tylas, 147. 
chiguanco (Turdus), 225. 
chiguano (Turdus), 226. 
chiguancoides (Turdus), 

231. 
chloronopus (Abrornis), 
71. 
ehloronotus (Abrornis), 
70, 71. 
cliloronotus (Phyllobr.sileus), 
71. 
ehloronotus (Eeguloides), 

71. 
ehloronotus (3£egulus),70. 
chochi (Turdus), 222.' 
chryeolaus (Tardus), 276. 
chrysolaus (Merula), 275. 
chrysolaus (Turdus), 273, 
275. 
chrysolotus (Tardus), 

270. 
chrysophthalma (Sylvia), 
26. 
chrvsopleurus (Turdus), 
267. 
chrysopygia (Dromolaea), 
389. " 
chrysopygia (Saxicola), 
389. * 
cicada (Locustella), 111. 
Cichloides, 232. 
Cichlopasser, 147. 
Cichloselys, 232. 
cinclorhyncha (Monticola), 
320, 321cinclorhyncha 
(Petrophila), 
321. 
cmclorhyncha (Phcenieu^ 
ra), 321. 
cinclorhynchus (Orocetes), 
321. 
cinclorhynchus (Orocoetus), 
321. 
einclorjrynchus (Petrocossyphus, 
321. 
cinclorhynchus (Tardus), 

321. 
Cmeiua, 404. 
ciner&cea (Sylvia), 0. 
cineraria (Sylvia), 9. 
cinerascens(Ficedu!a), 84. 
ciaerascens (Hypolais), 
84. 
cinerea (Curruca), 9, 20. 
cinerea (Dromotea), 358. 
cinerea (Rcedula), 9. 
cinerea (Myrmeeoeiehla), 
358. 
cinerea (CEnanthe), 358, 

392. 
cinerea (Saxicola), 358. 
cinerea (Sylvia), 8, 358. 
cinerea (Yitiflora), 392. 
cinerea, var. (Sylvia), 9. 
cinerea, Yar. jrf (Sylvia), 8. 
cinerea, var. persica (Curruca), 
9. 
citrina (Geociclila), 172, 

citrinus (Petrocossyphus), 

173. 
citrinus (Turdus), 172. 
ccelicolor (Grandala), 

328. 
ccelicolor (Sialia), 328. 
collaris (Merula), 246. 
collaris (Turdus), 245. 
collybita (Phylloseopus), 

62. 
collybita (Sylvia), 61. 
communis (Sylvia), 8. 
compsonota (Ohamaetylas), 
1G5. 
compsonota (Geociclila), 

165. 
eompsonotus (Turdus), 

165. 
concolor (Salicaria), 104. 
concolor (Turdus), 279. 
confinis (Turdus), 222. 
conspicillata (Curruca), 

22. 
conspicillata (Stoparola), 

22. 
conspicillata (Sylvia), 22. 
Oopsichus, 232. 
coronata (Ficedula), 49. 
coronata (Phyllopneuste), 

49. 
coronata (Phyllopseuste), 

49. 
coronata (Eeguloides), 

49. 
coronata (Sylvia), 49. 
coronata (Sylvia-Phyllopneuste), 
45. 
coronatus(Pliyllopneuste-
Phyllobasileus), 46. 
coronatus (Phvlloscopus), 

49. 
crassirostris (Calamoherpe), 
103. 
crassirostris (Curruca), 

15. 
crassirostris (Sylvia), 15. 
crassirostris (Turdus), 

182. 
crossleyi (Geociclila), 171. 
crossleyi (Turdus), 17 L 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

crotopezus (Turdus), 210, 

214. 
cucullatus (Artamus), 16. 
Curruca, 3. 
curruca (Motacilla), 17. 
curruca (Sterparola), 19. 
curruca (Sylvia), 16, 17, 

19. 
curruca, subsp. affinis 
(Sylvia). 19. 
cursoria (Bromolaea), 374. 
cyana (Calliope), 302. 
cyana (Cyanocmcla), 317. 
cyana (Larvivora), 302. 
cyana (Monticola), 316. 
cyana (Petrociclila), 317. 
cyana (Kutieilla), 302. 
cyane (Cyanecula), 309. 
cyane (Larvivora), 303. 
cyane (Lu3cicola), 303. 
cyane (Lusciola-Calliope), 

303. 
cyane (Motacilla), 303. 
cyane (Petrociclila), 317. 
cyane (Sylvia), 309. 
cyanea (Monticola), 317. 
cyanea (Petrocincla), 316. 
cyanea (Ruticilla), 302. 
cyanea (Saxicola), 316. 
Cyanecula, 292. 
cyanecula (Erythacus), 

312. 
cyanecula (Buticilla), 309. 
cyanecula (Sylvia), 311. 
cyanecula orientalis (Lusciola), 
309. 
cyaneculus (Erithacus), 

311. 
cyaneus (Eritliacus), 303. 
cyaneus (Petrocincla), 

316. 
cyaneus (Petrocossyphus), 
316, 318. 
Cyanocmcla, 312. 
cyanonotus (G-eocicbla), 

172. 
cyanota (Geociclila), 172. 
cyanota (Petrocincla), 

172. 
cyanotus (Turdus), 172. 
cyanus (Cyanocmcla),317. 
cyanus (Monticola), 316. 
cyanus (Petrociclila), 316. 
cyanus (Petrocincbla), 

317. 
cyanus (Petrocincla), 316. 
cyanus (Petrocossyphus), 

316. 
. cyanus (Turdus), 316. 
cyanus solitaria (Monticola), 
318. 

dactylopterus (Turdus), 

236. 
Dandalns, 292. 
dart fordiensis (Melizo 
pliilus), 31. 
dartlbrcliensis (Sylvia), 

31. ' h 
Daulias, 292. 
claulias (Turdus), 274. 
clauma (Geociclila), 154. 
dauma (Oreocincla), 154. 
dauma (Turdus), 152, 

154. 
davidiana (Arundinax), 

137. 
davidianus (Arundinax) 

140. 
davidianus (Turdus), 273. 
davidii (Oreopneuste), 

130. 
deckeni (Turdus), 229. 
delicatula (Sylvia), 26. 
deusus (Turdus), 197. 
deserti (Saxicola), 383, 

385. 
deserti (Stoparola), 26, 

32. 
deserticola (Sylvia), 32. 
di chr osterna (Cy anee ula), 

309. 
cliluta (Saxicola), 378. 
dissimilis (Geociclila), 
265,271. 
dissimilis (Turdus), 265, 

267. 
dixoni (Geociclila), 161. 
doriai (Calamoclyta), 114. 
doriac (Sylvia), 26. 
Dromola^a, 362. 
dry as (Catharus), 204. 
dryas (Malaeoeichla), 204. 
dryas (Turdus), 204,205. 
dubius (Turdus), 262, 

264. 
Dumeticola, 120. 
dumetorum (Acroceplialus), 
104, 404. 
dumetorum (Calamodyta), 
104. 
dumetorum (Curruca), 

17. 
dumetorum (Motacilla), 

17. 
dumetorum (Sylvia), 17. 

elosica (Calamoclyta), 82. 
elceica (Chloropeta), 82. 
elceica (Ficedula), 82. 
elffiica (Hypolais), 82. 
elaaca (Salicaria), 82. 
eleeica (Sylvia), 82. 

412 

Eloophonus, 75. 
Eparnofcs, 87. 
cpbippialis (Turdus), 210. 
Epilais, 4. 
eremifa (Petrocincla), 

319. 
cremita (Turdus), 310. 
Erithacus, 202. 
eriihaous (Moiacilla), 
310. 
erithacus (Sylvia), 340. 
erocliroa (Abrornis), 73. 
erocliroa (Ecguloidcs), 
73. 
erocliroa (Ecgulus), 73. 
erocliroa (Sylvia), 73. 
erocbrous (Phvlloscopus), 
73. 
erytliaca (Lusciola-Eutieilla), 
340. 

Erythacus, 300. 

erythrsea (Saxicola), 370, 

3S8. 
erythrogaster (Montico-
Li), 325. 
erythrogaster (Turdus), 

325. 
erytbrogastra (Ohamaerrhous), 
317. 
ery i hrogastra (Lusciola), 

547. 
ery throgastra (Moiacilla), 
347. 
erytbrogastra (Monticola), 
325. 
erytbrogastra (Orocotes), 

325. 
erytbrogastra (Petrocincla), 
325. 
ery throgastra (Petrophila), 
325. 
erytbrogastra (Euticilla), 
344, 347. 
ery t hrogastra (Euticilla-
Adelura), 347. 
erytbrogastra (Sylvia), 


347. 
erytbrogastra (Sylvia-
Euticilla), 347. 
erytbrogastra (Turdus-
Petrocincla), 325. 
Erytbroleuca, 4. 
erythronota (Greocichla), 

165. 
erythronota (Euticilla), 
348. 
erythronota (Sylvia), 348. 
erj tbronota (Sylvia-Euticilla), 
348. 
erythronotus (Turdus), 

105. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

orj tliroproota (Euticilla), 
341,342. 
erythropterus (Turdus-
Monticola), 318. 
erythropygia (Saxicola), 
'381. 
ervlbrorbyncbus (Turdus), 
228. 
erythrourus (Motacilla), 

340. 
erytbrurus (Turdus), 270. 
eunomus (Turdus, 202. 
eurb>ncha (Salicaria), 
10i. 
euryinelseua (Saxicola), 

386. 
euryzona (Merula), 260. 
euryzonus (Turdus), 266. 
eversmanni (Phyllopneuste), 
41, 57. 
eversra aim i (Sylvia-Phyllopneuste), 
40. 
excoronatus (Phyllosco


pus), 46. 
eximia (Lascinia), 296. 
explorator (Monticola), 

323. 
explorator (Petrocincla), 
323, 324. 
explorator (Saxicola), 323. 
explorator (Turdus), 323. 

falklandiae (Turdus), 223. 
fdlklanclica (Merula), 223. 
falJiiandicus (Turdus), 

223, 224. 
falklandii (Turdus), 224. 
familiaris (Aedon), 36. 
familiaris (Agrobatus),3G. 
familiaris (Calamoherpe), 

36. 
familiaris (Erythropygia), 
36. U 
familiaris (Eubecula), 


300. 
familiaris (Euticilla-Saxicola), 
301). 
familiaris (Salicaria), 36. 
familiaris (Saiicola), 390. 
familiaris (Sylvia), 36. 
fasciolata (Oalamodyta), 

109. 
fasciolata (Locustella), 
109. 
fasciolatus (Acrocephalus), 
109. 
fasciolatus (Calamoherpe), 
109. 
fauv e ou roux (Turdus ?), 

171. 
ferrugraea (Saxicola), 401. 
ferruginea (Sylvia), 31. 
femigiueovenler (Petrocossyphus), 
325. 
ferruginous (Turdus), 

217. 
Picedula, 37. 
filoti (Irania), 304. 
fmoti (Irania), 304. 
finscbii (Saxicola), 388, 
fltis (Fieedula), 56. 
Ms (Motacilla), 56. 
fitis (Phyllopneuste), 56. 
fitis (Sylvia), 56. 
flaveola (Sylvia), Q5 
79. 
flaveolus (Abrornis), 65. 
flaveolus (Eegulus), 65. 
flavescens (Sylvia), 40. 
flavipes (Merula),' 253. 
flavipes (Turdus), 253. 
flavirostris (Merula), 225. 
flavirostris (Turdus), 225. 
flaviventris (Calainody ta), 
flaviventris (Horornis), 

131. h 
flaviventris (Lusciniola), 
131. h 
flaviventris (Eegulus), 
131. " 
flaviventris (Sylvia), 56. 
flavolivacea (Cettia), 138. 
flavolivacea (Neomis), 
138. 
flavolivacea (Sylvia), 138. 
flavo-olivaceus (Phylloscopus-
Eeguloides), 52. 
flavo-olivaceus (Eeeuloides), 
52. 
flemingi (Arundinax), 

flemingi (Herbivocula), 

128. 
fluviatilis (Acrocephalus), 
115. ' 
fluviatilis (Calaniodyta), 
flftviatilis (Calamodyta-
Luseiniopsis), 111. 
fluviatilis (Calamoherpe), 


fluviatilis (Locustella), 

110. J 
fluviatilis (Lusciniopsis), 
111. 
fluviatilis (Potamodus), 
110. 
fluviatilis (Pseudoluseinia), 
111. 
fluviatilis (Salicaria), 110. 
fluviatilis (Sylvia), 110. 

fluviai ilis (Sylvia-Threnetria), 
111. 
fluviatilis alticeps (Lusciniopsis), 
111. 

fluviatilis macrorbyncbus 
(Lusciniopsis), 111. 
fluviatilis maeroura (Lu


sciniopsis), 111. 
flin iatilis slrepitans (Lus


ciniopsis), 111. 
f oliorum (Dandalus), 300. 
foliomm (Eubecula), 300. 
formicivora (Myrineco


ciebla), 36. 
formicivora (OEnanthe), 

356. 
formicivora (Petrocincla), 
35G. 
formicivora (Saxicola), 

356. 
formicivora (Sylvia), 356. 
formicivora (Tkarmiolsea), 
356. 
fortipes (Cettia), 136,137. 
fortipes (Horornis), 136. 
fortipes (Eegulus), 13(1 
frantzii (Catbarus), 290, 

291. 
fratitzii (Turdus), 290. 
frenata (Saxicola), 402. 
frontalis (Pbcenicura), 
349frontalis 
(Eutieilla), 349, 


350. 
fruticeti (Sylvia), 9. 
fruticola (Sylvia-Calainoberpe), 
101. 
fuliginiventer (Horornis), 

129. 
fuliginiventer (Pbylloseopusj, 
129. 
fuliginiventris (Horornis), 
129. 
fuliginiventris (Lusciniola), 
129, 130. 
fuliginiventris (Pbylloscopus), 
130. 
fuliginiventris (Sylvia)-, 

129. 
l'ulig in iventris (Eegulus), 
129. 
fuligiventer (Horornis), 
129. 
fuligiventris (Horornis), 
129. 
fulvescens (Ourruca), 
135. 
fulvescens (Fieedula), 64. 
fulvescens (Sylvia), 135. 
fulviventris (Horornis), 
127. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

fulviventris (Eegulus), 

127. 
fulviventris (Turdus), 
2(50. 
fulvolateralis (Acroccphalus), 
90. 
fumidus (Turdus), 279. 
fumidus (Turdus-Me


rula), 279. 
fumigata (Oalamodyta), 

109. 
fumigata (Calamoberpe), 
109. 
fumigatus (Turdus), 216, 
217. 
fusca (Cercomela), 360. 
fusca (Ourruca), 103. 
fusca (Myrmecociebla), 
360. 
fusca (Saxicola), 360. 
fusoata (Lusciniola), 127. 
fuscata (Morula), 262. 
fuscata (Pbyllopneuste), 
127. 
fuscata (Pbyllopseuste), 
127. 
fuscata (Sylvia), 127. 
f uscater (Catbarus), 285, 
405. 
f uscater (Obamasza), 285. 
fuscater (Myioturdus), 
285. 
fuscater (Turdus), 243, 
285. 
fuscatra (Grallaria), 285. 
fuscatra (Merula), 243. 
fuscatus (Oycbloselys), 
202. 
fuscatus (Pbylloscopus), 
127. 
fuscatus (Planesticus), 
263. 
fuscatus (Turdus), 262, 
264. 
fuscescens (Hypolais), 84. 
fuscescens (Turdus), 203. 
fuscescens (Turdus-Hylocicbla), 
204. 
fuscicaudata (Myrmecocicbla), 
361. 
fuscicaudata (Eutieilla), 

361. 
fuscilateralis (Turdus), 
206. 
fuscus (Turdus), 201. 
gaetkii (Pbylloscopus), 57. 
galactocles (Aedon), 34, 

36. 
galactodes (Agrobates), 
35. 
galaei odes (Calamoberpe), 
35. 
galactodes (Erytbropygia), 
35. 
galactodes (Salicaria), 35, 

36. 
galactodes (Sylvia), 3 i. 
galactodes bracbyrbj ucbos 
(Aedon), 35. 
galactocles familiaris (Aedon), 
36. 
galactodes, var. familiaris 
(Aedon), 3(1 

galactodes maerorbyncbos 
(Aedon), 35. 
galactocles, var. syriaca 

(Ourruca), 36. 
galtoni (Aedon), 390. 
galtoni (Erytbropygia), 

390. 
galtoni (Saxicola), 390. 
garrula (Ourruca), 17, 
19. 
garrula (Ficeclula), 17. 
garrula (Sylvia), 17, 19. 
Geociebla, 147. « 
gibraltariensis (Motacilla), 
340. 
gibraltariensis (Euticilla), 

340. 
gigantodes (Merula), 244. 
gigantocles (Turdus), 244. 
gigas (Merula), 244. 
gigas (Turdus), 244. 
golzii (Eritbacus), 297. 
golzii (Lusciola), 297. 
goulcli (Merula), 260. 
goureyi (Petrocossypbus), 
314. 
gracilirosf ris (Braclypterus), 
123. 
gracilirostris (Oalamodyta), 
123. 
gracilirostris (Calamolierpe), 
123. 
gracilirostris (Gatbarus), 

292. 
gracilirostris (Lusciniola) 
122. 
gracilirostris (Turdus), 
292. 
gracilis (Larvivora), 303. 
gracilis (Pbyllopneuste), 
57. 
gracilis (Eutieilla), 303. 
gracilis (Salicaria), 106. 
gracilis (Saxicola), 3(59. 
gracilis (Turdus), 190. 
graminis (Hypolais), 46. 
(Iranclala, 327. 
granciis (Euticilla), 347. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

414 

grityii (Planosticus), 219. 
grayii (Turdus), 211), 220. 
gregoriana (Oreocincla), 

159. 
gribea (Oarruca), 11. 
gnsoa (Sylvia), 14. 
grisea (Vitiilora), 392. 
griseiceps (Calharus), 
287, 406. 
griseiceps (Saxicola), 379. 
griseiceps (Turdus), 287. 
griseola (Phyllopneuste), 

126. 
griseola (Sylvia), 12i3. 
griseolus (Phylloseopus), 

126. 
gryllina (Threnetria), 

111. 
gularis (Montioola), 326. 
gularis (Orecefces), 326. 
gularis (Oroecetes), 326. 
gularis (Petrophile), 326. 
gularis (Turdus), 326. 
gurneyi (G-eocichla), 170. 
gumeyi (Tardus), 170. 
gurneyi (Turdus?), 171. 
guLtata (G-eoeichla), 168. 
guttata (Muscicapa), 200. 
guttata (Psophociekla), 
16S. 
guttatus (Turdus), 163, 

199. 
gutturalis (Bessonornis), 

304. 
gutturalis (Bessornis), 

304. m 
gutturalis (Cossypha), 


304. 
gutturalis (Cossypha-
Irania), 304. 
gutturalis (Erithaeus), 


304. 
gutturalis (Saxicola), 333. 
gymnogenys (Turdus), 

213. 
gvmnophthalmus (Tur"
dus), 212. 
gymnopsis (Turdus), 213 


hahessinicus (Phylloscopus), 
62. 
hailzi (Daulias), 297. 
bafizi (Luscinia), 297. 
halophila (Saxicola), 370. 
haneii (G-eocichla), 153. 
haneii (Oreocincla), 153. 
hauxwoili (Turdus), 217. 
heinekeni (Ourruca), 24. 
heinekeni (Sylvia), 24. 
heinii (Gf-eocichla), 157. 
heiuii (Oreocincla), 157. 

helvolus (Turdus), 219. 
hendcrsoni Locustella), 

117. 
liendersoni (Saxicola),373. 
hendersonii (Oalamodyta), 
118. 
liendersonii (Locustella), 

118. 
hendersonii (Lusciniopsis), 
118. 
Herbivocula, 120. 
Xlerbivox, 133. 
heuglini (Saxicola), 401. 
bippolais (Motaeilla, 11, 
14, 61. 
bippolais (Phyllopneuste), 

61. 
bippolais (Regulus), 61. 
bippolais (Sylvia), 43, 61. 
hodgsoni (Ruticilla), 344. 
hodgsoni (Turdus), 195. 
Homocblamys, 133. 
bomocbroa (Petrocincla), 

271. 
bomocbroa (Saxicola), 
370, 383. 
Horeites, 133. 
Horornis, 133. 
borsiieldi (Greocichla), 

153. 
borsiieldi (Oreocincla), 

153. 
bortensis (Adornis), 11. 
bortensis (Ourruca), 11. 
bortensis (Epilais), 11. 
bortensis (Motacilla), 11, 

14. 
bortensis (Ruticilla), 336. 
bortensis (Sylvia), 10,11, 

14. 
bortensis (Sylvia-Curruca), 
11. 
bortensis, var. (3 (Sylvia), 

11. 
bortulorum (Merula), 


267. 
bortulorum (Turdus), 


267. 
bottentotta (Motaeilla), 


397. 
bottentotta (Saxicola), 


397. 
bottentotta (Sylvia), 397. 
bumii (Phylloscopus), 67, 

403. 
bumii (Reguloides), 67. 
bybrida (Luscinia), 296. 
Hydrocopsicbus, 87. 
bydropbilos (Calamoberpe), 
103. 
byenialis (Turdus), 270. 

bylebata (Phylloscopus), 

40. 
Hylocicbla, 184. 
byperytbrus (Turdus), 

205. J 
Hypolais, 75. 
bypolais (Picedula), 77. 
hypolais (Hypolais), 77. 
bypolais (Motaeilla), 77. 
bypolais (Museipeta), 77. 
bypolais (Phyllopneuste), 

77. 
bypolais (Salicaria), 79. 
bypolais (Sylvia), 77, 79. 
bypopyrrhus (Turdus), 

279. 
hyrcanus (Erithaeus), 

301. 
byrcanus (Erylhacus), 

301. J 

icterina (Fieedula), 79. 
icterina (Hypolais), 77. 
icterina (Sylvia), 43, 57, 
77, 79. 
icterops (Sylvia), 22. 
icterorhynchus (Turdus), 

231. 
Iduna, 75. 
ignigularis (Erithaeus), 

305. 
ignobilis (Turdus), 214. 
iliaca (Merula), 190. 
iliaca (Sylvia), 190. 
Iliacus, i84. 
iliacus (Turdus), 189, 


192. 
illas (Iliacus), 190, 
illas (Turdus), 190. 
imbrieata (Oeoeiehla), 


159. 
imbrieata (Oreocincla), 


159. 
imbrieata (Zoothera), 


159. 
imitatrix (GEnantbe), 397. 
im maculatus (Cathams), 


289. 
immaculatus (Turdus), 


289. 
incerta (Herbivocula), 

129. 
indica (Lusciniola), 126. 
indica (Phyllopneuste), 

126. 
indica (Ruticilla), 342. 
indica (Sylvia), 126. 
indicus (Phyllopneuste), 

126. 
indicus (Phylloscopus), 
47, 48, 126. 

infaustus (Tardus), 314. 
infaustus j3. minor (Lanius), 
314. 
ini'ramarginaf a (Oreocincla), 
181. 
infrai nargiii atus(Turdus), 

181. 
infuscata (Lusoinia), 290. 
infuaeata (Morula), 240. 
infuscata (Saxicola), 400. 
infusoatra (Morula), 240. 
infuscatus (Turdus), 240. 
inuotata (Greooiohla), 175, 
170. 
innotatus (Turclus), 176. 
inomata (Sylvia), 08. 
inornatus (feegulus), 08. 
insularis (Acroeopbalus). 
109. 
iusularis (Oalamodyta), 
109. 
insularis (Locustella), 
109. 
intermedia (Pbyllopneuste), 
4G. 
intermedia (Saxicola), 

401. 
interpres (G-eocicbla), 
160. 
interpres (Turdus), 1G<3. 
iodura (Oreocincla), 157. 
iodurus (Turdus), 157. 
Irania, 293. 
Isabella (Sylvia), 107. 
isabellina (Dromolaja), 
400. 
isabellina (Saxicola), 383, 
399, 400, 401. 
italica (Salicaria), 78. 
Ixocossyplms, 184. 

jamaicensis (Merula), 

208. 
iamaicensis (Turdus), 
* 208. 
japonica (Lusciniopsis), 

113. 
javanica (Merula), 279. 
] avanica (Piiyllopneusle), 
41. 
javanica (Pkyllopseusle), 
47. 
javanicus (Pbylloscopns), 
47. 
javanicus (Turdus), 279. 
javanicus? (Turdus), 273. 
jerdoni (Curruca), 16. 
jerdoni (Sylvia), 16. 
Jerdonia, 75. 
Juneo, 87. 
junco (Turdus), 95. 
ALPIEANKTICAL TNOKX, 

junipororum (Turdus), 

200. 
kamisehatkonsis (Oal


liopo), 305, 300. 
kamlschatkeiisis (Lusciola-
Calliopo), 300. 
kamtsehatkensis (Syivia-

Oalliopo), 305. 
kemucotti (Phyllo


pneuste), 41. 
kosdlori (Merula), 201. 
kingi (Saxicola), 389. 
kinnisi (Merula), 251, 

252. 
kinnisi (Turdus), 252. 
kinnibii (Turdus), 252. 
kinni&sii (Merula), 252. 
koma'dori (Eriliiaeus), 
298. 
komadori (Ervtliacus), 
298. 
komadori (Lusciola), 298. 
komadori (Bubecula), 
298. 
komadori (Sylvia), 298. 
kotsckyaua (Saxicola), 
402. 
lacustris (Acroeephalus), 

95. 
lacustris (Calamoberpe), 
9(1 
lacustris (Muscipita), 95. 
lanceolata (Calamodyta), 

118. 
lanceolata (Cibtieola), 
118. 
lanceolata (Locustella), 
117, 118, 404. m 
lanceolata (Salicaria), 

118. 
lanceolata (Sylvia), 118. 
languid a (Ourruea), 80. 
languida (Eleophoniw), 
81. 
languida (Ilypolais), 80. 
languida (Salicaria), 80. 
Larvivora, 293. 
lathami (Calliope), 305. 
layardi (Geocichla), 173. 
layardi (Saxicola), 399. 
lereboulleti (Turdus), 
208. 
leucaucben (Turclus), 
212. 
leucoccphala (Dromolsea-
Lutueoa), 374. 
leucocepbala (Saxicola), 

375. 
loucocillus (Turdus), 180. 
4\r> 

leueoeyatia (Oyanecula), 

311. 
loucogasier (Merula), 208. 
leueognstra (Mo(ueilln), 
30. 
leucogenus (Turdus), 217. 
loucogenyH (Merubi), 218. 
loucohema (Saxicola), 
390. 
leueot nola (M < )taeilla), 
372. 
loucomela (Museieapa), 
372. 
loucomela (Saxicola), 308, 
370, 372. 
loucomela (Sylvia), 372. 
loucomela (Vit iilora), 

373. 
leueomelama (Saxicola), 
377, 379. 
leucomehviia mont ieola 
(Saxicola), 379. 
leucomelas (Turdus), 213. 
leucoplithalma (Turdus), 

208. 
leucopogon (Al^asous), 
27. 
leucopogon (Curruca), 
27, SO. 
leucopogon (Sylvia), 27. 
leucops (Merula), 241. 
leucops (Turdus), 241. 
leucoptera (Plicenicura), 

345. 
leucoptera (Butieilla), 
345. 
leueopyga (Lucotoa), 
374. 
leueopyga (Saxicola), 374, 
375. 
lcucopvga (Saxicola?), 
370.* 
leucopygaia (Dromoliea-
Lutucoa), 374. 
leucop\ gia (Dromolasn), 
374." 
loucopygia (Saxicola), 

374. 
loucopygia (Titiflora), 
374.* 
leucorlioa (Mot noil la), 

391. 
leucorkoa (Saxicol'0, «W2. 
loucorhoa (Sylvia), 391. 
leucorhoides (Saxicola), 
401. 
leucura (Dromolara), 370, 
leucura (G&iantUc), 375. 
leucura (Saxicola), 373. 
374, 375, 370. 
leucura (Yitiilora), 375. 

416 

loucuroides (Saxicola), 
365, 376. 
leucuros (Vififlora) 374, 

376. 
leucurus (Turdus), 375. 
leupogon (Ourruca), 27. 
levaillantii (Saxicola), 
358. 
libanotica (Saxicola), 388, 
392. 
libonyana (Morula), 229. 
libonvanus (Turdus), 
229. 
liinicola (Oalamoherpe), 
00. 
litsitsirupa (Gfeocichla), 
182, 404. 
litsitsirupa (Morula), 
1S2. 
litsitsirupa (Turdus), 

182. 
lividus (Turdus), 172. 
livingstonii (Oampicola), 
397. 
livingstonii (Saxicola), 
397. 
Locustella, 107. 
locustella (Oalamodyfca), 
116. 
locustella (Oalamoherpe), 
116. 
locustella (Ourruca), 116. 
locustella (Locustella), 
115, 116. 
locustella (Muscipeta), 

116. 
locustella (Parnopia), 
116. 
locustella (Psithyrsedus), 
116. 
locustella (Salioaria), 116. 
locustella (JSibilalrix), 
116. 
locustella (Sylvia), 115. 
locustella (Sylria-Threnetria), 
116. 
locustella (Threnetria), 

116. 
locustella, var. lanceolata 
(Salicaria), 118. 
longirostris (Acrocephalus), 
99. 
longirostris (Calaruodyta), 
99. 
longirostris (Oalamoherpe), 
96, 98, 99. 
longirostris (Petrocincla), 

316. 
longirostris (Oyanecula), 
312. 
ALPHABETICAL ISTDEX. 

loquax (Oalamoherpe), 

122. 
loquax (Sylvia), 61. 
Lucotoa, 362. 
lueluosti (Ourruca), 30. 
luctuosa (Pyrophthaima), 
30. 
lugens (Ruticilla), 333. 
lugens (Saxicola), 3J8, 
370. 
lugentoides (Saxicola), 
371. 
lugubris (Abrornis), 48. 
lugubris (Phj-llopiieuste), 
48. 
lugubris (Phyllopseuste), 
48. 
lugubris (Phylloscopus), 
48, Qo. 
lugubris (Regulus), 48. 
lugubris (Saxicola), &I5. 
lugubris (Sylvia), 48. 
lunulata (Greoeiehla), 

155. 
lunulata (Oreoeincla), 
155, 156. 
luimlatus (Turdus), 152, 
153, 155. 
luridus (Planestiuus), 

219. 
luridus (Tardus), 219. 
Luscinia, 292. 
luscinia (Aedon), 294. 
luscinia (Ourruca), 294. 
luscinia (Daulias), 294. 
luscinia (Erithacus), 294, 
295. 
luscinia (Homoehlamys), 
142. 
luscinia (Lusciola), 295, 
297. 
luscinia (Malacopteron), 
142. 
luscinia (Motacilla), 294, 
295. 
luscinia (Philomela), 294. 
luscinia (Sylvia), 2*14. 
296, 297. 
luscinia /3. bafizi (Lusciok), 
297. 
luscinia /3. philomela 
(Luactola), 297. 
luseinioidcs (Acroeepha-
IUB), 112. 
luscinioides (Oalamodyta),
H2. 
luscinioides (Oalamcdyta-
Luseiniopsis), 112. 
luscinioides (Calamoberpe), 
112. 

luscinioides (Oettia), 112. 
luscinioides (Locustella), 

112. 
luscinioides (Lusciniopsis), 
112. 
luscinioides (Potamodiis), 
112. 
luscinioides (Pseudoluseinia), 
112. 
luscinioides (Salicaria), 

112. 
luscinioides (Svlvia), 
112. 
luscinioides (Sylvia-Threnetria), 
112. 
luscinioides 
brachyrhynchus 
(Luseiiiiup&is), 

112. 
luscinioides 
macrorhynciius 
(LusciuiopsisJ, 

luscinioides rufescens 

(Lusciniopsis), 112. 
Iius*ciniola, 120. 
Lusciniopais, 107. 
Lus-iola, 75, 2113. 
luteiventrib (Luaeinioli), 

125. 
luteiventris (Tribura), 
124. 
luleotentris (Oalamodyta), 
125. 
luteo^entris (Dumeticola), 
126. 
luteoventris (Pseudolttscinia), 
126. 
luteoventris (Tribura), 

125. 
lypura (Saxicola), 361. 
lypura (Sylvia), 360. 
maackii (Acrocephalus), 

94. 
maackii (Oalamodyfca), 94. 
maackii (Oalamoherpe), 
94. 
maal (Petrocincla), 3113. 
macei (Turdus), 172. 
macronyx (Salicaria). 102. 
xuacroptera (Sialia), 333. 
macropus (LocustelLt), 
118. 
inaerorhyneha (Oalamoherpe), 
98. 
macrorliyiiclia (Geoeichla), 
156. 
inacrorhyneha- (Oreoeincla), 
156. 
macrorhynehos (Aedon), 

m. 
macrorhynclmS(Turdus), 

loo. 
maculate (Malacooichla), 

maeulata (Merula) 246 
maculatus (0 itharus), 
204, 

maoulipennis (Abrornis), 

maculipennis (Phylloscopus), 
70. 
maculipennis (Kegulus), 

maculipennis (Sylvia), 70. 
magellanicus (Turdus), 
223, 224. 
magna (Philomela), 296. 
maguirostris (Acrocephalus), 
97. L 
magnirostris (Oalamoherpe-
Salicaria), 104. 
magnirostris (PhyllopneuBte'), 
48. 
magnirostris (Phylloscopus), 
47. 
magnirostris (Sylvia), 47, 

81. ' 
magnirostris (Sylvia-
Saliearia), 101. 
major (Oalamoherpe), 
major (Cettia), 145. 
major (Cyanecula), 312. 
major (Dumeticola), 124. 
major (Horeites), 145. 
major (Luscinia), 296. 
major (Lusdniola), 124, 

404. 
major (Merula), 236. 
major (Philomela), 296. 
major (Phyllopneuste), 

57. 
major (Prinia), 145. 
major (Trochilus), 54. 
major (Turdus), 195. 
major (Vitiflora), 392. 
Malacooichla, 184. 
malayana (Oreocincla), 

153. 
malayanus (Turdus), 153. 
maluinarum (Turdus), 

224. 
mandarina (Merula), 23S. 
mandarinus (Turdus), 

238. 
mandarinus (Turdus-
Merula), 238. 
manclelli (Dumeticola), 

126. 
manilla(Petrocincla).320. 
manilla (Turdus), 319. 
VOL. V. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

liinniUenaia(lMrocincl.i), 
311). 
manillensis (Pclrocossyphus), 
319. 
manillensis (Turdus) ,319. 
maranonicus (Turdus), 

188. 
mareensis (Merula), 249. 
mareensis (Turdus), 249. 
marginata (Greocichla), 

162. 
margin ata (Zooth era), 162. 
rnarginella (Ruticilla), 

339. 
mauvis (Turdus), 190. 
maxillaris (Ourruca), 82. 
maxima (Merula), 404. 
media (Oalamoherpe), 96. 
media (Hypolais), 77. 
media (Luscinia), 294. 
medius (Trochilus), 56. 
megarhynchos (Luscinia), 

294. 
megarhynchos (Phyllopneuate), 
54. 
meisneri (Silvia), 57. 
melandiros (Sylvia), 13. 
mcla.nocephala(Curruca), 

30. 
melanocephala (Dumeticola), 
30. 
melanocephala (Motacilla), 
29. 
melanocephala (Pyrophthalma), 
30. 
melanocephala (Sylvia), 
20, 29. 
melanocephala (Sylvia-
Pyrophthalma), 30. 
melanocephala minor 
(Sylvia), 21. 
melanocephala Nubiaj 
(Sylvia). 21. 
melanocephalus (Melizophilus). 
30. 
melauogenys (Saxicola), 

396. 
melan oleuca (Muscicapa), 

385. 
melanoleuca (Saxicola), 
373, 386. 
melanoleuca (Zoothera), 

178. 
melanopogon (Acrocephalus), 
132 
melanopogon (Amnicola), 

132. 
melanopogon (Oalamodus), 
132. 
melanopogon (Calamodyta), 
132. 

m 4anopogon(Uari/icola), 

132. 
molauopogon(Cettia) ,132. 
melanopogon (Lusciniola), 
132. 
melanopogon (Salicaria), 

132. 
melanopogon (Sylvia), 

132. 
melanopogon (Sylvia-
Oalamoherpe), 132. 
me'anothorax (Sylvia), 


28. 
melanotis (Saxicola), 396. 
melanotus (Turdus-Petrocincla), 
321. 
melanura (Cercomela), 

361. 
mela n ura (My rm ecoci chla), 
360. 
melanura (Praiincola), 

300. 
melanura (Ruticilla), 349. 
melanura (Saxicola), 360. 
melanura (Saxicola-Oeroomela), 
361, 
melanura (Syhia), 360. 
Melizophilus, 3. 
Melodes, 293. 
melodes (Turdus), 196. 
meloclia (Sylvia), 57. 
melodius (Turdus), 197. 
melodus (Turdus), 197melpomene 
(Oatharua), 

288. 
melpomene (Tardus), 

288. 
menegazziauus (Tardus), 

236. 
me.ntalis (Catharus), 285. 
meridionalis (Oalamodyta), 
99. 
meridioualis brachyrhynclios 
(Aedon), 35. 
meridionalis macrorhynchos 
(Aedon), 35 
Merula, 232. 
merula (Meruhi f i* >, 

236. 
merula (Sylvia), I\" 
merula (Turdus), 2o«. 
merula, var. montaiia 
(Turdus), 236. 
merula, var. syriaca 
(Turdus), 236. 
meruloides (Orpheus), 

177. 
mesoleuca (Butieilla), 
338, 339. 
mesoleuca (Sylvia), 338. 
mesomela ("Ruticilla), 339. 

2E 

mexicana (Sialia), 331, 

332. 
mexicanus (Catharus), 

286. 
mexicanus (Malacocychla), 
286. 
mexicanus (Turdus), 286. 
microptera (Salicaria), 86. 
micropus (Oreocmcla), 

178. 
micropus (Turdus), 178. 
middendorfii (Phyllopneuste), 
46. 
middendorfii (Phyllopneustes), 
45. 
migratoria (Merula), 

220. 
migratorius (Planesticus), 

220. 
migratorius (Turdus), 

220. 
migratorius (Turdus-
Planesticus), 220. 
migratorius, var. confinis 
(Turdus), 222. 
Mimocichla, 280. 
Mimocitta, 280. 
Mimokitta, 280. 
miniatus (Arundinax), 

141. 
minimus (Turdus), 201. 
minor (Aedon), 35. 
minor (Cyanecula), 312. 
minor (lliacus), 190. 
minor (Locustella), 114. 
minor (Merula), 204. 
minor (Trochilus), 61. 
minor (Turdus), 192,199, 

203. 
minula (Sylvia), 20. 
minuscula (Sylvia), 20. 
minuta (Calamodyta), 

141. 
minuta (Oalamoherpe), 
140,141. 
minuta (Oettia), 141. 
minuta (Herbivox), 140, 

141. 
minuta (Locustella), 118. 
minutus (Arundinax), 

141. 
minutus (Homochlamys), 
140,141. 
modesta (Phyllopneuste), 

68. 
modesta (Salicaria), 106. 
modesta (Saxicola), 358. 
modestus (Phylloscopus), 

68. 
modestus (Reguloides), 

68. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

modestus (Regulus), 68, 

71. 
modestus (Turdus), 271, 

273. 
moesta (Saxicola), 381, 
3S2. 
molaria (Ourruca), 17. 
molaria (Sylvia), 17. 
mollissima (Greociehla), 

159. 
mollissima (Oreocincla), 

160. 
mollissimus (Turdus), 

159. 
momus (Curruca), 21. 
momus (Sylvia). 21. 
monacha (Dromolaea), 
369,374. 
monacha (Saxicola), 369, 

372. 
Monaehus, 4. 
montana (Merula), 246. 
montana(PhYllopneuste), 

59. 
montana (Ruticilla), 340. 
montana (Saxicola), 314, 
384 
montana (Syhia), 104. 
mon tana (Sylvia-PhyHopneuste), 
60. 
m ontanus( Acroeephalus), 

104. 
Monticola, 312. 
Monticola ?, 326. 
monticola (Dromolaea), 

380. 
monticola (6reocichla), 

161. 
monticola (CEnanthe), 

380. 
monticola (Saxicola), 380. 
monticola (Zoothera),l6l. 
monticola leucomelaena 
(Saxicola), 380, 
morio (Saxicola), 368, 
372,373. 
moschita (Sylvia), 33. 
mousseri (Ruticilla), 405. 
muraria(Pbcenieura),336. 
Muscipeta, 87. 
musica (Oalamoherpe), 

101. 
musica (Curruca), 15. 
musica (Merula), 192. 
musica (Sylvia), 192. 
musicus (lliacus), 192. 
musicus (Turdus), 191, 

193. 
mustelinus (Merula), 197. 
mustelinus (Turdus), 196. 

203. 

mustelinus (Turdus-Hylocichla), 
197. 
mu tabilis(G-eocicHa) .181. 
mutabilis (Turdus), 180. 
Myrmecocichla, 3o4. 
mystacea (Pyrophthalma), 
21. 
mystacea (Sylvia), 20,21. 
mystacinus (Turdus), 268. 

nsevia (G-eoeichla), 176. 
mevia (Locustella), 116. 
nagvia (Motacilla), 115. 
nsevius (Acrocephalus), 

116. 
nsevius (Turdus), 176. 
nana (Curruca), 26. 
nana (Hylociehla), 200. 
nana (Sylvia), 26. 
nanus (Turdus), 199,200. 
nanus (Turdus-Hylocichla), 
200. 
nattereri (Phvlloscopiis), 

59. 
nattereri (Sylvia), r>9. 
naumanni (Merula), 264. 
naumanni (Sylvia), 24. 
naumanni (Turdusl 2**4. 
naumannii (Turdus), 262. 
neglects (Lusciniola *, 131. 
negleetus (Phyllopneuste), 
131/ 
negleetus (Phvllosropus), 
64,131. 
nefigLcerriensia (Oreocincla), 
157. 
Heomis, 133. 
Kesociehla, 404. 
nestor (Merula), 258. 
nigra (Dromolsea), 374. 
nigra (Merula), 236. 
nigreseens (Merula), 242. 
nigreseens (Turdus), 242. 
nigricapilla (Curruca), 24. 
nigricapilla (Pyrophthalma), 
30. 
nigricapilla (Sylvia), 21. 
nigricapillus (Melizophiius), 
21. 
nigriceps (Merula), 254. 
nigriceps (Turdus), 254. 
nigricrissus(Turdii8\279. 
nigrirostris (Tardus), 218, 
nigrogularis (Buticilk), 

351. 
nigropileus (Merula), 250. 
nigropileus (Tardus), 2511 
nigropileus (Turdus-
Merula), 250. 
nEghirienas (Oreocincla), 
loy. 

nilgiriensis (Geocichla), 

157. 
nilgiriensis (Turdus), 157. 
nipalensis (Phcenicura), 
342. 
nipalensis (Euticilla), 342. 
nipalensis vel atrata 
(Phoenicura), 342. 
Nisoria, 4. 
nisoria (Ourruca), 7. 
nisoria (Motacilla), 6. 
nisoria (Philacantha), 7. 
nisoria (Sylvia), 6. 
nisoria (Sylvia-Adopho


neus), 7. 
nisorius (Adopboneus), 7. 
nitida (Phyllopseuste), 

43. 
nitida (Sylvia), 43. 
nitidus (Abrornis), 43. 
nitidus (Phyllopneuste), 
51. 
nitidus (Pbylloscopus), 
43. 
nitidus (Eegulus), 43. 
nivieollis (Merula), 245. 
novae-hollandise (Oreocinela), 
155. 
novse-hollandise (Tur


dus), 169. 
nov. sp. ? (Euticilla), 390. 
nudigenis (Turdus), 213. 

obscura (Ourruca), 17. 

—- obscura (Cyanecula), 311. 
obscura (Ficedula), 126. 
obscura (Geocichla), 273. 
obscura (Merula), 228, 

273. 
obscura (Sylvia), 17, 77. 
obscurocapilla (Calamoberpe), 
103. 
obscurus (Planesticus), 

273. 
obscurus (Turdus), 228, 
273. 
obsoleta (Hypolais), 86. 
obsoleta (Salicaria), 86. 
obsoletus (Melizopbilus), 
32. 
obsoletus (Turdus), 218. 
occidentals (Catharus), 
291. 
occidentalis (Luscinia), 
296. 
occidentalis (Sialia), 332. 
occidentalis (Sylvia), 332. 
occidentalis (Turdus), 
291. 
occipitalis (Oulicepeta), 
50. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

occipitalis (Phyllopneuste), 
50. 
occipitalis (Phyllopseuste), 
50. 
occipitalis (Pbylloscopus), 
50. 
occipitalis (Eeguloides), 

50. 
occipitalis (Sylvia), 50. 
oceanica (Sylvia), 100. 
ochotensis (Calamodyta), 
Ho. 
ochotensis (LocusteUa), 

113. 
ochotensis (Sylvia-Locustella), 
113. 
ochrogenion (Sylvia), 30. 
ocbrura (Motacilla), 339. 
ochruros (Euticilla), 340. 
ocragaster (Turdus), 273. 
(Enanthe, 362. 
cenanthe (Motacilla), 391. 
oenanthe (Saxicola), 391, 

400. 
cenanthe (Sylvia), 391. 
cenanthe (Vitiflora), 392. 
oenanthe alpestris (Saxicola), 
392. 
oenanthe cinerea (Saxicola), 
392. 
oenanthe crassirostris 
(Saxicola), 392. 
oenanthe grisea (Saxicola), 

392. 
oenanthe macrorhynchos 
(Saxicola), 392. 
oenanthe maritima (Saxicola), 
392. 
cenanthe melanoptera 
(Saxicola), 392. 
oenanthe septentrionalis 
(Saxicola), 392. 
cenanthe (3. squalida (Saxicola), 
400. 
oenanthoides (Saxicola), 

392. 
offinis (Motacilla), 65. 
okenii (Luscinia), 294. 
olivacea (Merula), 201, 
228. 
olivacea (Muscipeta), 116. 
olivacea (Phragamaticola), 
121. 
olivaceofuscus (Turdus), 

189. 
olivaceus (Arundinax), 
121. 
olivaceus (Turdus), 201, 
213,217,227,228,229. 
olivaceus 
habessinicus 
(Turdus), 228. 

olivaeinus (Oichloides), 

228. 
olivaeinus (Turdus), 
228. 
olivater (Turdus), 272. 
olivatra (Merula), 272. 
oli vetor um (C alamody ta), 
80. 
olivetorum (Oalamoherpe),
79. 
olivetorum (Chloropeta), 

80. 
olivetorum (Ficedula), 
80. 
olivetorum (Hypolais), 
79. 
olivetorum (Salicaria), 
79. 
olivetorum (Sylvia), 79opaca 
(Hypolais), 83. 
opaca (Phyllopneuste), 
84. 
opaca (Sylvia), 83. 
opistholeuca (Dromolsea), 
376. 
opistholeuca (Saxicola), 
376. 
Oreocincla, 147. 
oreocincloides (Turdus), 
1H0. 
Oreopneuste, 120. 
orientalis (Acrocephalus), 

97, 99, 100. 
orientalis (Calamodyta), 

97. 
orientalis (Oalamoberpe), 
97,103. 
orientalis (Cettia-T?otamodus), 
135. 
orientalis (Cyanecula), 

309. 
orientalis (Phyllopneuste), 
59. 
Orocetes, 312. 
orphea (Ourruca), 14. 
orphea (Philomela), 16. 
orphea (Sylvia), 14, 16. 
orphea (Sylvia-Curruca), 

15. 
orphea griseocapilla(Ourruca), 
15. 
orphea /3. helena (Ourruca), 
16. 
orpheus (Sylvia), 14. 

pallasi (Turdus), 198, 

199. 
pallasi b. nanus (Turdus), 
200. 
pallasi bm nanus (Turdus-
Hylocicbla), 200. 

pallasi c. auduboni(Turdus-
Hylocichla), 198. 
pallasi c, audubonii (Turdus), 
198. 
pallasii (Phylloscopus), 

m. 

pallasii (Turdus-Hyloeiobla), 
199. 
pallasii, var. audubonii 
(Turdus), 198. 
pallasii, var. nanus (Turdus), 
200. 
pallens (Turdulus), 273. 
pollens (Turdus), 273. 
pallens brachyrhynchos 
(Aedon), 35. 
pallens niacrorhyncbos 
(Aedon), 35. 
palliatus (Turdus), 225. 
pallida (Oettia), 137. 
pallida (Chloropeta), 84. 
pallida (Curruca), 82. 
pallida (Hypolais), 82, 
83, 84. 
pallida (Merula), 274. 
pallida (Salicaria), 82,86. 
pallida (Saxicola), 369, 

383. 
pallidipes (Oettia), 139. 
pallidipes (Phylloscopus), 
139. 
pallidus (Acrocepbalus), 

83. 
pallidus (Horeites), 137. 
pallidus (Turdus), 273, 

274. 
paludicola (Sylvia), 90. 
palustris (Acrocepbalus), 

101. 
palustris ' (Oalamodyta), 

101. 
palustris (Calamodyta-
Oalamoherpe), 102. 
palustris (Oakmoberpe), 

101. 
palustris (Salicaria), 101. 
palustris (Svlvia), 101. 
Pandicilla, 293. 
pandoo (Petrocincla), 

316. 
pandoo (Petrocossypbus), 

316. 
pandoo (Turdus), 317. 
papuensis (Geoeiehia), 

158. 
ParHopia, 108. 
parvirostris (Oreocinela), 

154. 
passerina (Curruca), 22. 
passerina (Ervthroleuea), 

22. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

passerina (Motacilla), 11. 
passerina (Myiotbera), 

183. 
passerina (Sylvia), 22, 27. 
pectoralis (Bradybates), 

307. 
pectoralis (Calliope), 306. 
pectoralis (Cyanecula), 

307. 
pectoralis (Eritbacus), 

306. 
pectorabs (Oreoeincla), 

178. t 
pectoralis (Ruticilla), 

339. 
peliod (Turdus), 230,267. 
peregrina (Luscinia), 294. 
peronii (Geociehla), 169. 
peronii (Turdus), 169. 
persica (Saxicola), 372. 
perspicax (Turdus), 323. 
Petrocincla, 312. 
Petrocossypbus, 312. 
Petropbila, 312. 
pha^opleurus (Catharus), 

287. 
phasopygus (Planesticus), 

209. 
phasopygus (Turdus), 
208, 404. 
Pbilacantba, 4. 
pbilippensis (Turdus), 

319. 
Philomela, 293. 
pbilomela (Calamoherpe), 

102. 
pbilomela (Curruca), 296. 
pbilomela (Daulias), 296. 
pbilomela (Eritbacus), 
295, 296. 
pbilomela (Luscinia), 
294, 296, 297. 
pbilomela(Lusciola), 296. 
pbilomela (Motacilla), 

296. 
pbilomela (Sylvia), 296. 
pbilomelos (Turdus), 192. 
pbilotbatnna (Saxicola), 

382. 
Pboenicura, 334. 
pboenicura (Lusciola-
Buticilla), 337. 
pboenicura (KuticiHa), 

339. 
pboenicura (Sylvia), 338. 
pboenicura (Sylvia-Buticilla), 
337. 
pbcsnicuroides (Buticilla), 
342. 
pbosnieurus (Erithacus), 

*5oi. 

plioenicurus (Ficedula), 

336. 
pbcenicurus (Luscinia), 

337. 
pbcenicurus (Lusciola), 

337. 
pbcenicurus (Motacilla), 

336. 
pboenicurus (Euticilla), 
336, 342. 
pboenicurus (Saxicola), 

336. 
pboenicurus (Sylvia), 336. 
pbcenicurus, var. aurorea 
(Lusciola - Eutieilla), 

346. 
pboenicurus /3. titys (Motacilla), 
339. 
Phragainafcicola, 120. 
phragm itis (Acrocepbalus), 
91, M. 
phragmitis (Calamodus), 

pb ragin itis (Oalamodyta), 

92. 
phragmitis (Oalamoberpe), 
92. 
phragmitis (Caricicola), 

92. 
phragmitis (Muscipeta), 

92. 
phragmitis (Salicaria), 92. 
phragmitis (Sylvia), 92. 
PhjHopn**iwipF 37. 
Phyllopseuste, 37. 
Phylloscopus, 37. 
piaggii (Geociehla), 171. 
piaggii (Turdus), 171. 
picaoides (Turdus), 178. 
picata (Bromobea), 367. 
picata (Saxicola), 367,406. 
pilaris (Arceuthomis), 

206. 
pilaris (Merula), 206. 
pilaris (Planesticus), 206. 
pilaris (Sylvia), 206. 
pilaris (Turdus), 192,205. 
pileata (Oampicola), 397. 
pileata (Curruca), 24. 
pileata (Motacilla), 397pileata 
(Saxicola), 397. 
pileata (Sylvia), 397. 
pinetorum (Oalamoberpe), 
183. 
pinetorum (Dandalus), 
BOO. 
pinetorum (Merula), 236. 
pinetorum (Pbyllopneuste), 
61. 
pinetorum (Bubecula), 

pmicola (Geocichla), 179. 
pmicola (Turdus), 179. 
piscinarum (Calamoherpe), 
103. 
Pknestieua, 184. 
plamceps (Hypolais), 77. 
plebems (Turdus), 215. 
pleschanka (Motacilla), 

372. 
pleschanka (QEnanthe), 

«->/2. 

pluiubea (Mimocichla), 

281. J 
plmnbea (Mimocitta), 

281. 
plambea (MimoMtta), 

281. 
plumbeitarsa (Phyllopneuste), 
46. 
plumbeitarsa (Phyllopseuste), 
46. 
plumbeitarsa (Sylvia), 45. 
plumbeitarsus (Phylloscopusj, 
45. 
plumbeas (O-uleoscoptes), 

282. 
plumbeus (Mimus), 282. 
plumbeus (Turdus), 280, 

282. 
plumbeus tf (Turdus), 


281. 
plumbeus 9 (Turdus), 

282. 
poecilopterus (Turdus), 
"179, 248. 
poiteauii (Turdus), 214. 
poliocephala (Merula), 

258. 
polioeephalus (Greoeichla), 
258. 
polioeephalus (Merula), 

258. 
poliocephalus (Turdus), 

258. _ 
polliearia (Drymoica), 

144. 
polliearia (Horeites), 144. 
polliearia (Prinia), 144, 
polliearis (Horeites), 143. 
pollicaris (Orthotoinus-
Horeites), 144. 
pollux (Myrmecociclila), 

357. 
pollux (Saxicola), 357. 
polyglotta (Ficedula), 79. 
polyglotta (Hypolais), 77, 

79. 
polyglotta (Sylvia), 79. 
polyglottus (Petrocossyphus), 
314. 
Potatnodus, 107. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

prasinopyga (Sylvia), 59. 
pratensis (Calainohei'pe), 

102. 
preglii (Sylvia), 82. 
presbytia (Muscicapa), 

53. 
presbytis (Pliyllopseuste), 

53. 
presbytis (Phylloscopus), 

53. 
presbytis (Sylvia), 53. 
prineei (Chamaetvlas), 

164. 
prineei (G-eocichla), 164. 
pritzbueri (Merula), 256. 
pritzbueri (Turdus), 256. 
pritzbuesi (Merula), 2bQ. 
proregulus (Eicedula), 

proregulus (Motacilla), 

71. 
proregulus (Phyllopneuste), 
68. 
proregulus (Phyllopneuste-
Phyllobasileus), 72. 
proregulus (Phyllopseuste), 
69. 
proregulus (Phylloscopus), 
71, 72. 
proregulus (Reguloides), 
68, 71. 
proregulus (Regulus), 71. 
proregulus (Sylvia), 72. 
proregulus (Sylvia-Phyllopneuste), 
68, 71. 
protomornelaana (Merula), 
265. 
protomomelas (Turdus), 
^65. 
provincialis (Ourruca), 

31. 
provincialis (Malurus), 

31. 
provincialis (Melizophilus), 
31. 
provincialis (Motacilla), 

31. 

provincialis (Pyrophthalma), 
32. 
provincialis (Sylvia), 31. 
provincialis (Sylvia-
Melizophilus), 32. 
provincialis (Thamnodus), 
31. 
Pseudo-luscinia, 107. 
Psithyraedus, 108. 
Psophocichla, 147. 
pulcher (Abrornis), 73. 
pulcher (Phylloscopus), 

73. 
pulchra (Abrornis), 73. 

pulchra (Oulicipeta), 73. 
pulchrala (Abrornis), 73. 
Pyrophthalma, 4. 

rama (Hypolais), 84, 403. 
rama (Phyllopneuste), 
84, 86. 
rama (Sylvia), 84. 
rayi (Locustella), 116. 
reevesii (Phcenicura),344, 

345. 
reevesii (Ruticilla), 344. 
reevesii (Sylvia-Phoenicura), 
345, 
reevii (Merula), 254. 
reevii (Turdus), 254. 
Reguloides, 37. 
Reguloides ?, 70, 73. 
reguloides (Phyllopneuste), 
51. 
reguloides (Phylloscopus), 
51. 
Regulus, 403. 
Rhondella, 293. 
robustipes (Horeites), 

136. 
robustipes (Prinia), 136. 
rocar (Turdus), 322. 
rostrata (Oreocincla), 

160. 
rostrata (Saxicola), 392. 
rostratus (Turdus), 161. 
rubecola (Ourruca), 300. 
Rubecula, 292. 
rubecula (Ourruca), 300. 
rubecula (Dandalus), 300. 
rubecula (Erithacus), 

299. 
rubecula (Erythacus), 
300, 301. 
rubecula (Picedula), 300. 
rubecula (G-eocichla), 

174. 
rubecula (Luscinia), 300. 
rubecula (Lusciola), 300. 
rubecula (Motacilla), 

299. 
rubecula (Rhondella), 

300. 
rubecula (Rubecula), 300. 
rubecula (Sylvia), 299, 

301. 
rubecula (Turdus), 174. 
rubescens (Oalamodyta), 

rubescens (Locustella), 

114. 
rubescens (Sylvia), 21. 
rubiginosa (Aedon), 35. 
rubiginosa (Geocichla), 

169. 

422 

rnbiginosa (Sylvia), 35. 
rubiginosus (Aedon), 36. 
rubiginosus (Agrobates), 

oo. 

rubiginosus (Turdus), 
34, 169. 
rubricapilla (Ourruca), 

24. 
rubripes (Galeoscoptes), 
283. 
rubripes (Mimoeichla), 
283. 
rubripes (Mimus), 281, 
283. 
rubripes (Turdus), 283. 
rubrocanus (Turdus), 
259. 
rueppellii (Sylvia), 12. 
rufa (Ficedula), 61. 
rufa (Motaeilla), 8. 
rufa (Phyllopneuste), 44, 
61, 62. 

rufa (Saxicola), 387. 

rufa (Sylvia), 9, 61. 

rufa (Sylvia - Phyllo


pneuste), 62. 
rufa (Sylvicola), 61. 
rufa (Trochilus), 61. 
rufa (Vitiflora), 386, 387, 

395. 
rufa et lotharingica (Moiacilia), 
61. 
rufescens (Bradypterus), 

123. 
rufescens (Calamodyta), 
106. 
rufescens (Calamoberpe), 
106. 
rufescens (Salicaria), 106. 
rufescens (Sylvia), 395. 
ruficapilla (Curruca), 24. 
ruficapilla (Sylvia), 24. 
ruficapilla (Sylvia-Gurruca), 
24. 
ruficeps (Merula), 256. 
ruficollis (Merula), 269. 
ruficollis (Planestieus), 


270. 
ruficollis (Turdus), 264, 
269. 
rufitorques (Merula), 
255. 
rufitorques (Turdus), 
255. 
rufitorques (Turdus-
Merula), 255. 
rufiventer (Turdus), 222. 
rufiventris ((Enanthe ?), 

342. 
rufiventris (Petrocincla), 
325. 
ALPHABETICAL I3STDEX. 

rufiyenfcris(Ruticilla),342. 
rufiventris (Turdus), 214, 

222. 
rufoeinerea (Monticola), 
327. 
rufoeinerea (Petrocincla), 
327. 
rufoeinerea (Euticilla), 
327. 
rufoeinerea (Saxicola), 
327. 
rufoeinerea (Thamnolasa), 
327. 
rufogularis (Euticilla), 

348. 
rufo-palliatus (Turdus), 
225. 
ruMus (Turdus), 273. 
rufus (Phylloscopus), 60, 
61. 
rupestris (Monticola), 
322. 
rupestris (Petrocincla), 
322,324. 
rupestris (Turdus), 322. 
rupicola (Turdus), 322. 
rupicola (Vitiflora), 380. 
ruppellii (Curruca), 12. 
ruppellii (Sylvia), 12. 
ruppellii (Sylvia-Cur


ruca), 13. 
ruscicola (Sylvia), 29. 
Euticilla, 334. 
ruticilla (Ficedula), 336. 
ruticilla (Phcenicura), 

336, 344. 
ruticilloides (Phcsnicura), 


344. 
Salicaria, 87, 107. 
Salicaria ?, 136. 
salicaria (Calamoberpe), 

101. 
salicaria (Curruca), 92, 
salicaria (HypoMs), 77, 
79. 
salicaria (Iduna), 85. 
salicaria (Locustella), 86. 
salicaria (Motaeilla), 11, 
85, 91. 
salicaria (Motaeilla ?), 

102. 
salicaria (Muscipeta), 90. 
salicaria (Sylvia), 11, 89, 
91. 
salicaria (Sylvia-Iduna), 
86. 
salicarius (Acroeephalus), 

90. 
salicarius (Calamodus), 
90. 
saliria (Saxicola), 373, 

383. 
saltator (Merula), 247. 
saltator (Saxicola), 400. 
saltatrix (Saxicola), 400. 
saltatrix (Vitiflora), 400. 
samoensis (Merula), 242. 
samoensis (Turdus), 242. 
sarda (Curruca), 33. 
sarda (Dumeticola), 34. 
sarda (Pyrophthalma), 
Oo. 

sarda (Sylvia), 33. 
sarda (Sykia-Pyroph


tlialma), 34. 
sardanise (Sylvia), 33. 
sarclonia (Sylvia), 33. 
sardus (Melizophilus), 

savii (Locustella), 112. 

savii (Lusciniola), 112. 

savii (Luseiniopsis), 112. 

savii (Pseudoluscinia), 

112. 
saxatilis (Monticola), 
313, 314. 
saxatilis (Orocetes), 314. 
saxatilis (Petroeichla), 

314. 
saxatilis (Petrocinchla), 
314. 
saxatilis (Petrocincla), 
314. 
saxatilis (Petrocinla), 
314. 
saxatilis (Petrocossyphus), 
314. 
saxatilis (Saxicola), 314. 
saxatilis (Sylvia), 314. 
saxatilis (Turdus), 314. 
Saxicola, 362. 
Saxicola ?, 399. 
scalenura (Cettia), 135. 
scaHs (Motaeilla), 329. 
schistaeea (6rrandala), 

328. 
schistaeea (Mimoeichla), 
283. 
sehistieeps (Phoenicura), 
351. 
schisfieeps (Euticilla), 
351. 
schistilata (Drymoica), 
144. 
schistilata (Nivicola), 
144. 
schistilata (Prinia), 144. 
schistilatus (Horeites), 
144. 
schistilatus 
(Orthotomus-
Horeites), 144. 

schlegeli (Turdus), 279. 
schlegelii (Erithacus),358. 
schlegelii (Saxicola), 358. 
sehcenobsenus (Acroce


phalus), 92. 
schoenobienus (Calamodus), 
92. 
schcenobsenus (Oalamodyta), 
90, 92. 
schoenob»Lius (Calamoberpe), 
92. 
scbceuobsenus(Cai'icicola), 

92. 
sehcenobsenus (Motacilla), 
schcenobaenus (Sylvia), 
89, 92. ' 
schcenobasnus (Sylvia ?), 

92. 
scbwarzi (Lu sciniola), 
128, 129. 
scbwarzi (Phyllopneuste), 
129. 
scbwarzi (Pbylloscopus), 

scbwarzi (Sylvia), 128. 
scbwarzi (Sylvia-Phyl


lopneuste), 128. 
scialis (Scialia), 330. 
scita (Oalamoherpe), 85. 
scita (Sylvia), 85. 
scotocerca (Rutieilla), 

361. 
scotocerca (Saxicola), 361. 
seebobmi (Pbylloscopus), 
44. 
semiensis (Tardus), 183. 
semirafa (Euticilla), 342, 
344. 
semirufa (Sylvia), 344. 
sennaarensis (Saxicola), 
391. 
septentrionalis (Ourruca), 
17. 
septentrionalis (Dandalus), 
300. 
septentrionalis (Phyllopneuste), 
57. 
septentrionalis (Rubecula), 
300. 
septentrionalis (Sylvia), 

17. 
septentrionalis (Vitiflora), 
392. 
sericea (Oalamodyta), 
135. 
sericea (Calamoberpe), 
135. 
sericea (Oettia), 135. 
sericea (Ourruca), 135. 
sericea (Horeites), 139. 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

sericea (Philomela), 135. 
sericea (Salicaria), 135. 
sericea (Sylvia), 135. 
serrana (Merula), 239. 
serrana (Turdus), 239. 
serraniis (Turdus), 239, 

240, 241. 
seyffertitzii (Turdus),273. 
shelleyi (Saxicola), 406. 
Sialia, 337. 
sialis (Aoipelis), 329. 
sialis (CEnantbe), 329. 
sialis (Luscinia), 329. 
sialis (Motacilla), 329. 
sialis (Saxicola), 329. 
sialis (Sialia), 329, 331. 
sialis (Sylvia), 329. 
sialis, var. azurea (Sialia), 

331. 
sibilans (Eritbaeus), 297. 
sibilans (Larvivora), 297. 
sibilans (Locustella), 116, 
sibilans (Rutieilla), 297. 
sibilatrix (Ourruca), 54. 
sibilatrix (Fieedula), 54. 
sibilatrix (Motacilla), 54. 
sibilatrix (Phyllopneuste), 
54, 57. 
sibilatrix (Phyllopseuste), 
55. 
sibilatrix (Pbylloscopus), 

54,55. 
sibilatrix (Sibilatrix), 54. 
sibilatrix (Sylvia), 54. 
sibilatrix (Sylvicola), 55. 
Sibillatrix, 37, 107. 
sibirica (G-eocichla), 180. 
sibirica (Merula), 181. 
sibirica (Oreocincla),l81. 
sibirica (Sylvia-Pbyllo


pneuste), 127. 
sibiricus (Ciehloselys), 

181. 
sibiricus (Turdulus), 181. 
sibiricus (Turdus), 180. 
silens (Merula), 198. 
silens (Turdus), 198,204. 
Silvia, 3. 
simensis (Geocicbla), 183. 
simensis (Merula), 183. 
simensis (Merula-Turdus), 
183, 
simensis (Psopbocichla), 

183. 
simensis (Turdus), 183. 
simillima (Merula), 251. 
simillimus (Turdus), 251. 
simplex (Sylvia), 11. 
sinensis (Merula), 238. 
sinensis (Turdus), 238. 
sinuata (Aedon), 359. 
sinuata (Luscinia), 359. 
sinuata (Myrmecocichla). 

359. 
Binuata (Ruticilla-Erytbacus), 
359. 
sinuata (Saxicola), 359. 
smitbi (Oicbloicles), 229. 
smitbi (Turdus), 229. 
sogdianensis (Acrocepha


lus), 81. 
solitaria (Cyanocincla), 

317, 320. 
solitaria (Merula), 199. 
solitaria (Monticola), 

319, 320. 
solitaria (Phyllopneuste), 

61. 
solitaria (Sylvia), 316. 
solitarius (Turdus), 198, 
199, 201, 316, 319. 
sorgopbila (Oalamodyta), 

94. 
sorgopbilus (Acroeephalus), 
94. 
sorgopbilus (Calamodus), 

94. 
spectabilis (Saxicola), 355. 
sperata (Aedon), 390. 
sperata(Saxicola),390,399. 
spbenura (Salicaria), 104. 
spiloptera (Geocicbla), 
167. 
spiloptera (Oreocincla), 
167. 
spilopterus (Turdus), 167. 
sp. inc. (Turdus), 181. 
squalida (Saxicola), 400. 
squamatus (Turdus), 152. 
squameiceps (Tribura), 
142. 
squamiceps (Oalamodyta), 
142. 
squamiceps (Cettia), 142. 
squamiceps (Horornis), 

142, 143. 
squamiceps (Urosphena), 

142. 
stagnatilis (Acrocephalus), 
110. 
stagnatilis (Calamoherpe), 
96. 
stapazina (Motacilla),. 
385, 387, 394. 
stapazina j8 (Motacilla), 

394. 
stapazina (CEnantbe), 
387. 
stapazina (Saxicola), 383, 
386, 387, 388, 395. 
stapazina 
(Sylvia), 386, 
387, 395. 

stapazina (Vitiflora), 387. 
stentorea (Curruca), 98. 
stentoreus (Acrocephalus), 
98. 
stentoria (Calamodvta), 

99. 
stentoria (Salicaria), 99. 
stoliczkse (Cettia), 135. 
Stoparola, 4. 
stramiiipa (Aeridiornis), 

117. 
straminea (Locustella), 

116. 
strapazina (Motacilla), 

399. 
strapazina (Saxicola), 400. 
strepera (Calamodyta), 

103. 
strepera (Calamoherpe), 

107. 
strepera (Salicaria), 103. 
strepera (Sylvia), 103. 
streperus (Acrocephalus), 
102, 103, 104. 
strepitans (Locustella), 

111. 
strepitans (Psophociehla), 

182. 
strepitans (Turdus), 182. 
striata (Calamoherpe),90. 
striata (Sylvia), 90. 
stricklandii (Saxicola), 

398. 
subalpina (Curruca), 27. 
subalpina (Dumeticola), 

27. 
subalpina (Stoparola), 27. 
subalpina (Sylvia), 27subcerthiola 
(Locustella), 

113. 
subflavescens (Calamoherpe), 
109. 
subphraginitis (Oaricicola), 
92. 
subphragmitis (Sylvia), 

92. 
subpilaris (Turdus), 206. 
subsignata (Locustella), 

118. 
subviridis (Phylloscopus), 
74, 403. 
subviridis (Reguloides), 

74. 
suecica (Curruca), 30S. 
suecica (Cvanecula), 308, 

311. 
suecica (Cyaneula), 309. 
suecica (Erithacu-s), 309. 
suecica (Ficedula), 308, 

311. 
suecica (Luscinia), 309. 

ALPHABETICxVL IffDEZ. 

suecica (Lusciola), 309, 

311. 
suecica (Lusciola-Oyanecula), 
309. 
suecica (Motacilla), 308, 

311. 
suecica (Pandicella), 309. 
suecica (Phcenicura), 309, 

311. 
suecica (Ruticilla), 309. 
suecica (Saxicola), 311. 
sueciea(Sylvia),309,311. 
suecica /3. c&ruleeula 
(Cyanecula), 309. 
suecica, var. crerulecula 
(Lusciola - Cyanecula), 

309. 
suecica, var. cferulecula 
Sylvia - Cyanecula), 

309. 
suecioides (Cyanecula), 

309. 
suecoides (Plioenicura), 

309. t 
superciliaris (Curruca), 

superciliaris (Larvivora), 

302. t 
superciliaris (Plioenicura), 
302. 
superciliaris (Sylvia), 17. 
superciliosa (Aeanthiza), 

53. 
superciliosa (Gerygone), 

53. 
superciliosa (Motacilla), 

68. 
Buperciliosa (Pbyllopneuste), 
68. 
superciliosa (Phyllopneuste 
- Phyllobasileus), 
68. 
superciliosa (Sylvia), 68. 
superciliosa (Sylvia-Phyllopneuste), 
68, 72. 
superciliosus (Phyllo. 
basileus), 68. 
superciliosus (Phylloscopus), 
68. 
superciliosus (Eeguloides), 
67, 68. 
superciliosus (Regulus), 

68. 
swainsoni (Hippolais),50. 
swainsoni (Hypolais), 85. 
swainsoni (Turdus), 201, 

202. 
swainsoni (Turdus-Hylocichla), 
201. 
swainsoni b. aliciaj (Turdus-
Hylocichla), 202. 

bwainsoni c. ustulatus 
(Turdus - Hylocichla), 

203. 
swainsonii, var. alibis 
(Turdus), 202. 
swainsoni, var. ustulatus 
(Turdus), 203. 
syenitiea (Saxicola), 376. 
syenitica (Saxicola?), 365. 
sylvatica (Motacilla), 54. 
sylvestris (Phyllopneuste), 
(\\. 
sylvestris (Ruticilla), 336. 
sylvestris (Sylvia-Phyllopneuste), 
61. 
Sylvia, 3. 
sylvia (Curruca), 9. 
sylvia (Motacilla), 8, 19, 

135. 
Syhicola, 37. 
sylvicola (Phyllopneuste), 
55. 
syhicola (Sylvia), 54. 
sylvicultrix (Phylloscopus), 
40. 
sylvicultrix (Sylvia), 41. 
sylviella (Curruca), 17, 

sylviella (Motacilla), 17. 
sylviella (Sylvia), 17,19. 
syrinx (Acrocephalus), 

100. 
syrinx (Calamodyta), 101. 
syrinx (Calamoherpe), 

101. 
syrinx (Eparnetes), 100. 
syrinx (Sylvia), 100. 
syrinx (Tatare), 100. 

taczanowskia (Locustella), 
124. 
talas (Saxicola), 373. 
tamariceti (Salicaria), 

83. 
tamarixis (Sylvia), 57. 
tempesti (Merula), 257. 
tempesti (Turdus), 257. 
temporalis (Locustella), 

114. 
ten ellipes (Phyllopneuste), 
46. 
tenellipes (Phyllopseuste), 
46. 
tenellipes (Phylloscopus), 

46. 
tenellipes (Sylvia), 46. 
tenuiceps (Abrornis), 67. 
tenuirostris (Calamoherpe), 
116. 
tephronota (Saxicola), 

379. 

tephronotus (Tardus), 
22(5. _ 

terrestris (Cichlopa sser), 

183. 
terrestris (G-eocichla), 
183. 
terrestris (Turdus), 183. 
terrestris (Zoothera), 183. 
Thamnodus, 4. 
thitis (Ruticilla), 340. 
thitys (Lusciola), 340. 
thitys (Sylvia), 340. 
thoracica (Duineticola), 
124\ 

thoracica (Lusciniola), 

124. 
Thoracoeincla, 232. 
Threnetria, 108. 
thytis (Ruticilla), 340. 
tites /3. campy]onyx (Sylvia), 
340. 
tithys (Erithacus), 340. 
tithys (Lusciola), 340. 
tithys (Phoenicura), 340. 
tithys (Ruticilla), 339, 

340. 
tithys (Saxieola), 340. 
tithys (Sylvia), 339. 
titys (Ruticilla), 340. 
torquata (Merula), 246. 
torquata (Sylvia), 246. 
torquata (Thoracoeincla), 
246. 
torquatus (Oopsichus), 
246. 
torquatus (Turdus), 246. 
tractrac (Saxieola), 358. 
Tribura, 120. 
tricolor (Geocichla), 265. 
tricolor (Phoenicura), 
349. 
tricolor (Ruticilla), 347. 
trinotaria(Phillopneuste), 
42. 
tristis (Abrornis), 64. 
tristis (Merula), 211. 
tristis (Phyllopneuste), 
64. 
tristis (Phyllopseustes), 
64. 
tristis (Phylloscopus), 63, 
403. 
tristis (Planesticus), 211. 
tristis (Regulus), 64. 
tristis (Sylvia), 64. 
tristis (Turdus), 211, 219. 
tristrami(Phyllopneuste), 
62. 
tritici (Calamoherpe), 92. 
tritici (Caricicola), 92. 
tritici (Sylvia), 92. 
VOL. V. 

iLFlUIJETlCVL TNUPA. 

trochiloides (Abrornis), 

51. 
trochil oides (Acantbiza), 
51. 
1 rochiloides (Culicepeta), 
51. 
trochiloides (Phyllobasileus), 
51. 
trochiloides (Pbylloscopus), 
50. 
trochiloides (Rcguloides), 

51. 
trochiloides (Regulus), 
51. 
trochiloides (Sylvia), 52. 
Trochilus, 37. 
trochilus (Ficedula), 57. 
trochilus (Motacilla), 56. 
trochilus(Phyllopneuste), 
48, 57. 
trochilus (Phyllopseuste), 

57. 
trochilus (Phylloscopus), 
56. 
trochilus (Regulus), 56. 
trochilus (Sylvia), 56, 
63. 
trochilus (Sylvicola), 57. 
truncorum (Merula), 236. 
tschebaiewi (Calliope), 
308. 
tschebaiewi (Erithacus), 
308. 
turdina (Calamoherpe), 
96. 
turdina (Salicaria), 96. 
turdina (Sylvia), 96. 
turdina orientalis (Salicaria), 
97. 
turdoides (Acrocephalus), 
95, 96. 
turdoides (Arundinaceus), 

96. 
turdoides (Calamoherpe), 
95. 
turdoides (Calamodyta-
Calamoherpe), 96. 
turdoides (Hydrocopsichus), 
96. 
turdoides (Philomela), 

296. 
turdoides (Salicaria), 96. 
turdoides (Sylvia), 95,97. 
turdoides orientalis (Salicaria), 
97. 
Turdulus, 147. 
Turdus, 184. 
Turdus ?, 267. 
Turdus, sp. ?, 188. 
tythis (Sylvia), 340. 
tytleri (Phylloscopus), B6. 

ulicicola (Ficedula), 31. 
ulietoiibis (Morula), 276, 

277. 
ulietenaiB (Turdus), 277. 
undata (Ourruca), 7undata 
(Motacilla), 31. 
undata (Nisoria), 7. 
undata (Sylvia), 31. 
undatns (AdophoiKniiiO, 7. 
undatus (Melizophilus), 
32. 
undulata (Curruca), 7. 
undulatus (Adophoneus), 
7. 
unicolor (Gf-eoeichla), 271. 
uuicolor (Merula), 271, 
unicolor (Turdus), 271. 
upchori (llypolais), 81. 
upcheri (Syhia), 81. 
Urosphena, 133. 
ussunanus (Cettia), 143. 
ustulatus (Turdus), 203. 
valida (Saxieola), 400. 
validirostris (Sylvia), 50. 
vanicorensis (Merula), 

242. 
vanicorensis (Turdus), 
242. 
vanicorensis (Turdus-
Merula), 242. 
vanikorensis (Geocichla), 

249. 
vanikorensis (Turdus), 
242,249. 
varia (G-eocichla), 151. 
varia (Oreocincla), 152, 

153. 
varicollis (Turdus), 268. 
varius (Turdus), 151,153, 
154,155, 157. 
vera (Lusoinia), 295. 
vera antliirostris (Locus


fcella), 116. 
vera frnticeti (Locustolla), 

116. 
vera major (Locustella), 
116. 
vera tenuirostris (Locustella), 
116. 
verdoti (Hypolais), 82, 

84. 
verreauxii (Turdus), 230. 
vidali (Curruca), 15 
vigorsi (Ruticilla), 347. 
vinetorum (Turdus), 190. 
vinitincta (Merula), 277. 
vinitmetus (Turdus), 277. 
vino tinctus (Turdus), 277. 
violacea (Petrocincla), 
319. 
2F 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

viridana (Abromib), 44. 
viridana (Phyllopseuste), 

44. 
\iridana (Sylvia), 44. 
viridanus (Phyllopneuste), 
44. 
viridanus (Phylloscopus), 

44. 
viridanus (Regulus), 44. 
viridipennis (Phyllopneuste), 
52. 
viridipennis (Phylloscopus), 
52, 53. 
viridipennis (Reguloides), 
51.53, m 
viridipaiinis (Sylvia), 53. 
viridula (Curruca), 57.^ 
viscivora (Morula), 195. 
viscivora (Sylvii), 195. 
viscivorus (Ixocossypkus), 

195. 
viscivorus (Turdus), 194. 
viscivorus ? (Turdus),160. 
vifciensis (Merula), 278. 
vifciensis (Turdus), 278. 
Vitiflora, 362. 

vitiflora (Motaeilla), 392. 
vitiflora (OEnantlie), 392. 
vittata (Saxicola), 398. 
vociferans (Merula), 246. 
vulgaris (Merula), 236. 

wardi (Greocichla), 178. 
wardii (Cichloselys), 178. 
wardii (Merula), 178. 
wardii (Turdulus), 178. 
wardii (Turdus), 178. 
wardii (Turdus-Cichloselys), 
178. 
werneri (Turdus), 273. 
whitei (Oreocincla), 152. 
whitei (Turdus), 152, 

154. 
wilsoni (Sialia), 331. 
wilsoni (Turdus), 204. 
wilsonii (Erythaca-Sialia), 
329. 
wilsonii (Merula), 201, 

204. 
wilsonii (Sialia), 329. 
wolfii (Cyanecula), 311. 
wolfii (Euticilla), 312. 

MX!) OP THE -FIFTH VOLUME. 

wolfii (Sylvia). 311. 
woodzic&i (Locustella), 

111. 

xanthodryas (Phyllopseuste), 
42. 
xanthodryas (Phylloscopus), 
42. 
xanthodryas (Sylvia), 42. 
xanthogaster (Sylvia), 65. 
xanthomeliena (Saxicola), 
386, 388. 
xanthoprymna (Saxicola), 

381. 
xanthopus (Merula), 276, 

277. 
xanthopus (Turdus), 276, 

277. 
xanthoseeles (Merula), 

240. 
xanthoseeles (Turdus), 
239, 240. 

zanthogaster (Abrornis), 

65. 
Zoothera, 147. 

I'lUMTEI) BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, ItED LIO>f COURT, TLEET STREET. 

Sylvia mimiscxilablanfordideserticola

Phylloscopus humii

subviridisLocustella fasciolataLusoiniola thoraeicaCettia major

brunneifrons

txeoeichla papuensishorsfieldipiaggiiprineei

Turdus falklandicusmagellanicusMerula "bourdilloni

ulietensisErithacus sibilansSaxicola layardi

LIST OE PLATES. 

Plate 

 I. 
II* 
III. 
] ™ 
, J 

 V. 
VI. 
VII. 
VIII. 
IX. 
X. 
XI. 
XII. 
XIII. 
XIV. 
XV. 
XVI. 
XVIL 
XVIII. 
Pi. I.

Birds B.MMl.V 

17. r.tern Bros. imp. 
J G KeTitemans del 

Sylvuv mbvxsculcu. 

BuxhB.MYolA 

PI. II 

J. Cj.Eeialema-Tis del 
Mint-ern Bros- xmp. 

Syhsvcu hlivnfoTtib. 

Birds B.M.Vol.V. 

Ph. 111. 

JSmit del. Mmxern Bros. imp. 

SybviAx/ deserilcvlcu. 

Birds BMVol.V. Ph. IV 

Mintern Bros. imp. 

FtgLPlryllvsoopixs Jvarraju. 
Fig.2. _ suJbviruiis. 

Birds BMVol.V. Pl.V. 

J- G'-Heuiexnans del. MirAern Bros . imp. 

Lo&Lstelhcu fasaolxxta. 

Birds BMVel.V. 

Ph.VI. 

U. Gr.KeuleiriaxLS del. 
MixL-tem Br os. imp. 

LvLScaxLola/ thxrrcLciccu. 

Bvrds B.M.Voh.V 

PI MI. 

J.GKe-ulemans del. 

Mintem Bros - imp . 

Cettzcu mcuc 

Birds BMVol.V. PI. VIII. 

J G Keuiemans del Mmter-n Bros. TECID 

Cetizcts briimieifrons. 

Birds BMVol.V. 

Pl.JX. 

J. G.Keulemans lei. 
Geocvchlcu papvoetisis. 

Birds BM.Vol.V. 

Pl.X. 

J.G.Keulem.ans del. 

iViiYitexri Bros. 

-Greocichlay hvrsfheldz/. 
PL .XL

Birds BMVol.V 

J.G-Kexdemsna 3d 
Mintern Bros, imp 
GeodckLw puiyyu 

PI.IE. 


Birds BMVoi.V. 

J. Simt del. 
Mratern Bros. imp. 
Geociddcu princev. 

Brrds BM.V0I.V. PI. XIII. 

. Cr.Keulemans del. Mirrteam Bros. imp. 

TvcrdxLS falldancUais. 

Birds BMVoUV. 

PL. XIV. 

'" 'IftHSli 
iiSilsi 

J. G: Ketxiem-Ecns del 
Tuj-dizs mxtffrdlaivjxis. 

Birds BMVob.V. 

PI XV. 

Merulaj bourdilloTVu. 

Birds BMVokV. pi.xn. 

Mmtem Bros. imp . 

J AT . VLeuLeiriaxis del. 

Merulw iitUtensis. 

BirdsBM.Vol.V. P( .XVII. 

'f?*sg*v y 

J.. G-.KenleTnans del. Mintern. Bros. ixnj>. 

Jlrytluaiis sihilans. 

PI. XVIII.

Birds BMVol.V. 

Mintem Bros 
J G Keulemans del 
Sascicvlxv hxyardi'. 

books2ebooks.eu 



www.books2ebooks.eu 


Digitalisiert von / Digitised by 

eBooks von / from 


Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 

eBooks on Demand